Sagarmal Jain Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Shreeprakash Pandey
Publisher: Parshwanath Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/012014/1

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha-vArANasI 1998

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Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Series No. 106 Aspects of Jainology Vol. VI (Dr. Sagarmal Jain Felicitation Volume) (A Compilation of the important articles of Dr. Sagarmal Jain) Consultative Committee Padmbhushan Pt. Dalsukh Malvania Prof. H.C. Bhayani, Pt. Darabarilal Kothia, Prof. Ramjee Singh, Prof. K.R. Chandra. Prof. Rewati Raman Pandey, Prof. Bhagchand Jain 'Bhaskara' Editorial Board Prof. Sudarshanlal Jain Dr. Phool Chand Jain 'Premi' Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Jain Dr. Shiv Prasad Dr. Vijay Kumar Jain Dr. Aseem Kumar Mishra Dr. Dharm Chand Jain Dr. Arun Pratap Singh Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Dr. Ramesh Chandra Gupt Dr. Sudha Jain Shri. Om Prakash Singh Managing Editor Dr. Shriprakash Pandey Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Varanasi 1998

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Parsvanath Vidyapitha Series No. 106 Aspects of Jainology Vol. VI (Dr. Sagarmal Jain Felicitation Volume) Publisher: Parsvanath Vidyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 Tel:316521,318046 I. S. B. N. 81-86715-28-2 First Edition : 1998 Price: Rs.800.00 Type setting at: Sun Computer Softec, Varanasi Rajesh Computers, Varanasi Sarita Computer, Varanasi Naya Sansar Press, Varanasi ___ Printed at: Vardhaman Mudranalay Ratna Printing Press Kabra Offset pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM0 106 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 (DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana graMtha) mA prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI. TI. AI. mArga, karauMdI, vArANasI-5 dUrabhASa -316521, 318046 I. S. B. N. 81-86715-28-2 prathama saMskaraNa 1998 mUlya - ru. 800.00 akSara sajjA sana kampyUTarsa sAphTeka, vArANasI rAjeza kampyUTarsa, vArANasI saritA kampyUTarsa, vArANasI nayA saMsAra presa, vArANasI mudraka - varddhamAna mudraNAlaya, vArANasI ratnA priTiMga presa, vArANasI kAbarA AphaseTa, vArANasI

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saMkhyA 106 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (DA0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha) (DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke mahattvapUrNa lekhoM kA anupama saMgraha) parAmarzadAtrI samiti padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, pro0 eca0 sI0 bhAyANI, paM0 darabArIlAla koThiyA, pro0 rAmajI siMha, pro0 ke0 Ara0 candra, pro0 revatIramaNa pANDeya, pro0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhASkara' sampAdaka maNDala prophesara sudarzana lAla jaina, DaoN0 dharmacanda na DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha DaoN0zivaprasAda DaoN0 rameza candra gupta DaoN0 vijaya kumAra jaina DaoN0 sudhA jaina DaoN0 asIma kumAra mizra zrI omaprakAza siMha prabandha-sampAdaka DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI 1998

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prakAzakIya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne jaina vidyA se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa lekhoM ke prakAzana hetu 'jaina vidyA ke AyAma' ke nAma se vividha khaNDoM ke prakAzana kI yojanA banAI thii| isa krama meM hama abhI taka pAMca khaNDoM kA prakAzana kara cuke haiN| prathama khaNDa saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka lAlA harajasarAya jI kI smRti meM nikAlA gyaa| isI prakAra dUsarA khaNDa saMsthAna ke mArgadarzaka paM0 becaradAsa jI dozI kI smRti meM evaM tRtIya khaNDa padmabhUSaNa paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke abhinandana grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kie ge| isI krama meM Age pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke svarNajayantI caturthakhaNDa kA aura zvetAmbara sthA. jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke hIraka jayantI ke avasara para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sahayoga se Ayojita saMgoSThI se sambandhita paMcama khaNDa kA prakAzana huaa| ye sabhI khaNDa jaina vidyA ke vividha pakSoM se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa lekhoM ke anupama saMgraha haiN| isI krama ko bar3hAte hue jaina vidyA kI vividha AyAma nAmaka isa SaSTha khaNDa meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke jaina vidyA se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa lekhoM ke saMgraha kA prakAzana 'DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana graMtha' ke rUpa meM kara rahe haiN| vaise Apake kucha lekhoM kA saMgraha pUrva meM sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI ke nAma se tIna khaNDoM meM prakAzita huA thA, phira bhI unake vipula lekhana ko dekhate hue yahI Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki unake sabhI mahattvapUrNa lekha eka jagaha saMgRhIta ho jaay| yadyapi yaha saMgraha prakAzita ho isa sandarbha meM to DaoN0 sAhaba kI abhiruci thI lekina use ve eka abhinandana graMtha kA rUpa nahIM denA cAhate the| unakA abhinandana graMtha prakAzita ho isako lekara sAdhvI zrI pramoda kumArI jI ne bahuta pahale hI yojanA rakhI thI kintu DaoN0 sAhaba ke saMsthAna ke nidezaka rahate hue yaha hamAre lie sambhava nahIM ho skaa| ata: unakI sevAnivRtti ke pazcAt hamane unake abhinandana kI eka yojanA banAI aura jaina vidyA ke AyAma kA yaha chaThA khaNDa unake abhinandana graMtha ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyA gyaa| hama ukta abhinandana graMtha meM unhIM ke lekhoM ko saMgRhIta karake unhIM ko samarpita kara rahe haiN| yaha to ThIka vaisA hI hai 'tvadIyaM vastu govindaM tubhyameva smrpye'| isameM jaina Agama; darzana nIti, dharma; sAdhanA; samAja-saMskRti, itihAsa paramparA Adi vividha AyAmoM para unake dvArA samaya-samaya para likhe gae lekhoM kA saMkalana hai| DaoN0 sAhaba kI vidvattA se sampUrNa jaina jagat suparicita hai, jinakI kalama se nikale hae lekha jaina vidyA ke adhyetAoM, zodha-chAtroM aura vidvAnoM sabhI ke lie samAdaraNIya bneNge| ina lekhoM ke prakAzana ke avasara para una sabhI patra-patrikAoM, abhinandana graMthoM ke prakAzakoM Adi ke prati AbhAra vyakta karanA cAheMge, jahAM se isa sAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| hama una sabhI samIkSakoM ke AbhArI haiM, jinhoMne DaoN0 sAhaba kI kRtiyoM kA mUlyAMkana kara hameM preSita kiyA hai| isI prakAra hama una sabhI lekhakoM ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM, jinake dvArA hameM saMsmaraNa, zubhAzaMsAeM evaM vyaktitva-mUlyAMkana prApta hue| isa abhinandana graMtha ke prakAzana kI belA meM hama parAmarza maNDala evaM sampAdaka maNDala ke sadasyoM ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| hama DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ke prati apanA vizeSa AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM, isalie ki unhoMne nirantara zrama karake do mAha kI alpAvadhi meM hI isa grantha ke prakAzana ko sambhava bnaayaa| - isa gurutara kArya ke tvarita sampAdana meM sahAyaka rahe sana kampyUTara sAphTeka,rAjeza kampyUTarsa,saritA kampyUTarsa evaM nayA saMsAra presa ke prati sundara akSara sajjA ke lie tathA satvara mudraNa ke lie zrI vardhamAna mudraNAlaya, ratnA prinTiga presa evaM kAbarA AphaseTa ke prati apanA AbhAra prakaTa karate haiN| anta meM hama una sabhI vyaktiyoM ke prati apanA sahadaya AbhAra vyakta karate haiM jo pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se isa grantha ke prakAzana meM sahayogI rahe haiN| bhavadIya bhUpendranAtha jaina maMtrI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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zramaNa saMgha ho avicala maMgala AzIrvacana AcArya zrI devendra muni jI ma pro0 sAgaramala jI jaina sthAnakavAsI jaina samAja kI eka pratApapUrNa pratibhA ke dhanI mahAmanISI haiM. jIvana ke USAkAla meM unakA rUjhAna vyavasAya kI ora thA kintu bAda meM jIvana ne nayA mor3a liyA aura vyApArI se athaka prayAsa kara Aja jaina vidvAnoM meM agraNI bana gaye haiM, unhoMne jena Agama, darzana aura jaina vidyA kA talasparzI anuzIlana parizIlana kara jina graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai ve graMtha kAlajayI haiM aise vidvAna kA abhinandana kara jaina samAja ne eka sthAna dinAMka ujjvala, samujjvala Adarza upasthita kiyA hai. vaha sarasvatI putra sadA svastha aura prasanna rahakara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM anavarata kArya karate rahe yahI maMgala manISA hai unhoMne pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna meM bhI jo kArya kiyA hai, vaha kArya itihAsa ke pRSThoM para svarNAkSaroM meM aMkita rahegA. XXXXX udayapura ..19/3/98..

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ACHARYA PADMA SAGAR SURI Cio Saryay at 2942. Katra Khusiai Rai Kisan Bazar.Delhi-110006 Py 3:2687773280777 - Fax 3254737 14-3-98 zrI nRparAjajI jaina, adhyakSa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha hIraka jayantI samAroha, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI.TI.AI. mArga, karauMdI, vArANasI - 221 005 dharmalAbha, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha hIraka jayantI samAroha Ayojita karane ke lie Apako badhAI hai| isa avasara para DA. sAgaramala jI jaina kA abhinandana karane kI yojanA bhI banAne ke lie Apa vizeSa prazaMsA ke pAtra haiN| DA. sAgaramala jI dIrghakAla se jaina darzana va sAhitya ke kSetra meM kAryarata haiN| apane athaka parizrama va aTUTa lagana se unhoMne hamArI sAhityika dharohara ko zodha ke mAdhyama se eka nayA dRSTikoNa dene kA jo bhAgIratha prayatna Arambha kiyA hai vaha jaina samAja ke hI nahIM samasta mAnava samAja ke hita ko sAdhane kI ora eka sarAhanIya kadama hai| isa stara ke vidvAna kA abhinandana samAja ke hI gaurava meM abhivRdvi karatA hai| aise preraNAdAyaka Ayojana samaya-samaya para hote hI rahane caahie| merI zubhAzaMsA hai ki isa manISI kI jJAna sAdhanA itnI vikasita ho ki Atma-sAdhanA ke AyAma ko chU ske| bhavadIya pasa padmasAgara sUri

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JMIC Jain Meditation International Center 401 East 86 Street. #20A . New York New York 10028. 212-362-6483. 212-534-6090 TAX EXEMPT # M-75-ED-1739 NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION Founder His Holiness Pujya Shree Chitrabhanuji Done bay: 27:2.98 Directors Jivan Proctor Pramoda Chitrabhanu Barry Wolfe Devendra Peer Dr Sagarmal Jain ITI Road Parshvanath Vidyapeth Varanasi. Re: Felicitation Volume Dear Dr Pande I was very glad to know that you are bringing out a volume to honour Dr Jain. I have had the pleasure of meeting Dr Jain and I am aware of his rich contributions and scholarship in the area of Jain philosophy. I think it is a laudable action on your part and that of your colleagues to bring out this volume to honour a scholar of Dr Jain's erudition I convey to you my good wishes for the success of your publications which will undoubtedly generate a better understanding and insight into a subject of great importance in the area of religion and philosophy with good wishes, Chit abfonu

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dUrabhASa : 561876 mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara nidezaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 3826, yati zyAmalAlajI kA upAzraya, motIsiMha bhomiyoM kA rAstA, jayapura - 302 003 dinAMka.. zubhAzaMsA mahodaya, maiM aura DaoN. sAgaramalajI dIrghakAla se sAhitya sarjana kI vibhinna yojanAoM meM sahayogI rahe haiM |prspr AtmIyatA va sneha kI gaharAI ke kAraNa unakI prazaMsA meM kahe mere zabda saMbhavataH AgrahapUrNa atizayokti kI zreNI meM DAla die jAeMge / ataH unase bacanA hI ThIka hogA / __isa stara ke vidvAna kA abhinandana vastutaH samAja ko hI UMcA uThAtA hai / bAra-bAra ho taba bhI kama hai / Ayojaka dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM / isa avasara para isa mUrdhanya vidvAna, gahana adhyetA tathA viziSTa zailI ke racanAkAra kI dIrdha va sakriya AyuSya kI kAmanA karatA hU~, jisase vartamAna va bhaviSya donoM lAbhAnvita hoM / sadhanyavAda bhavadIya mi.vinayasAgara

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rASTrapati sacivAlaya rASTrapati bhavana naI dillI - 110004 President' Seoretariat Rashtrapati Bhavan New Delhi-110004 matyameva jayate 10 phakharI, 1998 mahAmahima rASTrapati, zrI ke. Ara. nArAyaNana jI ko yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI dvArA zodha heta mAnyatA prApta pArthanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti apanI hIraka jayantI ke zubha avasara para apraila, 1998, meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke marmaja manIcI evaM vidyApITha ke nidezaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA abhinandana graMtha prakAzita kara rahI hai| rASTrapati jI isa graMtha kI saphalatA ke lie apanI zubhakAmanAe~ preSita karate haiN| ApakA Guyson (pI.pI. kozika) vizeSa kAryAdhikArI (hindI)

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aTala bihArI vAjapeyI priya DaoN0 pANDeya, 17 pharavarI, 1998 ApakA 24 janavarI, 1998 kA patra milA, dhanyavAda / yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayantI ke zubha avasara para prabandha samiti ne vidyApITha ke nidezaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA tIna abhinandana grantha prakAzita karane kA nirNaya prayAsoM kI saphalatA cAhatA huuN| khaNDoM meM vibhAjita liyA hai| maiM Apake zubhakAmanAoM sahita, ApakA aTalIbahAlI vAjapeyI 8 aTala vihArI vAjapeyI .

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amakSa A * kezarI nAtha tripAThI A saMkhyA : 134/a vi sa/98 vidhAna bhavana lakhanaU dinAMka : 2 pharavarI, 1998 vidhAna TsabhA.9 rapaTa sandeza yaha jAnakara atyanta harSa huA ki kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI dvArA zodha hetu mAnyatA prApta pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayantI ke zubha avasara para jaina dharma evaM darzana ke marmajJa ganISI evaM vidyApITha ke nidezaka TO sAgaramala jaina vA abhinandana graMtha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| meM uparokta grantha le saphA evaM suracipUrNa prakAzana ke lie apanI zubha kAmanAe~ preSita karatA hU~ / Ankun 3 kezarI nAtha tripAThI

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phUlacanda varmA saMsada sadasya (loka sabhA bI0 e0 vizArad "mAtR smRti" 1/2, bANagaMgA indaura-452001 (ma0pra0) dUrabhASa : 411717 411718 22, janapatha, naI dillI-110001 phona : 3782166 dinAMka zrI pADejI, pAzrvanAtha vidyApITha, AI.TI.AI. roDa, vArANAsI u0908 mujhe yaha jAnakara atyaMta harSa huA hai ki mere AtmIya evaM sammAnIya DaoN. sAgaramalajI jana kA abhinaMdana graMtha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai / maiM DaoN. jaina sA. kI sAdagI evaM vidvatA se vyaktigata rUpa se prabhAvita huuN| Apako jaina samAja zAjApura dvArA sammAnita kiyA gayA thaa| usa samaya bhI mujhe usameM sammilita hone kA gaurava prApta huA thA / ve saphalatA ke patha para niraMtara agasara ho yahI zubhakAmanA vyakta karatA huuN| dhanyavAda / mapadIya M-amb spaMda varmA pUrva sAMsada Jain Education Interational

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maMtrI saMnyAsa to-UTERARY EVA to-JAINISM:TI t-ASPECTS L-ASPECTI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina Sain Education International

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TERNATIONAL DaoN0 ke0sI0 panta se DipTImala puraskAra grahaNa karate hue SRI HEMACANDR NAVASATABDIS 2978-30THDE padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke sAtha vimarza mudrA meM

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piTsavarga ( amerikA ) ke hindU jaina maMdira meM pravacana karate huye . piTsavarga sthita hindU jaina maMdira meM AratI karate hue Jain Education Intemational

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000 lA AcAryazrI padmasAgara jI ma.sA0 ke sAtha Poyarepse AcAryazrI jayantasena sUrijI ma.sA0 ke dvArA sAhitya grahaNa karate hue Jain Education Interational

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ma DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke pUjya pitAjI evaM mAtA jI apane prapautra ke sAtha patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina ke sAtha phurasata ke kSaNa ( pokharA nepAla ) pautrI sonU evaM patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina ke sAtha

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anukramaNikA prathama khaNDa abhinandanIya jIvanavRtta vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : eka mUlyAMkana 1-100 dvitIya khaNDa jaina Agama sAhitya kra0saM0 lekha pRSTha saMkhyA 1-41 42-45 Mirs ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana AcArAMgasUtra : eka vizleSaNa rAmaputta yA rAmagutta : sUtrakRtAMga ke saMdarbha meM antakRddazA kI viSayavastu : eka punarvicAra praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInatama saMkalana : RSibhASita mUlAcAra : eka vivecana 46-60 66-67 68-69 70-73 74-82 83-90 9. tRtIya khaNDa,darzana 10. jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa 11. jaina darzana meM dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI avadhAraNA 12. jaina darzana meM paMca astikAya aura SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA 13. mahAvIra kAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 14. jaina darzana meM AtmA-svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 15. SaTjIva nikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvaka ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA 16. jaina darzana meM pudgala aura paramANu 17. jaina darzana meM jJAna ke prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna 18. jaina vAkya darzana 19. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : ekacintana 20. pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM prabhANa mImAMsA kA avadAna 21. 'jaina darzana ke tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana 22. mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 23. jaina zikSA darzana 24. jaina karma siddhAnta eka vizleSaNa 25. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutatIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 26. advaitavAda meM AcAra darzana kI sambhAvanA : jaina dRSTi se samIkSA 97-101 101-105 106-112 112-117 117-126 126-130 130-140 141-145 146-153 154-168 168-171 172-184 184-192 193-198 199-217 217-223 224-226 -

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27. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jaina dharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA 226-229 caturtha khaNDa nItidarzana aura AcArazAtra 28. jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna29. jaina nIti darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 30. naitika pratimAna : eka yA aneka 31. naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA 32. sAdAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jaina dharma 33. jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya 34. jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika karttavyatA kA svarUpa 35. jaina AcAra meM utsarga mArga aura apavAda mArga 36. jaina dharma meM prAyAzcitta evaM daNDa- vyavasthA 37. nIti ke mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAra darzana 38. jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 39. jainanIti-darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA 40. jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa 41. ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 42. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha-siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 43. zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna 230-236 237-241 241-244 244-250 250-258 259-264 265-266 267-270 270-280 281-284 285-299 300-306 307-313 314-319 319-321 322-3 paMcama khaNDa dharma aura sAdhanA 44. jainadharma ke mUla tattva 45. adhyAtma aura vijJAna 46. dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi 47. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma 48. jaina sAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 59. mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 50. jainadharma kA lezyA siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza 52. jainadharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA 53. strI, anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna 54. bandhana se mukti kI ora 55. jainadharma kA trividha sAdhanA mArga 56. bheda vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra 57. samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka tathA canAkAla evaM racayitA 58. jainAgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 59. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 60. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA - 61. jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra- samyagdarzana 334-340 341-344 345-355 456-367 368-370 370-383 384-391 392-398 398-406 407-409 410-415 416-419 420-425 425-432 433-436 436-445 446-461

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462-480 481-487 480-497 498-500 501-504 505-508 509-515 516-522 62. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 63. tantrasAdhanA aura jaina jIvana- dRSTi 64. jainadharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna 65. jaina sAdhanA meM praNava kA sthAna 66. sAdhanA aura samAja sevA : jaina dharma ke pariprekSya meM 67. sAdhanA aura sevA kA saha-sambandha 68. paryuSaNaparva : eka vivecana 69. dazalakSaNaparva/dazalakSaNa dharma SaSTha khaNDa samAja aura saMskRti 70. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita rUpa 71. bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 72. jaina dharma meM sAmAjika ciMtana 73. jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 74. jainadharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 75. satIprathA aura jainadharma 76. jaina evaM bauddhadharma meM svahita evaM lokahita kA prazna 77. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 78. jaina ekatA kA prazna 523-525 526-532 533-540 540-549 549-568 568-571 572-575 579-579 580-589 591-603 603-611 611-614 612-626 627.629 saptama khaNDa paramparA aura itihAsa 79. zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 80. jaina dharma kI paramparA itihAsa ke jharokhe se 81. jaina itihAsa adhyayana- vidhi evaM mUla srota 82. jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya 83. uccairnAgara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ___ ke janmasthAna kI pahacAna 84. zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha : eka vimarza 85. jaina paramparA meM bAhubali 86. zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA 87. tArkika ziromaNi AcArya siddhasena (divAkara) 88. samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 89. AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 90. jaTAsiMha nandI kA vArAMgacarita aura usakI paramparA 91. jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA 92. azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI 93. jainAgama dharma meM stUpa 94.. samrATa akabara aura jainadharma 95. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanyavayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 630-642 643-646 647-454 654-663 664-688 688-692 693-698 699-708 708-711 712-716 717-719 '719-721

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English Section 1-14 15-21 22-60 6. Jaina Literature from earliest time to c 10th A.D. Origin and Development of Jainism Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion (c 3rd to 10th A.D.) Brahmanic & Sramanic Culture; a comparative study Samatva Yoga the fundamental teaching of Jainism & Gita Jaina's concept of Peace Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faith The solution of World problems : A Jaina Perspective The concept of non-violence in Jainism The role of parents, teachers and society in stilling cultural values Equanimity and Meditation (Samayika and Dhyana) The concept of Vibhajjavada and its impact on Philosophical & Religious tolerance in Buddhism and Jainism The teachings of Arhat Parsva & distinctness of His sect The date of Nirvana of Lord Mahavira Prof. K.S. Murthy's Philosophy of Peace and Non-violence 61-62 63-65 66-73 74-83 84-88 89-93 94-95 96-97 98-100 10. 11. 14. 15. 101-105 106-114 115-118

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prathamakhaNDa abhinandanIya jIvana vRtta vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : eka mUlyAMkana yAktata sampAdaka DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya DaoN0 sudhAjaina

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pro.sAgaramala jaina jIvana paricaya janma aura bAlyakAla pro.sAgaramala jaina kA janma bhArata ke hRdaya mAlava aMcala ke zAjApura nagara meM vikrama saMvat 1988 kI mAghapUrNimA tadanusAra 22 pharavarI 1932 I0 ke dina huA thA / Apake pitA zrI rAjamala jI zakkaravAle madhyama Arthika sthiti hone para bhI osavAla samAja ke pratiSThita vyaktiyoM meM mAne jAte the / ApakA gotra maNDalika hai / ApakI mAtA zrImatI gaMgAbAI eka dhArmika mahilA thIM / Apake janma ke samaya Apake pitAjI saparivAra apane nAnA-nAnI ke sAtha hI nivAsa karate the, kyoMki Apake dAdA-dAdI kA dehAvasAna Apake pitAjI ke bacapana meM hI ho gayA thA / bAlaka sAgaramala ko sarvAdhika pyAra aura dulAra milA apane pitA kI mausI pAnabAI se| unhoMne hI Apake bAlyajIvana meM dhArmika saMskAroM kA bIja vapana kiyaa| ve svabhAvata: viraktamanA thIM / vikrama saMvat 1994 meM jaba ApakI vaya lagabhaga 6 varSa kI thI, tabhI unhoMne pUjya sAdhvI zrI ratnakuMvara jI ma.sA.ke sAnnidhya meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA thA / ve pravartanI ratnaku~varajI ma.sA.ke sAdhvI saMgha meM vayovRddha sAdhvI pramukhA ke rUpa meM varSoM taka zAjApura nagara meM hI sthiravAsa rahIM / gatavarSa san 1997 ko lagabhaga 96 varSa kI avasthA meM ApakA svargavAsa huA / isa prakAra ApakA pAlana-poSaNa dhArmika saMskAramaya pariveza meM huA / mAlavA kI mATI se sahajatA aura saralatA tathA parivAra se pApabhIrutA evaM dharma-saMskAra lekara Apake jIvana kI vikAsa yAtrA Age bar3hI / zikSA bAlaka sAgaramala kI prArambhika zikSA tor3evAle bhaiyA kI pAThazAlA meM huI / yaha pAThazAlA taba apane kaThora anuzAsana ke lie prasiddha thI / yahI kAraNa thA ki Apake jIvana meM anuzAsana aura saMyama ke guNa vikasita hue / isa pAThazAlA se tIsarI kakSA uttIrNa kara lene para Apako tatkAlIna gvAliyara rAjya ke aiMglo varnAkyUlara miDila skUla kI cauthI kakSA meM praveza milaa| yahA~ rAmajI bhaiyA sitUtakara jaise kaThora evaM anuzAsanapriya adhyApakoM ke sAnnidhya meM Apane kakSA 4 se kakSA 8 taka kI zikSA grahaNa kI aura sabhI parIkSAe~ prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kI / mAdhyamika (miDila) parIkSA meM prathama zreNI ke sAtha-sAtha zAjApura jile meM prathama sthAna prApta kiyA / jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya mAdhyamika parIkSA pAsa karane vAloM ke nAma gvAliyara gajaTa meM nikalate the / jisa samaya isa miDila skUla meM Apane praveza liyA thA, usa samaya dvitIya mahAyuddha apanI samApti kI ora thA aura dillI evaM bambaI ke madhya AgarA-bAmbe roDa para sthita zAjApura nagara ke usa skUla ke pAsa kA maidAna sainikoM kA par3Ava sthala thaa| sAtha hI usa samaya gvAliyara rAjya meM prajAmaNDala dvArA svatantratA Andolana kI gatividhiyA~ bhI teja ho gaIM thIM / bAlyAvasthA kI svAbhAvika capalatA vaza kabhI Apa AgarA-bambaI sar3aka para gujarate hue gore sainikoM ko (V for Victory) kaha kara protsAhita karate, to kabhI prajAmaNDala kI prabhAta pheriyoM ke sAtha 'bhAratamAtA kI jaya' kA udghoSa karate / bAlaka sAgaramala ne isI samaya apane mitroM ke sAtha pArzvanAtha bAla mitra-maNDala kI sthApanA kI / sAmAjika evaM dhArmika gatividhiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha maNDala kA eka pramukha kArya thA apane sadasyoM ko bIr3IsigareTa Adi durvyasanoM se mukta rakhanA / isake lie sadasyoM para kar3I caukasI rakhI jAtI thI / pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha mitra-maNDalI vyasana-mukta aura dhArmika saMskAroM se yukta rahI / mAdhyamika parIkSA (kakSA 8) uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt parivAra ke loga saba se bar3A putra hone ke kAraNa Apako vyavasAya se jor3anA cAhate the / parantu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI tIvra utkaNThA thI / usa samaya zAjApura nagara, gvAliyara rAjya kA jilA mukhyAlaya thA, phira bhI vahA~ koI hAIskUla nahIM thA / Apake atyadhika Agraha para Apake pitA ne ApakI sasurAla zujAlapura ke eka mAtra hAIskUla meM adhyayana ke lie praveza dilAyA / jJAtavya hai ki bAlaka sAgaramala kI sagAI isake

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 pUrva hI ho cukI thii| kintu vahA~ praveza ke lagabhaga 15-20 dina pazcAt hI Apa asvastha ho gaye, phalata: mAtra Der3ha mAha ke alpa pravAsa ke pazcAt pArivArika mamatA ne Apako vApasa zAjApura bulA liyA / isaprakAra ApakA adhyayana sthagita ho gayA aura Apa alpavaya meM hI sarrAphe ke vyavasAya se jur3a gaye / vivAha evaM pArivArika tathA sAmAjika gatividhiyA~ ApakI sagAI to bAlyakAla meM hI ho gayI thI aura vivAha kI yojanA bhI bahuta pahale hI bana gaI thI, kintu ApakI sAsa ke kaiMsara kI asAdhya bImArI se grasta ho jAne aura bAda meM unakI mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa vivAha thor3e samaya ke lie TalA to sahI kintu 17 varSa kI vaya meM praveza karate hI vaizAkha zuklA trayodazI vi.saMvat 2005 tadanusAra 21 maI 1948 ko Apako zrImatI kamalAbAI ke sAtha dAmpatya-sUtra meM bA~dha diyA gayA / alpavaya meM Apake vivAha kA eka anya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki ApakI mAtRtulyA pUjya sAdhvI zrI pAnakuMvara jI ma.sA. ke dIkSita ho jAne aura bAlyakAla se hI ApakI ruci sAdhu-santoM se samIpa adhika rahane kI hone ke kAraNa parivAra ko bhaya thA ki kahIM bAlakamana para vairAgya ke saMskAra na jama jAyeM ? isa prakAra kizoravaya meM hI Apako gRhastha jIvana aura vyavasAya se jur3a jAnA pdd'aa| jo dina Apake khelane aura khAne ke the, unhIM dinoM meM Apako pArivArika evaM vyAvasAyika dAyitva kA nirvAha karanA pdd'aa| yadyapi Apake mana meM adhyayana ke prati adamya utsAha thA, kintu zAjApura meM hAIskUla kA abhAva tathA pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika dAyitvoM kA bojha isameM bAdhaka thA, phira bhI jahA~ cAha hotI hai vahA~ koI na koI rAha nikala hI AtI hai / vyavasAya ke sAtha-sAtha adhyayana cAra varSa ke antarAla ke pazcAt san 1952 meM hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga se 'vyApara vizArada' kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI aura usake do varSa pazcAt 1954 meM arthazAstra viSaya se sAhityaratna kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI / usa samaya Apane arthazAstra ko sugama DhaMga se adhyayana karane aura smRti meM rakhane kA eka cArTa banAyA thA, jisakI prazaMsA usa samaya ke ema.e.arthazAstra ke chAtroM ne bhI kI thI |isii bIca ApakA patra-vyavahAra ilAhAbAda ke suprasiddha arthazAstrI bhagavAnadAsa jI kelA se huaa| unhoMne zrI narahari pArikha ke mAnava arthazAstra ke AdhAra para hindI meM mAnava arthazAstra likhane hetu Apako prerita kiyA thaa| taba Apa hAIskUla bhI uttIrNa nahIM the aura ApakI vaya mAtra bIsa varSa kI thii| isa samaya Apake eka naye mitra bane sAraMgapura ke zrI madanamohana rAThI / isI kAla meM Apane dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI se 'jaina siddhAnta vizArada' kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI / san 1953 meM zAjApura nagara meM eka prAiveTa hAIskUla prArambha huA / yadyapi apane vyAvasAyika kriyA-kalApoM meM vyasta hone ke kAraNa Apa usake chAtra to nahIM bana sake, kintu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI prasupta bhAvanA puna: jAgRta ho gaI aura san 1955 meM Apane apane mitra zrI mANakacandra jaina ke sAtha svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM hAIskUla kI parIkSA dI / vaya meM mANakacandra Apase tIna varSa choTe the phira bhI Apa donoM meM gaharI dostI thii| yadyapi Apa niyamita adhyayana to nahIM kara sake, phira bhI apanI pratibhA ke bala para Apane usa parIkSA meM ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| acche aMkoM se uttIrNa hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa Apake mana meM adhyayana kI bhAvanA punaH tIvra ho gayI / isI avadhi meM vyavasAya ke kSetra meM bhI Apane acchI saphalatA aura kIrti arjita kI / pitA jI kI prAmANikatA aura Apake saumya vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa grAhakoM kA mana moha liyA karate the| pariNAmasvarUpa Apako vyAvasAyika kSetra meM adhika pratiSThA prApta huii| alpa vaya meM hI Apako zAjApura nagara ke sarrAphA esosiyezana kA maMtrI banA diyA gayA / pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karate hue bhI ApameM adhyayana kI ruci sadaiva jIvanta rhii| ata: Apane san 1957 meM iNTara kAmarsa kI parIkSA de hI dI aura isa parIkSA meM bhI ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| yaha ApakA sadbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki cAhe vyavasAya kA kSetra ho yA adhyayana kA asaphalatA aura nirAzA kA mukha Apane kabhI nahIM dekhA / kintu Age adhyayana kA krama punaH khaNDita ho gayA, kyoMki usa samaya zAjApura nagara meM koI mahAvidyAlaya nahIM thA aura bI.e. kI parIkSA svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM nahIM dI jA sakatI thii| ata: eka bAra puna: Apako vyavasAya ke kSetra meM hI kendrita honA par3A, kintu bhAgyavAnoM

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ke lie kahIM na kahIM koI dvAra udghATita ho hI jAtA hai / usa samaya ma.pra.zAsana ne yaha niyama prasArita kiyA ki 25000 ru.kI sthAyI rAzi baiMka meM jamA karake koI bhI saMsthA mahAvidyAlaya kA saMcAlana kara sakatI hai| ata: Apane tatkAlIna vidhAyaka zrI pratApa bhAI se milakara eka mahAvidyAlaya khulavAne kA prayatna kiyA aura vibhinna srotoM se dhana rAzi kI vyavasthA karake bAlakRSNa zarmA navIna mahAvidyAlaya kI sthApanA huI aura Apane usameM praveza le liyA / vyAvasAyika dAyitva se jur3e hone ke kAraNa Apa adhika niyamita to nahIM raha sake, phira bhI bI.e. parIkSA meM baiThane kA avasara to prApta ho hI gayA / isa mahAvidyAlaya ke mAdhyama se san 1961 meM bI.e. kI parIkSA dvitIya zreNI meM uttIrNa kI / isa samaya Apa para vyAvasAyika, pArivArika aura sAmAjika dAyitva itanA adhika thA ki cAhakara bhI adhyayana ke lie Apa adhika samaya nahIM de pAte the| ata: aMkoM kA pratizata bahuta utsAhajanaka nahIM rahA to bhI zAjApura se jo chAtra isa parIkSA meM baiThe the unameM Apake aMka sarvAdhika the / Apake tatkAlIna sAthiyoM meM zrI mohana lAla jaina evaM Apake mamere bhAI rakhabacandra pramukha the / parivAra aura samAja gRhI jIvana meM san 1951 meM Apako prathama putraratna kI prApti huI, kintu durdaiva se vaha adhika samaya taka jIvita nahIM raha skaa| agasta 1952 meM Apake dvitIya putra narendrakumAra kA janma huaa| san 1954 meM putrI ku0 zobhA kA aura 1957 meM putra pIyUSakumAra kA janma huA / bar3hatA parivAra aura pitA jI kI asvasthatA tathA choTe bhAI-bahanoM kA adhyayanaina saba kAraNoM se mAtra paccIsa varSa kI alpavaya meM hI Apa eka ke bAda eka jimmedAriyoM ke bojha se dabate hI gaye / udhara sAmAjika aura dhArmika kSetra meM bhI ApakI pratibhA aura vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa para sadaiva eka ke bAda dUsarI jimmedArI DAlI jAtI rahI / isI avadhi meM Apako mAdhava rajata jayaMtI vAcanAlaya, zAjApura kA saciva; hindI sAhitya samiti, zAjApura kA saciva tathA kumAra sAhitya pariSad aura sad-vicAra niketana ke adhyakSa pada ke dAyitva bhI svIkAra karane pdd'e| Apake kAryakAla meM kumAra sAhitya pariSad kA ma.pra.kSetra kA vArSika adhivezana evaM navIna jayaMtI samArohoM ke bhavya Ayojana bhI hue / isa mAdhyama se Apa bAlakavi bairAgI, padmazrI DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa zarmA Adi deza ke aneka sAhityakAroM se bhI jur3e / isI avadhi meM Apa sthAnIya sthAnakavAsI jaina saMgha ke maMtrI tathA ma.pra.sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke adhyakSa banAye gaye / sAdaDI sammelana ke pazcAt sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke prAntIya adhyakSa ke rUpa meM Apane ma.pra.ke vibhinna kSetroM kA vyApaka daurA bhI kiyA tathA jaina samAja kI ekatA ko sthAyitva dene kA prayatna kiyA / ema. e. kA adhyayana aura vyavasAya meM nayA mor3a ina gatividhiyoM meM vyasta hone ke bAvajUda ApakI adhyayana kI abhiruci kuMThita nahIM huI, kintu kaThinAI yaha thI ki na to zAjApura meM snAtakottara kakSAyeM khulanI sambhava thIM aura na ina dAyitvoM ke bIca zAjApura se bAhara kisI mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza lekara adhyayana karanA hI, kintu zAjApura mahAvidyAlaya ke tatkAlIna prAcArya zrI rAmacandra 'candra' kI preraNA se eka madhyama mArga nikAlA gayA aura yaha nizcaya huA ki yadi kucha dina niyamita rahA jAye to agrima adhyayana kI kucha sambhAvanAyeM bana sakatI haiN| unhIM ke nirdeza para Apane julAI 1961 meM krizciyana kAleja, indaurA meM ema.e. darzana-zAstra ke vidyArthI ke rUpa meM praveza liyA / indaura meM adhyayana karane meM AvAsa, bhojana Adi kI aneka kaThinAiyA~ rhiiN| sarvaprathama Apane cAhA ki krizciyana kAleja ke sAmane nasiyAjI meM sthita digambara jaina chAtrAvAsa meM praveza liyA jAya, kintu vahA~ ApakA zvetAmbara kula meM janma lenA hI bAdhaka bana gayA, phalata: krizciyana kAleja ke chAtrAvAsa meM praveza lenA par3A / vahA~ niyamAnusAra chAtrAvAsa ke bhojanAlaya meM bhojana karanA Avazyaka thA, kintu usameM zAkAhArI aura mAMsAhArI donoM prakAra ke bhojana banate the aura cammaca tathA bartanoM kA koI viveka nahIM rakhA jAtA thaa| kucha dina Apane mAtra dahI aura roTI khAkara nikAle, kintu anta meM vivaza hokara chAtrAvAsa chor3a diyA / kucha dina idhara-udhara rahakara gujAre, anta meM rAjendra nagara meM makAna lekara rahane lge| kucha dina patnI ko bhI sAtha le gaye, kintu pArivArika sthiti meM yaha sukha adhika sambhava nahIM thaa| phira bhI Apane adhyayana-krama ko nirantara jArI rakhA / saptAha meM do-tIna dina indaura aura zeSa samaya zAjApura / isI bhAga-daur3a meM Apane san 1962 meM

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 ema.e. darzanazAstra pUrvArddha aura san 1963 meM ema.e. darzanazAstra uttarArddha kI parIkSAe~ na kevala prathama zreNI meM prathama sthAna pAkara uttIrNa kI, apitu tatkAlIna pazcimI madhya-pradeza ke ekamAtra vizvavidyAlaya vikrama vizvavidyAlaya kI kalA saMkAya meM dvitIya sthAna prApta kara kalAsaMkAya kA rajata pada bhI prApta kiyA / jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya kalA saMkAya meM sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya bhI samAhita thA aura sampUrNa saMkAya meM dvitIya sthAna prApta kara lenA bhI eka kaThina kArya thaa| ema. e. kI parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt Apake jIvana meM eka nirNAyaka mor3a kA avasara AyA / san 1962 meM morArajI desAI ne svarNa niyantraNa adhiniyama lAgU kiyA, phalasvarUpa svarNa-vyavasAya pratibandhita vyavasAya ke kSetra meM A gayA aura isa vyavasAya ko prAmANikatA pUrvaka kara pAnA kaThina ho gayA aura corI-chipe dhandhA karanA ApakI prakRti ke anukUla nahIM thaa| ata: Apane apane vyavasAya ko eka nayA mor3a dene kA nizcaya kiyA / ApakA choTA bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya ema. kAma.(antima varSa) meM thA, usake lie bhI svatantra vyavasAya kA prazna thA / ata: Apane svarNa-vyavasAya ke sthAna para kapar3e kA vyavasAya prArambha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| kaThinAI yaha thI ki ina donoM vyavasAyoM ko kisa prakAra saMcAlita kiyA jAya, kyoMki abhI bhAI kailAza ko apanA adhyayana pUrNa kara lauTane meM kucha samaya thA / darzanazAstra ke adhyApana eka ora prabuddha varga kA Agraha thA ki darzana jaise viSaya meM prathama zreNI evaM prathama sthAna se snAtakottara parIkSA pAsa karake bhI vyAvasAyaki kAryoM se jur3e rahanA yaha pratibhA kA samyak upayoga nahIM hai, to dUsarI ora pArivArika paristhitiyA~ aura dAyitva vyavasAya ke kSetra kA parityAga karane meM bAdhaka the / vastutaH sarasvatI aura lakSmI kI upAsanA meM se kisI eka ke cayana kA prazna A khar3A huA thaa| yaha Apake jIvana kA nirNAyaka mor3a thA / svarNa niyantraNa kAnUna lAgU honA Adi kucha bAhya paristhitiyoM ne bhI jIvana ke isa nirNAyaka mor3a para Apako eka dUsarA hI nirNaya lene ko prerita kiyaa| phira bhI lagabhaga 50 varSoM se susthApita tathA apane pUre kSetra meM pratiSThita usa vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna ko ekAeka banda kara denA na sambhava hI thA aura na hI parivAra ke hita meM / yaha bhI saMyoga thA ki san 1964 ke madhya meM ma.pra.zAsana kI ora se darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtAoM ke kucha padoM ke lie cayana kI adhisUcanA prasArita huI / jaba Apako usa vijJApana kI jAnakArI huI to Apane bhI sahaja rUpa se eka Avedana patra prastuta kara diyaa| Avedana patra paha~cane ke kucha samaya pazcAt hI Apako ma.pra.zAsana kI ora se darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA pada para niyukti kA Adeza prApta huA / Apane socA bhI nahIM thA ki yaha saba itane sahaja rUpa meM ho jaayegaa| aba yaha nirNaya kI ghar3I thii| eka ora mAtA-pitA aura parijana vyavasAya se jur3e rahane kA Agraha karate the to dUsarI ora antara meM chipI jJAnArjana kI lalaka vyavasAya se nivRtti lekara vidyA kI upAsanA hetu prerita kara rahI thI / Apake bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina meM ema. kAma. ke antima varSa meM the, usase Apane vicAra-vimarza kiyA aura usake dvArA Azvasta kiye jAne para Apane darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM zAsakIya sevA svIkAra karane kA nirNaya le liyA / phira bhI pitA jI kA svAsthya aura vyavasAya kA vistRta AkAra aisA nahIM thA ki ApakI anupasthiti meM kevala pitAjI use sambhAla sakeM, ye antardvandva ke kaThina kSaNa the / lakSmI aura sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke isa dvandva meM antatogatvA sarasvatI kI vijaya huI aura dukAna para do munimoM kI vyavasthA karake Apa zAsakIya sevA ke lie cala diye / jJAtavya hai ki eka vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM Apako jo vetana milanA thA-usakI apekSA do munimoM ko diyA jAne vAlA vetana kahIM adhika thA / phira bhI ApakI dRSTi meM artha kI pradhAnatA mahattvapUrNa nahIM thii| ApakI prathama niyukti mahAkauzala mahAvidyAlaya, jabalapura meM huI / saMyoga se vahA~ Apake pUrva paricita usa samaya ke AcArya rajanIza (bAda ke bhagavAn aura ozo) usI vibhAga meM kAryarata the| Apane unase patra vyavahAra kiyA aura dIpAvalI parva para lakSmI kI antima arAdhanA karake sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke lie 5 navambara, 1964 ko jabalapura ke lie prasthAna kiyA / bidAI dRzya bar3A hI karuNa thA / pUre parivAra aura samAja meM yaha prathama avasara thA jaba koI naukarI ke liye ghara se bahuta dUra jA rahA thA / mitragaNa aura parijanoM kA sneha eka ora thA, to dUsarI ora ApakA dRr3ha nizcaya / pitAjI kI mA~ga para bar3e putra ko unake pAsa rakhane kA AzvAsana dekara azrupUrNa A~khoM se bidA lii|

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva jabalapura meM jisa pada para Apako niyukti milI thI vaha pada vahA~ ke eka vyAkhyAtA ke pramozana se rikta honA thA, kintu ve jabalapura chor3anA nahIM cAhate the / tIna dina prAcArya ke kAryAlaya ke cakkara lagAye, kintu anta meM zikSA saciva se huI maukhika carcA ke AdhAra para prAcArya ne Apako eka patra de diyA, jisake AdhAra para Apako ThAkura raNamattasiMha kAleja, rIvA~ meM darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA kA pada grahaNa karanA thaa| rIvA Apake lie pUrNata: aparicita thA, phira bhI AcArya rajanIza Adi kI salAha para tIna dina jabalapura meM bitAne ke pazcAt rIvA~ ke lie ravAnA hue / yahA~ vibhAga meM DaoN0 DI. DI. bandiSTe kA aura mahAvidyAlaya ke saMskRta ke vyAkhyAtA DaoN0 kanchedIlAla jaina Adi aneka jaina prAdhyApakoM kA sahayoga milA / eka makAna lekara donoM samaya DhAbe meM bhojana karate hue Apane adhyApana kArya kI isa naI jindagI kA prArambha kiyaa| pahalI bAra Apako lagA ki par3hane-par3hAne kA Ananda kucha aura hai kintu rIvA~ kA yaha pravAsa bhI adhika sthAyI na bana sakA / zAsana dvArA vahA~ kisI anya vyakti ko bheja diye jAne ke kAraNa Apako Adezita kiyA gayA ki Apa mahArAnI lakSmIbAI snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, gvAliyara jAkara apanA padabhAra grahaNa kreN| 'prathama grAse makSikA pAta' kI ukti ke anusAra zAsakIya sevA kA yaha asthAyitva aura eka zahara se dUsare zahara bhaTakanA Apake mana ko acchA nahIM lagA aura eka bAra mana meM yaha nizcaya kiyA ki zAsakIya sevA kA parityAga kara denA hI ucita hai, kintu pro.bandiSTe aura kucha mitroM ke samajhAne para Apane itanA mAnA ki Apa gvAliyara hokara hI zAjApura jaayeNge| gvAliyara jAne meM Apake do-tIna AkarSaNa the, eka to ma.pra.sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha kI gvAliyara zAkhA ke pramukha zrI TI.sI.bAphanA Apake pUrva paricita the, dUsare pro.jI. Ara jaina se bhI ApakA pUrva paricaya thA aura Apa jaina sApekSatAvAda aura Adhunika vijJAna para zodhakArya karane kI dRSTi se unase adhika gaharAI se vicAra-vimarza karanA cAhate the| ata: 27 navambara 1964 ko mAtra 17 dina ke rIvA pravAsa ke pazcAt Apa gvAliyara ke lie ravAnA hue| gvAliyara pahu~cane para Apa mAna-mandira hoTala meM ruke aura prAta: mahAvidyAlaya ke prAcArya pro. ema.ema. kurezI aura vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN. esa. esa. banarjI se mile / dopahara meM Apane TI.sI.bAphanA aura pro.jI.Ara jaina se milane kA kAryakrama banAyA / jaba pro.jI.Ara jaina se mile to unakA pahalA prazna thA kahA~ ruke ho? yaha batAne para unakA pahalA vAkya thA-tuma sAmAna lekara A jAo aura tatkAla hI eka hAla kI sApha-saphAI kara Apake rahane kI vyavasthA apane hI ghara meM kara dI / saMdhyA ko mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana-vibhAga ke vyAkhyAtA DaoN. azoka lADa aura vANijya vibhAga ke zrI govinda dAsa mAhezvarI Apa se milane aaye| inase prathama paricaya hI aisA rahA ki Apa tInoM gahare mitra bana gaye / eka hI dina meM pariveza hI badala gayA aura zAjApura vApasa lauTa jAne kA vikalpa samApta ho gyaa| disambara meM zItakAlIna avakAza ke pazcAt janavarI 1965 meM Apa choTe putra pIyUSa, putrI zobhA aura patnI ko lekara gvAliyara A gaye / yadyapi Apa ke lie adhyApana kA kArya bilkula nayA thA, kintu paryApta parizrama aura viSaya kI pakar3a hone se Apa zIghra hI chAtroM ke priya bana gaye / saMyoga se mahAvidyAlaya meM usI varSa darzanazAstra kI snAtakottara kakSAyeM prArambha huI thIM / ata: Apane kaThina parizrama karake chAtroM ko na kevala mahAvidyAlaya meM par3hAyA, balki ghara para bulAkara bhI unakI taiyArI karAte rahe / sabhI kA parIkSAphala bhI acchA rahA / ata: zIghra hI eka suyogya adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI khyAti ho gyii| * gvAliyara meM jaba manovijJAna kA svatantra viSaya prArambha huA to Apane prArambha meM usake adhyApana kA dAyitva bhI darzanazAstra ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha sambhAlA / Apane 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' jaisA vyApaka viSaya lekara pI-eca0DI kI upAdhi hetu apanA paMjIyana karavAyA aura zodha prabandha likhane kI taiyArI meM juTa gye| isI sandarbha meM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke mUla granthoM vizeSa rUpa se jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA / adhyApaka ke rUpa meM punaH mAlava bhUmi meM gvAliyara meM ApakA pravAsa pUre tIna varSa rahA / isI avadhi meM ApakA cayana ma.pra.loka sevA Ayoga se ho cukA thA aura usameM bhI varIyatAkrama meM Apako prathama sthAna prApta huA thA / sUcI meM sarvocca sthAna para hone ke kAraNa sahAyaka

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 - prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI padonnati karane ke lie zAsana pratIkSArata thaa| udhara parivAra ke loga bhI yaha cAhate the ki gvAliyara jaise sudUra nagara kI apekSA zAjApura ke nikaTavartI ujjaina, indaura Adi sthAnoM para ApakA sthAnAntaraNa ho jAya / saMyoga se tatkAlIna upazikSA maMtrI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mehatA Apake parijanoM ke paricita the, ata: navambara 1967 meM Apako zAsakIya kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya, indaura sthAnAntarita kiyA gayA evaM julAI 1968 meM sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa banAkara Apako hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla bheja diyA gyaa| vaise to indaura aura bhopAla donoM hI Apake gRha nagara zAjApura se najadIka the, kintu indaura kI apekSA bhopAla meM adhyayana kI dRSTi se yahA~ adhika samaya-milane kI sambhavanA thii| ata: Apane 1 agasta 1968 ko hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra ke sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa kA pada grahaNa kiyA / isa mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya prArambha hI huA thA aura mAtra do chAtra the| ataH prArambha meM adhyApana kArya kA adhika bhAra na hone se Apane zodha-prabandha ko pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA aura agasta 1969 meM lagabhaga 1500 pRSThoM, kA bRhadkAya zodhaprabandha parIkSArtha prastuta kara diyA / vibhAga meM chAtroM kI atyalpa saMkhyA aura mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya ke upekSita hone ke karaNa ApakA mana pUrI taraha nahIM laga pA rahA thA, ata: Apane darzanazAstra ko lokapriya banAne kA bIr3A utthaayaa| saMyoga se Apake bhopAla pahuMcane ke bAda dUsare varSa hI bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ho gayI aura Apako darzanazAstra viSaya kI adhyayana samiti kA adhyakSa tathA kalA saMkAya evaM vidvat pariSada kA sadasya banane kA maukA milA / Apane pAThyakrama meM samAjadarzana, dharmadarzana, jaise rUcikara praznapatroM kA samAyojana kiyaa| sAtha hI chAtra aura mahAvidyAlaya kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa muslima-darzana aura IsAI-darzana ke viziSTa pAThyakrama nirdhArita kiye / eka ora saMzodhita pAThyakrama aura dUsarI ora ApakI adhyApana zailI ke prabhAva se chAtra saMkhyA meM vRddhi hone lgii| sthiti yahA~ taka pahuMca gaI ki bI. e. prathama varSa meM lagabhaga sau se bhI adhika chAtra hone lage aura pariNAmasvarUpa adhyApana-kakSa choTe par3ane lge| antatogatvA mahAvidyAlaya ke eka choTe hAla meM darzanazAstra kI kakSAe~ lagane lgiiN| yaha ApakI adhyApana zailI aura chAtroM ke prati AtmIyatA kA hI pariNAma thA ki sampUrNa madhyapradeza meM darzana zAstra ke vidyArthiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ApakA mahAvidyAlaya sarvocca sthAna para A gyaa| lagabhaga 300 chAtroM ko pratidina pA~ca-pA~ca pIriyaDa par3hAkara mahAvidyAlaya ke kartavyaniSTha adhyApakoM meM Apane apanA sthAna banA liyaa| mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza samiti, TAima-Tebala samiti, chAtra pariSada tathA parIkSA sambandhI gatividhiyoM se bhI Apa zIghra hI jur3a gaye aura isa sambandha meM prAcArya ke dvArA diye gaye dAyitvoM kA prAmANikatA ke sAtha nirvAha kiyA / mAtra yahI nahIM, samAjazAstra aura manovijJAna viSayoM ke prArambha hone para Apane unakI kakSAoM meM bhI adhyApana kiyaa| isa prakAra eka prabuddha aura kartavyaniSTha adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI chavi ubhara kara sAmane aaii| Apane darzanazAstra meM anya adhyApakoM ke padoM ke sRjana aura darzanazAstra ke snAtakottara adhyayana prArambha kiye jAne ke lie bhI prayatna prArambha kiye aura isameM Apako saphalatA bhI milI / Apako zrI pramoda koyala jaisA yogya sAthI mila gyaa| snAtakottara kakSAoM ke kholane ke sambandha meM bhI zAsana sahamata ho gayA, kintu isI bIca Apako pratiniyukti para pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka banakara banArasa AnA pdd'aa| phira bhI ApakI evaM Apake sAthI pramoda koyala kI pahala saphala rahI aura zAsana ne hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM snAtakottara kakSAe~ prArambha karane kA nirdeza de hI diyA / bhopAla meM darzanazAstra adhyayana samiti ke adhyakSa hone ke nAte Apako pro. candadhara zarmA, pro. esa. esa. bAraliMge jaise suprasiddha dArzanikoM ke Atithya kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| isa avadhi meM 2500vIM mahAvIra nirvANa zatAbdI ke prasaMga para rAyapura, ujjaina, indaura, pUnA aura udayapura ke vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA vyAkhyAna evaM saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene hetu Apa Amantrita kiye gye| aba Apa bhopAla meM hI the taba darzanazAstra ke punazcaryA pAThyakrama hetu eka mAha ke lie Apa pUnA vizvavidyAlaya gye| vahA~ pro. esa.esa.bAraliMge ke dvArA darzanazAstra vibhAga meM eka jaina ceyara sthApita karane ke prayAsoM meM Apa bhI sahayogI bane / pUnA ke jaina samAja ke agragaNyoM, vizeSa rUpa se zrI navalamala jI phirodiyA ke sahayoga se vahA~ jaina ceyara kI sthApanA bhI huii| phirodiyA jI aura pro. bAraliMge kI hArdika icchA thI ki Apa pUnA kI jaina ceyara ko sambhAleM, kintu niyati ko kucha aura hI maMjUra thA / paM.dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA Adeza thA ki Apa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI caramarAtI huI sthiti ko samhAlane ke lie vArANasI jaayeN| Apake sAmane eka kaThina samasyA thI, eka ora sthAyitvapUrNa zAsakIya sevA tathA ghara

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : parivAra aura apane logoM ke nikaTa rahane kA sukha, to dUsarI ora ghara-parivAra se dUra eka caramarAtI huI jaina vidyA saMsthA ko sambhAlane kA prazna usa samaya pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI pratiSThA to thI, kintu usako Arthika sthiti DA~vADola thii| ataH koI bhI vahA~ rahanA nahIM cAhatA thaa| phira bhI eka jaina vidyA saMsthAna ke uddhAra kA nizcaya lekara Apane tatkAlIna saMcAlana samiti ke adhyakSa zrI zAdIlAlajI jaina evaM koSAdhyakSa gulAbacandajI jaina ko AzvAsana diyA ki yadi Apa loga merI pratiniyukti kA Adeza ma. pra. zAsana se nikalavA sakeM aura saMsthAna kI artha vyavasthA ke sudhAra hetu prayatna kareM to maiM vidyAzrama A jAUMgA / tatkAlIna baMgAla ke upamukhya maMtrI vijayasiMha nAhara ke prayatnoM se ApakI pratiniyukti ke Adeza nikale aura Apane 1979 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka kA kAryabhAra grahaNa kara liyaa| vidyAnagarI kAzI meM Apake kAzI Agamana se saMsthAna ko eka nava jIvana milA aura Apane apane zrama se vidyAzrama ko eka naye kIrtimAna para lAkara khar3A kara diyA / 1 - pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM Apake Agamana ne jahA~ eka ora vidyAzrama kI pragati ko navIna gati dI, vahIM dUsarI ora Apako apane adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI navIna dizAyeM milii| vidyAzrama ko kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa vibhAga, kalA itihAsa vibhAga, hindI vibhAga, darzana vibhAga, saMskRta aura pAli vibhAga Adi meM zodha chAtroM ke paMjIyana kI suvidhA milI huI hai, ataH Apako ina vividha viSayoM ke zodha chAtra upalabdha hue zodha chAtroM ke mArga darzana hetu yaha Avazyaka thA ki nirdezaka svayaM bhI una viSayoM se paricita ho, ataH Apane jainadharma-darzana ke alAvA jaina kalA, purAtattva aura itihAsa kA bhI adhyayana kiyaa| prAmANika zodhakArya ke lie dvitIya zreNI ke granthoM se kAma nahIM calatA hai, mUla granthoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hotA hai| Apane zodha chAtroM evaM jijJAsu videzI chAtroM ke hetu mUla granthoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyaa| ataH Apane paramparAgata zailI se aura Adhunika zailI se svayaM hI mUla granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura karavAyA / mUla granthoM meM AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya, sanmatitarka, AptamImAMsA, jaina tarkabhASA, pramANamImAMsA nyAyAvatAra (siddharSi kI TIkA sahita) saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI Adi jaTila dArzanika granthoM kA bhI sahaja aura sarala zailI meM adhyApana kiyaa| Apake sAnnidhya meM jyotiSAcArya jayaprabhavijayajI muni hitezavijayajI munizrI lalitaprabhasAgarajI, munizrI candraprabhasAgarajI, zrI azokamunijI, sAdhvI zrI sudarzanAzrI jI sAdhvI priyadarzanAzrI jI, sAdhvIzrI sumatibAI svAmI aura unakI ziSyAyeM, sAdhvIzrI prANakuMvarabAI svAmI evaM unakI ziSyAe~, sAdhvIzrI pramodakuMvarajI, sAdhvIzrI puSpakuMvara jI aura unakI ziSyAyeM sAdhvIzrI zilApIjI, mumukSu bahana maMgalam Adi aneka sAdhu-sAdhviyoM evaM vairAgI bhAI bahanoM ne AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha ina dArzanika granthoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vividha sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha Apa kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM bhI jAkara jainadharma-darzana sambandhI praznapatroM kA adhyApana kArya karate rahe haiN| aneka videzI chAtra bhI adhyayana evaM apane zodha kAryoM meM sahayoga hetu Apake pAsa Ate rahate haiN| eka poliza prAdhyApaka ne Apake sAtha tattvArtha bhASya kA adhyayana kiyA / " * vidyAzrama meM Apako bhramaNa ke saMpAdana evaM prUpha rIDiMga ke sAtha-sAtha apane zodha chAtroM dvArA likhe nibandhoM tathA vividha zIrSastha vidvAnoM ke granthoM ke saMpAdAna, prakAzana aura prUpharIDiMga kA kArya karanA par3A isakA sabase bar3A lAbha Apako yaha huA ki jainadharma, darzana sAhitya, kalA, itihAsa Adi kI vividha vidhAoM meM ApakI gaharI paiTha ho gayI / pratiSThA aura puraskAra hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla meM kArya karate samaya bhI Apako rASTrIya stara kI aneka saMgoSThiyoM aura kAnphresoM meM jAne kA avasara milA / jahA~ Apane apane vidvattApUrNa AlekhoM evaM saujanyapUrNa vyavahAra se darzana evaM jaina vidyA ke zIrSastha vidvAnoM meM apanA sthAna banA liyaa| jaba Apa bhopAla meM the, tabhI pro. bAraliMge ke vizeSa Agraha para Apako na kevala darzana pariSada ke koSAdhyakSa kA bhAra sambhAlanA par3A, apitu dArzanika traimAsika ke prabandha saMpAdaka kA dAyitva bhI grahaNa karanA par3A .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 thA jisakA nirvAha vArANasI Ane ke pazcAt bhI san 1986 taka karate rahe / usake bAda Apa a.bhA. darzana pariSada ke variSTha upAdhyakSa bane / hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM kArya karate hue ApakI pratibhA ko sammAna ke aneka avasara upalabdha hue| na kevala Apake aneka Alekha puraskRta hue, apitu Apake zodha-grantha 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAroM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1 evaM bhAga-2' ko pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra se tathA jaina bhASAdarzana ko svAmI praNavAnanda darzana puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gayA / jaina dharma, darzana, sAhitya, saMskRti Adi ke kSetra meM sarvotkRSTa se ke lie samyagjJAna pracAraka maMDala, jayapura dvArA 1994 ke 'AcArya hasti smRti sammAna' se sammAnita kiyA gayA / Apake gRha nagara zAjApura ke sAtha-sAtha kalakattA jaina samAja evaM madrAsa meM rAjendra yuvA pariSad dvArA bhI Apako sammAnita kiyA gayA / DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ke nidezaka to haiM hI, usake sAtha-sAtha ve jaina vidyA kI aneka saMsthAoM se bhI jur3e hue haiM ve Agama, ahiMsA, samatA aura prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura ke bhI mAnada nidezaka haiM / jahA~ Apake mArga darzana meM prakIrNaka sAhitya ke anuvAda kA kArya cala rahA hai / aba taka pA~ca prakIrNaka prakAzita ho cuke haiM / a.bhA. jaina vidvat pariSada ke to Apa saMsthApaka rahe haiM, varSoM taka Apa isake upAdhyakSa bhI rahe haiM / rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke Apa upAdhyakSa haiM / jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM jaba aura jahA~ kahIM bhI koI yojanA banatI haiM, mArga nirdezana hetu ApakA smaraNa avazya kiyA jAtA hai / vastuta: Apa vidvAn to haiM hI kintu eka sAmAjika kAryakartA bhI haiM / Apake dvArA rASTrIya stara kI aneka kAnphresoM aura saMgoSThiyoM kA saphalatApUrvaka Ayojana huA hai| deza-videza kI yAtrA deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM aura jaina saMsthAoM ne Apake vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kiyA / bambaI, kalakattA, madrAsa, ahamadAbAda, pATaNa, udayapura, jodhapura, dillI, ujjaina, indaura Adi aneka nagaroM meM Apake vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye jAte rahe haiM / sAtha hI Apa vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM viSaya-vizeSajJa ke rUpa meM bhI Amantrita kiye jAte haiN| yahI nahIM Apako esoziyezana Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1985 meM tathA pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1993 meM jainadharma ke pratinidhi vaktA ke rUpa meM amerikA meM Amantrita kiyA gayA / pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa ke avasara para na kevala Apane vahA~ apanA nibandha prastuta kiyA apitu amerikA ke vibhinna nagaroM zikAgo, nyUyArka, rAle, vAziMgaTana, senaphrA~sisko, lAsaenjilsa, phiniksa Adi meM jainadharma ke vividha pakSoM para vyAkhyAna bhI diye / 1996 meM pheDarezana oNpha jaina esosiyazana ina naoNrtha amerikA dvArA amerikA ke vibhinna nagaroM meM jainadharma evaM darzana ke vividha pakSoM para vyAkhyAna ke lie AmaMtrita kiyA gyaa| 28 agasta se 5 akTUbara taka apane amerikA pravAsa meM Apa senTaluisa, sinsenATI, piTsavarga, TorenTo, ilAsa, nyUyArka Adi vibhinna sthAnoM para apane vyAkhyAna prastuta kiye / isa prakAra jainadharma-darzana aura sAhitya ke adhikRta vidvAn ke rUpa meM ApakA yaza deza evaM videza meM prasArita huA / satyaniSThA vidyAzrama meM kAryarata rahate hue Apane aneka granthoM, laghu pustikAoM aura nibandhoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko samRddha kiyA hai| apane kAryakAla meM lagabhaga 50 se adhika granthoM meM lagabhaga tIsa hajAra pRSThoM kI sAmagrI ko saMpAdita evaM prakAzita karake nayA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA haiM / Apake cintana aura lekhana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki Apa sadaiva sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se mukta hokara likhate haiN| ApakI 'jaina ekatA' nAmaka pustikA na kevala puraskRta huI apitu vidvAnoM meM samAdRta bhI huI / bauddhika ImAnadArI evaM satyAnveSaNa kI anAgrahI zailI Apane paM.sukhalAlajI saMghavI aura paM.dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke lekhana se sIkhI / yadyapi sampradAya mukta hokara satyAnveSaNa ke tathyoM kA prakAzana dharmabhIrU aura AgrahazIla samAja ko sIdhA gale nahIM utaratA, kintu kauna prazaMsA karatA hai aura kauna AlocanA, isakI paravAha kiye vagaira Apane sadaiva

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva satya ko udghATita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| usake pariNAmasvarUpa taTastha cintakoM, vidvAnoM aura sAmpradAyika abhinavezoM se mukta sAmAjika kAryakartAoM meM Apake lekhana ne paryApta prazaMsA arjita kii| Aja yaha kalpanA bhI duSkara lagatI hai ki eka bAlaka jo 15-16 varSa kI vaya meM hI vyAvasAyika aura pArivArika dAyitvoM ke bojha se daba sA gayA thA, apanI pratibhA ke bala para vidyA ke kSetra meM apanA prabhutva sthApita kara legaa| Aja deza meM jaina vidyA ke jo gine-cune zIrSastha vidvAna haiM, unameM apanA sthAna banA lenA yaha DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina jaise adhyavasAyI, zramaniSTha aura pratibhAzAlI vyakti kI hI kSamatA hai / yadyapi ve Aja bhI aisA nahIM mAnate haiM ki yaha saba unakI pratibhA evaM adhyavasAyitA kA pariNAma hai / unakI dRSTi meM yaha saba mAtra saMyoga hai| ve kahate haiM 'jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM vidvAnoM kA akAla hI ekamAtra aisA kAraNa hai, jisase mujhe jaisA alpajJa bhI sammAna aura pratiSThA prApta kara letA hai / ' kintu hamArI dRSTi meM yaha kevala unakI vinamratA kA paricAcaka hai| Apa apanI saphalatA kA sUtra yaha batAte haiM ki kisI bhI kArya ko choTA mata samajho aura jisa samaya jo bhI kArya upasthita ho pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha use pUrA karane kA prayatna kro| Apake vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM aneka logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / pUjya bAbAjI pUrNamala jI ma.sA.aura indramala jI ma. sA. ne Apake jIvana meM dhArmika-jJAna aura saMskAroM ke bIja kA vapana kiyA thaa| pUjya sAdhvIzrI pAnakuMvara jI ma.sA. ko to Apa apanI saMskAradAyinI mAtA hI mAnate haiM / Apane DaoN. sI. pI. brahmoM ke jIvana se eka adhyApaka meM dAyitvabodha evaM ziSya ke prati anugraha kI bhAvanA kaisI honI cAhiye, yaha sIkhA hai / paM. sukhalAlajI aura paM.dalasukhabhAI ko Apa apanA droNAcArya mAnate haiM, jinase pratyakSa meM kucha nahIM sIkhA, kintu parokSa meM jo kucha Apa meM hai, vaha saba unhIM kA diyA huA mAnate haiM / ApakI cintana aura prastutIkaraNa kI zailI bahuta kucha unase prabhAvita hai / Apane apane pUjya pitAjI se vyAvasAyika prAmANikatA aura spaSTavAditA ko sIkhA yadyapi Apa kahate haiM ki spaSTavAditA kA jitanA sAhasa pitAjI meM thA, utanA Aja bhI mujhameM nahIM hai / patnI Apake jIvana kA yathArtha hai / Apa kahate haiM ki yadi usase yathArtha ko samajhane aura jIne kI dRSTi na milI hotI to mere Adarza bhI zAyada yathArtha nahIM bana pAte / sevA aura sahayoga ke sAtha jIvana ke kaTsatyoM ko bhogane meM jo sAhasa usane dilAyA vaha usakA sabase bar3A yogadAna hai / Apa kahate haiM ki ziSyoM meM zyAmanandana jhA aura DaoN.aruNapratApa siMha ne jo niSThA evaM samarpaNa diyA, vahI aisA sambala hai, jisake kAraNa ziSyoM ke pratyupakAra kI vRtti mujhase jIvita raha sakI, anyathA vartamAna pariveza meM vaha samApta ho gaI hotI / mitroM meM bhAI mANakacandra ke upakAra kA bhI Apa sadaiva smaraNa karate haiN| Apa kahate haiM ki usane adhyayana ke dvAra ko punaH udghATita kiyA thaa| samAja sevA ke kSetra meM bhAI manoharalAla aura zrI saubhAgyamalajI jaina vakIla sA.Apake sahayogI evaM mArgadarzaka rahe haiM / Apa yaha mAnate haiM ki 'maiM jo kucha bhI hU~ vaha pUre samAja kI kRti hU~, usake pIche anaginata hAtha rahe haiM / maiM kina-kina kA smaraNa karU~ aneka to aise bhI hogeM jina kI smRti bhI Aja zeSa nahIM hai|' vastuta: vyakti apane Apa meM kucha nahIM hai, vaha deza, kAla, paristhiti aura samAja kI nirmiti hai, jo ina sabake avadAna ko svIkAra kara unake pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai, vaha mahAn bana jAtA hai, cirajIvI ho jAtA hai / anyathA apane hI svArtha evaM ahaM meM simaTakara samApta ho jAtA hai /

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10 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 zraddhAbhisizcita namana a akhaNDa Ananda kI prApti hetu bar3ha cuke haiM jinake caraNa vi = vimalatara bhAvoM se ho rahA jinake pApoM kA haraNa ra = rati rUpa mati kA ho cukA jinake kSaraNa na latA kI bhA~ti sukhada aura uttama hai jinakI zaraNa = sA= sAtvika vRtti zAnta prakRti rUpa hai jinakA jIvana darpaNa dha dharma-ArAdhanA meM kara diyA apanA jIvana arpaNa = ka = kara cuke saMgha-zAsana- samAja sevA meM saba kucha samarpaNa sA = sAgara kI bhA~ti gahana hai jinakA jIvana darzana ga = gagana kI bhA~ti vizAla hai jinakA Agama jJAna = = ra ravi kI bhA~ti dedIpyamAna hai jinakA anupama lekhana ma = maNi kI bhA~ti camatkRta hai jinakA sAhitya sarjana la laharA rahA jhaMDA kI bhA~ti jinakA guNa kIrtana jI jIvana jIne kI kalA dete sadA samucita nirdezana sA0 = sAdhanA ke AyAmoM kA ho cukA hai jinake sparzana ko komala hRdayayuta jinakA vyavahAra darpaNa ke samAna = = sA sArabhUta tattvoM se pUrita hai jinakA pravacana = da = dayA dAna- saMyama-tapa kA karate haiM sadA vivecana ra rati mAtra bhI nahIM jIvana meM, jinake parigraha kA saMcayana = na = namra vinaya vivekAdi vividha haiM jinameM saguNa - mahA vyaktitva ke puMja bharanA hamameM paramaguNa ma = na natamastaka haiM antaH tala se abhinandana hai viziSTa guNa se // sAdhvI saumyaguNA zrI .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva pArzvanAtha vidyApIThasya pUrvanidezakAnAM brAhmaNazramaNobhayazAstralabdha prakANDavaiduSyANAM saujanyamUrtInAM DaoN0 sAgaramalla mahAbhAgAnAM prAkRtabhASA baddhaM chandomayamabhinandanam samo ajjhayaNaM / ajzavasAyo jassujjoo, jassa vijjArakkhA jassa tavassA, karaNijjaM jiNavayaNaM // 1 // jassa vayaNapaume suyadevI, vasai pahaTThA NiccaM / jeNa paNIyagaMtharayaNehiM, goraviyaM sAhitvaM // 2 // jo daMsaNaNANehiM pavitto, cAriteNa ya bhavvo / lahiUNaM vi paharapAMDiccaM, jassa maNA viNa gavvo // 3 // adhammie viusANa kucchie, davve jassa Na IhA / jeNa kayAvi ya paraNiMdAe, zeva dUsiyA jIhA ||4|| sohavIvitvAre viDalA, jeNe pauttA sattI / jeNa ya diTThA rattI // 5 // NibbUDho gurubhaaro| Na ya gaNiyo parivAro ||6|| sAMpavAiyaM diNaM Na diTTha kajjAraMbhe, jeNa sohakajje sissANaM, sissANaM chuhA Na muNiyA NAvi pivAsA, aNekatabuddhIe kAuM, jo Na kuNe vibuhasakkAre jassuvayAraM bhaNai 'asoo, odAriyaM ya jassa 'payAse' dhavalIbhUyA, iTTAo ucchasaMti dIhaM, osassehi~ ruaMti pahAe, caDao cuNaI Na aNNaM jassa hasalileNa vaMciyA, karaboraM via ArahaMtiyaM, ahiNaMdemi buhANa variTTha, phIkA mae piyalaMdA, pAhuDIkijjai ehiM, tassa * pUrvaM zodhAdhikArI, pArzvanAtha vidyApATha, vaaraannsii| saccAsaccaviveyaM / bheyaM // 7 // 'babbA' | gahabhittIo savvA ||8|| gehA galaMti soe / vacchA jassa vioe || 9 || aire, gAsaM gahaiNa kAo / parisussaMti layAo // 10 // satyaM jassa mahallaM / tamajja sAyaramattaM / / 11 / / agghIkarya va assaM / hiyayaM NiyasavvastaM / / 12 / / AcAryo vizvanAtha pAThakaH * 11 Jin

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12 e kAvya-puSpAMjalI jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa Alokita ho jIvana sArA Ter3hI-mer3hI pagaDaMDI meM pratibhA kA unmeza huA, svAdhyAyI saghana - sAdhanA se, darzana-ciMtana vyakta huA / svAbhimAna ke sAye meM, abhimAna panapa nahIM pAyA, saMgharSo kI aTUTa zrRMkhalA, phira bhI svArtha na A paayaa| bhASA aura vicAroM meM, sAmaMjasya dekhate banatA hai| abhivyakti kA rUpa sunahalA, pratyeka graMtha meM dikhatA hai / yahI tumhArI upalabdhi hai, yahI tumhArI sampatti / yahI tumhArI sAhitya sAdhanA, yahI tumhArI samRddhi // puSpa khileM jIvana ke hara pala meM, sAhitya sAdhanA satat rahe / adhyAtma cetanA jAgrata ho, ratnatraya rahe / kA * nyU eksaTeMzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura / 6 lakSya DaoN0 zrImatI puSpalatA 'jaina* samatA mAnavatA kI rekhA, khiMcI huI hai hAthoM para, kartavyaniSTha baMdhutva bhAvanA, ubhara gaI hai cehare para / saMgharSa kasauTI jIvana kI hai. usameM tuma sahI utarate ho, bIsoM graMthoM ke lekhana se, sAhitya jagat meM khilate ho / Azrama se vidyApITha banAyA, nUtana parisara se camakAyA / vizAla bhavana kI aneka paMktiyoM se usako phira mahakAyA || kSamatAoM kI pU~jI bAMdhe, sAgara kI gaharAI pAle / mAdhyastha vRtti kI chAyA meM, mRdutA RjutA ko panapAye // / jIvana yAtrA avicala hove hove vyAdhimukta kAyA / jalatA rahe cirAga maMgalamaya Alokita ho jIvana sArA // Wu .

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva caukasa rakhavArA he saumya puruSa ! hama ve nanheM aMkura haiM jinako tumane, miTTI kI jar3atA tor3a-phor3a, jo uge tumhAre tapa kI garamI se tapakara, zIta grISma varSA ko saha apane Upara, dhana-vaibhava ko bhI ThukarA kara, jagate hI jagate bitA diyA jIvana sArA, ho gaye dhanya hama saba aMkura pA, tuma jaisA caukasa rakhavArA / jisakI chAyA meM yuga-yuga taka, jJAna-kSudhA jJAna kSudhA se tRSita yahA~ ambu-pAna kara jJAna-sudhA kA, pAyeM nija jIvana kI DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra jotA-gor3A boyA- siiNcaa| karuNA ke zrama jala se pasIja ve rakta-bIja ina aMkura ko panapAne meM tumane jIvana ke sukha-duHkha ko, sukha-duHkha na ginA / ghara-bAra chor3a isa Azrama meM he bhadra puruSa ! tumane cAhA ki yaha Azrama eka zItala saghana vitAna bane, eka aisA pAvana bodhi- vRkSa mUla preraNA kA uThAna / tere pauruSa kI chAyA meM yaha biravA satya ahiMsA kA, vizvAsa-sneha kI miTTI meM 13 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 hama kabhI nahIM girane degeM / he poSaka mere ! hai zapatha hameM Apake snehasikta samyak darzana, jJAna aura cAritra pUrNa isa jIvana kI, ki satya ahiMsA kSamA Adi ina paMcavratoM kA pAlana kara hama jIvana zuddha bnaayeNge| tava AdarzoM kI chAyA meM mana, vacana aura kAya se nita, hiMsA se kara mukta mahI 'jiyo aura jIne do' kA yaha parama tattva hama duniyA~ ko sikhalAyeMge / he mahAmanasvI ! ho Azvasta, ki jina-vANI ke satpatha para cala hama saba ye aMkura hila-mila kara, ghana andhakAra kI chAtI para jina-jJAna kI jyoti jalAyeMge / unmukta-hRdaya abhinaMdana ko udyata haiM Azrama ke hama saba ye aMkura ho Azvasta, ki satata rahegI jIvanta yahA~ zAnti-sneha- samatA aura jina-vANI ke adhyayana kI nirmala zAzvata paramparA /

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva Guna Sagar Dr. Sudha Jain* S- Saintliness (sAdhutA) A - Alertness (sphUrti) G-Generousness (udAratA) A - Articulateness (spaSTatA) R- Reconditeness (gUr3hatA) M-Mannerliness (suzIlatA) A - Acuteness (tIkSNatA) L-Limpness (mRdutA) J- Judiciousness (vivekazIlatA) A- Artlessness (saralatA) I - Incessantness (nityatA) N- Nativeness (svAbhAvikatA) *Lecturer, Parshvanath Vidyapith, Varanasi sAgara-saptapadI DaoN0 dhUpanAtha prasAda sAdagI-samyak-sahRdaya, gagana kA vistAra mana hai ! ramya-mohana darpa-Anana, malaya-sA muskAna tana hai !! lakha na pAye vidvat vidUSI, jaina-jIvana jAgaraNa-jana - navala-dhavala nabha ApakA hai !!!

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16 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 maMgala kAmanA upAdhyAya kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala' pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti dvArA DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina kA abhinandana graMtha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai, yaha jAnakara hArdika prasannatA huii| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina sadsAhityoM ke zreSTha sAhityakAra haiN| Apa jaina dharma evaM darzana ke marmajJa manISI hone ke sAtha jaina samAja ke prabuddha kalamakAra haiM / Apane Agama evaM itihAsa Adi sAhitya ke vikAsa hetu niHsvArtha bhAva se apanI sevAe~ pradAna kI haiN| Aja ke bhautika yuga meM jahA~ artha ko pradhAnatA dI jA rahI hai, aise samaya meM mere dvArA sampAdita dravyAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga kI vizAla bhUmikA binA pArizramika ke taiyAra karanA Apake samarpita jIvana kI paricAyaka hai| Apako yaza nAma kI AkAMkSA bilkula nahIM hai aura yaha ApakI eka bar3I vizeSatA hai| ApakA vyaktitva-kRtitva donoM hI abhinandanIya hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti ne Apako abhinandita karake sAhitya jagat ko gauravAnvita kiyA hai| zrI sAgaramala jI isI prakAra zruta sevA karate hue jina zAsana kI yazokIrti meM abhivRddhi karate raheM, merI yahI maMgala kAmanA hai| Rju prAjJa: DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina candraprabha sAgara yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI ora se abhinandana grantha- prakAzita ho rahA hai / kucha hI vyakti aise hote haiM jo mAnavatA dvArA sammAnita aura abhinandita hote haiN| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vaiduSya kI vaha pratimA haiM jinhoMne apane jIvana meM prApta jJAna ko Acarita kiyA hai| hama unakI samatvazIlatA va jIvanacaryA se prabhAvita rahe haiM / hamane DaoN0 jaina ke sAnnidhya meM pUre DhAI varSa bitAe haiN| ve hamAre jJAna- pakSa evaM jIvana - vikAsa kI AdhArazilA rahe haiN| unhoMne jahA~ eka Adarza zikSaka ke rUpa meM hameM saprema adhyayana karavAyA, vahIM eka zrAvaka ke rUpa meM apanI sevAe~ bhI samarpita kii| bhale hI kisI kI dRSTi meM ve sAMsArika- vistAra ke bIca meM baiThe hoM, lekina hamArI dRSTi meM ve gRhasthasaMta haiM jala meM kamalavata nirlipta ve RjuprAjJa hai, hRdaya se sarala aura mastiSka se jJAna sampanna eka pUrNa manuSya ke lie usakA RjuprAjJa honA Avazyaka hai / DaoN0 jaina isa dRSTi se hama sabake lie Adarza haiM / I DaoN0 jaina ke abhinandana ke avasara para hama unake parama zreyas kI zubhakAmanA karate haiN| jJAna aura saccaritratA kA yaha saMgama nirvANa ke mahAsAgara kI ora vardhamAna ho| hamArI ora se unheM praNAma aura sAdara abhivAdana samarpita kreN|

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : hRdaya se Aye do zabda - zramaNa saMghIya mahAmaMtrI zrI saubhAgyamunijI 'kumuda' DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke viSaya meM maiM adhika vistAra se kucha nahIM likha sakatA kyoMki unase merA vyaktigata saMparka bahuta thor3A hI rahA kintu itanA maiM unake viSaya meM avazya likha sakatA hU~ ki ve isa samaya jaina darzana ke zreSThatama vidvAn haiM / jina cAra vidvAnoM ke lekha meM hamezA dhyAna se par3atA AyA unameM DaoN0 sAgaramalajI bhI eka haiN| inake alAvA tIna vidvAn haiM paM0 becaradAsajI, paM0 sukhalAlajI aura paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA / . vidvadratna DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina ke lekhoM meM sparzI adhyayana kI jhalaka milatI hai| jisa viSaya para bhI ve likhate haiM gaMbhIra aura sapramANa likhate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai ki unake lekha hI apane Apa meM apane viSaya ke adhikRta pATha haiN| vidyArthI unakA lekha par3hakara apane viSaya kI paripUrNatA pA letA hai / maiM to bhramaNa patrikA par3atA hI isIliye haiM ki Apake lekha usameM Ate haiN| yadi koI aMka sahaja upalabdha nahIM hotA to maiM vArANasI se maMgavA letA hU~ tArkikatA ke sAtha viSaya kA sapramANa saMpAdana evaMm vivecana karanA Apa kI apratima vizeSatA hai| viSaya kI sUkSmatama vizeSatAoM ko bhI apane lekha meM aise camatkRta DhaMga se prastuta karate haiM ki pAThaka viSaya ko sahaja hI sarvAMgINa rUpa se samajhane meM saphala ho jaae| Apa ke lekhoM kA sabase mUlyAvAna bhAga hai- viSaya kI vivecanA meM prastuta kiyA gayA Apa kA ciMtana / jisa viSaya ko durUha yA apane liye anAvazyaka samajhakara pAThaka use na bhI par3hanA cAhe to bhI Apake ciMtana para usakA dRSTikSepa ho jAe to vaha nizcita hI AdyopAnta par3hanA caahegaa| viSaya cAhe kitanA hI rukSa kyoM na ho DaoN0 jaina kA adhyayana itanA vistRta hai ki jaina jainetara darzana aura siddhAnta ke AdhAra para ve rukSa viSaya ko bhI dilacaspa viSaya meM badala dete haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki maiM unakA koI lekha par3he binA nahIM chodd'taa| DaoN0 sAhaba ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mAdhyama se jina zAsana kI mahAna sevAeM kI haiM jo jaina itihAsa meM amara rheNgii| inakI kRtiyAM bhI kAlajayI haiM, ve sadA jaina jagat ke bauddhika varga ko spandita karatI raheMgI / DaoN0 sAhaba se maiM sarvaprathama abhI tIna varSa pUrva udayapura meM milaa| pahale bhI mile hoMge Apa kintu vaha milana merI smRti meM nahIM hai / udayapura meM eka jJAna goSThI kA Ayojana thA / Apa usameM sammilita hue yahIM / maiMne Apako najadIka se dekhaa| ApakI saralatA, susabhyatA, sahaja sAdagI pUrNa gaMbhIratA dekhakara maiM atyanta prabhAvita huaa| jaina darzana aura siddhAnta ke viSaya meM unakI talasparzI vivecanAeM sunakara merA dila bAga bAga ho utthaa| lekhoM meM jo par3hA use dhvani rUpa meM sAkAra hote dekha bahuta prasannatA huii| yaha jAnakara manamudita huA ki abhinandana grantha ke mAdhyama se DaoN0 sAhaba kA abhinandana kiyA jAne vAlA hai DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina jaise prabuddha cetA ke abhinandana ke liye prabandha samiti ne abhinandana grantha prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyA hai yaha sarvathA suyogya nirNaya hai| isa bauddhika upakrama ke antargata mere isa choTe se vaktavya ke rUpa meM merI bhI bhAgIdArI svIkAra kareM to mujhe hArdika prasannatA hogii| DaoN0 jaina ke sudIrgha jIvI hone kI hArdika zubhakAmanA / 17 .

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18 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa tAttvikatA evaM sAtvikatA ke maNikAMcana suyoga : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sAdhvI hemaprabhA * tAttvikatA ke sAtha sAtvikatA kA suyoga alabhya nahIM to durlabhya avazya hai| aise vyakti virala haiM jinameM tAttvikatA aura sAtvikatA donoM kA 'maNikAMcana' suyoga ho / 6 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina aise hI virala vyaktitva ke dhanI haiM, jinakI tAttvikatA sAtvikatA se mahimAmaNDita hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki ve prasiddhi ke dAsa na banakara sadA jJAnasAdhanA ke svAmI bane rhe| unakA AbhAmaNDala isa bAta kA Thosa pramANa hai| eka anirvacanIya Atma zAnti va AtmatRpti kI anubhUti hotI hai unake AbhAmaNDala meM praveza karane ke pazcAt / unakA nirabhimAnI apramatta - jIvana hara vyakti ko una uddezyoM kI pUrti ke liye prerita karatA hai, jinake binA yaha jIvana vyartha hai / . mujhe garva hai ki ve merI janmabhUmi ke sapUta hai| itanA hI nahIM, mere aura unake parivAra ke bIca acchA snehAnubaMdha hai| merI bAla-sulabha capalatAoM ke ve sAkSI haiN| vAstava meM una jaise vyaktitva ko pAkara zAjApura kI dharA dhanyottamA hai| kauna jAnatA thA ki pArivArika va vyAvasAyika uttaradAyitva ke bojha se ladA vyakti jainadharma evaM darzana kA marmajJa vidvAn, dharma ke prati aTUTa AsthAvAna, bhAratIya saMskRti kA udgAtA evaM aitihAsika tathyoM kA nirbhIka prastotA banegA / yaha unakI jijJAsA, kaThorazrama aura svAdhyAyazIlatA kA hI supariNAma hai| para cAhate hue bhI varSoM taka unake maulika ciMtana se kucha pAne kA suyoga nahIM mila pAyA / gata varSa merI antevAsinI sAdhvI vinItaprajJA ke 'zodha-prabaMdha ke nirdezana hetu DAkTara sAhaba kA bAmbe Agamana huA taba unake Agamika spaSTa cintana kA anUThA lAbha mujhe bhI milA tathA AcArapUta unakI vidvattA ne mana ko prabhAvita bhI kiyaa| lagA ki Antarika U~cAIyoM ke sammukha, bar3appana kI Adhunika mAnyatAyeM kitanI khokhalI haiN| eka saptAha ke nikaTa ke paricaya se unake bAre meM jo sunA thA vaha to satya pramANita huA hI sAtha hI unake vyaktitva ke kaI naye pahalU ujAgara hue| antara meM sahasA eka svara mukharita ho uThA ki 'DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vidvAn hI nahIM eka saMta haiM / ' * dAdAvAr3I-puNe jo sama-viSama anukUla evaM pratikUla sabhI sthitiyoM meM sadA santulita rahate haiM / jo mAna-sammAna kI cAha se kosoM dUra haiM I saralatA sahajatA, sAdagI va saMyama jinake paryAya haiN| jo adhyayana-adhyApana cintana-manana va lekhana ke krama meM sadA apramatta bhAva se DUbe rahate haiM / rASTrIya khyAti prApta ina manISI saMta ke abhinaMdana kI maMgalabelA meM agaNita zubhAzaMsAoM ke sAtha, ve dIrghajIvI baneM, apane jIvana evaM sRjana meM zAzvata mUlyoM kI pratiSThA karate hue atizIghra zAzvata sukha kA varaNa kareM.. yahI maMgalakAmanA hai / ciraMjIva.......... ciraMnanda .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : "jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jaina" samaNI maMgala prajJA* pro0 sAgaramala jaina vyApAra karate-karate zikSA ke kSetra meM Aye, yaha tathya mujhe zrI jaina se hI jJAta huaa| mujhe sunakara vismaya bhI huA ki kaise eka vyakti anusrota ke mArga ko chor3akara pratisrota ke mArga meM prasthita ho gyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- 'aNusoyasuhologo paDisoo Asavo suvihiyANaM jana sAdhAraNa ko strota ke anukUla calane meM sukha kI anubhUti hotI hai kiMtu asAdhAraNa pratisrota meM calakara abhinava mukAma ko prApta karate haiN| yahI pro0 sAgaramala jI ke jIvana meM ghaTita huA / vyApAra jagat meM rahate huye bhI vidyA ke prati unakA itanA gaharA ArkaSaNa thA ki unhoMne vidyA ko hI apanA jIvanavrata banA liyaa| Aja unakA yaha jIvanavrata jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala ke rUpa meM mUrtimAn hai / zrI jaina ko maiMne jainavidyA kI aneka saMgoSThiyoM meM nikaTatA se dekhA hai| saumyatA, zAlInatA evaM gaMbhIratA unake vyaktitva kI khAsa pahacAna hai / unake vicAroM ko bhI maiMne sunA hai| jaina vidyA ke prati unakA jo AtmIya anurAga hai vaha nizcita rUpa se zlAghanIya hai| eka bAra ahamadAbAda se lADanUM taka kI yAtrA meM hama sAtha-sAtha the| usa samaya unase darzana ke vibhinna viSayoM para carcA karane kA avasara prApta huaa| unake gambhIra jJAna ne mujhe AkRSTa kiyaa| DaoN0 jaina eka sulajhe hue vicAraka haiN| jainavidyA ke prati pUrNa samarpita unakA vyaktitva jaina samAja ke lie gaurava kA viSaya hai| DaoN0 jaina ke jIvana ke amUlya kSaNa jainazAsana kI zrI vRddhi meM satata lagate raheM, yahI zubhAzaMsA hai| * jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 19 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 saMsmaraNa sAdhvI pramoda kuMvara DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina se merA paricaya varSoM purAnA hai / usa samaya ve vyavasAya karate the aura maiM pUjyA sAdhvI zrI ratnakuvaMra jI ma. sA. kI sAnnidhya meM vairAgya avasthA meM zAjApura meM adhyayanarata thiiN| merI jIvana caryA kA bahuta sA bhAga inhIM ke parivAra meM vyatIta hotA thA / usa samaya Apane ema0 e0 kiyA hI thaa| mere adhyayana kA bhAra guruvaryA sAdhvI zrI ratnakuvaMra jI ma0 sA0 ne DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke supurda kiyA thaa| isa prakAra ve mere zikSA guru bane / merI hAI skUla, inTara, bI0 e0 aura ema0 e0 Adi sabhI parIkSAoM kA adhyayana DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina ke dizA nirdeza aura sahayoga se hI pUrNa huA / yahI nahIM jaba mere mana meM pI-eca0 DI0 karane kI bhAvanA utpanna huI to maiMne isa kArya ko bhI Apake sAnidhya meM rahakara Apake mArgadarzana meM hI pUrA karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| isake lie mujhe mAlava bhUmi se sudUra vArANasI ke hetu pada yAtrA karanI pdd'ii| maiM 1988 I0 san meM vArANasI pahuMcI aura apanA adhyayana prArambha kiyaa| yadyapi kucha vaidhAnika kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa mujhe DA0 umezacandra dube ke nirdezana meM apane ko paMjIkRta karavAnA par3A kintu viSaya cayana se lekara zodha prabandha kI pUrNatA taka mujhe DaoN0 sAhaba se pUrNa dizA nirdeza va sahayoga prApta huaa| vidyAzrama meM cala rahIM kakSAoM ke atirikta bhI ve mujhe niyamita rUpa se jaina darzana kA adhyayana karavAte rhe| mujhe aura merI sahayogI sAdhviyoM ko unake dvArA adhyayana karane kA lAbha prApta hotA rahA / DaoN0 sAhaba kI adhyApana zailI aisI viziSTa hai ki ve kaThinatama viSayoM ko bhI itane sahaja DhaMga se prastuta karate haiM ki sAmAnya stara ke vyakti ko bhI ve grAhya bana jAte haiN| pUjyA guruvaryA ratnakuvaMra jI ma0 sA0 kI hama sabhI ziSyAoM ko unase adhyayana karane kA saubhAgya milA hai| yaha hamAre lie sukhada anubhUti kA viSaya hai / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki pU0 ratna kuvaMra jI ma0 sA0 kI ziSyAoM meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI pUjyA dAdI jI zrI pAna kuMvara jI ma0 sA0 aura pUjyA vuA jI zrI vallabha kuMvara jI ma0 sA0 bhI dIkSita thiiN| isa prakAra pUjyA guruvaryA zrI ratnakuMvara jI ma0 sA0 kA ziSyA parivAra aura DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA parivAra eka dUsare ke nikaTatama saMbaMdhI the / yadyapi DaoN0 sAhaba hama sabhI sAdhviyoM ko gurutulya hI Adara dete the kintu unakI caritra niSThA aura anuzAsana kaThora hI thA / merI dRSTi meM ve jahA~ eka ora phUloM kI apekSA bhI komala haiM vahI dUsarI ora AcAra vyavasthA va anuzAna ke kSetra meM vajra jaise kaThora bhI haiM / bhAvukatA meM maine aneka bAra unakI AkhoM meM A~suoM ko chalakate dekhA hai to unake nirNayoM kI aDigatA ko bhI dekhA hai| vArANasI meM unake sAnidhya meM merA lagabhaga cAra varSa kA pravAsa adhyayana aura jJAnArjana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa rhaa| maiM jaba banArasa meM thI tabhI maiMne yaha nirNaya liyA thA ki DaoN0 sAhaba sAdhvI ke sammAna meM eka abhinandana graMtha kA prakAzana honA cAhiye isake Arthika sahayoga hetu maiMne kucha logoM kI preraNAyeM dii| yadyapi maine vArANasI se prasthAna karate samaya vidyAzrama parivAra se isake zIghra prakAzana ke lie dizA-nirdeza bhI diyA thA kintu kinhIM kAraNoM vaza vaha kArya hAtha meM nahIM liyA jA sakA / vAstavikatA to yaha bhI ki DaoN0 sAhaba apane kArya kAla meM aisA kucha karane denA hI nahIM cAhate the| majhe yaha jAnakara atyanta prasannatA hai ki itane lambe antarAla ke bAda bhI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ne aura usakI prabandha samiti ne yaha sukhada nirNaya liyA / vastuta: yaha punIta kArya karake hama saba apane ko hI gauravAnvita mahasUsa karate haiM / maiM DaoN0 sAhaba ke svastha jIvana aura zatAyu hone kI kAmanA karatI huuN|

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva svayaM meM eka saMsthA : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina bhUpendranAtha jaina* vidvAnoM meM vidvAn, phira bhI sAttvika AcaraNa, sarala hRdaya, vANI meM mRdulatA, ghamaMDa se dUra, mAnavatA ke paryAya, zrAvaka saMta DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA samparka mere pUrva janma ke acche karmoM kI hI dena hai / aisA vyakti va vyaktitva Aja ke yuga meM birala hI milatA hai / unako vidyApITha ke lie pA lenA yaha merA saubhAgya rahA hai / lagabhaga 20 varSoM se, unase merI adhika vayasa hote hue bhI, maiM apane hRdaya ke udgAra prakaTa karatA hUM ki maiMne unakA sAnidhya prApta kiyA hai / ye socate hI mana meM na kevala eka jyoti kA AsAra pAtA hU~, sAtha hI garva kA bhI anubhava karatA huuN| merA samparka unase pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke AMgana meM hI huA aura mere mantrI evaM unake nidezaka hone ke nAte, hama eka dUsare ke sahayogI rahe aura vaha sahayoga pArivArika mitratA ke rUpa meM badala gyaa| unakI lagana, vizeSakara adhyayana aura lekhana kArya ne hI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM eka ucca stara para pahuMcA diyA hai aura usakA gaurava jo Aja hama anubhava karate haiM aura saMsthA va unase sambandha jor3ate hI mana aura mastiSka UMcAI kA anubhava karate haiN| yaha saba unhIM ke lagana va parizrama kI dena hai| 1979 ke pazcAt pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna (jisa nAma se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha usa samaya jAnA jAtA thaa|) eka bar3e udAsIna tathA aMdhakAramaya jIvana meM se nikala rahA thaa| unake Agamana ke bAda saMsthA ko pIche mur3akara dekhane kI AvazyakatA nahIM huI aura DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA dina-rAta kA saMgharSa, parizrama aura lagana ne kucha hI varSoM meM saMsthAna kI kAyA palaTa kara dii| vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI do-do TImoM kA Agamana, aura nirIkSaNa hone ke bAda, eka hI vAkya sunane ko milA ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha eka ucca koTi kI saMsthA hai aura sarvathA mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA sTeTas prApta karane ke yogya hai / ye saba unakI hI lagana aura parizrama kA pariNAma hai / hama usa sTeTas ko prApta na kara sake, usakA kAraNa kevala dhana kA abhAva thA, varanA anya dRSTiyoM se koI kamI unako nahIM milI aura prazaMsA hI unhoMne kI, kyoMki DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke lie saMsthA kA kAraNa va uddezya sarvopari rahA hai| vidvAn ucca koTi ke aura bhI mila sakate haiM, para aisI lagana va parizrama vAle vyakti kA milanA bahuta kaThina hai, jitanI bhI vyAkhyA va prazaMsA unake vyaktitva, sAdhanA, parizrama va lagana kI karUM, kama hai / aise vyakti agara amara ho sakeM to saMsthA va manuSya jAti kA bahuta bhalA ho sakatA hai, para yaha to saMbhava nahIM / ata: vaha dIrghAyu hoM aura saMsthA ke sAtha unakA jo lagAva va parizrama hai, vaha pUrA ho sake, aisI hI zubha-kAmanAyeM apane hRdaya meM unake lie saMjoe huuN| prabhu unheM cirAyu kareM / zAyada yaha kahanA galata na hogA ki saMsthA DA0 sAgaramala jI haiM aura DaoN0 sAgaramala jI hI saMsthA haiM' / rUpa meM bhinnatA ho sakatI hai - hRdaya, zvAsa va uddezya meM nahIM / zubham / *maMtrI, prabandha samiti, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 sarala vyaktitva ke dhanI: DaoN0 sAgara mala jaina romeza sI0 barAra* DA0 sAgaramala jaina jI zramaNa vidyAdhyayana ke jAne mAne vizva vikhyAta vyakti haiM / inako majhe jAnane kA saubhAgya kaI bAra huA hai| vArANasI to eka-do bAra milA hUMgA, parantu pharIdAbAda meM jaba bhI DaoN0sAhaba vidyApITha ke bAre meM pitA jI ke sAtha yA bhAI bhUpendra jI se milane, jo ki vaha aksara Ate-jAte rahate the to vahA~ kabhI na kabhI kisI na kisI viSaya para inake vicAra sune aura jJAna prApta kiyA / maiM sadA hI DAkTara sAhaba kA AbhArI rahU~gA / inhoMne jo sevA zramaNa saMskRti kI kI hai, usake lie sampUrNa jaina samAja inakA AbhArI hai| zrI jinadeva se prArthanA hai ki vaha inheM cirAyu kareM / *mainejiMga DAirekTara, nyUkema limiTeDa, pharIdAbAda -6 / zubhakAmanA saMdeza prophesara premasumana jaina* yaha jAnakara prasannatA hai ki jaina darzana ke manISI pro. sAgaramala jaina jI kA abhinandana grantha prakAzita ho rahA hai / pro0 jaina kI jainavidyA ke kSetra meM apUrva sevAe~ rahI haiM / Apane pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI pragati meM athaka zrama kiyA hai / vahA~ ke prakAzanoM meM Apake pANDitya aura nirdezana kA spaSTa prabhAva jhalakatA hai / zodha chAtroM ke jo ve sadaiva hitaiSI aura mArgadarzaka rahe haiM, unakI saujanya chavi aura sAdagI yukta jIvana pratyeka vidvAn ke lie Adarza svarUpa hai| AzA hai, pro0 jaina isI prakAra jainavidyA kI sevA karate raheMge / unake svastha jIvana aura sAdhanApUrNa zodhakArya ke lie hama saba kI hArdika zubhakAmanAe~ haiN| *AcArya evaM adhiSThAtA, sAmAjika vijJAna evaM mAnavikI mahAvidyAlaya, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura /

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva gaveSaNApaTu manISI : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina jainavidyA ke supratiSTha hastAkSara haiN| unhoMne jainavidyA kI udAravAdI samIkSA aura pUrvAgraha rahita cintana se use jo vyApakatA pradAna kI hai, vaha tato'dhika zlAghanIya hai| DaoN0 sAgaramalajI gaveSaNApaTu manISI haiN| unhoMne apanI zodha-sUkSmekSikA dvArA jaina vidyA ko naI asmitA dI hai aura usake aneka naye AyAmoM kA udbhAvana kiyA hai| unake dvArA likhita granthoM se jaina vAGmaya samRddha to huA hI hai, use prAmANikatA aura vizvasanIyatA bhI prApta huI hai| 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka unakA anya to tulanAtmaka sAhitya ke kSetra meM eka pAryantika kRti hai / - DaoN0 zrIrajana sUrideva * DaoN0 sAgaramala jI 'vidyA dadAti vinayaM ke sAkSAt vigraha haiN| jaba bhI unake darzana aura satsaMga kA avasara milA, unake zubhaiSI vyaktitva aura AtmIyatApUrNa vyavahAra se sukhada kRtArthatA kI anubhUti huii| jaina jagat meM hI nahIM samagra sArasvata jagat meM unake jaisA sAdhucarita evaM nirahaMkAracetA vyakti prAyovirala hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha unakI nidezakIya garimA aura sArasvata sAdhanA ke prApti satat prazaMsA mukhara rhegaa| vidyApITha kI utkarSa yAtrA ke krozazilA ke rUpa meM vaha cirasmaraNIya raheMge / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayantI ke avasara para unake abhinandana ke lie grantha kA prakAzana avazya hI usakI prabandha samiti kI samayajJatA kA anukaraNIya nidarzana hai| AzA hai, yathA prastAvita abhinandana grantha tadviSayaka granthoM kI paramparA meM zikharastha siddha hogA, sAtha hI jainavidyA kI aitihAsika zodha prastuti ke rUpa meM sarva samAdRta hogA / * pUrva vyAkhyAtA, prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI (bihAra) DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina: tyAgamaya saMyamI jIvana ke dhanI DaoN0 kamala jaina* ghaTanAyeM jaba ghaTatI haiM taba unakA prabhAva kisa stara para kitanI gaharAI se par3a rahA hai isakA samyak bodha bhI nahIM . ho pAtA, para jaba mudhara smRtiyoM kA Alor3ana vilor3ana karane baiThate haiM to kucha aise vyaktiyoM ke citra ubharate haiM, jinakI preraNA aura vAtsalya se jIvana meM eka sukhada parivartana huA hai| aisA hI eka viziSTa vyaktitva hai, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina jI kA, jinake prati kRtajJatA kA bodha mere hRdaya meM gahare taka samAyA huA hai lekina kRtajJatA jJApana ke liye paryApta zabda nahIM saMjo pA rahI hU~ / bAta 1979 kI hai, apane pati kA vArANasI sthAnAntaraNa hone para mujhe pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama jAne kA avasara milA / DaoN0 sAgaramala jI vahAM para nidezaka pada para Aye hI the| unhoMne merI jaina vidyA ke prati ruci dekhate huye mujhe pIeca0 DI0 karane ke liye utsAhita kiyA, mujhe yaha asaMbhava lagA, par3hAI chor3e 15 varSa ho cuke the, prAkRta bhASA AtI nahIM thI, Upara se ghara-gRhasthI kI jimmevArI parantu Apane apane nijI jIvana kI paristhitiyoM kA udAharaNa dete huye mujhe itanA to taiyAra kara diyA ki maine pI-eca0DI0 ke liye rajisTrezana karA liyaa| prAkRta bhASA para adhikAra na hone ke kAraNa mai 23 .

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24 BL jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 anudita graMthoM se hI kAma calAnA cAhatI thI para Apako painI dRSTi se merI corI chupI na rahatI, phira dhIre-dhIre ApakI preraNA se maiMne itanI prAkRta sIkha lI ki apane zodha ke liye mUlagraMtha par3ha skuuN| Apake nirdezana meM na kevala maine apanA zodhaprabandha pUrNa kiyA balki do aura zodhapUrNa graMtha likha DAle / DaoN0 sAhaba aura unakI patnI zrImatI kamalA jI sacce suzrAvaka haiM, jo bhI unake saMparka meM AtA hai unake parivAra kA aMga ho jAtA hai| sAdhu-sAdhvI ho, vidyArthI ho yA sahayogI, sabakA svAgata satkAra Apa khule hRdaya se karate haiN| mujhe unakA Antarika sneha milA yaha merA saubhAgya hai| unakI patnI jinheM maiM bhAbhI jI kahatI hU~ ne to mujhe apane prItibhAjana svajana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA hai| unake yahA~ jaba bhI koI viziSTa vyaMjana banatA merA bulAvA ho jAtA aura pratidina unake hAtha se garamA garama cAya kA lobha maiM saMvaraNa na kara pAtI, cAra bajate-bajate mere kadama unake ghara kI ora uThane lagate / - 1 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka kI haisiyata se zodha kAryoM ke sAtha-sAtha zikSArthiyoM kI zikSaNa vyavasthA aura kAryAlaya ke prabandhana kA bhAra bhI vahana karate the| nidezaka hote huye bhI adhyApana kA jitanA bhAra anya sahayogiyoM ko dete the unase kahIM adhika bhAra svayaM vahana karate the kArya ke prati jitane svayaM samarpita haiM aisI hI auroM se bhI AzA karate haiN| prabandha kI avyavasthA sahana nahIM kara pAte the anusAzana cAhate huye bhI kisI para kaThora anuzAsanAtmaka kAravAyI nahIM kara pAte, andara hI andara svayaM duHkhI hote rahate / zuSka prazAsana DaoN0 sAhaba ke svabhAva ke pratikUla hai / usameM unakI sahaja praphullatA bhI meghAchinna ho jAtI hai| vaha svayaM bhI kahate haiM ki par3hane-par3hAne ke mukAbale meM yaha prazAsanika kArya mujhe thakA dete haiM / / paristhitiyoM ko badalanA aura puruSArtha ke liye nirantara prayatnazIla rahanA DaoN0 sAhaba ke vyaktitva ke mahattvapUrNa pahalU haiN| vyavasAyI parivAra meM janma lane vAle sarasvatI ke upAsaka DaoN0 sAhaba ne Arambhika avasthA meM pratikUla paristhitiyoM me bhI apanI nirantara bar3hatI huI jJAna-pipAsA ko tRpta kiyA aura vidyA ke prati Adara evaM niSThA ke sAtha jaina vAGmaya kA gahana adhyayana kiyaa| Aja ve jaina vidyA ke zIrSastha vidvAnoM meM se haiM / adhyayana, manana aura lekhana kI dRSTi se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA kAryakAla Apake liye evaM saMsthA ke liye bahuta hI lAbhaprada siddha huA / Apake cintana meM ojasvitA aura tejasvitA kA adbhuta samanvaya hai| jaina paraMparA ke Agama evaM darzana graMthoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna zAkhAoM kA bhI gaharA adhyayana hai ApakA dRSTikoNa tulanAtmaka hai / Apa kisI eka dharma yA sampradAya kI sImA se Abaddha adhyayana ko saMkIrNatA mAnate haiN| prajJA cintana evaM anubhava kI gahanatA, saMvedanA kI sUkSmatA, bhAvoM kI taralatA evaM komalatA, bhAvoM kI taralatA evaM komalatA, sRjanAtmaka cetanA, maulika dRSTi, purAtana aura nUtana kA samanvaya, vastu tattva kA niSpakSa pratipAdana Adi Apake vyaktitva kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM hai| Apane apanI medhA aura prazA se sabhI dharmoM kA sundara samanvita rUpa prastuta karane meM anekoM zodhArthiyoM kA mArga darzana kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke gaMbhIra graMthoM kA sarala, subodha evaM jana-mAnasa grAhya vivecana karane kI ApakI adbhuta kSamatA hai| darzana jaise nIrasa viSayoM ko bhI jisa prakAra rocaka banAkara par3hAte haiM usase inake vyaktitva meM vidyA sampanna adhyApaka kA divya darzana hotA hai| mujhe sAdhvIvRMda, zodhArthiyoM aura vidyArthiyoM ke sAtha Apase AcArAMga sUtra, tattvArthasUtra aura anya darzana graMtha par3hane kA suavasara prApta huA hai| jaba ina gambhIra graMthoM para vyAkhyAna dete haiM to ApakI prajJA aura vivecana kSamatA mukharita ho uThatI hai, Apa anubhavasiddha yuktiyoM dvArA aisA samAdhAna karate aura isa taraha samajhAte ki kaThina se kaThina viSaya bhI usa samaya hRdayaMgama ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma kI vibhinna zAkhA prazAkhAoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se vizleSaNa karate huye AgamIya satyoM ke AdhAra para aise naye saMketa sUtra dete haiM, jo Adhunika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM bhI khare utarate haiN| DaoN0 sAhaba dvArA racita sAhitya bar3A samRddha aura vipula hai, Apake zodha graMthoM tathA nibandha sAhitya, saMskRti, dharmadarzana, itihAsa Adi ke kSetra meM maulika cintana se ota-prota haiN| Apako ciMtana zailI dUradarzitA pUrNa sAMpradAyika abhinivezoM

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva se mukta hai / Apake sarasa jJAnavardhaka lekha jaina dhArmika patra-patrikAoM meM nirantara nikalate rahate haiM / apanI sAhitya sAdhanA meM inhoMne jo kucha pAyA hai use mukta hRdaya se bAMTA hai / saMpradAyoM kI saMkIrNatA se Apa Upara haiM ! vidvAn bauddha ho yA vaidika paMraparA kA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM sarvathA khule dila se svAgata karate haiM / vArANasI nagarI meM zvetAmbara aura digambara saMpradAyoM ke 300 varSoM se cale A rahe vaimanasya ko Apane isa sauhArda pUrNa DhaMga se sulajhAyA ki Aja bhI donoM hI saMpradAya ApakA sammAna karate haiM / sAmAjika kurItiyoM ko dUra karane meM Apa sadaiva prayatnazIla rahate haiM / jaisA ki pUjya bhAbhI jI se patA calatA hai pardAprathA kA nivAraNa karane vAloM meM zAjApura ke jaina samAja meM ApakA parivAra agragaNya thA / yuvAvarga meM dhArmika niSThA paidA karane meM Apake lekha aura vyAkhyAna bar3e prabhAvI rahe haiM / adamya-utsAhI, karmaniSTha, prakhara buddhi aura tyAgamaya saMyamI jIvana ke dhanI Apa svayaM to jyortimaya huye hI, ApakI preraNA aura vAtsalya se mere jaise saikar3oM lAbhAnvita huye haiN| inake vyaktitva kA saurabha kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM videzoM meM bhI anekAneka parivAroM ko surabhita karatA rahA hai / isa mAlava kI zaSya zyAmalA bhUmi meM puSpavat khilakara nirapekSa bhAva se apanI sugandha cAroM ora bikharane vAle Apake vyaktitva kI pratidhvaniyA~ samAja ke kaNa-kaNa ko Alokita kara rahI haiM / *pUrva pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI / bhavyamUrti evaM zruta jJAtA : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 sudarzana lAla jaina* pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke bahumukhI vyaktitva se kauna paricita nahIM hai| Apase merA sarva prathama paricaya 1965 I0 meM huA jaba maiM aura Apa zodhopAdhi hetu zodha kArya kara rahe the / Apa meM jJAna kI agAdhatA to hai parantu ahaMkAra kA atyantAbhAva hai / zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jAti meM utpanna haiM parantu jAti gata saMkIrNa vicAroM se achUte haiM / pArivArika prema se abhibhUta haiM parantu apanoM ke dvArA utpanna kiye gaye aneka jhaMjhAvAtoM ko jhelate rahate haiM aura phira bhI unakA upakAra karate rahate haiM / bAhya zarIragata svAsthya ke sAtha na dene para bhI Atmabala ke kAraNa satat kriyAzIla rahate haiM / gRhastha jIvana jIte huye bhI jala se bhinna kamala kI taraha tapa sAdhanA meM lIna rahate haiM / svatantra vicAraka haiM parantu Agama kA AdhAra svIkAra karate haiM / vANI meM mAdhurya hai / jJAna dAna kI tIvra icchA hai, sAdagI aura sadAcAra se prema hai / saMcariNI jJAna zikhA kI taraha calata-phirate jaina siddhAnta ke anupama koza haiM / kuzala pravaktA haiM, aura lekhana sampAdana kI kalA meM pravINa haiM / deza-videza meM acchI khyAti arjita kI hai / chAyA kI taraha sAtha dene vAlI sevA bhAvI dharmapatnI ApakI preraNAsrota haiM / aise bhavya mUrti zrutajJAtA prophesara sAhaba ke dIrghAyuSya kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiM / tathA AzA karate haiM ki Apa jinavANI kI sevA meM nirantara tatpara rahakara sva0 para kA kalyANa karate raheMge / *pUrva adhyakSa-saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI /

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 agAdha vidvattA ke dhanI : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara" DaoN0 sAgaramala jI se merA paricaya lagabhaga pandraha varSa pahale vArANasI meM huA jaba ve pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM vidvajjagat meM utare / maiM svayaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kA vidyArthI rahA hU~ isalie DaoN0 mehatA ke bAda unakI kursI para kauna baiTha rahA hai, yaha sahaja utsukatA banI rahatI thI / dekhA-sAmane ahAte se eka AkarSaka vyaktitva pustakAlaya meM praveza kara rahA hai / TinopAla se dhulA sapheda khAdI kA kurtA-pAyajAmA, pairoM meM sAdhAraNa-sI cappala, sapATa mUchoM se khilatAdamakatA gauravarNa, bharA huA ceharA aura bina TopI ke khulA huA sira / paricaya karAyA gayA ki ye sAgaramala jI haiM / vyAvahArika Avabhagata ke bIca cAya kI cuskiyoM ke sAtha vahIM aneka viSayoM para vicAra-vimarza huaa| hama loga nAma se eka-dUsare ke sAhityika kAryoM se pahale hI paricita ho cuke the / isalie isa prAtyakSika paricaya meM koI vizeSa nayApana nahIM lgaa| aisA lagA jaise isa paricaya ne purAnI mitratA kI mAlA meM eka aura sugandhita puSpa gUMtha diyA ho / __ itane bar3e zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka meM jo apekSita guNa honA cAhie ve sAre guNa unameM usa samaya maiMne pAye / saMsthAna kI abhyunnati kI paridhi meM jo bhI bindu A sakate the, unapara khulI carcA huI aura hamane pAyA ki sAgaramala jI eka viziSTa uddezya ke sAtha saMsthAna meM Aye haiM / unakI saralatA, AtmIyatA, snehilatA aura zaikSaNika jAgarukatA ne saMsthAna ko antarrASTrIya nakse para lAkara khar3A kara diyaa| Aja usakI virATatA aura vizAlatA para sAgaramala jI ke padacihna bar3I saghanatA pUrvaka ubhare hue haiM / usake kainavasa para unakA vyaktitva aMkita hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne vArANasI ke jitane sunahale basanta dekhe haiM unameM vipadAoM kI kAlI rekhAyeM bhI pratibimbita hotI rahI haiN| ina rekhAoM ne unheM nayI UrjA aura nayA utsAha diyA / sukha ke sAtha duHkha kI badaliyAM honI bhI cAhie, tabhI vyaktitva meM nikhAra AtA hai / aise samaya anyamanaskatA AnA aura kheda khinna honA svAbhAvika hai para usameM se apanA rAstA nikAla lenA eka vizeSa kalA hotI hai| yaha kalA sAgaramala jI meM hai / unhoMne vipattiyoM meM bhI apanA sAhasa nahIM khoyA / eka jujhArU zAsaka ke rUpa meM unakI pratiSThA dekhakara prasannatA hotI hai / saMsthAna ke nidezana kAla meM hI sAgaramala jI kI vidvattA meM agAdhatA bar3hI / unhoMne saMskRta-prAkRta kA gaharA abhyAsa kara AgamoM ke mUla rUpa taka pahaMcane kI zakti arjita kI aura yApanIya Adi jaise Dhera sAre vivAdAspada viSayoM para sayuktika kalama calAI / unake darjanoM granthoM meM satArkika cintana aura talasparzitA jhalaka rahI hai / yadyapi unakI prastuti para logoM ne sAmpradAyikatA kI sIla jar3a dI hai para use nirmUla karane meM DaoN0 sAgaramala ne jo vyAvahArika kadama uThAye haiM ve apane Apa meM nizcita hI abhinandanIya haiM / Aja jaba saMsthAna apanI pUrI UMcAiyoM ko chU rahA hai, sAgaramala jI nivRtti kI ora bar3ha rahe haiN| mAnya vizvavidyAlaya ke rUpa meM saMsthAna ko dekhane kI unakI AkAMkSA, kisI bhI kAraNavaza ho, pUrI nahIM ho sakI / unhoMne usake lie jo bhI gahare prayatna kiye ve kAragara isa mAyane meM hue ki saMsthAna Arthika dRSTi se pUrI taraha apane pairoM para khar3A ho gayA / zaikSaNika dRSTi se usane samAja ke vikAsa meM jo yogadAna diyA hai aura sAhitya jagata meM jo apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banAyA hai usakI pRSThabhUmi meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA aharniza parizrama aura bedAga saMyojanazIlatA hI rahI hai / unake isa samUce vyaktitva ko nikhArane meM bhAbhI jI kA bhI amUlya yogadAna rahA hai / unake haMsa-mukha cehare para atithi satkAravRtti sabhI ko prasanna kara detI abhinandana samAroha ke isa sunahale avasara para maiM apanI ora se aura apanI patnI pro0 DA0 puSpalatA jaina kI ora se isa anUThe dampatti ke nirAmayI zatAyu hone kI kAmanA karatA hU~ / *nyU eksaTeMzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura /

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 'DaoN0 sAgara mala jaina: mere mana ke AIne meM' zitikaMTha mizra yaha sArvabhauma niyama hai ki saMsArI prAya: svArtha ke AdhAra para saMbaMdha jor3ate haiM, 'hare cariha tApahiM vare phera pasArahi hAtha, tulasI svArathamIta saba paramAratha raghunAtha / ' yahAM maiM DaoN0 jaina kI raghunAtha se tulanA nahIM karane jA rahA hU~ parantu unheM sAmAnya svArthI manuSyoM kI apekSA eka nisvArtha aura paramArthI vyakti avazya mAnatA hU~ / san 1985 meM sevAnivRtta hokara maiM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke par3osa meM parNakuTI banA kara basa gayA / unhoMne svayaM mujhe saMsthAna ke prati apane sadvyavahAra se AkRSTa kiyA / kramaza: AnA-jAnA bar3hA, paricaya-prema pragAr3ha huaa| isa mAnavIya nAte ko jor3ane meM DaoN0 sAhaba kA koI svArtha nahIM thA aura na maiM unheM kisI prakAra upakRta karane kI sthiti meM thA / jaba unheM jJAta huA ki aba taka merI peMzana nahIM milI hai aura maiM kucha kAma karanA cAhatA hU~ to unhoMne mujhe saMsthAna ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko hindI par3hAne kA sammAnajanaka dAyitva sauMpa diyA / jaina saMgha meM jaba sAmAnyatayA eka saMpradAya kA zrAvaka dUsare sampradAya ke sAdhu ko muzkila se apanA guru banAtA hai taba unhoMne mujha ajainI ko jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko par3hAne kA sammAna dekara apanI asAMpradAyika udAratA kA mArmika udAharaNa rakhA / Ajakala zikSaNa saMsthAnoM meM 'ahA rUpo mahA dhvani:' kI paraMparA hai / eka dUsare ko lAbha pahuMcAne kA vyavasAya cAlU hai, aise vAtAvaraNa meM DaoN0 sAhaba kA yaha kArya unakI nispRha mAnavatA kA namUnA hai / unake saMparka meM Akara jaina dharma, darzana vizeSatayA sAhitya ke prati merA rujhAna huA / unakA pustakAlaya nagara ke samRddhatama pustakAlayoM meM se eka hai / maiMne aneka durlabha pustakeM, patra-patrikAeM par3hI / isa svAdhyAya se maiM jaina vidyA kA pAragata vidvAn to nahIM ho gayA para usa kSetra meM merA caMcu-praveza avazya ho gayA / jaba DaoN0 sAhaba kI preraNA se vidyApITha kI prabaMdhasamiti ne 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa' pA~ca khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kA svAgatArha nirNaya liyA to unhoMne usake lekhana kA dAyitva atyanta vizvAsapUrvaka mujhe sauMpA / mujhe yaha kahane meM raMcamAtra bhI saMkoca nahIM hai ki unake mArgadarzana ke binA yaha kArya itanA uttama DhaMga se saMpanna na ho pAtA jaisA ho rahA hai / vigata sAta-ATha varSoM meM isa bRhada itihAsa ke tIna khaNDa prakAzita ho cuke haiM aura cauthe khaNDa (19vIM vi0) kI pANDu lipi kiztoM meM presa meM jA rahI hai| kahate haiM ki vidyArthIgAMdhI ko unake adhyApaka ne kakSA meM Dabala pramozana dilA diyA, para vidyArthI ne itanA zrama kiyA ki vaha kevala uttIrNa hI nahIM balki acche aMkoM se uttIrNa huaa| mujhe bhI yaha barAbara dhyAna thA ki DaoN0 sAhaba ke vizvAsa kI rakSA honI hI cAhie, ata: maiMne vigata pUre dazaka apane ko jaina sAhitya kI sevA meM lagAkara yathAsaMbhava uttama kArya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| apanI pITha svayaM Thokane se kyA lAbha ? para itanA avazya kahU~gA ki hindI meM itanA vizAla aura nAnA vidhAoM meM jaina sAhitya isake mAdhyama se AyA hai ki isake abhAva meM na hindI sAhitya kA koI sarvAMgapUrNa itihAsa likhA jA sakatA hai aura na hI hindI kA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana sahI DhaMga se ho sakatA hai aura na lallU pUrva ke hindI gadya ke prAmANika namUne mila sakate haiM / yaha kArya DaoN0 sAhaba ne kisI vyAvasAyika svArtha se yA sAMpradAyika preraNA se nahIM apati jJAna prasAra kI bhAvanA se karake hindI bhASA sAhitya kA mahAna upakAra kiyA hai / hindI vAle yaha cAhate haiM ki hindI sAre vizva kI bhASA bane, saba par3he, jAne para svayaM hindItara pradezoM meM likhA hindI sAhitya yadi dUsare saMpradAya yA dharma se saMbaMdhita hai to use par3hanA bekAra samajhate haiM / isa sAmrAjyavAdI manovRtti se hindI kA apakAra ho rahA hai / isa yojanA dvArA unhoMne hindI bhASA-bhASiyoM kA bar3A upakAra kiyA hai / parantu ve to mujhe bhI yaha ehasAsa nahIM hone dete ki isa yojanA dvArA unhoMne mere Upara koI ehasAna kiyA hai / yaha mAnavocita udAratA Aja ke saMkIrNa svArtha paramparA yuga meM durlabha hotI jA rahI hai| jaina dharma jaba anekAMtavAdI aura ahiMsAvAdI ke sthAna para anekavAdI aura paraspara vAda-vivAdI hone lagA thA taba prAkRtika vikAsa prakriyA dvArA vikasita digaMbara, zvetAmbara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI, terApaMthI aura inake nAnA anvayoM-gacchoM ke bIca saumanasya evaM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyA jAne lgaa| isa dizA meM pahale digaMbara

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28 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 kAnphreMsa 1894 meM, phira zvetAmbara kAnphresa 1903 meM sthApita hue / chaganamala jI ma0sA0 kI preraNA se vADIlAla motIlAla zAha ne sthAnakavAsI samAja meM zrAvaka saMgaThana kA abhiyAna calAyA aura akhila bhAratavarSIya jaina kAnphreMsa kI sthApanA kii| isake sAdar3I adhivezana meM sabhI upasaMpradAya ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM zrAvakoM ne AtmArAma jI ma0sA0 ko apanA J AcArya mAna liyA / itane dravir3a prANAyAma ke pazcAt jisa samanvaya kI sthApanA jaina saMgha kara pAyA hai vaha pravRtti DaoN0 jaina meM janmajAta, naisargika hai| ve 'para upadeza kuzala' vyakti nahIM balki svayaM AcaraNa karane vAle sAdhu puruSa haiN| ve kathanI meM kama, karanI meM adhika vizvAsa karate haiM / isIlie eka ora jahA~ ve mitabhASI haiM dUsarI tarapha kaThora parizramI haiM / asvasthAvasthA meM bhI parivAra vAloM kI varjanA kI paravAha kie binA ve niyamita rUpa se kAryAlaya jAte aura niSThApUrvaka kartavya nirvAha karake hI ghara lauTate haiN| unake zrama evaM svAdhyAya ke phalasvarUpa saikar3oM lekha, pustaka pustikAyeM prakAzita haiN| unakI prasiddha zodha racanA 'jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana', unake sarvadharma samabhAvavAdI manovRtti kA jvalaMta udAharaNa hai / yaha pravRtti Aja ke vighaTana vAdI yuga kI atyaMta prAsaMgika prastuta hai| unake pacAsoM zodha chAtra vividha sthAnoM meM unakI vidvattA kA pramANa prastuta kara rahe haiN| unhoMne deza meM hI nahIM apitu videzoM meM bhI apane kRi evaM vidvattApUrNa abhibhASaNoM se jaina dharma aura hindI bhASA kI prabhAvanA kI hai| yaha saMsthAna pU0 sohanalAla jI ma0sA0 kI smRti meM pU0 kAzIrAma jI ma0 sA0 evaM zatAvadhAnI ratanacaMdra jI ma0 sA0 nAma para inakI preraNA se hI sthApita huA / unhoMne paMjAba meM jaina dharma kA bar3A vyApaka pracAra kiyA / unheM loga paMjAba kezarI kI upAdhi se abhI bhI smaraNa karate haiN| unakA varadahasta aura DaoN0 jaina ke kaThina adhyavasAya kA maNikAMcana yoga pAkara yaha saMsthAna hIraka ke bAda zatAbdI samAroha avazya mnaayegaa| isI vizvAsa ke sAtha maiM isa saMsthAna tathA vizeSarUpa se DaoN0 sAgaramala unake dIrgha, svastha evaM yazasvI jIvana kI kAmanA karatA hU~ tathA jaina ke mahAna vyaktiva va kRtitva ke sammukha nata mastaka hU~ / DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina: kucha saMsmaraNa AcArya vizvanAtha pAThaka * usa dina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha (purAnA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna) ke parisara meM praveza karate hI cAroM ora eka abhUtapUrva nistabdhatA aura riktatA kA AbhAsa huaa| merI dRSTi sAmane sthita nidezaka AvAsa para par3I to vahA~ bhI koI cahalapahala nahIM thI, daravAje banda the, sannATA chAyA thaa| socane lagA-Akhira bAta kyA hai ? tabhI jagannAtha jaina chAtrAvAsa kI ora se Akara praNAma karate rAmanayana ko dekhakara pUcha baiThA- kaho, babbA kyA samAcAra hai ? 'bahuta kharAba samAcAra hai, sAhaba / ' babbA ne kahA / 'kyA ho gayA' maiMne phira pUchA / 'sAhaba riTAyara hokara apane ghara cale gaye jahA~ koI rAjA hI nahIM raha gayA vahA~ acchA samAcAra kaise ho sakatA .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva hai / ' yaha babbA kA uttara thA / babbA kI bAtoM se marmAhata hRdaya ko eka jhaTakA sA lagA / kisI uttaradAyitvapUrNa pratiSThita pada para rahane vAlA pratyeka vyakti eka nizcita kAlAvadhi ke pazcAt sevA-mukta ho kara apane ghara calA jAtA hai| yaha to nitAnta sahaja aura svAbhAvika hai, parantu DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke vyaktiva meM kucha aisI vilakSaNa vizeSatAyeM haiM jinake kAraNa unakA apane ghara calA jAnA mujhe akhara gayA / socane lagA, patA nahIM jIvana meM aba unase phira kabhI bheMTa bhI hogI yA nahIM / vigata satraha varSoM se merA unase ghaniSTha sambandha thA / unake nizchala-madhura vyavahAra, vinamra pAMDitya, unmukta cintana aura snigdha Atithya se maiM aneka bAra gadagad ho gayA thA / maiM eka ati Avazyaka kArya se vArANasI gayA thA, parantu unakA sahaja sneha vyastatA ke kSaNoM meM bhI mujhe pArzvanAtha vidyApITha taka khIMca le gayA thA / udAsa mana atIta kI smRtiyoM meM DUba gayA / __ Aja lagabhaga do saptAhoM ke pazcAt unake sambandha meM kucha likhane baiThA hU~ to eka karmaTha, udAra, vyavahAra vinIta, durabhigraha zUnya, anavarata-sAdhanArata, vidyAvyasanI evaM prajJAprojjvala bhAsvara vyaktiva mAnasa-cakSuoM meM taira rahA hai| maiMne saMsthAna meM raha kara DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko bar3I nikaTatA se dekhA hai / kabhI kisI kI nindA unake mu~ha se nahIM sunI, kisI mata ke mAnya grantha kI kaTu AlocanA karate unheM nahIM dekhA,durAgraha kI gandha bhI unameM nahIM hai, atithi-satkAra unakA prakRtisiddha guNa hai aura ahaMkAra to unheM chU bhI nahIM gayA hai| Ajakala prAyaH zodha-kAryoM ke nidezaka zodha-chAtroM kI koI sahAyatA nahIM karate, kevala aupacArikatA kA nirvAha karate haiM aura unheM apane vyaktigata kAryoM meM ulajhAyeM rahate haiM, parantu DaoNkTara sAhaba ko maiMne ghaMToM zodhArthiyoM ke sAtha baiTha kara parizramapUrvaka unakI kaThinAiyoM kA nivAraNa karate dekhA hai / apane kAryakAla kA eka kSaNa bhI unhoMne vyartha nahIM bitAyA / Avazyaka phAiloM kA avalokana, lekhana, adhyayana, zodha aura vidyApITha kI bhAvI yojanAoM kA kAryAnvayana hI unakI dinacaryA ke abhinna aMga the / Aja apane smRti-paTala ko kureda rahA huuN| usakI eka -eka parta khulatI jA rahI hai| una dinoM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA purAnA nAma) meM nahIM Aye the / 'vajjAlagga kI kucha gAthAoM ke artha para punarvicAra' zIrSaka para merA lambA lekha 'zramaNa' (saMsthAna kI zodha-patrikA) meM kaI mahInoM se lagAtAra chapa rahA thA, jisameM DaoN0 paTavardhana ke dvArA 'aspaSTa'ghoSita kI gaI prAkRta gAthAoM ke artha-nirUpaNa kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thA / taba DaoN0 harihara siMha sampAdaka the aura nidezaka kA pada rikta hI par3A thA / acAnaka disambara 1979 ke 'zramaNa' meM nidezaka-pada para DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI niyukti kA samAcAra par3hA to una se eka bAra milane kI icchA huI / tabhI janavarI ke madhya meM apratyAzita rUpa se nitAnta aparicita hAthoM kA likhA huA eka patra milA / lekhaka kA nAma thA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina / maiM utsukatApUrvaka patra par3hane lagA : AdaraNIya pAThaka jI, 'zramaNa' meM prakAzita aura Apa ke dvArA likhita 'vajjAlagga kI gAthAoM ke artha para punarvicAra' zISarka lekha par3ha kara Apa kI pratibhA aura pANDitya se maiM bahuta prabhAvita hUM / maiM cAhatA hU~ ki Apa 'vajjAlagga' kI kucha gAthAoM ke artha taka hI apane ko sImita na rakheM, yaha to eka adhUrA kArya hai| yadi Apa sampUrNa vajjAlagga kA hindI meM anuvAda karane kA kaSTa uThAyeM to prAkRta sAhitya kI bahuta bar3I sevA hogI / maiM saMsthAna kI ora se usa ke prakAzana kI pUrI vyavasthA kruuNgaa| AzA hai, Apa merA yaha anurodha avazya svIkAra kareMge ........ ApakA sAgaramala jaina yahI vaha prathama patra hai jisake mAdhyama se maiM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke samparka meM AyA / usa samaya merA eka mAtra putra lambI sAMghAtika bImArI se pIr3ita hokara zayyA para par3A thA, aura kucha dinoM ke pazcAt usakA nidhana bhI ho gyaa| merI

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 mAnasika sthiti ThIka nahIM thI, likhane-par3hane kI icchA hI mara cukI thii| phira bhI DaoN0 sAhaba kI guNa grAhakatA se abhibhUta hokara maiM unakA anurodha TAla nahIM sakA / DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne saMsthAna kI prakAzana nIti ke viruddha hone para bhI usa ghora zrRMgArika prAkRta kAvya ko prakAzita karane kA sAhasa hI nahIM dikhAyA, mujhe tIna hajAra eka rUpayoM se puraskRta bhI kiyaa| isI prakAra maiMne 'gAthA saptazatI' ke hindI rUpAntara ke sAtha-sAtha usakI aspaSTa aura avyAkhyAta atirikta gAthAoM kI vizad vyAkhyA prastuta kI to unhoMne hArdika prasannatA prakaTa karate huye prakAzana kI vyavasthA meM koI saMkoca nahIM kiyaa| isI sandarbha meM maiM yaha batA denA Avazyaka samajhatA hUM ki vajjAlagga koI dhArmika grantha nahIM hai aura na gAthA saptazatI meM hI kisI nigUr3ha AdhyAtmika tattva kA prarUpaNa hai / yaha to DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke vizAla hRdaya meM uttaraMgita agAdhaprAkRta-prema thA jisane unheM ukta donoM kAvyoM ke prakAzana kI utpreraNA dI thI / ve prAya: lekhakoM ko protsAhita kiyA karate the, kadAcit hI unhoMne kisI ko apanI AlocanA se hatotsAha kiyA ho / eka bAra kisI pustaka kI samIkSA karanI thii| eka prAkRta-bahula nATaka kA anuvAda thA vaha maiMne par3hakara usa kI truTiyoM para unakA dhyAna kendrita kiyA to muskarAte hae kahane lage- 'are truTiyA~ to svAbhAvika haiM, unase mukta kauna hai? samIkSA meM truTiyoM kA udghATana karane para lekhaka kA hRdaya duHkhI hogA, manobala TUTa jAyegA, phira vaha kucha likhane kA sAhasa hI nahIM juTA pAyegA / hamArA kAma to sAhityakAroM ko protsAhita karanA hai| pratyeka prakAzana sAmagrI kI prAmANikatA kI parIkSA karane meM ve kabhI nahIM cUkate the / lAlA harajasa rAya smRti grantha meM prakAzanArtha preSita mere eka lekha meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM nirUpita satya ke dasa bhedoM kA ullekha pAkara mUla grantha meM uddhRta aMza ko pratyakSa svayaM dekha kara hI santuSTa haye the / - DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai unakI vaicArika sahiSNutA / ve satya ko aneka dRSTiyoM se parakhane kA pUrNa prayAsa karate hai aura apanI sthApanAoM kI ucita AlocanA kA unmukta hRdaya se svAgata karate haiM, burA nahIM maante| 1993 I0 meM ahamadAbAda meM eka bRhada vaicArika goSThI kA Ayojana thaa| usa samaya meM saMsthAna meM hI rahatA thA / DaoNkTara sAhaba ne goSThI meM par3hane ke liye eka nibandha likhA thA jisameM Rgveda kI kaI RcAoM meM arhat RSabhadeva ke ullekha kI carcA thii| maiMne use par3ha kara tIna pRSThoM kI eka TippaNI likhI thii| vaha TippaNI yadyapi unake vicAroM ke sarvathA viparIta thI, phira bhI unhoMne use bar3A mahattva diyA thA / dasa-bAraha dinoM ke pazcAt ahamadAbAda jAte samaya ve ukta TippaNI ko apane sAtha le jAnA cAhate the, parantu bahuta khojane para bhI alaga-alaga pannoM para likhI hone ke kAraNa vaha kAgajoM ke Dhera meM kahIM kho gaI thI, milI nhiiN| DaoNkTara sAhaba bar3I dera taka pachatAte rahe / ve uccakoTi ke anusandhitsu vidvAn haiM / unakI jijJAsA kA kahIM anta nahIM hai / eka bAra zramaNa-saMskRti kI carcA ke prasaMga meM mere mu~ha se nikala gayA ki prArambha meM hamAre sampUrNa samAja kA eka hI dharma thA / RSabhadeva jI ne usI meM rahate huye mokSa-mArga kA upadeza diyA thA / ve mAtra tIrthakara nahIM haiM, viSNu ke caubIsa avatAroM meM bhI unakI gaNanA kI gaI hai / pRthak mata kA pravartana to tIrthaMkara sumati ne kiyA thA / unhoMne kahA- 'isa tathya kA koI pramANa bhI hai yA vaise hI kaha rahe haiM? maiMne kahA-'zrImadbhAgavata' ke paJcama skandha meM yaha bAta likhI hai / unhoMne tatkSaNa pustakAlaya se zrImadbhAgavata kI eka prati ma~gAkara ukta sthala ko noTa kara liyA thA / sampAdana-kArya meM ve pUrNa paTu hai / svabhAva se mRdu hone para bhI dAyitva-nirvahaNa meM vajrAdapi kaThora ho jAte haiM / zramaNa meM prakAzita sAmagrI kI surakSA ke prati ve sarvadA saceta rahate the / mere eka lekha kA kucha aMza unhIM ke prativezI aura prAya: milane-julane vAle kisI khyAtanAmA vidvAn ne apanI pustaka meM jyoM kA tyoM chapavA liyA thaa| isakI sUcanA milane para unhoMne pUrA vivaraNa mA~gA aura maiMne jo kucha bhI likhA use prakAzita karane meM vaiyaktika sambandhoM kI cintA nahIM kii| ve saMsthAgata zodha-chAtroM ke atirikta bAharI zodhArthiyoM kI bhI sahAyatA karate rahate the| jUna 1991 I0 kI ghaTanA hai / maiM Jain Education Interational

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva eka varSa bAda sevAmukta hone vAlA thA / sAketa mahAvidyAlaya, phaijAbAda ke eka prAdhyApaka kI putrI saMskRta meM zodha-kArya kara rahI thI / zodha kA viSaya eka prakaraNa (rUpaka-vizeSa) thA jisake saMvAdoM meM vibhinna prAkRtoM kI bahulatA thii| usa grantha kI koI TIkA nahIM thI aura binA TIkA ke pAtroM kA saMvAda samajhanA kaThina thA / ukta prAdhyApaka aneka sthAnoM para bhaTakatebhaTakate kisI prakAra DaoNkTara sAgaramala jaina ke pAsa pahu~ce / paricaya aura prayojana jJAta hone para unhoMne kahA - isa kArya ke lie Apa phaijAbAda se vyartha itanI dUra cale Aye haiM / maiM patra likha detA hUM, apane hI jile ke TA~DA nagara meM pAThaka jI se mila lIjiye, ve Apa kA kArya kara deMge / prAdhyApaka mahodaya ne vaha patra mujhe diyA / usameM unakI putrI kI sahAyatA karane kA Agraha thA aura sAtha hI sAtha sevAnivRtta hone ke pazcAt mujhe saMsthAna ko apanI sevAyeM samarpita karane ke liye Amantrita bhI kiyA gayA thaa| maiMne saMsthAna se jur3ane kI svIkRti bhejI to DaoNkTara sAhaba bahuta prasanna huye / isake bAda jaba taka maiM saMsthAna meM pahu~ca nahIM gayA taba taka unake anurodha-patra barAbara Ate rahe / 31 navambara 1992 I0 ko maiM jaba saMsthAna meM pahu~ca gayA tabhI unheM pUrNa santoSa milA / eka dina sAndhya-velA meM pustakAlaya-bhavana ke mukhya-dvAra ke nikaTa mere sAtha Tahalate huye unhoMne bhAva-vibhora hokara kahA thA- 'pAThaka jI, jaba taka maiM hUM taba taka Apa yahA~ avazya rahiye / hama donoM milakara prAkRta-sAhitya kI aneka kRtiyoM ko sAmAnya janoM ke liye sulabha evaM bodhagamya banA skeNge| Aja DaoNkTara sAgaramala jaina sevA-mukta ho cuke haiM parantu unake pavitra pasIne kI bUMdeM jisa sArasvata udyAna ko sIMca gaI haiM usake drumoM kI snigdha chAyA meM bhAratI kI vINA cira-kAla taka anavarata mukhara hotI rhegii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI eka-eka IMTa, eka-eka dIvAra aura eka-eka bhavana para unakI amiTa yazaHprazasti par3hI jA sakatI hai / hama parAzakti se unake sukhI aura zatAya hone kI prArthanA karate haiM / "grAma paTakhaulI, po0 mustaphAbAda ji0 ambeDakara nagara, u0 pra0 sAgarayara gaMbhIrA : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina bhaMDArI saradAracaMda jaina* - 'sAgaravara gaMbhIrA' jaise sAmAyika ke pATha logassa meM hama nitya uccAraNa karate haiM / vaise hI gaMbhIra ciMtaka haiM, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina / ApakA sarvaprathama sAkSAtkAra, milana sAraMgapura (madhyapradeza) meM jaina sthAnaka meM huaa| hama jodhapura se sAraMgapura paryuSaNa meM dharma dhyAna karAne-vyAkhyAna dene Ae aura Apa zAjApura se sAraMgapura padhAre taba prathama paricaya huA / svAdhyAya saMgha jodhapura kA prathama saMyojaka hone ke nAte maiMne Apase vizeSa vicAra-vimarza kiyA aura Apane usa samaya pI.eca.DI.karane kI bhAvanA vyakta kI, lagana ke pakke hone se Apa zIghra hI pI-eca.DI.kI DigrI bhI prApta kara lI jaisA ki aMgrejI meM eka kahAvata hai - (Where there is a will, there is a way) Apa sarala, madhura bhASI, vidvAn, vinIta, Agama rasika, milanasAra, jJAnavAna, sAdA jIvana-ucca vicAra, sadguNoM se susampanna, sevA bhAvI, kuzala lekhaka, dhArApravAhI vyAkhyAtA, 'zramaNa' patrikA ke kuzala saMpAdaka, zrI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mAnanIya nidezaka, jaina evaM jainetara kA tulanAtmaka gaharA adhyayana, prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva, camakatA sitArA, virATa vyaktitva aura kRtitva ke dhanI haiM / aMta meM Apake dIrgha jIvana kI hArdika zubha maMgala kAmanA vyakta karate hue, virAma letA huuN| *tripoliyA bAjAra, posTa-jodhapura-342002 (rAjasthAna)

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32 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa (1) kAryAlaya meM eka kuzala evaM karmaTha nidezaka ke rUpa meM tathA (2) kAryAlaya ke bAhara eka zubhacintaka mitra ke rUpa meM - aparanAma - vinayasAgara DaoN. baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA * AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina se merA paricaya san 1979 meM huA, jaba unhoMne pArzvanAtha vidyApATha ke nidezaka ke pada ko suzobhita kiyA thaa| unakI sahaja sahajatA evaM udAra sAmAjikatA ke kAraNa paricaya meM pragAr3hatA AtI gaI aura vaha AtmIyatA meM pariNita ho gyii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke purAne chAtra hone ke nAte saMsthAna ke kAryAlaya tathA pustakAlaya meM merA jAnA AnA lagA hI rahatA hai| ataH nidezaka ke rUpa meM jaina sAhaba ko kArya karate hue dekhane ke avasara milate A rahe haiN| maiMne unheM do rUpoM meM pAyA hai 6 Azcarya to mujhe taba huA jaba yaha jJAna huA ki hamAre sAmane eka ucca koTi ke vidvAn tathA kuzala nidezaka ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3ane vAle DaoN0 sAgaramalajI jaina kabhI eka vyApArI the| unhoMne apanA jIvana saMgharSa vANijya ke kSetra meM kiyA thaa| sAtha hI pArivArika paristhiti vasa unheM apanI alpAyu meM hI apanI kauTumbika vyavasthA ko saMcAlita karane tathA use sudRr3ha banAne kA gurutara bhAra unakI kAMdha para A par3A thaa| isameM koI zaka nahIM hai ki unhoMne apanA dAyitva samucita DhaMga se nibhAyA kintu unakA mana vyApAra se haTakara vidyA ke kSetra meM praveza karane ke lie utsuka ho uThA / niyamita DhaMga se vidyAdhyayana hetu vidyArthI sAgaramalajaina ko sasurAla jAnA pdd'aa| kahA jAtA hai ki sasurAla meM loga prAyaH zrRMgArikatA evaM rasikatA ke vividha rUpoM kA bodha karate haiM kintu vicitratA to isa bAta kI hai ki ina vidyArthI ko yuvApana kI svAbhAvika mAnasikatA apane vaza meM nahIM kara sakI aura sasurAla meM hI vahA~ kI ucca pAThazAlA meM vidyArthI jaina ne niyamita chAtra ke rUpa meM adhyayana zurU kara diyaa| yadyapi vaha prArambha vibhinna kAraNoM se sucAru DhaMga se Age gatizIla nahIM ho sakA / para vidyArthI kI jijJAsA dina ba dina bar3hatI hI gii| sAgaramala jI ne svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM vibhinna saMsthAoM se vizArada Adi aneka upAdhiyAM arjita kii| ve ema0 e0 hue pI-eca0DI0 hue aura phira darzana ke pravaktA ke rUpa meM kArya karane lage / isa taraha apanI mehanata tathA jJAna ke prati niSThA ke kAraNa DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM cintanamanana kI usa U~cAI para pahuMca cuke haiM jisa para bahuta kama loga pahu~ca pAte haiM / DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne vyApAra se haTakara apane ko mA~ sarasvatI ke eka sacce sapUta ke rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| kintu unake mana meM tanika bhI na to usakI saiddhAntikatA se virodha hai aura na hI usakI vyAvahArikatA se ve baNikaputra hone meM garva mahasUsa karate haiN| kaI bAra unake mukha se aisA sunane kA avasara milA hai maiM baniyA~ hU~ yA maiM baniyA~ kA beTA hU~, aisA kahakara ve spaSTa kara denA cAhate haiM ki unheM kraya-vikraya, lena-dena, nApa-taula Adi meM koI mAta nahIM de sakatA hai / ataH ve usa vyakti ko saceta kara dete haiM jo unheM bhulAvA denA cAhatA hai / DaoN0 sAhaba kI sAmAjikatA kA to kahanA hI kyaa| zvetAmbara sampradAya ho athavA digambara, sthAnakavAsI saMgha ho yA terApaMthI, yA mUrtipUjaka sabameM unheM sAmAjika pratiSThA prApta hai| ve sabhI saMghoM evaM saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lete haiM aura anya loga jaba pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM padhArate haiM to unake satkAra meM ve koI asara nahIM chodd'te| pArzvanAtha janmabhUmi se sambandhita varSoM se cala rahA digambara zvetAmbara vivAda DaoN0 sAhaba ke saphala prayAsa se samApta huA jo unakI sAmAjika sUjha-bUjha ko ujAgara karatA hai| jaina samAja hI kyA jainetara samAja meM bhI aura khAsataura para kAzI kI vidvAn maMDalI meM ve eka prazaMsanIya vidvAn ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| unake kAraNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko logoM ne bhalIbhAMti jAnA hai, sarAhA hai aura isa purAnI saMsthA ke abataka ke itihAsa meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke nidezana kAla ko svarNakAla kahA jAya to koI atyukti nahIM hogii| Jin .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina jitanA sahRdaya haiN| utanA hI vinrama / yadi unake dvArA kisI kA bhalA ho sakatA hai to binA kisI Agraha ke ve usakA upakAra kara dete haiM, bhale hI vaha vyakti apanI sahAyatA ke lie unase nivedana kiyA hai athavA nahIM va upakAra karane vAle ke prati bhI upakAra kI dRSTi rakhate haiN| aise to kAma aura krodha para bar3e-bar3e tyAgI aura tapasvI bhI bar3I muzkila se niyaMtraNa lA pAte haiN| lekina jAna-pahacAna aura nikaTatA kI lambI avadhi meM maiMne DaoN0 sAhaba ko kabhI nArAja hote nahIM dekhA hai / ataH DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina kI vidvattA sAmAjikatA, sahRdayatA, vinamratA Adi sadguNoM ko dekhate hue unakA aparanAma 'vinaya-sAgara' rakha diyA jAya to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| parantu eka bAta jo atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai vaha yaha ki Aja hamAre sAmane jisa rUpa meM bhI DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina pratiSThita haiM vaha sirpha unakI sudRr3ha mAnasikatA evaM kar3I mehanata kA hI phala nahIM hai balki unheM banAne unakI dharmapatnI zrImatI kamalA jI jaina ke sukhada evaM snehila sAtha kI bhI aham bhUmikA hai / ataeva isa dampati ke cira AyuSya ke lie maiM Izvara se prArthanA karatA hU~ / * zAMti nilayana, ena. 4/4 bI-4 Ara. kRSNApurI karauMdI, vArANasI 5 - Dr. Sagarmal Jain, a master of Jaina philosoply - Navin Shah* I am pleased to know that the Managing Committee of Parshvanath Vidhyapeeth on the occasion of its Diamond Jubilee has proposed to publish a book to falicitate Dr. Sagarmal Jain's remarkable work on Jaina Philosophy. Through Shri Malavaniaji I came to know about Dr. Sagarmal Jain as the incharge of Parshvanath Vidyapeeth. It is through his total support I was able to organise the conference on Anekantavada. He has handled and managed the conference with command, wisdom and maturity. When we came to know that the Chairperson for one session had not come at the last moment, all the people got disturbed and emotionally upset. But, he remained calm and cold and suggested the name of other person among the eminent scholars present. Dr. Sagarmalji has got depth and insight into Jaina Philosophy. Like Malavaniaji, he is open for modern interpretation of a traditional Jaina Philosophy. His this quality attracted me more towards him as I am trying to interpret Jaina Philosophy for the modern therapy for growth and development as well as for inner tranquillity. I had trusted him fully in matter of conference and editing the book on Anekantavada and was feeling comfortable in doing so. I am expecting his full support for the future conference and seminar on Jaina Philosophy. * Director, Navadarshan Society of Self Development, Ahmedabad. 33 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa -6 bhAratIya vidyAke ananyasAdhaka DaoN0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI* mujhe hArdika prasannatA hai ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayantI kA Ayojana apraila mAha meM hone jA rahA hai| jainakalA ke adhyayana se maiM vigata aTThAisa varSoM se jur3A hU~ aura maiMne jaina pratimAvijJAna viSayaka apanA zodha isI saMsthA se sambaddha hokara prArambha kiyA thA, taba yaha saMsthAna pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA thaa| usa samaya se Ajataka maiM barAbara isa saMsthA kI zodha, adhyayana evaM prakAzana sabaMdhI gatividhiyoM kA sahabhAgI aura sAkSI rahA huuN| spaSTata: yaha saMsthA zodha aura prakAzana ke kSetra meM nirantara naI-naI saMbhAvanAoM ko DhU~DhatI huI zreSThatama stara ko sparSa karatI rahI hai / jaina saMsthA hote hue bhI vicAroM kI udAratA tathA zodha adhyayana meM itihAsa aura pramANa ke prati pratibaddhatA, isa saMsthAna kI viziSTatA rahI hai / apane zodha ke daurAna kabhI bhI aisA nahIM lagA ki mujhe kucha baMdhe yA niyata mAnadaNDoM kI sImA meM socanA yA likhanA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM aura pUrI jaina paramparA aura kalA ke brAhmaNa evaM bauddha paramparA evaM kalA ke sandarbha meM AdAna-pradAna evaM samanvaya ke svara ko pramANoM, vizleSaNoM ke AdhAra para prastuta karane meM mujhe kabhI kisI sImA se nahIM baMdhanA pdd'aa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM zodha-adhyayana kI isa vyApaka, samanvayAtmaka evaM aitihAsika dRSTi ko banAne meM pro0 sAgaramala jaina kA pUrA sahayoga rahA hai| pro0 jaina ke vyaktitva ciMtana evaM lekhana meM itihAsa adhyayana kI maryAdA tathA satya kI khoja hI pramukha rahI hai / jo kucha pramANa sammata hai, vahI itihAsa kA satya hai aura use nirUpita karane yA svIkAra karane meM pro0 jaina sadaiva tatpara rahe haiM / unake isa cintana ne saMsthAna ke svarUpa ko eka vizAla AyAma diyA aura saMsthAna jaina vidyA ki zodha adhyayana se jur3e hote hue bhI sampUrNa bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyayana kA eka pramukha kendra bana gayA / pro0 jaina eka sahaja evaM udAra vyaktitva vAle jaina vidyA yA yoM kahie ki bhAratIya vidyA ke vidvAn haiM, jinakI sArasvata sAdhanA avirala rahI hai| unake samaya meM saMsthAna ne na kevala zodha-prabandhoM ke mAdhyama se jainavidyA ke bahuAyAmI zodha ko Age bar3hAyA varan starIya prakAzana dvArA saMsthAna ko akhila bhAratIya pahacAna bhI dii| saMsthAna meM Akara mujhe barAbara prAcIna RSi paramparA kI jIvita anubhUti hotI rahI hai, jisake mUla meM pro0 jaina kA yogadAna rahA hai / pro0 jaina yahA~ eka parivAra ke mukhiyA ke samAna sabhI ke bIca sneha, sauhArda ke sAtha kAryarata rahe haiN| maiM unake bahamakhI vyaktitva ko namana karate hae Izvara se unake dIrghAyu hone kI kAmanA karatA huuN| *adhyakSa kalA-itihAsa vibhAga, kalA-saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva satsaGgakA saurabha DaoN0 ratanacandra jaina* san 1972 kA varSa / maiM rIvA (ma0pra0) se sthAnAntarita hokara bhopAla ke zAsakIya hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM AyA thA / apraila kA mahInA thA / par3hAI khatma ho cukI thI / parIkSAe~ cala rahI thiiN| priMsapala sAhaba ne parIkSA-adhIkSakoM ko mujhe nirIkSaNakArya meM lagAne hetu Adeza diyA / usa samaya nirIkSaNa kArya svIkAra karane meM zikSaka hicakicAte nahIM the| janasaMkhyA itanI adhika na hone se chAtroM kI saMkhyA bhI adhika nahIM rahatI thI / so maiM nirIkSaNakArya karane lagA / AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramalajI parIkSA kI eka ziphTa meM adhIkSaka the / vahA~ unase mulAkAta huii| bar3e prasanna hue jAnakara ki eka aura jaina A gayA hai, mahAvidyAlaya meM / unhoMne merA kuzalamaMgala pUchA 'kahA~ Thahare ho ? bhojana kahA~ karate ho ? ghara calo, vahIM rahanA, jaba taka vyavasthA nahIM ho jAtI / ' bar3A acchA lagA sunakara, jaise kisI ne kAnoM meM zahada ghola dI ho, zarIra para rezama kA sparza ho gayA ho / vAtsalya aura mamatva kI dhArA meM sarAbora ho gayA / lagA jaise bar3e bhAI ke pAsa A gayA haiN| phira to roja unake pAsa uThane-baiThane lagA / darzana aura dharma kI carcAe~ hotI thIM, jinase cintana aura manana ke naye-naye dvAra udghATita hote the / ghara jAtA to AdaraNIyA bhAbhIjI bhI utane hI vAtsalyabhAva se svAgata karatI thiiN| DaoNkTara sA0 ke satsaMga se maiM aneka sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke samparka meM AyA / unheM saMskRta aura nyAya-granthoM ko par3hAne kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| isase sAdhujIvana ko nikaTa se anubhava karane kA maukA milA aura hRdaya meM sAdhutva ke prati zraddhA aura AsthA kA bIjAropaNa huaa| DaoNkTara sA0 ke sAtha aneka bAra mandiroM aura samArohoM meM pravacana evaM bhASaNa ke avasara prApta hue| phira unhoMne mujhe bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava meM kaI jagaha vyAkhyAna dene ke lie bhijavAyA / Ala iNDiyA orienTala kAnphreMsa meM zodhapatra par3hane kI preraNA bhI DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne hI mujhe dI thii| unake sAtha do bAra dhAravAr3a tathA pUnA meM Ayojita sammelanoM meM maiMne apane Alekha par3he aura pUnA meM apane Alekha para 'muni puNyavijaya jI puraskAra' prApta karane kA saubhAgya milA / mujhe pragati ke isa bindu taka pahu~cAne kA zreya mAnanIya DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ko mere pI-eca0DI ke zodhakArya kA mArga bhI DaoNkTara sA0 ne hI prazasta kiyA thA / zodhakArya ke lie maiMne eka durUha viSaya le liyA thA, 'jainadarzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya : eka anuzIlana / ' ise kaise zurU karU~? kina-kina bAtoM kA isameM samAveza karU~? kisa-kisa samasyA yA vivAda kA samAdhAna isameM apekSita hai ? isa UhApoha meM jaba maiM thA taba AdaNIya DaoNkTara sA0 ne mujhe Azvasta kiyA aura bar3e prayatna se vistRta rUparekhA taiyAra karavA dI, jisase merA kArya sukara ho gayA / jo maiM likhatA thA use ve rucipUrvaka dekhate the aura Avazyaka parAmarza dete the| unake sahayoga se merA zodhakArya saphalatApUrvaka sampanna huaa| sana 1979 meM ve bhopAla se vArANasI cale gye| taba maiM yahA~ akelA raha gayA, na kevala mahAvidyAlaya meM, apit bhopAla meM bhI / kintu, phira bhI unhoMne mujhe apane sAtha jor3akara rakhane kA prayatna nahIM chodd'aa| unhoMne mere kaI lekha 'zramaNa meM prakAzita kiye aura zodhaprabandha ko prakAzita karane kA prastAva kiyaa| use bhejane meM merI tarapha se kAphI vilamba huA, kintu antata: 1997 meM unake hI dvArA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se manohararUpa meM prakAzita huaa| DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne mujhase vidyApITha se sakriyarUpa se jur3ane kA bhI Agraha kiyaa| maiM agasta 1996 meM tIna saptAha vahA~ rahA bhI / vahA~ ke tapovanatulya pariveza meM mana bahuta ramA, kintu parivAra ke sAtha rahane kA moha na chor3a sakA, isalie bhopAla lauTa aayaa| vidyApITha se apanI sevAnivRtti ke bAda DaoNkTara sA0 ne mujhe nidezaka-pada svIkAra karane ke lie TrasTa kI ora se patra bhijavAyA, kintu uparyukta kAraNa se hI itane pavitra aura garimAmaya kArya ko svIkAra karane kA puNya nahIM kamA pAyA, jisakA mujhe kheda hai| DaoNkTara sA0 eka vidvAn hI nahIM haiM, kuzala prazAsaka aura vyavasthApaka bhI haiM / madhya pradeza ke sabase bar3e zAsakIya hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla meM unhoMne darzanavibhAga ko jisa taraha sa~vArA aura samRddha kiyA, vaha kisI anya ke bUte kI bAta nahIM thI / darzana viSaya se jahA~ vidyArthI dUra bhAgate the, vahA~ DAkTara sA0 ne apanI zikSaNa-pratibhA aura prabandhakalA se

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 isa viSaya ko aisA AkarSaka banAyA ki isa vibhAga meM Aja bhI chAtroM kA bAhulya rahatA hai / DAkTara sA0 ne apane satprayatna se vibhAga meM zikSakoM kI saMkhyA bhI bar3hA lI / itane bar3e mahAvidyAlaya kI, jisameM bI0 e0 se lekara ema0 e0 taka kI kakSAe~ hoM, jisameM aneka vibhAga, aneka varga aura paraspara viparIta svabhAva vAle bahusaMkhyaka zikSaka hoM, samayasAriNI banAnA ha~sI khela nahIM hai / kisa viSaya kA adhyApana kisa samaya rakhA jAya jisase eka hI vidyArthI ke do viSaya eka hI kAla khaNDa meM na par3a jAya athavA kisI zikSaka ko lambe samaya taka kAleja meM na rukanA par3e aura kisI ko thor3e hI samaya meM chuTTI na mila jAya, ina bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue samayasAriNI banAnA bahuta bar3e siradarda kA kAma hai| itane vizAla mahAvidyAlaya kI parIkSAoM kA saMcAlana bhI aisA hI mAnasotpIr3aka kArya hai| kintu DAkTara sAgaramala jI ne ye donoM duSkara kArya bar3I dakSatA se dIrghakAla taka sampanna kiye aura darzana ke prophesaroM ke viSaya meM pracalita dhAraNAoM ko mithyA siddha kara diyA / DAkTara sA0 ke sAtha gujAre ve dina Aja bhI jaba smRtipaTala para Ate haiM, taba mana Ananda meM DUba jAtA hai| unake saujanya kA mAdhurya, unake audArya kI jagamagAhaTa, unake vAtsalya kI khuzabU, unake satsaGga kA saurabha Aja bhI maiM apane pariveza meM bikharA huA pAtA huuN| merI kAmanA hai ki jainajagat ke labdha pratiSTha manISI, sarasvatI ke putra aura mere agrajakalpa AdaraNIya DA0 sAgaramala jI jaina svastha rahate hue sau se adhika varSoM taka jiyeM, jisase jainasAhitya ke koza meM abhivRddhi tathA jainasiddhAnta ke jijJAsuoM kA mArga Alokita hotA rahe / *137, ArAdhanA nagara, bhopAla-462003 eka abhinandanIya vyaktitya : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina maphatarAja pI0 muNota* jaina dharma, darzana, sAhitya, kalA va saMskRti ke kSetra meM DaoN0 jaina ke ullekhanIya yogadAna ke liye mile 'AcArya zrI hastI smRti sammAna ke sammAna samAroha meM mujhe unase pIpAr3a meM milane kA suavasara milaa| ve jaina dharma ke mUrdhanya vidvAn maiM unake, yuvaka samAja ke prati zodhapUrNa vicAroM tathA svAdhyAya ke mAdhyama se, vyakti se vyakti kI TUTI kar3iyoM ko jor3ane kI vaicArika jAgarukatA se bahuta prabhAvita huA / itane jJAna va vidvattA ke dhanI hote huye bhI sAdagI va abhimAna rahita jIvana, unake jIvana ko vidvattA kI U~cAiyoM para le jAtA hai / mujhe unake pIpAr3a meM vyakta kiye gaye vicAra yAda haiM, unhoMne kahA thA 'yaha sammAna merA nahIM, AcArya bhagavaMta kA hai / isa sammAna se unakI preraNA jIvita hai, unakI preraNA se eka nahIM kaI sAgaramala paidA ho sakate haiM / pUjA, pratiSThA va mAna-sammAna kI icchA karane vAlA sabase adhika pApa karatA hai parantu sammAna bhI agara preraNA kA nimitta banatA hai to upAdeya hai|' unake zatAyu hone kI zubha kAmanA ke sAtha zat-zat abhinandana / *muNotavilA, vesTa phIlDa kampAunDa lena 63 ke0 bhUlAbhAI desAI roDa, mumbaI-400026

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ___37 gaveSaNAzIla tArkika manISI : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 dharmacanda jaina* prophesara sAgaramala jaina se merA prathama paricaya san 1982 meM oNla iNDiyA oriyanTala kaoNnphrensa ke jayapura adhivezana ke samaya jaina siddhAnta zikSaNa saMsthAna, jayapura meM huaa| taba Apa vArANasI se apane do-tIna ziSyoM ke sAtha orayiNTala kAnphresa meM padhAre the| usI varSa meM saMskRta meM ema0 e0 uttIrNa karake rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya meM sevArata huA thaa| usa samaya Apase halkA sA paricaya huaa| usake pazcAt maiMne apane pI-eca0DI0 ke viSaya ke cunAva hetu Apase patravyavahAra kiyaa| Apane atyanta tatparatA se mere patra kA uttara dete hue zodhakArya hetu apane viSaya sujhAe / isake pazcAt Apa ke darzana san 1986 meM ahamadAbAda meM hue / Apa vahA~ para gujarAta vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita 'jaina Agama-saMgoSThI' meM bhAga lene padhAre the / maiM bhI taba apanA eka nibandha taiyAra karake le gayA thA / ApakA eka zodha-nibandha praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya vastu para thA jo usa samaya puraskRta ghoSita huA thA / taba maiMne dekhA ki Apa eka viSaya para kitanA gambhIra aura sUkSmatArkika vizleSaNa karane kI dRSTi rakhate haiN| ___ DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina saralamanA, sAdhanAzIla evaM gaveSaNA-svabhAvI manISI haiN| ApakA jIvana jaina-vidyA ke lie samarpita hai| Apane Agama, darzana, itihAsa, taMtra, saMskRti, bhASA Adi sabhI kSetroM meM bhAratIya-vidyA kI sevA karate hue utkRSTa lekhana kArya kiyA hai / Apa pratyeka viSaya kI talasparzI gaharAI meM pahu~cakara usakA adhyayana karate haiM tathA sugrAhya yuktiyoM se apanA mata prastuta karate haiN| Apa zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina kula meM janma lekara bhI niSpakSa rUpa se samUce jaina vAGmaya kA avagAhana karane meM evaM tathyoM kA vizleSaNa karane meM kisI bhI prakAra kI hicaka nahIM rakhate / ApakA samparka sabhI sampradAyoM ke santoM, vidvAnoM evaM zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM se hai / ApakI sannidhi meM rahakara kucha jaina santoM ne evaM aneka jainetara vidvAnoM ne jaina-vidyA kA anuzIlana kiyA hai tathA pI-eca0DI0 jaisI ucca upAdhi bhI prApta kI hai| kalakattA meM Ayojita oriyanTala kaoNnphrensa ke adhivezana meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jI se 1986 meM hI punaH milanA huA / ApakA mere prati sahaja sneha hai / Apa mujhe apane putra kI bhA~ti samajhate haiM / kalakattA se prasthAna karate samaya Apa mujhe apane sAtha vArANasI le Aye / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA parisara dikhAyA / maiM vahAM do dina rukA tathA apane zodha kArya 'bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina-dRSTi se parIkSA' viSaya se saMbaMddha granthoM kA anuzIlana kiyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA pustakAlaya kevala jaina vidyA kI dRSTi se nahIM, apitu iNDolaoNjI kI dRSTi se bhI eka samRddha pustakAlaya hai / mujhe una do dinoM meM apane zodha kArya ke sambandha meM DaoN0 sAragaramala jI se mArgadarzana milaa| vidyApITha kI yaha yAtrA mere lie eka sArthaka yAtrA rhii| hRdaya ke kone meM eka bhAvanA jAgRta huI ki maiM bhI kabhI vArANasI Akara rahU~gA / yaha bhAvanA abhI taka phalIbhUta to nahIM huI hai, kintu isa saMsthAna ke prati Adara kA bhAva jyoM kA tyoM hai / san 1988 kI janavarI meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne apane svarNa jayantI ke avasara para eka akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA jisameM jayapura se DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata ke sAtha maiM bhI bhAga lene hetu pahu~cA thA / yaha eka bRhat saMgoSThI thI, jisameM vividha viSayoM para tIna dinoM taka bhinna-bhinna vargoM meM zodha-patra prastuta kiye gae / isa saMgoSThI meM deza bhara se lagabhaga 300 vidvAn upasthita hue jinameM jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM pratiSThita paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA jaise aneka pramukha vidvAn bhI vidyamAna the / DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne isa saMgoSThI kA bahuta hI sundara rIti se Ayojana kiyaa| saMgoSThI meM DaoN0 dayAnanda bhArgava kI adhyakSatA meM jaina-nyAya vibhAga ke antargata maiMne 'jaina hetu-lakSaNa' para eka zodha patra prastuta kiyA thA jo prazaMsita evaM puraskRta huaa| isa sammelana ke samaya yaha yojanA banAyI gayI thI ki isa prakAra sammelana pratyeka do varSa meM alaga-alaga nagaroM meM Ayojita hogA / kintu deza kA yaha durbhAgya rahA ki isa prakAra kA sammelana gata dasa varSoM kI

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 avadhi meM eka bAra bhI Ayojita na ho skaa| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI se usake pazcAt dillI, udayapura, jodhapura Adi sthAnoM para aneka bAra milanA huA / ApakA sneha pratyeka bAra vRddhigata hotA gyaa| jaba maiMne jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM kAryabhAra grahaNa kiyA hI thA taba Apa vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita vistAra vyAkhyAna mAlA ke antargata jaina karma siddhAMta para vyAkhyAna dene hetu padhAre the| Apa usa samaya mujhe jodhapura meM dekhakara acambhita se hue aura bole 'tU yahA~ kaise? maiMne kahA - merI niyukti isI vizvavidyAlaya meM ho gayI hai|' unheM yaha jAnakara hArdika pramoda huA / usake anantara tIna-bAra ApakA jodhapura padhAranA huA / jaba bhI Apa jodhapura padhAre taba ghara para avazya padhAre / ApakI sahaja AtmIyatA evaM sneha kA prabhAva baccoM para bhI pdd'aa| baccoM ke pratiprema Apake nirmala hRdaya kA bodha karAtA hai| ApakI sadaiva yaha bhAvanA rahI kI maiM Apake pAsa vArANasI Akara rahU~ kintu vibhinna aparihArya kAraNoM kI vajaha se maiM Apake satat sAnnidhya se vaMcita hI rahA / Apa jisa tanmayatA se vidyA kI sAdhanA meM saMlagna haiM vaha basa mere lie preraNA kA srota hai| ApakI dharmapatnI zrImatI kamalA jI se bhI mAM kA sahaja sneha milatA hai| maiM samajhatA hUM ki kamalA jI kA sahayoga DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke nirantara utthAna meM nimitta banA hai / paurANika kathAnaka ke anusAra to sAgara ke maMthana se kamalA rUpI ratna udbhUta huA thA, kintu yahA~ lagatA hai ki sAgara ko pUrNatA pradAna karane ke lie kamalA kA saMyoga prApta huA hai / isIlie DaoN0 sAgaramala jI sarasvatI ke sAdhaka hokara bhI kamalApati haiM / Apake parivAra meM pUrNa samRddhi hai tathApi Apa sarasvatI kI upAsanA meM sannaddha haiM, isase bar3hakara aura kyA bAta ho sakatI hai| merA hI nahIM samasta vidvat samAja kA maMtavya hai ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke nidezaka banane ke pazcAt pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA kAyAkalpa ho gayA hai| vidyApITha ke parisara meM bhautika nirmANa kA kArya huA, DaoN0 jaina kI sUjhabUjha evaM satat parizrama kA hI suphala hai / pariNAma svarUpa Aja yaha saMsthA Apake nirdezana meM mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA svarUpa grahaNa karane ke lie tatpara hai / Apane lagabhaga 40 vidyArthiyoM ko zodha kArya karAte hue bhI jisa vipula-sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai vaha ina do dazakoM meM Apako jaina vidyA ke sarvocca vidvAn ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karatA hai / Apa meM lekhana kalA ke atirikta vyavasthita pratipAdana evaM pramANita sabala yuktiyoM kA prANa-tattva bhI vidyamAna hai, jo bhAvI jaina vidvAnoM ke lie eka pAtheya kA kArya kregaa| ApakA lekhana jaina-vidyA ke adhyetAoM ke lie hI nahIM, apitu bhAratIya vidyA, saMskRti evaM kalA ke adhyetAoM ke lie bhI upAdeya hai| Apa jo kucha likhate haiM usameM ApakA maMthana spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| maiM pitRtulya DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke zatAyu hone kI zubhakAmanA karatA hU~ / *rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura /

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BL DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva DAkTara sAgaramala jI jaina eka saMsmaraNa hajArImala bAMThiyA vartamAna DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina yathA nAma tathA guNa ke anurUpa jJAna gaMgA ke sAgara haiN| sAgara-samAna unameM maryAdA bhI hai| yuga meM jaina zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM inakA nAma uccastha hai| Apa jJAna, dhyAna aura darzana kI triveNI haiN| jaina darzana kA sUkSma adhyayana kara Apane jo jJAna arjita kiyA hai use apane AlekhoM ke mAdhyama se Ama janatA ko lAbhAnvita kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kA vartamAna svarupa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) jo hamAre sAmane hai aura jisase yaha mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA darjA prApta karane jA rahA hai ke mUla meM prophesara sAgaramala jI kI anokhI sUjha-bUjha evaM parizrama kA hI suphala hai| bosoM zodhArthiyoM ko mArga-darzana kara unako DaoNkTara (pI-eca. DI.) banAne meM Apane jo sahayoga diyA hai vaha sadA abhinaMdanIya rhegaa| gRhastha jIvana meM bhI rahate hue inakA jIvana saMta jIvana hai jisameM saMto kI sI sAdagI hai| , -- - gaccha gacchetara aura jAti-dharma kA koI bhedabhAva ApameM nahIM hai| jaina jainetara zrAvaka aura sAdhu sAdhviyoM ko samAna rUpa se jJAna gaMgAjala kA amRta pAna karAyA hai| Apa samatA dharma evaM samanvaya ke poSaka haiN| yadyapi ve apane Apako pArivArika mAnyatA se sthAnakavAsI samudAya se jor3ate haiM kintu maiMne unameM kahIM bhI sthAnakavAsIpana nahIM pAyA, na kabhI Amaha karate dekhA hai / Apa to carama tIrthara mahAvIra ke sacce anuyAyI haiN| pAMco mahAvrata ke premI haiM aura ahiMsA va aparigraha ke sajaga praharI haiN| cAroM samudAya ke logoM meM lokapriya haiM vizeSakara mUrtipUjaka sAdhu-sAdhvI to Apa hI se adhyayana evaM adhyApana meM sahayoga lete haiN| lagabhaga bIsa varSa pUrva gaNivarya muni mahimAprabhasAgara jI mahArAja apane do ziSyoM bAla muni lalita prabhasAgara jI evaM muni candraprabhasAgara jI ke sAtha kalakattA- bihAra meM kAnapura padhAre to maiMne unase anurodha kiyA / yadi muniyoM ko mahAn jJAnI evaM pravacanakAra banAnA ho to Apa kalakattA cAturmAsa na kara eka nahIM cAra cAturmAsa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI meM kareM aura DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA mArgadarzana leN| unhoMne mere anurodha ko svIkAra kara kaI cAturmAsa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM kiye aura Aja donoM hI bAla muni mahAn yogI-jJAnI-dhyAnI saMta bana gaye haiM aura mahAvIra kI vANI ko jana-jana taka pahu~cA rahe haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI se merA samparka gata cAlIsa varSoM se hai aura lagabhaga bIsa varSoM se DA0 sAgaramala jI ke samparka meM huuN| maiM kaI bAra vArANasI jAkara unase milA hU~ aura preraNA prApta kI hai| 'sAdA jIvana aura ucca vicAra' kI ukti se Apa kA jIvana ota prota hai| - Apa guNI janoM ke guNoM ke grAhaka hai / pichale dinoM jarmanI kI viduSI jaina zrAvikA DaoN0 sarloTe krAu (subhadrAkumArI) ke sAhitya-saMgraha prakAzana kI jijJAsA maiMne Apake sAmane rakhI to Apane turanta mere anurodha ko svIkAra kara liyA aura bole DaoN0 krAune kA sAhitya saMgrahakara use avazya prakAza meM lAnA cAhie vaha usa vakta bhI upayogI thA aura Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai aura use pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI se prakAzita karane kI sahajabhAva meM svIkRti de dii| guNagrAhakatA kA ApameM yaha vizeSa guNa hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina jaise manISI kA abhinaMdana kara hama sabhI bhAratavAsI gauravAnvita haiN| Apa sadA niroga raheM aura zatAyu hoM yahI prabhu se maMgala kAmanA hai| 39 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa -6 vizvasanIya vyaktitva ke dhanI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ___ satyendra mohana jaina jaina dharma meM guru kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| prabhu kI prApti ke mArga kA mArga darzaka guru hI hai, vahI hamAre jIvana meM zubha saMskAroM ke bIja vapana karatA hai| jaina dharma ke mahAmantra-namaskAra mantra meM gurujanoM ko praNAma kiyA gayA hai| mujhe bhI apane jIvana meM jo kucha saMskAra mile haiM ve, mAtA-pitA aura gurujanoM se hI prApta huye haiN| maiM apane jIvana ke prAraMbhika kAla meM pro0 omaprakAza jI jaina aura zrI kAmatA prasAda jI jaina se paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita rahA hU~ / kAmatA prasAda jI Voice of Ahimsa nAmaka patrikA nikAlate the usa patrikA ke aMkoM ko maiMne saMgRhIta karake rakhA thA aura gata varSa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko bheMTa kiyaa| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina se merA paricaya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mAdhyama se hI huA, maiM zAsakIya sevA meM phaijAbAda se sthAnAntarita hokara adhizAsI abhiyantA ke pada para san 1989 I0 meM gAjIpura meM niyukta huA, mere parivAra ne gAjIpura kI apekSA vArANasI meM rahane kI icchA vyakta kI, phalata: maiM digambara jaina mandira nariyA ke nIce kA bhAga kirAye para lekara vArANasI meM rahane lagA / pUrva se hI merI ruci jaina-kalA ke adhyayana aura kalAkRtiyoM ke saMgraha meM rahI apanI jijJAsA bhAvanA ko lekara maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama pahu~cA aura vahIM mujhe DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina se paricaya huA unake mohaka vyaktitva ne mujhe AkarSita kiyA aura maiMne sevAnivRtti ke bAda bhI vArANasI meM hI rahane kA nizcaya kiyA merI dharmapatnI bhI unakI dharmapatnI ke sneha se aisI jur3a gayIM ki mujhe lagane lagA ki hama eka hI parivAra ke haiN| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA vyaktitva itanA prabhAvI hai ki unhoMne mujhe bhI jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana ke liye prerita kiyA aura samaya-samaya para dizA nirdeza diyaa| maiMne jaba jaina milana kI mITiMga apane ghara para Ayojita kI aura usameM apane nijI saMgraha kI jaina mUrtiyoM ko pradarzita kiyA, isakA udghATana bhI DaoN0 sAhaba ne hI kiyA, maiMne isa amUlya dharohara kI saMrakSaka evaM patha prardazana ke sandarbha meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina se carcA kI aura unhIM kI preraNA se maine yaha amUlya dharohara pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko pradarzana evaM saMrakSaNa ke hetu samarpita kara diyaa| DaoN0 sAhaba ne mujhe kahAki eka choTA sA paudhA hI kabhI vaTa vRkSa kA rUpa le letA hai sambhava hai ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM Apake sahayoga se ropita yaha saMgrahAlaya deza ke jaina saMgrahAlayoM meM apanI mahattvapUrva pahacAna banA le / DaoN0 sAhaba kA vyaktiva eka prazAsaka ke vyaktitva kI apekSA eka sahayogI kA adhika hai| ve Adeza nahI dete, svaMya hI kArya karane lagate haiM, pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vidyApITha kA samasta sTApha unake sAtha kArya meM juTa jAtA hai| maine dekhA ki mere dvArA bheTa kI gayI bhArI mUrtiyAM bhI unhoMne apane sahayogiyoM ke mAdhyama se Upara hAla meM pahu~cavA dI / maiMne digambara jaina mandira bhelUpura ke paMcakalyANaka mahotsava ke avasara para bhelUpura ke purAtAttvika mahattva ko lekara eka choTI pustaka prakAzita kI, jaba DaoN0 sAhaba ne usa pustaka ko dekhA to unhoMne apanI udAratA aura sadAzayatA kA paricaya dete hue na kevala usa pustaka kI prazaMsA kI apitu kahA ki Apane jisa zrama se isa sAmagrI ko sajAyA aura prastuta kiyA usase bhelUpura ke purAtattva ke sandarbha meM mujhe bhI eka naI dRSTi milI hai / yaha unakI mahAnatA hai maiM to unase aise zabdoM ko sunakara hI dhanya ho gayA / merI dRSTi meM sAgaramala jaina kI vArANasI meM sabase bar3I upalabdhi digambara, zvetAmbara ke bhelUpura mandira sambandhI vivAdoM ko nipaTAkara isa tIrtha kSetra ke vikAsa ko eka navIna dizA dI / yaha unake vyaktitva kI vizeSatA hai ki samAja ke sabhI sampradAya aura varga una para vizvAsa rakhatA hai / usa vizvAsa kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki Aja pArzvanAtha janmabhUmi para na kevala vipula nirmANa kArya huye apitu dono hI sampradAyoM ke bhavya mandira bhI nirmita huye / DaoN0 mAgaramala jaina aura unake parivAra kA mere aura mere parivAra ke prati jo sneha hai vaha mere jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai|

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva vidyA pradAtA guru (pro. sAgaramala jaina) ko avirAma vandana DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA, udayapura pro0 sAgaramala jaina se merA paricaya vigata 12 varSoM se taba se hai jaba se maiM unake mArgadarzana meM prAkRta bhASA evaM jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM adhyayana-anusaMdhAna evaM lekhaka hetu pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI jAne lgaa| prativarSa unake mArgadarzana meM eka-do mahine vahA~ rahakara maiMne unase jo jJAna prApta kiyA hai usI kA pariNAma hai ki Aja maiM prakIrNaka granthoM ke anuvAda kArya meM saMlagna rahakara jaina darzana ke kSetra meM kAryarata huuN| mere lekhana aura ciMtana ko vikasita karane kA sArA zreya pro0 sAgaramala jaina ko hI jAtA hai| pro0 jaina ne aneka granthoM kA sampAdana, anuvAda, evaM maulika sRjana kiyA hai / Apa dvArA likhita evaM sampAdita grantha vidvatjana evaM sAdhAraNa jana donoM meM samAna rUpa se samAdita haiM / jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA ke Apa adhikArI vidvAna haiM ApakI vidvatA kI carcA karane hetu na to maiM adhikArI hU~ aura na hI isa paripatra kI paridhi mujhe isakI ijAjat detI hai tathApi Apake lie yaha ullekha karanA maiM apanA dAyitva mAnatA hU~ ki yuvA vidvAnoM ke prati ApakA sneha evaM sahayoga vizeSa rUpa se prazaMsanIya hai| pArzvanAtha zodhapATha ke nidezaka pada para rahate hue Apane yuvA vidvAnoM, sarasvatI putroM aura lekhakoM kI jo eka paMkti khar3I kI hai usa para samAja ko bar3A garva hai / jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM kArya karane vAle Adhe se adhika yuvA vidvAn kisI na kisI rUpa meM Apake sahayoga evaM mArgadarzana prApta kiye hue haiM / deza kA zAyada hI koI aisA bhAga zeSa rahA ho jahA~ Apake ziSya na mile| zikSA ke kSetra meM ApakA avadAna sadaiva smaraNIya rahegA / vArANasI kA pArzvanAtha zodhapITha Apake jIvana kA abhinna aMga bana gayA hai| apane jIvana kA amUlya samaya lagAkara Apane usakI jo sevA kI hai vaha amiTa hai| Apake binA pArzvanAtha zodhapITha kI tathA zodhapITha ke binA ApakI carcA adhUrI hai| ApakI kArya praNAlI ne pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ko Aja jaina vidyA kI aMgrima zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM susthApita kara diyA hai / deza meM hI nahIM videzoM meM bhI Aja zodhapITha kI bar3I khyAti pro0 jaina hI nahIM Apake parivArajanoM se bhI mujhe bar3I hI AtmIyatA prApta hotI rahI hai| gurU patnI AMTIjI (zrImatI kamalA devI) bahuta sahRdayA mahilA haiM / sadaiva Apane mujhe putravat sneha diyA hai / Apake donoM putra narendra evaM pIyUSa tathA putravadhu saralA evaM citrA bhAbhIjI kA bhI mujhe atyanta sneha evaM AtmIyatA prApta huA hai| ApakI pautrI sonAlI merI atipriya bahina hai usakA sneha evaM AtmIyatA mere mAnasa paTala para sadaiva aMkita rahatI hai| Apake pUre parivAra meM jo apanatva kA bhAva hai vo anyatra sahaja hI dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| jaina vidyA ke manISI vidvAn mere pitA tulya pro0 sAgaramala jaina ko mai avirAma vandana karatA hU~ tathA inake sasvathya zatAyu hone kI maMgala kAmanA karatA huuN|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 apane gurU ke bAre meM... DaoN0 arUNa pratApa siMha apane bAre meM likhanA jitanA kaThina hai, usase jyAdA kaThina hai likhanA apane guru ke bAre meN| zraddhA yA sneha ko zabdoM meM bA~dhane kA prayAsa use bhautika banA detA hai / yaha to eka abhautika/anubhUtyAtmaka svAda hai jisakI kabIra ke [ge gur3a bhAI ke samAna kevala anubhUti kI jA sakatI hai - varNana nahIM / phira bhI paramparA kA nirvAha karate hue apane guru ke bAre meM kucha kahanA/likhanA avazya pasanda kruuNgaa| ilAhAbAda vizvadyiAlaya se apanI ema0 e0 kI zikSA samApta karane ke uparAnta uccatara adhyayana ke lie maiM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya AyA / yahA~ DaoN0 mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI jI ne jaina dharma para zodha kArya ke lie Apake pAsa bhejA / prAMgaNa meM praveza karate hI Apase sAkSAtkAra huaa| yaha pharavarI 1980 kI bAta hai / DaoNkTara sAhaba bhI kucha mahIne pahale hI yahA~ nidezaka pada para Aye the / praNAma karane para unhoMne jisa vAtsalya evaM mamatva se AzIrvAda diyA-usakA citra mAnasapaTala para Aja taka aMkita hai / unake sneha kI ajasra dhArA avirala rUpa se Aja taka pravAhita hai - kabhI kama nahIM huI / prathama sAkSAtkAra meM aisA lagA jaise maiM inako bahuta dinoM se jAnatA huuN| pUrvajanma ke prati merI ni:saMzaya mAnyatA hai| merA aTala vizvAsa hai ki inake sAtha merA paricaya nizcaya hI pUrvajanmoM ke karmoM kA pariNAma hai / eka anajAna chAtra ko unhoMne jisa sahRdayatA se snehabhAjana banAyA - use maiM kina zabdoM meM prakaTa karU~-samajha nahIM pA rahA huuN| aisA koI zabda nahIM jo usa anubhava ko kAle-sapheda akSaroM meM varNita kara sake / acchA hai - maiM usa mIThAsa ko mana hI mana mahasUsa karatA rhuuN| maiM lagabhaga 18-19 varSoM se samparka meM huuN| maineM inheM bahuta nikaTa se dekhA hai / inake pAsa jo bhI AyA-unhIM kA ho gayA / Ane vAlA kisI bhI paramparA kA ho, kisI bhI dharma-jAti se jur3A ho - isase koI pharka nahIM pdd'aa| apane gurU ke kRtitva ke bAre meM kucha kahanA sUrya ko dIpaka dikhAne ke samAna hai / maiM unhIM ke nizraya meM rahakara par3hA-likhA aura jo kucha bhI maiM hU~, unhIM ke hAthoM banA huuN| unakI kRtiyA~ vividha viSayaka haiM / darzana ke prAdhyApaka hokara bhI unhoMne itihAsa evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jisa gAmbhIrya samAlocanA kA pradarzana kiyA hai - vaha atyanta hI zlAghanIya hai| inhoMne pratyeka viSaya para apanI lekhanI calAyI aura pUrI tanmayatA ke sAtha / prAmANika itanA ki unake niSkarSoM se Apa sahamata hoM yA asahamata-sahajarUpa meM khaNDana karanA asambhava / unhoMne na kevala svayaM likhA apitu hama logoM ko bhI sadA likhane ke lie prerita kiyaa| maine AcArya haribhadra aura unake vicAroM ko thor3A-bahuta par3hA hai / jisa sadAzayatApUrvaka haribhadra vibhinna matoM ke satya ko svIkAra kara apanI bAta tarka purassara rUpa se rakhate haiM- Adhunika yuga meM DaoNkTara sAhaba ke lekhoM ke sambandha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha eka ziSya kA atiraMjanApUrNa mUlyAMkana nahIM hai - unake granthoM kI mahaka kA anubhava koI bhI kara sakatA hai| Apa eka aisI saMsthA se bhI jur3e jo pUrNarUpeNa asAmpradAyika thI / sampradAya yA sekulara zabda bhAratIyabhUmi ke lie upayukta nahIM hai| sarvadharma samabhAva kI jo avadhAraNA bhAratIya manISiyoM ne prastuta kI vaha apane mUrtarUpa meM yahA~ pratiSThita hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA jo rUpa Aja dikhAyI de rahA hai, vaha isake do mahAna nAyakoM-sarvazrI bhUpendra nAtha jI, saciva evaM DaoN. sAgaramala jI jaina-ke anavarata parizrama kA pariNAma hai / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke jisa paudhe ko ina donoM viziSTa janoM ne khAda-pAnI dekara puSpita/pallavita kiyA, vaha Aja vidyApITha ke rUpa meM apanI sugandha caturdika prasArita kara rahA hai / banArasI laMgar3e kI sugandha se pUrI taraha AcchAdita vidyAzrama kA upavana donoM vyaktiyoM ke ekAgra soca kA mUrta rupa hai| DaoN sAhaba kA cintana evaM AdaraNIya bhUpa jI ke Arthika sambala ne na kevala sudRr3ha nIMva taiyAra kI apitu apane manonukUla bhavya prAsAda kA bhI nirmANa kiyA / bhaviSya meM Ane vAlA koI vyakti yadi isa upavana kA kevala saMrakSaNa bhI kara sake to yaha usakA mahatI yogadAna hogA aura ina nAyakoM ke prati saccI zubhAzaMsA hogI / samaya kI gati bhI kitanI vicitra hai ki donoM logoM ke abhinandana rUpI ratha ke ye donoM pahiye eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM - eka ke abhAva meM dUsarA sambhavata: utanI gati se yAtrA nahIM kara sakatA thaa| donoM gRhastha saMtoM kA milana eka sukhada saMyoga thA /

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva mere gurujI ke caturdika bikharI sAhityika sugandha se to prAya: sabhI bhijJa haiM parantu kitane loga haiM jo unake sAmAjika kriyAkalApoM se paricita haiM / inhoMne sAmAjika evaM dhArmika burAiyoM ke viruddha na kevala apanI lekhanI calAyI hai apitu karmabhUmi meM utarakara burAiyoM kA sAmanA kiyA hai / yahA~ maiM punaH haribhadra kA udAharaNa denA cAhU~gA / AcArya haribhadra apane samaya kI dhArmika burAiyoM se atyadhika vyathita the| apane grantha meM AcArya ne aise muniyoM ko kar3I phaTakAra lagAyI hai jo zveta vastra ko jIvana-yApana kA sAdhana banAte haiM / AcArya ne aise logoM ko salAha dI hai ki muni vezadhArI ye loga yadi samyak cAritra kA pAlana nahIM kara sakate to kyoM nahIM gRhastha veza dhAraNa kara lete / gRhastha to aise muniyoM se zreSTha hote haiM / DAkTara sAhaba ne apanI yuvAvasthA meM hI aise muniyoM se zveta vastra haTavAkara krAntikArI kArya kiyA thA / tatpazcAt Arthika rUpa se sahAyatA kara unako sammAnapUrNa jIvana jIne kA mArgadarzana diyA thaa| vikhalita hote hue vizAla evaM samRddha jaina samAja ko eka karane kI unakI vyathA ko "jaina ekatA kA prazna" nAmaka unake nibandha meM acchI taraha dekhA jA sakatA hai| unakA yaha cintana mAtra vAvilAsa nahIM hai - kriyAnvayana kA prayAsa hai / vArANasI ke bhelUpura sthita digambara evaM zvetAmbara jaina mandira ke adhikAra ko lekara lagabhaga 300 varSoM se cale A rahe jhagar3e ko jisa nirapekSa DhaMga se sulajhAyA isameM unake cintana ke mUrta rUpa ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| pariNAma yaha hai ki donoM sampradAya ke loga unheM apanA mAnate haiM / DaoN0 sAhaba jaina dharmAvalambI haiM lekina unake antaH sthala meM anekAntavAda kI vaha anugUMja sunAI par3atI hai jisakI kalpanA bhAratIya manISiyoM ne kI thI / jaina mandiroM meM tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke samakSa ye jitanI zraddhA ke sAtha namana karate haiM, utanI hI zraddhA ke sAtha bAbA vizvanAtha ko bhI praNAma karate haiM / ye haiM to sthAnakavAsI jo hinduoM ke AryasamAja ke samAna mUrtipUjA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate, lekina jina yA zaMkara kI mUrti ko praNAma karate hue dekhakara koI bhA~pa nahIM sakatA / aisA lagatA jaise haribhadra kA zloka apane ko mUrtarUpa meM caritArtha kara rahA ho - " brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai" unake sAtha bitAyI huIM madhura smRtiyA~ merI amUlya dharohara haiM maiM eka ziSya kA dharma nibAha sakU~-Izvara mujhe itanI zakti de / paramapitA se ekameva prArthanA hai ki unheM evaM AdaraNIyA ANTI jI ko svastha rakheM / ve zatAyu hoM-isI kAmanA ke sAtha guru ke caraNoM meM zraddhAvanat / *pravaktA, itihAsa vibhAga, esa0 bI0 DigrI kAleja, dAdara Azrama, baliyA /

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 eka avismaraNIya vyaktitva : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 rameza candra gupta - varSa 1979 meM ema0 e0 (bhAratIya darzana evaM dharma) prathama varSa kI parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke bAda dvitIya varSa meM yaha prazna paidA huA ki spezala pepara kI jagaha para kyA liyA jAya / usI samaya jJAta huA ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pada para DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina ne kAryabhAra grahaNa kiyA hai aura vaha hI aba kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga meM jaina viSaya se sambandhita pepara ke liye kakSAeM liyA kreNge| usI prakaraNa meM prathama bAra 1979 meM maiM DaoN0 jaina sAhaba se milA / tabhI se mere mana para DaoN0sAhaba ke sarala,sahaja evaM mRdula svabhAva kI aisI amiTa chApa par3I aura maiMne jaina spezala . pepara lene kA nirNaya le liyA tathA yaha bhI nizcaya kara liyA thA ki agara avasara milA to jaina dharma se sambandhita viSaya para hI pI-eca0DI0 hetu zodha kArya DaoN0 sAhaba ke hI nirdezana meM kruuNgaa| tadanusAra DaoN0 sAhaba ke nirdezana meM 'khatIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayanaGga' viSaya para zodha kArya kiyaa| zodha kArya ke kAla meM do bAra DaoN0 sAhaba ke paitRka nivAsa zAjApura bhI gayA / vahA~ para DaoN0 sAhaba evaM unake samasta parivAra janoM ne bharapUra pyAra diyA, jisako maiM Ajanma nahIM bhulA sakU~gA / DaoN0 sAhaba ko maiM aMkala jI evaM unakI dharmapatnI zrImatI kamalA jaina ko AMTI jI ke samAna mAnatA hU~ aura vaha bhI mujhe putravata sneha karate haiN| varSa 1979 apraila se 1997 taka barAbara DaoN0 sAhaba ke yahA~ merA AnA jAnA lagA rahA tathA samaya-samaya para parivAra ke sadasya ke rUpa meM unhoMne ucita mArga darzana evaM pyAra diyA hai| 1997 meM DI0re0kA0 se avakAza prApta karane ke bAda bhI merI icchA yahI hai ki DaoN0 sAhaba ke sAnnidhya meM rahakara mA~ sarasvatI kI sAdhanA karatA rahUM / aisA hai DaoN0 sAhaba kA vyaktitva / maiM zraddheya DaoN0 sAhaba evaM AnTI jI (zrImatI kamalA jaina) ke cirAyu hone kI maMgala kAmanA karatA huuN| *saMsthApaka, bAla vidyApITha, A~valA (barelI) maMgala kAmanA DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina* DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ko vigata 20 varSoM se jAnatA huuN| ApakA vArANasI prathama Agamana jaba huA taba unake prathama baica ke chAtroM meM se maiM bhI eka huuN| yadyapi pI-eca0DI0 ke lie merA rajisTrezana Apake nirdezana meM nahIM huA lekina ApakA mArga-nirdezana evaM sAnnidhya banA rahA / Apake Agamana ke sAtha hI vArANasI meM sthita pArzvanAtha jaina vidyAzrama jo bIca meM supta sA ho gayA thA / jAgRta ho gayA evaM vArANasI meM jaina vidyA kA alakha jagAne kA kAma kiyA / jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM kArya kara rahe vidvAnoM evaM unameM sahayogI vidvAnoM ko juTAne meM Apane agraNI bhUmikA nibhaayii| khoja-khojakara pratibhAoM ko nikhArane evaM unako sammAnita kara Apane jainavidyA ke kSetra meM kArya karane kI preraNA dii| ApakA sahaja vyavahAra sabhI ko AkRSTa karatA hai / jIvana bhara jinhoMne pratibhAoM ko sammAnita kiyA hai / aise pArakhI vidvAna kA abhinandana karake nizcita hI Ayojana samiti ne abhinandanIya kArya kiyA hai| maiM kAmanA karatA hU~ ki DaoN0 sAhaba dIrghAyu hoM aura jaina vidyA ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna karate raheM / *adhyakSa-bauddhadarzana vibhAga, kendrIya saMskRta vidyApITha, gomatInagara, lakhanaU

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva sarala vyaktitva ke dhanI : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DA0 kamaleza kumAra jaina* jJAna/guNoM kI pUjA hamArI sAMskRtika virAsata hai, aura jJAnI/guNavAna ke prati Adara bhAva hamArI phitarata meM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti pro0 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko unakI zlAghya sevAoM evaM bhAratIya vidyA kI aura vizeSataH jainavidyA kI mahattvapUrNa sevA ke lie unako abhinaMdana graMtha samarpita karane jA rahI hai, yaha eka prasannatA kI bAta hai| jaba AThaveM dazaka ke aMta meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka pada kA kAryabhAra sambhAlA thA, maiM lagabhaga usI varSa snAtaka kakSA meM adhyayanArtha vArANasI pahu~cA thA, tabhI se mujhe unase milane, unake sAtha uThane-baiThane, unako sunane, vArtAlApa karane, aneka gaMbhIra viSayoM para carcA karane tathA mArgadarzana evaM preraNA prApta karane kA nirantara maukA milatA rahA hai| yaha eka Ama anubhava kI bAta hai ki amuka saMsthAe~ kisI vyakti vizeSa ke samarpaNa kA pratiphala hotI haiN| isalie aisI saMsthAe~ vyakti kendrita ho jAtI haiM yA kahI jAtI haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama (aba pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne apanI kAryapraNAlI, sarala svabhAva, sUjhabUjha evaM lagana se saMsthAna ko jisa bulaMdI para pahu~cAyA hai, isI kAraNa ve Aja pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke paryAya se bana gaye haiN| DaoN0 sAhaba jaina-dharma-darzana ke manISI vidvAn lekhaka evaM ciMtaka to haiM hii| unakI sadya: prasUta lekhanI se zatAdhika lekhoM, dazakAdhika maulika pustakoM evaM pustikAoM tathA ardhazataka se adhika pustakoM kA sampAdana, evaM dazakAdhika granthoM kI gaMbhIra mahattvapUrNa prastAvanAe~ likhI gaI haiN| yaha saba kArya unakI satata adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci, lagana, tathA vidyAvyAsaMga kA hI pratiphala hai / jo ki vidvajjagat ke lie preraNA, utsAha kA hI nahIM, apitu anukaraNIya kArya hai| abhinaMdana grantha prakAzana kI belA para unake prati maiM apanI hArdika zubhakAmanAe~ preSita karate hue gaurava kA anubhava karatA hU~ evaM bhAvanA karatA hU~ ki ve zatAyu hoM, aura apane cintana, lekhana evaM kAryoM se Age bhI samAja ko nirantara lAbhAnvita karate rheN| *upanidezaka, bhogIlAla laheracandra insTITyUTa Apha iNDolAjI, dillI -36

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46 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : eka apratima vyaktitva DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina mere parama AtmIya manISI vidvAna haiN| inake vyaktitva se merA prathama sAkSAtkAra 1974 kI akTUbara meM pUnA meM ho rahe akhila bhAratIya darzana pariSad ke adhivezana meM huA / 15 sitambara, 1994 ko hAmburga (jarmanI) se calakara rAta meM 16 sitambara ko dillI phuNcaa| lagabhaga tIna dina dillI meM rukakara 20 sitambara, 1974 kI subaha gorakhapura phuNcaa| mAnanIya DaoN0 lakSmI saksenA (pUrva adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya) ne DaoN0 sabhAjIta mizra evaM mujhe pUnA meM hone vAle akhila bhAratIya darzana pariSad ke adhivezana meM bhAga lene ke lie khaa| sAtha hI suzrI kusuma siMha, suzrI kaJcana pANDeya evaM prIti agravAla ko bhI sAtha dene ke lie svIkRti de dii| hama sabhI adhivezana ke prathama dina aparAhana meM saMgoSThIkakSa meM sIdhe phuNce| DaoN0 marAThe ne hameM pro0 esa0 esa0 bAraliMge (aba divaMgata) se milavAyA / vahAM mujhe atithigRha meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke sAtha meM rakhA gayA / prathama sAkSAtkAra meM mere alhar3a mana ko lagA ki yaha vyakti patA nahIM kaba kA merA AtmIya hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala kI saralatA kA saMsparza itanA jIvanta thA ki veM jyoM hI 1979 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna (aba pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) meM nidezaka ke rUpa meM Aye, mere parama AtmIya ho gye| 1 merI AtmIyatA dhIre-dhIre gaMbhIra hotI gyii| DaoN0 jaina ke sarala, ujjvala evaM dhavala caritra tathA unake adhyavasAya evaM kartavya ke prati niSThA ke bhAva meM mujhe apanI chavi dikhAI dii| ve usI adhivezana meM akhila bhAratIya darzana pariSad ke koSAdhyakSa cuna lie gae / 1980 meM mujhe saMyukta maMtrI banAyA gyaa| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko koSa meM mAtra 3200 rupaye diye gae, Upara se dArzanika traimAsika kA eka bar3A baikalAga bhI milaa| usI samaya pro0 nandakizora devarAja ko traimAsika kA sampAdakatva diyA gyaa| DaoN0 devarAja Aja deza ke prasiddha cintaka haiN| vibhAga meM mujhe unakA sneha milA evaM unakI kAryazailI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne apanI tatparatA se traimAsika kA sArA baikalAga yathAzIghra prakAzita kara traimAsika ko sAmayika kara diyA / mAtra 10-12 varSa ke koSAdhyakSa ke kAryakAla meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne koSa ko 3200 rupaye se lagabhaga 65,000-00 rupae kara diyaa| isa bIca ma0pra0 zAsana ke nirdezAnusAra unheM san 1985 meM indaura jAnA pdd'aa| saMsthAna meM kucha logoM ne aisA prayAsa kiyA ki ve vArANasI na lauTa pAyeM utpanna paristhitiyoM se DaoN0 sAgaramala aura unake parijana bhI unake vArANasI lauTane ke sambandha meM anyamanaska ho rahe the| unake zubhaiSI mere pAsa aaye| isa duHkhada tathya se mujhe avagata karAyA gyaa| DaoN0 jaina ke pAradarzI cAritra evaM unake vinaya se maiM itanA abhibhUta thA ki merI hArdika icchA thI ki ve vArANasI punaH lauTeM unake vizvasta sUtroM ke mAdhyama se unheM bulavAkara punaH pratiSThita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jo antataH saphalIbhUta bhI huaa| I DaoN0 revatIramaNa pANDeya 1 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne saMsthAna ke vikAsa hetu mujhe dillI ke jaina samAja ke kucha dhana kuberoM se bhI milvaayaa| ina logoM meM saMsthAna ke vartamAna maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina kA vyaktitva bar3A udAtta evaM karmayogI lgaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha pragati ke jina sopAnoM para Aja car3ha sakA hai usameM ina donoM vyaktiyoM kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke hIraka jayantI ke zubhaavasara para ina bandhudvaya kA maiM hArdika abhinandana karatA huuN| Apa donoM ke prayAsa, tapasyA va udAra dRSTi kA hI pratiphala hai ki Aja vidyApITha uccAnuzIlana kI dRSTi se jaina vidyA kA eka pratiSThita saMsthAna bana gayA hai / vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI tIna-tIna TImeM vidyApIGga ko mAnyavizvavidyAlaya kA darjA dene ke sandarbha meM vijiTa kara calI gyiiN| pUre jaina samAja ke lie yaha eka cunautI hai| kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke pArzva meM jaina vizvavidyAlaya kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai jitanI tibbatI saMsthAna ke rUpa meM bauddha vizvavidyAlaya kI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha abhI taka mAnyavizvavidyAlaya kyoM nahIM bana sakA yaha vicAraNIya hai akAdamIya rUpa se zIrSastha hokara bhI yadi dhanAbhAva ise / mAnyavizvavidyAlaya kA darjA prApta hone meM bAdhaka hai to yaha prazna jaina samAja aura prazAsana donoM ke lie cintanIya hai aura ise zIghra hI mAnyavizvavidyAlaya ghoSita karAne kA prayatna karanA caahie| saMsthAna jo Aja vizvavidyAlaya hone kI dahalIja 1 - .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva para khar3A hai vaha DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA prayatna evaM puruSArtha hI hai jisane ise isa stara taka phuNcaayaa| vidyApITha ko itanA svaccha, zAMta evaM manorama banAne meM inakA avadAna kama nahIM hai / sahajatA kI pratimUrti DaoN0 jaina ke pAsa jo bhI AyA usakA unhoMne khule hRdaya se svAgata kiyA aura apanA banA liyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti se maiM yaha apekSA rakhatA hU~ ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko sakriya rUpa se isa vidyApITha se AjIvana ke lie bAMdha de kyoMki hamaloga jo vidyApITha se bhAvanAtmaka rUpa se jur3e haiM, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke binA vidyApITha ko ujar3A huA sA anubhava karate haiN| bhagavAna vizvanAtha se merI prArthanA hai ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina dampati ko svastha, sAnanda rakhate hue dIrghAyu deM tAki vidyApITha kA uttarottara vikAsa ho / * adhyakSa, darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vaaraannsii| preraNApuruSa : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya jaina dharma-darzana ke mUrdhanya vidvAn saumyatA, saralatA evaM mRdutA ke paryAya zraddheya guruvarya DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke vyaktitva ko zabdoM kI parisImAoM meM bA~dhanA mere lie asaMbhava nahIM to duSkara avazya hai, kyoMki Apake vyaktitva ke kainavAsa para eka sAtha anekoM guNa-raMga ubharate haiM aura pratyeka guNa eka-dUsare se bar3hakara haiM / itane udAtta citta, nirahaMkAra cetA evaM sahaja vidvAn virale hI hote haiM / maiM apane Apa ko ati saubhAgyazAlI mAnatA hU~ ki Apake caraNa-sAnnidhya meM mujhe jaina vidyA kA jJAna prApta karane kA suavasara mila sakA / prathama bAra Apase merA sAkSAtkAra 1989 meM haA jaba maiM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM usI varSa prArambha hone vAle jaina vidyA patropAdhi (DiplomA) korsa ke lie paMjIkRta huaa| eka Adarza guru ke rUpa meM Apako pAkara jaina vidyA ke adhyayana kI merI abhilASA utarottara bar3hatI hI gayI aura saMsthAna se maiMne jaina vidyA meM patropAdhi evaM ucca patropAdhi prApta kI / Aja jaina dharma-darzana yA jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM merA jo kucha bhI caMcupraveza hai vaha Apake kuzala nirdezana evaM samucita mArga-darzana kA pariNAma hai / aise guru kI gurutA mere lie zabdAbhivyakti se pare mahaja anubhavajanya hai / Apa sAdagI aura saralatA kI pratimUrti to haiM hI sAtha hI bhAvanA ke sAgara haiM / Apa dharma ke bAhyADambaroM ke kaTTara virodhI evaM dharma evaM darzana ko jIvana jIne kI kalA mAnane ke pakSadhara haiM / jaina vidyA meM gaharI paiTha ke kAraNa Aja Apa jaina vidvAnoM meM zIrSastha haiM / siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM Acarita kiye binA siddhAnta ko mahaja vAgjAla mAnane vAle zraddheya guruvarya kI preraNA, unakA asIma sneha mere jIvana kI amUlya nidhi hai, dharohara hai| - Aja maiM jo kucha bhI hU~, Apake AzIrvAda ke binA zAyada na hotA / mAtu tulya AdaraNIyA AnTIjI to vAtsalya sAgara hai / unakI snehAsikta varjanAoM ke hama prazaMsaka haiM / Apa donoM ke sAnidhya meM parivAra se dUra hone kA kabhI ehasAsa nahIM huaa| guru-RNa bahuta bar3A RNa hotA hai / maiM nahIM jAnatA, Apake RNa se kabhI uRNa ho sakU~gA bhI, yA nhiiN| Apake abhinandana kI isa punIta belA meM preraNA puruSa guruvarya ko apanI agAdha zraddhA kI aJjali apanI bhAvanAoM se pUrita kara samarpita karatA hU~ aura sAtha hI Izvara se prArthanA karatA hU~ ki Apa zatAyu hoM, dIrghAyu hoM /

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 sahRdayatA kI pratimUrti DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina premI AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke isa abhinandana ke avasara para unakI sahRdayatA Adi aneka guNoM ke viSaya meM likhane hetu eka sAtha aneka vicAra A rahe haiM kintu dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke anusAra kucha hI vicAra vyakta karanA acchA hai / vigata bIsa varSoM se unake sAtha AtmIyatA, pArivArikatA aura unase prApta apAra sneha evaM protsAhana unakI sahRdayatA kA paricAyaka haiM yadyapi inase parokSa paricaya isase bhI pUrva kA hai jaba maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM rahakara isake tatkAlIna nidezaka AdaraNIya DaoN0 mohanalAla jI mehatA jI ke nirdezana meM pI-eca0DI0 hetu mUlAcAra para anusaMdhAna kArya kara rahA thA / AdaraNIya DaoN0 mehatA jI ne usa samaya Apake mahattvapUrNa aprakAzita bRhad zodha prabandha 'jaina-bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' (do khaNDoM meM) ke gahana adhyayana hetu sujhAva diyA thaa| isa Adarza aura tulanAtmaka gahana vivecana yukta maulika zodha-prabandha ko par3hakara maiM Azcarya cakita raha gayA thA aura aise utkRSTa zodha-prabandha ke lekhaka-vidvAn se milane-vicAra-vimarza karane kI tIvra abhilASA huI / saMyoga se jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM meM tIna varSa taka prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA ke prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM kArya karane ke bAda merI niyukti sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM huI aura idhara AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAhaba kA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM nidezaka ke rUpa meM zubhAgamana huaa| maiM jaba AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAhaba se milA taba inakI sahRdayatA saumyatA aura saralatA se to prabhAvita huA hI, jaina sAhitya aura jainavidyA ke vikAsa evaM inake vyApaka prasAra-pracAra ke prati inake mana meM tIvra abhilASA bhI dekhI / inake kAryakAla meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kA AzAtIta vikAsa isameM hue anusaMdhAna kAryoM kI pracuratA aura vipula prakAzana kI vyApakatA tathA akhila bhAratIya stara kI aneka saMgoSThiyoM ke Ayojana Adi aneka kAryoM ko dekhakara koI bhI vyakti inake prabhAvaka vyaktitva aura inakI adamya kSamatA kA anumAna sahaja hI lagA sakatA hai| hRdaya kI udAratA, vizAlatA aura vibhinna sampradAyoM meM samanvaya kI bhAvanA to Apake roma-roma meM samAI haI hai| isake aneka pratyakSa udAharaNoM se prAya: sabhI paricita hI hai / yadyapi jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM kucha viSayoM para mere Apase spaSTa matabheda rahe haiM aura aneka saMgoSThiyoM para kucha muddoM para merI Apase noMka-jhoMka bhI hotI rahI kintu yaha Apake hRdaya kI vizAlatA hI rahI ki Apane ina matabhedoM ko kabhI matabheda ke rUpa meM nahIM liyA aura sadA hI sahRdayatA aura sadAzayatA ke sAtha ha~sakara svIkAra kiyA evaM sadA eka jaisA snehabhAva tathA protsAhana banAe rakhA / Apake hRdaya kI vizAlatA kA eka udAharaNa maiM kabhI nahIM bhUla sakatA / jo ki 'mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka mere zodha-prabandha se saMbaMdhita hai / paramparAnusAra isa sambandha meM kucha muddoM para mere aura AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA0 ke madhya vicAroM meM bhinnatA thI, isake bAvajUda unhoMne yathAvat isakA sundara prakAzana to karAyA sAtha hI janavarI 1988 meM saMsthAna meM sampanna prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA ke prathama adhivezana ke udghATana ke avasara para zatAdhika vidvAnoM ke madhya jaina vidyA ke mahAmanISI paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA jI ke sAnnidhya meM tatkAlIna kendrIya saMsadIya kArya maMtrI zrImatI zIlA dIkSita se isa zodhaprabandha kA bhavya vimocana bhI karAyA / yaha ApakI hRdaya kI udAratA, sahRdayatA aura vizAlatA kA paricAyaka hai| maiM Apake dIrghAyu evaM svastha sukhI jIvana kI kAmanA karatA huA hRdaya se ApakA abhinandana karatA huuN| Apa isI taraha dharma, darzana, sAhitya aura samAja ke vikAsa meM sadA samartha aura tatpara rahakara apane jIvana ko dhanya kareM-aisI vItarAga prabhu se prArthanA hai| *adhyakSa, jaina darzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI /

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva zramaNa-saMskRti ke sArasvata sAdhaka : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 mahendra sAgara pracaNDiyA zramaNa saMta jaMgama tIrtha hote haiN| unameM jJAnagarimA kI godAvarI aura cAritrika mahimA kI maMdAkinI kI ajasra dhArA pravAhita hotI hai| unakA pravAsa athavA varSAvAsa bejor3a saMgama kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai / yahA~ para virala vibhUtiyoM ke sahaja meM abhidarzana ho jAte haiN| zramaNa-saMta paramparA meM AcArya hastImala jI mahArAja apane samaya ke pahale aura akele tejasvI aura prabhAvaMta mahAmanISI sudhI saMta the| lagabhaga do-DhAI dazaka pUrva AcArya hastImala jI mahArAja ke jalagA~va meM varSAvAsa hetu atyalpa avadhi meM navanirmita vizAla mahAvIra bhavana meM jaina vidvat pariSad kA vizeSa Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| mere vidvAn mitra DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata (aba divaMgata) usake lokapriya karmaTha maMtrI the aura unake hI kAraNa mujhe bhI AmaMtrita kiyA gayA thA, vastutaH bAta taba kI hai / tatsamaya vidvat pariSad ke upAdhyakSa, zramaNa saMskRti ke sArasvata sAdhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke pahalepahala darzana kara AnaMdita huaa| AcArya zrI kI caryA meM vidyuta upakaraNoM ke prayoga kA niSedha thaa| binA mAika ke itanI vizAla jana-sabhA meM bolanA mere lie sambhava nahIM thA para pUjya mahArAja sAhaba ke nirdeza ko TAlane kI bhalA mujhameM sAhasa aura zakti kahA~ ? AcAryazrI se AzIrvAda prApta kara unake pavitra sAnnidhya evaM prazAMta vAtAvaraNa meM mujhe sunakara zrotAoM ne anuzaMsA kI thI aura DaoN0 jaina prazaMsakoM meM sabase agragaNya the| __DaoN0 jaina ArSa vAGmaya ke sudhI adhyetA haiM / usa samaya AcArya zrI ke dvArA DaoN0 jaina kI sArasvata vArtA ko bar3e manoyoga pUrvaka sunA aura sarAhA gayA thA / ve gambhIra se gambhIra viSaya-vivecana ko saralatA pUrvaka upanyasta karane meM gajaba kI siddhatA rakhate haiN| ___ kAlAntara meM eka aura anya sArasvata sabhA kA Ayojana pIpAr3a zahara meM sampanna huA thaa| aneka vidvAnoM, sAmAjika kAryakartAoM tathA sAdhaka samudAya ke abhUtapUrva samAyojana meM sammilita hone kA mujhe bhI suavasara milA thA / isa bAra mujhe maMtrI mahodaya ne do bAra vaktavya dene kA suyoga diyA thA kintu saMyoga se DA0 jaina vilamba se padhArane ke kAraNa mujhe sunane se vaMcita rahe, aisA unhoMne apane prabhAvI vaktavya meM aphasosa jAhira kiyA thA / 'prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASA ke udbhava aura vikAsa', viSayaka unake vaiduSyapUrNa vaktavya ne zrotAoM ko AkarSita kiyA thA / DaoNkTara jaina kI dehayaSTi jahA~ AkarSaka hai, vahA~ ve vANI vyavahAra meM atyanta ArjavI aura ahiMsaka haiM / ve prAyaH socane aura samajhane meM apanI prAmANika paTutA kA bharapUra upayoga karate haiN| unameM gaveSaNAtmaka gaharAI aura vinaya-vAtsalya tathA guNagrAhyatA jaisI Atmika guNoM kI U~cAI kA uttama ujAgaraNa huA hai| . Apa 'zramaNa' ke saphala aura siddhahasta sampAdaka haiM / gatadazAbdiyoM se lekhaka aura pAThaka ke rUpa meM unase merA jur3Ava rahA hai| zramaNa ke aMkoM meM DaoNkTara jaina ke amUlya soca aura vicAra ke abhidarzana hote rahe haiM / aneka graMthoM kA praNayana, sampAdana kara unhoMne zramaNa-sAhitya aura saMskRti kI zrI vRddhi kiyA hai| 'DaoNkTara sAgaramala jaina, jaina vidyA aura saMskRti kI isI prakAra sevA karate rheN| ve zatAyu hoM / aisI merI anaMta maMgala kAmanAe~ aura bhAvanAe~ sAdara saprema samarpita haiN| ityalam ! *nidezaka- jaina zodha akAdamI, alIgar3ha

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina: eka saMsmaraNa DaoN0 harihara siMha* DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina se merA pahalA samparka usa samaya huA jaba ve san 1979 I0 meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka hokara aaye| unake Ane se pUrva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke kAryakArI nidezaka ke rUpa meM maiM hI kAryarata thA aura saMsthAna ke sampUrNa kAryoM ke dAyitva ke bojha se ladA huA thaa| ata: Apa ke Ate hI mujhe rAhata milii| Amataura para naye vyakti ko samajhaneparakhane meM thor3A vakta to lagatA hI hai / lekina DaoN0 jaina itane sarala svabhAva ke the ki unake sAtha kArya karane meM koI samasyA yA kaThinAI utpanna hI nahIM huii| DaoN0 jaina ke sAtha mujhe mAtra cAra-pA~ca mahIne taka hI kArya karane kA suavasara milA, kyoMki san 1980 ke mArca mahIne meM maiM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga meM pravaktA ke pada para niyukta hokara calA gyaa| isa alpAvadhi meM mujhe DaoN0 jaina ke pratibhAvAna vyaktitva aura vidvattA kA paricaya prApta huA / ve kisI bhI samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu hameMzA tatpara dikhe aura mere tathA anya karmacAriyoM ke prati unakA vyavahAra sadAzayatA pUrNa rahA / ve udAratA ke pratIka haiM / kabhI bhI pratizodhAtmaka ravaiyA nahIM apanAte haiN| unhoMne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA jaina samAja se nikaTa sambandha sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA tAki jainaloga saMsthA ke utthAna meM bhAgIdAra bana skeN| isa hetu unhoMne na kevala vArANasI ke pratyuta anya sthAnoM ke prabhAvazAlI vyaktiyoM kA AhvAna kiyA jisameM unheM paryApta saphalatA bhI milii| kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM jAne ke bAda bhI maiM DaoN0 jaina se hamezA milatA rahA aura saMsthA ke samRddha pustakAlaya kA upayoga karatA rahA / mujhe jaba bhI kisI pustaka kI AvazyakatA huI unhoMne tatkAla use upalabdha karAyA aura AvazyakatA par3ane para use bAjAra se bhI kharIdavAyA / jaba kabhI bhI maiMne jaina dharma-darzana se sambandhita kisI samasyA ko unake samakSa prastuta kiyA unhoMne bahuta tatparatA se use hala karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isake liye maiM unheM sAdhuvAda detA huuN| DaoN0 jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko jainavidyA ke adhyayana adhyApana ke mahAn kendra ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhate the| isake lie unhoMne athaka prayAsa bhI kiyaa| unake tathA saMsthA ke anya padAdhikAriyoM ke adhyavasAya se ise mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA darjA bhI milane vAlA thA parantu durbhAgyavaza yaha kArya pUrA na ho sakA aura ve saMsthA ko chor3akara cale bhI gye| maiM kAmanA karatA hU~ ki ve dIrghAyu hoM aura isa saMsthA ke unnayana meM apanA yogadAna dete rheN| *pravaktA prA0 bhA0 iti0 saM0 evaM purAtatva vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI jaina dharma darzana ke gahana adhyetA: DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina* jaina dharma-darzana ke gahana adhyayana, manana aura nididhyAsana vAle manISI vidvAn ke maiMne sarvaprathama darzana sAgara vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga meM Ayojita saMgoSThI ke suavasara para san 1978 meM kiye the / usI samaya unase vicAra-vimarza kara maine anubhava kiyA thA ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina saralatA kI mUrti haiM / sAdagI unakA alaMkAra hai / unakI kRtiyoM-nibandhoM ke adhyayana se unake vicAroM meM bhI saralatA jhalakatI hai| sAtha hI bhAvuka hone ke kAraNa duHkhI janoM ko dekha kara svayaM duHkhI hokara usake duHkhoM ko dUra karane rUpa anukampA se bhara jAte haiM / ata: merI maMgala kAmanA hai ki DaoN0 sAhaba satata dIrghAyu ho kara jaina vAGmaya kI sevA karate raheM / *pUrva nidezaka, risarca insTITyUTa Apha prAkRta, jainolAjI eNDa ahiMsA, vaishaalii|

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva satyaniSTha sArasvata : DA0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 ramanalAla ci0 zAha* vartamAna yuga meM jaina darzana evaM anya darzanoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana-adhyApana ke kSetra meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA nAma pramukha hai / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI kI ora se unakA jo abhinaMdana kiyA jA rahA hai, vaha sarvathA samaya prazaMsanIya hai / isa punIta anuSThAna meM maiM bhI apanA svara pUrita kara saMtoSa kA anubhava karatA huuN| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina ke jIvana, adhyApana kArya aura lekhana pravRtti para dRSTi DAlate hI yaha pratIti ho jAtI hai ki unhoMne apanA adhyApakIya jIvana samyak rIti se saphala banAyA hai / DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina kA parokSa paricaya aneka varSoM pUrva DaoN0 hIrAbahana boradiyA ke dvArA muMbaI meM mujhe huA thA / hIrAbahana mere vayovRddha mitra svargIya gaNapatalAla jI javerI kI bahana thiiN| usa samaya 'jaina dharma kI pramukha sAdhviyoM evaM mahilAeM' viSaya para apanA zodha kArya kara rahI thIM / maiM bhI usa samaya muMbaI vizvavidyAlaya meM gujarAtI vibhAga ke adhyakSa ke rUpa meM pI-eca0 DI0 ke vidyArthiyoM kA mArgadarzana karatA thA / eka dina gaNapatalAla bhAI hIrA bahana ke sAtha mere ghara Aye / unase carcA ke dvArA yaha jJAta huA ki hIrAbahana eka mahattvapUrNa jaina viSaya para apanA zodha kArya kara rahI haiN| isI praMsaga meM hIrA bahana ne DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kI vidvattA evaM svabhAva kI prazaMsA kii| use sunakara mere mana meM yaha vicAra AyA ki yadi sAgaramala jI se milane kA avasara mile to uttama hogaa| maiMne zIghra hI eka avasara DhUMDha liyA aura muMbaI jaina yuvaka saMgha pardUSaNa vyAkhyAna mAlA meM vyAkhyAna hetu nimatraMNa de diyaa| isa prakAra sAgaramala jI se merA prathama paricaya huA jo Age kramaza: uttarottara vRddhigata hotA gyaa| muMbaI meM zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya kI ora se I0 san 1979 se jaina sAhitya samAroha kI pravRtti samyak prakAra se cala rahI hai / san 1980 meM yaha samAroha DaoN0 bhogIlAla sANDesarA kI adhyakSatA meM sUrata meM Ayojita kiyA gayA / isa prasaMga para DaoN0 sAgaramala jI sUrata padhAre aura eka vibhAgIya baiThaka kI adhyakSatA kI / paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ne srotAgaNoM ko DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kA paricaya diyA / DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne adhyakSa ke rUpa meM 'jaina darzana meM Atma tattva' viSaya para atyanta mAnanIya vyAkhyAna diyaa| usa samaya gujarAta ke srotAgaNoM ko DaoN0 sAgaramala jI kI bahuzrutatA kA paricaya huaa| usake pazcAt 1983 meM kaccha ke mANDavI zahara meM pAcaveM jaina sAhitya samAroha kA Ayojana huaa| isameM bhI DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne vibhAgIya adhyakSa kA pada suzobhita kiyA aura 'jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA svarUpa' viSaya para eka maulika cintanAtmaka vyAkhyAna diyaa| isI avasara para kaccha ke tIrthoM kI do divasIya yAtrA kA bhI Ayojana kiyA gayA / phalata: mujhe aura gujarAta ke anya vidvAnoM ko DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke sAnnidhya kA lAbha huaa| isa prakAra DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina sAhityasamAroha kI bIsa varSoM se cala rahI isa pravRtti se pUrI taraha jur3a gae / yadyapi sAhitya samAroha meM gujarAta ke bAhara ke vidvAnoM ko bulAnA hamArI Arthika sImAoM ke kAraNa saMbhava nahIM ho pAtA hai phira bhI zrI bhaMvaralAlajI nAhaTA evaM DaoN0 sAgaramalajI isake apavAda rahe haiM / aSTama sAhitya samAroha sammedazikhara bihAra meM DA0 sAgaramala jI jaina kI adhyakSatA meM hI sampanna huA thaa| isI prakAra san 1995 meM terahavA~ jaina sAhityasamAroha rAjagRha, bihAra meM bhI DaoN0 sAgaramalajI jaina kI hI adhyakSatA meM Ayojita kiyA gayA / isI prakAra ve jaina sAhityasamAroha ke eka anivArya aMga to bane hI sAtha hI gujarAta ke jaina dharma-darzana viSaya ke lekhakoM evaM vidvAnoM meM bhI prIti aura Adara ke pAtra bana gye| unake aneka lekhoM kA 'gujarAtI anuvAda' hamane 'prabuddha' jIvana meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhityasamAroha aura muMbaI kI paryuSaNa vyAkhyAna mAlA ke nimitta maiM aura DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina se pragAr3ha maitrI meM baMdha gae / sahajatA evaM saralatA unake viziSTa guNa haiM / itane bar3e vidvAn hone ke bAda bhI unakA sAnnidhya bojha rUpa nahIM hotA / carcAoM ke prasaMga meM unakI jainadarzana evaM anya darzanoM kI jJAna-gaMbhIratA hameM mugdha kara detI hai kintu unameM

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52. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - kahIM bhI apane pAMDitya-pradarzana kA bhAva nahIM hotA hai| yadi unheM kisI tathya kI jAnakArI nahIM hotI hai to ve use sahajatA se svIkAra bhI kara lete haiN| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kA vyaktitva nirdabha aura guNagrAhI hai aura unameM apane dAyitvoM ke prati sajagatA tathA kartavyoM ke prati niSThA hai| prakRti se Apa nilobhI haiN| dUsaroM ke sAtha sadbhAva se kArya karane kI ApameM gaharI samajha aura naisargika sUjha hai| vidyA vyasana hI unakI priya pravRtti hai| unakA adhyayana aura manana adhika vizAla aura gahana hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki svalpa kAla meM hI unhoMne ucca koTi ke vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| 6 DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ke vyaktitva kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa durAgraha aura haThavAditA kA abhAva hai| ve dUsaroM ke mata aura vicAroM meM rahI huI satyatA ke aMza ko sahaja hI svIkAra kara lete haiM aura apane AcAra-vicAra meM kabhI bhI abhiniveza pradarzita nahIM karate haiN| dUsarI ora khuzAmada karane kI vRtti bhI unameM nahIM hai| ve apanI bAta ko tarka purassara DhaMga se isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM ki use sahaja hI svIkAra karane kA mana hotA hai| kabhI koI carcA vivAdAspada bana jAye to ve apane mata ko spaSTa rUpa se zAstra aura graMthoM ke AdhAra para spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta karate haiN| aise avasara para ve svasthatApUrvaka kaTutArahita hokara apanI bAta ko sahaja rUpa se vizvasanIya banA dete haiN| isI kAraNa se vidvatsabhA meM unakA gaurava hotA jo vyakti dArzanika sAhitya kA gaMbhIratA se tathA usakI aitihAsika samajhapUrvaka adhyayana kara letA hai usame sAMpradAyika saMkucitatA nahIM raha jaatii| DaoN0 sAgaramalajaina ko yaha udAra aura asAMpradAyika dRSTi unake pUrvagAmI dhurandhara paNDita sukhalAlajI evaM paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA se uttarAdhikAra meM prApta huii| unhoMne isa uttarAdhikAra kA samyak rUpa se nirvAha kiyA / jainadarzana ho yA bauddha darzana athavA hindU-darzana ho athavA jainoM ke digambara, zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMtha saMpradAya hoM, ve tathyoM ko aitihAsika pariprekSya meM, taTasthatA pUrvaka, satyaniSThA aura samabhAva se dekhate haiM aura isa sambandha meM apane mantavya ko pUrvAgraha rahita hokara upasthita karate haiN| unake graMthoM meM unakI isa pAragAmI dRSTi ko spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH jisake jIvana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pratibodhita anekAntavAda AtmasAt ho jAtA hai usake mithyA matAgraha svayaM hI dUra ho jAte haiM / * pUrva adhyakSa, gujarAtI vibhAga, mumbaI vizvavidyAlaya, mumbaI / DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne apane adhyApaka jIvana meM kitane hI vidyArthiyoM ko zodha kArya karavA kara unheM pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi se alaMkRta krvaayaa| ajaina vidyArthiyoM se jaina viSaya meM zodha kArya karavAnA kitanA kaThina hai yaha to koI bhuktabhogI hI jAna sakatA hai? yadi mArgadarzaka kI svayaM kI viSaya para pakar3a na ho to vidyArthI ko yogya mArgadarzana denA saMbhava nahIM hotA hai| mArgadarzaka kA kArya bahuta hI zramapUrNa aura nIrasa hotA hai| kitanI hI bAra vidyArthI Uba jAtA hai aura viSaya ko chor3a dene kI bAta karatA hai, usa samaya use protsAhita karanA par3atA hai, kabhI aisA bhI lagatA hai ki vidyArthI ko mArgadarzana karane meM, usake prArambhika lekhana ko sudhAranA, saMzodhita karanA isa saba meM itanA samaya aura zrama lagatA hai ki itane samaya meM mArga darzaka svayaM maulika graMtha taiyAra kara sakatA hai kintu aise pralobhana meM na par3akara vidyArthI taiyAra karane meM eka saMtoSa hotA hai, yaha saccI vidyAprIti ke binA saMbhava nahIM hotaa| aisI vidyAprIti hameM DaoN0 sAragamalajI meM dekhane ko milatI hai| saMsthAna kA saMcAlana karate hue DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne itane vidyArthiyoM ke mArga darzana va svayaM itanA vipula lekhana kArya kiyA hai ki use dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai| lekhaka jaba taka Asana baddha hokara nahIM baiThatA lekhana saMbhava nahIM hotaa| adhyayana va lekhana meM ekaniSTha hone ke lie aneka sAmAjika va manoraMjanAtmaka pralobhanoM ko chor3anA par3atA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne yaha kiyA hai, tabhI ve itanI siddhiyoM ko prApta kara sake haiN| samAja una para gaurava kara sake, ve aise satyaniSTha sArasvata haiN| unhoMne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka kA pada na kevala suzobhita kiyA, apitu usake utthAna meM apanA amUlya yogadAna diyA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ke abhinaMdana ke isa suavasara para apanI antarAtmA se prasannatA va harSa kA anubhava karatA huuN| " a .

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : merI dRSTi meM jaina dharma meM kahA gayA hai ki 'ananta dharmAtmakaM vastu' arthAt vastu athavA dravya ke aneka dharma hote haiN| usI prakAra mAnavavyaktittva ke aneka pakSa hote haiN| una sabhI pakSoM para vicAra karanA kisI mAnava ke lie sahaja nahIM hai| isalie merI dRSTi meM jaina sAhaba kA jo pakSa ujAgara huA hai, unhIM pakSoM para vicAra karanA merI apekSA hai / DaoN0 ajita zukadeva zamI karIba san 1968-69 kI ghaTanA hai, jaba maiM pIeca. DI. kI DigrI prApta kara posTa DaoNkTarala ke zodha-prabandha para kAryarata thA to DaoN0 mohana lAla mehatA, jo pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka the, unake pAsa jaina sAhaba kA zodha-prabandha parIkSaNa ke lie AyA / parIkSaNoparAnta DaoN0 mehatA sAhaba ne mujhe jaina sAhaba kA zodha-prabandha par3hane ke lie diyA aura kahA ki dekho kitanA acchA zodha-prabandha hai usa zodha-prabandha ko par3hane ke bAda merI bhI dhAraNA jaina sAhaba ke prati spaSTa huI ki vastutaH zodha-prabandha kA lekhaka kitanA gambhIra adhyetA, mananazIla vicAraka aura samanvayana dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| kyoMki vaha zodha-prabandha gItA, dhammapada ke pariprekSya meM jaina AcArazAstra kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karatA hai| usa samaya to unase sAkSAtkAra nahIM huA thA lekina yaha dhAraNA banI thI ki jaina sAhaba vastutaH adhyayanazIlatA evaM marmI - vidvattA ke dhanI haiN| - jaina sAhaba se prathama mulAkAta pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM hI huI, jaba ve pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM aaye| maiM bhI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM eka saMgoSThI meM bhAga lene ke lie zAMtiniketana se banArasa gayA huA thaa| mere mana meM unake prati niSThA thI hI aura maiM unase mulAkAta karane ke lie vidyAzrama meM gyaa| bar3I sahajatA aura sahRdayatA se ve mile aura kaI prakAra kI lekhana-pAThana kI carcAyeM huiiN| isake bAda to kitanI bAra unase milA aura jaina vidyA ke paThana-pAThana ke sambandha meM carcAyeM hotI rhiiN| kaI bAra to maiM apane parivAra evaM baccoM ke sAtha jainAzrama calA AtA aura vahIM 15-20 dinoM ke lie Azrama meM tthhrtaa| unakI zrImatI jI bhI bahuta udAramanA aura sahaja sneha dene vAlI haiM aura aisA lagatA ki mere parivAra unake apane parivAra haiN| mujhe bhI jainAzrama ke prati apAra prema evaM sneha rahA hai kyoMki mere vyaktitva kA vikAsa vahIM se prArambha hotA hai / maiM jo kucha bhI hU~, vaha pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI hI dena hai| vahA~ ke AzramavAsI mere apane parivAra jaise haiM / jaina sAhaba kI kRtiyoM ke prati merA AkarSaNa rahA hai aura unakI karIba-karIba sabhI kRtiyoM ko maiMne par3hA hai aura pAyA hai ki una kRtiyoM ke dvArA unhoMne kucha-na-kucha nayI dRSTiyoM kA udghATana kiyA hai| kaI bAra bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM saMcAlita goSThiyoM meM bhI unake zodha prabandha ko sunane aura carcA karane kA maukA milA hai| philahAla unakI pustaka 'jaina bhASA - darzana' ko par3hakara bahuta prasannatA huI hai aura merI dhAraNA hai ki vaha pustaka nizcaya hI jaina bhASA darzana ke kSetra meM amUlya nidhi hai| Age Ane vAlI pIr3I nizcaya hI isakA AdhAra mAnakara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM aura adhika pariSkRta bhASA darzana ke AyAma ko prastuta kara skegii| mujhe AzA evaM vizvAsa hai ki jaina sAhaba svastha rahakara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM aura adhika yogadAna de sakeMge / prophesara, darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, vizvabhAratI, zAnti niketana 731235 ( pazcima baMgAla ) 53 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa -6 jaina ekatA ke sUtradhAra : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina / mohanalAla kharIvAla yaha jAnakara ati prasannatA huI ki DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke sammAna meM eka abhinandana graMtha prakAzita ho rahA hai DaoN0 sAgaramalajI eka aise vidvAn aura lekhaka haiM jinakI lekhanI evaM vicAroM kI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAya thor3I hai / darzana aura dharma kA to unhoMne khUba adhyayana kiyA hai aura usakA lAbha janatA evaM samAja ko apane dvArA racita graMthoM evaM lekhoM se diyA hai / maiM unakI vidvattA ke bAre meM kyA likha sakatA huuN| itanA hI samajhatA hU~ ki nirapekSa bhAva se unhoMne lekhana kArya kiyA ___ mujhe sabase jyAdA unake usa rUpa kI prazaMsA karanI par3egI jisameM jaina ekatA ke bAre unake hRdaya meM agAdha lagana evaM utkaMThA hai| pichale dinoM unakA eka lekha par3hane kA maukA milA jo jaina ekatA ke sambandha meM thA / itane sulajhe hue vicAroM ke vidvAnoM kI samAja meM Aja AvazyakatA hai| agara vaha ekatA hama sabhI meM A jAya aura saba mila kareM to samAja kitanA U~cA uTha sakatA hai / unake jaina ekatA ke udgAra hRdaya se nikalakara zabdoM meM prakAzita hue haiN| unakA kisI bhI saMpradAya ke prati dveSabhAva nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki digambara, zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI bhI unakA Adara karate haiM aura samaya-samaya para sabhI saMpradAya vAle unheM nimantraNa dekara bulAte haiM / vicAra sunate haiM aura abhinaMdana karate haiM / mujhe to unakI eka hI abhilASA pUrNa hone kI atyaMta icchA hai ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ko ve vizvavidyAlaya meM parivartita kara sakeM / jisase hama sabhI kA sammAna bar3ha sake / unakA prayatna isameM jarUra saphala hogA, aisI AzA hai| Izvara unheM cirAyu kare evaM svastha rakhe jisase samAja ko lAbha mila sake / maiM to unake vicAroM kA prazaMsaka hU~ aura unakA sthAna mere hRdaya meM AdaraNIya hai| jaina vidyA ke tulanAtmaka adhyetA : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 ramezacandra jaina* ___ DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko maiM lagabhaga do dazaka se jAnatA hU~ / ve jaina darzana ke gahana adhyetA, cintaka aura Agama gaveSI vidvAna haiM / haMsamukha aura saumya vyaktitva ke dhanI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sahajatA, saralatA, vAtsalya, karuNA, muditA ke bhaNDAra haiM / jaina samAja meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama jaina zodha aura khoja ke kSetra meM agraNI rahA hai| usake nirdezaka pada ko saMbhAle hue ApakI lekhanI anavarata calatI rahatI hai| ve jaina vidyA meM vyAkhyAna dene aneka bAra videzoM meM bhI gae haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke viSaya meM unakA mahattvapUrNa zodhagrantha prakAzita huA hai, jo unheM dArzanika cintaka ke sAtha jaina vidyA ke tulanAtmaka adhyetA ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai / isake atirikta DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI anya kRtiyoM unakI tulanAtka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA hai / cUMki zvetAmbara saMskAroM ke bIca unakA janma huA, usI meM ve pale bar3he haiM aura unake adhyayana tathA kArya kA kendra zvetAmbara saMsthA hai, ata: unake lekhoM meM hama zvetAmbara paramparA kA prabala poSaNa sahaja pAte haiM, tathApi isa rUpa meM digambara vidvAnoM ke lie bhI unakI mahattA hai ki ve lekha-cintana ke nae-nae AyAma prastuta kara dUsare ko bhI cintana karane hetu ubuddha karate haiN| unake lekhoM ko par3hakara koI AlasI nahIM raha paataa| unake mArgadarzana meM aneka zodhachAtroM ne pI-eca0DI0 jaisI garimAmaya upAdhi prApta kI hai, aneka chAtra/chAtrAyeM zodha kAryarata haiN| 'zramaNa' patrikA meM unake tathA anya jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM ke mahattvapUrNa zodha Alekha prakAzita hote rahate haiM / apane sampAdakIya vaktavyoM meM yadA-kadA

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva samanvaya ke mArga batalAte rahate haiM / yarthAtha meM vastra aura pAtravAda ke mudde ko chor3akara anya bhI samanvaya kA bahuta bar3A kSetra hai, jise apanAkara ubhaya paramparA ke vidvAnoM ko jaina vidyA ke adhyayana aura vikAsa kA mArga prazasta karanA caahie| yahI samaya kI mA~ga hai aura DaoN0 sAgaramala isa mAMga kI pUrti hetu saceSTa raheMge, aisI AzA hai / maiM DaoN0 sAgaramala ke yazasvI jIvana kI hArdika maMgala kAmanA karatA huuN| *jaina mandira ke pAsa, bijanaura, uttara-pradeza vidyAsAgara : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina himmatamala nAreliyA jaina* mana mastiSka ahaM Akroza se sadaiva dUra / vidvat ratna DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina jJAna se bharapUra // vinamratA, saralatA, saumyatA, madhuratA ke bhaNDAra / vizva vidvat dharma pariSad meM pAI pratiSThA apAra / / madhyapradeza ke suramya hRdayasthala mAlavA kI bhUmi ke nagara zAjApura meM janme, usakI mATI kI khyAti caMdana saurabha sI apanI vidvattA se vizva meM phailAne vAle DaoNkTara sAgaramala jI jaina, osavAla mANDalika kula ke pratiSThita dRr3ha dharmI, priyadharmI, nitya svAdhyAyI, sthAna ke saMrakSaka dharmAnurAgI zrAvaka zrImAn rAjamala jI sAhaba zakkaravAle ke jyeSTha putra haiM aura svanAma dhanya gaMgA samAna nirmala, zAMta svabhAvI mAtAzrI zrImatI gaMgAbAI ke lAla haiN| vidyArthI jIvana meM inake pitAzrI cA~dI sone ke vyavasAya meM niSNAta banAnA cAhate the| yaha milAvaTa kA vyavasAya inakI AtmA ko mAnya nahIM huaa| vidyAdhyayana kara DaoNkTara kI upAdhi prApta kI evaM vibhinna mahAvidyAlayoM meM saphala prAdhyApaka rhe| zrI pArzvanAtha jaina zodha saMsthAna vArANasI ke nidezaka pada para kuzalatA pUrvaka kArya pUrNa kara yaza prApta kiyaa| bhAratIya jaina samAja ke pramukha pratinidhi ke rUpa meM cayanita hokara vizva dharma vidvata pariSad, amerikA meM jaina dharma kA pratinidhitva kara khyAti arjita kI / Apa samAja ratna haiM / apanI kuzAgra buddhi se vibhinna dharmoM ke vidvAnoM ke sammukha jaina dharma evaM jaina darzana va bhAratIya saMskRti kI mahAnatA, zreSThatA va anivAryatA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| vizva ke vividha dharmoM ke vidvadgaNa Apake jaina darzana ke siddhAMtoM se prabhAvita hue / aise vidyAsAgara DaoNkTara sAgaramala jI jaina samAja ke bhUSaNa evaM bhArata ke gaurava Apa mANDalika kula ke prakAzamAna bhAnu haiM / hindI, saMskRta, aMgrejI, pAlI, prAkRta, gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM ke jJAtA haiM / mahAna vidvAna hote hue bhI inake mana meM ahaMbhAva kiciMta bhI nahIM hai| Apa vinamratA aura saralatA kI pratimUrti haiM / Apake uttama svAsthya, dIghAryu evaM samasta parivAra ke yazasvI Ananda bhaviSya kI maMgala kAmanA hai| iti zubham !

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56 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 *adhyakSa - zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina osavAla saMgha, zAjApura (ma0pra0) zabda zilpI, bejor3a sampAdaka evaM zodhapurodhA udaya nAgorI* sAralya, sahajatA, AtmIyatA evaM sAdagI ke pratIka sarasvatI ke varadapatra, saMpAdana kSetra meM prathaka pahacAna banAne / vAle evaM sahasrAdhika granthoM-sUtroM kI atala gaharAI meM paiThakara zodha ratna hastagata karane meM sakSama, zodha purodhA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sAhityika jagat meM viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiM / jainadharma-darzana-sAhitya ke darjanoM zodhArthiyoM ke nidezaka raha cuke DaoN. jaina ahaM se kosoM dUra, ADambara se achUte va padalipsA/lokeSaNA se mukta haiM / sAmAjika/dhArmika/sAMskRtika/sAhityika goSThI/vicAra-vinimaya/mArgadarzana hetu Apake dvAra sadaiva anAvRta rahe haiM / samAja unnayana, dArzanika zodha evaM dharma ko jIvana se jor3ane ke liye koI yojanA yA prastAva ho to kabhI bhI milane ke lie Apa samaya nikAla hI lete haiN| na koI epAMiTamenTa na aupacArikatA hai inake yahA~ / Apake sampAdakatva meM 'zramaNa ne apanA pRthaka sthAna banAyA hai| patrakAritA ke kSetra meM aura aneka lekhakoM ne Apase preraNA lekara lekhana-kSetra meM apane caraNa hI nahIM bar3hAye, sAphalya kI sIr3hiyAM bhI pAra kI / achUte, ajJAta, alpajJAta viSayoM para vistRta, zodhaparaka, zAstra sammata prastuti se isakI prasAra-saMkhyA to bar3hI hI, yaha sarvatra AzAtIta samAdRta hai / jainadharma/darzana ke gUr3ha viSayoM para videzoM meM vArtAoM/paricarcAoM evaM goSThiyoM ke mAdhyama se DaoN0 jaina ne apanI anUThI chApa chor3I hai / zrotAoM ke mana meM kucha aspaSTatA yA saMdigdhatA lagatI to Apa apane pramANa va toM se unheM saMtuSTa kara dete haiM,jo svayaM meM viziSTa guNa hai / lekina Apa spaSTa vaktA haiM ata: jahA~ bhI sAmAjika sAhityika/dhArmika saMsthAoM meM zaithilya, avyavasthA yA dhyeya ke prati niSThA nahIM pAI Apane padAdhikAriyoM ko sajaga kiyA aura kArya sampAdana hetu tatpara bhii| vidyApITha hI nahIM, samagra jaina samAja, sAhitya-jagat Apase gauravAnvita hai| yahI apekSA hai ki Apa zatAyu hoM aura nirantara apanA zodhAmRta jJAna pIpAsuoM ko muktahasta se luTAte raheM / *seThiyA jaina granthAlaya, naroThI seThiyA mohallA, bIkAnera - 334005

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : bahumukhI vyaktitva ke dhanI DaoN0 zrImatI munIpuSpA jaina 'siMghaI' pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke svaccha aura vidyArAdhanA hetu pAvana parisara meM mujhe bhI san 1974-76 taka rahane kA saubhAgya taba milA jaba mere pati DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' yahA~ rahakara zodhakArya kara rahe the / ataH isa saMsthAna ke prati lagabhaga do dazakoM se adhika samaya se gaharA lagAva hai| jaba se (1979) isake nidezaka ke rUpa meM AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne isa pada ko gauravAnvita kiyA taba se saMsthAna kI cahu~mukhI pragati meM mAno paMkha laga gye| pUre deza kI jaina samAja aura pUjya sAdhuoM ke mana meM AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA. ke bahumukhI vyaktitva aura kRtitva tathA inake sarala-sahaja svabhAva aura vidvattA kI amiTa chApa par3I jisake phalasvarUpa saMsthAna kI khyAti dina-pratidina bar3hatI rahI / Apake samanvayAtmaka AlekhoM se maiM kAphI prabhAvita rhii| ina AlekhoM ke prabhAva se jaina-jainetara samAja vai vidvAnoM meM jainadharma darzana kI antarrASTrIya prasiddhi huI DaoN0 sA0 ke athaka prayAsa se jaba saMsthAna ko DImDa yunivarsiTI kA rUpa dene hetu kArya yojanA banI taba mujhe bhI AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA0 ne pustakAlayAdhyakSA ke rUpa meM kArya karane kA suavasara pradAna kiyA aura yahA~ saMrakSita hastalikhita pANDulipiyoM meM se kucha mahattvapUrNa pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana kArya karane hetu kahA to pahale to kucha kaThinAI mahasUsa huI, kintu inake acche mArgadarzana ne mujhe sadA protsAhita kiyA tathA Apake kuzala nirdezana se mAtra chaha mAha kI kAryAvadhi meM maiMne jainadharma se saMbaMdhita choTI-bar3I bAraha pANDulipiyoM kA sampAdana kiyA to jainadharma-saMskRti aura sAhitya ke isa apAra jJAna se bhI paricita hone kA saubhAgya prApta kiyA jisase aba taka vaMcita thii| saMskRta, prAkRta, prAcIna rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI bhASAoM kI pANDulipiyoM para kArya karane se DaoN0 sA0 se ina bhASAoM kA jJAna arjita kiyA cUMki kArya karate samaya jaba bhI kaThinAI huI to AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA0 se pUchate taba eka prazna ke prasaMga se aneka praznoM kA samAdhAna sahaja hI mila jAtA to aisA lagatA ki ye to aneka viSayoM ke eka calate-phirate vizvakoza haiN| AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA0 ke abhinandana ke avasara para isa bAta kA ullekha karane kA maiM lobha saMvaraNa nahIM kara pA rahI hU~ ki jaba mere jyeSTha putra anekAnta kumAra ne ToDaramala smAraka, jayapura tathA jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM meM jainavidyA ke adhyayana hetu praveza liyA aura taba kucha hamAre zubhecchuoM ne aisA na karane dene kI salAha dI, kintu AdaraNIya DaoN0 sA0 ne hameM aura hamAre putra ko isI kSetra meM gaharAI se adhyayana karate rahane hetu sadA protsAhita aura AzAnvita kiyaa| - ApakI jIvana saMginI evaM merI pUjanIyA vAtsalyamUrti AMTI jI ko maiM kaise bhUla sakatI huuN| unakA sarala saumya svabhAva tathA mamatAmayI mukhamudrA sadA smRti meM rahatI hai, unakA snehAzISa mere lie amUlya nidhi hai / maiM dharma, darzana, sAhitya, saMskRti, samAja aura isa saMsthAna kI sacce mana se sevA karane vAle tathA inake vikAsa hetu sadA prayatna zIla rahane vAle mahAna vyaktitva kA evaM isa vyaktitva kI nirmANa kI satat sahayogI AdaraNIyA AMTI jI kA hArdika abhinandana karatI huI jinendra deva se inake svastha sukhI dIrghAyu jIvana kI hArdika kAmanA karatI hU~ / 57 Jin .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 Introduction of Dr. Sagar Mal Jain by S.L. Jain (Joint Secreatary) Dr. Sagar Mal was born at Shajapur nagar (M.P.) in 1931. His father Sh. Raj Mal Ji and mother Smt. Gangabai Ji were of religious minded from the childhood he had blessings of Jain saints so his development and growth was under the religious atmosphere. There was no high school in Shajapur so he got his admission in Anglo Vernacular middle school in Gwalior and he passed his 8th class in 1st grade and stood 1st in shajapur district. He could not continue his further studies for sometime as there was no high school in shajapur and being the elder son his parents desired that he should join the family business, so he joined the family sarafa business. At the age of 17 he was married, inspite of his marriage and engagement in business his desire for higher education wa suppermost in his mind. In 1925 he joined Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag and passed Vyapar Visharad exam. In 1954 he passed Sahitya Ratna in Arth Shastra. In 1955 a private High School started in Shajapur but he could not get the admission due to heavy burden of business and family but even then in he as aswadheiye student passed the exam and in 1957 he passed his Inter-Commerce exam. In 1958 he took leading role in opening Balkrishna Mahavidyalya & got admission in it and passed B.A. exam. In 1961 he Joined the Christian college, Indore and passed M.A. exam. He his served in the following Institution/Associations in different capiacties. 1. Ex. secretary of Madhav Rajat Jayanti Vachnalya, Shajapur. 2. Ex. secretary of Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Shajapur. 3. Ex. president of Kumar Sahitya Parishad. 4. Ex. president of Sadvichar Niketan. 5. Ex. secretary of Jain samaj Shajapur. 6. Ex president of Madhya Pradesh Sthanakvasi Yuva sangh. 7. Ex. secretary of Sarafa Association, Shajapur. 8. As a lecturer of Maharani Lakshmibai mahavidyalaya, Gwalior. 9. As a lecturer of Darshan Shastra in Thakur Ranmat Singh College, Rewa. 10. As a chairman of Darshan Shastra Vibhag in Hamidia college, Bhopal. He completed his thesis on Jain, Bauddha aur Gita ke Achar Darshan ka Tulamanatmak Addhyayan and got his P. hd degree. He joined Parshvanath Vidyashram in 1979 as a director. He has also associated himself with many Jain Vidya institutions and wherever any Jain institute starts people contact him for advice and guidance. he has also organised and participated in seminars and conferences in India and has been invited by many universities and institutions for delivering lectures in Jainology In 1985 association of World religions and in 1993 Parliament of world religions in America

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva invited him as a representative speaker of jainology. He was also invited by many universities and Jain institutions in America for delivering lectures on different aspects of jainology. During his directorship Parshvnath Vidyapeeth has also made tremendous progress in construction of more accomodation, publication of about 80 granths, and as guide he helped fifty of students, Indian and Foreigners in preparing their thesis for P.hd and M.A. in Jain Darshan. More. selected books for the convienience of the student were added in even the B. H.U. teachers & students visits this library use the books. It has all accomplished due to his dedication and hardwork. He has also taken keen interest in higher studies of the Jain sadhus and sadhvies, many sadhu and sadhvies came to Vidyashram for higher studies and Dr. Sagarmal did his utmost in helping them to complete their studies. He is a noble, polite, Social and a man of intergrity, these are the qualities which have made -him very popular in India and abroad as a authority on Jainology. Due to not keeping good health now a-days for the time being he has left Vidyashram. I prey to God for his early recovery so that he can guide the work of the vidyashram for many years to come. 59

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina atula kumAra prasAda siMha* 1994 meM jaba jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna lADanUM se ema0 e0 pAsa kiyA aura vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI chAtravRtti milI, usake bAda zodha kahA~ kiyA jAya, yaha socanA par3A, sarvaprathama maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna hI AyA / yahA~ jaba DaoN0 sAhaba se isa saMbadha meM bAtacIta huI to unhoMne zodha kA viSaya sujhAyA aura paMjIyana ke lie kucha dina Thaharane ko kahA kyoMki taba saMsthAna ko mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA darjA dene kI prakriyA yU. jI. sI. meM cala rahI thii| isa bIca unhoMne titthogAlI prakIrNaka kA anuvAda karane kI preraNA dI / maiM isa prakIrNaka ko dekhakara ghabarA gayA thA ki prAkRta bhASA meM itane bar3e graMtha kA anuvAda ho pAyegA yA nahIM / para unhoMne utsAha dilAyA aura kahA ki eka dina meM jitanI gAthA ho utanI hI karo samasyA Ane para maiM to hU~ hI, isI bharosA para anuvAda kArya zurU kiyA / bIca meM kaThinAI Ane para DaoN0 sAhaba use sulajhAte rahe, aura isa prakAra yaha anuvAda kArya pUrNa ho sakA / isI prakIrNaka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana viSaya para maiMne philahAla kA. hi. vi. vi. ke jaina-bauddha darzana vibhAga meM AdaraNIya DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina ke nirdezana meM paMjIyana karA liyA aura zodha kArya kara rahA hai / isI bIca zodha prabandha likhane meM jahA~ kahIM bhI ulajhana AtI hai to apanA kAma chor3akara ve samAdhAna karate haiM tathA unakA AtmIya sahayoga barAbara banA rahatA hai / jaba vArANasI pahalepahala AyA to sarvathA aparicita hone ke bAvajUda unhoMne usa samaya saMsthAna meM rahane kI anumati bhI pradAna kara dI thii| unake vyaktitva ke viSaya meM kucha likhakara maiM unheM zabdoM meM sImita nahIM karanA cAhatA huuN| maiM Apake dIrghajIvI hone kI kAmanA karatA hU~ jisase jainavidyA ke vikAsa ko gati milatI rahe / *zodha-chAtra, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI parama AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jI zatAyu ho...... ___ DaoN0 zekharacanda jaina* yaha jAnakara atiprasannatA huI ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke hIraka mahotsava para manISI evaM saMsthA ke nidezaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jI jaina kA abhinaMdana graMtha prakAzita karake unakI sevAoM ke prati niSThA vyakta kI jaayegii| saMsthA aura nidezaka yaha donoM kA gaurava hai| AdaraNIya DaoN0 sAgaramala jI eka mahAna vyaktitva ke dhanI haiM / ve svabhAva se sarala evaM snehamayI hRdaya ke dhAraka hai / unakI vidvatA ne unheM sarala hI banAyA hai yahI kAraNa hai ki itane bar3e vidvAna-manISI hone ke bAda bhI unameM yatkiJcita bhI aham nahIM hai| choTe-nausikhue, adhyayanarata chAtra meM bhI vidvatA ke jhalaka dekhakara use bhI hRdaya se lagAkara protsAhana denA bhI unake vyaktitva kA eka uttama pahalU rahA hai| vartamAna vidvAnoM meM zodhakartA ke rUpa meM ve sadiyoM taka yAda kiye jAyeMge / unhoMne jainadharma meM zodhakArya meM kahIM sampradAyavAda ko Ar3e Ane nahIM diyA / yaha unakI nirapekSa khoja dRSTi kA paricAyaka pahalU hai / ___ maiM unase kaI bAra aneka goSThiyoM, seminAra pariSadoM meM milatA rahA, unakA asIma sneha mujhe milatA rahA hai| unakI preraNA mujhe lekhana ke lie protsAhita karatI rahI / maiM isa maMgala praMsaga para prabhu se prArthanA karatA hU~ ki ve zatAyu hoM aura pUrNa svastha rahakara jainadharma-darzana kI sevA karate raheM / naye zodhArthiyoM kA mArga prazasta kreN| maiM evaM tIrthaMkavANI parivAra unake svAsthya evaM dIrghAyu kI zubha kAmanA karate haiN| *pradhAna saMpAdaka-tIrthakaravANI, ahamadAbAda /

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grantha-praNayana kramAMka pustaka kA nAma prakAzaka 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 2. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-2 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 5. jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 6. dharma kA marma pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1986 7. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1988 8. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1988 9. jaina bhASA darzana bhogIlAla laheracanda bhAratIya saMskRti mandira, dillI-pATaNa 1986 10. jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1994 11. tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1994 12. anekAnta, syAdvAda aura sptbhNgii| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1990 13. Doctoral Dissertations in Janism and Buddhism (With Dr. A. P. Singh) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1983 14. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga 1,2,3 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, 1994,-96 15. guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, 1996 16. jaina dharma aura tAMtrika sAdhanA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, 1997 pustikAe~ 1. anekAnta kI jIvana dRSTi (zrI saubhAgyamala jI jaina ke sAtha) 2. ahiMsA kI sambhAvanAyeM 3. jaina sAhitya aura zilpa me bAhubalI (DaoN0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI ke sAtha) 4. paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 5. jaina ekatA kA prazna 6. jaina adhyAtmavAda : Adhunika sandarbha meM 7. zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna 8. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma 9. bhAratIya saMskRti meM haribhadra kA avadAna 10. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa 11. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna 12. jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhumikA bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, bambaI, 1975 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1980 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1985 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1994 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1995 anUdita-grantha 1. History of Ethics, Sidzwick hindI anuvAda (aprakAzita)

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62 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 vistRta prastAvanAe~ 1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dvitIya khaNDa kI vistRta bhUmikA Agama anuyoga prakAzana TrasTa, ahamadAbAda 2. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 3. pramukha jaina sAdhviyA~ aura mahilAe~ pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 4. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 5. isibhAsiyAI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 6. candradhvedhyaka-prakIrNaka Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, bhUmikA DaoN0 sAgaramala evaM sureza sisodiyA 7. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN0 sAgaramala evaM sureza sisodiyA 8. taMdula vaicArika prakIrNaka Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina evaM subhASa koThArI 9. devendrastava prakIrNaka Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina evaM subhASa koThArI 10.dvIpasAgara prajJapti prakIrNaka Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina evaM sureza sisodiyA 11. Lord Mahavira pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 12. jinavANI ke motI jaina vidyA anusaMdhAna pratiSThAna, madrAsa 13. dravyAnuyoga Agama anuyoga TrasTa, ahamadAbAda 14. paMcAzaka-prakarNam pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 15. vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 16. siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI grantha-sampAdana prakAzaka zrI sthAnakavAsI jaina samAja, zAjApura, 1971 a. bhA. sthA. jaina kAnpharensa, dehlii| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 grantha lekhaka/sampAdaka 1. ratna jyoti sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina 2. cintana ke naye AyAma zrI saubhAgyamala jaina 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-7 paM0 ke0 bhujabajIzAstrI vidyAdhara joharApurakara 4. hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-1 DaoN0 zitivaMTha mizra 5. hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-2 DaoN0 zitikaMTha mizra 6. jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN0 arhaddAsa baNDovA dige 7. Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda sAdhvI zrI sudarzanAjI 8. prAkRta dIpikA DaoN0 sudarzana lAla jaina 9. jaina darzana meM Atma vicAra DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina 10. jainAcAryoM kA alaMkArazAstra meM yogadAna DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina 11. khajurAhoM kI jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA DaoN0 ratneza kumAra varmA 12. vajjAlaggaM DaoN0 vizvanAtha pAThaka 13. jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha DaoN0 aruNapratApa siMha pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1992 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1992 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986

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14. AcArAMga sUtra : eka adhyayana 15. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 16. tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra 17. syAdvavAda aura saptabhaMgI naya 18. sambodha saptatikA 19. prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana 20. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma- 1 21. jainasAhitya ke vividha AyAma-2 22. jaina sAhitya ke AyAma-3 23. maNidhArI jinacandrasUri kAvyAJjaji 24. jainadharma kI pramukha sAdhviyoM evaM mahilAe~ 25. jainatIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana 26. madhyakAlIna rAjasthAna meM jainadharma 27. mAnavajIvana aura usake mUlya 28. jaina meghadUttam jainakarma siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 30. Theory of Reality in Jaina Philosophy 31. Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy 32. Jaina Epistemology 33. The Concept of Pancasila in Indian Thought 34. The Path of Arhat 35. Jaina Perspectives in Philosophy & Religion 36. Aspects of Jainology Vol. 1 37. Aspects of Jainology Vol. II 38. Aspects of Jainology Vol. III 39. Aspects of Jainology Vol. IV 40. Aspects of Jainology Vol. V 41. Samana Suttam [English Translation) 42. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka 43. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka 44. caMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka 45. prAkRta bhAratI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva DaoN0 parameSThIdAsa jaina DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina (premI) DaoN0 ramezacandra gupta DaoN0 bhikhArIrAma yAdava DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra, DaoN0 kamalaprabhA jaina, sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, evaM DaoN0 harihara siMha DaoN0 hIrAbAI, DaoN0 zivaprasAda, DaoN0 (zrImatI) rAjeza jaina, zrI jagadIza sahAya, DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra, DaoN0 ravIndranAtha mizra, Dr. J. C. Sikdar, Dr. J. C. Sikdar, Dr. Indra Chand Sastri, Dr. Kamal Jain, T. U. Mehta, Dr. Ramjee Singh, Dr. Sagarmal Jain Dr. Sagarmal Jain & M.A. Dhaky, Dr. Sagarmal Jain & M.A. Dhaky, Dr. Sagarmal Jain & Dr. A. K. Singh, Dr. Sagarmal Jain & Dr. A. K. Singh, Justice T. K. Tukol & Dr. K. K. Dixit, sureza sisodiyA, sureza sisodiyA, DaoN0 subhASa koThArI, DaoN0 premasumana jaina, DaoN0 subhASa koThArI, 63 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1988 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1988 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1992 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1995 Sarvaseva Sangh Prakashan, Vns, 1993 Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 .

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1994 1995 para 1995 64 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 46. devendrastava DaoN0 subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1987 47. dvIpasAgara prajJapti DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1987 48. upAsakadazAMga meM varNita zrAvakAcAra DaoN0 subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1987 49. jainadharma ke sampradAya DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1994 50. nemidUtam pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 51. mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : vimarza pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1992 52. haribhadra sAhitya meM samAja evaM saMskRti DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1994 53. gAthA saptasatI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1995 54. zrRMgAra vairAgyataraMgiNI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1995 55. mAtukApada zrRMgArarasakalita gAthA koza pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 56. AcArAMga kA nItizAstrIya adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1995 57. bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 58. jaina nItizAstra : eka kalAparaka adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha. 59. nala vilAsa nATakam DaoN. sureza candra pANDeya ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 60. anekAntavAda aura pAzcAtya vyAvahArikatAvAda DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1997 61. bhAratIya jIvana mUlya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 62. jaina mahApurANa : eka kalAparaka adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 63. nirbhaya bhImavyAyoga pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 64. zIladUtam pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1993 65. basudeva hir3I : eka adhyayana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 66. jaina darzana meM nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya : eka ___anuzIlana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 67. paMcAzaka prakaraNam DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1997 68. Pearls of Jain Wisdom pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 69. siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 1997 zodha-chAtra 1.DaoN0 bhikhArIrAma yAdava jaina tarkazAstra ke saptabhaMgInaya kI Adhunika vyAkhyA, 1983 2. DaoN0 aruNapratApa siMha jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha kA udbhava, vikAsa evaM sthiti, 1983 3. DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra mahAkavi kAlidAsakRta meghadUta aura jaina kavi merutuGgakRta jainameghadUta kA sAhityika adhyayana,1983 4. maho0 candraprabhasAgara sayama sundara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 1986 5.DaoN0 ravindranAtha mizra jaina karma siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, 1986 6. DaoN0 ramezacandra gupta tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1986 7. DaoN0 kamalaprabhA jaina prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana: eka adhyayana, 1986 8. DaoN. mahendranAtha siMha uttarAdhyayana aura dhammapada kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1986 9. DaoN0 triveNIprasAda siMha jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa, 1987 10.DaoN0 umezacandra siMha jaina Agama sAhitya meM zikSA, samAja evaM arthavyavasthA, 1987 11. DaoN0 rajjana kumAra jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, 1987 12. DaoN0 (zrImatI) rItA siMha prAkRta aura jaina saMskRta sAhitya meM kRSNa kathA, 1989 13. DaoN0 indrezacandra siMha jaina sAhitya meM varNita sainyavijJAna evaM yuddhakalA, 1990 14. DaoN0 zrInArAyaNa dUbe jaina abhilekhoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, 1990 15. DaoN0 (zrImatI) saMgItA jhA dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM AcArya haribhadra kA avadAna, 1990 1997 1996 janameghadUta kA sAhi evaM kRtitva 12 jaina karma siTava

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65 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 16. DaoN. dhanaMjaya mizra haribhadra kA yoga ke kSetra meM yogadAna, 1991 17. DaoN0 (zrImatI) gItA siMha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM zramaNa paramparA ke tattva, 1991 18. DaoN0 (zrImatI) arcanA pANDeya bhASA darzana ko jaina dArzanikoM kA yogadAna, 1991 19.DaoN0 (zrImatI) maMjulA bhaTTAcArya jaina dArzanika granthoM meM Izvara kartRtva kI samAlocanA, 1992, 20. DaoN0 ravIndrakumAra zIladUta saMskRta dUtakAvyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1992 21. DaoN0 ke0vI0esa. pI0bI0 AcAryala vaikhAnasa jaina yoga kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1992 22. DaoN0 jitendra bI. zAha nayacakra kA dArzanika adhyayana, 1992 23. zrI asImakumAra mizra aitihAsika adhyayana ke jaina srota aura unakI prAmANikatA eka adhyayana, 1996 24. zrI maNinAtha mizra jaina campUkAvyoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 25. zrImatI kaMcana siMha pAzrvAbhyudaya mahAkAvya kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 26. DaoN0 zyAmanandana jhA 27. sAdhvI priyadarzanA zrI jI 28. sAdhvIzrI sudarzanA zrI jI 29. sAdhvIzrI pramoda kumArI jI anaupacArika mArga-nirdeza kundakunda aura zaMkara ke darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1973 Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda, 1982 AcarAMgasUtra kA naitika darzana, 1982 isibhAsiyAI sUtra kA dArzanika adhyayana, 1991, 1. zrImatI zubhA tivArI 2. zrI virendra nArAyaNa tivArI 3. zrI dayAnanda ojhA 4. kumakumarAya 5. ku. bebI 6. ku. AbhA 7. hanumAna prasAda mizra kAryarata zodha-chAtra paumacariyaM meM sAmAjika cetanA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana pramukha smRtiyA~ tathA jainadharma meM prAyazcitta vidhi jayodaya mahAkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana dharmazarmAbhyudaya kAvya : eka adhyayana somezvaradeva kRta kIrtikaumudI kA AlocanAtka adhyayana AkhyAnaka maNikoza kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana jaina prAyazcitta vidhi jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya gvAliyara meM paMjIkRta zodha chAtra gItA meM pratipAdita.vibhinna yoga 8. zrI raNabIra siMha bhadauriyA varSa kA. hi. vi. vi. ema. e. darzana (antimavarSa) kI parIkSA hetu prastuta laghu zodha-prabandhoM kI sUcI kramAMka nAma viSaya 1. udayapratApa siMha jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa 1979-80 2. avadheza kumAra siMha da sisTama Ava vailyUja ina jaina philAsaeNphI 1979-80 3. kRSNakAnta kumAra jainadharma ke sampradAya 1980 4. tAr3akezvara nAtha jainadharma meM mokSa evaM mokSa mArga 1980 5. rAmAzraya siMha yAdava jaina karma siddhAnta 1980 6. satIzacandra siMha jainadarzana meM pramANa 1980-81 7. zivaparasana siMha AcArya kundakunda ke darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa 1980-81 8. azokakumAra upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra zrAvaka dharma 1980-81 9. vIrendra kumAra jainadarzana meM jIvana kI avadhAraNA 1980-81 10. triveNIprasAda siMha ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra ke anusAra gRhastha dharma 1981

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66 11. mukula mehatA jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa : eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 1981 varSa kramAMka lekha kA nAma 1. jaina darzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya 2. jaina darzana kA trividha sAdhanA mArga julAI 1974 patrikA/aMka dArzanika The Vikram/nAnacaMda jI janma zatAbdI smRti grantha maI evaM AcArya Ananda RSi abhinandana grantha vIra nirvANa smArikA dArzanika navambara 1974 1974 1975 akTUbara 1975 jinavANI, apraila, 1979 rAjendra-jyoti dArzanika mahAvIra jayantI smArikA mahAvIra jayantI smArikA mahAvIra jayantI smArikA munidvaya abhinandana tIrthaMkara mahAvIra smRti grantha sambodhi, vAlyUma 6 1975-76 apraila 1976 1976 1977 1977 1977 1977 akTUbara 1977 3. nizcaya aura vyavahAra kisakA Azraya leM? 4. ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. advaitavAda aura AcAra darzana kI sambhAvanA 6. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 7. jaina, bauddha aura gItA darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 8. nIti ke nirapekSa evaM sApekSa tattva 9. mahAvIra ke siddhAnta : Adhunika sandarbha meM 10. saptabhaMgI : trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM 11. syAvAda : eka cintana 12. jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 13: jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa 14. samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 15. mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA 16. mAnavatAvAda aura jainAcAra darzana 17. bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 18. naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna 19. jainadarzana meM naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya 20. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzana meM karma kA zubhatva evaM azubhatva aura zuddhatva 21. jainadarzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika ___ sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana 22. manaH zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 23. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma (500/- rupaye kA prathama puraskAra prApta) 24. jainadarzana meM mithyAtva aura samyaktava 25. pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa evaM unake dArzanika evaM sAmAjika pradeya 26.jaina sAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 27. ahiMsA kA artha vistAra, sambhAvanA aura sImA kSetra 28. naitika mAnadaNDa : eka yA aneka 29. bAlakoM ke saMskAra nirmANa meM abhibhAvaka, dArzanika tIrthaMkara dArzanika dArzanika tulasI prajJA/vAlyUma 4, aMka 3 mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, jayapura akTUbara 1977 janavarI 1978 janavarI 1978 apraila 1978 1978 1978 dArzanika zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grantha zrI divAkara smRti grantha akTUbara 1978 1979 1978 zrI divAkara smRti grantha zramaNa/varSa 30, aMka 8 1978 1979 zramaNa/varSa 30, aMka 11 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 3 dArzanika zramaNa sitambara 1979 janavarI 1980 janavarI 1980 janavarI 1980

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DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 67 zikSaka va samAja kI bhUmikA 30. dharma kyA hai ? (kramaza: tIna aMko meM) zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 4, pharavarI 1980, pharavarI 1983 zramaNa/varSa 34 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 5 mArca 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 5 mArca 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 5 apraila 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 9 sambodhi/vAlyUma 8, julAI 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 9 julAI 1980 zramaNa/varSa 32, aMka 3 zramaNa/varSa 32, akaM 4 zramaNa/varSa 32, aMka 6 julAI 1980 pharavarI 1981 apraila 1981 dArzanika apraila 1981 31. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 32. AtmA aura paramAtmA 33. adhyAtma banAma bhautikavAda 34. saMyama : jIvana kA samyak dRSTikoNa 35. bheda vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra 36. jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM svahita aura lokahita kA prazna 37. sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 38. mahAvIra kA darzana : sAmAjika pariprekSya 39. sattA kitanI vAcya kitanI avAcya ? jaina darzana ke sandarbha 40. Adhunika manovijJAna ke sandarbha meM AcArAMga sUtra kA adhyayana 41. mahAvIra ke siddhAnta : yugIna sandarbha meM 42. paryuSaNa parva : kyA, kaba, kyoM aura kaise 43. asalI dUkAna/nakalI dUkAna 44. vyakti aura samAja 45. jaina ekatA kA prazna 46. jaina sAhityAkAza kA eka nakSatra vilupta 47. jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna: jainadarzana ke pariprekSya 48. jaina adhyAtmavAda Adhunika sandarbha meM 49. dasa lakSaNa parva/dasa lakSaNa dharma ke 50. paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 51. zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna 52. bhAgya banAma puruSArtha 53. zvetAmbara sAhitya meM rAmakathA kA svarUpa 54. mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana 55. dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kA avadAna 56. haribhadra ke dharmadarzana meM krAMtikArI tattva 57. haribhadra kI krAMtikArI dRSTi : dhUrtAkhyAna ke sandarbha meM 58. haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA mUla srota 59. jaina vAkya darzana 60. jaina sAhitya meM stUpa 61. rAmaputta yA rAmagupta : sUtrakRtAMga ke sandarbha meM 62. jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika 1981 apraila 1981 agasta 1982 agasta 1982 disambara 1982 janavarI 1983 pharavarI 1983 jUna 1983 tulasI-prajJA/khaNDa6, aMka 9 zramaNa/varSa33, aMkR6 zramaNa/ varSa33, aMka 10 zramaNa/varSa 33, aMka 10 zramaNa/ varSa 34, aMka 2 zramaNa/varSa 34 zramaNa parAmarza/aMka3, Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No-4 zramaNa/varSa 34 zramaNa/varSa34, aMka 11 / zramaNa/varSa 35 zramaNa zramaNa/varSa36, aMka 9 zramaNa/varSa36, aMka 12 zramaNa/varSa37, aMka6 zramaNa/varSa37, aMka 12 zramaNa/varSa37, aMka 12 zramaNa/varSa39, aMka 4 agasta 1983 sitambara 1983 1983 1984 julAI 1985 apraila 1986 apraila 1986 akTUbara 1986 akTUbara1986 pharavarI 1987 zramaNa/varSa39, aMka 4 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No-6 Aspects of Jainology/ Vol. II Aspects of Jainology/Vol. II Aspects of Jainology/ Vol. I akTUbara1987 1987 1987 1987 1987

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68 disambara 1987 julAI 1988 julAI 1988 akTUbara 1989 1990 janavarI-mArca 1990 apraila-jUna 1990 1990 zramaNa julAI-sitambara 1990 akTUbara-disambara 1990 janavarI-mArca 1991 zramaNa julAI -disambara 1991 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 kartavyatA kA svarUpa 63. AcArAMgasUtra kA vizleSaNa zramaNa/varSa 39/aMka 2 64. jainadharma meM kA eka vilupta sampradAya: yApanIya zramaNa 65. adhyAtma aura vijJAna zramaNa 66. AcArya hemacandra : eka yuga puruSa zramaNa 67. satIprathA aura jainadharma sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha 68. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana zramaNa 69. jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA 70. pArzvanAtha janmabhUmi mandira vArANasI kA zramaNa/saMskRta saMdhAna, vAlyUma3 purAtattvIya vaibhava 71. jaina paramparA kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa zramaNa 72. jainadharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA zramaNa 73. samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kI Adhunika pariprekSya meM samIkSA 74. uccai garazAkhA ke utpatti sthAna evaM umAsvAti apraila-jUna ke janmasthala kI pahacAna 75, antakRddazA kI viSayavastu : eka purnavicAra Aspects of Jainology/vAlyUma3 1991 76. mUlya aura mUlya bodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta janavarI-mArca 1992 77. guNasthAna siddhAnata kA udbhava evaM vikAsa zramaNa 78. zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza zramaNa 79. jainadharma aura Adhunika vijJAna zramaNa 80. praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa khaNDa kI khoja 81. bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA 82. bhAratIya saMskRti kI samanvita svarUpa 83. jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA zramaNa 84. praryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma zramaNa 85. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 86. jaina karma siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa zramaNa 87. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA zramaNa 88. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI . RcAe~: eka adhyayana zramaNa 89. niyukti sAhitya meM : eka purnarcintana zramaNa 90. jainadharma-darzana kA sAra tattva zramaNa 91. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana zramaNa 92. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA zramaNa 93. mahAvarI ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTay zramaNa janavarI-mArca 1992 julAI-sitambara 1992 akTUbara-disambara 1992 1992 dharmadUta zramaNa 1992 apraila-jUna 1994 apraila-jUna 1994 apraila-jUna 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 sudharmA 1996

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zramaNa janavarI, 1994 prAcyapratibhA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 94. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 95. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda kI samasyA aura yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi , bhopAla 96. bauddhadarzana aura gItA ke sandarbha meM : jaina AcAra darzana kI kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nAmaka zodha-prabandha kI saMkSiptikA 97. SaTjIva-nikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA 98. phrAyaDa aura jainadarzana 99. nivRtti aura pravRtti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 100.dharmasAdhanA kA svarUpa 101.prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA 102.jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI 103. Jaina Concept of Peace tulasI-prajJA,5 zramaNa, apraila-jUna 1993 tIrthakara zramaNopAsaka aprakAzita sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI aprakAzita Chokhamba, Centenary Commemoratrion Volum Aspect of Jainology, Vol.1 Aspect of Jainology, Vol.3 104. The Philosophical Foundation of Religious tolerence in Jainism 105. A Search for the Possibility of Non&Violence and Peace, 106. Mahavira's Theory of Samatva Yoga : A Psycho-analytical Approach, 107. The Concept of Vibhajjavada in Buddhism and Jainism, Jaina Journal. Calcuta Aspect of Jainology, Vol.3 108. The Relevance of Jainism in Present World 109. Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths : A Jain Perspective 110. Prof. K. S. Murty's Philosophy of Peace and Non- Violence 111. Equanimity and Meditation 112. The Teaching of Arhat Parsva and the Distinctness of His Sect 113. The Solutions of World Problems from Jaina Perspective 114. Jaina Sadhana and Yoga 115. Brahmanic and Sramanik Culturs-A comparative Study New Demensions in Vedant Philosophy Jainism: A Global Perspective Jainism: A Global Perspective Being Published Being Published Arhat Parsva. Being Published Being Published Studies in Jainism 1997

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qram Anita Reviews on ome selected Books Sythored by Dr. Sagarmal Jain BOOKS * Jaina, Bauddha aur Gitake Acara Darsano Ka Tulanatmaka Adhyayana * Jaina, Bauddha aur Gitaka Samaja Darsana * Rsibhasita:Eka Adhyayana * Sagara Jaina Vidyabharati Vol.-I * Sagara Jaina Vidyabharati Vol.-II * JainaDharmaKaYapaniyaSampradaya * Jaina Dharma Aura TantrikaSadhana * Jaina Bhasa Darsana * An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana* bhAga- 1,2 samIkSaka DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva khyAtayazA jaina manISI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina zramaNa vAGmaya ke udAravAdI cintakoM meM dhurikIrtanIya haiN| unakI pUrvAgraharahita AnvIkSikI aura niSpratibaddha zodha-sUkSmekSikA ne jaina cintana ko vyApaka dharAtala pradAna kiyA hai unakI cintana dRSTi nirantara samanvayAtmaka tathA tulanAmUlaka rahatI hai| unakI saiddhAntika avadhAraNA hai: - pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kAryaH parigrahaH / / DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ke isa siddhAnta kA AkSarika sAkSya hai unake dvArA likhita tathA do bhAgoM meM prakAzita bRhatkRti- 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' isa kRti se vidvAn lekhaka ke bhramaNa aura brAhmaNa vADmaya ke AdhikArika jJAna tathA samekita zodha anuzIlana kI sUcanA milatI hai| DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI vilakSaNa manISA unakI vismayakArI zAstra vicakSaNatA kI paricAyikA hai| - isa kRti ke prathama bhAga meM AcAra darzana ke saiddhAntika pakSa kA aura dvitIya bhAga meM AcAra ke vyAvahArika pakSa kA puMkhAnupuMkha vivecana kiyA gayA hai| donoM bhAgoM ke vivecanIya viSaya ko tIna-tIna khaNDoM meM upasthApita kiyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga meM DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne sarvaprathama bhAratIya AcAra darzana ke svarUpa para prakAza nikSepa kiyA hai| tadanantara, bhAratIya AcAra darzana meM prApya jJAna kI vidhAoM kA vizada vizleSaNa upanyasta kiyA hai| punaH nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA se sandarbhita pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya dRSTikoNoM ke vaiziSTya kI samudbhAvanA kI hai| usake bAda naitika nirNaya ke svarUpa evaM viSaya kA vaiduSyapUrNa DhaMga se tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| isI krama meM DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta tathA AcAra-darzana ke bahu-AyAmI vivecana meM apanI bahupadhIna prajJA kA paricaya diyA hai| jaina dharma darzana kA pallavana karate hue unhoMne AtmA, karma, bandhana aura usase mukti aura phira mokSatattva ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnate hue usa para gahana cintana kiyA hai| punaH jaina AcAra darzana ke manovaijJAnika pakSa kA bhASya karate hue unhoMne mana ke svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usake mUlya ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai aura mana ke cintana ke krama meM hI manovRttiyoM kI bhI vistRta vivecanA kI hai| isa prakAra, bahuzruta lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne pUre jaina dharma darzana kI avatAraNA meM apanI abhinava zAstrIya dRSTi kA camatkAra pradarzita kiyA hai| - - grantha ke dvitIya bhAga meM samatva yoga, trividha sAdhanAmArga, avidyA, ratnatraya nivRtti aura pravRtti kA mArga Adi jJAnamagya gUr3ha viSayoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zAstrokta paddhati se kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI, bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA jaise viSaya ke varNana se bhAratIya darzana kI prAsaMgikatA ko bhI cihnita kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta, varNAzrama vyavasthA, gRhastha dharma, zramaNa-dharma jaise sadAtana dhArmika prasaMgoM kI visaMvAditA ko samAjacintaka dArzanika lekhaka ne saMvAdI banAne kA zlAghanIya aura abhUtapUrva sArasvata prayAsa kiyA hai| - isa apUrva grantha kA 'upasaMhAra' bhI kevala aupacArika nahIM hai| isameM avitathavAdI prajJAvAna lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne mahAvIra yuga kI AcAra darzana sambandhI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke krama meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| mahAvIra ko cAra vibhinna tAttvika AdhAroM para khar3e cAra dArzanika matavAdoM se jUjhanA par3A thaa| prathama kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para bala dekara karmakANDIya niyamoM ko hI naitikatA kA sarvasva mAnatA thaa| dvitIya, akriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa thA jisake anusAra jJAna hI naitikatA kA sarvasva thaa| AtmA ko kUTastha aura akarttA mAnane vAle akriyAbAda kA dRSTikoNa mUlataH niyativAdI thaa| tIsarA matavAda ajJAnavAdiyoM kA thA, jisameM atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM para AdhRta naitika pratyayoM ko ajJeya mAnA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra, isakA naitika darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM dArzanika paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAdiyoM kI thii| vinayavAda bhaktivAda kA hI paryAya thaa| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para ina cAroM dRSTikoNoM meM samanvaya khojane kA aitihAsika kArya kiyA, yadyapi sandehavAda mahAvIra ko kisI bhI artha meM svIkRta nahIM thaa| isa tattva ko DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne aneka bhaMgiyoM se mUlyAMkita kiyA hai, jisase isa kRti kA 'upasaMhAra' bhI svatantra adhyAya kA mahattva rakhatA hai| * prakAzaka- rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna jayapura, 1982 mUlya ru 70 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 prastuta kRti jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM se sandarbhita viSaya-vastuoM ko tulanAparaka AsaMga meM hRdayaMgama karAtI hai| isalie jina pAThakoM ko jaina-bauddha darzana aura gItA kA samyak jJAna hogA, ve isa bRhatkAya zodha kRti kA tato'dhika AsvAda le skeNge| maulika cintaka ke rUpa meM bahupratiSTha hastAkSara DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke prastuta grantha meM jo 'pratijJA' (thIsisa) hai, use nirbhrAnta rUpa meM upanyasta karane meM vaha kahIM bhrAnta nahIM hue haiN| unhoMne brAhmaNadharma aura zramaNadharma meM samAnAntaratA kI gaveSaNA dvArA apanI samanvayadhamIM vaicArikI buddhi kA jo viniyoga kiyA hai, vaha nizcaya hI bahumukha- prazaMsanIya aitihAsika mahattva kA kArya hai| grantha kI 'pratijJA' yaha hai ki AcAra - darzana mUlataH naitika vicAroM se jur3A huA hai| naitika AcAra-vicAra bhI viziSTa dharma yA sampradAya taka hI sImita na hokara dharma yA sampradAya - samUha kI AcAra - samaSTi kA pratimAna ho sakatA hai| isa para siddhAnta aura vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se dhyAna na dene ke kAraNa naitika AcAra-vicAra saMkIrNa bhAvabhUmi ke dharma-darzana ke rUpa grahaNa karate A rahe haiN| prajJApraur3ha vicAraka DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne isa saMkIrNa sImA ko gaharAI se na kevala lakSya kiyA hai, apitu use tIvratA se anubhava bhI kiyA hai, isalie unhoMne vaizvika paristhitiko dRSTi meM rakhate hue naitika AcAra-vicAra ko samagra mAnava saMskRti kA viSaya mAnakara apane cintana ko vistAra diyA hai| bhAratIya naitikatA ke kSetra meM isa prakAra ke udAra dRSTimUlaka adhyayana kA mahattvapUrNa evaM mahArSa sthAna hai aura isa grantha kI yahI racanAtmaka viziSTatA hai| 72 - isa grantha ke yathokta tIna-tIna khaNDoM meM upasthApita, donoM hI bhAgoM meM samAhita viSaya prAyaH nIti aura AcAra para kendrita haiN| isa kAraNa yaha kRti nItizAstra (ethiksa) kA dizA-nirdezaka evaM krozazilAtmaka grantha bana gaI hai| Aja jahA~ hama vaicArikI kI sArvabhaumatA yA bhUmaNDalIkaraNa yA phira khagolIkaraNa kI bAta karate haiM, vahA~ udAramanA lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ke isa grantha kA aitihAsika mahattva hai| isalie ki unhoMne isake pUrvavartI jainadRSTimUlaka naitika AcAra-vicAroM se sandarbhita sImita saMkucita evaM vyatirekI avadhAraNAoM ko bauddha cintana aura gItA meM pratipAdita AcAra ke samAnAntara aura samanvayaparaka vyApaka pRSThabhUmi pradAna kI hai| yaha grantha eka sArthaka prastavana hai aura jainazAstrokta naitika mUlyoM kI ativyApaka lokahitaiSaNA dharmitA ko udghAvita karane vAlI anvarthanAmA kRti ke rUpa meM pratiSThApanIya hai| prastuta grantha se spaSTa hai ki isake praNetA DaoN0 sAgaramalajI paurastya aura pAzcAtya nItizAstra ke gambhIra adhyetA haiN| isa dizA meM unake dvArA sthApita cintana-niSkarSa unakI cUDAntavidvattA aura avirAma zodha-zrama ke pariNAma haiN| unhoMne apane tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA arhatoM ke naitika cintana kI, navIna tarkazakti ke sAtha Thosa AdhArabhUmi para prANa pratiSThA kI hai| naitika AcAra-vicAroM ke samanvayadharmI cintana ke pUrva kI prakriyA avabodhana kI hotI hai| isameM aisI vaijJAnika aura manovaijJAnika kalpanA kI avazyakatA hotI hai, jo satya kI sImA meM niyantrita rahe / avabodhana kI isa dRSTi se DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI cintana prakriyA meM unakI apanI buddhi aura unake apane hRdaya kI samanvayAtmaka tathA sahAnubhUtizIla evaM satya-niyantrita kalpanA-zakti kA AzcaryakArI abhijJAna prApta hotA hai| unhoMne kahIM bhI aura kisI prakAra se bhI rAga-dveSa se Ahata na hokara jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM ke guNa-doSa nirUpaNa meM eka taTastha cintaka kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai jo prAyovirala hotA hai| nissandeha DaoN0 sAgaramalajI agarvajJAna ke dhanI cintakoM meM paktiya hai| prastuta kRtikAra kI prajJApUta lekhanI kI niSpakSatA svIkRta saMkalpa ke pratyeka pakSa meM dRSTigata hotI hai / tulanA kI pratyeka koTi meM bhAsika aura vaicArika santulana samAnupAtika hai amUla aura anapekSita kahIM nahIM hai| vicAravAn lekhaka ke sadRza vaicArika sahiSNutA to anyatra jaina cintana meM prAyodurlabha hai| spaSTa aura niSpakSa cintana tathA spaSTa aura niSpakSa abhivyakti DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI vivecanA-paddhati kI nijatA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa prakriyA bahuta hI sarala aura prAMjala hai| gadya kI bhASA tato'dhika pravAhapUrNa hai| AtmavAda, niyativAda, karmavAda, mokSavAda, IzvaravAda Adi zAstrArthabahula evaM tarkasaMkula tattvoM ko unhoMne apanI vivecanA kI Rju prakriyA se jijJAsuoM ke lie aisA hastAmalaka banA diyA hai ki unheM kataI bauddhika vyAyAma nahIM karanA pdd'egaa| tulanA ke krama meM manISI lekhaka ne viSaya kI kevala upasthApanA hI nahIM kI hai, varan bauddhamata aura gItA meM yadi koI pakSa jainamata se durbala yA tarkahIna dikhAI par3A hai, to usakA unhoMne tarkAzrita paddhati se nirmamatApUrvaka khaNDana bhI kiyA hai vadatovyAghAta kI sthiti bhI kahIM nahIM A pAI hai isa sandarbha meM 'samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA' (2.440 ), 'niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda' (1.282) 'svadharma aura paradharma' (2.191) Adi prakaraNa dhyAtavya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tAtvika cintana kI samAnatA ko spaSTa karane ke krama meM 'anAsakti' para niSpakSa prakAza DAlate hue vivecanApaT lekhaka ne likhA hai ki tInoM ke AcAra-darzanoM kA antima naitika siddhAnta anAsakta jIvanadRSTi hai jainadarzana meM rAga ke prahANa kA, bauddha darzana meM tRSNA kSaya kA aura gItA meM Asakti ke nAza kA jo upadeza hai, usakA lakSya hai anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa isa prakAra tInoM AcAradarzanoM kA sAra evaM unakI antima phalazruti hai anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA kA vikAsa nizcaya hI, yahI samagra naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana kA sAra hai aura yahI naitika pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| lekhaka ke vAcya kI dhvani hai| Adhunika upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti se mukti ke lie anAsakta jIvana jIne kI dRSTi kA aMgIkaraNa mAnava ke lie anivArya hai aura yahI ukta jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA samekita niSkarSa hai| samatA-dRSTi se sampanna lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jI ne tato'dhika arthAbhivyakti ke lie zabdoM meM prAyogika navInatA se bhI kAma liyA .

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : 73 hai| jaise: bahupracalita 'anekAnta' zabda ke lie 'anAgraha' (vaicArika sahiSNutA) kA pryog| kintu, 'jIvanamukta' athavA 'jIvanamukti' jaise zuddha zabda ke badale 'jIvana-mukta' athavA 'jIvana-mukti' jaisA azuddha prayoga ( pR0 158) prAmAdika pratIta hotA hai| tattvAnveSI prAjJa lekhaka ne viSaya kI upasthApanA meM bhI navInatA rakhI hai| vivecanA-paddhati meM prAya: aisI prathA hai ki pahale uttara pakSa kA khaNDana karake pUrvapakSa ko upasthApita karate haiM, kintu DaoN0 sAgaramalajI ne pahale pUrvapakSa ko upanyasta karake uttara pakSa kA viniyoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra, isa kRti meM 'svadharma' ko avadhAraNA para bhI naI dRSTi se pahalI bAra vizada vivecana sulabha huA hai| 'pratItyasamutpAda' jaise bauddha siddhAnta kI jaisI sarala vyAkhyA isa kRti meM milatI hai, vaisI anyatra aprApya hai| prastutakRti kA mahattva isa kAraNa bhI hai ki yaha jainAcAradarzana kI pAramparika vyAkhyA kA tato'dhika vikAsAtmaka aura tulanAmUlaka abhinava vyAkhyAgrantha hai ise hama jaina dharma darzana ke naitika svarUpa kA tulanAtmaka mahAbhASya bhI kaha sakate haiN| isameM vizeSata: jaina dharma-darzana aura jainAcAra kA vibhAvana bar3I nizcayatAtmakatA ke sAtha huA hai| udAracetA lekhaka ne jaina-sampradAya ke sAtha hI bauddha sampradAya aura gItA meM prApya naitika mAnyatAoM kI samAnAntaratA kA tulanAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka adhyayana gairAI se sampanna kiyA hai| bhAratIya naitika vicAra- paramparA kA isa prakAra kA vyavasthita aura vikasita tulanAtmaka adhyayana vartamAna yuga meM bhI bahuta kama hI ho pAyA hai| yadyapi isa kRti meM jaina AcAra darzana ko mukhya bhUmikA meM rakhA gayA hai evaM gItA tathA bauddhoM ke AcAra-darzana samAsata pAripArzvika viSaya ke rUpa meM vinyasta haiM isalie, svabhAvataH bauddha evaM gItA ke acAra - darzana kI svatantra aura vistRta vivecanA apekSita raha gaI hai| cintanazIla gaveSaka DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI isa viziSTa kRti meM unakI isa avadhAraNA kI spaSTa pratIti hogI ki vaha dharma aura darzana meM mAnava kI cittavRtti ko pratibimbita dekhate haiN| isalie, vaha mAnava kI cittavRttiyoM kI paramparA ko parakhate hue dArzanika paramparA ke sAtha unakA sAmaMjasya dikhAnA hI naitika AcAra-darzana ke vivecana kA kendrIya lakSya mAnate haiN| unake vicAra jitane samanvayAtmaka hai, utane hI nizcita yojanA kI sampannatA ke paricAyaka haiN| unhoMne jainoM ke dharma-darzana tathA naitika AcAra darzana ko sampUrNa bhAratIya darzana se avicchinna rUpa meM sambaddha mAnA hai aura yahI unake cintana kI abhivyaMjanAtmaka vizeSatA hai| pustaka kA mudraNa prAyaH zuddha aura svaccha hai / AvaraNa ke Akalpana meM bhI jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dharma-pratIkoM kA kalAvareNya aura netrAvarjaka aMkana huA hai| nissandeha, yaha pustaka, naitika AcAra darzanoM ke tulanAtmaka sAhitya ke kSetra meM atizaya abhinandanIya evaM samRddhikara sArasvata nikSepa hai| bhikhanA pahAr3I, paTanA. .

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana samIkSaka - DaoN0 revatIramaNa pANDeya samAja darzana svatantra darzana kI zAkhA meM na to grIka darzana meM kahIM milatA hai aura na hI bhAratIya darzana meM / bhAratIya darzana to loka darzana hai kintu idhara samAja darzana kI eka nayI zAkhA ke rUpa meM ubharakara apanA viziSTa sthAna banA liyA hai / bhAratIya cintana dhArA meM pAzcAtya cintana dhArA ke samAnAntara samAja darzana kI pratiSThA bhAratIya svAtantryottara kAla kI dena hai / isa pariprekSya meM isa sAragarbhita laghupustaka ke vidvAn lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko hama hArdika badhAI dete haiN| samAja darzana ke pariprekSya meM bhAratIya cintana kI tIna samRddha paramparAoM (jaina,bauddha aura gItA) meM yaha avadAna sarvathA nayA hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne paramparAoM kI talahaTI meM baiThakara unake sArthaka pakSoM kA samyak anuzIlana kara isa adhyayana ko prastuta kiyA hai / braiDale ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki 'manuSya yadi sAmAjika nahIM to vaha pazu hai, manuSya ke zaizavakAla se hI usake vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM cidaMza apane svarUpa ke sAkSAtkAra hetu vyaSTi se samaSTi ke prati unmukha hotA hai / usakA astitva sabake sAtha, sabake lie sabakA hokara jIne meM sArthakatA kA bodha karAtA hai / vaha virATa ke prati jitanA adhika unmukha hotA hai, vaha utanA hI adhika apane astitva ko sArthaka pAtA hai / vyaSTi kI sArthakatA samaSTi ho jAne meM hai| svatantratA kI arddhazatI ke avasara para Aja hama sabhI buddhijIviyoM kA yaha naitika dAyitva hai ki gata pacAsa varSoM meM hama apanA aura apane rASTra ke rASTrIya caritra ko ubhArane meM kitanA saphala hue haiM, kA AloDana-viloDana kreN| bhAratIya cintana kI tInoM paramparAoM meM 'sarvabhUtahite rata:' vaha kendra bindu hai, vaha utsa hai jisase cintana kI sabhI vidhAoM ko UrjA evaM dizA milatI hai / isa dRSTi se kisI bhI samAja kA udaya taba taka sArthaka udaya nahIM hogA jaba taka svayaM vyakti apanA nirmANa nahIM karatA / yadi vyakti caritravAn hai to samAja kA caritra, rASTra kA caritra mahanIya hogA / Aja rASTra ko punaH eka kRSNa cAhie jo kauravoM ke bhraSTa tantra kA unmUlana kara 'satya mevajayate' para pratiSThita rASTra meM eka svaccha, svastha evaM loka kalyANaparaka rASTrIya cetanA se bharapUra janatantra kI pratiSThA kara nava cetanA kA mantra phUMke / isa dRSTi se prophesara jaina kI yaha laghu pustaka bar3I hI upAdeya hai| isa pustaka meM vaidika cintana ke parama sandeza - samAnI vA AkUti: samAnA hRdayAni vaH / samAnamastu vo mano yathA va: susahAsati / / x x x x x x x x x x x x x x zata-hasta samAhara sahastrahasta: sIkaraH / ko 'IzAvAsyamidam sarvaM' para pratiSThita kara (tena tyaktena bhuJjIthAH) kA saMdeza diyA hai| yahI anuzAsana AcArya samantabhadra tIrthaMkara kI vANI ke mAdhyama se dete haiM - sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva' sabhI ke duHkha kA anta sabhI kA kalyANa / isa dizA meM AcArya zAMti deva kA saMdeza kitanA sArthaka hai - . sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthi ca me manaH / tyaktavaM sa cenmayA sarvaM varaM sattveSu dIyatAt / / prophesara sAgaramala jaina ke isa grantha ke prathama adhyAya kA anta sarvodaya kI kAmanA se hotA hai - sarve'tra sukhinaH santu, sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu, mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAm / / dvitIya adhyAya ke svahita banAma lokahita ke vibhinna pakSoM para jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM samyak vicAra kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya adhyAya meM varNAzrama vyavasthA para tInoM paramparAoM meM samyak pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyAya meM svadharma kI avadhAraNA para gItA, jaina dRSTiyoM ke sAtha braiDale ke svasthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta kA samAveza kara pustaka ko Adhunika banA diyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM pleTo ke bhI vicAra ko rakhakara eka samagra ciMtana isa viSaya para aura bhI upAdeya hotaa| paMcama adhyAya meM ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para tInoM paramparAoM ke pariprekSya meM prabhUta sAmagrI prastuta kI gayI hai unakA samyak vizleSaNa evaM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yahUdI, IsAI evaM islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra-pustaka ko adhika sArthaka aura AkarSaka banA detA hai / SaSTha adhyAya meM sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva para samyak vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyAya meM grAma dharma, rASTradharma, kuladharma, gaNadharma, saMghadharma, gRhasthavarga ke sAmAjika dAyitva, bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA, bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma evaM vaidika paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma para samyak prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'prakAzaka- rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna jayapura, 1982 mUlya - ru-16

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 75 pustaka kA samApana vaidika paramparA ke RNatraya kI avadhAraNA se hotA hai / RNatraya kI avadhAraNA vaidika paramparA ko jo zIrSastha sthAna vizva ciMtana meM detA hai, vaha sarvathA apratima hai / pitRRNa-se taba taka uddhAra nahIM jaba taka apanI taraha svastha sammunnata santati-dhArA hama Age nahIM bar3hAte / RSi RNa se taba taka uddhAra nahIM jaba taka RSiyoM se prApta sAre jJAna-vijJAna kI dhArA ko hama Age nahIM bar3hAte / devaRNa se taba taka uddhAra nahIM jaba taka devoM kI pradatta prakRti-kI zasyazyAmalA nadI-parvata, pazu, pakSI, vanauSadhiyoM kA hama vistAra nahIM karate-parasparaM bhaavsttH| jaba taka prakRti ke kaNa-kaNa meM hama apanI chabi nahIM dekhate taba taka hamArA uddhAra nahIM / Aja vizva bAjArIkaraNa evaM prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke dohana ke phalasvarUpa paryAvaraNa ke dUSaNa se manuSya ke astitva kA jo saMkaTa utpanna huA hai- vaha na hotA / RNa bhaya kA cintana hameM 'satyaM, zivam suMdaram' ke sAkSAtkAra ke prati AkRSTa karatA hai| vijJAna, takanIkI evaM vaizvIkaraNa se utpanna visaMgatiyoM se trANa pAne kI dizA meM mAnavamAtra ke lie DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI yaha 'laghumaJjUSA' sarvathA sAmayika kRti hai| unheM puna: badhAI / adhyakSa - dharma evaM darzana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI / RSibhASita : eka adhyayana* ... eka abhimata ma0 vinayasAgara RSibhASita jaina vAGmaya ke prAcInatama granthoM meM se eka hai tathA ise sarvaprathama prakAza meM lAne kA zreya jarmana vidvAnoM ko hai| yaha bhAratIya saMskRti meM rahI samanvaya tathA sarva-dharma-samabhAva kI bhAvanA kA pratinidhi grantha hai| saMghabaddhatA meM jaba kaTTaratA praveza karane lagatI hai taba samanvayAtmakatA dhIre-dhIre kama hotI jAtI hai| saMbhavata: yahI kAraNa hai ki paravartI aneka jaina mAnyatAoM meM isa grantha ko sthAna nahIM milaa| prAkRta bhAratI ne jaba isa grantha ko hindI tathA aMgrejI anuvAdoM sahita prakAzita karane kA nirNaya kiyA taba prazna uThA ki isa grantha kI bhUmikA kauna likhe? paramparA ke Agraha se baMdhe vyakti ke lie yaha kArya duSkara hogA ata: svatantra va taTastha dRSTikoNa vAle vidvAnoM ke nAmoM para vicAra huaa| apane nirAgraha cintana tathA tulanAtmaka zailI ke kAraNa DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kA nAma cunA gayA tathA unhoMne apanI sabhI vyastatAoM ke bIca yaha kaSTasAdhya kArya pUrNa kiyaa| mUla grantha kI bhAvanA ke prati nyAya karate hue unhoMne isake dArzanika pakSa ko hI nahIM aitihAsika pakSa ko bhI bhalI-bhA~ti prastuta kiyA hai| RSibhASita meM carcita RSi kevala zramaNa paramparA ke nahIM haiN| samasta bhAratIya vAGmaya meM saMbhavata: yaha prathama grantha hai jisameM vaidika, bauddha tathA jaina tInoM paramparAoM ke pratinidhi RSiyoM ko samAna stara para rakhakara unake dArzanika pratipAdanoM kI carcA kI DaoN0 sAgaramalajI kI yaha vistRta tathA zodhapUrNa bhUmikA RSibhASita ke avibhAjya aMga kI taraha bana gaI hai| ise par3heM to RSibhASita par3hanA par3egA aura RSibhASita par3heM to ise par3hanA Avazyaka ho jaaegaa| isa avibhAjyatA ke sAtha hI yaha bhUmikA apane Apa meM eka svataMtra pustaka ke sabhI mApadaNDoM ko pUrA karatI thI, isI kAraNa ise vaha rUpa bhI diyA gyaa| isakI upayogitA mUla grantha ke samAna hI bahuAyAmI aura samayAtIta hai| isI upayogitA ko dekhate hae isakA aMgrejI anuvAda bhI sAtha hI prakAzita kara diyA gayA thA / vidvajjanoM ne donoM saMskaraNoM ko hI sarAhA hai| nidezaka-prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura / *prakAzaka- rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna jayapura, 1988 mUlya - ru- 30

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sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-1. samIkSaka-DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina prophesara sAgaramala jaina ne svAdhyAya ke bala para jaina jagat ke una prabuddha manISiyoM kI zreNI meM apanA nAma gaurava ke sAtha aGkita kiyA hai, jo jainavidyAoM ke viziSTa adhyetA haiN| zAjApura (ma0 pra0) se vArANasI aura tadanantara deza ke vibhinna prAntoM meM apanI kIrti-patAkA phaharAte huye prophesara jaina ne sudUravartI yUropa ke aneka dezoM kI yAtrA kI hai aura apane cintanaparaka gambhIra vaiduSya, madhura sambhASaNa evaM vaktRtva zailI ke mAdhyama se na kevala sudhIjanoM apitu pUjya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM evaM janasAmAnya ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai / unhoMne apanI sadhI huI lekhanI se zatAdhika zodha evaM cintanapUrNa nibandhoM tathA darjanoM granthoM ke lekhana evaM sampAdana se mA~ sarasvatI kA zRGgAra kiyA hai| prophesara jaina kI lekhanI se prasata samIkSya kRti 'sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI ke prathama bhAga meM aThAraha nibandhoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| ye nibandha prAya: ita:pUrva 'zramaNa' athavA anya patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM aura kucha to ekAdhika bAra bhii| inameM kucha nibandha zodhapUrNa aura kucha cintanapradhAna haiM / inameM se kucha nibandha samaya samaya para Ayojita vibhinna saMgoSThiyoM meM par3he jA cuke haiM aura sarAhe bhI gaye ye nibandha prophesara jaina ne apane dIrghakAlIna adhyayana, cintana-manana aura anubhava ke AdhAra para likhe haiM, jisase inameM jahA~ zodha ke mApadaNDoM ko apanAyA gayA hai, vahIM apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM/vidvAnoM ke cintana ko samAhita karate haye navIna zodha-khojoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai| ina nibandhoM meM jahA~ jainadharma-darzana sambandhI vividha sidvAntoM kA ullekha hai vahIM bhakti, svAdhyAya aura sAdhanA tathA karma-siddhAnta sambandhI viSayoM para bhI acchA prakAza DAlA hai| sAtha hI vartamAna meM Avazyaka evaM upayogI sAmAjika ekatA, paryAvaraNa samasyA aura bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita rUpa jaise viSayoM kA pratipAdana jainadharma ke pariprekSya meM kiyA hai / ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM samAdhi maraNa kI avadhAraNA athavA AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA jaise viSayoM para prakAza DAlakara prophesara jaina ne apane Agamika jJAna kA gambhIra paricaya diyA hai| jaina kalA ke sandarbha meM yadyapi prophesara jaina anyatra bhI bahuta kucha likha cuke haiM, kintu 'khajurAhoM kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi' meM jo kucha likhA hai vaha nizcita hI kalA ke sUkSma tattvoM kA gaharAI se vizleSaNa karane vAlA hai| isa nibandha meM prophesara jaina ne DaoN0 lakSmIkAnta tripAThI dvArA jaina zramaNa para kiye gaye AkSepa kA jisa zAlInatA evaM yuktipUrNa DhaMga se jo uttara diyA hai vaha na kevala prazaMsanIya hai, apitu anukaraNIya bhI hai / isa krama meM prophesara jaina ne jaina zramaNa kI sahiSNutA kA ullekha karate huye kauloM evaM kApAlikoM kI jaina zramaNoM kI cAritrika niSThA para par3I vakradRSTi ko bhI rekhAGkita kiyA hai| vaise donoM vidvAnoM kI vyAkhyA hI isameM pramukha hai, kyoMki mUrtiaGkana to mauna hai| hama to kevala apanI vyAkhyA se hI bhAvAbhivyakti kara sakate haiM / vizeSa itanA avazya hai ki prophesara jaina ne deza evaM kAla ke pariprekSya meM apanI vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai, jo unheM tathyoM ke samIpa le jAtI hai| prophesara jaina apane jaina siddhAntoM ke prati atyanta sajaga haiN| ve kahIM bhI aura kisI bhI bar3e se bar3e vidvAna ke dvArA siddhAntoM ko tor3amaror3a kara prastuta kiye jAne para usakA nirAkaraNa karane se nahIM cUkate haiN| bauddhadarzana ke prakhyAta vidvAn mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne apane grantha 'darzana digdarzana' meM jaina darzana ke sandarbha meM jo bhI likhA hai, vaha prAya: bauddhadharma-darzana ke granthoM meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM Aye jainadarzana ke siddhAntoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara likhA hai, mUla granthoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| cUMki pUrvapakSa meM prastuta kiye jAne vAle siddhAntoM kI Age AlocanA kI jAtI hai, ata: unameM prAya: tathyoM/siddhAntoM ko tor3a-maror3a kara prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, jisase kisI bhI darzana ke hArda athavA usake praNetA kA vyaktitva ubharakara nahIM A pAtA hai| sAtha hI dvitIyAdi srotoM se grahaNa kI gaI viSaya vastu mUlakSayakarI hotI hai| ata: rAhula jI ke lekhaka meM AI visaMgatiyoM kA udghATana karate hue prophesara jaina kA yaha kathana yuktisaMgata hI hai ki - "cAturyAma saMvara kA mArga mahAvIra kA nahIM pArzva kA hai| paravartI kAla meM jaba pArzva kI nirgrantha paramparA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gaI to tripiTaka saMkalana kartAoM ne donoM dhArAoM ko eka mAnakara pArzva ke vicAroM ko bhI mahAvIra ke nAma se prastuta kiyA / tripiTaka ke saMkalanakartAoM kI isa bhrAnti kA anusaraNa rAhala jI ne bhI kiyA aura apanI ora se TippaNI ke rUpa meM bhI isa mata ke parimArjana kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyaa|" (pRSTha 179-180) itanA hI nahIM, prophesara jaina ne kAzyapa jI kI bhUla ko bhI rekhAGkita kiyA hai| *prakAzaka- pArzvanAtha vidyApITha mUlya, 1994 - ru. 100

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77 DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva prophesara sAgaramala jaina ne apane kathana kI puSTi ke liye 'sumaMgala vilAsinI aTThakathA' se lambA mUla gadyakhaNDa bhI uddhata kiyA hai, jisase unake dvArA bauddha dharma-darzana ke mUla granthoM, unakI TIkAoM aura aTThakathAoM ke adhyayana kI bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prophesara jaina ne aTThakathAkAra kI bhUla ko bhI iGgita kiyA hai aura usakI puSTi meM jainAgamoM se prAmANika uddharaNa prastuta kiye hai| kyoMki rAhula jI kA anuvAda aTThakathA para AdhArita hai / prophesara jaina ne apane isa nibandha saMkalana meM sampAdana ke mApadaNDoM ko AdhAra banAkara pATha saMzodhana kA bhI sujhAva diyA hai, jisase unakA pATha saMzodhana-sampAdana kalA ke prati samarpaNabhAva prakaTa hotA hai| prophesara jaina kA adhyayana kevala jaina-bauddha dharma-darzana ke granthoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai, apitu unhoMne vaidika granthoM kA bhI gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA hai aura sampradAya vizeSa se bAhara nikAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya saMskRti ke unnAyaka aura prAcIna Adya grantha Rgveda Adi kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI nidhi ho bhI nahIM sakate haiN| hA~ ! yaha bAta alaga hai ki ina granthoM kI rakSA vaidika saMskRti ke upAsakoM ne kI hai aura usI saMskRti ke pratIkoM ko AdhAra banAkara RcAoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| kintu jaba unhIM RcAoM kI vyAkhyA anya sampradAyoM ke pratIkoM se mela khAtI hai aura unakI vyAkhyA tat tat sampradAya apane pratIkoM kA samAveza karake karate haiM to una RcAoM kI sArvajanInatA kI puSTi hotI hai / isI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate huye prophesara jaina ne jaina pratIkoM ko AdhAra banAkara vaidika RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se jo sUkSma vyAkhyA kI hai vaha cintana ke liye eka avasara pradAna karatI hai / bahuprasiddha eka vaidika RcA hai catvAri zRGgA trayo asya pAdA dve zIrSe saptahastAso asya / tridhA baddho vRSabho rokhIti maho devo martyAM A viveza / / (4.58.3 ) isa RcA kI jaina pratIkoM ke AdhAra para prophesara jaina dvArA kI gaI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai- "tIna yogoM arthAt mana, vacana va kAya se baddha yA yukta RSabhadeva ne yaha udghoSaNA kI ki mahAdeva arthAt paramAtmA mRtyoM meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, usake ananta catuSTaya rUpa arthAt anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha va anantavIrya - aise cAra zRGga haiM aura samyagdarzana, jJAna va cAritra rUpa tIna pAda haiN| usa paramAtmA ke jJAnaupayoga va darzana-upayoga-aise do zIrSa haiM tathA pA~ca indriyA~, mana va buddhi-aise sAta hAtha haiN| zRGga AtmA ke sarvottama dazA ke sUcaka haiM jo sAdha kI pUrNatA para ananta catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM aura pAda usa sAdhanA mArga ke sUcaka hai jisake mAdhyama se usa sarvottama AtmA-avasthA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sapta hasta jJAna prApti ke sAta sAdhanoM ko sUcita karate haiN| RSabha ko tribhAbaddha kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha mana, vacana evaM kAyayogoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM hai| baddha kA artha saMyata yA niyantrita karane para mana, vacana va kAya se saMyata aisA artha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai|" prophesara jaina dvArA ukta RcA kI yaha vyAkhyA svAgateya hai| sAtha hI isI prakAra kI anya aneka RcAoM kI jaina dRSTiparaka vyAkhyA eka navIna dRSTi detI hai aura vidvAnoM ko cintana karane ke liye majabUra karatI hai| kisI bhI vicAra kA pravartana yadi vidvajjanoM ke hRdaya ko jhakajhora de to usakI sArthakatA svataH siddha ho jAtI hai aura yahI huA hai prophesara jaina kI ukta jainadRSTi paraka vyAkhyA se / -prophesara jaina ne 'niryukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana' meM yadyapi muni puNyavijaya jI ke lekha ko upajIvya banAyA hai, kintu unhoMne apane isa lekha meM anya aneka navIna sthApanAyeM bhI prastuta kI haiM aura apane niSkarSo ko bhI ve antima satya nahIM mAnate haiM, jisase zodha khoja ke kSetra meM prophesara jaina kI anAgrahI dRSTi prakaTa hotI hai| jaina-bauddha darzana ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa evaM unake anuvAda kI jo samasyAyeM samprati vidvAnoM ke sammukha upasthita haiM una para vicAra karate huye prophesara jaina ne artha nirdhAraNa ke liye zAstroM meM hI nivaddha niyamoM kA punarudghATana kiyA hai, jinheM kucha tathAkathita vidvAnoM ne achUta kI taraha alaga-thalaga kara diyA hai| vastutaH zabdoM / padoM kA artha kaise nizcita kiyA jAye ? isakI jAnakArI zAstra svayaM dete haiM / hameM to kevala itanA dhyAna rakhanA hai ki una zabdoM athavA padoM ke prayoga meM zAstrakAra kI mukhya vivakSA kyA hai ? sampAdana ke nAma para digambara aura zvetAmbara jainAgamoM kA bhASika svarUpa parivartita kara aneka vidvAnoM ne apane-apane pakSa kI jo puSTi kI hai usase prophesara jaina cintita haiN| ataH Agama sampAdana ke liye unhoMne jina vaijJAnika evaM zodhaparaka mApadaNDoM ko prastAvita kiyA hai ve nizcita hI mananIya hai| zraddhA ke atireka meM bahakara Agama sampAdana kA virodha karane vAloM ke prati prophesara jaina kA nimna kathana yukti saMgata hI hai ki "kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai ? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para antarvirodha kyoM hai? kahIM laukAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to kahIM nau kyoM hai ? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do trasa hai, kahIM tIna trasa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa yadi Agama zabdaza: mahAvIra .

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78 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kI vANI haiM to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aGgaAgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna huye gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM ? yadi kahAjAye ki bhagavAn sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha hai ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA, vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gayA? kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai ? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRddazA, anuttaropapAtika-dazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMga meM ullikhita hai ? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN|" bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi nirdhAraNa ke sandarbha meM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko prastuta karate huye prophesara jaina ne jo vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM ve bhI mananIya haiN| anta meM maiM mAtra itanA hI kahanA paryApta samajhatA hU~ ki prophesara sAgaramala jaina kI cintana pUrNa, kintu anAgrahI aura asAmpradAyika dRSTi nizcaya hI unake vyaktitva ke anurUpa hai |unkii dRSTi dUragAmI aura lakSya kA bhedana karane vAlI hai / ata: unake isa dRSTikoNa se deza aura * samAja ko lAbha lenA caahie| prAdhyApaka, jainadarzana, saMskRtividyA dharmavijJAna saGkAya, kAzI hindU vizvadyiAlaya, vArANasI / sAgara jaina vidyA-bhAratI : bhAga-2 samIkSaka-pro0 sadurzana lAla jaina DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina eka svatantra-vicAraka evaM lekhaka haiM / Apa sampradAyagata avadhAraNAoM ko kasauTI para kase binA svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| isIlie Apane svakIya sampradAya kI katipaya sthAnoM para tIkhI AlocanA bhI kI hai / parantu AgamoM kI prAcInatA ko lekara ApakA jhukAva digambara Agama granthoM kI apekSA zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ora adhika hai / Apake zodha kA viSaya 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rahA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa Apake cintana evaM lekhana meM gItA, bauddha evaM jaina saMskRtiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| 'RSibhASita' nAmaka jaina Agama grantha kA Apane samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karake kaI naye tathyoM kA udghATana kiyA hai| inake atirikta zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM tathA jaina dArzanika granthoM ke gambhIra adhyayana ke sAtha Adhunika cintakoM kA bhI Apane acchA adhyayana kiyA hai| bhASA zailI meM saralatAspaSTatA tathA tarkazIlatA hai| choTe-bar3e aneka granthoM ke atirikta zatAdhika zodha nibandha Apake chapa cuke haiN| kaI zodha chAtra Apake nirdezana meM zodha upAdhiyA~ bhI prApta kara cuke haiN| Apane aneka granthoM kA sampAdana kArya kiyA hai ina sabase Apake sAgarasama dha pANDitya kI amiTa chApa vidvajjagat para par3I hai| ye apane pANDitya se na kevala vidvAnoM ko AkarSita karate haiM apitu apane sarala evaM parama-kAruNika svabhAva se janasAmAnya ko bhI AkRSTa karate haiN| vartamAna meM Apa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mAnad nidezaka haiN| ApakI vANI jana-jana taka pahu~ce isa bhAvanA se prerita hokara pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI ke vidyA premI saciva zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina jI ne inake lekhoM ko ekatra saMkalita karake 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI ke nAma se dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kI yojanA taiyAra kI jisake tIna khaNDa (bhAga) prakAzita ho cuke haiM / samAlocya 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI' kA dvitIya bhAga apane isa grantha rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se prakAzita hone vAlI 'zramaNa' patrikA meM chapA hai / patrikA evaM grantha donoM hI prayojana hetu sAtha-sAtha chapane se kamiyA~ samAlocya grantha ke sampAdana meM kucha kamiyAM raha gyii| antima sAta pRSTha 'pArzvanAtha vidyApITha' kI naye prakAzana zIrSaka se chape haiM, jinameM vidyApITha ke dasa prakAzanoM kI samIkSA dI gayI hai| isa bhAga meM gyAraha lekhoM kA saMkalana hai, jinakA prakAzana anyatra bhI huA hai / antima gyArahavA~ DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina tathA unake zodhachAtra DaoN0 rameza candra gupta donoM ke saMyukta kRtitva ke rUpa meM haiN| zeSa dasa lekha DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke lekhanI se prasUta haiN| ina lekhoM kI *prakAzaka- pArzvanAtha vidyApITha mUlya, 1995 - ru. 100

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 79 viSaya vastu kramaza: nimna prakAra hai - 1. ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya : eka vimarza - paiMtAlIsa pRSThoM ke isa lekha meM zvetAmbara jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA AloDana kiyA gayA hai / isameM jaina zramaNadhArA kI prAcInatA ko siddha karate hue batalAyA hai ki vaidika upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMgasUtra, . sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita Adi prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM yathAvat upalabdha hote haiN| zvetAmbara jaina Agama ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI vANI svIkAra karane meM bAdhA yaha hai ki usameM tathyAtmaka vividhatAyeM tathA antarvirodha spaSTa dikhalAI dete haiM / DA0 jaina ne bhI Agama rUpa meM mAnya sabhI granthoM ko mahAvIravANI nahIM mAnate haiN| DA0 jaina ne zaurasenI digambara jainAgamoM (mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, SaTkhaNDAgama, niyamasAra Adi) ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM zvetAmbara jaina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko batalAyA hai, jisa para abhI aura cintana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki 'mUla AgamoM ke aMzoM kA upalabdha zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM sarvathA abhAva haiM, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / isI prasaMga meM DaoN0 jaina ne paM0 kailAzacanda jaina kI digambara mAnyatA kI samIkSA kI hai / Alekha meM jaina AgamoM kA vividha rUpoM meM vibhAjana, unakI viSaya vastu, vAcanAyeM, racanAkAla Adi sabhI pakSoM ke vivecana hai / jainasaMgha ke prAmANika itihAsa ke lie ye viSaya bar3e upayogI haiN| 2. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA - teraha pRSThoM ke isa Alekha kA vAcana dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga kI saMgoSThI meM kiyA gayA thaa| isa Alekha meM cArvAka darzana kI viSayavastu ke liye prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko vizeSakara AcArAMga, RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAMga aura rAjapraznIyasUtra ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai / rAjapraznIyasUtra eka aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jisameM cArvAka mata ke ucchedavAda aura tajjIvatacchIravAda ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta karake khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / cArvAka darzana ko samajhane ke liye prastuta Alekha mahattvapUrNa hai| 3. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usame jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTyaSTya - dasa pRSThoM kA yaha Alekha sarvaprathama san 1966' meM sudharmA meM prakAzita huA thaa| isameM sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra, ina jaina Agama granthoM kA kaThopaniSad, gItA, chAndogyopaniSad aura bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, ina hindU dharma granthoM kA tathA suttapiTaka, dIghanikAya, brahmajAlasUtra aura majjhimanikAya ina bauddha pAli granthoM ko AdhAra mAnakara ATha prakAra ke AtmavAdoM ko upasthita kiyA hai / pazcAt jaina dRSTi se samasta AtmavAdoM kA samanvaya karate huye usakA vaiziSTya pratipAdita kiyA hai| 4. sakarAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA - aTThAraha pRSTha yaha Alekha paM0 kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3A ke grantha kI bhUmikA hai / praznavyAkaraNa meM ahiMsA ke nirvANa Adi sATha paryAyavAcI nAma milate haiM, jinameM se apramAda Adi 3-4 nAmoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI sakArAtmaka haiM / DaoN0 jaina ne isa lekha meM AgamoM ko AdhAra mAnakara jaina anekAntadRSTi se ahiMsA ko apekSAbheda se sakArAtmaka evaM nakArAtmaka (niSedharUpa) donoM siddha kiyA hai / prasaMga: puNya karma ko rAgAdi ke abhAva meM karmabandha kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA hai, anyathA tIrthaMkara kI loka-kalyANakAriNI dezanA bhI karmabandha kA kAraNa hone lgegii| 'ahiMsA eka puNya karma hai jise niSkAma karma (vItarAgabhAva) ke rUpa meM karanA cAhie" yaha Alekha kA uddezya hai| ahiMsA para lekhaka ke anya bhI lekha prakAzita 5. tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana chaha pRSThIya isa laghu nibandha meM IzvaravAda aura tIrthaMkara ke maulika antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| donoM meM sarvajJatva, paramakAruNikattva Adi aneka samAnatAyeM hone para bhI tIrthaMkaravAda se pUrNa vyakti-svAtantraya kI sthApanA hotI hai jo IzvaravAda meM saMbhava nahI hai / bauddha aura jaina donoM tIrthakaravAdI darzana haiM / jainoM kA tIrthakaravAda kahIM adhika sayuktika hai, kyoMki isameM pratyeka AtmA ko paramAtmA mAnA gayA hai| 6. jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna cAra pRSThoM kA yaha laghu lekha jo 'zramaNa' meM mArca 1980' meM bhI chapA thA / vastuta: tIrthaMkaravAda aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM ke lekha kA pUraka hai / jaba jainadharma ke tIrthaMkaravAda meM sRSTikartA Adi svIkRta nahIM hai to phira usakI bhakti kyoM kI jAtI hai ? isakA samAdhAna isameM kiyA gayA hai| 7. mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa chabbIsa pRSThoM kA yaha lekha puskaramuni abhinandana grantha meM san 1979 meM chapA thaa| citta, anta:karaNa aura mana ye paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| mana saMsAra bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA kArya karatA hai ? rAga, vAsanA, indriyA~ aura icchAoM kA nirodha hI manonigraha hai| manonigraha se mukti kA patha prazasta hotA hai / mana kI aparimita zakti hai / jaina dRSTi se mana do prakAra kA hai-dravyamana (jar3a, bhautika pakSa) aura bhAva mana Jain Education Interational

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8. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (cetnaa-pkss)| lekhaka ne mana kI vividha avasthAoM kA citraNa Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se bauddha aura hindU paramparA se tulanA karate hue kiyA hai / rAgAtmaka mana bandhana kA hetu hai aura vItarAgI mana mukti kA hetu hai / 8. jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA - gyAraha pRSThoM ke isa nibandha kA prakAzana dArzanika traimAsika meM pahale ho cukA thA / lekhaka ke isI viSaya se sambandhita anya lekha bhI haiM, jaise nIti ke nirapekSa evaM sApekSa tattva, (dArzanika, traimAsika, apraila 1976 meM prakAzita), jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA (munidvaya abhinandana grantha 1977 meM prakAzita) Adi / ina lekhoM meM lekhaka ne 'sadAcAra kyA hai aura durAcAra kyA hai ? isako lekara naitikatA kA vividha pahaluoM se mUlyAGkana kiyA hai / jainadarzana ke anekAnta siddhAntAnusAra naitika mUlyoM kI sApekSatA siddha karate hue usake nirapekSa pakSa ko bhI prakAzita kiyA hai| AcaraNa kA bAhyapakSa dezakAla kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra parivartanazIla ho sakatA hai parantu AntarikapakSa sadaiva aparivartanazIla hotA hai| isI saMdarbha meM AcAra ke utsargamArga (rAjamArga yA sAmAnyamArga) aura apavAdamArga kI AgamAnusAra vyavasthA bhI dI hai / vastuta: naitikatA sambandhI sApekSavAdI aura nirapekSavAdI donoM dhArAe~ apane ekAntika rUpa meM apUrNa haiM / yaha DaoN0 sAhaba ke ina lekhoM kA sAra hai| 9. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa - solaha pRSThoM kA yaha Alekha 'dArzanika traimAsika' tathA 'jainadharma divAkara smRtigrantha' meM pUrva prakAzita haiN| isa para lekhaka ko pA~ca sau rupayoM kA puraskAra bhI diyA gayA thaa| lekhaka ne sAmAjika pariveza aura vaiyaktika sAdhanA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina sadAcAra ke niyamoM kI saTIka vyAkhyA isa lekha meM kI hai / rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya dRSTi ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhA hai| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA aura aparivartanazIlatA kI bhI samIkSA kI hai| naitika saMkalpa, sAdhya tathA maulika niyama aparivartazIla hote haiM parantu sAdhana parivartanazIla / prasaGgata: pAzcAtya vicAroM kI bhI samIkSA kI gaI hai| yaha Alekha vastuta: AThaveM Alekha (naitikatA kI sApekSatA) kA pUraka hai| 10. jainadharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza - solaha pRSThoM kA yaha Alekha DaoN0 zAntA jaina ke grantha meM bhUmikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita huA hai / jaina darzana kA lezyA siddhAnta Adhunika raMga-manovijJAna yA raMga-cikitsA vijJAna kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / jo AtmA ko karmoM se lipta kare (bAMdhe yA cipakAye) use lezyA kahA jAtA hai / zubha-azubha manovRttiyoM (AvegoM) kI tIvratA aura mandatA ke tAratamya bhAva ke AdhAra para lezyA ke chaha bheda kiye gaye haiM / ye manovRttiyA~ hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| lezyA ke do bheda bhI kiye jAte haiM - dravyalezyA (sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se nirmita) tathA bhAvalezyA (AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA anta:karaNa vRtti ) / isa taraha manodazAoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNaparaka vargIkaraNa lezyAoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| 11. prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha vyakti nahIM, prakriyA - cAra pRSThoM kA yaha lekha paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ke smRti grantha meM prakAzita hai / anAtmavAdI tathA ekAnta kSaNikavAdI bauddhadarzana meM buddha, bodhi satva, trikAya, punarjanma, nirvANa Adi kI avadhAraNAyeM kaise sambhava haiM ? ina praznoM kA samAdhAna lekhaka dvaya ne paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya jI se prApta kiyaa| tadanusAra buddha ke trikAyoM kI nityatA kA artha parArthakriyAkAritva rUpa buddhatva hai / buddha nitya vyaktitva (An Etermal Personality)nahIM hai apitu citta-santati yA cittadhArA kI eka prakriyA (AProcess) hai| vastuta: yaha lekha bauddhadarzana ke mahattvapUrNa viSaya se sambandhita hai| isa taraha sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga do ke sabhI lekha khojapUrNa evaM mahattvapUrNa haiM / gyArahavAM lekha chor3akara zeSa sabhI jaina dharma ke prariprekSya meM likhe gaye haiM / dharma, darzana, nItizAstra, itihAsa, Agama, manovijJAna Adi kI vipula sAmagrI isameM vidyamAna hai| vidvAnoM aura janasAmAnya donoM ke upayoga kI sAmagrI isameM nihita hai| saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vaaraannsii|

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jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya* eka abhimata ma. vinayasAgara prAkRta bhAratI tathA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA yaha saMyukta prakAzana jainoM ke bikhare itihAsa kI eka mahattvapUrNa kar3I siddha hogii| lekhaka usa stara ke sthApita vidvAnoM meM se hai jinakI lekhanI ko janasAdhAraNa hI nahIM prabuddha pAThaka bhI pramANa mAnatA hai| kintu lekhaka ne apane usa vaiziSTya kA lAbha uThAne kA lobha kahIM nahIM darzAyA hai, apitu vizuddha aura taTastha zodhakartA kA dAyitva bhalI-bhA~ti nibhAyA hai| DaoN. sAgaramalajI kI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI zailI ne jahAM upalabdha aura sthApita pramANoM kA nirAgraha upayoga kiyA hai vahIM asthApita sAkSyoM para se prAcInatA kI dhuMdha tathA arvAcInatA ke ekAMgI raMgoM kI partoM ko haTAne kA prazaMsanIya prayatna bhI kiyA hai| kisI bhI dharma kA eka audbhavika kAla hotA hai| isa kAla meM avadhAraNAoM aura siddhAntoM ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt dhIre-dhIre vaha saMghI vyavasthA kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai| yaha niyamoM, AcAra saMhitAoM, samAja vyavasthAoM ke vikAsa kA kAla hotA hai| jaba saMghIya vyavasthA sthApita ho jAtI hai taba Agraha balavAna hote jAte haiN| isI ke pazcAt kaTTaratAeM tathA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa pakane lagate haiN| saMbhavata: isI kAraNa dharma praNetAoM ne sudhAra, kriyodvAra Adi vyavasthAoM ko sthAna diyA thaa| paMtha prema ke ye ekAMgI dRSTikoNa sAkSyoM ke niSpakSa vizleSaNa kI saMbhAvanAoM ko samApta kara dete haiM aura isase anya kisI ko ho nA ho itihAsa ko bar3I hAni hotI hai| yApanIya saMpradAya zvetAmbara va digambara ke bIca kI kar3I hote hue bhI yaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke adhika nikaTa thI aisA pratIta hotA hai; zvetAmbara AgamoM, strImukti, Adi ko mAnanA yahI iMgita karatA hai| mAtra nagnatva isa paramparA ko digambara paramparA se jor3atA hai| isa pustaka meM ina sabhI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM va sAkSyoM ko sAmane rakhate hue eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa se sampUrNa jaina itihAsa ko dekhA gayA hai| acchA ho ki jisa prakAra kAlAntara meM digambara paramparA ne yApanIya granthoM ko mAnya kara liyA- usI prakAra isa prAcIna lupta paramparA ko sabhI arvAcIna jaina paramparAe~ apanI pUrvaja ke rUpa meM mAna leN| lekhaka ne isa kRti dvArA usa niSpakSa Akalana va vizleSaNa kI paramparA ko punarjIvita karane kA mahat kArya kiyA hai| - isa saMdarbha meM lekhaka ke apane zabda uddhRta karanA samIcIna samajhatA hU~- jaina saMgha meM jo vibhinna sampradAyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA, vaha deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM evaM anya sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai-ata: unameM maulika virodha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAyoM kA udbhava vastuta: uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hue parivartanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI huA hai| jaina samAja kA yaha durbhAgya rahA hai ki usane aitihAsika pariprekSya meM apane vibhinna sampradAyoM ke udbhava aura vikAsa ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA aura yaha nahIM dekhA ki ve kyoM aura kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kinake prabhAva se vikasita hue haiN| "merI yaha kRti nizcaya hI donoM paramparAoM ke AgrahI dRSTikoNoM ko jhakajhoregI aura unameM samavAya lie eka nayI dizA pradAna kregii| isa kRti meM mere jo niSkarSa haiM ve yathA sambhava sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se Upara uThakara mAtra aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para nikAle gaye haiN|" AzA karatA hU~ ki zodhakartA isa pustaka ko AdhAra banA isa viSaya meM Age zodha kareMge tathA isa zailI ko anya viSayoM kI zodha meM bhI apnaaeNge| nidezaka-prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura / *prakAzaka- pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 1995 mUlya - ru- 100

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jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya yApanIya sampradAya ke viSaya meM eka AdhArabhUta grantha samIkSaka DaoN0 ramaNalAla ci0 zAha * jaina janasAdhAraNa hI nahIM, apitu kitane hI jaina AcArya evaM munigaNa 'yApanIya' zabda se hI paricita nahIM haiM, to unheM yApanIya sampradAya ke viSaya meM jAnakArI kahA~ se ho sakatI hai ? jainoM meM bhUtakAla meM yApanIya nAma se eka mahattvapUrNa sampradAya thA aura isa sampradAya ne jainoM ke dhArmika, sAMskRtika evaM sAhityika vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai| isa sampradAya ke viSaya meM jAnanA jainoM ke lie atyAvazyaka hai, kyoMki isane jainoM ke digambara evaM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke bIca meM rahe visaMvAda ko dUrakara eka susaMvAda evaM samanvaya sthApita karane kA kArya kiyA hai| vApanIya sampradAya kA udbhava ina donoM sampradAyoM ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane ke lie hI huA aura isane bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA pravartita ahiMsA aura anekAnta kI bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane kA prayatna kiyA / yApanIya sampradAya ke sambandha meM abhI taka koI sUcanA dene vAlI sAmagrI upalabdha nahI thii| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne isa sambandha meM aneka graMthoM kA adhyayana tathA sUkSma samIkSA karane ke pazcAt taTasthatA pUrvaka yaha bRhadkAya zodhagraMtha taiyAra kiyA jo jijJAsuoM kI uparokta icchA se samyak prakAra ko saMtuSTa kara sakatA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne prArambha meM yApanIya sampradAya para eka laghupustikA hI likhane kA nirNaya liyA thA, kintu kisa prakAra ke saMyogoM meM cAra varSa kI parizramapUrNa sAdhanA se yaha bRhadkAya graMtha likhA gayA, isakA rocaka vRttAnta unhoMne svayaM hI apane lekhakIya nivedana meM kiyA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama graMthoM kA samyak adhyayana to thA hI, paraMtu yApanIya sampradAya ke viSaya meM jaba kucha likhanA ho to donoM hI sampradAyoM ke AdhArabhUta graMthoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hotA hai| ataH unhoMne donoM paramparA ke granthoM kA punaH gahana abhyAsa kiyA jisase unameM lekhana kArya ke lie yogya samajha aura adhikAra prApta huaa| aise saMvedanazIla viSaya para likhane ke lie lekhaka ko apane sAmpradAyika pUrvAgraha aura abhiniveza ko chor3anA par3atA hai aura tabhI aitihAsika tathyoM ke sAtha yogya nyAya kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekhaka ne ina bAtoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara taTasthatA pUrvaka isa grantha kA lekhana kArya kiyA hai isake lie ve abhinaMdana ke adhikArI haiN| lekhaka ne isa graMtha ko cAra mukhya adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama adhyayana meM yApanIya zabda kA artha vikAsa tathA yApanIya saMgha ke utpatti kI carcA kI gayI hai| dUsare adhyAya meM yApanIya saMgha meM utpanna hue vibhinna gaNoM evaM anvayoM ke vikAsa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM yApanIya sAhitya kA savistAra vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura caturtha adhyayana meM yApanIya saMgha kI viziSTa mAnyatAoM kA yathArtha paricaya diyA gayA hai| yApanIya saMgha IsA kI dUsarI uttarI zatAbdI se lekara pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga 12 sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vidyamAna rahA hai| itane sudIrgha kAla meM isa sampradAya kA astitva banA rahA isakA kAraNa isakI udAra evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTi hI ho sakatI hai| isa saMgha ne zvetAmbara evaM digambara sampradAyoM ke bIca meM eka yojaka kar3I kA kArya kiyA hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAyoM ke bIca matabheda ke mukhya viSaya muni kA sacela yA acela honA, strImukti, gRhastha evaM anya tairthika kI mukti tathA kevalI ke kavalAhAra se sambandhita rahe haiN| yApanIya sampradAya ne digambara paramparA ke anusAra muni ke acelakatva ko mAnya rakhA to dUsarI ora zvetAmbaroM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa strImukti, gRhastha evaM anyatairthika kI mukti evaM kevalI ke kavalAhAra ko mAnyatA pradAna kii| yahI nahIM, usane zvetAmbara sampradAya meM mAnya AgamoM ko bhI svIkRti pradAna kI aura batAyA ki unameM jo vastra pAtra ke ullekha haiM ve mAtra ApavAdika sthiti ke sUcaka hai| usane yaha kArya donoM pakSoM ko mAnyatA dene ke vyAvahArika uddezya se nahIM, apitu pratyeka viSaya kI tarkayukta gahana samIkSA karake hI kiyA hai aura unheM jo yogya lagA use samarthana diyA / yApanIya sAhitya meM ina mahattvapUrNa viSayoM para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne bhI prastuta kRti meM ina viSayoM para prAmANikatA se vicAra kiyA hai| digambara paramparA meM spaSTarUpa se mAnya graMthoM ke atirikta zAkaTAyana, prabhAcandra, vimalasUri, siddhasena, umAsvAti Adi ke graMthoM kI bhI lekhaka ne talasparzI mImAMsA karake yaha sthApita kiyA ki kauna sA sAhitya yApanIya saMgha kA mAnA jA sakatA hai aura kaunasA yApanIya saMgha kA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, isake viSaya meM lekhaka ne nimna kasauTI prastuta kI hai| 1. kyA usa grantha meM acelatA para bala dete hue bhI strImukti aura kevalIbhakti ke nirdeza upalabdha haiM ? 2. kyA vaha grantha strI ke chedopasthApanIya cAritra arthAt mahAvratAropaNa kA samarthana karatA hai ? 3. kyA usa grantha meM gRhastha athavA anya paraMparA ke bhikSu Adi ke muktigamana kA ullekha hai ? 4. kyA usa grantha meM zvetAmbara paraMparA meM mAnya aMgAdi AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura apane mata ke samarthana meM

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83 DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva unake uddharaNa diye gaye haiM ? 5. kyA granthakAra zvetAmbara AgamoM meM upalabdha mahAvIra ke garbhApahAra, vivAha Adi tathyoM kA ullekha karatA hai ? 6. kyA granthakAra ne apane gaNa anvayAdi kA ullekha kiyA hai aura ve gaNa kyA yApanIyoM se sambandhita haiM ? 7. kyA usa grantha kA sambandha una AcAryoM se hai, jo zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM ke pUrvaja rahe haiM ? 8. kyA grantha meM aisA koI viziSTa ullekha hai, jisake AdhAra para use yApanIya paraMparA se sambandhita mAnA jA sake ? 9. kyA usa grantha meM kSullaka ko gRhastha na mAnakara apavAda liMgadhArI muni kahA gayA hai ? 10. kyA usa grantha meM rugNa yA vRddha muni ko pAtrAdi meM AhAra lAkara dene kA ullekha hai ? uparokta kasauTI ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lekhaka ne kitane vyavasthita tarIke se evaM tarkapurassara DhaMga se isa sambaMdha meM vicAra kiyA hai| acelakatva evaM sacelakatva ke sambandha meM bhI unhoMne aitihAsika, bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha AdhAra bhUta graMthoM, abhilekhoM evaM purAtAttvika sAmagriyoM ke AdhAra para jo talasparzI vivecanA kI hai vaha dhyAna dene yogya hai / isa prakAra se DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne yApanIya saMgha ke viSaya meM eka vizAlakAya aura adhikRta graMtha pradAna kiyA hai isake lie unhoMne jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke kitane graMthoM kA adhyayana kiyA hogA yaha jAnakara Azcarya hotA hai unhoMne isa grantha meM apane viSaya pratipAdana ko to yathArtha nyAya pradAna kiyA hI hai kintu isake sAtha hI pAThakoM ke lie vividha saMdarbho meM vipula sAmagrI bhI upalabdha karA dI hai, ina sabameM jo sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta hai vaha yaha ki ve apane vivecana meM kahIM bhI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhramita nahIM hue haiN| unakI udAra evaM madhyastha dRSTi unheM evaM unake graMtha ko gaurava pradAna karatI hai unake isa avadAna ke lie ve nizcaya hI hamAre abhinandana ke adhikArI haiN| pUrva adhyakSa, gujarAtI vibhAga, mumbaI vizvavidyAlaya "jainadharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA"* samIkSaka - pro0 kamaleza datta tripAThI Agamika tAntrika darzana evaM sAdhanA samasta bhAratIya dArzanika dhArmika paramparA kA sAmAnya dAya hai / vaidika evam Agamika paramparAoM ke antaHsambandha kA vivecana tathA unakI paraspara viruddha athavA pUraka sthiti para vicAra Adhunika bhArata-vidyA-viSayaka adhyayana kA rocaka kSetra rahA hai / isI prakAra jaina evaM bauddha darzana evaM dharma ke anuzIlana meM bhI Agamika-tAntrika pakSa para vicAra vidvAnoM ko AkRSTa karatA rahA hai| vaiSNava, zaiva evaM zAkta sampradAyoM kI hI bhA~ti bauddha evaM jaina paramparAoM meM Agamika-tAntrika sthiti kA parsAlocana hotA rahA hai, kintu "jainadharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA" zIrSaka se prastuta samIkSya grantha DaoNkTara sAgaramala jaina kI etadviSayaka gaveSaNA kA eka aisA suphala hai, jo jaina tAntrika sAdhanA kI sAGgopAGga AlocanA prastuta karatA hai| ___ Agamika-tAntrika darzana evaM sAdhanA ko suparibhASita karane kA prayAsa aneka vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai / isa prayatna meM 'Agama' evaM 'tantra' zabdoM ke niruktilabhya artha evaM Agamika-tAntrika granthoM ke vivecya viSaya athavA prameyabhUta arthoM ko AdhAra banAkara eka suvyavasthita dRSTi pradAna karane kA lakSya rahA hai| aise samasta prayAsoM kA samucita artha yahI hai ki Agama tantra vaidika sAdhanA mArga ke samAnantara yA pUraka rUpa meM eka viziSTa sAdhanA padvati prastuta karate haiM / yaha Agamika tAntrika dRSTi 'mukti ke sAtha-sAtha 'bhukti' ko bhI prAptavya ke rUpa meM svIkRta karatI hai| AdhyAtmika anubhava ke sAtha-sAtha bhukti ke anubhava ko bhI divyatva kI ora le jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Agama-tantra kA mArga niSedha athavA varjana kA mArga nahIM hai, apitu 'bhoga' ke hI udAttIkaraNa se mukti kI prApti kA mArga hai| 'siddhi' evaM 'SaTkarma' ko bhI isI dRSTi se hai / nRtattvazAstrI tantra meM 'yAtu' aura adhyAtma' kA mizraNa dekhate haiM / vastuta: yahA~ vizvAsa evaM gahana AdhyAtmika rahasya-anubhava ko sambaddha kara diyA gayA hai| Agama-tantra meM eka vizeSa prakAra ke yoga kA bhI upadeza kiyA gayA hai, jo 'kuNDalinI-yoga' ke nAma se abhihita hotA hai| isa yoga ke sAtha eka rahasyAtmaka zarIra-vijJAna jur3A huA hai, jisameM piNDa kA brahmANDa aura divya loka ke sAtha ekatva svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isIlie tAntrika sAdhanA meM sAdhaka kA upAsya ke sAtha ekatva Avazyaka hai, jisameM Antara pUjA kA viziSTa sthAna hai| yahA~ taka ki bAhya-pUjA meM bhI devatA kA apane hRdaya meM hI visarjana kiyA jAtA hai / isa upAsanA-paddhati meM virATa 'brahmAMDa' kA 'piNDa' meM hI laghurUpa

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84 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM avasthAna aura isase jur3I pratIka-yojanA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| Agamika tAntrika tAntrika darzana kA mahatvapUrNa pakSa paratattva ko niSkriya' na mAnakara 'kriyA' se yukta mAnatA hai / ataeva paratattva eka aura advaya hokara bhI dvidhruvIya mAnA jAtA hai tathA pAryantika rUpa meM ina donoM dhruvoM kA sAmarasya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isIlie Agamika-tAntrika sAdhanA meM 'zakti' tattva avazya hI svIkRta hotA hai / yaha avazya hai ki zakti tattva hI kahI kahI 'paratattva' mAnA jAtA hai aura kahIM vaha 'paratattva' ko prApta karAne vAlA tattva mAnA jAtA hai / darzana kI eka viziSTatA ke kAraNa hI Agama tantra meM 'vAk tattva' kI vizeSa sthiti hai| 'vAk' kA rahasyAtmaka pakSa Agama tantra meM vizeSa rUpa se vivecita kiyA gyaa| vAk ko 'pratyak-caitanya' meM ant sanniviSTa mAnavara varNa, pada aura vAkya ke rUpa meM para prakhyAta ke lie hone vAlI abhivyakti ko cit tattva ke sAtatya meM hI dekhA gayA hai / isIlie parA, pazyantI madhyamA aura vaikharI vAk ke isa caturvidha svarUpa tathA 'varNa', 'mAtRkA' evaM 'bIja' para vicAra huA hai| inase sambaddha pratIka kA Agamika tAntrika karmAnuSThAna meM vizeSa mahattva hai aura isIlie mantra-sAdhanA kA viziSTa sthAna jAtA / para sthUla aura sUkSma ke staroM ke svIkAra ke kAraNa ekabahustarIya pratIka vyavasthA ke antagarta mantra, yantra, cakra,maNDala aura vigraha kA upAsya tattva se aikya aura sAtatya kA anubhava sugama ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra bhAvana, japa aura dhyAna ke dvArA kramaza: bAhya kA AbhyantarI karaNa tathA aneka ke advaya meM paryavasAna kA mArga sugama ho jAtA hai / sthUla se sUkSma aura sUkSma se para kA anubhava Agamika tAntrika-sAdhanA kA svIkRta sopAna hai| isakI anubhUti meM 'mudrA' bhUtazuddhi aura nyAsa kI vidhi sarvathA svIkRta hai / bAhya vigraha, yantra maNDala, cakra tathA tattva kI ekatA kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai / Agama-tantra divya aura mAnuSa, divya aura Asura, sRSTi aura saMhAra, lalita aura bhIma, mUrta aura amUrta ko 'prakriyA' ke dvArA samajhate hue eka svIkAra karatA hai| upAsya tattva aura guru tathA sAdhaka kI pAryantika ekatA ko samajhate hue guru aura 'dIkSA' kA vizeSa mahattva mAnA gayA hai / jisa prakAra vaidika karmAnuSThAna ke samAna hI Agamika karmAnuSThAna vaidika-dhArmika sAdhanA meM eka doharA DhA~cA prastuta karate haiM, usI prakAra hI jaina aura bauddha sAdhanA meM yaha doharI sthiti hai / Agama-tantra saMkhyA aura bhASA para AdhArita pratIkoM kA vistAra prastuta karate haiM aura yoga-sAdhanA ko bhI rasAyana, haTha-yoga aura siddha-paramparA se jor3ate haiN| ve eka vizeSa prakAra ke dhArmika, AdhyAtmika bhuvana-koSa aura tIrtha ke pratIka ko prastuta karate haiN| tAntrika bhASA ke kSetra meM bhI rahasya bhASA tathA 'samAdhi bhASA' ko prastuta karate haiM, jisakA vyAkhyAna mukhyata: guru-ziSya paramparA se maukhika rUpa meM hI hotA AyA hai / sabhI Agama-tantra paramparAoM kA yaha sAmAnya svarUpa hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana evaM dharma ke vibhinna prasthAnoM ke apane-apane svatantra rUpa hone ke sAtha-sAtha unameM eka Antarika ekatA unakI sAdhanA aura yoga ke lakSya kI samAnatA meM bhI dikhAI par3atI hai| sabhI dharma apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA jAgatika, sakhaNDa aura vyaktiniSTha anubhava se AdhyAtmika, akhaNDa aura virAT vaidika evaM zramaNa yoga tathA Agama-tantra kA anuzIlana bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne 'jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA' nAmaka isa kRti meM jaina paramparA kA gaharA vivecana kiyA hai| kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke dharmAgama vibhAga tathA dharma darzana vibhAga ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM bhArata kalA bhavana kI sahabhAgitA se Agamika tAntrika darzana, dhArmika sAdhanA evaM yoga, sAmAjika dRSTi, saundarya darzana evaM kalA para kendrita eka akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA thA, jisameM jaina tantra ko suparibhASita karane ke liye pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne eka vizeSa satra kA Ayojana kiyaa| isa satra meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne jo Alekha prastuta kiyA thA, usako aura bhI vyApaka tathA samagra rUpa meM isa grantha ke AkAra meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 jaina ne isa grantha meM tantra sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi, jaina deva kula ke vikAsa meM hindU tantra ke avadAna jaina pUjA vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna, jaina dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM kalA tattva, jaina dharma meM mantra-sAdhanA, stotra pATha, nAma, japa, yantropAsanA, dhyAna, kuNDalinI yoga aura SaTcakra bhedana Adi viSayoM para vistRta vicAra kiyA hai| unhoMne jaina tAntrika sAdhanA ke vidhi-vidhAna para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai aura jaina dharma ke tAntrika sAhitya kA bhI vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / grantha ke anta meM jainAcAryoM dvArA viracita tAntrika stotroM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI yaha kRti na kevala jainadharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA ke anupraveza aura usa para hindU tAntrika sAdhanA ke prabhAva para vistRta aura yuktiyukta vicAra prastuta karatI hai, apitu jaina tAntrika sAdhanA kI apanI viziSTatA ko bhI rekhAMkita karatI hai| DaoN0 jaina tattva darzana ke sAtha jaina Agamika, tAntrika sAdhanA kI saMgati para sUkSya vicAra karate hue yaha rekhAMkita kiyA hai ki jaina tAntrika sAdhanA vAmAcAra se pUrNatayA mukta hai aura isa dRSTi se jaina AdhyAtmika anubhava se aviruddha rUpa meM usakA vikAsa huA hai| mAraNa, mohana, uccATana Adi SaTkarmoM kI avasthiti ko unhoMne sAmAnya logoM kI duHkha-nivAraNa aura anukUla jIvana-sthiti kI prApti kI AkAMkSA se prerita aura hindU tAntrika prabhAva se janita mAnA hai / jaina tAntrika devakula ke vikAsa meM hindU tAntrika prabhAva ko svIkAra karate hue unhoMne jaina tAntrika devakula kA na kevala sAGgopAMga vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, apitu tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha usake abhisambandha kA suspaSTa citra bhI prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne jaina yantroM kA vivaraNa dete hue inake citra prastuta kiye haiN| pUrvavartI samasta kArya ko ekatra prastuta kara unhoMne bhAvI zodha ke liye sArI sAmagrI eka sAtha upalabdha

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85 DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva karA dI hai / jaina pUjAvidhAna meM svIkAra kiye gaye krama evaM upacAra vidhi kA vivecana karate hue unhoMne jaina sAdhanA-sammata stotra pATha, nAmajapa evaM yantra-japa kA vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai / unhoMne jaina sAdhanA meM svIkRta mantroM kA vivaraNa dete hue SaTkarma se sambandhita mana tathA gRha zAMti ke mantra to prastuta kiye hI haiM, isake sAtha hI bhUmi zuddhi, karanyAsa, aGganyAsa, sakalIkaraNa, dikpAlAhvAna, hRdayazuddhi, mantrasnAna, kalmaSa dahana, paMca parameSThi sthApana, AhvAna, sthApana, sannidhAna, sanirodha, avaguNThana, vighnatrAsanArtha choTikA, amRtIkaraNa, kSobhaNa, kSAmaNa athavA kSamApana, virsajana evaM stuti ke krama evaM mantroM ke nivAraNa ke sAtha jaina paddhati ko prastuta kiyA hai / 'mantra' aura 'vidyA' ke antara ko suspaSTa rUpa meM prastuta karate hue DaoN0 jaina ne samasta jaina vidyAoM kA mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / isI krama meM unhoMne kuNDalinI-yoga tathA dharma meM svIkRta SaTcakra-sAdhanA ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai| isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prastuta kRti jaina tAntrika sAdhanA se sambaddha sAhitya, siddhAnta, aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi, sAdhanA-padvati, yoga se sambaddha vipula sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai / yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA prAsaMgika hai ki jaina tAntrika sAdhanA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zakti tantra kI apekSA vaiSNava tantra ke sAtha kiyA jAnA bahuta samIcIna hogA / jaise pAzcarAtra Agama meM zakti kI sthiti hai, usI prakAra kI sthiti jaina paramparA meM pratIta hotI hai / isa dRSTi se jaina tattva mImAMsA ke sAtha jaina tAntrika sAdhanA kI pravRtti paratA aura pAryantika rUpa meM jaina nivRttiniSThatA kA sAmaJjasya saMtoSajanaka rIti se prastuta ho sakatA hai| hamArA vizvAsa hai ki 'jainadharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA' zIrSaka isa kRti kA vidvajjagat meM samAdara hogA aura yaha nizcaya hI jaina tAntrika paramparA ke anuzIlana ko aura bhI Age le jaayegii| AcArya evaM adhyakSa, dharmAgam vibhAga, prAcyavidyA dharmavijJAna saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii| Jan Education International

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jainadharma aura tAMtrika sAdhanA DaoN0 nandalAla jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha jJAna ke vibhinna kSitijoM ke aneka udaghATaka anusaMdhAnAtmaka sAhitya ke prakAzana meM pichale aneka dazakoM se agraNI saMsthA ke rUpa meM ubharI hai / isake 94veM puSpa ke rUpa meM eka sarvathA navIna, aitihAsika evaM tulanAtmaka vivecanA ke rUpa meM jaina jagat ke suprasiddha vidvAn tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke purodhA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI 'jainadharma aura tAMtrika sAdhanA' nAmaka pustaka prakAzita huI hai| tAMtrika paraMparA meM maMtra, taMtra aura sAdhanA vidhi ke aneka rUpa samAhita hote haiM / phalata: isa pustaka meM ina sabhI pakSoM para tulanAtmaka evaM sAMgopAMga vivecana huA hai / vartamAna buddhivAdI jagat meM yaha viSaya paryApta carcita hai aura isa para prAmANika pustaka kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava sAmAnya jana ko bhI hotA rahA hai / merA vizvAsa hai ki yaha pustaka aneka jijJAsAoM aura bhrAMntiyoM kA samAdhAna karane meM samartha hogii| isa pustaka meM bhUmikA ke atirikta bAraha adhyAya, bAraha sAraNiyAM, 105 viziSTa saMdarbha, 44 sAmAnya saMdarbha, 39 zloka, 150 maMtra, 148 yaMtra tathA 26 japa-vidhiyA~ dI gaI haiN| yaMtra-citroM evaM japa citroM Adi ke kAraNa pustaka kI sUcanA-pradattA, manovaijJAnikatA tathA AkarSaNa meM paryApta vRddhi huI hai| graMtha ke prathama adhyAya meM 'taMtra' zabda ke aneka artha batAye gaye haiM - (1) sAmAnya paddhati/vyavasthA (2) viziSTa gupta vidyAeM (3) jJAna evaM rakSaNa kI kSamatA meM abhivardhana (4) aprazasta pravRttimArgI aura bhaktivAdI laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti hetu sAdhanA paddhati (5) prazasta bhaktivAdI adhyAtma sAdhanA paddhati evaM (6) jIvAtmA ke devatva ke abhivardhana vyApakIkaraNa evaM pazutva se saMrakSaNa kI sAdhanA paddhati / vyutpatti kI dRSTi se yaha kahanA to kaThina hotA hai ki 'taMtra' zabda 'tan' vistAraNA+tra (rakSaNa) se vyutpanna hai yA 'taMtra' niyaMtraNa, niyamana (ApTe, peja 229) se vyutpanna hai| lekhaka ne ise prathama AdhAra para vyutpanna kiyA lagatA hai jabaki isakI dUsarI vyutpatti bhI sArthaka mAnI jA sakatI hai / isake anusAra, vibhinna bhogavAdI kAyika kriyAoM ke bIca bhI Atmazakti ko vikasita karanevAlI paddhati taMtra hai / yaha paddhati aprazasta pravRttimArga se nivRttimArga kI ora yA pazutva se devatva kI ora le jAne kA eka vaikalpika bhaktivAdI patha hai| maMtra ke samAna, taMtra zabda bhI zArIrika yA laukika icchAoM kI pUrti yA surakSA kA artha de sakatA hai| lekhaka ke anusAra, jainadharma evaM sAmAnyata: jJAta 'taMtravAda' kA adhyAtma -vikAsa yA devatva abhyudaya kA lakSya samAna rahate hue bhI usake prApta karane kI vidhiyoM meM vividhatA hai - eka pravRttimArgI aura bhaktivAdI hai to dUsarI nivRttimArgI aura puruSArthavAdI hai| prazasta tAMtrika sAdhanA evaM jaina sAdhanA eka-dUsare se aneka arthoM meM sahamata haiM -donoM hI jIvana ko vAMchanIya evaM rakSaNIya mAnate haiM, dharmasAdhana mAnate haiM (para jainoM meM sva ke sAtha loka kalyANa kA bhI lakSya rahatA hai)| donoM hI sAdhanAoM meM maMtra, yaMtra, japa, pUjA, dhyAna, kuMDalinI evaM caitanyacakra jAgaraNa Adi kA prayoga hotA hai| vaidika saMskRti kI pUrvavartI zramaNa saMskRti ke nivRttimArga ne prAraMbha meM puruSArtha ko hI pratiSThita kiyA aura bhaktivAda ko tripadI ke eka ghaTaka ke rUpa meM mAnA / phalata: bhaktivAda ke kucha pahaluoM ke rahate hue bhI isameM vyaktivAdI nivRtti mArga kI hI pramukhatA hai / lekhaka ne 16 biMduoM ke AdhAra para pravRtti aura nivRtti dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pakSa ko tulanAtmakata: prastuta kara bhogamUlaka pravRttimArga ke viSaya meM diye gaye zAstrIya vizeSaNoM-pApazruta, pApazramaNa, anArya, kilviSaka yoni-mUla Adi ko tarkasaMgata batAyA hai| unhoMne AMzika yogavAdI pravRtti ko hI bhArata meM bauddhadharma ke dvArA tathA taMtravAda ke sImita bane rahane kA mahattvapUrNa kAraNa batAyA hai| unhoMne saMbhoga se samAdhivAda kI yogavAdI dhAraNA kA bhI nirasana kiyA hai| nivRttivAdI ahiMsaka evaM anIzvaravAdI jainapaddhati AtmakalyANa ke sAtha janakalyANa, lokamaMgala evaM dharma-saMrakSaNa ko bhI mahattva detI hai| isake liye vahAM bhI pUjA, stotra, japa, maMtra, dhyAna, Adi pravRttiyA~ vikasita huI haiM aura pracalita rahI haiN| inakA lakSya laukika eSaNAyeM nahIM rahA phalataH pravRtti ke binA nivRtti ho hI kaise sakatI hai ? jaina paddhati ne bhogavAda ke damana ko nahIM, niyamana evaM saMyamana para bala diyA hai. usakI pUrti karate rahanA to azAMti kA kAraNa hI banatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki aneka Agama graMthoM meM maMtra Adi vidyAoM ko pApazruta mAnA hai, phira bhI sthAnAMga, 9/28 meM nau naipuNikoM meM maMtravAdI aura mUrtikarmI kA ullekha hai / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra evaM unake pUrvavartI pArzva ke yuga meM sAmAnya janoM meM maMtra-taMtra vidyA kA pracAra evaM prabhAva thaa| pArzva ke yuga meM to zramaNa aSTAMga-nimitta hote the / parantu AtmakalyANa kI dRSTi se mahAvIra ne vidyAoM ko svIkRti nahIM dI aura pArzva paraMparA kiMcit hIna mAnI gii| phira bhI, pArzva paraMparA ke mahAvIra paMtha meM vilina hone para jainoM meM bhI ina vidyAoM kI pravRtti janakalyANa hetu prAraMbha huI / isI lie zramaNoM ko inakA jJAnAbhyAsa apekSita thaa| isake udAharaNa jaina itihAsa ke vibhinna yugoM meM milate haiM / bhaTTAraka aura yati paraMparA aura Aja ke kucha sAdhuvRMda bhI isa vidyA ke pakSadhara aura pracAraka rahe haiM / mUrtiyoM kI prANa-pratiSThA tathA AcAryapada kI pratiSThA ke

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 87 samaya 'sUrimaMtra' evaM 'aMganyAsa' kriyAyeM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| lekhaka kA yaha mata sahI pratIta hotA hai ki jainasaMgha meM taMtra-sAdhanA kA rujhAna do kAraNoM se baDhA (1) saMghIya jIvana kI pradhAnatA, surakSA tathA zrAvakoM kA bhautika kalyANa (2) vardhamAna tAMtrika prabhAva se zrAvakoM ko parirakSita karanA jaina itihAsa para vihaMgama dRSTi DAlane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina paraMparA meM pravRtti mArgI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA prAraMbha vajrasvAmI (prathamasadI) ke samaya se milane lagatA hai / kalpasUtra Adi meM vidyAdhara muni, jaMghAcArI zramaNoM kA ullekha hai / mathurA ke zilAMkana meM bhI AkAzagAmIzramaNa citrita haiN| zramaNoM ke caityavAsa ke prAraMbha se to jainoM meM maMtra-taMtra svIkRta hote hI gaye / lekhaka ne prathama sadI se lekara terahavIM sadI ke bIca do darjana se adhika jainAcAryoM ke nAma diye haiM jinhoMne taMtra-vidyA ke mAdhyama se hI dharma prabhAvanA aura saMgha-rakSA kii| anya paMraparAoM se taMtra kI prabhAvakatA dekhate hue unhoMne jaina deva-maMDala meM zAsana-rakSaka, yakSa-yakSI, vidyAdevI, dikpAla, lokapAla, kSetrapAla tathA navagraha Adi kA samAharaNa kiyaa| aneka vidhi-vidhAnoM kA bhI jainIkaraNa pUrvaka samAharaNa huaa| yadyapi jainoM meM samAharaNa cauthI-pAMcavIM sadI se dhIre dhIre prAraMbha hue para AThavIM-navamIM sadI aura usake bAda to ye sAdhanA aura pUjA ke anivArya aMga bana gaye / isase jaina upAsakoM kI niSThA apane dharma meM banI rahI aura dharma kI prabhAvanA bddh'ii| apane gahana tulanAtmaka adhyayana se lekhaka ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki vartamAna meM jainoM ke aneka vidhi-vidhAna, pUjA, maMtra-yaMtra pratiSThA Adi ke pracalana meM taMtra paraMparA kA paryApta yogadAna hai| dhyAna kI prakriyA ko chor3akara prAya: sabhI karmakAMDoM ke lie taMtra-paraMparA hI AdhAra banI hai jisameM jainIkaraNa mAtra huA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina deva-kula ke vikAsa kA vivaraNa hai / sAmAnyata: bhaktivAdI sAdhanA meM laukika evaM AdhyAtmika uddezyoM ke lie aneka devI-devatAoM kI aneka mAdhyamoM se upAsanA kI jAtI hai / prAraMbha meM jainoM meM 24 tIrthaMkara hI upAsaka bane / uttaravartIkAla meM bhUta aura bhAvI tIrthakara tathA videha Adi ke tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI upAsya ke rUpa meM samAharaNa huA para unakI vItArAgatA aura karmavAda ke siddhAMta ne mAnava ko manovaijJAnivataH zAMta nahIM kiyaa| ve hamArA na AdhyAtmika aura na hI bhautika kalyANa kara sakate haiM ? apane bhautika kalyANa hetu sarvaprathama mahApuruSoM kI ora dhyAna gyaa| 63 zalAkA puruSoM aura bAda meM kAmadeva (24) rudra (11), nArada (9), kulakara (14), aura tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtApitA (98) isa prakAra kula milAkara 169, (trilokaprajJapti) kA parigaNana huaa| para ve bhI upAsya na bana sake / phalata: aihika jIvana ke kalyANa hetu anya paraMparAoM se prabhAvita hokara tIrthaMkara-upAsaka, saMsArI jIvoM ke lie hitakArI evaM saMsArI yakSa-yakSI (48) mahAvidyA devI (16), dikpAla (10), graha (9), yoginI (64) vIra (52) tathA aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ke samAna devI-devatAoM ke kula kI kalpanA kI gaI / inameM se aneka ullekha AgamoM evaM mathurA ke zilpAMkanoM meM milate haiN| lekina unakA upAsya ke rUpa meM svIkaraNa to pAMcavIM-chaThI sadI (trilokaprajJapti) se lekara 10-11vIM sadI ke bIca vikasita hotA rahA hai / lekhaka ke mana se yaha samAharaNa taMtra-sAdhanAoM se prabhAvita rahA hai kyoMki (1) yakSa-yakSiyoM Adi ke nAma prAya: paramparAnusAra haiM aura (2) unake pratimA lakSaNa bhI isI paraMparA se paryApta prabhAvita haiM / dasavIM sadI ke bAda se hI isa jaina deva-kula se saMbaMdhita sAhitya kA bhI bahumAtrA meM sRjana prAraMbha huaa| yahI nahIM, jainoM ne devakula ko vistArita bhI kiyA hai- vidyAoM kI adhiSThAyikA deviyAM aura lokAMtika devoM kI dhAraNA isake pramANa haiN| lekhaka ne batAyA hai ki isa deva-kula kI upAsyatA kI jaina-mAnyatA unake svayaM ke kAraNa nahIM, apitu unake tIrthaMkara upAsaka hone ke kAraNa hai / yaha saMpUrNa devakala Rddhi-siddhi saMpanna hotA hai aura aihika kAmanAoM kI pUrti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| inakI upAsyatA tAMtrika devadevI/zakti upAsanA kA jainIkRta rUpa hai / yaha devakula jaina karmakAMDa ke liye kramaza: mAnya hotA gayA / isa pustaka meM isa samAharita devakula kA saMkSipta para sAmAnyajana ke lie jJAnavardhaka vivaraNa, aneka sAraNiyoM ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA hai| tIsare aura chaThe adhyAya meM pUjA-vidhAna, nAmasmaraNa evaM japoM ke samAna karmakAMDoM kA vivaraNa hai| vastuta: pravRttimArgI tAMtrika sAdhanA karmakAMDa se hI prAraMbha hotI hai cAhe usakA uddezya kucha bhI ho| isake viparyAsa meM, AdhyAtmika taMtroM meM tapa, svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna samAhita hote haiN| jainoM meM inakI pratiSThA hI adhika rahI hai / jainoM ke prAraMbhika granthoM meM, isIliye, anya paraMparAoM ke uparokta karmakANDoM ko AdhyAtmikata: paribhASita kiyA gayA hai aura ve bhautika karmakANDa ke virodhI rahe haiN| phira bhI, yadi AhAra-vihAra Adi ko karmakAMDa mAnA jAya, to usakA ullekha sAdhuoM ke SaDAvazyaka tathA gRhasthoM ke proSadha (AhAra-saMyamana) ke rUpa meM prArambha se hI milatA hai / AgamoM meM yakSapUjA evaM jina-pUjA ke ullekha milate hai para pUjA-vidhi kA samagravarNana nahIM miltaa| rAjapraznIya meM avazya pUjana, stavana, gAna, nRtya, nATaka Adi ke ullekha haiM para ve paravartI yA sAmayika pratIta hote haiM, kuMdakuda ke rayaNasAra meM gRhasthoM ke lie pUjA aura dAna ke ullekha haiM / lekhaka kA yaha mata samucita hI pratIta hotA hai ki ina ullekhoM ke kAraNa hI gRhasthoM meM ye pravRttiyAM pramukha huI haiM aura vratapAlana dvitIyaka ho gayA / uttarakAla meM pUjA ko

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 88 kRtikarma (vaiyAvRtya) evaM atithi saMvibhAga vrata kA rUpa hI mAna liyA gyaa| mathurA ke zilpAMkanoM se puSpapUjA ke dUsarI sadI meM pracalita hone saMketa milate haiM / lekhaka ke mata se jainoM ke lie sAmAnyataH bhAvapUjA hI siddhAMta sammata hai jisameM ekeMdriyoM kI bhI virAdhanA nahIM hotI / para hindUparamparA ke prabhAva se stavana ke bAda puSpa pUjA ke rUpa meM dravyapUjA bhI prArambha huI jo vikasita hote-hote aSTa dravya pUjA meM pariNata ho gii| vastutaH pUjana kA pUrvarUpa stavana hI rahA hogA kyoMki isakA ullekha IsApUrva sadiyoM ke jaina graMthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| prAraMbha meM usakA ullekha IsApUrva sadiyoM ke jaina graMthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| prAraMbha meM pUjA ke uddezya ke rUpa meM ehika samRddhi kama evaM pAralaukika samRddhi (tad-guNa labdhaye) adhika mAne gaye / pratyeka pUjana dravya ke pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza bhI mAne gye| pahale kevala tIrthaMkara pUjA hI svIkRta thI, para uttaravartI kAla meM taMtra ke prabhAva se zAsana deva - deviyoM Adi kI pUjA bhI cala par3I jisakA uddezya laukika kAmanA pradhAna hotA hai| para taMtra paraMparA ke viparyAsa meM pUjana meM prayukta sAmagrI ko prasAda na mAnakara nirmAlya mAnane kI paddhati jainoM meM svIkRta huii| pUjA kI samagra vidhi 6-7 vIM sadI taka hI pUrNata: vikasita ho paaii| isake bAda hI jainoM kA pramukha pUjA sAhitya dekhane ko milatA hai| aba to pUjAoM kI saMkhyA bhI agaNita hotI jA rahI hai| zvetAmbara paraMparA meM paMca, aSTa evaM satraha - bhedI pUjA - vikasita huI jisameM pUjana ke Adi se aMta taka ke vividha caraNa samAhita haiM / rAjapraznIya meM prAya: eka darjana caraNoM kA ullekha hai jo zvetAMbara paraMparA ke pratIka haiM aura kramazaH satraha caraNoM meM pariNata hue haiM / (isake viparyAsa meM digaMbara pUjA-vidhi ke caraNa kiMcit bhinna haiN| yaha aSTa-caraNI hai aura isameM visarjana aura zAMtipATha bhI saMpAdita hai|) taMtra paraMparA meM paMcopacArI, dazopacArI evaM SoDazopacArI pUjAyeM hotI haiM jinase vyakta hotA hai ki pUjA ke caraNa eka dUsara se prabhAvita rahe haiN| jaina- pUjA vidhi jainIkRta kI gaI hai| (udAharaNArtha, paMcaprakArI pUjA tIrthaMkaroM ke paMcakalyANakoM kI pratIka hai)| pUjA ke vibhinna caraNoM meM stavana, nRtya, gAna evaM vAdya ke caraNa bhI haiM jo 4-5vIM sadI se pUjA yA dhArmika kriyAkAMDoM ke sAmAnya aMga bana gye| donoM hI paraMparAoM meM devatAoM ke nAma ko chor3akara padoM aura maMtroM meM bhI samAnatA dekhI jAtI hai jo taMtra ke prabhAva ko aura bhI rekhAMkita karatI hai| bhaktivAda meM maMtra japa evaM pUjA ke atirikta stavana evaM nAmasmaraNa kA bhI mahattva hai| ye prakriyAyeM donoM paraMparAoM meM pracalita haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki stavana kI prakriyA maMtra japa kI tulanA meM na kevala pUrvavartI hai apitu sarala bhI hai| prAraMbha meM to stavana guNAnuvAda aura 'tadguNa labdhaye ke rUpa meM the, para uttaravartI kAla meM prathama sadI se hI inameM yAcanA ke svara bhI samAhita hone lge| bAda meM stotra stavana yAcanApradhAna hote gaye jo taMtra kA prabhAva hai| ye stavana (1) adhyAtmika sAdhanA ke Adarza kA smaraNa karAte haiN| (2) usakI prApti ke liye preraNA dete haiM aura (3) saMcita karmoM ko vikasita karate haiM tathA (4) laukika kAmanAoM kI pUrti meM (uttaravartI uddezya) sAdhaka hote haiN| bhadrabAhu dvitIya racita upasargahara stotra se prAraMbha hokara bhaktAmara stotra, kalyANa maMdira srota Adi meM yAcanA ke svara mukhara ho gaye haiM / ye sakAma bhakti ke rUpa hai / lekhaka ne (1) namaskAra maMtra, (2) tIrthaMkara (3) gaNadharAdi (4) zrutadevI tathA (5) zAsanarakSaka devakula se saMbaMdhita pAMca prakAra ke srotroM kA acchA vivaraNa diyA hai| stotra paraMparA ke sAtha uttaravartI kAla meM prAyaH navamI sadI ke bAda jaina graMthoM meM nAma aura maMtra japa paraMparA kA samAharaNa bhI huA hai / nAma-japa to jinasena se prArambha huA kahate haiM jaba viSNu aura ziva sahastra nAma lokapriya ho rahe the| jainoM meM nAma-japa kA udbhava hindU prabhAva ko sUcita karatA hai| nAma-japa bhaktivAda ke, stavana ke samAna, saralatama rUpa hai| phira bhI yaha jainoM meM hinduoM ke samAna bahu-pracalana meM nahIM hai / usake viparyAsa meM, jainoM meM stotrapATha aura maMtra japa adhika pracalita haiN| kisI bhI prakAra kA jApa ho, usameM bhAvoM kI vizuddhatA kA lakSya rahatA hai| lekhaka ne tAMtrikoM ke 18 prakAra ke japoM kI tulanA meM jainoM ke 26 prakAra ke japoM kI vidhi va svarUpa kA sundara aura sacitra vivecana kiyA hai| yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sazakta japa kI apekSA mauna evaM mAnasa japa zreSTha hai| zrAddhavidhi prakaraNa ke anusAra stotrapATha eka karor3a pUjApATha ke samakakSa hai, japa eka karor3a stavana ke samakakSa hai tathA nirvikalpa dhyAna eka karor3a dhyAna ke samakakSa hotA hai| parimANAtmakataH yaha atizayokti ho sakatI hai, para isakI guNAtmakatA asaMdigdha hai| usase bhaktimArga ke vividha rUpoM kI koTi kA anumAna hotA hai| pUjA stotra japa dhyAna nirvikalpa dhyAna I cauthe adhyAya meM maMtra aura unakI sAdhanA kA sAMgopAMga vivaraNa hai yatra manana, maMtraNA evaM mAnasika caMcalatAoM ke nirAkartA mAne jAte haiN| ye dhvanirUpa pauDralika zaktiyAM haiM jo hamArI cetA ko prabhAvita evaM unnata karatI haiN| maMtra adhyAtmavikAsI bhI hote haiM aura lokeSaNA sAdhaka bhI hote haiN| inameM dhvani vizeSa samAhArI akSara-racanA hotI hai| prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM sAmAnyataH vyaktigata lokaiSaNA yA SaTkarma sAdhaka maMtroM kA zramaNoM ke lie niSedha kiyA hai para saMghadharma kI rakSA, zAsana prabhAvanA tathA prAkRtika ApadAoM se surakSArtha inake abhyAsa aura prayoga kI anumati dI hai jisake aneka udAharaNa jaina itihAsa meM milate haiN| maMtra sAdhanA kI kalA Aja bhI jIvaMta hai aura isake vaijJAnika AdhAra bhI sulabha hue .

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89 DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva haiN| lekhaka ne (1) isa AdhyAtmika (NamokAra maMtra Adi), (2) anya paraMparAoM ke jainIkRta parameSThi yA anya devatAoM se saMbaMdhita) evaM (3) tAtrika paraMparAmUlaka para parivardhita (jvAlAmAlinI ke samAna aihika kAmanA paraka devakula-saMbaMdhita) ke rUpa meM tIna prakAra ke maMtroM para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se acchA prakAza DAlA hai / inameM dvitIya evaM tRtIya koTi ke maMtra anya paddhatiyoM ke prabhAva se siddhAMta viruddha hote hue bhI 11-12 vIM sadI taka pUrNataH svIkRta evaM pracalita hue haiN| lekhaka ne prathama koTi ke maMtroM meM NamokAra maMtra ke aitihAsika catuzcaraNI vikAsa evaM vivecana ko prathama sthAna diyA hai aura usa para AdhArita 88 maMtra aura diye haiN| isI prakAra unhoMne 'maMgala' graha ke 14 aura 24 jina-vidyAmaMtra, logassa, sUri, gaNadharavalaya, aMgavidyA meM upalabdha 5, SaTkarmasAdhaka 6, navagrahoM se saMbaMdhita 9. kula milAkara 150 maMtra diye haiM jinameM laukika pradhAna maMtra adhika haiN| maMtra-sAdhanA ke 25 caraNoM se saMbaMdhita maMtra inase alaga haiM / maMtra-sAdhanA, mAlAjapa, Tvigha, karAvarta, japa, aSTAdazaprakArI, AnapUrvI japa ke mAdhyama se mAnasa upAMzu evaM vAcanika japa ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| unake graMthoM meM maMtroM ke japa kI sAdhakatama saMkhyA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo yahA~ nahIM dI gaI haiN| sAmAnyata: pratyeka maMtra meM mAtRkAkSara (a-kSa) vItAkSara (ka-ha) evaM pallavAkSara (namaH phaT svAhA Adi ) ke rUpa meM tIna ghaTaka hote haiM / lekhaka ne pallavoM ko bIjAkSara mAnakara aneka maMtrAkSaroM ke bIjakoza diye haiN| hA~, hau, hraH, zAyada chUTa gaye haiN|) isake sAtha hI yaha ucita hotA ki maMtrazAstra kI pustakoM ke AdhAra para ve anya do koTi ke maMtrAkSaroM kA bhakti-sAmarthya Adi kA bhI vivaraNa dete jisase maMtroM kI sAdhakatA kA sahaja anumAna laga sktaa| isake atirikta maMtra to dhyAna ke hI eka rUpa haiM, ata: inake vaijJAnika evaM manovaijJAnika pakSa kA kiMcit sAra diyA jAtA to aura bhI acchA hotA / maMtra-sAdhanA bhaktivAda evaM puruSArthavAda-donoM ko samAhita karatI hai| lekhaka kA yaha kathana sahI hai ki jainoM ne mUla maMtra ko chor3a anya maMtroM kI racanA kA svarUpa hindU taMtra paMraparA se liyA hai aura unheM jainIkRta kara laukika kAmanAparaka maMtra banAye sAtaveM adhyAya meM taMtra sAdhanA meM prayukta honevAle yaMtroM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ye viziSTa jyAmitika AkRti ke hote haiM, jinameM maMtra yA AnupUrvI saMkhyAyeM kAgaja yA dhAtupaToM para likhI hotI haiN| kabhI-kabhI maMtra-japa ke sAtha yaMtra-sAdhanA bhI hotI hai| jainoM meM pUjAyaMtra ke aMkana diyoM meM pAye jAte haiM para dhAraNayaMtroM kA pracalana praryApta uttAravatI hai jo taMtra paraMparA kA prabhAva hai| yaMtra to paudralika hI hote haiM aura unakI kAryakSamatA unake abhimaMtraNa para AdhArita hai| isakA aMkana eka kaThina kAma hai para vidhi-vidhAnoM ke samaya ye AsthAbiMdu bane rahate haiM / jainoM meM sapheda yA raMga-birageM cAvaloM se bhI inake maoNDala banAye jAte haiN| ye maMtra-japa aura dhyAna ke lie AlaMbana kA kAma karate haiN| tAMtrika paraMparA ke paryAsa meM jaina yaMtra -maMtra bIjAkSara evaM saMkhyA kI dRSTi se jainIkRta hote haiM / jainoM meM bhaktAmara taMtra (48) evaM tIrthaMkara devakula yaMtra (24) prasiddha hai / jainedra siddhAnta koza meM vibhinna koTi ke 48 yaMtra tathA bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa meM 44 yaMtra diye hue haiM / laghu vidyAnuvAda meM bhI aneka yaMtra diye gaye hai jinameM 95% yaMtra bhautika kAmanAparaka haiM / pustaka meM inameM se adhikAMza kA aMkana diyA gayA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se jainoM meM yaMtra-nirmANa evaM unakI upAsanA ke ullekha navamI-dazamI sadI se hI upalabdha hote haiN| inakA vikAsa anya paraMparAoM ke prabhAva se hI huA hai / phira bhI aisA lagatA hai ki jaina yaMtroM kI apanI aneka maulika vizeSatAyeM haiN| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke aMga haiN| ye sabhI samagra dhyAna prakriyA ke vividha rUpa haiN| phalata: dhyAna aura usakI prakriyA kA varNana na hone para pustaka meM kiMcit apUrNatA rahatI / phalata: AThaveM adhyAya meM dhyAna kA zAstrIya vivaraNa evaM vikAsa diyA gayA hai / yadyapi dhyAna kA samagra vivaraNa prAcIna graMthoM meM nahIM milatA para uttaravartI graMthoM meM jJAnArNava va yogazAstra Adi meM isakA acchA vivaraNa hai / dhyAna ke vyAvahArika lAbha haiM, AdhyAtmika lAbha hai / aitihAsika zArIrika aura manovaijJAnika lAbha bhI haiN| jaina dhyAna graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki AcAryoM ne pataMjali yoga ke aSTAMga ko jaina dhyAna meM samAhita kiyA hai aura taMtra paraMparA ke piMDastha, padastha Adi cAra rUpoM ko AtmasAt kiyA hai| yaha tattvArthasUtra kI paraMparA ke viparyAsa meM hai / lekhaka ne zAstrIya vivecana ke sAtha jaina dhyAna ke prekSAdhyAna, samIkSaNa dhyAna (ArtadhyAna) Adi vartamAna rUpoM kA bhI ulkha kiyA hai / yadyapi jaina zAstroM meM prAraMbha meM kuMDalinI kI dhAraNA (navama adhyAya) nahIM milatI para uttaravartI 12-13 vIM sadI ke graMthoM meM yaha Agraha hai| yaha bhI dhyAna aura mudrA-sAdhanA kA ekarUpa hai| Adhunika saMdarbha meM saptasUcI yaha bhI dhyAna aura mudrA-sAdhanA kA eka rUpa hai / Adhunika saMdarbha meM saptacakrIya kuMDalinI jAgaraNa ko caitanya kendra prekSA rUpa meM varNita kiyA jA sakatA hai / phalata: prAcIna kuMDalinI caitanya kendroM para dhyAna kA rUpa le cukI hai| zAstrIya dhAraNAoM ke viparyAsa meM lekhaka ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki gRhastha bhI dharma dhyAna kA adhikArI pAtra hai anyathA gRhasthaliMga siddha kI dhAraNA visaMgata bnegii| lekhaka ne jainadharma meM dhyAna-sAdhanA ke vikAsa kA acchA vivecana kiyA hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM tAMtrika sAdhanA vidhi kA vizada varNana hai / dasavIM sadI ke bAda ke aneka jainagranthoM meM jaina tAMtrika sAdhanA vidhi ke 7-20 caraNa diye haiN| ye eka-dUsare ke saMkSepa-vistAra mAtra haiN| inameM zarIra, vastra bhUmi kI zuddhi maMtrasnAna, bIjAkSara, navapada nyAsa, mudrA, maMDala

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90 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 aura pUjana Adi vidhiyA~ pramukha haiN| jo hiMdU taMtra paraMparA meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| lekhaka ke anusAra jainoM ne bIjAkSara nyAsa kI vidhi anya paraMparAoM se lI hai| sAdhanA vidhi ke pratyeka caraNa ke lie vinirdiSTa maMtra haiM jinheM lekhaka ne uddhRta kiyA hai| vibhinna caraNoM ke viziSTa uddezya hote haiM, jo aneka nAma se bhI spaSTa hai| taMtra sAdhanA ke lie dIkSita honA bhI eka caraNa hai| jisakI vidhi madhyayuga ke aneka jaina graMthoM meM dI gayI hai / unameM varNita karmakAMDoM para hindU taMtra kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| kahIM-kahIM ye karmakAMDa jainoM ke mUla siddhAntoM ke viparIta bhI par3ate haiM, phira bhI cale A rahe haiN| ina para punarvicAra apekSita hai| gyArahaveM adhyAya meM lekhaka ne jainoM meM upalabdha taMtra sAhitya ke 52 graMthoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| inameM se kucha ko chor3a bAkI sabhI AThavIM sadI ke uttaravartI haiN| jaina-taMtra jijJAsuoM ke liye ye upayogI haiN| bArahaveM adhyAya meM jainoM ke 35 stotra / stava diye gaye haiM / inameM tIrthaMkara stava ke sAtha devakula stava bhI haiN| ye sabhI jainoM meM lokapriya haiM / graMtha kI sAmagrI ko dekhate hue lekhaka ke athaka zrama kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / etadartha lekhaka badhAI ke pAtra haiM / yaha pusta lokapriya bane yahI kAmanA hai / 12 / 644, bajaraMga nagara, rIvA, ma0 pra0 Jaina Bhasa Darsana* A review by Prof. K. Satchidananda Murthy Professor Sagarmal Jain's Jaina Bhasa Darsana is an important work and a first-rate scholarly contribution. It succintly brings together almost all that is found in Jaina literature on the origin, nature and philosophy of Language. In recent years the views of Hindu grammarians and Naiyayikas have received vogue, and the apoha-vada of Buddhists also has been expounded and discussed quite extensively. But Jaina theories of language have not come to the attention of those who are not specialists in Jaina studies. Professor Sagarmal Jain has shown that have been concerned with problems of language right from the time of Mahavira himself. The author begins his work with an account of the debate between the great Tirthankara and his son-in law regarding the meaning of what is expressed through "vartmanakalika krdanta" (continuous present); and he makes it clear that the philosophical method which Mahavira favoured was the analytical (Vibhajyavada). This is followed by a survey Jaina speculation on the origin of language, its varieties and scripts. Then he goes on to explain the Jaina theories of (1) the nature and meaning of Pudgalikavada and Akrtavada, and (2) the nature of meaning of sentences which is defined as 'padanam tu tadapeksanam nirapeksaah samudaya vakyam". n the later portion of this book are discussed (1) The problem ofdetermination of the intension of the speaker, (2) the capacity of language to express what it seeks to express and (3) the relation between language and truth. In all these cases it is interesting that Jainas have formulated inclusive theories after rebutting what they believe to be one-sided narrow theories of others. Prof. Sagarmal Jain's a present study is a pioneering one based on an acquaintance with the texts in their originals. Its brevity and clarity are impressive. It should be widely known to all those interested in the philosphy of Language. As such it would be very useful if it is translated into English and published. Fomer Vice Chairman, University Grants Commission New Delhi. Publisher : B. L. Institute of Indology, Delhi 1996 Rs.50/ .

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"JainaBhasa-Darsana'+ (On Jaina Philosophy of Language : An Appraisal) A review by Nagin J. Shah Dr. Sagarmal Jain is a scholar of eminence in the field of Jaina philosophy and religion with several celebrated works to his credit. The work, under review, written by him is an important treatise on Jaina philosophy of language. He has collected data from all the major Jaina works, canonical and non-canonical, presented them systematically and expounded them in wide ranging context. The work consists of seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the subject matter. We are told that it is the very nature of living beings to express themselves and for that purpose the prime instrument they employ is language. Dr. Jain outlines the development of language philosophy in West and India. He clearly shows that problems of language have engaged the Jaina thinkers right from the time of Lord Mahavirahimself whoemployed both the analytical and synthetical method to solve the philosophical problems. He informs us about the problems discussed in the Jaina philosophy of language. They are-origin, nature and structure of language, word-meaning relation, what a word denotes-universal, individual or form, how words and sentences related to truth, on what depends truth or falsity of statements. The second chapter is devoted to the exposition of language and script. Dr. Jain observes that according to Lord Mahavira language is originated or created by living beings. This implies that language is as old as the world of living beings as also that language is possible in all the classes of living beings. From this follows that language has two main types-one type of language is of the nature of sounds, gestures, etc. and the othertype of language is of the nature of letters (aksaratmaka). The former is employed by living beings other than humans while the latter is employed by humans. Dr. Jain develops and explains all these points lucidly and refers to the Nyaya-Vaisesika, Christian and Islamic theory of divine origin, Mimamsaka theory of eternal existence of language and Sanskrit Grammarian's theory of sabdadvaita(non-dual word as ultimate reality). He records eighteen different languages enumerated in Dhavalaand eighteen scripts mentioned in Samavayarga, Prajnapanaand Visesavasyakabhasya. He identifies Gandharvascript with the script prevalent in Gandhara region, Bhutascript with Bhota (Tibetan)script, and Kiriscript with the script prevalent in Crete island. He also records 64 scripts enumerated in the Buddhist work Lalitavistara. He deals with the question as to what a letter is and what its types are. Letters are the ultimate units of language. Each letter has three statesform, sound and cognition, letters form two groups-one of vowels, and the other of consonants. The third chapter expounds the Jaina language philosophy proper. Dr. Jain clearly explains the Jaina view of the material nature of sound (sabda) and furtherexplicates how sound, once generated at a particular place, travels in all directions like waves and spreads over the entire universe within a moment through the medium of material atoms capable of being transformed into sound, these atoms being present everywhere in the universe. A living being receives the material particles capable of being transformed into sound or spoken word through the instrumentality of body, rather bodily activity. Afterwards the living being transforms them into sound or spoken word through vocal apparatus, rather vocal activity. When the material particles thus transformed into sound orspoken word are uttered or expelled out by the living being, they come in contact with other material particles capable of being transformed into sound or spoken word, generate. Specialtype of agitation in them and thereby transform them into sound orspoken word, these material particles transformed into sound or spoken word come in contact with other material particles and transform

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92 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 them into sound orspoken word, this process goes on, the material particles transformed into sound orspoken word goes on increasing by infinite times as they travel and spread and at last reach the end of the universe (loka). Dr. Jain discusses the question as to how a word acquire meaning. In other words, how does word-meaning relationship comes into existence. The Mimarsaka theoreticians maintain that the relation is natural and eternal. The Nyaya-Vaisesikathinkers contend thatit is God who establishes the relation. Some are of the view that it is established by society or tradition; in other words, it is man-made. Jaina philosophers assert that thoughaword has inherent capacity to get associated with meaning, it is only conventionally associated with meaning and this convention is established through tradition and usage. Inevery language we come acrosswords having many meanings. In their connection there arises a question as to how to determine one out of many primary meanings in a particular case/instance/sentence. Jainas are of the view that here context and intention work as determinants. While discussing the problem as to what is denoted by words, Dr. Jain states that according to Jainathinkers a word denotes an individual characterised by universal. Thus they agree with the Nyaya-Vaisesika thinkers on this point. But it is to be borne in mind that the Jaina conception of universal is very different from the Nyaya-Vaisesika thinkers positone self-identical impartite independent entity residing in all the members of a class and numerically identical in each of these members; they call it universal. The Jainas do not, of course, positsuch an entity because experience does not warrantus todoso. Forthem universalis nothing but similar qualities or transformations possessed by the members of a class. According to them, universal means positive common features exhibited by the members of a class. Again, Jainas do not endorse the Nyaya-Vaisesika position that word first grasps universal and then individual because the position is nottenable. Why? It is because there does not obtain cause-effect relation between them, nor are they separate existents occupying different places. Dr. Jain expounds Grammarian's Sphota theory and Buddhist Exclusion theory and then refutes them after Jainathinkers. We reserve our consideration of them. Some have raised the question as to what the individualqualified by universal is. Is it external thing or mental image/idea? The NyayaVaisesika theoreticians accept the former alternative while the Buddhists the latter one. But Jainathinkers synthesise the two. For them meaning of a word is neither mental image/ideanor external thing but the form of the external thing brought to mind. Dr. Jain observes that there obtains similarity between this Jaina view and Ludwig Wittgenstein's Picture theory. And he finds that Jaina acceptance of tradition, usage and context as determinants of word-meaning accomodates Wittgenstein's Usage theory. Dr. Jain states that a group of letters which has meaning is called word (sabda). He brings out the distinction between sabda, padaand vakya(sentence). A sabda is a word withoutcase-ending while padais a word with case-ending and expects other padasin asentence to convey its meaning. This means a word which has case-ending and is employed in a sentence is called pada Now we take up the explanation of Buddhist Exclusion theory (apohavada) and Grammarians' Sphotatheory and their refutation by Jainathinkers, as presented by Dr. Sagarmal Jain. According to the Buddhista word conveys orexpresses what is common to several objects but he is of the view that each objecthas just gotone positive nature which it does not share with any other. So, according to him what several objects have in common is not any positive feature or entity but justexclusion of the opposite (i.e. what cows have in common is just exclusion of non-cows). This Exclusion theory is a necessary corollary of Buddhist theories of momentarism and unique particular (svalaksana). According to the Buddhist there is no substance running through all the states/moments. He rejects substance. Similarly, for them there is no positive feature or entity common to

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva different individuals of a class. (nahi desakalayoh vyaptir bhavanam iha vidyate/pramana Vartika). The following is how Jainathinkers refute Exclusion theory: (1) The object/meaning ofaword is universal which is not mere exclusion or mentalfigment but real. Though universal is not physically separate from individuals in which it is embeded, yet it is real. Universal is positive generic features found in individuals of a class. These features are not absolutely different from individuals of which they are features. Thus Jainas do not endorese the Nyaya-Vaisesika position that universal is absolutely different from individual in which it inheres. Nor do they tolerate the Buddhist position that universal is not real because its nature is mere exclusion. (2) If the object/meaning of a word is mere exclusion and notsomething real, then there will remain no ground forthe truth or falsity of a statement, because truth or falsity of a statement depends on the attainment or otherwise of the denoted real thing. (3) If the function of a word is only to exclude the other/opposite, then this function will be of the nature of negation only. But negation always implies affirmation. Without affirmation there can never be negation, and viceversa Negation is impossible without the acceptance of affirmation as its basis. That is, the function of a word can never be negation alone but is always both negation and affirmation, negation of the nature of other/opposite things and affirmation of the thing's positive nature. (4) Exclusion of non-cows is not possible without the knowledge of non-cow. But the knowledge of non-cow is not possible without the knowledge of cow. Knowledge of non-cow depends on that of cow, and the knowledge of cow depends on that of non-cow. Thus Exclusion theory is vitiated by the logical defect of mutual dependence (anyonyasraya). (5) Again, exclusion of the opposite turns out to be an affirmation of the positive. Forinstance, negation (i.e. exclusion) of non-cows, being of the nature of two negations, necessarily proves its own nature of affirmation. Now we consider sphota theory. The upholders of this theory are grammarians. Their position is as follows: That from which meaning is manifested is sphota. It is not a word made up of letters. It is different from such word. It is called sphotaor word-sphota. It is an eternal entity which is made manifest when on this or that occasion an appropriate sound is made. It is not something audible, for what is found heard is not sphota itself but the sound that makes this sphotamanifest. A word made up of letters orasentence made up of such words cannot serve as the instrument of verbal cognition because it is impossible for man to cognise aword as a whole orasentence as a whole. This has led to the positing of corresponding eternal impartite sabda-sphota and Vakya-sphota. The letters supposed to compose aword, since they are uttered one after another, are never present together, and so it is impossible for them to be perceived together. So, it becomes necessary to maintain that the instrument of verbal cognition is not a word made up of letters but sphotawhich is impartite, eternal, orderless and inaudible. It is true that verbal cognition nevertakes place unless letters are uttered, but it should be borne in mind that the letters are required not because they are the instrument of verbal cognition but because they make manifestthe eternal sphotawhich is actually such instrument. Dr. Jain presents two main points of Jaina refutation of the grammarian's Sphotatheory. They are as follows: (1) The grammarian's stand that a word as a whole can never be grasped is untenable and unsound. A word as a whole can be grasped. The procedure as to how a word as a whole is grasped letter by letter is as follows. There is first grasped the first letter and this grasping produces a mental impression, then is grasped the second letter and this grasping produces a mental impression stronger than the first, and thus proceeding there is lastly grasped the last letter and this grasping produces a mental impression strongest of all; now this last mental impression produces a memory

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94 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 having for its objects all the earlier letters arranged in due order, and this memory added to the direct cognition of the last letter (acognition that yet persists) is what is called the grasping of the whole word. So there is no need of positing sphotawhich is neither ever perceived nor can ever be inferred. (2) If letters uttered one after another cannot generate cognition of the whole word made up of these letters, then how can they uttered one after another manifest an impartite sphota? The fourth chapterexpounds Jaina philosophy of sentence and sentential meaning. Regarding the question as to what a sentence is, there are various views. Dr. Jain first presents the Jaina view, then gives an account of other views andexpounds some salient points of Jaina criticism of these views. Jainathinkers define a sentence as a non-expectant or expectation-freegroup of mutually expectantwords. The noteworthy point is that a sentence is a group of words. It is not something that is produced by words. It is not an effect of words. It is not different from words the manner an effect is different from its causes or causal aggregate. It is or causal aggregate. It is not something over and above the words. It is not something different from and over and above its constituent words the way the Nyaya-Vaisesika whole (avayavas) is different from and over and above its constituent parts (avayavas). It is nothing but words that have come together. What is it that causes them to come together? It is their mutualexpectancy. They expect one another. No word which is notexpected by any member word of the group finds its place in the group. Any group of words is not a sentence. That group of words in which the member words expect one another is called a sentence. The group of words expecting one another is itself free from any expectation, it is complete in itself. Now we take up other views for discussion one by one. Some contend that action word (verb) is a sentence. They mean to say that of all the words in a sentence it is action word that is principal, primary and main and all other words are subordinate to it. In criticism Jainas observe that even action wordexpects other words in a sentence. Other words in a sentence are as important as action word. So action word should not be regarded as principal and others subordinate to it and hence action word should not be considered as a sentence. Accordingtosome, a group of words itself is not a sentence but it is some common entity (jati) presentin this group of words that is called asentence. Thus on the modelof Nyaya-Vaisesika universal they conceive a sentence which is one residing in many words and is different from words. The Jainacriticism of this conception of a sentence is exactly the same as their criticism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika universal. According to grammarians a sentence is nothing but sphota which is one unitary impartite eternal entity manifested by words. The reasons that led grammarians to posit sabda-sphota led them to posit vakyasphota. And we know main points of Jaina criticism of sphotatheory. Some propound that the special order of the words in a group is a sentence. Mere co-existence of words in a group should not be regarded as a sentence. But it is the special order(krama) obtaining among the words in a group, that should be regarded as a sentence. Words, when they are in special order, assume sentencehood. So this special order has a right and legitimate claim to sentencehood. Moreover, these thinkers maintain that temporal proximity between words is necessary and that temporal gap between words breaks the order of words and leads to the abortion of a sentence. Again, they believe that the immediately succeeding word somehow assists the immediately preceding one. Jainas concede that in the structure of a sentence the order of words is an important factor. But they dislike the attempt of these thinkers to elevate the orderto the status of a sentence. Again, they point out that mutualexpectation of words necessarily implies this order. Some contend that acollection of words that is made in the intellect of hearers is a sentence. When after having heard words one after another words expecting one another- a hearer collects them in his intellect, they assume the

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 95 status of a sentence. Jaina thinkers have no objection to this view if this internal sentence (bhava-vakya) is the counterpart of the external one (dravya-vakya). Some are of the view that the first word uttered by the speaker is to be regarded as a sentence because on hearing it, the hearer comes to know the remaining words also. There are several factors like context, situation, etc. which help the hearer to know the remaining words. Jainas describe this view as absurd. It makes other words-rather their utterance by the speaker-redundant. Of course, on certain occasions even one word acts as a sentence. But that does not mean that on all occasions one word acts as a sentence. After examining various views about the definition of a sentence Dr. Jain discusses two important theories regarding sentential meaning, formulated by Kumarila and Prabhakara, known as Abhihitanvayavada and Anvitabhidhanavadarespectively. We take up these two theories one by one for consideration. Kumarila maintains that first words of a sentence yield their respective meanings by their denotative power (abhidhasakti), then these meanings get associated with one another in accordance with the felt-need, the proximity and the ability. So a sentence means the association of word-meanings. Kumarila's point is that the denoter-denoted relationship obtains between an individual word and its meaning while the meaning of a sentence is got by combining the meanings yielded by the individual words occurring in a sentence. This means that according to Kumarila the instrument of sentential meaning are not the words concerned but the word-meanings concerned. This contention he makes on the following two grounds. (a) It will be too much of a burden for the words of a sentence to yield the word meanings concerned as also the sentential meaning, particularly when it can easily be supposed that the sentential meaning is yielded not by these words but by these word-meanings themselves. (b) By the time one hears the last word one had forgotten, longer or shorter ago, the earlier words, so that these words are in no position to yield sentential meaning. In refutation of Kumarila's theory we make the following points. (1) If the words of asentence really cease to operate after yielding their respective meanings then sentential meaning cannot but cease to be something verbal. In other words, if the instrument of sentential meaning are not the words concerned but the word-meanings concerned then how can sentential meaning be regarded as verbal? (2) Words of asentence singly or independently yield their respective meanings but jointly yield the sentential meaning. What is the harm in accepting this? Words mutually expecting one another get together. And a group of such words is a sentence. This sentence which is a group of mutually expectant words yields sentential meaning. So, Kumarila should accept that words of asentence yield their own respective meanings as well as the meaning of this sentence just as fuel etc. jointly undertake the operation called cooking and severally the operations like burning, etc. Kumarila himself has seen the truth in this position and hence at places he himself concedes this point. Kumarila's verse in point is as follows: Vakyarthapratyaye padarthapratipadanam nantariyakam/pakejvaleva kasthanam tesa pravmttaur [Sloka Vakya 343] According to Prabhakara the mutually expectant and hence associated words denote the associated meanings, that is, sentential meaning. In other words, a sentence denotes sentential meaning. The individual words outside a sentence have no meaning. They have no denotative power of their own because they are never employed single, that is, outside asentence. Only words associated with one another, that is, asentence have denotative power. The individual

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96 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 words of a sentence severally do not have any meaning. They jointly have meaning and that is sentential meaning. Prabhakra's point is that the denoter-denoted relationship obtains between a sentence as a whole and the sentential meaning concerned. He tends to blur adistinction between the role of a sentence and the role of the individual words occurring in this sentence. We may put his basic contention as follows: "Unlike a lamp, a word does not produce cognition unless its meaning is learnt. But the meaning of a word is learnt through observing the practical dealings undertaken by the elders who however in this connection always speak a sentence as a whole, never individual words. Certainly, a sentence is what one speaks, what one hears, what one observes others speaking and hearing. So what is learnt is as to what meaning is had by what sentence. But then a sentence is of the form of several words grouped together with a view to yielding acommon meaning just as fueletc. jointly undertake cooking, the palanquin-bearers jointly carry the palanquin, the three oven-stones jointly support the cooking pot, so that it is improperto suggest that a single word uncombined with other words is what yields a meaning". As can be seen, Prabhakara does not deny that a sentence is made up of individual words, but he fails to see how words can yield any meaning other that what is commonly yielded bythem in their capacity as acomponentofone common sentence. Prabhakaraknows of no word-meanings apart from the sentential meaning concerned so that on his view here is a case of word-employment with no meaning coming in picture. Some points of refutation are already suggested. Others are as follows. Each word of a sentence is associated with the remaining words. Soon hearing the first word we should have the knowledge of the remaining words associated with it and consequently the knowledge of the whole sentence, there is no need of employing so many words instead of justone. The second point is as follows. Even when meaning is learnt through listening to the sentences uttered by elderly people what is learnt is the meaning of an individual word, not the meaning of a sentence as a whole; certainly, sentences being infinite in number it should be impossible for one to learn their meaning one by one while as a matter of fact one conversant with the words and their meanings manages to grasp the meaningeven of a sentence fresh from the pen of a poet. So Prabhakarashould not maintain that individual words do not have meaning of their own and that they do not denote their own meaning. His mistake lies in denying the denotative power as also in applying the designation denotative power to the informative power(tatparyasakti). The right position is that words of a sentence severally yield their respective meanings through their denotative power and jointly yield the common sentential meaning through their informative power. The fifth chapter is devoted to the determinants of the meaning of a statement. These determinants are naya and niksepa Nayameans a standpoint or intention of a speaker. Athing has infinite aspects or attributes. The speaker chooses that aspect which suits to his purpose or the occasion and conveys through words that aspect only. So his statement is always relative to his purpose or intention. It presents his standpoint, purpose or intention. To know or understand the meaning of a statement it is necessary to take into account the seaker's intention or standpoint. All statements are relative to speaker's intention, standpoint and purpose. So their meanings are govered by them. For example, every thing is constituted of two aspects, viz. substance and mode. When a person concentrates on substance, he states that the thing is permanent. The statement is made from the substantive standpoint. When he concentrates on modes, he states that the thing is impermanent. The statement is made from the modal standpoint. No statement is understood in its true sense unless it is put in the context of the speaker's standpoint. There are as many standpoints as there are aspects of athing. There are as many modes of expression as there are standpoints. Again, a thing in its entirety can never be conveyed to others through language. For that purpose one has to analyse it into various aspects and then these aspects are to beconveyed one by one through language. In fact, one conveys those aspects only of the thing which

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva are useful for his purpose or the occasion. Though there are infinite standpoints corresponding to infinite objective aspects of athing yet for the sake of convenience they are divided into seventypes, viz. naigama, sangraha, vyavahara, rjusutra, sabda, sarmabhirudhaand evarnbhuta. Dr. Jain explains them lucidly. After that he takes up the topic of niksepa. Language is the chief means of communication. It is made up of words. Each word has a meaning. And each meaning has four facets or aspects which are called niksepa. On this or that occasion a word is employed to convey its meaning in one aspect only. On the occasion propriety of the one aspect and impropriety of the remaining three aspects are determined by various conditions like context etc. The four aspects of ameaning are label or name-aspect (namaniksepa), representation-aspect (sthapana-niksepa), past-future-state-aspect (dravya-niksepa) and actual-activityaspect (bhava-niksepa). When we employ the word 'raja' (meaning king) to denote a person who is given the name/ label'raja' to recognise him and who possesses no qualification appropriate to the king, the meaning king is to be taken in its label-aspect(name-aspect) only. When we employ the word 'raja' to denote a photograph, image or any representation of the king, the meaning king is to be taken in its representation-aspect ony. When we employ the word 'raja' to denote a photograph, image or any representation of the king, the meaning king is to be taken in its representation-aspect only. When we employ the word 'raja" to denote a person who was king in the past or is going to be king in future but at present is not king, the meaning king is to be taken in its past-future-state-aspect only. When we employ the word 'raja' to denote a person who is actually carrying the royal sceptre and is shining on that account, the meaning king is to be taken in its actual-activity-aspect only. Thus, a word, when employed, yields its meaning with any one of its four aspects, the aspect is to be determined by context etc. The sixth chapter discusses the power of language to express athing or object concerned. It is pointed out that there does not obtain a relation of identity or container-contained between a word and the thing concerned. There obtains a relation of denoter-denoted between them. This is a conventional relation. A convention is fixed that a particular word will denote things of a particular class. In other words, at the time of fixing convention, the convention is fixed with regard to general features or universal of an individual which is present. Convention can never be fixed with regard to individuals because they are infinite and spread out over the three divisions of time and throughout the universe and hence all the individuals cannot be present at the time when and at the place where the convention is being fixed. And if convention is fixed with regard to a particular individual, then at the time of communication the individual perceived at the time of formation of convention will not be present. Hence it is of no use to fix convention in connection with a particular individual. So, it is maintained that convention is formed in connection with universal or generic features which charcterise all the individuals of a class- the one of which is present there at the time of formation of convention. This being the case words express generic features of an individual and not its particular features. That is, language can never convey a thing in its entirety. Again, we do not have a separate word for each and every subtle state of a thing or substance nor do we have a separate word for each and every state or shade of a quality. There are not as many words as are the varieties of states or shades. None can express in words the difference that is there in the sweetness of jaggery, honey and sugar. This shows how the power of expression is very limited. A very small portion of our experience we can convey to others through language. And only a very small aspect of a thing we can express in words. The above discussion will certainly enable us, to a certain extent, to answer the question as to in what sense a thing is regarded as indescribable or inexpressible (avaktavya). Dr. Jain discusses the question, while giving different senses in which the term 'avaktavya' can be interpreted. The seventh chapter is devoted to the discussion of validity or otherwise of a statement. When the meaning 97

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98 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 yielded by a statement corresponds to the actual external thing or event, it is regarded as valid or true. According to the other view, if a statement is free from internal contradition, it is to be regarded as valid, otherwise invalid. For example, the statement 'He is ason of abarren woman' is invalid or false because it is vitiated by internal contradiction. Jainas maintain that when a statement describes a thing or event as it is, it is a valid statment. The question arises as to how one can determine a statement to be valid or invalid. In fact, validity or invalidity of astatement depends on validity or invalidity of cognition generated by it in the hearer. In Western philosophy three theories have been formulated in this connection. They are correspondence theory, coherenence theory and utility theory. In India, the Mimamsaka maintains that validity of cognition is self-evident while its invalidity is known when it is contradicted by some other strong cognition. The Naiyayika and the Buddhist hold that neither validity nor invalidity of cognition is self-evident. The two are inferred from its capacity or incapacity to produce successful activity. The Jaina logicians maintain that both validity and invalidity of cognitions are self-evident in the case of repeated acquaintance while they are known through subsequent successful activities in the case of first acquaintance. Dr. Jain draws our attention to the fact that for the first time in Jaina literature Prajnapanasutra extensively discusses the problem of truth or falsity of language or speech. According to it, there are two main types of language, viz. paryapta (fully developed) and aparyapta undeveloped). The language the nature or meaning of which could be determined as true or false is called paryapta. On the other hand, that speech the nature or meaning of which could not be determined as true or false is called aparyapta. If its meaning is true it is regarded as true speech. If its meaning is false, it is regarded as false speech. In other words, that speech which enables us to know the thing as it is true speech; and that speech which leads us to know the thing as it is not is false speech. Thus paryaptaspeech has two sub-types, viz. true speech (satya-bhasa) and false speech depends on various situations and conditions. These situations and conditions being ten, the types of true or valid speech are also ten. Then follows the enumeration and explanation of ten types of true or valid speech. The aparyaptaspeech is oftwo types, viz. satyamrsa(true-as-well-as-false) and asatyamrsa(neither-true-norfalse). The former is again of ten types and the latter of twelve types. The speech which contains half-truth or partial truth is satya-mrsaspeech. On the other hand, that speech to which the standard of truth or falsity is not applicable is called asatyamrsaspeech. This means the statements of address, order, prayer, wish and the like are neither valid nor invalid, and hence they fall under the head of asatyamrsaspeech. Again, truth or falsity of a statement can be viewed from three different standpoints, viz. grammatical, logical and ethical/spiritual. The statement 'A hundred hords of elephants are seated on a finger-tip' is invalid or false from the standpoint of a science of logic because it is vitiated by the factual internal contradiction. But it is grammatically correct and hence true from the standpoint of the science of grammer. The person who knows in which direction deers have gone, when asked by a hunter, says, "I do not know in which direction deers have gone". The statementhe makes is grammatically true but factually (i.e. from the standpoint of logic) untrue. And from ethical/spiritual standpoint it is true because it averts killing which would have taken place on his speaking factually true statement. To describe a thing as it is or an event as it happened is generally regarded as truth, and factually no doubt it is truth, but from the ethical/spiritual standpoint it may or may not be truth. If the factual truth is beneficial or at least not harmful to others.. it is worthy of being called the truth. But if the factual truth is harmful to others, it is not worthy of being regarded as the truth. This is in harmony with what Jainas have said in connection with valid cognition (pramana) and invalid cognition (pramana). They say: In the science of logic, only that cognition is called valid-cognition (pramana) whose object is true to the concerned factual situation, while that cognition is called invalid-cognition (pramana) whose object

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DaoN sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva is not true to the same. The division of valid and invalid cognitions, based on the correspondence and noncorrespondence of cognitions with the nature of their concerned objects or with the concerned factual situations is certainly recognised in the Jaina scriptural treatises. But such treatises do not attach much importance to it. In other words in spiritual treatises, the distinction between valid-cognition and invalid-cognition that is proposed by the science of logicis no doubt admitted but is treated as secondary. Forthem that distinction is primary according to which valid-cognition is the cognition which is conducive to spiritual upgrading or development, while invalid-cognition is the cognition that is conducive to increment in worldly entanglement or spiritual degradation. This means that the distinction between valid-cognition and in-valid cognition is made from an objective standpoint in the science of logic, while the same is made from a spiritual standpoint in the treatises concerned with spiritual matters. In a very short space of mere one hundred pages Dr. Jain has attempted to cover all the essential points and aspects of Jaina philosophy of language. This has put him under constraint to be as brief as possible, leaving full discussion of certain points and extensive criticism of rival theories for future studies. But whatever he has presented is certainly enough to clearly understand the Jaina position vis-a-vis rival positions. He has also suggested comparison of Jaina views with the views of Western philosophers like Ludwig Wittgenstein, A.J. Ayer, etc. He covers a wide range of texts, explaining and analysing materials that have not been studied so far. So his present work is going to be a valuable addition to the literature on Jaina philosophy. Former Director, LD. Institute of indology, Ahemdabad, 23 Valkeshwar Society, Bhudhar Pura, Ambawadi, Ahemedabad. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana* (Jaina Way of Living) A review by Prof. Surendra Verma : An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana, subtitled (Jaina Way of Life) is a compilation of lecture delivered by Dr. Sagarmal Jain in the University of Madras, Department of Jainology as part of Annual Lectures Series 1992-93. The work is addressed to the common man without indulging in the minute details and technicalities of the subject. It explains in broad terms the Jaina Sadhanaand its relevance in the modern age. The work is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter, Historical Development of Jaina Sadhana, compares Jainism with Hinduism on the one hand and Budhism on the other. The second chapter deals in the antiquity of Jaina tradition Chapterthird brings out the main objectives of Jainism. It deals with the cause of bondage and suffering. The process of bondage and the ultimate aim-the moksa, which is defined as a complete perfection and purification of the soul. The chapter goes on to define self as pure knower with Samata or equanimity as its real nature. Right knowledge, right faith and right conduct are the three ways that lead to the path of liberation. Chapter fourth deals with them and analyses the constituents and 'limps' of right faith along with the fine types of knowledge in which the Kevalajnanarariety being the perfect knowledge. It goes on to define the relationship between the faith,

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100 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 the knowledge and the conduct. It mentions the basics of the code of conduct, the details of which are described in chapters V&VI. While the chapter Vis devoted wholly to the code of conduct for the house-holders, the VI deals with that of the Jaina monks. The first code includes twelve vows and the major isolations pertaining to them along with the essential duties and stages of spiritual progress of a house-holder. The code of conduct for a Jaina monk is analysed in chapter VI. It deals with the Great Vows (Mahavratas), the types of vigilance, guptisand controlof senses, virtues and austerities. It also compares Jaina yogawith other systems of yogasuch as Jnanaand Karma. The Samyaka darsanaof Jainism can be said to the equivalent to bhaktiyoga and the samyaka jnanacan be equated with Jnana-yoga. So far as Karma-yoga and astanga-yogaareconcerned they may be compared with samyaka-caritsaof Jainism. He also contents that the Jaina use of the word dhyana, comprehends samadhialso. The last two stages of sukla-dhyanaof Jainism are comparable with the two samadhies of Patanjali. Dr. Jain also emphasizes the fact that Jainism does not reject the altimistic attitude in its sadhana. The five-fold discipline of non-violence, birth, non-stealing, sexual purity and non-possession (aparigraha) is not for personal edification alone but it also aims at social good. Jainism is not confined to individual good but... iturges the universal good. Dr. Jain further makes it clear that Jainism is not asystem that rejects the bodily needs. The main issue", he says, "is not the fulfilment or rejection of bodily needs but is the establishment of peace in the life of individual as well as of society. Hence the fulfilment of bodily needs is welcomed to the extant to which it furthers this particular cause, but when it does not, it ought to be rejected. Thus the essential teaching of Jainism is the enshewment of attachment and not the negation of life". Is the Jaina Sadhana relevant to the present times ? Dr. Jain gives an affirmative answer. It is really unfortunate that the modern man identifies himself with his material achievements and has forgotten his real nature. Jainism invites man to return to his Swabhavawhich is really speaking samata, and this can be achieved only by dissociating oneself from the "not-self". Greed and violence are the two great malaise of the present day. Jainism with its emphasis on non-attachment and ahimsatries to inculcate a concern for the fellow-beings and tolerance towards other faiths. And finally, it should be noted that the Jaina code of conduct is so comprehensive that it works also for the preservation of ecological equilibrium. It finds itself one with all forms of life, whether human, animal or vegitative. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhanagives a good insight into the practical aspect of the philosophy of Jainism. It will attract not only a scholar but also a lay man. 10 HIG, 1-Circular Road, Allahabad (U.P.)-211001

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dvitIya khaNDa jaina Agama sAhitya lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 dharmacanda jaina

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA aGga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka saGketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana kaa| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM jIvana kI du:khamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra du:khoM kA sAgara, ata: usane meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlata: zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca ke prastotA haiN| mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saGketa upalabdha vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanAyeM haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalata: vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA ye donoM dhArAe~ do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| gayA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU-paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana-zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne athavA bRhad hindU-paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAt kara liyA gyaa| kintu hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika usake astitva ke saGketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, upalabdhiyoM hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sarjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, sAhitya, jisameM mukhyata: veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika upaniSadoM, AcArAGga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA kA hI prAdhAnya hai| isake viparIta zramaNa-paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye meM saMsAra kI du:khamayatA aura kSaNabhaGguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAGga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNaparamparA kA yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA ke evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA astitva ke saGketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAGga meM siddhi ko prApta se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki har3appA saMskRti vaidika tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM vrAtyoM batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaGkaroM- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna pUrNakazyapa, saJjayavelaTThiputta, maGkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI

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2 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta 58) meM kahA gayA hai "yaha jo dvAdaza-aGga yA gaNipiTaka hai vaha kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI thera (sthavira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM eka ora pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "tisthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo' karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra kahA gayA hai- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saGgati jaina para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha-rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI paramparA ke ajita, ara aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM se ho sakatI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA hai- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| unheM zabda-rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaGkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama zAzvata aura nitya haiM, jabaki tIrthaGkara-vizeSa ke zAsana kI apekSA vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama haiN| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha anusAra veda apauruSeya haiM arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA nahIM haiN| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana haiM, zAzvata haiM, na to unakA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkaroM bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha skii| yadyapi vibhinna jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt saGgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA, lekina kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi vaha zabda-rUpa parivartana hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaGkaroM dvArA bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale, isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra yaha bAta bhI kevala aGga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aGgabAhya Agama Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM nirmita haiN| kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM- jinakA aGga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakA: hi ved-mntraaH)| isa prakAra yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai veda zabda-pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha-pradhAna hai| aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaGkara veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA nahIM hote haiN| ata: isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaGkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI haiM sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola haiM, kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke kathana aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se hai| ata: artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAe~ bhI pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza granthoM meM hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramaza: brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| ata: darzana ke aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI skaaraatmk| sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ata: unakI zailI isa darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya se bhinna hai| sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika pAyA hU~ ata: unase ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka ___ AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM nihita samarUpatA ko khojA pratyeka dharma-paramparA meM dharma-grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna jA sakatA hai| hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAGga, donoM ke lie 'zAstra' hI ekamAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda isibhAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, meM bAibila kA aura islAma dharma meM kurAna kA jo sthAna hai, vahI uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna haiN| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saGkalana hai, jinhoMne upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| haiN| prastuta prasaGga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta jano ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ___ aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara ko apanI isibhAsiyAI kI bhUmikA evaM 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, anuzaMsA ke sAtha isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA hai| jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava-srota kI apekSA se dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNata: samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAn asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare I0pU0 pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI ke aGga haiM ata: donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kaha dete haiN| kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke vartamAna meM jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ata: viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM kiyA jAtA haike sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI 11 aGga haiN| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, 1. AyAra (AcArAGgaH), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAGgaH), 3. ThANa vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAn buddha AcAra (sthAnAGgaH), 4. samavAya (samavAyAGgaH), 5.viyAhapatratti (vyAkhyAprajJaptiH ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgI the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titIkSA para yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathA:), 7. uvAsagadasAo adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ (upAsakadazA:), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazA:), 9. anuttarovavAiya

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazA:), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni), dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM 11. vivAgasurya (vipAkazrutam), 12. dRSTivAdaH (diTThivAya), jo zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| vicchinna huA hai| 6. chedasUtra 12 upAGga chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaija (rAjaprasenajitkaM) 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIya), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA 5. 'mahAnizItha aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa)- ye chaha grantha mAne (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJaptiH), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpa- jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI prajJaptiH), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJaptiH),8-12.nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandhaH), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH), hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikA:), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikA:), chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA 11. puSphacUlAo (puSpacUlA:), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa:)| prazna hai unameM aGgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha jahA~ taka uparyukta aGga aura upAGga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlata: yApanIya paramparA inhIM gyAraha aGgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki aGgasUtra ke prAyazcitta sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAGgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAmANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI prAmANya svIkAra kiyA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, upAGgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda 10 prakIrNaka ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM - 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 4 mUlasUtra 3. bhattaparitrA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya aura (4) piNDaniyukti-ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAttya vidvAnoM meM pro.byUhalara, pro. viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM zArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitz2a, pro.zubiMga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ata: inheM ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita 'mahApaccakkhANa' kI bhUmikA Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcit matabheda pAyA jAtA piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha meM, dhavalA meM tathA aGgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne 'paiNNayasuttAI' ke prathama bhAga aGgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga 22 granthoM kA ullekha gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAiM nAma

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita haiN| aGgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM sosAyaTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa nimna haiM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4.saMstAraka, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdha- aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta nApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19.aGgavidyA, kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM ullekha nahIM isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda hote haiM, yathA- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha kI 'sukhabodhA samAcArI' (I0san 1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI hotI hai| isameM Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA kRti hai| hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aGga, upAGga Adi inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM aura bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aGga-upAGga, prakIrNaka kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni-jIvana sambandhI AcAra sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM- piNDavizuddhi, paryanta-ArAdhanA, hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt yoniprAbhRta, aGgacUliyA, vaGgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| klpsuutr| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve 'vidhimArgaprapA' meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke spaSTata: ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai, yaha ullekha AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAe~ usake saMkSipta nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aGga, upAGga gaI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA / Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNata: sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAe~ avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha aGga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aGga, upAGga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI 2 cUlikAsUtra sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aGga, upAGga granthoM kA pArasparika cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra- ye do grantha sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAGga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, ko mAnya rahe haiN| cheda aura mUla- ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aGga, 12 upAGga, 4 mUla, ko I0 san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 AyA hogaa| prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI .. jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM 3. kalpa 3. cullakalpazruta pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM 4. vyavahAra 4. mahAkalpazruta ko aGgapraviSTa va aGgabAhya- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA 5. nizItha 5. nizItha thaa| aGgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAGga Adi 12 aGga Ate the| zeSa 8. mahAnizItha 6. rAjapraznIya grantha aGgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aGgabAhyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka 7. RSibhASita 7. jIvAbhigama bhI thii| aGgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka 8. prajJApanA kahA gayA hai| aGgabAhya ko puna: do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA- 9. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata 10. candraprajJapti 10. pramAdApramAda sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. nandI Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi chaH 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 12. anuyogadvAra Avazyaka aGgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, 13. aGgacUlikA 13. devendrastava kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaH svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI 14. vaggacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika puSTi aGgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI 15. candravedhyaka sAmAyika Adi ko cha: svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM 16. aruNopapAta 16. sUryaprajJapti kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma 17. varuNopapAta 17. pauruSImaNDala milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the- 18. garuDopapAta 18. maNDalapraveza 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara 19. dharaNopapAta 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke 20. vaizramaNopapAta 20. gaNividyA adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA 21. velandharopapAta 21. dhyAnavibhakti jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra ke anusAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa 22. devendropapAta 22. maraNavibhakti kI sUcI nimnAnusAra hai - 23. utthAnazruta 23. Atmavizodhi 24. samutthAnazruta 24. vItarAgazruta zruta (Agama) 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. nirayAvalikA 26. vihArakalpa (ka) aGgapraviSTa (kha) aGgabAhya 27. kalpikA 27. caraNavidhi 28. kalpAvataMsikA 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 1. AcArAGga 29. puSpitA 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 2. sUtrakRtAGga (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 30. puSpacUlikA 3. sthAnAGga 31. vRSNidazA 4. samavAyAGga 1. sAmAyika 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2. caturviMzatistava isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aGga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 3. vandanA evaM 29 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya 7. upAsakadazAGga 4. pratikramaNa hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| 8. antakRddazAGga 5. kAyotsarga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga6. pratyAkhyAna yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa 10. prazravyAkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama-sAhitya ke 11.vipAkasUtra vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra 12. dRSTivAda kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aGga aura aGgabAhya aise do (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aGgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aGgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza 1. uttarAdhyayana 1. dazavaikAlika nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aGgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu 2. dazAzrutaskandha 2. kalpikAkalpika apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aGga-bAhya ke

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaH AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA aGga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta, aise do vibhAgoM dhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aGgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala se aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra-yaha vartamAna bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAGga donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aGgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aGgoM ke samAna hI nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| 12 upAGga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaGka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aGgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM racanAkAla dazavakAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta 12 aGgoM evaM 14 aGgabAhyoM kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI aGgabAhyoM ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM- chAndas aura sAhityika sNskRt| veda meM sarvaprathama cha: AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aGga aura 14 aGgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAGga kA prathama zrutaskandha isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I0pU0 pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ aura mahApuNDarIka-ye cAra nAma adhika haiN| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita haiN| AcArAGga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, adhika haiM- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI vizeSa haiN| isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aGgaprajJapti (aGgapaNNatti) mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aGgapraviSTa va 14 aGgabAhya jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isameM aGgabAhya granthoM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara chaThe adhyAya, AcAraGgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramaza: alaukikatA, atizayatA aura aGgabAhya haiN| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai atiraJjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai| isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka aneka tathya use AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya kahIM nahIM milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAGga meM eka adhyayana meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruJjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ata: itanA nizcit hai ki dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aGga aura aGgabAhya- punaH isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa sambat 180 meM balabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAn mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to valabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huI thIM unameM saGkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saGkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUr3ha ) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / saGkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saGkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvat rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza hai, kintu prathama to aise prakSeSa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama - sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA 'ta' zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAGga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAGga kA 'rAmapute' pATha cUrNi meM 'rAmAute' aura zIlAGka kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI, AgamoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para sandeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA cAhiye / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I0pU0 pA~cavIM cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I0 san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA, bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Aga sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAGga, samavAyAGga, nandIsUtra, nandI cUrNi evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA, jayadhavalA meM milate hai tatvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiM unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAGga, samavAyAGga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama se kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAta meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAGga aura sthAnAGga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRdazA, anutaropapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM chaThIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAGga meM sAta nihavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM0 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAGga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA .

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAGga aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aGga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA vicAra apekSita hai| jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM chandayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aGga Agama apane vartamAna ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAGga kA prathama svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI Agama aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo 'AyAracUlA' jor3I nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhAnA, gayI hai, vaha bhI I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAGga tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke dArzanika paramparAoM tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahI koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti bhI kramaza: zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi meM bhI atiraJjanAoM kA prAya: abhAva hI hai| aGga AgamoM meM tIsarA chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAGga krama sthAnAGga kA AtA hai| sthAnAGga, bauddha Agama aGguttaranikAya kI ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA zailI kA grantha hai| grantha-lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAGga piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA hai| ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama-sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki Agama hI prAcInatama hai cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. dazAoM aura usameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApta mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha vaha valabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM haiN| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ata: usakI prAcInatA aura vizeSa rUpa se aGga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAGga, sthAnAGga kI apekSA eka to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aGgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| zatAbdI kI racanA haiN| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAn unheM valabhI meM sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAGga saGkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke 23, sUtrakRtAGga prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAGga ke cUlikA kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi haiN| devardhi ke saGkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aGga Agama to prAcIna hI AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| puna: hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aGgoM isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aGga isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM

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10 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAGgasUtra khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiMvidvAnoM ke anusAra isase aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kArtika, 5. saMsthAna, hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAGga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta 6.zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukti| prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM, usameM dvitIya varga meM prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAGga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM hotA hai ki yaha grantha valabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAn isake meM AyA hogaa| prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAGga meM ullikhita sakatA hai| viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAGga kI ullikhita upAsakadazA Agama-sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vaalaa| viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| prazravyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asrava aura prathama grantha hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saGketa nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke milate haiN| ata: maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa pazcAt I.san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ko aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTata: isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve hai| ata: yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the, kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svatantra paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| lekha meM kI hai jo 'jaina Agama-sAhitya', sampAdaka DaoN. ke.Ara.candrA, ___aGga Agama sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai|* hameM sthAnAGga sUtra meM milatA hai| isameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita isI prakAra jaba hama upAGga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM haiM- nami, mAtaGga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambddputr| inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza milate haiN| kintu samavAyAGga aura nandIsUtra meM kramaza: isake sAta aura kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI sthAnAGga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. hai| yadyapi samavAyAGga aura nandI meM kramaza: isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kI racanA honI caahiye| upAGga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTata: kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAGga / Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata: isakA vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ata: isakA racanAkAla vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAGga meM milate haiM, unhIM dasa adhyayanoM isI prakAra upAGga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaGka aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aGgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu phalita hotA hai ki isa aGga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta sUryaprajJapita meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAGga jyotiSa ke ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anazrati se sthAnAGga meM : 1. isa grantha meM bhI yaha lekha prakAzita hai|

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11 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI saMgha-bheda yA sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kI racanA haiN| ata: inakI prAcInatA bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'Avazyaka' zramaNoM kI dainandina ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza- parikarma ke antargata kriyAoM kA grantha thA ata: isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAn mahAvIra mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya- ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ata: inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ata: isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai| zatAbdI ke bAda kA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA ata: ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to jA sktaa| puna: AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi AcArAGga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA prakIrNakoM kI saiMkar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA hai| ata: isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI chaThI zatI se zubiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA paravartI nahIM haiN| ata: ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.sana kI cauthI-pA~cavIM svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita zatI ke paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha hI paravartI hai| paM0dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra calikAstroM jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI nizcita hai| ataH vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ata: vaha I.san kI jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI __prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi se pUrvavartI haiM ata: unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna ho sktaa| kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara sampradAya-bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIr3hI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I.san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ meM mAnyatA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa valabhI vAcanA meM vI.na.saMvat astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM, kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA prathama vAcanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavakAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda kA ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI hai| ata: yaha grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa yadyapi eka saGkalana hai, kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzata: vismRta evaM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise vizRGkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ata: usa I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAe~ tathA kathAnaka vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI pAlitripiTaka sAhitya, mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ata: gyAraha aGga to vyavasthita aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM, ata: ye kiye gaye, kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita

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12 nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlabhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlabhadra bhI unase dasa taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aGgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA, kintu unameM ekAdaza aGga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aGgabAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| dvitIya vAcanA AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para samrAT khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai-- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa meM hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti doSa ke kAraNa usameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbhoM kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA-- isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vI. ni. saMvat 827 arthAt I.san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huI isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI yAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandI cUrNi meM haiN| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the / ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| caturtha vAcanA caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavanta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| nandI sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirmantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skandila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, saMgrahaNIsUtroM, niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa dibe haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM ballabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiM kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM, niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM-- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAe~ yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se ho lI hogii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skandila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe ho| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa - pUrva pIThikA ( pR0 500 ) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha rUpa meM devardhigaNi .

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 13 kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aGgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skandila aura vallabhI kI huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aGga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha samAhita thA, isakA saGkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo meM matabheda thaa| ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa paM0kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA? sAtha hI unhoMne zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aGgoM kA hI saGkalana aura sampAdana huA thaa| meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM saGkalana evaM sampAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzata: paThita upAGga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI anuyogadvAra Adi- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM nahIM hai ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM, kintu taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI haiM, isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| kyoki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka meM adhika huA hai| hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata paJcama vAcanA (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya kAla meM haI thii| isa vAcanA ke vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita meM Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saGkalana aura sampAdana kA koI meM puna: vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyata: AgamoM prayatna kiyA gayA ho| ko pustakArur3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai, itanA to nizcita hai ki vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita kiyA usameM I.san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti' evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aGgabAhya, meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtroM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAGga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aGga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya / A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAGgoM meM se kucha nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizRGkhalita ko tathA kalpa Adi chedasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu hone kA kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa aura arAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavata: thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM __ jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya haiM unase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 14 ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apanI strI nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA para aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha ke avataraNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirdhanya saMgha ke sacela acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAGgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saGkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saGkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saGkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise-- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saGkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAGgakA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiN| nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaGga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaGga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kAhI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAna meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai| usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asrava saMvara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saGkalita va sampAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devadhiM ne Asrava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogI / isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke chaH aGga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa rakhakara anyatra usa prantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate hai ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda 'jAva' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAGgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekh| isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA, kintu yaha sabhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| 1 sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saGkalita kiyA jAtA thA, kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saGkalita kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI thI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| .

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 15 udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ho| phira bhI devardhi ko jo Agama paramparA se prApta the, unakA aura (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM puna: sampAdita hai ki kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA donoM meM kvacit kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo antara A gaye hoN| ata: yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAtharI vAcanA ke Agama nitAnta bhinna the| upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya-saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM yApanIyoM ke Agama uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| AcArAGga dazavakAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiJcit bhinna haiN| kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aGgAdi-Agama __ata: ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, dazavaikAlika, hue, apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddhRta karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha paM.nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91) kA yaha kathana vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI draSTavya hai- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" / kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTata: zaurasenI sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM ullekha hai- 1 gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke avataraNa isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA ki mAthI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai, kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga haiM jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise---ArAdhanA mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha (bhagavatI ArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti , maraNavibhakti, saMgraha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAGga ke (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti (deviMdatthu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM, kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA) tathA aise hI anya grnth| vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAyA mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-paramparA se kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ata: pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi" ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu / "paccakkhANa" evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se

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16 devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga sUtrakatAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, pratyekabuddhakathita pranthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiM ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapavaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiM jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapapUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA ( pR0 49 51 ) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thaa| yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kI vAcanA bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the? isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha vetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the| pa0 kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR0 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai ve likhate haiM "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagratA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarI AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai, jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama-granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka " zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbhoM kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbhoM meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai| jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA ( pR0 320(327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai / unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimmra hai-- tathA coktamAcArA - sudaM *Aussatto bhagavadA evamakhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha dubihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgeda caiva tattha je savvasamaNNAgade viNA hatthapAyaNIpAde savviMdiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kapyadi egamavi vattha dhAriDaM evaM parihiDaM evaM aNNatya egeNa paDilehageNa iti / nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdaza: nahIM hai, kintu "savvasamantrAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha haiN| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikaMte hemaMte... Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai - vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha, uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga kalpa Adi ke sandarbhoM kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbhoM para vicAra kreNge| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM-- paricattesu vatthesu Na puNo celamAdie / abelapavare bhikkhu jiNarUpadhare sdaa| sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acalago / ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciMtAe / paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAe~ nahIM kahA gayA .

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17 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM gaI, hama nahIM jaante| puna: ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdaza: uttarAdhyayana zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-rUpa se aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparyukta uddhRta na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM- premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 60) kA nimna vaktavya vicAra"parijuNNehi patthehi hokkhAmi tti acele| NIya haiaduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cinte|| "zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada "egayA acelae hoI sacele yAvi egyaa|" una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM eyaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no prideve|| meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI - uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavata: mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA sAtha milate haiN| yApanIya ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlata: ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM anta aura caturtha zatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa|" kintu paM0 nAthUrAmajI kI yaha haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI hai ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNata: zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi mUlata: AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM-prathama yaha hai| svayaM paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA se meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA aMza hoN| kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki sampAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko pATha meM hI antara hai--eka meM "thINa" pATha hai--dUsare meM "thIrAMga' mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke virUddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura sampAdaka to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM A pAye the jo vismRta kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara prazna hai, vaha zvetAbambara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana hotA thaa|

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18 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 AgamoM meM pAThabheda evaM prakSepa haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau kI bAta to kahate haiM, kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thA kyoMki ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra herapratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaGkara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna paM0 kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatI ArAdhanA" kI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para prastAvanA (pR0 9) meM likhate haiM--"vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai,artha- meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya-pratipAdana isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne una mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM--isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pAye haiN| ata: abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa pUrvapIThikA, pR0 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta" zabda Apattijanaka hai| aura itihAsa,pR0 202) likhate haiM- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai, parantu ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai--yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thIM, isalie unhoMne gopagiri kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza phaTa gayA gAthAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM kI racanA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga hai| jahA~ "tiloyapaNNatti' kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke ata: isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya zabdoM meM- "ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kI thI aura apane kI gayI hai|" isa sandarbha meM paM0 phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye| bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane aura usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a haiM- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla

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19 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM- arthAt vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| ke samayasAra, vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAe~ haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ata: kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana meM 437 gaathaaeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita 1242 gAthAe~ haiN| to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAyeM haiM, aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM arthAt 162 gAthAyeM adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiM, jaise "dhavalA" se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja adhyayana kii| kyoki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM mUlaprati meM "saMjada" pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavata: bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara __ bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI digambara paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM0 kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM0 bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SakhaNDAgama- tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-"samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, unameM artha-saMgati kI vartamAna meM 'prAkRta-vidyA' nAmaka zodha patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada' pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha mata pratipAdita kara pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se rahA hai "jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jo kAlAntara kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko jor3anA meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI banA dI gii"| isa varga kA yaha bhI eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3I, prAkRteM yathA- mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi isI se vikasita jinakA saMgraha kucha svataMtra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika huI haiM, ata: ve sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se paravartI bhI haiN| isI krama samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA / meM digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA granthoM meM nihita ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI zabdarUpoM ko parivartita sujhAyA gayA 'saMjada' pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huI- kara unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAra-prasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM ko digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI meM nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pArasparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura ina saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya pahu~cAnA nahIM hai, kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiN| jahA~ sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM granthoM zvetAmbara ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa|

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20 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? dUsarI ora prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpa jI kA kathana ___ yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAhU~gA ki kyA jaina hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa upalabdha hai aura hamane use Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda avikala rUpa se yathAvat diyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM DaoN. sudIpajI meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha kA to yaha bhI kathana hai ki tulasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlata: zaurasenI TaoNTiyA jI se mile haiM aura TaoNTiyA jI ne unheM kahA hai ki ve apane kathana prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TaoNTiyA jI ke isa kathana ko unhoMne kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara, digambara kinhIM prAkRta-vidyA julAI-sitambara 96 ke aGka meM nimna zabdoM meM prastuta bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro. TaoNTiyA ke vyAkhyAna se kucha aMza kiyA - uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne 'prAkRta vidyA', janavarI-mArca 96 "maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta tathyoM para ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai- pUrNatayA dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa avadhAraNA hai jisase "hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdurazAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampatra vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai"| (pR. 9) . dvitIya AcArya kundakundasmRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sampAdakoM evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro0 nathamala jI TaoNTiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita ke madhya hai, kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai aura usakA mUla kiyA ki "zramaNa-sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe ve bauddhoM ke tripiTaka mantavya kyA hai, isakA nirNaya to tabhI sambhava hai jaba DaoN. TaoNTiyA Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke AcArAGgasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra Adi hoM athavA svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya deM, kintu ve isa sambandha meM digambaroM ke SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra, samayasAra Adi hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta mauna haiN| maiMne svayaM unheM patra likhA thA, kintu unakA koI pratyuttara meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda nahIM aayaa| maiM DaoN. TaoNTiyA kI ulajhana samajhatA huuN| eka ora kundakundameM zrIlaMkA meM eka bRhatsaGgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bhAratI ne unheM kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA meM Amantrita kara puraskRta kiyA bauddhasAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai to dUsarI aura ve jaina vizvabhAratI kI sevA meM haiM, jaba jisa maJca bauddhasAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAt kara diyaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara se bole hoMge bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla vaktavya de diye hoMge aura jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI thA, jisakA aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM? phira bhI merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra rUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi hama vartamAna ardhamAgadhI nahIM karatI hai ki DaoN. TaoNTiyA jaise gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya mAnane para jora aise vaktavya deN| kahIM na kahIM zabdoM kI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa ke pahile hai| DaoN. sudIpajI prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM DaoN. TaoNTiyA astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya jI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta ko bhI 500 varSa I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" unhoMne spaSTa kiyA karate hue likhate haiM ki- "haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke se hai|" zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabaki naye prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM una isakA tAtparya hai ki haribhadra ke yogazataka ko dhavalA ke AdhAra zabdoM kA arddhamAgadhIkaraNa ho gayA hai| unhoMne kahA ki pakSavyAmoha para banAyA gayA hai| kyA TaoNTiyA jI jaise vidvAn ko itanA bhI itihAsa ke kAraNa aise parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUlarUpa bodha nahIM hai ki yogazataka ke kartA haribhadrasUri aura dhavalA ke kartA kho rahe haiN| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki digambara jaina sAhitya meM meM kauna pahale huA hai? yaha to aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcInarUpa surakSita upalabdha haiN|" kA yogazataka (AThavIM zatI), dhavalA (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| nissaMdeha proTaoNTiyA jaina aura bauddha vidyAoM ke variSThatama vidvAnoM mujhe vizvAsa hI nahIM hotA hai, ki TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa aitihAsika meM eka haiM aura unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogaa| satya ko anadekhA kara de| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-maror3a khar3A kiyA jA rahA hai| DaoN. TaoNTiyA jI ko apanI cuppI tor3akara kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai? kyoMki eka isa bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| vastuta: yadi koI bhI carcA ora tulasIprajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TaoNTiyA jI ne isakA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI hai to usako kaise mAnya kiyA jA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasIprajJA (apraila-jUna, 96, khaNDa 22, aMka sakatA hai, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAn ne kyoM na kahA ho? 4) meM likhate haiM ki- "DaoN. nathamala TaoNTiyA ne dillI kI eka yadi vyakti kA hI mahattva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TaoNTiyA jI patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita isa kathana kA khaNDana se bhI variSTha antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina, bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI kiyA hai ki mahAvIravANI zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa aura svayaM TaoNTiyA jI ke guru padmavibhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mata prakaTa kiyA ki AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga aura hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika prAmANika mAnakara dazavaikAlika meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai|" prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| khaira yaha saba

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 21 prAstAvika bAteM thIM, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA artha meM likhA hai- "eka yojana taka bhagavAna kI vANI svayameva hai, kaise utpanna huI aura prastuta spaSTIkaraNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? sunAI detI hai| usake Age saMkhyAta yojanoM taka usa divyadhvani kA hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM yA vaktavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza vistAra magadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ata: ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kyA thI aura hai| (SaTprAbhRtam, caturtha bodha gAthA 32, pAhuDaTIkA, pR0176)| ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai? ___ mAtra yahI nahIM vartamAna meM bhI digambara paramparA ke mahAn saMta evaM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke pramukha ziSya muni zrI pramANasAgarajI AgamoM kI mUlabhASA ardhamAgadhI apanI pustaka 'jainardhamadarzana' meM likhate haiM ki 'una bhagavAn mahAvIra yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki mahAvIra kA janmakSetra aura kAryakSetra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huaa| donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM hI thA, ataH jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha mAnakara cala yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA ko bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM huA thA aura isI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM kA praNayana huA to phira vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotI zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM hai| punaH zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI Agama sAhitya Aja upalabdha kiyA jA rahA hai? haiM, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai yaha to Agamika pramANoM kI carcA huii| vyAvahArika evaM ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM - - isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta 1. yadi mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM diye to yaha svAbhAvika kiye jA rahe haiM yathA - hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogaa| 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| -samavAyAGga, ata: siddha hai ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita samavAya 34, sUtra 22 / / mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputtassa addhamAgahIe 2. isake viparIta zaurasenI Agamatulya mAnya granthoM meM se kisI eka bhAsAe bhAsatti arihAdhamma prikhi| - auppaatiksuutr| bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM hai, jisase yaha pratidhvanita 3. goyamA! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti saviyaNaM addhamAgahA bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thii| unameM bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visjjti|- bhagavaI, lADanUM : zataka 5, mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha uddezaka 4, sUtra 93 / sarvabhASArUpa pariNata hotI hai| usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai 4. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdA mAhaNIe ki unakI vANI janasAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe maNiparisAe jaiparisAe.... thii| vaha lokavANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI kSetrIya savva bhAsaNugAmaNie sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamagahAe boliyoM ke zabda rUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki use bhAsAi dhamma prikhi| - bhagavaI lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA thaa| 33, sUtra 149 / 3. jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA hai, usakA vahA~ 5. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa.... kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina addhamagAhAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma prikhi| -bhagavaI, lADanaM Agama yathA AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga isibhAsiyaiM (RSibhASita), : zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163 / uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe suttaM uvditthtth| - meM racita haiM aura unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ AcArAGgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR0 255 / haiN| mUla AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara paramparA meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ne bihAra, baGgAla aura pUrvI uttara pradeza se Age vihAra kiyA ke grantha bodhapAhuDa, jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai, usakI TIkA ho| ata: unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgara jI likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra 4. punaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM aura dUsarI khaNDagiri ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyaa| pramANa ke liye usa (ur3IsA) meM huI, ye donoM kSetra mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita TIkA ke anuvAda kA vaha aMza prastuta hai - ardha magadha deza haiM, ata: kama se kama prathama aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka bhASAtmaka aura ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| arthAt I.pU. dUsarI zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone zaGkA- ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, kA yA usase prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| kyoMki bhagavAn kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai? uttara- magadha deva yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jaina dharma evaM vidyA kA kendra ke sAnnidhya se hone se AcArya prabhAcandra ne nandIzvara bhakti ke pATaliputra se haTakara lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM mathurA banA to usa

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22 jaina vidyA ke para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AnA prArambha huA / yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI zatI taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavataH phalgumitra ( dUsarI zatI) ke samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skaMdila (caturtha zatI) kI mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizItha, kalpa Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN0 TaoNTiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki AcArAGga Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita yApanIya paramparA ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai, kyoMki bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke jo sandarbha diye gaye haiM ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiN| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura bAda meM ve ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA skaMdila ke samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt huI thI aura usameM AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the| yApanIyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko mAnya kiyA thA, kintu digambaroM ko to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kyoMki unake anusAra to isa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva hI Agama sAhitya vilupta ho cukA thA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha Adi to I.pU. cauthI zatI se dUsarI zatI taka kI racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mathurA kA jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM vikAsa I.pU. prathama zatI se hI huA hai aura usake pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skaMdila kI isa mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA vallabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI aura isI kAla meM una para mahArASTrI prabhAva bhI AyA kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thI isI mahArASTrI se prabhAvita Agama Aja taka zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiN| prAkRta ataH isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke mahArASTrI prabhAvita aura zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa jo lagabhaga IsA kI caturtha paJcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA meM aura na nAgArjuna kI valabhI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI bhASA meM soca-samajha pUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki usa yuga taka Agama kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karane vAle vyakti kI kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA AyAma khaNDa 6 hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI- zaurasenI se prabhAvita hue aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirmantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| punaH yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanAoM meM sampAdita AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the, yahI kAraNa hai ki zaurasenI Agama na to zuddha zaurasenI meM haiM aura na valabhI vAcanA ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meM haiM, una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabda rUpa to upalabdha hote hI haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabda rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai ki bhASAvid unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM kI duhAI dI jA rahI hai, unameM se aneka 50 pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hai zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM prAkRta ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai usake kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne apane lekha "jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana' meM kI hai| kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hai? kintu DaoN. sudIpa jaina kA dAvA hai ki "Aja bhI zaurasenI Agama- sAhitya meM bhASika tattva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa zaurasenI meM sarvatra "Na" kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI 'na' kA prayoga nahIM hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra ke sAtha-sAtha NakAra kA prayoga bhI vikalpataH milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM nakAra kA prayoga alaga bhASA meM pracalita hotA to digambara sAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se prApta hotA / " (prAkRtavidyA julAI-sitambara, 96, pR07) / yahA~ DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne do bAteM uThAI hai-- prathama zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI aura dUsarI 'Na' kAra aura 'na' kAra kii| kyA sudIpa jI, Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta nahIM karate? Apa kevala 'Na' kAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiMvaha to mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya hai| dUsare zabda rUpoM kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate haiM? nIce maiM digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM se hI kucha udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASikatattva kI ekarUpatA kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai yaha siddha ho jAtA hai mAtra yahI nahIM isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI Agamatulya grantha na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita haiM 1. AtmA ke liye ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, appA Adi zabda rUpoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai, jabaki zaurasenI meM "da" zruti ke kAraNa "AdA" rUpa banatA hai| samayasAra meM "AdA" ke sAtha-sAtha "appA" zabda rUpa jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai aneka bAra prayoga - .

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza meM AyA hai| kevala samayasAra meM hI nahIM, apitu niyamasAra (120, 121.183 ) Adi meM bhI "appA" zabda kA prayoga hai| 2. zruta kA zaurasenI rUpa "suda" banatA hai| zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para "suda" "sudakevalI" zabda ke prayoga bhI hue hai, jabaki samayasAra (varNI granthamAlA, gAthA 9 evaM 10 ) meM spaSTa rUpa meM "suvakevalI" "suyaNANa" zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai aura ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda rUpa haiM tathA paravartI bhI haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| 3. zaurasenI "da" zrutipradhAna hai sAtha hI usameM "lopa" kI pravRtti atyalpa hai, ataH usake kriyA rUpa "havadi, hodi, kuNadi, giNhadi kuvvadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, passadi Adi banate haiN| ina kriyA rUpoM kA prayoga una granthoM meM huA bhI hai, kintu unhIM granthoM ke kriyA rUpoM para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva hai, ise nimna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai " - jANa (gAthA saM. 10), havaI (11, 315, 386, 384), muNai (32), buccai (45), kubbai (81, 286, 319,321,325,340), pariNama (76,79,80), (jJAtavya hai ki samayasAra ke isI saMskaraNa kI gAthA kramAMka 77, 7879 meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai)| isI prakAra ke anya mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa, jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI (71.96, 289,293,322,326), hoi (94, 197306, 349, 358), kareI (94237,238,328,348), havaI (41.326, 329), jANaI (185,316,319,320,361), baha (189). sevaI (197), maraDa (257,290), (jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi hai), pAvai (291, 292), ghippai (296), uppajjai (308), viNassa (312,345), dIsaha (323), Adi bhI milate haiM (samayasAra varNI granthamAlA, vArANasI) ye to kucha hI udAharaNa haiMaise aneka mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kriyA rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| na kevala samayasAra apitu niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandikRta zrAvakAcAra ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha saMskaraNa) kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai, usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM meM 40 pratizata kriyA rUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke haiN| isase phalita yaha hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA bhI na kevala adhika vaividhya hai, apitu usa mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva hai, jise sudIpa jI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha prAcIna hote to ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva kahA~ se AtA? pro. e. ena. upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI bhUmikA meM spaSTataH svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| pro. khar3abar3I ne to SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnA hai| 'na' kAra aura 'Na' kAra meM kauna prAcIna aba hama NakAra aura nakAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| bhAI sudIpa jI ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra aura NakAra donoM pAye jAte haiN| kintu digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM sarvatra NakAra kA pAyA jAnA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa ariSTanemi ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA cAhate haiM, usa NakAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka huA bhI nahIM thA / "Na" kI apekSA na kA prayoga prAcIna hai| I0 pU0 tRtIya zatI ke azoka ke abhilekha evaM I.pU. dvitIya zatI ke khAravela ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I.pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka) ina lagabhaga 80 jaina zilAlekhoM meM eka bhI NakAra kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM yathA " Namo" "arihaMtANaM" aura "Namo vadrumANaM" kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yahA~ hama kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM, jinameM ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai-- zAtavya hai ki ye sabhI abhilekhIya sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina samAja dvArA hI prakAzita haiM 1. hAthIguMphA bihAra kA zilAlekha - prAkRta, jaina samrAT khAravela, mauryakAla 165 vA~ varSa, pR0 4 lekha kramAGka 2- namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAnaM 2. baikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagiri bihAra, prAkRta mauryakAla 165va varSa lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI pU. 11. le.kra. 'arhntpsaadn'| 3. mathurA, prAkRta mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake 81 varSa kA. 5.12. kramA 5. 'nama arahato vdhmaans'| 23 4. mathurA, prAkRta kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai, kintu je. epha. phlITa ke anusAra lagabhaga 14-13 I. pUrva kA honA cAhie. pU. 15, kramAGka 8, 'arahato vardhamAnasya' / 5. mathurA, prAkRta sambhavataH 14 13, I0 pU0 prathamazatI, kramAGka 10 mA arahatapUjA' / " 6. mathurA, prAkRta 5.17 kramAGka 14 mA ahatAnaM zramaNa avikA' / 7. mathurA, prAkRta pR. 17 kramAGka 15, 'namo arahaMtAna' 8. mathurA, prAkRta pR0 18, kramAGka 16, 'namo arahato mahAvirasa' / 9. mathurA, prAkRta huviSka saMvat 39 hastistambha, pR. 34, kramA 43, 'ayyen rudradAsena' arahaMtanaM pujaaye| 10. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna varSa 93 pR.46 kramAGka 67, 'namo ahaMto mhaavirsy'| 11. mathurA, prAkRta vAsudeva saM. 98, pR.47 kramAGka 60, namo arahato mahAvIrasya / pR. 15, lekha 12. mathurA, prAkRta 5048 kramAGka 71. 'namo arahaMtAnaM sihksN'| 13. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48 kramAGka 72 'namo arhNtaan'| 14. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48 kramAGka 73 'namo arhNtaan'| .

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24 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 15. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 75, 'arahaMtAna vdhmaansy'| ke hI zaurasenI saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya the aura 16. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.51, kramAGka80 'namo arhNtaan..dvn"| jinakI bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma huA, vahA~ mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka NakAra evaM 'da' zruti ke vistRta carcA maiMne "jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya" nAmaka grantha ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki sakate haiN| nakAra pradhAna ardhamAgadhI kA prayoga to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt vastuta: Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate haiM I.pU. tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki unameM mukhyata: nimna grantha Ate haiM - ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna the, AgamoM kA zabda rUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai, na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meN| digambara a. yApanIya mAnya AgamoM kI zaurasenI kI jisa prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3ha kara 1. kasAyapAhuDa, lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatI, guNadhara . dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI donoM se hI 2. SaTkhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArdha, puSpadaMta aura prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para apitu bhUtabalI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para bhI IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva 3. bhagavatIArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThI zatI, zivArya kA nahIM hai| 4. mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThI zatI, vaTTakera yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlata: yApanIya paramparA ke haiM aura kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM inameM aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM nahIM milatA hai| azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, balaDI aura prakIrNakoM ke samarUpa haiN| ke abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika abhilekha koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM haiN| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se ba. kundakunda dvArA racita IsA kI lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke grantha prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai| ata: use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai, 5. samayasAra kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ata: prAkRtoM meM 6. niyamasAra ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI 7. pravacanasAra 'namo arahaMtAnaM', 'namo vadhamAnasa' Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda rUpa milate 8. paJcAstikAyasAra haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM abhilekhoM meM Aye 'arahaMtAnaM' pATha ko to 9. aSTapAhuDa (inakA kundakunda dvArA racita honA sandigdha hai, kyoMki prAkRta-vidyA meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA hai, isakA artha isakI bhASA meM apabhraMza ke zabda bhI pAye jAte haiN)| hai ki yaha pATha zaurasenI kA nahIM hai (prAkRta-vidyA, akTUbara-disambara 94, pR.10-11)| ataH zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai| sa anya grantha, IsA kI chaThI zatI ke pazcAt 10.tiloyapaNNatti-yativRSabha zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA 11.lokavibhAga jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha 12.jambUdvIpapaNNatti lenA cAhie ki AcArAGga Adi dvAdazAGgI jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara 13.aGgapaNNatti aura yApanIya paramparA Agama kahakara ullekha karatI haiM, ve sabhI mUlataH 14.kSapaNasAra ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA meM nandIsUtra meM 15.gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) ullikhita Agama ho, cAhe mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura unakI kintu inameM se kaSAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara koI bhI grantha aisA TIkAoM meM yA tattvArtha aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullikhita nahIM hai, jo pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye sabhI grantha guNasthAna Agama ho, athavA aGgapaNNatti evaM dhavalA ke aGga aura aGga bAhya siddhAnta evaM saptabhaGgI kI carcA avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI ke rUpa meM ullikhita Agama ho, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai jo carcA jaina darzana meM pAMcavIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anupasthita hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha rahA ho| hA~ itanA avazya hai ki inameM se zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAGga aura Avazyakaniyukti kI do prakSipta kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNata: anupasthita hai, jabaki caturtha zatI ke samaya astitva meM avazya Aye the, kintu inheM zaurasenI SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogA, vastuta: ye AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, ke granthoM meM inakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai, ata: ye sabhI grantha unase dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM paravartI haiN| isI prakAra umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra mUla aura usake svopajJa

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 25 bhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM TIkAe~ guNasthAna kI vistRta carcA prastuta karatI haiN| umAsvAti kA aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela, Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna ho| ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI kA siddhAnta pA~cavIM zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| ata: zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe haiM, usameM sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA saptazatI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA lagabhaga prathama zatI meM racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se hai, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| prAcIna zaurasenI Agamatulya prAcIna hai| granthoM meM mAtra kasAyapAhuDa hI aisA hai jo spaSTata: guNasthAnoM kA puna: maiM DaoN.sudIpa ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna ullekha nahIM karatA hai, kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se 12 guNasthAnoM dilAnA cAhU~gA, ve prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM likhate haiM kI carcA upalabdha hai, ata: vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa ki digambaroM ke grantha usa zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' avasthAoM, jinakA ullekha AcArAGganiyukti aura tattvArthasUtra meM hai, Adi prAkRtoM kA janma huA, isa sambandha meM merA unase nivedana hai se paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNa kAla kI ki mAgadhI ke sambandha meM 'prakRti: zaurasenI' (prAkRtaprakAza, 11/2) racanA hai, ata: usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca siddha isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM vaha bhrAnta hai aura ve svayaM hotA hai| bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' (prAkRtaprakAza, 12/ 2), isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'prakRti:' kA janmadAtrI yaha artha asvIkAra zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA kara cuke haiN| isakI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA guNagAna isa AdhAra bhI kiyA jAtA isake pratyuttara meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI granthoM ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI, to hai, kyoMki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kA janma zUrasena janapada meM huA thA unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA ullekha kyoM nahIM hai? aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apanA vAk vyavahAra karate the| DaoN.sudIpa zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI sandarbha dikhA deM, jinameM bhagavatIArAdhanA, jI ke zabdoM meM "ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva mUlAcAra, SaTkhaNDAgama, tiloyapaNNatti, pravacanasAra, samayasAra, se zUrasena janapada meM janmI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ko sampUrNa AryAvarta niyamasAra Adi kA ullekha huA ho| TIkAoM meM bhI malayagiri (terahavIM meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA thaa|" (prAkRtavidyA-julAI-sitambara zatI) ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake viparIta 96, pR.6)| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkAoM meM evaM yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI leM, to prazna tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi, rAjavArtika, zlokavArtika Adi sabhI uThatA hai ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM janme the, vAsupUjya campA digambara TIkAoM meM ina AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiN| meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM to AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa tathA yahI nahIM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma ayodhyA nizItha se aneka avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| mUlAcAra meM na kevala meM janme the| ye sabhI kSetra to magadha ke hI nikaTavartI haiM, ata: inakI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhI mAtRbhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| bhAI sudIpa jI ke anusAra yadi haiN| mUlAcAra meM Avazyakaniyukti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, zaurasenI ariSTanemi jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha candravedhyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane jitanI prAcIna siddha hotI hai, ata: zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna zaurasenI zabda rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| digambara paramparA meM jo pratikramaNasUtra upalabdha haiM, usameM jJAtAsUtra yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha aura prAcIna ke unhIM 19 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo vartamAna meM zvetAmbara Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milate, kintu IsA kI cauthI, pA~cavIM paramparA meM upalabdha jJAtAdharmakathA meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI jaina grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase kyoM nahIM hotA hai? punaH nATakoM meM bhI bhAsa ke samaya se arthAt paravartI hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI Agama yA Agamatulya IsA kI dUsarI zatI se hI zaurasenI ke prayoga (vAkyAMza) upalabdha granthoM meM yadi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM to phira zaurasenI hote haiN| aura usakA racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se prAcIna kaise ho nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra para usakI sakatA hai? prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai, maiM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAyI gayI ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI ki mUlata: Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA zatI se pUrva kA hai? phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrIkaraNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki jainadharma kA udbhava magadha meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNI

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26 evaM uttarapazcimI bhArata meM phailaa| ataH AvazyakatA huI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kI, na ki zaurasenI AgamoM ke ardhamAgadhI rUpAntaraNa kI satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue na ki zaurasenI Agama ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue| ataH aitihAsika tathyoM kI avahelanA kara mAtra kutarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai? jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 buddha vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI zaurasenI ko mUlabhASA evaM mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu AdaraNIya pro. nathamala jI TATiyA ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA jA rahA hai ki "zaurasenI pAli bhASA kI jananI hai-- yaha merA spaSTa cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the, unako jalA diyA gayA aura pAli meM likhA gyaa|" (prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, pR0 10 / ) TaoNTiyA jI jaisA bauddha-vidyA kA prakANDa vidvAn aisI kapolakalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai? yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddhavacana zaurasenI meM the / yadi ho to AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI yA bhAI sudIpa jI use prastuta kareM, anyathA aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke liye zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha bAta to bauddha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddhavacana 'mAgadhI' meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAli meM likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI meM kiJcit antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAli' meM bhI kiJcit antara hai, vastutaH 'pAli' bhagavAn buddha kI mUla bhASA 'mAgadhI' kA eka saMskArita rUpa hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn pAli ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiM, donoM meM bahuta adhika antara nahIM hai| pAli, saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhI kA hI sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANasiddha hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the-- kyoMki unakI janmasthalI aura kAryasthalI donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai| isa sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kA nimna kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai sA mAgadhI mUlabhAsA narAyAya AdikappikA / brahmaNo ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhAsare / / arthAt mAgadhI hI mUlabhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna huI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA) apitu bAlaka aura buddha bhI isI bhASA meM bolate haiN| (See-The preface to the Childer's Pali Dictionary). isase yahI phalita hotA hai mUla buddhavacana mAgadhI meM the| pAli usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM buddhavacana likhe gye| / vastutaH pAli ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna-bhinna -- prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ataH buddhavacana mUlataH mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meM / bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to suttanipAta aura isibhAsiyAI ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna pAli granthoM evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai| jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAli meM anya racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika bhASA / sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASA vikasita huI hai to ve ardhamAgadhI evaM pAli hI haiM, na ki zaurasenI / zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM haijabaki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama- sAhitya ke aneka grantha I. pU. tIsarI cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the| 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyak artha jo vidvAn mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI evaM usI se vikasita mAnate haiM ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararuci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke prAkRtaprakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRtavyAkaraNa ke nimna sUtroM ko batAte haiM a. 1. prakRtiH zaurasenI / / 10 / 2 / / -- asyA: paizAcyA: prakRtiH zaurasenI sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM paizAcIlakSaNaM pravartitavyam / 2. prakRtiH zaurasenI / / 11/2 / / asyAH mAgadhyA: prakRtiH zaurasenIti veditavyam / vararucikRta 'prAkRta prakAza' / ba. 1. zeSaM zaurasenIvat ||8/4 / 302 / / mAgadhyA yaduktaM, tato'nyacchaurasenIvad draSTavyam / 2. zeSaM zaurasenIvat ||8/4/323 / / paizAcyAM yaduktaM, taoanyaccheSaM paizAcyAM zaurasenIvad bhavati / 3. zeSaM zaurasenIvat ||8/4/446 / / apabhraMzo prAyaH + zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhavati / aprabhaMzabhASAyAM prAyaH zaurasenIbhASAtulyakAryaM jAyate zaurasenIbhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi jaayte| hemacandrakRta 'praakRtvyaakrnn| ataH isa prasaGga meM to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina sUtroM meM 'prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjheN| yadi hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI ina sUtroM kA yaha 'phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava zaurasenI se huA, kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane vAle tathA mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase udbhUta mAnane vAle ye vidvAn vararuci ke usa sUtra ko bhI uddhRta kyoM nahIM karate, jisameM zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta batAI gayI hai yathA- "zaurasenI-12/1 TokA .

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27 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sA ca lakSyalakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkriyate iti usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta veditvym| adhikArasUtrametadAparicchedasamApteH 12/1, prakRtiH aura usake vibhinna bheda, arthAt vibhinna sAhityika prAkRteM haiN| satya sNskRtm-12/2| TIkA- zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRti: sNskRtm|| yaha hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRteM hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskRta prAkRtaprakAza ke ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA unakA saMskArita rUpa haiM- vastuta: saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta se utpanna huii| isa prakAra prakRti ke bIca setu kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke kA artha udgama sthala karane para usI prAkRtaprakAza ke AdhAra para yaha rUpa meM astitva meM aaii| bhI mAnanA hogA ki mUlabhASA saMskRta thI aura usI se zaurasenI utpanna yadi hama bhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para carcA kareM to huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita; suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa haiM? bhAI sudIpa jI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI se prAkRteM nirmita huI haiM, to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnava jAti 'prakRti saMskRtam -prAkRtaprakAza 12/2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane apane AdikAla meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke niyamoM se saMskRta bhASA bolatI ko taiyAra nahIM haiM ki prakRti kA artha usase utpanna huI aisA hai| ve thI aura usI se apabhraSTa hokara zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa svayaM likhate haiM "Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra upalabdha haiM, hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~ nirmita huiiN| isakA ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM evaM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita artha yaha bhI hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se haiN| ataeva unameM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' jaise prayoga ko dekhakara katipayajana apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA, kintu mAnava aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRtabhASA saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI, jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA vaijJAnika itihAsa isa aisA artha kadApi nahIM hai- 'prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregaa| pR.14| bhAI sudIpa jI, jaba zaurasenI kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke saMskAra dvArA prakRti kA artha AdhAra maoNDala kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ astitva meM AIM arthAt vibhinna boliyoM taka Apa 'prakRti: zaurasenI' kA artha mAgadhI zaurasenI se utpanna huI se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| vastuta: isa vivAda ke mUla aisA kareM- yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna meM sAhityika bhASA aura loka bhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM aura mAgadhI ko ArvAcIna batAne ke liye| vastuta: prAkRta aura saMskRta samajha pAnA hai| vastuta: prAkRteM apane mUlasvarUpa meM bhASAe~ na hokara zabda svayaM hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kauna boliyA~ rahI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prAkRta koI sI hai? eka bolI nahIM apitu bolI samUha kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM vaidika bhASA kA nirmANa huA, usI prakAra kAlakrama meM vibhinna boliyoM evaM zabda rUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM saMskArita karake unase vibhinna sAhityika hai, use hI saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai, jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huaa| ata: yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki bolI ho vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastuta: prAkRta svAbhAvika yA sahaja bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa eka 'kAmana' (Common) bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM dRSTi se prAkRta mUla bhASA hai aura saMskRta usase udbhUta huI hai| aura saMskRta bhaassaa| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake ekarUpatA hemacandra ke pUrva thArApadragacchIya namisAdhu ne rudraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra dene se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa nahIM kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara diyA hai| hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ve likhate haiM - se saMskArita kiyA gayA to unase vibhinna prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| sakala jagajjantenAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAraH jaise mAgadhI bolI se mAgadhI prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prakRti: tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ArisavayaNe siddhaM, devANaM addhamAgahA prAkRta kA aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam- bAlamahilAdi subodhaM huaa| prAkRta ke zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi bheda tat-tat sklbhaassaanibndhnbhuutvcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM na ki kisI prAkRta vizeSa se| ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAt ca samAsAditavizeSaM sat saMskRtAduttara- yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI bhedaanaapnoti| - kAvyAlaGkAra TIkA namisAdhu, 2/12 / se pUrva kA nahIM hai| sAtha hI unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke liye alaga-alaga arthAt jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke liye bhI maoNDala apanAye gaye haiN| vararuci ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta subodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAkkRta) sabhI bhASAoM kI hai, jabaki hemacandra ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) prAkRta racanA kA AdhAra hai vaha to megha se nirmukta jala kI taraha sahaja hai, hai, ata: prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| anyathA hemacandra ke

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28 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'zeSaM prAkRtavat' (8/04/286) kA artha hogA TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA ko zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko mAnya pratipAdita kare ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita huenahIM hogaa| yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| yadi TaoNTiyA jI kA yaha kathana ki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the aura kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? phira pAli aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue' satya hai, to unheM yA prAkRta vidyA, janavarI-mArca 96 ke sampAdakIya meM DaoN.sudIpa sudIpa jI ko isakA pramANa prastuta karanA caahie| jaina ne proTaoNTiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta kiyA hai ki "zvetAmbara vastutaH jaba kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA jAtA hai to ekarUpatA ke liye niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI svarUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa"| isa sandarbha meM hai aura yahI niyama bhASA kA vyAkaraNa banAte haiN| vibhinna prAkRtoM ko hamArA prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA to unake liye bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta meM thA, to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI ke niyama Avazyaka hue aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyata: saMskRta kI 'da' zruti kA prabhAva kyoM nahIM dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta hama se gRhIta kiye gye| jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti yaha pAte haiM ki digambara paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya batAI jAtI hai taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, isa tathya ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa bhASA ke zabda rUpa haiM? udAharaNa kI sapramANa carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM digambara ke rUpa meM jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI carcA karate haiM to hama paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAn pro.e.ena. upAdhye kA yaha spaSTa mantavya yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA Adarza apanI kucha vizeSatAoM hai ki pravacanasAra kI bhASA para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ko chor3akara jisakI carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta kA paryApta prabhAva hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ ke zabda rUpa haiN| uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA hai phira isameM svara-parivartana, madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke parivartana, 'ya' zruti bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai| jaba sAhityika bhASA ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara banatI hai taba usake liye vyAkaraNa ke niyama banAye jAte haiM, ye vyAkaraNa vidvAn pro.khaDabaDI kA kahanA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha ke niyama jisa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para usa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa prakAra jahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko samajhAte haiM vahI bhASA kI kisI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para zvetAmbara hai ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda banatA hai| AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prabhAva hai vahA~ yaha kaise mAnA jA zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI prakRti ko saMskRta mAnane kA artha itanA sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI vyAkaraNa bane haiM ve saMskRta zabda hue| apitu isase to yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama rUpoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hue haiN| puna: ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAloM ke liye ke sambandha meM digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAMti pracalita rahI hai usakA nahIM banAyA gayA, apitu, unake liye banAyA gayA jo saMskRta meM likhate spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH ye vidvAn ardhamAgadhI aura yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko samajhAnA ho to hameM usakA AdhAra saMskRta ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rahe haiN| ko hI banAnA hogA aura usI ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN.e.ena upAdhye jaise vidvAn bhI 'ya' zruti ko saMskRta ke kisI zabda se prAkRta kA kauna sA zabdarUpa kaise niSpanna ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiN| jabaki vaha mUlata: mahArASTrI huA hai isaliye jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa nirmita kiye gaye aparihArya prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki ardhamAgadhI kaa| ardhamAgadhI to 'ta' zruti rUpa se ve saMskRta zabdoM yA zabdarUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta zabda pradhAna hai| yA zabdarUpoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM / saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kahane kA itanA hI tAtparya hai| isI prakAra jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI yA kAlakrama meM parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kI 'ya' apabhraMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI ko kahA jAtA hai to usakA tAtparya zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA pUrNata: mithyA hai ki hotA hai, prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM ko zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| zaurasenI zabdoM ko AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| 'prAkRtaprakAza' vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura valabhI kI TIkA meM vararuci ne spaSTata: likhA hai- zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM vAcanAoM ke samaya kramaza: zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prabhAvita prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2) arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda haiM unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN| hue haiN| .

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya eka vimarza : yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRtoM meM tIna prakAra ke zabdarUpa milate haiM-- tadbhava tatsama aura dezaja dezaja zabda ve haiM jo kisI deza vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta hai| inake artha kI vyAkhyA ke liye vyAkaraNa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| tadabhava zabda ve haiM jo saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita haiM jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda tatsama haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM- prakRti aura prtyy| inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| mUla zabda se jo zabdarUpa banA hai vaha tadbhava hai| prAkRta-vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda se prAkRta kA tadbhava zabdarUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| ataH yahA~ saMskRta ko prakRti kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hai ki tadbhava zabdoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza mAnakara yA maoNDala mAnakara yaha vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| saMskRta zabda rUpa ko maoNDala / Adarza mAnanA isaliye Avazyaka thA ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara yA unake liye hI likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN. sudIpajI zaurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha maoNDala yA Adarza karate haiM to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi ke sandarbha meM prakRtiH zaurasenI kA artha bhI yahI karanA cAhie ki zaurasenI ko maoNDala yA Adarza mAnakara inakA vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| hemacandra ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ko samajhAyA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mahArASTrI prAcIna hai yA mahArASTrI se mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huii| prAcIna kauna ? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI isI sandarbha meM TaoNTiyA jI ke nAma se yaha bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki "yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama- sAhitya ko hI mUla Agama- sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se 1500 varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se, isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko hI 500I0 ke paravartI mAnanA par3egA / " jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ bhI mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke antara ko na samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 'ta' zruti pradhAna pATha cUrNiyoM aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe haiN| usase niHsandeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI 'ta' zruti pradhAna thI aura usameM lopa kI pravRtti nagaNya hI thI aura yaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prAcIna bhI hai| yadi zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se mahArASTrI meM jise digambara vidvAn bhrAnti se ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM, badale gaye to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'ta' zruti ke sthAna para 'da' zruti ke pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM hote haiM jo zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaGga meM DaoN. TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TaoNTiyAjI 29 se aura bhAI sudIpajI se sAgraha nivedana karU~gA kI ve AcArAGga, RSibhASita sUtrakRtAGga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'da' zruti pradhAna pATha dikhalA deN| prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke| yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki kucha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM samAna haiN| vastutaH ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to 'da' zruti dekhI jAtI hai aura na "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa huA hai na ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI rUpAntaraNa / yaha satya hai ki na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para apitu zaurasenI Agamatulya kundakunda Adi ke granthoM para bhI mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai jise hama pUrva meM siddha kara cuke haiN| kyA pandraha sau varSa pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA evaM zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA astitva nahIM thA? DaoN. sudIpajI dvArA TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se uddhRta yaha kathana ki 1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA' pUrNataH prAnta hai AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I.pU. tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pahale kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya se Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the| jJAtavya hai ki 'da' zruti pradhAna aura 'Na' kAra kI pravRtti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA, anyathA azoka ke abhilekhoM meM aura mathurA (jo zaurasenI kI janmabhUmi hai) ke jaina abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya vAle zabda rUpa upalabdha hone cAhie the? kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai jo I0pU0 meM racA gayA ho? satya to yaha hai ki bhAsa (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke nATakoM ke atirikta IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha nahIM thaa| jabaki mAgadhI ke abhilekha aura ardhamAgadhI ke Agama I0pU0 tIsarI zatI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| punaH yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI kaha raheM haiM use mahArASTrI bhI mAna leM to usake bhI grantha IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA saptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha hai, jo I0pU0 prathama zatI se IsA kI prathama zatI ke madhya racita hai yaha eka saMkalana grantha hai jisameM aneka granthoM se gAthAe~ saMkalita kI gaI haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki isake pUrva bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gaye the| kAlidAsa ke nATaka, jinameM zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA hai bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI haiN| kundakunda ke grantha spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se, apitu paravartI 'ya' zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kI pA~cavIM, chaThIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiM / SaTkhaNDAgama aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5 vIM .

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30 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka granthaumAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) se paravartI hI siddha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana-boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika karatI haiM, kyoMki inameM ye avadhAraNAe~ anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata meM maiMne apane grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jaina vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda rUpoM kI vibhinatA raha gii| satya to yaha dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| isa prakAra hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu meM bhI zabda rUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaurasenI bhASA IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt aura zaurasenI Agama vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta IsA0 kI 5 vI zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina bhAI sudIpa jI pahale mAgadhI aura pAli tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM ke antara evaM inake pratyeka ke lakSaNoM tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ata: una sabhI meM ke granthoM ke kAlakrama aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI bhASAvidoM leM aura phira pramANa sahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAyeM, vyartha / ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA ke bIja na boyeN| mAna lI haiM jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la" kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ata: mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza" jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM jaina Agama mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu prAkRta eka "purisa" aura "rAyA" rUpa banatA hai| jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti bhASA na hokara, bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNavidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya" zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, meM "ta" yathAvat rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, DhakkI aadi| ina mahArASTrI meM lupta-vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya' hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, zabda rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina bhAratIya bhASAe~ astitva meM aayiiN| ata: prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI kI pUrvaja haiM aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai| isIlie jaina AgamoM para huaa| meM prayukta mAgadhI ko ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa prathama to yaha ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA kA kAraNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda yaha hai ki usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhitratA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai kyoMki unakI mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita hai| nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahula" arthAt vividha vaikalpika huA hai, vaha jaina-zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| __ kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI- kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA rahIM haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM hai kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI the| ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna vaha jaina-mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyata: arddhamAgadhI aura aMzata: abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI, jaina-zaurasenI aura zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| jaina-mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya ata: jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza svarUpa nizcita karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara kahIM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho| Aja upalabdha vibhinna parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. zvetAmbara arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetanna' zabda kisa prakAra "kheyantra" bana gayA aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa aura usakA jo mUla "kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedajJa' ho pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama eka ora arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai-jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM kA prathama sNskrnn| jJAtavya hai ki isake paravartI saMskaraNoM meM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zaurasenIkaraNa adhika hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNata: zaurasenI eka mahattvUparNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa kArya balabhadra jaina dvArA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM. mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM ___ khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kara diyA Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke puna: saMzodhana kI jo cetanA AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake arddhamAgadhI rUpa jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya-tantra' nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA" Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| ke parivartana Aye haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNata: samajhe binA kevala isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNata: arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA shaursenii| arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para sambhavata: ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI paravartI hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate hai| kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSata: aMga bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA Agama jaise- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt kiyA hai kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM yA "AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra dvitIya vAcanA huii| yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA,

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32 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM kI adhyayakSatA meM kramaza: mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huii| sambhava pAyA jAtA hai| hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: ina granthoM meM hue bhASika ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke jina para hama kramaza: vicAra kreNge| sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavata: yaha saMketa yApanIya unake svara-vyaMjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA rahI aura artha gaunn| Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura rUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM haiN| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA gayA ki tIrthaGkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ata: yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiN| yadyapi gye| Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue usakA dUsarA cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu-saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI sAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, ve adhikAMzata: Aja apane zaurasenI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalata: Agama sAhitya svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA A gyii| parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA gayA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalata: AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana ho sakatA hai ki zrutaparamparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ata: bhASika svarUpa yaha bhI satya hai ki valabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI 4. sAmAnyatayA buddhavacana buddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ata: unake bhASika svarUpa kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika bhI hai| thAI, barmA aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrgha mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiN| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama kAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta maukhika hI calatA rahA, phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja arddhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa|

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5 vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa pravRtti mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rahA / zruta- paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thA / ataH uccAraNa zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa| 5. Agamika evaM Agama tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla pATha meM " gacchati" likhA ho lekina pracalana meM "gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai. to pratilipikAra "gacchaI" rUpa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartina kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unakA bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| - sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI aise nAma de diye na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdanoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", "loa" aura "loya" aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha - bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha " rAmaputte" badalakara cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA 33 vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dI jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka bhramaNa AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAn sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRdadazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Aspects of Jainology Vol. II meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khettana" zabda, jo " kSetrajJa" (AtmajJa) kA vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara "kheyaNa" bana gayA aura use "khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke. Ara. candrA aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| prathamataH, prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina anthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pAraspArika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jAyegI / Aja namaskAra maMtra meM "namo" aura "Namo" zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna sA zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA "namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA "Namo" rUpa paravartI hai, kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI " Namo" rUpa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThIM zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI haiM aura jina granthoM meM "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI haiN| yaha satya hai ki 'namo' se parivartita hokara hI " Namo" rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. san kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima gAthA meM eso paMca namukkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalAMNa ca savvesiM par3arma havar3a maMgalaM aisA pATha hai inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti meM "ekAra" ke sthAna para "okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke -- -- .

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34 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sthAna para "havaI" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna' banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ardhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa "hodi" meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda rUpa "havaI" hai jo yaha karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu batAtA hai ki yaha aMza mUlata: mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahIM isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita haiMse zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havai' zabda rUpa rUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda rUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda rUpa jo kisI bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa meM "loga" evaM "loya' donoM rUpa milate hoM to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa "havai" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge? "loya" ko prAcIna rUpa "loga' meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI "havai" ke atirikta kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA anya koI zabda rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai| kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza prati meM nahIM milate ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jo "bahulaM' zabda ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho| ata: hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda rUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM me AusaMteNa bhagavayA evaM meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA akkhAyaM" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake "sutaM mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahI haiN| ata: bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara degeM to isake prakSipta prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jaayegii| ataH prAcInastara yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai- arahatA isiNA buintaM, kintu AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM meM se 37 meM "buinta" pATha prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina hai, jabaki 7 meM "buiyaM" pATha hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama tulya sAhitya mUlata: arddhamAgadhI pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa Agama-sAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ataH milate hoM to "buiyaM' ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| kintu yadi usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| to usase granthoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI na hoM, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ata: arddhamAgadhI aura aMzata: zaurasenI Agama rahe haiN| yadi unake prabhAva arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| kheyaNNa kA prAcIna rUpa khettanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka bAra khettanna rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda rUpa mAnakara hai, vaha yaha ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetana" rUpa upalabdha jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya eka vimarza ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda rUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla pratichAyA ko bhI prakAzita kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga sakatA hai| AcArya zAntisAgara jI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama ( 1/1/93) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI " SaTkhaNDAgama" ke tAmra patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM 'saMjada' zabda anupasthita hai| isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga suttANi meM kucha Agama pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM bhI raheMgI, ataH bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka hai| mAtra "saMjada" pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| uparyukta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho| merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa satarkatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai vaha bhI naSTa ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandausUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna arddhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa hI naSTa ho jaayegaa| jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se punaH sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakriyA ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImala jI pArakha kA svara pramukha hai| ve vidvAn adhyetA ora zraddhAzIla donoM hI haiN| phira bhI tulasI - prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai| usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana hai, ataH una para vyAkaraNa 35 ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM, mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA arddhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para antarvirodha kyoM hai? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to kahIM nau kyoM hai? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do usa hai, kahIM tIna sa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa yadi Agama zabdaza: mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMga meM ullikhita hai? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| Aja aise aneka tathya hai, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSaraza: sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvaza to artha ( viSayavastu) ke pravaktA hai-- zabda rUpa to unako gaNadharoM yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA thA? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana parivardhana Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hama inkAra kara sakate haiM? svayaM devardhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate haiM-- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthakaroM ne artharUpa meM prarupita aura gadhaNaroM ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai sarvajJoM ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhISTa thA, vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA? Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama hai unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, bambaI, lADanUM Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha bheda kyoM hai ? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAne aura Apake zabdoM meM kise bhela sela kaheM? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zuddha svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi sampanna vidvAn ne AgamoM meM koI bhela sela kiyA? isakA eka bhI udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA nahIM hai| kI jA rahI hai| puna: jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lADanUM aura mahAvIra bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika prAmANika mAne jAte haiM, kintu unameM yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya hai, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka hai, apitu para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI hai| karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sabhI pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka-do ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA hU~ - jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" cattAri vatthA pannattA, taMjahA-sutI nAma ege sutI, saInAma ege asaI, ko chor3akara zeSa 115 pAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka cubhNgo| nahIM par3atA- to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase evAmeva cattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAmaM ege sutI, unake zrama kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA cubhNgo| jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa -(caturtha) sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR0 94) haiM- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI satra meM "satI" aura pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM? kyA sabhI "suI' donoM rUpa upasthita haiN| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama byAvara, jaina hotA hai, artha bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki "sutI" kA artha hai vizvabhAratI, lADanUM aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna sUta se nirmita, jabaki "suI" (zuci) kA artha hai pvitr| isa prakAra mahattva kA samajheM? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai, bhaya yaha hai ki adhika isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie- sUtra kramAMka sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla 445, pR0 197 para "nirgrantha" zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdarUpa"niyaMTha" kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| puna: kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA sakate haiM prayukta hai to sUtra 446 meM "niggaMtha" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha' rUpa ki kyA koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNata: zuddha hai- jaba bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pR. 197 para AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthikAtaM aura AgAsatthikAyaM- isa prakAra vidvAn vyAkaraNa ke atirikta kisakA sahArA leMge? kyA Aja taka "kAya' zabda ke do bhinna zabda rUpa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke yadyapi "ta" zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI sandarbha meM sutI, niThaMta aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zruti ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sUtI, nirgrantha kA prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai| kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA hameM harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA haizrI tulasI jI ne muni zrI jambUvijaya jI ko apanI sampAdana zailI namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI eso paMcanamukkAro, svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, paDhamaM kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH havai mNgl||1|| nahIM milate haiM, svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na' puna: isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH lekhana "na" "Na' kara diyA gayA hai| kintu "eso paMcanamukkAroM" meM puna: kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaNIya pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata kama hote gaye haiN| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ata: ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| kintu grantha-nirmANa

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 37 ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya hai balki eka sahI kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogA, puna: yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM lekina Agama sarvajJa vacana haiM, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra-zraddhA kI duhAI hai, to phira sarvajJa kaise karegA? isa prakAra kI bhinnatA ke lie lekhaka dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai| ata: aise pAThoM ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI aura "suI" "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niggaMtha", "kAtaM" niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ata: maiM jaina vidyA aura "kAyaM" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM dizA meM protsAhita kreN| dUsarI ora maiM pro. candrA se bhI nivedana kara diyA jAve, jaise zuci-sui kA "sutI', niggaMtha kA "nitaMTha" karU~gA ki ve binA pramANa ke aisA koI parizodhana na kre| athavA kAyaM kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza' meM upalabdha Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "Adarzo' meM upalabdha digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita hai| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ho| hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI do sthaloM para hI mileM aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to dhavalATIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jaay| kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSAkRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai- zarta yahI ho ki Agama racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho-jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, yA prshnvyaakrnn| kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM racanAe~ haiN| harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ne prakSipta mAnA hai, kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura pATha zuddhIkaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM yApanIyoM meM navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza haiM athavA saMgrahiNiyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanI hogI aura Adarza meM upalabdha AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta-viccheda pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvat rakhanA hogaa|is tathya ko hama kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| puna: harivaMzapurANa eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai, zeSa grantha zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiM to the hii| to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, hai ki vaha. prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai| tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvo ke puna: Agama-saMpAdana aura pATha-zuddhIkaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA pAda TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, usameM suvidhA ho| dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva- ye gyAraha AcArya pro. ke.Ara candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI AgamoM dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA ke pATha saMzodhana kA jo yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathamapi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda

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38 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa- titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 Arya bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke sAtha hI caturdaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya- ye cAra AcArya / mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa|is prakAra zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra (pAThabheda se sarvamitra) dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga-sAhitya kA viccheda ho hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullikhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAn gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane / pUrvagata zruta kA viccheda ho jaaygaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNabelagolA pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai, kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA ke vargoM kA ullekha hai| jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, ve saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya abhinna akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA, anya koI vikalpa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI gayA hai| zvetAbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThIM-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva-jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra bhASya, cUrNi Adi AgAmika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate haA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha nandIsUtra kI kAlika digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai, kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/ to huA hai, kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ata: isa 704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTata: sAtavIM zatAbdI sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| kI racanA hai| antata: titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| jo nimnAnusAra haihuA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| titthogAliya meM tIrthaGkaroM vipAkasUtra sahita cha: aMgoM kA viccheda ho jAyegA, isake pazcAt kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogadvAra tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha saM. 1500 meM AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai, apitu aMga-sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, bhI carcA hai| vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya eka vimarza meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogA-- yaha kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA (pR. 61) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA haiM ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| " prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM jisa rUpa meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya kA apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA antakRdazA, anuttarIpapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue haiM, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai / antima vAcanAkAra devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maiMne saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama andhoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha sakI vaha AMzika rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| viccheda kA krama tabhI rukA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM zruta ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ye aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA 39 the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara anya meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, pR0 62) Adi kucha vidvAn ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA, kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honI cAhiye / ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSayapratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM ulabdha haiM, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhArabhUta bhI samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, kundakunda ke prantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cUMki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda saptabhaMgI

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40 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA abhAva hai, ata: ve sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyaprAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTasAra Adi isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ata: zaurasenI AgamoM abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jJAtAdharma kathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArthApatyoM kA ata: aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI paayii| mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM jAtI haiN| vastuta: ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unake kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaTagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza haiM to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA AgamoMmeM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI haiM jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi anukUla nahIM haiN| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma pratipAdana-samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra-pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI ora kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI-AgamaH zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki sAhitya ke AdhAra karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura mahArASTrI-Agamika nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai| ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta ke rUpa meM kramaza: niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi hai| vastuta: tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sahaja ho jAtA hai| sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI vicAra meM deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAe~ ardhamAgadhI Agama parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro.e.ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, tulya grantha bhI haiM, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko asitadevala, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat hI hai| tiloyapannatti kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM karakaNDa, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 41 unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena haiN| rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kartRtva ajJAta abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa kartRtva ko chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayyambhavasUri hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsa jI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullikhita mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA haiN| sambhavata: usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa hai? isa sambandha meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA~ haiN| zaurasenI aura pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU-purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| jaina Agama-sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jaikobI unameM sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana zubiMga, viNTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM rasikalAla kApar3iyA meM 'A History of the Cononical Literature of meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para the Jainas' nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRta hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka sAhitya kA itihAsa' bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna dvArA jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha haiM, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama-sAhitya to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka 'jainAgama : manana aura mImAMsA' bhI eka yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka 'jainAgama AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko aura pAlI-tripiTaka' bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandra jI dvArA likhita 'jaina sAhitya ke prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA' meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kA aura ___ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI cihna upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho Agama sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA kintu tarkabuddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai gayA hai| ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUri jI ne 'jaina Agama sAhitya yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA : eka anuzIlana' kRti kI sRjanA janasAdhAraNa ko Agama-sAhitya eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14 veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, phira bhI unhoMne itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha thA, AsthA kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| kiyA hai|

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA Agama-sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna AcArya jinaprabha ke vidhimArgaprapA (lagabhaga IsA kI terahavIM zatI) meM kisI bhI dhArmika paramparA kA AdhAra usake dharmagrantha hote haiM, milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki terahavIM zatI se pUrva AgamoM jinheM vaha pramANabhUta mAnakara calatI hai| jisa prakAra musalamAnoM ke ke vargIkaraNa meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka varga kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai, kintu liye kurAna, IsAiyoM ke liye bAibila, bauddhoM ke liye tripiTaka aura isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAla lenA cAhiye ki usake pUrva na to hinduoM ke liye veda pramANabhUta grantha haiM, usI prakAra jainoM ke liye prakIrNaka sAhitya thA aura na hI inakA koI ullekha thaa| Agama pramANabhUta grantha haiN| sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra, nandIsUtra aura aMga-AgamoM meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMgasUtra meM prakIrNaka kA ullekha pAkSikasUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke caurAsI hajAra hai| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura gaNadharoM ziSyoM dvArA racita caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka the| paramparAgata avadhAraNA dvArA racita grantha aMgapraviSTa Agama kahe jAte haiN| inakI saMkhyA bAraha yaha hai ki jisa tIrthaGkara ke jitane ziSya hote haiM, usake zAsana meM hai, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta utane hI prakIrNaka granthoM kI racanA hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA prakIrNaka hai| ina aMga AgamoM ke nAma haiM-1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, zabda kA tAtparya hotA hai-vividha grnth| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki prArambha 3. sthAnAMga, 4. samavAyAMga, 5.vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, meM AgamoM ke atirikta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kI koTi meM mAne jAte 7. upAsakadazAMga, 8. antakRddazAMga, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA the| aMga-AgamoM se itara Avazyaka, Avazyaka vyatirikta, kAlika 10. praznavyAkaraNadazA, 11. vipAkadazA aura 12. dRssttivaad| inake evaM utkAlika ke rUpa meM vargIkRta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kahalAte the| nAma aura krama ke sambandha meM bhI donoM paramparAoM meM ekarUpatA hai| mere isa kathana kA pramANa yaha hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA. mUlabhUta antara yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA Aja bhI dRSTivAda meM bAraha aMga-AgamoM se bhinna aMgabAhya granthoM ko prakIrNaka nAma diyA ke atirikta zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA astitva svIkAra karatI hai, vahA~ gayA hai| usameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi ko bhI digambara paramparA Aja mAtra dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para nirmita kasAyapAhuDa, prakIrNaka hI kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNaka nAma se SaTkhaNDAgama Adi ke atirikta ina aMga-AgamoM ko vilupta mAnatI hai| abhihita athavA prakIrNaka varga meM samAhita sabhI granthoM ke nAma ke ___ aMgabAhya ve grantha haiM jo jinavacana ke AdhAra para sthaviroM ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda nahIM milatA hai| mAtra kucha hI grantha aise haiM dvArA likhe gae haiN| nandIsUtra meM aMga-bAhya AgamoM ko bhI prathamata: jinake nAma ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda kA ullekha huA hai| phira do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka bhI itanA nizcita hai ki prakIrNakoM kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla. vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA meM bhI rahA hai, cAhe unheM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA ho pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna-ye cha: grantha sammilita rUpa athavA na kiyA gayA ho| nandIsUtrakAra ne aMga-AgamoM ko chor3akara se Ate haiM, jinheM Aja AvazyakasUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| Agama rUpa meM mAnya sabhI granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahA hai| ata: 'prakIrNaka' isI grantha meM Avazyaka vyatirikta Agama-granthoM ko bhI punaH do bhAgoM zabda Aja jitane saMkucita artha meM hai utanA pUrva meM nahIM thaa| umAsvAti meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| Aja aura devavAcaka ke samaya meM to aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta zeSa sabhI prakIrNakoM meM vargIkRta nau grantha inhIM do vibhAgoM ke antargata ullikhita AgamoM ko prakIrNaka meM hI samAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isase jaina Agama haiN| isameM kAlika ke antargata RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, ina sAhitya meM prakIrNaka kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| prAcIna do prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jabaki utkAlika ke antargata dRSTi se to aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta sampUrNa jaina Agamika sAhitya devendrastava, tandulavaicArika , candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, AturapratyAkhyAna, prakIrNaka varga ke antargata AtA hai| mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNavibhakti ina sAta prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai| vartamAna meM prakIrNaka varga ke antargata dasa grantha mAnane kI jo prAcIna AgamoM meM aisA kahIM bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki amuka- paramparA hai, vaha na kevala arvAcIna hai apitu isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara amuka grantha prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate haiN| nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra AcAryoM meM paraspara matabheda bhI hai ki ina dasa prakIrNakoM meM kauna donoM meM hI AgamoM ke vibhinna vargoM meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka-varga kA se grantha samAhita kiye jaaeN| pradyumnasUri ne vicArasAraprakaraNa (caudahavIM ullekha nahIM hai| yadyapi ina donoM granthoM meM Aja hama jinheM prakIrNaka zatAbdI) meM paiMtAlIsa AgamoM kA ullekha karate hue kucha prakIrNakoM mAna rahe haiM, unameM se aneka kA ullekha kAlika evaM utkAlika AgamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Agama prabhAkara munipuNyavijayajI ne cAra ke antargata huA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM kA aMga, alaga-alaga sandarbho meM prakIrNakoM kI alaga-alaga sUciyA~ prastuta upAMga, cheda, mUla, cUlikA aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM ullekha sarvaprathama kI haiN|

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43 hI aura terA ko bhA nahIM thI, Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA ata: dasa prakIrNaka ke antargata kina-kina granthoM ko samAhita prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se caturvidha saMgha ke mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue karanA cAhiye, isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM kahIM bhI ekarUpatA jaina-sAdhanA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, dekhane ko nahIM milatI hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prakIrNaka maraNasamAdhi, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApaptAkA, ArAdhanAprakaraNa, bhaktapratyAkhyAna granthoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai, yaha mAnyatA na kevala paravartI hai apitu usameM Adi prakIrNaka jaina-sAdhanA ke antima caraNa samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva taiyArI ekarUpatA kA bhI abhAva hai| bhitra-bhinna zvetAmbara AcArya bhinna-bhinna aura usakI sAdhanA kI vizeSa vidhiyoM kA citraNa prastuta karate haiN| isa sUciyA~ prastuta karate rahe haiM unameM kucha nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hotI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM kAsamAveza huA hai, kintu sabhI nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ hai, jo jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake mUlya aura mahattva ko spaSTa kara detA hai| taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM tattvArthabhASya kA anusaraNa karate hue aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta anya granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahane kI hI prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla paramparA rahI hai| ata: prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA amuka hI hai, yaha kahane jahA~ taka prakIrNakoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai unameM se aneka kA koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM hai| vastuta: aMga-Agama sAhitya ke prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ve usase prAcIna siddha ho atirakti sampUrNa aMgabAhya Agama sAhitya prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM se aneka haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya ke ati vizAla to aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA prAcIna stara ke rahe haiM, kyoMki RSibhASita bhAga kA paricAyaka hai aura unakI saMkhyA ko dasa taka sImita karane kA sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga meM ullekha hai| RSibhASita Adi kucha kA dRSTikoNa paryApta rUpa se paravartI aura vivAdAspada hai| aise prakIrNaka haiM jo bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu Adi aneka AdhAroM para AcArAMgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM kI apekSA prakIrNaka sAhitya kA mahattva bhI prAcIna haiN| RSibhASita usa kAla kA grantha hai, jaba jainadharma sImita yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara jainoM ke sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sImAoM meM Abaddha nahIM huA thA varan usameM anya paramparAoM ke zramaNoM sampradAya prakIrNakoM ko AgamoM ke antargata mAnya nahIM karate haiM, kintu ko bhI Adara pUrvaka sthAna prApta thaa| isa grantha kI racanA usa yuga prakIrNakoM kI viSaya-vastu kA adhyayana karane se aisA lagatA hai ki meM sambhava nahIM thI, jaba jainadharma bhI sampradAya ke kSudra ghere meM Abaddha aneka prakIrNaka aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA bhI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ho gyaa| lagabhaga I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se jainadharma meM jo sAmpradAyika mahattvapUrNa haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA IsA kI abhiniveza dRr3ha ho rahe the, usake saMketa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra aura bhagavatIsUtra dasavIM zatI meM racita kucha prakIrNaka arvAcIna haiM, kintu isase sampUrNa jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM bhI mila rahe haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM jisa maMkhaliputra prakIrNakoM kI arvAcInatA siddha nahIM hotii| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se gozAlaka kI kaTu AlocanA hai, use RSibhASita arhat RSi kahatA prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, taMdulavaicArika, maraNavibhakti hai| jahA~ taka devendrastava aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti prakIrNaka kA prazna hai, Adi prakIrNaka sAhitya ke aise grantha haiM jo sampradAyagata AgrahoM ve mukhyata: jaina khagola aura bhUgola kI carcA karate haiN| isI prakAra se mukta haiN| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM RSibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA titthogAlI prakIrNaka meM bhI jaina kAla vyavasthA kA citraNa vibhinna sammAnapUrvaka ullekha aura unheM arhat paramparA dvArA sammata mAnA jAnA bhaugolika kSetroM ke sandarbha meM haA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka aura gaNividyA- bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki RSibhASita ina aMga-AgamoM se bhI prAcIna prakIrNaka kA sambandha mukhyatayA jaina jyotiSa se hai| titthogAlI prakIrNaka hai| puna: RSibhASita jaise kucha prAcIna prakIrNakoM kI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI mukhyarUpa se prAcIna jaina itihAsa ko prastuta karatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA svarUpa tathA AgamoM kI apekSA unakI bhASA meM mahArASTrI bhASA kI meM titthogAlI hI ekamAtra aisA prakIrNaka hai jisameM AgamajJAna ke kramika alpatA bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha prAcIna stara ke haiN| nandIsUtra uccheda kI bAta kahI gaI hai| sArAvalI prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se meM prakIrNaka ke nAma se abhihita nau granthoM kA ullekha bhI yahI siddha zatruJjaya mahAtIrtha kI kathA aura mahattva ullikhita hai| taMdulavaicArika karatA hai ki kama se kama ye nau prakIrNaka to nandIsUtra se pUrvavartI prakIrNaka jaina jIvavijJAna kA sundara aura saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatA haiN| nandIsUtra kA kAla vidvAnoM ne vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatI mAnA hai, hai| isI prakAra aMgavidyA nAmaka prakIrNaka mAnava zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM ata: ye prakIrNaka usase pUrva ke haiN| isI prakAra samavAyAMgasUtra meM spaSTa ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unake zubhAzubha lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa karatA rUpa se prakIrNakoM kA nirdeza bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki samavAyAMgasUtra hai aura unake AdhAra para phalAdeza bhI prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra ke racanAkAla arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM bhI aneka prakIrNakoM isa grantha kA sambandha zarIra-racanA evaM phalita jyotiSa donoM viSayoM kA astitva thaa| se hai| gacchAcAra prakIrNaka meM jaina saMgha-vyavasthA kA citraNa upalabdha ina prakIrNakoM meM devendrastava ke racanAkAra RSipAlita haiN| kalpasUtra hotA hai, jabaki candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha evaM sthavirAvalI meM RSipAlita kA ullekha hai| inakA kAla IsA-pUrva prathama zikSA- sambandhoM kA nirdeza hai| vIrastava prakIrNaka meM mahAvIra ke vividha zatI ke lagabhaga hai| isakI vistRta carcA hamane devendrastava (deviMdatthao) vizeSaNa ke artha kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| catuHzaraNa kI prastAvanA meM kI hai" (icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN)| tIsarI zatAmakRtAMgara

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44 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 abhI-abhI 'sambodhi' patrikA meM zrI lalita kumAra kA eka zodha-lekha prakAzita huA hai, jisameM unhoMne purAtAtvika AdhAroM para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki devendrastava kI racanA I0pU0 prathama zatI meM yA usake bhI kucha pUrva huI hogii|' prakIrNakoM meM nimnalikhita prakIrNaka vIrabhadra kI racanA kahe jAte haiM- causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA aura ArAdhanApatAkA / ArAdhanApatAkA kI prazasti meM 'vikkamanivakAlAo attarime- samAsahassammi' yA pAThabheda se aTThabheda se samAsahassammi ke ullekha ke anusAra inakA racanAkAla I0 san 1008 yA 1078 siddha hotA hai|" isa prakAra prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM jahA~ RSibhASita I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA hai, vahIM ArAdha I0 san kI dasavIM yA gyArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha kI racanA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAhita granya lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM nirmita hote rahe haiM, phira bhI causaraNa, paravartI AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA, saMthAraMga aura ArAhanApaDAyA ko chor3akara zeSa prakIrNaka I0 san kI pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva kI racanAe~ kI racanAe~ haiN| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI se prakAzita 'paiNNayasuttAI' meM AurapaccakkhANa ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiM, inameM vIrabhadra racita AurapaccakkhANa paravartI hai, kintu nandIsUtra meM ullikhita AurapaccakkhANa to prAcIna hI hai| yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya aMga-AgamoM evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama anyoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| gadya aMga-AgamoM, meM padyarUpa meM ina gAthAoM kI upasthiti bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki unameM ye gAthAe~ prakIrNakoM se avatarita haiN| yaha kArya valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva huA hai, ataH phalita hotA hai ki nandIsUtra meM ullikhita prakIrNaka valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva racita hai| taMdulavaicArika kA ullekha dazavaikAlika kI prAcIna agastya siMha cUrNi meM hai| isase usakI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| yaha cUrNi anya cUrNiyoM kI apekSA prAcIna mAnI gayI hai| 30 digambara paramparA meM mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa meM milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM to AturapratyAkhyAna evaM mahApratyAkhyAna ina donoM prakIrNakoM kI lagabhaga sattara se adhika gAthAe~ haiN| isI prakAra maraNavibhakti prakIrNaka kI lagabhaga zatAdhika gAthAe~ bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM milatI hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ye prakIrNaka grantha mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA se pUrva ke haiN| mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke racanAkAla ko lekara cAhe kitanA bhI matabheda ho, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki ye grantha IsA kI chaThIM zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| yadyapi yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki prakIrNaka meM ye gAthAe~ ina yApanIya / acela paramparA ke granthoM se lI gayI hoMgI, kintu aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha dAvA nirasta ho jAtA hai jinameM se kucha pramANa isa prakAra haiM 1. guNasthAna siddhAnta umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra aura AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga pA~cavIM chaThI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| cU~ki mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA donoM granthoM meM guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai, ataH ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiM jabaki AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNasamAMdhi kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanAe~ haiM / 2. mUlAcAra meM saMkSiptapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyayana banAkara unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka donoM granthoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai| ki ye grantha pUrvavartI haiM aura mUlAcAra paravartI hai| 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti kI aneka gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se milatI haiN| varNya viSaya kI samAnatA hote hue bhI bhagavatI - ArAdhanA meM jo vistAra hai, vaha maraNavibhakti meM nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke prantha mAtra zrutaparamparA se kaNThastha kiye jAte the, ataH ve AkAra meM saMkSipta hote the tAki unheM sugamatA se yAda rakhA jA sake, jabaki lekhana paramparA ke vikasita hone ke pazcAt vizAlakAya grantha nirmita hone lge| mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA donoM vizAla grantha haiM, ataH ve prakIrNakoM se apekSAkRta paravartI haiN| vastutaH prakIrNaka sAhitya ke ve sabhI grantha jo nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM ullikhita haiM aura vartamAna meM upalabdha haiM, nizcita hI IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI pUrva ke haiN| prakIrNakoM meM jyotiSkaraNDaka nAmaka prakIrNaka kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM bhramaNa gandhahastI aura pratihastI kA ullekha miltaahai| isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa viSaya kA sUryaprajJapti meM vistAra se vivecana hai, usI ko saMkSepa meM yahA~ diyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki yaha prakIrNaka sUryaprajJapti ke AdhAra para nirmita kiyA gayA hai| isameM karttA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya kA bhI spaSTa ullekha huA hai / pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha niyukti sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai ( lagabhaga IsA kI prathama shtii)| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jyotiSkaraNDaka kA racanAkAla bhI I0 san kI prathama zatI hai| aMgabAhya . AgamoM meM sUryaprajJapti, jisake AdhAra para isa grantha kI racanA huI, eka prAcIna grantha hai kyoMki isameM jo jyotiSa sambandhI vivaraNa hai, vaha IsvI pUrva ke haiM, usake AdhAra para bhI isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| sAtha hI isakI bhASA meM ardhamAgadhI rUpoM kI pracuratA bhI ise prAcIna grantha siddha karatI hai| ataH prakIrNakoM ke racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA I0pU0 caturtha tRtIya zatI se prArambha hotI hai| paravartI kucha prakIrNaka jaise kuzalAnubaMdhi adhyayana, catuHzaraNa, bhaktaparizA Adi vIrabhadra kI racanA mAne jAte haiM, ve nizcita hI IsA kI dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla I0pU0 caturtha zatI se prArambha hokara IsA kI dasavIM zatI taka arthAt lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi taka vyApta hai| prakIrNakoM ke racayitA prakIrNaka sAhitya ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue .

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA 45 hamane yaha pAyA hai ki adhikAMza prakIrNaka granthoM ke racayitA ke sandarbha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi meM prakIrNaka sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| meM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki adhikAMza mahattvapUrNa grantha IsA kI pA~cavIMcandravedhyaka, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, gaNividyA, chaThI zatAbdI taka likhe jA cuke the| ve sabhI prakIrNaka jo nandIsUtra saMstAraka Adi meM lekhaka ke nAma kA kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra meM ullikhita haiM, vastuta: prAcIna haiM aura unameM jainoM ke sampradAyagata devendrastava aura jyotiSkaraNDaka do hI prAcIna prakIrNaka aise haiM, jinakI vibheda kI koI sUcanA nahIM hai| mAtra titthogAlI, sArAvalI Adi kucha antima gAthAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se lekhaka ke nAmoM kA ullekha huA paravartI prakIrNakoM meM prakArAntara se jainoM ke sAmpradAyika matabhedoM kI hai|5 devendrastava ke kartA ke rUpa meM RSipAlita aura jyotiSkaraNDaka kiJcit sUcanA milatI hai| prAcIna stara ke ina prakIrNakoM meM se adhikAMza ke kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya ke nAmoM kA ullekha kalpasUtra mUlata: AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA sthavirAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA meM terahaveM sthAna para AtA hai ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlate haiN| ye grantha nivRttimUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke aura isa AdhAra para ve I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ke siddha prastotA haiN| yaha hamArA durbhAgya hai ki jaina paramparA ke kucha sampradAyoM hote haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM inake dvArA koTikagaNa kI meM vizeSa rUpa se digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM meM RSipAlita zAkhA prArambha huI, aisA bhI ullekha hai| isa sandarbha meM inakI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM hai, kintu yadi niSpakSa bhAva se aura vistAra se carcA hamane devendrastava prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI ina prakIrNakoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to inameM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai|12 devendrastava ke kartA RSipAlita kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 prathama hai jo ina paramparAoM kI mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAtA ho| Agama saMsthAna, zatAbdI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi zrI lalita kumAra ne apane eka zodha-lekha udayapura dvArA ina prakIrNakoM kA hindI meM anuvAda karake jo mahattvapUrNa meM kI hai, jisakA nirdeza bhI hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| jyotiSkaraNDaka kArya kiyA jA rahA hai, AzA hai, usake mAdhyama se ye grantha una paramparAoM ke kartA pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha hameM niyukti sAhitya meM upalabdha meM bhI pahuMceMge aura unameM inake adhyayana aura paThana-pAThana kI ruci hotA hai|13 AryarakSita ke samakAlika hone se ve lagabhaga IsA kI vikasita hogii| vastuta: prakIrNaka sAhitya kI upekSA prAkRta sAhitya prathama zatAbdI ke hI siddha hote haiN| unake vyaktitva ke sandarbha meM bhI ke eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa kI upekSA hai| isa dizA meM Agama saMsthAna, carNi sAhitya aura paravartI prabandhoM meM vistAra se ullekha milatA hai| udayapura ne sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se Upara uThakara inake anuvAda ko kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana aura bhaktaparijJA ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhI prakAzita karane kI yojanA ko apane hAtha meM liyA aura inakA prakAzana AcArya vIrabhadra kA hI ullekha milatA hai| vIrabhadra ke kAla ke sambandha karake apanI udAravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya ke meM aneka pravAda pracalita haiM jinakI carcA hamane gacchAcAra prakIrNaka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke uddezya ko lekara inake dvArA prakAzita 'prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| hamArI dRSTi meM vIrabhadra IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI sAhitya : adhyayana evaM samIkSA' nAmaka pustaka prakIrNakoM ke viSaya ke uttarArddha aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke AcArya haiN| meM vistRta jAnakArI detI hai| AzA hai sudhIjana saMsthA ke ina prayatnoM isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki IsvI pUrva ko protsAhita kareMge, jisake mAdhyama se prAkRta sAhitya kI yaha amUlya caturtha zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga pandraha nidhi jana-jana taka pahu~cakara unake Atma-kalyANa meM sahAyaka bnegii| sandarbha 1. 'aMgabAhiracoddasapaiNNayajjhAyA'-dhavalA, pustaka 13, khaNDa 5, bhAga 5,sUtra 48, pR0 267, uddhRta-jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR070| 2. vahI, pR070| 3. nandIsUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, sUtra 81 4. uddhRta-paiNNayasuttAiM, sampA0 muni puNyavijaya, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR021| 5. vahI,prastAvanA, pR0 20-21 / dhaka). sthAnAGgasUtra, sampA0 madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981, sthAna 10, sUtra 116 / (kha) samavAyAGgasUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, samavAya 44, sUtra 258 / 7. deviMdatyao (devendrastava), Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1988, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22 / 8. Sambodhi, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, Vol. XVIII, Year 1992-93, pp. 74-76 9. ArAdhanApatAkA (AcArya vIrabhadra), gAthA 987 / 10. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR0 3, paM012-uddhRta paiNNayasuttAI, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR019| 11. (ka) devendrastava prakIrNaka, gAthA 310 / (kha) jyotiSkaraNDaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 403-406 / 12. deviMdatthao, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22 / 13. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 498 / / 14. (ka) kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana prakIrNaka, gAthA 63 / (kha) bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 172 / 15. gacchAyAra paiNNayaM (gacchAcAra-prakIrNaka), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1994, bhUmikA, pR020-21| FILES.PMS

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana jisa prakAra vedoM ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama nirukta sA artha kisa prasaMga meM upayukta hai, yaha nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hotA likhe gaye, sambhavataH usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ke AdhAra para likhita Agamika granthoM ke lie sarvaprathama niyuktiyA~ likhane kA kArya huaa| jaina AgamoM kI meM kauna se zabda kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karanA hI niyukti kA vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM likhe gaye granthoM meM niyuktiyA~ prAcInatama haiN| Agamika prayojana hai|" dUsare zabdoM meM niyukti jaina paramparA ke pAribhASika zabdoM vyAkhyA sAhitya mukhya rUpa se nima pA~ca rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA kA spaSTIkaraNa hai| yahA~ hameM smaraNa rahe ki jaina paramparA meM aneka sakatA hai-1. niyukti 2. bhASya 3. cUrNi 4. saMskRta vRttiyA~ evaM zabda apane vyutpattiparaka artha meM gRhIta na hokara apane pAribhASika TIkAe~ aura 5. TabbA arthAt Agamika zabdoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie artha meM gRhIta haiM, jaise-astikAyoM ke prasaMga meM 'dharma' evaM 'adharma' prAcIna maru-gurjara meM likhA gayA AgamoM kA shbdaarth| inake atirikta zabda, karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM prayukta 'karma' zabda athavA syAdvAda samprati Adhunika bhASAoM yathA hindI, gujarAtI evaM aMgrejI meM bhI meM prayukta 'syAt' shbd| AcArAMga meM 'daMsaNa' (darzana) zabda kA jo AgamoM para vyAkhyAe~ likhI jA rahI haiN| artha hai, uttarAdhyayana meM usakA vahI artha nahIM hai| darzanAvaraNa meM darzana suprasiddha jarmana vidvAn zAnTiyara uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI bhUmikA zabda kA jo artha hotA hai vahI artha darzanamoha ke sandarbha meM nahIM hotA meM niyukti kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'niyuktiyA~ hai| ata: Agama granthoM meM zabda ke prasaMgAnusAra artha kA nirdhAraNa karane mukhya rUpa se kevala viSayasUcI kA kAma karatI haiN| ve sabhI vistArayukta meM niyuktiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| ghaTanAoM ko saMkSepa meM ullikhita karatI haiN|' niyuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA-zailI kA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se jaina paramparA anuyogadvArasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiM- meM pracalita nikSepa-paddhati rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM vAkya ke artha kA 1. nikSepa niyukti- isameM nikSepoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASika nizcaya nayoM ke AdhAra para evaM zabda ke artha kA nizcaya nikSepoM ke zabdoM kA artha spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| AdhAra para hotA hai| nikSepa cAra haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhaav| 2. upodghAta niyukti- isameM Agama meM varNita viSaya kA ina cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para eka hI zabda ke cAra bhinna artha ho pUrvabhUmikA ke rUpa meM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| sakate haiN| nikSepa-paddhati meM zabda ke sambhAvita vividha arthoM kA ullekha 3. sUtrasparzika niyukti- isameM Agama kI viSaya-vastu kA kara unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta artha kA grahaNa ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Avazyakaniyukti ke prArambha meM pro. ghATage ne iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, khaNDa 12, abhinibodha jJAna ke cAra bhedoM ke ullekha ke pazcAt unake arthoM ko pR0 270 meM niyuktiyoM ko nimna tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- spaSTa karate huye kahA gayA hai ki arthoM (padArthoM) kA grahaNa avagraha 1. zuddha niyuktiyA~- jinameM kAla ke prabhAva se kucha bhI mizraNa hai evaM unake sambandha meM cintana IhA hai| isI prakAra niyuktiyoM meM na huA ho, jaise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI niyuktiyaaN| kisI eka zabda ke paryAyavAcI anya zabdoM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA 2. mizrita kintu vyavacchedya niyuktiyA~- jinameM mUlabhASyoM kA gayA hai, jaise- Abhinibodhika zabda ke paryAya haiM- IhA, apoha, saMmizraNa ho gayA hai, tathApi ve vyavacchedya haiM, jaise dazavaikAlika aura vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati evaM prjnyaa| niyuktiyoM AvazyakasUtra kI niyuktiyaaN| kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jahA~ eka ora ve AgamoM ke mahattvapUrNa pAribhASika 3. bhASya mizrita-niyuktiyA~-ve niyuktiyA~ jo Ajakala bhASya zabdoM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karatI haiM, vahIM AgamoM ke vibhinna adhyayanoM yA bRhadbhASya meM hI samAhita ho gayI haiM aura una donoM ko pRthak- aura uddezakoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI detI haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra kI pRthak karanA kaThina hai jaise nizItha Adi kI niyuktiyaaN| pravRtti sabhI niyuktiyoM meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM AgamoM ke pAribhASika niyuktiyA~ vastuta: Agamika paribhASika zabdoM evaM Agamika zabdoM ke artha kA tathA unakI viSaya-vastu kA ati saMkSipta paricaya viSayoM ke artha ko sunizcita karane kA eka prayatna haiN| phira bhI niyuktiyA~ prApta ho jAtA hai| ati saMkSipta haiM, inameM mAtra Agamika zabdoM evaM viSayoM ke artha-saMketa hI haiM, jinheM bhASya aura TIkAoM ke mAdhyama se hI samyaka prakAra se pramukha niyuktiyA~ samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM jina niyuktiyoM Avazyakaniyukti meM lekhaka ne jina dasa niyuktiyoM ke likhane kA praNayana huA, ve mukhyata: prAkRta gAthAoM meM haiN| Avazyakaniyukti kI pratijJA kI thI, ve nimna haiMmeM niyukti zabda kA artha aura niyuktiyoM ke likhane kA prayojana batAte 1. Avazyakaniyukti hue kahA gayA hai-"eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, ata: kauna 2. dazavaikAlikaniyukti pravRtti sama

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grantha nahIM hai| inameM se piNDaniyamAnayukti ko bhI samAti niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 47 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti evaM ArAdhanAniyukti ko bhI samAviSTa kiyA 4. AcArAMganiyukti jAtA hai, kintu inameM se piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti koI svatantra 5. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti grantha nahIM hai| piNDaniyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA eka bhAga hai aura 6. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti oghaniyukti bhI Avazyakaniyukti kA eka aMza hai| ata: ina donoM 7. bRhatkalpaniyukti ko svatantra niyukti grantha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM 8. vyavahAraniyukti ye donoM niyuktiyA~ apane mUla grantha se alaga hokara svatantra rUpa meM 9. sUrya prajJaptiniyukti hI upalabdha hotI haiN| AcArya malayagiri ne piNDaniyukti ko 10. RSibhASitaniyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA hI eka vibhAga mAnA hai, unake anusAra vartamAna meM uparyukta dasa meM se ATha hI niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, dazavaikAlika ke piNDaiSaNA nAmaka pA~caveM adhyayana para vizada niyukti antima do anupalabdha haiN| Aja yaha nizcaya kara pAnA ati kaThina hone se usako vahA~ se pRthak karake piNDaniyukti ke nAma se eka hai ki ye antima do niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayI yA nahIM? kyoMki svatantra grantha banA diyA gyaa| malayagiri spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki hameM kahIM bhI aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA, jisake AdhAra jahA~ dazavaikAlika niyukti meM lekhaka ne namaskArapUrvaka prArambha kiyA, para hama yaha kaha sakeM ki kisI kAla meM ye niyuktiyA~ rahIM aura bAda vahIM piNDaniyukti meM aisA nahIM hai, ata: piNDaniyukti svatantra grantha meM vilupta ho gyiiN| yadyapi maiMne apanI RSibhASita kI bhUmikA meM nahIM hai| dazavaikAlikaniyukti tathA Avazyakaniyukti se inheM bahuta pahale yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki vartamAna 'isImaNDalatyu' sambhavataH hI alaga kara diyA gayA thaa| jahA~ taka ArAdhanAniyukti kA prazna hai, RSibhASitaniyukti kA paravartita rUpa ho, kintu isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara sAhitya meM to kahIM bhI isakA ullekha nahIM hai| pro0 e0 nirNayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI kahanA kaThina hai| ina donoM niyuktiyoM ena0 upAdhye ne bRhatkathAkoza kI apanI prastAvanA (pR031) meM ke sandarbha meM hamAre sAmane tIna vikalpa ho sakate haiM mUlAcAra kI eka gAthA para vasunandI kI TIkA ke AdhAra para isI 1. sarvaprathama yadi hama yaha mAneM ki ina dasoM niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka niyukti kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu ArAdhanAniyukti kI unakI yaha eka hI vyakti haiM aura unhoMne ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA usI krama meM kalpanA yathArtha nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandI svayaM evaM pro0 kI hai, jisa krama se inakA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM hai, to e0 ena0 upAdhye jI mUlAcAra kI usa gAthA ke artha ko samyak aisI sthiti meM yaha sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana-kAla meM ATha niyuktiyoM prakAra se samajha nahIM pAye haiN| kI hI racanA kara pAyeM hoM tathA antima do kI racanA nahIM kara vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra haipAyeM hoN| "ArAhaNa Nijjutti maraNavibhattI ya sNghtyudio| 2. dUsare yaha bhI sambhava hai ki granthoM ke mahattva ko dhyAna meM paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo ya eriso|" rakhate hue prathama to lekhaka ne yaha pratijJA kara lI ho ki vaha dasoM (mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, 279) Agama granthoM para niyukti likhegA, kintu jaba usane ina donoM Agama arthAt ArAdhanA, niyukti, maraNavibhakti, saMgrahaNIsUtra, stuti granthoM kA adhyayana kara yaha dekhA ki sUrya prajJapti meM jaina-AcAra maryAdAoM (vIrastuti), pratyAkhyAna (mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna), AvazyakasUtra, ke pratikUla kucha ullekha haiM aura RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla dharmakathA tathA aise anya granthoM kA adhyayana asvAdhyAya kAla meM kiyA Adi una vyaktiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM jo jaina paramparA ke lie jA sakatA hai| vastuta: mUlAcAra kI isa gAthA ke anusAra ArAdhanA vivAdAspada haiM, to usane ina para niyukti likhane kA vicAra sthagita evaM niyukti ye alaga-alaga svatantra grantha haiN| isameM ArAdhanA se tAtparya kara diyA ho| ArAdhanA nAmaka prakIrNaka athavA bhagavatI ArAdhanA se tathA niyukti 3. tIsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne ina donoM granthoM para se tAtparya Avazyaka Adi sabhI niyuktiyoM se hai| niyuktiyA~ likhI hoM kintu inameM bhI vivAdita viSayoM kA ullekha hone ata: ArAdhanAniyukti nAmaka niyukti kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| se ina niyuktiyoM ko paThana-pAThana se bAhara rakhA gayA ho aura phalataH isa niyukti ke astitva kI koI sUcanA anyatra bhI nahIM milatI hai apanI upekSA ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM ve vilupta ho gayI hoN| yadyapi aura na yaha grantha hI upalabdha hotA hai| ina dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta yahA~ eka zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki yadi jaina AcAryoM ne vivAdita hote Arya govinda kI govindaniyukti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu hue bhI ina donoM granthoM ko saMrakSita karake rakhA, to unhoMne inakI yaha bhI niyukti vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| inakA ullekha nandIsUtra', niyuktiyoM ko saMrakSita karake kyoM nahIM rakhA? vyavahArabhASya', AvazyakacUrNi", evaM nizIthacUrNi11 meM milatA hai| 4. eka anya vikalpa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra isa niyukti kI viSaya-vastu mukhya rUpa se ekendriya arthAt pRthvI, darzanaprabhAvaka grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya govindaniyukti vilupta ho gaI pAnI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA thaa| hai, usI prakAra ye niyuktiyA~ bhI vilupta ho gaI hoN| ise govinda nAmaka AcArya ne banAyA thA aura unake nAma ke AdhAra - niyukti sAhitya meM uparyukta dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta para hI isakA nAmakaraNa huA hai| kathAnakoM ke anusAra ye bauddha paramparA

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48 se Akara jaina paramparA meM dIkSita hue the| merI dRSTi meM yaha niyukti AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ke caturtha SaDjIvanikAya nAmaka adhyayana se sambandhita rahI hogI aura isakA uddezya bauddhoM ke viruddha pRthvI, pAnI Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA rahA hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isakI gaNanA darzana prabhAvaka grantha meM kI gayI hai| saMjJI zruta ke sandarbha meM isakA ullekha bhI yahI batAtA hai| 12 isI prakAra saMsaktaniryukti" nAmaka eka aura niyukti kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM 84 AgamoM ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| isameM mAtra 94 gAthAe~ haiN| 84 AgamoM kA ullekha hone se vidvAnoM ne ise paryApta paravartI evaM visaMgata racanA mAnA hai ataH ise prAcIna niryukti sAhitya meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vartamAna niyuktiyoM dasa niyuktiyoM meM samAhita ho jAtI haiN| inake atirikta anya kisI niyukti nAmaka grantha kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanAkrama yadyapi dasoM niyuktiyA~ eka hI vyakti kI racanAyeM haiM, phira bhI inakI racanA eka krama meM huI hogI Avazyakaniyukti meM jisa krama se ina dasa niyuktiyoM kA nAmollekha hai" usI krama se unakI racanA huI hogI, vidvAnoM ke isa kathana kI puSTi nimra pramANoM se hotI hai 1. Avazyakaniryukti kI racanA sarvaprathama huI hai, yaha tathya svataH siddha hai, kyoMki isI niyukti meM sarvaprathama dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gayI hai aura usameM bhI Avazyaka kA nAmollekha sarvaprathama huA hai|" punaH Avazyakaniyukti se nihnavavAda se sambandhita sabhI gAthAeM (gAthA 778 se 784 taka) uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA 164 se 178 taka) 17 meM lI gayI hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda hI uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA huI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda sabase pahale dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI racanA huI hai aura usake bAda pratijJAgAthA ke kramAnusAra anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI gaI isa kathana kI puSTi Age diye gaye uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke sandarbhoM se hotI hai| 2. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAyA 29 meM 'vinaya' kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai 'viNao puvvuddiTThA' arthAt vinaya ke sambandha meM hama pahale kaha cuke haiN|" isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA se pUrva kisI aisI niyukti kI racanA ho cukI thI, jisameM vinaya sambandhI vivecana thaa| yaha bAta dazavaikAlikaniyukti ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM vinaya samAdhi nAmaka naye adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 309 se 326 taka) meM 'vinaya' zabda kI vyAkhyA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA 207) meM 'kAmApuvvuddiTThA' kahakara yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kAma ke viSaya meM pahale vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai|" yaha vivecana bhI hameM dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI gAthA 161 se 163 taka meM mila jAtA hai| uparyukta donoM sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda hI likhI gyii| 3. Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda dazavaikAlikaniyukti aura phira uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA huI, yaha to pUrva carcA se siddha ho cukA hai| ina tInoM niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAt AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA huI hai, kyoMki AcArAMganiryukti kI gAthA 5 meM kahA gayA hai- 'AyAre aMgammi ya puvvuddiTThA caukkayaM nikkhevo'- AcAra aura aMga ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pahale ho cukA hai|" dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke kSullakAcAra adhyayana kI niyukti (gAvA 79-88) meM 'AcAra' zabda ke artha kA vivecana tathA uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke tRtIya 'caturaMga' adhyayana kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 143-144 meM 'aMga' zabda kA vivecana kiyA hai|" ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika evaM uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hI AcArAMganiyukti kA krama hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga kI caturtha vimukticUlikA kI niyukti meM 'vimukti' zabda kI niyukti karate hue gAyA 331 meM likhA hai ki 'mokSa' zabda kI niyukti ke anusAra hI 'vimukti' zabda kI niyukti bhI samajhanA cAhie / 24 cU~ki uttarAdhyayana ke aTThAIsaveM adhyayana kI niryukti (gAthA 497-98 ) meM mokSa zabda kI niyukti kI jA cukI thii| ataH isase yahI siddha huA ki AcArAMganiyukti kA krama uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hai| Avazyakaniyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayananiyukti evaM AcArAMganiyukti ke pazcAt sUtrakatAMganiryukti kA krama AtA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi isa AdhAra para bhI hotI hai| ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 99 meM yaha ullikhita hai ki 'dharma' zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pUrva meM ho cukA hai (dhammo pubbuddittttho)| " dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavekAlikasUtra kI prathama gAthA kA vivecana karate samaya 'dharma' zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana huA hai|" isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda nirmita huI hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMganiryukti kI gAthA 127 meM kahA hai 'bopullutttthio'|" hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 267-268 meM anya zabda ke nikSepoM kA bhI kathana huA hai| isase sUtrakRtAMga niyukti bhI dazavaikAlikaniyukti evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti se paravartI hI siddha hotI hai| 4. uparyukta pA~ca niyuktiyoM ke yathAkrama se nirmita hone ke pazcAt hI tIna cheda sUtroM yathA- dazAzrutaskaMdha, vRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra sUtra para niyuktiyA~ bhI unake ullekha krama se hI likhI gayIM haiM, kyoMki dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti ke prArambha meM hI prAcInagotrIya sakala zruta ke jJAtA aura dazAzrutaskaMdha bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI ina tInoM granthoM kA ullekha usI krama se hai jisa krama se niyukti lekhana kI pratijJA meM hai|" ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM granthoM kI niyuktiyA~ isI krama meM likhI gayI hogii| uparyukta ATha niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAt hI sUryaprajJapti evaM isimAsiyAI kI niyukti kI racanA honI thii| ina donoM granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayIM yA nahIM, Aja yaha nirNaya karanA atyanta kaThina hai, kyoMki pUrvokta pratijJA gAyA ke atirikta .

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 49 hameM ina niyuktiyoM ke sandarbha meM kahIM bhI koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI vizeSAvazyaka-maladhArihemacandrasUrikRta TIkA-patra 1. hai| ata: ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA honA saMdigdha hI hai| yA to ina 5. "sAdhUnAmanugrahAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa bhagavatA bhadrabAhusvAminA kalpasUtraM niyuktiyoM ke lekhana kA krama Ane se pUrva hI niyuktikAra kA svargavAsa vyavahArasUtraM cAkAri, ubhayorapi ca sUtrasparzikA niyuktiH|" ho cukA hogA yA phira ina donoM granthoM meM kucha vivAdita prasaMgoM kA bRhatkalpapIThikA malayagirikRta TIkA-patra 2. ullekha hone se niyuktikAra ne inakI racanA karane kA nirNaya hI sthagita 6. "iha zrImadAvazyakAdisiddhAntapratibaddhaniyuktizAstrasaMsUtraNasUtradhAraH.... kara diyA hogaa| zrIbhadrabAhusvAmI....kalpanAmadheyamadhyayanaM niyuktiyuktaM nirmuuddhvaan|" ata: sambhAvanA yahI hai ki ye donoM niyuktiyA~ likhI hI nahIM bRhatkalpapIThikA zrIkSemakIrtisUrianusandhitA TIkA-patra 177 / gaIM, cAhe inake nahIM likhe jAne ke kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoN| pratijJA ina samasta sandarbho ko dekhane se spaSTa hotA hai ki zrutakevalI gAthA ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 189 meM RSibhASita kA caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu prathama ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnya nAma avazya AyA hai| vahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa-jisa siddhAnta karane vAlA prAcInatama sandarbha AryazIlAMka kA hai| AryazIlAMka kA yA mata meM jisa kisI artha kA nizcaya karanA hotA hai usameM pUrva kahA samaya lagabhaga vikrama saMvat kI 9 vIM-10vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai| gayA artha hI mAnya hotA hai, jaise ki-RSibhASita meN| kintu yaha jina anya AcAryoM ne niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu prathama ko mAnA ullekha RSibhASita mUla grantha ke sambandha meM hI sUcanA detA hai na hai, unameM AryadroNa, maladhAri hemacandra, malayagiri, zAntisUri tathA ki usakI niyukti ke sambandha meN| kSemakIrti sUri ke nAma pramukha haiM, kintu ye sabhI AcArya vikrama kI dasavIM sadI ke pazcAta hue haiN| ata: inakA kathana bahuta adhika prAmANika niyukti ke lekhaka aura racanA-kAla nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne jo kucha bhI likhA hai, vaha mAtra anuzrutiyoM niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka kauna haiM aura unakA racanA kAla kyA hai ke AdhAra para likhA hai| durbhAgya se 8-9vIM sadI ke pazcAt caturdaza ye donoM prazna eka-dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| ata: hama una para alaga-alaga pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura varAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu vicAra na karake eka sAtha hI vicAra kreNge| ke kathAnaka, nAmasAmya ke kAraNa eka-dUsare meM ghula-mila gaye aura paramparAgata rUpa se antima zrutakevalI, caturdazapUrvadhara tathA dUsare bhadrabAhu kI racanAyeM bhI prathama ke nAma car3hA dI giiN| yahI kAraNa chedasUtroM ke racayitA AryabhadrabAhu prathama ko hI niyuktiyoM kA kartA rahA ki naimittika bhadrabAhu ko bhI prAcInagotrIya zrutakevalI caturdaza mAnA jAtA hai| muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA zrutakevalI pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai aura donoM ke jIvana kI bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAle nimna ghaTanAoM ke isa ghAla-mela se aneka anuzrutiyA~ pracalita ho giiN| sAkSyoM ko saMkalita karake prastuta kiyA hai| jinheM hama yahA~ avikala inhIM anuzrutiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM caturdaza rUpa se de rahe haiN| pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti pracalita ho gyii| yadyapi muni zrI puNyavijaya 1. "anuyogadAyinaH - sudharmasvAmiprabhRtayaH yAvadasya bhagavato jI ne bRhatkalpasUtra (niyukti, laghubhASya-vRttyupetam) ke SaSTha vibhAga niyuktikArasya bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharasyAcAryo'tastAn ke Amukha meM yaha likhA hai ki niyuktikAra sthavira Arya bhadrabAhu haiM, srvaaniti||" isa mAnyatA ko puSTa karane vAlA eka pramANa jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa - AcArAMgasUtra, zIlAGkAcAryakRta TIkA-patra 4. ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI svopajJa TIkA meM bhI milatA hai|33 yadyapi 2. "na ca keSAMcidihodAharaNAnAM niyuktikAlAdarvAkkAlAbhAvitA unhoMne vahA~ usa pramANa kA sandarbha sahita ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| maiM ityanyoktatvamAzaGkanIyam, sa hi bhagavA~zcaturdazapUrvavit zrutakevalI isa sandarbha ko khojane kA prayatna kara rahA hU~, kintu usake mila jAne kAlatrayaviSayaM vastu pazyatyeveti kathamanyakRtatvAzaGkA? iti|" / para bhI hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakeMge ki vikrama kI lagabhaga sAtavIM uttarAdhyayanasUtra zAntisUrikRtA pAiyaTIkA-patra 139. zatI se niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, aisI 3. "guNAdhikasya vandanaM karttavyaM na tvadhamasya, yata uktam - anuzruti pracalita ho gayI thii| "guNAhie vNdnnyN"| bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharatvAd niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM athavA dazapUrvadharAdInAM ca nyUnatvAt kiM teSAM namaskAramasau karoti? iti| naimittika (varAhamihira ke bhAI) bhadrabAhu haiM, ye donoM hI prazna vivAdAspada atrocyate- guNAdhikA eva te, avyavacchittiguNAdhikyAt, ato haiN| jaisA ki hamane saMketa kiyA hai niyuktiyoM ko prAcInagotrIya caturdaza na doSa iti|" oghaniyukti droNAcAryakRta, TIkA-patra 3. pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu kI mAnane kI paramparA AryazIlAMka se yA usake 4. "iha caraNakaraNakriyAkalApatarumUlakalpaM sAmAyikAdiSaDadhyayanAtmaka- pUrva jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa se prArambha huI hai| kintu unake ina ullekhoM zrutaskandharUpamAvazyakatAvadarthatastIrthakaraiH sUtratastu gnndhrairvircitm| meM kitanI prAmANikatA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki niyuktiyoM meM asya cAtIva gambhIrArthatAM sakalasAdhu-zrAvakavargasya nityopayogitAM hI aise aneka pramANa upasthita haiM, jinase niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ca vijJAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa zrImadbhadrabAhunaitadvyAkhyAnarUpA' haiM, isa mAnyatA meM bAdhA utpanna hotI hai| isa sambandha meM munizrI AbhiNibohiyanANaM." ityAdiprasiddhagrantharUpA niyuktiH kRtaa|" puNyavijaya jI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA ve saba sandarbha prastuta kiye

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50 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haiM, jo niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAte AThaveM boTika mata kI utpatti kA ullekha huA hai| antima sAtavA~ haiN| hama unakI sthApanAoM ke hArda ko hI hindI bhASA meM rUpAntarita nihnava vIranirvANa saMvat 584 meM tathA boTika mata kI utpatti vIranirvANa kara nimna paMktiyoM meM prastuta kara rahe haiM saMvat 609 meM huii| ye ghaTanAeM caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 762 se 776 taka meM vajrasvAmI ke lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt huI haiN| ata: unake dvArA racita niyukti ke vidyAguru AryasiMhagiri, AryavajrasvAmI, toSaliputra, AryarakSita, meM inakA ullekha honA sambhava nahIM lagatA hai| vaise merI dRSTi meM boTika Arya phalgumitra, sthavira bhadragupta jaise AcAryoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai|34 mata kI utpatti kA kathana niyuktikAra kA nahIM hai- niyukti meM sAta ye sabhI AcArya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAha se paravartI haiM aura toSaliputra nihnavoM kA hI ullekha hai| nihnavoM ke kAla evaM sthAna sambandhI gAthAe~ ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai| yadi bhASya gAthAe~ hai- jo bAda meM niyukti meM mila gaI haiN| kintu niyuktiyoM niyuktiyA~ caturdaza pUrvadhara AryabhadrabAhu kI kRti hotI to unameM ina meM sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha honA bhI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki niyuktiyA~ nAmoM ke ullekha sambhava nahIM the| prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiN| 2. isI prakAra piNDaniyukti kI gAthA 498 meM pAdaliptAcArya5 8. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 146 meM dravya-nikSepa ke sambandha kA evaM gAthA 503 se 505 meM vajrasvAmI ke mAmA samitasUri36 meM ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA ullekha hai sAtha hI brahmadIpakazAlA kA ullekha bhI hai-ye tathya kA ullekha huA hai| ye vibhinna mAnyatAeM bhadrabAhu ke kAphI pazcAt yahI siddha karate haiM ki piNDaniyukti bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya Arya suhasti, Arya maMkSu Adi paravartI AcAryoM ke kAla meM nirmita bhadrabAhu kI kRti nahIM hai, kyoMki pAdaliptasUri, samitasUri tathA huI haiN| ata: ina mAnyatAoM ke ullekha se bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA brahmadIpakazAkhA kI utpatti, ye sabhI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu se caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha mAnane meM bAdhA paravartI haiN| AtI hai| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI gAthA 120 meM kAlakAcArya kI muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne uttarAdhyayana ke TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya, kathA kA saMketa hai| kAlakAcArya bhI prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAha se jo niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAha ko mAnate haiM, kI lagabhaga tIna sau varSa pazcAt hue haiN| isa mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki niyuktikAra trikAlajJAnI haiN| 4. oghaniyukti kI prathama gAthA meM caturdaza pUrvadhara, daza pUrvadhara ata: unake dvArA paravartI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha honA asambhava nahIM evaM ekAdaza- aMgoM ke jJAtAoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se namaskAra kiyA hai|48 yahA~ muni puNyavijaya jI kahate haiM ki hama zAntyAcArya kI isa gayA hai,39 aisA droNAcArya ne apanI TIkA meM sUcita kiyA hai|40 yadyapi bAta ko svIkAra kara bhI leM, to bhI niyuktiyoM meM nAmapUrvaka vajrasvAmI muni zrI puNyavijaya jI sAmAnya kathana kI dRSTi se ise asaMbhAvita ko namaskAra Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nahIM mAnate haiM, kyoMki Aja bhI AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni namaskAramaMtra ve likhate haiM yadi uparyukta ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hone ke pUrva hI niyuktiyoM meM apane se choTe pada aura vyaktiyoM ko namaskAra karate haiN| kintu meM ullikhita kara dI gayI hoM to bhI amuka mAnyatA amuka puruSa merI dRSTi meM koI bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara dazapUrvadhara ko namaskAra kare, dvArA sthApita huI yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai|49 yaha ucita nahIM lgtaa| punaH Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 769 meM punaH jina dasa Agama-granthoM para niryakti likhane kA ullekha dasa pUrvadhara vajrasvAmI ko nAma lekara jo vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha Avazyakaniyukti meM hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya to kisI bhI sthiti meM ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi ativistRta evaM paripUrNa the| aisI sthiti 5. puna: Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 763 se 774 meM yaha meM una AgamoM para likhI gayI niyukti bhI ativizAla evaM cAroM kahA gayA hai ki ziSyoM kI smaraNa zakti ke hrAsa ko dekhakara Arya anuyogamaya honI caahie| isake virodha meM yadi niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu rakSita ne, vajrasvAmI ke kAla taka jo Agama anuyogoM meM vibhAjita the, aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki niyuktikAra nahIM the, unheM anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyA,42 yaha kathana bhI eka paravartI to bhadrabAhu hI the aura ve niyuktiyA~ bhI ativizAla thIM, kintu bAda ghaTanA ko sUcita karatA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM meM sthavira AryarakSita ne apane ziSya puSyamitra kI vismRti evaM bhaviSya ke kartA caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM haiM, apitu AryarakSita meM hone vAle ziSyoM kI maMda-buddhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jisa prakAra ke pazcAt hone vAle koI bhadrabAhu haiN| AgamoM ke anuyogoM ko pRthak kiyA, usI prakAra niyuktiyoM ko bhI 6. dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI gAthA 4 evaM oghaniyukti" kI vyavasthita evaM saMkSipta kiyaa| isake pratyuttara meM muni zrI puNyavijaya gAthA 2 meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga kI niyukti kahU~gA aisA ullekha hai| yaha jI kA kathana hai- prathama, to yaha ki AryarakSita dvArA anuyogoM ke bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki niyukti kI racanA anuyogoM ke pRthak karane kI bAta to kahI jAtI hai, kintu niyuktiyoM ko vyavasthita vibhAjana ke bAda arthAt AryarakSita ke pazcAt huI hai| karane kA eka bhI ullekha nahIM hai| skaMdila Adi ne vibhinna vAcanAoM 7. Avazyakaniyukti5 kI gAthA 778-783 meM tathA meM 'AgamoM' ko hI vyavasthita kiyA, niyuktiyoM ko nhiiN| uttarAdhyayananiyukti 6 kI gAthA 164 se 178 taka meM 7 nihnavoM aura dUsare, upalabdha niyuktiyA~ una aMga-AgamoM para nahIM haiM jo bhadrabAhu

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana prathama ke yuga meM the| paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ArakSita ke uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM usake 'akAmamaraNIya' nAmaka adhyayana kI yuga meM bhI AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga utane hI vizAla the, jitane bhadrabAhu niyukti meM nimna gAthA prApta hotI haike kAla meM the| aisI sthiti meM cAhe eka hI anuyoga kA anusaraNa "save e e dArA maraNavibhattIe vaNNiA kmso| karake niyuktiyA~ likhI gayI hoM, unakI viSayavastu to vizAla honI sagalaNiuNe payatthe jiNa caudasa puvi bhaasNti"||232|| cAhie thii| jabaki jo bhI niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM ve sabhI mAthurIvAcanA (jJAtavya hai ki munipuNyavijaya jI ne ise gAthA 233 likhA dvArA yA valabhI vAcanA dvArA nirdhArita pATha vAle AgamoM kA hI anusaraNa hai kintu niyuktisaMgraha meM isa gAthA kA krama 232 hI hai|) kara rahI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki anuyogoM kA pRthakkaraNa karate isa gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki "maraNavibhakti meM ina sabhI dvAroM samaya AryarakSita ne niyuktiyoM ko bhI puna: vyavasthita kiyA aura unameM kA anukrama se varNana kiyA gayA hai, padArthoM ko sampUrNa rUpa se to aneka gAthAe~ prakSipta bhI kI, to prazna hotA hai ki phira unameM goSThAmAhila jina athavA caturdaza pUrvadhara hI jAna sakate haiN|" yadi niyuktikAra aura boTika mata kI utpatti sambandhI vivaraNa kaise Aye, kyoMki ina caturdazapUrvadhara hote to ve isa prakAra nahIM likhte| zAntyAcArya ne svayaM donoM kI utpatti AryarakSita ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt hI huI hai| ise do AdhAroM para vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| prathama, caturdaza pUrvadharoM meM Apasa yadyapi isa sandarbha meM merA munizrI se matabheda hai| mere adhyayana meM arthajJAna kI apekSA se kamI-adhikatA hotI hai, isI dRSTi se yaha kI dRSTi se sapta nihnavoM ke ullekha vAlI gAthAe~ to mUla gAthAe~ kahA gayA ho ki padArthoM kA sampUrNa svarUpa to caturdazapUrvI hI batA haiM, kintu unameM boTika mata ke utpatti sthala rathavIrapura evaM utpattikAla sakate haiM athavA dvAra gAthA se lekara Age kI ye sabhI gAthAe~ bhASya vIra ni.saM. 609 kA ullekha karane vAlI gAthAe~ bAda meM prakSipta haiN| gAthAe~ hoN|53 yadyapi muni puNyavijaya jI inheM bhASya gAthAe~ svIkAra ve niyukti kI gAthAe~ na hokara bhASya kI haiM, kyoMki jahA~ nihavoM nahIM karate haiN| cAhe ye gAthAe~ bhASyagAthA hoM yA na hoM kintu merI dRSTi evaM unake matoM kA ullekha hai vahA~ sarvatra sAta kA hI nAma AyA meM zAntyAcArya ne niyuktiyoM meM bhASya-gAthA milI hone kI jo kalpanA hai jabaki unake utpattisthala evaM kAla ko sUcita karane vAlI ina kI hai, vaha pUrNatayA asaMgata nahIM hai| do gAthAoM meM yaha saMkhyA ATha ho gyii| Azcarya yaha hai ki Avazyaka puna: jaisA pUrva meM sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai, sUtrakRtAMga ke puNDarIka niyukti meM boTikoM kI utpatti kI kahIM koI carcA nahIM hai aura yadi adhyayana kI niyukti meM puNDarIka zabda kI niyukti karate samaya usake boTikamata ke prastotA evaM unake mantavya kA ullekha mUla Avazyaka dravya nikSepa se ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise niyukti meM nahIM hai, to phira unake utpatti-sthala evaM utpatti kAla tIna AdezoM kA niyuktikAra ne svayaM hI saMgraha kiyA hai|54 kA ullekha niyukti meM kaise ho sakatA hai? vastuta: bhASya kI aneka bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya (prathamavibhAga, pR. 44-45) meM ye tInoM Adeza gAthAe~ niyuktiyoM meM mila gaI haiN| ataH ye nagara evaM kAla sUcaka Aryasuhasti, Arya maMgu evaM Aryasamudra kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM gAthAe~ bhASya kI honI caahiye| yadyapi uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke tRtIya ullikhita hai|5 itanA to nizcita hai ki ye tInoM AcArya pUrvadhara adhyayana ke anta meM inhIM sapta nihnavoM kA ullekha hone ke bAda prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu (prathama) se paravartI haiM aura unake matoM kA saMgraha anta meM eka gAthA meM zivabhUti kA rathavIrapura nagara ke dIpaka udyAna pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| meM AryakRSNa se vivAda hone kA ullekha hai|52 kintu na to isameM dazAzrutaskaMdha kI niyukti ke prArambha meM nimna gAthA dI gayI haivivAda ke svarUpa kI carcA hai aura na koI anya bAta, jabaki usake "vaMdAmibhahabAhuM pAINaM crimsylsuynaanniN| pUrva pratyeka nihnava ke mantavya kA Avazyakaniyukti kI apekSA vistRta suttassa kAragamisiM dasAsu kapye ya vvhaare||" vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ata: merI dRSTi meM yaha gAthA bhI prakSipta hai| isameM sakalazrutajJAnI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAha kA na kevala vaMdana yaha gAthA vaisI hI hai jaisI ki AvazyakamUlabhASya meM pAyI jAtI hai| kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM dazAzrutaskaMdha kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA racayitA puna: vahA~ yaha gAthA bahuta adhika prAsaMgika bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| bhI kahA hai, yadi niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAha hote mujhe spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM bhI nihnavoM kI to, ve svayaM hI apane ko kaise namaskAra karate? isa gAthA ko hama carcA ke bAda yaha gAthA prakSipta kI gayI hai| prakSipta yA bhASya gAthA bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki prathama to yaha yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM lagatA ki caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu grantha kI prArambhika maMgala gAthA hai, dUsare cUrNikAra ne svayaM isako ke kAla meM racita niyuktiyoM ko sarvaprathama AryarakSita ke kAla meM ___ niyuktigAthA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA vyavasthita kiyA gayA aura puna: unheM paravartI AcAryoM ne apane yuga hai ki niyuktikAra caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM ho skte| kI Agamika vAcanA ke anusAra vyavasthita kiyaa| Azcarya taba aura isa samasta carcA ke anta meM muni jI isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki isa saba parivartana ke viruddha bhI koI svara haiM ki paramparAgata dRSTi se dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpasUtra, vyavahArasUtra evaM ubharane kI kahIM koI sUcanA nahIM hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AgamoM nizItha ye cAra chedasUtra, Avazyaka Adi dasa niyuktiyA~, uvasaggahara meM jaba bhI kucha parivartana karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to usake viruddha evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ye sabhI caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu svAmI svara ubhare hai aura unheM ullikhita bhI kiyA gayA hai| kI kRti mAne jAte haiM, kintu inameM se 4 cheda sUtroM ke racayitA to

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52 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 caturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hI haiN| zeSa dasa niyuktiyoM, uvasaggahara gaI hai|62 govindaniyukti ke racayitA vahI Aryagovinda hone cAhie evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke racayitA anya koI bhadrabAhu hone cAhie aura jinakA ullekha nandIsUtra meM anuyogadvAra ke jJAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA sambhavata: ye anya koI nahIM, apitu vArAhasaMhitA ke racayitA varAhamihira gayA hai| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra ye Arya skaMdila kI cauthI pIr3hI ke bhAI, maMtravidyA ke pAragAmI naimittika bhadrabAhu hI hone caahie|55 meM haiN|63 ata: inakA kAla vikrama kI pA~cavIM sadI nizcita hotA hai| munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu ata: muni zrIpuNyavijaya jI isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki nandIsUtra hI the, yaha kalpanA nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para kI hai56- evaM pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti kA jo ullekha hai vaha Arya govinda kI 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 1252 se 1270 taka meM gaMdharva niyukti ko lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra muni jI dasoM nAgadatta kA kathAnaka AyA hai| isameM nAgadatta ke dvArA sarpa ke viSa niyuktiyoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko hI svIkAra utArane kI kriyA kA varNana hai|57 uvasaggahara (upasargahara) meM bhI sarpa karate haiM aura nandIsUtra athavA pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyukti kA ullekha ke viSa utArane kI carcA hai| ataH donoM ke kartA eka hI haiM aura hai use ve govinda niyukti kA mAnate haiN| ve mantra-tantra meM AsthA rakhate the| hama muni zrIpuNyavijaya jI kI isa bAta se pUrNata: sahamata nahIM 2. puna: naimittika bhadrabAha hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA hone cAhie ho sakate haiM, kyoMki uparyukta dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA se pUrva cAhe isakA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne apanI pratijJA gAthA meM sUryaprajJapti Aryagovinda kI niyukti astitva meM ho, kintu nandIsUtra evaM pAkSika para niyukti likhane kI pratijJA kI thii|58 aisA sAhasa koI jyotiSa sUtra meM niyukti sambandhI jo ullekha haiM, ve AcArAMga Adi Agama kA vidvAn hI kara sakatA thaa| isake atirikta AcArAMganiyukti meM granthoM kI niyukti ke sambandha meM haiM, jabaki govindaniyukti kisI Agama to spaSTa rUpa se nimitta vidyA kA nirdeza bhI huA hai|59 ata: munizrI grantha para niyukti nahIM hai| usake sambandha meM nizIthacUrNi Adi meM jo puNyavijaya jI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra ullekha haiM ve sabhI use darzanaprabhAvaka grantha aura ekendriya meM jIva karate haiN| kI siddhi karane vAlA grantha batalAte haiN|64 ata: unakI yaha mAnyatA yadi hama niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti ke jo ullekha haiM, ve karate haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ vikrama kI chaThI govindaniyukti ke sandarbha meM haiM, samucita nahIM hai| vastuta: nandIsUtra sadI kI racanAe~ haiM, kyoMki varAhamihira ne apane grantha ke anta meM evaM pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve Agama granthoM kI zaka saMvat 427 arthAt vikrama saMvata 566 kA ullekha kiyA hai|60 niyuktiyoM ke haiN| ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra naimittika bhadrabAhu varAhamihira ke bhAI the, ata: ve unake samakAlIna kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva AgamoM para niyukti haiN| aisI sthiti meM yahI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla likhI jA cukI thii| bhI vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| 2. dUsare, ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM aura bhI aise tathya haiM jinase yadi hama uparyukta AdhAroM para niyuktiyoM ko vikrama kI chaThIM inheM varAhamihira ke bhAI evaM naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama saMvat 566) sadI meM hue naimittika bhadrabAhu kI kRti mAnate haiM, to bhI hamAre sAmane kI racanA mAnane meM zaMkA hotI hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI sAmAyika kucha prazna upasthita hote haiM niyukti meM jo nihnavoM ke utpatti sthala evaM utpattikAla sambandhI gAthAyeM 1. sarvaprathama to yaha ki nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM niyuktiyoM haiM evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke tIsare adhyayana kI niyukti meM jo zivabhUti ke astitva kA spaSTa ullekha hai kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta hai| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, "saMkhejjAo nijattIo saMkhejjA saMgahaNIo" jo ki isa niyukti para eka prAmANika racanA hai, meM 167 gAthA taka - (nandIsUtra, sUtra saM. 46) kI hI cUrNi dI gayI hai| nihnavoM ke sandarbha meM antima cUrNi 'jeThThA "sa sutte satye sagaMthe sanijjuttie sasaMgahaNie" sudaMsaNa' nAmaka 167 vI gAthA kI hai| usake Age nihnavoM ke vaktavya - (pAkSikasUtra, pR. 80) ko sAmAyikaniyukti (Avazyakaniyukti) ke AdhAra para jAna lenA itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha vikrama kI chaThIM sadI ke cAhie, aisA nirdeza hai|65 jJAtavya hai ki sAmAyikaniyukti meM boTikoM pUrva nirmita ho cuke the| yadi niyuktiyA~ chaThI sadI uttarArddha kI racanA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| hama yaha bhI batA cuke haiM ki usa niyukti haiM to phira vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha yA chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM jo boTika mata ke utpattikAla evaM sthala kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta ke granthoM meM chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM racita niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai evaM ve bhASya gAthAe~ haiN| uttarAdhyayanaca kaise saMbhava hai? isa sambandha meM munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne tarka diyA milatA hai ki usameM nihnavoM kI kAlasUcaka gAthAoM ko niryaktigAthAe~ hai ki nandIsUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai, vaha govindaniyukti na kahakara AkhyAnaka saMgrahaNI kI gAthA kahA gayA hai|66 isase mere Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hogaa|61 yaha satya hai ki usa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai ki Avazyakaniyukti meM jo nihnavoM ke govindaniyukti eka prAcIna racanA hai kyoMki nizIthacUrNi meM govindaniyukti utpattinagara evaM utpattikAla kI sUcaka gAthAe~ haiM ve mUla meM niyukti ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha govindaniyukti kI utpatti kI kathA bhI dI kI gAthAe~ nahIM haiM, apitu saMgrahaNI athavA bhASya se usameM prakSipta

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana kI gayI haiM kyoMki ina gAthAoM meM unake utpatti nagaroM evaM utpatti-samaya vikasita huI hai| tattvArthasUtra tathA AcArAMganiyukti donoM hI vikasita donoM kI saMkhyA ATha-ATha hai| isa prakAra inameM boTikoM ke utpattinagara guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sambandha meM sarvathA mauna hai, jisase yaha phalita aura samaya kA bhI ullekha hai-Azcarya yaha hai ki ye gAthAe~ sapta hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla tattvArthasUtra ke sama-sAmayika nihnavoM kI carcA ke bAda dI gaIM-jabaki boTikoM kI utpatti kA (arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI) hai| ata: ve chaThI zatI ke ullekha to isake bhI bAda meM hai aura mAtrA eka gAthA meM hai| ataH uttarArdha meM hone vAle naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA to kisI sthiti ye gAthAe~ kisI bhI sthiti meM niyukti kI gAthAe~ nahIM mAnI jA meM nahIM ho sktiiN| yadi ve unakI kRtiyA~ hotI to unameM AdhyAtmika sakatI haiN| vikAsa kI ina dasa avasthAoM ke citraNa ke sthAna para caudaha guNasthAnoM puna: yadi hama boTika nihnava sambandhI gAthAoM ko bhI niyukti kA bhI citraNa hotaa| gAthAe~ mAna leM to bhI niyukti ke racanAkAla kI apara sImA ko 5. niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM mUlAcAra vIranirvANa saMvat 610 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArdha se meM ullekha tathA asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI unake adhyayana kA nirdeza Age nahIM le jAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isake bAda ke koI ullekha yahI siddha karatA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva mUlAcAra kI racanA hameM niyuktiyoM meM nahIM mile| yadi niyukti naimittika bhadrabAha (vikrama aura yApanIya sampradAya ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva kA thaa| yaha sunizcita kI chaThI sadI uttarArddha) kI racanAe~ hotI to unameM vikrama kI tIsarI hai ki yApanIya sampradAya 5 vIM sadI ke anta taka astitva meM A sadI se lekara chaThIM sadI ke bIca ke kisI na kisI AcArya evaM gayA thaa| ata: niyuktiyA~ 5 vIM sadI se pUrva kI racanA honI cAhieghaTanA kA ullekha bhI, cAhe saMketa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, avazya aisI sthiti meM bhI ve naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama kI chaThIM sadI uttarArddha) hotaa| anya kucha nahIM to mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanA ke ullekha to kI kRti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| avazya hI hote, kyoMki naimittika bhadrabAhu to unake bAda hI hue haiN| punaH niyukti kA ullekha AcArya kundakunda ne bhI Avazyaka valabhI vAcanA ke Ayojaka devarddhigaNi ke to ve kaniSTha samakAlika zabda kI niyukti karate hue niyamasAra, gAthA 142 meM kiyA hai|72 haiM, ata: yadi ve niyukti ke kartA hote to valabhI vAcanA kA ullekha Azcarya yaha hai ki yaha gAthA mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka nAmaka adhikAra niyuktiyoM meM avazya krte| meM bhI yathAvat milatI hai| isameM Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti kI gaI 3. yadi niyuktiyA~ naimittika bhadrabAhu (chaThI sadI uttarArddha) kI hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyA~ kama se kama mUlAcAra kRti hotI to usameM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA avazya hI pAI jaatii| aura niyamasAra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt chaThI zatI ke pUrva astitva chaThI sadI ke uttarArddha meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gaI meM A gaI thiiN| thI aura usa kAla meM likhI gaI kRtiyoM meM prAya: guNasthAna kA ullekha 6. niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAha nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki milatA hai kintu jahA~ taka mujhe jJAta hai, niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna sambandhI AcArya mallavAdI (lagabhaga cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI) ne apane grantha nayacakra avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI jina meM niyuktigAthA kA uddharaNa diyA hai- niyukti lakSaNamAha- "vatthUNaM do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai,67 saMkamaNaM hoti avatthUNaye smbhruuddhe"| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve mUlata: niyukti gAthAe~ nahIM haiN| Avazyaka mUla pATha meM caudaha bhUtagrAmoM valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva niyuktiyoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| ata: unake (jIva-jAtiyoM) kA hI ullekha hai, guNasthAnoM kA nhiiN| ata: niyukti racayitA naimittika bhadrabAhu na hokara yA to kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta to bhUtagrAmoM kI hI likhI gyii| bhUtagrAmoM ke vivaraNa ke bAda do haiM yA phira gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra haiN| gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| yadyapi yahA~ guNasthAna 7. puna: valabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke gadyabhAga meM niyuktiyoM zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| ye donoM gAthAe~ prakSipta haiM, kyoMki haribhadra aura saMgrahaNI kI aneka gAthAe~ milatI haiM, jaise jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI (AThavIM sadI) ne Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM "adhunAmumaiva adhyayana meM jo tIrthaGkara-nAma-karma-bandha sambandhI 20 boloM kI gAthA guNasthAnadvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAra:" kahakara ina donoM gAthAoM ko hai, vaha mUlata: Avazyakaniyukti (179-181) kI gAthA hai| isase saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai|68 ata: guNasthAna siddhAnta bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke samaya niyuktiyoM aura ke sthira hone ke pazcAt saMgrahaNI kI ye gAthAe~ niyukti meM DAla dI saMgrahaNIsUtroM se aneka gAthAe~ AgamoM meM DAlI gaI haiN| ata: niyuktiyA~ gaI haiN| niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kI anupasthiti isa aura saMgrahaNiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva kI haiM ata: ve naimittika bhadrabAhu tathya kA pramANa hai ki unakI racanA tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke pUrva haI ke sthAna para lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke kisI anya bhadra nAmaka thii| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki niyuktiyA~ naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA AcArya kI kRtiyA~ haiN| nahIM hai| 8. niyuktiyoM kI sattA valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva thI, tabhI to 4. sAtha hI hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMganiyukti meM AdhyAtmika nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kI niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai| punaH agastyasiMha vikAsa kI unhIM dasa avasthAoM kA vivecana hai69 jo hameM tattvArthasUtra kI dazavaikAlikacUrNi ke upalabdha evaM prakAzita ho jAne para yaha bAta meM bhI milatI hai aura jinase Age calakara guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA puSTa ho jAtI hai ki Agamika vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM niyuktiyA~ valabhI

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54 vAcanA ke pUrva likhI jAne lagI thiiN| isa cUrNi meM prathama adhyayana kI dazavaikAlikanuiryakti kI 54 gAthAoM kI bhI cUrNi kI gaI hai| yaha cUrNi vikrama kI tIsarI cauthI zatI meM racI gaI thii| isase yaha tathya siddha ho jAtA hai ki niyuktiyA~ bhI lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI kI racanA haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM bhI paravartI kAla meM paryApta rUpa se prakSepa huA hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlika ke prathama adhyayana kI agastyasiMhacUrNi meM mAtra 54 niyukti gAthAoM kI cUrNi huI hai, jabaki vartamAna meM dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM prathama adhyayana kI niyukti meM 151 gAthAe~ haiN| ataH niryuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta yA gautamagotrI racanAe~ haiN| isa sambandha meM eka Apatti yaha uThAI jA sakatI hai ki niyuktiyA~ balabhI vAcanA ke AgamapAThoM ke anurUpa kyoM hai? isakA prathama uttara to yaha hai ki niyuktiyoM kA Agama pAThoM se utanA sambandha nahIM hai, jitanA unakI viSayavastu se hai aura yaha satya hai ki vibhinna vAcanAoM meM cAhe kucha pATha-bheda rahe hoM kintu viSayavastu to vahI rahI hai aura niyuktiyA~ mAtra viSayavastu kA vivaraNa detI haiN| punaH niyuktiyA~ mAtra prAcIna stara ke aura bahuta kucha aparivartita rahe AgamoM para haiM, sabhI Agama granthoM para nahIM hai aura ina prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa to pahale hI ho cukA thA / mAthurIvAcanA yA valabhI vAcanA meM unameM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| Aja jo niyuktiyA~ haiM ve mAtra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, dazAzrutaskandha, vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa para haiN| ye sabhI grantha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM prAcIna stara ke haiM aura inake svarUpa meM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| ata: valabhIvAcanA se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para niyuktiyoM ko usase paravartI mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| uparyukta samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke karttA na to caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu haiM aura na vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA chedasUtroM kI racanA ke pazcAt huI hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva AgamoM kI devarddhi ke samaya huI vAcanA ke pUrva thA / ataH yaha avadhAraNA bhI bhrAnta hai ki niyuktiyoM vikrama kI chaThI sadI ke uttarArddha meM nirmita huI haiN| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva Agamika niyuktiyA~ avazya thiiN| aba yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi niyuktiyoM ke kartA zruta kevalI pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu tathA vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu donoM hI nahIM the, to phira ve kauna se bhadrabAhu haiM jinakA nAma niryukti ke karttA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| niyukti ke karttA ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti jur3I hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kA sambandha kisI "bhadra" nAmaka vyakti se honA cAhie aura unakA astitva lagabhaga vikrama kI tIsarI cauthI sadI ke Asa-pAsa honA caahie| kyoMki niyamasAra meM Avazyaka kI niyukti, mUlAcAra meM niyuktiyoM ke asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI par3hane kA nirdeza tathA usameM aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM niyuktiyoM kI aneka gAthAoM kI niyukti-gAthA ke ullekha pUrvaka upasthiti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki niyukti ke kartA usa avibhakta paramparA ke hone cAhie jisase zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| kalpasUtra sthAvirAvalI meM jo AcArya paramparA prApta hotI hai, usameM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prAcInagotrIya zruta- kevalI bhadrabAhu ke atirikta do anya 'bhadra' nAmaka AcAryoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai- 1. Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadra aura 2. Arya kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra / saMkSepa meM kalpasUtra kI yaha AcArya paramparA isa prakAra haimahAvIra, gautama, sudharmA jambU, prabhava, zayyambhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUti, vijaya, bhadrabAhu ( caturdazapUrvadhara), sthUlabhadra (jJAtavya hai ki bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlabhadra donoM hI saMbhUtivijaya ke ziSya the), Arya suhasti susthita, indradinna, Aryadinna, AryasiMhagiri, Aryavajra, Arya vajrasena, Aryaratha, Arya puSyagiri, Arya phalgumitra, Arya dhanagiri, AryazivabhUti, Aryabhadra (kAzyapagotrIya), AryakRSNa, AryanakSatra, AryarakSita, AryanAga, AryajyeSThila, AryaviSNu, AryakAlaka, AryasaMpalita, Aryabhadra ( gautamagotrIya), AryavRddha, Arya saMghapAlita, AryahastI, Aryadharma, AryasiMha, Aryadharma, pANDilya (sambhavata: skaMdila, jo mAthurI vAcanA ke vAcanApramukha the) Adi gAthAbaddha jo sthavirAvalI hai usameM isake bAda jambU, nandila, duSyagaNi, sthiragupta, kumAradharma evaM devarddhikSapakazramaNa ke pA~ca nAma aura Ate haiN| " " jJAtavya hai ki naimittika bhadrabAhu kA nAma jo vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM hue haiM, isa sUcI meM sammilita nahIM ho sakatA hai kyoMki yaha sUcI vIra nirvANa saM. 980 arthAt vikrama saM. 510 meM apanA antima rUpa le cukI thii| " isa sthavirAvalI ke AdhAra para hameM jaina paramparA meM vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke pUrvArdha taka hone vAle bhadra nAmaka tIna AcArya ke nAma milate haiM- prathama prAcInagotrIya Arya bhadrabAhu dUsare Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Arya bhadragupta, tIsare Arya viSNu ke praziSya aura AryakAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya aarybhdr| inameM varAhamihira ke bhrAtA naimitika bhadrabAhu ko jor3ane para yaha saMkhyA cAra ho jAtI hai| inameM se prathama evaM antima ko to niyuktikartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa niSkarSa para hama pahu~ca cuke haiN| aba zeSa do rahate haiM - 1. zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta aura dUsare AryakAlaka ke ziSya Aryabhadra inameM pahale hama Arya dhanagiri ke praziSya evaM Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta ke sambandha meM vicAra karegeM ki kyA ve niyuktiyoM ke kartA ho sakate haiM? kyA Aryabhadragupta niyuktiyoM ke karttA haiM? niyuktiyoM ko zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnane ke pakSa meM hama nimna tarka de sakate haiM 1. niyuktiyoM uttara bhArata ke nirmanya saMgha se vikasita zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM sampradAyoM meM mAnya rahI haiM, kyoMki yApanIya .

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55 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana grantha mUlAcAra meM na kevala zatAdhika niyukti gAthAe~ udadhRta haiM, apitu meM vastra-pAtra ke ullekha adhika bAdhaka nahIM haiN| usameM asvAdhyAya kAla meM niyuktiyoM ke adhyayana na karane kA nirdeza 4. cU~ki Aryabhadra ke niryApaka AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| niyukti bhI hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA mUlAcAra se aura cUrNi donoM se hI yaha siddha hai ki AryarakSita bhI acelatA ke pUrva ho cukI thii| yadi mUlAcAra ko chaThIM sadI kI racanA bhI mAneM hI pakSadhara the aura unhoMne apane pitA ko, jo prArambha meM acela dIkSA to usake pUrva niyuktiyoM kA astitva to mAnanA hI hogA, sAtha hI grahaNa karanA nahIM cAhate the, yojanApUrvaka acela banA hI diyA thaa| yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ mUlarUpa meM avibhakta dhArA meM nirmita cUrNi meM jo kaTipaTTaka kI bAta hai, vaha to zvetAmbara pakSa kI puSTi huI thiiN| cU~ki paramparA bheda to zivabhUti ke pazcAt unake ziSyoM kauDinya hetu DAlI gayI pratIta hotI hai| aura koTTavIra se huA hai| ata: niyuktiyA~ zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta bhadragupta ko niyukti kA kartA mAnane ke sambandha meM nimna kaThinAiyA~ kI racanA mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki ve na kevala avibhakta dhArA haiMmeM hue apitu lagabhaga usIkAla meM arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI 1. Avazyakaniyukti evaM AvazyakacUrNi ke ullekhoM ke anusAra meM hue haiM, jo ki niyukti kA racanA kAla hai| / AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka (samAdhimaraNa karAne vAle) mAne gye| 2. puna: AcArya bhadragupta ko uttara-bhArata kI acela paramparA / Avazyakaniyukti na kevala AryarakSita kI vistAra se carcA karatI hai, kA pUrvapuruSa do-tIna AdhAroM para mAnA jA sakatA hai| prathama to kalpasUtra apitu unakA AdarapUrvaka smaraNa bhI karatI hai| bhadragupta AryarakSita kI paTTAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadragupta AryazivabhUti ke ziSya haiM aura se dIkSA meM jyeSTha haiM, aisI sthiti meM unake dvArA racita niyuktiyoM ye zivabhUti vahI haiM jinakA AryakRSNa se muni kI upadhi (vastra-pAtra) meM AryarakSita kA ullekha itane vistAra se evaM itane AdarapUrvaka nahIM ke prazna para vivAda huA thA aura jinhoMne acelatA kA pakSa liyA AnA caahie| yadyapi paravartI ullekha ekamata se yaha mAnate haiM ki thaa| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya kRSNa aura Aryabhadra donoM ko Arya Aryabhadragupta kI niryApanA AryarakSita ne karavAyI, kintu mUla gAthA zivabhUti kA ziSya kahA hai| cU~ki Aryabhadra hI aise vyakti haiM jinheM ko dekhane para isa mAnyatA ke bAre meM kisI ko sandeha bhI ho sakatA Aryavajra evaM AryarakSita ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM meM aura zivabhUti hai, mUla gAthA nimnAnusAra haike ziSya ke rUpa meM yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA milI hai| punaH "nijjavaNa bhagutte vIsaM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvgyN| AryazivabhUti ke ziSya hone ke kAraNa Aryabhadra bhI acelatA ke pakSadhara pavyAvio ya bhAyA rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao a"| hoMge aura isalie unakI kRtiyA~ yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya rahI hoNgii| - Avazyakaniyukti, 776 / 3. vidizA se jo eka abhilekha prApta huA hai usameM bhadrAnvaya yahA~ "nijjavaNa bhaddagutte" meM yadi 'bhaddagutte' ko ArSa prayoga mAnakara evaM Aryakula kA ullekha hai koI prathamAvibhakti meM samajhe to isa gAthA ke prathama do caraNoM kA zamadamavAna cIkarat (11) AcArya- bhadrAnvayabhUSaNasya artha isa prakAra bhI ho sakatA hai- bhadragupta ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA ziSyo hyasAvAryakulodgatasya (1) AcArya- goza kI aura unase samasta pUrvagata sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| (jai.zi.saM. 2, pR0 57) gAthA ke uparyukta artha ko svIkAra karane para to yaha mAnA jA sambhAvanA yahI hai ki bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA vikAsa inhIM sakatA hai ki niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA jo bahumAna pUrvaka ullekha Aryabhadra se huA ho| yahA~ ke anya abhilekhoM meM muni kA hai, vaha aprAsaMgika nahIM hai| kyoMki jisa vyakti ne AryarakSita kI 'pANitalabhojI' aisA vizeSaNa hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki niryApanA karavAyI ho aura jinase pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyA ho, vaha yaha kendra acela dhArA kA thaa| apane pUrvaja AcArya bhadra kI kRtiyA~ unakA apanI kRti meM sammAnapUrvaka ullekha karegA hii| kintu gAthA hone ke kAraNa niyuktiyA~ yApanIyoM meM bhI mAnya rahI hogii| oghaniyukti kA isa dRSTi se kiyA gayA artha cUrNi meM prastuta kathAnakoM ke sAtha yA piNDaniyukti meM bhI jo ki paravartI evaM vikasita haiM, do cAra prasaMgoM evaM niyukti gAthAoM ke pUrvApara prasaMga ko dekhate hue kisI bhI prakAra ke atirikta kahIM bhI vastra-pAtra kA vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| saMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| cUrNi meM to yahI kahA gayA hai ki yaha isa tathya kA bhI sUcaka hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kAla taka vastra-pAtra AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA karavAyI aura Aryavajra se Adi kA samarthana usa rUpa meM nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jisa rUpa meM paravartI pUrvasAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| yahA~ dUsare caraNa meM prayukta "tassa" zvetAmbara sampradAya meM huaa| vastra-pAtra ke sambandha meM niyukti kI mAnyatA zabda kA sambandha Aryavajra se hai, jinakA ullekha pUrva gAthAoM meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AcArAMganiyukti kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yahA~ 'bhaddagutte' meM saptamI kA prayoga hai, jo meM AcArAMga ke vastreSaNA adhyayana kI niyukti kevala eka gAthA meM eka kArya ko samApta kara dUsarA kArya prArambha karane kI sthiti meM kiyA samApta ho gayI hai aura pAtraiSaNA para koI niyukti gAthA hI nahIM hai| jAtA hai| yahA~ sampUrNa gAthA kA artha isa prakAra hogA- AryarakSita ata: vastra-pAtra ke sambandha meM niyuktiyoM ke kartA Aryabhadra kI sthiti ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke pazcAt (Aryavajra bhI mathurA ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke aMkana se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| ata: se) pUrvo kA samasta adhyayana kiyA hai aura apane bhAI aura pitA niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM Arya bhadragupta ko svIkAra karane meM niyuktiyoM ko dIkSita kiyaa| yadi AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM aura ve Jain Education Interational

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56 hI niyuktiyoM ke karttA bhI haiM, to phira niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita dvArA niryApana karavAne ke bAda kiye gaye kAryoM kA ullekha nahIM honA thaa| kintu aisA ullekha hai, ataH niyuktiyA~ kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI kRti nahIM ho sakatI haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 2. dUsarI eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra AryarakSita Aryavajra se 8 vIM pIr3hI meM Ate haiN| ataH yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ki 8 vIM pIr3hI meM hone vAlA vyakti apane se ATha pIr3hI pUrva ke Aryavajra se pUrvo kA adhyayana kre| isase kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM diye gaye krama meM saMdeha hotA hai, hAlAMki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM anya srotoM se itanA to nizcita hotA hai| ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrva meM hue haiN| usake anusAra AryarakSita Aryabhadra gupta ke praziSya siddha hote haiN| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM AryarakSita ko toSaliputra kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| ho sakatA hai ki toSaliputra Aryabhadragupta ke ziSya rahe ho sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadra ke ziSya AryanakSatra aura unake ziSya AryarakSita the| cAhe kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM kucha aspaSTatAe~ hoM aura do AcAryoM kI paramparA ko kahIM eka sAtha milA diyA gayA ho, phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrvavartI yA jyeSTha samakAlika haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta ke samAdhimaraNa ke pazcAt kI AryarakSita ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa detI hai, to unheM zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta kI kRti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| / yadi hama Aryabhadra ko hI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA cAhate haiM to isake atirikta koI vikalpa nahIM hai ki hama AryarakSita, antima nihnava evaM boTikoM kA ullekha karane vAlI niyukti gAthAoM ko prakSipta maaneN| yadi AryarakSita Aryabhadragupta ke nirvApaka hai to aisI sthiti meM Aryabhadra kA svargavAsa bora nirvANa saM. 560 ke Asa-pAsa mAnanA hogA, kyoMki prathama to AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA apane yuvAvasthA meM hI karavAyI thI aura dUsare taba vIra nirvANa saM. 584 (vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdI) meM svargavAsI hone vAle Aryavajra jIvita the| ataH niyuktiyoM meM antima nihnava kA kathana bhI sambhava nahIM lagatA, kyoMki abaddhika nAmaka sAtavA~ nidvaya vIranirvANa ke 584 varSa pakSAt huA hai| ataH hameM na kevala AryarakSita sambandhI apitu antima nihrava evaM boTikoM sambandhI vivaraNa bhI niyuktiyoM meM prakSipta mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha svIkAra karane ko sahamata nahIM haiM, to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA nahIM ho sakate hai| ataH hameM anya kisI bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI khoja karanI hogii| kyA gautamagotrIya AryabhaTTa niyuktiyoM ke karttA haiM? kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta ke pazcAt kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM hameM gautamagotrIya AryakAlaka ke ziSya aura Arya saMpAlita ke gurubhAI Aryabhadra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| yaha Aryabhadra AryaviSNu ke 75 praziSya evaM AryakAlaka ke ziSya haiM tathA inake ziSya ke rUpa meM AryavRddha kA ullekha hai / yadi hama AryavRddha ko vRddhavAdI mAnate haiM, to aisI sthiti meM ye Aryabhadra, siddhasena ke dAdA guru siddha hote hai yahA~ hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki kyA ye Aryabhadra bhI spaSTa saMghabheda arthAt zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa ke pUrva hue haiM? yaha sunizcita hai ki sampradAya bheda ke pazcAt kA koI bhI AcArya niyukti kA kartA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki niyuktiyA~ yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM mAnya hai| yadi ve eka sampradAya kI kRti hotIM to dUsarA sampradAya use mAnya nahIM krtaa| yadi hama Arya viSNu ko digambara paTTAvalI meM ullikhita AryaviSNu samajheM to inakI nikaTatA acela paramparA se dekhI jA sakatI hai dUsare vidizA ke abhilekha meM jisa bhadrAnvaya evaM Arya kula kA ullekha hai usakA sambandha ina gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra se bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki inakA kAla bhI spaSTa sampradAya bheda evaM usa abhilekha ke pUrva hai durbhAgya se inake sandarbha meM Agamika vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM kahIM koI vivaraNa nahIM milatA, kevala nAma sAmya ke AdhAra para hama inake niyuktikAra hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kara sakate haiN| inakI vidvattA evaM yogyatA ke sambandha meM bhI Agamika ullekhoM kA abhAva hai, kintu vRddhavAdI jaise ziSya aura siddhasena jaise praziSya ke guru vidvAna hoMge, isameM zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAtha hI inake praziSya siddhasena kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha digambara aura yApanIya AcArya bhI karate haiM, ataH inakI kRtiyoM ko uttara bhArata kI acela paramparA meM mAnyatA milI ho, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai ye AryarakSita se pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM mAne gaye haiN| ataH inakA kAla inake sI-Der3ha sau varSa pazcAt hI hogA arthAt ye bhI vikrama kI tIsarI sadI ke uttarArddha yA cauthI ke pUrvArddha meM kabhI hue hogeN| lagabhaga yahI kAla mAthurIvAcanA kA bhI hai| cU~ki mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI svIkRta rahI hai, isalie ina kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane meM kAla evaM paramparA kI dRSTi se kaThinAI nahIM hai| yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM niyuktiyoM kI mAnyatA ke hone ke prazna para bhI isase koI bAdhA nahIM AtI, kyoMki ye Aryabhadra Arya nakSatra evaM Arya viSNu kI hI paramparA ke ziSya haiN| sambhava hai ki digambara paramparA meM AryanakSatra aura AryaviSNu kI paramparA meM hue jina 'bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa meM jAne ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase acela dhArA meM bhadrAnvaya aura Aryakula kA AvirbhAva mAnA jAtA hai, ve ye hI Aryabhadra hoN| yadi hama inheM niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnate haiM, to isase nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve bhI yuktisaMgata bana jAte haiN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA Arya nakSatra kI paramparA meM hue Arya viSNu ke praziSya evaM Arya saMpAlita ke guru bhrAtA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra hI haiN| yadyapi maiM apane isa niSkarSa ko antima to nahIM kahatA, kintu itanA avazya kahU~gA ki ina Aryabhadra ko niyukti kA kartA svIkAra karane para hama una aneka vipratipattiyoM .

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57 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana se baca sakate haiM, jo prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kAzyapagotrIya AzA hai jaina vidyA ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kI agalI pIr3hI isa Aryabhadragupta aura varAhamihira ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAha ko niyuktiyoM dizA meM aura bhI anveSaNa kara niyukti sAhitya sambandhI vibhinna kA kartA mAnane para AtI haiN| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki aceladhArA samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kregii| prastuta lekhana meM muni zrI meM niyuktiyA~ saMrakSita nahIM raha sakI, mAtra bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra puNyavijaya jI kA Alekha merA upajIvya rahA hai| AcArya hastImala aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM unakI kucha gAthAe~ hI avaziSTa haiN| inameM jI ne jainadharma ke maulika itihAsa ke lekhana meM bhI usI kA anusaraNa bhI mUlAcAra hI mAtra aisA grantha hai jo lagabhaga sau niyukti gAthAoM kiyA hai| kintu maiM ukta donoM ke niSkarSoM se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai| dUsarI ora sacela yApanIya sampradAya para mere dvArA grantha lekhana ke samaya merI dRSTi meM dhArA meM jo niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, unameM aneka bhASyagAthAe~ mizrita kucha naI samasyAe~ aura samAdhAna dRSTigata hue aura unhIM ke prakAza ho gaI haiM, ata: upalabdha niyuktiyoM meM se bhASya gAthAoM evaM prakSipta meM maiMne kucha navIna sthApanAe~ prastuta kI haiM, ve satya ke kitanI nikaTa gAthAoM ko alaga karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi eka bAra haiM, yaha vicAra karanA vidvAnoM kA kArya hai| maiM apane niSkarSoM ko antima niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla, usake kartA tathA unakI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa satya nahIM mAnatA hU~, ata: sadaiva unake vicAroM evaM samIkSAoM se ho jAye to yaha kArya sarala ho sakatA hai| lAbhAnvita hone kA prayAsa kruuNgaa| sandarbha 1. (a) nijjuttA te atthA, jaM baddhA teNa hoi nnijjuttii| 11. goviMdo... pacchAteNa egidiya jIva sAhaNaM goviMda nijjutikyaa| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 88 nizItha bhASya gAthA 3656, nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 260, (ba) sUtrArthayoH parasparaniyojanaM sambandhanaM niyuktiH bhAga-4, pR0 96 / - Avazyakaniyukti TIkA haribhadra, gAthA 83 kI ttiikaa| 12. nandIsUtra, (saM. madhukaramuni) sthavirAvalI gAthA 41 / 2. atthANaM uggahaNaM avaggahaM taha viAlaNaM ihN| 13. (a) prAkRtasAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina,pR0 190 / - Avazyaka niryakti. (ba) jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha 3. IhA apoha vImaMsA, maggaNA ya gvesnnaa| vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, bhAga 3, pR06| saNNA saI maI paNNA savvaM aabhinibohiyN|| 14. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84-85 - vahI, 12 // 15. vahI, 84 / 4. Avassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttrjjhmaayaare| 16. bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| . sUyagaDe nijjuttiM vucchAmi tahA dasANaM c|| sattee NiNhaNA khalu titthaMmi u vddhmaannss|| kappassa ya nijjutiM vavahArasseva paramaNi nnss| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ye tiisguttaao| sUriapaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiyANaM c|| avvattA''sADhAo saamuccheyaa''smittaao|| - vahI, 84-85 / gaMgAo dokiriyA chalugA tarAsiyANa uppttii| 5. isibhAsiyAiM (prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura), bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, therAya goTThamAhilapuTThamabaddhaM pruviNti|| pR0 93 / sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| 6. bRhatkathAkoSa (siMghI jaina granthamAlA) prastAvanA, e.ena.upAdhye, puramiMtaraMji dasapura-rahavIrapuraM ca ngraaii|| pR031 coddasa solasa vAsA coddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi syaa| ArAdhanA... tasyA niyuktiraadhnaaniyuktiH| -mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, aTThAvIsA ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| gA. 279 kI TIkA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1984) paMca sayA culasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoti| 8. govindANaM pi namo aNuoge viuldhaarnniNdaannN| NANupattIya duve uppaNA Nibdue sesaa|| - nandisUtra sthavirAvalI, gA. 41 / evaM ee kahiyA osappiNIe u niNhavA stt| 9. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6, gA. 267-268: vIravarassa pavayaNe sesANaM pavvayaNe nntthi|| 10. so ya heugovaeso govindnijjuttimaadito...| - vahI, 778-784 / darisaNappabhAvagANi satthANi jahA goviNdnijjuttimaadii| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| - AvazyakacUrNi bhAga1, pR. 31 evaM 353 bhAga2, pR0 201, avvattA''sADhAo saamuccheyaa''smittaao|| 322 / gaMgAe dokiriyA chalugA terAsiANa uppttii|

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58 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 therA ya guTThamAhilapuTThabaddhaM pruviNti|| jiTThA sudaMsaNa jamAli aNujja sAvatthi tiNdugujjaanne| paMca sayA ya sahassaM DhakeNa jamAli muttuunnN|| rAyagihe guNasilae vasu caudasapuci tiisguttaao| AmalakappA nayari mittasirI kuurpiNddaadi|| siyaviyapolAsADhe joge taddivasahiyayasUle y| sohammi naliNagumme rAyagihe puriya balabhadde / / mihilAe lacchighare mahagiri koDinna Asamitto / NeuNamaNuppavAe rAyagihe khaMDarakkhA y|| naikheDajaNava ullaga mahagiri dhaNagutta ajjagaMge y| kiriyA do rAyagihe mahAtavo tiirmnninaae|| purimaMtaraMji bhuyaguha balasiri sirigutta rohagutate y| parivAya puTTasAle ghosaNa paDisehaNA vaae|| vicchya sappe mUsaga migI varAhI ya kAgi poyaaii| eyAhiM vijjAhiM so u parivvAyago kuslo|| moriya nauli birAlI vagghI sIhI ya ulugi ovaai| eyAo vijjAo giNha privvaaymhnniio|| dasapuranagarucchughare ajjarakkhiya pusamittattiyagaM c| guTThAmAhila nava aTTha sesapucchA ya viNjhss|| puTTho jahA abaddho kaMcuiNaM kaMcuo smnnei| evaM puTThamabaddhaM jIvaM kammaM smntrei|| paccakkhANaM seyaM aparimANeNa hoi kAyavvaM / jesiM tu parImANaM taM durlDa hoi aasNsaa|| rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a| sivabhUissuvahimi pucchA therANa kahaNA y|| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 165-178 / 18. vahI, 29 / 19. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 309-326 / 20. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 207 / 21. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 161-163 / 22. AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 5 / 23. (a) dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 79-88 / (ba) uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 143-144 / 24. jo ceva hoi mukkho sA u vimutti pagayaM tu bhaavennN| desavimukkA sAhU savvavimukkA bhave siddhaa|| -AcArAMganiyukti, 331 // 25. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 497-92 / 26. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 99 / 27. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 3 / 28. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, 127 / 29. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 267-268 / 30. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti, gAthA 1 / 31. tahavi ya koI atyo uppajjati tammi taMmi smyNmi| puvvabhaNio aNumato a hoi isibhAsiesu jhaa|| -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, 1892 / 32ka.bRhatkalpasUtram, SaSTha vibhAga, prakAzaka- zrI AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara, prastAvanA, pR0 4,5 33. vahI Amukha, pR0 2 34ka. mUDhaNaiyaM suyaM kAliyaM tu Na NayA samoyaraMti ihN| apuhutte samoyAro, nasthi puhutte smoyaaro||| jAvaMti ajjavairA, apuhuttaM kAliyANuoge y| teNA''reNa puhattaM, kAliyasuya diTThivAe y|| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 762-763 / (kha) tuMbavaNasannivesAo, niggayaM piusgaasmlliinnN| chammAsiyaM chasu jayaM, mAUya samantriyaM vNde|| jo gujjhaehiM bAlo, nimaMtio bhoyaNeNa vaasNte| Necchai viNIyaviNao, taM vairarisiM nnmNsaami|| ujjeNIe jo jaMbhagehiM ANakkhiUNa thuymhio| akkhINamahANasiyaM sIhagiripasaMsiyaM vNde|| jassa aNuNNAe vAyagattaNe dasapurammi nnyrmmi| devehiM kayA mahimA, payANusAra nnmsaami|| jo kannAi ghaNeNa ya, NimaMtio juvvaNammi gihvinnaa| nayarammi kusumanAme, taM bairarisiM nnmNsaami|| jaNuddhAraA vijjA, AgAsagamA mhaarinnnnaao| vaMdAmi ajjavairaM, apacchimo jo suyhraannN|| - vahI, gAthA 764-769 / apahutte aNuogo, cattAri duvAra bhAsaI ego| puhutANuogakaraNe, te attha tao u vocchintraa|| deviMdavaMdiehiM, mahANubhAgehi rkkhiajjehiN| jugamAsajja vibhatto, aNuogo to kao cuhaa|| mAyA ya ruddasomA, piyA ya nAmeNa somadeva tti| bhAyA ya phaggurakkhiya, tosaliputtA ya aayriaa|| NijjavaNabhadgutte, vIsaM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvgry| pavvAvio ya bhAyA, rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao y|| -vahI, gAthA 773-776 / 35. jaha jaha paesiNI jANugammi pAlittao bhmaaddei| taha taha sIse viyaNA, paNassai muruNddraayss|| -piNDaniyukti, gAthA- 498 // 36. nai kaNha-vinna dIve, paMcasayA tAvasANa nnivsNti| pavvadivasesu kulavai, pAlevuttAra skkaare|| :

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana jaNa sAvagANa khisaNa, samiyakkhaNa mAiThANa levenn| aTThAvIso ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| sAvaya payattakaraNaM, aviNaya loe calaNa dhoe|| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 81-82 paDilAbhiya vaccaMtA, nivvuDa niikUlamilaNa smiyaao| 52. rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a| vimhiya paMca sayA tAvasANa pavvajja sAhA y|| sivabhUissuvahimi pucchA thorANa kahaNA y|| ---piNDaniyukti, gAthA 503-505 / - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 178 37. (a) vahI, gAthA 505 53. svayaM caturdazapUrvitve'pi yaccaturdazapU[pAdAnaM tat teSAmapi (ba) nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI gAthA, 36 SaTsthAnapatitatvena zeSamAhAtmyasthApanaparamaduSTameva, bhASyagAthA vA (sa) mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM isa zAkhA kA ullekha brahmadAsika zAkhA dvAragAthAdvayAdArabhya lakSyanta iti preryAnavakAza eveti|| ke rUpa meM milatA hai| -uttarAdhyayana TIkA, zAntyAcArya, gAthA 233 38. ujjeNI kAlakhamaNA sAgarakhamaNA suvnnnnbhuumiie| 54. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe y| iMdo AuyasesaM, pucchai sAdivvakaraNaM c|| ete tinnivi desA davvaMmi ya paaNddriiyss|| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 119 / - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 39. arahate vaMdittA caudasapuvvI taheva dspuvvii| 55. ye cAdezAH yathA--AryamanAcAryastrividhaM zaGkhamicchati- ekabhavikaM baddhAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, Aryasamudro dvividham- baddhAyuSkamaekkArasaMgasuttatthadhArae savvasAhU y|| - oghaniyukti, gAthA 1 / bhimukhanAmagotraM ca, AryasuhastI ekam- abhimukhanAma gotramiti; 40. zrImatI oghaniyukti, saMpAdaka- zrImadvijayasUrIzvara, prakAzana- jaina - bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya bhAga1, gAthA 144 granthamAlA, gopIpurA, sUrata, pR0 3-4 56. vahI, SaSThavibhAga, pR0 saM. 15-17 / 41. jeNuddhariyA vijjA AgAsagamA mhaaprinnaao| 57. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1252-1260 / vaMdAmi ajjavairaM apacchimo jo suahraannN|| 58. vahI, gAthA 85 / - Avazyakaniyukti gAthA, 769 59. jattha ya jo paNNavao kassavi sAhai disAsu ya nnimittN| 59. jattha ya jA paNNavaA kassAva sAhai disAsu yA 42. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 763-774 / jattomuho ya DhAI sA puvvA pacchavo avraa|| - AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 51 43. apahuttapuhuttAiM niddisiuM etya hoi ahigaaro| caraNakaraNANuogeNa tassa dArA ime huNti|| 60. saptAzvivedasaMkhya, zakakAlamapAsya caitrshuklaadau| -dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 4 ardhAstamite bhAnau, yavanapure saumydivsaaye|| 44. oheNa u nijjuttiM vucchaM crnnkrnnaannuogaao| - paMcasiddhAntikA, uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR0 17 appakkharaM mahatthaM aNuggahatthaM suvihiyaannN|| -oghaniyukti, gAthA 2 61. bRhatkalpasUtram, SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR0 18 45. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 778-783 / 62. goviMdo nAma bhikkhU... 46. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 164-178 / pacchA teNa egidiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdanijjuttI kyaa|| esa naanntenno|| 47. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe y| -nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, uddezaka 11, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, pR0 260 / ete titrivi desA davvaMmi ya poNddriiyss|| 63. (a) goviMdANaM pi namo, aNuoge viuldhaarnniNdaannN| -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 / NiccaM khaMtidayANaM parUvaNe dullbhiNdaannN|| 48. uttarAdhyayana TIkA zAntyAcArya, uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram bhASya, SaSTha - nandIsUtra, gAthA 81 vibhAga prastAvanA, pR0 12 / 49. vahI, pR0 2 / (ba) Arya skaMdila 50. bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, Arya himavaMta pR0, 11 / 51. sAvatthI usabhapara seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| Arya nAgArjuna pudimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca ngraaii|| coddasa solasa bAsA coddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi sthaa| Arya govinda

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60 dekheM nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gAthA 36-41 / 64. pacchA te egidiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdaNijtI kyaa| esa NANateNo eva dNsnnpbhaavgstytttthaa| nizISacUrNi pR0 260 65. niNhayANa vattavvayA bhANiyavvA jahA sAmAiyanijjuttIe / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi jinadAsagaNimahattara, vikrama saMvat 1989, pR0 95 / 66. idANiM etesiM kAlo bhaNNati caudasa solasa bIsA' gAhAu do, idANiM bhaNNati jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 -- 'codasa vAsA taiyA' gAthA askhaannysNgrhnnii| vahI, pR0 95 / 67. micchIi sAsAyaNe ya taha sammamicchadiTThI ya avirayasammaddiTThI virayAvirae pamatte ya / / tatto ya appamatto niyaTThi aniyaTThi bAyare hume / uvasaMta khINamohe hoi sajogI ajogI / / - Avazyakaniryukti, (niryuktisaMgraha, pR0 140 ) 68. Avazyakaniryukti (haribhadra) bhAga 2, prakAzaka zrI bherulAla kanhaiyA lAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508, pR0 106107/ 69. sammanupatI sAvae va virae anNtkmmse| daMsaNamohakkhava uvasAmaMte ya uvasate / / khavae ya khINamohe jiNe a seDhI bhave asaMkhijjA / tavvivarIo kAlo saMkhajjaguNAi seDhIe / / - AcArAMganiryukti, gAthA 222-223 (niryuktisaMgraha, pR0441) 70. samyagdRSTizrAvaka viratAnantaviyojakadarzanamoharUpakopazamakopazAnta mohakSapakakSINamohajinA: kramazo'saMkhyeyaguNa nirjarAH / / tattvArthasUtra (umAsvAti) sukhalAla saMghavI, 9.47 / 71. NitI tI esA kahidA mae samAseNa / aha vitvAra paMsago'Niyogado hodi nAdavvo / / AvAsagaNitI evaM kadhidA samAsao vihiNA / No uvarjujadi Nicca so siddhiM jAdi visuddhapyA - mUlAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha) 691-692 / eso aNNo gaMtho kappadi paDhiduM asajjhAe / ArAhaNA Nijjutti maraNavimattI ya saMgahatthudio / paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo erisa o / / - * mUlAcAra, 278-279 / (ba) Na vaso avaso avasassakammamAvassayati bodhavyA / juti ti upAaMti Na niravayako hodi NijjutI / / - 72. Na vaso avaso avasassa kamma vAvassayaM ti bodhavvA / jutti tti uvAaMti ya Niravayavo hodi NijuttI / / - niyamasAra, gAthA 142, lakhanaU, 1931 / 73. dekheM- kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI vibhAga 74. dekheM- mUlAcAra SaDAvazyaka adhikAra / 75. dherassa NaM ajja vindussamAdarassassa ajjakAla dhere aMtevAsI goyamasagutte verassaNaM ajjakAlassa goyamasaguttassa ime duve yerA aMtevAsI goyamasase ajja saMpalie dherai ajjamadde, eesi dunhavi goyamasaguttANaM ajja buDhe there / kalpasUtra (muni pyAracandajI, ratalAma) sthavirAvalI, pR0 233 // mUlAcAra, 5151 .

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AcArAMgasUtra eka vizleSaNa AcArAMgasUtra jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka prAcInatama grantha hai, yaha ardhamAgadhI meM likhA gayA hai, kintu isake prathama aura dvitIya zrutaskandha kI bhASA eka dUsare se pUrNatayA bhinna hai| jahA~ prathama zrutaskandha meM ardhamAgadhI kA prAcInatama rUpa parilakSita hotA hai vahA~ dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA bhASA kI dRSTi se paravartI aura vikasita lagatA hai| yadyapi AcArAMga mUlataH ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA grantha hai kintu usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva A gayA hai phira bhI prathama zrutaskandha meM yaha prabhAva nagaNya hI hai| merI dRSTi meM isa prabhAva kA kAraNa mUlataH eka lambI avadhi taka isakA maukhika banA rahanA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki jo aMza spaSTa rUpa se aura sampUrNa rUpa se mahArASTrI ke haiM ve bAda meM jor3e gaye hoN| yadyapi isa sambandha meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI kaha pAnA kaThina hai| phira bhI bhASA sambandhI isa prabhAva kA kAraNa uparyukta donoM vikalpoM meM se hI hai / prathama zrutaskandha mUlataH aupaniSadika sUtrAtmaka zailI meM likhA gayA hai jabaki dUsarA mukhya rUpa se vivaraNAtmaka aura padyarUpa meM hai| prathama zrutaskandha kI jo bhASA hai vaha gadya aura padya donoM se bhinna hai| yadyapi prathama zrutaskandha meM bhI padya kucha A gaye haiM phira bhI usakI sUtrAtmaka zailI dUsare zrutaskandha kI zailI se bhinna hai| hameM to aisA lagatA hai| ki prAkRta andhoM kI racanA meM sarvaprathama AcArAMga kI prathama zrutaskandha kI sUtrAtmaka zailI kA vikAsa huA, phira sahaja padma likhe jAne lage, phira usake bAda vikasita stara ke gadya likhe gaye bhASA aura zailI ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se AcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskandhoM meM lagabhaga tIna zatAbdiyoM kA antara to avazya rahA hogaa| AcArAMga meM AcAra ke siddhAntoM aura niyamoM ke liye jisa manovaijJAnika AdhArabhUmi aura manovaijJAnika dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai, vaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke liye adbhuta AkarSaNa kA viSaya hai| AcArAMgasUtra kA pratipAdya viSaya zramaNa-AcAra kA saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika pakSa hai| cUMki mAnavIya AcAra mana aura buddhi se nikaTa rUpa se jur3A huA hai, ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki AcAra ke sambandha meM koI bhI prAmANika cintana manovaijJAnika satyoM ko nakAra kara Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| hameM kyA honA cAhiye - yaha bahuta kucha isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama kyA haiM aura kyA ho sakate haiM? hamArI kSamatAeM evaM sambhAvanAeM kyA hai? AcaraNa ke kisI sAdhya aura siddhAnta kA nirdhAraNa sAdhaka kI manovaijJAnika prakRti ko samajhe binA sambhava nahIM hai| hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki AcArAMga meM AcAra ke siddhAntoM evaM niyamoM ke pratipAdana meM kisa sImA taka isa dArzanika, manovaijJAnika evaM samAjazAstrIya dRSTi kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| astitva sambandhI jijJAsA: mAnavIya buddhi kA prathama prazna AcArAMgasUtra ke utthAna meM hI hameM usakI dArzanika dRSTi kA paricaya mila jAtA hai| sUtra kA prArambha hI astitva sambandhI mAnavIya jijJAsA se hotA hai| pahalA hI prazna hai atthi me AyA uvavAie, natthi me AyA uvavAie / ke a' AsI ke vA io cuo i peccA bhavissAmi / / 1/1/1/3 isa jIvana ke pUrva merA astitva thA yA nahIM athavA isa jIvana ke pazcAt merI sattA banI rahegI yA nahIM? maiM kyA thA aura mRtyu ke uparAnta kisa rUpa meM hoUMgA? yahI apane astitva kA prazna mAnavIya jijJAsA aura mAnavIya buddhi kA prathama prazna hai, jise sUtrakAra ne sarva prathama uThAyA hai| manuSya ke liye mUlabhUta prazna apane astitva yA sattA kA hI hai| dhArmika evaM naitika cetanA kA vikAsa bhI isI astitvabodha yA svarUpa-bodha para AdhArita hai manuSya kI jIvana-dRSTi kyA aura kaisI hogI, yaha bahuta kucha isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki apane astitva, apanI sattA aura svarUpa ke prati usakA dRSTikoNa kyA hai ? pApa aura puNya athavA dharma aura adharma kI sArI mAnyatAe~ astitva kI dhAraNA para hI khar3I huI haiN| isIliye sUtrakAra ne kahA hai ki jo isa " astitva" yA sva-sattA ko jAna letA hai vahI AtmavAdI hai, lokavAdI hai, mavAdI hai aura kriyAvAdI hai (sohaM se AyAbAI logAbAI kammavAI kiriyAbAI 1 / 1 / 1 / 4-5 ) vyakti ke liye mUlabhUta aura sArabhUta tattva usakA apanA astitva hI hai, aura sattA yA astitva ke isa mUlabhUta prazna ko uThAkara granthakAra ne apanI manovaijJAnika dRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai Adhunika manovijJAna meM bhI jijIviSA aura jijJAsA mAnava kI mUla pravRttiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| -- - satya kI khoja meM sandeha (dArzanika jijJAsA) kA sthAna yaha kitanA Aryajanaka hai ki AcArAMga zraddhA ke sthAna para saMzaya ko satya kI khoja kA eka Avazyaka caraNa mAnatA hai| sambhavatayA aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainadharma ke Arambhika kAla meM zraddhA kA tattva itanA pramukha nahIM thaa| AcArAMga meM "NikkhittadaMDANaM samAhiyANaM pannANamaMtANaM iha muttimaggaM" (1 / 6 / 1) kahakara samAdhi evaM prajJA ke rUpa meM jisa mukti mArga kA vidhAna huA hai, vaha svayaM isa bAta kA saMketa karatA hai ki usa samaya taka darzana yA samyagdarzana zabda zraddhA kA sUcaka nahIM thaa| yadyapi AcArAMga meM daMsaNa aura sammatadaMsI zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM kahIM bhI isakA prayoga zraddhA ke artha meM nahIM huA hai| adhika se adhika ye zabda "dRSTikoNa" yA "siddhAnta" ke artha meM prayukta huye haiM, jaise--evaM pAsagassa daMsaNaM (1 / 3 / 4) / vastutaH manovaijJAnika dRSTi se kisI bhI dhArmika Andolana meM zraddhA kA tattva usake paravartI yuga meM jabaki vaha kucha vicAroM evaM mAnyatAoM se Abaddha ho jAtA hai, adhika mahattvapUrNa bana jAtA hai| .

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62 AcArAMga meM saMzaya kA jo sthAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha dArzanika dRSTi se kAphI upayogI hai| mAnavIya jijJAsAvRtti ko mahattva dete hue to yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki "saMsaya pariAgao saMsAre parinaye (1 / 5 / 1) " arthAt saMzaya ke jJAna se hI saMsAra kA jJAna hotA hai| Aja samasta vaijJAnika jJAna ke vikAsa meM saMzaya (jijJAsA) kI paddhati ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| saMzaya kI paddhati ko Aja eka vaijJAnika paddhati ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai| jJAna ke kSetra meM pragati kA yahI ekamAtra mArga hai, jise sUtrakAra ne pUrI taraha samajhA hai| jJAna ke vikAsa kI yAtrA sandeha ( jijJAsA) se hI prArambha hotI hai, kyoMki saMzaya ke sthAna para zraddhA A gayI to vicAra kA dvAra hI banda ho jAegA, vahA~ jJAna kI pragati kaise hogI? saMzaya vicAra ke dvAra ko udghATita karatA hai / vicAra yA cintana se viveka jAgRta hotA hai, jJAna ke naye AyAma prakaTa hone lagate haiN| AcArAMga jJAna kI vikAsa yAtrA ke mUla meM sandeha ko svIkAra karake calatA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jo yAtrA sandeha se prArambha hotI hai, anta meM zraddhA taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| apanA samAdhAna pAne para sandeha kI pariNati zraddhA meM ho sakatI hai| isase ThIka viparIta samAdhAna-rahita andhazraddhA kI pariNati sandeha meM hogii| jo sandeha se calegA anta meM satya ko pAkara zraddhA taka pahu~ca jAegA, jabaki jo zraddhA se prArambha karegA vaha yA to Age koI pragati hI nahIM karegA yA phira usakI zraddhA khaNDita hokara sandeha meM pariNata ho jAyagI / yaha hai AcArAMga kI dArzanika dRSTi kA paricaya | jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 AtmA ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa AtmA ke svarUpa yA svabhAva kA vivecana karate hue sUtrakAra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai- je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se aayaa| jeNa viyANa se aayaa| taM paDucca paDisaMkhAye - 115151 isa prakAra vaha jJAna ko Atma-svabhAva yA Atma-svarUpa batAtA hai| jahA~ Adhunika manovijJAna cetanA ke jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa aise tIna lakSaNa batAtA hai, vahA~ AcArAMga kevala AtmA ke jJAna lakSaNa para bala detA hai| sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para yahI donoM meM antara pratIta hotA hai, kintu anubhUti (vedanA) aura saMkalpa yaha donoM lakSaNa zarIrAzritaddhAmA ke haiM, ataH jJAna hI prathama lakSaNa siddha hotA hai| vaise AcArAMgasUtra meM tathA paravartI jaina granthoM meM bhI manovijJAna sammata ina tInoM lakSaNoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI AcArAMgasUtra kA AtmA ke vijJAtA svarUpa para bala dene kA eka viziSTa manovaijJAnika kAraNa hai, kyoMki AtmA kI anubhUtyAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka avasthA meM pUrNataH samabhAva yA samAdhi kI upalabdhi sambhava nahIM hai, jaba taka sukha-duHkhAtmaka vedanA kI anubhUti hai yA saMkalpa-vikalpa kA cakra cala rahA hai, AtmA para bhAva meM sthita hotA hai, vitta samAdhi nahIM rahatI hai| AtmA kA svarUpa yA svabhAva dharma to samatA hai, jo kevala usake jJAtA-draSTA rUpa meM svarUpataH upalabdha hotA hai vedaka aura kartA rUpa meM vaha svarUpataH upalabdha nahIM hai| mana kA jJAna sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa nirgrantha sAdhaka ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana karate hue sUtrakAra kahatA hai jo maNaM parijANaI se niggaMdhe je maNe apAvae - 2 / 15 / 45 // jo mana ko jAnatA hai aura use apavitra nahIM hone detA hai, vahI nirgrantha hai, isa prakAra nirgrantha zramaNa kI sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai mana ko jAnanA aura dUsarA caraNa hai mana ko apavitra nahIM hona denaa| mana kI zuddhi bhI svayaM manovRttiyoM ke jJAna para nirbhara hai| mana ko jAnane kA matalaba hai andara jhAMkakara apanI manovRttiyoM ko pahacAnanA, mana kI pranthiyoM ko khojanA, yahI sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai| roga kA jJAna aura usakA nidAna usase chuTakArA pAne ke liye Avazyaka hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI manovizleSaNa vidhi meM bhI manogranthiyoM se mukta hone ke liye unako jAnanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| antardarzana aura manovizleSaNa Adhunika manovijJAna kI mahattvapUrNa vidhiyA~ haiM, AcArAMga meM unheM nirmantha sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa batAyA gayA hai| vastutaH AcArAMga kI sAdhanA apramattatA kI sAdhanA hai aura yaha apramattatA apanI cittavRttiyoM ke prati satat jAgarUkatA hai / cittavRttiyoM kA darzana samyagdarzana hai, svasvabhAva meM ramanA hai Adhunika manovijJAna jisa prakAra mAnasika svAsthya ke liye manogranthiyoM ko tor3ane kI bAta kahatA hai usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI Atmazuddhi ke lie graMthi bheda kI bAta kahatA hai / granthi, granthi-bheda aura nirgrantha zabdoM ke prayoga svayaM AcArAMga kI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ke paricAyaka haiN| vastutaH granthiyoM se mukti hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai-- gaMthehiM vivattehiM AukAlassa pArae - 118 | 8 | 11 | jo granthiyoM se rahita hai vahI nirmanya hai| nirmantha hone kA artha hai, rAga-dveSa yA Asakti rUpI gA~Tha kA khula jAnA jIvana meM andara aura bAhara se ekarUpa ho jAnA, mukhauToM kI jindagI se dUra ho jAnA, kyoMki pranthi kA nirmANa hotA hai rAgabhAva se Asakti se, mAyAcAra yA mukhauToM kI jindagI se| isa prakAra AcArAMga eka manovaijJAnika satya ko prastuta karatA haiN| AcArAMga ke anusAra bandhana aura mukti ke tatva bAharI nahIM, Antarika haiN| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki - 'baMdhapyamokkho tujjha ajjhattheva - 125|2| bandhana aura mokSa hamAre adhyavasAyoM kiMvA manovRttiyoM para nirbhara haiN| mAnasika bandhana hI vAstavika bandhana hai ve gA~TheM jinhoMne hameM bA~dha rakhA hai, ve hamAre mana kI hI gAMTheM haiN| vaha spaSTa udghoSaNA karatA hai ki - "kAmesu giddhA nicayaM kareti " 1 / 3 / 2 / kAmabhAgoM ke prati Asakti se hI bandhana kI sRSTi hotI hai| vaha gA~Tha jo hameM bA~dhatI hai, Asakti kI gAMTha hai, mamatva kI gA~Tha hai, ajJAna kI gA~Tha hai| isa Asakti se pratyutpanna hiMsA vyakti kI aura saMsAra kI sArI pIr3AoM kA mUla srota hai| yahI jIvana meM naraka kI sRSTi karatI hai, jIvana ko nArakIya banAtI hai| esa khalu gaMdhe, esa khalu mohe, esa khalu mAre, esa khalu nirae1 / 1 / 2 / AcArAMga ke anusAra viSaya bhoga ke prati jo AturatA hai, vahI samasta pIr3AoM kI jananI hai (AturA paritAveti - 1 / 1 / 2 / ) yahA~ hameM spaSTa rUpa se vizva kI samasta pIr3AoM kA eka manovaijJAnika 33 .

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AcArAMgasUtra : eka vizleSaNa vizleSaNa prApta hotA hai| sUtrakAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki-"AsaM vaha moha (avidyA) ko dekha letA hai, aura jo moha ko dekhatA hai ca chaMdaM ca vigiMca dhiire| tumaMca ceva taM sllmaahtttt-12|4| he dhIra vaha garbha (bhAvI janma) ko dekhatA hai aura jo garbha ko dekhatA hai vaha puruSa! viSaya bhogoM kI AkAMkSA aura tatsaMbaMdhI saMkalpa-vikalpoM kA janma-maraNa kI prakriyA ko dekha letA hai| isa prakAra eka kaSAya kA parityAga kro| tuma svayaM isa kA~Te ko apane anta:karaNa meM rakhakara samyak vizleSaNa usase saMbaMdhita anya kaSAyoM kA tathA unake duHkhI ho rahe ho| isa prakAra AcArAMga bandhana, pIr3A yA duHkha ke| pariNAmoM aura kAraNoM kA samyak bodha karA detA hai (1 / 3 / 4); prati eka AtmaniSTha evaM manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa prastuta karatA hai| vaha kyoMki sabhI manovRttiyA~ paraspara sApekSa hokara rahatI haiN| jahA~ moha kahatA hai-je AsavA te parissavA je parissavA, te AsavA (1 / 4 / 2) hotA hai vahA~ rAga-dveSa hote haiM, vahA~ lobha hotA hI hai| jahA~ lobhavRtti arthAt bAhara meM jo bandhana ke nimitta haiM ve bhI kabhI mukti ke nimitta hotI hai vahA~ mAyA yA kapaTAcAra A hI jAtA hai| jahA~ kapaTAcAra bana jAte haiN| isakA Azaya yahI hai ki bandhana aura mukti kA sArA hotA hai vahA~ usake pIche mAna yA ahaMkAra kA prazna jur3A rahatA khela sAdhaka ke aMtaraMga bhAvoM para AdhArita hai| yadi isI prazna para hai aura jahA~ mAna yA ahaMkAra hotA hai usake sAtha krodha jur3A rahatA hama Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yaha pAte haiM ki hai| rAga ke binA dveSa kA aura dveSa ke binA rAga kA TikAva nahIM Adhunika manovikRtiyoM ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue spaSTa rUpa hai| isI prakAra krodha kA TikAva ahaMkAra para aura ahaMkAra kA TikAva se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki AkAMkSAoM kA uccastara hI mana meM kuNThAoM mAyAcAra para, mAyAcAra kA TikAva lobha para nirbhara karatA hai| koI ko utpanna karatA hai aura una kuNThAoM ke kAraNa manogranthiyoM kI racanA bhI kaSAya dUsarI kaSAya se pUrI taraha nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha sakatI hotI hai, jo antatogatvA vyakti meM manovikRtiyoM ko utpanna hai, ata: kisI eka kaSAya kA samagra bhAva se vijetA sabhI karatI hai| kaSAyoM kA vijetA bana jAtA hai aura eka kA draSTA sabhI kA draSTA bana jAtA hai| manovRttiyoM kI sApekSatA AcArAMgasUtra meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga (prema), dveSa, moha kavAya-vijaya kA upAya : draSTA yA sAkSIbhAva Adi kI paraspara kI sApekSatA ko sUcita karate hue yaha batAyA gayA AcArAMga meM muni aura amuni kA antara spaSTa karate hue hai ki jo inameM se kisI eka ko bhI samyak prakAra jAna letA hai batAyA gayA hai ki jo sotA hai, vaha amuni hai, jo jAgatA hai vaha vaha anya sabhI ko jAna letA hai aura jo eka para pUrNa vijaya prApta muni hai| yahA~ jAgane kA tAtparya hai apane prati, apanI manovRttiyoM kara letA hai, vaha anya sabhI para vijaya prApta kara letA hai| ke prati sajaga honA yA apramattacetA honA hai| prazna ho sakatA hai ki (je egaM jANai se savvaM jANai, je savvaM jANai se egaM jANai, je apramattacetA yA sajaga honA kyoM Avazyaka hai? vastuta: jaba egaM nAme se bahuM nAme je bahuM nAme se egaM naame-13|4) Azcarya vyakti apane antara meM jhA~kakara apanI vRttiyoM kA draSTA banatA hai to yahI hai ki abhI taka ina sUtroM ke tattvamImAMsIya yA jJAnamImAMsIya durvicAra aura duSpavRttiyA~ svayaM vilIna hotI jAtI haiN| jaba ghara kA artha lagAye gaye aura inake manovaijJAnika sandarbha ko ojhala kiyA mAlika jAgatA hai to cora praveza nahIM karate haiM, usI prakAra jo gayA, jabaki ye sUtra vizuddha rUpa se manovaijJAnika haiM, kyoMki isa sAdhaka sajaga haiM, apramatta haiM, to unameM kaSAyeM panapa nahIM sakatIM, uddezaka kA sampUrNa sandarbha kaSAyoM se sambandhita hai, jo manovijJAna kyoMki kaSAya svayaM pramAda hai, tathA pramAda aura apramAda eka sAtha kA viSaya hai| ina kaSAyoM ke duzcakra se vahI mukta ho sakatA hai, jo nahIM raha sakate haiN| ata: apramAda hone para kaSAya panapa nahIM apramatta cetA hai, kyoMki jaise hI vyakti inake prati sajaga banatA hai, skte| AcArAMgasUtra meM bAra-bAra kahA gayA hai,-'tU dekha' "tU dekha inake kAraNoM aura pariNAmoM ko dekhane lagatA hai, vaha manovRttiyoM ke (pAsa! paas!)| yahA~ dekhane kA tAtparya hai apane prati yA apanI vRttiyoM pArasparika sambandha spaSTa hote hue pAtA hai| jaba vyakti krodha ko dekhatA ke prati sajaga honaa| kyoMki jo draSTA hai, vahI nirupAdhika dazA ko hai, to krodha ke kAraNabhUta dveSabhAva aura dveSa ke kAraNabhUta rAgabhAva prApta ho sakatA hai (kimasthi uvAhI pAsagassa, Na vijjai? natthi ko bhI dekha letA hai| jaba vaha ahaM yA mAna kA draSTA banatA hai, to 1 / 3 / 4) / ahaM kI tuSTi ke liye mAyAvI mukhauToM kA jIvana bhI usake sAmane vastuta: AtmA jaba apane zuddha jJAtA svarUpa meM avasthita hotI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| sUtrakAra ne pUrI spaSTatA ke sAtha isa bAta ko prastuta hai, saMsAra ke samasta padArtha hI nahIM varan usakI apanI cittavRttiyA~ kiyA ki kisa prakAra kisI eka manovRtti (kavAya) kA draSTA dUsarI aura manobhAva bhI use 'para' (sva se bhinna) pratIta hote haiN| jaba vaha sabhI sApekSa rUpa meM rahI huI manovRttiyoM kA draSTA bana jAtA hai| vaha 'para' ko 'para' ke rUpa meM jAna letA hai aura usase apanI pRthakatA kahatA hai-jo krodha ko dekhatA hai, vaha mAna (aMhakAra) ko dekha letA kA bodha kara letA haiM taba vaha apane zuddha jJAyaka svarUpa ko jAnakara hai| jo mAna ko dekhatA hai vaha mAyA (kapaTavRtti) ko dekha letA hai| usameM avasthita ho jAtA hai| yahI vaha avasara hotA hai, jaba mukti jo mAyA ko dekhatA hai vaha lobha ko dekha letA hai| jo lobha ko kA dvAra udghATita hotA hai, kyoMki jisane 'para' ko 'para' ke rUpa dekhatA hai vaha rAga-dveSa ko dekha letA hai| jo rAga-dveSa ko dekhatA hai, meM jAna liyA hai usake lie mamatva yA rAga ke lie koI sthAna hI

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64 jaina vidyA ke nahIM rahatA hai| rAga ke gira jAne para vItarAgatA kA prakaTana hotA hai, aura mukti kA dvAra khula jAtA hai| mana ke pavitrIkaraNa kI manovaijJAnika vidhi citta ko apavitra nahIM hone dene ke liye mana kI vRttiyoM ko dekhanA jarUrI hai, kyoMki yaha mana ko duSpravRttiyoM se bacAne kI eka manovaijJAnika paddhati hai Adhunika manovijJAna ke anusAra mana eka hI samaya meM draSTA aura kartA kI do bhUmikAoM kA nirvAha nahIM kara sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vaha apane krodha kA kartA evaM draSTA eka sAtha nahIM ho sktaa| mana jaba kartA se draSTA kI bhUmikA meM AtA hai to manovikAra svayaM vilIna hone lagate haiM mana to svataH hI vAsanA aura vikAra se mukta ho jAtA hai| isaliye kahA gayA hai - appamatto kAmehiM uvarato - 112 / 1 / savvato pamattassa bhayaM-- appamattassa natthi bhayaM - 1 / 3 / 4 / jo apramatta hai vaha kAmanAoM se aura pApa karmoM se uparata hai, pramatta ko hI viSaya vikAra meM pha~sane kA bhaya hai apramata ko nahIM / apramattatA yA samyagdraSTA kI avasthA meM pApa karma asambhava ho jAtA hai, isIliye kahA gayA hai-- sammattadaMsI na karei paavN1|3|2 arthAt samyagdraSTA koI pApa nahIM karatA hai AcArAMga meM mana ko jAnane athavA apramatta cetanA kI jo bAta bAra-bAra kahI gaI hai, vaha mana ko vAsanAmukta karane kA yA mana ke pavitrIkaraNa kA eka aisA upAya hai jisakI prAmANikatA Adhunika manovijJAna ke prayogoM se siddha ho cukI hai| jaba sAdhaka apramatta cetanA se yukta hokara draSTAbhAva meM sthita hotA hai taba sArI vAsanAyeM aura sAre Avega svataH zithila ho jAte haiN| isI prakAra anyatra yaha kahakara ki "AyaMkadaMsI na karei pArva - 103 / 2 / " punaH eka manovaijJAnika satya ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| jo apanI pIr3A yA vedanA ko dekha letA hai usake liye pApa karma meM pha~sanA eka manovaijJAnika asambhAvanA bana jAtI hai| jaba vyakti pApakarma yA hiMsA janita pIr3A kA svayaM AtmaniSTha rUpa meM anubhava karatA hai, hiMsA karanA usake liye asambhava ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sUtrakAra pApa se virata hone ke lie manovaijJAnika satvoM para adhiSThita paddhati prastuta karatA hai| - dharma kI manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA AcArAMga meM ahiMsA, samAdhi aura prajJA ko mokSamArga kahA gayA hai| isameM ahiMsA ko pUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| yahA~ sAdhanA kA krama andara se bAhara kI ora na hokara bAhara se andara kI ora hai, jo adhika manovaijJAnika hai| ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke dvArA jaba taka pariveza evaM cittavRtti nirAkula nahIM banegI, samAdhi nahIM hogI aura jaba taka samAdhi nahIM AegI prajJA kA udaya nahIM hogaa| isa sandarbha meM AcArAMga ke dRSTikoNa meM aura paravartI jaina darzana ke dRSTikoNa meM spaSTa antara hai| vaha AcAra-zuddhi se vicAra-zuddhi kI ora bar3hatA hai| AcArAMga meM dharma kyA hai? isake do nirdeza hameM upalabdha hote haiN| prathama zrutaskandha ke caturtha adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka ke prArambha AyAma khaNDa 6 meM ahiMsA ko zAzvata, meM ahiMsA ko zAzvata, nitya aura zuddha dharma kahA gayA hai, (savve bhUyA, savve jIvA savve sattA na haMtavvA---esa dhamme suddhe, niie, sAsae samicca loye kheyaNNehiM paveie - 1 / 4 / 1) aura prathama zrutaskandha ke AThaveM adhyAya ke tIsare uddezaka meM samatA ko dharma kahA gayA hai. samiyA dhamme AriyehiM paveie (1 / 8 / 3) vastutaH dharma kI ye do vyAkhyAe~ do dRSTikoNoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| ahiMsA vyAvahArika samAja sApekSa dharma hai, jabaki vaiyaktika evaM Antarika dRSTi se samabhAva hI dharma hai| saiddhAMtika dRSTi se ahiMsA aura samabhAva meM abheda hai. kintu vyAvahArika dRSTi se ve alaga haiN| samabhAva kI bAhya abhivyakti ahiMsA bana jAtI hai aura yahI ahiMsA jaba svakendrita (svadayA) hotI hai to samabhAva bana jAtI hai| samatva yA samatA dharma kyoM? yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki samatA ko dharma kyoM mAnA jAve? jaina paramparA ke paravartI granthoM meM dharma kI vyAkhyA 'vatyu-sahAvo dhammo' ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai, ataH samatA ko tabhI dharma mAnA jA sakatA hai jabaki vaha prANIya svabhAva siddha ho jAve, jarA isa prazna para manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra kreN| jaina darzana meM mAnava prakRti evaM prANIya prakRti kA gahana vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| mahAvIra se jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki AtmA kyA hai ? AtmA kA sAdhya yA Adarza kyA hai? taba mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA thA vaha Aja bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se satya hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- AtmA samatva rUpa hai aura samatva hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai ( AyAe sAmAie AyA sAmAissa aTThe- bhagavatIsUtra ) / vastutaH jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, cetanA hai, vahA~ samatva ke saMsthApana ke anavarata prayAsa cala rahe haiN| parivezajanya viSamatAoM ko dUra kara samatva ke liye prayAsazIla bane, yaha jIvana yA cetanA kA mUla svabhAva hai| zArIrika evaM mAnasika stara para samatva kA saMsthApana hI jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM 'jIvana gatizIla santulana hai' (jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR0 259) / spensara ke anusAra pariveza meM nihita tathya jIvana ke saMtulana ko bhaMga karate rahate haiM aura jIvana apanI kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA punaH isa saMtulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| yaha saMtulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai (phasTa priMsipalsa - spensara, pR066) / vikAsavAdiyoM ne ise hI astitva ke liye saMgharSa kahA hai, kintu merI apanI dRSTi meM ise astitva ke liye saMgharSa kahane kI apekSA samatva ke saMsthApana kA prayAsa kahanA hI adhika ucita hai| samatva ke saMsthApana evaM samAyojana kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa lakSaNa hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM samabhAva yA vItarAga dazA ko hI naitika jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| yaha bAta manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratI hai| saMgharSa nahIM, apitu samatva hI jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yahI hamArA svabhAva hai aura jo sva svabhAva hai vahI Adarza hai| svabhAva se bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai / .

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AcArAMgasUtra : eka vizleSaNa spensara, DArvina evaM Armsa prabhRti kucha pAzcAtya vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiM, lekina yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA svabhAva vaha hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra nitya aura nirapavAda vastudharma hI svabhAva hai| yadi hama ise kasauTI para kase to saMgharSa evaM tanAva jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotA hai / dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya svabhAva saMgharSa hai, mAnavIya itihAsa varga saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai| saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai| kintu yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai, to phira dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhatA hai, saMgharSa miTAne ke lie hotA hai| jo miTAne kI, nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, kyA use svabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai? saMgharSa yadi mAnava itihAsa kA eka tathya hai to vaha usake doSoM kA itihAsa hai, usake svabhAva kA itihAsa nahIM / mAnava svabhAva saMgharSa nahIM, saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI sAdhanA hai, kyoMki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie ho rahe haiN| saMgharSa athavA samatva se vicalana jIvana meM pAye jAte haiM, lekina ve jIvana ke svabhAva nahIM haiM, kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unako samApta karane kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai| samatA kI upalabdhi hI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvana kA sAdhya hai| kAmanA, Asakti, rAga-dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI mAnasika asaMtulana evaM tanAva kI avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiN| ataH AcArAMga meM inheM azubha mAnA gayA hai| isake viparIta vAsanAzUnya vitarkazUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta, vItarAga avasthA hI jIvana kA Adarza hai kyoMki vaha samatva kI sthiti hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hamAre cetana samatva ko bhaMga karatI haiM, ataH unase Upara uThakara vItarAgatA kI avasthA ko prApta kara lenA hI sacce samatva kI avasthA hai| vastutaH samatva kI upalabdhi AcArAMga aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM kI dRSTi se mAnava jIvana kA sAdhya mAnI jA sakatI hai aura jo jIvana kA sAdhya evaM svabhAva ho, vahI dharma kahA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki jo samatA ko jAnatA hai vahI muni dharma ko jAnatA hai| AcArAMga meM ahiMsA kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para hI sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ahiMsA ko arhat-pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama hameM vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jaaye| sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai (savve pANA piAuyA suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA - 1 / 2 / 3), ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA 65 ko sthApita kiyA hai| yadyapi mekaeNjI ne "bhaya" ko ahiMsA kA AdhAra mAnA hai, kintu usakI yaha dhAraNA galata hai, kyoMki bhaya ke siddhAnta ko yadi ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAyegA to vyakti kevala sabala kI hiMsA se virata hogA, nirbala kI hiMsA se nahIM bhaya ko AdhAra mAnane para to jisase bhaya hogA usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi banegI, jabaki AcArAMga to prANiyoM ke prati yahA~ taka ki vanaspati, jala aura pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka hone kI bAta karatA hai| ataH AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM, apati jijIviSA aura sukhAkAMkSA ke manovaijJAnika satyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA gayA hai| punaH ahiMsA ko ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha-sAtha tulyatA bodha ke bauddhika siddhAnta para khar3A kiyA gyaa| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki 'je ajjhatthaM jANar3a se bahiyA jANai...evaM tullamannesiM'- 1 / 1 / 7 / jo apanI pIr3A ko jAna pAtA hai vahI tulyA bodha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| yaha prANIya pIr3A kI tulyatA bodha ke AdhAra para hone vAlA AtmasaMvedana hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai sUtrakAra to ahiMsA ke isa siddhAnta ko adhika gaharAI taka adhiSThita karane ke prayAsa svarUpa yahA~ taka kaha detA hai ki jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, satAnA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai (AcArAMga 115/5) | Age kahatA hai ki jo loga (loka) kA apalApa karatA hai vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA apalApa karatA hai (AcArAMga 1 / 1 / 3) / yahA~ ahiMsA ko adhika gahana manovaijJAnika AdhAra dene ke prayAsa meM vaha jaina darzana ke AtmA sambandhI anekAtmavAda ke sthAna para ekAtmavAda kI bAta karatA sA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki yahA~ vaha isa manovaijJAnika satya ko dekha rahA hai ki kevala AtmabhAva meM hiMsA asambhava ho sakatI hai jaba taka dUsare ke prati para buddhi hai, parAyepana kA bhAva hai, taba taka hiMsA kI sambhAvanAe~ upasthita haiN| vyakti ke lie hiMsA tabhI asambhava ho sakatI hai jaba usameM prANI jagat ke prati apanatva yA AtmIya dRSTi jAgRta ho / ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie jo manovaijJAnika bhUmikA apekSita thI use thI use prastuta karane meM sUtrakAra ne AtmA kI vaiyaktikatA kI dhAraNA kA bhI atikramaNa kara use abheda kI dhAraNA para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| hiMsA ke nirAkaraNa ke prayAsa meM bhI sUtrakAra ne eka ora isa manovaijJAnika satya ko ujAgara kiyA hai ki hiMsA se hiMsA yA ghRNA se ghRNA kA nirAkaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai-zastroM ke AdhAra para yA bhaya aura hiMsA ke AdhAra para zAnti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki eka zastra kA pratikAra dUsare zastra ke dvArA sambhava hai / zAnti kI sthApanA to ahiMsA yA prema dvArA hI sambhava hai, kyoMki azastra se bar3hakara kucha anya nahIM hai ( AcArAMga, hai (AcArAMga 1 / 3 / 4 ) 1. " AcArAMga meM mAnavIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva sAmAnyatayA rAga aura dveSa ye do karma-bIja mAne gaye haiM, kintu inameM bhI rAga hI pramukha tathya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki .

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66 Asakti hI karma kA preraka tathya hai ( 1 / 3 / 2) / AcArAMga aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM hI isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki mAnavIya vyavahAra kA mUlabhUta preraka tattva vAsanA yA kAma hai| phira bhI AcArAMga aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM meM vAsanA ke mUlabhUta prakAra kitane haiM, isa sambandha meM koI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM milatI hai| pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM jahA~ phrAyaDa kAma yA rAga ko hI ekamAtra mUla preraka mAnate haiM, vahIM dUsare vicArakoM ne mUlabhUta prerakoM kI saMkhyA sau taka mAnI hai| phira bhI pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM sAmAnyatayA nimna 14 mUla pravRttiyA~ mAnI gaI hai jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 1. palAyanavRtti (bhaya) 2. ghRNA, 3. jijJAsA, 4. AkrAmakatA (krodha), 5. Atmagaurava (mAna), 6. AtmahInatA, 7. mAtRtva kI saMpreraNA, 8. samUha bhAvanA, 9 saMgrahavRtti 10. racanAtmakatA, 11. bhojanAnveSaNa, 12. kAma, 13, zaraNAgati aura 14. hAsya (Amoda) / AcArAMgasUtra meM bhaya, jijJAsA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga-dveSa, AtmIyatA, hAsya Adi kA yatra-tatra bikharA huA ullekha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta hiMsA ke kAraNoM kA nirdeza karate hue kucha karma prerakoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| yathA jIvana jIne ke liye, prazaMsA aura mAna-sammAna pAne ke lie, janma-maraNa se chuTakArA pAne ke lie tathA zArIrika evaM mAnasika duHkhoM kI nivRtti hetu prANI hiMsA karatA hai (1|1|4) | AcArAMga kA sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa Adhunika manovijJAna hameM yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sukha sadaiva anukUla isalie hotA hai ki usakA jIvana zakti ko banAye rakhane kI dRSTi se daihika mUlya hai aura du:kha isalie pratikUla hotA hai ki vaha jIvana zakti kA isa karatA hai| yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka hai| AcArAMga bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karatA hai (AcArAMga, 1 / 2 / 3) / anukUla ke prati AkarSaNa aura pratikUla ke prati vikarSaNa, yaha indriya svabhAva hai| anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti, pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai, kyoMki sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hotA hai| vastutaH prANI sukha ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hai| vAsanA hI apane vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai, jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkha / isa prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra kA niyamana karane lagate haiN| damana kA pratyaya aura AcArAMga sAmAnyatayA AcArAMga meM indriyasaMyama para kAphI bala diyA gayA hai vaha to zarIra ko sukhA DAlane kI bAta bhI kahatA hai| lekina prazna yaha hai ki kyA pUrNa indriya-nirodha sambhava hai? Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se indriya vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asvAbhAvika tathya hai| A~kha ke samakSa jaba usakA viSaya prastuta hotA hai to vaha usake saundarya darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sktii| bhojana karate samaya svAda ko asvIka nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki indriya damana ke sambandha meM kyA AcArAMga kA dRSTikoNa Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se sahamata hai? AcArAMga isa prazna kA uttara dete hue yahI bAta kahatA hai ki indriya vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM, varan viSaya sevana ke mUla meM jo nihita rAga-dveSa haiM unheM samApta karanA hai| isa sambandha meM usameM jo manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zakya nahIM ki kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAe~, ataH zabdoM kA nahIM, zabdoM ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM ki AMkhoM ke sAmane vAlA acchA yA burA rUpa na dekhA jAye ataH rUpa kA nahIM, apitu rUpa ke prati jAgRta hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki nAsikA ke samakSa AyI huI sugandha su~ghane meM na Ae ataH gandha kI nahIM, kintu gandha ke prati Ane vAle rAgadveSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki jIbha para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM na aaye| ataH rasa kA nahIM kintu rasa ke prati jAgane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA cAhiye / yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra se samparka hone vAle acche yA bure sparza kI anubhUti na ho / ataH sparza nahIM, kintu sparza ke prati jAgane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA cAhiye (AcArAMga 2 / 15 / 101-105) / uttarAdhyayana meM bhI isakI puSTi kI gaI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ke manoja athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| ye viSaya rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, vItarAgiyoM ke bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| kAma bhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI ko mukta hI kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai (uttarAdhyayana 32 / 100 101) jaina darzana ke anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga aupazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai / aupazamika mArga kA artha vAsanAoM kA damana hai| icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga aupazamika mArga hai| Adhunika manovaijJAnika kI dRSTi meM yaha damana kA mArga hai, jabaki kSAyika mArga vAsanAoM ke nirasana kA mArga hai / vaha vAsanAoM se Upara uThAtA hai| yaha damana nahIM, apitu citta vizuddhi hai| damana to mAnasika gandagI ko Dhakane mAtra meM hai aura jaina darzana isa prakAra ke damana ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se batAyA hai| ki vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Ane vAlI sAdhanA vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM se anivAryatayA padacyuta ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana bhI Adhunika manovaijJAnika ke samAna hI damana ko sAdhanA kA saccA mArga nahIM mAnatA hai| usake anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga .

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AcArAMgasUtra : eka vizleSaNa karatA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki saMkSepa meM AtmA, punarjanma, karma, bandhana, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA aura mukti ina saba avadhAraNAoM ko cAhe saMkSepa meM hI kyoM na sahI, svIkAra karake calatA hai phira bhI uparyukta vivecana se itanA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki AcArAMga, darzana ke sambandha meM kevala unhIM tathyoM ko rakhanA cAhatA hai jo usake AcAra- zAstra kI pUrva mAnyatA ke lie aparihArya hai| jainadharma kA jo vikasita tattvajJAna hai usakA usameM abhAva hI dekhA jAtA hai, jIva aura pudrala ko chor3akara AkAza, dharma, adharma aura kAla kI usameM koI svatantra vyAkhyA nhiiN| vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, apatu unase Upara uTha jAnA hai| vaha indriya nigraha nahIM, apitu aindrika anubhUtiyoM meM bhI mana kI vItarAgatA yA samatva kI avasthA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki AcArAMgasUtra apanI vivecanAoM meM manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para khar3A huA hai| uttama AcAra ke jo niyamaupaniyama banAye gaye haiM, ve bhI usakI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ke paricAyaka haiM, kintu yahA~ una sabakI gaharAiyoM meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi isa sampUrNa vivecanA kA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki AcArAMga meM jo kucha kahA gayA, vaha sabhI manovaijJAnika satyoM para AdhArita hai ahiMsA, samatA aura anAsakti ke jo Adarza usameM prastuta kiye gae haiM, ve cAhe manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para adhiSThita hoM, kintu unakI jIvana meM pUrNa upalabdhi kI saMbhAvanAoM para manovaijJAnika dRSTi se hI prazna cihna bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| ye Adarza ke rUpa meM cAhe kitane hI suhAvane hoM, kintu mAnava jIvana meM inakI vyAvahArika sambhAvanA kitanI hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya bana sakatA hai phira bhI mAnavIya durbalatA ke AdhAra para unase vimukha honA ucita nahIM hogaa| kyoMki inake dvArA hI na kevala manuSya kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hogA, apatu loka maMgala kI bhAvanA bhI sAkAra bana skegii| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita tattvajJAna jaisA ki hama saMketa kara cuke haiM ki AcArAMga mUlataH darzana kA grantha na hokara AcAra zAstra kA grantha hai phira bhI aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki usameM darzana ke tattvoM kA pUrNataH abhAva hai| AcArAMga kA prArambha hI eka pAriNAmika nitya AtmA kI avadhAraNA se hotA hai| AcArAMga AtmA aura punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karake calatA hai| vaha karma kI avadhAraNA ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai tathA yaha mAnatA hai ki karma hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| yadi hama sUkSmatA se dekheM to usameM karma ko paugalika mAnakara karma zarIra kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai, aura sAdhaka ko kahA gayA hai ki vaha karma zarIra kA hI vidhUnana kre| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM Azrava, saMvara aura prakArAntara se nirjarA kI vyavasthAyeM bhI upalabdha ho jAtI haiN| AcArAMga muktAtmA ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kI bhI aupaniSadika zailI meM vyAkhyA * 67 AcArAMga ke AcAra - niyama jahA~ taka AcArAMga meM pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai mUlataH ve sabhI niyama ahiMsA ke kendra meM rakhakara banAye gaye haiN| AcArAMga ke AcAra niyamoM kA kendrabindu ahiMsA kA paripAlana hI hai| jIvana meM ahiMsA aura anAsakti ko kisa caramasImA taka apanAyA jA sakatA hai isakA Adarza hameM AcArAMga meM dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| AcArAMga ke do zrutaskandhoM meM jahA~ prathama zrutaskandha AcAra ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM ko prastuta karatA hai vahA~ dvitIya zrutaskandha usake vyavahAra pakSa ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| vidvAnoM ne AcArAMga ke dUsare zrutaskandha ko prathama zrutaskandha kI vyAvahArika vyAkhyA hI mAnA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM mUlataH ahiMsA, anAsakti tathA kaSAyoM aura vAsanAoM ke vijaya kA sUtra rUpa meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai| jabaki dUsare zrutaskandha meM inase Upara uThakara kaisA jIvana jiyA jA sakatA hai isakA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| dUsarA zrutaskandha mUlataH muni jIvana meM bhojana, vastra, pAtra Adi sAmAnya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kisa prakAra kI jAya isakA vistAra se vivecana karatA hai| isa zrutaskandha kA antima bhAga jahA~ eka ora mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta prastuta karatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora yaha indriya vijaya kI manovaijJAnika prakriyA para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai| yadyapi AcArAMga kA AcArapakSa vyAvahArika dRSTi se kaThora kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu usameM sAdhanA ke jisa Adarza svarUpa kA citraNa hai, usake mUlya ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| .

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rAmaputta yA rAmagupta sUtrakRtAGga ke sandarbha meM ? : sUtrakRtAGga ke tRtIya adhyayana meM kucha mahApuruSoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| unameM rAmagutta ( rAmaputta) kA bhI nAma AtA hai|" DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' ne 'sama ethikala aispeTsa oNpha mahAyAna buddhijma aija DipikTeDa ina sUtrakRtAGga' nAmaka apane nibandha meM sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagupta kI pahacAna samudragupta ke jyeSTha putra ke rUpa meM kI hai|" samudragupta ke jyeSTha putra rAmagupta ne candraprabha puSpadanta evaM padmaprabha kI pratimAe~ pratiSThita karavAI thI, isa tathya kI puSTi vidizA ke purAtAttvika saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha ina tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyoM se hotI hai| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki rAmagupta eka jaina nareza thA, jisakI hatyA usake hI anuja candragupta vikramAditya ne kara dI thI kintu sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagupta kI pahacAna gupta samrAT samudragupta ke putra rAmagupta se karane para hamAre sAmane aneka prazna upasthita hote haiM sabase pramukha prazna to yaha hai ki isa AdhAra para sUtrakRtAGga kI racanA tithi IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha evaM pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha taka calI jAtI hai, jabaki bhASA, zailI evaM viSayavastu sabhI AdhAroM para sUtrakRtAGga IsA pUrva kI racanA siddha hotA hai| sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagupta kI pahacAna samudragupta ke putra se karane para yA to hameM sUtrakRtAGga ko paravartI racanA mAnanA hogA athavA phira yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagupta samudragupta kA putra rAmagupta na hokara koI anya rAmagupta hai| hamArI dRSTi meM yaha dUsarA vikalpa hI adhika yuktisaGgata hai| isa bAta ke bhI yatheSTa pramANa haiM ki ukta rAmagupta kI pahacAna itibhAsiyAI rAmaputta athavA pAli sAhitya ke udakarAmaputta se kI jA sakatI jinakA ullekha hama Age kreNge| ke sarvaprathama hameM sUtrakRtAGga meM jisa prasaGga meM rAmagupta kA nAma AyA hai, usa sandarbha para bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA hogaa| sUtrakRtAGga meM nami, bAhuka, tArAyaNa (nArAyaNa), asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi RSiyoM kI carcA ke prasaGga meM hI rAmagupta kA nAma AyA hai|" ina gAthAoM meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki nami ne AhAra kA parityAga karake, rAmagupta ne AhAra karake, bAhuka aura nArAyaNa RSi ne sacitta jala kA upabhoga karate hue tathA devala, dvaipAyana evaM pArAzara ne va evaM bIjoM kA upabhoga karate hue muktilAbha prApta kiyaa| sAtha hI yahA~ ina sabako pUrvamahApuruSa evaM lokasammata bhI batAyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha samagra ullekha una logoM ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jo ina mahApuruSoM kA udAharaNa dekara apane zithilAcAra kI puSTi karanA cAhate haiN| isa sandarbha meM "iha sammatA" zabda vizeSa draSTavya hai| yadi hama "iha sammatA" kA artha- jina pravacana yA arhat-pravacana meM sammata - aisA karate haiM, to hameM yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki arhat-pravacana - 7 meM inakA kahA~ ullekha hai aura kisa nAma se ullekha hai ? isibhAsiyAiM meM inameM se adhikAMza kA ullekha hai, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki vahA~ rAmagupta na hokara rAmaputta zabda hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagutta samudragupta kA putra na hokara rAmaputta nAmaka koI arhat RSi thaa| yahA~ yaha bhI prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha rAmaputta kauna thA? pAli sAhitya meM hameM rAmaputa kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai usakA pUrA nAma 'udakarAmaputta' hai| mahAvastu evaM divyAvadAna meM use udraka kahA gayA hai / aGguttaranikAya ke vassakArasUtra meM rAjA illeya ke aGgarakSaka yamaka evaM moggala ko rAmaputta kA anuyAyI batAyA gayA hai|' majjhimanikAya, saMyuttanikAya aura dIghanikAya meM bhI udakarAmaputta kA ullekha hai| jAtaka meM ullekha hai ki buddha ne udakarAmaputa se dhyAna kI prakriyA sIkhI thI / yadyapi unhoMne usakI mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA bhI kI hai-- phira bhI unake mana meM usake prati bar3A Adara thA aura jJAna prApti ke bAda unheM dharma ke upadeza yogya mAnakara unakI talAza kI thI, kintu taba taka unakI mRtyu ho cukI thii| 10 ina sabhI AdhAroM se yaha spaSTa hai ki sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmaputta (rAmagutta) vastutaH pAli sAhitya meM varNita udakarAmaputta ho hai-- anya koI nhiiN| udakarAmaputta kI sAdhanA paddhati dhyAna pradhAna aura madhyamArgI thI, aisA bhI pAli sAhitya se siddha hotA hai| " sUtrakRtAGga meM bhI unheM AhAra karate hue mukti prApta karane vAlA batAkara isI bAta kI puSTi kI gaI hai ki vaha kaThora tapa sAdhanA kA samarthaka na hokara madhyamamArga kA samarthaka thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki buddha kA usake prati jhukAva thaa| punaH sUtrakRtAGga meM inheM pUrvamahApuruSa kahA gayA hai| yadi sUtrakRtAna ke rAmagupta kI pahacAna samudragupta ke putra rAmagupta se karate haiM to sUtrakRtAGga kI tithi kitanI bhI Age le jAyI jAya, kintu kisI bhI sthiti meM vaha usameM pUrvakAlika RSi ke rUpa meM ullikhita nahIM ho sktaa| sAtha hI sAtha yadi sUtrakRtAGga kA rAmagupta samudragupta kA putra rAmagupta hai to usane siddhi prApti kI, aisA kahanA bhI jaina dRSTi se upayukta nahIM hogA, kyoMki IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI taka jainoM meM yaha spaSTa dhAraNA bana cukI thI ki jambU ke bAda koI bhI siddhi ko prApta nahIM kara sakA hai, jabaki mUla gAthA meM 'siddhA' vizeSaNa spaSTa hai| punaH rAmagupta kA ullekha bAhuka ke pUrva aura nami ke bAda hai, isase bhI lagatA hai ki rAmagupta kA astitva ina donoM ke kAla ke madhya hI honA caahie| bAhuka kA ullekha isibhAsiyAI meM hai aura isibhAsivAI kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA pUrva kI hI racanA siddha hotA hai| ataH sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmagupta samudragupta kA putra nahIM ho sakatA / pAli sAhitya meM bhI hameM 'bAhiya' yA 'bAhika' kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai, jisane buddha se cAra smRti prasthAnoM kA upadeza prApta kara unakI sAdhanA ke dvArA arhat pada ko prApta kiyA thaa| pAli tripiTaka

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rAmaputta yA rAmagupta : sUtrakRtAGga ke sandarbha meM 69 se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bAhiya yA bAhika pUrva meM svatantra rUpa se sAdhanA karatA thaa| bAda meM usane buddha se dIkSA grahaNa kara arhat-pada prApta kiyA thaa| cU~ki bAhika buddha kA samakAlIna thA, ata: bAhika se thor3e pUrvavartI rAmaputta the| punaH rAmagutta, bAhuka, devala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi jaina paramparA ke RSi nahIM rahe haiM, yadyapi nami ke vairAgya-prasaGga kA ullekha uttarAdhyayana meM hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM jinake vicAroM kA saGkalana huA hai, unameM pArzva Adi ke eka do apavAdoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI RSi nirgrantha paramparA (jaina dharma) se sambandhita nahIM haiN| isibhAsiyAI aura sUtrakRtAGga donoM se hI rAmagutta (rAmaputta) kA ajaina honA hI siddha hotA hai, na ki jain| jabaki samudragupta kA jyeSThaputra rAmagupta spaSTa rUpa se eka jaina dharmAvalambI nareza hai| sambhavata: DaoN0 bhAgacandra apane pakSa kI siddhi isa AdhAra para karanA cAheM ki sUtrakRtAGga kI mUla gAthAoM meM "putta' zabda na hokara "gutta" zabda hai aura sUtrakRtAGga ke TIkAkAra zIlAGka ne bhI use rAmagupta hI kahA hai, rAmaputta nahIM, sAtha hI use rAjarSi bhI kahA gayA hai, ata: use rAjA honA caahie| kintu hamArI dRSTi se ye tarka bahuta sabala nahIM haiN| prathama to yaha ki rAjarSi vizeSaNa nami evaM rAmagupta (rAmaputta) donoM ke sambandha meM lAgU ho sakatA hai aura yaha bhI sambhava hai ki nami ke samAna rAmaputta bhI koI rAjA rahA ho, jisane bAda meM zramaNa dIkSA aGgIkAra kara lI hai| punaH hama yadi cUrNi kI ora jAte haiM, jo zIlAGka ke vivaraNa kI pUrvavartI hai, usameM spaSTa rUpa se 'rAmAutte' aisA pATha hai, na ki 'raamgutte'| isa AdhAra para bhI rAmaputta (rAmaputra) kI avadhAraNA susaGgata baiThatI hai| isibhAsiyAiM kI bhUmikA meM bhI sUtrakRtAGga ke TIkAkAra zIlAGka ne jo rAmagupta pATha diyA hai, use asaGgata batAte hue zubriGga ne 'rAmaputta' isa pATha kA hI samarthana kiyA hai| 13 yadyapi sthAnAGgasUtra ke anusAra antakRddadazA ke tIsare adhyayana kA nAma 'rAmagutte' hai| kintu prathama to vartamAna antakRddazAGga meM upalabdha adhyayana isase bhinna hai, dUsare yaha bhI sambhava hai ki kisI samaya yaha adhyayana rahA hogA aura usameM rAmapatta se sambandhita vivaraNa rahA hogA- yahA~ bhI TIkAkAra kI bhrAntivaza hI 'putta' ke sthAna para gutta ho gayA hai|4 TIkAkAroM ne mUla pAThoM meM aise parivartana kiye haiN| ina saba AdhAroM para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki sUtrakRtAGga meM ullikhita rAmaputta (rAmagupta) samudragupta kA jyeSTha putra rAmagupta na hokara pAli tripiTaka sAhitya meM evaM isibhAsiyAI meM ullikhita rAmaputta hI hai, jisase buddha ne dhyAna-prakriyA sIkhI thii| saMdarbha 1. Ahesu mahApurisA puvviM tattatavodhaNA / udaeNa siddhimAvanA tattha maMdo visiiyti|| abhuMjiyA namI videhI rAmagupte ya bhuMjiyA bAhue udagaM bhoccA tahA nArAyaNe risI Asile devile ceva dIvAyaNa mahArisI pArAsare dagaM bhoccA bIyANi hariyANi ya / - sUtrakRtAGga, 1/3/4/1-3 / Some Ethical Aspects of Mahayana Buddhism as depicted in the Sutrakstanga, Page 2 (46 TTC All India Seminar on Early Buddhism and Mahayana--Deptt. of Pali and Buddhist Studies, B.H.U. Nov. 10 13, 1984 meM par3hA gayA thaa|) bhagavato'rhato candraprabhasya pratimeyaM kAritA mahArAjAdhirAja zrI rAmaguptena upadezAt / / jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR. 51-52 tathA sekraDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa, bhAga-22, prastAvanA, pR. 31 / sUtrakRtAGga, 1/3/4/2-3 / ete puvvaM mahApurisA ahitA iha sammatA / bhoccA bIodagaM siddhA iti meyamaNussua / / - vahI, 1/3/4/4 / 7. rAmaputteNa arahatA isiNaM buitN| - isibhAsiyAI, 23 / 8. ye samaNe rAmaputte abhippsnnaa|- aGguttaranikAya, 4/19/7 / 9. majjhima nikAya, 2/4/5; saMyuttanikAya, 34/2/5/10 / 10. atha kho bhagavato etadahosi- "kassa nu kho ahaM paThamaM dhamma deseyyaM? ko imaM dhamma khippameva AjAnissatI' ti? atha kho bhagavato etadahosi- "ayaM kho uddako rAmaputto paNDito byatto medhAvI dIgharattaM apparajakkhajAtiko; yantrUnAhaM uddakassa rAmaputtassa paThamaM dhamma deseyyaM, so imaM dhammaM khippameva aajaanisstiiti| ayaM kho antarahitA devatA bhagavato Arocesi- "abhidosakAlaMkato, bhante, uddako raamputtoti| bhagavato pikhoANaM udapAdi "abhidosakAlaMkato uddako rAmaputto' ti| - mahAvagga, 1/6/10/2 / 11. majjhimanikAya, 2/4/5; 2/5/10 / 12. sUtrakRtAGga, 1/3/4/2 / 13. Isibhasiyaim (AJaina Textof Early Period), Indtroduction, p. 4 (L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad). aMtagar3adasANaM dasa ajjhayaNA paNNattA, taM jahAnami mAtaMge somile, rAmagutte sudaMsaNe ceva / jamAlI ya bhagAlI ya, kiMkime pallae i ya / / 1 / / phAle aMbar3aputte ya, emae dasa aahiyaa|| - sthAnAGgasUtra, sthAna 10/755 / 14.

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antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu : eka punarvicAra samatA antakRddazA jaina aMga-AgamoM kA aSTama aMgasUtra hai| sthAnAMgasUtra antakRddazA kI viSayavastu sambandhI prAcIna ullekha meM ise daza dazAoM meM eka batAyA gayA hai| antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu __sthAnAMga meM hameM sarvaprathama antakaddazA kI viSaya-vasta kA se sambandhita nirdeza zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga ullekha prApta hotA hai| isameM antakRddazA ke ye dasa adhyayana evaM nandIsUtra meM tathA digambara paramparA meM rAjavArtika, dhavalA tathA / batAye gaye haiM-nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmagupta (rAmaputta), jayadhavalA meM upalabdha hai| sudarzana, jamAlI, bhayAlI, kiMkama, pallatetIya aura phAlaambaputra / yadi hama vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRddazA ko dekhate haiM to usameM antakRddazA kA vartamAna svarUpa uparyukta dasa adhyayanoM meM kevala do nAma sudarzana aura kiMkama vartamAna meM jo antakaddazA upalabdha hai usameM ATha varga haiN| prathama upalabdha haiN| varga meM gautama, samudra, sAgara, gambhIra, stimita, acala, kAmpilya, samavAyAMga meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa dete hue akSobha,prasenajita aura viSNu ye dasa adhyayana upalabdha haiN| dvitIya kahA gayA hai ki isameM antakRta jIvoM ke nagara, udyAna, caitya, vanakhaNDa, varga meM ATha adhyayana haiN| zrutaskandha inake nAma haiM-akSobha, sAgara, rAjA, mAtA-pitA,samavasaraNa, dharmAcArya, dharmakathA, iha loka aura samudra, himavanta, acala, dharaNa, pUraNa aura abhicndr| tRtIya varga meM paraloka kI Rddhi vizeSa, bhoga aura unakA parityAga, pravrajyA, zrutajJAna nimna teraha adhyayana haiM-(1) anIyasa kumAra, (2) anantasena kumAra, kA dhyAna, tapa tathA kSamA Adi bahuvidha pratimAoM, satraha prakAra ke (3) anihata kumAra, (4) vidvat kumAra, (5) devayaza kumAra, (6) saMyama, brahmacarya, AkiMcanya, samiti, gupti, apramAda, yoga, svAdhyAya zatrusena kumAra, (7) sAraNa kumAra, (8) gaja kumAra, (9) sumukha kumAra, aura dhyAna sambandhI vivaraNa haiN| Age isameM batAyA gayA hai ki isameM (10) durmukha kumAra, (11) kUpaka kumAra, (12) dAruka kumAra aura uttama saMyama ko prApta karane tathA parigrahoM ke jItane para cAra karmoM (13) anAdRSTi kumaar| isI prakAra caturtha varga meM nimna dasa adhyayana ke kSaya hone se kevalajJAna kI prApti kisa prakAra se hotI hai, isakA haiM-(1) jAli kumAra, (2) mayAli kumAra, (3) uvayAli kumAra, ullekha hai sAtha hI una muniyoM kI zramaNa paryAya, prAyopagamana, anazana, (4) puruSasena kumAra, (5) vAriSeNa kumAra, (6) pradyumna kumAra, tama aura rajapravAha se mukta hokara mokSasukha ko prApta karane sambandhI (7) zAmba kumAra, (8) aniruddha kumAra, (9) satyanemi kumAra aura ullekha haiN| samavAyAMga ke anusAra isameM eka zrutaskandha, dasa adhyayana (10) dRDhanemi kumaar| paMcama varga meM dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM ATha aura sAta varga batalAye gaye haiN|' jabaki upalabdha antakRddazA meM ATha kRSNa kI pradhAna patniyoM aura do pradyumna kI patniyoM se sambandhita haiN| varga haiM ata: samavAyAMga meM vartamAna antakRddazA kI apekSA eka varga prathama varga se lekara pA~caveM varga taka ke adhikAMza vyakti kRSNa ke kama batAyA gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki samavAyAMgakAra ne sthAnAMga parivAra se sambandhita haiM aura ariSTanemi ke zAsana meM hue haiN| chaThe, kI mAnyatA aura usake sAmane upalabdha grantha meM eka samanvaya baiThAne sAtaveM aura AThaveM varga kA sambandha mahAvIra ke zAsana se hai| chaThe kA prayAsa kiyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki samavAyAMgakAra ke sAmane sthAnAMga varga ke nimna 16 adhyayana batAye gaye haiM-(1) makAI, (2) kiMkama, meM ullikhita antakRddazA lupta ho cukI thI aura mAtra usameM 10 (3) mudgarapANi, (4) kAzyapa, (5) kSemaka (6) dhRtidhara, (7) kailAza, adhyayana hone kI smRti hI zeSa thI tathA usake sthAna para vartamAna (8) haricandana, (9) vAratta, (10) sudarzana, (11) puNyabhadra, upalabdha antakRddazA ke kama se kama sAta vargoM kA nirmANa ho (12) sumanabhadra, (13) supratiSThita, (14) meghakumAra, (15) atimukta cukA thaa| kumAra aura (16) alakka (alakSya) kumaar| sAtaveM varga meM 13 nandIsUtrakAra antakRddazA ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta karatA adhyayanoM ke nAma nimna haiM-(1) nandA, (2) nandavatI, (3) nandottarA, hai vaha bahuta kucha to samavAyAMga ke samAna hI hai, kintu usameM spaSTa (4) nandazreNikA, (5) marutA, (6) sumarutA, (7) mahAmarutA, (8) rUpa se isake ATha varga hone kA ullekha prApta hai| samavAyAMgakAra maruddevA, (9) bhadrA, (10) subhadrA, (11) sujAtA, (12) sumanAyikA jahA~ antakRddazA ke dasa samuddezana kAloM kI carcA karatA hai vahA~ aura (13) bhuutdttaa| AThaveM varga meM kAlI, sukAlI, mahAkAlI, kRSNa nandIsUtrakAra usake ATha uddezana kAloM kI carcA karatA hai| isa prakAra aura sukRSNA, mahAkRSNA, vIrakRSNA, rAmakRSNA, mahAsenakRSNA aura yaha spaSTa hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRddazA kI racanA samavAyAMga mahAsenakRSNA ina dasa zreNika kI patniyoM kA ullekha hai| uparyukta ke kAla taka bahuta kucha ho cukI thI aura vaha antima rUpa se nandIsUtra sampUrNa vivaraNa ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki kevala kiMkama aura sudarzana kI racanA ke pUrva apane astitva meM A cukA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA hI aise adhyAya haiM jo sthAnAMga meM ullikhita vivaraNa se nAma sAmya meM upalabdha tInoM vivaraNoM se hameM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM rakhate haiM, zeSa sAre nAma bhinna haiN| ullikhita antakRddazA prathama saMskaraNa kI viSayavastu kisa prakAra se

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antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu : eka punarvicAra 71 usase alaga kara dI gaI aura nandIsUtra ke racanA kAla taka usake antakRddazA kA sAtavA~ adhyayana bhayAlI (bhagAlI) hai| 'bhagAlI metejja' sthAna para navIna saMskaraNa kisa prakAra astitva meM A gyaa| RSibhASita ke 13 veM adhyayana meM ullikhita hai| sthAnAMga kI sUcI yadi hama digambara sAhitya kI dRSTi se isa prazna para vicAra kareM meM antakRddazA ke AThaveM adhyayana kA nAma kiMkama yA kiMkasa hai| to hameM sarvaprathama tattvArthavArtika meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu se vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRddazA meM chaThe varga ke dvitIya adhyAya kA sambandhita vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| usameM nimna dasa adhyayanoM kI nAma kiMkama hai, yadyapi yahA~ tatsambandhI vivaraNa kA abhAva hai| sthAnAMga sUcanA prApta hotI hai-nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, meM antakRddazA ke 9veM adhyayana kA nAma cilvaka yA cillavAka hai| yamalIka, valIka, kiSkambala aura paataalmbsstthputr| yadi hama sthAnAMga kucha pratiyoM meM isake sthAna para 'palletIya' aisA nAma bhI milatA hai| meM ullikhita antakRddazA ke dasa adhyayanoM se inakI tulanA karate isake sambandha meM bhI hameM koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM haiN| digambara AcArya haiM to isake yamalika aura valika aise do nAma haiM, jo sthAnAMga ke akalaMkadeva bhI isa sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM hai| sthAnAMga meM dasaveM adhyayana ullekha se bhinna hai| vahA~ inake sthAna para jamAlI, mayAlI (bhagAlI) kA nAma phAlaambaDaputta batAyA hai, jisakA saMskRtarUpa pAlaambaSThaputra aise do adhyayanoM kA ullekha hai| punaH cilvaka kA ullekha ho sakatA hai| ambaDa saMnyAsI kA ullekha hameM bhagavatIsUtra meM vistAra tattvArthavArtikakAra ne nahIM kiyA hai| usake sthAna para pAla aura ambaSThaputra se milatA hai| ambaDa ke nAma se eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM bhI aise do alaga-alaga nAma mAna liye haiN| yadi hama isakI prAmANikatA hai| yadyapi vivAda kA viSaya yaha ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ RSibhASita kI carcA meM utareM to sthAnAMga kA vivaraNa hameM sarvAdhika prAmANika aura bhagavatI use ambaDa parivrAjaka kahate haiM, vahA~ use ambaDaputta lagatA hai| kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM antakRddazA ke jo dasa adhyAya batAye gaye haiM unameM aitihAsika dRSTi se gaveSaNA karane para hameM aisA lagatA hai ki nami nAmaka adhyAya vartamAna meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM upalabdha hai| yadyapi sthAnAMga meM antakRddazA ke jo 10 adhyayana batAye gaye haiM ve yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita 'nami' nAmaka adhyayana yathArtha vyaktiyoM se sambandhita rahe hoMge kyoMki unameM se adhikAMza ke aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita 'nami' nAmaka adhyayana kI viSaya-vastu ullekha anya srotoM se bhI upalabdha haiN| inameM se kucha to aise haiM eka thI yA bhinna-bhinna thii| nami kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha jinakA ullekha bauddha paramparA meM mila jAtA hai yathA--rAmaputta, somila, hotA hai| vahA~ pArAzara, rAmaputta Adi prAcIna RSiyoM ke sAtha unake mAtaMga aadi| nAma kA bhI ullekha haA hai| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita dvitIya 'mAtaMga' antakRddazA kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM vicAra karate samaya nAmaka adhyayana RSibhASita ke 26veM mAtaMga nAmaka adhyayana ke rUpa hama sunizcitarUpa se itanA kaha sakate haiM ki ina sabameM sthAnAMga meM Aja upalabdha hai| yadyapi viSaya-vastu kI samarUpatA ke sambandha sambandhI vivaraNa adhika prAmANika tathA aitihAsika satyatA ko meM yahA~ bhI kucha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| somila nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana liye hue hai| samavAyAMga meM eka ora isake dasa adhyayana batAye gaye kA nAma sAmya RSibhASita ke 42veM soma nAma adhyAya ke sAtha dekhA haiM to dUsarI ora samavAyAMgakAra sAta vargoM kI bhI carcA karatA hai| jA sakatA hai| rAmaputta nAmaka caturtha adhyayana bhI RSibhASita ke teIsaveM isase aisA lagatA hai ki samavAyAMga ke uparyukta vivaraNa likhe adhyayana ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai| samavAyAMga ke anusAra dvigRddhidazA jAne ke samaya sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kI viSayavastu ke eka adhyayana kA nAma bhI rAmaputta thaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki badala cukI thI, kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRddazA kA pUrI taraha antakRddazA, isibhAsiyAiM aura dvigRddhidazA ke rAmaputta nAmaka adhyayana nirmANa bhI nahIM ho pAyA thaa| kevala sAta hI varga bane the| vartamAna kI viSaya-vastu bhinna ho cAhe vyakti vahI ho| sUtrakRtAMgakAra ne rAmaputta meM upalabdha antakRddazA kI racanA nandIsUtra meM tatsambandhI vivaraNa likhe kA ullekha arhat pravacana meM eka sammAnita RSi ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne ke pUrva nizcita rUpa se ho cukI thI kyoMki nandIsUtrakAra usameM hai| rAmaputta kA ullekha pAlitripiTaka sAhitya meM hameM vistAra se milatA 10 adhyayana hone kA koI ullekha nahIM karatA hai| sAtha hI vaha hai| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA pA~cavA~ adhyayana sudarzana ATha vargoM kI carcA karatA hai| vartamAna antakRddazA ke bhI ATha varga hai| vartamAna antakRddazA meM chaThe varga ke dazaveM adhyayana kA nAma sudarzana hI haiN| hai| sthAnAMga ke anusAra antakRddazA kA chaThA adhyayana jamAlI hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki vartamAna antakRddazA meM sudarzana kA vistRta ullekha arjuna mAlAkAra ke adhyayana meM upalabdha antakRddazA kI viSayavastu nandIsUtra kI racanA ke kucha meM bhI hai| jamAlI kA ullekha hameM bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI upalabdha hotA samaya pUrva taka astitva meM A gaI thii| aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI hai| yadyapi bhagavatIsUtra meM jamAlI ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kriyamANakRta vAcanA ke pUrva hI prAcIna antakRddazA ke adhyAyoM kI yA to upekSA ke siddhAnta kA virodha karate hue darzAyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kara dI gayI yA unheM yatra-tatra anya granthoM meM jor3a diyA gayA thA aura jamAlI ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jAmAtR bhI mAnatI hai| paravartI sAhitya isa prakAra prAcIna antakRddazA kI viSayavastu ke sthAna para navIna niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI jamAlI kA ullekha pAyA jAtA viSayavastu rakha dI gyii| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hai aura unheM eka nihnava batAyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga kI sUcI ke anusAra ho sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM kiyA gyaa| kyA vismRti ke AdhAra para

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72 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prAcIna antakRddazA kI viSayavastu lupta ho gayI athavA usakI prAcIna yApanIya aura zvetAmbaroM kA bheda hone taka sthAnAMga meM ullikhita sAmagrI viSayavastu saprayojana vahA~ se alaga kara dI gii| antakRddazA meM pracalita rahI ho aura tatsambandhI jAnakArI anuzruti merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki viSayavastu kA yaha parivartana vismRti ke mAdhyama se tattvArthavArtikakAra taka pahu~cI ho| tattvArthavArtikakAra ke kAraNa nahIM, parantu saprayojana hI huA hai| antakRddazA kI prAcIna ko bhI kucha nAmoM ke sambandha meM avazya hI bhrAnti hai, agara usake viSayavastu meM jina dasa vyaktitvoM ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA gayA thA sAmane mUlagrantha hotA to aisI bhrAnti kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| jamAlI unameM nizcita rUpa se mAtaMga, ambaDa, rAmaputta, bhayAlI (bhagAlI), jamAlI kA to saMskRta rUpa yamalIka ho sakatA hai, kintu bhagAlI yA bhayAlI Adi aise haiM jo cAhe kisI samaya taka jaina paramparA meM sammAnyarUpa kA saMskRta rUpa valIka kisI prakAra nahIM bntaa| isI prakAra kiMkama se rahe hoM, kintu aba ve jaina paramparA ke virodhI yA bAharI mAna liye kA kiSkambala rUpa kisa prakAra banA yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| cilvaka gaye the| jinapraNIta, aMgasUtroM meM unakA ullekha rakhanA samucita nahIM yA pallatettIya ke nAma kA apalApa karake pAlaambaSThaputta ko bhI alagamAnA gayA ata: jisa prakAra praznavyAkaraNa se RSibhASita ko RSiyoM alaga kara dene se aisA lagatA hai ki vArtikakAra ke samakSa mUla grantha ke upadezoM se saprayojana alaga kiyA gayA usI prakAra antakRddazA nahIM hai, kevala anuzruti ke rUpa meM hI vaha unakI carcA kara rahA hai| se inake vivaraNa ko bhI saprayojana alaga kiyaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai jahA~ zvetAmbara cUrNikAra aura TIkAkAra viSayavastu sambandhI donoM hI ki jaba jaina paramparA meM zrIkRSNa ko vAsudeva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara prakAra kI viSayavastu se avagata haiM vahA~ digambara AcAryoM ko (mAtra liyA gayA to unake tathA unake parivAra se sambandhita kathAnakoM ko prAcIna saMskaraNa) upalabdha antakRddazA kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM kahIM sthAna denA Avazyaka thaa| ata: antakRddazA kI prAcIna viSayavastu jo ki chaThI zatAbdI meM astitva meM A cukI thI, koI jAnakArI ko badala kara usake sthAna para kRSNa aura unake parivAra se sambandhita nahIM thii| ata: unakA AdhAra kevala anuzruti thA grantha nhiiN| jaba ki pA~ca vargoM ko jor3a diyA gyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcAryoM kA AdhAra eka ora grantha thA to dUsarI antakRddazA kI viSayavastu kI carcA karate hue sabase mahattvapUrNa ora sthAnAMga kA vivrnn| dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM antakRddazA sambandhI tathya hamAre sAmane yaha AtA hai ki digambara paramparA meM antakRddazA jo vivaraNa upalabdha hai vaha nizcita rUpa se tattvArthavArtika para AdhArita kI jo viSayavastu tatvArthavArtika meM ullikhita hai vaha sthAnAMga kI hai| svayaM dhavalAkAra vIrasena 'uktaM ca tattvArthabhASye' kahakara usakA sUcI se bahuta kucha mela khAtI hai| yaha kaise sambhava huA? digambara ullekha karatA haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki dhavalAkAra ke samakSa bhI prAcIna paramparA jahA~ aGga AgamoM ke lopa kI bAta karatI hai to phira viSayavastu kA koI grantha upasthita nahIM thaa| tattvArthavArtikakAra ko usakI prAcIna viSayavastu ke sambandha meM jAnakArI ata: hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki prAcIna antakRddazA kaise ho gii| merI aisI mAnyatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke kI viSayavastu IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI parivartita sambandha meM digambara paramparA meM jo kucha jAnakArI prApta huI hai vaha ho cukI thI aura chaThI zatAbdI ke anta taka vartamAna antakRddazA yApanIya paramparA ke mAdhyama se prApta huI hai aura itanA nizcita hai ki astitva meM A cukI thii| sandarbha : 1. sthAnAGga (saM0 madhukaramuni) dazama sthAna, sUtra 110 evaM 113 dasa dasAo paNNatAo, taM jahA-kammavivAgadasAo, uvAsagadasAo, aMtagaDadasAo, aNuttarovavAiyadasAo, AyAradasAo, paNhAvAgaraNa- dasAo, baMdhadasAo, dogiddhidasAo, dIhadasAo, sNkheviydsaao| evaM aMtagaDadasANaM dasa ajjhayaNA paNNattA, taM jahANami mAtaMge somile, rAmagutte sudaMsaNe cev| jamAlI ya bhagAlI ya, kiMkame cilletiy| phAle aMbaDapatte ya emete dasa AhitA / / bhogapariccAyA pavvajjAo suyapariggahA tavovahANAiM paDimAo bahuvihAo, khamA ajjavaM maddavaM ca, soaMca saccasahiyaM , sattarasaviho ya saMjamo, uttamaM ca baMbhaM, AkiMcaNayA tavo ciyAo samiiguttIo ceva, taha apapmAyajogo, sajjhAyajjhANANa ya uttamANa doNahaMpi lkkhnnaaii| pattANa ya saMjamuttamaM jiyaparIsahANaM caubvihakammakhayammi jaha kevalassa laMbho, pariyAo jattio ya jaha pAlio muNihiM, pAyovago ya jo jahiM, jattiyANi bhattANi cheyaittA aMtagaDo muNivaro tamarayoghavippamukko, mokkhasuhamaNuttaraM ca pttaa| ee aNNe ya evamAi vitthAreNaM pruuveii| aMtagaDadasAsu NaM pasti vAyaNA, saMkhejjA aNuogadArA, saMkhejjAo paDivattIo saMkhejjA veDhA, saMkhejjA silogA, saMkhejjAo nijjuttIo saMkhejjAo sNghnniio| se NaM aMgaTThayAe aTThame aMge ege suyakkhaMdhe dasa ajjhayaNA satta vaggA dasa uddesaNakAlA dasa samuddesaNakAlA saMkhejjAI payasayasahassAI payaggeNaM, saMkhejjA akkharA, aNaMtA gamA samavAyAGga(saM0 madhukaramuni) prakIrNaka samavAya sUtra, 539-540 / se kiM taM ataMgaDadasAo? antagaDadasAsu NaM antagaDANaM nagarAI ujjANAI ceiyAI vaNasaMDAiM rAyANo ammApiyaro samosaraNAI dhammAyariyA dhammakahAo ihaloiya-paraloiyA iDivisesA

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antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu : eka punarvicAra aNaMtA pajjavA parittA tasA aNaMtA thAvarA sAsayA kaDA NibaddhA bhAvA AghavijaMti, pannavijjati, parUvijjaMti, daMsijjaMti NikAiyA jiNapaNNattAbhAvA Aghavijjati paNNA vijjati nidaMsajjaMti, uvdNsijjNti| parUvijjati daMsijjati nidaMsijjati uvdNsijjNti| se evaM AyA, evaM nAyA, evaM vinAyA, evaM caraNakaraNaparUvaNA se evaM AyA evaM NAyA evaM viNNAyA evaM caraNa-karaNa aaghvijji| se taM aNtgdddsaao| parUvaNayA Aghavijjati paNNavijjaMti parUvijjaMti daMsijjati nidaMsijjati uvdNsijjNti| settaM aNtgdddsaao| tattvArthavArtika- pRSTha 51 / / saMsArasyAntaH kRto yaiste'ntekRta: namimataMgasomilarAmaputrasudarzana nandIsUtra (saM0 madhukaramuni) sUtra 53, pR0183 samavAMmIkavalokaniSvabalapAlamvaSTaputrA ityete daza se kiM taM aMtagaDadasAo? vrdhmaantiirthngkrtiirthe|| aMtagaDadasAsu NaM aMtagaDANaM nagarAI, ujjANAI , ceiAI, vaNasaMDAiM samosaraNAI, rAyANo, ammA-piyaro, dhammAyariyA, 5. SaTkhaNDAgama dhavalA 1/1/2, khaNDa eka, bhAga eka, pustaka dhammakahAo, ihaloia-paraloiA, iDDivisesA, bhogapariccAyA eka- pRSTha 103-4 / / pavvajjAo, pariAgA, suapariggahA, tavovahANAI saMlehaNAo, aMtayaDadasA NAma aMgaM tevIsa lakkha-aTThAvIsa-sahassa-padehi bhattapaccakkhANAI pAovagamaNAI aMtakiriAo aaghvijjnti| 232800 ekkekkamiha ya titthe dAruNe bahuvihovasagge aMtagaDadasAsu NaM parittA vAyaNA, saMkhijjA aNuogadArA, sahiUNa pADiheraM lakSNa NivvAgaM gade dasa dasa vnnnnedi| uktaM saMkhejjAveDhA, saMkhejjA silogA, saMkhejjAo nijjuttIo, ca tattvArthabhASye- saMsArasyAnta:kRto yaiste'ntakRta: nami-mataGga saMkhejjAo saMgahaNIo, saMkhejjAo pddivttiio| somila-rAmaputra-sudarzana- yamalIka-valIkakiSkaMvila pAlambaSTaputrA se NaM aMgaTThayAe aTThame aMge, ege suakhaMdhe aTTha vaggA, aTTha iti ete daza vrddhmaantiirthngkrtiirthe| evamRSabhAdInAM uddesaNakAlA, vaTTha samuddesaNakAlA saMkhejjA payasahassA payaggeNaM, trayoviMzatestIrtheSvanye'nye, evaM daza dazAnagArA: dAruNAnupasaMkhejjA akkharA, aNaMtA gamA, arNatA pajjavA, parittA tasA, sargAnirjitya kRtsnakarmakSayAvastakRto dazAsyAM varNyanta iti aNatA thAvarA, sAsaya-kaDa-nibaddha-nikAiA jiNapaNNattA antkRddshaa|

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praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAeM yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki praznavyAkaraNasUtra (paNhavAgaraNa) jaina aMga-Agama sAhitya kA dasavAM aMga-grantha hai, kintu digambara paramparA ke anusAra aMga-Agama sAhitya kA viccheda (lupta) ho jAne ke kAraNa vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparA aMga sAhitya kA viccheda nahIM mAnatI hai / ataH usake upalabdha AgamoM meM praznavyAkaraNa nAmaka grantha Aja bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kintu samasyA yaha hai ki kyA zvetAmbara paramparA ke vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu vahI hai jisakA nirdeza anya zvetAmbara prAcIna Agama granthoM meM hai athavA yaha parivartita ho cukI hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu sambandhI prAcIna nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA ke sthAnAMga (ThANaMga), samavAyAMga, anuyogadvAra evaM nandIsUtra meM aura digambara paramparA ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA evaM jayadhavalA nAmaka TIkA granthoM meM upalabdha hai| inameM sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga lagabhaga 3 rI - 4thI zatI evaM nandI lagabhaga 5vIM chaThI zatAbdI, rAjavArtika 8vIM zatAbdI tathA dhavalA evaM jayadhavalA 10vIM zatAbdI ke grantha svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| praznavyAkaraNa nAma kyoM? , 'praznavyAkaraNa' isa nAma ko lekara prAcIna TIkAkAroM evaM vidvAnoM meM yaha dhAraNA bana gayI thI ki jisa grantha meM praznoM ke samAdhAna kiye gaye hoM, vaha praznavyAkaraNa hai| merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNa ke prAcIna saMskaraNa kI viSayavastu praznottarazailI meM nahIM thI aura na vaha prazna vidyA arthAt nimittazAstra se hI sambandhita thii| guru-ziSya samvAda kI praznottara zailI meM Agama grantha kI racanA eka paravartI ghaTanA hai- bhagavatI yA vyAkhyA prazapti isakA prathama udAharaNa hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga evaM nandausUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa meM 108 pUche gaye 108 nahIM pUche gaye aura 108 aMzata: pUche gaye aura aMzata: nahIM pUche gaye praznoM ke uttara haiN| kintu yaha avadhAraNA kAlpanika hI lagatI hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcInatama viSayavastu praznottara rUpa meM thI yA usameM praznoM kA uttara dene vAlI vidyAoM kA samAveza thA- samavAyAMga aura nandI sUtra ke ullekhoM ke atirikta Aja isakA koI prabala pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| prAcInakAla meM granthoM ko praznoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjita karane kI paramparA thii| isakA sabase mahattvapUrNa udAharaNa ApastambIya dharmasUtra hai| jisakI viSayavastu ko do praznoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| isake prathama prazna meM 11 paTala aura dvitIya prazna meM 11 paTala haiN| yaha sampUrNa grantha praznottara rUpa meM bhI nahIM hai| isI prakAra baudhAyana dharmasUtra kI viSayavastu bhI praznoM meM vibhakta hai| ataH praznottara zailI meM hone ke kAraNa yA praznavidyA se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa ise praznavyAkaraNa nAma diyA gayA thA, yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hogaa| vaise isakA prAcIna nAma 'vAgaraNa' (vyAkaraNa) hI thaa| RSibhASita meM isakA isI nAma se ullekha hai| prAcInakAla meM tAttvika vyAkhyA ko vyAkaraNa kahA jAtA thaa| praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM anya granthoM meM jo nirdeza hai usase vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa nizcaya hI bhinna hai| yaha parivartana kisa rUpa meM huA hai, yahI vicAraNIya hai| yadi hama grantha ke kAlakrama ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM upalabdha vivaraNoM ko dekheM, to hameM usakI viSayavastu meM hue parivartanoM kI spaSTa sUcanA usameM mila jAtI hai| (a) sthAnAMga - praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM prAcInatama ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| isameM praznavyAkaraNa kI gaNanA dasa dazAoM meM kI gaI hai tathA usake nimna dasa adhyayana batAye gaye haiM- 1. upamA, 2 saMkhyA 3. RSibhASita 4 AcAryabhASita 5. mahAvIrabhASita 6 kSobhikaprazna 7 komalaprazna 8. Adarzaprazna (Adrakaprazna), 9. aMguSThaprazna, 10. bAhuprazna / isase phalita hotA hai ki sarvaprathama yaha dasa adhyAyoM kA anya thaa| dasa adhyAyoM ke grantha dasA (dazA) kahe jAte the| (ba) samavAyAMga- sthAnAMga ke pazcAt praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI viSayavastu kA adhika vistRta vivecana karane vAlA Agama samavAyAMga hai| samavAyAMga meM usakI viSayavastu kA nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM 108 praznoM 108 apraznoM aura 108 praznApraznoM kI vidyAoM ke atizayoM (camatkAroM) kA tathA nAgoM suparNoM ke sAtha divya saMvAdoM kA vivecana hai| yaha praznavyAkaraNa dazA svasamaya-parasamaya ke prajJApaka evaM vividha arthoM vAlI bhASA ke pravaktA pratyeka buddhoM ke dvArA bhASita atizaya guNoM evaM upazamabhAva ke dhAraka tathA jJAna ke Akara AcAryoM ke dvArA vistAra se bhASita aura jagata ke hita ke lie vIra maharSi ke dvArA vizeSa vistAra se bhASita hai| yaha Adarza (addAga), aMguSTha, bAhu, asi, maNi, kSauma (vastra) evaM Aditya (ke Azraya se) bhASita hai isameM mahAprazna vidyA manapraznavidyA, devaprayoga Adi kA ullekha hai| isameM saba prANiyoM ke pradhAna guNoM ke prakAzaka, durguNoM ko alpa karane vAle, manuSyoM kI mati ko vismita karane vAle, atizayamaya kAlaza evaM zamadama se yukta uttama tIrthakaroM ke pravacana meM sthita karane vAle, durabhigama, duravagAha, sabhI sarvajJoM ke dvArA sammata sabhI ajJajanoM ko bodha karAne vAle pratyakSa pratItikAraka, vividhaguNoM se aura mahAn arthoM se yukta jinavara praNIta prazna (vacana) kahe gaye haiN| 2 .

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praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja 75 praznavyAkaraNa aMga kI sImita vAcanAyeM haiM, saMkhyAta anuyoga meM RSibhASita, AcAryabhASita aura mahAvIrabhASita hI isakI pramukha dvAra haiM, saMkhyAta pratipattiyA~ haiM, saMkhyAta veDha haiM, saMkhyAta zloka haiM, viSayavastu rahI hogii| RSibhASita meM 'vAgaraNa' grantha kA evaM usakI saMkhyAta niyuktiyA~ haiM aura saMkhyAta sagrahaNiyA~ haiN| viSayavastu kI RSibhAsita se samAnatA kA ullekha hai| isase praznavyAkaraNa aMgarUpa se dasavA~ aMga hai, isameM eka zrutaskandha / prAcInakAla (I0pU0 4thI yA 3rI zatAbdI) meM usake astittva kI hai, paiMtAlIsa uddezana kAla haiM, paiMtAlIsa samuddezana kAla haiM, pada-gaNanA sUcanA to milatI hI hai sAtha hI praznavyAkaraNa aura RSibhASita kA kI apekSA saMkhyAta lAkha pada kahe gaye haiN| isameM saMkhyAta akSara haiM, sambandha bhI spaSTa hotA hai| ananta gama haiM, ananta paryAya haiM, parIta trasa haiM, ananta sthAvara haiM, sthAnAMgasUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa kA vargIkaraNa dasa dazAoM meM kiyA isameM zAzvata kRta, nibaddha, nikAcita jina-prajJapta bhAva kahe jAte haiM, hai| sambhavata: jaba praznavyAkaraNa ke isa prAcIna saMskaraNa kI racanA prajJApita kiye jAte haiM, prarUpita kiye jAte haiM, nidarzita kiye jAte huI hogI taba gyAraha aMgoM athavA dvAdaza gaNipiTika kI avadhAraNA haiM aura upadarzita kiye jAte haiN| isa aMga ke dvArA AtmA jJAtA hotA bhI spaSTa rUpa se nahIM bana pAyI thii| aMga-Agama sAhitya ke 5 grantha hai, vijJAtA hotA hai| isa prakAra caraNa aura karaNa kI prarUpaNA ke upAsakadazA, antakRddazA, praznavyAkaraNadazA, anuttaraupapAtika dazA dvArA vastu-svarUpa kA kathana, prajJApana, nidarzana aura upadarzana kiyA tathA karmavipAkadazA (vipAkadazA) dasa dazAoM meM hI parigaNita kiye jAtA haiN| jAte the| Aja ina dazAoM meM uparyukta pA~ca tathA AcAradazA, jo (sa) nandIsUtra- nandIsUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA / Aja dazAzrutaskandha ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai, ko chor3akara zeSa cArajo ullekha hai vaha samavAyAMga ke vivaraNa kA mAtra saMkSipta rUpa hai| bandhadazA, dvigRddhidazA, dIrghadazA aura saMkSepadazA-anupalabdha haiN| usake bhAva aura bhASA donoM hI samAna haiN| mAtra vizeSatA yaha hai ki upalabdha chaha dazAoM meM bhI upAsakadazA aura AyAradazA kI viSayavastu isameM praznavyAkaraNa ke 45 adhyayana batAye gaye haiM, jabaki samavAyAMga sthAnAMga meM upalabdha vivaraNa ke anurUpa hai| karmavipAka aura meM kevala 45 samuddezana kAloM kA ullekha hai, 45 adhyayana kA ullekha anusaraupapAtikadazA kI viSayavastu meM kucha samAnatA hai aura kucha bhitratA samavAyAMga meM nahIM hai| hai| jabaki praznavyAkaraNadazA aura antakRddazA kI viSayavastu pUrI taraha (da) tattvArthavArtika- tattvArthavArtika meM praznavyAkaraNa kI vyAkhyA badala gaI hai| sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNa kI jo viSayavastu sUcita kI karate hue kahA gayA hai ki AkSepa aura vikSepa ke dvArA hetu aura naya gaI hai vahI isakA prAcInatama saMskaraNa lagatA hai, kyoMki yahA~ taka ke Azraya se praznoM ke vyAkaraNa ko praznavyAkaraNa kahate hai| isameM isakI viSayavastu meM naimittika vidyAoM kA adhika praveza nahIM dekhA laukika aura vaidika arthoM kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai|6 jAtA hai| sthAnAMga praznavyAkaraNa ke jina daza adhyayanoM kA nirdeza (i) dhavalA- dhavalA meM praznavyAkaraNa kI jo viSayavastu batAI karatA hai, unameM bhI merI dRSTi meM isibhAsiyAI, AyariyabhAsiyAiM aura gaI hai vaha tattvArthavArtika meM pratipAdita viSaya-vastu se kiMcit vibhinnatA mahAvIrabhAsiyAiM-ye tIna prAcIna pratIta hote haiN| 'uvamA' aura 'saMkhA' rakhatI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa meM AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, kI sAmagrI kyA thI? kahA nahIM jA sktaa| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM 'uvamA' saMvedanI aura nivedanI-ina cAra prakAra kI kathAoM kA varNana hai| usameM meM kucha rUpakoM ke dvArA dharma-bodha karAyA gayA hogaa| jaisA ki yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki AkSepaNI kathA parasamayoM (anya matoM) jJAtAdharmakathA meM karma aura aNDoM ke rUpakoM dvArA kramaza: yaha samajhAyA kA nirAkaraNa kara 6 dravyoM aura nava tattvoM kA pratipAdana karatI hai| gayA hai ki jo indriya saMyama nahIM karatA hai vaha duHkha ko prApta hotA vikSepaNI kathA parasamaya ke dvArA svasamaya para lagAye gaye AkSepoM kA hai aura jo sAdhanA meM asthira-citta rahatA hai vaha phala ko prApta nahIM nirAkaraNa kara svasamaya kI sthApanA karatI hai| saMvedanI kathA puNyaphala karatA hai| isI prakAra 'saMkhA' meM sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga ke samAna kI kathA hai| isameM tIrthaGkara, gaNadhara, RSi, cakravartI Adi kI Rddhi saMkhyA ke AdhAra para varNita sAmagrI ho| yadyapi yaha bhI saMbhava haiM ki kA vivaraNa hai| nivedanI kathA pApa phala kI kathA hai, isameM naraka, saMkhA nAmaka adhyayana kA sambandha sAMkhya darzana se rahA ho| kyoMki tiryaMca, jarA-maraNa, roga Adi sAMsArika duHkhoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA anya paramparAoM ke vicAroM ko prastuta karane kI udAratA isa grantha hai| usameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa praznoM ke anusAra meM thii| sAtha hI prAcIna kAla meM sAMkhya zramaNadhArA kA hI darzana thA hata, naSTa, muSTi, cintA, lAbha, alAbha, sukha, duHkha, jIvita, maraNa, aura jaina darzana se usakI nikaTatA thii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaya, parAjaya, nAma, dravya, Ayu aura saMkhyA nirUpaNa karatA hai| addAgapasiNAI, bAhupasiNAI Adi adhyAyoM kA sambandha bhI nimittazAstra isa prakAra praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM prAcIna se na hokara ina nAmavAle vyaktiyoM kI tAttvika paricarcA se rahA ho ullekhoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| jo kramaza: Ardraka aura bAhuka nAmaka RSiyoM kI tattvacarcA se sambandhita rahe hoNge| addAgapasiNAI kI TIkAkAroM ne 'Adarza prazna' aisI jo praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu sambandhI vivaraNoM kI samIkSA saMskRta chAyA kI hai vaha bhI ucita nahIM hai| usakI saMskRta chAyA merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI viSayavastu ke tIna saMskAra 'Ardraka prazna' aisI honA caahie| AIka se hue praznottaroM kI carcA hue hoNge| prathama evaM prAcInatama saMskAra, jo 'vAgaraNa' kahA jAtA thA, sUtrakRtAMga meM milatI hai sAtha hI vartamAna RSibhASita meM bhI 'addAeNa'

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76 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (AIka) aura bAhu (bAhuka) nAmaka adhyayana upalabdha haiN| ho sakatA AcAryabhASita aura mahAravIrabhASita hI thI aura jisakA adhikAMza bhAga hai ki komala aura khoma-kSoma bhI koI RSi rahe haiN| soma kA ullekha Aja bhI RSibhASita Adi ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| kyoMki samavAyAMga bhI RSibhASita meM hai| phira bhI yadi hama yaha mAnane ko utsuka hI meM bhI praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ko pratyekabuddhabhASita, AcAryabhASita, hoM ki ye adhyayana nimittazAstra se sambandhita the to hameM yaha mAnanA maharSivIrabhASita kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM jahA~ RSibhASita zabda hai hogA ki yaha sAmagrI usameM bAda meM jur3I hai, prArambha meM usakA aMga vahAM samavAyAMga meM pratyekabuddhabhASita zabda hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita nahIM thii| kyoMki prAcInakAla meM nimittazAstra kA adhyayana jaina bhikSu ke pratyeka RSi ko Age calakara jainAcAryoM ne pratyekabuddha ke rUpa ke lie varjita thA aura ise pApazruta mAnA jAtA thaa| meM svIkAra kiyA haiM aura yaha zabda-parivartana usI kA sUcaka hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga donoM meM praznavyAkaraNa sambandhI jo yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM RSibhASita ke sthAna para pratyekabuddhabhASita vivaraNa haiM, ve bhI eka kAla ke nahIM haiN| samavAyAMga kA vivaraNa paravartI kahA gayA hai| hamAre kathana kI puSTi kA dUsarA AdhAra yaha hai ki samavAyAMga hai, kyoMki usa vivaraNa meM mUla tathya surakSita rahate hue bhI nimittazAstra meM praznavyAkaraNa ke eka zrutaskandha aura 45 adhyAya mAne gaye haiN| sambandhI vivaraNa kAphI vistRta ho gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNa isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki samavAyAMga ke praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu ke dasa adhyayana batAye gaye haiM jabaki samavAyAMga usameM 45 uddezaka sambandhI isa vivaraNa ke likhe jAne taka bhI yaha avadhAraNA acetanarUpa hone kI sUcanA detA hai| 'uvamA' aura 'saMkhA' nAmaka sthAnAMga meM varNita meM avazya thI ki praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu pratyekabuddhoM, dharmAcAryoM prArambhika do adhyayanoM kA yahA~ nirdeza hI nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki aura mahAvIra ke upadezoM se nirmita thI, yadyapi isa kAla taka RSibhASita 'uvamA' kI sAmagrI jJAtAdharmakathA meM aura 'saMkhA' kI sAmagrI-yadi ko usase alaga kara diyA gayA hogA aura usake 45 adhyayanoM ke usakA sambandha saMkhyA se thA to sthAnAMga yA samavAyAMga meM DAla dI ___ sthAna para nimittazAstra sambandhI vidyAe~ samAviSTa kara dI gaI hoNgii| gaI ho| 'komalapasiNAI' kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai| ina tInoM ke sthAna yadyapi nimittazAstra ke viSaya jor3ane kA hI aisA kucha prayatna sImitarUpa para 'asi' 'maNi' aura Aditya' ye tIna nAma naye jur3a gaye haiM, punaH meM sthAnAMga meM prazna vyAkaraNa sambandhI vivaraNa likhe jAne ke pUrva bhI inakA ullekha bhI adhyayanoM ke rUpa meM nahIM hai| samavAyAMga kA vivaraNa huA hogaa| merI dhAraNA yaha hai ki praznavyAkaraNa meM prathama nimittazAstra spaSTarUpa se yaha batAtA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa kA varNya-viSaya camatkArapUrNa kA viSaya jur3A aura phira RSibhASita vAlA aMza alaga huA tathA vividha vidyAoM se paripUrNa hai| yahA~ isibhAsiyAI, AyariyabhAsiyAI bIca kA kucha kAla aisA rahA jaba vahI viSayavastu donoM meM aura mahAvIrabhAsiyAiM ina tIna adhyayanoM kA vilopa kara yaha nimittazAstra samanAntara banI rhii| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jahAM sambandhI vivaraNa inake dvArA kathita hai- yaha kaha diyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNa ke dasa adhyayana hone kA ullekha hai, vahAM vastuta: samavAyAMga kA vivaraNa hameM praznavyAkaraNa ke kisI dUsare samavAyAMga meM isake 45 uddezana kAla aura nandI meM 45 adhyayana parivardhita saMskaraNa kI sUcanA detA hai jisameM naimittazAstra se sambandhita hone kA ullekha hai- yaha Akasmika nahIM hai| yaha ullekha praznavyAkaraNa vivaraNa jor3akara pratyeka buddhabhASita (RSibhASita), AcAryabhASita aura aura RSibhASita kI kisI sAmyatA kA saMketaka hai| vartamAna vIrabhASita (mahAvIrabhASita) bhAga alaga kara diye gaye the aura isa praznavyAkaraNa meM dasa adhyayana honA bhI saprayojana hai- sthAnAGga ke prakAra ise zuddharUpa se eka nimittazAstra kA grantha banA diyA gayA thaa| pUrva vivaraNa se saMgati baiThAne ke lie hI aisA kiyA gayA hogaa| dasa use prAmANikatA dene ke lie yahA~ taka kaha diyA gayA ki ye pratyeka aura paitAlIsa ke isa vivAda ko sulajhAne ke do hI vikalpa haiMbuddha, AcArya aura mahAvIrabhASita haiN| prathama sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki prAcIna saMskaraNa meM dasa adhyAya tattvArthavArtika meM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA jo vivaraNa rahe hoM aura usake RSibhASita vAle adhyAya ke 45 uddezaka rahe hoM upalabdha hai vaha itanA avazya sUcita karatA hai ki granthakAra ke sAmane athavA mUla praznavyAkaraNa meM vartamAna RSibhASita ke 45 adhyAya hI praznavyAkaraNa kI koI prati nahIM thI usane praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu hoM kyoMki inameM bhI RSibhASita ke sAtha mahAvIrabhASita aura ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa diyA hai, vaha kalpanAzrita hI hai| yadyapi AcAryabhASita kA samAveza ho hI jAtA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki dhavalA meM praznavyAkaraNa ke sambandha meM jo nimittazAstra se sambandhita vartamAna RSibhASita ke 45 adhyAyoM meM se kucha adhyAya RSibhASita kucha vivaraNa hai, vaha nizcaya hI yaha batAtA hai ki granthakAra ne use ke antargata aura kucha AcAryabhASita evaM kucha mahAvIrabhASita ke antargata anuzruti ke rUpa meM zvetAmbara yA yApanIya paramparA se prApta kiyA hogaa| uddezakoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta hue hoN| mahattvapUrNa yaha hai ki samavAyAMga dhavalA meM varNita viSayavastu vAlA koI praznavyAkaraNa astitva meM bhI meM praznavyAkaraNa ke 45 adhyayana na kahakara 45 uddezana kAla kahA rahA hogA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| gayA hai, kintu praznavyAkaraNa se alaga karane ke pazcAt unheM eka hI jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki samavAyAMga kA praznavyAkaraNa grantha ke antargata 45 adhyAyoM ke rUpa meM rakha diyA gayA ho| eka kI viSayavastu sambandhI vivaraNa sthAnAMga kI apekSA paravartI kAla kA mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha bhI hai ki samavAyAMga meM RSibhASita ke 44 adhyayana hai| phira bhI isameM kucha tathya aise avazya haiM jo hamArI isa dhAraNA kahe gaye haiM jabaki vartamAna RSibhASita meM 45 adhyayana haiN| kyA vardhamAna ko puSTa karate haiM ki praznavyAkaraNa kI mUlabhUta viSayavastu RSibhASita, nAmaka adhyayana pahale isameM sammilita nahIM thaa| kyoMki ise

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praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja 77 nAmaka adhyayana pahale isameM sammilita nahIM thaa| kyoMki ise kyA praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSayavastu surakSita hai? mahAvIrabhASita meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA gayA thA yA anya koI kAraNa yahAM yaha carcA bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki kyA praznavyAkaraNa ke prathama thA, hama nahIM kaha skte| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki utkaTavAdI adhyAya aura dvitIya saMskAroM kI viSayavastu pUrNata: naSTa ho gaI hai yA vaha meM kisI RSi kA ullekha nahIM hai, sAtha hI yaha adhyAya cArvAka darzana Aja bhI pUrNata: yA AMzika rUpa meM surakSita hai| kA pratipAdana karatA hai| ataH ise RSibhASita meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNa ke prathama saMskaraNa meM RSibhASita, ho| samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra ke mUlapAThoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara AcAryabhASita aura mahAvIrabhASita ke nAma se jo sAmagrI thI vaha Aja yaha hai ki nandIsUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa ke 45 adhyayana haiM- aisA spaSTa bhI RSibhASita, jJAtAdharmakathA, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM bahuta pATha hai| jabaki samavAyAMga meM 45 adhyayana, aisA pATha na hokara 45 kucha surakSita hai| aisA lagatA hai ki IsvI san ke pUrva hI usa sAmagrI uddezana kAla hai, mAtra yahI pATha hai| ho sakatA hai ki samavAyAMga ke ko vahAM se alaga kara isibhAsiyAI ke nAma se svatantra grantha ke rUpa racanA-kAla taka ve uddezaka rahe hoM, kintu Age calakara ve adhyayana meM surakSita kara liyA gayA thaa| jaina paramparA meM aise prayAsa aneka kahe jAne lage hoN| yadi samavAyAMga ke kAla taka 45 adhyayanoM kI bAra hue haiM jaba cUlA yA cUlikA ke rUpa meM granthoM meM navIna sAmagrI avadhAraNA hotI to samavAyAMgakAra usakA ullekha avazya karate kyoMki jor3I jAtI rahI athavA kisI grantha kI sAmagrI ko nikAlakara usase samavAyAMga meM anya aMga AgamoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM adhyayanoM kA eka nayA grantha banA diyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kisI samaya nizItha spaSTa ullekha hai| ko AcArAMga kI cUlA ke rUpa meM jor3A gayA aura kAlAntara meM use isa sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha bhI hai ki kyA nimittazAstra vahA~ se alaga kara nizItha nAmaka nayA grantha hI banA diyA gyaa| isI evaM cAmatkArika vidyAoM se yukta koI praznavyAkaraNa banA bhI thA yA prakAra AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha) ke AThaveM adhyAya (paryuSaNakalpa) yaha saba kalpanA kI ur3AneM haiM? yaha satya hai ki praznavyAkaraNa kI kI sAmagrI se kalpasUtra nAmaka eka nayA grantha hI banA diyA gyaa| pada-saMkhyA kA samavAyAMga, nandI, nandIcUrNI aura dhavalA meM jo ullekha ata: yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki pahale praznavyAkaraNa meM hai, vaha kAlpanika hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI, praznavyAkaraNa isibhAsiyAI ke adhyAya jur3ate rahe hoM aura phira adhyayanoM kI sAmagrI ke padoM kI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM dete haiM--mAtra saMkhyAta-zata-sahasra- ko vahAM se alaga kara isibhAsiyAI nAmaka svatantra grantha astitva aisA ullekha karate haiM, kintu nandIcUrNI evaM samavAyAMgavRtti3 meM usake meM AyA ho| merA yaha kathana nirAdhAra bhI nahIM hai| prathama to donoM padoM kI saMkhyA 9216000 aura dhavalA'4 meM 9316000 batAyI nAmoM kI sAmyatA to hai hii| sAtha hI samavAyAMga meM yaha bhI spaSTa gaI hai, jo mujhe to kAlpanika hI adhika lagatI hai| ullekha hai ki praznavyAkaraNa meM svasamaya aura parasamaya ke prajJApaka merI avadhAraNA yaha hai ki sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI, tattvArtha, pratyekabuddhoM ke kathana haiN| (paNhAvAgaraNadasAsuNaM sasamaya-parasamaya rAjavArtika, dhavalA evaM jayadhavalA meM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu paNNavaya-patteabuddha .......bhAsiyAiNaM, samavAyAMga 547) / isibhAsiyAI kA jisa rUpa meM ullekha hai vaha pUrNata: kAlpanika cAhe na ho, kintu ke sambandha meM yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki usameM pratyekabuddhoM ke vacana usameM satyAMza kama aura kalpanA kA puTa adhika hai| yadyapi nimittazAstra haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM samavAyAMga 'sa-samaya-para samaya paNNavaya patteabuddha-arthAt ke viSaya ko lekara koI praznavyAkaraNa avazya banA hogA, phira bhI svasamaya evaM parasamaya ke prajJApaka pratyeka buddha kA ullekha kara isakI usameM samavAyAMga aura dhavalA meM varNita samagra viSayavastu evaM cAmatkArika puSTi bhI kara detA hai ki ve pratyeka buddha mAtra jaina paraMparA ke nahIM haiM, vidyAeM rahI hoMgI yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai| apitu anya paramparAoM ke bhI hai| isibhAsiyAI meM maMkhaligozAla, isI sandarbha meM samavAyAMga ke mUlapATha 'addAgaMguTThabAhuasimaNi devanArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka Adi se sambandhita khomaAiccabhAsiyANaM5 ke artha ke sambandha meM bhI yahAM hameM punarvicAra adhyAya bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karate haiN| merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNa karanA hogaa| kahIM adAga, aMguSTha, bAhu, asi, maNi, khoma (kSoma) kA prAcInatama adhikAMza bhAga Aja bhI isibhAsiyAI meM tathA kucha aura Aditya vyakti to nahIM haiM- kyoMki inake dvArA bhASita kahane bhAga sUtrakRtAMga, jJAtAdharmakathA aura uttarAdhyayana ke kucha adhyAyoM ke kA kyA artha hai? sthAnAGga ke vivaraNa kI samIkSA karate hue jaisI rUpa meM surakSita hai| praznavyAkaraNa kA isibhAsiyAI vAlA aMza vartamAna ki maiMne sambhAvanA prakaTa kI hai ki kahIM adAga-AIka, bAhu-bAhuka, isibhAsiyAiM (RSibhASita), mahAvIrabhAsiyAI meM tathA AyariyabhAsiyAI khoma-soma nAmaka RSi to nahIM hai, kyoMki RSibhASita meM inake ullekha kA kucha aMza uttarAdhyayana ke adhyanoM meM surakSita hai| RSibhASita ke haiN| Aditya bhI koI RSi ho sakate haiN| kevala aMguTTha, asi aura tetaliputra nAmaka adhyAya kI viSaya sAmagrI jJAtAdharmakathA ke 14veM maNi ye tIna nAma avazya aise haiM, jinake vyakti hone kI sambhAvanA tettaliputra nAmaka adhyAya meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| dhUmila hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka adhyAya praznavyAkaraNa ke aMza the, isakI isa samagra carcA kA phalita to mAtra yahI hai ki praznavyAkaraNa puSTi aneka AdhAroM se kI jA sakatI hai| sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana nAma kI viSayavastu samaya-samaya para badalatI rahI hai| hI isa tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki yaha kisI grantha ke uttara-adhyayanoM

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78 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 se banA huA grantha hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki isakI viSaya-sAmagrI pUrva mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki sthAnAMga meM prastuta jaina sAhitya-vivaraNa ke meM kisI grantha kA uttaravartI aMza rahI hogii| isa tathya kI puSTi kA pUrva taka uttarAdhyayana eka svatantra grantha ke rUpa meM astitva meM nahIM dUsarA kintu sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti AyA thA, apitu vaha praznavyAkaraNa ke eka bhAga ke rUpa gAthA 4 meM isa bAta kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha hai ki uttarAdhyayana meM thaa| kA kucha bhAga aMga sAhitya se liyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana niyukti puna: uttarAdhyayana kA mahAvIrabhASita honA use praznavyAkaraNa ke kI isa gAthA kA tAtparya yaha hai ki bandhana aura mukti se sambandhita adhIna mAnane se hI siddha ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI viSayavastu jinabhASita aura pratyekabuddha ke saMvAdarUpa isake kucha adhyayana aMga kA nirdeza karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 36 apRSTa kA vyAkhyAna granthoM se liye gaye hai| niyuktikAra kA yaha kathana tIna mukhya bAtoM karane ke pazcAt 37veM pradhAna nAmaka adhyayana kA varNana karate hue para prakAza DAlatA hai| prathama to yaha ki uttarAdhyayana ke jo 36 adhyayana bhagavAna parinirvANa ko prApta hue| praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kI haiM, unameM kucha jinabhASita (mahAvIrabhASita) aura kucha pratyekabuddhoM ke carcA karate hue usameM pRSTa, apRSTa aura pRSTApRSTa praznoM kA vivecana saMvAda rUpa hai tathA aMga sAhitya se liye gaye haiN| aba yaha prazna svAbhAvika honA batAyA gayA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa rUpa se uThatA hai ki vaha aMga-grantha kauna sA thA, jisase uttarAdhyayana aura uttarAdhyayana kI samarUpatA hai aura uttarAdhyayana meM apRSTa praznoM ke ye bhAga liye gaye? kucha AcAryoM ne dRSTivAda se isake pariSaha kA vyAkaraNa hai| Adi adhyAyoM ko liye jAne kI kalpanA kI hai, kintu merI dRSTi hama yaha bhI suspaSTa rUpa se batA cuke haiM ki pUrva meM RSibhASita meM isakA koI AdhAra nahIM hai| isakI sAmagrI usI grantha se lI jA hI praznavyAkaraNa kA eka bhAga thaa| RSibhASita ko paravartI AcAryoM sakatI hai jisameM mahAvIrabhASita aura pratyekabuddha bhASita viSayavastu ne pratyekabuddhabhASita kahA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bhI kucha adhyayanoM ko ho| isaprakAra viSayavastu praznavyAkaraNa kI hI thI ata: usase hI inheM pratyekabuddhabhASita kahA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayana liyA gayA hogaa| yaha bAta nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra kI jA sakatI evaM RSibhASita eka dUsare se nikaTarUpa se sambandhita the aura kisI hai ki cAhe uttarAdhyayana ke samasta adhyayana to nahIM, kintu kucha adhyayana eka hI grantha ke bhAga the| haribhadra (8vIM zatI) Avazyakaniyukti kI to avazya hI mahAvIrabhASita haiN| eka bAra hama uttarAdhyayana ke 36 vRtti (8/5) meM RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana ko eka mAnate haiN| terahavIM veM adhyayana evaM usake anta meM dI huI usa gAthA ko jisameM usakA zatAbdI taka bhI jaina AcAryoM meM aisI dhAraNA calI A rahI thI ki mahAvIrabhASita honA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, paravartI evaM prakSipta mAna RSibhASita kA samAveza uttarAdhyayana meM ho jAtA hai| jinaprabhasUri kI bhI leM, kintu usake 18 veM adhyayana kI 24 vIM gAthA jo na kevala vidhimArgaprapA meM, jo 14 vIM zatAbdI kI eka racanA hai- spaSTa rUpa isI gAthA ke sarUpa hai, apitu bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI usakI apekSA se ullekha hai ki kucha AcAryoM ke mata meM RSibhASita kA antarbhAva prAcIna lagatI hai- prakSipta nahIM kahI jA sktii| yadi uttarAdhyayana uttarAdhyayana meM ho jAtA hai| yadi hama uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita ke kucha adhyayana jinabhASita evaM kucha pratyekabuddhoM ke samvAdarUpa haiM ___ ko samagra rUpa meM eka grantha mAneM to aisA lagatA hai ki usa grantha to hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki ve kisa aMga grantha ke bhAga ho sakate kA pUrvavartI bhAga RSibhASita aura uttaravartI bhAga uttarAdhyayana kahA haiN| praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSayavastu kA nirdeza karate hue sthAnAMga, jAtA thaa| samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra meM usake adhyAyoM ko mahAvIrabhASita evaM yaha to huI praznavyAkaraNa ke prAcInatama prathama saMskaraNa kI baat| pratyekabuddhabhASita kahA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki uttarAdhyayana aba yaha vicAra karanA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa ke nimittazAstra pradhAna dUsare ke aneka adhyAya pUrva meM praznavyAkaraNa ke aMza rahe haiN| uttarAdhyayana ___ saMskaraNa kI kyA sthiti ho sakatI hai- kyA vaha bhI kisI rUpa meM ke adhyAyoM ke vaktA ke rUpa meM dekheM to spaSTarUpa se unameM namipavvajjA, surakSita hai? kApilIya, saMjayIyA Adi jaise kaI adhyayana pratyeka buddhoM ke samvAdarUpa jahAM taka nimittazAstra se sambandhita praznavyAkaraNa ke dUsare milate haiN| jabaki vinayasutta, pariSaha vibhakti, saMskRta, akAmamaraNIya, saMskaraNa ke astitva meM hone kA prazna hai- merI dRSTi meM vaha bhI kSullaka-nirgranthIya, dumapatraka, bahuzrutapUjA jaise kucha adhyAya mahAvIrabhASita pUrNatayA vilupta nahIM huA hai, apitu mAtra huA yaha hai ki use haiM aura kesI-gautamIya, gaddamIya Adi kucha adhyAya AcAryabhASita praznavyAkaraNa se pRthak kara usake sthAna para AzrayadvAra aura saMvaradvAra kahe jA sakate haiN| ata: praznavyAkaraNa ke prAcIna saMskAra kI nAmaka naI viSayavastu DAla dI gaI hai| zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA ne viSaya-sAmagrI se isa uttarAdhyayana ke aneka adhyAyoM kA nirmANa jinavANI, disambara 1980 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM praznavyAkaraNa huA hai| nAmaka kucha anya granthoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| 'praznavyAkaraNAkhya yadyapi samavAyAMga evaM nandIsUtra meM uttarAdhyayana kA nAma AyA jayapAyaDa' ke nAma se eka grantha muni jinavijayajI ne siMghI jaina hai, kintu sthAnAMga meM kahIM bhI uttarAdhyayana kA nAmollekha nahIM hai| ___granthamAlA ke grantha kramAMka 43 meM saMvat 2015 meM prakAzita kiyA jaisA ki hama pUrva meM nirdeza kara cuke hai sthAnAGga hI aisA prathama grantha hai| yaha grantha eka prAcIna tAr3apatrIya prati ke AdhAra para prakAzita kiyA hai jo jaina Agama-sAhitya ke prAcInatama svarUpa kI sUcanA detA hai| gayA hai| tAr3apatrIya prati kharataragaccha ke AcArya zAkhA ke jJAnabhaNDAra

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79 praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja jaisalamera se prApta huI thI aura yaha vikrama saMvat 1336 kI likhI kA grantha banA diyA gyaa| punaH lagabhaga 7vIM zatAbdI meM yaha nimittazAstra huI thii| grantha mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM haiM aura usameM 378 gAthAeM vAlA hissA alaga kiyA gayA aura usake sthAna para pAMca Azrava haiN| usake sAtha saMskRta TIkA bhI hai| yaha prakAzita grantha pArzvanAtha tathA pA~ca saMvaradvAra vAlA vartamAna saMskaraNa rakhA gyaa| jaisA ki maiMne vidyAzrama, vArANasI ke puskAlaya meM hai| grantha kA viSaya nimittazAstra sUcita kiyA ki praznavyAkaraNa ke pUrva ke do saMskaraNa bhI cAhe usase se sambandhita hai| isI prakAra jinaratnakoza meM bhI zAntinAtha bhaNDAra pRthak kara diye gaye hoM kintu ve RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana aura khaMbhAta meM upalabdha jayapAhuDa praznavyAkaraNa, nAmaka grantha kI sUcanA praznavyAkaraNa nAmaka anya nimittazAstra ke granthoM ke rUpa meM apanA upalabdha hotI hai|17 yadyapi isakI gAthA saMkhyA 228 batAI gaI hai| astitva rakha rahe haiN| AzA hai, isa sambandha meM vidvadvarga Age aura eka anya praznavyAkaraNa nAmaka grantha kI sUcanA hameM nepAla ke mahArAjA manthana karake kisI niSkarSa para phuNcegaa| kI lAyabrerI se prApta hotI hai| zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA kI sUcanA ke anusAra isa grantha kI pratilipi terApantha dharmasaMgha ke AcArya munizrI praznavyAkaraNa aura RSibhASita kI viSayavastu kI samarUpatA kA nathamalajI ne prApta kara lI hai| isa lekha ke prakAzana ke pUrva zrI jauharImala pramANa jI pArakha, rAvaTI, jodhapura ke saujanya se isa grantha kI phoTo kApI RSibhASita aura prAcIna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastuoM kI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ko prApta ho gaI hai| ise abhI pUrA ekarUpatA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa hameM RSibhASita ke pArzva nAmaka par3hA to nahIM jA sakA hai, kintu tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para jJAta 31 veM adhyayana meM mila jAtA hai| isameM pArzva kI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM huA ki isakI mUlagAthAeM to siMghI jaina granthamAlA ke antargata prakAzita kI carcA hai| isa carcA ke prasaMga meM granthakAra ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kRti ke samAna hI haiM, kintu TIkA bhinna hai| isakI eka anya phoTo ullekha kiyA hai ki vyAkaraNaprabhRti granthoM meM samAhita isa adhyayana kApI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda kA aisA dUsarA pATha bhI milatA hai| yaha mUlapATha isa prakAra haise bhI prApta huI hai| eka anya praznavyAkaraNa kI sUcanA hameM pATana vAgaraNagaMthAoM pabhiti sAmittaM jJAna bhaNDAra kI sUcI se prApta hotI hai| yaha grantha bhI cUr3AmaNi nAmaka imaM ajjhayaNaM tAva imo bIo pADho dissatira TIkA ke sAtha hai aura TIkA kA granthAMka 2300 zloka parimANa batAyA isakA tAtparya to yaha hai ki RSibhASita kI viSayavastu praznagayA hai| yaha prati bhI kAphI purAnI ho sakatI hai| vyAkaraNa meM bhI sAmahita thii| yadyapi yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hogA isa saba AdhAroM se aisA lagatA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa kA ki praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu se RSibhASita kA nirmANa huA yA nimittazAstra se sambandhita saMskaraNa bhI pUrI taraha vilupta nahIM huA RSibhASita kI viSayavastu se praznavyAkaraNa kaa| lekina yaha suspaSTa hogA, apitu use usase alaga karake surakSita kara liyA gayA ho| hai ki kisI samaya praznavyAkaraNa aura RSibhASita kI viSayavastu samAna yadi koI vidvAn ina saba granthoM ko lekara unakI viSayavastu ko thI aura unameM kucha pAThAntara bhI the| ata: vartamAna RSibhASita meM prAcIna samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra evaM dhavalA meM praznavyAkaraNa kI ullikhita viSaya praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA honA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtA sAmagrI ke sAtha milAna kare to yaha patA cala sakegA ki praznavyAkaraNa hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI siddha ho jAtA hai ki mUla praznavyAkaraNa meM pArzva nAmaka jo anya grantha upalabdha haiM ve praznavyAkaraNa ke dvitIya saMskaraNa Adi prAcIna arhat RSiyoM ke dArzanika vicAra evaM upadeza ke hI aMza haiM yA anya haiN| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki samavAyAMga aura nihita the| nandI ke racanAkAla meM praznavyAkaraNa nAmaka kaI grantha vAcanA-bheda se pracalita ho aura unameM una sabhI viSayavastu ko samAhita kiyA gayA praznavyAkaraNa aura jayapAyaDa kI viSayavastu kI AMzika samAnatA ho| isa mAnyatA kA eka AdhAra yaha hai ki RSibhASita, samavAyAMga, 'praznavyAkaraNAkhya jayapAyaDa' nAmaka jisa grantha kA hamane ullekha nandI evaM anuyogadvAra meM vAgaraNagaMthA evaM paNhAvAgaraNAiM- aise bahuvacana kiyA hai, usakI viSaya sAmagrI nimittazAstra se sambandhita hai| puna: prayoga milate haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki isa kAla meM vAcanAbheda usameM kartA ne tIsarI gAthA meM 'paNhaM jayapAyaDaM vocchaM' kahakara ke se yA anya rUpa aneka praznavyAkaraNa upasthita rahe hoNge| praznavyAkaraNa aura jayapAyaDa kI samarUpatA ko spaSTa kiyA hai| prastuta ina praznavyAkaraNoM kI saMskRta TIkA sahita tAr3apatrIya pratiyAM grantha kI isI gAthA kI TIkA meM grantha kI viSayavastu ko spaSTa karate milanA isa bAta kI avazya sUcaka haiM ki IsA kI 4-5vIM zatI huye kahA gayA hai ki isameM 'naSTamuSTicintAlAbhAlAbhasukhaduHkhajIvanamaraNa' meM ye grantha astitva meM the, kyoMki 9-10vIM zatAbdI meM jaba inakI Adi sambandhI prazna haiN| isa ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki dhavalAkAra TIkAeM likhI gaIM, to usake pUrva bhI ye grantha apane mUla rUpa meM ne praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA jisa rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai rahe hoNge| usakI isase bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| 21 prastuta grantha ke viSayoM meM sambhavata: IsA kI lagabhaga 2-3rI zatAbdI meM praznavyAkaraNa meM muSTivibhAga prakaraNa, naSTikA cakra, saMkhyA pramANa, lAbha prakaraNa, nimittazAstra sambandhI sAmagrI jor3I gaI ho aura phira usameM se RSibhASita astravibhAga prakaraNa Adi aise haiM jinakI viSayavastu samavAyAMga meM kA hissA alaga kiyA gayA aura use viziSTa rUpa se eka nimittazAstra praznavyAkaraNa ke varNita viSayoM se yatkicit samAna ho sakatI hai|22

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80 durbhAgya yaha hai ki prakAzita hote hue bhI vidvAnoM ko isa grantha kI jAnakArI nahIM hai| yaha jaina nimittazAstra kA prAcIna evaM pramukha grantha hai| grantha kI bhASA ko dekhakara sAmAnyatayA yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha IsvI san kI cauthI - pA~cavI zatAbdI kI ho sakatI hai anya ke lie prayukta pAyaDa yA pAhuDa zabda se bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga pA~cavI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI racanA honA cAhie, kyoMki kasAyapAhuDa evaM kundakunda ke pAhuDa grantha isI kAlAvadhi ke kucha pUrva kI racanAeM haiN| sUryaprajJapti meM bhI viSayoM kA vargIkaraNa pAhuDoM ke rUpa meM huA hai| ataH yaha sambhAvanA ho hai ki jayapAyaDa praznavyAkaraNa ke dvitIya saMskaraNa kA koI rUpa ho, yadyapi isa sambandha meM antimarUpa se tabhI kucha kahA jA sakatA hai jaba praznavyAkaraNa ke nAma se milane vAlI sabhI racanAeM hamAre samakSa upasthita hoM aura inakA prAmANika rUpa se adhyayana kiyA jAye / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 , viSaya - sAmagrI meM parivartana kyoM? , yadyapi yahAM yaha prazna svAbhAvikarUpa se uThatA hai ki prathama RSibhASita AcAryabhASita mahAvIrabhASita Adi bhAga ko haTAkara usameM nimittazAstra sambandhI vivaraNa rakhanA aura phira nimittazAstra sambandhI vivaraNa haTAkara AzravadvAra aura saMvaradvAra sambandhI vivaraNa rakhanA yaha saba kyoM huA? sarvaprathama RSibhASita Adi bhAga kyoM haTAyA gayA ? merI dRSTi meM isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki RSibhASita meM adhikAMzataH ajaina paramparA ke (RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM vicAra saMkalita the isake paThanapAThana se eka udAra dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa to hotA thA, kintu jainadharma saMgha ke prati aTUTa zraddhA khaNDita hotI thI tathA pariNAmasvarUpa saMghIya vyavasthA ke lie apekSita dhArmika kaTTaratA aura AsthA Tika nahIM pAtI thii| isase dharmasaMgha ko khatarA thaa| punaH yaha yuga camatkAroM dvArA logoM ko apane dharmasaMgha ke prati AkarSita karane aura unakI dhArmika zraddhA ko dRr3ha karane kA thA-- cUMki tatkAlIna jaina paramparA ke sAhitya meM isakA abhAva thA, ataH use jor3anA jarUrI thaa| samavAyAMga meM praznavyAkaraNa sambandhI jo vivaraNa upalabdha haiM usase bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai-- usameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki logoM ko jinapravacana meM sthita karane ke lie, unakI mati ko vismita karane ke lie sarvajJa ke vacanoM meM vizvAsa utpanna karane ke lie isameMmahApraznavidyA, manaH praznavidyA, devaprayAga Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki eka ora nimittazAstra ko pApasUtra kahA gayA, kintu saMghahita ke lie dUsarI ora use aMga Agama meM sammilita kara liyA gayA, kyoMki jaba taka use aMga sAhitya kA bhAga banAkara jinapraNIta nahIM kahA jAtA taba taka logoM kI AsthA usa para Tika nahIM pAtI aura jinapravacana kI atizayatA prakaTa nahIM hotii| ataH praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu meM parivartana karane kA doharA lAbha thA eka ora anyatIrthika RSiyoM ke vacanoM ko usase alaga kiyA jA sakatA thA aura dUsarI ora usameM nimittazAstra sambandhI naI sAmagrI jor3akara usakI prAmANikatA ko bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA thA kintu jaba paravartI AcAyoM ne isakA durupayoga hote dekhA hogA aura munivarga ko sAdhanA se virata hokara inhIM naimittika vidyAoM kI upAsanA meM rata dekhA hogA to unhoMne yaha naimittika vidyAoM se yukta vivaraNa usase alaga kara usameM pAMca AzravadvAra aura pAMca saMvaradvAra vAlA vivaraNa rakha diyaa| praznavyAkaraNa ke TIkAkAra abhayadeva evaM jJAnavimala ne bhI viSaya parivartana ke lie yahI tarka svIkAra kiyA hai| 13 praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSayavastu kaba usase alaga kara dI gaI aura usake sthAna para pAMca AzravadvAra aura pAMca saMvaradvAra rUpa navIna viSayavastu rakha dI gaI, yaha prazna bhI vicAraNIya hai| abhayadevasUre ne apanI sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI TIkA meM bhI yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa meM inameM sUcita viSayavastu upalabdha nahIM hai / 24 mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne pAMca AzravadvAra aura pAMca saMvaradvAra vAle vartamAna meM upalabdha praznavyAkaraNa para hI TIkA likhI hai| ataH vartamAna saMskaraNa kI nimnatama sImA abhayadeva ke kAla arthAt IsvI san 1080 se pUrvavartI honA caahie| punaH abhayadeva ne praznavyAkaraNa meM eka zrutaskandha hai yA do zrutaskandha hai isa samasyA ko uThAte hue apanI vRtti kI pUrvapIThikA meM apane se pUrvavartI AcArya kA mata uddhRta kiyA hai-- 'do suyasaMghA paNNattA AsavadArA ya saMvaradArA ya- / ' abhayadeva ne pUrvAcArya kI mAnyatA ko asvIkAra bhI kiyA hai aura yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha do zrutaskandhoM kI mAnyatA rUr3ha nahIM hai| sambhavataH unhoMne apanA eka zrutaskandha sambandhI mata samavAyAMga aura nandI ke AdhAra para banAyA ho isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki abhayadeva ke pUrva bhI praznavyAkaraNa ke vartamAna saMskaraNa para prAkRta bhASA meM hI koI vyAkhyA likhI gaI thI, jisameM do zrutaskandha kI mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyA gayA thaa| usakA kAla abhayadeva se 2-3 zatAbdI pUrva arthAt IsA kI 8 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga avazya rahA hogA / punaH AcArya jinadAsagaNa mahattara ne nandIsUtra para zaka saMvat 598 arthAt IsvI san 676 I0 meM apanI cUrNI samApta kI thii| usa cUrNI meM unhoMne praznavyAkaraNa meM paMcavarAdi kI vyAkhyA hone kA spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki IsvI san 676 ke pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA paMcasaMvaradvAroM se yukta saMskaraNa prasAra meM A gayA thA, arthAt AgamoM ke lekhanakAla ke pazcAt lagabhaga sau varSa kI avadhi meM vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa astitva meM avazya A gayA thaa| prastuta praznavyAkaraNa kI prathama gAthA, jisameM 'vocchAmi' kahakara grantha ke kathana kA nizcaya sUcita kiyA gayA hai, kI racanA zeSa sabhI aMga AgamoM ke prArambhika kathana se bilakula bhinna hai| yaha 5vIM - 6ThIM zatAbdI meM racita granthoM kI prathama prAkkathana gAthA ke samAna hI hai| ataH prastuta praznavyAkaraNa racanAkAla IsA kI chaThIM zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| 25 isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki vaha praznavyAkaraNa jisameM usakI viSayavastu RSibhASita kI viSayavastu ke samarUpa thI, prAcInatama saMskaraNa hai jo lagabhaga IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA hogii| phira IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM usameM nimittazAstra sambandhI .

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vivaraNa jur3e jinakI sUcanA usake sthAnAMga ke vivaraNa se milatI hai| isake pazcAt IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM RSibhASita Adi bhAga alaga kiye gaye aura use nimittazAstra kA prantha banA diyA, samavAyAMga kA vivaraNa isakA sAkSI hai| isa kAla meM praznavyAkaraNa ke nAma se vAcanAbheda se aneka grantha astitva meM the aisI bhI sUcanA hameM Agama sAhitya se mila jAtI hai| lagabhaga IsA kI 6 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM ina granthoM ke sthAna para vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa sUtra kA Azrava evaM saMvara ke vivecana se yukta yaha saMskaraNa astitva meM AyA hai jo vartamAna meM hameM upalabdha hai| yaha praznavyAkaraNa kA antima saMskaraNa jahAM sandarbha 1. paNhAvAgaraNesu adbhuttaraM pasiNasayaM aduttaraM apasiNasayaM anuttaraM pasiNApasiNasayaM vijjAisayA nAga-suvannehiM saddhiM divva saMvAyA Aghavijrjjati / samavAyAMgasUtra, 546 / 2. vAgaraNagaMthAo pabhiti / isibhAsiyAiM- 31 / 3. 4. 4. 5. praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja paNhAvAgaraNadasANaM dasa ajjhayaNA paNNattA, taM jahA uvamA, saMkha, isibhAsiyAI, AyariyabhAsiyAI, mahAvIrabhAsiyAI, khomagapasiNaI, komalapasiNA, aMdhArApasiNA, aMguTThapasiNAI, bAhupasigAI sthAnAMgasUtra, 10 / 116 se kiM taM paNhAvAgaraNANi? paNhAvAgaraNesu adbhuttaraM pasiNasayaM aTTuttaraM apasiNasa, aTTuttaraM siNApasiNasayaM vijjAisayA nAga-suvannehiM saddhiM divvA saMvAyA AghavijjaMti / paNhAvAgaraNadasAsu NaM sasamaya parasamaya paNNavaya- patte abuddhavivitthabhAsA- bhAsiyANaM aisayaguNa uvasama-NANappagAraAyariyabhAsiyANaM vitthareNaM, vIramahesIhiM vivihavittharabhAsiyANaM ca jagahiyANaM addAgaMguTTha - bAhu-asi maNi-khoma- AiccabhAsiyANaM vivimahApasiNavijjA-maNapasiNavijjA devayapayoga pahANa guNappasiyANI sabbhUyadguNappabhAva- naragaNamaivimhayakarANaM aisayamaIyakAlasamayadama-sama- titthakaruttamassa ThiikaraNakAraNANaM durahigama-duravagAhassa savvasavvannusamma assa abuha-jaNa-vibohaNakarassa paccakkhayapaccayakarANaM pahANaM viviguNamahatthA jiNavarappaNIyA Aghavijjati / panhAcAgaraNesu NaM paritA vAyaNA, saMkhejjA aNuogadArA, saMkhejjAo paDivattIo, saMkhejjA veDhA, saMkhejjA silogA, saMkhejjAo nijjutIo, saMkhejjAo sNgrhnniio| , seNaM aMgaDayAe dasame aMge ege suyavakhaMdhe, paNayAlIsaM uddesaNakAlA, paNayAlIsaM samuddesaNakAlA, saMkhejjANi payasayasahassANi payaggeNaM pnnnnttaaii| saMkhejjA akkharA, aNaMtA gamA, aNaMtA pajjavA, parittA tasA, anaMtA thAvarA, sAsayA kaDA NibaddhA NikAiyA jiNapaNNattA bhAvA Aghavijjati paNNavijjati paruvijjeti nisikhati updesijjti| se evaM AyA, se evaM NAyA, evaM viNNAyA, evaM caraNa-karaNaparUvaNayA Adhavijjati se taM paNhAvAgaraNAI 10 / samavAyAMgasUtra, 546-549 / se kiM taM paNhAvAgaraNAI ? paNhAvAgaraNesu NaM-aGguttaraM pasiNasa, aTTuttaraM apasiNasayaM, aTTuttara pasiNApaNisayaM, taMjahA aMguTThapasiNAI, -- 81 taka praznavyAkaraNa ke uparyukta do prAcIna lupta saMskaraNoM kI viSayavastu kA prazna hai, usameM se prathama saMskaraNa kI viSayavastu adhikAMza rUpa se evaM kucha parivartanoM ke sAtha vartamAna meM upalabdha RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAMga evaM jJAtAdharmakathA meM samAhita hai| dvitIya nimittazAstra sambandhI saMskaraNa kI viSayavastu, jayapAyaDa aura praznavyAkaraNa ke nAma se upalabdha anya nimittazAstroM ke granthoM meM ho sakatI hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM vizeSarUpa se zodha kI AvazyakatA hai| AzA hai vidvadjana isa dizA meM dhyAna deNge| 7. 8. bAhupasiNAI addAgapasiNAI, annevi vicittA vijjAisayA, nAga- suvaNNehiM saddhiM divvA saMvAyA Aghavijjanti / pAvAgaraNANaM paritA vAyaNA, saMkhejjA aNuogadArA, saMkhejjA veDhA, saMkhejjA silogA, saMkhejjAo nijjuttIo, saMkhejjAo, saMgahaNIo, saMkhejjAo pddivttiio| seNaM aMgaTTayAe dasame aMge, ege suyakkhaMghe, paNayAlIsaM ajjhayaNA, paNayAlIsaM uddesaNakAlA, paNayAlIsaM samuddesaNakAlA, saMkhejjAI parasahassAiM payagveNaM, saMkhejjA avakharA, aNatA gamA, anaMtA pajjavA, paritA tasA aNantA thAvarA, sAsayakaDanibaddhanikAiyA jiNapaNNattA bhAvA Aghavijjanti, paNNavijjanti parUvijjanti, desijjanti nirdesijjanti uvadaMsijjanti / se evaM AyA, evaM nAyA evaM viNNAyA, evaM caraNakaraNaparUvaNA AvijjaI sa taM pnnhaavaagrnnaaii| - nandIsUtra, 54 // AkSepavikSepairhetunayAzritAnAM praznAnAM vyAkaraNaM praznavyAkaraNam, tasmillaukikavaidikAnAmarthAnAM nirNayaH / tattvArthavArtika 1/20 ( pR0 73-74) / akkhevaNI vikkhevaNI saMveyaNI NivveyaNI cedi caDavvihAo kahAo vaNNedi tatva akkhevaNI nAma chaddavva Nava payatvANaM sarUvaM digaMtarasamayAMtara - nirAkaraNaM muddhiM kareMtI parUvedi / vikkhevaNI NAma parasamaeNa sasamayaM dUsaMtI pacchA digaMtarasuddhiM karatI sasamayaM thAvaMtI chaddavvA Navapayatthe parUvedi / saMveyaNI NAma punnnnphlsNkhaa| kANi puNNaphalANi? titvayaragaNahara-risi cakkavaDi baladeva sura- vijjaahrriddhiio| NivveyaNI NAma paavphlsNkhaa| kANi pAvaphalANi? Niraya-tiriyakumANusajoNIsu jAi jarA maraNa vAhi veyaNA dAlidAdINi saMsArasarIrabhoge veragguSpAhaNI NibveyaNINA.........| pahAo hada-na-muTTha-ciMtA-lAhAlAha- suha- dukkha jIviya maraNajaya-parAjaya-NAma- davvAsu saMkhaM ca parUvedi / -dhavalA, pustaka 1, bhAga 1, pR0 107-81 vAgaraNagaMthAoM pabhiti jAva sAmittaM imaM ajjhayaNaM tAva imo bIo pADho dissati, taMjA isibhAsiyAI, adhyAya 31 / -- .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 9. navavihe pAvasuyapasaMge paNNatte, taM jahA uppAe, nemittae, matte, Aikkhae, tigicchiie| kalAvaraNa-annANe, micchaapaavynnttiy|| - sthAnA~ga, sthAna 9 10. patteyabuddhamisiNo bIsaM titthe aritttthnnemiss| pAsassa ya paNNarasa vIrassa viliinnmohss|| - isibhAsiyAI, paDhamA saMgrahaNI, gAthA, 1 11. coyalIsaM ajjhayaNA isibhAsiyA diyalogacuyA bhAsiyA pnnnnttaa| . - samavAyAMgasUtra, 44/258 12. aMgaTThAe dasame aMge, ege suakhaMdhe, paNayAlIsaM ajjhynnaa| -nndiisuutr-54| 13. (ka) padaggaM bANautiMlakkhA solasa ya shssaa| - nandIcUrNi, pR070| (kha) dvinavatilakSANi SoDaza ca shsraanni| -samavAyAMgavRtti 14. paNhavAyaraNo NAma aMga tennudilkkh-solsshsspdehi| -dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR0 104 15. samavAyAMga, 547 16. samavAyAMga, 547 17. praznavyAkaraNa, jayaprAbhRta, (grantha0 228), jaina granthAvalI, pR0355| (a) cUDAmaNivRtti (grantha 2300), pATana keTaloga, bhAga 1, pR0 8 (ba) lIlAvatI TIkA, pATana keTaloga, bhAga 1, pR0 8 evaM inTroDakzana, 19. isibhAsiyAi (zubriga) adhyAya 31, pR0 69 20. mahamAhappuppAya, bhuvaNabbhaMtarapavaMta (vatta) vaavaarN| aisayapuNNaM NANaM, paNhaM jayapAyaDaM vocchN|| -praznavyAkaraNAkhyaM jayapAhuDanAma nimittazAstram 3 / 21. nssttmusstticintaa-laabhaalaabh-sukh-duHkh-jiivit-mrnnaabhivyjNktvm| -praznavyAkaraNAkhyaM jayapAhuDanAma nimittazAstram, ttiikaa| tulanIya- paNhAdo hada-naTTha-puTThi-ciMtA-lAhAlAhasuha-dukkha-jIviyamaraNa-jatha-NAma-davvAyu-saMkhaM ca pruuvedi| -dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR0 107-8 22. praznavyAkaraNAkhyaM jayapAhuDanAma nimittshaastrm| - prakaraNa 14, 17, 21, 38 / 23. (a) atizayAnAM pUrvAcAryairedaMyugInAnAmapuSTAlambanapratiSevipuruSApekSa yottaarittvaaditi| - praznavyAkaraNavRtti (abhayadeva) praarmbh| (ba) pUrvAcAyairedaMyugInapuruSANAM tathAvidhahInahInatarapANDityabalabuddhivIryApekSayA / puSTAlambanamuddizya praznAdividhAsthAne paMcAzrava-saMvararUpaM smuttaaritm| -praznavyAkaraNa TIkA (jJAnavimala), praarmbh| 24. (a) praznAnAM vidyAvizeSANAM yAni vyAkaraNAni teSAM pratipAdanaparA dazA dazAdhyayanapratibaddhAH granthapaddhataya iti prshnvyaakrnndshaa:| ayaM ca vyutpattyartho'sya puurvkaalebhuut| idAnIM tvaashrvpNcksNvraapNckvyaakRterevehoplbhyte| -- praznavyAkaraNa vRtti (abhayadeva) praarmbh| (ba) praznA: aMguSThAdipraznavidyA vyAkriyante abhighIyante asminniti praznavyAkaraNam etAdRzaM puurvkaale'bhuut| idAnIM tu Azrava-saMvarapaMcakavyAkRtireva lbhyte| -praznavyAkaraNa TIkA (jJAnavimala) praarmbh| 25. zakarAjJo paMcasu varSazateSu vyatikrAnteSu aSTanavateSu naMdyadhyayanacUrNI smaaptaa|| -nandIcUrNi (praakRt-ttekstt-sosaayttii)| pAThAntara-sakarAkrAnteSu paMcasu varSazateSu nandyadhyayanacUrNI smaaptaa|| -nandIcUrNi (RSabhadeva kezarImala, rtlaam)| 26. tamhi paNhAvAgaraNe aMge paMcAsavadArAI vA vyAkhyeyAH parappavAdiNo y| -NaMdIttacUNNi, pR0 69 / pR06| (sa) pradarzanajyotirvRtti, pATana keTaloga, bhAga 1, pR0 8 evaM inTroDakzana, pR06| bRhadvRttiTippaNikA (jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, pUnA 19:5, kramAMka 560), jaina granthAvalI, pR0 355 / -jinaratnakoza, pR0 274 18. jinaratnakoza, pR0 274 /

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jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInatama saGkalana : RSibhASita jaina Agama-sAhitya meM RSibhASita kA sthAna vidhi ko samApta kiyA hai| unhoMne jina prakIrNakoM kA ullekha kiyA RSibhASita-(isibhAsiyAI) ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama-sAhitya kA hai unameM RSibhASita bhI samAhita hai| isa prakAra vargIkaraNa kI pracalita eka prAcInatama grantha hai| vartamAna meM jaina AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI paddhati meM RSibhASita kI gaNanA prakIrNaka sUtroM meM kI jA sakatI hai| jo paddhati pracalita hai, usameM ise prakIrNaka granthoM ke antargata vargIkRta prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA meM ise eka mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA kiyA jAtA hai| digambara paramparA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhya mAne jAtA thaa| Avazyakaniyukti meM bhadrabAhu RSibhASita para bhI niyukti gaye haiM; kintu unameM RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara jaina likhane kI pratijJA karate haiM, vartamAna meM yaha niyukti upalabdha nahIM paramparA meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI, jo 32 Agama mAnate haiM , hotI hai| Aja to yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai ki yaha niyukti likhI unameM bhI RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA gaI thI yA nhiiN| yadyapi 'isimaNDala' jisakA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra, 2cUlikAsUtra aura meM hai, isase sambandhita avazya pratIta hotA hai| ina sabase itanA to 10 prakIrNaka, aise jo 45 Agama mAne jAte haiM, unameM bhI 10 prakIrNako siddha ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita eka samaya taka jaina paramparA kA me hameM kahIM RSibhASita kA nAma nahIM miltaa| yadyapi nandIsUtra aura mahattvapUrNa grantha rahA hai| sthAnAMga meM isakA ullekha praznavyAkaraNadazA pAkSikasUtra meM jo kAlika sUtroM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai unameM RSibhASita ke eka bhAga ke rUpa meM huA hai| samavAyAMga isake 44 adhyayanoM kA ullekha hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya meM aMgabAhya granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai| nandIsUtra, pAkSikasUtra Adi meM isakI gaNanA kI jo sUcI dI hai usameM sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi 6 granthoM kA ullekha kAlikasUtroM meM kI gaI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ise dharmakathAnuyoga kA hai aura usake pazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA (AcAradazA), grantha kahatI hai (Avazyakaniyukti-hAribhadrIyavRtti, pR0 206) / kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita kA ullekha hai| haribhadra Avazyakaniyukti kI vRtti meM eka sthAna para isakA ullekha uttarAdhyayana RSibhASita kA racanAkrama evaM kAla ke sAtha karate haiM aura dUsare sthAna para 'deviMdathaya' nAmaka prakIrNaka yaha grantha apanI bhASA, chandayojanA aura viSayavastu kI dRSTi ke saath|' haribhadra ke isa bhrama kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unake se ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama granthoM meM atiprAcIna hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha sAmane RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) ke sAtha-sAtha RSimaNDalastava grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha se kiMcit paravartI tathA sUtrakRtAMga, (isimaNDalathau) nAmaka grantha bhI thA, jisakA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna Agama granthoM kI apekSA meM hai aura unakA uddezya RSibhASita ko uttarAdhyayana ke sAtha aura pUrvavartI siddha hotA hai| itanA sunizcita hai ki isakI chandayojanA, RSimaNDalastava ko 'deviMdathaya' ke sAtha jor3ane kA hogaa| yaha bhI zailI evaM bhASA atyanta prAcIna hai| merI dRSTi meM isakA vartamAna svarUpa smaraNIya hai ki isimaNDala (RSimaNDala) meM na kevala RSibhASita bhI kisI bhI sthiti meM IsApUrva tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se paravartI siddha ke aneka RSiyoM kA ullekha hai, apita isibhAsiyAI meM unake jo nahIM hotA hai| sthAnAMga meM prApta sUcanA ke anusAra yaha grantha prArambha upadeza aura adhyAya haiM unakA bhI saMketa hai| isase yaha bhI nizcita meM praznavyAkaraNadazA kA eka bhAga thA, sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNadazA hotA hai ki isimaNDala kA kartA RSibhASita se avagata thaa| mAtra kI jo dasa dazAe~ varNita haiM, unameM RSibhASita kA bhI ullekha hai| yahI nahIM RSimaNDala meM to krama aura nAmabheda ke sAtha RSibhASita samavAyAMga isake 44 adhyayana hone kI bhI sUcanA detA hai| ataH ke lagabhaga sabhI RSiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isimaNDala kA yaha inakA pUrvavartI to avazya hI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta, ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi 'isiNAmakittaNaM isimaNDalasthau ' (pR0 374) asitadevala, dvaipAyana, parAzara Adi RSiyoM kA evaM unakI AcAragata meM hone se yaha nizcita hI usake pUrva (7vIM zatI) kA pUrva ke grantha mAnyatAoM kA kiMcit nirdeza hai| inheM tapodhana aura mahApuruSa kahA hai| vidvAnoM ko isa sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se cintana karanA caahie| gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki ye pUrva RSi isa (Arhat pravacana) isimaNDala ke saMbaMdha meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaha tapAgaccha ke dharmaghoSasUri meM 'sammata' mAne gaye haiN| inhoMne (sacitta) bIja aura pAnI kA sevana kI racanA hai, kintu yaha dhAraNA mujhe bhrAnta pratIta hotI hai kyoMki karake bhI mokSa prApta kiyA thaa| ata: pahalA prazna yahI uThatA hai ye 14 vIM zatI ke AcArya haiN| vastuta: isimaNDala kI bhASA se bhI ki inheM sammAnita rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM sUtrakRtAMga ke pahale kisa aisA lagatA hai ki yaha prAcIna grantha hai aura isakA lekhaka RSibhASita grantha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM kevala RSibhASita hI kA jJAtA hai| AcArya jinaprabha ne vidhimArgaprapA meM tapa ArAdhanA ke eka aisA grantha hai, jisameM inheM sammAnita rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gyaa| sAtha AgamoM ke svAdhyAya kI jisa vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai, usameM sUtrakRtAMga kI gAthA kA 'isa-sammatA' zabda svayaM sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita kA ullekha karake prakIrNaka adhyayana krama RSibhASita ke pUrva astitva kI sUcanA detA hai| jJAtavya hai ki sUtrakRtAMga

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 84 3 aura RSibhASita donoM meM jainetara paramparA ke aneka RSiyoM yathA asitadevala, bAhuka Adi kA sammAnita rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi donoM a: bhASA evaM zailI bhI mukhyataH padyAtmaka hI hai, phira bhI bhASA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA bhI RSibhASita kI apekSA paravartIkAla kI lagatI hai kyoMki usakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| jabaki RSibhASita kI bhASA kucha paravartI parivartana ko chor3akara prAcIna ardhamAgadhI hai| punaH jahA~ sUtrakRtAMga meM itara dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA kI gayI hai, vahA~ RSibhASita meM itara paramparA ke RSiyoM kA sammAnita rUpa meM hI ullekha huA hai| yaha sunizcita satya hai ki yaha grantha jainadharma evaM saMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pUrva likhA gayA thaa| isa grantha ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pratIta hotA hai ki isake racanAkAla taka jaina saMgha meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA pUrNataH abhAva thaa| maMkhaligozAlaka aura usakI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hameM jaina Agama sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI aura upAsakadazAMgara meM aura bauddha paramparA ke suttanipAta, dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta Adi meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi spaSTataH maMkhaligozAlaka kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu usake Ardraka nAmaka adhyayana meM niyativAda kI samAlocanA avazya hai| yadi hama sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bhagavatI kA maMkhaligozAlaka vAlA prakaraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura upAsakadazAMga kI apekSA bhI paryApta paravartI siddha hogaa| sUtrakRtAMga, upAsakadazAGga aura pAlitripiTaka ke aneka grantha maMkhaligozAlaka ke niyativAda ko prastuta karake usakA khaNDana karate haiN| phira bhI jaina Agama granthoM kI apekSA suttanipAta meM maMkhaligozAlaka kI gaNanA buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM meM karake unake mahatva aura prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva kA varNana avazya kiyA gayA hai, 14 kintu pAlitripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI RSibhASita meM use arhataRSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| ataH dhArmika udAratA kI dRSTi se RSibhASita kI racanA pAlitripiTaka kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai kyoMki kisI bhI dharmasaMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pazcAt hI usameM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA vikAsa ho pAtA hai| RSibhASita spaSTarUpa se yaha sUcita karatA hai ki usakI racanA jaina- paramparA meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza Ane ke bahuta pUrva ho cukI thI / kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jaina Agama granthoM meM yaha dhArmika abhiniveza nyUnAdhika rUpa meM avazya parilakSita hotA hai| ataH RSibhASita kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jainAgamoM se prAcIna siddha hotA hai| bhASA, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se bhI yaha AcArAMga ke prathamata skandha aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke madhya meM hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta hai15 kintu usameM bhI vaha udAratA nahIM hai jo RSibhASita meM hai tripiTaka sAhitya meM RSibhASita meM ullikhita kucha RSiyoM yathA nArada, 16 asitadevala, 17 piMga, 18 maMkhaliputra, 19 saMjaya (velaTThiputta), vardhamAna (niggathaM nAtaputta), kumAputtara Adi ke ullekha haiM kintu ina sabhI ko buddha se nimna hI batAyA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ve prantha bhI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza mukta nahIM haiM, ataH yaha unakA bhI pUrvavartI hI hai| RSibhASita meM ullikhita aneka gAvAMza aura gAthAe~ bhAva, bhASA aura zabdayojanA kI dRSTi se jaina paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika aura bauddha paramparA ke suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi prAcIna granthoM meM pAI jAtI hai| ataH unakI racanA zailI kI apekSA bhI yaha pUrvavartI hI siddha hotA hai / yadyapi yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha bhI sambhava hai| ki ye gAthAe~ evaM vicAra bauddhagrantha suttanipAta evaM jainagrantha uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika se RSibhASita meM gaye haiM, kintu yaha bAta isalie samucita nahIM hai ki prathama to RSibhASita kI bhASA, chanda-yojanA Adi ina granthoM kI apekSA prAcInakAla kI hai aura AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama skandha tathA suttanipAta ke adhika nikaTa hai| dUsare jahA~ RSibhASita meM ina vicAroM ko anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahAM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya se inheM apanI paramparA se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmika kRSi kI carcA RSibhASita 23 meM do bAra aura suttanipAta 24 meM eka bAra huI hai kintu jahA~ suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM isa prakAra kI AdhyAtmika kRSi karatA hU~ vahA~ RSibhASita kA RSi kahatA hai ki jo bhI isa prakAra kI kRSi karegA vaha cAhe brAhmaNa ho, kSatriya ho, vaizya ho yA zUdra ho mukta hogA / ataH RSibhASita AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke anya granthoM kI apekSA prAcIna hI siddha hotA hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki RSibhASita meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prAcInatama rUpa bahuta kucha surakSita hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM RSibhASita meM AtmA ke lie 'AtA' kA prayoga huA hai jabaki jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI attA, appA, AdA, AyA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai jo ki paravartI prayoga haiN| 'ta' zruti kI bahulatA nizcitarUpa se isa grantha ko uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha karatI hai kyoMki uttarAdhyayana kI bhASA meM 'ta' ke lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM jANati, paritappati, gacchatI, vijjatI, vaTTatI, pavattatI Adi rUpoM kA prayoga bahulatA se milatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki bhASA aura viSayavastu donoM kI hI dRSTi se yaha eka pUrvavartI grantha hai| agandhana kula ke sarpa kA rUpaka hameM uttarAdhyayana 25, dazavaikAlika 26 aura RSibhASita " tInoM meM milatA hai| kintu tInoM sthAnoM ke ullekhoM ko dekhane para yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita kA yaha ullekha uttarAdhyayana tathA dazavaikAlika kI apekSA atyadhika prAcIna hai| kyoMki RSibhASita meM muni ko apane patha se vicalita na hone ke lie isakA mAtra eka rUpaka ke rUpa meM prayoga huA hai jabaki dazavekAlika aura uttarAdhyayana meM yaha rUpaka rAjamatI aura rathanemi kI kathA ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| prakAra AdhyAtmika kRSi kA rUpaka RSibhASita ke adhyAya 26 evaM 32 meM aura suttanipAta adhyAya 4 meM hai kintu suttanipAta meM jahA~ buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki maiM kRSi karatA hU~, vahA~ RSibhASita meM vaha eka sAmAnya upadeza hai, jisake anta meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo isa prakAra kI kRSi karatA 17 .

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jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInaka saGkalana : RSibhASita 85 hai vaha siddha (sijhaMti) hotA hai, phira cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, kSatriya RSibhASita kA praznavyAkaraNa se pRthakkaraNa ho, vaizya ho yA zUdra ho|28 ata: RSibhASita suttanipAta, uttarAdhyayana, aba yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki kyoM pahale dazavaikAlika kI apekSA prAcIna hai| isa prakAra RSibhASita AcArAMga to use praznavyAkaraNadazA meM DAlA gayA aura bAda meM use usase alaga prathama zrutaskandha kA paravartI aura zeSa sabhI ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kara diyA gayA? merI dRSTi meM pahale to vizuddha rUpa se AdhyAtmika kA pUrvavartI grantha hai| isI prakAra pAlitripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha upadezoM kA saMkalana hone se ise apane Agama-sAhitya meM sthAna dene suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hone se yaha sampUrNa pAlitripiTaka meM mahAvIra kI paramparA ke AcAryoM ko koI bAdhA pratIta nahIM huI se bhI pUrvavartI kahA jA sakatA hai| hogI, kintu jaba jaina saMgha suvyavasthita huA aura apanI eka paramparA jahA~ taka isameM varNita aitihAsika RSiyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra bana gaI to anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ko AtmasAt karanA usake para kAlanirNaya karane kA prazna hai kevala vajjIputta ko chor3akara zeSa lie kaThina ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNa se RSibhASita ko sabhI RSi mahAvIra aura buddha se yA to pUrvavartI haiM yA unake samakAlika haiN| alaga karanA koI Akasmika ghaTanA nahIM hai, apitu eka uddezyapUrNa pAlitripiTaka ke AdhAra para vajjIyaputta (vAtsIyaputra) bhI buddha ke ghaTanA hai| yaha sambhava nahIM thA ki eka ora to sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI20 laghuvayaska samakAlIna hI haiM, ve Ananda ke nikaTa the| vajjIputrIya sampradAya aura upAsakadazAMga31 meM maMkhaligozAlaka kI tathA jJAtAdharma meM nArada bhI buddha ke nirvANa kI prathama zatAbdI meM hI astitva meM A gayA kI AlocanA karate hue unake caritra ke hanana kA prayatna kiyA jAye thaa| ata: inakA buddha ke laghuvayaska samakAlIna honA siddha hai| ata: aura dUsarI ora unheM arhat RSi kahakara unake upadezoM ko Agama aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI 'RSibhASita' buddha aura mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI vacana ke rUpa meM surakSita rakhA jaaye| IsA kI prathama zatI taka jainasaMgha prathama zatAbdI meM hI nirmita ho gayA hogaa| yaha sambhava hai isameM bAda kI zraddhA ko TikAye rakhane kA prazna pramukha bana gayA thaa| nArada, meM kucha parivartana huA ho| merI dRSTi meM yaha isake racanAkAla kI pUrva maMkhaligozAlaka, yAjJavalkya, sAriputra Adi ko arhat RSi mAnakara unake sImA I0pU0 5vIM zatAbdI aura antima sImA I0 pU0 3zatI ke bIca vacanoM ko tIrthaMkara kI Agama vANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA kaThinaho hI hai| ata: yaha isase adhika paravartI nahIM hai| mujhe anta: aura bAhya gayA thA, yadyapi ise bhI jaina AcAryoM kA saujanya hI kahA jAnA cAhie ki sAkSyoM meM koI bhI aisA tattva nahIM milA, jo ise isa kAlAvadhi se paravartI unhoMne RSibhASita ko praznavyAkaraNa se alaga karake bhI prakIrNaka grantha siddha kre| dArzanika vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhI hama isameM ke rUpa meM use surakSita rkhaa| sAtha hI usakI prAmANikatA ko banAye rakhane na to jaina siddhAntoM kA aura na bauddha siddhAntoM kA vikasita rUpa pAte haiN| ke lie use pratyekabuddhabhASita maanaa| yadyapi sAmpradAyika abhiniveza mAtra paMcAstikAya aura aSTavidha karma kA nirdeza hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ne itanA avazya kiyA ki usameM ullikhita pArzva, vardhamAna, maMkhaliputra ki ye avadhAraNAe~ pArthApatyoM meM pracalita rahI hoM aura vahIM se mahAvIra Adi ko Agama meM varNita unhIM vyaktitvoM se bhinna kahA jAne lgaa| kI paramparA meM grahaNa kI gaI hoN| pariSaha, kaSAya Adi kI avadhAraNAe~ to prAcIna hI haiN| RSibhASita ke vAtsIyaputra, mahAkAzyapa, sAriputra RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ko pratyekabuddha kyoM kahA gayA? Adi bauddha RSiyoM ke upadeza meM bhI kevala bauddha dharma ke prAcIna siddhAnta, RSibhASita ke mUlapATha meM ketaliputra ko RSi, aMbaDa (25) santativAda, kSaNikavAda Adi hI milate haiN| ata: bauddha dRSTi se bhI ko parivrAjaka; piMga (32), RSigiri (34) evaM zrI giri ko brAhmaNa yaha jainAgama evaM pAlitripiTaka se prAcIna siddha hotA hai| (mAhaNa) parivrAjaka arhatRSi, sAriputra ko buddha arhat RSi tathA zeSa sabhI ko arhat RSi ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| utkaTa (utkala) RSibhASita kI racanA nAmaka adhyayana meM vaktA ke nAma kA ullekha hI nahIM hai, ata: usake RSibhASita kI racanA ke sambandha meM pro0 zubiMga evaM anya vidvAnoM sAtha koI vizeSaNa hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| yadyapi RSibhASita kA mata hai ki yaha mUlata: pArzva kI paramparA meM nirmita huA hogA, ke anta meM prApta honevAlI saMgrahaNI gAthA meM evaM RSimaNDala kyoMki usa paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva prathama adhyAya meM dekhA jAtA hai meM ina sabako pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI ullekha hai ki jahA~ brahmacarya aura aparigraha ko eka sAtha mAnakara use cAturyAma inameM se bIsa ariSTanemi ke, pandraha pArzvanAtha ke aura zeSa mahAvIra kI vyavasthA ke anurUpa DhAlA gayA hai|29 puna: pArzva kA vistRta adhyAya ke zAsana meM hue| kintu yaha gAthA paravartI hai aura bAda meM jor3I bhI isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai| dUsare ise pArzva kI paramparA kA mAnane gayI lagatI hai| mUlapATha meM kahIM bhI inakA pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM ullekha kA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA apekSAkRta adhika nahIM hai| samavAyAMga meM RSibhASita kI carcA ke prasaMga meM inheM mAtra udAra thii| usakI anya parivrAjaka aura zramaNa paramparAoM se AcAra- devaloka se cyuta kahA gayA hai, pratyekabuddha nahIM kahA gayA hai| yadyapi vyavahAra Adi meM bhI adhika nikaTatA thii| pArthApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke samavAyAMga meM hI praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA vivaraNa dete samaya saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha yaha grantha mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AyA aura __ yaha kahA gayA hai ki isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya ke pravaktA pratyekabuddhoM unakI paramparA meM nirmita dazAoM meM praznavyAkaraNadazA ke eka bhAga ke vicAroM kA saMkalana hai| cUMki RSibhASita praznavyAkaraNa kA hI ke rUpa meM sammilita kiyA gyaa| eka bhAga thaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ko sarvaprathama samavAyAMga

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86 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM parokSarUpa se pratyekabuddha mAna liyA gayA thaa|35 yaha spaSTa hai ki se lekara mithyAdarzanazalya taka ke 18 pApoM kA ullekha bhI milatA RSibhASita ke adhikAMza RSi jaina-paramparA ke nahIM the ata: unake hai| yaha adhyAya mokSa ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI karatA hai aura use upadezoM ko mAnya rakhane ke lie unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gyaa| saMgrahaNIgAthA ziva, atula, amala, avyAghAta, apunarbhava, apunarAvartana tathA zAzvata to unheM spaSTarUpa se pratyekabuddha kahatI hI hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva sthAna batAtA hai| mokSa kA aisA hI svarUpa hameM jaina-Agama-sAhitya meM sUcita kiyaa| inheM pratyekabuddha kahane kA prayojana yahI thA ki inheM meM anyatra bhI milatA hai| pA~ca mahAvratoM aura cAra kaSAyoM kA vivaraNa jaina saMgha se pRthak mAnakara bhI inake upadezoM ko prAmANika mAnA jA to RSibhASita ke aneka adhyAyoM meM AyA hai| mahAkAzyapa nAmaka ske| jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM pratyekabuddha vaha vyakti hai, 9veM adhyayana meM puNya, pApa tathA saMvara aura nirjarA kI carcA upalabdha jo kisI nimitta se svayaM prabuddha hokara ekAkI sAdhanA karate hue jJAna hotI hai| isI adhyAya meM kaSAya kA bhI ullekha hai| naveM adhyAya prApta karatA hai, kintu na to vaha svayaM kisI kA ziSya banatA hai aura meM karma AdAna kI mukhya carcA karate hue mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, na kisI ko ziSya banAkara saMgha vyavasthA karatA hai| isa prakAra pratyekabuddha kaSAya tathA yoga ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai jo ki jaina paramparA kisI paramparA yA saMgha vyavasthA meM Abaddha nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI vaha ke pUrNata: anurUpa hai| isameM jaina paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabda samAja meM AdaraNIya hotA hai aura usake upadeza prAmANika mAne jAte haiN| yathA upakrama, baddha, spRSTa, nikAcita, nirjIrNa, siddhi, zaileSI avasthA, pradezodaya, vipAkodaya Adi pAye jAte haiN| isa adhyAya meM pratipAdita RSibhASita aura jainadharma ke siddhAnta AtmA kI nityAnityatA kI avadhAraNA siddhAvasthA kA svarUpa evaM RSibhASita kA samagrataH adhyayana hameM isa sambandha meM vicAra karmabandhana aura nirjarA kI prakriyA jaina darzana ke samAna hai| karane ko vivaza karatA hai ki kyA RSibhASita meM anya paramparAoM isI taraha aneka adhyAyoM meM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI ke RSiyoM dvArA unakI hI apanI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karavAyA avadhAraNA bhI milatI hai| bArahaveM yAjJavalkya nAmaka adhyayana meM jaina gayA hai athavA unake mukha se jaina paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana paramparA ke anurUpa gocarI ke svarUpa evaM zuddhaSaNA kI carcA mila karavAyA gayA hai| prathama dRSTi ke dekhane para to aisA bhI lagatA hai ki unake jAtI hai| AtmA apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA aura kRta karmoM ke mukha se jaina mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| pro0 zubiMga aura unake phala kA bhoktA hai, yaha bAta bhI 15veM madhurAyana nAmaka adhyayana meM hI AdhAra para pro0 lallanajI gopAla ne pratyeka RSi ke upadezoM kI gayI hai| satrahaveM vidura nAmaka adhyayana meM sAvadhayoga virati aura ke pratipAdana ke prArambhika aura antima kathana kI ekarUpatA ke AdhAra samabhAva kI carcA hai| unnIsaveM AriyAyaNa nAmaka adhyAya meM Arya para yaha mAna liyA hai ki granthakAra RSiyoM ke upadezoM ke prastutIkaraNa jJAna, Aryadarzana aura Aryacaritra ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se samyagjJAna, meM prAmANika nahIM haiN| usane inake upadezoM ko apane hI DhaMga se prastuta samyagdarzana aura samyakcaritra kI hI carcA hai| bAIsavA~ adhyAya dharma karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| adhikAMza adhyAyoM meM jaina pAribhASika ke kSetra meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA kI carcA karatA hai tathA nArI kI nindA padAvalI yathA paMcamahAvrata, kaSAya , pariSaha Adi ko dekhakara isa karatA hai| isakI sUtrakRtAMga ke itthipariNNA nAmaka adhyayana se samAnatA kathana meM satyatA parilakSita hone lagatI hai| udAharaNArtha prathama, nArada hai| teIsaveM rAmaputta nAmaka adhyAya meM uttarAdhyayana (28/35) ke samAna nAmaka adhyayana meM yadyapi zauca ke cAra lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM, kintu hI jJAna ke dvArA jAnane, darzana ke dvArA dekhane, saMyama ke dvArA nigraha yaha adhyAya jaina paramparA ke cAturyAma kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai| karane kI tathA tapa ke dvArA aSTavidha karma ke vidhunana kI bAta kahI vajjIyaputta nAmaka dvitIya adhyAya meM karma ke siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA gayI hai| aSTavidha karma kI yaha carcA kevala jaina paramparA meM hI pAyI kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yaha adhyAya jIva ke karmAnugAmI hone jAtI hai| puna: caubIsaveM adhyAya meM bhI mokSamArga ke rUpa meM jJAna, kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, sAtha hI moha ko du:kha kA mUla darzana evaM cAritra kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM deva, manuSya, tiryazca batAtA hai| yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki jisa prakAra bIja se aMkura aura aura nAraka-ina caturgatiyoM kI bhI carcA hai| pacIsaveM ambaDa nAmaka aMkara se bIja kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai, usI prakAra se moha se adhyAya meM cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pA~ca mahAvrata, tIna gupti,paMca karma aura karma se moha kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai aura moha ke samApta indriya saMyama, cha: jIvanikAya, sAta bhaya, ATha mada, nau prakAra kA hone para karma-santati ThIka vaise hI samApta hotI hai jaise vRkSa ke mUla brahmacarya tathA dasa prakAra ke samAdhisthAna kI carcA hai| isa prakAra isa ko samApta karane para usake phala-pattI apane Apa samApta hote haiN| adhyAya meM jaina paramparA meM mAnya aneka avadhAraNAe~ eka sAtha upalabdha karma siddhAnta kI yaha avadhAraNA RSibhASita ke adhyAya 13, 15, ho jAtI haiN| isI adhyAya meM AhAra karane ke cha: kAraNoM kI vaha 24, aura 30 meM bhI milatI hai| jaina paramparA meM isase hI milatA-julatA carcA bhI hai, jo ki sthAnAMga (sthAna 61) Adi meM milatI hai| smaraNa vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana ke battIsaveM adhyAya se prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra rahe ki yadyapi jainAgamoM meM ambaDa ko parivrAjaka mAnA hai, phira bhI tIsare asitadevala nAmaka adhyAya meM hameM jaina paramparA aura vizeSarUpa use mahAvIra ke prati zraddhAvAn batAyA hai|36 yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM se AcArAMga meM upalabdha pApa ko lepa kahane kI bAta mila jAtI hai| sarvAdhika jaina avadhAraNAe~ upalabdha haiN| RSibhASita ke chabbIsaveM adhyAya isa adhyAya meM hameM pA~ca mahAvrata, cAra kaSAya tathA isI prakAra hiMsA meM uttarAdhyayana ke pacIsaveM adhyAya ke samAna hI brAhmaNa ke svarUpa

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jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInaka saGkalana RSibhASita kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM kaSAya, nirjarA, chaH jIvanikAya aura sarvaprANiyoM ke prati dayA kA bhI ullekha hai| ikatIsaveM pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM punaH cAturyAma, aSTavidha karmagranthi, cAra gati, paMcAstikAya tathA mokSa sthAna ke svarUpa kA digdarzana hotA hai| isI adhyAya meM jaina paramparA ke samAna jIva ko UrdhvagAmI aura pudgala ko adhogAmI kahA gayA hai, kintu pArzva to jaina paramparA meM mAnya hI haiN| ataH isa adhyAya meM jaina avadhAraNAe~ honI Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai| aba vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA bhI banI hai ki jaina darzana kA tattvajJAna pArzvApatyoM kI hI dena hai| zuciMga ne bhI isibhAsiyAI para pArzvApatyoM kA prabhAva mAnA hai / punaH 32veM piMga nAmaka adhyAya meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa cAroM varNoM kI mukti kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 34veM adhyAya meM pariSaha aura upasargoM kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM paMca mahAvrata se yukta, kaSAya se rahita, chitrasrota, anAzrava bhikSu kI mukti kI bhI carcA hai| punaH 35 uddAlaka nAmaka adhyAya meM tIna gupti, tIna daNDa, tIna zalya, cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pA~ca samiti, paMcendriyasaMyama, yogasandhAna evaM navakoTi parizuddha daza doSa se rahita vibhinna kuloM kI parakRta, paranirdiSTa, vigatadhUma, zastrapariNata bhikSA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai isI adhyAya meM saMjJA evaM 22 pariSahoM kA bhI ullekha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki RSibhASita meM aneka jaina avadhAraNAe~ upasthita haiN| ataH yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA jaina AcAryoM ne RSibhASita kA saMkalana karate samaya apanI hI avadhAraNAoM ko ina RSiyoM ke mukha se kahalavA diyA athavA mUlataH ye avadhAraNAyeM ina RSiyoM kI hI thIM aura vahA~ se jaina paramparA meM praviSTa huii| yaha to spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita ullikhita RSiyoM meM pArzva aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara zeSa anya sabhI yA to svatantra sAdhaka rahe haiM yA anya paramparAoM ke rahe haiN| yadyapi inameM kucha ke ullekha uttarAdhyayana aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki isameM jo vicAra haiM ve una RSiyoM ke nahIM haiM to grantha kI aura granthakartA kI prAmANikatA khaNDita hotI hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha mAnanA ki ye sabhI avadhAraNAyeM jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM se praviSTa huI pUrNata: santoSaprada nahIM lagatA hai| ataH sarvaprathama to hama yaha parIkSaNa karane kA prayatna kareMge ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM ve unake apane haiM yA jaina AcAryoM ne apanI bAta ko unake mukha se kahalavAyA hai| RSibhASita meM upadiSTa avadhAraNAoM kI prAmANikatA kA prazna yadyapi RSibhASita ke sabhI RSiyoM ke upadeza aura tatsambandhI sAhitya hameM jainetara paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotA phira bhI inameM se kaI ke vicAra aura avadhAraNAe~ Aja bhI anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha haiN| yAjJavalkya kA ullekha bhI upaniSadoM meM hai| vajjIvaputta, mahAkAzyapa aura sAriputta ke ullekha bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM haiN| isI prakAra vidura, nArAyaNa, asitadevala Adi ke ullekha mahAbhArata evaM hindU paramparA ke anya granthoM meM mila jAte haiN| RSibhASita meM unake jo vicAra ullikhita haiM, unakI tulanA anya srotoM se karane para hama isa 87 niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke jina vicAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, unameM kitanI prAmANikatA hai| RSibhASita ke gyArahaveM adhyAya meM maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kA upadeza saMkalita hai| maMkhaliputra gozAlaka ke sambandha meM hameM jaina paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra aura upAsakadazAMga meM, bauddha paramparA meM dIghanikAya ke sAmajJamahAphalasutta aura suttanipAta meM tathA hindU paramparA meM mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177 veM adhyAya meM maMkhI RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hotA hai| tInoM hI srota use niyativAda kA samarthaka batAte haiN| yadi hama RSibhASita adhyAya 11 meM varNita maMkhaligozAlaka ke upadezoM ko dekhate haiM to yahA~ bhI hameM parokSa rUpa se niyativAda ke saMketa upalabdha haiN| isa adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita hotA hai, vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai, kSobhita hotA hai, Ahata hotA hai, spaMdita hotA hai, calAyamAna hotA hai, prerita hotA hai vaha tyAgI nahIM hai| isake viparIta jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita nahIM hotA hai, kSobhita nahIM hotA, duHkhita nahIM hotA hai vaha tyAgI hai parokSarUpa se yaha padArthoM kI pariNati ke sambandha meM niyativAda kA pratipAdaka hai| saMsAra kI apanI eka vyavasthA aura gati hai vaha usI ke anusAra cala rahA hai, sAdhaka ko usa krama kA jJAtA draSTA to honA cAhie, kintu draSTA ke rUpa meM usase prabhAvita nahIM honA caahie| niyativAda kI mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika zikSA yahI ho sakatI hai ki hama saMsAra ke ghaTanAkrama se sAkSI bhAva se rheN| isa prakAra yaha adhyAya gozAlaka ke mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika upadeza ko hI pratibimbita karatA hai| isake viparIta jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM jo maMkhaligozAlaka ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa hai vaha vastutaH gozAlaka kI isa AdhyAtmika avadhAraNA meM nikAlA gayA eka vikRta dArzanika phalita hai| vastutaH RSibhASita kA racayitA gozAlaka ke siddhAntoM ke prati jitanA prAmANika hai, utane prAmANika tripiTaka aura paravartI jaina AgamoM ke racayitA nahIM hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177 adhyAya meM maMkhi RSi kA upadeza saMkalita hai| usameM eka ora niyativAda kA samarthana hai kintu dUsarI ora isameM vairAgya kA upadeza bhI hai| isa adhyAya meM mUlata: draSTA bhAva aura saMsAra ke prati anAsakti kA upadeza hai| yaha adhyAya niyativAda ke mAdhyama se hI adhyAtma kA upadeza detA hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra kI apanI vyavasthA hai| manuSya apane puruSArtha se bhI use apane anusAra nahIM mor3a pAtA hai ataH vyakti ko draSTA bhAva rakhate hue saMsAra se virakta ho jAnA caahie| mahAbhArata ke isa adhyAya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki maMkhi RSi ko niyativAda kA samarthaka mAnate hue bhI usa niyativAda ke mAdhyama se unheM vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita batAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para RSibhASita meM maMkhaliputra kA upadeza jisa rUpa meM saMkalita milatA hai vaha nizcita hI prAmANika hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita ke adhyAya 9 meM mahAkazyapa aura adhyAya 38 meM sAriputta ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| ye donoM hI bauddha paramparA se sambandhita rahe haiN| yadi hama RSibhASita meM ullikhita inake vicAroM .

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88 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ko dekhate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se isameM hameM bauddhadharma kI avadhAraNA ke ke upadeSTA ke rUpa meM kisI RSi kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu itanA mUlatattva parilakSita hote haiN| mahAkazyapa adhyAya meM sarvaprathama saMsAra nizcita hai ki isameM cArvAka ke vicAroM kA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa hai| isameM karma ko du:kha kA mUla kahA gayA pratipAdana huA hai| RSibhASita meM vardhamAna kA jo upadeza hai usakI yathArtha hai aura karma kA mUla janma ko batAyA gayA hai jo ki bauddhoM ke praticchAyA AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke bhAvanA nAmaka adhyayana pratItya-samutpAda kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI adhyAya meM eka vizeSatA meM evaM uttarAdhyayana ke 32veM adhyAya meM yathAvat rUpa se upasthita hai| hameM yaha dekhane ko milatI hai ki isameM karmasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana uparyukta AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki karate hue 'santAnavAda' kI carcA hai jo ki bauddhoM kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta RSibhASita meM RSiyoM ke upadeza ko sAmAnya rUpa se prAmANikatApUrvaka hai| isa adhyAya meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie bauddha darzana hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM mukhya rUpa se unake AdhyAtmika ke mUlabhUta dIpaka vAle udAharaNa ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pUrA adhyAya aura naitika vicAroM kA hI prastutIkaraNa huA hai aura usake pIche nihita santAnavAda aura karmasaMskAroM ke mAdhyama se vairAgya kA upadeza pradAna darzana para isameM koI bala nahIM diyA gayA hai| dUsare yaha bhI satya karatA hai| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isameM bauddhadharma ke hai ki unakA prastutIkaraNa yA grantha-racanA jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM mUla bIja upasthita haiN| isI prakAra 38veM sAriputta nAmaka adhyAya meM ke dvArA huI hai| ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki usameM jaina paramparA meM bhI bauddha dharma ke mUla utsa madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana milatA hai| isake mAnya kucha paramparA kI avadhAraNAe~ pratibimbita ho gayI haiN| puna: isa sAtha buddha ke prajJAvAda kA bhI isameM pratipAdana huA hai| isa adhyAya vizvAsa ke bhI paryApta AdhAra haiM ki jinheM Aja hama jaina paramparA kI meM kahA gayA hai ki manojJa bhojana, zayanAsana kA sevana karate hue avadhAraNAe~ kaha rahe haiM, ve mUlata: anya paramparAoM meM pracalita rahI aura manojJa AvAsa meM rahate hue bhikSu sukhapUrvaka dhyAna karatA hai, phira hoM aura vahA~ se jaina paramparA meM praviSTa ho gayI hoN| ata: RSibhASita bhI prAjJa puruSa ko sAMsArika padArthoM meM Asakta nahIM honA cAhie yahI ke RSiyoM ke upadezoM kI prAmANikatA ko pUrNata: nirasta nahIM kiyA buddha kA anuzAsana hai| isa prakAra yaha adhyAya bhI buddha ke upadezoM jA sakatA hai| adhika se adhika hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakate ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| haiM ki una para parokSarUpa se jaina paramparA kA kucha prabhAva A gayA hai| isI prakAra yAjJavalkya nAmaka 12veM adhyAya meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki yAjJavalkya ke mUlabhUta upadezoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| RSibhASita RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna ke atirikta yAjJavalkya kA ullekha hameM upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki RSibhASita meM varNita adhikAMza milatA hai|37 upaniSad meM jahA~ yAjJavalkya-maitreyI kA saMvAda hai vahA~ RSigaNa jaina paramparA se sambandhita nahIM haiN| unake kucha nAmoM ke Age unakI saMnyAsa kI icchA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM bhI lage hue brAhmaNa, parivrAjaka Adi zabda hI unakA jaina paramparA se yAjJavalkya ke upadeza ke rUpa meM lokaiSaNA aura vittaiSaNA ke tyAga bhinna honA sUcita karate haiN| dUsare deva nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa kI bAta kahI gayI hai tathA yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba taka lokaiSaNA bhAradvAja, yAjJavalkya , bAhuka, vidura, vAriSeNavRSNa, dvaipAyana, AruNi, hotI hai taba taka vittaiSaNA hotI hai aura jaba vittaiSaNA hotI hai to uddAlaka, nArAyaNa, aise nAma haiM jo vaidika paramparA meM suprasiddha rahe lokaiSaNA hotI hai| isalie lokaiSaNA aura vittaSaNA ke svarUpa ko haiM aura Aja bhI unake upadeza upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM jAnakara gopatha se jAnA cAhie, mahApatha se nahIM jAnA caahie| vastuta: surakSita haiM, inameM se deva nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, dvaipAyana aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ nivRttimArga ko gopatha aura pravRttimArga ko ke ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMgaantakRddazA, aupapAtika mahApatha kahA gayA hai aura yAjJavalkya nivRtti mArga kA upadeza dete Adi jaina-granthoM meM tathA bauddha tripiTika sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| pratIta hote haiN| yahA~ sabase vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki bauddhadharma meM isI prakAra vajjIyaputra, mahAkAzyapa aura sAriputra bauddha paramparA ke jo hInayAna aura mahAyAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa hai, kahIM vaha suprasiddha vyaktitva haiM aura unakA ullekha tripiTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha gopatha aura mahApatha kI avadhAraNA kA vikasita rUpa to nahIM hai| hai| maMkhaliputra, rAmaputta, ambaDa (ambaSTa), saMjaya (velaTThiputra) Adi AcArAMga meM mahAyAna zabda AyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI aise nAma haiM jo svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiM aura inake adhyAya 310 se lekara 318 taka yAjJavalkya ke upadezoM kA saMkalana isa rUpa meM ullekha jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM hame spaSTa rUpa se hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se sAMkhya aura yoga kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana milate haiN| RSibhASita ke jina RSiyoM ke ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM hai| RSibhASita ke isa adhyAya meM muni kI bhikSA-vidhi kI carcA hai milate haiM una para vistRta carcA pro0sI0esa0upAsaka ne apane lekha jo ki jaina paramparA ke anurUpa hI lagatI hai| vaise bRhadAraNyaka meM 'isibhAsiyAi' eNDa pAli buddhisTa TeksTs : e sTaDI' meM kiyA bhI yAjJavalkya bhikSAcaryA kA upadeza dete haiN| phira bhI itanA to kahA hai| yaha lekha paM0 dalasukhabhAI abhinandana grantha meM prakAzita huA hai| jA sakatA hai ki RSibhASita ke lekhaka ne yAjJavalkya ke mUlabhUta pArzva aura varddhamAna jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara ke upadezoM ko vikRta nahIM kiyA hai| RSibhASita ke 20veM utkala nAmaka rUpa meM suspaSTa rUpa se mAnya haiN| AIka kA ullekha RSibhASita ke adhyAya meM bhautikavAda yA cArvAka darzana kA pratipAdana hai| isa adhyAya atirikta sUtrakRtAMga meM hai| isake atirikta puSpazAlaputra, valkalacIrI,

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jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInaka saGkalana : RSibhASita 89 kurmAputra, ketaliputra, tetaliputra, bhayAli, indranAga aise nAma haiM jinameM hai| yaha sambhava hai ki soma, yama, varuNa, vaizramaNa isa grantha ke racanAkAla adhikAMza kA ullekha jaina paramparA ke isimaNDala evaM anya granthoM taka eka upadeSTA ke rUpa meM loka paramparA meM mAnya rahe hoM aura isI meM mila jAtA hai| puSpazAla, valkalacIrI, kurmAputra Adi kA ullekha AdhAra para inake upadezoM kA saMkalana RSibhASita meM kara liyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI hai| kintu madhurAyaNa, soriyAyaNa AryAyana Adi uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha avazya jinakA ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta hindU, jaina aura bauddha paramparA kaha sakate haiM ki RSibhASita ke RSiyoM meM uparyukta cAra-pA~ca nAmoM meM anyatra nahIM milatA hai unheM bhI pUrNatayA kAlpanika vyakti nahIM kaha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prAgaitihAsika aura aitihAsika kAla ke yathArtha skte| yadi hama RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI sampUrNa sUcI kA avalokana vyakti haiM, kAlpanika caritra nahIM haiN| kareM to kevala soma, yama, varuNa, vAyu aura vaizramaNa, aise nAma haiM niSkarSa rUpa meM hama itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki RSibhASita na jinheM kAlpanika kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika kevala jaina paramparA kI apitu samagra bhAratIya paramparA kI eka amUlya tInoM hI paramparAe~ inheM sAmAnyatayA lokapAla ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra nidhi hai aura isameM bhAratIya cetanA kI dhArmika udAratA apane yathArtha karatI haiM, kintu inameM bhI mahAbhArata meM vAyu kA ullekha eka RSi rUpa meM pratibimbita hotI hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isakA mahattvapUrNa ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yama ko AvazyakacUrNi meM yamadagni RSi kA sthAna hai, kyoMki yaha hameM adhikAMza jJAta aura kucha ajJAta RSiyoM pitA kahA gayA hai| ata: isa sambhAvanA ko bhI pUrI taraha nirasta nahIM ke sambandha meM aura unake upadezoM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa evaM prAmANika kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yama koI RSi rahe hoN| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM sUcanAe~ detA hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa nidhi ko surakSita rakhakara bhAratIya bhI yama ko lokapAla ke rUpa meM bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| kintu itihAsa evaM saMskRta kI bahumUlya sevA kI hai| vastuta: yaha grantha IsApUrva itanA hI nizcita hai ki ye eka upadeSTA haiN| yama aura naciketA kA 10vIM zatI se lekara IsApUrva 6ThIM zatI taka ke aneka bhAratIya RSiyoM saMvAda aupaniSadika paramparA meM suprasiddha hI hai| varuNa aura vaizramaNa kI aitihAsika sattA kA nirvivAda pramANa hai| ko bhI vaidika paramparA meM maMtropadeSTA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA 1. (a) se kiM kAliyaM? kAliyaM aNegavihaM pnnnnttN| kesiM ci mae aMtabhavaMti eyAI uttrjjhynne| taM jahA uttarajjhayaNAI 1 dasAo 2 kappo 3 vavahAro 4 NisIhaM 5 paNayAlIsa diNehiM kesi vi jogo aNAgADho / / 6 / / mahAnisIhaM 6 isibhAsiyAI 7 jaMbuddIvapaNNattI 8 dIvasAgarapaNNattI- vidhimArgaprapA, pR0 62 // nandisUtra 84 (mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1968) (jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vidhimArgaprapA meM (ba) namo tesiM khamAsamaNANaM jehiM imaM vAiaMga bAhiraM kAliaMbhagavaMtaM bhI mataikya nahIM hai| 'sajjhAyapaTThavaNavihI' pR0 45 para 11 aMga, taM jahA-1 uttarAyaNAI 2 dasAo 3 kappo 4 vavahAro 5 12 upAMga, 6 cheda, 4 mUla evaM 2 cUlikA sUtra ke ghaTAne para lagabhaga isibhAsiAI 6 nisIhaM 7 mahAnisIMha---- 31 prakIrNakoM ke nAma milate haiN| jabaki pR0 57-58 para (jJAtavya hai ki pakkhiyasutta meM aMgabAhyagranthoM kI sUcI meM 28 RSibhASita sahita 15 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai|) utkAlika aura 36 kAlika kula 64 granthoM ke nAma haiN| isameM 6 6a. kAliyasuyaM ca isibhAsiyAI taio ya suurpnnnnttii| Avazyaka aura 12 aMga milAne se kala 82 kI saMkhyA hotI hai, savvo ya diTThivAo cautthao hoI aNuogo / / 124 / / (mU0 bhA0) lagabhaga yahI sUcI vidhimArgaprapA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai|) tathA RSibhASitAni-uttarAdhyayanAdIni, "tRtIyazca" kAlAnuyoga:(-pakkhiyasutta (pR0 79) devacandalAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa Avazyaka hAribhadrIya vRtti, pR0206 / sirIja kramAMka 99) (ba) Avassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttrjjhmaayaare| aNgbaahymnekvidhm| tadyathA-sAmAyikaM, cutarvizatistavaH, vandanaM, sUyagaDe nijjutiM vucchAmi tahA dasANaM ca / / pratikramaNaM, kAyavyutsargaH, pratyAkhyAnaM, dazavaikAlikaM, uttarAdhyAyAH, kappassa ya nijjuttiM vavahArasseva prmnniunnss| dazAH, kalpavyavahArau, nizIthaM Rssibhaassitaaniityevmaadi| sUriapaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiANaM ca / / - tattvArthAdhigamasUtram (svopajJabhASya) 1/20, (devacandalAlabhAI - Avazyakaniyukti, 84-85. pustakoddhAra eNDa) krama-saMkhyA 67. paNhAvAgaraNadasANaM dasa ajjhayaNA pannattA, taMjahA-uvamA, saMkhA, 3. tathA RSibhASitAni uttarAdhyayanAdIni-----|-Avazyakaniyukti- isibhAsiyAI, AyariyabhAsitAI, mahAvIrabhAsitAI,khomapasiNAIM, hAribhadrIyavRtti, pR0 206. komalapasaNAI, addAgapasiNAI, aMguTThapasiNAI, baahupsinnaaii| RSibhASitAnAM ca devendrastavAdInAM niyuktiM---|-vahI, pR0 41 / ThANaMgasuve, dasama ajhabhayaNaM dstttthaannN| (mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya isibhAsiyAI paNayAlIsaM ajjhayaNAI kAliyAI, tesu diNa 45 saMskaraNa, pR0 311) niviehiM annaagaaddhjogo| aNNe bhaNaMti uttarajjhayaNesu ceva eyAI 8. cottAlIsaM ajjhayaNA isibhAsiyA diyalogacutAbhAsiyA pnnnnttaa| atNbhvNti| vidhimArgaprapA pR0 58 / smyvaayNgsutt-44| - deviMdatthayamAI paiNNagA hoMti igignivienn| Ahesu mahApurisA puvviM tatta tvodhnnaa| isibhAsiyaajjhayaNA AyaMbalikAlatisajjhA / / 6 / / udaeNa siddhibhAvanA tattha maMdo visIyati / / 1 / /

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 abhuMjiyA namI videhI, rAmapute ya bhuNjiaa| bAhue udagaM bhoccA tahA nArAyaNe risI / / 2 / / asile devile ceva dIvAyaNa mhaarisii| pArAsare dagaM bhoccA bIyANi hariyANi yaM / / 3 / / ete puvvaM mahApurisA AhitA iha sNbhtaa| bhoccA bIodagaM siddha iti meymnnussua||4|| -sUtrakRtAGga, 1/3/4/1-4 10. vahI, 2/6/1-3, 7, 9, 11. bhagavatI zataka, 15. 12. upAsakadazAMga, adhyAya 6 evaM 7. 13. (a) suttanipAta, 32 sabhiyasutta, (ba) dIghanikAya, saamnyphlsuutr| 14. ye te samaNabrAhmaNA saMgino gaNino gaNAcariyA AtA yasassino titthakarA sAdhu sammatA, bahujanassa, sepyathIdaM pUraNo kassapo, makkhaligosAlo, ajito kesakambalI, pakudho kaccAyano, saMjayo velaTiThaputto, nigaNTho naatputto|-suttnipaat, 32-sabhiyaMsutta. 15a.bharata siMha upAdhyAya, pAlisAhitya kA itihAsa,pRSTha 102-104 / (B) Itis ...... the oldest of the pectic books of the Buddhist scriptures. Introduction, page-2, --Sutta-Nipata (Siter Vajira). 16. ubho nArada pbbtaa| -suttanipAta 32, sabhiyasutta, 34 / 17. asito isi addasa divaavihaare|-suttnipaat 37, nAlakasutta 1 / 18. jiNNe'hamasmi abalo vItavaNNe (iccAyasmA piMgiyo) suttanipAta 71 piMgiyamANavapucchA. 19. suttanipAta, 32 sbhiysutt| 20. vhii| 21. vhii| 22. theragAthA 36; DiksanarI oNpha pAlI prApara nemsa vAlyUma prathama, pR0 631, vAlyUma dvitIya, pR0 15. 23. (a) 'AtA chettaM, tavo bIyaM, saMjamo juannNglN| jhANaM phAlo nisitto ya, saMvaro ya bIyaM daDhaM / / 8 / / akUDattaM ca kUr3esu, viNae NiyamaNe tthite| titikkhA ya halIsA tu dayA guttI ya paggahA / / 9 / / sammattaM gotthaNavo, samitI u samilA thaa| thitijottasusaMbaddhA savvaNNuvayaNe rayA / / 10 / / paMcaiva iMdiyANi tu khantA dantA ya nnijjitaa| mAhaNesu tu te goNA gaMbhIraM kasate kisiM / / 11 / / tavo bIyaM avaMjhaM se, ahiMsA NihaNaM prN| vavasAto ghaNaM tassa, juttA goNA ya saMgaho / / 12 / / thitI khalaM vasuyikaM, saddhA meDhI ya nnicclaa| bhAvaNA u vatI tassa, iriyA dAraM susaMvuDaM / / 13 / / kasAyA malaNaM tassa, kittivAto va tkkhmaa| NijjarA tu lavAmIsA iti dukkhANa Nikkhati / / 14 / / . etaM kisiM kasittANaM svvsttdyaavh| mAhaNe khattie vesse sudde vApi visujjhatI / / 15 / / -isibhAsiyAI, 26/8-15 / (ba) "kato chettaM kato bIyaM, kato te jugaNaMgale? goNA vi te Na passAmi, ajjo, kA NAta te kisI / / 1 / / AtA chettaM, tavo bIyaM, saMjamo jugnnNglN| ahiMsA samitI jojjA, esA ghammantarA kisI / / 2 / / esA kisI sobhatarA aluddhassa viyaahitaa| esA bahusaI hoI paralokasuhAvahA / / 3 / / eyaM kisiM kasittANaM svvsttdyaavhN| mAhaNe khattie vesse sudde vAvi ya sijjhatI" ||4|| -isibhAsiyAI, 32/1-4 / 24. saddhA bIjaM tapo vuTThi paJA meM yugnNglN| hiri IsA mano yottaM sati me phAlapAcanaM / / 2 / / kAyagutto vacIgutto AhAre udare yto| saccaM karomi nidAnaM soraccaM me pamAcanaM / / 3 / / ririyaM me dhuradhoramhaM yogkkhemaadhivaahnN| gacchati anivattantaM yattha gantvA na socati / / 4 / / evamesA kasI kaTThA sA hoti amtpphlaa| etaM kasiM kasitvAna sambadukkhA pamuccatIti / / 5 / / -suttanipAta, 4-ksibhaardvaajsutt| 25. ahaM ca bhoyarAyassa taM ca si andhgvnnhinno| ___ mA kule gandhaNA homo saMjamaM nihuo cara / / -uttarAdhyayana,22/44 26. pakkhaMde jaliya joI, dhUmakeuM draasyN| necchati vaMtayaM bhottuM, kule jAyA agaMdhaNe / / -dazavaikAlika, 1/6 27. AngaNe kule jAto jadhA jAgo mhaaviso|| muMcitA savisaM bhUto piyanto jAto lAghavaM ||-isibhaasiyaaii,45-40 28. (a) isibhAsiyAI, 26/15 (ba) isibhAsiyAI, 32/4 29. See -- Introduction of Isibhasiyaim, by walther schubring, Ahmedabad-1974. 30. dekheM bhagavatI zataka, 15. 31. dekheM-upAsakadasAMga, adhyAya 6 evaM 7. 32. jJAtAdharmakathA, draupadI nAmaka adhyyn| 33. patteyabuddhamisiNo bIsaM titthe aritttthnnemiss| pAsassa ya paNNarasa vIrassa viliinnmohss|| - isibhAsiyAI, saMpA0 manoharamuni, pariziSTa naM0 1 / 34. nArayarisipAmukkhe, vIsaM sirineminaahtitthmmi| pannarasa pAsatitthe, dasa sirivIrassa titthammi / / 44 / / patteyabuddhasAhU, namimo je bhAsiuM sivaM pttaa| paNayAlIsaM isibhAsiyAiM ajjhayaNapavarAI / / 45 / / RSimaNDalaprakaraNam, Atmavallabha granthamAlA, granthAMka 13, bAlApura, gAthA 44, 45 / 35. paNhAvAgaraNadasAsu NaM sasamaya parasamaya paNNavaya pateabuddhavivihattha bhaasaabhaasiyaannN|-smvaayaaNg, sUtra 546. 36. aupapAtika sUtra 38 / 37. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, tRtIya adhyAya, paJcama brAhmaNa, 1 /

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mUlAcAra : eka vivecana mUlAcAra kA mahattva kyoMki abhI taka zvetAmbara paramparA kA koI bhI grantha zaurasenI prAkRta mUlAcAra ko vartamAna meM digambara jaina paramparA meM Agama sthAnIya meM likhA gayA ho, yaha jJAta nahIM hotaa| yaha satya hai ki zaurasenI grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| yaha grantha mukhyata: acela paramparA prAkRta meM lekhana kArya mukhyata: acela paramparA meM hI huA hai| ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra se sambandhita hai| yaha bhI nirvivAda satya kintu isameM kucha aise bhI tathya haiM, jinake AdhAra para yaha bhI hai ki digambara paramparA meM isa grantha kA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yaha digambara paramparA kA grantha hai| sarvaprathama ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM AcArAMga kaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki dhavalA aura to isameM AryikA ko zramaNa ke samakakSa mAnakara usakI mukti kA jayadhavalA (dasavIM zatAbdI) meM isakI gAthAoM ko AcArAMga kI gAthA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA hai vaha ise digambara grantha mAnane meM bAdhA utpanna kahakara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM karatA hai| digambara paramparA ke bahuzruta vidvAn paM0 nAthUrAma premI ne jaba AcArAMga ko lupta mAna liyA gayA, to usake sthAna para mUlAcAra aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para kahA hai ki yaha digambara paramparA kA grantha ko hI AcArAMga ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lgaa| vastuta: AcArAMga ke nahIM hai| ata: yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki yadi prAcInatama aMza prathama zrutaskandha meM acelatA kA pratipAdana hote hue mUlAcAra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM meM se kisI paramparA kA grantha bhI muni ke vastra-grahaNa sambandhI kucha ullekha, phira cAhe ve ApavAdika nahIM hai to phira kisa paramparA kA grantha hai? yaha spaSTata: satya hai ki sthiti ke kyoM na ho, pAye hI jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki acelakatva yaha grantha acelakatA Adi ke sambandha meM digambara paramparA ke nikaTa para atyadhika bala dene vAlI yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA use apane hai kintu strI-dIkSA, strI-mukti, AgamoM kA mAnya karane Adi kucha sampradAya meM mAnya na rakha sakI aura usake sthAna para mUlAcAra ko bAtoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA se bhI samAnatA rakhatA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hI apanI paramparA kA muni AcAra sambandhI grantha mAna liyaa| siddha hotA hai ki yaha grantha eka aisI paramparA kA grantha hai jo kucha rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM aura kucha rUpa meM digambaroM se samAnatA rakhatI thii| mUlAcAra ke AdhAra prantha DaoN0 upAdhye, paM0 nAthUrAma premI ke lekhoM evaM prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhIya ___ AryikA jJAnamatI jI ne bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita mUlAcAra tathA sAhityika sAkSyoM ke adhyayana se aba yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki kI bhUmikA meM yaha likhA hai ki AcArAMga ke AdhAra para caudaha sau zvetAmbara aura digambaroM ke bIca eka yojaka setu kA kAma karane vAlI gAthAoM meM granthakartA ne isa grantha kI racanA kI; kintu hameM yaha smaraNa ___yApanIya' nAma kI eka tIsarI paramparA bhI thii| hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha grantha AcArAMga aura vizeSa rUpa se usake prAcInatama kara cuke haiM ki yApanIya paramparA jahA~ acelakatva para bala dene ke aMza prathama zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para to bilkula hI nahIM likhA gayA kAraNa digambara paramparA ke nikaTa thI, vahIM strImukti, kevalIbhukti aura hai| jina granthoM ke AdhAra para mUlAcAra kI racanA huI hai ve zvetAmbara AgamoM kI upasthiti, ApavAdika rUpa meM vastra evaM pAtra vyavahAra Adi paramparA ke mAnya bRhadpratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna, Avazyakaniyukti, se zvetAmbara paramparA ke nikaTa thii| mUlAcAra kI racanA isI paramparA jIvasamAsa Adi haiM jinakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa ke meM huI hai| Aie isa sambandha meM kucha adhika vistAra se carcA kareMsAtha isameM gRhIta kI gaI haiN| vastuta: mUlAcAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya niyuktiyoM evaM prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu evaM sAmAgrI se mUlAcAra : yApanIya paramparA kA grantha nirmita hai| bahuzruta digambara vidvAn paM0 nAthUrAma jI 'premI' ne ise yApanIya paramparA kA grantha mAnA hai, isa sambandha meM ve likhate haiM - mUlAcAra kI paramparA "mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki yaha grantha kundakunda kA to nahIM hI yadyapi hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie hai, unakI vicAra paramparA kA bhI nahIM hai, balki yaha usa paramparA kA ki yaha grantha zvetAmbara paramparA kA grantha nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie kyoMki jAna par3atA hai jisameM zivArya aura aparAjita hue haiN| kucha bArIkI isameM muni ke acelakatva para jitanA adhika bala diyA gayA hai utanA se adhyayana karane se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai"zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArAMga ko chor3akara kisI bhI AcAraparaka grantha 1. mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI pacAsoM gAthAe~ eka sI aura meM nahIM miltaa| ise zvetAmbara paramparA kA grantha mAnane meM dUsarI kaThinAI samAna abhiprAya prakaTa karane vAlI haiN| yaha hai ki isakI bhASA na to ardhamAgadhI hai aura na mahArASTrI prAkRta 2. mUlAcAra kI 'Acelakkuddesiya' Adi 909vIM gAthA bhagavatI hI; vastuta: isameM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita zvetAmbara ArAdhanA kI 421vIM gAthA hai| isameM dasa kalpoM ke nAma haiN| Agama granthoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa meM milatI haiN| jItakalpabhASya kI 1972vIM gAthA bhI yahI hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya kintu isa AdhAra para ise zvetAmbara paramparA kA grantha nahIM kaha sakate ke anya TIkAgranthoM aura niyuktiyoM meM bhI yaha hai| prameyakamalamArtaNDa

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92 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke 'strImuktivicAra' meM prabhAcandra ne dasa kalpoM kI mAnyatA kA 184vIM gAthA meM kahA hai ki AryikAoM kA gaNadhara gambhIra durdharSa, ullekha zvetAmbara siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| alpakautUhala, cirapravajita aura gRhItArtha honA caahie| isase jAna 3. mUlAcAra kI 'sejjogAsaNisejjA' Adi 391vIM gAthA aura par3atA hai ki AryikAe~ munisaMgha ke hI antargata haiM aura unakA ArAdhanA kI 305vIM gAthA eka hI hai| isameM kahA hai ki vaiyAvRtti gaNadhara muni hI hotA hai| 'gaNadharo maryAdopadezaka: pratikramaNAdyAcArya:' karane vAlA muni rugNa muni kA AhAra, auSadhi Adi se upakAra (ttiikaa)| kreN| isI gAthA ke viSaya meM kavi vRndAvanadAsa ko zaMkA huI ina saba bAtoM se mUlAcAra kundakunda paramparA kA grantha nahIM mAlUma thI aura usakA nivAraNa karane ke lie unhoMne dIvAna amaracandajI hotaa| ata: mUlAcAra yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai yaha nirvivAda rUpa ko patra likhA thaa| samAcAra adhikAra 'gacche vejjAvaccaM' Adi se siddha hotA hai| 174vI gAthA kI TIkA meM bhI vaiyAvRtti kA artha zArIrika pravRtti isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra ko yApanIya paramparA kA aura AhArAdi se upakAra karanA likhA hai-'vejjAvaccaM vaiyAvRtyaM grantha mAnane ke aneka pramANa haiN| paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI ne apane uparyukta kaayikvyaapaaraahaaraadibhirupgrhnnm|' vivecana meM una sabhI tathyoM kA saMkSepa meM ullekha kara diyA hai jinake 4. bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI 414vI gAthA ke samAna isakI bhI 387vIM AdhAra para mUlAcAra ko kundakunda kI acela-paramparA ke sthAna para gAthA meM AcArakalpa evaM jItakalpa granthoM kA ullekha hai, jo yApanIyoM kI acela-paramparA kA grantha mAnA jAnA caahie| maiM paM0 nAthUrAma yApanIya ko mAnya the aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM Aja bhI jI premI dvArA uThAye gaye inhIM muddoM para vistAra se carcA karanA caahuuNgaa| upalabdha haiN| sarvaprathama mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aneka gAthAe~ samAna gAthA 277-78-79 meM kahA hai ki saMyamI muni aura AryikAoM aura samAna abhiprAya ko prakaTa karane vAlI hone ke kAraNa premI jI kI cAra prakAra ke sUtra kAlazuddhi Adi ke binA nahIM par3hanA caahie| ne ise bhagavatIArAdhanA kI paramparA kA grantha mAnA hai| premI jI ne inase anya ArAdhanA, niyukti maraNavibhakti, saMgraha, stuti, isa tathya kA bhI saMketa kiyA hai ki mUlAcAra ke samAna hI bhagavatI pratyAkhyAna, Avazyaka aura dharmakathA Adi par3hanA caahie| ye ArAdhanA ke bhI kucha aise mantavya haiM jo acela digambara paramparA se saba grantha mUlAcAra ke kartA ke samakSa the, parantu kundakunda kI mela nahIM khAte haiM aura yadi bhagavatI ArAdhanA digambara paramparA kA paramparA ke sAhitya meM ina nAmoM ke grantha upalabdha nahIM haiN| grantha na hokara yApanIya paramparA kA grantha siddha hotA hai to phira mUlAcAra 6. mUlAcAra 'bAvIsaM titthayarA'' aura 'sapaDikkamaNo dhammo'6 ina do ko bhI hameM yApanIya paramparA kA hI grantha mAnanA hogaa| yadyapi premI gAthAoM meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha kundakunda kI paramparA meM jI ne mAtra bhagavatI ArAdhanA se isakI gAthAoM kI samarUpatA kI anyatra kahIM nahIM kahA gayA hai| ye hI do gAthAe~ bhadrabAhukRta carcA kI hai| parantu bAta yahIM samApta nahIM hotii| mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara Avazyakaniyukti meM haiM aura vaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| paramparA meM mAnya aneka granthoM kI gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se upalabdha hotI 7. Avazyakaniyukti kI lagabhaga 80 gAthAe~ mUlAcAra meM milatI haiN| unameM zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI athavA mahArASTrI ke antara ke haiM aura mUlAcAra meM pratyeka Avazyaka kA kathana karate samaya atirikta kahIM kisI prakAra kA antara bhI nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke bRhad vaTTakera kA yaha kahanA ki maiM prastuta Avazyaka para samAsa se pratyAkhyAna nAmaka dvitIya adhikAra meM adhikAMza gAthAe~ mahApaccakkhAna (saMkSepa meM) niyukti kahU~gA, avazya hI arthasUcaka hai kyoMki aura AurapaccakkhAna se milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke bRhad pratyAkhyAna sampUrNa mUlAcAra meM 'SaDAvazyaka adhikAra' ko chor3akara anya aura saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna ina donoM adhikAroM meM kramaza: 71 aura 14 prakaraNoM meM niyukti' zabda zAyada hI kahIM AyA ho| SaDAvazyaka gAthAe~ arthAt kula 85 gAthAe~ haiN| inameM se 70 gAthAe~ to Atura ke anta meM bhI isa adhyAya ko 'niyukti' nAma se hI nirdiSTa pratyAkhyAna nAmaka zvetAmbara paramparA ke prakIrNaka se milatI haiN| zeSa kiyA gayA hai| 15 gAthAoM meM bhI kucha mahApaccakkhAna evaM candravedhyaka meM mila jAtI mUlAcAra meM muniyoM ke lie 'virata' aura AryikAoM ke lie haiN| ye gAthAe~ zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNakoM ke rUpa meM Aja bhI svIkArya 'viratI' zabda kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| (gAthA 180) / haiN| punaH adhyAya kA nAmakaraNa bhI unhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para hai| isI muni-AryikA, zrAvaka-zrAvikA milakara caturvidha saMgha hotA hai| prakAra mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka adhikAra kI 192 gAthAoM meM se 80 cauthe sAmAcAra adhikAra (gAthA 187) meM kahA hai ki abhI taka gAthAe~ Avazyakaniyukti se samAnarUpa rakhatI haiN| isake atirikta isI kahA huA, yaha yathAkhyAtapUrva samAcAra AryikAoM ke lie bhI adhikAra pAThabheda ke sAtha uttarAdhyayana, anuyogadvAra aura dazavaikAlika yathAyogya jaannaa| isakA artha yaha huA ki grantha kartA muniyoM se aneka gAthAe~ milatI haiN| paMcAcAra adhikAra meM sabase adhika aura AryikAoM ko eka hI zreNI meM rakhate haiM (jabaki A0 222 gAthAe~ haiN| isakI 50 se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana aura kundakunda strI-pravrajyA kA niSedha karate haiN|11 phira 166vIM gAthA jIvasamAsa nAmaka zvetAmbara grantha meM samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiN| meM kahA hai ki isa prakAra kI carcA jo muni aura AryikAyeM karatI isameM jo SaDjIvanikAya kA vivecana hai usakI adhikAMza gAthAe~ haiM ve jagatpUjA, kIrti aura sukha prApta karake 'siddha hotI haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya aura jIvasamAsa meM haiN| isI prakAra 5

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mUlAcAra : eka vivecana 93 samiti,3 gupti Adi kA jo vivecana upalabdha hotA hai vaha bhI meM jisa ArAdhanA kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhagavatI ArAdhanA uttarAdhyayana ke aura dazavaikAlika meM kiMcit bheda ke sAtha upalabdha hI hai| mUlAcAra bhI usI yApanIya paramparA kA grantha pratIta hotA hai hotA hai| isI prakAra mUlAcAra ke piNDazuddhi adhikAra kI 83 gAthAe~ kyoMki mUlAcAra ke racanAkAra ne sarvaprathama usI grantha kA nAmollekha haiN| inameM bhI adhikAMza gAthAe~ zvetAmbara paramparA ke piNDaniyukti nAmaka kiyA hai| digambara paramparA meM ArAdhanA nAma kA koI grantha nahIM hai| grantha meM yathAvat rUpa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM maraNavibhakti nAma kA jo grantha hai usakI isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra kI adhikAMza sAmagrI zvetAmbara racanA jina ATha prAcIna zrRta granthoM ke AdhAra para mAnI jAtI hai unameM paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, piNDaniyukti, AurapaccakkhANa maraNavibhakti, maraNavizodhi, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanAzruta, bhattaparijJA, mahApaccakkhANa, Avazyakaniyukti, candravedhyaka Adi zvetAmbara paramparA AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura ArAdhanA haiN| prastuta gAthA meM ke mAnya uparyukta granthoM se saMkalita haiN| Azcarya to yaha lagatA hai ki maraNavibhakti, pratyAkhyAna aura ArAdhanA aise tIna svatantra granthoM ke hamArI digambara paramparA ke vidvAn mUlAcAra meM kundakunda ke granthoM se ullekha haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki mUlAcAra kA ArAdhanA se tAtparya isI mAtra 21 gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se upalabdha hone para ise kundakunda kI prAcIna ArAdhanA se rahA hogaa| yaha ArAdhanA bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI kRti siddha karane kA sAhasa karate haiM aura jisa paramparA ke granthoM se racanA kA bhI AdhAra rahA hai| yadi hama ArAdhanA kA tAtparya bhagavatI isakI AdhI se adhika gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se milatI haiM usake sAtha ArAdhanA lete haiM to hameM itanA nizcita rUpa se svIkAra karanA hogA isakI nikaTatA ko dRSTi se ojhala kara dete haiN| mUlAcAra kI racanA ki mUlAcAra kA racanAkAla bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI racanA ke bAda kA usI paramparA meM sambhava ho sakatI hai jisa paramparA meM uttarAdhyayana, hai aura donoM granthoM ke Antarika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha nirNaya dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, piNDaniyukti, mahApacakkhANa, karanA hogA ki inameM se kauna prAcIna hai| cUMki yaha eka svatantra nibandha AurapacakkhANa Adi granthoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA rahI kA viSaya hogA isalie isakI adhika gaharAI meM nahIM jAnA cAhatA, hai| vartamAna kI khojoM se yaha spaSTa ho cukA hai ki yApanIya paramparA kintu itanA avazya ullekha karU~gA ki yadi bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI se ina granthoM kA adhyayana hotA thaa| isI prakAra yApanIya paramparA meM racanA mUlAcAra se paravartI hai to mUlAcAra meM likhita yaha ArAdhanA, aparAjitasUri ne uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika para TIkAeM likhakara maraNasamAdhi kI aMgIbhUta ArAdhanA hI hai| donoM kA nAma sAmya bhI isI bAta kI puSTi kI hai ki isakA adhyayana aura adhyApana unakI isa dhAraNA ko puSTa karatA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki kisI paramparA meM pracalita thaa| jo paramparA Agama granthoM kA sarvathA lopa mAnatI samaya ArAdhanA svatantra grantha thA, jo Aja maraNavibhakti meM samAhita hai usa paramparA meM mUlAcAra jaise grantha kI racanA sambhava nahIM pratIta ho gayA hai| hotii| yaha spaSTa hai ki jahA~ dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita digambara acela zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agama granthoM kI prAcInatama vyAkhyAoM ke paramparA AgamoM ke viccheda kI bAta kara rahI thI, vahIM uttarabhArata meM rUpa meM niyuktiyA~ likhI giiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM dasa niyuktiyA~ suprasiddha vikasita hokara dakSiNa kI ora jAne vAlI isa yApanIya-paramparA meM haiN| niyukti sambhavata: dvitIya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai, kintu AgamoM kA adhyayana barAbara cala rahA thaa| ata: isase yahI siddha hotA kucha niyuktiyA~ usase bhI prAcIna haiN| yaha bhI suspaSTa hai ki mUlAcAra hai ki mUlAcAra kI racanA kundakunda kI digambara paramparA meM na hokara ke SaDAvazyaka adhikAra meM Avazyakaniyukti kI 80 se adhika gAthAe~ yApanIyoM kI acela paramparA meM huI hai| spaSTata: milatI haiN| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki prastuta gAthA meM niyukti svayaM mUlAcAra ke pA~caveM paMcAcAra nAmaka adhikAra kI 79vIM kA jo ullekha hai vaha zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha niyuktiyoM se hI gAthA meM13 aura 387 na0 gAthA meM4 AcArakalpa, jItakalpa, hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki adhikAMza niyuktiyA~ bhadrabAhu dvitIya ke dvArA Avazyakaniyukti, ArAdhanA, maraNavibhakti, paccakkhANa, Avazyaka, racita haiM aura ina bhadrabAhu kA samaya vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA) Adi granthoM ke adhyayana ke spaSTa nirdeza haiN| isameM eka bAta avazya spaSTa hotI hai ki mUlAcAra vikrama kI chaThI merI dRSTi se ukta gAthAoM meM nimna granthoM kA nirdeza hotA hai-(1) zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA nahIM hai| ArAdhanA, (2) niyukti, (3) maraNavibhakti, (4) saMgraha (paMcasaMgraha), mUlAcArakAra yaha kahakara 'aba maiM AcArya paramparA se yathAgata (5) stuti (devindatthuI), (6) pratyAkhyAna, (7) Avazyaka aura (8) Avazyaka niyukti ko saMkSepa meM kahU~gA' isa tathya kI svayaM puSTi karatA dhrmkthaa| hai ki usake samakSa Avazyakaniyukti nAmaka grantha rahA hai| dUsare sarvaprathama yaha vicAraNIya hai ki ina granthoM meM kauna-kauna se grantha asvAdhyAya kAla meM par3hane yogya granthoM kI sUcI meM niyukti kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya evaM upalabdha haiM aura kauna-kauna se digambara bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatA hai| digambara paramparA meM niyuktiyA~ paramparA meM mAnya evaM upalabdha haiN| ina granthoM meM sarvaprathama ArAdhanA likhI gaIM aisA koI bhI saMketa upalabdha nahIM hai, ata: mUlAcAra meM kA nAma hai| ArAdhanA ke nAma se suparicita grantha zivArya kA bhagavatI niyukti se tAtparya zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita niryuktayoM se hI hai| ArAdhanA yA mUlArAdhanA hai| yaha suspaSTa hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA mUlataH isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya Agamika grantha digambara paramparA kA grantha na hokara yApanIya saMgha kA grantha hai| mUlAcAra eka hI the, unameM mAtra zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA bhASA-bheda thaa| mUlAcAra

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94 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM jisa tIsare grantha maraNavibhakti kA ullekha huA hai vaha bhI zvetAmbara kA ullekha kiyA ho| thudi yA stuti se mUlAcAra kA tAtparya kisa paramparA ke dasa prakIrNakoM meM eka hai| yaha maraNavibhakti aura maraNasamAdhi grantha se hai yaha bhI spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai| TIkAkAra vasunandI ne ina do nAmoM se ullikhita hai| svayaM granthakAra ne bhI ise maraNavibhakti isakA tAtparya samantabhadra kI 'devAgama' nAmaka stuti-racanA se liyA kahA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUlAcAra dvArA nirdiSTa maraNavibhakti hai| kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha ucita nahIM hai| prathama to samantabhadra kA zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha maraNavibhakti hI hai| digambara paramparA meM kAla bhI vivAdAspada hai use kisI bhI sthiti meM mUlAcAra kA pUrvavartI maraNavibhakti nAma kA koI grantha rahA ho aisA ullekha mujhe dekhane ko mAnanA samucita nahIM hai| vastutaH thuI nAma se koI prAkRta racanA hI nahIM milA hai| yadyapi mUlAcAra meM ullikhita maraNavibhakti vartamAna rahanI caahie| zvetAmbara paramparA meM thuI ke nAma se vIratthuI aura maraNavibhakti kA eka bhAga mAtra thI- kyoMki vartamAna maraNavibhakti sahita devindatthuo ina do kA ullekha milatA hai| vIratthuI-sUtrakRtAMga kA ATha prAcIna granthoM kA saMkalana hai| hI eka adhyAya hai jabaki deviMdatthuoM kI gaNanA dasa prakIrNakoM meM jisa cauthe grantha kA ullekha hameM mUlAcAra meM milatA hai, vaha kI jAtI hai| vaise prakIrNakoM meM hI vIratthao (vIrastava) eka svatantra saMgraha hai| saMgraha se granthakAra kA kyA tAtparya hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| grantha bhI hai aura isakI viSayavastu sUtrakRtAMga ke chaThe adhyAya vIratthuI paMca-saMgraha ke nAma se karmasAhitya sambandhI grantha zvetAmbara evaM digambara se bhinna hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva-carcA meM dekhA, mUlAcAra kI prastuta donoM hI paramparAoM meM upalabdha hai| isake atirikta digambara paramparA gAthA meM jina granthoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai unameM adhikatara zvetAmbara meM paMcAstikAya ko bhI 'paMcatthikAya-saMgahasatta' kahA gayA hai| svayaM paramparA ke prakIrNakoM ke nAmoM se milate haiN| ataH prastuta: gAthA meM isa grantha ke kartA ne bhI isa grantha ko saMgraha kahA hai ata: eka thuI nAmaka grantha se tAtparya prakIrNakoM meM samAviSTa devidaMtthao aura vikalpa to yaha ho sakatA hai ki saMgraha se tAtparya 'paMcatthikAya saMgaha' vIratthao se hI honA caahie| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM 'thudi' se mUlAcAra se ho, kintu yahI ekamAtra vikalpa ho hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki kA tAtparya yA to sUtrakRtAMga ke chaThe adhyAya meM antarnihita 'vIratthuI' aneka AdhAroM para mUlAcAra paMcAstikAya kI apekSA prAcIna hai| dUsare se rahA hogA yA phira deviMdatthao nAmaka prakIrNaka se hogA, kyoMki yadi mUlAcAra ko kundakunda ke granthoM kA ullekha iSTa hotA to ve yaha IsA pUrva prathama zatI meM racita eka prAcIna prakIrNaka hai| (isa samayasAra kA bhI ullekha karate hai| puna: kundakunda dvArA 'samaya' zabda sambandha meM mere dvArA sampAdita evaM Agama saMsthAna dvArA prakAzita kA jisa artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai, mUlAcAra ke samayasArAdhikAra 'deviMdatthao' kI bhUmikA dekheN)| prakIrNakoM meM samAhita vIratthuo mujhe meM 'samaya' zabda usase bhinna artha meM grahaNa huA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA mUlAcAra kI apekSA paravartI racanA lagatI hai| paccakkhANa nAmaka grantha meM saMgrahaNI sUtra kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| paMcakalpamahAbhASya ke se mUlAcAra kA mantavya kyA hai yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| digambara paramparA anusAra saMgrahaNiyoM kI racanA AcArya kAlaka ne kI thii| pAkSikasUtra meM paccakkhANa nAmaka koI grantha hai, aisA jJAta nahIM hotA hai| jabaki meM niyukti aura saMgrahaNI donoM kA ullekha hai| saMgrahaNI Agamika granthoM zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNakoM ke antargata AurapaccakkhANa aura kA saMkSepa meM paricaya dene vAlI racanA hai| cU~ki AgamoM kA mahApaccakkhANa nAmaka do grantha haiN| ataH spaSTa hai ki paccakkhANa se asvAdhyAya kAla meM par3hanA varjita thA, ata: yaha ho sakatA hai ki mUlAcAra kA tAtparya AurapaccakkhANa tathA mahApaccakkhANa nAmaka granthoM AcArya kAlaka Adi kI jo saMgrahaNI thI, unhIM se granthakAra kA tAtparya se hI hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandI ne ise spaSTa nahIM kiyA rahA ho| saMgraha se paMcasaMgraha artha grahaNa karane para samasyA uTha khar3I __ hai| kevala itanA hI kahakara chor3a diyA hai ki trividha evaM caturvidha hotI hai| zvetAmbar paMcasaMgraha jo candraRSi kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai, parityAga kA pratipAdaka grantha, kintu aisA koI grantha zvetAmbara yA digambara vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM 7vIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA nahIM hai| digambara paramparA meM rahA hai aisA dhyAna meM nahIM aataa| jaba mUlAcAra meM paramparA kA paMcasaMgraha to aura bhI paravartI hI siddha hotA hai| usameM AurapaccakkhANa kI hI 70 gAthAe~ mila rahI haiM, isake atirikta upalabdha dhavalA Adi kA kucha aMza use 10vIM-11vIM zatI taka mahApaccakkhANa kI bhI gAthAe~ usameM thIM hii| isase siddha hotA hai le jAtA hai| ata: mUlAcAra meM saMgraha ke rUpa meM jisa grantha kA ullekha ki paccakkhANa se mUlAcArakAra kA tAtparya AurapaccakkhANa aura hai vaha grantha vartamAna zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA kA upalabdha paMcasaMgraha mahApaccakkhANa se hI hai| to nahIM ho sktaa| anyathA hameM mUlAcAra kI tithi ko kAphI nIce AvAsaya yA Avazyaka se mUlAcArakAra kA tAtparya kisa grantha le jAnA hogaa| gAthA ke sandarbha-sthala ko dekhate hue use prakSipta bhI se hai-yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| TIkAkAra vasunandI ne mAtra kevala itanA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadyapi yaha bAta nizcita hI satya hai ki paMcasaMgraha nirdeza diyA hai ki Avazyaka se tAtparya sAmAyika Adi SaD-Avazyaka meM jina granthoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai, unameM kucha grantha zivazarmasUri kAryoM kA pratipAdaka grnth| digambara paramparA meM isa prakAra kA koI kI racanAe~ haiM aura isa dRSTi se prAcIna bhI haiN| sambhava, yahI lagatA grantha nahIM rahA hai jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM Avazyaka nAmaka svatantra hai ki upalabdha paMcasaMgraha ke pUrva bhI karma siddhAnta se sambandhita grantha prAcIna kAla se upalabdha hai aura usakI gaNanA grantha ke rUpa kasAyapAhuDa, sataka, sittarI Adi kucha granthoM kA eka saMgraha rahA hogA meM kI gaI hai| ata: spaSTa hai ki mUlAcArakAra kA Avazyaka se tAtparya aura jo saMgraha nAma se prasiddha thaa| ho sakatA hai ki mUlAcAra ne usI zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya Avazyaka sUtra se hI hai|

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mUlAcAra : eka vivecana 95 antima grantha jisakA isa gAthA meM ullekha hai, vaha dharmakathA meM bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM hai| yaha bAta nizcaya hI vicAraNIya hai ki dharmakathA se granthakAra kA meM cheda sUtroM ke antargata AcArakalpa (dazAzrutaskandha AcAradazA) aura tAtparya kisa grantha se hai| digambara paramparA meM dharmakathAnuyoga ke rUpa jItakalpa ullekha upalabdha haiN| yApanIya paramparA ke eka anya grantha meM jo purANa Adi sAhitya upalabdha hai, vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM mUlAcAra chedazAstra meM bhI prAyazcitta ke sandarbha meM AcArakalpa aura jItakalpa se pUrvavartI nahIM hai| TIkAkAra vasunandI ne dharmakathA se triSaSTizalAkApuruSa kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki AcArakalpa aura jItakalpa caritra Adi kA jo tAtparya liyA hai vaha taba taka grAhya nahIM bana sakatA muni jIvana ke AcAra niyamoM tathA unase sambandhita prAyazcittoM kA varNana jaba taka ki triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra kA vivecana karane vAle mUlAcAra karate haiN| paMcAcArAdhikAra meM tapAcAra ke sandarbha meM jo ina do granthoM se pUrva ke koI grantha hoN| yadi hama triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra se sambandhita kA ullekha hai, ve vastutaH zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcAradazA aura granthoM ko dekhate haiM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlAcAra / jItakalpa hI haiN| yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki digambara AcAryoM ke paravartI hI haiN| ata: yaha prazna anuttarita hI rahatA hai ki dharmakathA ne yApanIya paramparA ke sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki ye kalpasUtra se mUlAcAra kA kyA tAtparya hai| isake uttara ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane kA vAcana karate haiN| smaraNa rahe ki AcArakalpa kA AThavA~ adhyayana do vikalpa haiM yA to hama yaha mAneM ki mUlAcAra kI racanA ke pUrva paryuSaNAkalpa ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura paryuSaNa parva ke avasara para bhI kucha carita grantha raheM hoge jo dharmakathA ke nAma se jAne jAte hoMge, zvetAmbara paramparA meM par3hA jAtA hai| kintu yaha kalpanA adhika santoSajanaka nahIM lgtii| dUsarA vikalpa isa prakAra dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra meM jina granthoM kA nirdeza kiyA yaha ho sakatA hai ki dharmakathA se tAtparya 'nAyadhammakahA' se to nhiiN| gayA hai lagabhaga ve sabhI grantha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya aura yaha sarvamAnya hai ki 'nAyadhammakahA' kI viSayavastu dharmakathAnuyoga se pracalita haiN| isase yaha spaSTa siddha hotA hai ki Agamika granthoM ke sambandhita hai| isa vikalpa ko svIkAra karane meM kevala eka hI kaThinAI sandarbha meM mUlAcAra kI paramparA zvetAmbara paramparA ke nikaTa hai| yApanIyoM hai ki kucha aMga-Agama bhI asvAdhyAya kAla meM par3he jA sakate haiM- ke sandarbha meM yaha spaSTa hai ki ve zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya Agama yaha mAnanA hogaa| eka aura vikalpa ho sakatA hai| dharmakathA se tAtparya sAhitya ko mAnya karate the| yaha hama pUrva meM bhI sUcita kara cuke haiM kahIM paumacariya Adi grantha se to nahIM hai lekina yaha kalpanAeM hI ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM jina granthoM kA nirmANa I0 san haiN| merI dRSTi meM to 'dhammakahA' se mUlAcAra kA tAtparya 'nAyadhammakahA' kI dUsarI zatI taka huA thA usake uttarAdhikArI zvetAmbara aura yApanIya se hogaa| mUlAcAra meM uparyukta granthoM ke atirikta 'AyArakappa' aura donoM hI rahe haiN| ata: mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya granthoM 'jIdakappa' aise do granthoM kI aura sUcanA milatI hai ata: inake sambandha kA ullekha yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai| saMdarbha: 1. mUlAcAra (saM0 jJAnamatI mAtAjI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha) bhUmikA, pR.11, sAtha hI dekheM- DaoN0jyotiprasAda jaina kI pradhAna sampAdakIya, pR06| vistRta carcA ke liye dekheM- jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa paM.nAthUrAmajI premI, saMzodhita sAhityamAlA, ThAkura dvAra bambaI, 1956, pR0 548-553 / AyArajIdakappaguNadIvaNA appasodhi NijjhaMjhA / ajjava-maddava-lAghava-vuTTI palhAdaNaM ca guNA / / 387 / / mUlAcAra 4. ArAhaNaNijjuttI maraNavibhattI ya sNghtthudio| paccakkhANAvAsaya dhammakahAo ya erasio / / 279 / / mUlAcAra bAvIsaM titthayarA sAmAiyasaMjamaM uvadisaMti / cheovaTThAvaNiyaM puNa bhayavaM usaho usaho ya vIro y| 7-36 sapaDikkamaNo dhammo purimassa ya pacchimassa jinnss| avarAhapaDikkamaNaM majjhimayANaM jiNavarANaM / / 628 / / mUlAcAra 7. dekhie, paM0sukhalAla saMghavIkRta 'paMcapratikramaNa suutr'| 8. 'AvAsayaNijjuttI vocchAmi jahAkama smaasenn|' 'sAmAiyaNijjuttI esA kahiyA mae smaasenn|' 'cauvIsayaNijjuttI esA kahiyA mae samAseNa' aadi| 9. AvAsayaNijjuttI evaM kadhidA samAsao vihiNA / 10. eso ajjANaMpi a sAmAcAro jahAkkhio puvvaM / savvamhi ahoratte vibhAsidavvo jadhAjoggaM / / 187 / / 11. dekhie, kundakunda amRtasaMgraha, gA0 24-27, pR0sN0135| -saMpA0paM0 kailAzacandra shaastrii| 12. evaM vidhANacariyaM caraMti je sAdhavo ya ajjAo / jagapujjaM te kittiM suhaM ca labhrUNa sijhaMti / / 96 / / mUlAcAra 13. ArAhaNA nijjutti maraNavibhattIyaM sNghthudio| paccakhANAvAsaya dhammakahAo ya erisao / / 279 / / mUlAcAra 14. AyAra jIdakappa guNa dIvaNA..... / / 387 / / mUlAcAra

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tRtIyakhaNDa jaina darzana lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina saMpAdaka DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina DaoN0 rameza candra gupta

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jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa jaina Agama sAhitya kI vyAkhyA evaM unameM varNita viSaya- dravyAnuyoga hai| vastu ko mukhya rUpa se jina cAra vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai, ve vizva ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yaha vizva anuyoga kahe jAte haiN| anuyoga cAra haiM- (1) dravyAnuyoga, (2) akRtrima hai ('logo akiTTimo khalu' mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/2) / isa loka gaNitAnuyoga, (3) caraNakaraNAnuyoga aura (4) dhrmkthaanuyog| ina kA koI nirmAtA yA sRSTikartA nahIM hai| ardha-mAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM cAra anuyogoM meM se jisa anuyoga ke antargata vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM bhI loka ko zAzvata batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha loka ke svarUpa ke sambadha meM vivecana kiyA jAtA hai,use dravyAnuyoga kahate anAdikAla se hai aura rhegaa| RSibhASita ke anusAra loka kI haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa gaNitAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiN| zAzvatatA ke isa sidvAnta kA pratipAdana bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thaa| dharma aura sadAcaraNa saMbaMdhI vidhi-niSedhoM kA vivecana caraNakaraNAnuyoga Age calakara bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne bhI isI sidvAnta kA anumodana aMtargata hotA hai aura dharma evaM naitikatA meM AsthA ko dRr3ha karane hetu kiyaa|2 jaina darzana loka ko jo akRtrima aura zAzvata mAnatA hai usakA sadAcArI, satapuruSoM ke jo AkhyAnaka (kathAnaka) prastuta kiye jAte tAtparya yaha hai ki loka kA koI racayitA evaM niyAmaka nahIM hai, vaha haiM, ve dharmakathAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiN| svAbhAvika hai aura anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai, kintu jainAgamoM meM isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina cAra anuyogoM meM bhI loka ke zAzvata kahane kA tAtparya kathamapi yaha nahIM hai ki usameM koI dravyAnuyoga kA sambandha tAttvika yA dArzanika cintana se hai| jahA~ taka parivartana nahIM hotA hai| vizva ke sandarbha meM jaina cintaka jisa nityatA hamAre dArzanika cintana kA prazna hai Aja hama use tIna bhAgoM meM ko svIkAra karate haiM, vaha nityatA kUTastha nityatA nahIM, pariNAmI vibhAjita karate haiM- 1. tattva-mImAMsA, 2. jJAna-mImAMsA aura 3. nityatA hai, arthAt ve vizva ko parivartanazIla mAnakara bhI mAtra pravAha yA aacaar-miimaaNsaa| ina tInoM meM se tattva-mImAMsA evaM jJAna-mImAMsA donoM prakriyA kI apekSA se nitya yA zAzvata kahate haiN| hI dravyAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiN| inameM bhI jahA~ taka tattva-mImAMsA bhagavatIsUtra meM loka ke svarUpa kI carcA karate hue loka ko kA sambandha hai, usake pramukha kArya jagat ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM, upAdAnoM paMcAstikAya rUpa kahA gayA hai|3 jaina darzana meM isa vizva ke mUlabhUta yA padArthoM aura unake kAryoM kI vivecanA karanA hai| tattva-mImAMsA kA upAdAna pA~ca astikAya dravya haiM-1. jIva (cetana tattva), 2. pudgala Arambha tabhI huA hogA jaba mAnava meM jagat ke svarUpa aura usake (bhautika tattva), 3. dharma (gati kA niyAmaka tattva), 4. adharma (sthiti mUlabhUta upAdAna ghaTakoM ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prasphuTita huI hogI niyAmaka tattva) aura 5. AkAza (sthAna yA avakAza dene vAlA tathA usane apane aura apane pariveza ke saMdarbha meM cintana kiyA hogaa| tttv)| isI cintana ke dvArA tattva-mImAMsA kA prAdurbhAva huA hogaa| "maiM kauna jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAla ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnA gayA hai| haiM", "kahA~ se AyA hU~" "yaha jagat kyA hai", jisase yaha nirmita yadyapi paravartI jaina vicArakoM ne kAla ko bhI vizva ke parivartana ke huA hai, ve mUlabhUta upAdAna,ghaTaka kyA haiM", "yaha kina niyamoM se maulika kAraNa ke rUpa meM yA vizva meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke niyAmaka niyaMtrita evaM saMcAlita hotA hai" inhIM praznoM ke samAdhAna hetu hI tattva ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya mAnA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Age vibhinna darzanoM kA aura unake tattva-viSayaka gaveSaNAoM kA janma huaa| paMcAstikAyoM aura SadravyoM ke prasaMga meM kI jaayegii| yahA~ hamArA jaina paramparA meM bhI usake prathama evaM prAcInatama Agama graMtha AcArAMga kA pratipAdya to yaha hai ki jaina dArzanika vizva ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM ke rUpa prArambha bhI isI cintanA se hotA hai ki "maiM kauna hU~, kahA~ se AyA hU~, meM paMcAstikAyoM evaM SadravyoM kI carcA karate haiN| vizva ke ina mUlabhUta isa zarIra kA parityAga karane para kahA~ jaauuNgaa|"1 vastuta: ye hI aise upAdAnoM ko dravya athavA sat ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAtA hai| dravya prazna haiM jinase dArzanika cintana kA vikAsa hotA hai aura tattva- athavA sat vaha hai jo apane Apa meM paripUrNa, svatantra aura vizva kA mImAMsA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| maulika ghaTaka hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA sat, tattva, paramArtha, tattva-mImAMsA vastuta: vizva-vyAkhyA kA eka prayAsa hai| isameM dravya, svabhAva, para-apara dhyeya, zuddha aura parama ina sabhI ko ekArthaka jagat ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM tathA unake kAryoM kA vivecana vibhinna yA paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| bRhadnayacakra meM kahA gayA haidRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA hai| vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka jo apane tataM taha paramaTuM davyasahAyaM taheva prmprN| astitva ke liye kisI anya ghaTaka para Azrita nahIM hai tathA jo kabhI dheyaM suddhaM paramaM eyaTThA huMti abhihANA / / bhI apane sva-svarUpa kA parityAga nahIM karate haiM ve sat yA dravya -bRhadnayacakra, 411 kahalAte haiN| vizva ke tAttvika AdhAra yA mUlabhUta upAdAna hI sat yA jainAgamoM meM vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ke lie astikAya, dravya kahe jAte haiM aura jo ina dravyoM kA vivecana karatA hai vahI tattva aura dravya zabdoM kA prayoga milatA haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hameM tattva

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 98 aura dravya ke sthAnAMga meM astikAya aura padArtha ke, RSibhASita, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI meM astikAya ke ullekha milate haiN| kuMdakuMda ne artha, padArtha, tattva, dravya aura astikAya ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina Agamayuga meM to vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke lie astikAya, tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabdoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| 'sat' zabda kA prayoga Agama yuga meM nahIM huA umAsvAti hI aise AcArya haiM jinhoMne Agamika dravya, tattva aura astikAya zabdoM ke sAtha-sAtha dravya ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM 'sat' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vaise astikAya zabda prAcIna aura jaina darzana kA apanA viziSTa paribhASika zabda hai| yaha apane artha kI dRSTi se sat ke nikaTa hai, kyoMki donoM hI astitva lakSaNa ke hI sUcaka haiN| tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabda ke prayoga sAMkhya aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM bhI milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAti ne bhI dravya aura sat donoM ko abhinna batAyA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki sata, paramArtha, parama tattva aura dravya sAmAnya dRSTi se paryAyavAcI hote hue bhI vizeSa dRSTi evaM apane vyutpattilabhya artha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna haiN| veda, upaniSad aura unase vikasita vedAnta darzana kI vibhinna dArzanika dhArAoM meM sat zabda pramukha rahA hai| Rgveda meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki "ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti" arthAt sat (parama tattva) eka hI haivipra (vidvAna) use aneka rUpa se kahate haiM / kintu dUsarI ora svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita darzana paramparAoM-vizeSa rUpa se vaizeSika darzana meM dravya zabda pramukha rahA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi se sat zabda astitva kA athavA prakArAntara se nityatA yA aparivartanazIlatA kA evaM dravya zabda parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| sAMkhyoM evaM naiyAyikoM ne isake lie tattva zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki nyAyasUtra ke bhASyakAra ne pramANa Adi 16 tattvoM ke lie sat zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM kramazaH tattva aura dravya zabda hI adhika pracalita rahe haiN| sAMkhya darzana bhI prakRti aura puruSa ina donoM ko tathA inase utpanna buddhi, ahaMkAra, pA~ca jJAnendriyoM, pA~ca karmendriyoM, paMca tanmAtrAoM aura paMca mahAbhUtoM ko tattva hI kahatA hai| isa prakAra svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita ina darzana paramparAoM meM tattva, padArtha, artha aura dravya kA prayoga pramukha rUpa se huA hai| sAmAnyatayA to tattva, padArtha, artha aura dravya zabda paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM kintu inameM apane tAtparya ko lekara bhinnatA bhI mAnI gayI haiN| tattva zabda sabase adhika vyApaka hai usameM padArtha aura dravya bhI samAhita hai| nyAya darzana meM jina tattvoM ko mAnA gayA hai unameM dravya kA ullekha prameya ke antargata huA hai| vaizeSikasUtra meM dravyaguNa karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa aura samavAya ye SaT padArtha aura prakArAntara se abhAva ko milAkara sAta padArtha kahe jAte haiN| inameM bhI dravya, guNa aura karma ina tIna kI hI artha saMjJA hai| ataH siddha hotA hai ki artha kI vyApakatA kI dRSTi se tatva kI apekSA padArtha aura padArtha kI apekSA dravya adhika saMkucita hai| tattvoM meM padArtha kA aura padArthoM meM dravya kA samAveza hotA hai sat zabda ko isase bhI adhika vyApaka artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH jo bhI astitvavAn hai, vaha sat ke antargata A jAtA hai| ataH sat zabda, tattva, padArtha, dravya Adi zabdoM kI apekSA bhI adhika vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai| uparyukta vivecana se eka niSkarSa yaha bhI nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki jo darzanadhArAyeM abhedavAda kI ora agrasara huIM unameM 'sat' zabda kI pramukhatA rahI jabaki jo dhArAyeM bhedavAda kI ora agrasara huIM unameM 'dravya' zabda kI pramukhatA rhii| jahA~ taka jaina darzanikoM kA prazna hai unhoMne sat aura dravya meM eka abhinnatA sUcita kI hai| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAti ne 'sat dravya lakSaNaM' kahakara donoM meM abheda sthApita kiyA hai phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jahA~ 'sat' zabda eka sAmAnya sattA kA sUcaka hai vahA~ 'dravya' zabda vizeSa sattA kA sUcaka hai| jaina AgamoM ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ne aura unake pUrva tattvArthabhASya (1/35) meM umAsvAti ne 'sarvaM ekaM sad vizeSAt' kahakara sat zabda se sabhI dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa astitva ko sUcita kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki sat zabda abheda yA sAmAnya kA sUcaka hai aura dravya zabda vizeSa kA / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM sat aura dravya zabda meM tAdAtmya sambandha hai| sattA kI apekSA ve abhinna haiM; unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki sat arthAt astitva ke binA dravya bhI nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI ora dravya (sattAvizeSa) ke binA sat kI koI sattA hI nahIM hogii| astitva (sat) ke binA dravya aura dravya ke binA astitva nahIM ho skte| astitva yA sattA kI apekSA se to sat aura dravya donoM abhinna haiN| yahI kAraNa hai| ki umAsvAti ne sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa kahA thaa| spaSTa hai ki lakSaNa aura lakSita bhinna-bhinna nahIM hote haiN| vastutaH sat aura dravya donoM meM unake vyutpattiparaka artha kI apekSA se hI bheda hai, astitva yA sattA kI apekSA se bheda nahIM hai| hama unameM kevala vicAra kI apekSA se bheda kara sakate haiM, sattA kI apekSA se nhiiN| sat aura dravya anyonyAzrita hai, phira bhI vaicArika stara para hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki sat hI eka aisA lakSaNa hai jo vibhinna dravyoM meM abheda kI sthApanA karatA hai, kintu hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki sat dravya kA ekamAtra lakSaNa nahIM hai dravya meM astitva ke atirikta anya lakSaNa bhI haiM, jo eka dravya ko dUsare se pRthak karate haiN| astitva lakSaNa kI apekSA se sabhI dravya eka haiM kintu anya lakSaNoM kI apekSA se ve eka-dUsare se pRthak bhI haiN| jaise cetanA lakSaNa jIva aura ajIva meM bheda karatA hai| sattA meM sat lakSaNa kI apekSA se abheda aura anya lakSaNoM se bheda mAnanA yahI jaina darzana kI anekAntika dRSTi kI vizeSatA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM jahA~ abheda .

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jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa 99 dRSTi ke AdhAra para jIva dravya ko eka kahA gayA hai, vahIM uttarAdhyayana vivecya usake dit yA acit hone se hai| jJAtavya hai ki adhikAMza meM bheda-dRSTi se jIva dravya meM bheda kiye gaye haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM ne cita-acita, jar3a-cetana yA jIva-ajIva donoM jahA~ taka jaina dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, ve sat aura dravya donoM tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai ata: yaha prazna adhika carcita nahIM banA hI zabdoM ko na kevala svIkAra karate haiM, apitu unako eka-dUsare se phira bhI ina saba praznoM ke diye gaye uttaroM ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya samanvita bhI karate haiN| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama sat ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa cintana meM sat ke svarUpa meM vividhatA A gyii| kareMge, usake bAda dravyoM kI carcA kareMge tathA anta meM tattvoM ke svarUpa para vicAra kreNge| sat ke parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla pakSa kI samIkSA sat ke parivartanazIla athavA aparivartanazIla svarUpa ke sat kA svarUpa sambandha meM do ativAdI avadhAraNAe~ haiN| eka dhAraNA yaha hai ki sat jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai jaina dArzanikoM ne nirvikAra evaM avyaya hai| trikAla meM usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotaa| ina sat, tattva aura dravya ina tInoM ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai kintu inake vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki jo parivartita hotA hai, vaha sat nahIM ho zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se ina tInoM meM antara hai| sat vaha sAmAnya sktaa| parirvatana kA artha hI hai ki pUrva avasthA kI samApti aura lakSaNa hai jo sabhI dravyoM aura tattvoM meM pAyA jAtA hai evaM dravyoM ke bheda navIna avasthA kA grhnn| ina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jisameM meM bhI abheda ko pradhAnatA detA hai| jahA~ taka tattva kA prazna hai, vaha bheda utpAda evaM vyaya kI prakriyA ho use sat nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jo aura abheda donoM ko athavA sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko svIkAra avasthAntara ko prApta ho use sat kaise kahA jAya? isa siddhAnta ke karatA hai| sat meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA jAtA, jabaki tattva meM bheda kiyA virodha meM jo siddhAnta astitva meM AyA vaha sat kI parivartanazIlatA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne tattvoM kI carcA ke prasaMga para na kevala jar3a kA siddhAnta hai| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra parivartanazIlatA yA aura cetana dravyoM arthAt jIva aura ajIva kI carcA kI hai, apitu arthakriyAkAritva kI sAmarthya hI sat kA lakSaNa hai| jo gatizIla nahIM Asrava, saMvara Adi unake pArasparika sambandhoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| hai dUsare zabdoM meM jo arthakriyAkAritva kI zakti se hIna hai use sat tattva kI dRSTi se na kevala jIva aura ajIva meM bheda mAnA gayA apitu nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jahA~ taka bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana kA prazna hai jIvoM meM bhI paraspara bheda mAnA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora Asrava, bandha kucha aupaniSadika cintaka aura zaMkara kA advaita vedAnta sat ke Adi ke prasaMga meM unake tAdAtmya yA abheda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA aparivartanazIla hone ke prathama siddhAnta ke prabala samarthaka haiN| AcArya gayA, kintu jahA~ taka 'dravya' zabda kA prazna hai vaha sAmAnya hote hue zaMkara ke anusAra sat nirvikAra aura avyaya hai| vaha utpAda aura vyaya bhI dravyoM kI lakSaNagat vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para unameM bheda karatA hai| donoM se rahita haiN| isake viparIta dUsarA siddhAnta bauddha-dArzanikoM kA 'sat' zabda sAmAnyAtmaka hai, tattva zabda sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhayAtmaka hai hai| ve sabhI ekamata se svIkAra karate haiM ki sat kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva aura dravya vizeSAtmaka hai| punaH sat zabda sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa hai| utpatti aura vinAza kI prakriyA se pRthak koI vastu sat nahIM ho kA, dravya zabda parivartanazIla pakSa kA aura tattva zabda ubhaya-pakSa kA sktii| jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintakoM meM sAMkhya darzanikoM kA prazna hai ve sUcaka hai| jainoM kI nayoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to sat zabda cit tattva yA puruSa ko aparivartanazIla yA kUTasthanitya mAnate haiM saMgrahanaya kA, tattva naigamanaya kA aura dravya zabda vyavahAranaya kA sUcaka kintu unakI dRSTi meM prakRti kUTasthanitya nahIM hai vaha parivartanazIla hai| sat abhedAtmaka hai, tattva bhedAbhedAtmaka hai aura dravya zabda bhedAtmaka tattva hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya dArzanika apane dvArA svIkRta do tattvoM meM hai| cU~ki jaina darzana bheda, bhedAbheda aura abheda tInoM ko svIkAra karatA eka ko parivartanazIla aura dUsare ko aparivartanazIla mAnate haiN| hai, ata: usane apane cintana meM ina tInoM ko sthAna diyA hai| ina tInoM vastuta: sat ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane meM sabase bar3I zabdoM meM hama sarva prathama sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra kreNge| bAdhA yaha hai ki usake anusAra jagat ko mithyA yA asat hI mAnanA yadyapi apane vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi se sat zabda sattA ke hotA hai, kyoMki hamArI anubhUti kA jagat to parivartanazIla hai isameM aparivartanazIla, sAmAnya evaM abhedAtmaka pakSa kA sUcaka hai| phira bhI kucha bhI aisA pratIta nahIM hotA jo parivartana se rahita ho| na kevala sat ke svarUpa ko lekara bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| koI vyakti aura samAja apitu bhautika padArtha bhI pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiN| use aparivartanazIla mAnatA hai to koI use parivartanazIla, koI use sat ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane kA artha hai jagat kI anubhUtigata eka kahatA hai to koI aneka, koI use cetana mAnatA hai to koI use vividhatA ko nakAranA aura koI bhI vicAraka anubhavAtmaka parivartanazIlatA jdd'| vastuta: sat, parama tattva yA paramArtha ke svarUpa sambandhI ina ko nakAra nahIM sktaa| cAhe AcArya zaMkara kitane hI jora se isa bAta vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM pramukha rUpa se tIna prazna rahe haiN| prathama ko rakheM ki nirvikAra brahma hI satya hai aura parivartanazIla jagat mithyA prazna usake ekatva athavA anekatva kA hai| dUsare prazna kA sambandha hai kintu Anubhavika stara para koI bhI vicAraka ise svIkAra nahIM kara usake parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla kA hone se hai| tIsare prazna kA skegaa| anubhUti ke stara para jo parivartanazIla kI anubhUti hai use

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100 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kabhI bhI nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| yadi sat trikAla meM avikArI aura karegA aura jo vetana milegA vaha kisI anya ko| isI prakAra RNa aparivartanazIla ho to phira vaiyaktika jIvoM yA AtmAoM ke baMdhana aura koI anya vyakti legA aura usakA bhugatAna kisI anya vyakti ko mukti kI vyAkhyA bhI arthahIna ho jaayegii| dharma aura naitikatA donoM kA karanA hogaa| hI una darzanoM meM koI sthAna nahIM hai, jo sat kI apariNAmI mAnate haiN| yaha satya hai ki bauddha darzana meM sat ke anitya evaM kSaNika jaise jIvana meM bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura praur3hAvasthA AtI hai, usI svarUpa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bhagavAn buddha prakAra sattA meM bhI parivartana ghaTita hote haiN| Aja kA hamAre anubhava kA sat ko eka prakriyA (Process) ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vizva vahI nahIM hai, jo hajAra varSa pUrva thA, usameM pratikSaNa parivartana vizva mAtra eka prakriyA (parivartanazIlatA) hai, usa prakriyA se pRthak ghaTita hote haiN| na kevala jagat meM apitu hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana meM bhI koI sattA nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM kriyA hai, kintu kriyA se pRthak koI parivartana ghaTita hote rahate haiM ata: astitva yA sattA ke sambandha meM kartA nahIM hai| isa prakAra prakriyA se alaga koI sattA nahIM hai kintu hameM aparivartanazIlatA kI avadhAraNA samIcIna nahIM hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki bauddha darzana ke ina mantavyoM kA Azaya isake viparIta yadi sat ko kSaNika yA parivartanazIla mAnA ekAnta kSaNikavAda yA ucchedavAda nahIM hai| AlocakoM ne use ucchedavAda jAtA hai to bhI karmaphala yA naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM samajhakara jo AlocanA prastuta kI hai, cAhe vaha ucchedavAda ke saMdarbha meM hotii| yadi pratyeka kSaNa svatantra hai to phira hama naitika uttaradAyitva kI saMgata ho kintu bauddha darzana ke sambandha meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| buddha sat vyAkhyA nahIM kara skte| yadi vyakti athavA vastu apane pUrva kSaNa kI ke parivartanazIla pakSa para bala dete haiM kintu isa AdhAra para unheM apekSA uttara kSaNa meM pUrNata: badala jAtI hai to phira hama kisI ko pUrva ucchedavAda kA samarthaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA ki meM kie gaye corI Adi kAryoM ke lie kaise uttaradAyI banA pAyeMge? "kriyA hai, kartA nahIM" kA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki ve kartA yA saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina dArzanikoM kA isa dhAraNA ke viparIta kriyAzIla tattva kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya mAtra yaha kahanA hai ki utpatti ke binA nAza aura nAza ke binA utpatti itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai| sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa saMbhava nahIM hai dUsare zabdoM meM pUrva-paryAya ke nAza ke binA uttara-paryAya tAdAtmya hai| sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI kI utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai kintu utpatti aura nAza donoM kA Azraya koI sthiti nahIM hai| parivartana aura parivartanazIla anyonyAzrita haiM, dUsare vastutattva honA caahiye| ekAntanitya vastutattva/padArtha meM parivartana saMbhava zabdoM meM ve sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nhiiN| vastuta: bauddha darzana kA sat nahIM hai aura yadi padArthoM ko ekAnta kSaNika mAnA jAya to parivartita sambandhI yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana se utanA dUra nahIM hai jitanA mAnA kauna hotA hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| AcArya samantabhadra AptamImAMsA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM sattA ko anuccheda aura azAzvata kahA gayA hai meM isa dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki "ekAnta arthAt ve na use ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM aura na ekAnta nity| vaha kSaNikavAda meM pretyabhAva arthAt punarjanma asaMbhava hogA aura pretyabhAva na anitya hai aura na nitya hai jabaki jaina dArzanikoM ne use nityAnitya ke abhAva meM puNya-pApa ke pratiphala aura baMdhana-mukti kI avadhAraNAyeM kahA hai, kintu donoM paramparAoM kA yaha antara niSedhAtmaka athavA bhI saMbhava nahIM hogii| puna: ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pratyabhijJA bhI saMbhava svIkArAtmaka bhASA-zailI kA antara hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke kathana kA nahIM aura pratyabhijJA ke abhAva meM kAryArambha hI nahIM hogA phira phala mUla utsa eka-dUsare se utanA bhinna nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama use mAna kahA~ se?6 isa prakAra isameM baMdhana-mukti, punarjanma kA koI sthAna nahIM lete haiN| bhagavAn buddha kA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM yathArtha mantavya hai| "yuktyAnuzAna" meM kahA gayA hai ki kSaNikavAda saMvRtti satya ke kyA thA, isakI vistRta carcA hamane "jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra rUpa meM bhI bandhana-mukti Adi kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" bhAga-1 (pR0 192-194) meM kI usakI dRSTi meM paramArtha yA sat ni:svabhAva hai| yadi paramArtha niHsvabhAva hai, icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha hai to phira vyavahAra kA vidhAna kaise hogA?7 AcArya hemacandra ne meM prastuta vivecanA kA mUla uddezya mAtra itanA hai ki sat ko avyaya 'anyayogavyavacchedikA' meM kSaNikavAda para pA~ca AkSepa lagAye haiM- 1. hai| isI prakAra sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta abhedavAda aura ekAnta kRta-praNAza, 2. akRta-bhoga, 3. bhava-bhaMga, 4. pramokSa-bhaMga aura 5. bhedavAda bhI unheM mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| smRti-bhaMgA8 yadi koI nitya sattA hI nahIM hai aura pratyeka sattA jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra sattA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka yA kSaNajIvI hai to phira vyakti dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA phalabhoga kaise bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| vaha eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| ve bheda meM abheda aura sambhava hogA, kyoMki phalabhoga ke lie kartRtvakAla aura bhoktRtva abheda meM bheda ko svIkAra karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM ve anekatA meM ekatA kAla meM usI vyakti kA honA Avazyaka hai anyathA kArya kauna karegA kA aura ekatA meM anekatA kA darzana karatA hai| mAnavatA kI apekSA aura phala kauna bhogegA? vastutaH ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM adhyayana koI manuSyajAti eka hai, kintu deza-bheda, varNabheda, varga-bheda yA vyakti bheda aura karegA, parIkSA koI aura degA, usakA pramANa-patra kisI aura ko kI apekSA vaha aneka hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra ekatA meM anekatA milegA, usa pramANa-patra ke AdhAra para naukarI koI anya vyakti prApta aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai|

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jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa 101 sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta parivartanazIlatA kA yA bhedavAdI utpatti aura vinAza donoM ke lie kisI aise AdhArabhUta tattva kI dRSTikoNa aura ekAnta aparivartanazIlatA kA yA abhedavAdI (advaitavAdI) AvazyakatA hotI hai jisameM utpatti ke lie vinAza kI ye prakriyAyeM dRSTikoNa ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko apanAne para na to vyavahAra ghaTita hotI hoN| yadi hama dhrauvya pakSa ko asvIkAra kareMge to utpatti jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai na dharma aura naitikatA kA koI sthAna hai| aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jaayeNge| aura sattA aneka evaM yahI kAraNa thA ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi bhagavAn mahAvIra asambandhita kSaNajIvI tattvoM meM vibhakta ho jAyegI ina paraspara asambandhita evaM bhagavAn buddha ne unakA parityAga Avazyaka smjhaa| mahAvIra kI kSaNika sattAoM kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI ekAtmakatA kA hI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne na kevala ekAnta zAzvatavAda kA aura viccheda ho jAyegA, jisake abhAva meM naitika uttaradAyitva aura ekAnta ucchedavAda kA parityAga kiyA apitu apanI anekAntavAdI karmaphala-vyavasthA hI arthavihIna ho jaayegii| isI prakAra ekAnta aura samanvayavAdI paramparA ke anusAra una donoM vicAradhArAoM meM dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra karane para bhI isa jagat meM cala rahe utpatti aura sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyaa| paramparAgata dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vinAza ke krama ko samajhAyA nahIM jA skegaa| jaina darzana meM sat ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kevala "upannei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei vA" isa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravya aura guNa tathA parivartanazIla pakSa ko tripadI kA upadeza diyA thaa| samasta jaina dArzanika vAGmaya kA paryAya kahA jAtA hai| vikAsa isI tripadI ke AdhAra para huA hai| paramArtha yA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kA uparyukta kathana hI jaina darzana kA 1. AcArAMga, 1/1/1/1 kendrIya tattva hai| 2. (a) RSibhASita, 31/9, (ba) bhagavatI, 9/33/233 isa siddhAnta ke anusAra utpatti, vinAza aura dhrauvya ye tInoM 3. bhagavatI, 2/10/124-130 hI sat ke lakSaNa haiN| tattvArtha sUtra meM umAsvAti ne sat ko paribhASita 4. ege AyA- sthAnAMga, 1/1 karate hue kahA hai ki sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai (tattvArtha, 5. uttarAdhyayana, 36/48-211 5/29) utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa ko batAte haiM to 6. Apta-mImAMsA- samantabhadra, 40-41 dhrauvya usake avinAzI pakSa ko| sat kA dhrauvya guNa usake utpatti evaM 7. yuktyAnuzAsana, 15-16 vinAza kA AdhAra hai, unake madhya yojaka kar3I hai| yaha satya hai ki 8. anyayogavyavacchedikA, syAdvAdamaMjarI nAmaka TIkA, sahita, kArikA vinAza ke lie utpatti aura utpatti aura vinAza Avazyaka hai kintu 18. jaina darzana meM dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI avadhAraNA satra meM hai| usa ka hA gayA haiM isa dravya kI paribhASA vaizeSika darzana ke nikaTa hai| dravya kI dUsarI paribhASA 'guNAnAM samUho jaina paramparA meM sat aura dravya ko paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| davvo' ke rUpa meM bhI kI gayI hai| isa paribhASA kA samarthana tattvArthasUtra mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM sat ke sthAna para 'dravya' hI pramukha rahA hai| AgamoM kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA (5/2/pR0267/4) meM AcArya pUjyapAda meM sat ke sthAna para 'astikAya' aura 'dravya' ina do zabdoM kA hI ne kiyA hai| isameM dravya ko 'guNoM kA samudAya' kahA gayA hai, jahA~ prathama prayoga dekhA gayA hai| jo astikAya haiM, ve dravya hI hai| sarvaprathama dravya paribhASA dravya aura guNa meM Azraya-AzrayI sambandha ke dvArA bheda kA kI paribhASA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM hai| usameM 'guNAnAM Asavo davvo' saMketa karatI hai, vahA~ yaha dUsarI paribhASA guNa aura dravya meM abheda (28/6) kahakara guNoM ke Azraya sthala ko dravya kahA gayA haiM isa sthApita karatI hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha jJAta hotA paribhASA meM dravya kA sambandha guNoM se mAnA gayA hai, kintu isake pUrva hai ki jahA~ prathama paribhASA vaizeSika sUtrakAra maharSi kaNAda ke adhika gAthA meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya sabhI ko nikaTa hai, vahA~ yaha dUsarI paribhASA bauddha paramparA ke dravya-lakSaNa ke jAnanevAlA jJAna hai (uttarAdhyayanasUtra (28/5) usa meM yaha bhI mAnA adhika samIpa pratIta hotI hai| kyoMki dUsarI paribhASA ke anusAra guNoM gayA hai ki guNa dravya ke Azrita rahate haiM aura paryAya guNa aura dravya se pRthak dravya kA koI astitva nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa dvitIya paribhASA donoM ke Azrita rahatI hai| isa paribhASA kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra meM guNoM ke samudAya yA skandha ko hI dravya kahA gayA hai| yaha paribhASA karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki isameM dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM Azraya- guNoM se pRthak dravya kI sattA na mAnakara guNoM ke samudAya ko hI dravya AzrayI sambandha mAnA gayA hai| yaha paribhASA bhedavAdI nyAya aura mAna letI hai| isa prakAra yadyapi ye donoM hI paribhASAyeM jaina cintana dhArA jahA~ prathama paribhA

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102 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM hI vikasita haiM kintu eka para vaizeSika darzana kA aura dUsarI para prApta hotI hai, yaha paryAya kahalAtI haiN| ye parivartanazIla paryAya hI dravya bauddha darzana kA prabhAva hai| ye donoM paribhASAyeM jaina darzana kI anekAntika kA anitya pakSa hai| dRSTi kA pUrNa paricaya nahIM detI kyoMki eka meM dravya aura guNa meM bheda isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya apane sva-lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai to dUsare meM abheda, jabaki jaina dRSTikoNa bheda-abheda yA guNa kI apekSA se nitya aura apanI paryAya kI apekSA se anitya mUlaka hai| umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM 'sat dravya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jIvadravya apane caitanya guNa kA kabhI lakSaNa' (5/29) kahakara sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa batAyA hai| isa parityAga nahIM karatA, kintu apane cetanA lakSaNa kA parityAga ke binA paribhASA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki dravya kA mukhya lakSaNa astitva hai| vaha deva, manuSya, pazu ina vibhinna yoniyoM ko athavA bAlaka, yuvA, jo astitvavAn hai, vahI dravya hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA hai ki vRddha Adi avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai| jina guNoM kA parityAga nahIM jo trikAla meM apane svabhAva kA parityAga na kare use hI sat yA dravya kiyA jA sakatA ve hI guNa vastu ke sva-lakSaNa kahe jAte haiN| jina guNoM kahA jA sakatA hai| tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAti ne eka ora athavA avasthAoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve paryAya kahalAtI dravya kA lakSaNa sat batAyA to dUsarI ora sat ko utpAda-vyaya- haiN| paryAya badalatI rahatI haiM, kintu guNa vahI banA rahatA hai| ye paryAya bhI dhrauvyAtmaka btaayaa| ata: dravya ko bhI utpAda-vyaya dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jA do prakAra kI kahI gayI haiM- 1. svabhAva paryAya aura 2. vibhAva pryaay| sakatA hai| sAtha hI umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra (5/38) meM dravya ko jo paryAya yA avasthAyeM sva-lakSaNa ke nimitta se hotI haiM ve svabhAva paribhASita karate hue use guNa, paryAya se yukta bhI kahA hai| AcArya paryAya kahalAtI haiM aura jo anya nimitta se hotI haiM ve vibhAva paryAya kuMdakuMda ne 'paMcAstikAyasAra' aura 'pravacanasAra' meM inhIM donoM lakSaNoM kahalAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAna aura darzana (pratyakSIkaraNa) ko milAkara dravya ko paribhASita kiyA hai| 'paMcAstikAyasAra' (10) meM sambandhI vibhinna anubhUtiparaka avasthAyeM AtmA kI svabhAva paryAya haiN| ve kahate hai ki "dravya sat lakSaNa vAlA hai|" isI paribhASA ko aura kyoMki ve AtmA ke sva-lakSaNa 'upayoga' se phalita hotI haiM, jabaki spaSTa karate hue pravacanasAra (95-96) meM ve kahate haiM "jo aparityakta krodha Adi kaSAya bhAva karma ke nimitta se yA dUsaroM ke nimitta se hote svabhAva vAlA utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta tathA guNa paryAya sahita haiM, ata: ve vibhAva paryAya haiN| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ina guNoM hai, use dravya kahA jAtA hai|" isa prakAra kuMdakuMda ne dravya kI paribhASA aura paryAyoM kA adhiSThAna yA upAdAna to-dravya svayaM hI haiN| dravya guNa ke sandarbha meM umAsvAti ke sabhI lakSaNoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| aura paryAyoM se abhinna haiM, ve paraspara sApekSa haiN| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne 'guNa paryAyavat guNa dravya' kahakara jaina darzana ke bheda-abhedavAda ko puSTa kiyA hai| yadyapi dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH tattvArthasUtra meM dravya kI yaha paribhASA bhI vaizeSika sUtra ke guNa dravya ke svabhAva yA sva-lakSaNa hote haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti 'dravyaguNakarmabhyo'rthAntaraM sa sattA (1/2/8) nAmaka sUtra ke nikaTa hI ne 'dravyAzrayAnirguNA guNA:' (5/40) kahakara yaha batAyA hai ki guNa siddha hotI hai| umAsvAti ne isa sUtra meM karma ke sthAna para paryAya ko dravya meM rahate haiM, para ve svayaM nirguNa hote haiN| guNa nirguNa hote haiM yaha rakha diyA hai| jaina darzana ke sat sambandhI siddhAnta kI carcA meM hama yaha paribhASA sAmAnyatayA Atma-virodhI sI lagatI hai| kintu isa paribhASA spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki dravya yA sattA parivartanazIla hokara bhI nitya hai| kI mUlabhUta dRSTi yaha hai ki yadi hama guNa kA bhI guNa mAneMge to phira pariNamana yaha dravya kA AdhArabhUta lakSaNa hai, kintu isakI prakriyA meM anavasthAdoSa kA prasaMga aayegaa| Agamika dRSTi se guNa kI paribhASA dravya apane svarUpa kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai| sva-svarUpa kA parityAga isa rUpa meM kI gayI hai ki guNa dravya kA vidhAna hai yAni usakA svakiye binA vibhinna avasthAoM ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI dravya ko lakSaNa hai jabaki paryAya dravya kA vikAra hai| guNa bhI dravya ke samAna hI nitya kahA jAtA hai, kintu pratikSaNa utpanna hone vAle aura naSTa hone avinAzI hai| jisa dravya kA jo guNa hai vaha usameM sadaiva rahatA hai| dUsare vAle paryAyoM kI apekSA se use anitya kahA jAtA hai| use isa prakAra zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya kA jo avinAzI lakSaNa hai bhI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki mRttikA apane sva-jAtIya dharma kA athavA dravya jisakA parityAga nahIM kara sakatA hai vahI guNa hai| guNa parityAga kiye binA ghaTa Adi ko utpanna karatI hai| ghaTa kI utpatti meM vastu kI sahabhAvI vizeSatAoM kA sUcaka hai| piNDa kA vinAza hotA hai| jaba taka piNDa vinaSTa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vizeSatAe~ yA lakSaNa jinake AdhAra para eka dravya ko ghaTa utpanna nahIM hotA kintu isa utpAda aura vyaya meM bhI mRttikA-lakSaNa dUsare dravya se alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve viziSTa guNa kahe jAte haiN| yathAvat banA rahatA hai| vastuta: koI bhI dravya apane sva-lakSaNa, sva- udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dharma-dravya kA lakSaNa gati meM sahAyaka honA hai| svabhAva athavA sva-jAtIya dharma kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai| dravya apane adharma-dravya kA lakSaNa sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai| jo sabhI dravyoM kA guNa yA sva-lakSaNa kI apekSA se nitya hotA hai, kyoMki sva-lakSaNa kA avagAhana karatA hai, unheM sthAna detA hai, vaha AkAza kahA jAtA hai| tyAga sambhava nahIM hai| yaha sva-lakSaNa hI vastu kA nitya pakSa hotA hai| isI prakAra parivartana kAla kA lakSaNa hai aura upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga kiye binA vastu jina vibhinna avasthAoM ko hai| ataH guNa ve haiM, jisake AdhAra para hama kisI dravya ko pahacAnate

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jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa 103 haiM aura usakA anya dravya se pRthaktva sthApita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra AcAryoM ne 'guNANAM samUho davvo' athavA 'guNasamudAyo dravyamiti' (28/11-12) meM jIva aura pudgala ke aneka lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa kahakara ke dravya ko guNoM kA saMghAta mAnA hai| jaba dravya aura guNa kI huA hai| usameM jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya evaM upayoga-ye jIva ke alaga-alaga sattA hI mAnya nahIM hai, to vahA~ unake tAdAtmya ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM aura zabda, prakAza, aMdhakAra, prabhA, chAyA, atirikta anya koI sambandha mAnane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| anya Atapa, varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza Adi ko pudgala kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| koI sambandha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve eka-dUsare se pRthak hokara jJAtavya hai ki dravya aura guNa vicAra ke stara para hI alaga-alaga mAne apanA astitva rakhate haiN| yaha dRSTikoNa bauddha avadhAraNA se prabhAvita gaye haiM lekina astitva kI dRSTi se ve pRthak-pRthak sattAe~ nahIM haiN| hai| yaha saMghAtavAda kA hI apararUpa hai jabaki jaina paramparA saMghAtavAda guNoM ke saMdarbha meM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kucha guNa ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| vastuta: dravya ke sAtha guNa aura paryAya ke sAmAnya hote haiM aura ve sabhI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiM aura kucha guNa sambandha ko lekara tattvArthasUtrakAra ne jo dravya kI paribhASA dI hai, vahI viziSTa hote haiM, jo kucha hI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| jaise-astitva adhika ucita jAna par3atI hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra ke anusAra jo guNa aura lakSaNa sAmAnya hai jo sabhI dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai kintu cetanA Adi paryAyoM se yukta hai, vahI (dravya hai)| vaicArika stara para to guNa dravya se kucha guNa aise haiM jo kevala jIva dravya meM pAye jAte haiM, ajIva dravya meM bhinna hai aura usa dRSTi se unameM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva bhI dekhA jAtA hai unakA abhAva hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kucha guNa sAmAnya aura kucha kintu astitva ke stara para dravya aura guNa eka-dUsare se pRthak viziSTa hote haiN| sAmAnya guNoM ke AdhAra para jAti yA varga kI pahacAna (vivikta) sattAe~ nahIM haiN| ata: unameM tAdAtmya bhI hai| isa prakAra guNa hotI hai| ve dravya yA vastuoM kA ekatva pratipAdita karate haiM, jabaki aura dravya meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya sambandha hai| DaoN. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya viziSTa guNa eka dravya kA dUsare se antara sthApita karate haiN| guNoM ke jaina-darzana (pR. 144) meM likhate haiM ki guNa se dravya ko pRthak nahIM sandarbha meM carcA karate hue hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki aneka kiyA jA sakatA, isalie ve dravya se abhinna haiN| kintu prayojana Adi guNa sahabhAvI rUpa se eka hI dravya meM rahate haiN| isIlie jaina darzana meM bheda se usakA vibhinna rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ata: ve vastu ko ananta dharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai| guNoM ke sambandha meM eka anya bhinna bhI haiN| "eka hI pudgala paramANu meM yugapat rUpa se rUpa, rasa, gaMdha vizeSatA hai ki ve dravya vizeSa ke vibhinna paryAyoM meM bhI bane rahate haiN| Adi aneka guNa rahate haiN| anubhUti ke stara para rUpa, rasa, gandha Adi dravya aura guNa kA sambandha pRthak-pRthak guNa haiN| ata: vaicArika stara para eka guNa na kevala dUsare koI bhI dravya guNa se rahita nahIM hotaa| dravya aura guNa kA guNa se bhinna hai apitu usa stara para vaha dravya se bhI bhinna kalpita kiyA vibhAjana mAtra vaicArika stara para kiyA jAtA hai sattA ke stara para nhiiN| jA sakatA hai| punaH guNa apanI pUrvaparyAya ko chor3akara uttaraparyAya ko guNa se rahita hokara na to dravya kI koI sattA hotI hai na dravya se rahita dhAraNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai, kintu guNa kii| ata: sattA ke stara para guNa aura dravya meM abheda hai jabaki usameM yaha paryAya parivartana dravya se bhinna hokara nahIM hotaa| paryAyoM meM vaicArika stara para donoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| hone vAle parivartana vastuta: dravya ke hI parivartana haiN| paryAya aura guNa jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki dravya aura guNa ko chor3akara dravya kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai| paryAyoM aura guNoM meM anyonyAzrita haiN| dravya ke binA guNa kA astitva nahIM hai aura guNa ke hone vAle parivartanoM ke bIca jo eka avicchinnatA kA niyAmaka tattva binA dravya kA astitva nahIM hai| tattvArthasUtra (5/40) meM guNa kI hai, vahI dravya hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka pudgala paramANu ke rUpa, rasa, paribhASA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki "sva-guNa ko chor3akara jinakA anya gaMdha aura sparza ke guNa badalate rahate haiM aura usa guNa parivartana ke koI guNa nahIM hotA arthAt jo nirguNa hai vahI guNa hai|" dravya aura guNa pariNAmasvarUpa usakI paryAya bhI badalatI rahatI hai, kintu ina parivartita ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara jaina paramparA meM hameM tIna prakAra ke hone vAle guNoM aura paryAyoM ke bIca bhI eka tattva hai jo ina parivartanoM sandarbha prApta hote haiN| Agama graMthoM meM dravya aura guNa meM Azraya-AzrayI ke bIca bhI banA rahatA hai, vahI dravya hai| pratyeka dravya meM prati samaya bhAva mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra (28/6) meM dravya ko guNa kA svAbhAvika guNa kRta aura vaibhAvikaguNa kRta arthAt paryAyakRta utpAda Azraya sthAna mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtrakAra ke anusAra guNa dravya aura vyaya hote rahate haiN| yaha saba usa dravya kI sampatti yA svarUpa hai| meM rahate haiM arthAt dravya guNoM kA Azraya sthala hai kintu yahA~ Apatti isalie dravya ko utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| dravya ke yaha ho sakatI hai ki jaba dravya aura guNa kI bhinna-bhinna sattA hI nahIM sAtha-sAtha usake guNoM meM bhI utpAda-vyaya hotA rahatA hai| jIva kA guNa hai to unameM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva kisa prakAra hogA? vastuta: dravya aura cetanA hai usameM pRthak hone para jIva jIva nahIM rahegA, phira bhI jIva kI guNa ke sambandha ko lekara kiyA gayA yaha vivecana mUlata: vaizeSika cetana anubhUtiyA~ sthira nahIM rahatI haiM, ve prati kSaNa badalatI rahatI haiM, paramparA ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| jainoM ke anusAra siddhAntata: Azraya- ata: guNoM meM bhI utpAda-vyaya hotA rahatA hai| puna: vastu kA sva-lakSaNa AzrayI bhAva unhIM do tattvoM meM ho sakatA hai jo eka-dUsare se pRthak kabhI badalatA nahIM hai ata: guNa meM dhrauvyatva pakSa bhI hai| ata: guNa bhI sattA rakhate haiN| isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara pUjyapAda Adi kucha dravya ke samAna utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya lakSaNa yukta hai| .

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104 paryAya jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra dravya meM ghaTita hone vAle vibhinna parivartana hI paryAya kahalAte haiN| pratyeka dravya prati samaya eka viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA rahatA hai| apane pUrva kSaNa kI avasthA kA tyAga karatA hai aura eka nUtana viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA hai inheM hI paryAya kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra jalatI huI dIpazikhA meM prati kSaNa jalane vAlA tela badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI dIpaka yathAvat jalatA rahatA hai usI prakAra pratyeka dravya satata rUpa se parivartana yA pariNamana ko prApta hotA rahatA hai / dravya meM hone vAlA yaha parivartana yA pariNamana hI usakI paryAya hai| eka vyakti janma letA hai, bAlaka se kizora aura kizora se yuvaka, yuvaka se praur3a aura praur3ha se vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| janma se lekara mRtyu kAla taka pratyeka vyakti ke deha kI zArIrika saMracanA meM tathA vicAra aura anubhUti kI caitasika saMracanA meM parivartana hote rahate haiN| usameM prati kSaNa hone vAle ina parivartanoM ke dvArA vaha jo bhinna-bhinna avasthAyeM prApta karatA hai, ve hI paryAya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki 'paryAya' jaina darzana kA viziSTa zabda hai| jainadarzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI bhAratIya darzana meM paryAya kI yaha avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bAlyAvasthA se yuvAvasthA aura yuvAvasthA se vRddhAvasthA kI yAtrA koI aisI ghaTanA nahIM hai, jo eka hI kSaNa meM ghaTita ho jAtI hai| balki yaha saba kramika rUpa se ghaTita hotI rahatI hai, hameM usakA patA hI nahIM cltaa| yaha prati samaya hone vAlA parivartana hI paryAya hai| paryAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha avasthA vizeSa hai| dArzanika jagat meM paryAya kA jo artha prasiddha huA hai, usase Agama meM vaha kiMcit bhinna artha meM prayoga huA hai| dArzanika granthoM meM dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNAma ko paryAya kahA gayA hai tathA guNa evaM paryAya se yukta padArtha ko dravya kahA gayA hai| vahA~ para eka hI dravya yA vastu kI vibhinna paryAyoM kI carcA hai / Agama meM paryAya kA nirUpaNa dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNamana ke rUpa meM nahIM huA hai| Agama meM to eka padArtha jitanI avasthAoM meM prApta hotA hai unheM usa padArtha kI paryAya kahA gayA hai jaise jIva kI paryAya hai-nAraka, deva, manuSya tiryaca siddha aadi| paryAya dravya kI bhI hotI hai aura guNa kI bhI hotI hai guNoM kI paryAya kA ullekha anuyogadvArasUtra meM isa prakAra huA hai-"eka guNa kAlA, dviguNa kAlA yAvat anantaguNa kaalaa|" kAle guNa kI ananta paryAya hotI haiN| isI prakAra nIle, pIle, lAla evaM sapheda varNoM kI paryAya bhI ananta hotI haiN| varNa kI bhA~ti gandha, rasa, sparza ke bhedoM kI bhI eka guNa se lekara anantaguNa taka paryAya hotI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ekatva, pRthaktva, saMkhyA, saMsthAna, saMyoga aura vibhAga ko paryAya kA lakSaNa kahA hai| eka paryAya kA dUsare paryAya ke sAtha dravya kI dRSTi se ekatva ( tAdAtmya) hotA hai, paryAya kI dRSTi se donoM paryAya eka dUsare se pRthaka hotI hai| saMkhyA ke AdhAra para bhI paryAyoM meM bheda hotA hai| isI prakAra saMsthAna arthAt AkRti kI dRSTi se bhI paryAya bheda hotA hai jisa paryAya kA saMyoga (utpAda) hotA hai usakA viyoga (vinAza) bhI nizcita rUpa se hotA hai| koI bhI dravya kabhI bhI paryAya se rahita nahIM hotaa| kintu paryAva sthira bhI nahIM rahatI hai vaha prati samaya parivartita hotI rahatI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne paryAya parivartana kI ina ghaTanAoM ko dravya meM hone vAle utpAda aura vyaya ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA hai| dravya meM prati kSaNa pUrva paryAya kA nAza yA vyaya tathA uttaraparyAya kA utpAda hotA rahatA hai| utpAda aura vyaya kI ghaTanA jisake yA jisameM Azrita yA ghaTita hotI hai yA jo parivartita hotA hai, vahI dravya hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya kI kathaMcit tAdAtmya isa artha meM hai ki paryAya se rahita hokara dravya kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai / dravya kI paryAya badalate rahane para bhI dravya meM eka kSaNa ke lie bhI aisA nahIM hotA ki vaha paryAya se rahita ho na to paryAyoM se pRthak hokara dravya apanA astitva rakha sakatA hai aura na dravya se pRthak hokara paryAya kA hI koI astitva hotA hai sattAtmaka stara para dravya aura paryAya alagaalaga sattAe~ nahIM haiM ve tatvataH abhinna haiN| kintu dravya ke bane rahane para bhI paryAyoM kI utpatti aura vinAza kA krama ghaTita hotA rahatA hai| yadi paryAya utpanna hotI hai aura vinaSTa hotI hai|, to use dravya se kathaMcit bhinna bhI mAnanA hogaa| jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA vyakti se pRthak kahIM nahIM dekhI jaatii| ve vyakti meM hI ghaTita hotI haiN| aura vyakti se abhinna hotI haiM kintu eka hI vyakti meM bAlyAvasthA kA vinAza aura yuvAvasthA kI prApti dekhI jAtI hai| ataH apane vinAza aura utpatti kI dRSTi se ve paryAyeM vyakti ke pRthak bhI kahI jA sakatI haiN| vaicArika stara para pratyeka paryAya dravya se bhinnatA rakhatI hai| saMkSepa meM tAtvika stara para yA sattA kI dRSTi se hama dravya aura paryAya ko alagaalaga nahIM kara sakate, ataH ve abhinna haiN| kintu vaicArika stara para dravya aura paryAya ko paraspara pRthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki paryAya utpanna hotI hai aura naSTa hotI hai, jabaki dravya banA rahatA hai, ata: vaha dravya se bhinna bhI hai| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya kI yaha kathaMcit abhinnatA aura kathaMcit bhinnatA vastu ke anekAMtika svarUpa kI paricAyaka hai| paryAya ke prakAra paryAyoM ke prakAroM kI Agamika AdhAroM para carcA karate hue dravyAnuyoga ( pR038) para upAdhyAya zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI ma.sA. 'kamala' likhate haiM ki prajJApanAsUtra meM paryAya ke do bheda pratipAdita haiM- (1) jIva paryAya aura (2) ajIva paryAya ye donoM prakAra kI paryAya ananta hotI haiN| jIva paryAya kisa prakAra ananta hotI hai, isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nairayika, bhavanapati, vANavyantara, jyotiSka, vaimAnika, pRthvIkAyika, aSkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAvukAyika, dvIndriya, zrIndriya, caturindriya, paMcendriya tiryaMcayonika aura manuSya ye sabhI jIva asaMkhyAta haiM, kintu vanaspatikAyika aura siddha jIva to ananta haiM, isalie jIva paryAya ananta haiN|

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jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa 105 punaH paryAya do prakAra kI hotI hai- (1) artha paryAya aura rasa, gandha, sparza Adi kI anubhUti hamAre mana para nirbhara karatI hai| (2) vyaMjana pryaay| eka hI padArtha kI kramabhAvI paryAyoM ko artha paryAya ata: ve vastu ke sambandha meM hamAre manovikalpa hI haiN| unakI koI kahate haiM tathA padArtha kI usake vibhinna prakAroM evaM bhedoM meM jo paryAya vAstavika sattA nahIM hai| yadi hamArI indriyoM kI saMracanA bhitra prakAra kI hotI hai use vyaMjana paryAya kahate haiN| artha paryAya sUkSma evaM vyaMjana hotI hai to unase hameM jo saMvedanA hotI vaha bhI bhinna prakAra kI hotii| paryAya sthUla hotI haiN| yadi saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI A~khoM kI saMracanA meM raMga-aMdhatA hotI .. paryAya ko Urdhva paryAya evaM tiryak paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI to ve saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM ko kevala zveta-zyAmala rUpa meM hI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke aneka dekhate aura unheM anya raMgoM kA koI bAdha nahIM hotaa| ata: lAlAdi raMgoM manuSyoM kI apekSA se manuSya kI jo ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM ve tiryak ke astitva kA vicAra hI nahIM hotA hai| jisa prakAra indradhanuSa ke raMga paryAya kahI jAtI haiN| yadi eka hI manuSya ke prati kSaNa hone vAle mAtra pratIti haiM vAstavika nahIM athavA jisa prakAra hamAre svapna kI pariNamana ko paryAya kaheM to vaha Urdhva paryAya hai| vastue~ mAtra manokalpanAe~ haiM, usI prakAra guNa aura paryAya bhI mAtra jJAtavya hai ki paryAyoM meM na kevala mAtrAtmaka arthAt saMkhyA pratibhAsa haiN| ye haiM, citta-vikalpa vAstavika nahIM haiN| aura aMzoM (Degree) kI apekSA se bheda hotA hai apitu guNoM kI kintu jaina dArzanika anya vastuvAdI dAzanikoM (Realist) apekSA se bhI bheda hote haiN| mAtrA kI apekSA se eka aMza kAlA, do ke samAna dravya ke sAtha-sAtha guNa aura paryAya ko bhI yathArtha/vAstavika aMza kAlA, ananta aMza kAlA Adi bheda hote haiM jabaki guNAtmaka mAnate haiN| unake anusAra pratIti aura pratyaya yathArtha ke hI hote haiN| jo dRSTi se kAlA, lAla, zveta Adi athavA khaTTA-mIThA Adi athavA ayathArtha ho usakA koI pratyaya (Idea) yA pratIti hI nahIM ho sakatI manuSya, pazu, nAraka, devatA Adi bheda hote haiN| hai| AkAza-kusuma yA parI Adi kI ayathArtha kalpanAe~ bhI do yathArtha guNa aura paryAya kI vAstavikatA kA prazna anubhUtiyoM kA caittasika stara para kiyA gayA mizraNa mAtra hai| svapna bhI jo dArzanika dravya (sattA) aura guNa meM abhinnatA, yA tAdAtmya yathArtha anubhUtiyoM aura unake caittasika stara para kiye gaye mizraNoM se ke pratipAdaka haiM aura jo parama sattA ko tattvata: advaita mAnate haiM, ve guNa hI nirmita hote haiM, janmAndha ko kabhI raMgoM ke koI svapna nahIM hote haiN| aura paryAya ko vAstavika nahIM, apitu prAtibhAsika mAnate haiM, unakA ata: ayathArtha kI koI pratIti nahIM ho sakatI hai| jainoM ke anusAra kahanA hai| ki rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza Adi guNoM kI parama sattA se anubhUta kA pratyeka viSaya apanI vAstavika sattA rakhatA hai| isase na pRthak koI sattA hI nahIM hai| unake anusAra parama sattA (brahma) nirguNa hai| kevala dravya apitu guNa aura paryAya bhI vAstavika (Real) haiN| sattA kI isI prakAra vijJAnavAdI yA pratyayavAdI dArzanikoM ke anusAra paramANu isa vAstavikatA ke kAraNa hI prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne use astikAya bhI eka aisA avibhAgI padArtha hai, jo vibhinna indriyoM ke dvArA rUpAdi kahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki dArzanikoM ne jaina darzana ko vastuvAdI aura vibhinna guNoM kI pratIti karAtA hai, kintu vastuta: usameM ina guNoM kI bahutattvavAdI darzana kahA hai| koI sattA nahIM hotI hai| ina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki rUpa,

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jainadarzana meM paMca astikAya aura SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana meM 'dravya' ke vargIkaraNa kA eka AdhAra astikAya aura anastikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI hai| SadravyoM meM dharma, adharma, AkAza, puTrala aura jIva ye pA~ca astikAya mAne gaye haiM jabaki kAla ko anastikAya mAnA gayA hai| adhikAMza jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra kAla kA astitva to hai, kintu usameM kAyatva nahIM hai, ataH use astikAya ke varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne to kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI Apatti uThAI hai, kintu yaha eka bhinna viSaya hai, isakI carcA hama Age kreNge| astikAya kA tAtparya sarvaprathama to hamAre sAmane mUla prazna yaha hai ki astikAya kI isa avadhAraNA kA tAtparya kyA hai ? vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'astikAya' do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai- asti+kAya 'asti' kA artha hai sattA yA astitva aura 'kAya' kA artha hai zarIra, arthAt jo zarIra rUpa se astitvavAn hai vaha astikAya hai| kintu yahA~ 'kAya' (zarIra) zabda bhautika zarIra ke artha meM prayukta nahIM hai jaisA ki jana sAdhAraNa samajhatA hai| kyoMki paMca-astikAyoM meM pudgala ko chor3akara zeSa cAra to amUrta haiM, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki yahA~ kAya zabda kA prayoga lAkSaNika artha meM hI huA hai| paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM kAyatva zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai - "kAyatvamAkhyaM sAvayavatvam" arthAt kAryatva kA tAtparya sAvayavatva hai| jo avayavI dravya haiM ve astikAya haiM aura jo niravayavI dravya haiM ve anastikAya haiN| avayavI kA artha hai aMgoM se yukta dUsare zabdoM meM jisameM vibhinna aMga, aMza yA hisse (pArTa) haiM, vaha astikAya haiN| yadyapi yahA~ yaha zaMkA uThAI jA sakatI hai ki akhaNDa dravyoM meM aMza yA avayava kI kalpanA kahA~ taka yukti saMgata hogI? jaina darzana ke paMca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tIna eka avibhAjya evaM akhaNDa dravya haiM, ataH unake sAvayavI hone kA kyA tAtparya hai? punazca, kAyatva kA artha sAvayavatva mAnane meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki paramANu to avibhAjya, niraMza aura niravayavI haiM to kyA ve astikAya nahIM hai? jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra to paramANu ko bhI astikAya mAnA gayA hai| prathama prazna kA jaina dArzanikoM kA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki yadyapi dharma, adharma aura AkAza avibhAjya evaM akhaNDa dravya haiM, kintu kSetra kI apekSA se ve lokavyApI haiM ataH kSetra kI dRSTi se inameM sAvayavatva kI avadhAraNA yA vibhAga kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi yaha kevala vaicArika stara para kI gaI kalpanA yA vibhAjana hai| dUsare prazna kA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki yadyapi paramANu svayaM meM niraMza, avibhAjya aura niravayava haiM ataH svayaM to kAyarUpa nahIM haiM kintu ve hI paramANu-skandha banakara kayatva yA sAvayavatva ko dhAraNa kara lete haiN| ataH upacAra se unameM bhI kAyatva kA sadbhAva mAnanA caahiye| punaH paramANu meM bhI dUsare paramANu ko sthAna 7 dene kI avagAhana zakti hai, ataH usameM kAyatva kA sadbhAva hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne astikAya aura anastikAya ke vargIkaraNa kA eka AdhAra bahupradezatva bhI mAnA hai jo bahupradezI dravya hai, ve astikAya haiM aura jo eka pradezI dravya haiM, ve anastikAya haiN| astikAya aura anastikAya kI avadhAraNA meM isa AdhAra ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI pUrvokta kaThinAiyA~ banI rahatI haiN| prathama to dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tInoM sva dravya apekSA se to apradezI haiM, kyoMki akhaNDa haiM punaH paramANu pudgala bhI eka pradezI hai / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM to use apradezI bhI kahA gayA hai| kyA inheM astikAya nahIM kahA jAyegA ? yahA~ bhI jaina dArzanikoM kA sambhAvita pratyuttara vahI hogA jo ki pUrva prasaMga meM diyA gayA hai: dharma, adharma aura AkAza meM bahupradezatva dravyApekSA se nahIM, apitu kSetra kI apekSA se hai / dravyasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai jAvadiyaM AyAsaM avibhAgI puggalANuvadvaddhaM / taM khupadesaM jANe savvANudvANadANarihaM / / dravyasaMgraha, 29 pro0 jI0Ara0 jaina bhI likhate haiM- Pradesa is the unit of space occupied by one indivisible atom of matter. arthAt pradeza AkAza kI vaha sabase choTI ikAI hai jo eka pula paramANu gheratA hai| vistAravAn hone kA artha hai kSetra meM prasArita honA / kSetra a se hI dharma aura adharma ko asaMkhya pradezI aura AkAza ko ananta pradezI kahA gayA hai, ataH unameM bhI upacAra se kAyatva kI avadhAraNA kI jA sakatI hai| pudrala kA jo bahupradezIpana hai vaha paramANu kI apekSA se na hokara skandha kI apekSA se hai| isIliye pula ko astikAya kahA gayA hai na ki paramANu ko paramANu to svayaM puTrala kA eka aMza yA prakAra mAtra hai| yA prakAra mAtra hai punaH pratyeka pugala paramANu meM ananta pugala paramANuoM ke avagAhana arthAt apane meM samAhita karane kI zakti hai- isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki pudgala paramANu meM pradeza pracayatva hai - cAhe vaha kitanA hI sUkSma kyoM na ho| jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTataH yaha mAnA hai ki jisa AkAza pradeza meM eka pula paramANu rahatA hai, usI meM ananta pudrala paramANu samAhita ho jAte haiM ataH paramANu ko bhI astikAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH isa prasaMga meM kAyatva kA artha vistArayukta honA hI hai| jo dravya vistAravAn haiM ve astikAya haiM aura jo vistAra rahita haiM ve anastikAya haiN| vistAra kI yaha avadhAraNA, kSetra kI avadhAraNA para Azrita hai| vastutaH kAyatva ke artha ke spaSTIkaraNa meM sAvayavatva evaM sapradezatva kI jo avadhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM, ve sabhI kSetra ke avagAhana kI saMkalpanA se sambadhita haiN| vistAra kA tAtparya hai kSetra kA avgaahn| jo dravya jitane kSetra kA avagAhana karatA hai vahI usakA vistAra (Extension) pradeza pracayatva yA kAyatva hai| vistAra kA pracaya .

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jainadarzana meM paMca astikAya aura SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- Urdhva pracaya aura tiryak pracaya | Adhunika zabdAvalI meM inheM kramazaH Urdhva ekarekhIya vistAra (Longitudinal Extension) aura bahuAyAmI vistAra (Multi-dimensional Extension) kahA jA sakatA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA meM pracaya yA vistAra ko jisa artha meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha bahuAyAmI vistAra hai na ki Urdhva ekarekhIya vistAra jaina dArzanikoM ne kevala unhIM dravyoM ko astikAya kahA hai, jinakA tiryak pracaya yA bahuAyAmI vistAra hai| kAla meM kevala UrdhvaM pracaya yA eka AyAmI vistAra hai, ataH use astikAya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi pro0 jI0Ara0 jaina ne kAla ko eka-AyAmI (Mono-dimensional) aura zeSa ko dvi-AyAmI (Twodimensional) mAnA hai kintu mero dRSTi meM zeSa dravya tri-AyAmI haiM, kyoMki ve skaMdharUpa hai, ataH unameM lambAI caur3AI aura moTAI ke rUpa meM tIna AyAma hote haiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jina dravyoM meM tri-AyAmI vistAra hai, ve astikAya dravya hai| > yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki kAla bhI lokavyApI hai phira use astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA gayA? isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki yadyapi lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para kAlANu sthita haiM, kintu pratyeka kAlANu (Time grains) apane Apa meM eka svataMtra dravya haiM, ve paraspara nirapekSa haiM, snigdha evaM rukSa guNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa unameM baMdha nahIM hotA hai, arthAt unake skandha nahIM banate haiN| skandha ke abhAva meM unameM pradeza pracayatva kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH ve astikAya dravya nahIM haiN| kAla-dravya ko astikAya isaliye nahIM kahA gayA ki usameM svarUpataH aura upacAra donoM hI prakAra ke pradeza pracaya kI kalpanA kA abhAva hai| yadyapi pAzcAtya dArzanika dekArta ne pudgala (Matter) kA guNa vistAra (Extension) mAnA hai kintu jaina darzana kI vizeSatA to yaha hai ki yaha AtmA, dharma, adharma aura AkAza jaise amUrta dravyoM meM bhI vistAra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| inake vistAravAn (kAyatva se yukta) hone kA artha hai ve dik (Space) meM prasArita yA vyApta haiN| dharma evaM adharma to eka mahAskandha ke rUpa meM sampUrNa lokAkAza ke sImita asaMkhya pradezI kSetra meM prasArita yA vyApta hai| AkAza to svataH hI ananta pradeza hokara loka evaM aloka meM vistArita hai, ataH isameM bhI kAyatva kI avadhAraNA sambhava hai| jahA~ taka AtmA kA prazna hai dekArta usameM 'vistAra' ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, kintu jaina darzana use vistArayukta mAnatA hai| kyoMki AtmA jisa zarIra ko apanA AvAsa banAtA hai usameM vaha samagrataH vyApta ho jAtA hai| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki zarIra ke amuka bhAga meM AtmA hai aura amuka bhAga meM nahIM hai, vaha apane cetanA lakSaNa se sampUrNa zarIra ko vyApta karatA hai| ataH usameM vistAra hai, vaha astikAya hai| hameM isa bhrAnti ko nikAla denA cAhiye ki kevala mUrtta dravya kA vistAra hotA hai aura amUrta kA nahIM Adhunika vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki amUrta dravya kA bhI vistAra hotA hai| vastutaH amUrta dravya ke vistAra kI 107 kalpanA usake lakSaNoM yA kAryoM (Functions) ke AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai, jaise dharma dravya kA kArya gati ko sambhava banAnA hai, vaha gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hai| ataH jahA~ jahA~ gati hai yA gati sambhava hai, vahA~-vahA~ dharma-dravya kI upasthiti evaM vistAra hai yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI dravya ko astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha dravya dik meM prasArita hai yA prasAraNa kI kSamatA se yukta hai| vistAra yA prasAra (Extension) hI kAyatva hai kyoMki vistAra yA prasAra kI upasthiti meM hI pradeza pracayatva tathA sAvayavatA kI siddhi hotI hai| ataH jina dravyoM meM vistAra yA prasAra kA lakSaNa hai ve astikAya haiN| aba eka prazna yaha zeSa rahatA hai ki kAla ko astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadyapi anAdi bhUta se lekara ananta bhaviSya taka kAla ke vistAra kA anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu phira bhI usameM kAyatva kA AropaNa saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki kAla kA pratyeka ghaTaka apanI svataMtra aura pRthak sattA rakhatA hai| jaina darzana kI pAramparika paribhASA meM kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rukSa guNa ke abhAva hone se unakA koI skandha yA saMghAta nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi unake skandha kI parikalpanA bhI kara lI jAya to paryAya- samaya kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai| punaH kAla ke vartanA lakSaNa kI siddhi kevala vartamAna meM hI hai aura vartamAna atyanta sUkSma hai| ataH kAla meM vistAra ( pradeza pracayatva ) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura isalie vaha astikAya bhI nahIM hai| astikAyoM ke pradeza pracayatva kA alpabahutva - jJAtavya hai ki sabhI astikAya dravyoM kA vistAra kSetra samAna nahIM hai, usameM bhinnatAe~ haiN| jahA~ AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka aura aloka donoM haiM vahA~ dharma dravya aura adharma dravya kevala loka taka hI sImita haiN| puTrala ke pratyeka skandha aura pratyeka jIva kA vistAra kSetra bhI bhinna bhinna hai puTrala piNDoM kA vistAra kSetra unake AkAra para nirbhara karatA hai, jabaki pratyeka jIvAtmA kA vistAra kSetra usake dvArA gRhIta zarIra ke AkAra para nirbhara karatA hai| isa prakAra dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva astikAya hote hue bhI unakA vistAra kSetra yA kAyatva samAna nahIM hai| jaina darzanikoM ne unameM pradeza dRSTi se bhinnatA spaSTa kI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki dharma dravya aura adharma ke pradeza anya dravyoM kI apekSA sabase kama haiN| ve lokAkAza taka (Within the limits of universe) sImita haiM aura asaMkhya pradezI haiN| AkAza kI pradeza saMkhyA ina donoM kI apekSA ananta guNA adhika mAnI gayI hai AkAza ananta pradezI haiM kyoMki vaha sasoma loka (Finite universe) taka sImita nahIM hai| usakA vistAra aloka meM bhI hai| punaH AkAza kI apekSA jIva dravya ke pradeza anantaguNA adhika haiM kyoMki prathama to jahA~ dharma-adharma aura AkAza kA ekala-dravya hai vahA~ / .

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108 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jIva ananta-dravya hai kyoMki jIva ananta haiN| punaH pratyeka jIva ke maulika aura prAcIna avadhAraNA thii| use jaba vaizeSika darzana kI dravya asaMkhya pradeza haiN| pratyeka jIva meM apane Atma-pradezoM se sampUrNa loka kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha svIkRta kiyA gayA, to prArambha meM to pA~ca ko vyApta karane kI kSamatA hai| jIva dravya ke pradezoM kI apekSA bhI astikAyoM ko hI dravya mAnA gayA kintu jaba kAla ko eka svatantra pudgala-dravya ke pradeza ananta guNA adhika haiM kyoMki pratyeka jIva ke dravya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ho gaI to dravyoM kI saMkhyA pA~ca se sAtha ananta karma-pudgala saMyojita haiN| yadyapi kAla kI pradeza saMkhyA bar3hakara chaha ho gii| cU~ki AgamoM meM kahIM bhI astikAya varga ke pudgala kI apekSA bhI ananta guNI mAnI gayI, kyoMki pratyeka jIva aura antargata kAla kI gaNanA nahIM thI ata: kAla ko anastikAya varga meM pudgala-dravya kI vartamAna, anAdi bhUta aura ananta bhaviSya kI dRSTi se rakhA gayA aura yaha mAna liyA gayA ki kAla jIva aura pudgala ke ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM ata: kAla kI pradeza-saMkhyA sarvAdhika honI parivartanoM kA nimitta hai aura kAlANu tiryak pradeza pracayatva se rahita cAhiye phira bhI kAlANuoM kA samAveza pudgala-dravya ke pradezoM meM hone haiM ata: vaha anastikAya hai| isa prakAra dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM sarvaprathama kI vajaha se astikAya meM pudgala-dravya ke pradezoM kI saMkhyA hI do prakAra ke varga bane- 1. astikAya dravya aura 2. anastikAya drvy| sarvAdhika mAnI gaI hai| astikAya dravyoM ke varga ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura isa samagra vivecana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki astikAya kI pudgala ina pA~ca dravyoM ko rakhA gayA aura anastikAya varga ke antargata avadhAraNA aura dravya kI avadhAraNA ke varNya-viSaya eka hI haiN| kAla ko rakhA gyaa| Age calakara dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra cetanA-lakSaNa aura mUrtatA-lakSaNa ko bhI mAnA gyaa| cetanA-lakSaNa kI Sadravya dRSTi se jIva ko cetana dravya aura zeSa pA~ca-dharma, adharma, AkAza, yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki prArambha meM jaina darzana meM paJca pudgala aura kAla ko acetana dravya kahA gyaa| isI prakAra mUrttatA-lakSaNa astikAya kI avadhAraNA hI thii| apane itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha kI apekSA se pudgala ko mUrta dravya aura zeSa pA~ca-jIva, dharma, adharma, avadhAraNA pArzvayugIna thii| 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka ikatIsaveM AkAza aura kAla ko amUrta-dravya mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra dravyoM ke adhyAya meM pArzva ke jagat sambandhI dRSTikoNa kA prastutIkaraNa karate hue vargIkaraNa kI tIna zailiyA~ astitva meM AI, jinheM hama nimna sAraNiyoM vizva ke mUla ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha huA hai| va AdhAra para spaSTatayA samajha sakate haiMbhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne pArzva ko isI avadhAraNA kA poSaNa karate hue dravyoM ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke pazcAt ina SadravyoM ke yaha mAnA thA ki loka paMcAstikAyarUpa hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna svarUpa aura lakSaNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| kAla meM jaina darzana meM kAla ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| use jIva evaM pudgala kI paryAya ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAtA thaa| jIva dravya prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM uttarAdhyayana hI aisA Agama hai jahA~ kAla ko jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| sarvaprathama eka svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai| isIlie ise hai ki jaina paramparA meM umAsvAti ke kAla taka, kAla svatantra dravya hai cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke do prakAroM kI carcA yA nahIM-isa prazna ko lekara matabheda thaa| isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM meM hI AgamoM meM milatI hai- nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upyog| ina tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM donoM ko kramaza: darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra upayoga ko do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ cala rahI thiiN| kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa darzana kahA jAtA hai aura dravya nahIM mAnate the| tattvArthasUtra kA bhASyamAna pATha 'kAlazcetyeke' kA sAkAra upayoga ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa nirdeza karatA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka kAla jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina darzana kI vizeSatA yaha ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnane lage the| lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pA~cavIM hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya zatAbdI meM Akara kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA mAnatA hai| usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva gayA thA aura yahI kAraNa thA ki sarvArthasiddhikAra ne 'kAlazcetyeke' sUtra meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jIva astikAya, ke sthAna para 'kAlazca' isa sUtra ko mAnya kiyA thaa| jaba zvetAmbara aura cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya haiN| digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM kAla ko eka svatantra dravya mAna liyA gayA, to astikAya aura dravya zabdoM ke vAcya viSayoM meM eka antara dharma dravya A gyaa| jahA~ astikAya ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza dharma dravya kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha spaSTa aura pudgala ye pA~ca hI dravya mAne gaye, vahA~ dravya kI avadhAraNA ke rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki yahA~ 'dharma' zabda kA artha vaha nahIM hai jise antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ye Sadravya sAmAnyatayA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ 'dharma' zabda na to svabhAva kA mAne gye| vastutaH astikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA kI apanI vAcaka hai, na kartavya kA aura na sAdhanA yA upAsanA ke vizeSa prakAra

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jainadarzana meM paMca astikAya aura SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA 109 kA, apitu ise jIva va pudgala kI gati ke sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM lakSaNa 'avagAhana' hai| vaha jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ko sthAna pradAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jo jIva aura pudgala kI gati ke mAdhyama kA karatA hai| loka ko bhI apane meM samAhita karane ke kAraNa AkAza kA kArya karatA hai, use dharma dravya kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra machalI kI vistAra kSetra loka ke bAhara bhI mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki gati jala ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hotI hai athavA jaise-vidyuta dhArA jaina AcArya AkAza ke do vibhAga karate haiM-lokAkAza aura alokaakaash| usake cAlaka dravya tAra Adi ke mAdhyama se hI pravAhita hotI hai, usI vizva meM jo rikta sthAna hai vaha lokAkAza hai aura isa vizva se bAhara jo prakAra jIva aura pudgala vizva meM prasArita dharma dravya ke mAdhyama se hI rikta sthAna hai vaha alokAkAza hai| isa prakAra jahA~ dharma dravya aura isakA prasAra kSetra loka taka sImita hai| aloka meM dharma dravya kA abhAva adharma dravya asaMkhya pradezI mAne gae haiM vahA~ AkAza ko ananta pradezI hai| isIlie usameM jIva aura pudgala kI gati sambhava nahIM hotI aura mAnA gayA hai| loka kI koI sImA ho sakatI hai kintu aloka kI koI yahI kAraNa hai ki use aloka kahA jAtA hai| aloka kA tAtparya hai ki sImA nahIM hai- vaha ananta hai| cUMki AkAza loka aura aloka donoM jisameM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva ho| dharma dravya prasArita svabhAva vAlA meM hai isalie vaha ananta pradezI hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se AkAza ko bhI (astikAya) hokara bhI amUrta (arUpI) aura acetana hai| dharma dravya eka eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| usake deza-pradeza Adi kI aura akhaNDa dravya hai| jahA~ jIvAtmAe~ aneka mAnI gaI haiN| vahA~ dharma kalpanA bhI kevala vaicArika stara taka hI sambhava hai| vastuta: AkAza meM dravya eka hI hai| loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise ananta pradezI kisI prakAra kA vibhAjana kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki na kahakara asaMkhya pradezI kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra loka use akhaNDa dravya kahA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI avadhAraNA hai ki cAhe kitanA hI vistRta kyoM na ho vaha asIma na hokara sasIma hai aura jinheM hama sAmAnyatayA Thosa piNDa samajhate haiM unameM bhI AkAza arthAt sasIma loka meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa dharma dravya ko AkAza ke samAna rikta sthAna hotA hai| eka pudgala paramANu meM bhI dUsare ananta pudgala ananta pradezI na mAnakara asaMkhya pradezI mAnanA hI upayukta hai| paramANuoM ko apane meM samAviSTa karane kI zakti tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai jabaki unameM vipula mAtrA meM rikta sthAna yA AkAza ho| ata: adharma dravya mUrta dravyoM meM bhI AkAza to nihita hI rahatA hai| lakar3I meM jaba hama adharma dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata AtA hai| isakA kIla ThoMkate haiM to vaha vastuta: usameM nihita rikta sthAna meM hI samAhita bhI vistAra kSetra yA pradeza-pracayatva lokavyApI hai| loka meM isakA hotI hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki usameM bhI AkAza hai| paramparAgata astitva nahIM hai| adharma dravya kA lakSaNa yA kArya jIva aura pudgala kI udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki dUdha yA jala ke bhare hue sthiti meM sahAyaka honA mAnA gayA hai| paramparAgata udAharaNa ke rUpa meM glAsa meM yadi dhIre-dhIre zakkara yA namaka DAlA jAya to vaha usameM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jisa prakAra vRkSa kI chAyA pathika ke vizrAma meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dUdha yA jala se bhare hue sahAyaka hotI hai usI prakAra adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI avasthiti glAsa meM bhI rikta sthAna arthAt AkAza thaa| vaijJAnikoM ne bhI yaha mAna meM sahAyaka hotA hai| jahA~ dharma dravya gati kA mAdhyama (cAlaka) hai vahA~ liyA hai ki pratyeka paramANu meM paryApta rUpa se rikta sthAna hotA hai| ata: adharma dravya gati kA kucAlaka hai ata: use sthiti kA mAdhyama kahA AkAza ko lokAlokavyApI, eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnane meM koI gayA hai| yadi adharma dravya nahIM hotA to jIva va pudgala kI gati kA bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| niyamana asambhava ho jAtA aura ve ananta AkAza meM bikhara jaate| jisa prakAra vaijJAnika dRSTi se gurutvAkarSaNa AkAza meM sthiti pudgala pudgala-dravya piNDoM ko niyaMtrita karatA hai usI prakAra adharma dravya bhI jIva va pudgala pudgala ko bhI astikAya dravya mAnA gayA hai| yaha mUrta aura kI gati kA niyamana kara use virAma detA hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adharma acetana dravya hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa zabda, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi dravya ko eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| pradeza-pracayatva kI dRSTi mAnA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne halkApana, bhArIpana, prakAza, aMdhakAra, se isakA vistAra kSetra loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise asaMkhya chAyA, Atapa Adi ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jahA~ dharma, adharma pradezI mAnA jAtA hai, phira bhI vaha eka akhaNDa dravya hai kyoMki usakA aura AkAza eka dravya mAne gaye haiM vahA~ pudgala aneka dravya haiN| jaina vikhaNDana sambhava nahIM hai| dharma aura adharma dravyoM meM deza-pradeza Adi AcAryoM ne pratyeka paramANu ko eka svatantra dravya ikAI mAnA hai| kI kalpanA mAtra vaicArika stara para hI hotI hai| vastuta: pudgala dravya samasta dRzya jagat kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka hai| yaha dRzya jagat pudgala dravya ke hI vibhinna saMyogoM kA vistAra AkAza dravya hai| aneka pudgala paramANu milakara skaMdha kI racanA karate haiM aura ina AkAza dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata hI AtA hai skaMdhoM se hI milakara dRzya jagat kI sabhI vastuyeM nirmita hotI haiN| kintu jahA~ dharma aura adharma dravyoM kA vistAra kSetra lokavyApI hai vahA~ navIna skaMdhoM ke nirmANa aura pUrva nirmita skandhoM ke saMgaThana aura AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka aura aloka donoM hai| AkAza kA vighaTana kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se hI dRzya jagat meM parivartana ghaTita

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110 hote haiM aura vibhinna vastue~ aura padArtha astitva meM Ate haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pula ko skaMdha aura paramANu ina do rUpoM paramANu ina do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| vibhinna paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI skaMdha banate haiN| phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki pudgala dravya kA aMtima ghaTaka to paramANu hI hai| pratyeka paramANu meM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka rUpa, eka gaMdha aura zIta-uSNa yA snigdha-rukSa meM se koI do sparza pAye jAte haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jaina AgamoM meM varNa pA~ca mAne gaye haiM-lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kAlA; gaMdha do haiM sugandha aura durgandha; rasa pA~ca haiM- rikta, kaTu, kasailA, khaTTA aura mIThA aura isI prakAra sparza ATha mAne gaye haiM zIta aura uSNa, snigdha aura rukSa, mRdu aura karkaza tathA halkA aura bhaarii| jJAtavya hai ki paramANuoM meM mRdu, karkaza, halkA aura bhArI cAra sparza nahIM hote haiN| ye cAra sparza tabhI saMbhava hote haiM jaba paramANuoM se skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI hai aura tabhI unameM mRdu, kaThora, halke aura bhArI guNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiN| paramANu eka pradezI hotA hai jabaki skaMdha meM do yA do se adhika asaMkhya pradeza bhI ho sakate haiN| skaMdha skaMdha deza, skaMdha pradeza aura paramANu ye cAra pudgala dravya ke vibhAga haiN| cAra pula dravya ke vibhAga haiN| inameM paramANu niravayava hai, Agama meM use Adi, madhya aura anta se rahita batAyA gayA hai isake viparIta Adi aura anta hote haiN| na kevala bhautika vastue~ apitu zarIra indriyA~ aura mana bhI skaMdhoM kA hI khela hai| , ke kAla dravya kAla dravya ko anastikAya varga ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM Agamika yuga taka jaina paramparA - meM kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane ke sandarbha meM paryApta matabheda thaa| AvazyakacUrNi (bhAga-1, pR0 340-341) meM kAla ke svarUpa meM sambandha meM nimna tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai- (1) kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara paryAya rUpa mAnate haiN| (2) kucha vicAraka use guNa mAnate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka use svatantra dravya mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ke sambandha meM ukta tInoM vicAradhArAe~ pracalita rahIM aura zvetAmbara AcArya apanIapanI mAnyatAnusAra unameM se kisI eka kA poSaNa karate rahe, jabaki digambara AcAryoM ne eka mata se kAla ko svatantra dravya maanaa| jo vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the unakA tarka yaha thA ki yadi dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva dravya apanI-apanI paryAyoM (vibhinna avasthAoM) meM svataH hI parivartita hote rahate haiM to phira kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? Agama meM bhI jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA ki kAla kyA hai? to isa prazna kA uttara dete hue unhoMne kahA ki kAla jIva ajIvamaya hai arthAt jIva aura ajIva kI paryAyeM hI kAla haiN| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM kahA 2 gayA hai ki vartanA arthAt pariNamana yA parivartana se bhinna koI kAla dravya nahIM hai| isa prakAra jIva aura ajIva kI parivartanazIla paryAya ko - - hI kAla kahA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM kAla ko paryAya dravya kahA gayA hai| ina saba vivaraNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAla koI svatantra dravya nahIM haiN| cU~ki Agama meM jIva-kAla aura ajIva kAla aise kAla ke do vargoM ke ullekha milate haiM ataH kucha jaina vicArakoM ne yaha mAnA ki jIva aura ajIva dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla dravya kA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kAla kA svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM saMketa kara cuke haiM ki na kevala umAsvAti ke yuga taka arthAt IsA kI tRtIya caturtha zatAbdI taka apitu cUrNikAla arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM isa prazna para jaina dArzanikoM meM matabheda thaa| isIlie tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAna pATha meM umAsvAti ko yaha ullekha karanA par3A ki kucha vicAraka kAla ko bhI dravya mAnate haiM (kAlazcetye tattvArthasUtra 5 / 38 ) / isakA phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki usa yuga meM kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the| inake anusAra sarva dravyoM kI jo paryAyeM haiM, ve hI kAla haiN| isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM dUsare pakSa ke dvArA yaha kahA gayA ki anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla svatantra dravya hai kyoMki kisI bhI padArtha meM bAhya nimitta arthAt anya dravya ke upakAra ke binA svata: hI pariNamana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| 3 jaise jJAna AtmA kA svalakSaNa hai, kintu jJAnarUpa paryAyeM to apane jJeya viSaya para hI nirbhara karatI haiN| AtmA ko jJAna tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba jJAna ke viSaya arthAt jJeya vastu tattva kI svatantra sattA ho| ataH anya sabhI dravyoM ke pariNamana ke lie kisI bAhya nimitta ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra cAhe sabhI dravyoM meM paryAya parivartana kI kSamatA svataH ho, kintu unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla dravya ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadi kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnA jAyegA to padArthoM ke pariNamana (paryAya parivartana) kA koI nimitta kAraNa nahIM hogaa| pariNamana ke nimitta kAraNa ke abhAva meM paryAyoM kA abhAva hogA aura paryAyoM se abhAva meM dravya kA bhI abhAva ho jAyegA kyoMki dravya kA astitva bhI paryAyoM se pRthak nahIM hai / isa prakAra sarvazUnyatA kA prasaMga A jaayegaa| ataH paryAya parirvatana (pariNamana) ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA hI hogaa| kAla ko svatantra tattva mAnane vAle dArzanikoM ke isa tarka ke virodha meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki yadi anya dravyoM ke pariNamana (paryAya parirvatana) ke hetu ke rUpa meM kAla nAmaka svatantra dravya kA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to phira alokAkAza meM hone vAle paryAya parivartana kA hetu (nimitta kAraNa) kyA hai? kyoMki alokAkAza meM to Agama meM kAla dravya kA abhAva mAnA gayA hai| yadi usameM kAla dravya ke abhAva meM paryAya parivartana sambhava hai, to phira lokAkAza meM bhI anya dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana hetu kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| punaH alokAkAza meM kAla ke abhAva meM yadi paryAya parivartana nahIM mAnoge to phira paryAya parivartana ke abhAva meM AkAza dravya meM dravya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'utpAda-vyaya-prauvya' siddha .

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jainadarzana meM paMca astikAya aura SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM ho sakegA aura yadi alokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana mAnA jAtA hai to usa paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla to nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki usakA vahA~ abhAva hai| isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane vAle AcAryoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki AkAza eka akhaNDa dravya hai usameM AlokAkAza evaM lokAkAza aise jo do bheda kie jAte haiM ve mAtra aupacArika haiN| lokAkAza meM kAla dravya ke nimitta se hone vAlA paryAya parivartana sampUrNa AkAza dravya kA ho paryAya parivartana hai| alokAkAza aura lokAkAza donoM AkAza dravya ke hI aMza haiM, ve eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM haiN| kisI bhI dravya ke eka aMza meM hone vAlA parivartana sampUrNa dravya kA parivartana mAnA jAtA hai, ataH lokAkAza meM ata: lokAkAza meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai vaha alokAkAza para bhI ghaTita hotA hai aura lokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana kAla dravya ke nimitta se hotA hai| ataH lokAkAza aura alokAkAza donoM ke paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla dravya hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se kAla kA svatantra dravya honA sarvamAnya ho gyaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne kAla ko acetana, amUrta (arUpI) tathA anastikAya dravya kahA hai| isakA kArya yA lakSaNa vartanA mAnA gayA hai| vibhinna dravyoM meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai usakA nimitta kAraNa kAla dravya hotA hai yadyapi usa paryAya pariNamana kA upAdAna karaNa to svayaM vaha dravya hI hotA hai, jisa prakAra dharma-dravya jIva, pudrala Adi kI svataH prasUta gati kA nimitta kAraNa hai yA jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA prANI kI apanI zArIrika saMracanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI ghaTita hotI hai phira bhI unameM nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla bhI apanA kArya karatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne svabhAva, niyati, puruSArtha, kAla Adi jisa kAraNa paMcaka kI carcA kI hai unameM kAla ko bhI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM kAla dravya kI carcA aneka prakAra se kI gaI hai| sarvaprathama vyavahArakAla aura nizcayakAla aise kAla ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| nizcayakAla anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM ke parivartana kA nimitta kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sabhI dravyoM kI vartanA yA pariNAmana kI zakti hI dravya kAla yA nizcaya kAla hai / vyavahAra kAla ko samaya, AvalikA, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara Adi rUpa kahA gayA hai| saMsAra meM bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna sambandhI jo kAla vyavahAra hai vaha bhI isI se hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra kAla kA AdhAra sUrya kI gati hI mAnI gaI hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki yaha vyavahAra kAla manuSya kSetra taka hI sImita hai| devaloka Adi meM isakA vyavahAra manuSya kSetra kI apekSA se hI hai| manuSya kSetra meM hI samaya, AvalikA, paTikA prahara rAta-dina, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI Adi kA vyavahAra hotA hai| vyaktiyoM meM bAlaka, yuvA aura vRddha athavA nUtana, jIrNa Adi kA jo vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai vaha saba bhI kAla ke hI kAraNa haiM, vAsanA kAla, zikSA kAla, dIkSA kAla Adi kI apekSA se bhI kAla ke aneka bheda kiye jAte haiM, kintu vistAra bhaya se una sabakI carcA 2 111 yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| isI prakAra karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM pratyeka karma prakRti ke sattA kAla Adi kI bhI carcA jainAgamoM meM milatI hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adhikAMza jaina AcAryoM ne kAla dravya ko eka nahIM, apitu aneka mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki dharma, adharma, AkAza kI taraha kAla eka aura akhaNDa dravya nahIM ho sktaa| kAla dravya aneka haiM kyoMki eka hI samaya meM vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM athavA dravyoM meM jo vibhinna paryAyoM kI utpatti hotI hai, una sabakI utpatti kA nimitta kAraNa eka hI kAla nahIM ho sktaa| ataH kAla dravya ko aneka yA asaMkhyAta dravya mAnanA hogaa| punaH pratyeka padArtha kI bhUta, bhaviSya kI apekSA se ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM aura una ananta paryAyoM ke nimitta ananta kAlANu hoMge, ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gaye haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kAla dravya ko asaMkhya kahA gayA kintu kAlANu ananta mAne gaye aisA kyoM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki kAla dravya lokAkAza taka sImita hai aura usakI isa sImitatA kI apekSA se use ananta dravya na kahakara asaMkhyAta (sasIma) dravya kahA gyaa| kintu jIva ananta haiM aura una ananta jIvoM kI bhUta, bhaviSya kI ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM una ananta paryAyoM meM pratyeka kA nimitta eka kAlANu hotA hai ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gye| sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki pratyeka AtmA pradeza, yaha hai ki pratyeka AtmA pradeza, pudrala paramANu aura AkAza pradeza para ratnoM kI rAzi ke samAna kAlANu sthita rahate haiM ataH kAlANu ananta haiN| rAjavArtika Adi digambara paramparA ke anyoM meM kAlANuoM ko anyonya praveza se rahita pRthak pRthak asaMcita dazA meM lokAkAza meM sthita mAnA gayA hai| hue yaha bhI nahIM hai| kintu kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne isa mata kA virodha karate mAnA hai ki kAla dravya eka evaM lokavyApI hai vaha aNurUpa kintu aisI sthiti meM kAla meM bhI pradeza- pracayatva mAnanA hogA aura pradeza pracayatva mAnane para vaha bhI astikAya varga ke antargata A jaayegaa| isake uttara meM yaha kahA gayA ki tiryak- pracayatva kA abhAva hone se kAla anastikAya hai| UrdhvaM pracayatva evaM tiryak pracayatva kI carcA hama pUrva meM astikAya kI carcA ke antargata kara cuke haiN| sUkSmatA kI apekSA se kAlANuoM kI apekSA AkAza pradeza aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA pugala paramANu adhika sUkSma mAne gaye haiN| kyoMki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta pugala paramANu samAhita ho sakate haiN| ataH ve sabase sUkSma hai| isa prakAra paramANu kI apekSA AkAza pradeza aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA kAlANu sthUla haiN| saMkSepa meM kAla dravya meM vartanA hetutva ke sAtha-sAtha acetanatva, amUrtatva, sUkSmatva Adi sAmAnya guNa bhI mAne gaye haiN| isI prakAra utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya lakSaNa jo anya dravya meM haiM, ve bhI kAla dravya meM pAye jAte haiN| kAla dravya meM yadi utpAda, vyaya lakSaNa nahIM rahe to vaha aparivartanazIla dravya hogA aura jo svataH aparivartanazIla ho vaha dUsaroM ke parivartana meM nimitta nahIM ho skegaa| kintu kAla dravya kA viziSTa lakSaNa to usakA vartanA nAmaka guNa hI hai jisake mAdhyama se .

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112 vaha anya sabhI dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana meM nimitta kA kAraNa banakara kArya karatA hai| punaH yadi kAla dravya meM dhrauvyatva kA abhAva mAneMge to usakA dravyatva samApta ho jaayegaa| ataH use svatantra dravya mAnane para usameM utpAda vyaya ke sAtha-sAtha dhauvyatva bhI mAnanA hogaa| kAlacakra jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 sandarbha 1. See J. C. Sikdar, Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy. P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM kAla kI carcA utsarpiNI kAla aura avasarpiNI kAla ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| inameM pratyeka ke chaha-chaha vibhAga kiye jAte haiM, jinheM Are kahA jAtA hai| ye chaha Are nimna haiM- 1. suSamA suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duSamA, 4. duSamA suSamA, 5. duSamA aura 6. duSamA duSamA utsarpiNI kAla meM inakA krama viparIta hotA hai| avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla milakara eka kAlacakra pUrA hotA hai| jainoM kI kAlacakra kI yaha kalpanA bauddha aura hindU kAlacakra kI kalpanA se bhinna hai| kintu ina sabhI meM isa bAta ko lekara samAnatA hai ki ina sabhI meM kAlacakra ke vibhAjana kA AdhAra sukha-duHkha evaM manuSya ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI 2 uddhRta Jain Conceptions of Space and Time by Nagin J. Shah, p. 374, Ref. No. 6, Studies in Jainism, Deptt. of Philosophy, University of Poona, 1994. jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga-2, pR0 84,87, Studies in Jainism, Ed. M. P. Marathe, P. 69. mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko usake AtmA sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya sthApana Avazyaka hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmAsambandhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hA~, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmAsambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI e.sI. mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self" evaM zrI esa.ke. saksenA ne apanI pustaka "Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra kiyA hai lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka "bhagavAna buddha" meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAdasambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDIya vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna kSamatA ko banAyA hai| jainoM ke anusAra utsarpiNI kAla meM kramaza: vikAsa aura avasarpiNI kAla meM kramazaH patana hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki kAlacakra kA pravartana jaMbUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra Adi kucha vibhAgoM meM hI hotA hai / isa prakAra pA~ca astikAya dravyoM evaM eka anAstikAya dravya kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt AtmA evaM pula dravya tathA unake pArasparika sambandha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| 3. 4. merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA ko) kartA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the / inhIM vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye eka ora thA upaniSadoM kA sarva AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora yA buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| -

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mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTaya 113 ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva isa dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama- sakatA haisAhitya, jaina-Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha 1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda, tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda, ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, uparyukta sattoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI 6. vibhu AtmavAda, gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo 7. anAtmavAda, antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brhmvaad| detI hai| prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana pAli-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA kramaza: bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hue haiM, jo kAphI bahujanoM dvArA susammatare kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika vistRta haiM sAtha hI loka prasiddha haiN| ata: unakA vivecana prastuta siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svatantra sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho skaa| ata: usakA bhI vivecana ata: yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI isa nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna nindha naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyata: eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai? isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga mAne gaye haiM phira bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ata: unake Atma-darzana ko unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara skeN| anitya-AtmavAda merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai pratinidhitva ajitakezakambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai jainAgamoM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha haiM, sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phalauttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para vipAka nhiiN| yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai, jaba maratA hai taba (zarIra kI) pRthvI vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI bRhadAraNyaka haiM, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha hai... dAna yaha mUoM kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna para ucchinna ho jAte haiN...| AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda sakatA hai| kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana yA lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahA~ ukta sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| lekina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA saMketoM ke AdhAra para unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakezakambala naitika dhAraNA meM sukhavAdI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ata: hama yahA~ kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa deha-daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM adhyayana to svatantra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thaa| yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI to

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114 use svayaM saMnyAsa - mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI kA sthAna honA thaa| hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura Atma- anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asatya ? sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thaa| vaha loka paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tattva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thaa| usakA yaha kahanA "yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM..." kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki ina sabhI kI zAzvat sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiN| vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM isa prakAra yaha to nirbhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma- zAnti evaM AsaktinAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA ) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thaa| bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAkTisa (535 I.pU.) bhI AlocanA kI thI athavA usake naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anitya vAdI hI thaa| usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapraNAza evaM akRta-karmabhoga ke doSa se yukta kahakara hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kii| anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma vipAka yA karma phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotA / ataH karma phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdarzoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thaa| kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI? ataH ajita ne yaza yAga evaM yuddha janita hiMsA se mAnavajAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogA | sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha tyAga aura deha- daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma-anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai-- Atma-sukha (Subjective Pleasure) kI - uplbdhi| sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha ( niSkriya) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai| ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNakazyapa the| pUrNakazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai- agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye-- corI kare- prANiyoM ko mAra DAle - paradAra gamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nahIM tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mA~sa kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai-- dAna, dharma aura satya bhASaNa se koI puNya - prApti nahIM hotii| isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNakazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sakatA, yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka .

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mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 115 virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isameM niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNakazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA the, vastuta: unakI Atma-akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA kiyA hai| sakatA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNakazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda makkhalIputra gozAlaka jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI thA- pUrNakazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka apanA liyA gayA thaa| kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga thA lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA 400 I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ata: nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI ki ye pUrNakazyapa ke Atma-akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko prApta karane ke liye usane niSkriya Atmakapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke ko niyativAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM hai| thaa| sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA prabuddha vyakti aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| thA, usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI AtmA sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone prakRti hI prakRti ko bA~dhatI hai| ata: zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI para usane pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra pUrNakazyapa kA darzana kapila ke sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisakA darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI darzana kA pUrvavartI thaa| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAhya svarUpa mahAvIra kI Atma-akriyabAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya sAdhanA-paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahuMcI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ una bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullikhita kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| uparyukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| haiphira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma hetu ke binA- prANI apavitra hotA hai, heta ke binAakriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se prANI zuddha hote haiM- puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA- sarva upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| satva sarva prANI, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, avaza, durbala, nivIrya haiM, ve yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote haiMphira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI se bhraSTa rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva sktii| kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki abhAva meM naitikatA, kartavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvata: hotA rahatA hai| - isa prakAra Atma-akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| karatA? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra

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116 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| vartamAna yuga meM breDale ne kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoNge| ata: (Mystation and its duties) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM kartavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM cha: abhijAtiyoM (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara samanvaya hai| kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAgastotra meM ekAMta nitya abhijAtiyoM ke kartavya kA pAlana karate hue svata: vikAsa kI kramika AtmavAda aura ekAnta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte gati se Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA vistArabhaya se yahA~ nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtantrya par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA haikoI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA (1) nityatA- AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai svata: vikAsavAdI dhAraNAyeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| arthAt nitya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| nityakUTastha-sUkSma-AtmavAda (2) anityatA- AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai| AtmA ke buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate haiN| AtmA nitya aura kUTastha (akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM paryAya parivartana ke 'brahmajAlasutta' ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA- kAraNa anityatva kA guNa bhI rahatA hai| sAta padArtha kisI ke bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya haiM), ve to (3) kUTasthatA- svalakSaNa kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA avadhya kUTastha- acala haiN|- jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letaa| basa itanA hI (4) pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva- sabhI baddhAtmAe~ karmoM kI kartA aura samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa bhoktA haiN| yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se gayA hai| utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha (5-6) sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA- AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai| to thI hI sAtha hI sUkSma aura achedya bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa Atma-pradeza ghanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI hai| meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendriya jIvoM ke zarIra taka gItA meM use achedya, avadhya kahA gayA hai| ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| doSoM se pUrNa hai| ata: bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tatkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM varan vaha samanvaya mahAvIra kA AtmavAda isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAyeM yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara yahA~ Akara mila jAtI haiN| to hama unake cha: varga banA sakate haiM hemacandra isa samanvaya kI aucityatA ko eka sundara udAharaNa (1) anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda dvArA prastuta karate haiM(2) nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda guDo hi kapha hetuHsyAt nAgaraM pittakAraNama / (3) kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda bdayAtmani na doSosti guDanAgarabheSaje / / (4) pariNAmI AtmavAda yA kartA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda' jisa prakAra gur3a kapha janaka aura soMTha pitta janaka hai lekina (5) sUkSma AtmavAda donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rhte|| (6) vibhu AtmavAda (yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika brahmavAda banA hai) athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta hai, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kiye gaye isa mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM samanvaya meM ve sabhI apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiN| yahI

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jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 117 mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziyaSTaya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 3. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, prathama adhyayana, (ba) bhagavatI 1/9/5, zataka 15 (sa) uttarAdhyayana 14/18 ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna yA unase kucha paravartI hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru" kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha hai| bRhadA.2/ 15-17 5. gItA 3/27/, 2/21, 8/17 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAtasutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, dharmAnanda kauzambI, pR. 18 7. gozAlaka kI cha: abhijAtiyA~ vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAeM haiM - 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita, 5. zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, jainoM kA lezyA-siddhAnta - (1) kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, (5) padya, (6) zukla (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirgrantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) 8. chAndogya upaniSad, 3/14/3 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5/6/1 kaThopaniSad, 2/4/12 9. gItA, 2/18-20. jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa AtmA yA jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA (2) jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI kisI vicArazIla jAtA hai| jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai| sattA arthAt jIva kI sattA ko siddha kara detA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana isIlie ise cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke do prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSAra prakAroM kI carcA AgamoM meM milatI hai-nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra (3) zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~' vahI to upyog| ina donoM ko kramaza: darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA upayoga, vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, darzana hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~ yA nahIM? kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga, ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina tattva ke astitva kI anivAryatA hai jo usa vicAra kA AdhAra ho| darzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na binA adhiSThAna ke koI vicAra yA cintana sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai| usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA caahie| mahAvIra gautama sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM se kahate haiM- he gautama! yadi koI saMzayakartA hI nahIM hai to 'mai hU~' yA jIva astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya hai| __ 'nahIM hU~' yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai? tuma svayaM apane hI viSaya jIva ko jaina darzana meM AtmA bhI kahA gayA hai| ata: yahA~ meM sandeha kaise kara sakate ho, phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA? kyoMki AtmA ke sambandha meM kucha maulika praznoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai- saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, ve saba AtmA kA astitva AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva jaina darzana meM jIva yA AtmA ko eka svatantra tattva yA dravya avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| vastuta: jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prazna hai AtmA use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta Atma-vizvAsa hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya haiM sukha-duHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI ke gaNadharavAda meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai|4 / (1) jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra bhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate asad vastu kI koI sArthaka saMjJA hI nahIM bntii|' hai ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai vahI to usakA svarUpa hai|5 AtmA ke haiM sukha-duHkha saba AtmapUrvaka vahI AtmA hai|'

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118 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 astitva ke lie svata: bodha ko AcArya zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke hI nahIM hai, yadi vivAda hai to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva se hai na ki usake astitva se / svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM hai jo yaha socatA ho ki 'maiM AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko, aura koI nahIM huuN|6 anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA vijJAna-saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi hameM sabase pRthak svatantra Atma-tattva ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN|10 AtmA kA svata: bodha hotA hai to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| jaina darzana aura gItA AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate pAzcAtya vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para haiN| AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke AtmA eka maulika tattva astitva meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu sandehakartA meM sandeha AtmA eka maulika tattva hai athavA anya kisI tattva se karanA to sambhava nahIM hai, sandehakartA kA astitva sandeha se pare hai| utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA ho sktaa| maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ata: 'maiM hU~' isa prakAra dekArta ke hai? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiManusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai|8 (1) mUla tattva jar3a (acetana) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI (4) AtmA amUrta hai, ata: usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna hai| ajitakezakambalin, cArvAka dArzanika evaM bhautikavAdI isa mata sakate jaise ghaTa, paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna kA pratipAdana karate haiM (2) mUla tattva cetana hai aura usI kI apekSA se hotA hai| lekina itane mAtra se unakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta tathA AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hai| ghaTa Adi barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM unakA bhI yathArtha bodha-pratyakSa nahIM ho jinhoMne parama tattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa sakatA- kyoMki hameM jinakA bodha pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| gItA, rAmAnuja guNoM kA pratyakSa haiN| lekina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (4) kucha vicAraka jar3a kA samUha hai jinheM hama nahIM jAnate, rUpa (AkAra) to unameM se eka guNa aura cetana donoM ko hI parama tattva mAnate haiM aura unake svataMtra astitva haiM jaba rUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ko ghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa karate haiN| kyoM nahIM mAna lete| jaina vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika bodha cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte haiM jaise Ithara; phira bhI kAryoM ke AdhAra para unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya likhate haiM ki "bhUta samudAya astitva mAnate haiM evaM svarUpa-vivecana bhI karate haiM phira AtmA ke svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM cetanAtmaka kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra ke anya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoM vAle padArthoM se yA unake kiyA jAye? vastuta: AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahattvapUrNa samUha se bhI kisI apUrva (navIna) guNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, hote hue bhI vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai| bhAratIya cintakoM meM cArvAka evaM jaise rukSa bAluka kaNoM ke samudAya se snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM bauddha tathA pAzcAtya cintakoM meM hyUma, jemsa Adi jo vicAraka AtmA hotii| ata: caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nahIM, kA niSedha karate haiM, vastuta: unakA niSedha AtmA ke astitva kA jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii|"11 zarIra bhI niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai| ve AtmA ko eka jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika svatantra yA nitya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina cetana tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI avasthA yA cetanA-pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva to unheM bhI caitanya nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se A jAyegA? pratyeka svIkAra hai| cArvAka darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA kArya kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM abhAva hai, usakA niSedha mAtra AtmA ko svatantra yA maulika tattva . pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zakti rUpa se rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM mAnane se hai| buddha anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA (cetanA) kA sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise niSedha nahIM karate, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiN| hyUma bhI sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanya guNa vAlA ho jAya? yadi cetanA pratyeka anubhUti se bhinna kisI svatantra Atma-tattva kA hI niSedha karate haiN| bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM udyotakara kA 'nyAyavArtika' meM yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki ho sktii| reNu kI pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA tela reNu kaNoM ke AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyata: koI vivAda saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ata: yaha kahanA yukti-saMgata nahIM hai

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jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 119 ki caitanya mahAbhUtoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai|12 gItA bhI pudgala hI hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM ke AtmA kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA aura sat kA vinAza nahIM meM pratibimbita hone se hI mAnI gayI hai| hotA hai|13 yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita (3) apaudgalika aura amUrtika AtmA paudgalika evaM mUrtika zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| zarIra meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI honA kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai? (isa ata: usakA AdhAra zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai| AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA prakAra ke bandha kA koI dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha nahIM hai) svarNa aura pASANa siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue ke anAdibandha kA jo dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura kahate haiM ki "pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alaga-alaga haiM, pratyeka indriya eka prakAra se svarNasthAnI jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai| apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai, jabaki pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA (4) rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karane vAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha ke pariNAma haiM- binA jIva ke unakA astitva nhiiN| (yadi jIva AtmA hai|"14 paudgalika nahIM hai, to bhAva rAgAdi paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge?) isI sambandha meM AcArya zaMkara kI bhI eka yukti hai, jisake isake sivAya apaudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa, nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise sambandha meM pro0 e0sI0 mukharjI ne apanI pustaka 'necara oNpha selpha' bana sakatI haiM? meM kAphI prakAza DAlA hai| zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM ke jaina darzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svatantra anusAra bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlI usa cetanA kA svarUpa kyA hai? sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha unake anusAra yA to cetanA una tattvoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI yA unakA karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ho athavA cArvAka hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM yadi cetanA guNoM kI pratyakSakartA evaM anya vaijJAnikoM kA bhautikavAda ho| lekina isa saiddhAntika mAnyatA hogI, to vaha unase pratyutpanna nahIM hogii| dUsare yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| isake lie hameM jIva ke hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI ko jJAna viSaya-vastu banAte haiN| yaha svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA jisameM uparyukta zaMkAe~ prastuta mAnanA ki cetanA jo bhaitika padArthoM kA hI eka guNa hai, unase hI kI gayI haiN| prathamata: saMkoca-vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para hone vAle pratyutpanna hai aura una bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya saukSmya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdibhAva kA honA sabhI baddha banAtI hai, utanA hI hAsyAspada hai jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa haiN| jahA~ taka ko hI jalAtI hai athavA naTa apane hI kaMdhoM para car3ha sakatA hai| isa sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna hai, vaha ekAnta rUpa se na prakAra zaMkara kA bhI niSkarSa yahI hai ki cetana (AtmA) bhautika tattvoM to bhautika hai aura na abhautik| jaina cintaka muni nathamala jI inhIM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate hai ki "merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva na sarvathA paudgalika hai aura na sarvathA apauglik| AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa yadi use sarvathA paudgalika mAneM to usameM caitanya nahIM ho sakatA aura sAmAnya rUpa se jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko use sarvathA apaudgalika mAneM to usameM saMkoca-vistAra, prakAzamaya, apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya anubhava, UrdhvagAmIdharmitA, rAgAdi nahIM ho skte| maiM jahA~ taka samajha mAnA jAtA hai| lekina anya dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina darzana ke sakatA hU~, koI bhI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM vicAra meM jIva kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai| yaha AkSepa ne usameM saMkoca-vistAra, bandhana Adi mAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI ajaina dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina cintakoM kA bhI hai aura antima pariNati hai jo zarIra-mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotii|"17 unake lie Agamika AdhAroM para kucha tarka bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| muni jI ke isa kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa viSaya meM eka praznAvalI bhI prastuta ki jIva ke apaudgalika svarUpa usakI upalabdhi nahIM, Adarza haiN| jaina kI thii|26 yahA~ usa praznAvalI ke kucha pramukha muddoM para hI carcA karanA darzana kA lakSya isI apaugalika svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai| jIva kI apekSita hai, jo jIva sambandhI jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM hI pArasparika apaudgalikatA Adarza hai, jAgatika tathya nahIM, jabaki ye sabhI bAteM antarvirodha prakaTa karate haiM baddhajIvoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiN| (1) jIva yadi paudgalika nahIM hai to usameM saukSmya-sthaulya athavA saMkoca-vistAra kriyA aura pradeza parispanda kaise bana sakatA hai? AtmA aura zarIra meM sambandha jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra to saukSya-sthaulya ko pudgala kI paryAya mAnA mahAvIra ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki gayA hai| ___ "bhagavAn-jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna (2) jIva ke apaudgalika hone para AtmA meM padArthoM kA hai?" mahAvIra ne uttara diyA- "he gautama! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura zarIra pratibimbita honA bhI kaise bana sakatA hai? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka se bhinna bhI hai|"18 isa prakAra mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya

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120 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhinnatva aura ekatva donoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne 1. vyAvahArika dRSTi se zarIyukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai| " AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa 2. azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAya dRSTi se AtmA apanI mAnasika kiye haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se AtmA anubhUtiyoM yA manobhAvoM kA vedaka hai| aura deha eka hI hai, lekina nizcaya dRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka 3. paramArtha dRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra draSTA nahIM ho skte|19 vastuta: AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne binA yA sAkSIsvarUpa hai|24 stuti, vandana, sevA Adi aneka naitika AcaraNa kI kriyAe~ sambhava AtmA kA bhoktRtva karma aura pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie nahIM ho sktiiN| dUsarI ora AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA Avazyaka hai| jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM kA bhoktA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| naitika bhI hai, anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha aura dhArmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AtmA kA zarIra se ekatva aura nahIM ho sakegA, aisI sthiti meM dharma evaM naitikatA kA koI artha hI anekatva donoM apekSita haiN| yahI jaina naitikatA kI mAnyatA hai| mahAvIra nahIM raha jaayegaa| ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina ne aikAntika vAdoM ko chor3akara anaikantika-dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA AtmA kA bhoktA honA baddhAtmA yA zarIra ke lie hI samucita hai| aura donoM vAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki AtmA aura zarIra amuktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa yA draSTA hotA hai| kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiN| AtmA svadeha parimANa hai AtmA pariNAmI hai yadyapi jaina vicAraNA meM AtmAoM ko rUpa, rasa, gandha, varNa, jaina darzana AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnatA hai, jabaki sAMkhya evaM sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra zAMkara vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnate haiN| buddha ke svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| do dRSTiyA~ haiM-eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApI) hai, dUsarI ke AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM anusAra aNu hai| sAMkhya, nyAya aura advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu koI vikAra, parivartana yA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiN| jaina darzana isa sambandha meM jaina AcAra sambandhI granthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha madhyastha dRSTi apanAtA hai| usake anusAra AtmA aNu bhI hai aura vibhu hote haiM ki AtmA kartA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA bhI hai| vaha sUkSma hai to itanA hai ki eka AkAza pradeza ke anantaveM hI sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai|20 yaha bhI kahA gayA hai bhAga meM samA sakatA hai aura vibhu hai to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko ki sira kATane vAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA jitanA vyApta kara sakatA hai|25 jaina darzana AtmA meM saMkoca vistAra ko durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai|21 svIkAra karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadeha-parimANa yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko akartA mAnane vAle logoM mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa meM kahA gayA hai-"kucha dUsare (loga) aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai vaise hI to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA, karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM AtmA bhI jisa deha meM rahatA hai use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai, kintu karatA, vaha to akartA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura yaha bAta kevala saMsArI AtmA ke sambandha meM hai| muktAtmA kA AkAra na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai|22 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra ko nAva aura apane tyakta deha kA do tihAI hotA hai| jIva ko nAvika kahakara jIva para naitika karmoM kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai|23 AtmA ke vibhutva kI samIkSA 1. yadi AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApaka) hai to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM AtmA bhoktA hai bhI hogA, phira una zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogaa| yadi yaha yadi AtmA ko kartA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to use bhoktA bhI mAnA jAye ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira vaha sarvavyApaka mAnanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai use hI unake phaloM kA nahIM hogaa| bhoga bhI karanA caahie| jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai to dUsare zarIroM meM hone vAle sukhasambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se hI duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? sambhava hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtva donoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAye 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra jAte haiM, muktAtmA yA zuddhAtmA meM nhiiN| bhoktRtva vedanIya karma ke kAraNa kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA kaThina hai| vastuta: naitika aura dhArmika hI sambhava hai| jaina darzana AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI sApekSa dRSTi se jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai| ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI

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jaina darzana meM AtmA svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa ThaharAyA jA ske| 4. AtmA kI sarvavyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sktaa| sAtha hI anekAtmavAda ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI susaMgata vyAkhyA bhI sambhava nhiiN| AtmAe~ aneka haiM AtmA eka hai yA aneka yaha dArzanika dRSTi se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai| yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai to naitika dRSTi se nimna aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM ekAtmavAda kI samIkSA 1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bhI yugapad hoNgii| lekina aisA to dikhatA nhiiN| saba prANiyoM kA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa kA stara alaga-alaga hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI baMdhana meM haiN| ataH AtmAe~ eka nahIM, aneka hai| 2. AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika naitika prayAsoM kA mUlya samApta ho jaayegaa| yadi AtmA eka hI hai to vyaktigata prayAsoM evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI na vaha bandhana meM hI AyegA / 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva tathA tajjanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI vyavasthA kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jaayegaa| sArAMza meM AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktikatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika vikAsa, naitika uttaradAyitva aura puruSArtha Adi naitika pratyayoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA / isIliye vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha janmamaraNa, bandhana- mukti Adi ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai| 26 sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI janma-maraNa, indriyoM kI vibhinnatA, pratyeka kI alaga-alaga pravRtti aura svabhAva tathA naitika vikAsa kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gayI hai| 27 anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI anekAtmavAda naitika jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha naitika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina naitika kaThinAiyoM meM pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa ahaM ke visarjana ke lie hai usI ahaM (vaiyaktikatA) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai| anekAtmavAda meM vaiyaktikatA kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho 121 sktii| isI vaiyaktikatA se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai, jo tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai, 'maiM' bhI bandhana hI hai| jaina darzana kA niSkarSa jaina darzana ne isa samasyA kA bhI anekAntadRSTi se sundara hala prastuta kiyA hai usake anusAra AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka hai / 28 anyatra use aneka bhI kahA gayA hai / 29 TIkAkAroM ne isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA ki AtmA dravyApekSA se eka hai aura paryAyApekSA se aneka, jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai aura na aneka vaha jala rAzi kI dRSTi se eka hai aura jala-binduoM kI dRSTi se aneka bhii| samasta jala-bindu apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue usa jala rAzi se abhinna hI haiN| usI prakAra ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svataMtra astitva rakhate hue bhI apanI cetanA svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiN| 30 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se TIkAkAroM ke pahale hI kara diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM- "he somila dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM do huuN| kabhI nyUnAdhika nahIM hone vAle Atma-pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahane vAle upayoga svabhAva kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN| 31 isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi (Substantial view) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora paryAyArthika dRSTi se eka hI jIvAtmA meM cetana paryAyoM ke pravAha ke rUpa se aneka vyaktiyoM kI saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kara zaMkara ke advaitavAda aura bauddhoM ke kSaNika AtmavAda kI khAI ko pATane kI koziza karate haiN| jaina vicAraka AtmAoM meM guNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiN| lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnya dRSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, vizeSa dRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM vicAra kI do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahatva hai| mahAsAgara kI jala rAzi sAmAnya dRSTi se eka hai, lekana vizeSa dRSTi se nahIM, jalarAzi aneka jala-binduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke viSaya meM hai| cetanA paryAyoM kI vizeSa dRSTi se AtmA aneka haiM aura cetanA dravya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai jaina darzana ke anusAra Atma dravya eka hai, lekina usameM ananta vaiyaktika AtmAoM kI sattA hai| itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka vaiyaktika AtmA bhI apanI parivartanazIla caitasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara pravAhazIla ikAI hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai, vaha dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM meM badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI vahI rahatA hai| hamAre meM bhI aneka vyaktitva banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiN| isa AdhAra para hama unake .

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122 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 lie uttaradAyI bane rahate haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana abheda meM bheda, viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda ekatva meM anekatva kI dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara dharma aura naitikatA ke viveka-kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI lie eka Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| haiM- (1) samanaska, (2) amnsk| samanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM jaina darzana jinheM jIva kI paryAya avasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha hai aura amanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, hai, bauddha darzana use citta-pravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM jinheM aisI viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM pratyeka citta-pravAha naitika jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska AtmAe~ hI naitika alaga hai| jaise bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai vaise jaina AcaraNa kara sakatI haiM aura ve hI naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi kara darzana meM Atma-dravya hai, yadyapi hameM ina sabameM rahe hue tAttvika antara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para hI ko vismRta nahIM karanA caahie| AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI viveka-buddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI haiN| AtmA ke bheda jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI jaina darzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve naitika pragati bhI nahIM kara itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para sktiiN| naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka aura saMyama donoM kA usake bheda karatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA / honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI unhIM meM ke ATha bheda kiye gaye haiM32 sambhava hai jo samanaska haiN| yahA~ jaivika AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke 1. dravyAtmA-AtmA kA tAttvika svruup| vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jaina dharma kA ahiMsA2. kaSAyAtmA-krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta siddhAnta bahuta kucha usI para nirbhara hai| cetanA kI avsthaa| jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 3. yogAtmA-zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura jaina darzana ke anasAra jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa mAnasika kriyAoM kI avsthaa| nimna tAlikA se spaSTa ho sakatA hai4. upayogAtmA-AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka aura anubhUtyAtmaka shktiyaaN| yaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka vyApAra hai| 5. jJAnAtmA-cetanA kI cintana kI shkti| 6. darzanAtmA-cetanA kI anubhUtyAtmakazakti / sthAvara trasa 7. caritrAtmA-cetanA kI saMkalpAtmaka shkti| pRthvIkAya apkAya tejaskAya vAyu vanaspatikAya 8. vIryAtmA-cetanA kI kriyAtmaka shkti| uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA ye cAra tAttvika AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka haiM, zeSa . paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, caritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nidarzaka haiN| tAttvika AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM hotI rahatI haiN| jaivika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM dasa prANa zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI anubhavAdhArita AtmA cetanA kI zarIra se yukta avasthA hai| yaha parivartanazIla haiN| sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra zaktiyA~ hotI haiM- (1) sparza-anubhava evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita zakti, (2) zArIrika zakti, (3) jIvana (Ayu) zakti aura (4) AtmA se sambandhita hai| vibhinna darzanoM meM AtmA-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM zvasana shkti| dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda jo parasparika virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina do pakSoM meM aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM meM sUMghane kI zakti bhI kisI pakSa-vizeSa para bala dene ke kAraNa hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina chaha zaktiyoM ke atirikta dekhane kI bauddha darzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika sAmarthya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya amanaska jIvoM meM ina ATha zaktiyoM ke bala diyA, jabaki sAMkhya aura zAMkara vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAttvika sAtha-sAtha zravaNa zakti bhI hotI hai aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kii| jaina darzana donoM hI pakSoM ko inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kula svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai| dasa jaivika zaktiyA~ yA prANa zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke jIva | pRthvIkAya apkaa|

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jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 123 alpatva aura bahutva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se avasthAe~ AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hoNgii| phira sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna kiyA jAtA hai| jitanI adhika prANa zaktiyoM se yukta prANI kI hiMsA pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhAvoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai| vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI upapatti hI sambhava hogii| kyoMki vahA~ eka kSaNa ke paryAya ne jo kArya gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa ke paryAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ jaina paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke una satata parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI mAne gae haiM- (1) deva, (2) manuSya, (3) pazu (tiryaMca) aura (4) tattva (dravya) nahIM haiM, ata: yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA naark| jahA~ taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai deva kA sthAna manuSya use phala nahIM milA aura jisane nahIM kiyA thA use milA, arthAt se U~cA mAnA gayA hai| lekina jahA~ taka naitika sAdhanA kI bAta hai jaina naitika karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRtAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa paramparA manuSya-janma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra mAnava- hogA,33 ataH AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satata parivartanazIla jIvana hI aisA jIvana hai jisase mukti yA naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jA (anitya) mAnA jAye to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhAvAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI uparyukta cAroM jAtiyA~ svIkRta skegaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nitya aura rahI haiM lekina unameM deva aura manuSya donoM meM hI mukta hone kI kSamatA anitya donoM svIkAra karatA hai| ko mAna liyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra eka deva binA mAnava uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke janma grahaNa kiye deva gati se sIdhe hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai, kAraNa nitya hai|2 bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, jabaki jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI avinAzI, akSaya, dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai|35 lekina saba sthAnoM hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA mAnava-janma ko carama, mUlyavAna banA detI hai| para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI nityatA hI samajhanA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| AtmA kI amaratA bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM kahA haihai| pAzcAtya vicAraka kAMTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika jIvana kI "bhagavAn ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ?" susaMgata vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM "gautama ! jIva zAzvata (nitya) bhI hai aura azAzvata (anitya) bhii|" ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya "bhagavAn ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI?" rahA hai| usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa "gautama ! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, bhAva kI apekSA se anityA 36 meM athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucarcita rahA hai| AtmA-dravya (sattA) kI ora se nitya hai arthAt AtmA na to vastuta: Atma-astitva ko lekara dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai, kabhI anAtma (jar3a) se utpanna hotI hai aura na kisI bhI avasthA meM vivAda kA viSaya hai-AtmA kI nityatA aura anitytaa| yaha viSaya apane cetanA lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatI hai| isI dRSTi se use nitya tattvajJAna kI apekSA naitika darzana se adhika sambandhita hai| jaina kahA jAtA hai| lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI vicArakoM ne naitika vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara usake AdhAra para hI rahatI haiM, ata: isa apekSA se use anitya kahA gayA hai| Adhunika nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kii| darzana kI bhASA meM jaina darzana ke anusAra tAttvika AtmA nitya hai aura ata: yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya anubhavAdhArita AtmA anitya hai| jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI mAnane para naitika dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya hai, usI prakAra Atma AtmA-tattva kI dRSTi se nitya aura vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se AtmA kI nityAnityAtmakatA anitya hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMsAra aura mokSa kI upapatti ke lie na to jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko| isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko ekAnta nityavAda aura ekAnta anityavAda donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anity| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate hemacandra donoM ko naitika darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue haiM-"he jamAlI, jIva zAzvata hai, tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM likhate haiM, yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAneM to isakA artha hogA ki hai jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI AtmA meM avasthAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| yadi ise ekAnta apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai| anitya mAna liyA jAye to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna he jamAlI, jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai,

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124 tiryaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotA hai / isa prakAra ina nAnAvasthAoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa use anitya kahA jAtA hai|" 37 naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko nityAnitya (pariNAmI nitya) mAnanA hI samucita hai| naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmInitya AtmavAda meM hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAsa yaha hai ki jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, sadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie anyathA punaH bandhana evaM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atma-tatva kI vivakSA hai use kartA, bhoktA vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala aura sAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM hogii| jaina vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathamataH unhoMne ekAnta nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa to taba hotA hai jaba nityatA aura anityatA ko eka hI dRSTi se mAnA jAya / lekina jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura anityatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai| jaina darzana AtmA ko paryAyArthika dRSTi (vyavahAranaya) kI apekSA se anitya tathA dravyArthika dRSTi (nizcayanaya) kI apekSA se nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma ko svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA kahatI hai- "jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para unakA parityAga kara naye vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatI rahatI hai|" na kevala gItA meM, varan bauddha darzana meM bhI isI Azaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 38 DaoN0 rAmAnanda tivArI punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki "eka janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAla vizeSa meM Arambha hokara eka kAla vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kA kAlika sambandha anyAya (tarka viruddha) hai aura isa (eka janma ke) siddhAnta se unakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA hai| eka janma siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogA / 39 DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM- "karma siddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karma siddhAnta arthazUnya hai / 40 AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM yadyapi punarjanma siddhAnta aura karma siddhAnta eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita hue AcAradarzanoM ne karma ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI dArzanika nitze ne karma-zakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM- "karmazakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla ananta haiM isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiN| 49 IsAI aura islAma AcAradarzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti apane naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM bhoga pAtA hai to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, vyakti ko sRSTi ke ananta meM apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai, isa prakAra ve karma siddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| jo vicAraNAe~ karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtI hai ki vartamAna jIvana meM jo naisargika vaiSamya hai usakA kAraNa kyA hai? kyoM eka prANI sampanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA hInendriya evaM bauddhika dRSTi se pichar3A huA hotA hai? kyoM eka prANI kA manuSyazarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu zarIra milatA hai? yadi isakA kAraNa IzvarecchA hai to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA skegaa| khAnAbadoza jAtiyoM meM janma lene vAlA bAlaka saMskAravaza jo anaitika AcaraNa kA mArga apanAtA hai, usakA uttaradAyitva kisa para hogA? vaiyaktika vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane kRtyoM kA pariNAma hai| vartamAna jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura jinake phalasvarUpa use naitika vikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai| naitika vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM / hai, varan unake pIche janma-janmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai punarjanma kA siddhAnta prANI ko naitika vikAsa hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai| breDale naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiN| 42 yadi naitikatA AtmapUrNatA evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satata prakriyA

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jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 125 hai to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se ATha vikalpa mAne jA sakatA hai? gItA meM bhI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka gaye haiM-(1) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deveN| janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai|43 DaoN0 TATiyA bhI likhate (2) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (3) haiM ki "yadi AdhyAtmika pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai to usake bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (4) sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiN|"44 bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (5) vartamAna sAtha hI AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (6) vartamAna janma ke punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (7) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma kI avasthA kA kAraNa bhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (8) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma bhAvI jo darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha janmoM meM phala deveN|46 / / samucita nyAya nahIM krte| aparAdha ke lie daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isa prakAra jaina darzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kA avasara hI samApta evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI kara diyA jaaye| jaina darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake yoniyA~ haiM-(1) deva (svargIya jIvana), (2) manuSya, (3) tiryaMca (vAnaspatika vyakti ko naitika vikAsa ke avasara pradAna karatA hai tathA apane ko evaM pazu jIvana) aura (4) naraka (nArakIya jiivn)|47 prANI apane eka pragatizIla darzana siddha karatA hai| punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| yadi vaha zubha sudhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai, jabaki punarjanma ko nahIM karma karatA hai to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha mAnane vAlI naitika vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA karma karatA hai to pazu gati yA nArakIya gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya samarthana karatI haiM, jo ki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata kintu marakara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI bhAvI jIvana meM kyA anucita dhAraNA hai| hogA yaha usake vartamAna jIvana ke AcAraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai to phira use pUrva-janmoM kI saMdarbha smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai| smRti ke abhAva meM punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1575 para mAnA jAye? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara 2. vahI 1571 dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI 3. jaina darzana mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' pR0 54 smRti nahIM rhtii| yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko 4. AcArAMgasUtra 1/5/5/166 svIkAra nahIM karate haiM to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrva-janmoM kI 5. brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya-3/1/7 ghaTanAe~ bhI acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para 6. vahI 1/1/2 cetanA ke stara para bhI vyakta ho jAtI hai| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki 7. vahI 3/2/21, tulanIya-AcArAMga-1/5/5 hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kA 8. divAnacaMda, pazcimI darzana-pR0 106 bhoga kareM? lekina yaha tarka bhI samutica nahIM haiM isase kyA pharka par3atA 9. vizeSAvazyakabhASya-1558 hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM? yaha hamane unheM kiyA hai 10 nyAyavartika pR0 366 (AtmamImAMsA pR02 para uddhRta) to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogaa| yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika 11. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA-1/1/8 madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kiye hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI 12. jaina darzana pR0 157 nahIM rahe lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai? jo kiyA 13. gItA-2/16 hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho yA na ho|45 14. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA-1/1/8 jaina cintakoM ne isIlie karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti ke 15. A.C. Mookerjee, Nature of self, p 141-143, sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra 16. anekAnta-jUna, 1942 kiyA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA 17. muni nathamala, 'taTa do pravAha eka Adarza sAhitya saMgha curu, evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA Adi kA jo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, pR054. usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrva-janmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM 18. bhagavatIsUtra- 13/7/495 vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrva-janmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala 19. samayasAra-27 hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI 20. uttarAdhyayana-20/37 zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI 21. vahI- 20/48

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126 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 22. sUtrakRtAMga-1/1/13-21 23. uttarAdhyayana 23/37 tulanIya-kaThopaniSad 1/3/3 24. samayasAra-81-92 25. kramaza: nigoda aura kevalI samudghAta kI avasthA meM aisA hotA hai| 26. vizeSAvazyakabhASya- 1582 27. sArakhyakArikA-18(IzvarakRSNa) 28. samavAyAMga- 1/1 sthAnAMga- 1/1 29. bhagavatIsUtra- 2/1 30. samavAyAMga TIkA 1/1 31. bhagavatIsUtra 1/8/10 32. vahI 12/10/467 33. vItarAgastotra-8/2/3 34. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 14/19 35. bhagavatIsUtra- 9/6/3/87 36. vahI 7/2/273 37. vahI 9/6/387; 1/4/42 38. gItA- 2/22, tulanA kareM theragAthA- 1/38-688. 39. zaMkara kA AcAra darzana, pR068 40. Jaina Psychology. 173. 41. tilaka gItA rahasya- pR0 268. 42. F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies P.313.. 43. gItA 6/45. 44. Studies in Jaina Philosophy. P. 221. 84. Jaina Psychology P. 175. 46. sthAnAMgasUtra- 8/2 47. tattvArthasUtra 8/11 SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jainadharma-darzana kI prAcInatama vanaspati aura trasa-ye jIvoM ke cha: prakAra mAne gaye haiM, kintu ina avadhAraNA hai| isake ullekha hameM prAcInatama jaina Agamika granthoM SaTjIvanikAyoM meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara hai? isa prazna ko yathA- AcArAMga', RSibhASitare, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi lekara prAcInakAla se hI vibhinna avadhAraNAeM jaina paramparA meM upalabdha meM upalabdha hote haiN| yaha suspaSTa tathya hai ki nirgrantha paramparA meM hotI haiN| yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM prAcInakAla se pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi ko jIvana meM pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sAmAnyatayA yukta mAnA jAtA rahA hai| yadyapi vanaspati aura dvIMdriya Adi prANiyoM sthAvara mAnA jAtA hai| paMcasthAvaroM kI yaha avadhAraNA aba sarva svIkRta meM jIvana kI sattA to sabhI mAnate haiM, kintu pRthvI, jala, agni aura hai| digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kA jo pATha pracalita hai usameM to pRthvI, vAyu bhI sajIva haiM- yaha avadhAraNA jainoM kI apanI viziSTa avadhAraNA ap, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati- ina pA~coM ko spaSTa rUpa se sthAvara hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi kahA gayA hai| kintu prAcIna zvetAmbara mAnya Agama AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana meM sUkSma jIvoM kI upasthiti ko svIkAra karanA eka alaga tathya hai Adi kI tathA tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara sammata pATha aura tattvArthabhASya aura pRthvI, jala Adi ko svata: sajIva mAnanA eka anya avadhAraNA kI sthiti kucha bhinna hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM bhI kundakunda hai| jaina paramparA kevala itanA hI nahIM mAnatI hai ki pRthvI, jala Adi ke grantha paMcAstikAya kI sthiti bhI paMcasthAvaroM kI pracalita sAmAnya meM jIva hote haiM apitu vaha yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki ye svayaM bhI jIvana- avadhAraNA se kucha bhinna hI pratIta hotI hai| yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama yukta yA sajIva haiN| isa sandarbha meM AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kI dhavalA TIkA meM ina donoM ke samanvaya kA prayatna huA hai| milatA hai ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi ke Azrita hokara jo jIva rahate sa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara jaina paramparA ke ina haiM, ve pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika Adi jIvoM se bhinna haiN|5 yadyapi prAcIna stara ke Agamika granthoM meM kisa prakAra kA matabheda rahA huA hai, pRthvIkAyika,apakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA hone para inakI hiMsA bhI isakA spaSTIkaraNa karanA hI prastuta nibandha kA mukhya uddezya hai| aparihArya rUpa se hotI hai| AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya se saptama uddezaka taka pratyeka uddezaka meM pRthvI Adi SaTjIvanikAyoM 1. AcArAMga kI hiMsA ke svarUpa, kAraNa aura sAdhana arthAt zastra kI carcA hameM AcArAMga meM SaTjIvanikAya meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara upalabdha hotI hai| AcArAMga, RSibhAsita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika hai? isakA koI spaSTataH vargIkaraNa ullekhita nahIM hai| usake prathama Adi meM SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata pRthvI, ap, agni, vAyu, zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana meM jisa krama se SaTjIvanikAya kA

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SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, use dekhakara lagatA hai ki granthakAra pRthvI, ap, agni aura vanaspati ina cAra ko spaSTa rUpa se sthAvara ke antargata vargIkRta karatA hogA, jabaki isa aura vAyukAyika jIvoM ko vaha sthAvara ke antargata nahIM mAnatA hogA, kyoMki usake prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya, tRtIya, caturtha aura paMcama ina cAra uddezako meM kramazaH pRthvI, apa, agni aura vanaspati- ina cAra jIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usake pazcAt SaSTha adhyayana meM usakAya kI aura saptama adhyayana meM vAyukAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki AcArAMga ke anusAra vAyukAyika jIva sthAvara na hokara usa haiN| yadi AcArAMgakAra ko vAyukAyika jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnanA hotA to vaha unakA ullekha jasakoya ke pUrva krtaa| isa prakAra AcArAMga meM pRthvI, ap, agni aura vanaspati ye cAra sthAvara aura vAyukAya tathA trasakAya vedo sa jIva mAne gaye haiM- aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi 6 AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM hI eka sandarbha aisA bhI hai, jisake AdhAra para sakAya ko chor3akara zeSa pA~coM ko sthAvara mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki vahA~ para pRthvI, vAyu, ap, agni aura vanaspati kA ullekha karake usake pazcAt trasa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 7 2. RSibhASita trasa jahA~ taka RSibhASita kA prazna hai, usameM mAtra eka sthala para pajIvanikAya kA ullekha hai| isa zabda kA ullekha bhI hai, kintu SaTjIvanikAya meM kauna trasa hai aura kauna sthAvara hai aisI carcA usameM nahIM hai| 3. uttarAdhyayana AcArAMga se jaba hama uttarAdhyayana kI ora Ate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki usake 26 veM evaM 36 veM adhyAyoM meM SaTjIvanikAya kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| 26 veM adhyAya meM yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI carcA to nahIM kI gaI hai, kintu usameM jisa krama se SaTjIvanikAyoM ke nAmoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai usase yahI phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, ap (udaka), agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ye pA~ca sthAvara haiM aura chaThIM usakAya hI usa hai, kintu uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyAya kI sthiti isase bhinna hai, eka to usameM sarvaprathama SaTjIvanikAya ko usa aura sthAvara aise do vargoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai aura dUsare sthAvara ke antargata pRthvI, ap aura vanaspati ko tathA usa ke antargata agni, vAyu aura trasajIvanikAya ko rakhA gayA hai|" isa prakAra yadyapi uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyAya se AcArAMga kI vAyu ko trasakAyika mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai kintu jahA~ taka agnikAya kA prazna hai, use jahA~ AcArAMga ke anusAra sthAvara nikAya ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jA sakA hai, vahA~ uttarAdhyayana meM use spaSTa rUpa se trasanikAya ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isa 127 prakAra donoM meM AMzika matabheda bhI parilakSita hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana kA yaha dRSTikoNa tattvArthasUtra (bhASyamAnya mUlapATha) meM aura tattvArthabhASya meM bhI svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki nirbandha paramparA meM prAcInakAla meM yahI dRSTikoNa vizeSa rUpa se mAnya rahA hogaa| 4. dazavaikAlika jahA~ taka dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai, usakA caturtha adhyAya to SaTjIvanikAya ke nAma se hI jAnA jAtA hai usameM isa evaM sthAvara kA spaSTatayA vargIkaraNa to nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu jisa krama meM unakA prastutikaraNa huA hai, 10 usase yaha dhAraNA banAI jA sakatI hai| ki dazavaikAlika pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sthAvara hI mAnatA hogaa| SaTjIvanikAya ke krama ko lekara dazavaikAlika kI sthiti uttarAdhyayana ke 26 veM adhyayana ke samAna hai, kintu AcArAMga se tathA uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyAya se bhinna hai| 5. jIvAbhigama , trasa upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanA meM jIvoM ke prakAroM kI carcA aindrika AdhAroM para kI gaI isa aura sthAvara ke AdhAra para nahIM jIvoM kA usa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa jIvAbhigamasUtra meM milatA hai usameM spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati ko sthAvara tathA agni, vAyu evaM dvIndriyAdi ko usa kahA gayA hai isa dRSTi se jIvAbhigama aura uttarAdhyayana kA dRSTikoNa samAna hai| jIvAbhigama kI TIkA meM malayagiri ne ise spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki jo sardI-garmI ke kAraNa eka sthAna kA tyAga karake dUsare sthAna para jAte haiM, ve trasa hai athavA jo icchApUrvaka Urdhva, agha evaM tiryak dizA meM gamana karate haiM, ve usa haiN| unhoMne labdhi se teja (agni) aura vAyu ko sthAvara, kintu gati kI apekSA se trasa kahA hai| 11 6. tattvArthasUtra jahA~ taka jaina paramparA ke mahattvapUrNa sUtra zailI ke grantha tattvArtha kA prazna hai, usake zvetAmbara sammata mUlapATha meM tathA tattvArtha ke umAsvAti ke svopajJa bhASya meM pRthvI, ap aura vanaspati -- ina tIna ko sthAvaranikAya meM aura zeSa tIna agni, vAyu aura dvIndriyAdi ko sanikAya meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| 12 isa prakAra tatvArthasUtra aura tatvArthabhASya kA pATha uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyAya ke dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI hai tatvArtha kA yaha dRSTikoNa AcArAMga ke prAcInatama dRSTikoNa se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki isameM agni ko spaSTa rUpa se trasa mAnA gayA hai, jaba ki AcArAMga ke anusAra use sthAvara varga ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| aba hama digambara paramparA kI ora mur3ate haiM to usake dvArA mAnya tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA ke mUla pATha aura usakI TIkA- donoM meM paMcasthAvaroM kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa ullekha hai| .

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128 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 digambara paramparA kI tattvArtha kI TIkAoM meM prAyaH sabhI ne pRthvI, ap, usake pazcAt jIvasthAna prakRti samuttakIrtana (1/9-1/28) kI TIkA agni, vAyu, vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sthAvara mAnA hai| meM tathA paMcama khaNDa ke prakRti anuyogadvAra ke nAma-karma kI prakRtiyoM (5/5/10) kI carcA meM ina tInoM hI sthaloM para sthAvara aura usa ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra gatizIlatA ko na mAnakara sthAvara nAmakarma evaM trasa nAmakarma kA udaya batAyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM carcA prArambha karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnyatayA sthita rahanA arthAt ThaharanA hI jinakA svabhAva hai unheM hI sthAvara kahA jAtA hai, kintu prastuta Agama meM isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra sthAvaroM kA svarUpa kyoM nahIM kahA gayA ? isakA samAdhAna dete hue kahA gayA hai ki jo eka sthAna para hI sthita rahe vaha sthAvara aisA lakSaNa mAnane para vAyukAyika, agnikAyika aura jalakAyika jIvoM ko jo sAmAnyatayA sthAvara mAne jAte haiM, trasa mAnanA hogA, kyoMki ina jIvoM kI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gati dekhI jAtI hai| dhavalAkAra eka sthAna para avasthita rahe vaha sthAvara, isa vyAkhyA ko isalie mAnya nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki aisI vyAkhyA meM vAyukAyika, agnikAyika aura jalakAyika jIyoM ko sthAvara nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki inameM gatizIlatA dekhI jAtI hai| isI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie dhavalAkAra ne sthAvara kI yaha vyAkhyA prastuta kI ki jina jIvoM meM sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya he ve sthAvara haiM? na ki ve sthAvara hai, jo eka sthAna para avasthita rahate haiN| 7. paMcAstikAya kundakunda ke grantha paMcAstikAya aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA kA dRSTikoNa sarvArthasiddhi se bhinna hai / kundakunda apane grantha paMcAstikAya meM apanA dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki pRthvI, ap, teja (agni), vAyu aura vanaspati ye pA~ca ekendriya jIva haiM ina ekendriya jIvoM meM pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati ye tIna sthAvara zarIra se yukta haiM aura zeSa anila aura anala arthAt vAyu aura agni hai| 14 isa prakAra pA~ca prakAra ke ekendriya jIvoM meM kundakunda ne kevala pRthvI ap aura vanaspati ina tIna ko hI sthAvara mAnA thA, zeSa ko ve usa mAnate the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kundakunda kA dRSTikoNa bhI tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara mAnya pATha tatvArthabhASya aura prAcIna Agama uttarAdhyayana ke samAna hI hai| yadyapi gAyA kramAMka 110 meM unhoMne pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati kA jisa krama se vivaraNa diyA aura vanaspati kA jisa krama se vivaraNa diyA hai vaha trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA se na hokara ekendriya evaM dvIndriya Adi ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hai| yaha gAyA uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 26 veM adhyAya kI gAthA ke samAna hai-- tulanA ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAya aura uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM prastuta haiM. puDhavI AukkAe, teUvAU vaNassaitasANa / paDilehaNApamatto chaNhaM pi virAhao hoi / / -uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 30 puDhavI ya udagamagaNI vAuvaNapphadi jIvasaMsidAkAyA / deti khalu moha bahulaM phArsa bahugA vi te tesiM // / - paMcAstikAya 110 usa sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ke aitihAsika krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki sarvaprathama AcArAMga meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vanaspati ina cAra ko sthAvara aura vAyukAya evaM usakAya ina do ko trasa mAnA gayA hogaa| usake pazcAt uttarAdhyayana meM pRthvI, jala aura vanaspati ina tIna ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dvIndriyAdi ko trasa mAnA gayA hai| agni jo AcArAMga meM sthAvara varga meM thI, vaha uttarAdhyayana meM usa varga meM mAna lI gaI vAyu meM to spaSTa rUpa -uttarAdhyayana, 36/68, 69, 107 se gatizalatA thI, kintu agni meM gatizIlatA utanI spaSTa nahIM thii| ataH AcArAMga meM mAtra vAyu ko hI trasa (gatizIla) mAnA gayA thaa| kintu agni kI jvalana prakriyA meM jo kramika gati dekhI jAtI hai, usake AdhAra para agni ko isa (gatizIla) mAnane kA vicAra AyA aura uttarAdhyayana meM vAyu ke sAtha-sAtha agni ko bhI trasa mAnA gyaa| uttarAdhyayana kI agni aura vAyu kI trasa mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI puSTi umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtramUla, usake svopajJa bhASya tathA kundakunda paMcAstikAya meM bhI kI gaI hai| digambara paramparA kI sthAvaroM aura trasa ke vargIkaraNa kI avadhAraNA se alaga haTakara kundakunda dvArA uttarAdhyayana aura tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara pATha kI puSTi isa tathya ko hI siddha tasA ya dhAvarA ceya, thAvarA tivihA tahiM / puDhavI AujIvA ya, taheva ya vaNassaI / / tekavAU ca boddhavvA urAlA tasA tahA / ti thAvarataNujogA aNilANala kAiyA ya tesu tasA / maNapariNAma virahidA jIvA eiMdiyA NeyA / / - paMcAstikAya 111 SaTkhaNDAgama digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI isa carcA ko tIna sthaloM para uThAyA gayA hai-- sarvaprathama satparUpaNA anuyogadvAra (1/1/39) kI TIkA meM, isa prakAra sthAvara kI naI vyAkhyA ke dvArA dhavalAkAra ne na kevala pRthvI, ap, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati ina pA~coM ko sthAvara mAnane kI sarvasAmAnya avadhAraNA kI puSTi kI, apitu una avadhAraNAoM kA saMketa aura khaNDana bhI kara diyA jo gatizIlatA ke kAraNa vAyu, agni Adi ko sthAvara na mAnakara trasa mAna rahI thii| isa prakAra usane donoM dhAraNAoM meM samanvaya kiyA hai| 15

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129 SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA karatI hai ki kucha Agamika mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM kundakunda zvetAmbara saMgati baiThAI gaI aura kahA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana Adi prAcIna AgamoM kI mAnyatAoM ke adhika agni sthAvara hai, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM usa kahA gayA hai| nikaTa haiN| digambara paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ eka ora uttarAdhyayana, umAsvAti gayA ki vAyu evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI ke tattvArthasUtra evaM kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se SaTjIvanikAya gatizIlatA na hokara unakA sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai| digambara meM pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati- ye tIna sthAvara aura agni, paramparA meM hI kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne vAyu aura trasa (dvIndriyAdi)- ye tIna trasa hai, aisA spaSTa ullekha hai| yaha samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyaa| ve likhate vahIM dUsarI aura uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, umAsvAti kI prazamarati haiM- pRthvI, ap aura vanaspati-ye tIna sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya evaM kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya jaise prAcIna granthoM meM bhI kucha sthaloM para se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM, kintu vAyu aura agni paMcasthAvara meM vargIkRta pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati- ina ekendriya jIvoM ke eka kiye jAte hue bhI calana kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se trasa kahe sAtha ullekha ke pazcAt trasa kA ullekha milatA hai| unakA trasa ke pUrva jAte haiN|16 / sAtha-sAtha ullekha hI Age calakara sabhI ekendriyoM ko sthAvara mAnane isa prakAra labdhi aura gatizIlatA, sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya kI avadhAraNA kA AdhAra banA hai, kyoMki dvIndriya Adi ke liye to yA nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para prAcIna Agamika vacanoM aura spaSTa rUpa se trasa nAma pracalita thaa| jaba dvIndriyAdi trasa kahe hI jAte paravartI sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI avadhAraNA ke madhya the to unake pUrva ullekhita sabhI ekendriya sthAvara haiM- yaha mAnA samanvaya sthApita kiyA gyaa| jAne lagA aura phira inake sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra inakA avasthita rahane kA svabhAva nahIM mAnakara sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya mAnA gyaa| sandarbha kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prAcIna AgamoM meM inakA eka 1. Neva sarya chajjIvaNikAya satyaM samAraMbhejjA- AyAro (lADanUM)1/ sAtha ullekha inake ekendriya varga ke antargata hone ke kAraNa kiyA 7/176. gayA hai, na ki sthAvara hone ke kaarnn| prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca 2. chajjIvaNikAyasuddhaniratA- isibhAsiyAI, 25/2 ekendriya jIvoM kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha hai vahA~ use trasa aura sthAvara kA 3. chajjIvakAye- uttarAdhyayana, 12/41 vargIkaraNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai- anyathA eka hI Agama meM 4. chahaM jIvanikAyANaM- dazavaikAlika, 4/9 antarvirodha mAnanA hogA, jo samucita nahIM hai| isa samasyA kA mUla 5. saMti pANA udayanissiyA jIvA annegaa| kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriyAdi jIvoM ko basa nAma se abhihita kiyA ihaM ca khalu bho aNagArANaM udayajIvA viyaahiyaa| AyAro (lADanUM), jAtA thA- ata: yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriyAdi se bhinna sabhI ekendriya 1/54-55 sthAvara hai| isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki 6. AyAro (lADanUM), prathama adhyayana, uddezaka 2-7 paravartIkAla meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana 7. puDhaviM ca AukAyaM teukAyaM ca vAukAyaM c| haA hai tathA Age calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM paNagAI bIya hariyAI tasakAyaM ca savvaso nccaa|| paMcasthAvara kI avadhAraNA dRr3hIbhUta ho gii| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AyAro, 9/1/12 jaba vAyu aura agni ko trasa mAnA jAtA thA, taba dvandriyAdi trasa ke 8. puDhavI AukkAe, teuuvaauuvnnssitsaann| liye udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| pahale gatizIlatA paDilehaNApamatto, chaNhaM pi virAhao hoi|| kI apekSA se trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa hotA thA aura usameM vAyu 9.. saMsAratthA u je jIvA, duvihA te viyaahiyaa| aura agni meM gatizIlatA mAnakara unheM trasa mAnA jAtA thaa| vAyu kI tasA ya thAvarA ceva, thAvarA tivihA thiN|| gatizIlatA spaSTa thI ata: sarvaprathama use trasa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma puDhavI Au jIvA ya taheva ya vnnssii|| avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI IMdhana ke sahAre dhIre-dhIre gati iccee thAvarA tivihA tesiM bhee suNaha me| karatI huI phailatI jAtI hai, ata: use bhI trasa kahA gyaa| jala kI gati teUvAU ya boddhavvA urAlA ya tasA thaa| kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai svata: nahIM, ata: use pRthvI iccee tasA tivihA tesiM bhee suNaha me|| evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gyaa| kintu vAyu aura agni - uttarAdhyayana, 36/68, 69 evaM 107 meM svata: gati hone se unheM usa mAnA gyaa| punaH Age calakara jaba 10. imA khalu sA chajjIvaNiyA NAma ajjhayaNaM... taMjahA 1 dvIndriya Adi ko bhI trasa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM kA sthAvara mAna puDhavikAiyA, 2 AukAiyA, 3 teUkAiyA, 4 vAukAiyA, 5 liyA gayA to- pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati baiThAne kA prazna vaNassaIkAiyA, 6 tskaaiyaa| aayaa| ata: zvetAmbara paramparA meM labdhi aura gati ke AdhAra para yaha - dazavakAlika, 4/3

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130 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 11 (a) sNsaarinnstrssthaavraaH| pRthivyambuvanaspatayaH sthaavraa| tejovAyudvIndriyAdayazca trsaaH| - tattvArthasUtra (bhASyamAnya pATha) 9/12-14 (ba) pRthivyaptejAvAyuvanaspatayaH sthaavraaH| - vahI, sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha 9/12 12. tattvArthasUtra, sarvArthasiddhi TIkA 9/12 13. ti thAvarataNujogA apilANalakAiyA ya tesu tsaa| maNa pariNAma virahidA jIvA eiMdiyA nneyaa|| -111 14 (a) se kiM thAvarA?, tivihA panntA, taMjahA-puDhavikAiyA AukkAiyA vnnssikaaiyaa|| - jIvAbhigama prathama pratipattisUtra 10 (ba) se kiM taM tasA ? tivihA paNNattA, taMjahA - teukkAiyA vAukkAiyA orAlA tasA paannaa|| - vahI, sUtra 22 (sa) gatitraseSvantarbhAvavivakSaNAta, tejovAyUnAM labdhyA sthAvarANAmapi satAM-TIkA (a), jassa kammassudaeNa jIvANaM saMcaraNAsaMcaraNabhAvo hodi taM kammaM tsnnaam| jassa kammassudaeNa jIvANaM thAvarataM hodi taM kammaM thAvaraM nnaam| Au-teu-vAukAiyANaM saMcaraNovalaMbhAdo Na tasattamatthi, tesiM gamaNapariNAmassa paarinnaamiyttaado| - SaTkhaNDAgama 5/5/101, khaNDa 5, bhAga 1,2,3, pustaka 13, pR. 365 (ba). jassa kammassa udaeNa jIvANaM tasattaM hodi, tassa kammassa tasetti saNNAM, kAraNe kjjuvyaaraado| jadi tasaNAmakamamaM Na hojja, to bIiMdiyAdINamabhAvo hojjA Na ca evaM, tesimublbhaa| jassa kammassa udaeNa jIvoM thAvarattaM paDivajjadi tamsa kammassa thaavrsnnnnaa| - SadkhaNDAgama 1/9-1/28, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 6, pR. 61 (sa). ete trsnaamkrmodyvshvrtitH| ke puna: sthAvarAH iti cet? ekendriyAH kathamanuktamavagamyate cetparizeSAta sthAvarakarmaNa: kiM kAryamiti cedekasthAnAvasthApakatvama tejovAyvapkAyikAnAM calanAtmakAnAM tathA satyasthAvaratvaM syAditi cetra, sthAstUnAM prayogatazcalacchitraparNAnAmiva gatiparyAyapariNatasamIraNAvyatiriktazarIratvatasteSAM gamanAvirodhAta - SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalATIkA 1/1/44, pR. 277 16. atha vyavahAreNAgnivAtakAyikAnAM trasatvaM darzayati pRthivyabvanaspatayastrayaH sthAvarakAyagogAtsambandhAtsthAvarA bhaNyaMte analAnilakAyikAH teSu paMca sthAvareSu madhye calana kriyAM dRSTvA vyavahAreNa trsaabhnnyte| - paMcAstikAya: jayasenAcAryakRta tAtparyavRttiH, gAthA 111 kI TIkA jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu pudgala ko bhI astikAya dravya mAnA gayA hai| yaha mUrta aura jAtA hai| paravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne to pudgala zabda kA prayoga spaSTata: acetana dravya hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa zabda, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi bhautika tattva ke lie hI kiyA hai, aura use hI dRzya jagat kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta jaina AcAryoM ne halkApana, bhArIpana, mAnA hai| kyoMki jaina darzana meM pudgala hI aisA tattva hai, jise mUrta yA prakAza, aMdhakAra, chAyA, Atapa, zabda, bandha-sAmarthya, sUkSmatva, sthUlatva, indriyoM kI anubhUti kA viSaya kahA gayA hai| vastuta: pudagala ke saMsthAna, bheda, Adi ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa mAnA hai (uttarAdhyayana uparokta guNa hI use hamArI indriyoM ke anubhUti kA viSaya banAte hai| 28/127 evaM tattvArtha 5/23-24) / jahA~ dharma, adharma aura AkAza yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai jaina darzana meM prANIya zarIra yahA~ taka eka dravya mAne gaye haiM vahA~ pudgala aneka dravya hai| jaina AcAryoM ne pRthvI, jala, agni aura vanaspati kA zarIra rUpa dRzya svarUpa bhI pudgala pratyeka paramANu ko eka svatantra dravya yA ikAI mAnA hai| vastuta: pudgala kI hI nirmiti hai| vizva meM jo kucha bhI mUrtimAna yA indriya-anubhUti dravya samasta dRzya jagat kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka haiN| kA viSaya hai, vaha saba pudgala kA khela hai| isa sambandha meM vizeSa dhyAna jJAtavya hai ki bauddhadarzana meM aura bhagavatI jaise AgamoM ke dene yogya tathya yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina darzana meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura prAcIna aMzoM meM pudgala zabda kA prayoga jIva yA cetana tattva ke lie bhI vAyu- ina cAroM ko zarIra apekSA pudgala rUpa mAnane ke kAraNa inameM huA hai, kintu ise paudgalika zarIra kI apekSA se hI jAnanA caahie| sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa- ye cAroM guNa mAne gaye hai| jabaki vaizeSika yadyapi bauddha paramparA meM to pudgala-prajJapti (puggala paJcati) nAmaka eka Adi darzana mAtra pRthvI ko hI uparyukta cAroM guNoM se yukta mAnate haiM ve grantha hI hai, jo jIva ke prakAroM Adi kI carcA karatA hai| phira bhI jIvoM jala ko gandha rahita triguNa, teja ko gandha aura rasa rahita mAtra dviguNa ke lie pudgala zabda kA prayoga mukhyata: zarIra kI apekSA se hI dekhA aura vAyu ko mAtra eka sparzaguNa vAlA mAnate haiN| yahA~ eka vizeSa tathya

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yaha bhI hai jahA~ anya dArzanikoM ne zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnA hai, vahA~ jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda ko pudgala kA hI guNa mAnA hai| unake anusAra AkAza kA guNa to mAtra avagAha arthAt sthAna denA hai| yaha dRzya jagat puTrala ke hI vibhinna saMyogoM kA vistAra haiM aneka pudgala paramANu milakara skaMdha kI racanA karate haiM aura skaMdhoM se hI milakara dRzya jagat kI sabhI vastuyeM nirmita hotI haiM navIna skaMdhoM ke nirmANa aura pUrva nirmita skandhoM ke saMgaThana aura vighaTana ko prakriyA ke mAdhyama se hI dRzya jagat meM parivartana ghaTita hote haiM aura vibhinna vastue~ aura padArtha astitva meM Ate haiN| jainadarzana meM pula aura paramANu jaina AcAryoM ne pudrala ko skaMdha aura paramANu ina do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| vibhinna paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI skaMdha banatA haiM phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki pugala dravya kA aMtima ghaTaka to paramANu hI hai usameM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gaMdha aura zIta-uSNa yA snigdha-rukSa meM se koI do sparzaM pAye jAte hai| jaina AgamoM meM varNa pA~ca mAne gaye haiM- lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kAlA; gaMdha do haiM-sugandha aura durgandha; rasa pA~ca hai tikta, kaTu, kasailA, khaTTA aura mIThA aura isI prakAra sparza ATha mAne gaye haiM- zIta aura uSNa, snigdha aura rukSa, mRdu aura karkaza tathA halkA aura bhArI / isa prakAra jainadarzana meM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza guNoM ke bIca bheda mAne gaye hai| punaH jaina darzana inameM pratyeka meM bhI unakI taratamatA (DigrI yA mAtrA) ke AdhAra para bheda karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM varNa meM lAla, kAlA Adi varNa hai kintu inameM bhI lAlimA aura kAlimA ke halke, teja Adi aneka stara dekhe jAte hai| lAla varNa eka guNa (DigrI) lAla se lagAkara saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura anantaguNa lAla ho sakatA hai| yahI sthiti kAle Adi anya vargoM kI bhI hogii| isI prakAra rasa meM khaTTA, mIThA Adi rasa bhI eka hI prakAra ke nahIM hote hai, unameM bhI taratamatA hotI hai| mIThAsa, khaTAsa yA sugandha-durgandha Adi ke anekAneka stara hai| yahI sthiti uSNa Adi sparzo kI hai, jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra uSmA bhI ekaguNa (eka DigrI) se lekara saMkhyAt asaMkhyAt yA ananta guNa (DigrI) kI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza meM pratyeka ke na kevala avAntara bheda kiye hai, apitu taratamatA yA DigrI ke AdhAra para ananta bheda mAne haiN| unakA yaha dRSTikoNa Aja bhI vijJAna sammata hai| - 131 - vAdyoM kA zabda; 4. ghana - jhAlara, ghaMTa Adi kA zabda 5. zaSira - phU~kakara bajAye jAnevAle zaMkha, bA~surI Adi kA zabda aura 6. saMgharSado vastuoM ke gharSaNa se utpanna kiyA gayA shbd| isa prakAra paraspara AzleSa rUpa bandha ke bhI prAyogika aura vaistrasika- ye do bheda haiN| jIva aura zarIra kA bandha tathA lAkha Adi se jor3akara banAI gaI vastuoM kA bandha prayatnasApekSa hone se prAyogika bandha hai| bijalI, megha, indradhanuSa Adi kA bandha prayatna-nirapekSa paudralika saMzleSa vaikhasika bandha hai| sUkSmatva aura sthUlatva ke bhI antya tathA ApekSika hone se ve do-do bheda haiM jo sUkSmatva tathA sthUlatva donoM eka hI vastu meM apekSA bheda se ghaTita na hoM, ve antya kahe jAte hai aura jo ghaTita ho ye ApekSika kahe jAte haiN| paramANuoM kA sUkSmatva aura jagat-vyApI mahAskandha kA sthUlatva antya hai, kyoMki anya pudgala kI apekSA paramANuoM meM sthUlatva aura mahAskandha meM sUkSmatva ghaTita nahIM hotaa| dvayaNuka Adi madhyavartI skandhoM ke sthUlatva va sthUlatva donoM ApekSika haiM, jaise A~vale kA sUkSmatva aura bilva kA sthUlatva hai sApekSika, A~valA bilva kI apekSA choTA hai, ataH sUkSma hai aura bilya A~vale kI apekSA bar3A hai, ataH sthUla hai| parantu vahI A~valA bera kI apekSAsthUla hai aura vahI bilva kuSmANDa kI apekSA sUkSma hai prakAra jaise ApekSika hone se eka hI vastu meM sUkSmatva-sthUlatva donoM viruddha guNa-dharma hote haiM, kintu antya sUkSmatva aura sthUlatva eka vastu meM ka hI sAtha nahIM hote haiN| saMsthAna ityaMtva aura anitthatva do prakAra kA hai| jisa AkAra kI kisI ke sAtha tulanA kI jA sake vaha itthaMtvarUpa hai aura jisakI tulanA na kI jA sake vaha anityatvarUpa hai| megha Adi kA saMsthAna ( racanA - vizeSa) anitthaMtvarUpa hai, kyoMki aniyata hone se kisI eka prakAra se usakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jabaki anya padArthoM kA saMsthAna itthaMtvarUpa hai, jaise geMda, siMghAr3A Adi / gola, trikoNa, catuSkoNa, dIrgha, pArimaNDala ( valayAkAra ) Adi rUpa meM ityaMtva rUpa saMsthAna ke aneka bheda haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM kA eka viziSTa prakAra kA pariNAma hai| nimitta bheda se usake aneka bheda mAne jAte haiN| jo zabda jIva ke prayatna se utpanna hotA hai yaha prAyogika hai aura jo kisI ke prayatna ke binA hI utpanna hotA hai vaikhasika hai, jaise bAdaloM kA garjana / prAyogika zabda ke mukhyata: nimna chaha prakAra hai- kA virodhI eka pariNAma- vizeSa hai| 1. bhASA - manuSya Adi kI vyakta aura pazu, pakSI Adi kI avyakta aisI anekavidha bhASAe~; 2. tata - camar3e se lapeTe hue vAdyoM arthAt mRdaMga, paTaha Adi kA zabda 3. vitata tAravAle vINA, sAraMgI Adi skandharUpa meM pariNata puTralapiNDa kA vizleSa (vibhAga) honA bheda hai| isake pA~ca prakAra haiM- 1. autkarika-cIre yA khode jAne para hone vAlA lakar3I, patthara Adi ke bar3e TukaNDe 2. caurNika-kaNa-kaNa rUpa meM cUrNa ho jAnA, jaise gehUM, jau Adi kA ATA 3 khaNDa-Tukar3e-Tukar3e hokara TUTa jAnA, jaise ghar3e ke kapAlAdi; 4. pratara parateM yaha taheM nikalanA, jaise bhojapatra Adi; 5. anutaTa chAla nikalanA, jaise bA~sa, Ikha Adi / tama arthAt andhakAra dekhane meM rukAvaTa DAlanevAlA, prakAza chAyA prakAza ke Upara AvaraNa A jAne se hotI hai| isake do prakAra haiM-darpaNa Adi svaccha padArthoM meM par3anevAlA mukhAdi kA pratibimba, jyoM-kA-tyoM dikhAI detA hai aura anya asvaccha vastuoM .

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132 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 para par3anevAlI parachAI pratibimbarUpa chAyA hai| sUrya Adi kA uSNa skaMdha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA prakAza Atapa aura candra, maNi, khadyota Adi kA anuSNa (zItala) skaMdha kI racanA do prakAra se hotI hai- eka ora bar3e-bar3e prakAza udyota hai| skaMdhoM ke TUTane se yA choTe-choTe skaMdhoM ke saMyoga se navIna skaMdha sparza, varNa gandha, rasa, zabda Adi sabhI paryAyeM pudgala ke kArya banate haiM to dUsarI ora paramANuoM meM nihita svAbhAvika snigdhatA aura hone se paudgalika mAnI jAtI haiN| (tattvArthasUtra paM0 sukhalAla jI pR0129- rukSatA ke kAraNa paraspara baMdha hotA hai, jisase bhI skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI 30) / hai| isalie yaha kahA gayA hai ki saMghAta aura bheda se skaMdha kI racanA jJAtavya hai ki paramANuoM meM mRdu, karkaza, halkA aura bhArI hotI hai (saMghAtabhedebhya:utpadyante -tattvArtha 5/26) / saMghAta kA tAtparya cAra sparza nahIM hAte haiN| ye cAra sparza tabhI saMbhava hote haiM jaba paramANuoM ekatrita honA aura bheda kA tAtparya TUTanA hai| kisa prakAra ke paramANuoM se skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI hai aura tabhI unameM mRdu, kaThora, halke aura ke paraspara milane se skaMdha Adi kI racanA hotI hai- 'isa prazna para bhI bhArI guNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiN| paramANu eka pradezI hotA hai jabaki jainAcAryoM ne vistRta carcA kI hai| skaMdha meM do yA do se adhika asaMkhya pradeza bhI ho sakate haiN| skaMdha, paugalika skandha kI utpatti mAtra usake avayavabhUta paramANuoM skaMdha-deza, skaMdha-pradeza aura paramANu ye cAra pudgala dravya ke vibhAga haiN| ke pArasparika saMyoga se nahIM hotI hai| isake lie unakI kucha viziSTa inameM paramANu niravayava hai| Agama meM use Adi, madhya aura anta se yogyatAeM bhI apekSita hotI hai| pArasparika saMyoga ke lie unameM snigdhatva rahita batAyA gayA hai jabaki skaMdha meM Adi aura anta hote haiN| na (cikanApana), rUkSatva (rUkhApana) Adi guNoM kA honA bhI Avazyaka hai| kevala bhautika vastue~ apitu zarIra, indriyA~ aura mana bhI skaMdhoM kA hI jaba snigdha aura rUkSa paramANu yA skandha Apasa meM milate haiM taba unakA khela haiN| bandha (ekatvapariNama ) hotA hai, isI bandha se vyaNuka Adi skandha banate haiN| skaMdhoM ke prakAra snigdha aura rUkSa paramANuoM yA skandhoM kA saMyoga sadRza jaina darzana meM skaMdha ke nimna 6 prakAra mAne gaye haiM- aura visadRza do prakAra kA hotA hai| snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha aura 1. sthUla-sthUla isa varga ke antargata vizva ke samasta Thosa rUkSa kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha sadRza bandha hai| snigdha kA rUkSa ke sAtha padArtha Ate haiN| isa varga ke skaMdhoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve chinna-bhinna bandha visadRza bandha hai| hone para milane meM asamartha hote haiM, jaise-ptthr| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra jina paramANuoM meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva 2. sthUla-jo skaMdha chinna-bhinna hone para svayaM Apasa meM kA aMza jaghanya arthAt nyUnatama ho una jaghanya guNa (DigrI) vAle mila jAte haiM ve sthUla skaMdha kahe jAte hai| isake antargata vizva ke tarala paramANuoM kA pArasparika bandha nahIM hotA hai| isa se yaha bhI phalita dravya Ate haiM, jaise-pAnI, tela aadi| hotA hai ki madhyama aura utkRSTasaMkhyaka aMzoMvAle snigdha evaM rUkSa sabhI 3. sthUla-sUkSma-jo pudgala skaMndha chinna-bhinna nahIM kiye jA paramANuoM yA skandhoM kA pArasparika bandha ho sakatA hai| parantu isameM bhI sakate hoM athavA jinakA grahaNa yA lAnA le jAnA saMbhava nahIM ho kintu apavAda hai tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra samAna aMzoMvAle snigdha tathA rUkSa jo cakSu indriya ke anubhUti ke viSaya hoM ve sthUla-sUkSma yA bAdara-sUkSma paramANuoM kA skandha nahIM bntaa| isa niSedha kA phalita artha yaha bhI hai kahe jAte haiM, jaise-prakAza, chAyA, andhakAra aadi| ki asamAna guNavAle sadRza avayavI skandhoM kA bandha hotA hai| isa 4. sakSma-sthUla- jo viSaya dikhAI nahIM dete haiM kintu phalita artha kA saMkoca karake tattvArthasUtra (5/35) meM sadRza asamAna hamArI aindrika anubhUti ke viSaya banate haiM, jaise- sugandha, zabda aadi| aMzoM kI bandhopayogI maryAdA niyata kI gaI hai| tadanusAra asamAna Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi se vidyut dhArA kA pravAha aura adRzya kintu aMzavAle sadRza avayavoM meM bhI jaba eka avayava kA snigdhatva yA anubhUta gaisa bhI isa varga ke antargata AtI haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne dhvani, rUkSatva do aMza, tIna aMza, cAra aMza Adi adhika ho tabhI una do taraMga Adi ko bhI isI varga ke antargata mAnA hai| vartamAna yuga meM sadRza avayavoM kA bandha hotA hai| isalie yadi eka avayava ke ilekTraoNnika mAdhyamoM dvArA citra Adi kA sampreSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kI apekSA dUsare avayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva bhI hama isI varga ke arntagata rakha sakate haiN| kevala eka aMza adhika ho to bhI una do sadRza avayavoM kA bandha nahIM 5. sUkSma- jo skaMdha indriyoM ke dvArA grahaNa nahIM kiye jA hotA hai| unameM kama se kama do yA do se adhika guNoM kA aMtara honA sakate hoM ve isa varga ke antargata Ate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne karmavargaNA, jo caahiye| paM. sukhalAla jI likhate haijIvoM ke baMdhana kA kAraNa hai, manovargaNA bhASAvargaNA Adi ko isI varga zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM bandha sambandhI meM mAnA hai| prastuta tInoM sUtroM meM pAThabheda nahIM hai, para arthabheda avazya hai| arthabheda 6. ati sUkSma- dvayaNuka Adi atyanta choTa skaMdha ati kI dRSTi se ye tIna bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haisUkSma mAne gaye haiN| 1. jaghanyaguNa paramANu eka aMzavAlA ho, taba bandha kA

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FEEn jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu honA yA na honA, 2. 'Adi' pada se tIna Adi aMza lie jAya yA 4. jaghanya+tryAdi adhika - nahIM nahIM, aura 3. bandhavidhAna kevala sadRza avayavoM ke lie mAnA jAya 5. jaghanyetara+sama jaghanyetara athavA nhiiN| 6. jaghanyetara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara isa sambandha meM paMDita jI Age likhate haiM 7. jaghanyetara+vyadhika jaghanyetara 1. tattvArthabhASya aura siddhasenagaNi kI usakI vRtti ke 8. jaghanyatera+tryAdi adhika jaghanyetara nahIM nahIM anusAra donoM paramANu jaba jaghanya guNavAle hoM tabhI unake bandha kA isa bandha-vidhAna ko spaSTa karate hue apanI tattvArthasUtra kI niSedha hai, arthAt eka paramANu jaghanyaguNa ho aura dUsarA jaghanyaguNa na vyAkhyA meM paM. sukhalAlajI likhate hai ki snigdhatva aura rUkSatva donoM ho tabhI unakA bandha hotA hai| parantu sarvArthasiddhi Adi sabhI digambara sparza-vizeSa haiN| ye apanI-apanI jAti kI apekSA eka-eka rUpa hone vyAkhyAoM ke anusAra eka jaghanyaguNa paramANu kA dUsare ajaghanyaguNa para bhI pariNamana kI taratamatA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| paramANu ke sAtha bhI bandha nahIM hotaa| taratamatA yahA~ taka hotI hai ki nikRSTa snigdhatva aura nikRSTa rUkSatva 2. tattvArthabhASya aura usakI vRtti ke anusAra sUtra 35 ke tathA utkRSTa snigdhatva aura utkRSTa rUkSatva ke bIca anantAnanta aMzoM 'Adi' pada kA tIna Adi aMza artha liyA jAtA hai| ataeva usameM kA antara rahatA hai, jaise bakarI aura U~TanI ke dUdha ke snigdhatva meN| kisI eka paramANu se dUsare paramANu meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva ke aMza snigdhatva donoM meM hI hotA hai parantu eka meM atyalpa hotA hai aura dUsare do, tIna, cAra tathA bar3hate-bar3hate saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta ananta adhika meM atydhik| taratamatAvAle snigdhatva aura rUkSatva pariNAmoM meM jo hone para bhI bandha mAnA jAtA hai; kevala eka aMza adhika hone para hI pariNAma sabase nikRSTa arthAt avibhAjya ho use jaghanya aMza kahate haiN| bandha nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| parantu sabhI digambara vyAkhyAoM ke anuspara jaghanya ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jaghanyetara kahe jAte haiN| jaghanyetara meM kevala do aMza adhika hone para hI bandha mAnA jAtA hai, arthAt eka madhyama aura utkRSTa saMkhyA A jAtI hai| sabase adhika snigdhatva aMza kI taraha tIna, cAra saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta, ananta aMza adhika hone pariNAma utkRSTa hai aura jaghanya tathA utkRSTa ke bIca ke sabhI pariNAma para bandha nahIM mAnA jaataa| madhyama haiN| jaghanya snigdhatva kI apekSA utkRSTa snigdhatva anantAnanta 3. bhASya aura vRtti ke anusAra do, tIna Adi aMzoM ke gunA adhika hone se yadi jaghanya snigdhatva ko eka aMza kahA jAya to adhika hone para bandha kA vidhAna sadRza avayavoM para hI lAgU hotA utkRSTa snigdhatva ko anantAnanta aMzaparimita mAnanA caahie| do, tIna hai,visadRza para nhiiN| parantu digambara vyAkhyAoM meM vaha vidhAna sadRza yAvat saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta se eka kama utkRSTa taka ke kI bhA~ti visadRza paramANuoM ke bandha para bhI lAgU hotA hai| sabhI aMza madhyama haiN| isa arthabheda ke kAraNa donoM paramparAoM meM bandha viSayaka jo yahA~ sadRza kA artha hai snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha yA rUkSa vidhi-niSedha phalita hotA hai vaha isa prakAra hai kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha honA aura visadRza kA artha hai snigdha kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha honaa| eka aMza jaghanya hai aura usase eka adhika arthAt bhASya-vRttyanusAra do aMza ekAdhika haiN| do aMza adhika hoM taba vyadhika aura tIna aMza guNa-aMza sadRza visadRza adhika hoM taba tryaadhik| isI taraha cAra aMza adhika hone para caturadhika 1. jaghanya jaghanya yAvat anantAnanta-adhika kahalAtA hai| sama arthAt donoM ora aMzoM jaghanya ekAdhika kI saMkhyA samAna ho taba vaha sama hai| do aMza jaghanyetara kA sama jaghanya vyadhika jaghanyetara do aMza haiM, do aMza jaghanyetara kA ekAdhika jaghanyetara tIna 4. jaghanya+tryAdi adhika hai aMza haiM, do aMza jaghanyetara kA vyadhika jaghanyetara cAra aMza haiM, do 5. jaghanyetara+sama jaghanyetara aMza jaghanyetara kA vyAdhika jaghanyetara pA~ca aMza haiM aura caturadhika 6. jaghanyetara ekAdhika jaghanyetara jadhanyetara cha: aMza haiN| isI prakAra tIna Adi se anantAMza jaghanyetara 7. jaghanyetara+vyadhika jaghanyetara taka ke sama, ekAdhika, vyadhika aura vyAdi jaghanyetara hote haiN| 8. jaghanyetara+tryAdi adhika jaghanyetara yahA~ yaha bhI bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki samAMza sthala meM sadRza bandha to hotA hI nahIM, visadRza hotA hai, jaise do aMza snigdha sarvArthasiddhi Adi digambara vyAkhyA-granyAM ke anusAra kA do aMza rUkSa ke sAtha yA tIna aMza snigdha kA tIna aMza rUkSa ke sadaza visadRza saath| aise sthala meM koI eka sama dUsare sama ko apane rUpa meM pariNata 1. jaghanya jaghanya nahIM kara letA hai arthAt dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke anusAra kabhI snigdhatva jaghanya ekAdhika nahIM nahIM rUkSatva ko snigdhatva meM badala detA hai aura kabhI rUkSatva snigdhatva ko 3. jaghanya+vyadhika rUkSatva meM badala detA hai| parantu adhikAzaM sthala meM adhikAMza hI 000 Tone me guNa-aMza nahIM

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134 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hInAMza ko apane svarUpa meM badala sakatA hai, jaise paMcAMza snigdhatva tIna kintu yaha bheda kI prakriyA taba taka honI cAhie jaba pudgala skaMdha eka aMza snigdhatva ko apane rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai arthAt tIna aMza pradezI aMtima ikAI ke rupa meM avibhAjya na ho jaaye| yaha avibhAjya snigdhatva bhI pA~ca aMza snigdhatva ke sambandha se pA~ca aMza pariNata ho paramANu kisI bhI iMdriya yA aNuvIkSaNa yaMtrAdi se bhI grAhya (dRSTigocara) jAtA hai| isI prakAra pA~ca aMza snigdhatva tIna aMza rUkSatva ko bhI sva- nahIM hotA hai| jaina darzana meM ise kevala sarvajJa ke jJAna kA viSaya mAnA svarUpa meM milA letA hai arthAt rUkSatva snigdhatva meM badala jAtA hai| gayA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi karate hue prophesara jAna pille likhate hai:rUkSatva adhika ho to vaha apane se kama snigdhatva ko apane rUpa kA vaijJAnika pahale aNu ko hI pudgala kA sabase choTA, abhedya aMza mAnate banA letA hai| mere vicAra meM yahA~ yaha bhI sambhava hai ki donoM ke milana the, parantu jaba usake bhI vibhAga hone lage, to unhoMne apanI dhAraNA se aMzo kI apekSa koI tIsarI avasthA bhI bana sakatI hai| badala dI aura aNu ko mAlIkyUla arthAt sUkSma skandha nAma diyA tathA paramANu ko eTama nAma diyaa| kintu aba to paramANu ke bhI nyUTrAna, jaina darzana meM paramANu proTAna aura ilekTrAna jaise bheda kara diye gaye haiM, jisase siddha hotA hai jaina darzana meM paramANu ko pudgala kA sabase choTA avibhAgI ki Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kA paramANu avibhAgI nahIM hai| jaina darzana to aMza mAnA gayA hai| yathA 'jaMdavvaM avibhAgI taM paramANu viyANehi'2 aise paramANu ko bhI sUkSma skandha hI kahatA hai| pudgala ke samAna paramANu arthAt jo dravya avibhAgI hai usako nizcaya se paramANu jaano| isI meM bhI varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza ke guNa mAne gaye hai phira bhI yaha jJAtavya taraha kI paribhASA DemokriTasa ne bhI dI hai jisakA ullekha pUrva meM hai ki pratyeka paramANu meM koI eka varNa, eka gaMdha, eka rasa aura mAtra kara Aye haiN| paramANu kA lakSaNa spaSTa karate hue AcArya kundakunda do sparza zIta aura uSNa meM koI eka tathA snigdha aura rUkSa meM se koI likhate haiM eka-pAye jAte hai| aMtAdi aMtamajjhaM aMtaMtaM Neva iMdie gejhN| jainAcAryoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne zabda, aMdhakAra, jaM avibhAgI davvaM taM paramANuM psNsNti|| prakAza, chAyA, garmI Adi ko pudgala dravya kA hI paryAya mAnA hai| isa -niyamasAra 29 dRSTi se jaina darzana kA pudgala vicAra Adhunika vijJAna ke bahuta adhika ___ arthAt paramANu kA vahI Adi, vahI aMta tathA vahI madhya nikaTa hai| hotA hai| vaha iMdriyagrAhya nahIM hotaa| vaha sarvathA avibhAgI hai-usake jaina darzana kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAyeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM taka Tukar3e nahIM kiye jA skte| aise avibhAgI dravya ko paramANu kahate avaijJAnika va pUrNata: kAlpanika lagatI thIM, kintu Aja vijJAna se haiN| paramANu sat hai ataH avinAzI hai| sAtha hI utpAda vyaya dharmA pramANita ho rahI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prakAza, andhakAra, tApa, chAyA arthAt rAsAyanika svabhAva vAlA bhI hai| isa tathya ko vaijJAnikoM ne bhI zabda Adi paudgalika haiM jaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa mAnA hai| ve bhI paramANu ko rAsAyanika parivartana kriyA meM bhAga lene nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgagalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina yogya pariNamanazIla mAnate haiN| paramANu jaba akelA-asambaddha hotA hai AgamoM kA yaha kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha taba usameM pratikSaNa svAbhAvAnukUla paryAyeM yA avasthAeM hotI rahatI haiM dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai, isa tathya tathA jaba vaha anya paramANu se sambaddha hokara skaMdha kI dazA rUpa meM ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA, kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika hotA hai taba usameM vibhAva yA svabhAvetara paryAyeM bhI dravita hotI rahatI khojoM ne aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccarita haiN| isI kAraNa hI use dravya kahA jAtA hai| dravya kA vyutpatti sabhya hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe artha yahI hai ki jo dravita arthAt parivartita ho| paramANu bhI isakA atyanta sUkSma rUpa meM kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI yaha apavAda nahIM hai| avadhAraNA ki avadhijJAnI carma-cakSu ke dvArA gRhIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara letA hai- kucha varSoM pUrva taka kapolakalpanA paramANu kI utpattiH hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja jaba TelIvijana kA AviSkAra ho cukA hai, yahAM paramANu kI utpatti kA tAtparya usakA astitva meM Ane yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA se nahIM, kyoMki paramANu sat svarUpa hai| sat kI na to utpatti hotI hai hotI hai usI prakAra se pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAza-kiraNeM parAvartita aura naash| sat to sadAkAla anAdi- anaMta astitva vAlA hotA hai, hotI haiM aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI haiM ata: paramANu kA astitva bhI anAdi-anaMta hai, ata: vaha avinAzI tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI hai| Aja hai| yahAM paramANu kI utpatti kA tAtparya mile hue paramANuoM ke samUha se yadi mAnava mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa rUpa skaMdhoM se vikhaNDita hokara paramANu ke AvirbhAva haiN| vastutaH karane kA sAmarthya vikasita ho jAye, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke paramANuoM se skandha aura skandha se paramANu arvibhUta hote rahate hai| hastAmalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra 'bhedAdaNuH' arthAt bheda se aNu pragaTa hotA hai, prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNeM parAvartita ho rahI haiM, ve to hama

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jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu 135 sabake pAsa pahu~ca hI rahI haiN| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNa aura antima ghaTaka, hai, vahI kvArka hai| Aja bhI kvArka ko vyAkhyAyita zakti vikasita ho jAya to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho pAye haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna jaina avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane bhI bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAna sammata siddha ho cukA hai meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka huA hai ki usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina athavA jisake vijJAna sammata siddha hone kI sambhAvanA abhI pUrNataH tattva-mImAMsA meM eka ora yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala paramANu nirasta nahIM huI hai| jitanI jagaha gheratA hai- vaha eka AkAza pradeza kahalAtA hai, dUsare zabdoM aneka Agama vacana yA sUtra aise haiM, jo kala taka avaijJAnika . meM eka AkAza pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai, kintu dUsarI pratIta hote the, ve Aja vaijJAnika siddha ho rahe haiN| mAtra itanA nahIM, ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM ananta ina sUtroM kI vaijJAnika jJAna ke prakAza meM jo vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha pudgala paramANu samA sakate haiN| isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM paramANuoM ke pAsa nahIM thaa| lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha pArasparika bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAne hetu aise Thosa dravya haiM jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga 8 sau Tana tattvArthasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA eka sUtra hai- snigdharUkSatvAt bndhH| hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, isameM snigdha aura rukSa paramANuoM ke eka-dUsare se jur3akara skandha ve vastuta: kitane pole haiN| ataH sUkSma avagAhana zakti ke kAraNa yaha banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho kahakara hI kI jAtI thI ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rukSa (kharadure) jaayeN| paramANuoM meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika dRSTi jaina darzana kA paramANuvAda Adhunika vijJAna ke kitanA nikaTa se vyAkhyA hogI to snigdha arthAt dhanAtmaka vidyut se Avezita evaM hai| isakA vistRta vivaraNa zrI uttama canda jaina ne apane lekha 'jaina darzana rukSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyut se Avezita sUkSma-kaNa, jaina darzana kA tAttvika pakSa paramANuvAda' meM diyA hai| hama yahA~ unake mantavya kA kI bhASA meM paramANu, paraspara milakara skandha (Molecule) kA kucha aMza AMzika parivartana ke sAtha uddhRta kara rahe haiMnirmANa karate haiN| isa prakAra to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAna sammata pratIta hotA hai| pro0 jI0 Ara0 jaina ne apanI pustaka jaina paramANuvAda aura Adhunika vijJAna Cosmology Old and New meM isa sambandha meM vistAra se vivecana jaina darzana kI paramANuvAda para AdhArita nimna ghoSaNAeM Adhunika kiyA hai aura isa sUtra kI vaijJAnikatA ko siddha kiyA hai| vijJAna ke parIkSaNoM dvArA satya sAbita ho cukI hai jahA~ taka bhautika tattva ke astitva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai 1. paramANuoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke yaugika, unakA vikhaNDana vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai| paramANu yA evaM saMlayana, visaraNa, unakI baMdha, zakti, sthiti, prabhAva, svabhAva, pudgala kaNoM meM jisa ananta zakti kA nirdeza jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA thA saMkhyA Adi kA atisUkSma vaijJAnika vivecana jaina granthoM meM vistRta rUpa vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahA hai| Adhunika meM upalabdha hai| vaijJAnika isa tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa 2. pAnI svataMtra tattva nahIM apitu pudgala kI hI eka avasthA bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| vaise bhI bhautika hai| yaha vaijJAnika satya hai ki jala yaugika hai| piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA ko lekara vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina vicArakoM 3. zabda AkAza kA guNa nahIM apitu bhASAvargaNA rUpa meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jaataa| paramANuoM ke dvArA skandha skaMdhoM kA avasthAntara hai, isalie yaMtragrAhya hai| (Molecule) kI racanA kA jaina siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI 4. vizva kisI ke dvArA nirmita nahIM, kyoMki sat kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, vaha aba utpatti yA vinAza saMbhava nhiiN| sat kA lakSaNa hI utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya TUTa cukA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vijJAna ne jise paramANu mAna yukta honA hai| pudgala nirmita vizva mithyA evaM asat nahIM hai, sat liyA thA, vaha paramANu thA hI nahIM, vaha to skandha hI thaa| kyoMki jainoM svarUpa hai| kI paramANu kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sake, aisA 5. prakAza-aMdhakAra tathA chAyA ye pudgala kI hI pRthak-pRthak bhautika tattva paramANu hai| isa prakAra Aja hama dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA paryAya haiN| yaMtra grAhya haiN| inake svarUpa kI siddhi Adhunika sinemA, tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai, jabaki jaina darzana kA paramANu phoTogrAphI, kemarA, Adi dvArA ho cukI hai| abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM pAyA hai| vastuta: jaina darzana meM 6. Atapa evaM udyota bhI paramANu evaM skaMdhoM kI hI paryAya jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai, use Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma haiM, saMgrahaNIya haiN| diyA hai aura ve Aja bhI usakI khoja meM lage hue haiN| samakAlIna 7. jIva tathA pudgala ke eka kSetra se dUsare kSetra taka Ane jAne bhautikIvidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama meM sahakArI acetana amUrtika dharma nAmaka dravya hai, jo sarva jagat meM

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 136 vyApta hai| vijJAnavettAoM ne use Ithara nAma diyA hai| 9. jIva aura pudgaloM ko gamana ke uparAnta 'Thaharane meM adharma dravya sahakArI hai jise amUrta, acetana evaM vizvavyApI batAyA gayA hai| vaijJAnikoM ne ise gurutvAkarSaNa zakti nAma diyA hai| 15. pula ko zakti rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu maiTara aura usekI zakti ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 16. iMdriya, zarIra, bhASA Adi 6 prakAra kI paryAptiyoM kA 10. AkAza eka svatantra dravya hai jo samasta dravyoM ko varNana Adhunika jIvanazAstra meM kozikAoM aura tantuoM ke rUpa meM hai| avakAza pradAna karatA hai| vijJAna kI bhASA meM ise 'spesa' kahate haiN| 17. jIva vijJAna tathA vanaspati vijJAna kA jaina vargIkaraNa11. kAla bhI eka bhinna svataMtra dravya hai jise minkoM ne 'phora Adhunika jIvazAstra tathA vanaspatizAstra dvArA AMzika rUpa meM svIkRta 'DAimenzanala thyorI' ke nAma se abhihita karate hue samaya ko kAla ho cukA hai| dravya kI paryAya mAnA hai| (dekhiye - sanmati sandeza, pharavarI, 67, pRSTha 24 pro. nihAlacanda) 18. tattvArthasUtra meM varNita sUrya, tArA, nakSatra Adi kI Ayu prakAra, avasthAeM Adi kA sUkSma varNana Adhunika saurya jagat ke adhyayana se AMzika rUpa meM pramANita hotA hai| yadyapi kucha antara bhI hai| prayoga se prApta satya kI taraha cintana se prApta satya sthUla AkAra meM sAmane nahIM AtA, ataH sAdhAraNatayA janatA kI zraddhA koM apanI ora AkRSTa karanA vijJAna ke lie jitanA sahaja hai, darzana ke lie utanA nhiiN| itanA hone para bhI donoM kitane najadIka haiM- yaha dekhakara Azcarya cakita honA par3atA hai'| zrI uttama canda jaina kI uparokta tulanA kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki jaina darzana kA paramANuvAda Aja vijJAna ke ati nikaTa hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai hama apanI Agamika mAnyatAoM kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kara unakI satyatA kA parIkSaNa kreN| 12. vanaspati ekendriya jIva hai, usameM sparza saMbaMdhI jJAna hotA hai| sparza jJAna ke kAraNa hI 'lAjavantI' nAmaka paudhA sparza karate hI jhuka jAtA hai| vanaspati meM prANa siddhi karane vAle prasiddha vaijJAnika jagadIzacandra basu hai| vanaspati zAstra cetanatatva' ko proToplAjma nAma detA hai| 13. jaina darzana ne anekAMta svarUpa vastu ke vivecana kI paddhati 'syAdvAda' batAyA, jise vaijJAnika AiMsTIna ne sApekSavAda siddhAMta ke nAma se prasiddha kiyA hai| 14. jaina darzana eka lokavyApI mahAskaMdha ke astitva ko bhI mAnatA hai, jisake nimitta se tIrthaMkaroM ke janma Adi kI khabara jagat meM sarvatra phaila jAtI hai, isa tathya ko Aja TelIpaithI ke rUpa meM zabda kI vAcya zakti AtmAbhivyakti prANIya prakRti pratyeka prANI kI yaha sahaja evaM svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha apanI anubhUti evaM bhAvanAoM ko dUsare prANiyoM ke sammukha prakaTa karatA hai aura isa prakAra dUsaroM ko bhI apane jJAna, anubhUti aura bhAvanA kA sahabhAgI banAtA haiN| prANI hI isI pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI pravRtti ko umAsvAti ne tatvArtha sUtra (5/21) meM 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" nAmaka sUtra ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| vastutaH yaha pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI pravRtti hI sAmAjika jIvana kI AdhAra bhUmi hai| hama sAmAjika haiN| kyoMki hama apanI anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM meM dUsaroM ko sahabhAgI banAe binA athavA dUsaroM kI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM meM sahabhAgI bane binA nahIM raha skte| yadi kisI vyakti ko aise sthAna para bandI banA diyA jAe, jahAM use jIvana jIne kI sArI sukha-suvidhAeM to upalabdha hoM, kintu vaha apanI anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakti na de sake, nizcaya hI aise vyakti ko jIvana nissAra lagane lagegA aura saMbhava hai ki vaha kucha samaya pazcAt pAgala hokara AtmahatyA kara le| manuSya hI kyA, pazu-pakSI bhI binA AtmAbhivyakti ke nahIM jI sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM AtmAbhivyakti ke mAdhyama se dUsaroM ko apanI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM kA sahabhAgI banAnA aura dUsaroM kI abhivyaktiyoM ke artha ko samajhakara unakI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM meM sahabhAgI bananA yaha prANIya prakRti hai| aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki yaha anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM kA sampreSaNa kaise hotA hai ? AtmAbhivyakti ke sAdhana vizva ke samasta prANI apanI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti yA to zArIrika saMketoM ke mAdhyama se karate haiM yA dhvani saMketoM ke dvArA ina dhvani saMketoM ke AdhAra para hI boliyoM evaM bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| vizva ke samasta prANiyoM meM manuSya isI lie sabase adhika saubhAgyazAlI hai ki use abhivyakti yA vicAra .

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jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu 137 sampreSaNa ke lie bhASA milI huI hai| zabda pratIkoM, jo ki sArthaka lekara eka madhyavargIya dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| ve bauddhoM ke samAna yaha dhvani saMketoM ke suvyavasthita rUpa haiM, ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM evaM mAnane ke lie sahamata nahIM haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA bhAvoM ke abhivyakti de pAnA yahI usakI viziSTatA hai| kyoMki bhASA ke saMsparza hI nahIM karatA hai| kintu ve mImAMsakoM ke samAna yaha bhI nahIM mAdhyama se manuSya jitanI spaSTatA ke sAtha apane vicAroM evaM bhAvoM kA mAnanA cAhate haiM ki zabda apane viSaya kA samagra citra prastuta kara sampreSaNa kara sakatA hai, utanI spaSTatA se vizva kA dUsarA koI prANI sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda aura usake dvArA saMketita nhiiN| udAharaNa ke lie koI bhI vyakti mAtra dhvani-saMketa yA aMga- artha yA viSaya meM eka sambandha to hai, kintu vaha saMbaMdha aisA nahIM hai ki saMketa se kisI vastu kI svAdAnubhUti kI abhivyakti utanI spaSTatA se zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA sthAna hI le le| dUsare zabdoM meM zabda nahIM kara sakatA hai, jitanI bhASA ke mAdhyama se kara sakatA hai| yadyapi aura unake viSayoM meM tadrUpatA kA sambandha nahIM hai| prabhAcandra zabda aura bhASA yA zabda-pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se kI gaI yaha abhivyakti apUrNa, artha meM tadrUpa saMbaMdha kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM ki modaka zabda ke AMzika evaM mAtra saMketa hI hotI hai, phira bhI abhivyakti kA isase uccAraNa se mIThe svAda kI anubhUti nahIM hotI hai, ata: modaka zabda adhika spaSTa koI mAdhyama khojA nahIM jA sakatA hai| aura modaka nAmaka vastu-donoM bhinna-bhinna haiN| (nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga2, pR0 536) kintu isase yaha bhI nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki zabda aura bhASA kA svarUpa unake viSaya artha ke bIca koI saMbaMdha hI nahIM hai| zabda artha yA viSaya __ hamane vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM kA saMketaka to hai, kintu usakA sthAna nahIM le sakatA hai|arth bodha kI bhAvanAoM ke kucha zabda pratIka banA lie haiM aura bhASA hamAre ina zabda- prakriyA meM zabda ko apane artha yA viSaya kA pratinidhi (riprejenTeTiva) pratIkoM kA hI eka suniyojita khela hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to hamane unheM to kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA habahU "nAma" de diyA hai aura inhIM nAmoM ke mAdhyamoM se hama apane bhAvoM, citra nahIM hai, jaise nakze meM pradarzita nadI vAstavika nadI kI saMketaka vicAroM evaM tathya saMbaMdhI jAnakAriyoM kA sampreSaNa dUsaroM taka karate haiN| to hai, kintu na to vaha vAstavika nadI hai aura usakA hUbahU pratibiMba udAharaNa ke lie hama kursI zabda se eka viziSTa vastu ko athavA hI hai, vaise hI zabda aura unase nirmita bhASA bhI apane artha yA viSaya "prema" zabda se eka viziSTa bhAvanA ko saMketita karate haiN| mAtra yahI kI saMketaka to hai, kintu usakA hUbahU pratibiMba nahIM haiN| phira bhI vaha nahIM, vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, guNoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM apane viSaya kA eka citra zrotA yA pAThaka ke sammukha avazya prastuta ke pArasparika vibhinna prakAra ke saMbaMdhoM ke lie athavA una saMbaMdhoM ke kara detA hai| jisa prakAra jJAna aura jJeya meM jJApaka aura jJApya saMbaMdha hai, abhAva ke lie bhI zabda pratIka banA lie gae haiN| bhASA kI racanA inhIM usI prakAra zabda aura artha (viSaya) meM pratipAdaka aura pratipAdya saMbaMdha sArthaka zabda pratIkoM ke tAne-bAne se huI hai| bhASA zabda-pratIkoM kI vaha hai|ydypi jaina dArzanika zabda aura usake artha meM sambandha svIkAra karate niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, jo vaktA ke dvArA sampreSaNIya bhAvoM kA jJAna - haiM, kintu yaha mImAMsakoM ke samAna nitya sambandha nahIM hai, kyoMki bhASA zrotA ko karAtI hai| ke pracalana meM aneka bAra zabdoM ke artha (mIniMga) badalate rahe haiM aura eka samAna uccAraNa ke zabda bhI do bhinna bhASAoM meM bhinna artha rakhate zabda evaM bhASA kI abhivyakti sAmarthya haiN| zabda apane artha kA saMketaka avazya hai, kintu apane artha ke sAtha yahA~ dArzanika prazna yaha hai ki kyA ina zabda-pratIkoM meM bhI usakA nitya tathA tadrUpa saMbaMdha nahIM hai| jaina dArzanika mImAMsakoM ke apane viSaya yA artha kI abhivyakti karane kI sAmarthya hai? kyA kursI samAna zabda aura artha meM nitya tathA tadrUpa sambandha svIkAra nahIM karate zabda kusI nAmaka vastu ko aura prema zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko haiN| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jisa prakAra hasta saMketa Adi apane abhivyaMjanIya apanI samagratA ke sAtha prastuta kara sakatA hai? yaha ThIka hai ki zabda artha ke sAtha anitya rUpa se saMbaMdhita hokara iSTa artha kI abhivyakti apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka athavA saMketaka hai, kintu kyA koI kara dete haiM, usI prakAra zabda saMketa bhI apane artha se anitya rUpa se bhI zabda apane vAcya viSaya ko pUrNatayA abhivyakta karane meM sakSama hai? saMbaMdhita hokara bhI arthabodha karA dete haiN|shbd aura artha (viSaya) donoM kyA zabda apane viSaya ke samasta guNa dharmoM aura paryAyoM (avasthAoM) kI vivikta sattAeM haiN| artha meM zabda nahIM hai aura na artha zabdAtmaka hI kA eka samagra citra prastuta kara sakatA hai? vastutaH isa prazna kA uttara hai| phira bhI donoM meM eka aisA saMbaMdha avazya hai, jisase zabdoM meM apane kaThina hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA artha ke vAcaka hone kI sImita sAmarthya hai| zabda meM apane artha yA vAcaka nahIM hai to phira bhASA kI prAmANikatA yA upayogitA saMdehAtmaka viSaya kA bodha karAne kI eka sahaja zakti hotI hai, jo usakI saMketa bana jAtI haiM kintu isake viparIta yaha mAnanA bhI pUrNatayA sahI nahIM hai zakti aura prayoga para nirbhara karatI hai| ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana karane meM isa prakAra zabda sahaja-yogyatA, saMketaka-zakti aura prayoga samartha hai aura apane vAcya kA yathArtha citra zrotA ke sammukha prastuta kara ina tIna ke AdhAra para apane artha yA viSaya se saMbaMdhita hokara zrotA detA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne zabda aura usake artha evaM viSaya ke saMbaMdha ko ko arthabodha karA detA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ko bauddhoM kA yaha siddhAnta

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138 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mAnya nahIM hai ki zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM hai, unakA donoM hI sImita haiN| udAharaNa ke lie mIThA zabda ko liijie| hama kathana hai ki yadi zabda kA apane artha ke sAtha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM kahate haiM gannA mIThA hai, gur3a mIThA hai, Ama mIThA hai, rasagullA mIThA hai, mAnA jAyegA to samasta bhASA-vyavahAra kI prAmANikatA hI samApta ho tarabUja mIThA hai aadi-aadi| yahAM sabhI ke mIThepana kI anubhUti ke jAegI aura pArasparika abhivyakti kA koI sAdhana hI nahIM rhegaa| lie eka hI zabda "mIThA" prayoga kara rahe haiM, kintu hama yaha bahuta hI isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda aura artha meM sApekSa evaM sImita spaSTa rUpa se jAnate haiM ki sabake mIThepana kA svAda eka samAna nahIM vAcya-vAcaka sambandha mAnA hai| zabda apane viSaya kA vAcaka to hotA hai| tarabUja mIThA hai aura Ama mIThA hai, ina donoM kathanoM meM "mIThA" hai, kintu usakI samasta vizeSatAoM kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana nAmaka guNa eka hI prakAra kI anubhUti kA dyotaka nahIM hai| yadyapi karane meM samartha nahIM hai| zabdoM meM artha (viSaya) kI abhivyakti kI pazuoM ke dhvani-saMketa aura zArIrika saMketa kI apekSA manuSya ke sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa hI hai, asImita yA pUrNa aura nirapekSa nhiiN| zabda-saMketoM meM bhAvAbhivyakti evaM viSayAbhivyakti kI sAmarthya kAphI "prema" zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko abhivyakti to detA hai, kintu usameM vyApaka haiM, kintu usakI bhI apanI sImAeM haiN| bhASA kI aura zabda prema kI anubhUti kI sabhI gaharAiyAM samAviSTa nahIM haiN| prema ke vividha saMketa kI ina sImAoM para dRSTipAta karanA ati Avazyaka hai| kyoMki rUpa haiN| prema-anubhUti kI pragAr3hatA ke aneka stara haiN| akelA prema zabda vizva meM vastuoM, tathyoM evaM bhAvanAoM kI jo anantatA hai usakI una sabakA vAcaka to nahIM ho sktaa| eka premI apanI preyasI se, eka apekSA hamArA zabda-bhaNDAra atyanta sImita haiN| eka "lAla" zabda ko patra apanI mAtA se, eka bhAI apane bhAI se, eka mitra apane mitra se hI liijie| vaha lAla nAmaka raMga kA vAcaka hai, kintu lAlimA kI "maiM tumase prema karatA hU~" isa padAvalI kA kathana karate haiM, kintu kyA aneka koTiyAM haiM, aneka aMza (DigrIja) haiM, aneka saMyoga (kombinezana) una sabhI vyaktiyoM ke saMdarbha meM isa padAvalI kA eka hI artha hogA? haiN| kyA eka hI "lAla" zabda bhinna prakAra kI lAlimAoM kA vAcaka ve saba samAna padAvalI kA upayoga karate hue bhI jisa bhAva-pravaNatA ho sakatA hai| eka aura udAharaNa lIjie-eka vyakti jisane gur3a ke kI abhivyakti kara rahe haiM, vaha bhinna-bhinna hI hai| do bhinna saMdarbho meM aura svAda kA anubhava kiyA hai, usa vyakti se jisane kabhI gur3a ke svAda do bhinna vyaktiyoM ke lie eka hI saMdarbha meM eka zabda kA eka hI artha kA anubhava nahIM kiyA haiM, jaba yaha kahatA hai ki gur3a mIThA hotA hai to nahIM ho sakatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI padAvalI ke saMdarbha meM vaktA kyA zrotA usase mIThepana kI usI anubhUti ko grahaNa karegA jise vaktA aura zrotA donoM kI bhAva-pravaNatA aura artha-grAhakatA bhinna-bhinna bhI ho ne abhivyakta kiyA haiN| gur3a kI miThAsa kI eka apanI viziSTatA hai sakatI hai| artha bodha na kevala zabda-sAmarthya para nirbhara hai, apitu zrotA usa viziSTatA kA grahaNa kisI dUsare vyakti ko taba taka ThIka vaisA hI kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai vastuta: arthabodha ke lie pahale zabda aura nahIM ho sakatA hai, jaba taka ki usane svayaM gur3a ke svAda kI anubhUti usake artha (viSaya) meM eka saMbaMdha jor3a liyA jAtA hai| bAlaka ko jaba nahIM kI ho| kyoM ki zabda sAmAnya hotA hai, sattA vizeSa hotI hai| bhASA sikhAI jAtI hai to zabda ke uccAraNa ke sAtha use vastu ko * sAmAnya vizeSa kA saMketaka ho sakatA hai, lekina usakA samagra dikhAte haiN| dhIre-dhIre bAlaka unameM sambandha jor3a letA hai aura jaba bhI nirvacana nahIM kara sakatA hai| zabda apane artha (viSaya) ko mAtra sUcita usa zabda ko sunatA hai yA par3hatA hai to use usa artha (viSaya) kA bodha karatA hai, zabda aura usake viSaya meM tadrUpatA nahIM hai, zabda ko artha ho jAtA hai, ata: apane viSaya kA artha bodha karA dene kI zakti bhI (miniMga) diyA jAtA hai| isIlie bauddhoM ne zabda ko vikalpayoni mAtra zabda meM nahIM, apitu zrotA yA pAThaka ke pUrva saMskAroM meM bhI rahI (vikalpayonayaH zabdAHnyAyakumudacandra,pR0 537) kahA hai| zabda apane huI hai arthAt vaha zrotA yA pAThaka kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai| yahI artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka hote hue bhI usameM aura usake viSaya meM koI kAraNa hai ki anasIkhI bhASA ke zabda hameM koI artha bodha nahIM de pAte samAnatA nahIM hai| yahAM taka ki use apane viSaya kA sampUrNa evaM yathArtha haiN| isIlie jaina dArzanika mImAMsA darzana ke zabda meM svata: arthabodha citra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadyapi zabda meM zrotA kI cetanA meM zabda aura dene kI sAmarthya kA khaNDana karate haiN| aneka prasaMgoM meM vaktA kA Azaya artha ke pUrva saMyojana ke AdhAra para apane artha (viSaya) kA citra kucha aura hotA hai aura zrotA use kucha aura samajha letA hai, ata: yaha upasthita karane kI sAmarthya to hotI hai, kintu yaha sAmarthya bhI zrotA mAnanA hogA ki zabda aura artha meM vAcaka-vAcya sambandha hote hae bhI sApekSa hai| vaha sambandha zrotA yA pAThaka sApekSa hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| anyathA do vyaktiyoM ke dvArA eka hI padAvalI kA bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM artha grahaNa sattA kitanI vAcya kitanI avAcya? karanA kabhI saMbhava hI nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra bhASA yA zabda-saMketa apane viSayoM ke apane dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki apane viSaya kA vAcaka hone kI zakti arthoM ke saMketaka to avazya haiM, kintu unakI apanI sImAeM bhI haiN| bhI sImita hI hai| zabda zakti kI sImitatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki isIlie sattA yA vastu-tattva kisI sImA taka vAcya hote hue bhI anubhUtiyoM kI evaM bhAvanAoM kI jitanI vividhatAeM haiM, utane zabda avAcya banA rahatA hai| vastuta: jaba jIvana kI sAmAnya anubhUtiyoM aura nahIM haiN| apane vAcya viSayoM kI apekSA zabda saMkhyA aura zabda zakti bhAvanAoM ko zabdoM evaM bhASA ke dvArA pUrI taraha se abhivyakta nahIM

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139 jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu kiyA jA sakatA hai to phira parama sattA ke nirvacana kA prazna to aura kahalAtA hai, kyoMki zrutajJAna ke do bheda prasiddha haiM- akSara-zruta aura bhI jaTila ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM prAraMbha se lekara Aja taka ankssr-shrut| akSarazruta ke tIna bheda haiM- saMjJAkSara, vyaMjanAkSara aura sattA kI vAcyatA kA yaha prazna mAnava-mastiSka.ko jhakajhoratA rahA hai| lbdhykssr| varNa kA dhvani saMketa arthAt zabda-dhvani vyaMjanAkSara hai| varNa vastuta: sattA kI avAcyatA kA kAraNa zabda bhaNDAra tathA zabda zakti kA AkArika saMketa arthAt lipi saMketa saMjJAkSara hai| lipi saMketa aura kI sImitatA aura bhASA kA asti aura nAsti kI sImAoM se ghirA zabda-dhvani saMketa ke dvArA artha ko samajhane kI sAmarthya labdhyakSara hai| honA hai| isIlie prAcInakAla se hI sattA kI avAcyatA kA svara mukhara zabda yA bhASA ke binA mAtra vastu saMketa, aMga saMketa athavA dhvani hotA rahA hai| saMketa dvArA jo jJAna hotA hai vaha anakSara zruta hai| isameM hasta Adi taittirIya upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yato vAco nivartante zarIra ke saMketoM, jhaNDI Adi vastu saMketoM tathA khAMsanA Adi dhvani(2/4)- vANI vahAM se lauTa AtI hai, use vANI kA viSaya nahIM saMketoM ke dvArA apane bhAvoM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakta kiyA jAtA banAyA jA sakatA hai| isI bAta ko kenopaniSad meM "yadvAcAvabhyuditam" hai| saMkSepa meM ve sabhI sAMketika sUcanAeM jo kisI vyakti ke jJAna, bhAva (1/4) ke rUpa meM kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM "neva vAcA na manasA yA vicAra ko sArthaka rUpa se prakaTa kara detI haiM aura jisake dvArA para prAptuM zakyam" kaha kara yaha batAyA gayA hai ki parama sattA kA grahaNa (dUsarA) vyakti unake lakSita artha kA grahaNa kara letA hai, zrutajJAna hai| vANI aura mana ke dvArA saMbhava nahIM hai| mANDUkyopaniSad meM sattA ko cUMki zrutajJAna pramANa hai, ata: mAnanA hogA ki zabda saMketa yA bhASA adRSTa, avyavahArya, agrAhya, alakSaNa, acintya aura avAcya kahA apane viSaya yA artha kA prAmANika jJAna dene meM samartha hai| dUsare zabdoM gayA hai| jaina-Agama AcArAMga kA bhI kathana hai ki "vaha (sattA) meM sat yA vastu vAcya bhI hai| isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM sattA yA vastu dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai, vANI usakA tattva ko aMzata: vAcya yA vaktavya aura samagrata: avAcya yA avaktavya nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahAM vANI mUka ho jAtI hai kahA gayA hai| yahAM yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki isa tarka kI vahAM taka pahuMca nahIM hai, vaha buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI bhI avaktavyatA kA bhI kyA artha hai? upamA ke dvArA use samajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai arthAt usakI koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| vaha anupama, arUpI sattA hai| usa apada avaktavya kA artha kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai, jisa ke dvArA DaoN0 padmarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA sake" (AvArAMga 1/5/6) / cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA haiuparyukta sabhI kathana bhASA kI sImitatA aura aparyAptatA ko (1) pahalA vedakAlIna niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM tathA sattA kI avAcyatA yA avaktavyatA ko hI sUcita karate haiN| kintu vizva-kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi isa kAraNa tattva ko na sat prazna yaha hai ki kyA tattva yA sattA ko kisI bhI prakAra vANI kA viSaya aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai yahAM donoM pakSoM kA nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai? yadi aisA hai to sArA vAk vyavahAra nirarthaka niSedha hai| yahAM sattA kI asti (sat) aura nAsti (asat) rUpa hogaa| zrutajJAna arthAt zAstra aura Agama vyartha ho jaayeNge| yahI kAraNa se vAcyatA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| thA ki jaina cintakoM ne sattA yA tattva ko samagrataH (eja e hola) (2) dUsarA aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa, jisameM sat-asat avAcya yA avaktavya mAnate hue bhI aMzata: yA sApekSata: vAcya maanaa| Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaise- "tadejati kyoMki use avaktavya yA vAcya kahanA bhI to eka prakAra kA vacana yA tannejati" "aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAna", sadasadvareNyam" aadi| vAk vyavahAra hI hai, yahAM hamArA vAcya yaha hai ki vaha avAcya hai| ata: yahAM donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| yahAM sattA ko do viruddha dharmoM se hameM vyavahAra ke stara para utara kara sattA kI vaktavyatA yA vAcyatA ko yukta mAnakara use asti (hai) aura nAsti (nahIM hai) rUpa bhASA se svIkAra karanA hogaa| kyoMki isI AdhAra para zrutajJAna evaM AgamoM kI avAcya kahA gayA hai| prAmANikatA svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa jisameM tattva ko svarUpata: avyapadezya jaina-AcAryoM ne dUsaroM ke dvArA kie gae saMketoM ke AdhAra yA anivarcanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI para hone vAle jJAna ko zrutajJAna kahA hai| saMkSepa meM samasta Anubhavika milatA hai| jaise- "yato vAco nivartante", yadvAcAbhyuditya, naiva vAcA jJAna, matijJAna aura sAMketika jJAna zutajJAna haiM, zrutajJAna kI paribhASA na manasA prAptuM zakya: aadi| buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI hai- jisa jJAna meM saMketa-smaraNa hai aura jo saMketoM ke niyata artha ko catuSkoTi vinirmukta tattva kI avadhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa samajhane meM samartha hai, vahI zrutajJAna hai|duusre zabdoM meM jo jJAna saMketa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| aura vacana zravaNa ke dvArA hotA hai vaha zrutajJAna hai (vizeSAvazyAbhASya, (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina-nyAya meM sApekSita avaktavyatA yA 120 evaM 121) / sAmAnyatayA zrutajJAna kA mukhya AdhAra zabda hai, sApekSita anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai jisameM sattA ko kintu hastasaMketa Adi anya sAdhanoM se hone vAlA jJAna bhI zrutajJAna aMzata: vAcya aura samagrataH avAcya kahA gayA hai|

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140 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM- vaktavya yA vAcya to nahIM hai, kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya yA avAcya (1) sat va asat donoM rUpa se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avAcya arthAt anirvacanIya krnaa| mAna leMge to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI rAstA (2) sat, asat aura sadatatatInoM rUpoM se sattA kI vAcyatA hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| ata: jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anivarcanIyatA kA niSedha krnaa| yA avAcyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa (3) sat, asat, sat-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat- na se vaha nirvacanIya yA vAcya bhI hai| sattA aMzata: nirvacanIya hai aura asat (anubhaya) cAroM rUpa se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| aMzata: anirvcniiy| kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya yA vAcya maannaa| aura syAdvAda siddhAMta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra avaktavyatA ke pUrva arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhAva meM to A sakatA hai, kintu kahA nirdiSTa chaha arthoM meM se pahale tIna ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane nahIM jA sktaa| kyoMki vaha anubhavagamya hai, zabdagamya nhiiN| meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapad rUpa se svIkAra jainadarzana meM saptabhaMgI kI yojanA meM eka bhaMga avaktavya bhI karanA, kintu usake kathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa hai| saptabhaMgI meM do prakAra ke bhaMga haiM- eka maulika aura dUsare sNyogik| avaktavya khnaa| maulika bhaMga tIna haiM- syAd asti, syAd nAsti aura syAd avktvy| (6) vastutattva ananta dharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM zeSa cAra bhaMga saMyogika haiM, jo ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM ke saMyoga se bane kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie hue haiN| prastuta nibaMdha kA uddezya jaina darzana meM avaktavya yA avAcya ke usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM hai| ata: vAcaka zabdoM ke artha ko spaSTa karanA thaa| hamane dekhA ki sAmAnyatayA jaina dArzanikoM abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzata: vAcya aura aMzata: avAcya maannaa| kI avadhAraNA yaha hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahe hue sat-asat, yahAM yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina-paraMparA meM nitya-anitya, eka-aneka Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapad rUpa se isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina paraMparA arthAt eka hI sAtha pratipAdana karanA bhASAyI sImAoM ke kAraNa meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA azakya hai, kyoMki aisA koI bhI kriyApada nahIM hai, jo eka hI kathana mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat donoM kA yugapad vivecana nahIM meM eka sAtha vidhAna yA niSedha donoM kara ske| ata: paraspara viruddha aura kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie vastutattva avaktavya hai, kintu yadi hama bhAvAtmaka evaM abhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI eka hI kathana meM abhivyakti kI prAcIna jaina-AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaha artha aMtima nahIM. bhASAyI asamarthatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI avaktavya bhaMga kI kahA jA sakatA hai| "AcArAMgasUtra" meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko vacanAgocara yojanA kI gii| kintu jaina-paraMparA meM avaktavya kA yahI eka mAtra artha kahA gayA hai| usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI pada nahIM rahA hai| nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| ise dekhate hue merI dRSTi meM avaktavya yA avAcyatA kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA hai, prathama to "hai" aura nahIM hai" aise vidhi-pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| puna: vastutattva ko anantadharmAtmakatA hI sAtha) pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai, ata: use avaktavya kahA gayA hai| aura zabda- saMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva kI dUsare nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva kA kathana saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya mAnA gayA hai, AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApyabhAva avaktavya hai| tIsare apekSAeM ananta ho sakatI haiM, kintu ananta kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Aye vaktavya bhAvoM apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai, ke anantaveM bhAga kA hI kathana kiyA jA sakatA hai| ata: yaha mAna lenA isalie bhI use avaktavya yA avAcya mAnanA hogaa| cauthe vastu meM ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paraMparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha ananta vizeSa guNa-dharma haiM, kintu bhASA meM pratyeka guNa-dharma ke vAcaka mAnya hai| zabda nahIM haiM, isalie vastu tattva avAcya hai| pAMcaveM vastu aura usake isa prakAra jainadarzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThe guNadharma "vizeSa" hote haiM aura zabda sAmAnya haiM aura sAmAnya zabda, artha mAnya rahe haiN| hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa avaktavyatA vizeSa kI usa viziSTatA kA samagrata: vAcaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| isa aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavyatA ko svIkAra prakAra "sattA" nirapekSa evaM samagra rUpa se avAcya hote hue bhI karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA sApekSata: evaM aMzata: vAcya bhI hai|

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jaina darzana meM jJAna ke prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana meM bhASA-vizleSaNa kA darzana kI gaNitIya jJAna aura paribhASAoM ke sandarbha, satyatA kI kasauTI jJAna eka svatantra vidhA ke rUpa meM vikAsa huA aura Aja vaha eka sabase kI Antarika saMgati hI hotI hai| ve sabhI jJAna jinakA jJeya jJAna se prabhAvazAlI dArzanika sampradAya ke rUpa meM apanA astittva rakhatA hai| bhinna nahIM hai, svataH prAmANya haiN| isI prakAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI utpatti prastuta zodhanibandha kA uddezya mAtra yaha dikhAnA hai ki pAzcAtya darzana aura jJapti donoM hI dRSTi se svata: hI prAmANya hai| jaba hama yaha mAna kI ye vidhAe~ jaina darzana meM sahastrAdhika varSa pUrva kisa rUpa meM carcita lete haiM ki nizcaya dRSTi se sarvajJa apane ko hI jAnatA hai, to hameM rahI haiM aura unakI samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana se kisa sImA taka usake jJAna ke sandarbha meM utpatti aura jJapti donoM ko svata: mAnanA nikaTatA hai| hogA kyoMki jJAna kathaJcit rUpa se jJeya se abhinna bhI hotA hai jaise sv-sNvedn| jJAna kI satyatA kA prazna vastugata jJAna meM bhI satyatA kI kasauTI utpatti aura jJapti sAmAnyatayA jJAna ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA artha jJAna kI (nizciya) donoM ko svata: aura parata: donoM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaba jJeya viSaya ke sAtha samarUpatA yA saMvAditA hai| yadyapi, jJAna kI satyatA koI yaha sandeza kahe ki "Aja amuka prasUtigRha meM eka bandhyA ne putra ke sambandha meM eka dUsarA dRSTikoNa svayaM jJAna kA saMgatipUrNa honA bhI kA prasava kiyA" to hama isa jJAna ke mithyAtva ke nirNaya ke lie hai, kyoMki jo jJAna Antarika virodha se yukta hai, vaha bhI asatya mAnA kisI bAharI kasauTI kA AdhAra na lekara isakI Antarika asaMgati ke gayA hai|jain darzana meM vastu svarUpa ko apane yathArtha rUpa meM, arthAt AdhAra para hI isake mithyApana ko jAna lete haiN| isI prakAra "tribhuja jaisA vaha hai usa rUpa meM jAnanA arthAt jJAna kA jJeya (prameya) se tIna bhujAoM se yukta AkRti hai"- isa jJAna kI satyatA isakI avyabhicArI honA hI jJAna kI prAmANikatA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna bhI Antarika saMgati para hI nirbhara karatI hai| ata: jJAna ke prAmANya evaM mahattvapUrNa hai ki jJAna kI isa prAmANikatA yA satyatA kA nirNaya kaise aprAmANya kI utpatti (kasauTI) aura jJAna ke prAmANya evaM aprAmANya hotA hai? kyA jJAna svayaM hI apanI satyatA kA bodha detA hai yA usake kA jJapti (nizcaya) donoM hI jJAna ke svarUpa yA prakRti ke AdhAra para lie kisI anya jJAna (jJAnAntara jJAna) kI apekSA hotI hai? athavA svata: athavA parata: aura donoM prakAra se ho sakatI hai| jJAna kI prAmANikatA ke lie jJAna aura jJeya kI saMvAditA (anurUpatA) sakala jJAna, pUrNa jJAna aura Atmagata jJAna meM jJAna kI ko dekhanA hotA hai? pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI satyatA ke prazna ko prAmANyatA kA nizcaya svataH hogA, jabaki vikala jJAna, apUrNa lekara tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ haiM- (5) saMvAditA siddhAnta; (2) (AMzika) jJAna yA nayajJAna aura vastugata jJAna meM vaha nizcaya parata: saMgati siddhAnta aura (3) upayogitAvAdI (arthakriyAkArI) siddhaant| hogaa| pAramArthika pratyakSa ke dvArA hone vAle jJAna meM unake prAmANya kA bhAratIya darzana meM vaha saMvAditA kA siddhAnta parataH prAmANyavAda ke rUpa bodha svata: hogA, jabaki vyAvahArika pratyakSa aura anumAnAdi meM meM aura saMgati-siddhAnta svata: prAmANyavAda ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| prAmANya kA bodha svata: aura parata: donoM prakAra se sambhava hai| punaH arthakriyAkArI siddhAnta ko parata: prAmANyavAda kI hI eka vizeSa vidhA sApekSa jJAna meM satyatA kA nizcaya parata: aura svata: donoM prakAra se aura kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa sambadha meM kisI aikAntika nirapekSa jJAna meM svataH hogaa| isI prakAra sarvajJa ke jJAna kI satyatA kI dRSTikoNa ko na apanAkara mAnA ki jJAna ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA utpatti aura jJapti (nizcaya) donoM hI svata: aura sAmAnya vyakti ke jJAna nizcaya svata: aura parata: donoM prakAra se hotA hai| yadyapi, jaina dArzanika kI utpatti parata: aura jJapti svata: aura parata: donoM rUpoM meM ho sakatI yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti kA hai| ata: vAdidevasUri kA yaha kathana sAmAnya vyakti ke jJAna ko lekara AdhAra (kasauTI) jJAna svayaM na hokara jJeya hai| pramANanayatatvAloka meM hI hai, sarvajJa ke jJAna ke sambandha meM nahIM haiN| sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke jJAna vAdidevasUri ne kahA hai ki "tadubhayamutpattau parata eva" arthAt prAmANya kI satyatA kA mUlyA~kana pUrva anubhava dazA meM svata: aura pUrva anubhava aura aprAmANya kI utpatti to parataH hI hotI hai| kyoMki jJAna kI meM abhAva meM parataH arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se hotA hai, yadyapi pUrva prAmANyatA aura aprAmANyatA kA AdhAra jJAna na hokara jJeya hai aura jJeya anubhava bhI jJAna kA hI rUpa haiM ata: use bhI apekSA vizeSa se parataH jJAna se bhinna hai| tathApi abhyAsa dazA meM jJAna kI satyatA kA nizcaya kahA jA sakatA haiM jahA~ taka kI jJAna kI utpatti kA prazna hai, svAnubhava arthAt jJapti to svata: arthAt svayaM jJAna ke dvArA hI ho jAtI hai, ko chor3akara vaha parata: hI hotI hai, kyoMki vaha jJeya arthAt "para" para jabaki anabhyAsa dazA meM usakA nizcaya parata: arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se nirbhara hai| ata: jJAna kI satyatA kI utpatti yA kasauTI ko parata: hI hotA hai| yadyapi, vAdidevasUri ke dvArA jJAna kI satyatA kI kasauTI mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka kathana kI satyatA kA prazna hai, vaha jJAna kI (utpatti) ko ekAntaH parata: mAna lenA samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| satyatA se bhinna hai|

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142 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kathana kI satyatA kA prazna sAmarthya kI sImitatA ko bhI hameM dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| sAtha hI hameM yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki mAnava apanI anubhUtiyoM aura yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhASA, tathya nahIM, tathya kI saMketaka mAtra bhAvanAoM ko bhASA ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta karatA hai| bhASA zabda hai| usakI isa sAMketikatA ke sandarbha meM hI usakI satyatA-asatyatA pratIkoM aura sArthaka dhvani saMketoM kA eka suvyavasthita rUpa hai| vastutaH kA vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo bhASA apane kathya ko jitanA hamane vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke adhika spaSTa rUpa se saMketita kara sakatI hai vaha utanI hI adhika satya lie zabda pratIka banA liye hai| inhIM zabda pratIkoM evaM dhvani saMketoM ke nikaTa pahu~catI hai| bhASA kI satyatA aura asatyatA usakI saMketa ke mAdhyama se hama apane vicAroM, anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM kA zakti ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| zabda-artha (vastu yA tathya) ke saMketaka haiM sampreSaNa karate haiN| ve usake hU-ba-hU (yathArtha) pratibimba nahIM haiN| zabda meM mAtra yaha sAmarthya yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki hamArI isa bhASAyI abhivyakti ko rahI huI hai ki ve zrotA ke manas para vastu kA mAnasa pratibimba upasthita hama kisa sImA taka satyatA kA anusAMgika mAna sakate haiN| Adhunika kara dete haiN| ata: zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna mAnasa pratibimba tathya kA pAzcAtya darzana meM bhASA aura usakI satyatA ke prazna ko lekara eka pUrA saMvAdI hai, usase anurUpatA rakhatA hai to vaha kathana satya mAnA jAtA dArzanika sampradAya hI bana gayA hai| bhASA aura satya kA sambandha Aja hai| yadyapi, yahA~ bhI anurUpatA vartamAna mAnasa pratibimba aura pUrvavartI ke yuga kA eka mahattvapUrNa dArzanika prazna hai kisI kathana kI satyatA yA paravartI yA paravartI mAnasa pratibimba meM hI hotI hai| jaba kisI mAnasa yA asatyatA ko nirdhArita karane kA AdhAra Aja satyApanakA siddhAnta pratibimba kA satyApana paravartI mAnasa pratibimba arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna haiN| samakAlIna dArzanikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jina kathanoM kA se hotA hai to use parata: prAmANya kahA jAtA hai aura jaba usakA satyApana yA mithyApana saMbhava hai, ve hI kathana satya yA asatya ho sakate satyApana pUrvavartI mAnasa pratibimba se hotA hai to svataH prAmANya kahA haiN| zeSa kathanoM kA satyatA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| e0 je0 eyara ne jAtA hai; kyoMki anurUpatA yA viparItatA mAnasa pratibimboM meM hI ho apanI pustaka meM isa samasyA ko uThAyA hai| isa sandarbha meM sabase pahale sakatI haiN| yadyapi donoM hI prakAra ke mAnasa pratibimboM kA AdhAra yA hameM isa bAta kA vicAra kara lenA hogA ki kathana ke satyApana se hamArA unakI utpatti jJeya (prameya) se hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki vAdidevasUri kyA tAtparya hai| koI bhI kathana jaba indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA ne prAmANya (satyatA) aura aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti ko parata: mAnA apuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, taba hI vaha satyApanIya kahalAtA hai| jina thaa| prAmaNya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti ko parata: karane kA tAtparya yahI kathanoM ko hama indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA khaNDita nahIM kara hai- ina mAnasa pratibimboM kA utpAdaka tattva inase bhinna haiN| kucha sakate, ve asatyApanIya hote haiN| kintu, ina donoM prakAra ke kathanoM ke vicAraka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki kathana ke satyApana yA satyatA ke nizcaya bIca kucha aise bhI kathana hote haiM jo na satyApanIya hote haiM aura meM zabda dvArA utpanna mAnasa pratibimba aura tathya dvArA utpanna mAnasa astyaapniiy| udAharaNa ke lie maMgala graha meM jIva ke pAye jAne kI pratibimba meM tulanA hotI hai| yadyapi ekAMta vastuvAdI dRSTikoNa yaha saMbhAvanA hai| yadyapi yaha kathana vartamAna meM satyApanIya nahIM hai, kintu mAnegA ki jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA nirdhAraNa mAnasa pratibimba yaha saMbhava hai ki ise bhaviSya meM puSTa yA khaNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai| kI tathya yA vastu se anurUpatA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa ata: vartamAna meM yaha na to satyApanIya hai aura na to astyaapniiy| rakhanA hogA ki yaha anurUpatA bhI vastutaH mAnasa pratibimba aura vastu kintu, saMbhAvanA kI dRSTi se ise satyApanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| ke bIca na hokara zabda nirmita mAnasa pratibimba aura paravartI indriya bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM satya kA eka rUpa saMbhAvanA satya mAnA gayA hai| anubhava ke dvArA utpanna mAnasa pratibimba ke bIca hotI hai, yaha tulanA vastuta: kauna-sA kathana satya hai, isakA nirNaya isI bAta para . do mAnasika pratibimboM ke bIca hai, na ki tathya aura kathana ke biic| nirbhara karatA hai ki usakA satyApana yA mithyApana saMbhava hai yA nahIM hai| tathya aura kathana do bhinna sthitiyA~ haiN| unameM koI tulanA yA satyApana vastuta: jise hama satyApana yA mithyApana kahate haiM, vaha bhI usa sambhava nahIM hai| zabda vastu ke samagra pratinidhi nahIM, saMketaka haiM aura abhikathana aura usameM varNita tathya kI saMvAditA yA anurUpatA para unakI yaha saMketa sAmarthya bhI vastuta: unake bhASAyI prayoga (Convennirbhara karatA hai, jise jaina paramparA meM parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| tion) para nirbhara karatI hai| hama vastu ko koI nAma de dete haiM aura prayoga sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kathana kathita tathya kA ke dvArA usa "nAma" meM eka aisI sAmarthya vikasita ho jAtI hai ki usa saMvAdI (anurUpa) hogA to vaha satya hogA aura visaMvAdI (viparIta) "nAma'' meM zravaNa yA paThana se hamAre mAnasa meM eka pratibimba khar3A ho hogA to vaha asatya hogaa| yadyapi, vaha bhI spaSTa hai ki koI bhI kathana jAtA hai| yadi usa zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna vaha pratibimba hamAre paravartI kisI tathya kI samagra abhivyakti nahIM de pAtA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne indriyAnubhava se anurUpatA rakhatA hai, hama usa kathana ko -"satya" spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnA thA ki pratyeka kathana vastu-tattva ke sambandha meM kahate haiN| bhASA meM artha bodha kI sAmarthya prayogoM ke AdhAra para vikasita hameM AMzika jAnakArI hI prastuta karatA hai| ata: pratyeka kathana vastu ke hotI hai| vastuta: koI zabda yA kathana apane Apa meM na to satya hotA sandarbha meM AMzika satya kA hI pratipAdaka hogaa|yhaaN bhASA kI abhivyakti, hai aura na asatya This is a table- yaha kathana aMgrejI bhASA ke

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jaina darzana meM jJAna ke prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna 143 jAnakAra ke lie satya yA asatya ho sakatA hai, kintu hindI bhASA ke ullekha huA hai| satya ke ina dasa bhedoM kA vivecana isa prakAra hailie na to satya hai aura na asty| kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA 1. janapada satya-jisa deza meM jo bhASA yA zabda vyavahAra tabhI sambhava hotI hai, jabaki zrotA ko koI artha bodha (vastu kA mAnasa pracalita ho, usI ke dvArA vastu tattva kA saMketa karanA janapada satya hai| pratibimba) hotA hai, ataH punaruktiyoM aura paribhASAoM ko chor3akara eka janapada yA deza meM prayukta hone vAlA vahI zabda dUsare deza meM koI bhI bhASAyI kathana nirapekSa rUpa se na to satya hotA hai aura na asatya ho jaavegaa| bAIjI zabda mAlavA meM mAtA ke lie prayukta hotA asty| kisI bhI kathana kI satyatA yA asatyatA kisI sandarbha vizeSa hai, jabaki uttara pradeza meM vezyA ke lie| ata: bAIjI se mAtA kA meM hI sambhava hotI hai| arthabodha mAlava ke vyakti ke lie satya hogA, kintu uttara pradeza ke vyakti ke lie asty| jaina darzana meM kathana kI satyatA kA prazna sammata-satya- vastu ke vibhinna paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA eka jaina dArzanikoM ne bhASA kI satyatA aura asatyatA ke prazna hI artha meM prayoga karanA sammata-satya hai, jaise- rAjA, nRpa, bhUpati para gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| prajJApanAsUtra (panavannA) meM sarvaprathama aadi| yadyapi ye vyutpatti kI dRSTi se alaga-alaga arthoM ke sUcaka haiN| bhASA ko paryApta bhASA aura aparyApta bhASA aise do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita janapada-satya evaM sammata-satyaprayoga siddhAnta (Use Theory) se AdhArita kiyA gayA hai| paryApta bhASA vaha hai jisameM apane viSaya ko pUrNata: arthabodha se sUcaka haiN| nirvacana karane kI sAmarthya hai aura aparyApta bhASA vaha hai jisameM apane 3. sthApanA satya- zataraMja ke khela meM prayukta vibhinna viSaya kA pUrNata: nirvacana, sAmarthya nahIM hai| aMzataH, sApekSa evaM apUrNa AkRtiyoM ko rAjA, vajIra Adi nAmoM se sambodhita karanA sthApanA kathana aparyApta bhASA kA lakSaNa hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se pAkhAtya satya hai| yaha saMketIkaraNa kA sUcaka hai| paramparA kI gaNitIya bhASA TaoNTolAjI evaM paribhASAe~ paryApta yA pUrNa 4. nAma satya- guNa nirapekSa mAtra diye gaye nAma ke AdhAra bhASA ke samatulya mAnI jA sakatI hai jabaki zeSa bhASA vyavahAra para vastu kA sambodhana karanA yaha nAma satya hai| eka garIba vyakti bhI aparyApta yA apUrNa bhASA kA hI sUcaka hai| sarvaprathama unhoMne paryApta nAma se "lakSmIpati" kahA jA sakatA hai, use isa nAma se pukAranA bhASA kI satya aura asatya aisI do koTiyA~ sthApita kii| unake satya hai| yahA~ bhI arthabodha saMketIkaraNa ke dvArA hI hotA hai| anusAra aparyApta kI do koTiyA~ hotI haiM- (1) satya-mRSA (mizra) 5. rUpa satya- veza ke AdhAra para vyakti ko usa nAma se aura (2) asty-amRssaa| pukAranA rUpa satya hai, cAhe vastuta: vaha vaisA na ho, jaise- nATaka meM satya bhASA- ve kathana, jo vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke rAma kA abhinaya karane vAle vyakti ko "rAma" kahanA yA sAdhuvezadhArI pratipAdaka haiM, satya kahalAte haiN| kathana aura tathya kI saMvAditA yA ko sAdhu khnaa| anurUpatA hI satya kI mUlabhUta kasauTI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne 6. pratItya satya- sApekSika kathana athavA pratIti ko satya pAzcAtya anubhavavAdiyoM ke samAna hI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki jo mAnakara calanA pratItya satya hai| jaise anAmikA bar3I hai, mohana choTA kathana tathya kA jitanA adhika saMvAdI hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika hai aadi| isI prakAra Adhunika khagola vijJAna kI dRSTi se pRthvI sthira satya mAnA jaayegaa| yadyapi jaina dArzanika kathana kI satyatA ko hai, yaha kathana bhI pratItya satya hai, vastutaH satya nhiiN| usakI vastugata satyApanIyatA taka hI sImita nahIM karate haiN| ve yaha 7. vyavahAra- satya-vyavahAra meM pracalita bhASAyI prayoga bhI mAnate haiM ki Anubhavika satyApanIyatA ke atirikta bhI kathanoM vyavahAra satya kahe jAte haiM, yadyapi vastuta: ve asatya hote haiM-ghar3A meM satyatA ho sakatI hai| jo kathana aindrika anubhavoM para nirbhara na bharatA hai, banArasa A gayA, yaha sar3aka bambaI jAtI hai| vastuta: ghar3A hokara aparokSAnubhUti ke viSaya hote haiM unakI satyatA kA nizcaya to nahIM pAnI bharatA hai, banArasa nahIM AtA, hama banArasa pahu~cate haiN| sar3aka aparokSAnubhUti ke viSaya hI karate haiN| aparokSAnubhava ke aise aneka sthira hai vaha nahIM jAtI hai, usa para calane vAlA jAtA hai| stara haiM, jinakI tathyAtmaka saMgati khoja pAnA kaThina hai| jainadArzanikoM 8. bhAva satya- vartamAna paryAya meM kisI eka gaNa kI ne satya ko aneka rUpoM meM dekhA hai| sthAnAMga, praznavyAkaraNa, pramukhatA ke AdhAra para vastu ko vaisA kahanA bhAva satya hai| jaise-aMgara prajJApanA, mUlAdhAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM satya ke dasa bheda mIThe haiM, yadyapi unameM khaTTApana bhI rahA haA hai| batAye gaye haiM:- 1. janapada satya, 2. sammata satya, 3. sthApanA 9. yoga satya- vastu ke saMyoga ke AdhAra para use usa nAma satya, 4. nAma satya, 5. rUpa satya, 6. pratItya satya, 7. vyavahAra se pukAranA yoga satya hai; jaise- daNDa dhAraNa karane vAle ko daNDI satya, 8. bhAva satya, 9. yoga satya, 10 upamA sty| akalaMka ne kahanA yA jisa ghar3e meM ghI rakhA jAtA hai use ghI kA ghar3A khnaa| sammata satya, bhAva satya aura upamA satya ke sthAna para saMyojanA 10. upamA satya- yadyapi candramA aura mukha do bhinna tathya satya, deza satya aura kAla satya kA ullekha kiyA hai| mUlAcAra haiM aura unameM samAnatA bhI nahIM hai, phira bhI upamA meM aise prayoga hote aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM yoga satya ke sthAna para sambhAvanA satya kA haiM- jaise candramukhI, mRganayanI aadi| bhASA meM inheM satya mAnA jAtA hai|

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144 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vastutaH satya ke ina dasa rUpoM kA sambandha tathyagata satyatA hoM"- isa prakAra AmaMtraNa denevAle kathanoM kI bhASA AmantraNI kahI ke sthAna para bhASAgata satyatA se hai| kathana-vyavahAra meM inheM satya mAnA jAtI hai| aise kathana satyasanIya nahIM hote| isalie ye satya yA asatya jAtA hai| yadyapi kathana kI satyatA mUlata: to usakI tathya se saMvAditA kI koTi se pare hote haiN| para nirbhara karatI hai| ata: ye sabhI kevala vyAvahArika satyatA ke sUcaka haiM, vAstavika satyatA ke nhiiN| 2. AjJApanIya jaina dArzanikoM ne satya ke sAtha-sAtha asatya ke svarUpa para "daravAjA banda kara do", "bijalI jalA do", Adi AjJAbhI vicAra kiyA hai| asatya kA artha hai kathana kA tathya se visaMvAdI vAcaka kathana bhI.satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM aate| eje0 honA yA viparIta honaa| praznavyAkaraNa meM asatya kI kAphI vistAra se eyara prabhRti Adhunika tArkikabhAvavAdI vicAraka bhI AdezAtmaka bhASA carcA hai, unameM asatya ke 30 paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiN| yahA~ hama ko satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne samagra naitika unameM se kucha kI carcA taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| kathanoM ke bhASAyI vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ve alIka- jisakA astitva nahIM hai, usako asti rUpa vidhi yA niSedha rUpa meM AjJAsUcaka yA bhAvanAsUcaka hI haiM, isalie ve kahanA alIka vacana hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArtha-siddhyupAya meM na to satya haiM aura na to asty| ise asatya kahA hai| apalApa- sad vastu ko nAsti rUpa kahanA apalApa hai| 3. yAcanIya viparIta- vastu ke svarUpa kA bhinna prakAra se pratipAdana 'yaha do' isa prakAra kI yAcanA karane vAlI bhASA bhI satya karanA viparIta kathana hai| aura asatya aura asatya kI koTi se pare hotI hai| ekAnta- aisA kathana, jo tathya ke sambandha meM apane pakSa kA pratipAdana karane ke sAtha anya pakSoM yA pahaluoM kA apalApa karatA hai, 4. pracchanIya vaha bhI asatya mAnA gayA hai| ise durnaya yA mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| yaha rAstA kahA~ jAtA hai? Apa mujhe isa padya kA artha inake atirikta hiMsAkArI vacana, kaTuvacana, vizvAsaghAta, batAyeM? isa prakAra ke kathanoM kI bhASA pracchanIya kahI jAtI hai| cUMki doSAropaNa Adi bhI asatya ke hI rUpa haiN| prajJApanA meM krodha, lobha yaha bhASA bhI kisI tathya kA vidhi-niSedha nahIM karatI hai, isalie Adi ke kAraNa ni:sRta vacana ko tathya se saMvAdI hone para bhI asatya isakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hai| mAnA gayA hai| 5. prajJApanIya arthAt upadezAtmaka bhASA satya-mRSA kathana jaise corI nahIM karanA cAhie, jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie, ve kathana jinakA artha ubhaya koTika ho sakatA hai, satya- aadi| cU~ki isa prakAra ke kathana bhI tathyAtmaka vivaraNa na ho karake mRSA kathana haiN| "azvatthAmA mArA gayA" yaha mahAbhArata kA prasiddha kathana upadezAtmaka hote haiM, isalie ye satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM aate| satya-mRSA bhASA kA udAharaNa hai| vaktA aura zrotA isake bhinna-bhinna Adhunika bhASA vizleSaNavAdI dArzanika naitika prakathanoM kA antima artha grahaNa kara sakate haiN| ata: jo kathana doharA artha rakhate haiM, ve mina vizleSaNa prajJApanIya bhASA ke rUpa meM hI karate haiM aura isalie ise bhASA ke udAharaNa haiN| satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiM, unake anusAra ve naitika prakathana jo bAhya rUpa se to tathyAtmaka pratIta hote haiM, lekina, vastuta: tathyAtmaka nahIM asatya-amRSA kathana hote; jaise- corI karanA burA hai, usake anusAra isa prakAra ke kathanoM lokaprakAza ke tRtIya sarga ke yogAdhikAra meM bAraha (12) kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki tumheM corI nahIM karanA cAhie yA corI prakAra ke kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai| vastuta: ve kathana ke kArya ko hama pasanda nahIM karate haiN| yaha kitanA sukhada Azcarya hai ki jinheM satya yA asatya ko koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, asatya- jo bAta Aja ke bhASA-vizleSaka dArzanika prastuta kara rahe haiM, use amaSA kahe jAte haiN| jo kathana kisI vidheya kA vidhAna yA niSedha nahIM sahasrAdhika varSa pUrva jaina vicAraka sUtra rUpa meM prastuta kara cuke haiN| karate, unakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hotA hai aura jaina AcAryoM ne aise AjJApanIya aura prajJApanIya bhASA ko asatya-amRSA kahakara unhoMne kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA hai, jaise AdezAtmaka kthn| nimna 12 Adhunika bhASA-vizleSaNa kA dvAra udghATita kara diyA thaa| prakAra ke kathanoM ko asatya amRSA-kahA gayA hai 6.pratyAkhyAnIya 1. AmantraNI kisI prArthI kI mA~ga ko asvIkAra karanA pratyAkhyAnIya "Apa hamAre yahAM padhAreM", 'Apa hamAre vivAhotsava meM sammalita bhASA hai| jaise, tumheM yahA~ naukarI nahIM milegI athavA tumheM bhikSA

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jaina darzana meM jJAna ke prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna 145 nahIM dI jA sktii| kahe jAte haiN| jaise, saindhava acchA hotA hai| yahA~ vaktA kA yaha tAtparya spaSTa nahIM hai ki saindhava se namaka abhipreta hai yA sindhu deza kA ghodd'aa| 7. icchAnukUlikA ata: aise kathanoM ko bhI na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asty| kisI kArya meM apanI anumati denA athavA kisI kArya ke prati apanI pasandagI spaSTa karanA icchAnukUlikA bhASA hai| tumheM yaha 11. vyAkRtA kArya karanA hI cAhie, isa prakAra ke kArya ko maiM pasanda karatA huuN| mujhe vyAkRtA se jaina vicArakoM ko kyA abhipreta hai, yaha spaSTa jhUTha bolanA pasanda nahIM hai| Adhunika nItizAstra kA saMvegavAdI siddhAnta nahIM hotA haiM hamArI dRSTi meM vyAkRta kA artha paribhASita karanA aisA ho bhI naitika kathanoM ko abhiruci yA pasandagI kA eka rUpa batAtA hai, sakatA hai| ve kathana, jo kisI tathya kI paribhASAeM haiM, isa koTi meM aura use satyApanIya nahIM mAnatA hai| Ate haiN| Adhunika bhAvavAdI vizleSaka dArzanikoM kI dRSTi se kaheM to ve punaruktiyA~ haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne inheM bhI satya yA asatya kI koTi 8. anabhigrahIta meM nahIM rakhA hai, kyoMki inakA koI apanA vidheya nahIM hotA hai yA ye aisA kathana jisameM vaktA apanI na to sahamati pradAna koI navIna kathana nahIM karate haiN| karatA hai aura na asahamati, anabhigrahIta kahalAtA hai| jaise, 'jo pasanda ho, vaha kArya karo", "jo tumheM sukhaprada ho, vaisA karo" 12. avyAkRtA aadi| aise kathana bhI satyApanIya nahIM hote| isalie inheM bhI vaha bhASA jo spaSTa rUpa se koI vidhi niSedha nahIM karatI asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai| hai, avyAkRta bhASA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se vidhi-niSedha ko abhivyakta nahIM karatI hai| isalie yaha bhI satya-asatya kI koTi meM 9. abhigrahIta nahIM AtI hai| kisI dUsare vyakti ke kathana ko anumodita karanA abhigrahIta Aja samakAlIna dArzanikoM ne bhI AmaMtraNI, AjJApanIya, kathana hai| jaise- 'hA~, tumheM aisA hI karanA cAhie', aise kathana bhI yAcanIya, pRcchanIya aura prajJApanIya Adi kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM Ate haiN| (asatyApanIya) mAnA hai| eyara Adi ne naitika prakathanoM ko AjJApanIya mAnakara unheM (asatyApanIya) mAnA hai jo jaina darzana kI upayukta 10. saMdehakAriNI vyAkhyA ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa hai| jo kathana vyarthaka ho yA jinakA artha spaSTa na ho, saMdehAtmaka

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jaina vAkya darzana vAkya bhASAyI abhivyakti kI eka mahattvapUrNa ikAI hai| vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata vAkya kI paribhASA ko lekara vibhinna dArzanikoM ke vicAroM meM matabheda vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanikoM pAyA jAtA hai| prastuta vivecana meM hama sarvaprathama jaina AcAryoM kI vAkya ke dRSTikoNoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra ne apane kI paribhASA ko spaSTa kareMge aura usake bAda vAkya kI paribhASA ke grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkyapadIya ye do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM sambandha meM anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ko aura unakI jaina dArzanikoM jinameM usa kAla meM pracalita vAkya kI paribhASA evaM svarUpa sambandhI dvArA kI gaI samIkSA ko prastuta kareMge tathA yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge vibhinna dhAraNAoM kA eka paricaya mila jAtA hai| . ki jaina dArzanikoM ne vAkya kA jo svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai, vaha kisa sImA taka tarka-saMgata hai| AraNyatazabdaH saMghAto jAtisaMghAtavartinI / prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko spaSTa eko'navayavazabdaH kramo buddhyanusaMhati / / karate hue likhate haiM ki "apane vAcyArtha ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka padamAdhaM pRthaksarvapadaM sAkAMkSamityapi / dUsare kI paraspara apekSA rakhanevAle padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai|"1 vAkyaM pratimatirbhinnA bahudhA nyAyavAdinAma / / vAkya kI isa paribhASA se hamAre sAmane do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiN| prathama vAkyapadIya - 2/1-7 to yaha ki vAkya kI racanA karane vAle pada apane vAcyArtha kA avabodha bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko lekara do mahattvapUrNa karAne ke lie paraspara eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiM, kintu unase dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| vaiyAkaraNikoM kA mata hai ki vAkya eka nirmita vaha vAkya apane vAkyArtha kA avabodha karAne ke lie anya akhaNDa ikAI hai, ve vAkya meM pada ko mahattvapUrNa nahIM maante| unake kisI kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM apanA arthabodha karAne anusAra, vAkya se pRthak pada kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai, jabaki meM vAkya svayaM samartha hotA hai kintu pada svayaM samartha nahIM hote haiN| jaba dUsarA dRSTikoNa jisakA samarthana nyAya, sAMkhya, mImAMsA Adi darzana sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa pada paraspara milakara eka aise samUha kA nirmANa kara karate haiM, vAkya ko khaNDAtmaka ikAiyoM arthAt zabdoM aura padoM se lete haiM jise apanA arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nirmita mAnatA hai| inake anusAra pada vAkya kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai nahIM rahatI hai, taba vAkya banatA hai| saMkSepa meM sAkAMkSa/sApekSa padoM kA aura apane Apa meM eka svatantra ikAI hai| yadyapi isa prazna ko lekara nirapekSa/ni:kAMkSa samUha vAkya hai| padoM kI sApekSatA aura unase nirmita ki kriyApada (AkhyAta pada) athavA uddezyapada Adi meM kauna-sA samUha kI nirapekSatA hI vAkya kA mUla tattva hai| vAkya kA pratyeka pada pada vAkya kA prANa hai- ina vicArakoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| dUsare pada kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dUsare ke binA apUrNa-sA pratIta vAkyapadIya ke AdhAra para prabhAcandra ne vAkya kI paribhASA evaM hotA hai| apane arthabodha ke lie dUsare kI AkAMkSA yA apekSA rakhane svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unakI vAlA pada sAkAMkSa pada kahalAtA hai aura jitane sAkAMkSa padoM ko samIkSA kI haimilAkara yaha AkAMkSA pUrI ho jAtI hai, vaha ikAI vAkya kahI jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra yahA~ vAkya meM prayukta pada (1) AkhyAta pada hI vAkya hai sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa hote haiM, vahA~ una padoM se nirmita vAkya apanA kucha dArzanikoM ke anusAra AkhyAtapada yA kriyApada hI arthabodha karAne kI dRSTi se nirapekSa yA nirAkAMkSa hotA hai| vastutaH vAkya kA prANa hai| vahI vAkya kA artha vahana karane meM samartha hai| paraspara eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhanevAle sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM ko kriyApada ke abhAva meM vAkyArtha spaSTa nahIM hotA; ataH vAkyArtha ke milAkara jaba eka aise samUha hI racanA kara dI jAtI hai, jise apane arthabodha meM kriyApada athavA AkhyAtapada hI pradhAna hai, anya pada arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, taba gauNa haiN| vAkya bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vAkya meM isa mata kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra likhate haiM ki padoM kI dRSTi se sApekSatA se aura pada-samUha kI dRSTi se nirapekSatA AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya hai yA hotI hai, ata: vAkya sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha hai| isakA tAtparya sApekSa hokara vAkya hai? yadi prathama vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA yaha hai ki vAkya eka ikAI hai jo sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita jAye ki AkhyAtapada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya hai to yaha hokara bhI apane Apa meM nirapekSa hotI hai| pada vAkya ke Avazyaka aMga mAnyatA do dRSTikoNoM se yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kyoMki prathama to anya haiM aura vAkya inase nirmita eka nirapekSa ikAI hai| vAkyakhaNDAtmaka padoM se nipekSa hone para AkhyAtapada 'pada' hI rahegA, 'vAkya ke svarUpa ikAiyoM se racita eka akhaNDa racanA hai| ko prApta nahIM hogaa| dUsare, yadi anya padoM se nirapekSa AkhyAtapada

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jaina vAkya darzana 147 arthAt kriyApada ko hI vAkya mAnA jAye to phira AkhyAtapada kA hI saMghAta nahIM hai| mAtra padoM ko ekatra rakhane se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| abhAva hogA kyoMki AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada vaha hai, jo uddezya vAkya banane ke lie 'kucha aura' cAhie aura yaha 'kucha aura' padoM ke aura vidheyapada ke athavA apane aura uddezyapada ke pArasparika sambandha eka vizeSa prakAra ke ekIkaraNa se prakaTa hotA hai| yaha padoM ke artha ko sUcita karatA hai| uddezya yA vidheyapada se nirapekSa hokara to vaha se adhika evaM bAharI tattva hotA hai| padoM ke samaveta hone para Aye apanA arthAt AkhyAtapada kA svarUpa hI kho cukegA; kyoMki nirapekSa hue isa 'arthAdhikya' ko hI saMghAtavAdI vAkyArtha mAnate haiN| isa hone se vaha na to uddezyapada aura vidheyapada ke sambandha ko aura na prakAra saMghAtavAda meM vAkya ko padasamUha ke rUpa meM aura vAkyArtha ko uddezyapada apane sambandha ko sUcita kregaa| puna: yadi AkhyAtapada padoM ke arthasamUha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yahA~ anya padoM se sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, to vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara samUha yA saMghAta hI mahattvapUrNa tattva hai kyoMki vaha padoM ke artha meM vAkya hai yA pUrNatayA sApekSa hokara vaaky| isameM bhI prathama mata ke kucha nayI bAta ko bhI jor3atA hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta anusAra yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, meM kucha eka aisA nayA tattva hotA hai jo padoM ke alaga-alaga hone to isase to jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogaa| punaH yadi dUsare vikalpa para nahIM hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'ghor3A' 'ghAsa' 'khAtA hai'- ye ke anusAra yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha pUrNa sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, to tIna pada alaga-alaga rUpa meM jisa artha ke sUcaka haiM, inakA saMghAta pUrNa sApekSatA ke kAraNa usameM vAkyatva kA hI abhAva hogA aura yA saMhati arthAt 'ghor3A ghAsa khAtA hai usase bhinna artha kA sUcaka vAkyatva kA abhAva hone se usake prakRta artha arthAt AkhyAta hai| isa prakAra saMghAtavAdI padoM ke saMghAta ko hI vAkyArtha ke avabodha svabhAva kA hI abhAva hogA, vaha arddhavAkyavat hogA; kyoMki pUrNa kA mukhya AdhAra mAnate haiN| sApekSA hone ke kAraNa use apanA arthabodha karAne ke liye anya saMghAtavAda kI isa mAnyatA kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra kisI kI apekSA banI rhegii| anya kisI kI apekSA rahane se vaha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM likhate haiM ki padoM kA yaha saMghAta yA saMghaTana vAkya ke svarUpa ko prApta nahIM hogA; kyoMki vAkya to sApekSa padoM dezakRta hai yA kaalkRt| yadi padoM ke saMghAta ko dezakRta athavA kI nirapekSa saMhati arthAt ikAI hai| ata: jainoM ke anusAra kathaMcit kAlakRta mAnA jAye to yaha vikalpa yuktisaMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki sApekSa aura kathaMcit nirapekSa hokara hI AkhyAtapada vAkya ho sakatA vAkya ke sunane meM kramaza: utpanna evaM dhvaMsa hone vAle padoM kA eka haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki vaha anya padoM se milakara hI vAkya svarUpa hI deza yA eka hI kAla meM avasthita hokara saMghAta banAnA sambhava ko prApta hotA hai| AkhyAtapada vAkya kA cAhe eka mahattvapUrNa aMga nahIM haiN| puna: yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki vAkyarUpatA ko prApta ho, kintu vaha akelA vAkya nahIM hai| pada vAkya se bhinna hai yA abhinna hai| vaha bhinna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha satya hai ki aneka sthitiyoM meM kevala kriyApada ke bhinna rahane para vaha vAkyAMza nahIM raha jAyagA aura vAkya ke aMza ke uccAraNa se sandarbha ke AdhAra para vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAtA hai, kintu rUpa meM usakI pratIti nahIM hogii| punaH jisa prakAra eka varNa kA dUsare vahA~ bhI gauNarUpa se anya padoM kI upasthiti to hai| 'khAo' kahane se varNa se saMghAta nahIM hotA usI prakAra eka pada kA bhI dUsare pada ke na kevala khAne kI kriyA kI sUcanA milatI hai, apitu khAnevAle vyakti sAtha saMghAta nahIM hotA haiM puna: yadi saMghAta abhinna rUpa meM hai to yaha aura khAdya vastu kA bhI avyakta rUpa se nirdeza hotA hai; kyoMki binA prazna upasthita hotA hai to vaha sarvathA abhinna hai yA kathaMcit abhinna khAnevAle ora khAdya vastu ke usakA koI matalaba nahIM hai| hindI bhASa hai| yadi sarvathA abhinna mAnA jAyegA to saMghAta saMghAtI ke svarUpa meM 'lIjie' 'pAie' Adi aise AkhyAtapada haiM, jo eka pada hokara bhI vAlA ho jAyegA, dUsare zabdoM meM pada hI vAkyarUpa ho jAyegA aura vAkyArtha kA bodha karAte haiM; kintu inameM anya padoM kA gauNarUpa se aisI sthiti meM saMghAta kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| yadi yaha saMketa to ho hI jAtA haiM saMskRta bhASA meM 'gacchAmi' isa kriyApada ke saMghAta kathaMcit abhinna aura kathaMcit bhinna hai to aisI sthiti meM jaina prayoga meM 'ahaM' aura 'gacchati' isa kriyApada ke prayoga meM 'sa:' kA mata kA hI samarthana hogA kyoMki jainAcAryoM ke anusAra bhI pada vAkya gauNarUpa se nirdeza to rahA hI hai| kriyApada ko sadaiva vyakta yA avyakta se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna hote hai| isa rUpa meM to yaha rUpa meM kartApada kI apekSA to hotI hI hai| ata: AkhyAtapada anya mata jainoM ko bhI mAnya ho jaayegaa| padoM se kathaMcit sApekSa hokara hI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karatA hai- yaha / mAnanA hI samucita hai aura isa rUpa meM yaha mata jaina dArzanikoM ko bhI (3) saMghAta meM anusyUta sAmAnyatattva (jAti) hI vAkya hai svIkArya hai| kucha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya mAtra padoM kA saMghAta nahIM hai| vAkya ke samasta padoM ke saMghAta se hone vAlI eka (2) padoM kA saMghAta vAkya hai sAmAnya pratIti hI vAkya hai| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta bauddha dArzanikoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki padoM kA saMghAta hI se eka sAmAnya tattva, jise ve 'jAti' kahate haiM, utpanna hotA hai aura vAkya hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki mAtra pada-samUha yaha saMghAta meM anusyUta sAmAnya tattva hI vAkya hai| vAkya meM padoM kI

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148 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pRthak-pRthak sattA nahIM rahatI hai, apitu ve saba milakara eka sAmAnya samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki 'vAkya eka avibhAjya evaM apada tattva kA arthabodha dete haiM aura yahI vAkyArtha hotA hai| isa mata ke ikAI hai', yaha mAnyatA eka prakAra kI kapola-kalpanA hI hai kyoMki anusAra yadyapi padoM ke saMghAta se hI vAkya banatA hai phira bhI yaha vAkya pada ke binA vAkya nahIM hotA hai, vAkya meM sAkAMkSa padoM kA honA se pRthak hokara una padoM ke arthabodha sAmarthya ko svIkAra nahIM karatA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| vAkya meM padoM kI pUrNa avalehanA karanA yA yaha hai| yadyapi vAkya kA pratyeka pada apanI sattA rakhatA hai, tathApi vAkyArtha mAnanA ki pada aura pada ke artha kA vAkya meM kAI sthAna hI nahIM hai, eka alaga ikAI hai aura padoM kA koI artha ho sakatA hai to vAkya eka prakAra se Anubhavika satya se vimukha honA hI hai| prabhAcandra ne isa meM rahakara hI ho sakatA hai| jaise zarIra kA koI aMga apanI kriyAzIlatA mata ke sambandha meM ve sabhI ApattiyA~ uThAyI haiM jo ki sphoTavAda ke zarIra meM rahakara hI banAye rakhatA hai, svatantra hokara nhiiN| pada vAkya ke sambandha meM uThAyI jA sakatI haiN| yaha mata vastutaH sphoTavAda kA hI eka aMga ke rUpa meM hI apanA artha pAte haiN| __rUpa hai, jo vAkyArtha ke sambandha meM yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki pada yA jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata kI samIkSA karate hue kahate unase nirmita vAkya artha ke pratipAdaka nahIM haiM, kintu sphoTa (artha kA haiM ki yadi jAti yA sAmAnyaktatva kA tAtparya paraspara sApekSa padoM kA prAkaTya) hI artha kA pratipAdaka hai|ydi zabdArtha ke bodha ke sambandha meM nirapekSa samUha hai, to hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki vaha dRSTikoNa to sphoTavAda ekamAtra aura antima siddhAnta nahIM hai kyoMki yaha ise spaSTa svayaM jainoM ko bhI svIkArya hai| kintu yadi jAti ko padoM se bhinna mAnA nahIM kara pAtA hai ki padAbhAva meM arthakA sphoTa kyoM nahIM ho jAtA? jAyegA to aisI sthiti meM isa mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa upasthita ho ata: vAkya ko akhaNDa aura niravayava nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki jAyeMge jo saMghatavAda meM dikhAye gaye haiM kyoMki jisa prakAra padasaMghAta pada vAkya ke aparihArya ghaTaka haiM aura ve zabdarUpa meM vAkya se svatantra padoM se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna hokara hI arthabodha pradAna hokara bhI apanA artha rakhate haiM, punaH padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya nahIM karatA hai, usI prakAra yaha jAti yA sAmAnya tattva bhI padoM se kathaMcit hotA hai ata: vAkya ko niravayava nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhitra aura kathaMcit abhinna rahakara hI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karA sakatA hai, kyoMki sAmAnya tattva yA jAti ko vyakti (aMza) se na to pUrNataH (5) kramavAda bhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na pUrNata: abhinna hii| pada bhI vAkya se kramavAda bhI saMghAtavAda kA hI eka vizeSarUpa hai| isa mata ke na to sarvathA bhinna hote haiM aura na sarvathA abhinna hii| unakI sApekSika anusAra pada ko vAkya kA aparihArya aMza to mAnA gayA hai kintu padoM bhinnAbhinnatA hI vAkyArtha kI bodhaka banatI hai| kI sahasthiti kI apekSA padoM ke krama ko vAkyArtha ke lie adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| krama hI vAstavika vAkya hai| jisa prakAra varNa (4) vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai yadi eka sunizcitakrama meM nahIM ho to unase pada nahIM banatA hai, usI vaiyAkaraNika vAkya kI eka akhaNDa sattA mAnate haiN| unake prakAra yadi pada bhI nizcita krama meM na hoM to unase vAkya nahIM bnegaa| anusAra vAkya apane Apa meM eka ikAI hai aura vAkya se pRthak pada sArthaka vAkya ke lie padoM kA kramagata vinyAsa Avazyaka hai| pada kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra pada ke banAne vAle varSoM meM krama hI vastuta: vAkya kI racanA karatA hai aura usI se vAkyArtha kA pada ke artha ko khojanA vyartha hai usI prakAra vAkya ko banAnevAle padoM bodha hotA hai| padoM kA eka apanA artha hotA hai aura eka vishissttaarth| meM vAkyArtha kA khojanA vyartha hai| vastuta: ekatva meM hI vAkyArtha kA padoM kA eka viziSTa artha unameM kramapUrvaka vinyAsa-dazA meM hI vyakta bodha hotA hai| isa mata ke anusAra vAkya meM pada aura varNa kA vibhAjana hotA hai| padoM kA yaha kramapUrvaka vinyAsa hI vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa samIcIna nahIM hai| vAkya jisa artha kA dyotaka hai, vaha artha pada yA padoM karatA hai| ke saMghAta yA pada-samUha meM nahIM hai| vAkya ko eka ikAI mAnane meM jaina sAtha hI kramavAda kAla kI nirantaratA para bala detA hai aura AcAryoM ko bhI koI virodha nahIM hai, kyoMki ve svayaM vAkya ko sApekSa yaha mAnatA hai ki kAla kA vyavadhAna hone se pada-krama TUTa jAtA hai aura padoM kI eka nirapekSa ikAI mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA kevala itanA hI hai padakrama ke TUTane se vAkya naSTa ho jAtA hai| kramavAda meM eka pada ke bAda ki vAkya ko eka akhaNDa sattA yA nirapekSa ikAI mAnate hue bhI hameM AnevAle dUsare pada ko prathama pada kA upakAraka svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki unakI racanA meM padoM kA eka mahatvapUrNa padoM kA yaha niyata krama hI upacIyamAna arthAt prakaTa honevAle artha kA sthAna hai| aMza se pUrNatayA pRthak aMzI kI kalpanA jisa prakAra dyotaka hotA hai| samucita nahIM, usI prakAra padoM kI pUrNa upekSA karake vAkyArtha kA bodha jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata ko saMghAtavAda se adhika sambhava nahIM hai| vAkya nirapekSa ikAI hote hue bhI sApekSa pada samUha se bhinna nahIM mAnate haiM mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda padoM kI hI nirmita hai| ata: ve bhI vAkya kA eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka haiM, ataH sahavartitA para bala detA hai, vahA~ kramavAda krama pr| unake anusAra isa arthabodha meM unheM upekSita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa haiM jo saMghAtavAda meM haiM kyoMki yahA~ bhI deza aura AcArya prabhAcandra vAkya ke isa akhaNDatA siddhAnta kI kAla kI vibhinnatA kA prazna uThatA hai- eka deza aura kAla meM krama

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jaina vAkya darzana 149 sambhava nahIM aura alaga-alaga deza aura kAla meM padoM kI sthiti mAnane hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| udAharaNa rUpa meM jaba rAja mistrI dIvAra para arthabodha meM kaThinAI AtI hai| yadyapi vAkya-vinyAsa meM padoM kA krama kI cunAI karate samaya 'IMTa' yA 'patthara' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai kintu yaha krama sAkAMkSa padoM meM jo kathaMcit bhinna to zrotA yaha samajha jAtA hai ki use IMTa yA patthara lAne kA Adeza aura kathaMcit abhinna rUpa se vAkya meM sthita haiM, hI sambhava hai| diyA gayA hai| yahA~ prathama pada kA uccAraNa sampUrNavAkya ke artha kA vahana karatA hai, kintu hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki vaha 'IMTa' yA (6) buddhigrahIta tAtparya hI vAkya hai| 'patthara' zabda prathama pada ke rUpa meM kevala usa sandarbha vizeSa meM hI kucha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki zabda yA zabda-samUha vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiM, usase pRthaka ho karake nhiiN| rAja ke bAhyAkAra mAtra hai, vAkyArtha usameM nihita nahIM hai| ata: vAkya vaha dvArA uccarita patthara zabda 'patthara lAo' kA sUcaka hogA, jabaki hai jo buddhi ke dvArA grahIta hai| buddhi kI viSayagata ekAgratA se hI chAtra-pulisa saMgharSa meM prayukta patthara zabda anya artha kA sUcaka hogaa| vAkya bolA jAtA hai aura usI se vAkya ke artha kA grahaNa hotA ata: kAraka pada kevala kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM hI vAkyArtha kA hai| vAkya kA janaka evaM kAraNa buddhitattva hai| vaktA dvArA bolane kI bodhaka hotA hai,sarvatra nhiiN| isalie kevala Adi pada yA kAraka pada kriyA tabhI sambhava hai, jaba usameM suvicArita rUpa meM kucha kahane kI ko vAkya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kevala 'pada' vizeSa ko hI vAkya icchA hotI hai ata: buddhi yA buddhitattva hI vAkya kA janaka hotA mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai, anyathA vAkya meM nihita anya pada anAvazyaka hai| buddhi ke abhAva meM na to vAkya kA uccAraNa sambhava hai aura aura nirapekSa hoMge aura isa sthiti meM unase vAkya banegA hI nhiiN| pada na zrotA ke dvArA unakA arthagrahaNa hI sambhava hai| ata: vAkya kA sadaiva sAkAMkSa hote haiM aura una sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita vAkya hI AdhAra buddhi anusaMhati hai| nirAkAMkSa hotA haiN| jainAcArya prabhAcAndra isa dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA karate hue prazna karate haiM ki yadi buddhi tattva hI vAkya kA AdhAra hai to vaha dravyavAkya (8) sAkAMkSa pada hI vAkya hai hai yA bhAvavAkya / buddhi ko dravyavAkya kahanA tarkasaMgata nahIM hai, kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra vAkya kA pratyeka pada vAkya ke kyoMki dravyavAkya to zabda dhvanirUpa hai, acetana hai aura buddhitatva aMga ke rUpa meM sAkAMkSa hote hue bhI apanA svatantra astitva rakhatA hai| cetana hai ata: donoM meM virodha hai| ata: buddhi ko dravyavAkya nahIM mAnA isa mata meM pratyeka pada kA vyaktitva svatantra rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA jA sakatA / punaH yadi yaha mAne ki buddhitattva bhAvavAkya hai to phira hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM kA apanA nijI artha unake sahabhUta yA siddhasAdhyatA kA doSa hogaa| kyoMki buddhi kI bhAvavAkyatA to siddha hI samaveta sthiti meM bhI rahatA hai| yaha mata vAkya meM padoM kI svatantra sattA hai| buddhitattva ko bhAvavAkya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA jainoM ko bhI iSTa hai| aura unake mahatva ko spaSTa karatA hai| saMghAtavAda se isa mata kI bhinnatA isa sambandha meM buddhivAda aura jaina dArzanika ekamata hI haiN| vAkya ke isa artha meM hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda aura kramavAda meM pada ko pramukha sthAna bhAvapakSa yA cetanapakSa ko bauddhika mAnanA jainadarzana ko bhI svIkArya hai| aura vAkya ko gauNa sthAna prApta hotA hai, vahA~ isa mata meM padoM ko sAkAMkSa mAnakara vAkya ko pramukhatA dI jAtI hai| yaha mata yaha mAnatA hai (7)Adyapada (prathama pada) hI vAkya hai ki pada vAkya ke antargata hI apanA artha pAte haiM, usase bAhara nhiiN| kucha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya ke prathama pada kA uccAraNa hI sampUrNa vAkyArtha ko abhivyakta karane kI sAmarthya rakhatA vAkya ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa hai| isa mata ke anusAra vaktA kA abhiprAya prathamapada ke uccAraNa mAtra jaina mata bhI sAkAMkSa padoM ke nirapekSa samUha ko vAkya kahatA se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki anya pada to vivakSA ko vahana karane hai, kintu vaha pada aura vAkya donoM ko hI samAna bala detA hai| jaina vAle hote haiN| vAkyapadIya meM kahA gayA hai ki kriyA se yadi kAraka kA dArzanikoM ke anusAra na to padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya sambhava hai aura na vinizcaya sambhava hai to phira kAraka se kriyA kA nizcaya bhI sambhava vAkya ke abhAva meM pada hI apane viziSTa artha kA prakAzana karane meM hogaa| yaha siddhAnta yadyapi vAkya meM kAraka pada ke mahatva ko spaSTa sakSama hote haiN| pada vAkya meM rahakara hI apanA artha pAte haiN| usase karatA hai phira bhI pUrNata: satya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jainAcArya svatantra hokara nhiiN| ata: pada aura vAkya donoM kA sApekSika astitva prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki cAhe vAkya kA prathama pada arthAt kArakapada evaM sApekSika mahattva hai| donoM meM se koI bhI eka dUsare ke abhAva meM ho athavA antima pada arthAt kriyApada ho, ve anya padoM kI apekSA apanA arthabodha nahIM karA sakatA hai| arthabodha karAne ke lie pada ko se hI vAkyArtha ke bodhaka hote haiN| yadi eka hI pada vAkyArtha ke bodha vAkya sApekSa aura vAkya ko pada sApekSa honA hogaa| jaina mata meM Upara meM samartha ho to phira vAkya meM anya padoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM raha varNita sabhI matoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai jaayegii| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkya meM unake abhAva kA prasaMga hogaa| yaha kintu kisI eka pakSa para anAvazyaka bala nahIM diyA jAtA hai| unakA sahI hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM prathama pada (kAraka pada) ke uccAraNa se kahanA yaha hai ki koI pada aura vAkya eka dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa

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150 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hokara arthabodha karAne meM samartha nahIM hai| unakI arthabodha sAmarthya unakI jaba taka padoM ke arthoM arthAt padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA jJAna pArasparika sApekSatA meM hI nihita hai| vibhinna padoM kI pArasparika nahIM hotA hai taba taka vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| vAkyArtha ke bodha sApekSatA (sAkAMkSatA) aura pada evaM vAkya kI sApekSatA meM hI vAkyArtha ke lie do bAteM Avazyaka haiM- prathama padoM ke artha kA jJAna aura dUsare kI abhivyakti hotI hai| paraspara nirapekSa pada tathA vAkya nirapekSa pada padoM ke pArasparika sambadha kA jnyaan| puna: padoM ke pArasparika sambandha ke aura pada nirapekSa vAkya kI na to sattA hI hotI hai aura na unameM bhI cAra AdhAra haiM- (1) AkAMkSA, (2) yogyatA, (3) sannidhi aura arthabodha karAne kI sAmarthya hI hotI hai| (4) taatpry| 1. AkAMkSA- prathama pada ko sunakara jo dUsare pada ko sunane vAkyArthabodha sambandhI siddhAnta kI jijJAsA mana meM utpanna hotI hai- vahI AkAMkSA hai| punaH eka pada kI vAkya ke artha (vAcya-viSaya) kA bodha kisa prakAra hotA hai dUsare pada ko jo apekSA rahatI hai vahI AkAMkSA hai| AkAMkSArahita isa prazna ko lekara bhAratIya cintakoM meM vibhinna mata pAye jAte haiN| arthAt paraspara nirapekSa-gAya, azva, puruSa, strI Adi aneka padoM ke naiyAyika tathA bhATTa-mImAMsaka isa sambandha meM abhihitAnvayavAda kI uccAraNa se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| jaba ki sAkAMkSa arthAt paraspara sthApanA karate haiN| inake virodha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara kA sampradAya sApekSa pada hI vAkya kI racanA karate haiN| anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI sthApanA karatA hai| hama ina siddhAntoM kA vivecana 2. yogyatA- 'yogyatA' kA tAtparya hai ki abhihita padArthoM aura jaina dArzanikoM ke dvArA kI gaI inakI samIkSA prastuta karate hue ke pArasparika sambandha meM virodha yA bAdhA nahIM honA cAhie arthAt hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki vAkyArthabodha ke sambandha meM samucita unameM pArasparika sambandha kI sambhAvanA honA caahie| udAharaNArtha Aga dRSTikoNa kyA ho sakatA hai? se sIMco- isa pada samudAya meM yogyatA nahIM hai kyoMki Aga kA sIMcane se koI sambandha hai| ata: aise asambandhita yA yogyatA se rahita padoM abhihitAnvayavAda (pUrvapakSa) se sArthaka vAkya nahIM banatA hai| kumArilabhaTTa kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM hameM 3. sannidhi- sannidhi kA tAtparya hai- eka hI vyakti dvArA sarvaprathama padoM ke zravaNa se una padoM ke vAcya-viSayoM arthAt padArthoM binA lambe antarAla ke padoM kA uccAraNa honaa| na to aneka vyaktiyoM kA bodha hotA hai| usake pazcAt unake pUrva meM ajJAta pArasparika sambandha dvArA binA antarAla ke arthAt eka sAtha bole gaye padoM se vAkya banate kA bodha hotA hai aura unakI sambaddhatA ke bodha se vAkyArtha kI pratIti haiM aura na eka vyakti dvArA lambe antarAla arthAt ghaNTe-ghaNTe bhara bAda hotI hai| isa prakAra abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkyArtha ke prati hone vAle padoM ke uccAraNa se vAkya banatA hai| padArthoM kA jJAna hI kAraNabhUta hai, dUsare zabdoM meM padoM ke arthapUrvaka hI 4. tAtparya- vaktA ke abhiprAya ko tAtparya kahate haiN| naiyAyikoM vAkyArtha avasthita hai| saMkSepa meM padoM se abhidhAzakti ke dvArA padArtha ke anusAra yaha bhI vAkyArtha ke bodha kI Avazyaka zarta hai| binA vaktA kA bodha hotA hai, phira vaktA ke tAtparya arthAt vaktA dvArA kiye gaye ke abhiprAya ko samajhe vAkyArtha kA samyak nirNaya sambhava nahIM hotA vibhakti prayoga ke AdhAra para una padoM ke pArasparika sambandha (anya) hai| vizeSa rUpa se taba jaba ki vAkya meM prayukta koI zabda dvayArthaka ho, kA jJAna hotA hai aura isa anvayabodha (padoM ke sambadha jJAna) se jaise 'saindhava', 'nv'| isI prakAra jaba koI zabda kisI viziSTa artha meM vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai kyoMki isameM yA vyaMgya rUpa meM prayukta kiyA gayA ho yA phira vAkya meM koI pada abhihita arthAt pada dvArA vAcya padArtha ke anvaya arthAt pArasparika avyakta raha gayA ho| vibhakti prayoga hI vaktA ke tAtparya ko samajhane kA sambandha ke jJAna se vAkyArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| isa siddhAnta meM vAkyArtha eka AdhAra hotA hai| kA bodha tIna caraNoM meM hotA hai- prathama caraNa meM padoM ko sunakara unake saMkSepa meM, padoM ko sunane se prathama ananvita (asambandhita) vAcya arthAt padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai usake pazcAt dUsare caraNa meM una padArtha upasthita hote haiM phira AkAMkSA, yogyatA, sannidhi aura tAtparya padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha (anvaya) kA jJAna hotA hai| taba tIsare arthAt vibhakti-prayoga ke AdhAra para unake paraspara sambandha kA bodha caraNa meM isa anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa siddhAnta ke hokara vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai| anusAra vAkya se svatantra padoM (zabdoM) kA eka alaga artha hotA hai aura padoM ke isa artha ke jJAna ke AdhAra para hI vAkyArtha kA nizcaya abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkyArtha kA bodha padoM ke arthabodha para hI nirbhara jaina tArkika prabhAcandra apane grantha 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa' meM karatA hai, padoM ke artha se svatantra hokara vAkya kA koI artha nahIM hotA kumArila bhaTTa ke abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA karate hue likhate haiM ki hai| abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra padoM kA vAkya se evaM dUsare padoM se yadi vAkya ko sunakara prathama paraspara asambandhita yA ananvita padArthoM nirapekSa svatantra artha bhI hotA hai vAkya padoM ke 8 se nirapekSa kintu kA bodha hotA hai aura phira unakA pArasparika sambandha yA anvaya jJAta apanA artha nahIM rakhatA hai| pada vAkya se svatantra apanA artha rakhatA hai| hotA hai to prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki unakA yaha anvaya (sambaddhIkaraNa)

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jaina vAkya darzana 151 kisa AdhAra para hotA hai? kyA vAkya se bAhya kinhIM anya zabdoM/padoM dravya vAkya meM zabda alaga-alaga hote haiM kintu bhAva vAkya (buddhi) meM ke dvArA inakA anvaya yA pArasparika sambandha sthApita hotA hai yA buddhi ve paraspara sambandhita yA anvita hote haiN| (jJAna) ke dvArA inakA anvaya hotA hai? prathama vikalpa mAnya nahIM hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki cAhe vAkyoM se kyoMki sampUrNa padoM ke arthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA aisA koI anvaya pRthak zabdoM kA apanA artha hotA ho, kintu jaba ve vAkya meM prayukta kA nimitta bhUta anya zabda hI nahIM hai, puna: jo zabda/pada vAkya meM kiye gaye hoM, taba unakA vAkya se svatantra koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| anupasthita haiM, unake dvArA vAkyastha padoM kA anvaya nahIM ho sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM zataraMja khelate samaya uccarita vAkya 'rAjA mara yadi dUsare vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAye ki ye buddhi ke dvArA gayA' yA maiM tumhAre rAjA ko mAra dUMgA' meM padoM ke vAkya se svataMtra anvita hote haiM yA buddhitattva inameM anvaya/sambandha sthApita karatA hai to apane nijI artha se vAkyArtha bodha meM koI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai| isase kumArila kA abhihitAnvayavAda siddha na hokara usakA virodhI yahA~ sampUrNa vAkya kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai jo prayukta zabdoM/padoM siddhAnta anvitAbhidhAnavAda hI siddha hotA haiM kyoMki padoM ke paraspara ke pRthak arthoM para bilakula hI nirbhara nahIM karatA hai| ata: yaha mAnanA anvitarUpa meM dekhanevAlI buddhi to svayaM hI bhAvavAkyarUpa hai| yadyapi ki vAkyArtha ke prati ananvita padoM ke artha hI kAraNabhUta haiM, nyAyasaMgata kumArila kI ora se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki cAhe vAkya apane nahIM hai| paraspara anvita padoM se bhinna nahIM ho kyoMki vaha unhIM se nirmita hotA hai, kintu usake artha kA bodha to una ananvita padoM ke artha ke bodha anvitAbhidhAnavAda pUrvapakSa para hI nirbhara karatA hai, jo sApekSa buddhi meM paraspara sambandhita yA mImAMsA darzana ke dUsare pramukha AcArya prabhAkara ke mata ko anvita pratIta hote haiN| isa sambandha meM prabhAcandra kA tarka yaha hai ki pada anvitAbhidhAnavAda kahA gayA hai|jhaaN kumArila bhaTTa apane abhihitAnvayavAda apane dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti, pratyaya Adi se bhinna nahIM hai, kyoMki jaba meM yaha mAnate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pahale padArtha abhihita hotA ho ve kahe jAte haiM taba apane avayavoM sahita kahe jAte haiM aura unake artha aura usake bAda unake anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai- vahA~ kA bodha unake paraspara anvita avayavoM ke bodha se hotA hai, arthAt prabhAkara anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM yaha mAnate haiM ki anvita padArthoM kA hI hameM jo bodha hotA hai vaha anvitoM kA hotA hai, ananvitoM kA nahIM hotA abhidhA zakti se bodha hotA hai| vAkya meM pada paraspara sambandhita hokara hai| isake pratyuttara meM apane abhihitAnvayavAda ke samarthana hetu kumArila hI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAte haiN| inake pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna yaha tarka de sakate haiM ki loka vyavahAra evaM vedoM meM vAkyArtha kI (anvaya) se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| vAkya se prayukta padoM kA pratipatti ke lie niraMza zabda/pada kA prayoga hotA hai kevala unakI sAmUhika eka samagra artha hotA hai| vAkya se pRthak unakA koI artha dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti yA pratyaya kA nahIM; dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti, pratyaya nahIM hotA hai| Adi to unakI vyutpatti samajhAne ke lie unase pRthaka kiye jAte haiN| isa siddhAnta meM pada se padArtha bodha ke pazcAt unake anvaya eka zabda eka varNa ke samAna anvayava (niraMza) hotA hai, usake artha ko na mAnakara vAkya ko sunakara sIdhA anvita padArthoM kA hI bodha ko samajhane ke lie kalpanA ke dvArA usake avayavoM ko eka dUsare se mAnA gayA hai isalie isa siddhAnta meM tAtparya-AkhyA-zakti kI bhI pRthak kiyA jAtA hai| kumArila ke isa tarka ke viruddha prabhAcandra kA AvazyakatA nahIM mAnI gaI hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM ko sunakara kahanA hai ki jisa AdhAra zabda ko apane arthabodha ke lie niraMza yA saMketa grahaNa kevala ananvita padArtha meM nahIM hotA hai, apitu kisI ke akhaNDa ikAI mAnA jA sakatA hai usI AdhAra para vAkya ko bhI niraMza sAtha anvita yA sambandhita padArtha meM hI hotA hai| ataeva abhihita kA mAnA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAkya kI saMracanA anvaya na mAnakara anvita kA abhidhAna mAnanA cAhie, yahI isa bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie zabdoM ko (kalpanA meM) pRthak kiyA jAtA hai| kA sAra hai| yaha mata mAnatA hai ki vAkyArtha vAkya hI hotA hai, tAtparya vastuta: vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai| loka vyavahAra meM evaM vedoM meM vAkyoM zakti se vAda ko pratIta nahIM hotA hai| kA prayoga isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki padArthoM kI prApti yA aprApti ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tAza khelate samaya uccarita vAkya- 'IMTa lie kriyA kI jA ske| vAkya hI kriyA kA preraka hotA hai, pada nhiiN| calo' ke arthabodha meM prathama padoM ke artha kA bodha aura phira unake ata: vAkya eka ikAI hai| anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai apitu sIdhA hI vAkyArtha kA isa prakAra prabhAcandra isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jisa bodha hotA hai, kyoMki yahA~ IMTa zabda IMTa kA vAcaka na hokara IMTa kI prakAra zabda pada se dhAtu, liMga, pratyaya Adi AMzika rUpa se bhinna AkRti se yukta patte kA vAcaka hai aura calanA zabda gamana kriyA kA aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hote haiM usI prakAra pada bhI vAkya se vAcaka na hokara pattA DAlane kA vAcaka hai| isa AdhAra para anvitAbhidhAna AMzika rUpa se bhinna aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hotA hai| pada apane kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada paraspara anvita pratIta hote vAkya ke ghaTaka padoM se anvita yA sambaddha hotA hai aura anya vAkya haiN| pratyeka pUrvavartI pada apane paravartI pada se anvita hokara hI vAkyArtha ke ghaTaka padoM se ananvita, asambaddha yA bhinna (ananvita) hotA hai| kA bodha karAtA hai ata: vAkya ko sunakara anvitoM kA hI abhidhAna

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152 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (jJAna) hotA hai| isa sambandha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara ne kahA hai ki padoM ke do kArya hote haiM prathama-apane artha kA kathana karanA aura dUsarA padAntara ke anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI samIkSA artha meM gamaka vyApAra arthAt unakA smaraNa kraanaa| ata: anvitAbhidhAnavAda prabhAcandra apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM anvitAbhidhAnavAda mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA caahie| kintu jainoM kI dRSTi meM unakA ke viruddha nimna AkSepa prastuta karate haiM yaha mAnanA bhI tarka-saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki pada-vyApAra se artha-bodha prathamata: yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAkya ke pada paraspara samAna hone para bhI kisI ko abhidhIyamAna aura kisI ko gamyamAna anvita arthAt eka dUsare se sambandhita hokara hI anubhUta hote haiM mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| arthAt anvita rUpa meM hI unakA abhidhAna hotA hai to phira prathama pada puna: prabhAcandra kA prazna yaha hai ki buddhimAna vyakti pada kA ke zravaNa se vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAnA caahie| aisI sthiti meM anya prayoga pada ke bodha ke lie karate haiM yA vAkyArtha bodha ke lie| pada ke padoM kA ucyAraNa hI vyartha ho jaayegaa| sAtha hI prathama pada ko vAkyatva artha bodha ke lie to kara nahIM sakate kyoMki pada pravRtti kA hetu nahIM prApta ho jAyegA athavA vAkya kA pratyeka pada svatantra rUpa se vAkyatva haiN| yadi dUsarA vikalpa ki pada kA prayoga vAkya ke arthabodha ke lie ko prApta kara legaa| kyoMki pUrvApara padoM ke paraspara anvita hone ke karate haiM- yaha mAnA jAve to isase anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI hI puSTi kAraNa eka pada ke zravaNa se hI sampUrNa vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jaayegaa| hogii| isake pratyuttara meM jainAcArya prabhAcandra kahate haiM ki 'vRkSa pada ke prabhAcandra ke isa tarka ke virodha meM yadi anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI ora se prayoga se zAkhA, pallava Adi se yukta artha kA bodha hotA hai| usa yaha kahA jAye ki avivakSita (avAMchita) padoM ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) artha bodha se 'tiSThati' (khar3A hai) ityAdi pada sthAna Adi viSaya kA ke lie anya padoM kA uccAraNa vyartha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai to sAmarthya se bodha karAte haiN| sthAna Adi ke arthabodha meM 'vRkSa' pada kI unakA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki aisI sthiti meM anvita prathama pada ke dvArA sAkSAt pravRtti nahIM hone se use usa artha-bodha kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA jo pratipatti (arthabodha) ho cukI hai, vAkya ke anya padoM ke dvArA mAtra sakatA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAe kI vRkSapada 'tiSThati' pada ke artha-bodha usakI punarukti hogI ataH punarukti kA doSa to hogA hii| yadyapi yahA~ meM paramparA se arthAt parokSarUpa se kAraNa hotA hai to mAnanA isalie apane bacAva ke lie anvitAbhidhAnavAdI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prathama samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane para yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki hetu pada ke dvArA jisa vAkyArtha kA pradhAna rUpa se pratipAdana huA hai anya vacana kI sAdhya kI pratipatti meM pravRtti hotI hai aura aisI sthiti meM pada usake sahAyaka ke rUpa meM gauNa rUpa se usI artha kA pratipAdana anumAna-jJAna bhI zAbdika kahalAyegA, jo ki tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| karate haiN| ata: yahA~ punarukti kA doSa nahIM hotA hai kintu jainoM ko puna: mImAMsaka prabhAkara yadi yaha kaheM ki hetuvAcaka zabda se unakI yaha dalIla mAnya nahIM hai| hone vAlI hetu kI pratIti hI zabda-jJAna hai, zabda se jJAta hetu ke dvArA anvitAbhidhAnavAdI prabhAkara kI yaha mAnyatA bhI samucita jo sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai use zAbdika jJAna na mAnakara anumAna hI nahIM hai ki pUrva padoM ke abhidheya arthoM se anvita antima pada ke mAnanA hogA anyathA atiprasaMga doSa hogA to jaina dArzanika pratyuttara meM uccAraNa se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa sambandha meM jainatArkika kaheMge ki phira vRkSa zabda se sthAnAdi kI pratIta meM bhI atiprasaMga doSa prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki jaba sabhI pada paraspara anvita haiM to phira yaha to mAnanA hogaa| kyoMki jisa prakAra hetu zabda kA vyApAra apane artha mAnane kA kyA AdhAra hai ki kevala antima pada ke anvita artha kI (viSaya) kI pratIti karAne taka hI sImita hai usI prakAra vRkSa zabda ko pratipatti se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai aura anya padoM ke artha kI bhI apane artha kI pratIti taka hI sImita mAnanA hogaa| pratipatti se vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki vizeSyapada vizeSya ko vizeSaNaprabhAkara apane anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke pakSa meM yaha tarka de sAmAnya se, yA vizeSa-viziSTa se yA vizeSaNa-sAmAnya aura vizeSa sakate haiM ki uccAryamAna pada kA artha abhidhIyamAnapada (jAnA gayA) se (ubhaya) se anvita kahatA hai| prathama vikalpa arthAt vizeSya vizeSaNa anvita na hokara gamyamAna arthAt padAntaroM se gocarIkRta pada se sAmAnya se anvita karake hotA hai? yaha mAnane para viziSTa vAkyArtha anvita hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka pUrva-pUrva pada apane uttarapada se kI pratipatti sambhava nahIM hai- kyoMki vizeSya pada kA sAmAnya-vizeSaNa anvita hotA hai ata: kisI eka pada se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha honA se anvita hone para vizeSa-vAkyArtha kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogaa| dUsarA sambhava nahIM hogaa| unakI isa avadhAraNA kI samAlocanA meM jainoM kA vikalpa mAnane para nizcayAtmaka-jJAna nahIM hogA-kyoMki (mImAMsakoM ke tarka yaha hai ki pratyeka pUrvapada kA artha kevala apane uttarapada se anvita anusAra) zabda se jisakA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aise pratiniyata hotA hai aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki anvaya/sambaddhatA sApekSa vizeSaNa se apane ukta vizeSya meM anvaya karane meM saMzaya utpanna hogA hotI hai ata: uttarapada bhI pUrvapada se anvita hogaa| ata: kevala antima kyoMki vizeSya meM dUsare aneka vizeSaNa bhI sambhava haiM ata: apane isa pada se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha isa anvitAbhidhAnavAda siddhAnta kI dRSTi vizeSya meM amuka vizeSaNa hI anvita hai, aisA nizcaya nahIM ho skegaa| se to tarka-saMgata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi pUrvapakSa arthAt mImAMsaka prabhAkara kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki

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jaina vAkya darzana vaktA ke abhiprAya se pratiniyata vizeSaNa kA use vizeSya meM anvaya ho jAtA hai to yaha kathana bhI samIcIna nahIM hai, kyoMki jisa puruSa ke prati zabda kA uccaraNa kiyA gayA hai use to vaktA kA abhiprAya jJAta nahIM hotA hai| ataH vizeSaNa kA nirNaya sambhava nahIM hogaa| yadi yaha kahA jAye ki vaktA ko apane abhiprAya kA bodha hotA hI hai ataH vaha to pratiniyata vizeSakA nizcaya kara hI legaa| kintuaisA mAnane para zAbdika kathana karanA anAvazyaka hogA; kyoMki zabda kA kathana dUsaroM kA artha kI pratipatti karAne ke lie hotA hai svayaM apane lie nhiiN| tIsarA vikalpa arthAt vizeSyapada vizeSya ko ubhaya se anvita kahatA hai, yaha mAne para ubhayapakSa ke doSa AyeMge arthAt na to viziSTa vAkyArtha kA bodha hogA aura na nizcayAtmaka jJAna hogaa| isI prakAra kI ApattiyoM vizeSya ko kriyApada aura kriyA vizeSaNa se anvita mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI upasthita hogii| punaH pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara yadi yaha kaheM ki pada se pada ke artha kA jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura phira vaha vAkyArtha kA nizcaya karatA hai kintu aisA mAnane para to rUpAdi ke jJAna se gaMdhAdi kA nizcaya bhI mAnanA hogA, jo ki tarkasaMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA haiN| ataH anvita abhidhAnavAda arthAt padoM se padAntaroM ke arthoM se anvita arthoM kA hI kathana hotA hai padoM ke artha kI pratIti se vAkya ke artha kI pratIti hotI hai aisA prabhAkara kA mata zreyaSkara nahIM hai| vastutaH abhihitAnvayavAda aura anvitAbhidhAnavAda donoM hI ekAMgI haiN| jaina dArzanika abhihitAnvayavAda kI isa avadhAraNA se sahamata haiM ki padoM kA zabda ke rUpa meM vAkya se svatantra artha bhI hotA hai kintu sAtha hI ve anvitAbhidhAnavAda se sahamata hokara yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vAkya meM prayukta pratyeka pada apane arthabodha ke lie paraspara sApekSa hotA hai arthAt ve paraspara anvita (sambandhita) hote haiM aura sampUrNa vAkya ke zravaNa ke pazcAt usase hameM jo arthabodha hotA hai usameM pada paraspara anvita yA sApekSa hI pratIta hote haiM, nirapekSa nahIM haikyoMki nirapekSa padoM se vAkya kI racanA hI nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra zabda ke arthabodha ke lie varNoM kI sApekSatA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra 153 vAkya ke arthabodha ke lie padoM kI sApekSatA / sambandhitatA Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra paraspara sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai ataH vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada sApekSa arthAt parasparAnvita hI pratIta hote haiN| ve yadyapi isa samagra vivAda ke mUla meM do bhinna bhinna dRSTiyA~ kArya kara rahI hai| abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkya pada sApekSa hai| vAkya meM padoM kI sattA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| jabaki anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM padoM kA artha vAkya sApekSa hai, vAkya meM padoM kA artha vAkya sApekSa hai, vAkya se svatantra na to padoM kI koI sattA hI hai aura na usakA koI artha hI hai| ve padoM ke artha ko vAkya sApekSa mAnate haiM abhihitAnvayavAda meM pada, vAkya kI mahattvapUrNa ikAI hai jabaki anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM vAkya hI mahattvapUrNa evaM samagra ikAI hai, pada gauNa hai yahI donoM kA mukhya antara hai jabaki jaina dArzanika donoM ko hI paraspara sApekSa aura vAkyArtha ke bodha meM Avazyaka mAnate haiN| isa prakAra ve ina donoM matoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada aura vAkya donoM kI hI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| saMdarbha 1. (a) padAnAM tu tadapekSANAM nirapekSaH samudAyo vaakymiti| -pramayekamalamArtaNDa, pR0 458 / (ba) padAnAM punarvAkyArthaM pratyAyane vidheye'nyonyanirmitatopakAramanusaratAM vAkyAntarasthapadAkSepArahitAsaMhatirvAkyamabhidhIyate / - syAdvAdaratnAkara, pR0 941 / 2. (a) padArthAnAM tu mUlatvamiSTaM tadbhAvanAvataH / mImAMsAzlokavArtika vAkyapada 111 / (ba) pdaarthpuurvkstsmaadvaakyaarthoymvsthitH|| mImAMsAzlokavArtika vAkyapadI 336 / 3. pramayekamalamArtaNDa (prabhAcandra), pR0 464-65 / 4. dekheM- kAvyaprakAza AcArya vizvezvara pR0 37 5. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 3 / 101 pR0 459-464 / .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana syAdvAda kA artha vizleSaNa : syAdvAda zabda syAt aura vAda ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai| ataH syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM zabdoM kA artha vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| syAt zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM jitanI bhrAnti dArzanikoM meM rahI hai, sambhavataH utanI anya kisI zabda ke sambandha meM nhiiN| vidvAnoM dvArA hindI bhASA meM syAt kA artha "zAyada", "sambhavataH", "kadAcit" aura aMgrejI bhASA meM Probable, may be, perhaps, some how Adi kiyA gayA hai aura inhIM arthoM ke AdhAra para use saMzayavAda, sambhAvanAvAda yA anizcayavAda samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM saMdarbhoM meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit zAyada, sambhava Adi bhI hotA hai kintu isa AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA anizcayavAda mAna lenA eka bhrAnti hI hogii| hameM yahA~ isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki prathama to eka hI zabda ke aneka artha ho sakate hai, dUsare aneka bAra zabdoM kA prayoga unake pracalita artha meM na hokara viziSTa artha meM hotA hai, jaise jaina paramparA meM dharma zabda kA prayoga dharma-dravya ke rUpa meM hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne syAt zabda kA prayoga eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM hI kiyA hai| yadi syAdvAda ke Alocaka vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda sambandhI kisI bhI mUlagrantha ko dekhane kI koziza kI hotI, to unheM syAt zabda kA jaina paramparA meM kyA artha hai, yaha spaSTa ho jaataa| syAt zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM jo bhrAnti utpanna hotI haiM, usakA mUla kAraNa use tihanta pada mAna lenA haiM, jabaki samantabhadra, vidyAnandi, amRtacandra, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne ise nipAta yA avyaya mAnA hai| samantabhadra syAt zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM likhate haiM ki syAt yaha nipAta zabda hai, jo artha ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hone para vAkya meM anekAntatA kA dyotaka aura vivakSita artha kA eka vizeSaNa hai| isI prakAra paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandra bhI syAt zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'syAt' ekAntatA kA niSedhaka, anekAntatA kA pratipAdaka tathA kathaMcit artha kA dyotaka eka nipAta zabda hai| re malliSeNa ne bhI syAdvAdamaMjarI meM svAt zabda ko anekAntatA kA dyotaka eka avyaya mAnA hai| isa prakAra yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM syAt zabda saMzayaparaka na hokara anekAntika kintu nizcayAtmaka artha kA dyotaka hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM jaina dArzanika isa sambandha meM bhI sahaja the ki Alocaka yA janasAdhAraNa dvArA syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka artha grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie unhoMne syAt zabda ke sAtha "eva" zabda ke prayoga kI yojanA bhI kI hai, jaise- "syAdastyeva ghaTaH " arthAt kisI apekSA se yaha ghar3A hI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki " eva" zabda nizcayAtmakatA kA dyotaka hai| * " syAt" tathA "eva" zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga zrotA kI saMzayAtmakatA ko samApta kara use sApekSika kintu nizcita jJAna pradAna karatA hai| vastuta: isa prayoga meM "eva" zabda 'svAt' zabda kI anizcitatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura "syAt" zabda "eva" zabda kI nirapekSatA evaM ekAntatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura isa prakAra ve donoM milakara kathita vastu-dharma kI sImA niyata karate hue sApekSa kintu nizcita jJAna prastuta karate haiM ataH syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA sambhAvanAbAda nahIM kA jA sakatA hai| "vAda" zabda kA artha kathanavidhi hai / isa prakAra syAdvAda sApekSika kathana paddhati yA sApekSika nirNaya paddhati kA sUcaka hai| vaha eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo vastutattva kA vividha pahaluoM yA vividha AyAmoM se vizleSaNa karatA hai aura apane una vizleSita vividha nirNayoM ko isa prakAra kI bhASA meM prastuta karatA hai ki ve apane pakSa kI sthApanA karate hue bhI vastutattva meM nihita anya "anukta" anekAneka dharmoM evaM sambhAvanAoM (paryAyoM) kA niSedha na kreN| vastutaH syAdvAda hamAre nirNayoM evaM tajjanita kathanoM ko prastuta karane kA eka nirdoSa evaM ahiMsaka tarIkA hai, avirodhapUrvaka kathana kI eka zailI hai| usakA pratyeka bhaMga anekAntika DhaMga se ekAntika kathana karatA hai, jisameM vaktA apanI bAta isa DhaMga se kahatA hai ki usakA vaha kathana apane pratipakSI kathanoM kA pUrNa niSedhaka na bne| saMkSepa meM syAdvAda apane samagra rUpa meM anekAnta hai aura pratyeka bhaMga kI dRSTi se samyak ekAnta bhI hai| saptabhaMgI anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke saMbaMdha meM eka aisI kathanapaddhati yA vAkya yojanA hai, jo usameM anukta dharmoM ko saMbhAvanA kA niSedha karate hue sApekSika kintu nizcayAtmaka DhaMga se vastutattva ke pUrNa svarUpa ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhate hue usake kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana yA niSedha karatI hai| isI prakAra anekAMtavAda bhI vastutattva ke sandarbha meM ekAdhika nirNayoM ko svIkRta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka hI vastutattva ke sandarbhoM meM vibhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para aneka nirNaya (kathana) diye jA sakate haiM arthAt anekAMta vastu svarUpa ke sambandha meM aneka nirNayoM yA niSkarSo kI sambhAvyatA kA siddhAMta hai| jainAcAryoM ne anekAMta ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki 'sarvacaikAnta pratikSepalakSaNo'AnekAMta' arthAt anekAMta mAtra ekAMta kA niSedha hai aura vastu meM nihita paraspara viruddha dharmoM kA prakAzaka hai| syAdvAda ke AdhAraH sambhavataH yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki syAdvAda yA sApekSika kathana paddhati kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? syAdvAda yA sApekSika kathana paddhati kI AvazyakatA ke mUlataH cAra kAraNa haiM1. vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA, . .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 155 2. mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kI sImitatA, hai jisakA spaSTIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vividha 3. mAnavIya jJAna kI apUrNatA evaM sApekSatA tathA prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha jaba mahAvIra se gautama ne yaha pUchA ki 4. bhASA ke abhivyakti sAmarthya kI sImitatA evaM saapeksstaa| he bhagavan! jIva nitya yA anitya hai? he gautama! jIva apekSAbheda se nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhii| bhagavan! yaha kaise? he gautama! dravya dRSTi (a) vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA : se jIva nitya hai, paryAya dRSTi se anityA isI prakAra eka anya prazna sarvaprathama syAdvAda ke aucitya sthApana ke lie hameM vastutattva ke uttara meM unhoMne somila ko kahA thA ki-he somila! dravya-dRSTi se ke usa svarUpa ko samajha lenA hogA, jisake pratipAdana kA hama prayAsa maiM eka hU~, kintu parivartanazIla cetanAvasthAoM (paryAyoM) kI apekSA se karate haiN| vastutattva mAtra sImita lakSaNoM kA puMja nahIM hai, jaina dArzanikoM meM aneka bhI huuN| vastutattva ke isa anantadharmAtmaka evaM anekAntika ne use anantadharmAtmaka kahA hai| yadi hama vastutattva ke bhAvAtmaka guNoM svarUpa kA yaha pratipAdana ukta Agama meM bahuta hI vistAra ke sAtha huA para hI vicAra kareM to unakI saMkhyA bhI aneka hogii| udAharaNArtha gulAba hai kintu lekha kI maryAdA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue uparyukta eka-do kA phUla gandha kI dRSTi se sugandhita hai, to varNa kI dRSTi se kisI eka udAharaNa hI paryApta hoNge| yA ekAdhika viziSTa raMgoM se yukta haiM, sparza kI dRSTi se usakI vastutattva kI yaha anantadharmAtmakatA tathA usameM virodhI paMkhur3iyA~ komala haiM, kintu DaMThala tIkSNa haiM, usameM eka viziSTa svAda dharma-yugaloM kI eka sAtha upasthiti anubhava-siddha hai| eka hI Amraphala hai, Adi aadi| yaha to huI vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI bAta, kintu khaTTA aura madhura (khaTTA-mIThA) donoM hI ho sakatA hai| pitRtva aura usake abhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI saMkhyA to usake bhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI putratva ke do virodhI guNa apekSA bheda se eka hI vyakti meM eka hI samaya apekSA kaI gunA adhika hogI, jaise gulAba kA phUla, camelI kA, meM sAtha-sAtha siddha ho sakate haiN| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jinheM hama mogare kA yA palAsa kA phUla nahIM hai| vaha apane se itara sabhI vastuoM virodhI dharma yugala mAna lete haiM, unameM sarvathA yA nirapekSa rUpa se virodha se bhinna hai aura usameM una sabhI vastuoM ke anekAneka dharmoM kA abhAva nahIM hai| apekSA bheda se unakA eka hI vastutattva meM eka hI samaya meM bhI hai| puna: yadi hama vastutattva kI bhUta evaM bhAvI tathA vyakta aura honA sambhava hai| bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se eka hI vyakti choTA yA bar3A avyakta paryAyoM (sambhAvanAoM) para vicAra kareM to usake guNa dharmoM kI kahA jA sakatA hai athavA eka hI vastu ThaNDI yA garama kahI jA sakatI yaha saMkhyA aura bhI adhika bar3hakara nizcita hI ananta taka pahu~ca hai| jo saMkhiyA janasAdharaNa kI dRSTi meM viSa (prANApahArI) hai, vahI eka jaavegii| ata: yaha kathana satya hai ki vastutattva anantadharmoM, anantaguNoM vaidya kI dRSTi meM auSadhi (jIvana-saMjIvanI) bhI hai| ata: yaha eka evaM anantaparyAyoM kA puMja hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka anubhavajanya satya hai ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharma-yugaloM kI hone ke sAtha-sAtha anekAntika bhI hai, mAnava buddhi jinheM paraspara upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki virodhI guNa mAna letI hai ve eka hI vastutattva meM apekSA bheda se eka vastu meM aneka virodhI dharma yugaloM kI upasthiti nahIM hai| isa sambandha sAtha rahate hue dekhe jAte haiN| meM dhavalA kA nimna kathana draSTavya hai--"yadi (vastu meM) sampUrNa dharmoM kA astitva nAstitva pUrvaka hai aura nAstitva astitva pUrvaka eka sAtha rahanA mAna liyA jAve to paraspara viruddha caitanya, acaitanya, hai| ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai, jo dravya bhavyatva aura abhavyatva Adi dharmoM kA eka sAtha AtmA meM rahane kA dRSTi se nitya hai, vahI paryAyadRSTi se anitya bhI hai| utpatti ke binA prasaMga A jaavegaa| ata: yaha mAnanA adhika tarkasaMgata hai ki vastu meM vinAza aura vinAza ke binA utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| puna: utpatti aura kevala ve hI virodhI dharma yugala yugapat rUpa meM raha sakate haiM, jinakA vinAza ke lie dhrauvyatva bhI apekSita hai anyathA utpatti aura vinAza usa vastu meM atyantAbhAva nahIM hai| kintu isa bAta se vastutattva kA kisakA hogA? kyoMki vizva meM vinAza ke abhAva se utpatti jaisI bhI anantadharmAtmaka svarUpa khaNDita nahIM hotA hai aura vastutattva meM nityatAkoI sthiti nahIM hai| yadyapi dhrauvyatva aura utpatti-vinAza ke dharma anityatA, ekatva-anekatva, astitva-nAstitva, bhedatva-abhedatva Adi paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu donoM ko sahavartI mAne binA vizva kI vyAkhyA aneka virodhI dharma yugaloM kI yugapat upasthiti mAnI jA sakatI hai| asambhava hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM AcArya amRtacandra 'samayasAra' kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki apekSA bheda pracalita zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI Adi paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM se jo hai, vahI nahIM bhI hai, jo sat hai vaha asat bhI hai, jo eka hai vaha ke madhya meM samanvaya karate hue anekAntika dRSTi se vastutattva ko aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai vahI anitya bhI hai|9 vastu ekAntika na utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka kahakara paribhASita kiyaa| jinopadiSTa hokara anekAntika hai| AcArya hemacandra anyayoga-vyavacchedikA meM yaha tripadI hI anekAntavAdI vicAra-paddhati kA AdhAra hai| syAdvAda likhate haiM ki vizva kI samasta vastue~ syAdvAd kI mudrA se yukta haiM, aura nayavAda sambandhI vipula sAhitya mAtra isakA vistAra hai| tripadI hI koI bhI usakA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa|10 yadyapi vastutattva kA yaha jina dvArA vapita vaha "bIja" hai jisase syAdvAda rUpI vaTa vRkSa anantadharmAtmaka evaM anekAntika svarUpa hameM asamaMjasa meM avazya vikasita huA hai| yaha vastutattva ke usa anekAntika svarUpa kI sUcaka DAla detA hai kintu yadi vastu svabhAva aisA hI hai, to hama kyA kareM?

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 vyakti sApekSa hI hotA hai| bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ke zabdoM meM yadidaM svayamarthebhyo rocate ke vayaM'? punaH hama jisa vastu yA dravya kI vivecanA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha hai kyA? jahA~ eka ora dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA Azraya kahA aura paryAyoM kA Azraya kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora use guNoM kA samUha bhI kahA gayA hai| guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthak dravya kI koI sattA hI nahIM hai aura dravya se pRthak guNa aura paryAyoM kI koI sattA nahIM hai| yaha hai vastu kI sApekSitatA aura yadi vastutattva sApekSika, anantadharmAtmaka aura anekAntika hai, to phira usakA jJAna evaM usakI vivecanA nirapekSa evaM ekAntika dRSTi kaise sambhava hai? isalie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki (anantadharmAtmaka) mizrita tattva kI vivecanA binA apekSA se sambhava nahI hai| 11 (ba) mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kA svarUpa : yaha to huI vastu svarUpa kI bAteM, kintu jisa vastu svarUpa kA jJAna hama prApta karanA cAhate haiM, usake lie hamAre pAsa sAdhana kyA hai, hameM una sAdhanoM ke svarUpa evaM unake dvArA pradatta jJAna ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| manuSya ke pAsa apanI satyAbhIpsA aura (sa) mAnavIya jJAna kI sImitatA evaM sApekSatA : jijJAsA kI santuSTi ke lie jJAna prApti ke do sAdhana hai: kintu mAnava mana kabhI bhI indriyAnubhUti yA pratIti ke jJAna ko hI antima satya mAnakara santuSTa nahIM hotA, vaha usa pratIti ke pIche bhI jhAMkanA cAhatA hai| isa hetu vaha apanI tarkabuddhi kA sahArA letA hai| kintu kyA tArkika jJAna nirapekSa ho sakatA hai ? prathama to tArkika jJAna bhI pUrI taraha se indriya saMvedanoM se nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, dUsare tArkika jJAna vastutaH eka sambandhAtmaka jJAna hai| bauddhika cintana kAraNa kArya, eka-aneka, asti nAsti Adi vicAra vidhAoM se ghirA huA hai aura apanI ina vicAra - vidhAoM ke AdhAra para vaha sApekSa hI hogaa| tarkabuddhi jaba bhI kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kara koI nirNaya prastuta karatI hai, to vaha hameM do tathyoM ke bIca kisI sambandha yA asambandha kI hI sUcanA pradAna karata hai aura aisA sambandhAtmaka jJAna sambandha sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nahIM kyoMki sabhI sambandha (Relations) sApekSa hote haiN| 1. indriyA~ aura 2. tarkabuddhi / yaha mAnava apane inhIM sImita sAdhanoM dvArA vastutattva ko jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai| jahA~ taka mAnava ke aindrika jJAna kA prazna hai, spaSTa hai ki aindrika jJAna na pUrNa hai aura na nirapekSa mAnava indriyoM kI kSamatA sImita hai, ataH ve vastutatva kA jo bhI svarUpa jAna pAtI haiM, vaha pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai indriyA~ vastu ko apane pUrNa svarUpa meM dekha pAne ke lie sakSama nahIM haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki hama vastutattva ko jisa rUpa meM vaha hai vaisA nahIM jAna kara use jisa rUpa meM indriyA~ hamAre samakSa prastuta karatI haiM, usI rUpa meM jAnate haiN| hama indriya saMvedanoM ko jAna pAte haiM, vastutattva ko nhiiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki hamArA Anubhavika jJAna indriya-sApekSa hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha indriya sApekSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha una koNoM para bhI nirbhara rahatA hai jahA~ se vastu dekhI jA rahI hai aura yadi hama usa koNa (sthiti) ke vicAra kA apane zAna se alaga karate haiM, to nizcita hI hamArA jJAna bhrAnta ho jaayegaa| udAharaNArthaM eka gola sikkA apane aneka koNoM se hameM vRttAkAra na laga kara aNDAkAra dikhAI detA hai| vibhinna gurutvAkarSaNoM evaM vibhinna zArIrika sthitiyoM se eka hI vastu halkI yA bhArI pratIta hotI hai| hamArI pRthvI ko jaba hama usake gurutvAkarSaNa kI sImA se Upara jAkara dekhate haiM to gatizIla dikhAI detI hai, kintu yahA~ vaha hameM sthira pratIta hotI hai / dUra se dekhane para vastu choTI aura pAsa se dekhane para bar3I dikhAI detI haiM eka Tebala ke jaba vividha koNoM se phoTo lie jAte haiM to ve paraspara bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| isa prakAra hamArA sArA Anubhavika jJAna sApekSya hI hotA hai, nirapekSa nahIM indriya saMvedanoM ko kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hotA hai? una saba apekSAoM (Conditions) se alaga haTakara nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, jinameM ki ve hue haiN| ataH aindrikajJAna dika, kAla aura 156 vastutaH vastutattva kA yathArtha evaM pUrNa jJAna sImita kSamatA vAle mAnava ke lie sadaiva hI eka jaTila prazna rahA hai / apUrNa ke dvArA pUrNa ko jAnane ke samasta prayAsa AMzika satya ke jJAna se Age nahIM jA pAye haiM aura jaba isa AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai to vaha satya, satya na raha karake asatya bana jAtA hai| vastutattva kevala utanA hI nahIM hai jitanA ki hama ise jAna pA rahe hai| manuSya kI aindrika jJAna kSamatA evaM tarka buddhi itanI apUrNa hai ki vaha sampUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| sAdhAraNa mAnava - buddhi pUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| ataH sAdhAraNa mAnava pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra satya ajJeya to nahIM hai kintu binA pUrNatA ko prApta kiye use pUrNa rUpa se nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| prasiddha vaijJAnika albarTa AinsTIna ne kahA thA ki "hama kevala sApekSika satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa satya ko to koI pUrNa draSTA hI jAna sakegA / 12 aura aisI sthiti meM jabaki hamArA samasta jJAna AMzika, apUrNa tathA sApekSika hai, hameM yaha dAvA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki merI dRSTi hI ekamAtra satya hai aura satya mere hI pAsa hai| hamArA AMzika, apUrNa aura sApekSika jJAna nirapekSa satyatA kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH aise jJAna ke lie hameM aisI kathana paddhati kI yojanA karanI hogI, jo ki dUsaroM ke anubhUta satyoM kA niSedha nahIM karate hue apanI bAta kaha ske| hama apane jJAna kI sImitatA ke kAraNa anya sambhAvanAoM (Possibilities) ko nirasta nahIM kara sakate haiN| yadyapi jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 157 rUpa se uThatA hai ki kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hai| isa sandarbha meM jaina cAhe nirapekSa jJAna ko sambhava bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu nirapekSa kathana dArzanikoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samakAlIna jaina vicAraka to kadApi sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa mAnate haiM jabaki dUsare kucha vicArakoM ke kisI na kisI sandarbha meM (in a certain context) kahA jAtA hai aura anusAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI sApekSa hotA hai| zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA usa sandarbha meM hI use ThIka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai anyathA ne "syAdvAdamaMjarI" kI bhUmikA meM sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa satya bhrAnti hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| isIlie jaina-AcAryoM kA kathana hai batAyA hai| jabaki muni zrI nagarAjajI ne "jaina darzana aura Adhunika ki jagat meM jo kucha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, vaha saba kisI vivakSA yA vijJAna" nAmaka pustikA meM yaha mAnA hai ki sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI kahane naya se garbhita hotA hai| jina yA sarvajJa kI vANI bhI apekSA rahita nahIM bhara ko hI nirapekSa hai kyoMki syAdasti syAnAsti se pare vaha bhI nahIM hotI hai| vaha sApekSa hI hotI hai| ata: vaktA kA kathana samajhane ke lie hai| kintu vastusthiti yaha hai ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke vastu jagata ke jJAna bhI apekSA kA vicAra Avazyaka hai| kA prazna hai use nirapekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usake jJAna kA punazca jaba vastutattva meM aneka viruddha dharma-yugala meM rahe hue viSaya anantadharmAtmaka vastu hai| ata: sarvajJa bhI vastutattva ke ananta haiM, to zabdoM dvArA unakA eka sAtha pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| unheM guNoM ko ananta-apekSAoM se hI jAna sakatA hai| vastugata jJAna yA kramika rUpa meM hI kahA jA sakatA hai| zabda eka samaya meM eka hI dharma vaiSayika jJAna (Objective knowledge) kabhI bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho ko abhivyakta kara sakatA hai| anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke samasta dharmoM sakatA, phira cAhe vaha sarvajJa kA hI kyoM na ho? isIlie jaina- kA eka sAtha kathana bhASA kI sImA ke bAhara hai| ata: kisI bhI kathana AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki dIpa se lekara vyoma taka vastu-mAtra syAdvAda meM vastu ke aneka dharma anukta (akathita) hI raha jAyeMge aura eka kI mudrA se aMkita haiN| kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ taka nirapekSa kathana anukta dharmoM kA niSedha karane ke kAraNa asatya ho sarvajJa ke Atma-bodha kA prazna hai vaha nirepakSa ho sakatA hai kyoMki vaha jaavegaa| hamArA kathana satya rahe aura hamAre vacana vyavahAra se zrotA ko vikalpa rahita hotA hai| sambhavata: isI dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara koI bhrAnti na ho isalie sApekSika kathana paddhati hI samucita ho AcArya kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki vyavahAra dRSTi se sarvajJa sakatI hai| jainAcAryoM ne syAt ko satya kA cihna 13 isIlie kahA hai sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai kintu paramArthata: to vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA ki vaha apekSA pUrvaka kathana karake hamAre kathana ko avirodhI aura satya hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki sarvajJa kA Atma-bodha to nirapekSa hotA hai banA detA hai tathA zrotA ko koI bhrAnti bhI nahIM hone detA hai| kintu usakA vastu-viSayaka jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| syAdvAda aura anekAnta : (da) bhASA kI abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA aura sApekSatA : sAdhAraNatayA anekAnta aura syAdvAda paryAyavAcI mAne jAte sarvajJa yA pUrNajJa ke lie bhI, jo sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra haiN|14 aneka jainAcAryoM ne inheM paryAyavAcI batAyA bhI hai| kintu phira kara letA hai, satya kA nirapekSa kathana yA abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| bhI donoM meM thor3A antara hai| anekAnta syAdvAda kI apekSA adhika sampUrNa satya ko cAhe jAnA jA sakatA ho kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| vyApaka artha kA dyotaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne donoM meM vyApaka-vyApya bhAva usakI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI koI prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha mAnA hai| anekAnta vyApaka hai aura syAdvAda vyApyA anekAnta vAcya hai sApekSika bana jAtA hai| kyoMki sarvajJa ko bhI apanI abhivyakti ke to syAdvAda vaack| anekAnta vastu svarUpa hai, to syAdvAda usa anekAntika lie usI bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, jo ki sImita evaM apUrNa vastu svarUpa ke kathana kI nirdoSa bhaassaa-pddhti| anekAnta darzana hai, to hai| "hai" aura "nahIM hai" kI sImA se ghirI huI hai| ata: bhASA pUrNa syAdvAda usakI abhivyakti kA ddhNg| satya ko nirapekSatayA abhivyakta nahI kara sakatI hai| prathama to vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, jabaki vibhajjavAda aura syAdvAda : mAnavIya bhASA kI zabda saMkhyA sImita hai| jitane vastu-dharma haiM, utane vibhajjavAda syAdvAda kA hI eka anya paryAyavAcI evaM pUrvavartI zabda nahIM haiN| ata: aneka dharma anukta (akathita) raheMge hii| punaH mAnava hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra ne bhikSuoM ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza diyA ki kI jitanI anubhUtiyA~ haiM, una sabake lie bhI bhASA meM pRthaka-pRthak ve vibhajjavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kreN|15 isI prakAra bhagavAna buddha ne zabda nahIM haiN| hama gur3a, zakkara, Ama Adi kI miThAsa ko bhASA meM bhI majjhimanikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki he mANavaka! maiM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakti nahIM kara sakate kyoMki sabhI kI miThAsa ke vibhajjavAdI hU~, ekAntavAdI nhiiN| vibhajjavAda vaha siddhAnta hai, jo lie alaga-alaga zabda nahIM haiN| AcArya nemicandra 'gommaTasAra' meM prazna ko vibhAjita karake uttara detA hai| jaba buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki likhate haiM ki hamAre anubhUta bhAvoM ko kevala anantavA~ bhAga hI gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? unhoMne isa prazna ke uttara meM yaha kathanIya hotA hai aura jitanA kathanIya hai, usakA bhI eka aMza hI kahA ki gRhastha evaM tyAgI yadi mithyAvAdI haiM to ArAdhaka nahIM ho bhASA meM nibaddha karake likhA jAtA hai (gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa 334) / skte| kintu yadi donoM hI samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM to donoM hI

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158 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ArAdhaka ho sakate haiN|16 isI prakAra jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne yaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| pUchA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA, to unhoMne kahA thA ki kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha kA jaagnaa| pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura saptabhaMgI : dharmAtmAoM kA jaagnaa|17 isase yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vaktA saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko usake prazna kA vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara denA vibhajjavAda hai| praznoM ke ko prastuta karatI hai| hamArI bhASA vidhi-niSedha kI sImAoM se ghirI huI uttaroM kI yaha vizleSaNAtmaka zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI tathA hai| "hai" aura "nahIM hai" hamAre kathanoM ke do prArUpa haiN| kintu kabhIvastu ke aneka AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI hai| isase vaktA kA kabhI hama apanI bAta ko spaSTatayA "hai" (vidhi) aura "nahIM hai" vizleSaNa ekAMgI nahIM banatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kA yaha vibhajjavAda (niSedha) kI bhASA meM prastuta karane meM asamartha hote haiN| arthAt sImita hI Age calakara zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM vikasita huA hai| zabdAvalI kI yaha bhASA hamArI anubhUti ko prakaTa karane meM asamartha hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM hama eka tIsare vikalpa "avAcya" yA zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda:18 "avaktavya" kA sahArA lete haiM, arthAt zabdoM ke mAdhyama se "hai" aura bhagavAn buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda-ina donoM ko "nahIM hai" kI bhASAyI sImA meM bA~dhakara use kahA nahIM jA sakatA hai| asvIkAra kiyA aura apane mArga ko madhyama mArga khaa| jabaki bhagavAn isa prakAra vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavyatA se jo sAta prakAra kA vacana mahAvIra ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ko apekSAkRta rUpa se svIkRta vinyAsa banatA hai, use saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai|19 saptabhaMgI meM syAt karake eka vidhimArga apnaayaa| bhagavAn buddha kI paramparA meM vikasita asti, syAt nAsti aura syAt avaktavya-ye tIna asaMyogI maulika zUnyavAda aura jaina paramparA meM vikasita syAdvAda donoM kA hI lakSya bhaMga haiN| zeSa cAra bhaMga ina tInoM ke saMyoga se banate haiN| unameM syAt ekAntika dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI asvIkRti hI thaa| donoM meM pharka asti-nAsti, syAt asti-avaktavya aura syAt nAsti-avaktavyoM ye itanA hI hai ki jahAM zUnyavAda eka niSedhapradhAna dRSTi hai vahIM syAdvAda tIna dvisaMyogI aura antima syAta-asti-nAsti-avyaktavya, yaha trisaMyogI meM eka vidhAyaka dRSTi hai| zUnyavAda jo bAta saMvRti satya aura paramArtha bhaMga hai| nirNayoM kI bhASAyI abhivyakti vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavya, satya ke rUpa meM kahatA hai, vahI bAta jaina dArzanika vyavahAra aura nizcaya ina tIna hI rUpa- meM hotI hai| ata: usase tIna hI maulika bhaMga banate naya ke AdhAra para pratipAdita karatA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM haiM aura ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM meM se gaNitazAstra ke saMyoga niyama maulika bheda apane niSkarSoM ke sambandha meM hai| zUnyavAda apane niSkarSoM (Law of Combination) ke AdhAra para sAta bhaMga hI banate haiM, na meM niSedhAtmaka hai aura syAdvAda vidhAnAtmaka hai| zUnyavAda apanI sampUrNa kama na adhik| aSTasahasrI TIkA meM AcArya vidyAnandi ne isIlie tArkika vivecanA meM isa niSkarSa para AtA hai ki vastutattva zAzvata nahIM yaha kahA hai ki jijJAsA aura saMzaya aura unake samAdhAna sapta prakAra hai, ucchinna nahIM hai, eka nahIM hai, aneka nahIM hai, sat nahIM hai, asat ke ho sakate haiN| ata: jaina-AcAryoM kI saptabhaMgI kI yaha vyavasthA nahIM hai| jabaki syAdvAda apane niSkarSoM ko vidhAnAtmaka rUpa se prastuta nirmala nahIM hai| vastutattva ke ananta dharmoM meM se pratyeka ko lekara ekakaratA hai ki vastuzAzvata bhI hai, azAzvata bhI hai, eka bhI hai, aneka bhI eka saptabhaMgI aura isa prakAra ananta saptabhaMgiyA~ to banAI jA. sakI hai, sat bhI hai, asat bhI hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura haiM kintu anantabhaMgI nhiiN| zvetAmbara Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM SaTpradezI syAdvAdI donoM hI dekhate haiN| isa ekAnta ke doSa se bacane kI tatparatA skandha ke saMbaMdha meM jo 23 bhaMgoM kI yojanA hai, vaha vacana-bheda-kRta meM zUnyavAda dvArA prastuta zUnyatA-zUnyatA kI dhAraNA aura syAdvAda dvArA saMkhyAoM ke kAraNa hai| usameM bhI mUla bhaMga sAta hI hai|20 paMcAstikAya prastuta anekAnta kI anekAntatA kI dhAraNA bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya aura pravacanasAra Adi prAcIna digambara Agama granthoM meM aura zeSa hai| kintu jahA~ zUnyavAdI usa doSa ke bhaya se ekAnta ko asvIkAra paravartI sAhitya meM saptabhaMga hI mAnya rahe haiN| ataH vidvAnoM ko ina bhramoM karatA hai, vahIM syAdvAdI, usake Age syAt zabda rakhakara usa sadoSa kA nivAraNa kara lenA cAhiye ki aise saMyogoM se saptabhaMgI hI kyoM ekAnta ko nirdoSa banA detA hai| donoM meM yadi koI maulika bheda hai to ananta bhaMgI bhI ho sakatI haiM athavA AgamoM meM sAta bhaMga nahIM hai| vaha apanI niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka dRSTiyoM kA hI hai| zUnyavAda saptabhaMgI bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hai| kA vastutattva jahA~ catuSkoTivinirmukta zUnya hai, vahIM jaina darzana kA saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika nirNaya prastuta karatA vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai| kintu zUnya aura ananta kA gaNita to hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt asti Adi jo sAta bhaMga haiM, ve kathana ke eka hI hai| ina donoM kI vibhinnatA to usa dRSTi kA hI pariNAma hai, jo tArkika AkAra (Logical forms) haiM,usameM syAt zabda kathana kI ki vaicArika AgrahoM se janamAnasa ko mukta karane ke lie buddha aura sApekSikatA kA sUcaka hai aura asti evaM nAsti kathana ke vidhAnAtmaka mahAvIra ne prastuta kI thii| buddha ke niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma (Affirmative) aura niSedhAtmaka (Negative) hone ke sUcaka haiN| zUnyavAda thA to mahAvIra ke vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma syaadvaad| kucha jaina vidvAn asti ko sattA kI bhAvAtmakatA kA aura nAsti ko isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya dalasukhabhAI kA lekha 'zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda' abhAvAtmakatA kA sUcaka mAnate haiM kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ko

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mAnya nahIM ho sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie jaina darzana meM AtmA bhAva rUpa hai vaha abhAva rUpa nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki syAt asti syAt nAsti apane ApameM koI kathana nahIM haiM, apitu kathana ke tArkika AkAra haiM, ve kathana ke prArUpa haiN| una prArUpoM ke lie apekSA tathA uddezya aura vidheya padoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai| jaise syAda asti bhaMga kA Thosa udAharaNa hogA-dravya kI apekSA AtmA nitya hai| yadi hama isameM apekSA (dravyatA) aura vidheya (nityatA) kA ullekha nahIM kareM aura kaheM ki syAd AtmA hai, to hamArA kathana bhrama pUrNa hogaa| apekSA aura vidheya pada ke ullekha ke abhAva meM saptabhaMgI ke AdhAra para kiye gaye kathana aneka bhrAntiyoM ko janma dete haiN| jisakA vizeSa vivecana hamane dvitIya bhaMga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai| Adhunika tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika kathana hai jise eka hetuphalAzrita vAkya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke prasaMga meM utpanna bhrAntiyoM se bacane ke lie use nimna sAMketika rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke isa sAMketika prArUpa ke nirmANa meM hamane cihnoM kA prayoga unake sAmane darzita arthoM meM kiyA hai: cihna D a syAt nAsti ya bhaMgoM ke Agamika syAt asti syAd avaktavya 00 syAt asti ca avaktavya ca u vi syAd asti nAsti ca avi~hai, avi nahIM hai are uvi nahIM hai rUpa bhaMgoM ke sAMketika rUpa avi hai (ar2.ar2) 3 avaktaSya hai avi hai. (art.ar) a) avaktavya hai athavA syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI eka cintana : artha yadi to (hetuphalAzrita kathana ) apekSA (dRSTikoNa) saMyojana (aura) yugapat (ekasAtha) anantatva vyAghAtaka uddezya vidheya Thosa udAharaNa yadi dravyakI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai| yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya kI apekSA te vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| yadi dravya aura paryAya donoM kI apekSA se eka sAtha vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| (kyoMki do bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se do alaga-alaga kathana ho sakate haiM kintu eka kathana nahIM ho sakatA) yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai kintu yadi AtmA kI dravya paryAya donoM yA ananta kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| syAt nAsti ca avaktavya ca syAt asti ca nAsti ca avaktavya ca au vi hai. (37 0) 3 avaktavya hai avi nahIM hai. (a. are) avaktavya hai athavA (a) (a) uvi nahIM hai. avaktavya hai avi hai. avi nahIM hai. (a) athavA avaktavya hai avi hai. au vi nahIM hai. (a. a) 159 yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai kintu yadi ananta apekSA kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| yadi dravya dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai kintu yadi apanI ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avakkaSya hai| avaktavya hai saptabhaMgI ke prastuta sAMketika rUpa meM hamane kevala do apekSAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva aisI cAra apekSAe~ mAnI haiM, usameM bhI bhAva apekSA vyApaka hai| usameM vastu kI avasthAoM (paryAyoM) evaM guNoM donoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| kintu yadi hama pratyeka apekSA kI saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra kareM to ye apekSAe~ bhI ananta hoMgI kyoMki vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai| apekSAoM kI ina vividha sambhAvanAoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu isa choTe se lekha meM yaha sambhava nahIM hai| isa saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga "syAd asti" hai| yaha svacatuSTaya ko apekSA se vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA vidhAna karatA hai| jaise apane dravya kI apekSA se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, kSetra kI apekSA se indaura nagara meM banA huA hai, kAla kI apekSA se zizira Rtu banA huA hai, bhAva arthAt vartamAna paryAya kI apekSA se lAla raMga kA hai yA ghaTAkAra hai aadi| isa prakAra vastu ke sva dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA se usake bhAvAtmaka guNoM kA vidhAna karanA yaha prathama 'asti' nAmaka bhaMga kA kArya hai| dUsarA syAt "nAsti" nAmaka bhaMga vastutattva ke abhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kI anupasthiti yA nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastu meM sva se bhinna para catuSTaya kA abhAva hai| jaise yaha ghar3A tAmbe kA nahIM hai, bhopAla nagara se banA huA nahIM hai, grISma Rtu kA banA huA nahIM hai, kRSNa varNa kA nahIM hai Adi / mAtra itanA hI nahIM yaha bhaMga isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki ghar3A, pustaka, Tebala, kalama, manuSya Adi nahIM hai| jahA~ prathama bhaMga yaha kahatA hai ki ghar3A ghar3A hI hai, vahA~ dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A, ghaTa itara anya kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai ki "sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca" arthAt sabhI vastuoM kI sattA svarUpa se hai pararUpa se nhiiN| yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM ke guNa dharmoM kI sattA bhI mAna lI jAyegI to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika bheda hI samApta ho jAvegA aura vastu kA sva-svarUpa hI nahIM raha jAvegA, ataH vastu meM para catuSTaya kA niSedha karanA dvitIya bhaMga hai| prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki vastu kyA nahIM hai| .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 sAmAnyatayA isa dvitIya bhaMga ko " syAt nAsti ghaTaH " arthAt kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai, isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isake prastutIkaraNa kA yaha DhaMga thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai, sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para aisA lagatA hai ki prathama bhaMga meM ghaTa ke astitva kA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA thA, usI kA dvitIya bhaMga meM niSedha kara diyA gayA hai aura aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda ko sandehavAda yA AtmA virodhI kathana karane vAlA siddhAnta samajha lene kI bhrAnti ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| 160 nahIM, apitu ghaTa meM para dravyAdi kA niSedha karanA cAhate haiN| ve kahanA yaha cAhate haiM ki ghaTa paTa nahIM hai yA ghaTa meM paTa Adi ke dharma nahIM haiM, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki isa kathana meM prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM apekSA nahIM badalI hai| yadi prathama bhaMga se yaha kahA jAne ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAve ki ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai to donoM meM apekSA eka hI hai arthAt donoM kathana dravya kI yA upAdAna kI apekSA se haiN| aba dUsarA udAharaNa leN| kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya hai, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai, yahA~ donoM bhaMgoM meM apekSA badala jAtI hai| yahA~ prathama bhaMga meM dravya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya kahA gayA aura dUsare bhaMga meM paryAya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya nahIM kahA gayA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke pratipAdana ke ye donoM rUpa bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare yaha kahanA ki paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai yA paTa kI apekSA ghaTa nahIM hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai kyoMki paracatuSTaya vastu kI sattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastu meM paracatuSTaya arthAt sva-bhinna para dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA abhAva to hotA hai kintu unakI apekSA vastu kA abhAva nahIM hotA hai kyA yaha kahanA ki kursI kI apekSA Tebala nahIM hai yA pItala kI apekSA yaha ghar3A nahIM hai, bhASA ke abhrAnta prayoga haiM? isa kathana meM jainAcAryoM kA Azaya to yahI hai ki Tebala kursI nahIM hai yA ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai| ataH paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu nahIM hai, yaha kahane kI apekSA yaha kahanA ki vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA abhAva hai, bhASA kA samyak prayoga hogaa| vidvAnoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve saptabhaMgI ke vizeSa rUpa se dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMga ke bhASA ke svarUpa para aura svayaM unake AkArika svarUpa para punarvicAra kareM aura Adhunika tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM use punargaThita kareM to jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka bar3I upalabdhi hogI kyoMki dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMgoM kI kathana vidhi ke vividha rUpa parilakSita hote haiN| ataH yahA~ dvitIya bhaMga ke vividha svarUpoM para thor3A vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| merI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga ke nimna cAra rUpa ho sakate haiM: zaMkaraprabhRti vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda kI jo AlocanA kI thI, usakA mukhya AdhAra yahI bhrAnti hai 'syAt asti ghaTa' aura 'syAt nAsti ghaTa' meM jaba syAt zabda ko dRSTi se ojhala kara yA use sambhAvanA ke artha meM grahaNa kara 'asti' aura 'nAsti' para bala diyA jAtA hai to Atma-virodha kA AbhAsa hone lagatA hai jahA~ taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~ syAdvAda kA pratipAdana karane vAle kisI AcArya kI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga kA kArya prathama bhaMga meM sthApita kiye gaye guNadharma kA usI apekSA se niSedha karanA nahIM hai, apitu yA to prathama bhaMga meM asti rUpa mAne gaye guNa dharma se itara guNa dharmoM kA niSedha karanA hai athavA phira apekSA ko badala kara usI guNa dharma kA niSedha karanA hotA hai aura isa prakAra dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga ke kathana ko puSTa karatA hai, khaNDita nhiiN| yadi dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko usI apekSA se prathama bhaMga kA niSedhaka yA virodhI mAna liyA jAvegA to nizcaya hI yaha siddhAnta saMzayavAda yA Atma virodha ke doSoM se prasita ho jAyegA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM 'syAdastyeva ghaTaH' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hai hI aura dvitIya bhaMga meM "syAnnAstyeva ghaTaH " kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hI nahIM hai aisA kareMge to AbhAsa hogA ki donoM kathana virodhI haiN| kyoMki ina kathanoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa se aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina kathanoM meM ghaTa ke astitva aura nAstitva ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ina kathanoM kA bala unameM prayukta " syAt" zabda meM hI hai, ve yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga meM sthApita satya kA pratiSedha karatA hai| donoM bhaMgoM meM ghaTa ke sambandha meM jinakA vidhAna yA. niSedha kiyA gayA hai ve apekSAzrita dharma hai na ki ghaTa kA svayaM kA astitva yA naastitv| punaH donoM bhaMgoM ke "apekSAzrita dharma" eka nahIM haiM, bhinna-bhinna haiN| prathama bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA niSedha huA hai, ve dUsare arthAt para catuSTaya ke haiN| ataH prathama bhaMga ke vidhAna aura dvitIya bhaMga ke niSedha meM koI Atma virodha nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM isa bhrAnti kA mUla kAraNa prastuta vAkya meM usa vidheya pada (Predicate) ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai, jisakA ki vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yadi "nAsti" pada ko vidheya sthAnIya mAnA jAtA hai to punaH yahA~ yaha bhI prazna uTha sakatA hai| ki jo ghaTa asti rUpa hai. vaha nAsti rUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAye ki para dravyAdi kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, to para dravyAdi dvitIya bhaMga- are u vinhai ghaTa ke astitva ke niSedhaka kaise bana sakate haiM? (3) prathama bhaMga ara uvi hai. yadyapi yahIM pUrvAcAryo kA mantavya spaSTa hai ki ve ghaTa kA hi cihna (1) prathama bhaMga- avi hai dvitIya bhaMga- are nahIM hai (2) prathama bhaMga-auvi hai dvitIya bhaMga- avi hai artha (1) prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma (vidheya) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usI dharma (vidheya) kA niSedha kara denaa| jaise: dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| (2) prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma kA pratipAdana kara denA hai| jaise dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| (3) prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita dharma ko puSTa karane hetu usI apekSA se dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma yA bhinna dharma kA vastu meM niSedha kara denaa| .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 161 jaise-raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja nIlI hai| artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hairaMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja pIlI nahIM hai| (1) pahalA vedakAlIna niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM vizva athavA apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM cetanA ke kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi usa kAraNa tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai, yahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi AtmA acetana nahIM (2) dUsarA aupaniSadika vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM sata, asat Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaiseathavA upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai| hI "tadejati tannejati" "aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAna" aadi| yahA~ donoM tadajAta tannajAta "aNAraNAyAn mahatA mahAyAna" upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A svarNa kA nahIM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya (4) prathama bhaMga-a u hai (4) jaba pratipAdita kathana deza yA kAla yA yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI dvitIya bhaMga-a u nahIM hai donoM ke sambandha meM ho taba deza-kAla Adi kI apekSA ko badalakara prathama bhaMga meM prati milatA hai use "yato vAco nivartante", "yadvAcAnabhyuditaM, naiva vAcA na pAdita kathana kA niSedha kara denaa| manasA prAptuM zakyoH " aadi| buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI jaise-27 navambara kI apekSA maiM yahA~ para huuN| cataSTakoTi vinirmukta tattva kI avadhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI 20 navambara kI apekSA maiM yahA~ para nahIM thaa| dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke uparyukta cAroM rUpoM meM prathama aura dvitIya rUpa (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina nyAya meM sApekSika avaktavyatA yA meM bahuta adhika maulika bheda nahIM hai| antara itanA hI hai ki jahA~ prathama sApekSika anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| rUpa meM eka hI dharma kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhAna aura dUsare bhaMga meM niSedha sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiMhotA hai vahA~ dUsare rUpa meM donoM bhaMgoM meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM do viruddha (1) sat va asat donoM kA niSedha krnaa| dharmoM kA vidhAna hotA hai| prathama rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai jaba (2) sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha krnaa| vastu meM eka hI guNa apekSA bheda se kabhI upasthita rahe aura kabhI (3) sat, asat, sat-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat na asat upasthita nahIM rhe| isa rUpa ke lie vastu meM do viruddha dharmoM ke yugala (anubhaya) cAroM kA niSedha krnaa| kA honA jarUrI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsare rUpa kA prastutIkaraNa kevala usI sthiti meM sambhava hotA hai, jabaki vastu meM dharma viruddha yugala ho| tIsarA (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya mAnanA, arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhava meM to A sakatA hai kintu kahA nahIM jA rUpa taba banatA hai, jabaki usa vastu meM pratipAdita dharma ke viruddha dharma sktaa| kI upasthiti hI na ho| caturtha rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra ki hamAre pratipAdana meM vidheya.kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha na ho| dvitIya karanA, kintu usake kathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa bhaMga ke pUrvokta rUpoM meM prathama rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) avaktavya khnaa| vahI rahatA hai aura kriyA pada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai| dvitIya rUpa meM (6) vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha dharma kI saMkhyA ananta hai kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie (vidheya kA vyAghAtaka pada) hotA hai aura kriyApada vidhAnAtmaka hotA hai| usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM hai| ata: vAcaka zabdoM ke tRtIya rUpa meM apekSA vahI rahatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzata: vAcya aura aMzata: avAcya maannaa| viruddha yA viparIta pada rakhA jAtA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina vicAra hai tathA antima caturtha rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai aura pratipAdita kathana paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatA kA niSedha kara diyA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM * saptabhaMgI kA tIsarA maulika bhaMga avaktavya hai ata: yaha rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat donoM kA yugapat vicAraNIya hai ki isa bhaMga kI yojanA kA uddezya kyA hai? sAmAnyatayA / vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai isalie vastutattva avaktavya hai; kintu yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahate hue sat-asat, yadi hama prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaha artha nitya-anitya Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat arthAt eka sAtha pratipAdana antima nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko karane vAlA koI zabda nahIM hai| ata: viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha jisa rUpa meM vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai vaha vicAraNIya hai| vahA~ kahA abhivyakti kI zAbdika asamarthatA ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA gayA hai ki 'AtmA dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya kI gaI hai, kintu avaktavya kA yaha artha usakA ekamAtra artha nahIM hai| nahIM hai| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ yadi hama avaktavya zabda para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka paha~ca nahIM hai, (mati) use usake artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| DaoN0 padyarAje ne avaktavya ke

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 162 grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA saptabhaMgI aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra: viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA vartamAna yuga meM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke vicArakoM meM lyUsAivikanakI hai kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI eka nayI dRSTi dI hai, usake anusAra tArkika nirNayoM meM kevala satya, sattAvAn hai| usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda asatya aise do mUlya hI nahIM hote, apitu satya, asatya aura nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske|"21 ise dekhate sambhAvita satya aise tIna mUlya hote haiN| isI saMdarbha meM DaoN0 esa0esa0 hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI bAraliMge ne jaina nyAya ko trimUlyAtmaka siddha karane kA prayAsa jayapura kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| punaH vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA kI eka goSThI meM kiyA thaa| yadyapi jahA~ taka jainanyAya yA syAdvAda ke aura zabdasaMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva ko avaktavya siddhAMta kA prazna hai use trimUlyAtmaka mAnA jA sakatA haiM kyoMki jaina mAnA gayA hai| AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApya bhAva kA nyAya meM pramANa, sunaya aura durnaya aise tIna kSetra mAne gaye haiM, isameM ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Aye avaktavya bhAvoM kA pramANa sunizcita satya, sunaya sambhAvitasatya aura durnaya asatyatA ke anantavA~ bhAga hI kathana kiyA jAne yogya hai|22 ata: yaha mAna lenA paricAyaka haiN| puna: jaina darzanikoM ne pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya aise ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha do prakAra ke vAkya mAnakara pramANavAkya ko sakalAdeza (sunizcita mAnya hai| satya yA pUrNa satya) kahA hai| nayavAkya ko na satya kahA jA sakatA hai isa prakAra jaina darzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura aura na asty| ata: satya aura asatya ke madhya eka tIsarI koTi chaThe artha mAnya rahe haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa AMzika satya yA sambhAvita satya mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH vastutattva avyaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavya kI anantadharmAtmakatA evaM syAdvAda siddhAMta bhI sambhAvita satyatA ke ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva samarthaka haiM kyoMki vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA anya sambhAvanAoM pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| ko nirasta nahIM karatI hai aura syAdvAda usa kathita satyatA ke atirikta yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avaktavya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna anya sambhAvita satyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| leMge to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI artha hI nahIM isa prakAra jaina darzana kI vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA raha jaayegaa| ata: jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anirvacanIyatA ko tathA pramANa, naya aura durnaya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha nirvacanIya siddhAMta trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (Three valued logic) yA bahumUlyAtmaka bhI hai| sattA aMzata: nirvacanIya hai aura aMzata: anirvcniiy| kyoMki tarkazAstra (Many valuedlogic) kA samarthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAnta ke anukUla kintu jahAM taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai use trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA hai| isa prakAra pUrva nirdiSTa pA~ca arthoM meM se pahale do ko chor3akara sakatA, kyoMki usameM nAstira nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| merI dRSTi meM kramaza: asatya evaM aniyatatA (Indeterminate) ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| avaktavya bhaMga kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai, prathama to "hai" aura "nahIM saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga satya-mUlya kA sUcaka hai yadyapi jaina vicArakoM hai" aise vidhi-pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM ne pramANa-saptabhaMgI aura naya-saptabhaMgI ke rUpa meM saptabhaMgI ke jo do hai, ata: avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA hai| dUsare nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva rUpa mAne haiM, usake AdhAra para yahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANakA kathana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai| tIsare apekSAe~ saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sunizcita satyatA aura naya saptabhaMgI ke sabhI ananta ho sakatI haiM kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM bhaMga sambhAvita yA AMzika satyatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| asatya kA vastutattva kA pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai isalie bhI use avaktavya mAnanA sUcaka to kevala durnaya hI hai| ata: saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka nahIM hai| hogaa| isake nimna tIna prArUpa haiM kintu mere ziSya DaoN bhikhArI rAma yAdava ne apane prastuta (1) (a.a)yu u avaktavya hai, zodha nibandha meM atyanta zramapUrvaka saptabhaMgI ko saptamUlyAtmaka siddha (2) a. u avaktavya hai, kiyA hai aura apane pakSa ke samarthana meM samakAlIna pAzcAtya tarkazAstra (3) (a) u avaktavya hai| ke pramANa bhI prastuta kiye haiN| AzA hai vidvajjana unake isa prayAsa kA saptabhaMgI ke zeSa cAroM bhaMga saMyogika haiN| vicAra kI spaSTa samyak mUlyAMkana kreNge| Aja mujhe isa bAta kI prasannatA hai ki mere hI abhivyakti kI dRSTi se inakA mahattva to avazya hai kintu inakA apanA ziSya ne cintana ke kSetra meM mujhase eka kadama Age rakhA hai| hama gurukoI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, ye apane saMyogI mUlabhaMgoM kI apekSA ziSya meM kauna satya hai yA asatya hai yaha vivAda ho sakatA hai yaha ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI vastusvarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| ataH nirNaya to pAThakoM ko karanA hai; kintu anekAnta zailI meM apekSAbheda se ina para yahA~ vistRta vicAra apekSita nahIM hai| donoM bhI satya ho sakate haiN| vaise zAstrakAroM ne kahA hai ki ziSya se parAjaya guru ke lie parama Ananda kA viSaya hotA hai kyoMki vaha usake

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI eka cintana jIvana kI sArthakatA kA avasara hai| syAdvAda kA lakSya eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa : (a) dArzanika vicAroM ke samanvaya kA AdhAra syAdvAda : bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya bhArata meM vaicArika saMgharSa aura dArzanika vivAda apane carama sImA para thaa| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra usa samaya 363 aura bauddha AgamoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika mata pracalita the| vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA thI, jo vivAdoM se Upara uThane ke lie dizA nirdeza de ske| bhagavAn buddha ne isa Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie vivAda parAGmukhatA ko apanAyA / suttanipAta meM ve kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA huuN| eka to vaha apUrNa va ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare kalaha evaM azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| ataH nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na pdd'e| 23 ne apane yuga meM pracalita sabhI para virodhI dArzanika buddha dRSTikoNoM ko sadoSa batAyA aura isa prakAra apane ko kisI bhI dArzanika mAnyatA ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| ve kahate haiM paMDita kisI dRSTi yA bAda meM nahIM pdd'taa| 24 buddha kI dRSTi meM dArzanika vAdavivAda nirvANa mArga ke sAdhaka ke kArya nahIM hai anAsakta mukta puruSa ke pAsa vivAda rUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| 25 isI prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI Agraha ko sAdhanA kA samyak patha nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne bhI kahA ki Agraha, matAndhatA yA ekAMgI dRSTi ucita nahIM hai jo loga apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM ko nindA karane meM hI pAMDitya dikhAte haiM, ve saMsAra cakra meM ghUmate rahate haiN| 26 isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra va buddha donoM hI usa yuga kI Agraha vRtti evaM matAndhatA se jana mAnasa ko mukta karanA cAhate the phira bhI buddha aura mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thor3A antara thA jahA~ buddha ina vivAdoM se bacane kI salAha de rahe the, vahIM mahAvIra inake samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta kara rahe the, jisakA pariNAma svAdvAda hai| syAdvAda vividha dArzanika ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM nityavAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, bhedavAdaabhedavAda Adi sabhI vastu svarUpa ke AMzika pakSoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| inameM se koI bhI asatya to nahIM hai kintu pUrNa satya bhI nahIM hai| yadi inako koI asatya banAtA hai to vaha AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna - lene kA unakA Agraha hI hai| syAdvAda apekSA bheda meM ina sabhI ke bIca samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki satya tabhI 'asatya bana jAtA hai, jabaki hama AgrahI dRSTi se use dekhate haiN| yadi hamArI dRSTi apane ko Agraha ke Upara uThAkara dekhe to hameM satya kA darzana ho sakatA hai| satya kA saccA prakAza kevala anAgrahI ko hI mila sakatA hai| mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya gautama kA jIvana svayaM isakA eka pratyakSa sAkSya hai| gautama ke kevala jJAna meM Akhira kauna sA tattva bAdhaka bana rahA thaa| mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna karate hue gautama 163 se kahA thA- he gautama terA mere prati jo mamatva hai vahI tere kevalajJAna (satya darzana) kA bAdhaka hai| mahAvIra kI spaSTa ghoSaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM rahakara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Agrahabuddhi yA dRSTirAga satya ko asatya banA detA hai| satya kA pragaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai, virodha meM nahIM, samanvaya meM hotA hai| satya kA sAdhaka anAgrahI aura vItarAgI hotA hai, upAdhyAya yazovijayajI syAdvAda kI isI anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue adhyAtmasAra meM likhate haiM yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu tanayeSviva, tasyAnekAntavAdasya kva kya nyUnAdhikazemuSI tena svAdvAmAlaMvya sarvadarzana tulyatAm / mokSodevizeSeNa yaH pazyati sa zAstravit / / mAdhyasthameva zAstrArtho yena taccAru siddhyati / sa eva dharmavAdaH syAdanyadbAliza valganam / / mAdhyasthasahitaM hokapadajJAnamApi pramA / zAstrakoTivRthaivAnyA tathA cauktaM mahAtmanA / / - adhyAtmopaniSad, 61,70-72 saccA anekAntavAdI kisI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNa (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya dRSTi se dekhatA hai jaise koI pitA apane putra ko, kyoMki anekAntavAdI ko nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sktii| saccA zAstrajJa kahe jAne kA adhikArI to vahI hai, jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa darzanoM meM samAna bhAva rakhatA hai| vAstava meM mAdhyasthabhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai, yahI dharmavAda hai| madhyastha bhAva rahane para zAstra ke eka pada para jJAna bhI saphala hai anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI vRthA hai kyoMki jahA~ Agraha buddhi hotI hai vahIM vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana saMbhava nahIM hotaa| vastutaH zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda, nityavAda, anityavAda, bhedavAda, abhedavAda, dvaitavAda, advaitavAda, hetuvAda, ahetuvAda, niyativAda puruSArthavAda, Adi jitane bhI dArzanika mata-matAntara haiM, ve sabhI parama sattA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se liye gaye citra haiM aura ApekSika rUpa se satya haiM dravya dRSTi aura paryAya dRSTi ke AdhAra para ina virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH eka saccA syAdvAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA hai, vaha sabhI darzanoM kA ArAdhaka hotA hai| paramayogI AnandaghanajI likhate hai SaT darasaNa jina aMga bhaNIje, nyAya SaDaMga jo sAdhe re / nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, ghaTadarzana ArAdhe re / / 1 / / jina sura pAdapa pAya bakhANuM, sAMkhya joga doya bhede re / Atama sattA vivaraNa karatA, lahI duya aMga akhede re / / 2 / / bheda abheda sugata mImAMsaka, jinavara doya kara bhArI re| lokAloka avalaMbana bhajiye, gurugamathI avadhArI re / / 3 / / lokAyatika sukha kUkha jinavarakI, aMza vicAra jo kIje / .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 tattva vicAra sudhArasa dhArA, gurugama biNa kema pIje ||4|| jaina jinezvara uttama aMga, aMtaraMga bahiraMge re / / akSara nyAsa dharA ArAdhaka, ArAdhe gharI saMge re / / 5 / / (ba) rAjanaitika kSetra meM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA upayoga anekAnta kA siddhAnta na kevala dArzanika apitu rAjanaitika vivAda bhI hala karatA hai| Aja kA rAjanaitika jagat bhI vaicArika saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai| pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, phAsIvAda, nAjIvAda Aja aneka rAjanaitika vicAradhArAe~ tathA rAjatantra, kulatantra adhinAyaka tantra, Adi anekAneka zAsana praNAliyAM vartamAna meM pracalita haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM unameM se pratyeka eka dUsare kI samApti ke lie pratyanazIla haiN| vizva ke rASTra khemoM meM baMTe hue haiM aura pratyeka kheme kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA rAjanaitika saMgharSa Arthika hitoM kA saMgharSa, na hokara vaicArika saMgharSa hai| Aja amerikA aura rUsa apanI vaicArika prabhusattA ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke liye hI pratispardhA meM lage hue haiN| eka dUsare ko nAma zeSa karane kI unakI yaha mahattvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava jAti ko hI nAma zeSa na kara de| Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana meM syAdvAda ke do vyAvahArika phalita vaicArika sahiSNutA aura samanvaya atyanta upAdeya haiN| mAnava jAti ne rAjanaitika jagat meM, rAjatantra se prajAtantra taka kI jo lambI yAtrA taya kI hai usakI sArthakatA syAdvAda dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai| virodhI pakSa dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara usake dvArA apane doSoM ko samajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA, Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala kI upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA hai, isa vicAra dRSTi aura sahiSNu bhAvanA meM hI prajAtantra kA bhaviSya ujjvala raha sakatA hai| rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra (pArliyAmenTarI DemokresI) vastutaH rAjanaitika svAdvAda hai| isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvArA gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathA sambhava usase lAbha bhI uThAtI hai| dArzanika kSetra meM jahA~ bhArata syAdvAda kA sarjaka hai, vahIM vaha rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra kA samarthaka bhI hai| ataH Aja syAdvAda siddhAnta ko vyAvahArika kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai isI prakAra hameM yaha bhI samajhanA hai ki rAjya-vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya janakalyANa hai| ataH jana kalyANa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vibhinna rAjanaitika vicAradhArAoM ke madhya eka sAMga saMtulana sthApita karanA hai| AvazyakatA saiddhAMtika vivAdoM kI nahIM apitu janahita se saMrakSaNa evaM mAnava kI pAzavika vRttiyoM ke niyantraNa kI hai| 164 (sa) anekAMta dhArmika sahiSNutA ke kSetra meM: sabhI dharma sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai| jaina dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA hai, to bauddha dharma kI sAdhanA lakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai| vahIM vedAnta meM ahaM aura asakti se Upara uThanA hI mAnava kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai| lekina kyA ekAMta yA Agraha vaicArikarAga, vaicArika Asakti, vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM ke hI rUpa nahIM haiM aura jaba taka ve upasthita haiM dhArmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI ? jina sAdhanA paddhatiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA unake lie Agraha yA ekAnta vaicArika hiMsA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai| eka ora sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pahalU kI dRSTi se matAgraha vaicArika Asakti yA rAga kA hI rUpa hai to dUsarI ora sAdhanA ke samAjika pahalU kI dRSTi se vaha vaicArika hiMsA hai| vaicArika Asakti aura vaicArika hiMsA se mukti ke lie dhArmika kSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAnta kI sAdhanA apekSita hai| vastutaH dharma kA AvirbhAva mAnava jAti meM zAMti aura sahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huA thaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSyamanuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM khIMca rahA hai dhArmika matAndhatA meM hiMsA, saMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra kyA nahIM ho rahA hai? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara nizcita rUpa se 'hA~' meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM 'dharma' nahIM kintu dharma kA AvaraNa DAla kara mAnava kI mahattvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra hI yaha saba karavAtA rahA hai| yaha dharma nahIM, dharmakA nakAba DAle adharma hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka hai yA ho sakate haiM? isa prazna kA uttara anekAMtika zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai| aura aneka bhii| sAdhyAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai jabaki sAdhanAtmaka dharma aneka haiN| sAdhya rUpa meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura sAdhanA rUpa se anekatA ko hI yathArtha dRSTikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAdhya hai, samatya lAbha (samAdhi) arthAt Antarika tathA bAhya zAnti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA nirAkaraNA lekina rAga-dveSa aura asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyA hoM? yahIM vicAra-bheda prArambha hotA hai, lekina yaha vicAra-bheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya kI ora unmukha hone se ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA skte| eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khiMcI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai kintu vaha yathArtha meM hotA nahIM hai kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai vaha dUsarI rekhAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai sAdhya ekatA meM hI sAdhanA rUpa dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai| yadi dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai to unameM virodha kaisA? anekAnta, dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhanA paraka anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 165 vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai| lekina inake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanoM ke bAhya hai dhArmika sahiSNutA aura sarva dharma samabhAva kii| niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhaka kI anekAMta ke samarthaka jainAcAryoM ne isI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma sAdhanA ke bAhya rUpoM paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA to sarva vidita meM vibhinnatAoM kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aisA huA bhii| hI hai| apane grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda, kintu manuSya ko apane dharmAcArya ke prati mamatA (rAgAtmakatA) aura nyAya darzana ke Izvara kartRtvavAda aura vedAnta ke sarvAtmavAda (brahmavAda) usake apane mana meM vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne apane-apane dharma yA meM bhI saMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane grantha lokatattva saMgraha meM sAdhanA paddhati ko hI eka mAtra evaM antima satya mAnane ko bAdhya AcArya haribhadra likhate haiN:kiyaa| phalasvarUpa vibhinna dharmika sampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyika pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kpilaadissu| vaimanasya kA prArambha huaa| munizrI nemIcandrajI ne dharma sampradAyoM ke yuktimadvacanaM yasya, tasya kAryaH prigrhH|| udbhava kI eka sajIva vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai, ve likhate haiM ki 'manuSya mujhe na to mahAvIra ke prati pakSapAta hai aura na kapilAdi svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai usake ahaM ko jarA sI coTa lagate hI vaha munigaNoM ke prati dveSa hai| jo bhI vacana tarkasaMgata ho use grahaNa karanA apanA akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho sakatA hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika caahie| ahaM dharma-sampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa avazya hai lekina vahI isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate eka mAtra kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhika bhinnatA aura dezakAlagata tathya bhI samaya sarva deva samabhAva kA paricaya dete huA kahA thA:isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM bhavavIjAMkurajananA, rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA yasya / AyI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bne| unake brahmA vA viSNurvA haro, jino vA namastasmai / / anusAra sampradAya banane ke nimna kAraNa ho sakate haiM: saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho cuke haiM (1) IrSyA ke kAraNa (2) kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI use, maiM praNAma karatA hU~ cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, ziva hoM yA lipsA ke kAraNa (3) kisI vaicArika matabheda (matAgraha) ke kAraNa (4) jina hoN| kisI AcAra saMbaMdhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa (5) kisI vyakti yA pUrva sampradAya dvArA apamAna yA khIMcatAna hone ke kAraNa (6) kisI (da) pArivArika jIvana meM syAdvAda dRSTi kA upayoga : vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se (7) kisI sAmpradAyika kauTumbika kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se| uparyukta kAraNoM meM aMtima do ko chor3akara nirmANa kregaa| sAmAnyatayA pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna sampadrAya Agraha, dhArmika asahiSNutA aura hote haiM- pitA-putra tathA saas-bhuu| ina donoM vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa sAmpradAyika vidveSa ko janma dete haiN| donoM kA dRSTibheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM bar3A huA, unhIM saMskAroM vizva itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| jisa mAnyatA ko svayaM dhArmika asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya duSkRtya kraaye| Azcarya to yaha mAnakara baiThA hai, unhIM mAnyatAoM ko dUsare se manavAnA cAhatA hai| pitA hai ki isa damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura rakta plAvana ko dharma kA kI dRSTi anubhava pradhAna hotI hai, jabaki putra kI dRSTi trkprdhaan| eka bAnA pahanAyA gyaa| zAnti pradAtA dharma hI azAMti kA kAraNa bnaa| prAcIna saMskAroM se grasita hotA hai to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM dhArmika anAsthA kA mukhya kAraNa uparyukta bhI cAhatA hai| hai| yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMthoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya bhinnatA parilakSita yahI sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai hotI hai kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho to usameM bhI ki bahU aisA jIvana jiye jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM kiyA thA, ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra parilakSita ho sakate haiN| jaba ki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtR pakSa ke saMskAroM se anekAMta vicAra-dRSTi vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM kI samApti prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha dvArA ekatA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai kyoMki vaiyaktika ruci bheda evaM bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svatantra jIvana jiye, jaisA vaha apane kSamatA bheda tathA deza kAla gata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharma evaM mAtA-pitA ke pAsa jItI thii| isake viparIta svasura pakSa usase eka vicAra- sampradAyoM kI upasthiti aparihArya hai| eka dharma yA eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai| yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata evaM avyAvahArika nahIM apitu azAMti aura banate haiN| isameM jaba taka sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane saMgharSa kA kAraNa bhI hai| anekAMta vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM kI samApti kA kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| prayAsa na hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM susaMgata rUpa se saMyojita vastuta: isake mUla meM jo dRSTibheda hai, use anekAnta paddhati se samyak

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prakAra jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM koI vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM to hameM svayaM apane ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kara socanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake hI use samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA-putra se jisa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai, usake pahale apane ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le| adhikArI karmacArI se kisa DhaMga se kAma lenA cAhatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le yahI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jisake abhAva meM loka vyavahAra asambhava hai aura jisa AdhAra para anekAntavAda jagadguru hone kA dAvA karatA hai| kahA hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jeNa viNA vi logassa vabahAro savvahA na nivvaDaI / tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo Namo aNegaMtavAyassa / / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki anekAMta evaM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta dArzanika dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM pArivArika jIvana ke virodhoM ke samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta karate haiM jisase mAnava jAti ko saMghayoM ke nirAkaraNa meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM anekAnta vicAra paddhati ke vyAvahArika kSetra meM tIna pramukha yogadAna haiM bauddha AcAra darzana meM vaicArika anAgraha: bauddha AcAradarzana meM madhyama mArga kI dhAraNA anekAntavAda kI vicArasaraNI kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI madhyama mArga ke vaicArika kSetra meM anAgraha kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI satya ko aneka pahaluoM se yukta dekhA aura yaha mAnA ki satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA hI vidvatA hai theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo satya kA eka hI pahalU dekhatA hai, vaha mUrkha hai / 27 paNDita to satya ko sau ( aneka pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vaicArika Agraha aura vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTikoNa se hotA hai, ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiM aura vivAda meM ulajhate haiM / 28 - (1) vivAda parAmukhatA yA vaicArika saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa (2) vaicArika sahiSNutA yA vaicArika anAgraha (vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana ) / (3) vaicArika samanvaya aura eka udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA anupayukta samajhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM yaha pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirmaann| nirvANa mArga ke pathika kA kArya nahIM hai| yaha to mallavidyA hairAjabhojana se puSTa pahalavAna ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI buddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM rhaa| jo kisI dRSTi ko grahaNa kara vivAda karate haiM aura apane mata ko satya batAte haiM unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahA~ koI nahIM hai / 31 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki buddha ne bhI mahAvIra ke samAna hI dRSTi rAga ko anupayukta mAnA hai aura batAyA ki satya kA sampUrNa prakaTana vahIM hotA hai, jahA~ sArI dRSTiyoM zUnya ho jAtI haiM yaha bhI eka vicitra saMyoga hai ki mahAvIra ke antevAsI indrabhUti ke samAna hI buddha ke antevAsI Ananda ko bhI buddha ke jIvana kAla meM arhat pada prApta nahIM ho skaa| sambhavataH yahA~ bhI yahI mAnanA hogA ki zAstA ke prati Ananda kA jo dRSTirAga thA, vahI usake arhat hone meM bAdhA thaa| isa sambandha meM donoM dharmoM ke niSkarSa samAna pratIta hote hai| bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra Agraha, pakSa yA ekAMgIdRSTi rAga meM rata hotA hai| vaha jagat meM kalaha aura vivAda kA sRjana karatA hai aura svayaM bhI Asakti ke kAraNa bandhana meM par3A rahatA hai| isake viparIta jo manuSya dRSTi, pakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai aura na bandhana meN| buddha ke nimna zabda bar3e marmasparzI haiM, jo apanI dRSTi se dRr3hAgrahI ho dUsare ko mUrkha aura azuddha batAnevAlA hotA hai vaha svayaM kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai 166 kisI dhAraNA para sthita ho, usake dvArA vaha saMsAra meM vivAda utpanna karatA hai, jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai, vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM karatA / 29 maiM vivAda ke phala batAtA huuN| eka, yaha apUrNa yA ekAMgI hotA hai; dUsare, vaha vigraha yA azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAle yaha bhI dekhakara vivAda na kreN| sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyA~ haiM, paNDita ina saba meM nahIM par3atA / dRSTi aura zruti ko grahaNa na karane vAlA, Asaktirahita vaha kyA grahaNa kreN| (loga) apane dharma ko paripUrNa batAte haiM aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiN| isa prakAra bhinna mata vAle hI vivAda karate haiM aura apanI dhAraNA ko satya batAte haiN| yadi koI dUsare kI avajJA (nindA) karake hIna ho jAya to dharmoM meM zreSTha nahIM hotaa| jo kisI vAda meM Asakta hai, vaha zuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha kisI dRSTi ko mAnatA hai / vivekI brAhmaNa tRSNA dRSTi meM nahIM pdd'taa| vaha tRSNA dRSTi kA anusaraNa nahIM krtaa| muni isa saMsAra meM granthiyoM ko chor3akara vAdiyoM meM pakSapAtI nahIM hotaa| azAntoM meM zAnta vaha jise anya loga grahaNa karate haiM usakI apekSA karatA hai| bAda meM anAsakta dRSTiyoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta vaha dhIra saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotaa| jo kucha dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vaha vijayI hai| pUrNa rUpa se mukta, mAra- tyakta vaha saMskAra, uparati tathA tRSNA rahita hai| 30 itanA hI nahIM, buddha sadAcaraNa aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAda yA vAgvilAsa yA Agraha vRtti ko gItA meM anAgraha : vaidika paramparA meM bhI anAgraha kA samucita mahattva aura sthAna hai| gItA ke anusAra Agraha kI vRtti AsurI vRtti hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki AsurI svabhAva ke loga dambha, mAna aura mada se yukta hokara kisI .

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 167 prakAra bhI pUrNa na hone vAlI kAmanAoM kA Azraya le ajJAna se mithyA Aja pratyeka rASTra kA evaM vizva kA vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha hai| siddhAntoM ko grahaNa karake bhraSTa AcaraNoM se yukta ho saMsAra meM pravRtti eka ora pratyeka rASTra kI rAjanaitika pArTiyA~ yA dhArmika sampradAya karate rahate haiN|32 itanA hI nahIM, Agraha kA pratyaya tapa, jJAna aura usake Antarika vAtAvaraNa ko vikSubdha evaM janatA ke pArasparika dhAraNA sabhI ko vikRta kara detA hai| gItA meM Agrahayukta tapa ko aura sambandhoM ko tanAvapUrNa banAye huye haiM to dUsarI ora rASTra svayaM bhI apane Agrahayukta dhAraNA ko tAmasa kahA hai|33 AcArya zaMkara to jaina paramparA ko kisI eka niSThA se sambandhita kara guTa banA rahe haiM aura isa prakAra ke samAna vaicArika Agraha ko mukti meM bAdhaka mAnate haiN| vivekacUr3AmaNi vizva ke vAtAvaraNa ko tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha banA rahe haiN| mAtra itanA meM ve kahate haiM ki vidvAnoM kI vANI kI kuzalatA, zabdoM kI dhArAvAhitA, hI nahIM yaha vaicArika asahiSNutA, sAmAjika evaM pArivArika jIvana zAstra-vyAkhyAna kI paTutA aura vidvattA yaha saba rAga kA hI kAraNa ho ko viSAkta banA rahI hai| purAnI aura naI pIr3hI ke vaicArika virodha ke sakate haiM, mokSa kA nhiiN|34 zabdajAla citta ko bhaTakAne vAlA eka kAraNa Aja samAja aura pArivAra kA vAtAvaraNa bhI azAnta aura mahAn vana hai| vaha cittabhrAnti kA hI kAraNa hai|35 AcArya vibhinna mata- kalahapUrNa ho rahA hai| vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka matAntaroM se yukta zAstrAdhyayana ko bhI nirarthaka mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai jo logoM ko Agraha aura matAndhatA yadi paramatattva kA anubhava nahIM kiyA to zAstrAdhyayana niSphala hai aura se Upara uThane ke lie dizA-nirdeza de ske| bhagavAna buddha aura yadi paramattva kA jJAna ho gayA to zAstrAdhyayana anAvazyaka hai|36 isa bhagavAn mahAvIra do aise mahApuruSa hue haiM jinhoMne isa vaicArika asahiSNutA prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM vaicArika Agraha yA kI vidhvaMsakArI zakti ko samajhA thA aura usase bacane kA nirdeza diyA dArzanika mAnyatAe~ AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se adhika mUlya nahIM thaa| vartamAna meM bhI dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM jo rkhtii| vaidika nIti-vettA zukrAcArya Agraha ko anucita aura mUrkhatA vaicArika saMgharSa aura tanAva upasthita haiM unakA samyak samAdhAna inhIM kA kAraNa mAnate hue kahate haiM ki atyanta Agraha nahIM karanA cAhie mahApuruSoM kI vicArasaraNI dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai| Aja hameM vicAra kyoMki ati saba jagaha nAza kA kAraNa hai| atyanta dAna se daridratA, karanA hogA ki buddha aura mahAvIra kI anAgraha dRSTi dvArA kisa prakAra atyanta lobha se tiraskAra aura atyanta Agraha se manuSya kI mUrkhatA dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika sahiSNutA ko vikasita kiyA jA parilakSita hotI hai|37 vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne bhI vaicArika sakatA hai| Agraha ko anaitika mAnA aura sarvadharma samabhAva ke rUpa meM vaicArika anAgraha para jora diyaa| vastutaH Agraha satya kA honA cAhie, vicAroM saMdarbha:kA nhiiN| satya kA Agraha tabhI to ho sakatA hai jaba hama apane vaicArika 1. vAkyeSvanekAMtadyotI gamyaM prati vishessnnm| AgrahoM se Upara utthe| mahAtmAjI ne satya ke Agraha ko to svIkAra syAnnipAto'rthayogitvAttava kevlinaampi|| kiyA, lekina vaicArika AgrahoM ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unakA -AptamImAMsA, kArikA 103 sarvadharma samabhAva kA siddhAnta isakA jvalanta pramANa hai| isa prakAra hama 2. sarvathAtvaniSedhakonaikAMtatA dyotakaH kathaMcidarthe syAcchabdo nipaatH| dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM kI paramparAoM meM anAgraha -paMcAstikAya, gAthA 14 kI amRtacandrakRta TIkA ko samAjika jIvana kI dRSTi se sadaiva mahattva diyA jAtA rahA hai, 3. syaadityvyymnekaaNtdyotkN| kyoMki vaicArika saMgharSoM se samAja ko bacAne kA eka mAtra mArga anAgraha -syAdvAdamaMjarI kIdRzaM vastu? nAnA dharmayuktaM vividhasvabhAvaiH sahitaM, kathaMcit astitvanAstitvaikatvAnekatvanityatvAnityatva-bhinnatva pramukherAviSTam vaicArika sahiSNutA kA AdhAra-anAgraha (anekAnta dRSTi) : -svAmI kArtikeyAnuprekSA-TIkA zubhacandra; 253 jisa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ke kAla meM 5. utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat-tattvArthasUtra 5-29 vaicArika saMgharSa upasthita the aura pratyeka matavAdI apane ko samyakadRSTi goyamA! jIvA siya sAsayA siya asAsayA-davvaTThayAe aura dUsare ko mithyAdRSTi kaha rahA thA, usI prakAra vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAsayA bhAvaTThayAe asAsayA-bhagavatI sUtra 7-3-273 / vaicArika saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para hai| siddhAntoM ke nAma para manuSya- bhgvtiisuutr-1.8-10|| manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMcI jA rahI haiN| kahIM dharma ke nAma para 8. dhavalA khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, sUtra 11, pR0 11, pR0 167eka dUsare ke viruddha viSavamana kiyA jA rahA hai| dhArmika yA rAjanaitika uddhRta tIrthaMkara mahAvIra- DaoN0 bhArilla sAmpradAyikatA janatA ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banA rahI hai| pratyeka 9. yadeva tat tadeva atat yadevaikaM tadevAnekaM, yadeva sat tadevAsata, dharmavAda yA rAjanaitika vAda apanI satyatA kA dAvA kara rahA hai aura yadeva nityaM tadevAnitya-samayasAra TIkA (amRtacandra) pariziSTa dUsare ko bhrAnta batA rahA hai| isa dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika unmAda evaM 10. AdIpamAvyomasamasvabhAvaM syAdvAdamudrA natibhedi vastu asahiSNutA ke kAraNa mAnava-mAnava ke rakta kA pyAsA banA huA hai| -anyayogavyavacchedikA 5 / 6.

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 168 11. na vivecayituM zakyaM vinA'pekSAM hi mishritm|-abhidhaanraajendr apayassa payaM ntthi| AcArAMga 1-5-171 koza, khaNDa 4, pR0 1853 22. paNNavaNijjA bhAvA aNaMtabhAMgo du annbhilppaanN| 87. "We can only know the relative truth, the real truth paNNavaNijjANaM puNa aNaMtabhAgo sudnibddho|| gommaTasAra, jIva is known only to the universal Observer." kANDa 334 / Quoted in Cosmology Old and New, P.XIII. 23. suttanipAta 51-21. 13. syAtkAra: stylaanychnH| 24. suttanipAta 51-3. 14. tata: syAdvAda anekaaNtvaad-syaadvaadmNjrii| 25. suttanipAtta 46-8-9. 15. bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyaagrejjaa-suutrkRtaaNg-1/1/4/22| 26. sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahantA paraM vyN| 16. majjhimanikAya-sUtra 99 (uddhRta, Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, pR0 je u tattha viussayanti saMsArete viussiyA- sUtrakRtAMga 1 53) / 2-23 // 17. bhagavatIsUtra 12-2-443 / 27. theragAthA, 1/106 18. dekhie-zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda nAmaka lekha-paM0 dalasukhabhAI 28. udAna, 6/4 maalvnniyaa| 29. suttanipAta, 40/16-17 -AcArya Ananda RSijI abhinandana grantha, pR0 265 / 30. suttanipAta, 51/2, 3, 10, 11, 16-20. 19. (a) saptabhiH prakArairvacanavinyAsaH sptbhNgiitigiiyte| 31. vahI, 46/8-9. -syAdvAdamaMjarI kArikA 23 kI ttiikaa| 32. gItA, 16-10. (ba) praznavazAdekasmin vastuni avirodhena vidhipratiSedhavikalpanA 33. vahI, 17.19, 18/35. sptbhNgii| -rAjavArtika 1-6-5 / 34. vivekacUr3AmaNi, 60 20. dekheM-jaina darzana-DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA, pR0 300-307 / 35. vahI, 62 savve sarA niyaTRti, takkA jattha na vijjai 36. vahI, 61 maI tattha na gahiyA......uvamA na vijjai 37. zukranIti, 3/211-213. pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna jaina nyAya kA vikAsa : samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta bana ske| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke anusAra jaina nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina jJAna-mImAMsA ne mukhyata: tIna yugoM meM apane kramika vikAsa ko pUrNa dArzanikoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya hemacandra ke grantha pramANamImAMsA kiyA hai -- 1. Agama yuga, 2. a kA kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke liye jaina nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko nyAya pramANa sthApana yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paMcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta prAcIna hai aura jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAna use pArzva ke yuga taka le siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rkhaa| jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa-vicAra kA kSetra hai, usameM jainoM kA unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANa- pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika carcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa ve asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA dUsare pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAnta isa kSetra meM jo viziSTa avadAna de sake hai, vaha hamAre liye gaurava kI dRSTi kA lAbha yaha huA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara vastu hai| ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA jo isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha huA ki jainoM ne pakSa prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana karake isa kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI pratipakSa kI tArkika kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane ko samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka

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jaina darzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbhoM meM mUlyAMkana yaha ki inakI vicAra kI viSaya vastu bhinna-bhinna haiM dUsare yaha ki IhA, prAkkalpanA aura tarka kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa bhI eka nahIM hai / sambhavataH nyAya dArzanika isI bhrAnti ke kAraNa tarka ko sIdhe-sIdhe vyApti grAhaka nahIM mAnakara mAtra sahayogI mAnate rheN| yadi 'tarka' kA bhI vAstavika rUpa sambhAvanAmUlaka hI hai to nizcaya hI nyAya dArzanikoM kI yaha dhAraNA satya hogI ki isa paddhati se vyApti grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA haiM prathama to yaha ki sambhAvita vikalpoM kA nirasana karate hue hamAre pAsa jo avaziSTa vikalpa raha jAyegA vaha bhI sambhAvita hI hogA nirNAyaka nhiiN| dUsare yaha ki sambhAvita vikalpoM ke nirasana kI isa paddhati ke dvArA avinAbhAva yA vyApti grahaNa kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki isa bAta kI kyA gAraNTI hai ki sabhI sambhAvita vikalpoM ko jAna liyA gayA hai aura usa tathya kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM jitane bhI vikalpa ho sakate haiM unameM eka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI nirasta ho gye| jaba taka hama isa sambandha meM Azvasta nahIM ho jAte (jo ki sambhava nahIM hai) vyApti yA avinAbhAva ko nahIM jAna skte| tIsare yadi yaha vidhi aindrika anubhava para AdhArita hai, to kevala jo kAraNa nahIM hai unake nirasana meM hI sahAyaka ho sakatI hai, vyApti grAhaka nhiiN| jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha mAnanA ki cAhe IhAtmaka jJAna prAmANika ho, kintu usase vyApti grahaNa nahIM hotA, ucita hI hai| pAzcAtya tArkikoM ke dvArA kAraNa sambandha kI khoja meM prAkkalpanA kI sujhAvAtmaka bhUmikA mAnanA bhI sahI hai aura yadi tarka kA yahI svarUpa hotA to naiyAyikoM kA yaha mAnanA bhI sahI hotA ki tarka vyApti grahaNa meM mAtra sahayogI haiM, kintu merI dRSTi meM tarka kA vAstavika svarUpa aisA nahIM hai, jaisA ki vAtsyAyana evaM jayanta Adi TIkAkAroM ne mAna liyA hai| svayaM DA0 bAraliMge ne bhI tarka svarUpa ke sambandha meM unake isa dRSTikoNa ko samucita nahIM mAnA hai ve likhate haiM- It appears to me that this particular function of Tarka has been overlooked by com mentators of Nyaya sutra and by many other Logicians (A modern Introduction to Indian Logic P. 123 ) sarvaprathama to hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki tarka kA viSaya vastu ke guNoM kA jJAna yA vidheya jJAna nahIM haiM apitu kAryakAraNa sambandha, avinAbhAva sambandha yA ApAdAna sambandha kA jJAna hai| 'yaha puruSa ho sakatA' isa prakAra ke jJAna kA tarka se koI lenA-denA nahIM hai| yaha pratyakSAtmaka jJAna haiN| isa samasta bhrAnti ke pIche nyAya sUtra meM dI gaI tarka kI paribhASA kI galata vyAkhyA haiM nyAya sUtra meM tarka kI nimna paribhASA dI gaI haiavijJAtattve artha kAraNopapatitaH tatvajJAnArtham kahA tarkaH nyAyasUtra 1/1/40 vastutaH yahA~ tarka kA tAtparya mAtra avijJAta vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna ke lie kI gaI kahA (bauddhika kalpanA) se nahIM hai| apitu isameM mahattvapUrNa zabda hai- 'kAraNopapattitaH' vaha kAraNa sambandha kI yukti dvArA hone vAlA tattvajJAna hai yA do tathyoM ke bIca kArya-kAraNa sambandha kA jJAna hai| jaba tarka kArya kAraNa sambandha sUcita karatA hai to 177 phira tarka sambhAvanA mUlaka evaM anizcita jJAna hai yaha kahane kA kyA AdhAra hai? upapattita: zabda siddha hone (To be provod) kA sUcaka hai aura jaba kArya kAraNa bhAva siddha ho gaye to phira vaha sambhAvanA mUlaka evaM anizcita jJAna kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? dUsare mUla sUtra meM kahIM aisA saMketa nahIM hai ki jisase yaha kahA jA sake ki tarka sambhAvanAtmaka yA anizcita jJAna haiM ataH naiyAyikoM kI yaha dhAraNA ki tarka sambhAvanA mUlaka jJAna hai svataH khaNDita ho jAtI hai| sAtha hI sUtra meM rakhA gayA 'tattvajJAnArtham' zabda bhI isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki tarka vastu ke mUrta yA bAhya svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM, apitu amUrta svarUpa kA jJAna hai| vaha vastu jJAna (Material knowledge) nahIM, tatva jJAna (Metaphysical knowledge) hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM batAyA tarka kA viSaya avinAbhAva sambandha, kArya-kAraNa sambandha, vyakti-jAti sambandha, varga sadasyatA sambandha Adi hai| tarka kisI dhUma vizeSa yA agni vizeSa ko nahIM apitu dhUma jAti aura agni jAti ko apanA viSaya banAtA haiM kyoMki dhUma vizeSa yA agni vizeSa ke hajAroM udAharaNa bhI vyApti sambandha kA jJAna nahIM de sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isake lie vizeSa kA pratyakSIkaraNa Avazyaka hai kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra sAmAnya vizeSa se pRthaka nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| phira bhI vyApti yA avinAbhAva sambandha kI siddhi sAmAnya ke jJAna se hogI vizeSa ke jJAna se nahIM tarka sAmAnya kA jJAna hai| nyAya dArzanika tarka kI isa prakRti ko spaSTa nahIM kara sake, ataH vyApti grahaNa kI isa samasyA ko sulajhAne hetu unheM sAmAnya lakSaNApratyAsatti ke nAma se pratyakSa ke eka naye prakAra kI kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jaina darzana kA tarka nyAya darzana ke tarka aura sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ke yoga ke barAbara haiM mAtra yahI nahIM jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI jo vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai vaha itanI vyApaka hai ki usameM vyApti grahaNa ke itara sAdhanoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai / syAdvAdamaMjarI meM tarka kI nimna paribhASA dI gaI hai| upalambhAnupalambhasambhavaM trikAlIkalitasAdhyasAdhanasambandhAdyA lambanamidasmin satyeva bhavatItyAdyAkAraM saMvedanamUhastarkAparaparyAyaH yathA yAvAn kazcida dhUmaH sa sarvo vahnau satyeva bhavatIti tasmintrasati asau na bhvtyevetiyaa| - syAdvAdamaMjarI 28 upalambha arthAt sahacAra ke darzana aura anupalambha arthAt vyAbhicAra adarzana se phalita sAdhyasAdhana ke traikAlika sambandha Adi ke jJAna ke AdhAra para tathA 'isake hone para hI yaha hogA' jaise yadi koI dhuA~ hai to vaha saba agni ke hone para hI hotA hai aura agni ke nahIM hone para nahIM hotA hai-- isa AkAra vAlA jo (mAnasika) saMvedana hai, vaha Uha hai| usakA hI dUsarA nAma tarka hai| lagabhaga sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI apanI vyAkhyAoM meM upalambha aura anupalambha zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| sAmAnyatA upalambha kA artha upalabdha hotA .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 178 hai lAkSaNika dRSTi se upalambha kA artha hai eka kI upalabdhi para dUsare evaM antaHprajJAtmaka haiM DA0 bAraliMge ne bhI svayaM isa bAta ko svIkAra kI upalabdhi arthAt anvaya yA sahacAra aura anupalambha kA artha hai kiyA haiM ve likhate haiM- It is not also ordinary perception eka kI anupalabdhi (abhAva) para dUsare kI anupalabdhi (abhAva) because there is no Indriya Sanni Karsha with smoke in arthAt vytirek| kintu anupalambha kA eka dUsarA bhI artha hai vaha hai all the cases. unhoMne isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki amUrta jAti vyAghAta ke udAharaNa kI anupalabdhi arthAt vyabhicAra adrshn| isa sambandha ke jJAna ke lie aisI hI anAnubhavika paddhati Avazyaka haiM prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra anvaya, vyatireka rUpa sahacAra darzana aura jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka ko eka atIndriya arthAt aindrika anubhavoM para vyabhicAra adarzana ke nimitta se tarka ke dvArA vyApti jJAna hotA hai| yahA~ AdhArita kintu unase pAra jAne vAlA, unakA atikramaNa karane vAlA yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki anvaya aura vyatireka donoM sahacAra ke hI mAnakara isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara lI haiN| DA0 praNavakumAra sena ne rUpa haiN| eka upasthiti meM sahacAra hai aura dUsarA anupasthiti meM sahacAra vizva darzana pariSad ke dehalI adhivezana meM prastuta apane lekha meM isa hai| phira bhI ye tInoM sIdhe vyApti se grAhaka nahIM haiM kyoMki Anubhavika bAta kA spaSTa saMketa kiyA hai ki samasyA cAhe Agamana kI ho yA tathya pratyakSa ke hI rUpa haiM (jaina dArzanika anupalabdhi yA abhAva kA bhI nigamana kI unheM binA antaH prajJAtmaka AdhAra ke sulajhAyA nahIM jA samAveza bhI pratyakSa meM hI karate haiN)| ata: inase vyApti grahaNa sambhava sakatA hai (dekhie Knowledge, Culture and Value, P.41-50) nahIM hai| koI bhI anubhavika paddhati cAhe vaha anvaya vyatirekI ho yA jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vyakti aura jAti meM kathacit abheda hai ata: unakA hI milAjulA koI anya rUpa ho, vyApti sambandha kA jJAna nahIM tarka apanI antaH prajJAtmaka zakti ke dvArA vizeSa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ke karA sakatI hai| pAzcAtya dArzanika hyUma ne bhI isa bAta ko spaSTa karane samaya hI sAmAnya ko bhI jAna letA hai aura isa prakAra vizeSoM ke kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki anubhavavAda yA pratyakSa ke mAdhyama se kArya pratyakSa ke AdhAra para sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA kara sakatA hai| yaha kAraNa jJAna arthAt vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai| pratyakSAdhArita Agamana kArya antaHprajJA yA tarka ke atirikta pratyakSa, anumAna Adi kisI bhI kabhI bhI sArvakAlika aura sArvadezika sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA nahIM anya pramANa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| kara sakatA haiM isalie jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI paribhASA meM anvaya, vyatireka evaM vyabhicAra adarzana rUpa pratyakSa ke tathyoM ko kevala vyApti IhA kA svarUpa aura tarka se usakI bhinnatAH kA nimitta yA sahayogI mAtra maanaa| unake anusAra vastuta: vyApti kA yaha satya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne prArambha meM IhA aura tarka grahaNa usa AkArika (mAnasika) saMvedana se hotA hai jo traikAlika ko paryAyavAcI mAnA thA, kintu pramANa yuga meM IhA aura tarka donoM sAdhya-sAdhana sambandha ko apanA viSaya banAkara yaha nirNaya detA hai ki svatantra pramANa mAna liye gaye the| yadyapi yaha prazna svatantra rUpa se 'isake hone para yaha hogaa| tarka kI uparokta paribhASA meM mahatvapUrNa zabda vicAraNIya avazya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne IhA ke svarUpa ko, jisa hai- iti AkAraM saMvedanaM UhaH trkaaprpryaay| rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, usa rUpa meM kyA use pramANa mAnA jA sakatA __ isa prakAra vyApti jJAna ke grAhaka tarka meM eka antaHprajJAtmaka hai? kyoMki IhA nirNayAtmaka jJAna nahIM hokara to mAtra jJAna prakriyA hai tattva hotA hai, jo pratyakSa ke anubhavoM ko apanA AdhAra banAkara apanA isakA krama isa prakAra haikAlika nirNaya detA hai yA sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA karatA hai| aindrika saMvedana- avagraha - saMzaya - IhA - avAyatarka tathA Agamana kI prakRti ko lekara abhI kAphI vivAda dhAraNA - smRti - pratyabhijJA - tarka - anumAna cala rahA hai| DA. bAraliMge tarka ko ApAdana (Implication) yA isameM saMzaya aura dhAraNA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ko pramANa nigamanAtmaka mAnate haiN| unhoMne bar3I gambhIratA ke sAtha isa mata kA mAnA hai- yadyapi ye kisa artha meM pramANa hai yaha eka alaga prazna haipratipAdana apane grantha AModerm Introduction to Indian Logic jisa para kisI svatantra nibandha meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu maiM meM kiyA hai| isake viparIta DA0 bhAradvAja ne vizva darzana kAMgresa ke abhI isa prazna ko hAtha meM lenA nahIM caahuuNgaa| yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki dehalI adhivezana meM paThita apane nibandha meM nyAya sUtra ke TIkAkAroM ke IhA se svatantra tarka ko pramANa kyoM mAnanA par3A- merI dRSTi meM isakA mata kI rakSA karate hue tarka ko vyabhicAra zaMkA pratibandhaka (Tarka as mUla AdhAra vyApti grahaNa kI samasyA hI rahA hogaa| anumAna ke lie Contrafactual conditional) mAnA hai jo ki usake AgamanAtmaka vyApti grahaNa eka anivArya pUrva zarta hai (Pre-condition) aura IhA pakSa para bala detA haiM, kintu aisA tarka vyApti grAhaka nahIM bana sakatA se vyApti grahaNa sambhava nahIM thaa| pramANamImAMsA meM IhA kI carcA ke kevala sahayogI bana sakatA, ata: usameM antaH prajJAtmaka pakSa ko prasaMga meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA thA ki yadi IhA aura tarka eka hI artha svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| svayaM DA. bAraliMge ne tarka ko anAnubhavika ke dyotaka haiM to phira IhA se pRthak tarka ko pRthak pramANa kyoM mAnA (Non-empirical) mAnA haiM vastuta: vyApti grahaNa ke hetu eka anAnubhavika gayA? use uttara meM kahA gayA ki IhA vartamAna meM upasthita artha ko hI paddhati caahie| isIlie nyAya dArzanikoM ne vyApti grahaNa kA antima apanA viSaya banAtI hai| ata: usake AdhAra para traikAlika vyApti evaM sIdhA upAya sAmAnyalakSaNA pratyAsatti ko mAnA, jo ki anAnubhavika sambandha kA jJAna sambhava nahIM hai| puna: IhA pratyakSa ke viSaya ko arthAta

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jaina darzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana 179 mUrta ko vastu jJAna kA viSaya banAtI hai kintu vyApti jJAna yA kArya liyA hai| sahacAra darzana ke pazcAt jo vikalpa yA saMzaya banate haiM unakA kAraNa bhAva yA jAti ke pratyaya amUrta hai, ata: ve aindrika jJAna ke nirasana vyabhicAra adarzana se ho jAtA hai| jahA~ taka nyAya dArzanikoM viSaya nahIM bnte| tarka evaM IhA ke svarUpa meM bhI antara hai- (1) kA prazna hai ve spaSTa rUpa se tarka ko 'kvacicchaMkAnivartaka' kahate haiN| sarvaprathama IhA vizeSa kA jJAna hai jabaki tarka sAmAnya kA jJAna hai, (2) ata: isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA apekSita hai ki tarka kisa prakAra ke dUsare IhA vastu ke guNa dharmoM kA jJAna hai jabaki tarka sambandhoM kA jJAna saMzaya ko chinna karatA haiN| yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki tarka vidheya hai, (3) tIsare IhA nirNaya ke pUrva kI yA saMzaya aura nirNaya ke madhya sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai ata: usake dvArA jina saMzayoM ko chinna kiyA nirNayonmukha dolana kI avasthA hai jabaki tarka nirNayAtmaka hai, (4) jAtA hai ve isa rUpa meM nahIM hote ki yaha stambha hai yA puruSa? athavA cauthe IhA aindrika aura bauddhika jJAna hai jabaki tarka meM anta: prajJA yaha svara strI kA hai yA puruSa kA? ata: tarka meM saMzaya kA pratIkAtmaka kA tatva hotA hai, (5) pA~cavAM IhA vartamAna kAlika jJAna hai jabaki svarUpa ta,-ka, Vka, aisA nahIM hai| yahA~ saMzaya vastu ke svarUpa ke tarka traikAlika jJAna haiM ata: IhA aura tarka meM paryApta antara hai bAre meM na hokara ApAdana, avinAbhAva aura kArya-kAraNa Adi ke kyoMki tarka vyApti-grAhaka hai aura IhA vyApti grAhaka nahIM hai| ataH sambandhoM ke bAre meM hote haiN| jaba saMzaya sambandha ke bAre meM hI hotA hai tarka ko IhA se svatantra pramANa isalie mAnanA par3A ki IhA kA usakA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nimna hogA ( he sA)v~ (he - saa)| antarbhAva to laukika pratyakSa meM hotA hai jabaki tarka kA antarbhAva yahA~ vikalpa vyApti ke hone yA nahIM hone ke bAre meM hI hotA hai| isa parokSa jJAna meM kiyA gayA hai| ataH donoM ko alaga-alaga pramANa saMzaya kA nivartana tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba hetu (dhUma) sAdhya (agni) ke mAnanA Avazyaka hai| abhAva meM bhI kahIM upalabdha ho, aisA pratyakSa meM udAharaNa nahIM milane IhA kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa bhI tarka se bhinna hai| IhA ke pUrva se arthAt vyabhicAra ke adarzana se saMzaya chinna ho jAtA hai| kyoMki jo saMzaya hotA hai vaha kArya kAraNa, avinAbhAva yA ApAdana ke yadi dhama aura agni meM avinAbhAva nahIM hotA to agni ke abhAva meM sambandha meM nahIM hokara kevala vidheya ke sambandha meM hotA hai| yaha svara bhI kahIM dhUma upalabdha hotA arthAt 'he~sA athavA-sA hai' kA strI kA hai yA puruSa kA? tathA yaha stambha hai yA puruSa? aise vAkyoM meM udAharaNa milanA thA ki aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA hai ata: unameM saMzaya isa bAre meM bhI hotA hai ki vidheya ke ina vaikalpika vargoM meM vyApti hai| nyAya darzana tarka ko kevala saMzaya chedaka mAnatA hai kintu uddezya kisa varga kA sadasya hai ata: IhA kA jo sujhAvAtmaka nirNaya jaina darzana vyApti grAhaka ke rUpa meM usake nizcayAtmaka evaM vidhAyaka hotA hai vaha ApAdana ke bAre meM na hokara varga sadasyatA ke bAre meM hotA kArya ko bhI spaSTa kara detA hai| jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki haiM usakA pratIkAtmaka rUpa hotA hai anupalabdhi arthAt vyabhicAra adarzana se sandeha kA nivartana ho jAne saM (vi' / vi2) ....saMzaya para jo jJAna hogA vaha nizcayAtmaka hI hogaa| ata: yaha tarka saMzaya nivartaka hai to vaha usI samaya vyApti grAhaka bhI hai| ...vikalpa niSedha .:. uc saM (vi) ...sambhAvita nirNaya (IhA) tarka kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa : tarka kA koI pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nizcita kara pAnA isalie u = uddezya kaThina hai ki vaha eka kudAna kI avasthA hai| vizeSoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra vi = vidheya para hama sAmAnya kI sthApanA avazya karate haiM kintu isakA koI niyama saM = sambhAvanA nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai, yaha antaHprajJA kI Azvasti haiN| pAzcAtya vidheya sambandha yA sadasyatA tarkazAstra meM jisa kArya-karaNa sambandha ke jJAna ke AdhAra para yA prakRti ~ = niSedha kI samarUpatA ke niyama ke AdhAra para sAmAnya jJAna kA dAvA kiyA isa prakAra pratIkAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para tInoM kI sIho jAtA hai vaha bhI Anubhavika AdhAra para to siddha nahIM hotA hai| hyUma ne bhinnatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| isIlie use eka vizvAsa mAtra kahA thaa| phira bhI yaha na to andha vizvAsa hai aura na sAdhAraNa vizvAsa hI, apitu vaha hamArI antaH prajJA tarka kA saMzaya nivartaka svarUpaH kI Azvasti hai, eka viveka pUrNa bauddhika AsthA hai, jisakI satyatA nyAya dArzanika tarka ko saMzaya nivartaka mAnate haiN| jaina ke bAre meM hameM koI anizcaya nahIM haiN| yadi hama tarka ke isa svarUpa ko dArzanikoM ne spaSTa rUpa se tarka ke isa svarUpa para prakAza nahIM DAlA mA - mAnya karate haiM to use koI pratIkAtmaka rUpa denA kaThina hai| kintu jaina hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unake anusAra tarka vyApti dAra dArzanikoM ne 'vyAptijJAnamUhaH' kahakara pramANa aura pramANaphala meM abheda grAhaka hai, ata: saMzaya kA nivartana usakI pUrva avasthA hI ho sakatI mAnata hue taka kA tAdAtmya vyA ra mAnate hue tarka kA tAdAtmya vyApti jJAna se kiyA hai ata: vyApti jJAna hai, svarUpa nhiiN| unhoMne isa prakriyA ko aMtarbhAva anupalambha meM kara - kI jo prakriyA hai usake AdhAra para tarka ke pratIkAtmaka svarUpa kA kA jabaki

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 180 nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai sakate haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana nyAya darzana se eka kadama Age bar3hakara yaha nirNaya detA hai ki he - sA arthAt dhUma sadbhAva agni ke sadbhAva kA (1) he . sA- sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva kA anvaya dRSTAnta- bhAvAtmaka sUcaka haiN| dhUma ke meM sadbhAva aura agni ke sadbhAva meM bhI vyApti sambadha upalambha haiN| ata: jaina darzana ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana navya nyAya meM hameM (2)~ sA. ~he ~ sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva kA anvaya vyatireka dRSTAnta milatA haiN| vaha tarka ke vyApti parizodhaka tarka aura vyApti grAhaka tarka abhAvAtmaka upalambha aise do vibhAga karatA hai| uparokta udAharaNa meM chaThA caraNa vyApti parizodhaka tarka kA (3) ~(he. ~ sA ~ (~ sA.he)- vyabhicAra adarzana, anupalambha aura sAtavA~ tathA AThavA~ caraNa vyApti grAhaka tarka kA hai| yadyapi isa (4) :.saM (hesA)- vyApti sujhAva saba meM tarka kA mukhya kArya to vahA~ hai jaba hama sadbhAva evaM kramabhAva ke (5) (he - sA) V~(he-sA)- saMzaya anvaya aura vyatireka ke sAdhaka dRSTAntoM tathA vyabhicAra darzana rUpa (6)~(~ sA. he)- saMzaya nirasana vyabhicAra adarzana ke AdhAra para bAdhaka dRSTAnta ke abhAva meM vyApti sambandha kA nizcaya karate haiN| yaha (7) .:. ~ sA ~ he- vyApti (abhAvAtmaka) vizeSake dRSTAntoM se sAmAnya niyama kI ora athavA sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva se ApAdana (Implication) yA kArya kAraNa sambandha kI ora (8) he - sA-vyApti (bhAvAtmaka) jo chalAMga lagAte haiM tarka usI kA pratIka hai| yadyapi tarka ke isa jabaki pratIkAtmaka svarUpa ke bAre meM abhI kAphI vicAra aura saMzodhana kI he = hetu AvazyakatA hai kintu phira bhI ise mAnya karanA isalie Avazyaka hai sA = sAdhya ki hama bhASA sambandhI kucha sambhAvita bhrAntiyoM se baca ske| udAharaNa sahabhAva ke lie jainanyAya ke advitIya vidvAn paM0 kailAzacanda jI jaina nyAya nAmaka grantha meM tarka kI paribhASA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhate hai, ApAdana upalambha-sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA honA aura anupalambhaniSedha sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA na honA, ke nimitta se hone vAle vyApti ApAdana niSedha, vyApti niSedha jJAna ko tarka kahate haiM (jaina nyAya pR0 209) kintu kyA sAdhya (agni) ke sadbhAva se sAdhana yA hetu (dhue~) kA sadbhAva siddha ho sakatA ise nimna Thosa udAharaNa se bhI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai- yadi hama hai? kadApi nhiiN| vastuta: yahA~ 'sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA vaha paramparAgata udAharaNa leM jisameM dhuA~ hetu hai aura agni sAdhya hai, to honA'- isa kathana kA artha bhAvAtmaka na hokara abhAvAtmaka hI hai sarvaprathama (1) dhuA~ ke sAtha agni kA sahacAra dekhA jAtA hai (yat sattve arthAt yaha sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana ke abhAva kA dyotaka hai na ki tat sattA itynvyH)| (2) agni ke abhAva meM dhueM kA bhI abhAva dekhA sAdhya ke sadbhAva meM sAdhana ke sadbhAva kaa| kyoMki dhUma hI agni se jAtA hai (yadbhAve tadabhAvaH iti vytirekH)| isa prakAra anvaya aura niyata hai, agni dhUma se niyata nahIM hai| isakA niyama hai sAdhana (hetu) kA vyatireka donoM meM sahacAra dekhA jAtA hai punaH (3) aisA koI bhI sadbhAva sAdhya ke sadbhAva kA aura sAdhya kA abhAva sAdhana yA hetu ke udAharaNa nahIM dekhA jAtA hai ki dhuA~ hai kintu agni nahIM hai athavA abhAva kA sUcaka hai, jisakA pratIkAtmaka rUpa hogA he - sA tathA ~ agni nahIM hai aura dhuA~ hai| (4) isalie sambhAvanA yaha pratIta hotI hai sA ~ hai| ata: isa niyama kA koI bhI vyatikrama asatya niSkarSa kI ki dhUma aura agni meM vyApti sambandha yA avinAbhAva sambandha honA aura le jaavegaa| hama sAdhya kI upasthiti se hetu kI upasthiti yA caahie| (5) puna: yaha saMzaya ho sakatA hai ki dhueM aura agni meM vyApti anupasthiti ke sambadha meM koI bhI nirNaya nahIM le sakate haiN| bhAvAtmaka sambandha hogA yA nahIM hogaa| (6) kintu yaha dUsarA vikalpa satya nahIM hai dRSTAntoM meM vyApti hetu ora sAdhya arthAt dhUma ke sadbhAva aura agni ke kyoMki agni ke abhAva meM dhUma kI upasthiti kA eka bhI vyabhicArI sadbhAva ke bIca hotI hai kintu abhAvAtmaka dRSTAnta meM vaha sAdhya aura udAharaNa nahIM milA haiM (7) ataH niSkarSa yaha hai ki agni ke abhAva hetu arthAt agni ke abhAva aura dhUma ke abhAva ke bIca hotI haiN| isakA meM dhue~ kA abhAva vyApti yA avinAbhAva sambandha kA sUcaka hai| (8) nirdeza hamAre prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI vyApya-vyApaka bhAva yA gamya-gamaka isI AdhAra para dhUma ke sadbhAva meM aura agni ke sadbhAva meM vyApti bhAva ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha batAyA hai ki dhUma kI upasthiti se sambandha siddha ho jaavegaa| yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ nyAya agni kI upasthiti kA aura agni kI anupasthiti se dhUma kI anupasthiti darzana kevala sA. he ko tarka kA pratIka mAnatA hai vahA~ jaina darzana-sA kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu isa niyama kA koI bhI vyatikrama he aura he. sA donoM ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| DA0 bAraliMge ne bhI mAnA satya nahIM hogaa| kyoMki dhUma vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai pratIkAtmakatA hai ki- sA ~he se hama he - sA ke niSkarSa para nirdoSa rUpa se pahu~ca se yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho jAtI hai| varga sadasyatA kA nimna citra

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rekhAMkana bhI ise spaSTa kara detA hai aagni jaina darzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbhoM meM mUlyAMkana a dhUma KH agni dhUma agniyukta kintu dhUmarahita bhUparahita ole dhUma yukta rahita 181 sambandha hai arthAt jahA~ eka hogA vahA~ dUsarA nahIM hai| jo dhUmayukta hai vaha agni rahita nahIM ho sakatA aura jo agni rahita hai vaha dhUmayukta nahIM ho sktaa| (1) saba dhUmayukta vastuyeM agniyukta vastuyeM haiM, kyoMki dhUmayukta vastuoM ke varga kA pratyeka sadasya agniyukta vastuoM ke varga kA sadasya hai, dhUmayukta vastuoM kA vartula agniyukta vastuoM ke vartula meM samAviSTa hai| arthAt dhUma vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai| ataH dhUma aura agni meM vyApti sambandha hai| kintu isake viparIta agni aura dhUma meM vyApti sambandha nahIM banatA hai kyoMki agniyukta vastuoM kI jAti (varga) ke sabhI sadasya dhUmayukta vastuoM kI jAti (varga) ke sadasya nahIM hai| kyoMki he (dhU) sA (a) - satya sA (a) he (dhU) -asatya (2) aba agni rahita vastuyeM dhUma rahita vastuyeM haiM, kyoMki agni rahita vastuoM ke varga kA pratyeka sadasya dhUma rahita vastuoM ke varga kA sadasya hai yA agni rahita vastuoM kA vartula dhUma rahita vastuoM ke vartula meM samAviSTa hai arthAt agni rahita vastuyeM vyApya haiN| aura dhUmarahita vastuyeM vyApaka haiN| ataH agni rahita vastu aura dhUmarahita vastu meM vyApti sambandha hai, kintu isake viparIta dhUmarahita aura agnirahita vastu meM vyApti sambandha nahIM banatA hai, isameM vyabhicAra ho sakatA hai, kyoMki dhUmarahita vastuoM kI jAti ke sabhI sadasya agnirahita "mastuoM kI jAti ke sadasya nahIM hai| - he (~ asA (~dhU) - satya sA (~ dhU) (a) asatya 2 prathama udAharaNa meM dhUma hetu hai aura agni sAdhya hai| jabaki dUsare udAharaNa agnirahita hetu hai aura dhUmarahita sAdhya hai| (3) koI bhI dhUmayukta vastu agnirahita nahIM hai kyoMki dhUmayukta vastuoM kA vartula agni rahita vastuoM ke vartula se pRthaka hai| ataH dhUmayukta aura agni rahita meM vyApti yA avinAbhAva niSedha he (dhU) ~sA (a)- satya sA (a) he (dhU) satya sA (dhU) satya he (a) sA (dhU) he (a)- satya arthAt niSedhAtmaka vyApti meM donoM hI satya haiN| b KH tarka ko vyApti grahaNa kA sAdhana aura svatantra pramANa kyoM mAneM? jaina tArkikoM ne tarka ko svatantra pramANa isIlie mAnA thA ki tarka pramANa mAne binA vyApti jJAna tathA anumAna kI prAmANikatA sambhava nahIM hai? yadi hama anumAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM to hameM tarka ko bhI pramANa mAnanA hogA kyoMki anumAna kI prAmANikatA vyApti jJAna kI prAmANikatA para nirbhara hai aura vyApti jJAna kI prAmANikatA svayaM usake grAhaka sAdhana tarka kI prAmANikatA para nirbhara hogii| yadi vyApti kA nizcaya karane vAlA sAdhana tarka hI pramANa nahIM hai to vyApti jJAna bhI prAmANika nahIM hogA aura phira usI vyApti sambandha ke jJAna para Azrita anumAna pramANa kaise hogA ? ataH tarka ko pramANa mAnanA Avazyaka hai / punazca yadi hama tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki vyApti grahaNa tarka se itara anya kisI pramANa se hotA hai, kintu tarka se anya pramANa vyApti jJAna ke grAhaka nahIM ho skte| sarvaprathama isa sambandha meM pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa kI samIkSA karake dekheM ki kyA unase vyApti grahaNa sambhava hai| isa sambandha meM jaina tArkikoM kA uttara spaSTa hai ki pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANoM ke dvArA vyApti grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| laukika pratyakSa arthAt aindrika pratyakSa se vyApti yA avinAbhAva sambandha kA nizcaya isalie nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki prathama to pratyakSa kA viSaya vizeSa hotA hai aura vizeSoM ke kitane hI udAharaNoM ke jJAna se sAmAnya kA jJAna sambhava nahIM hai hama mohana, sohana Adi hajAroM yA lAkhoM manuSyoM ko maratA huA dekhakara bhI usake AdhAra para yaha dAvA nahIM kara sakate ki saba manuSya maraNazIla haiN| dUsare vizeSoM ke sabhI udAharaNoM ko jAna pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| punaH pratyakSa vartamAna kAla ko hI viSaya banAtA hai jabaki vyApti kA nizcaya to traikAlika jJAna ke binA sambhava nahIM / bhUta kAla ke anekoM udAharaNoM kI smRti bhI yaha gAraNTI nahIM detI hai ki bhaviSya meM bhI aisA hogaa| bhUtakAla ke anekAneka (lagabhaga sabhI) manuSya mara gaye aura vartamAna meM aneka mara rahe haiM kintu isase hama yaha kaise kaha sakate haiM ki bhaviSyakAla ke sabhI manuSya mareMge hI, ho sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM koI aisI oSadhi nikala Aye ki manuSya amara ho jaayeN| pratyakSa ke viSaya sadaiva hI daizika aura kAlika tathya hote haiM ataH usase sArvabhaumika aura sArvakAlika .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 vyApti sambandha kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA / pratyakSa athavA prekSaNa para AdhArita vyApti sthApana kI kaI vidhiyA~ hai jaise anvaya vyatireka, bhUyo darzana, niyata sahacAra darzana, vyabhicAra adarzana aura sAmAnya lakSaNa pratyAsatti aadi| inameM se sAmAnya lakSaNa pratyAsatti ke atirikta anya koI bhI vidhi traikAlika vyApti sambandha ko grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti kA prazna hai use pratyakSAtmaka kahanA bhI kaThina hai, yaha mUlataH jaina darzana ke 'tarka' ke pratyaya se bhinna nahIM hai kyoMki donoM kI mUla prakRti antaH prajJAtmaka hai, ve indriya jJAna nahIM apitu prAtibhajJAna haiM yaha sunizcita satya hai ki mAtra pratyakSa para AdhArita koI bhI vidhi traikAlika vyApti sambandha yA avinAbhAva sambandha kA jJAna nahIM de sakatI hai jaba taka ki vaha tarka yA prAtibha jJAna kA sahArA nahIM letI hai| sAmAnyataH vyApti sthApana meM anvaya aura vyatireka ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| anvaya kA artha hai hetu aura sAdhya kA sabhI udAharaNAM meM sAtha pAyA jAnA / udAharaNArtha jahA~-jahA~ dhuA~ dekhA gayA usake sAtha Aga bhI dekhI gaI hai to hama dhue~ aura Aga meM vyApti mAna lete haiM kintu anvaya ke AdhAra para vyApti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai| yadi do cIjeM sadaiva eka dUsare ke sAtha dekhI jAyeM to unameM vyApti ho hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| anvaya ke AdhAra para vyApti mAnane meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI yaha hai ki anvaya ke sabhI dRSTAnta nahIM dekhe jA sakate haiM aura kevala ina kucha dRSTAntoM ke AdhAra para vyApti kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| kevala vyatireka ke AdhAra para vyApti kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| anvaya aura vyatireka vyApti saMyukta rUpa se bhI vyApti sthApana nahIM kara sakate haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM ke prekSaNa se vyApti kI dhAraNA puSTa hotI hai kintu ye kevala itanA sujhAva dete haiM ki ina do tathyoM ke bIca vyApti sambandha ho sakatA hai| inase vyApti kA nizcaya yA siddhi nahIM hotI haiM kyoMki anvaya, vyatireka aura anvaya vyatireka kI saMyukta vidhi tInoM hI meM sImita udAharaNoM kA pratyakSIkaraNa sambhava hotA hai| ataH inake AdhAra para traikAlika vyApti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai| tInoM kAloM meM aura tInoM lokoM meM jo kucha dhUma hai vaha saba agniyukta hai itanA vyApAna pratyakSa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai phira vaha pratyakSa cAhe anvaya rUpa ho yA vyatireka rUpa naiyAyikoM ne isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie anvaya vyatireka bhUyo darzana ko vyApti sthApana kA AdhAra banAne kA prayAsa kiyA thA 'kiraNAvalI meM bhUyaH avalokana ko hI vyApti nizcaya ke pratikAraNabhUta upAya mAnA gayA hai| bhUyodarzana kA artha hai anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM kA bAra-bAra avalokana karanA / yaha ThIka hai ki anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM ke bAra-bAra avalokana se vyApti hone kI dhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai / kintu yaha bhUyo darzana yA bAra-bAra avalokana prathamataH traikAlika nahIM ho sakatA hai ataH isase traikAlika vyApti jJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM haiN| dUsare bhUyo darzana se upAdhi se 182 abhAva kA nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa| jahAM jahAM dhUma hotA hai vahAM-vahAM Aga hotI hai, isa prakAra anvaya ke saikar3oM udAharaNa tathA jahAM-jahAM agni nahIM hai vahAM-vahAM dhUma nahIM hai isa prakAra vyatireka ke saikar3oM udAharaNa agni kA dhUma ke sAtha svAbhavika va traikAlika sambandha sUcita nahIM kara skte| IMdhana ke gIlepana kI upAdhi se dUSita hone ke kAraNa yaha aupAdhika sambandha hai, svAbhAvika nahIM sahacAra darzana svAbhAvika sambandha rUpa vyApti kA cAhe nizcaya kara bhI le, kintu aupAdhika sambandha rUpa vyApti kA nizcaya usake dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| gaMgeza ne isakI AlocanA meM likhA hai ki sAdhya aura sahacAra kA bhUyo darza kramika athavA sAmUhika rUpa se vyApti jJAna kA kAraNa nahIM hai / raghunAtha ziromaNi, gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya, vizvanAtha, annama bhaTTa tathA nIlakaMTha ne eka mata se bhUyo darzana ko vyApti grAhya pramANa nahIM mAnA hai| zrIdhara ke anusAra vyApti kA nizcaya pratipakSa zaMkA rahita antima pratyakSa se hotA hai, jisameM use sahabhAva viSayaka pratyakSa se utpanna hone vAle saMskAra kI sahAyatA bhI apekSita rahatI hai kintu pratyakSa ke dvArA vyabhicAra zaMkAoM kA pUrNataH nirmUlana na hone ke kAraNa yaha mata bhI yukti saMgata nahIM hai| jayanta bhaTTa ne niyamita sahacAra darzana ko hI vyApti nizcita kA kAraNIbhUta upAya mAnA hai kintu yaha mata isalie samIcIna nahIM hai ki niyata sahacAra darzana kevala atIta aura vartamAna para AdhArita hai kintu usakI kyA gAraNTI hai ki yaha sambandha bhaviSya ke lie bhI tathA dezAntara aura kAlAntara meM bhI kAryakArI siddha hogaa| isa zaMkA kA nirasana karane ke lie sahacAra niyama kSamatAzIlaM nahIM hai| isa prakAra prekSaNa yA indriya pratyakSa para AdhArita koI bhI vidhi vyApti sthApana meM samartha nahIM hai| anumAna se bhI vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki prathama to anumAna kI vaidhatA to svayaM hI vyApti sambandha ke jJAna kI vaidhatA para nirbhara hai| yadi hamArA vyApti sambandha kA jJAna prAmANika nahIM hai to anumAna to prAmANika ho hI nahIM sktaa| anumAna ko vyApti jJAna kA AdhAra mAnane meM mukhya kaThinAI yaha hai ki jaba taka vyApti jJAna na ho jAya, anumAna kI kalpanA hI nahIM ho sktii| yadi anumAna svayaM hI apanI vyApti kA grAhaka hai to hama AtmAzraya doSa se baca nahIM skte| isase bhinna yadi hama yaha mAneM ki eka anumAna kI vyApti kA grahaNa dUsare anumAna se hogA to aisI sthiti meM eka anumAna kI vyApti ke grahaNa ke lie dUsare anumAna kI aura dUsare anumAna kI vyApti ke lie tIsare anumAna kI aura tIsare anumAna kI vyApti ke lie cauthe anumAna kI AvazyakatA hogI aura isa zrRMkhalA kA kahIM anta nahIM hogA arthAt anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga utpanna hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na to pratyakSa se, na anumAna se hI vyApti kA grahaNa ho sakatA hai| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM ne ina kaThinAiyoM ko jAnakara vyApti grahaNa ke anya upAya bhI sujhAe haiN| ina upAyoM meM eka anya upAya nirvikalpa pratyakSa ke pazcAt hone vAle .

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jaina darzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana 183 vikalpa jJAna ko vyApti grahaNa kA AdhAra mAnatA haiM yaha sahI hai| ki sahAyatA prApta hotI hai kintu isase usa pramANa kI svatantratA para koI nirvikalpa pratyakSa avicAraka hone se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA bAdhA nahIM hotii| anumAna ke lie bhI pratyakSa aura vyApti sambandha kI kintu usa para AdhArita vikalpa vyApti kA grahaNa karatA hai| kintu yadi apekSA hotI hai, kintu isase usake svatantra pramANa hone meM koI bAdhA nirvikalpa pratyakSa ke dvArA gRhIta viSaya taka hI vikalpa kI pravRtti hai nahIM aatii| jaina dArzanikoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve tarka ko kevala to bhI usameM vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai| yadi vaha vikalpa nirvikalpa zaMkA kA nivartaka hI nahIM, apitu jJAna pradAna karane vAlA bhI mAnate haiN| pratyakSa kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai aura usakA viSaya usase vyApaka ho ata: vaha svatantra pramANa hai| jaina darzana aura nyAya darzana meM tarka kI sakatA hai to nizcaya hI usameM vyApti grahaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| mahattA ko lekara mAtra vivAda itanA hI hai ki jahA~ nyAya darzana tarka kA yadi hama usa vikalpa ko pramANa mAnate haiM to hameM use pratyakSa kArya niSedhAtmaka mAnatA hai vahA~ jaina darzana meM tarka kA vidhAyaka kArya aura anumAna se alaga hI pramANa mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| usakA svarUpa vahI hogA jise jaina dArzanika tarka pramANa kahate haiN| yadi pAzcAtya nigamanAtmaka nyAya yukti meM prAmANika niSkarSa kI hama usa vikalpa jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM to vyApti prAmANika prApti ke lie kama se kama eka AdhAra vAkya kA sAmAnya honA nahIM hogii| aprAmANika jJAna se cAhe yathArtha vyApti prApta bhI ho jAye Avazyaka hai, kintu aise sAmAnya vAkya kI, jo ki do tathyoM ke bIca kintu use pramANa nahIM mAna skte| yaha ThIka aisA hI hogA jaise ki sthita kArya-kAraNa sambandha para AdhArita hotA hai, kI sthApanA kauna asatya AdhAra vAkya se satya niSkarSa prApta krnaa| isalie jaina kare? isake lie usa AgamanAtmaka tarkazAstra kA vikAsa huA jo ki dArzanikoM ne vyaMgya meM ise hijar3e se santAna utpanna karane kI AzA aindrika anubhavoM para AdhArita thA kintu aindrika anubhavavAda (pratyakSakarane ke samAna mAnA hai| vAda) aura usI bhitti para sthita mila kI anvaya vyatireka Adi kI vaizeSikoM ne pratyakSa ke phalasvarUpa hone vAle UhApoha ko pA~coM Agamanika vidhiyA~ bhI nirvivAda rUpa se kArya karaNa sambandha para vyApti grahaNa kA sAdhana mAnA hai| yadi isa UhApoha kA viSaya mAtra AdhArita sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA meM asaphala hI rahI haiN| zrI kohena pratyakSa jJAna athavA smRti rahatI hai to phira usameM bhI koI viziSTatA evaM zrI hegela apanI pustaka (Logic and Scientific Method meM nahIM rahatI hai kyoMki usakA viSaya pratyakSa jitanA sImita hI rahatA hai| mila kI AgamanAtmaka yuktiyoM kI akSamatA ko spaSTa karate hue yadi isa UhApoha kA viSaya pratyakSa se vyApaka hai, to use apanI isa likhate haiM-The cannons of experimental inquiry are not thereviziSTatA ke kAraNa eka anya pramANa hI mAnanA hogA aura yahA~ vaha fore capable of demonstrating any casual laws. The exjaina darzana ke tarka pramANa se bhinna nahIM kahA jA skegaa| perimental methods areneither methods of proof nor methnyAya dArzanikoM ne tarka sahakRta bhUyo darzana ko vyApti ods of discovery (P.266-67) vastuta: koI bhI anubhavAtmaka paddhati grAhaka sAdhana mAnA hai| vAcaspati mizra ne nyAyavArtika tAtparya TIkA meM jo nirIkSaNa yA prayoga para AdhArita hogI eka adhika yaktisaMgata ise spaSTa kiyA hai ki akele pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM hotA prAkkalpanA se adhika kucha nahIM pradAna kara sakatI hai| hyUma to anubhavavAda apitu tarka sahita pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa hotA hai kyoMki vyApti kI isa akSamatA ko bahuta pahale hI prakaTa kara cukA thA ataH pAzcAtya upAdhivihIna svAbhAvika sambandha hai cU~ki bhayo darzana yA pratyakSa se tarkazAstra meM AgamanAtmaka kudAna (Inductive leap) kI jo samasyA sakala upAdhiyoM kA unmUlana sambhava nahIM hai, ata: isa hetu eka navIna abhA bhA banA huI hai usa bhA jana darzana ke isa taka pramANa ko anta: upakaraNa kI AvazyakatA hogI aura vaha upakaraNa tarka hai| kinta yaha prajJAtmaka paddhati ke Aloka meM sulajhAne kA eka prayAsa avazya kiyA akelA pratyakSa vyApti grahaNa meM samartha nahIM hai to aisI sthiti meM vyApti jA sakatA hai| vastutaH Agamana ke kSetra meM vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora kA grAhaka antima sAdhana tarka ko hI mAnanA hogaa| yadyapi yaha sahI hai jAne ke lie jina AgamanAtmaka kudAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai- tarka ki tarka pratyakSa ke anubhavoM ko sAdhaka avazya banAtA hai kinta vyApti usI kA pratIka hai vaha vizeSa aura sAmAnya ke bIca kI khAI ke lie kA grahaNa pratyakSa se nahIM hokara tarka se hI hotA hai isalie tarka ke eka pula kA kAma karatA hai jisake mAdhyama se hama pratyakSa se vyApti mahattva ko svIkAra karanA hogA tarka ko pramANa kI koTi meM svIkAra na jJAna kI ora tathA vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora baDha sakate haiN| kara, usakI mahattA ko asvIkAra karanA, kRtaghnatA hI hogii| isIlie AcArya hemacandra ne vyaMgya karate hue kahA thA ki yaha to tapasvI ke yaza saMdarbha ko samApta karane jaisA hI hai| 1. se kiM taM pramANa? pramANe cauvihe paNNate taM jahA paccavakkhe, jahA~ taka isa bAta kA prazna hai ki tarka pratyakSa kI sahAyatA aNumANe ovamme, Agame, jahA annuogdvaare| se hI vyApti kA grahaNa karatA hai to jaina dArzanikoM kA isase koI -bhagavatI 5/4/191-192 virodha nahIM hai| unhoMne tarka kI paribhASA meM hI isa bAta ko svIkAra kara 2. tivihe vyavasAe paNNate taM jahA~-paccakkhe, paccaie, anugaamie| liyA hai ki pratyakSa Adi ke nimitta se tarka kI pravRtti honI hai| yaha -sthAnAMga 185 bhI sahI hai ki pratyeka paravartI pramANa ko apane pUrvavartI pramANa kI

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184 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 3. ahavA heu cauvihe paNNate taM jahA~ paccakkhe, aNumANe, ovamma 7. mImAMsA koSa, pR0 1638 __ -sthAnAMga 338 8. tatroho nAma prakRtAvanyathA dRSaSya vikRtAvanyathA bhaavH| 4. matiH smRti: saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntarama-tatvArtha 1/1 10. nyAyasUtra para vAtsayAna bhASya 1/1/1, pR0 53 5. tattvArtha bhASya 1/15 11. nyAyasUtra para vizvanAtha vRtti 1/1/40 6. bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, bhAga 4 pR0 190-191 12. nyAyasUtra para vAtsAyana bhASya, pR0 320-21 mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya mUlya-darzana kA udbhava evaM vikAsa se grasita haiN| vAstava meM mUlya eka anaikAntika, vyApaka evaM bahueka navIna dArzanika prasthAna ke rUpa meM 'mUlya darzana' kA AyAmI pratyaya hai, vaha eka vyavasthA hai, eka saMsthAna hai, usameM bhautika vikAsa lautse, brenTAno, eranaphelsa, mAinAMga, hArTamana, arabana, avareTa, aura AdhyAtmika, zreya aura preya, vAMchita aura vAMchanIya, ucca aura maiksa zilara Adi vicArakoM kI racanAoM ke mAdhyama se 19vIM nimna, vAsanA aura viveka sabhI samanvita haiN| ve yathArtha aura Adarza kI zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM prArambha hotA hai, tathApi zreya evaM preya ke khAI ke lie eka pula kA kAma karate haiN| ata: unheM kisI aikAntika viveka ke rUpa meM parama sukha kI khoja ke rUpa meM evaM puruSArtha kI evaM nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para paribhASita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vivecanA ke rUpa meM mUlya-bodha aura mUlya-mImAMsA ke mUlabhUta praznoM mUlya eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bhI aneka haiN| ata: pratyeka kI samIkSA evaM tatsambandhI cintana ke bIja pUrva evaM pazcima ke prAcIna mUlya kisI dRSTi vizeSa ke prakAza meM hI Alokita hotA hai| vastutaH dArzanika cintana meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| vastuta: mUlya-bodha mAnavIya mUlyoM kI aura mUlya-dRSTiyoM kI isa anekavidhatA aura bahu-AyAmI prajJA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI prArambha hotA hai| ata: vaha utanA hI prAcIna prakRti ko samajhe binA mUlyoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana bhI sambhava nahIM ho hai, jitanA mAnavIya prajJA kA vikaas| mUlya-viSayaka vicAra-vimarza kI sakatA hai| yaha dhArA jahA~ bhArata meM 'zreya' evaM 'mokSa' ko parama mUlya mAna kara AdhyAtmikatA kI dizA meM gatizIla hotI rahI, vahIM pazcima meM 'zubha mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA evaM 'kalyANa' para adhika bala dekara aihika, sAmAjika evaM buddhivAdI mUlya-bodha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pahalU eka-dUsare se banI rhii| phira bhI artha, kAma aura dharma ke trivarga ko svIkAra kara na saMyojita hote haiN| mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA bhI bahu-AyAmI hai, to bhAratIya vicArakoM ne aihika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke mUlyoM kI usameM jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa tInoM hI upasthita rahate haiN| vidvAnoM ne upekSA kI hai aura na satya, ziva evaM sundara ke parama mUlyoM ko svIkAra isa bAta ko samyak prakAra se na samajha kara hI mUlyoM ke svarUpa ko kara pazcima ke vicArakoM ne mUlyoM kI AdhyAtmika avadhAraNA kI samajhane meM bhUla kI hai| yahA~ hameM do bAtoM ko ThIka prakAra se samajha lenA upekSA kI hai| hogA-eka to yaha ki sabhI mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana cetanA ke kisI eka hI pakSa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare yaha ki mAnavIya cetanA ke sabhI mUlya kA svarUpa pakSa eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa hokara kArya nahIM karate haiN| yadi hama mUlya kyA hai? isa prazna ke abhI taka aneka uttara diye gaye ina bAtoM kI upekSA kareMge to hamArA mUlya-bodha apUrNa evaM ekAMgI haiM- sukhavAdI vicAraparamparA ke anusAra, jo manuSya kI kisI icchA kI hogaa| phira bhI mUlya-darzana ke itihAsa meM aisI upekSA kI jAtI rahI hai| tRpti karatA hai athavA jo sukhakara, rucikara evaM priya hai, vahI mUlya hai| erenaphelsa ne mUlya ko icchA (Diz2Ayara) kA viSaya mAnA to mAinAMga vikAsavAdiyoM ke anusAra jo jIvanarakSaka evaM saMvarddhaka hai, vahI mUlya ne use bhAvanA (phIliMga) kA viSaya btaayaa| pairI ne use ruci (iMTresTa) hai| buddhivAdI kahate haiM ki mUlya vaha hai jise mAnavIya prajJA nirapekSa rUpa kA viSaya mAnakara mUlya-bodha meM icchA aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai| se vareNya mAnatI hai aura jo eka vivekavAn prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya- sArale ne use anumodana (eprIsiyezana) kA viSaya mAna kara usameM jJAna jIvana kA svata: sAdhya hai| antata: pUrNatAvAdI Atmopalabdhi ko hI aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai| phira bhI ye sabhI vicAraka kisI sImA mUlya mAnate haiM aura mUlya ke sambandha meM eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa prastuta taka ekAMgikatA ke doSa se nahIM baca pAye haiN| karate haiN| vastuta: mUlya ke sandarbha meM ye sabhI dRSTikoNa kisI sImA taka mUlya-bodha na to kursI aura mez2a ke jJAna ke samAna taTastha aikAntikatA evaM avAntara-kalpanA ke doSa (Naturalistic Fallacy) jJAna hai aura na preyasI ke prati prema kI taraha mAtra bhAvAveza hii| vaha mAtra

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mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 185 icchA yA ruci kA nirmANa bhI nahIM hai| vaha na to nirA tarka hai aura na hotI hai utanI viveka yA bhAva kI nhiiN| yaha bAta to mUlya vizeSa kI nirI bhAvanA yA sNvednaa| mUlyAtmaka cetanA meM iSTatva, sukhadatA athavA prakRti para nirbhara hai ki usakA mUlya-bodha karate samaya kauna sA pakSa icchA-tRpti kA vicAra avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kintu yaha icchA- pradhAna hogaa| itanA hI nahIM, mUlya-bodha meM deza-kAla aura pariveza ke tRpti kA vicAra yA iSTatva kA bodha viveka-rahita na hokara viveka-yukta tattva bhI cetanA para apanA prabhAva DAlate haiM aura hamAre mUlyAMkana ko hotA hai| icchA svayaM meM koI mUlya nahIM, usakI athavA usake viSaya prabhAvita karate haiN| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha eka sahaja prakriyA na hokara kI mUlyAtmakatA kA nirNaya svayaM icchA nahIM, viveka karatA hai, bhUkha eka jaTila prakriyA hai aura usakI isa jaTilatA meM hI usakI sApekSatA svayaM mUlya nahIM hai, roTI mUlyavAna hai, kintu roTI kI mUlyAtmakatA bhI nihita hai| jo AcAra kisI deza, kAla paristhiti vizeSa meM zubha mAnA svayaM roTI para nahIM apitu usakA mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA para tathA jAtA hai vahI dUsare deza, kAla aura paristhiti meM azubha mAnA jA kSudhA kI vedanA para nirbhara hai| kisI vastu ke vAMchanIya, aiSaNIya yA sakatA hai| sauMdarya-bodha, rasAnubhUti Adi ke mAnadaNDa bhI deza, kAla mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai-niSpakSa viveka kI A~khoM meM vAMchanIya honaa| aura vyakti ke sAtha parivartita hote rahate haiN| Aja sAmAnyajana philmI mAtra icchA yA mAtra vAsanA apane viSaya ko vAMchanIya yA eSaNIya nahIM gAnoM meM jo rasa-bodha pAtA hai vaha use zAstrIya saMgIta meM nahIM milatA banA detI hai, yadi usameM viveka kA yogadAna na ho| mUlya kA janma hai| isI prakAra ruci-bheda bhI hamAre mUlya-bodha ko evaM mUlyAMkana ko vAsanA aura viveka tathA yathArtha aura Adarza ke sammilana meM hI hotA prabhAvita karatA hai| vastuta: mUlya-bodha kI avasthA cetanA kI niSkriya hai| vAsanA mUlya ke lie kaccI sAmagrI hai to viveka usakA ruupaakaar| avasthA nahIM hai| jo vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki mUlya-bodha eka prakAra usameM bhoga aura tyAga, tRpti aura nivRtti eka sAtha upasthita rahate haiN| kA sahaja jJAna hai, ve usake svarUpa se hI anabhijJa haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM zrI saMgamalAla jI pAMDeya kA mUlyoM kI tyAgarUpatA kA rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM aura tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM bhI antara siddhAnta bhI ekAMgI hI lagatA hai| unakA yaha kahanA ki "nivRtti hI hai| rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM mAtra bhAvaparaka pakSa kI upasthiti mUlyasAra hai" ThIka nahIM hai| mUlya meM nivRtti aura saMtuSTi (pravRti) donoM paryApta hotI hai, usameM viveka kA koI tattva upasthita ho hI yaha hI apekSita haiN| unhoMne apane lekha meM nivRtti zabda kA do bhinna arthoM Avazyaka nahIM hai, kintu tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM kisI na kisI meM prayoga kiyA hai, jo eka bhrAnti ko janma detA hai| kSudhA kI nivRtti viveka kA tattva avazya hI upasthita rahatA hai| mUlya-bodha aura mUlyayA kAmavega kI nivRtti meM tyAga nahIM bhoga hai puna: isa nivRtti ko bhI lAbha sakriya evaM sRjanAtmaka cetanA ke kArya haiN| mUlya-bodha aura mUlyasantuSTi kA hI dUsarA rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| (dekhie-dArzanika lAbha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kA vividha AyAmoM meM eka traimAsika, julAI 1976) / prakAra kA dvandva calatA hai| vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhAvanA yA viveka punazca, yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM hai ki mUlya-bodha meM viveka ke antardvandva meM hI manuSya mUlya-vizva kA AbhAsa pAtA hai yadyapi yA buddhi hI ekamAtra nirdhAraka tattva hai| mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA meM mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA mUlya-bodha meM isa dvandva kA atikramaNa nizcita hI viveka-buddhi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, kintu yahI ekamAtra karatI hai| vastuta: isa dvandva meM jo pahalU vijayI hotA hai usI ke AdhAra nirdhAraka tattva nahIM hai| mUlya-bodha na to mAtra jaiva-preraNA yA icchA se para vyakti kI mUlya-dRSTi banatI hai aura jaisI mUlya-dRSTi banatI hai vaisA utpanna hotA hai aura na mAtra viveka-buddhi se| mUlya-bodha meM bhAvAtmaka hI mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha hotA hai| jinameM jijIviSA pradhAna ho, pakSa kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kintu kevala bhAvonmeSa bhI mUlya- jinakI cetanA ko jaiva preraNAe~ hI anuzAsita karatI hoM, unheM roTI bodha nahIM de pAtA hai| DaoN. govindacandrajI pAMDe ke zabdoM meM "yaha arthAt jIvana kA saMvarddhana hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai, kintu (mUlya-bodha) kevalabhAva-saghanatA yA icchodvelana na hokara vyakta yA aneka paristhitiyoM meM viveka ke prabuddha hone para kucha vyaktiyoM ko avyakta viveka se alaukika hai, usameM anubhUti kI jIvanta saghanatA cAritrika evaM anya ucca mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu jIvana kA balidAna aura rAgAtmakatA (lagAva) ke sAtha jJAna kI svacchatA aura taTasthatA hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai| kisI ke lie vAsanAtmaka evaM (alagAva) upasthita hotI hai (muuly-miimaaNsaa)| isa prakAra mUlya-cetanA jaivika mUlya hI parama mUlya ho sakate hoM aura jIvana sarvatobhAvena meM jJAna, bhAva aura icchA tInoM hI upasthita hote haiN| phira bhI yaha rakSaNIya mAnA jA sakatA ho, kintu kisI ke lie cAritrika yA naitika vicAraNIya hai ki kyA sabhI prakAra ke mUlyAMkana meM ye sabhI pakSa samAna mUlya itane ucca ho sakate haiM ki vaha unakI rakSA ke lie jIvana kA rUpa se balazAlI rahate haiM? yadyapi pratyeka mUlya-bodha evaM mUlyAMkana meM balidAna kara de| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa jJAna, bhAva aura icchA ke tattva upasthita rahate haiM, phira bhI vividha prakAra cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM meM se kisI eka kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa ke mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha karate samaya inake balAbala meM athavA deza-kAla tathA paristhitijanya tattvoM ke kAraNa hotA hai aura taratamatA avazya rahatI hai| udAharaNArtha-sauMdarya-bodha meM bhAva yA usake pariNAmasvarUpa mUlya-bodha tathA mUlyAMkana bhI prabhAvita hotA hai| anubhUtyAtmaka pakSakA jitanA prAdhAnya hotA hai utanA anya pakSoM kA ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki mUlya-bodha bhI kisI sImA taka dRssttinhiiN| Arthika evaM jaivika mUlyoM ke bodha meM icchA kI jitanI pradhAnatA sApekSa hai, kintu isake sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 186 svayaM dRSTi bhI mUlya-bodha se prabhAvita hotI hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha mAnate haiN| bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI zreSThatA athavA kaniSThatA aura manuSya kI jIvana-dRSTi paraspara sApekSa haiN| arabana kA yaha kathana ki ke sambandha meM bhI jo matabheda haiM ve sabhI dRSTi-sApekSa hI haiN| vastuta: jo mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM apitu mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI kisI eka dRSTi se sarvocca mUlya ho sakatA hai vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko prabhAvita karate haiM, AMzika satya hI mUlya bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| balavattA yA tIvratA kI dRSTi se jahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai| mUlya na to pUrNatayA vastutantra hai aura na Atmatantra jaivika mUlya sarvocca Thaharate haiM, vahIM viveka evaM saMyama kI dRSTi se hii| hamArA mUlya-bodha Atma aura vastu donoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| AdhyAtmika evaM atijaivika mUlya uccatara mAne jA sakate haiN| punaH, sauMdarya-bodha meM, kAvya ke rasa-bodha meM AtmaniSThatA aura vastuniSThatA kisI eka hI dRSTi ke AdhAra para mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA nirdhAraNa bhI ke ina donoM pakSoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| sauMdarya-bodha sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki mUlya aura mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bahu-AyAmI haiM, ve athavA kAvya kI rasAnubhUti na pUrI taraha kRti-sApekSa hai, na pUrI taraha eka-rekhIya na hokara bahurekhIya haiN| eka mUlya para eka dRSTi se vicAra aatm-saapekss| isa prakAra hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki mUlyAMkana karane kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha aura unakI taratamatA kA vAlI cetanA aura mUlya donoM hI eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiN| bodha dRSTi-sApekSa hai aura vaha dRSTi-cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM ke mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM donoM parasparAzrita haiN| eka ora mUlya apanI balAbala para nirbhara karatA hai| punazca, cetanA ke vAsanAtmaka aura mUlyavattA ke lie cetana sattA kI apekSA karate haiM dUsarI ora cetana vivekAtmaka pahaluoM meM kaba, kauna, kitanA balazAlI hogA yaha bAta sattA mUlya-bodha ke lie kisI vastu, kRti yA ghaTanA kI apekSA karatI bhI AMzika rUpa se deza-kAla aura parasthitiyoM para nirbhara hogI aura hai| mUlya na to mAtra vastuoM se prakaTa hote haiM aura na mAtra AtmA se| AMzika rUpa se vyakti ke saMskAra aura mUlya-dRSTi para bhii| isa prakAra ata: mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA ko samajhAne meM viSayItaMtratA yA vastutaMtratA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlya-bodha mUlya-dRSTi para nirbhara karatA hai aikAMtika dhAraNAe~ hai| mUlya kA prakaTIkaraNa cetanA aura vastu (yahA~ aura mUlya-dRSTi svayaM mUlya-bodha pr| ve anyonyAzrita haiM, bIja-vRkSa vastu meM kRti yA ghaTanA antarbhUta haiM) donoM ke saMyoga meM hotA hai| perI nyAya ke samAna unameM se kisI kI pUrvatayA-prAthamikatA kA nizcaya kara sImA taka satya ke nikaTa haiM jaba ve yaha kahate haiM ki mUlya vastu aura pAnA kaThina hai| vicAra ke aicchika sambandha meM prakaTa hote haiN| arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura bhAratIya mUlya darzana mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA prazna arabana ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka prakriyA hai, mUlya-bodha ke sAtha jur3A huA dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa prazna jisameM sat ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai| hai, mUlyoM ke tAratamya kA bodh| hameM kevala mUlya-bodha nahIM hotA apitu isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka anukriyA bhI hai| mUlyoM ke uccAvaca krama kA yA unakI taratamatA kA bhI bodha hotA hai| mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI vastuta: hameM mUlya kA nahIM apitu mUlyoM kA, unakI taratamatA-sahita prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI bodha hotA hai| hama kisI bhI mUlya-vizeSa kA bodha mUlya-vizva meM hI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA karate haiM, alaga ekAkI rUpa meM nhii| ata: kisI mUlya ke bodha ke kA AdhAra hai| jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI utanA hI adhika vaha samaya hI usakI taratamatA kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai| kintu yaha taratamatA prAmANika hogaa| mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kA bodha bhI dRSTi-nirapekSa nahIM hokara dRSTi-sApekSa hotA hai| hama kucha kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahI karatA, varan mUlya hI mUlyoM ko ucca mUlya aura kucha mUlyoM ko nimna mUlya kahate haiM kintu apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| mUlyoM kI isa uccAvacatA yA taratamatA kA nirdhAraNa kauna karatA hai? arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu aura na kyA mUlyoM kI apanI koI aisI vyavasthA hai jisameM nirapekSa rUpa se smbndh| vastuta: mUlya aparibhASya hai tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake usakI taramatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai? yadi mUlyoM kI taratamatA kI koI sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura aisI vastuniSTha vyavasthA hotI hai to phira taratamatA sambandhI hamAre asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniSTha vicAroM meM matabheda nahIM hotaa| kintu sthiti aisI nahIM hai| ata: spaSTa hai kahatA hai, kintu usakA artha 'honA cAhie' (Ought to be) meM hai| ki mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA bodha bhI dRSTi-sApekSa hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, unakA sat honA isI para bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI mUlya- nirbhara hai ki sat ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAye, dRSTiyoM kI vividhatA mUlya-bodha kI sApekSatA ko hI sUcita karatI hai| jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI ho| pazcima meM bhI satya, ziva evaM sundara ke sambandha meM isI prakAra kA mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do AdhAra haiM-prathama yaha ki pratyeka dRSTibheda parilakSita hotA hai| kucha loga satya ko parama mUlya mAnate haiM vastu viSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare pratyeka mUlya ucca to dUsare kucha loga ziva (kalyANa) ko athavA sundara ko parama mUlya aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti

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mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 187 unakI kisI krama meM anubhUti hai, yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca kevala manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sktii| isa prakAra mUlya prakAra ke haiN| eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama-vyavasthA ke AdhAra __mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika mUlya para Ate para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika dRSTi se mUlyavAna hone kA artha hai manuSya AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA ke lie mUlyavAna honaa| naitika zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai jo anubhUti kI para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta ko kucha logoM ne pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika yogadAna AkArika niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke rUpa meM aura kucha logoM ne sukhayA karatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ise hama vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya kaha sakate haiN| mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai eka anya AdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI vicAraka DablyU. Ara0 'aatmsaakssaatkaar'| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana sAlI jaina paramparA ke nikaTa Akara yaha kahate haiM ki naitika pUrNatA arastU kI taraha hI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai| kintu kucha bhAratIya paramparAyeM to isase bhI zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aMgoM kA zubhatva jIvana jIne meM Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI haiM ki naitika pUrNatA paramAtmA hone meM hai| unake yogadAna meM hai aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai| manuSya AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha, apUrNa se pUrNa kI 'Atma' (Self) hai aura yadi yaha satya hai to phira mAnava kA vAstavika upalabdhi meM hI naitika jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| arabana kI yaha dRSTi arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI bhAratIya paramparA ke bhAratIya paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI hai| jaina evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI artha, AtmapUrNatA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai| kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke anusAra 'Atma' sAmAjika jIvana se alaga koI arabana ke Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM manoraMjanAtmaka vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka aura cAritrika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika mUlyAMkana se ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha ke prabhAvita pAtA hai| tulya haiN| ___ arabana ke anusAra svahita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika parahitavAda bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya meM hai, varan sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita aura parahita jisa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| yaha dRSTikoNa bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI lokamAnya hai usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika cintana meM puruSArtha-siddhAnta, rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI jo ki jIvana-mUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM __ arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki 1. artha (Arthika mUlya)-jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie mUlyAMkana karane vAlI mAnavIya cetanA ke dvArA yaha kaise jAnA jAya ki bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazkatA hotI hai, ata: daihika kauna se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna se mUlya nimna koTi ke? AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA hI arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM arthapuruSArtha hai| pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika mUlya 2. kAma (manodaihika mUlya)-jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI sAdhanAtmaka yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha pUrti ke sAdhana juTAnA arthapuruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karanA haiM ki sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiM aura tIsarA kAmapuruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vividha iMdriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka mUlya anutpAdaka mUlyoM kI apekSA kAmapuruSArtha hai| ucca haiN| 3.dharma (naitika mUlya)-jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika arabana inheM vyAvahArika viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucAru rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho niyama kahate haiN| ye hameM batAte haiM ki jaivika mUlya jinameM Arthika, aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAye, vaha zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM; kI apekSA sAmAjika dharmapuruSArtha hai| mUlya jinameM sAhacarya aura cAritra ke mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra 4. mokSa (AdhyAtmika mUlya)-AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA ke haiN| usI prakAra sAmAjika mUlyoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika mUlya, pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 188 (a) jaina dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya virodhI mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna sAmAnyatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina darzana meM meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatna (avirodhI) haiN| apanImokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharmapuruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla apanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAna rUpa dharma, svacchAzaya prayukta hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM artha aura vistrambhayukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika niyantraNa se hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai,2 sabhI kAma svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra, paraspara avirodhI haiN| ye puruSArtha duHkha utpanna karane vAle haiN| lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA paraspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiM aura jaba ve jaayegaa| koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| jaina vicArakoM mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ne sadaiva hI vyakti ko svapuruSArtha se dhanopArjana kI preraNA dI hai| ve yaha ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiN| kintu jaba mokSa-mArga mAnate haiM ki vyakti ko kevala apane puruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke se vimukha hokara puruSArtha-catuSTaya paraspara virodha meM yA nirapekSa hote haiM, bhoga karane kA adhikAra hai| dUsaroM ke dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| karane kA use koI adhikAra nahIM hai| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura (ba) bauddha darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai| donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai| bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ke anugAmI ata: svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga haiM, tathApi unake vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI karanA nyAyasaMgata hai| jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina- dizAbodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM artha kI upalabdhi ke lie zrama kina sAdhanoM se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai| buddha kahate haiM- Aja bahuta sardI brAhmaNoM ko mukha (vidyA) se, kSatriyoM ko asi (rakSaNa) se, vaNikoM ko hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA (dera) ho gayI, isa prakAra zrama vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdi karma se dhanArjana se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai| kintu jo sardI-garmI karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita hai|5 yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha nahIM hotA jaise prayatnavAna rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiN| cIMTI kA valmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya lekina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta bar3hatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, prApta sampadA kA upayoga kisa prakAra ho, rUpa se heya haiN| yadi ve ekAnta rUpa se heya hote to Adi tIrthaMkara isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhagavAn RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAye vidhAna kaise karate? kyoMki unameM adhikAMza kalAe~ artha aura kAma aura cauthe bhAga ko Apatti kAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha puruSArtha se sambandhita haiN|6 nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika chodd'e|11 Aja kA pragatizIla arthazAstrI bhI Arthika pragati ke lie maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai| jaina vicArakoM isase acche sUtra prastuta nahI kara sktaa| buddha kevala arthazAstrI ke rUpa ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane bhogoM ke prati Asakti yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai| jaina mAnyatA ke Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meM dhana kA anusAra karma-vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahI jA sktaa| samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogii| indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI ve kahate haiM, nirdhanoM ko dhana nahIM diye jAne se daridratA bahuta bar3ha gayI bacanA sambhava nahI hai, jo sambhava hai vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gyii|12 corI ke na rakhI jaaye| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM bahuta bar3hane kA artha dhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza saundaryAtmaka pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika virodha yahI hai ki samAja meM dhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie tAki samAja kA ko samApta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra mokSAbhimukha koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhI paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiN| AcArya bhI dharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, ve dharmayukta vyavasAya meM niyojita hemacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha upAsaka dharmapuruSArtha aura kAmapuruSArtha kA hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN|13 jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga ke isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho|7 rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana nirarthaka hai, kyoMki bhadraArya (dUsarI satI) ne to AcArya hemacandra (11vIM zatAbdI) maranevAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se ke pUrva hI yaha udghoSaNA kara dI thI ki jaina paramparA meM to puruSArthacatuSTaya jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai|14 kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM avirodha rahate haiN| AcArya bar3e hI spaSTa eva mArmika zabdoM meM likhate buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha haiM ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI anya koI vicAraka paraspara kahate haiM, "brahmacarya jIvana ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai,

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mUlya darzana aura puruSArthaM catuSTaya yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, mithyAdhAraNA bar3hatI hai, vyakti mArga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| " 15 isa AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika pragati yA cita kI vikalatA samApta hotI hai, vaha kAma AcaraNIya hai isake viparIta dharmaviruddha mAnasika azAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga anAcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa yA mokSapuruSArya kA sAdhana hai| majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie (nirvANalAbha ke lie) tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nhiiN|" 16 arthAt nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAnevAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai / buddha kI dRSTi meM jo dharma nirvANa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI ho vaha tyAga dene yogya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM parama mUlya to nirvANa hI hai| 189 binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa kAmapuruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA hI hai / 22 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAoM meM cAroM puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ko dharma-aviruddha honA cAhie aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra bhAratIya cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki dharmavihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA cAhie / 23 mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki jo artha aura kAma dharma virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA cAhie / 24 kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate haiM ki dharma se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA cAhae / 25 isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakoM kA prayAsa vahI rahA hai ki cAroM puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAye ki ve paraspara sApekSa hokara avirodha kI avasthA meM rhe| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika sambandha nizcita karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kauna sA puruSArtha sarvocca mUlyavAlA hai isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI Aye 1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma aura kAma donoM artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiN| dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma bhoga hI prApta hote haiM, aura na dAna-puNyAdi rUpa dharma hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 26 kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| 27 / gItA meM puruSArtha catuSTaya puruSArtha catuSTa sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai vahI parama mUlya hai| dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha sambandhI dhRti ko gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai| 17 lekina yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki gItA meM ina puruSArthoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI nindA karatA hai, 18 dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai, 19 to mokSapuruSArthaM yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apekSA se hI mokSa hI paramArAdhya hai, dharma, artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI yadi dharma, artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI haiM to ve grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha aura kAma ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie aura dharma ko mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| dharmayukta, yajJa (tyAga) pUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA meM DUbe rahanevAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kiye gaye dAna puNyAdi .. kA abhimAna karanevAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai20 tathApi isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki na to dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya banA lenA ' cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kiye gaye satkAryoM kA abhimAna hI karanA caahie| isI prakAra kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA aura anAsakti yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai| 32 kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma aviruddha honA cAhie / zrIkRSNa 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai, aura na koI dharma karanA cAhatA hai kAma ho artha aura dharma se zreSTha hai| 18 jaise dahI kAsAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma haiM / 29 3. artha, kAma aura dharma tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha hai, tInoM kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA cAhie jo eka kA sevana karatA hai vaha adhama hai, jo do ke sevana meM nipuNa hai vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya uttama hai / 30 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa (puruSArtha) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma sabakI apekSA nimna hai kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai, dharma para hI loka vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita hai| 39 / 5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa ke upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-aviruddha kAma maiM huuN| 29 sabhI bhogoM se cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa vimukha hone kI apekSA gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jaaye| vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki puruSArtha catuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 190 pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika mA~goM (kAma) kI pUrti nahIM hI lAtA hai| isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA gayA hai ki 'dhana' meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana arthAt usa vyakti kA dhana yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA hI gayA hai-bhUkhA kauna sA pApa jisake lie dhana hI sAdhya hai na to isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM hI nahIM karatA? 33 aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA yadi sAdhaka (vyakti) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to daihika mUlya huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI (kAma) hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| manodaihika mUlyoM (icchA evaM kAma) ke mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko jAnate hue abhAva meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika bhI use nahIM dekha paataa| jaise eka hI nagara ko jAne vAle bhinna-bhinnaH sAdhanoM kI hI koI AvazyakatA hotI hai| dUsare dharmasAdhana aura mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI paraspara virodhI nahIM AdhyAtmika pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita hai| kahA gayA hai-dharmasAdhana kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai|34 daihika mA~goM kI pUrti ke abhAva meM asapatna (avirodhI) bana jAte haiN| yahIM unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya citta-zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jinakA citta azAnta hai vaha kyA spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAda dharma AdhyAtmika vikAsa karegA? kA sthAna hai| dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM artha kA sthAna isI prakAra jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika sandarbha meM AtA hai| kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| dharma hI sAmAjika usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka arabana vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana asta- ne mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kiye haiM-(1) sAdhanAtmaka yA vyasta ho jAtA hai aura asta-vyasta sAmAjika jIvana meM arthotpAdana parata: mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdhyAtmaka yA svata: mUlya uccatara haiM, (2) evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA donoM hI sambhava nahIM hotii| bhogoM kI samarasatA asthAyI yA alpakAlika mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika samApta ho jAtI hai| mUlya uccatara haiM aura (3) asRjaka mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka mUlya sAdhya yA Adeza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna uccatara haiN|36 pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM, vaha to AdhyAtmika yadi prathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai| saMkSepa meM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se Arthika mUlya sampatti, zrama, Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika (artha,) jaivika dRSTi se manodaihika mUlya (kAma), sAmAjika dRSTi se (kAma aura dharma) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svata: sAdhya nahIM naitika mUlya (dharma) aura sAdhyAtmaka dRSTi se AdhyAtmika mUlya (mokSa) haiN| bhAratIya cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM-(1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) naash| vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA aura lekina ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha kA sAdhana siddha hotA hai| kAmapuruSArtha nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha skte| mokSa yA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prApti sAmAnya rUpa meM svata: sAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekhane ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai aura dharmasAdhanA ke lie zarIra Avazyaka para vaha bhI svataH sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathamata: jaivika hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zarIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti (kAma) AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kiye jAte haiM, ve svayaM Avazyaka hai| aura unakI pUrti ke lie sAdhana (artha) juTAnA Avazyaka sAdhya nahIM, varan jIvana yA zarIra-rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiN| ina sabakA hai| isa prakAra sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka bhI haiN| jaina sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai| hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura nahIM jIte haiN| yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha jJAnAdi kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai|35 isa prakAra ke rUpa meM mAneM to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai| isa cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahattva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kA prakAra kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svata: mUlya siddha nahIM hotaa| usakA jo bhI mUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM sthAna ho sakatA hai vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gayI puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhya-sAdhana bhAva hai jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai aura abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai| yadi alpakAlikatA yA sthAyitva kI mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai| kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kAmapuruSArtha mokSa evaM dharma kI apekSA alpakAlika apekSA se sAdhana hai| dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA hI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai| to vaha dUsare kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para hI diyA hai| tIsare apane phala yA pariNAma ke ke virodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avaruddha AdhAra para bhI kAma-puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha karatA hai| jainAgama sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA artha ko sAdhya mAna apane pIche duSpUra-tRSNA ko chor3a jAtA hai| usase upalabdha hone vAle lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba 'dhana' Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gayI hai, jisakI phalaniSpatti sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha aihika aura pAralaukika donoM jIvana meM kaSTa kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai| dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika

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mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 191 dhArmika mUlya ke rUpa me svata: sAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA mUlya jaivika mUlya haiN| Arthika mUlya maulika-rUpa se sAdhana-mUlya haiM, sAdhana mAnA gayA hai jo sarvocca mUlya hai| isa prakAra arabana ke uparyukta sAdhya nhiiN| Arthika zubha svata: mUlyavAn nahIM hai, unakA mUlya kevala mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa zArIrika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko arjita karane ke puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svata: vAJchanIya nahIM hai, balki anya zubhoM AcAra darzanoM meM svIkRta haiM, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura kA sAdhana hone ke kAraNa vAJchanIya hai| sampatti eka sAdhana-mUlya hai, mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai| sAdhya-mUlya nhiiN| zArIrika mUlya bhI vaiyaktika mUlyoM ke sAdhaka haiN| svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM? anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai| krIr3A svayaM mUlya hai, isa sambandha meM ye tarka diye jA sakate haiM kintu vaha bhI mukhyatayA sAdhaka-mUlya hai| usakA sAdhya hai zArIrika 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha-nivRtti svaasthy| manoraMjana cittavikSobha ko samApta karane kA sAdhana hai| krIr3A kI ora hai| kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti hai, ata: vaha aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM sarvocca mUlya hai| isI prakAra Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA mAnasika dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| lakSya hai, cUMki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ata: vaha sarvocca 2. sAmAjika mUlya-sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargata sAhacarya mUlya hai| tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiN| Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya-sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama mUlyoM kA mahattva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi ye donoM mUlya honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa mUlya honA kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana-svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAn caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa sthiti hai| ata: vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| puruSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa mUlya vaha hai jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kre| ata: jisake prApta ho jAne meM grahaNa kiyA hai| manuSya samAja kA aMga hai| eka asIma AtmA kA para koI icchA hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai| mokSa meM koI icchA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI nahIM rahatI hai, ata: vaha parama mUlya hai| kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI 3. AdhyAtmika mUlya-mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargata bauddhika, anupalabdhi apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa kI prApti ke pazcAt koI saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate haiN| ye tInoM mUlya sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai| yadi hama kisI anya mUlata: sAdhya mUlya haiN| ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge to vaha sAdhana-mUlya hI hogA aura sAdhana-mUlya arthAt satyaM, zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhiruciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate ko parama mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sArvalaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiN| samApta ho jaayegii| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArtha catuSTaya meM 4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapada hai, ata: sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya haiM tathA dharma aura mokSa atijaivika mUlya sarvocca mUlya hai| haiN| arabana ne jaivika mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka 5. mokSa Antarika prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai| vahI ekamAtra mUlya mAne haiN| inameM Arthika mUlya artha-puruSArtha tathA zArIrika aura parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna haiN| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiN| mUlyoM meM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mAne gaye haiN| unameM sAmAjika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya siddhAntoM kI tulanA haiN| jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce Arthika mUlya mAne haiM, . arabana aura ebareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI arthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya cintana se sabase nIce mAnA hai| jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura / kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai| arabana ne mUlyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika mUlyoM se nIce hai usI prakAra bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI kAmapuruSArtha arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai-(1) arthapuruSArtha se Upara lekina dharmapuruSArtha se nIce hai| jisa prakAra arabana jaivika aura (2) ati jaivik| ati jaivika mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko sarvocca mAnA hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana AdhyAtmika aise do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra mUlyoM ke tIna varga bana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI jAte haiM bhAratIya cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se 1. jaivika mUlya-zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke samajhA jA sakatA hai

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puruSArtha artha jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 192 pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa bhAratIya dRSTikoNa jaina dRSTikoNa 6. dekhie-kalpasUtra, saM0 devendramuni; tArakaguru granthamAlA udayapura 1975. mUlya 7. yogazAstra, 1/52. jaivika mUlya 8. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 262-264. 9. dIghanikAya,3/8/2. 1. Arthika mUlya artha puruSArtha 2. zArIrika mUlya kAmapuruSArtha kAma 10. vahI, 3/8/4. " " 3. manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya 11. vahI, 3/8/4. sAmAjika mUlya 12. vahI, 3/3/4. 4. saMgaThanAtmaka mUlya dharmapuruSArtha vyavahAradharma 13. suttanipAta, 26/29. 5. cAritrika mUlya nizcayadharma 14. majjhimanikAya, 2/32/4. AdhyAtmika mUlya 15. udAna, jAtyandhavarga, 8. 6. kalAtmaka Ananda (saMkalpa) ananta sukha evaM zakti 16. majjhimanikAya, 1/22/4. 7. bauddhika cit (jJAna) anantajJAna 17. gItA, 18/34. 8. dhArmika sat (bhAva) anantadarzana 18. vahI, 17/21. isa prakAra apanI mUlya-vivecanA meM prAcya aura pAzcAtya 19. vahI, 18/66. vicAraka anta meM eka hI niSkarSa para A jAte haiM aura vaha niSkarSa yaha 20. vahI, 16/10, 12, 15. hai ki AdhyAtmika mUlya yA AtmapUrNatA hI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI 21. vahI, 7/11. naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| 22. vahI, 3/13. yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se mUlya sambandhI sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara liye gaye haiM, phira bhI usakI dRSTi meM AtmapUrNatA, 23. manusmRti, 4/176. 24. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 3/18-19. vItarAgAvasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra parama mUlya 25. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/17. hai, kintu usake paramamUlya hone kA artha eka sApekSika krama vyavasthA 26. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 167/12-13. meM sarvocca honA hai| kisI mUlya kI sarvoccatA bhI anyamUlya sApekSa hI 27. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/7. hotI hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| ata: mUlya, mUlya-vizva aura mUlyabodha sabhI 28. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 167/29. sApekSa hai| 29. vahI, 167/35. 30. vahI, 167/40. 31. vahI, 167/8. 1. Contemporary Ethical Theories,Chapter-17 pp.774 32. vahI, 167/46. 284. 33. bubhukSita: kiM na karoti pApama? maraNasamAdhi, 603. 34. zarIramAdyaM khalu dhrmsaadhnm| uttarAdhyayana, 13/16. 35. nizIthabhASya, 4159. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/11. 36. phaNDAmeNTala Apha ethiksa, pR0 170-171. 5. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/7. saMdarbha

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193 jaina zikSA darzana adhik| vartamAna yuga jJAna-vijJAna kA yuga hai| mAtra bIsavIM sadI meM kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| daihika jIvana-mUlyoM meM udarapUrti vyakti jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA vikAsa huA hai, utanA vikAsa kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai mAnavajAti ke astitva kI sahasroM zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM huA thaa| Aja kintu ise hI zikSA kA "atha aura iti" nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA evaM zodhakArya meM saMlagna sahasroM vizvavidyAlaya, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke abhAva meM bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti/ mahAvidyAlaya aura zodha-kendra haiN| yaha satya hai ki Aja manuSya ne AjIvikA arjana hI jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu bhautika jagata ke sambandha meM sUkSmatama jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| Aja se bhinna nahIM hogaa| kahA bhI haiusane paramANu ko vikhaNDita kara usameM nihita aparimita zakti ko "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametada pazubhiH nraannaam| pahacAna liyA hai, kintu yaha durbhAgya hI hai ki zikSA evaM zodha ke ina jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo jJAnena hInA pazubhiH samAnA / / " vividha upakramoM ke mAdhyama se hama eka sabhya, susaMskRta evaM zAntipriya puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko mAnava samAja kI racanA nahIM kara ske| adhika sukha-suvidhA pUrNa jIvana jIne yogya banAnA hai, to use bhI hama vastuta: Aja kI zikSA hameM bAhya jagata aura dUsaroM ke zikSA kA uddezya nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIr3Ae~ sambandha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI pradAna kara detI hai, kintu una ucca bhautika yA daihika stara kI hI nahIM haiM, ve mAnasika stara kI bhI haiN| jIvana mUlyoM ke sambandha meM vaha mauna hI hai, jo eka susabhya samAja satya to yaha hai ki svArthaparatA, bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNAjanya mAnasika ke liye Avazyaka hai| Aja zikSA ke mAdhyama se hama vidyArthiyoM ko pIr3Ae~ hI adhika kaSTakara haiM, ve hI mAnavajAti meM bhaya evaM saMtrAsa kA sUcanAoM se to bhara dete haiM, kintu unheM jIvana ke uddezyoM aura kAraNa haiN| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA ambAra lagA dene meM hI jIvana-mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM hama koI jAnakArI nahIM dete haiN| Aja sukha hotA to Aja amerikA (U.S.A.) jaise vikasita dezoM kA samAja meM jo svArthaparatAjanya, saMgharSa aura hiMsA panapa rahI hai, usakA vyakti adhika sukhI hotA, kintu hama dekhate haiM vaha saMtrAsa aura tanAva kAraNa zikSA kI yahI galata dizA hI hai| hama zikSA ke mAdhyama se se adhika grasta hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSya ke liye roTI Avazyaka vyakti ko sUcanAoM se bhara dete haiM, kintu usake vyaktitva kA hai, lekina vahI usake jIvana kI iti nahIM hai| IsA masIha ne ThIka hI nirmANa nahIM karate haiN| kahA thA ki manuSya kevala roTI se nahIM jI sakatA hai| hama manuSya ko vastuta: Aja zikSA kA uddezya hI upekSita hai| Aja zikSaka bhautika sukhoM kA ambAra khar3A karake bhI sukhI nahIM banA skte| saccI aura zikSArthI, zAsaka aura samAja koI bhI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki hama zikSA vahI hai jo manuSya ko mAnasika saMtrAsa aura tanAva se mukta kara kyoM par3ha rahe haiM aura kyoM paDhA rahe haiM? yadi vaha jAnatA bhI hai to yA ske| usameM sahiSNutA, samatA, anAsakti, kartavyaparAyaNatA ke guNoM to vaha udAsIna hai yA phira apane ko akarmaNyatA kI sthiti meM pAtA ko vikasita kara, usakI svArthaparatA para aMkuza lagA ske| jo zikSA hai| Aja zikSA ke kSetra meM sarvatra meM ArAjakatA hai| isa arAjakatA yA manuSya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kA vikAsa na kara sake use kyA zikSA kahA dizAhInatA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM bhI jo kucha cintana huA hai, jA sakatA hai? yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki Aja zikSA kA sambandha usameM zikSA ko AjIvikA se jor3ane ke atirikta kucha nahIM huaa| 'cAritra' se nahIM 'roTI' se jor3A jA rahA hai| Aja zikSA kI sArthakatA vartamAna meM rojagAronmukha zikSA kI bAta adhika jora se kahI jAtI hai| ko caritra nirmANa meM nahIM, cAlAkI (DiplomesI) meM khojA jA rahA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zikSA ke rojagAronmukha na hone se hI Aja zAsana bhI isa mithyA dhAraNA se grasta hai| naitika zikSA yA caritra kI samAja meM azAnti hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sAmAjika saMgharSa zikSA meM zAsana ko dharma kI 'bU' AtI hai, use apanI dharmanirapekSatA aura tanAva kA kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana ke uddezyoM yA mUlyoM ke dUSita hotI dikhAI detI hai, kintu kyA dharmanirapekSatA kA artha dharmahInatA sambandha meM ajJAna yA galata dRSTikoNa hI hai| svArthaparaka bhautikavAdI yA nItihInatA hai? maiM samajhatA hU~ dharmanirapekSatA kA matalaba kevala 'jIvana-dRSTi hI samasta mAnavIya duHkhoM kA mUla hai| itanA hI hai ki zAsana kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha Abaddha nahIM rhegaa| sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki hamArI zikSA Aja huA yaha hai ki dharma-nirapekSatA ke nAma para isa deza meM zikSA ke kA prayojana kyA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA prayojana rojI- kSetra se nIti aura caritra kI zikSA ko bhI bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA hai| roTI kamAne yA mAtra udarapUrti ke yogya banA denA hai, to yaha eka bhrAnta cAhe hama apane monogrAmoM meM 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye' kI sUktiyA~ dhAraNA hogI kyoMki rojI-roTI kI vyavasthA to azikSita bhI kara uddhRta karate hoM, kintu hamArI zikSA kA usase dUra kA bhI koI riztA letA hai| pazu-pakSI bhI to apanA peTa bharate hI haiN| ata: zikSA ko nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika rojI-roTI se jor3anA galata hai| yaha satya hai ki binA roTI ke manuSya mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jabaki ucca zikSA evaM

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 194 mAdhyamika zikSA ke sambandha meM abhI taka biThAye gaye tInoM AyogoM ne imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savyavijjANa uttmaa| apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI jaM vijjaM sAhaittANAM, savvadukkhANa mucctii|| mahatI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| Aja kA zikSaka aura zikSArthI jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| donoM hI artha ke dAsa haiN| eka ora zikSaka isaliye nahIM par3hAtA hai ki AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjayA dukkhmoynnii|| use vidyArthI ke caritra nirmANa yA vikAsa meM koI ruci hai, usakI dRSTi * isibhAsiyAI, 17/1-2 kevala vetana divasa para TikI hai| vaha par3hane ke liye nahIM par3hAtA, vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM apitu paise ke liye par3hAtA hai| dUsarI ora zAsana, seTha aura vidyArthI uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| use guru nahIM 'naukara' samajhate haiN| jaba guru naukara hai to phira saMskAra vidyA duHkha- mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai evaM caritra nirmANa kI apekSA karanA hI vyartha hai| Aja to guru-ziSya jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA ke bIca bhAva-mola hotA hai, saudA hotA hai| cAhe hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM sAkSAtkAra ho| 'vidyayAmRtamaznu'te' kI bAta kahI gaI ho, kintu Aja to vidyA aba prazna yaha upasthita hai ki duHkha kyA hai aura kisa duHkha arthakArI ho gayI hai| zikSA ke mUla-bhUta uddezya ko hI hama bhUla rahe haiN| se mukta honA hai? yaha satya hai ki duHkha se hamArA tAtparya daihika duHkhoM vartamAna sandarbha meM phirAka kA yaha kathana kitanA saTIka hai, jaba ve se bhI hotA hai, kintu ye daihika duHkha prathama to kabhI bhI pUrNatayA kahate haiM samApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unakA kendra hamArI cetanA na hokara hamArA sabhI kucha ho rahA hai, isa tarakkI ke jamAne meM, zarIra hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara apanI vItarAga dazA magara kyA gajaba hai ki, AdamI inasAM nahIM hotaa| meM bhI daihika duHkhoM se pUrNata: mukta nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka deha hai Aja kI zikSA cAhe vidyArthI ko vakIla, DaoNkTara, iMjIniyara kSudhA, pipAsA Adi duHkha to raheMge hii| ata: jina duHkhoM se vimukti Adi sabhI kucha banA rahI hai, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha insAna nahIM prApta karanI hai, ve daihika nahIM mAnasika hai| vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA, banA pA rahI hai| jaba taka zikSA ko caritra nirmANa ke sAtha, naitika evaM Asakti yA tRSNA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisakI upasthiti meM manuSya AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha nahIM jor3A jAtA hai taba taka vaha manuSya kA duHkhoM se mukti prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina nirmANa nahIM kara skegii| hamArA prAthamika dAyitva manuSya ko manuSya AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana mAtra rojI-roTI prApta kara lenA banAnA hai| bAlaka ko mAnavatA ke saMskAra denA hai| amerikA ke prabuddha nahIM rahA hai| jo zikSA vyakti ko AdhyAtmika Ananda yA AtmatoSa vicAraka TaphTsa zikSA ke uddezya, paddhati aura svarUpa ko spaSTa nahIM de sakatI, vaha zikSA vyartha hai| AtmatoSa hI zikSA kA samyak karate huye likhate haiM- 'zikSA caritra nirmANa ke liye, caritra ke dvArA, prayojana hai| zikSA-paddhati ko spaSTa karate hue 'isibhAsiyAI' meM kahA caritra kI zikSA hai|' isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM zikSA kA atha aura iti gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka yogya cikitsaka sarvaprathama roga ko jAnatA donoM hI bAlakoM meM caritra nirmANa evaM susaMskAroM kA vapana hai| bhArata hai, phira usa roga ke kAraNoM kA nizcaya karatA hai, phira roga kI auSadhi kI svatantratA ke pazcAt zikSA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu kA nirNaya karatA hai aura phira usa auSadhi dvArA roga kI cikitsA suprasiddha dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. daulatasiMha karatA hai| usI prakAra hameM sarvaprathama manuSyoM ke du:kha ke svarUpa ko koThArI aura zikSA zAstrI DaoN. mudAliyara kI adhyakSatAoM meM jo samajhanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karake vibhinna Ayoga gaThita huye the una sabakA niSkarSa yahI thA ki zikSA ko phira una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upAya khojanA hotA hai aura anta meM mAnavIya mUlyoM se jor3A jaay| jaba taka zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM se nahIM ina upAyoM dvArA una kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAteM juDegI, usase caritra nirmANa aura susaMskAroM ke vapana kA prayAsa nahIM jainadharma meM zikSA ke prayojana evaM paddhati ko spaSTa karatI hai| samyaka hogA, taba taka vidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM rupI zikSA ke ina kArakhAnoM zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajhe, unake kAraNoM se sAkSara nahIM, rAkSasa hI paidA hoNge| kA vizleSaNa kare phira unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya khojeM aura una __bhAratIya cintana prAcInakAla se hI isa sambandha meM sajaga upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta ho| vastuta: Aja kI hamArI rhaa| aupaniSadika yuga meM hI zikSA ke uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue jo zikSA nIti hai, usameM hama isa paddhati ko nahIM apnaate| zikSA se kahA gayA thA- "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" arthAt vidyA vahI jo hamArA tAtparya mAtra bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denA hai| vimukti pradAna kre| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ vimukti se hamArA kyA jaba taka usake sAmane jIvana-mUlyoM ko spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama tAtparya hai? vimukti kA tAtparya mAnavIya saMtrAsa aura tanAvoM se mukti zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha hI pAte haiM, na hai, apanatva aura mamatva ke kSudra gheroM se vimukti hai| mukti kA tAtparya manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara pAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM hai- ahaMkAra, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA se mukti| yahI bAta RSibhASita evaM AcArAMga se lekara prakIrNakoM taka meM zikSA ke uddezya jaina Agama isibhAsiyAI (RSibhAsita) meM kahI gaI hai kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadi usa samagra vivecanA

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karate hue jaina zikSA darzana 195 ko eka hI vAkya meM kahanA ho to jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA 3. maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthApita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana prayojana cittavRttiyoM evaM AcAra kI vizuddhi hai| cittavRttiyoM kA darzana karanA caahiye| jJAna-yAtrA kA prArambha hai| AcArAMga meM maiM kauna hU~? ise hI sAdhanA-yAtrA 4. maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthita karU~gA, kA prArambha bindu kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye|11 sAhitya meM Atma jijJAsA se hI jJAna sAdhanA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra dazavaikAlika ke anusAra adhyayana kA prayojana upaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai 'AtmAnaM viddhi', AtmA ko jaano| buddha jJAna prApti ke sAtha-sAtha citta kI ekAgratA tathA dharma (sadAcAra) meM ne 'attAnaM gavesetha' kahakara isI tathya kI puSTi kii| jJAtavya hai ki svayaM sthita honA tathA dUsaroM ko sthita karanA mAnA gayA hai| jaina yahA~ AtmajJAna kA tAtparya amUrta Atmatattva kI khoja nahIM, apitu AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM jo zikSA caritrazuddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hotI, apane. hI citta kI vikRtiyoM aura vAsanAoM kA darzana hai| cittavRtti usakA koI artha nahIM hai| caMdravedhyaka nAmaka prakIrNaka meM jJAna aura aura AcAra kI vizuddhi kI prakriyA taba hI prArambha ho sakatI hai, jaba sadAcAra meM tAdAtmya sthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo vinaya hai, hama apane vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ko dekheM, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai use hI vinaya kahA jAtA hai|12 zrutajJAna vikAroM, vAsanAoM aura unake kAraNoM ke prati sajagatA nahIM AtI, meM kuzala, hetu aura kAraNa kA jAnakAra vyakti bhI yadi avinIta aura taba taka caritra zuddhi kI prakriyA prArambha hI nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga ahaMkArI hai to vaha jJAniyoM dvArA prazaMsanIya nahIM hai|13 jo alpazruta meM hI kahA gayA hai ki jo mana kA jJAtA hotA hai, vahI nirgrantha (vikAra- hokara bhI vinIta hai vahI karma kA kSaya kara mukti prApta karatA hai, jo mukta) hai| bahuzruta hokara bhI avinIta, alpazraddhA aura saMvega yukta hai vaha caritra jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai|14 jisa prakAra andhe vyakti ke liye nahIM hai jo hameM cAritra zuddhi yA AcAra zuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karor3oM dIpaka bhI nirarthaka haiM usI prakAra avinIta (asadAcArI) karatA ho| isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ke bahuta adhika zAstrajJAna kA bhI kyA prayojana? jo vyakti 'vijjAcaraNaM pamokkhaM 6 arthAt vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI vimukti kI jinendra dvArA upAdiSTa ati vistRta jJAna ko jAnane meM cAhe samartha na hI prApti hotI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue ho, phira bhI jo sadAcAra se sampanna hai vastuta: vaha dhanya hai, aura vahI kahA gayA hai ki zruta kI ArAdhanA se jIva ajJAna kA kSaya karatA hai jJAnI hai|15 jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna AcaraNa kA hetu hai, aura saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| ise aura spaSTa karate hue isI mAtra vaha jJAna jo vyakti kI AcAra zuddhi kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, grantha meM puna: kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta suI gira jAne nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zastra se rahita yoddhA aura yoddhA para bhI vinaSTa nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zruta se rahita zastra nirarthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jJAna se rahita AcaraNa sampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| isI grantha meM anyatra yaha bhI aura AcaraNa se rahita jJAna nirarthaka hotA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, ajJAna aura moha kA vinAza karake sarva viSayoM jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA prApti meM bAdhaka nimna pA~ca ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jJAna sAdhanA kA prayojana kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai- (1) abhimAna, (2) krodha, (3) ajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha moha ko bhI samApta karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI pramAda, (4) Alasya aura (5) rog|16 isake viparIta usameM una ATha dRSTi meM ajJAna aura moha meM antara hai| moha anAtma viSayoM ke prati kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jinheM hama zikSA prApta karane ke sAdhaka Atmabuddhi hai, vaha rAga yA Asakti kA udbhAvaka hai usI se krodha, tattva kaha sakate haiM- (1) jo adhika ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA ho, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| ataH (2) jo apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhatA ho, (3) jo kisI kI uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra jo vyakti kI krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA ho, (4) jo azlIla arthAt AcArahIna dUSita cittavRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAye, vahI saccI zikSA hai| kevala na ho, (5) jo dUSita AcAra vAlA na ho, (6) jo rasa lolupa na ho, .. vastuoM ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI prApta kara lenA zikSA kA prayojana nahIM (7) jo krodha na karatA ho aura (8) jo satya meM anurakta ho|27 isase hai| usakA prayojana to vyakti ko vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se mukta yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM zikSA kA sambandha cAritrika mUlyoM karAnA hai| zikSA vyaktitva yA caritra kA udAttIkaraNa hai| jaba taka se rahA hai| zikSA ko kevala jAnakAriyoM taka sImita rakhA jAyegA taba taka vaha vastuta: jaina AcAryoM ko jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita mAnya vyaktitva kI nirmAtA nahIM bana skegii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke nahI hai| ve kahate haiM- jo jJAna hai, vahI AcaraNa hai, jo AcaraNa hai, cAra uddezyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahIM Agama-jJAna kA sAra hai|18 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina 1. mujhe zruta jJAna (Agama jJAna) prApta hogA, isalie adhyayana paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke karanA caahie| cAritrika vikAsa yA vyaktitva vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo 2. maiM ekAgracitta hoU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha dI hai| vyakti ke

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 196 hA vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai| kI zikSA-vyavasthA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha mUla meM bhrAMti hai, jahA~ jaina AcArya zikSA kA artha vyakti ko jIvana aura jagata ke zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya vRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the vahA~ sambandha meM jAnakAriyoM se bhara denA nahIM mAnate haiM, apitu ve isakA dharmAcArya nivRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the| puna: yaha bhI Avazyaka uddezya vyakti ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai ki jo AcArya jisa prakAra kI jIvana zailI jItA hai vaha vaisI hI mAnate haiM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki ve zikSA ko zikSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH dharmAcArya se artha aura kAma kI AjIvikA yA kalAtmaka kuzalatA se alaga kara dete haiN| rAyapasenIyasutta zikSA zilpAcArya evaM kalAcArya se dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai- 1. kalAcArya, 2. kI apekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai| zilpAcArya evaM 3. dhrmaacaary|19 usameM ina tInoM AcAryoM ke prati ki hama zikSA ke vividha kSetroM kA dAyitva vividha AcAryoM ko sauMpe ziSya ke kartavyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isase yaha phalita hai ki jaina aura isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM ki jo vyakti jisa prakAra kI cintakoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA-vyavasthA tIna prakAra kI thii| kalAcArya kA zikSA ke dene ke lie yogya ho, vahI usakA dAyitva smbhaaleN| jaba kArya jIvanopayogI kalAoM arthAt jJAna-vijJAna aura lalita kalAoM taka aisA nahIM hogA taba taka zikSA ke kSetra meM mAnava ke sarvAMgINa kI zikSA denA thaa| bhASA, lipi, gaNita ke sAtha-sAtha khagola, vikAsa kI kalpanA sArthaka nahIM hogii| 'rAyapasenIyasutta' meM jo kalAcArya, bhUgola, jyotiSa Ayurveda saMgIta nRtya Adi kI bhI zikSA kalAcArya zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai isase yaha spaSTa hotA dete the| vastuta: Aja hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM kalA, sAmAjika hai ki zikSA ke ye tInoM kSetra mAnava jIvana ke tIna mUlyoM se sambandhita vijJAna evaM vijJAna saMkAya jo kArya karate haiM, unhIM se milatA-julatA the tathA eka-dUsare se pRthak the aura sAmAnya vyakti tInoM hI prakAra kI kArya kalAcArya kA thaa| jainAgamoM meM puruSa kI 64 evaM strI kI 72 zikSAyeM prApta karatA thaa| phira bhI prAcInakAla meM yaha zikSA paddhati kalAoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai20| isase hama anumAna lagA sakate haiM vyakti ke liye bhAra svarUpa nahIM thii| ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM kA sparza jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika aura naitika zikSA kA prazna thA yaha karatI hai| dharmAcArya ke sAnidhya meM upadezoM ke zravaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kI kalAcArya ke bAda dUsarA sthAna zilpAcArya kA thaa| zilpAcArya jAtI thii| isake liye vyakti ko kucha vyaya nahIM karanA hotA thaa| vastuta: vaha vyakti hotA thA jo AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA meM dharmAcArya bhikSAcaryA se hI apanI udarapUrti vividha prakAra ke zilpoM kI zikSA detA thaa| Aja jisa prakAra vibhinna karate the aura unake koI sthAyI Azrama Adi bhI nahIM hote the, ata: audyogika prazikSaNa saMsthAyeM prazikSaNa pradAna karatI haiM, usa kAla meM ve vyakti aura samAja para bhAra-svarUpa nahIM hote the| isake viparIta yahI kArya zilpAcArya karate the| inake Upara dharmAcArya kA sthAna thaa| vaidika paramparA meM dharmAcArya saparivAra apane AzramoM meM rahate the tathA inakA dAyitva vastuta: vyakti ke cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA thaa| dharmAcArya aura kalAcArya kA kArya eka hI vyakti karatA thaa| kucha ve zIla aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dete the| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM kalAcArya sampanna vyaktiyoM yA rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ke ghara jAkara bhI zikSA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA aura ina tInoM vibhAgoM zikSA pradAna karate the, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA, ve zikSA apane AzramoM kA dAyitva tat-tat viSayoM ke AcArya nirvAha karate the| meM hI pradAna karate the| Azrama paddhati kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki vidyArthI jaina paramparA meM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke jo aura zikSaka apanI AjIvikA yA to apane zrama se upArjita karate nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM unase aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM athavA bhikSAcaryA ke mAdhyama se usakI pUrti krte| isalie usa yuga meM jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAra puruSArtha yA jIvana-mUlya mAne gaye zikSA na to vyakti para bhAra-svarUpa thI aura na rAjya pr| samRddha haiM, unameM mokSa to sAdhya puruSArtha hai, ata: zeSa tIna puruSArthoM kI zikSA vyakti athavA rAjA samaya-samaya para dAnAdi dekara zikSakoM ko kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga tIna AcAryoM ke lie niyata kI gaI thii| sammAnita avazya karate the| vidyArthI bhI apanI zikSApUrNa karane ke zilpAcArya kA kArya artha puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thA, to kalAcArya kA pazcAt jaba svayaM AjIvikA arjana karane lagatA, to vaha bhI gurukAma bhASA lipi aura gaNita kI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kAma puruSArtha kI dakSiNA dekara apane guru ko sammAnita karatA thaa| phira bhI yaha samagra zikSA denA thaa| dharmAcArya kA kArya mAtra dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha se hI vyavasthA mUlata: aicchika thii| zilpAcArya AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita sambandhita thA isa prakAra vividha jIvana-mUlyoM kI zikSA ke lie vibhinna zilpoM kI zikSA dete the| vidyArthI zilpAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM vividha AcAryoM kI vyavasthA thii| cU~ki jainadharma mUlata: eka nivRtti- rahakara hI zilpa sikhate the| isameM zikSaNa aura AjIvikA arjana kI mUlaka aura saMnyAsaparaka dharma thA isalie dharmAcArya kA kArya dharma aura prakriyA sAtha-sAtha hI calatI thii| sAmAnyatayA yaha zikSA pitA-putra kI mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA dene taka hI sImita rakhA gayA thaa| isa prakAra paramparA se calatI thii| kintu kabhI-kabhI vyakti dUsaroM ke sAnnidhya meM jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke AdhAra para zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI alaga- bhI aisI zikSA prApta karatA thaa| 'rAyapasenIya' meM spaSTa rUpa meM yaha alaga thii| Aja hama sampUrNa jIvana-mUlyoM ke lie jo eka hI prakAra ullikhita hai ki kisa prakAra ke zikSaka ko kisa prakAra se sammAnita

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karanA cAhie / 21 zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati dharmAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati se bhinna thii| kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kI ziSyagaNa telamAliza, snAna Adi ke dvArA na kevala zArIrika sevA karate the, apitu unheM vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se alaMkRta kara sarasa bhojana karavAte the tathA unakI AjIvikA evaM unake putrAdi ke bharaNapoSaNa kI yogya vyavasthA bhI karate the| dUsarI ora dharmAcArya ko vandana namaskAra karanA, usake upadezoM ko zraddhApUrvaka sunanA, bhikSArtha Ane para AhArAdi se usakA sammAna karanA yahI zikSArthI kA kartavya mAnA gayA thaa|22 jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya apane ziSyoM se bhUmi, mudrA Adi ke dAna kI apekSA karate the, vahA~ dharmAcArya aparigrahI hone ke kAraNa apane prati zraddhAbhAva ko chor3akara anya koI apekSA nahIM rakhate the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya sAmAnyatayA gRhastha hote the aura isalie unheM apane pArivArika dAyitvoM ko sampanna karane ke lie ziSyoM se mudrA Adi kI apekSA hotI thI, kintu dharmAcArya kI sthiti isase bhinna thI, ve sAmAnya rUpa se saMnyAsI aura aparigrahI hote the, ataH unakI koI apekSA nahI hotI thii| vastutaH naitikatA aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dene kA adhikArI vahI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo svayaM apane jIvana meM naitikatA kA AcaraNa karatA ho aura yahI kAraNa thA ki usake upadezoM evaM AdezoM kA prabhAva hotA thaa| Aja hama naitika evaM AdhyAtmika zikSA dene kA prathama to koI prayatna hI nahIM karate dUsare usakI apekSA bhI hama una zikSakoM se karate haiM jo svayaM usa prakAra kA jIvana nahIM jI rahe hote haiM, phalataH unako zikSA kA koI prabhAva bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vidyArthiyoM meM caritra niSThA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki yadi zikSaka svayaM caritravAna nahIM hogA to vaha apane vidyArthiyoM ko vaisI zikSA nahIM de pAyegA, kama se kama dharmAcArya ke sandarbha meM to yaha bAta Avazyaka hai| jaba taka usake jIvana meM cAritrika aura naitika mUlya sAkAra nahIM hoMge, vaha apane ziSyoM para unakA prabhAva DAlane meM samartha nahIM hogaa| caMdravedhyaka prakIrNaka kahatA hai ki samyaka zikSA ke pradAtA AcArya nizcaya hI sulabha nahIM hote| 23 jaina AgamoM meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI kauna hai ? caMdravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM una vyaktiyoM ko zikSA ke ayogya mAnA gayA hai, jo avinIta hoM, jo AcArya kA aura vidyA kA tiraskAra karate hoM midhyAdRSTikoNa se yukta hoM tathA mAtra sAMsArika bhogoM ke lie vidyA prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate hoN| 24 isI prakAra yogya AcArya kauna ho sakatA hai isakI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo deza aura kAla kA jJAtA, avasara ko samajhane vAlA, abhrAnta, dhairyavAna, anuvartaka aura amAyAvI hotA hai, sAtha hI laukika, AdhyAtmika aura vaidika zAstroM kA jJAtA hotA hai vahI zikSA dene kA adhikArI hai| isa grantha meM AcArya kI upamA dIpaka se dI gayI hai| dIpaka ke samAna AcArya svayaM bhI prakAzita hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN| 26 jaina zikSA darzana - 197 zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM AcArya ke guNoM kI saMkhyA 36 svIkAra kI gayI haiM, kintu ye 36 guNa kaunakauna haiM isa sambandha meM vibhinna granthakAroM ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM AcAratva Adi 8 guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, 10 sthiti kalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka aise 36 guNa mAne gaye haiN| 27 isI ke TIkAkAra aparAjitasUri ne 8 jJAnAcAra, 8 darzanAcAra, 12 tapa, 5 samiti aura 3 gupti- ye 36 guNa mAneM haiN| 28 zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI nimna gaNi-sampadAoM se yukta batalAyA gayA hai -- 1. AcAra - sampadA, 2. zruta-sampadA, 3. zarIra-sampadA, 4 vacana sampadA, 5. vAcanA- sampadA, 6 mati sampadA, 7 prayoga sampadA (vAdakauzala) aura 8. saMgraha parijJA (saMgha vyavasthA meM nipuNatA ) | 29 pravacanasAroddhAra meM AcArya ke 36 guNoM kA tIna prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama uparokta 8 gaNi-sampadA ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se 32 bheda hote haiM, inameM AcArya, zruta, vikSepaNA aura nirdhATana -- ye vinaya meM cAra bheda sammalita karane para kula 36 bheda hote haiN| prakArAntara se jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra aura caritrAcAra ke ATha-ATha bheda karane para 24 bheda hote haiM, inameM 12 prakAra kA tapa milAne para 36 bheda hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM ATha gaNi- sampadA, 10 sthitikalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka milAkara AcArya meM 36 guNa mAne gaye haiN| pravacanasAroddhAra ke TIkAkAra ne AcArya ke nimna 36 guNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai- 1. dezayuta, 2. kulayuta, 3 jAtiyuta, 4 rUpayuta, 5. saMhananayuta, 6. ghRtiyuta, 7 anAzaMsI, 8. avikathana, 9. ayAcI, 10. sthira paripATI, 11. gRhItavAkya, 12. jitaparSad, 13. jitanidrA, 14 madhyastha, 15. dezaza, 16. kAlaza, 17. bhAvaza 18. Asannalabdhapratima, 19. nAnAvidhadeza bhASA bhASajJa, 20. jJAnAcAra, 21. darzanAcAra, 22. cAritrAcAra, 23. tapAcAra, 24 vIryAcAra, 25. sUtrapAta, 26. AharanipuNa, 27. hetunipuNa, 28. upanayanipuNa, 29. nayanipuNa, 30. grAhaNAkuzala, 31. svasamayaza, 32. parasamayajJa, 33. gambhIra, 34. dIptImAna, 35. kalyANa karane vAlA aura 36. saumya / 30 ina guNoM kI carcA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM meM AcArya kaisA honA cAhie isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA thA aura mAtra caritravAna evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThAvAna vyakti ko hI AcAryatva ke yogya mAnA gayA thaa| isase yaha phalita bhI hotA hai ki jo sAdhaka ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA AjIvikA arjana hetu mAtra bhikSA para nirbhara rahatA hai, jo svArtha se pare hai vahI vyakti AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA zikSaka hone kA adhikArI hai| vidyArthI kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI carcA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSAjIvI, vinIta, sajjana vyaktiyoM ke guNoM ko jAnane vAlA, AcArya kI manobhAvoM ke anurUpa .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 198 AcaraNa karane vAlA, sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karane 3. AcArAMga, 1/1/1 vAlA, lAbha-alAbha meM vicalita nahIM hone vAlA, sevA tathA svAdhyAya 4. kaThopaniSad, 3/3 hetu tatpara, ahaMkAra rahita aura AcArya ke kaThora vacanoM ko sahana karane AcArAMga, 2/3/15/1 meM samartha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hai|31 granthakAra yaha bhI kahatA 6. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/11 hai ki zAstroM meM ziSya kI jo parIkSA-vidhi kahI gayI hai usake mAdhyama 7. uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 se ziSya kI parIkSA karake hI use mokSa-mArga meM pravRtta karanA caahiye|32 8. vahI, 29/60 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sandarbha meM 9. vahI, 32/2 nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo ziSya guru ke sAnnidhya meM rahatA 10. vahI, 32/102-106 hai, guru ke saMketa va manobhAvoM ko samajhatA hai vahI vinIta kahalAtA 11. dazavakAlika 9/4 hai| isake viparIta AcaraNa vAlA avinItA yogya ziSya sadaiva guru ke 12. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka (candAvejjhayA)-saM0 DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA nikaTa rahe, unase artha pUrNa bAta sIkhe aura nirarthaka bAtoM ko chor3a de, Agama-ahiMsA saMsthAna, udayapura, 62 guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kare, zUdra vyaktiyoM ke saMsarga se 13. vahI, 56 dUra rahe, yadi koI galatI ho gayI ho to use chipAye nahIM apitu yathArtha 14. vahI, 64 rUpa meM prakaTa kara de| binA pUche guru kI bAtoM meM bIca meM na bole, 15. vahI, 68 adhyayana kAla meM sadaiva adhyayana kre| AcArya ke samakSa barAbarI se na 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 11/3 baiThe, na unake Age, na pIche saTakara baitthe| guru ke samIpa unase apane 17. vahI, 11/4-5 zarIra ko saTAkara bhI nahIM baiThe, baiThe-baiThe hI na to kucha pUche aura na 18. candravedhyaka, 77 uttara de| guru ke samIpa ukaDU Asana se baiThakara hAtha jor3akara jo pUchanA 19. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAla jI ma.) sUtra 956, pR. 338ho use vinayapUrvaka puuche|33 ye sabhI tathya yaha sUcita karate haiM ki jaina zikSA-vyavasthA meM 20. samavAyAMga-samavAya 72 (dekheM-TIkA) ziSya ke lie anuzAsita jIvana jInA avazyaka thaa| yaha kaThora 21. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAlajI ma.) sUtra 956, pR. 338anuzAsana vastuta: bAhara se thopA huA nahIM thA, apitu mUlyAtmaka 341 zikSA ke mAdhyama se isakA vikAsa andara se hI hotA thA, kyoMki jaina 22. vahI, pR. 338-341 zikSA-vyavasthA meM sAmAnyatayA ziSya meM tAr3ana-varjana kI koI vyavasthA 23. candravedhyaka, 20 nahIM thii| AcArya aura ziSya donoM ke lie hI Agama meM ullekhita 24. vahI, 51-53 anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| jaina zikSA vidhi meM 25. vahI, 25,26 anuzAsana AtmAnuzAsana thaa| vyakti ko dUsare ko anuzAsita karane 26. vahI, 30 kA adhikAra tabhI mAnA gayA thA, jaba vaha svayaM anuzAsita jIvana 27. bhagavatIArAdhanA saM050 kailAzacaMdajI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, jItA ho| AcArya tulasI ne 'nija' para zAsana phira anuzAsana kA jo dehalI, 528 sUtra diyA hai vaha vastuta: jaina zikSA vidhi kA sAra hai| zikSA ke sAtha 28. vahI, TIkA jaba taka jIvana meM svasphUrta anuzAsana nahIM AyegA taba taka vaha 29. sthAnAMgasUtra-sthAna, 8/15 sArthaka nahIM hogii| 30. pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 64 31. dekheM- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 1 evaM 11 sandarbha 32. candravedhyaka, 53 1. bAibila, uddhRta naye saMketa, AcAryarajanIza, pR. 57 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/2-22 2. isibhAsiyAI, 17/3 341

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa - karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava sRSTi vaicitrya, vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyoM evaM zubhAzubha manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayAsoM meM hI huA hai| sRSTi vaicitrya evaM vaiyatika bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa kI khoja ke ina prayAsoM se vibhinna vicAradhArAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad, aMguttaranikAya aura sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM ina vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM ina vicAradhArAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM pramukha mAnyatAe~ nimna haiM- 1. kAlavAda yaha siddhAnta sRSTi vaividhya aura vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM -- - - kA kAraNa kAla ko svIkAra karatA hai| jisakA jo samaya yA kAla hotA hai tabhI vaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaise- apanI Rtu (samaya) Ane para hI vRkSa meM phala lagate haiN| - -- 2. svabhAvavAda - saMsAra meM jo bhI ghaTita hogA yA hotA hai, usakA AdhAra vastuoM kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hai| saMsAra meM koI bhI svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA hai| 3. niyativAda-saMsAra kA samagra ghaTanAkrama pUrva niyata hai, jo jisa rUpa meM honA hotA hai vaisA hI hotA hai, use koI anyathA nahIM kara sktaa| 4. yadRcchAvAda kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI niyata hetu yA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| samasta ghaTanAe~ mAtra saMyoga kA pariNAma haiN| yadRcchAvAda hetu ke sthAna para saMyoga (Chance) ko pramukha banA detA hai| 5. mahAbhUtavAda samagra astitva ke mUla meM paMcamahAbhUtoM kI sattA rahI hai| saMsAra unake vaividhyamaya vibhinna saMyogoM kA hI pariNAma hai| 6. prakRtivAda vizva vaividhya triguNAtmaka prakRti kA hI khela hai mAnavIya sukha-duHkha bhI prakRti ke hI adhIna hai| 7. IzvaravAda - Izvara hI isa jagat kA racayitA evaM niyAmaka hai, jo kucha bhI hotA hai, vaha saba usakI icchA yA kriyAzakti kA pariNAma hai| 8. puruSavAda- vaiyaktika vibhinnatA aura sAMsArika ghaTanAkrama ke mUla meM puruSa kA puruSArtha hI pramukha hai| vastuta: jagat-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika yA ke inhIM prayatnoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai jisameM zrurUSavAda kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai| karmasiddhAnta uparyukta siddhAntoM kA puruSavAda ke sAtha samanvaya kA prayatna hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad ke prArambha meM hI prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA prerita hokara saMsAra yAtrA kA anuvartana kara rahe haiN| Age RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva niyati yadRcchA, bhUta-yoni athavA puruSa yA ina sabakA saMyoga hI 199 " isakA kAraNa hai| vastutaH ina sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM puruSavAda ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI vizva vaicitrya aura vaiyaktika vaividhya kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI na kisI bAhya-tathya para hI bala de rahI thiiN| hama inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ko mAneM vaividhya kA kAraNa vyakti se bhinna hI mAnanA hogA, kintu aisI sthiti meM vyakti para naitika dAyitva kA AropaNa sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai| yadi hama jo kucha bhI karate haiM aura jo kucha bhI pAte haiM, usakA kAraNa bAhya tathya hI haiM, to phira hama kisI bhI kArya ke lie naitika dRSTi se uttaradAyI ThaharAye nahIM jA skte| yadi vyakti kAla, svabhAva, niyati athavA Izvara kI icchAoM kA eka sAdhana mAtra hai, to vaha usa kaThaputalI ke samAna hai, jo dUsare ke izAroM para hI kArya karatI hai| kintu aisI sthiti meM puruSa meM icchA - svAtantrya kA abhAva mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva kI samasyA uThatI hai / sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAne ke lie Avazyaka hai| ki vyakti ko usake zubhAzubha karmoM ke prati uttaradAyI banAyA jA sake aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba usake mana meM vizvAsa ho ki use usakI svatantra icchA se kiye gaye apane hI karmoM kA pariNAma prApta hotA hai| yahI karmasiddhAnta hai| jJAtavya hai ki karmasiddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA yA anugraha ke virodha meM jAtA hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Izvara bhI karmaphalavyavasthA ko anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai| karma kA niyama hI sarvopari hai| karmasiddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa kA niyama AcAra ke kSetra meM isa karmasiddhAnta kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai jitanI vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya-kAraNa- siddhAnta kii| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa siddhAnta ke abhAva meM vaijJAnika vyAkhyAyeM asambhava hotI hai, usI prakAra karma siddhAnta ke abhAva meM nItizAstra bhI artha - zUnya ho jAtA hai| - pro0 veMkaTaramaNa ke zabdoM meM karmasiddhAnta kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcAra ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna hai| maiksamUlara likhate haiM ki yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA burA karma binA phala die samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA vaisA hI vizvAsa hai, jaisA bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA kA niyama hai| yadyapi karmasiddhAnta evaM vaijJAnika kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM sAmAnya rUpa se samAnatA pratIta hotI haiM kintu unameM eka maulika antara bhI hai| yaha ki jahA~ kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA vivecya jar3a tatva ke kriyAkalApa haiM vahIM karma siddhAnta kA vivecya cetanA sattA ke kriyA-kalApa haiN| ataH karmasiddhAnta meM vaisI pUrNa niyatatA nahIM hotI, jaisI kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM hotI hai| yaha niyatatA evaM svataMtratA kA samucita saMyoga hai| .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 200 karmasiddhAnta kI maulika svIkRti yahI hai ki pratyeka zubhAzubha kriyA jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa krama kA koI prabhAva yA pariNAma avazya hotA hai| sAtha hI usa karma-vipAka jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kisa krama meM huA, isa prazna yA pariNAma kA bhoktA vahI hotA hai, jo kriyA kA kartA hotA hai aura kA samAdhAna utanA sarala nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama samajhate haiN| sAmAnya karma evaM vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdi kAla se cala rahI hai| vizvAsa to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kI taraha yaha bhI anAdi hai, kintu vidvat-varga ise svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadi jaina karmasiddhAnta ke karmasiddhAnta kI upayogitA vikAsa kA koI samAdhAna denA ho to, vaha jaina Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta karmasiddhAnta kI vyAvahArika upayogitA yaha hai ki vaha na sambandhI granthoM ke kAlakrama ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai, isake kevala hameM naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAtA hai, apitu vaha hamAre atirikta anya vikalpa nahIM hai| jaina AgamasAhitya meM AcArAMga sukha-duHkha Adi kA strota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara evaM prAcInatama hai| isa grantha meM jaina karmasiddhAnta kA cAhe vikasita svarUpa prativezI arthAt anya vyaktiyoM ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai| upalabdha na ho, kintu usakI mUlabhUta avadhAraNAe~ avazya upasthita haiN| karmasiddhAnta kI sthApanA kA prayojana yahI hai ki naitika kRtyoM ke karma se upAdhi yA bandhana hotA hai, karma raja hai, karma kA Astrava hotA anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake preraka kAraNoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM hai, sAdhaka ko karmazarIra ko dhuna DAlanA cAhie Adi vicAra usameM kI vyAkhyA kI jA sake, tathA vyaktiyoM ko azubha yA duSkarmoM se parilakSita hote haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMga ke kAla meM vimukha kiyA jA ske| karma ko spaSTa rUpa se bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thA aura karma ke bhautika pakSa kI svIkRti ke sAtha yaha bhI mAnA jAtA thA ki karma kI jaina karmasiddhAnta aura anya darzana : nirjarA kI jA sakatI hai| sAtha hI AcArAMga meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se vedoM meM upasthita Rta kA siddhAnta karma- zubhAzubha vipAka hotA hai, yaha avadhAraNA bhI upasthita hai| usake niyama kA Adi strota hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM ke pUrva ke vaidika sAhitya anusAra bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mamatva hai| bandhana se mukti kA upAya meM karma siddhAnta kA koI suspaSTa vivecana nahIM milatA, phira bhI usameM mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sarjana hai| upasthita Rta ke niyama kI vyAkhyA isa rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| paM0 sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhI AcArAMga se kiMcita dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM karma (jagat vaicitrya kA) kAraNa hai, hI paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla meM yaha prazna bahucarcita aisA vAda upaniSadoM kA sarva-sammatavAda ho, nahIM kahA jA sktaa| thA, ki karma kA phala saMvibhAga sambhava hai yA nahIM? isameM spaSTa rUpa bhAratIya cintana meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa jaina, bauddha aura vaidika se yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svakRta karmoM kA tInoM paramparAoM meM huA hai| yadyapi yaha eka bhinna bAta hai ki jainoM ne hI vipAka anubhava karatA hai| bandhana ke sambandha meM sUtrakRtAMga (1/ karmasiddhAnta kA jo gaMbhIra vivecana prastuta kiyA vaha anya paramparAoM 8/2) spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kucha vyakti karma ko aura kucha meM upalabya nahIM haiN| vaidikoM ke lie jo mahattva Rta kA, mImAMsako akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki karma ke lie apUrva kA, naiyAyikoM ke lie adRSTa kA, vaidAntiyoM ke lie ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAra logoM ke mana meM utpanna ho gayA thA, ki yadi mAyA kA aura sAMkhyoM ke lie prakRti kA hai, vahI jainoM ke lie karma karma hI bandhana hai to phira akarma arthAt niSkriyatA hI bandhana se kA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para vedoM kA Rta, mImAMsakoM kA bacane kA upAya hogA, kintu sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra akarma kA artha apUrva, naiyAyikoM kA adRSTa, advaitiyoM kI mAyA, sAMkhyoM kI prakRti niSkriSyatA nahIM hai| isameM pratipAdita hai ki pramAda karma hai aura evaM bauddhoM kI avidyA yA saMskAra paryAyavAcI se lagate haiM, kyoMki apramAda akarma hai (1/8/3) / vastutaH kisI kriyA kI bandhakatA vyakti ke bandhana evaM usake sukha-duHkha kI sthitiyoM meM inakI mukhya usake kriyA-rUpa hone para nahIM, apitu usake pIche rahI pramattatA yA bhUmikA hai, phira bhI inake svarUpa meM dArzanika dRSTi se antara bhI hai, apramattatA para nirbhara hai| yahA~ pramAda kA artha hai AtmacetanA (Selfyaha bAta hameM dRSTigata rakhanI hogii| IsAIdharma aura islAmadharma meM bhI awareness) kA abhaav| jisa AtmA kA viveka jAgRta nahIM haiM karma-niyama ko sthAna milA hai| phira bhI IzvarIya anugraha para adhika aura jo kaSAyayukta hai, vahI parisupta yA pramatta hai aura jisakA bala dene ke kAraNa unameM karma-niyama ke prati AsthA ke sthAna para Izvara viveka jAgRta hai aura jo vAsanA-mukta hai vahI apramatta hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prati vizvAsa hI pramukha rahA hai| Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke abhAva ke (2/2/1) meM hI hameM kriyAoM ke do rUpoM kI carcA bhI milatI haikAraNa bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA karmasiddhAnta ke prati adhika AsthAvAna 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. iiryaapthik| rAga, dveSa, krodha Adi kaSAyoM rahI, bauddha-darzana meM bhI jainoM ke samAna hI karma-niyama ko sarvopari se yukta kriyAyeM sAmparAyika kahI jAtI haiM, jabaki inase rahita mAnA gyaa| hindUdharma meM bhI IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna kriyAyeM IryApathika kahI jAtI haiN| sAmparAyika kriyAyeM bandhaka hotI lAyA gayA, usameM Izvara karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka hokara bhI usake haiM, jabaki IryApathika bandhanakAraka nahIM hotiiN| isase isa niSkarSa para adhIna hI kArya karatA hai| pahucate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga meM kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa hogA

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jaina karmasiddhAnta aura kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hogA, isakI eka kasauTI prastuta kara dI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita mamatva kI apekSA isameM pramattatA aura kaSAya ko bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yadi hama bandhana ke kAraNoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM, to yaha pAte haiM ki prArambha meM mamatva (merepana) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA, phira AtmavismRti yA pramAda ko jaba pramAda kI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA, to spaSTa kiyA gayA ki rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hI pramAda hai| ataH rAga-dveSa ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| inameM moha mithyAtva aura kaSAya kA saMyukta rUpa hai| pramAda ke sAtha inameM avirati evaM yoga ke jur3ane para jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAne jAne lage / samayasAra Adi meM pramAda ko kaSAya kA hI eka rUpa mAnakara bandhana ke cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| inameM yoga bandhanakAraka hote hue bhI vastutaH jaba taka kaSAya ke sAtha yukta nahIM hotA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM banatA hai| ataH prAcIna granthoM meM bandhana ke kAraNoM kI carcA meM mukhya rUpa se rAga-dveSa ( kaSAya) evaM moha ( mithyAdRSTi) kI hI carcA huI hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivecana bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| karma kI aSTa mUlaprakRtiyoM kA sarva prathama nirdeza hameM RSibhASita ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM upalabdha hotA hai11| isameM 8 prakAra kI karmagranthiyoM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi vahA~ inake nAmoM kI koI carcA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| 8 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa ullekha hameM uttarAdhyayana ke 33veM adhyAya meM aura sthAnAMga meM milatA hai| 12 sthAnAMga kI apekSA bhI uttarAdhyayana meM yaha varNana vistRta hai, kyoMki isameM avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI carcA bhI huI hai| isameM jJAnAvaraNa karma kI 5, darzanAvaraNa kI 9, vedanIya kI 2, mohanIya kI 2 evaM 28, nAmakarma kI 2 evaM aneka, AyuSyakarma kI 4 gotrakarma kI 2 aura antarAya karma kI 5 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai13| Age jo karmasAhitya sambandhI grantha nirmita hue unameM nAmakarma kI prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM aura bhI vRddhi huI, sAtha hI unameM AtmA meM kisa avasthA meM kitanI karmaprakRtiyoM kA udaya, sattA, bandha Adi hote hai, isakI bhI carcA huI vastutaH jaina karmasiddhAnta I.pU. AThavIM zatI se lekara IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatIM taka lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyavasthita hotA rahA hai| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki karmasiddhAnta kA jitanA gahana vizleSaNa jaina paramparA ke karmasiddhAnta sambandhI sAhitya meM huA, utanA anyatra kisI bhI paramparA meM nahIM huA hai| 'karma' zabda kA artha jaba hama jaina karmasiddhAnta kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki usameM 'karma' zabda eka vizeSa artha meM prayukta huA hai| vaha artha karma ke usa sAmAnya artha kI apekSA adhika vyApaka hai| sAmAnyatayA koI bhI kriyA karma kahalAtI hai, eka vizleSaNa 201 pratyeka halacala cAhe vaha mAnasika ho, vAcika ho yA zarIrika ho, karma hai| kintu jaina paramparA meM jaba hama 'karma' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM, to vahA~ ye kriyAyeM tabhI karma banatI haiM, jaba ye bandhana kA kAraNa hoM mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa yAga Adi kriyAoM se liyA jAtA hai| gItA Adi meM karma kA artha apane varNAzrama ke anusAra kiye jAne vAle karmoM se liyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA eka vyApaka artha meM bhI karma zabda kA prayoga karatI hai| usake anusAra manuSya jo bhI karatA hai yA karane kA Agraha rakhatA hai, ve sabhI pravRttiyA~ karma kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| bauddhadarzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM ki "bhikSuoM karma, cetanA hI hai", aisA maiM isalie kahatA hU~ ki cetanA ke dvArA hI vyakti karma ko karatA hai, kAyA se, mana se yA vANI se 14 / isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM karma ke samutthAna yA kAraka ko hI 'karma' kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM Age calakara cetanA karma aura cetayitvA karma kI carcA huI hai / cetanA karma mAnasika karma hai, cetayitvA karma vAcika evaM kAyika karma hai 15 / kintu hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karma zabda adhika vyApaka artha meM gRhIta huA hai| usameM mAtra kriyA ko hI karma nahIM kahA gayA, apitu usake hetu (kAraNa) ko bhI karma kahA gayA hai| AcArya devendrasUri likhate haiM--jIva kI kriyA kA hetu hI karma hai 16 kintu hama mAtra hetu ko bhI karma nahI kaha sakate haiN| hetu usase niSpanna kriyA aura usa kriyA kA pariNAma, sabhI milakara jaina darzana meM karma kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate haiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI likhate haiM ki mithyAtva kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai karma kahalAtA hai merI dRSTi se isake sAtha hI sAtha karma meM usa kriyA ke vipAka ko bhI sammilita karanA hogaa| isa prakAra karma ke hetu, kriyA aura kriyA-vipAka, sabhI milakara karma kahalAte haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ne karma ke do pakSa mAne haiM--1. rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ye sabhI manobhAva, bhAva karma kahe jAte haiN| 2. karma-pudrala dravyakarma kahe jAte haiN| ye bhAvakarma ke pariNAma hote haiM, sAtha hI manojanyakarma kI utpatti kA nimitta kAraNa bhI hote haiN| yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ye karma hetu (bhAvakarma) aura karmapariNAma (dravyakarma) bhI paraspara kArya kAraNa bhAva rakhate haiN| " sabhI Astika darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai| use vedAnta meM mAyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa evaM mImAMsA meM apUrva kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM use hI avidyA aura saMskAra (vAsanA) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yogadarzana isI AtmA kI vizuddhatA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti ko karma kahatA hai| jaina darzana meM karma ke nimitta kAraNoM ke rUpa meM karma pudgala ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki isake upAdAna ke rUpa meM AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA haiN| AtmA ke bandhana meM karma pudrala nimitta kAraNa hai aura svayaM AtmA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai| -- .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 202 karma kA bhautika svarUpa hamAre svabhAva meM parivartana kA kAraNa hamAre jaiva-rasAyanoM evaM raktajainadarzana meM karma cetanA se utpanna kriyA mAtra nahIM hai,apitu rasAyanoM kA parivartana hai| usI prakAra karmavargaNAe~ hamAre manovikAroM ke yaha svatantra tattva bhI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai? jaba sRjana meM nimitta kAraNa hotI haiN| puna: jisa prakAra hamAre manobhAvoM ke yaha prazna jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA to unhoMne batAyA ki AdhAra para hamAre jaiva-rasAyana evaM raktarasAyana meM parivartana hotA hai, vaise AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kevala AtmA nahIM ho sktii| vastutaH hI AtmA meM vikArI bhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala karma kaSAya (rAga-dveSa) athavA moha (mithyAtva) Adi jo bandhaka manovRttiyA~ rUpa meM pariNita ho jAte haiN| ata: dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma bhI paraspara haiM, ve bhI svata: utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM, jaba taka ki ve pUrvabaddha sApekSa haiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM bhAvakarma ke hone meM dravyakarma, karmavargaNAoM ke vipAka (saMskAra) ke rUpa meM cetanA ke samakSa nimitta hai aura dravyakarma ke hone meM bhAvakarma nimitta hai19| donoM Apasa upasthita nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se zarIra meM bIjAMkura kI taraha sambaddha haiN| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se rasAyanoM ke parivartana se saMvega (manobhAva) utpatra hote haiM aura una bIja utpanna hotA hai, unameM kisI ko pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, saMvegoM ke kAraNa hI zarIra-rasAyanoM meM parivartana hotA hai| yahI sthiti vaise inameM bhI kisI kI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM ho sakatA hai| pratyeka AtmA kI bhI hai| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa AtmA meM rAga-dveSa Adi dravyakarma kI apekSA se bhAvakarma pUrva hogA tathA pratyeka bhAvakarma kI manobhAva utpatra (udita) hote haiM aura ina udaya meM Aye manobhAvoM ke apekSA se dravyakarma pUrva hogaa| kriyArUpa pariNita hone para AtmA navIna karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai| dravyakarma evaM bhAvakarma kI isa avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para bandhana kI dRSTi se karmavargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM jaina-karmasiddhAnta adhika yuktisaMgata bana gayA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta karma aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNAe~ karma kA svarUpa ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita bala dete hue bhI jar3a aura cetana ke madhya grahaNa kara AtmA ko bandhana meM DAlatI haiN| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| karma jar3a-jagat evaM ekAnta rUpa se na to AtmA svata: hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na cetanA ke madhya eka yojaka kar3I hai| jahA~ eka ora sAMkhya-yoga darzana karmavargaNA ke pudgala hii| donoM nimitta evaM upAdAna ke rUpa meM eka ke anusAra karma-pUrNata: jar3a prakRti se sambandhita hai, ata: unake dUsare se saMyukta hokara hI bandhana kI prakriyA ko janma dete haiN| anusAra vaha prakRti hI hai, jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma saMskAra rUpa hai ata: ve dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma caitasika haiN| isalie unheM mAnanA par3A ki cetanA hI bandhana evaM mukti karmavargaNAe~ yA karma kA bhautika pakSa, dravyakarma kahalAtA hai| kA kAraNa hai| kintu jaina vicAraka ina ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa jabaki karma kI caitasika avasthAe~ arthAt manovRttiyA~, bhAvakarma hai| nahIM ho paaye| unake anusAra saMsAra kA artha hai-jar3a aura cetana kA AtmA ke manobhAva yA cetanA kI vividha vikArita avasthAe~ bhAvakarma pArasparika bandhana yA unakI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA tathA mukti kA haiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se utpanna hote haiM, vaha pudgala-dravya artha hai-- jar3a evaM cetana kI eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane kI sAmarthya dravyakarma haiN| AcArya nemicanda gommaTasAra meM likhate haiM ki pudgala kA samApta ho jaanaa| dravyakarma hai aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti bhAvakarma hai 17 AtmA meM jo mithyAtva aura kaSAya athavA rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva bhautika evaM abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA haiM, ve hI bhAva karma haiM, aura unakI upasthiti meM karmavargaNA ke jo jina dArzanikoM ne carama-satya ke sambandha meM advaita kI pudgala paramANu jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmaprakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pariNata hote dhAraNA ke sthAna para dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI, unake lie yaha prazna haiM, ve hI dravyakarma haiN| dravyakarma kA kAraNa bhAvakarma hai aura bhAvakarma kA banA rahA ki ve donoM tattva eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karate haiN| kAraNa dravya karma hai| AcArya vidyAnandi ne aSTasahastrI meM dravyakarma ko aneka vicArakoM ne dvaita ko svIkArate hue bhI unake pArasparika sambandha AvaraNa va bhAvakarma ko doSa kahA hai| cUMki dravyakarma Atmazakti ke ko asvIkAra kiyaa| kintu jagat kI vyAkhyA inake pArasparika sambandha prakaTana ko rokatA hai, isalie vaha AvaraNa hai aura bhAva karma svayaM ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hai, ata: vaha doSa hai 185 karmavargaNA ke prastuta huI thii| dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke pudgala taba taka karma rUpa meM pariNita nahIM hote haiM, jaba taka ye AdhAra para kiyA bhI, kintu spinojA usase santuSTa nahIM hue, unhoMne bhAvakoM dvArA prerita nahIM hote haiN| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA prazna uThAyA ki do svatantra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA sambhava kaise hogA ki AtmA meM jo vibhAvadazAe~ haiM, unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa hai? ata: spinojA ne pratikriyAvAda ke sthAna para samAnAntaravAda kI meM dravyakarma bhI apanA kArya karate haiN| yaha satya hai ki dUSita manovikAroM sthApanA kii| lAIbinItja ne pUrvasthApita sAmaJjasya kI avadhAraNA kA janma AtmA meM hI hotA hai, kintu usake nimitta (pariveza) ke rUpa prastuta kii2deg| bhAratIya cintana meM bhI prAcIna kAla se isa sambandha meM meM karmavargaNAe~ apanI bhUmikA kA avazya nirvAha karatI haiN| jisa prakAra prayatna hue hai| usameM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki liMgazarIra yA karmazarIra

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 203 AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita kara sakatA hai? sAMkhya darzana puruSa aura zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karmavargaNA ke pudgala use prabhAvita prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karake bhI inake pArasparika sambandha ko nahIM kara sakate haiN| AtmA meM pUrva se upasthita karmavargaNA ke pudgala hI samajhA pAyA, kyoMki usane puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAna liyA thA, bAhya-jagat ke karmavargaNAoM ko AkarSita kara sakate haiN| mukta avasthA kintu jaina darzana ne apane vastuvAdI aura pariNAmavAdI vicAroM ke meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai ata: use karmavargaNA ke pudgala prabhAvita AdhAra para inakI saphala vyAkhyA kI hai| vaha batAtA hai ki jisa prakAra karane meM samartha nahIM hote haiN| jar3a mAdaka padArtha cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM, usI prakAra jar3a karmavargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana AtmA para par3atA hai, ise svIkAra kiyA karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra kA artha hai-- jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA se hI yaha saMsAra-cakra smbndh| isa sambandha kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA jagat pravartita hotA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki karma aura kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| AtmA kA sambandha kaba se huaa| yadi hama yaha sambandha sAdi arthAt kAla vizeSa meM huA, aisA mAnate haiM, to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usake mUrtakarma kA amUrta AtmA para prabhAva pahale AtmA mukta thA aura yadi mukta AtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI yaha bhI satya hai ki karma mUrta hai aura ve hamArI cetanA ko sambhAvanA ho to phira mukti kA koI mUlya hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| yadi prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise mUrta bhautika viSayoM kI cetanA vyakti se sambaddha yaha mAnA jAya ki AtmA anAdikAla se bandhana meM hai, to phira yaha hone para sukha-du:kha Adi kA anubhava yA vedanA hotI hai, vaise hI karma mAnanA hogA ki yadi bandhana anAdi hai to vaha ananta bhI hogA, aisI ke pariNAma svarUpa bhI vedanA hotI hai, ata: ve mUrta haiN| kintu dArzanika sthiti meM mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jaayegii| dRSTi se yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi karma mUrta hai to, vaha jaina dArzanikoM ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna isa rUpa meM kiyA amUrta AtmA para prabhAva kaise DAlegA? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni ki karma aura vipAka kI yaha paramparA karma vizeSa kI apekSA se to amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM DAla sakatI hai, usI sAdi aura sAnta hai, kintu pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi aura ananta hai| prakAra karma kA amUrta AtmA para bhI koI prabhAva nahIM honA caahie| punaH karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA yaha pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI jainadArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta dRSTi se anAdi to hai, ananta nhiiN| kyoMki pratyeka karma apane bandhana madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA kI dRSTi se sAdi hai| yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake to prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA dUsarA tarka-saMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha paramparA svata: hI samApta ho jAyegI, kyoMki karma-vizeSa to sAdi yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha se AtmA kaMthacit mUrta bhI hai| kyoMki hai hI aura jo sAdi hai vaha kabhI samApta hogA hii| saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karmadravya se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSa rUpI karmabIja ke bhuna AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa jAne para karma pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai| karma aura vipAka svarUpataH amUrta hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI kI paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai jisake AdhAra AtmA para mUrtakarma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastutaH para bandhana kA anAditva va mukti se anAvRtti kI samucita vyAkhyA jisa para karmasiddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai, vaha vyaktitva amUrta sambhava hai| nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika bAhya tathyoM se karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA prazna aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA-zarIra (karma-zarIra) ke kyA eka vyakti apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare ko de bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM sakatA hai yA nahIM athavA dUsare ke karmoM kA phala use prApta hotA hai yA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI nahIM, yaha dArzanika dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM usa para mUrtakarma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| hindU paramparA mAnatI hai ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala usake ma AtmA aura karmavargaNAoM meM vAstavika sambandha svIkAra pUrvajoM va santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai| isa prakAra vaha isa siddhAnta ko karane para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki mukta avasthA meM bhI jar3a karmavargaNAe~ mAnatI hai ki karmaphala kA saMvibhAga sambhava hai|21 isake viparIta bauddha AtmA ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raheMgI, kyoMki mukti-kSetra meM bhI paramparA kahatI hai ki vyakti ke puNyakarma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, karmavargaNAoM kA astitva to hai hii| isa sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM kA pApakarma kA nhiiN| kyoMki pApakarma meM usakI anumati nahIM hotI haiN| uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra kIcar3a meM rahA lohA jaMga khAtA hai, parantu punaH unake anusAra pApa sImita hotA hai ata: isakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho svarNa nahIM, usI prakAra jar3akarma pudgala usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakatA, kintu puNya ke aparimita hone se usakA hI saMvibhAga sambhava sakate haiM, jo rAga-dveSa se azuddha hai| vastuta: jaba taka AtmA bhautika hai|22 kintu isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai, unake anusAra

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 vyakti apane karmoM kA phala vipAka na to dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai aura na dUsare ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala use mila sakatA hai| jaina darzanika spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki karma aura usakA vipAka vyakti kA apanA svakRta hotA hai| 13 jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM nimitta kAraNa aura upAdAna kAraNa ke bheda ko samajhanA hogaa| dUsarA vyakti hamAre sukha-duHkha meM aura hama dUsare ke sukha-duHkha meM nimitta ho sakate haiM, kintu bhoktA aura kartA to vahI hotA hai| ataH upAdAna kI dRSTi se to karma aura usakA vipAka arthAt sukha-duHkha kA anubhava svakRta hai| nimitta kI dRSTi se unheM parakRta kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu nimitta apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki karma saMkalpa to hamArA apanA hI hotA hai evaM karma ke vipAka kI anubhUti bhI hamArI ho hotI hai| ataH upAdAna kAraNa kI dRSTi se to karma evaM usake vipAka meM saMvibhAga sambhava nahI hai na to dUsarA vyakti hameM sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakatA hai aura na hama dUsare ko sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakate haiN| hama karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~ 24 adhika se adhika dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke nimitta ho sakate haiN| lekina aisI nimittatA to bhautika padArthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI hotI hai| satya to yaha hai ki karma aura usakA vipAka donoM hI vyakti ke apane hote haiN| karmavipAka kI niyatatA va aniyatatA karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki kyA jina karmoM kA bandha kiyA gayA hai, unakA vipAka vyakti ko bhoganA hI hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-- 1. niyatavipAkI aura 2. aniyatavipAkI / kucha karma aise hote haiM, jinakA jisa phalavipAka ko lekara bandha kiyA gayA hai, usI rUpa meM unake phala ke vipAka kA vedana karanA hotA hai, kintu isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI hote haiM, jinakA vipAka kA vedana usI rUpa meM nahIM karanA hotA, jisa rUpa meM unakA bandha hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta mAnatA hai ki jo karma tIna kaSAyoM se udbhUta hote haiM unakA bandha bhI pragAr3ha hotA hai aura vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai| pAramparika zabdAvalI meM unheM nikAcita kahate haiN| isake viparIta jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAyabhAva alpa hotA hai, unakA bandhana zithila hotA hai aura unake vipAka kA saMvedana Avazyaka nahIM hotA hai| ve tapa evaM pazcAtApa ke dvArA apanA phala vipAka diye binA hI samApta ho jAte haiN| 204 kI virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karmavipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM kucha sAmAjika mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya to pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAye, to naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| vipAka kI pUrNaniyatatA ko mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ aikAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiN| ataH karmavipAka kI AMzika niyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| 3 jaina darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para cintana huA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki karma ke bandha aura vipAka (udaya) ke bIca kona-kauna sI avasthAyeM ghaTita ho sakatI haiM, punaH ve kisa sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko kuNThita karatI haiM athavA kisI sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko abhivyakta karatI haiM, isakI carcA bhI kI gayI hai ye avasthAe~ nimna haiM- - 1. bandha - kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM kA AtmapradezoM se jo sambandha sthApita hotA hai, use bandha kahate haiN| 2. saMkramaNa - eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda hote haiN| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kA yaha adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma prakRti kA navIna karmaprakRti kA bandha karate samaya rUpAntaraNa karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM pUrva baddha duHkhada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvedanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya sAtAvedanIya karma ke rUpa meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMkramaNa kI yaha kSamatA AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanI pavitra hotI hai, usameM saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI utanI hI adhika hotI hai| AtmA meM karmaprakRtiyoM ke saMkramaNa kI sAmarthya honA yaha batAtA hai, jahA~ apavitra AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa hotI haiM, vahIM pavitra AtmA paristhitiyoM kI svAmI hotI haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prathama to mUla karmaprakRtiyoM kA eka dUsare meM kabhI bhI saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai jaise jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa meM nahIM badalatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, darzanamoha karma, cAritramoha karma aura AyuSya karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| vaiyaktika dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai| kevala ve hI vyakti jo AdhyAtmika UMcAI para sthita haiM, karmavipAka meM parivartana kara sakate haiN| punaH ve bhI una karmoM ke vipAka ko anyathA kara sakate haiM, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| niyatavipAkI karmoM kA bhoga to anivArya hai| isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta apane ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda donoM kI ekAMgikatA se bacAtA hai| 3. udvartanA- navIna bandha karate samaya AtmA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI vastutaH karmasiddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kAla maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko bar3A bhI sakatA .

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jaina karmasiddhAnta hai| kAla maryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI yaha prakriyA udvartanA kahalAtI hai| 4. apavartanA-- navIna bandha karate samaya pUrva baddha karmoM kI kAla maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, ise aparvatanA kahate hai| karmaprakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karmaprakRti kI hI udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| 8. upazamana - udaya meM A rahe karmoM ke phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie davA denA athavA kAla-vizeSa ke lie unheM phala dene se akSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma kI sattA samApta nahIM hotI, mAtra use kAla vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA diyA jAtA hai| isameM karma rAkha se dabI agni ke samAna niSkriya hokara sattA meM bane rahate haiN| 5. sattA - karma ke baddha hone ke pazcAt tathA usake vipAka se pUrva bIca kI avasthA sattA kahalAtI hai| sattA kAla meM karma astitva meM to rahatA hai, kintu vaha sakriya nahIM hotA / 6. udaya - jaba karma apanA phala denA prArambha karate haiM to vaha avasthA udaya kahalAtI hai| udaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1- 1. vipAkodaya aura 2. pradezodaya / karma kA apanA apane phala kI cetana anubhUti karAye binA hI nirjarita honA pradezodaya kahalAtA hai| jaise acetana karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva 15 avasthA meM zalya kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotI, yadyapi vedanA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai| isI prakAra binA apanI phalAnubhUti karavAye jo karma paramANu AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya pradezodaya hotA hai| isake viparIta jina karmoM kI apane vipAka ke samaya phalAnubhUti hotI hai unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vipAkodaya meM pradezodaya anivArya rUpa se hotA hai, lekina pradezodaya meM vipAkodaya ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| 7. udIraNA-- apane niyatakAla se pUrva hI pUrvabaddha karmoM ko prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara unake phaloM ko bhoganA, udIraNA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jisa 9. nizpatti-- karma kI vaha avasthA nighatti hai, jisameM karma na to apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita yA saMkramita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samaya-maryAdA aura vipAka-tIvratA (parimANa) ko kama adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava hai, saMkramaNa nahIM 0110. nikAcanA-- karmoM ke bandhana kA itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI -kAla maryAdA evaM tIvratA meM koI bhI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya se pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA jA sake, nikAcanA kahalAtA hai| isa dazA meM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai, usako usI rUpa meM anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai| isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karma ke phala vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko samyak prakAra se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jaise-jaise AtmA : eka vizleSaNa 205 kaSAyoM se mukta hokara AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hatA hai, vaha karma ke phala vipAka kI niyatatA ko samApta karane meM sakSama hotA jAtA hai| karma kitanA balavAna hogA yaha bAta mAtra karma ke bala para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu AtmA kI pavitratA para bhI nirbhara hai| ina avasthAoM kA citraNa yaha bhI batAtA hai ki karmoM kA vipAka yA udaya eka alaga sthiti hai tathA unase navIna karmoM kA bandha honA yA na honA yaha eka alaga sthiti hai| kaSAya yukta pramatta AtmA karmoM ke udaya meM navIna karmoM kA bandha karatA hai, isake viparIta kaSAya-mukta apramatta AtmA karmoM ke vipAka meM navIna karmoM kA bandha nahIM karatA hai, mAtra pUrvabaddha karmoM ko nirjarita karatA hai| aura azubha, aise tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai: karmoM ko sAmAntayA zuddha (akarma), zubha karma jaina bauddha 1. zuddha 2. zubha 3. azubha gItA akarma IryApathiMka avyaktakarma puNyakarma puNyakarma kuzala (zukla) karma pApa karma akuzala (kRSNa) karma jaina darzana meM karma ke bandhaka hone ke AdhAra para mukhya rUpa se do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM-- 1. IrSyApathika aura 2. sAmparAyika hai- (a) azubha (pApa) aura (ba) zubha (punny)| Age hama isI sandarbha inameM sAmparAyika karma ko punaH do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA meM carcA kreNge| pAzcAtya anaitika karma karma vikarma naitika karma anaitika karma azubha yA pApa karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA dI hai ki vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAleM jisake kAraNa AtmA ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai 26 sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya prpiiddnN)| vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane aniSTa phala kI prApti ho vaha pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma hai| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vagIkaraNa jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke haiM- 1. (caurya karma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 3. adattAdAna tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 206 mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|33 sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke saMgraha vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA puNya nirUpita hai34Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. 1. annapuNya bhojanAdi dekara kSudhAta kI kSudhA-nivRtti krnaa| abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda 2. pAnapuNya- tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 16. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa 3. layanapuNya- nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ sahita asatya bhASaNa), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jiivndRsstti)|27 Adi bnvaanaa| 4. zayanapuNya- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denaa| puNya (kuzala karma) 5. vastrapuNya- vastra kA dAna denaa| puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para 6. manapuNya- mana se zubha vicAra krnaa| jagat ke maMgala kI samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana zubhakAmanA krnaa| banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra 7. vacanapuNya- prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga kahate haiM- zubhAsrava puNya hai28, lakina puNya mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, krnaa| vaha bandha ora vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai| ataH 8 kAyapuNya- rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya 9. namaskArapuNya- gurUjanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki-puNya (azubha) karmoM unakA abhivAdana krnaa| kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai|29 isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya haiM- (1) karma kA bAhya-svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva (2) kartA kA abhipraay| ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya kI ora le jAtA hai|30 AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTa meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM ki- "puNya rUpa se kahatI hai ki-jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI bRddhi mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai, jo naukA ko bhavasAgara nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAleM to bhI yaha samajhanA se zIghra pAra karA detI hai|31 jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana nATaka meM kahate haiM ki- "jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase ko prApta hotA hai|35 dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai, vahI puNya hai|32 rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai|36 bauddha darzana meM kartA ke jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya-karma ve zubha pudgala-paramANu abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa haiM, jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Adraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai|37 jahA~ taka jaina ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumArajI mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| jainadharma pR.160 para likhate haiM, "zubha-azubha karma ke bandha kA mukhya AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAne ke lie pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala- usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye parantu paramANu jo una zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke DaoNkTara karuNAmaya apanI zubha-bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya hai|" paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-bandha kI kasauTI haiM aura zubha-pudgala-paramANu dravyapuNya haiN| kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai (darzana aura cintana khaNDa 2.pR.226)| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiM, phira bhI usameM

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 207 karma kA bAhya-svarUpa apekSita nahIM hai| nizcayadRSTi se to manovRttiyA~ kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se mAne, yA karma ke samAja para hone vo pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAyegA, isa prazna (2/6) meM AdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho- cAhe na jAnate hue bhI khAtA cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI ho- to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai| hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, pramukha hai| jahAM karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti-sApekSa hai, to vaiyaktika isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA, aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA karma-preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre hai? isase spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai| lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| vAstava meM karate haiM to samAjakalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hotA hai| vastuta: bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI hai| sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA sImA se Upara uThanA hai| usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvanadRSTi kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke sakatA hai, dUsarA nhiiN| jaina dRSTi ekAgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI aura sApekSavAdI hai| vaha vyakti-sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja-sApekSa hokara karmoM atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI haiN| usameM yA anupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai| dravya (bAhya) aura bhAva (Antarika) donoM kA mUlya haiN| yoga (bAhya prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazastakriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, rAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI yadyapi usameM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha nhiiN| mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka rahate haiM, tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa manda hogI vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA dveSavihIna rAga yA prazastarAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai| kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai jo zubha kA sRjana vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai| mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene karatI hai| usI se loka-maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya-karma vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/24-29) meM nissRta hote haiM, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara kahA gayA hai, karma-bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai| usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM kyoMki pApa nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai, lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM- svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM vaha puNya karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai, vaha ke kArya kA anumodana karane se| parantu yadi hRdaya pApa-mukta ho to pApa karma hai| ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM adhika jora detA hai ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiN| vastuta: zubha-azubha ke mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA-nigraha) meM zithila hai| vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN| puNya aura pApa ke samagra cintana kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai|' jaina vicArakoM ne phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jaba ki puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka maMgala se hai| isI darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai-- prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sabhI eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha-dRSTi yA loka amaMgalakArI tattva haiN|38 isa prakAra jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA zuddha-dRSTi hai| eka vyAvahArika satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika sty| puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika sandarbha meM use naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ata: usameM donoM kA dekhanA hogA, yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya kartA ke hI mUlya hai| Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 208 sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kA yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiN| samayasAra meM ve kahate hai ki- azubha anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kie gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa karma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA phira bhI puNya karma evaM pApa karma donoM hI saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA isakA hai jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie bandhana ke kAraNa haiN|44 phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I pratikUla samajhate haiM vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA kahakara usakI pApa se kiMcita zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA yahI amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa domeM zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antatogatvA donoM hI bandhana lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM haiN|45 yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiMapane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA puNya pApa doU karama, banyarUpa duI maani| azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM sabhI zuddha AtmA jina layo, nabhu carana hita jaani||46 prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai| lie antatogatvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma meM sahAyaka hai phira bhI use alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA kA bandha nahIM krtaa|39 sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma (zubhAzubhatva) zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie|40 hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna mala ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa mala ko alaga zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| ata: vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara jaina dRSTikoNa- jaina vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala- uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha bana jAtA hai| dveSa para pUrNa amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ata: rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM anusAra tattva nau haiM jiname puNya aura pApa svatantra tattva haiN| 1 tattvArthasUtrakAra usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| jainAcAradarzana umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa ye meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa sAta tattva ginAye haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai|42 kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI lekina yaha vivAda mahattvapUrNa nahIM kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tattva bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ para gItA kA anAsakta karma-yoga nahIM mAnatI hai vaha bhI unako Asrava tattva ke antargata mAna letI hai| jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, varan unakA bandha bhI hotA AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI ora aura zubhakarma se hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai| ata: Asrava ke zubhAsrava aura azubhAsrava zuddhakarma (vItarAga dazA) kI prApti hai| Atma kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki bandha aura vipAka meM bhI dharma kA antima sAdhya hai| do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai| zuddha karma (akarma) phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai, jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI haiM, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke rahita mAtra kartavyabuddhi se sampAdita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana kAraNa haiN| vastuta: naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa meM nahIM ddaaltiiN| abandhaka karma hI zuddhakarma haiN| jaina AcAradarzana isa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karatA haiM ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya kyA sambandha hai? kyA 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAzata: satya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM hai? eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhASita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai ki pUrvakRta haiM phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati kA mUla hai43| AcArya kundakunda bandhana nahIM ho| lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 209 aura abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM (bandhaka karma) kyA hai aura akarma (abandhaka karma) kyA hai, isake akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva' aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| viSaya meM vidvAn bhI mohita ho jAte haiN|47 karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| yaha karma-samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta hai|51 aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkrayatA gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM nahIM, vaha to satat jAgarUkatA hai| apramatta avasthA yA Atma-jAgRti bhI milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai, jabaki pramatta dazA yA hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| Atma-jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM vastuta: kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSArtha) kI pramatta dazA haiM) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM, jabaki kaSAya ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma-bandha kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura usakA kucha phala nahIM mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki- jo Asrava yA bandhana kAraka bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA kriyAe~ haiM, ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti kA se kiyA gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotaa|48 bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA sAdhana bana jAtI hai|52 isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma vicAra usake bAhya-svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, apane bAhya-svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ hote haiN| bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki IryApathika karma aura sAmparAyika karma53 eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM lekina, kartA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI bA~TA gayA hai--(1) IryApathika kriyAe~ (akarma) aura (2) sAmprarAyika hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe, kriyAe~ (krm)| IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai| kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka nahIM hai aura sAmparAyika kriyAe~ ki- maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM ve ho jaayegaa|49 naitika vikAsa ke lie bandhaka aura abandhaka karma ke samasta kriyAe~ jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se karma ke samasta kriyAe~ jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM, akarma haiN| jaina dRSTi yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai--rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA krm| karma kA artha hai--rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta karma, vaha bandhana jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra meM DAlatA hai, isalie vaha karma hai| jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do moha se rahita hokara kartavya yA zarIranirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka zakti vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai, ata: akarma hai| jinheM jaina darzana meM ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra pr| bandhanAtmaka IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai, unheM bauddha paramparA zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana anupacita, avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko jaina-paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI hai, unheM bauddha karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM karma paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa-zukla karma kahatI haiN| isa sambandha meM aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karma aura akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiN|5deg isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha bandhana ke kAraNoM meM mithyAtva aura kaSAya kI pramukhatA kA prazna54 vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai, jabaki jaina karmasiddhAnta ke udbhava va vikAsa kI carcA karate hue dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa hamaneM bandhana ke pA~ca sAmAnya kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| vaise sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa jaina granthoM meM bhinna-bhinna karmoM ke bandhana ke bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM kI

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 vistRta carcA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| kintu sAmAnya rUpa se bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAneM gae haiM - 1. mithyAtva 2. avirati 3. pramAda 4 kaSAya aura 5. yoga 1 ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga ko arthAt mAnasika, vAcika va zArIrika kriyAoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadi pUrva ke cAra kA abhAva ho, to mAtra yoga se karmavargaNAoM kA Asrava hokara, jo bandha hogA, vaha IryApathika bandha kahalAtA hai| usake sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai usakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dUsare samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| IryApathika bandha ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaise calate samaya zubha ArdratA se rahita kapar3e para gire hue bAlU ke kaNa, jo gati kI prakriyA meM hI Ate haiM aura phira alaga bhI ho jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha bandha vAstavika bandha nahIM hai| ataH hama samajhate haiM ki ina 5 kAraNoM meM yoga mahatvapUrNa kAraNa nahIM hai| yadyapi avirati, pramAda evaM kaSAya ko alaga-alaga kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu inameM bhI bahuta antara nahIM hai| jaba hama pramAda ko vyApaka artha meM lete haiM taba kaSAyoM kA antarbhAva pramAda meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI pramAda sambhava hotA hai| unakI anupasthiti meM pramAda sAmAnyatayA to rahatA hI nahIM hai aura yadi rahe bhI to ati nirbala hotA hai| isI prakAra avirati ke mUla meM bhI kaSAya hI hote haiN| yadi hama kaSAya ko vyApaka artha meM leM to avirati aura pramAda donoM usI meM antarbhAvita ho jAte hai| ataH bandhana ke do hI pramukha kAraNa zeSa rahate haiMmithyAtva aura kaSAya / 210 sAmAnyatayA lobha (rAga), dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / boddha paramparA meM bhI inako paraspara sApekSa hI mAnA gayA hai| moha ko bauddha paramparA meM avidyA bhI kahA gayA hai| bauddha vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki avidyA (moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA ke kAraNa moha hotA hai| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM- lobha evaM dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se lobha va moha bhI dveSa ke hetu haiN| bauddha darzana meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI avidyA aura tRSNA ko anyonyAzrita-mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki inameM se kisI kI bhI pUrva koTi nirdhArita karanA sambhava nahIM hai sAMkhya evaM yoga darzana meM kleza yA bandhana ke 5 kAraNa haiM- avidyA, asmitA (ahaMkAra), rAga, dveSa, abhinivesh| inameM bhI avidyA pramukha hai| zeSa cAroM usI para AdhArita haiM nyAya darzana bhI jaina aura bauddhoM ke samAna hI rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga sabhI darzana prakArAntara se rAga-dveSa evaM moha (midhyAtva) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| bandhana ke cAra prakAroM se bandhanoM ke kAraNa kA sambandha jaina karma siddhAnta meM bandhana ke cAra prArUpa kahe gae hai :- 1. prakRti bandha, 2 pradeza bandha, 3. sthiti bandha evaM 4. anubhAga bandha / 1. prakRtibandha bandhana ke svabhAva kA nirdhAraNa prakRti bandha karatA hai / yaha, yaha nizcaya karatA hai ki karmavargaNA ke pudgala AtmA kI jJAna, darzana Adi kisa zakti ko AvRta kreNge| 2. pradeza bandha - yaha karmaparamANuoM kI AtmA ke sAtha saMyojita hone vAlI mAtrA kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| ataH yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| 3. sthitibandha - karmaparamANu kitane samaya taka AtmA se saMyojita raheMge aura kaba nirjarita hoMge, isa kAla maryAdA kA nikSaya sthiti bandha karatA hai| ataH yaha bandhana kI samaya-maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAgabandha-- karmoM ke bandhana aura vipAka kI tIvratA evaM mandatA kA nizcaya karanA, yaha anubhAga bandha kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bandhana kI tIvratA yA gahanatA kA sUcaka hai| mithyAtva evaM kaSAya meM kauna pramukha kAraNa hai, yaha vartamAna yuga meM eka bahucarcita viSaya hai| isa sandarbha meM pakSa va pratipakSa meM paryApta lekha likhe gaye haiN| AcArya vidyAsAgarajI evaM unake samarthaka vidvat varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva akiMcitakara hai aura kaSAya hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki kaSamya kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI mithyAtva hotA hai| kAnajIsvAmI samarthaka dUsare varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai| vastutaH yaha vivAda apane apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke kAraNa hai| kaSAya aura mithyAtva ye donoM hI anyonyAzrita haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM mithyAtva kI sattA nahIM rahatI aura na mithyAtva ke abhAva meM kaSAya hI rahate haiN| mithyAtva tabhI samApta hotA hai, jaba anantAnubandhI kaSAyeM samApta hotI hai aura kaSAyeM bhI tabhI samApta hotI hai, jaba mithyAtva kA prahANa hotA hai| ve tApa aura prakAza ke samAna sahajIvI haiN| inameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA kSINa hone lagatI hai| vaise mithyAtva, ajJAna evaM moha kA paryAyavAcI hai| AvegoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI moha yA mithyAtva sambhava hotA hai| ATha prakAra ke karma aura unake bandhana ke kAraNa 56 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki moha (mithyAtva) se kaSAya utpanna hote haiM aura kaSAyoM ke kAraNa hI moha (mithyAtva) hotA hai| ataH kaSAya aura miyAtva anyonyAzrita haiM aura bIja evaM vRkSa kI bhAMti inameM se kisI kI pUrva koTi nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| uparokta cAra prakAra ke bandhanoM meM prakRti bandha evaM pradeza bandha kA sambandha mukhyatayA yoga arthAt kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM se hai, jabaki bandhana kI tIvratA (anubhAga ) evaM samayAvadhi (sthiti) kA nizcaya karma ke pIche rahI huI kaSAya-vRtti aura mithyAtva para AdhArita hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yoga kA sambandha pradeza evaM prakRti bandha se hai, jabaki kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti evaM anubhAga bandha se hai| jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karate haiM unake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM1. jJAnAvaraNIya 2. yadi hama isI prazna para bauddha dRSTi se vicAra kareM to usameM darzanAvaraNIya 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma 7. gotra .. .

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jAlanAA jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 211 aura 8. antraay| prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu-tattva 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI vizeSa guNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura jJAna karma AtmA ke darzana-guNa ko AvRta karatA hai| kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI haiN| darzanAvaraNIya karma ke banya ke kAraNa-jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke samAna jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa-jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya hI cha: prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate hotA hai- (1) samyak dRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa) karanA athavA haiM, ve cha: haiM usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA 1. pradoSa- jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, nikaalnaa| (4) samyagdRSTi kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) 2. nihnava-jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya samyagdRSTi para dveSa karanA (6) samyagdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| vivAda krnaa| 3. antarAya- jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka-uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| AtmA kA darzana guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai4. mAtsarya- vidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana (1) cakSudarzanAvaraNa- netrazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| (2) acakSudarzanAvaraNa-netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya 5. asAdanA- jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM anubhavazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| karanA, unakA samucita vinaya nahIM krnaa| (3) avadhidarzanAvaraNa-sImita atIndriya darzana kI upalabdhi meM 6. upaghAta- vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgraha yukta visaMvAda karanA athavA bAdhA upasthita honaa| svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| (4) kevala darzanAvaraNa-paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| uparyukta cha: prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti (5) nidrA- sAmAnya nidraa| ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai| (6) nidrAnidrA- gaharI nidraa| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka-vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya (7) pracalA-baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa (8) pracalA-pracalA-calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| hotA hai (9) styAnagRddhi-jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara (1) matijJAnAvaraNa- aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, DAlatA hai| (2) zrutajJAnAvaraNa- bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha (3) avadhi jJAnAvaraNa- atIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva vyaktitva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI (4) manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa-dUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha prApta karane lene kI zakti kA abhAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| (5) kevalajJAnAvaraNa-pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhaav| kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se isake 10 bheda bhI batAye gaye 3. vedanIya karma haiM-1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, ko anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, use vedanIya karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- 1. sAtAvedanIya 4. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI aura 2. asaataavedniiy| sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda aura duHkha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa- dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anuplbdhi| vAlA vyakti sukhada-saMvadenA rUpa sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karatA hai- (1) pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA krnaa| (2) 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| (3) dvIndriya Adi jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| (4) paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 212 anukampA krnaa| (5) kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denaa| mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sAmAnyatayA mohanIya karma kA (6) kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho aisA kArya na bandha cha: kAraNoM se hotA hai- (1) krodha, (2) ahaMkAra, (3) kapaTa, krnaa| (7) kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnnaa| (8) kisI (4) lobha, (5) azubhAcaraNa aura (6) vivekAbhAva (vimuuddh'taa)| prathama bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM kraanaa| (9) kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai| aura (10) kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM krnaa| karmagranthoM meM karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alagasAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, alaga batAye gaye haiN| darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM-unmArga dezanA, sanmArga vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthaMkara, muni, caitya gayA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| (jina-pratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla aacrnn| cAritramoha karma sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka- uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai- (1) manohara, honA pramukha hai| tattvArtha-sUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, (2) susvAdu bhojana- avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma pAnAdi upalabdha hotI hai, (3) vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, (4) ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, (5) zArIrika mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAye gaye haiM- (1) jo kisI trasa sukha milatA hai| prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai| (2) jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa- jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| (3) prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai ve 12 prakAra ke haiM- (1) jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dha kara mAratA hai| (4) jo kisI trasa kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, (2) cintita banAnA, (3) zokAkula prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| (5) jo kisI trasa prANI ke banAnA, (4) rulAnA, (5) mAranA aura (6) pratAr3ita karanA, ina cha: mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai| (6) jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala kriyAoM kI mandatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho se mArakara ha~satA hai| (7) jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bAlekara jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra- (1) duHkha (2) zoka (3) tApa apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| (8) jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare 94) Akrandana (5) vadha aura (6) paridevana ye cha: asAtAvedanIya para kalaMka lagatA hai| (9) jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM, jo 'sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se 12 bhASA bolatA hai| (10) jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra unheM mArmika vacanoM se lajjita kara detA hai| (11) jo strI meM Asakta kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| (12) jo atyanta kAmuka ke kAraNoM ke viparIta guru kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, vyakti apane Apa ko brahmacArI kahatA hai| (13) jo cApalUsI karake yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA, tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai| (14) jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai, abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| ina kriyAoM ke IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| (15) jo pramukha puruSa kI vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM- hatyA karatA hai| (16) jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| (17) jo (1) karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM (2) amanojJa evaM apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| (18) jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, (3) amanojJa gandhoM kI karatA hai| (19) jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| (20) jo upalabdhi hotI hai, (4) svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, (5) amanojJa, nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| (21) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, kI nindA karatA hai| (22) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kA avinaya (6) amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, (7) nindA apamAnajanaka karatA hai| (23) jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane-Apako bahuzruta vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura (8) zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti kahatA hai| (24) jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI se zarIra kA duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| kahatA hai| (25) jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM krtaa| (26) jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| (27) jo 4. mohanIya karma AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiN| (28) jaise madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai| kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI (29) jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| (30) jo viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- (a) darzana-moha- jaina-darzana meM 'darzana' zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| huA hai- (1) pratyakSIkaraNa, (2) dRSTikoNa aura (3) shrddhaa| prathama

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 213 artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| artha kA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai| darzana-moha ke kAraNa prANI meM (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) mahArambha samyaka dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM (bhayAnaka hiMsaka karma), (2) mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya vRtti),(3) vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, (4) mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai--(1) mithyAtva moha- jisake kAraNa nazIle padArthoM kA sevn| prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) kapaTa karanA azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva moha hai| (2) samyaka- (2) rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA (3) asatya bhASaNa (4) kama jyAdA tolamithyAtva moha- satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke mApa krnaa| karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na sambandha meM anizcayAtmaka aura (3) samyaktava moha-kSAyika samyaktava karanA bhI tiryaMca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktava moha hai arthAt dRSTikoNa kI mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai| AMzika vishuddhtaa| (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) saralatA, (2) (ba) cAritra-moha-cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha vinayazIlatA, (3) karuNA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai- (1) honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM- (1) alpa Arambha, (2) alpa parigraha, (3) prabalatama krodha, (2) prabalatama mAna, (3) prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), svabhAva kI saralatA aura (4) svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke (4) prabalatama lobha, (5) ati krodha, (6) ati mAna, (7) ati bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| mAyA (kapaTa), (8) ati lobha, (9) sAdhAraNa krodha, (10) sAdhAraNa (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) sarAga (sakAma) mAna, (11) sAdhAraNa mAyA (kapaTa) (12) sAdhAraNa lobha, (13) saMyama kA pAlana, (2) saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, (3) sakAma-tapasyA alpa krodha, (14) alpa mAna, (15) alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura (bAla-tapa) (4) svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtra (16) alpa lobha- ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karmagrantha ke anusAra avirata samyagdRSTi karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya) haiM- (1) hAsya, (2) rati manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata zrAvaka, sarAgI-sAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura (sneha, rAga), (3) arati (dveSa) (4) zoka, (5) bhaya, (6) jugapsA icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhiti vaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana (ghRNA), (7) strIveda (puruSa-sahavAsa kI icchA), (8) puruSaveda (strI- karate hue akAma-nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN| sahavAsa kI icchA), (9) napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI AkasmikamaraNa-prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayu karma icchA ) / ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke mohanIya karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa pazcAt pRthak hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hAtI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM usa samaya prANI ko avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM mohanIya karma kA hai| jisa vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai| lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga jaina paramparA meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya krm| mohanIya karma kA isa prakAra niyata hai to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA? isake kSayopazama hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| pratyuttara meM jaina-vicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bheda do prakAra kA mAnA (1) kramika, (2) aaksmik| kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se 5. AyuSya karma Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM jisa prakAra ber3I svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI karma paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra mI, unheM AyuSya karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM- (1) harSa-zoka kA atireka, kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra (2) viSa athavA zastra kA prayoga, (3) AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA hai- (1) naraka Ayu, (2) tiryaMca Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazu sarvathA abhAva (4) vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, (5) AghAta (6) sarpadaMzAdi jIvana) (3) manuSya Ayu aura (4) deva aayu| aura (7) shvaasnirodh| AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI 6.nAma karma kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke banAtA hai, usI prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna karma paramANuoM se jagat ke

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prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAmakarma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai lekina vistArabhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa haiM- 1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktitva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma ( burA vyktitv)| prANI jagat meM, jo Aryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA AdhAra nAmakarma hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktitva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2 vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4 ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- (1) adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa zabda) (2) sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa-rUpa) (3) zarIra se niHsRta hone vAle maloM meM bhI sugaMdhi (iSTa-gaMdha) (4) jaivIya rasoM kI samucitatA (iSTa-rasa) (5) tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa-sparza) (6) acapala yogya gati (iSTa gati) (7) aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa-sthiti) (8) lAvaNya (9) yazaHkIrti kA prasAra (iSTa-yaza: kIrti) (10) yogya zArIrika zakti (iSTa-utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama) (11) logoM ko rucikara lage aisA svara (12) kAnta svara (13) priya svara aura (14) manojJa svara azubha nAma karma ke kAraNa nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai- (1) zarIra kI vakratA, (2) vacana kI vakratA (3) mana kI vakratA aura ( 4 ) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya vRtti yA asAmaMjasya pUrNa jiivn| azubhanAma karma kA vipAka 1. aprabhAvaka vANI (aniSTa zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa-sparza), 3. zArIrika maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTagaMdha), 4. jaivIyarasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTarasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA (aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10 puruSArthaM karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14. akAnta svara / - 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kuloM meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kula ) / 214 kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra - darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ahaMkAravRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca-gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karmabandha ke kAraNa nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai- 1. jAti, 2. kula 3. bala (zarIrika zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA ), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7. lAbha (upalabdhiyAM) aura 8. svAmitva (adhikaar)| inake viparIta jo vyi uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai, vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai| isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca gotra ko prApta karanA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| isake viparIta para prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kA prakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA ye ucca-gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| gotra karma kA vipAka - vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipulazAna rAzi para adhikAra 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI praapti| lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 8. antarAya karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate hai| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai 1. dAnAntarAya-dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya - koI prApti hone vAlI ho lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A jAnA, - 3. bhogAntarAya bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI par3e, 4. upabhogAntarAya -- upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. vIryAntarAya zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakanA / (tattvArthasUtra, 8.14 ) jaina nIti darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 215 dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha haiM- 1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. deshghaatii| sarvaghAtI karma prakRti kisI bhI apanI upalabadha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti pAtA hai| jaise koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAmaka guNa ko mithyAtva dene se roka detA hai athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarvarUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai| anantajJAna para se uThA detA hai, to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM hai athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai| pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vighna utpanna kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya karma kA saMcaya prakAra cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI kaSAya samyaktva kA, antarAya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa haiN| pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya dezavratI cAritra (grahastha dharma) kA aura apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya sarvavratI cAritra (munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai| ata: ye ghAtI aura aghAtI karma 20 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya karma kI 3, mohanIya karma kI 13, aura antarAya- ina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtI' aura nAma, gotra, AyuSya antarAya karma kI 5, kula 25 karmaprakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| aura vedanIya- ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai| ghAtI karma sarvaghAta kA artha mAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai, na ki AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti nAmaka guNoM kA AvaraNa karate ina guNoM kA anstitv| kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAva kI haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ata: jIvana- sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a-tattva meM antara hI nahIM rhegaa| karma to mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI karmoM meM avidyA rUpa mohanIya karma AtmaguNoM ke prakaTana meM bAdhaka tattva haiM, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM hI AtmasvarUpa kI AvaraNa-kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi kara skte| nandIsUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke se pramukha haiN| vastutaH mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoM na kara leM, phira bhI vaha na to kAraNa karma-bandha kA pravAha satat banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja usakI prakAza-kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai| jisa prakAra ugane yogya prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai| usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka hai, usI prakAra mohanIya rUpI karma-bIja, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura aMza hamezA hI anAvRta rahatA hai| antarAya rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satat banAye rakhatA hai| mohanIya karma hI janma-maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA karma bandhana se mukti mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise karmoM kA senApati jaina karmasiddhAnta kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka karma apanA kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA vipAka yA phala dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai| isa vipAka kI hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra moha karma para avasthA meM yadi AtmA rAga-dveSa athavA moha se abhibhUta hotA hai, to vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara vaha punaH naye karma kA saMcaya kara letA hai| isa prakAra yaha paramparA satat AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA rUpa se calatI rahatI hai| vyakti ke adhikAra kSetra meM yaha nahIM hai ki vaha hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa ora darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya karma ke vipAka ke pariNAma svarUpa hone vAlI anubhUti se iMkAra kara yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) jIvana-mukta bana de| ata: yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai ki karma ke bandhana va vipAka kI jAtA hai| isa prakriyA se mukti kaise ho, yadi karma ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa hamAre aghAtI karma ve haiM jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi andara krodhAdi kaSAya bhAva athavA kAmAdi bhoga bhAva utpanna honA hI aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote| aghAtI karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna hai to phira svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna uThatA hai ki hama vimukti kI dizA haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdana-kSamatA nahIM hotii| ve karma-paramparA meM Age kaise bar3heM? isa hetu jaina AcAryoM ne do upAyoM kA pratipAdana kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke kiyA hai-- (1) saMvara aura (2) nirjraa| saMvara kA tAtparya hai ki vipAka sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN| kI sthiti meM pratikriyA se rahita rahakara navIna karmAsrava evaM bandha ko sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~- AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA nahIM hone denA aura nirjarA kA tAtparya hai pUrva karmoM ke vipAka kI AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI karmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI samabhAva pUrvaka anubhUti karate hue unheM nirjarita kara denA yA phira tapa

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sAdhanA dvArA pUrvabaddha aniyata vipAkI karmoM ko samaya se pUrva unake vipAka ko pradezodaya ke mAdhyama se nirjarita krnaa| yaha satya hai ki pUrvavaddha karmoM ke vipAkodaya kI sthiti meM krodhAdi Avega apanI abhivyakti ke hetu cetanA ke stara para Ate haiM, kintu yadi AtmA usa samaya apane ko rAga-dveSa se Upara uThAkara sAkSIbhAva meM sthira rakhe aura una udaya meM A rahe krodhAdi bhAvoM ke prati mAtra draSTA bhAva rakhe, to vaha bhAvI bandhana se bacakara pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA kara detA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bandhana se vimukti kI ora apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detA hai| vastutaH viveka va apramattatA aise tathya haiM jo hameM navIna bandhana se bacAkara vimukti kI ora abhimukha karate haiN| vyakti meM jitanI apramattatA yA Atma cetanatA hogI, usakA viveka utanA jAgRta rhegaa| vaha bandhana se vimukti kI dizA meM Age bddh'egaa| jaina karma siddhAnta batAtA hai ki karmoM ke vipAka ke sambandha meM hama vivazaM yA paratantra hote haiM, kintu usa vipAka kI dazA meM bhI hamameM itanI svatantratA avazya hotI hai ki hama navIna karma paramparA kA saMcaya kareM yA na kareM, aisA nizcaya kara sakate haiN| vastutaH karma vipAka ke sandarbha meM hama paratantra hote haiM, kintu navIna karma bandha ke sandarbha meM hama AMzika rUpa meM svatantra hai| isI AMzika svatantratA dvArA hama mukti arthAt pUrNa svatantratA prApta kara sakate haiN| jo sAdhaka vipAkodaya ke samaya sAkSI bhAva yA jJAtA draSTA bhAva meM jIvana jInA jAnatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI karma-vimukti ko prApta kara letA hai| 2. 3. 4. 5. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 14. maNDala) ravindranAtha mizrA, jaina karma siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa (pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5, 1985), pR. 8 vahI, pR. 9-10 rAgo va doso vi ya kammavIrya, uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/7 (a) samavAyAMga 5/4 (ba) isibhAsiyAI 9/5 (sa) tatvArthasUtra 8 / 1 10. kundakunda, samayasAra 171 11. (a) aTThavihaM kammagaMvi isibhAsiyAI 31 6. 7. 8. 9. (ba) aTThavihaMkammarayamalaM-- isibhAsiyAI 23 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra (saM. madhukaramuni), 33/2-3 13. vahI, 33/4-15 15. 16. sandarbha sUcI 1. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina- jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982, pR. 4 zvetAzvataropaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura) 1/1-2 The Philosophical Quarterly, April 1932, P. 72. Maxmullar-Three Leacturers on Vedanta Philosophy, P. 165. paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA- AtmamImAMsA (jaina saMskRti saMzodhana 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 17. 18. 19. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, darzana va cintana pR. 225 AcArya nemicanda, gommaTasAra, karmakANDa-6 AcArya vidyAnandI, aSTasahasrI, pR. 51, uddhRta--Tatia Dr. P Nathmal Tatia, Studies in Jaina Philosophy (P.V. Rsearch Institute, Varanasi-5, p. 227 karmagrantha prathama, karma vipAka bhUmikA paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pR. 24 21. sAgaramala jaina jaina karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pR. 17-18 20. 22. 23. 24. 216 aguttaranikAya uddhRta upAdhyAya bharatasiMha, bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pU. 463 dekheM- AcArya narendradeva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 250 devendrasUri karmagrantha prathama, karmavipAka, gAthA 1 27. 28. (ba) bhagavatIsUtra 1 / 2 / 64 25. dekheM-- (a) Nathmal Tatia, Tatia, Studies in Jaina Philosophy (P.V.R.I.), P. 254. (ba) sAgaramala jaina jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 24-27 26. sAgaramala jaina jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 35-36 vahI, pR. 36-40 jJAtavya hai ki prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra 6 evaM 8, karma grantha prathama karmavipAka, pR. 54 61 samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA sthAnAMga 12/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| 34. 35. (a) mahAbhArata zAntiparva (gItA presa, gorakhapura) pR. 129 (ba) lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, gItArahasya, pR. 268 AcArya narendra deva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 277 (a) dekheM uttarAdhyayanasUtra--sampAdaka madhukaramuni 4/4/13, 23/1/30 * yogazAstra (hemacandra ), 4/107. sthAnAMga TIkA (abhayadeva), 1/11-12 jainadharma, munisuzIlakumAra, pR. 84 samayasAranATaka, banArasIdAsa, utthAnikA 28 " bhagavatIsUtra, 7/10/121 sthAnAMgasUtra sthAna, 9 bhagavadgItA 18 / 17 36. 37. 38. 39. dazavaukalikasUtra, 4/9 40. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 2/2/4 41. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28/14 dhammapada, 249 sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zrutaskandha, AdrakasaMvAda 2/6 sAgaramala jaina, jainakarmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana,

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 217 42. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4 51. vahI, 1/8/3 43. isibhAsiyAI (RSibhASita), 9/2 52. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/4/2/1 44. samayasAra (kundakunda), 145-146 53. sAgaramala jaina-jena karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 45. pravacanasAra TIkA (amRtacandra), 1/72 kI TIkA 52-55 46. samayasAra vacanikA, jayacanda chAbar3A, gAthA 145-146 kI 54. vahI, pR. 61-67 vacanikA pR.207 55. vahI, pR. 57 47. bhagavadgItA, 4/16 56. (a) vahI, pR. 67-79 48. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-24 (ba) prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 6 evaM 8, karmagrantha 49. bhagavadgItA 4/16 prathama, (karmavipAka) pR. 54-62, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA 50. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1/8/1-2 sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasUri ne rAjA prasenajita ko meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna hai| bhAratIya cintana hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika prAmANika lagatA hai| meM bhautikavAdI jIvanadRSTi kI upasthiti ke pramANa ati prAcIna prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA (seyaviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate haiN| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM jo itihAsa-siddha hai| unakA sArathi citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se dArzanika cintana dhArA meM usakI samAlocanA kI gaI hai| jaina-dharma yahA~ kevala isIliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana evaM darzana ke granthoM meM bhI isa bhautikavAdI jIvanadRSTi kA pratipAdana dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| kathAvastu kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA evaM samIkSA ati prAcIna kAla se hI milane lagatI hai| jaina dhArmika tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI hamane ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka samAhita kiyA hai| lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhAroM kI prastuta vivecanA meM mukhyarUpa se cArvAka darzana ke samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha tajjIvataccharIravAda evaM paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM ke meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka usake dvArA kiye gaye khaNDanoM ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI hI apanI isa carcA ko sImita rkheNge| ina AgamoM meM upalabdha samIkSAeM bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| isameM bhI prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA AcArAMga, RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kA jo sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA hai| hai| ye sabhI grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara I0pU0 tIsarI zatI ke usameM jo daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, desokkala, savvokkala bIca nirmita hue haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta upAMga ke nAma se bhautivAdiyoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha anyatra sAhitya ke eka grantha rAjapraznIya ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kisI bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAjapraznIya kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai eka to cArvAka darzana kI aura khaNDana donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve bhI sthApanA evaM samIkSA-donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare atiprAcIna mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta AgamikabhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka yahI carcA hameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyata vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) ke meM buddha aura rAjA 'payAsIya' ke bIca hone kA ullekha milatA hai|2 jaina gaNadharavAda5 meM lagabhaga pA~ca sau gAthAoM meM bhautikavAdI cArvAka paramparA meM isa carcA ko pApitya paramparA ke mahAvIra ke samakAlIna darzana kI vibhinna avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA mahAvIra aura gautama Adi AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA 'payAsI', bauddha tripiTaka meM buddha 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, aura payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha jaina vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se atimahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| anya AcAryoM ne payesI kA saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10vIM-11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 218 kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI sAmagrI upalabdha hai| ina AgamoM kI prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe mUrkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI vyAkhyAoM, yathA-niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rhtii| prANI aupapAtika arthAt atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI purnajanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt samIkSAeM upalabdha haiN| kintu ina sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa loka se pare na to koI loka hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ata: isa nibandha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA hai aura na puNya aura pApa hI hai| isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke zrutaskandha meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAeM parilakSita hotI hai| yadyapi prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai| ata: isake AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA ke rUpa meM lokAyata darzana kA nirdeza pUrva hama uttarAdhyayana kA vivaraNa prastuta kreNge| isameM cArvAka darzana ko jaina AgamoM meM AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha atiprAcIna jana-zraddhA (jana-saddhi) kahA gayA hai|10 sambhavata: lokasaMjJA aura janamAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM zraddhA, ye lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana huA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI-pA~cavIM se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiN| zatAbdI I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nhiiN| vartamAna ke kAma-bhoga hastagata haiM kA ullekha to nahIM hai kintu isa grantha meM isakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle svarga-sukha anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA kauna jAnatA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM? isalie maiM to jana-zraddhA ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma karane vAlI) hai| maiM kahA~ se AyA ke sAtha hokara rhuuNgaa|11 isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karU~gA? cArvAkoM kI purnajanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI aupapAtika (punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI) hai jo ina dizAoM aura cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta kA prastutIkaraNa vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura vahI maiM huuN| vastuta: jo yaha jAnatA kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki cArvAkoM kA paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti hai vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hai| isa kA siddhAnta vastuta: asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai yadyapi prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha uttarAdhyayana meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai.... AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA aura kriyaavaad| AtmA kI svatantra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise- araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura AtmavAda hai| saMsAra ko yathArtha aura AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda hai| AtmA ko zubhAzubha karmoM kI kartA- bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne bhoktA evaM pariNAmI (vikArI) mAnanA kriyAvAda hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai|12 sambhavata: uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAkoM ke meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA bhI asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga meM lokAyata yA cArvAka vAle udAharaNa isIliye diye gaye hoMge tAki inakI samAlocanA saralatA darzana kA nirdeza loka-saMjJA ke rUpa meM huA hai| yadyapi isameM ina pUrvaka kI jA ske| uttarAdhyayana meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika indriya grAhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI hai| hai|13 uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimna jAnakArI milatI haisUtrakRtAMga meM lokAyata darzana 1. cArvAka darzana ko "loka-saMjJA" aura "jana-zraddhA" ke AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA hai| isake nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I.pU. cauthI 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thaa| zatI) mAnA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM vaha paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thaa| cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke ullekha 3. isI kAraNa vaha asatkAryavAda arthAt asat se sat kI prApta hote haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| ki pRthvI, apa, tejasa, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra haiN| una pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai aura deha kA karatA thA, tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thaa| punarjanma

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219 prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kI asvIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA mukti pA letA hai| ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thaa| isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa 5. vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM bAta yaha hai ki isameM karma siddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAloM cArvAkoM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ata: karma siddhAnta kA virodhI thaa| ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM 6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda, indriyAtmavAda, mana:AtmavAda Adi prakAroM samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| isameM ko akartA aura kUTasthanitya mAnate the| AtmavAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM kI ullekha hai- daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala (karma siddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna stenokkala, dezokkala aura sbbukkl|15 isa prasaMga meM sabase cArvAkI hI the| pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki ukkala zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA isa prakAra AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka hai? prAkRta ke ukkala zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM ke samIpa darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote haiN| ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM mAnA jA sakatA hai- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkuul| saMskRta ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiN| unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka kozoM meM utkaTa zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA hai| cUMki cArvAka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha darzana AdhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM unmatta pralApavat hI thA, ata: use vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM hai| kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI utkaTa kahA gayA ho| kintu ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana donoM hI na to tArkika hai ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkUla yA utkula mAnanA aura na vistRt| adhika samIcIna hai| 'utkala' kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra 'utkula' zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana jo kula se bahiSkRta hai|16 cArvAka AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke tArkika prastutIkaraNa se yukta hai| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda kA prastutIkaraNa isa grantha meM alaga haTA huaa| 'kUla' zabda kinAre artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt nimnavat huA hai... "pAdatala se Upara aura mastaka ke kezAna se nIce jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA tathA sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta jIva AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho pratipAdana karatA hai vaha utkala hai| cUMki cArvAka naitika maryAdAoM ko jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna asvIkAra karate the ata: unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina jAne para usase puna: aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMgeke dagdha ho jAne para usase puna: jIva kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai arthAt zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI daNDokkala kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai na to paraloka hai na sukRta aura duSkRta ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAMta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotA hai| puNya jisa prakAra daNDa ke Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga pRthaka-pRthaka hokara aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate haiM aura isa taraha kalyANa aura daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara pApa niSphala hai| RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA jIva, jIva nahIM hotA hai| ata: zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt karate hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke janma-paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM kezAna se nIce aura zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacA paryanta AtmaparyAya ko vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai|17 vastuta: zarIra aura prApta yaha jIva hai, yaha maraNazIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jIvana kI apRthaktA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotI usI dArzanika mAnyatA thii| daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para bhI usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotI hai| isalie jIvana meM puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-dukha kI rajjUkkala sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajjU tantuoM dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM kA samudAya mAtra hai usI prakAra jIva bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| hotA hai| isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava-santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA haiM ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke unake hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha hai|18 vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM ke samUha ko hI jagat kA mUla kara detA hai ki puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma se cakra se tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 220 the| rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the| 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala" nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta zabda rUpa utkala, utkula athavA stenokkala utkUla hote haiN| jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana RSibhASita ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM karane vAlA, ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha kahate the prayoga huA ho aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa| ki yaha hamArA kathana hai|19 isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pA~ca varga batAye gaye haiM-- daNDotkala, uccheda karate haiN| rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura srvotkl| vizeSatA yaha hai ki, parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga kA tAtparya sambhavataH - isameM skandhavAdI (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdI (bauddha vAda-vivAda meM 'chala' kA prayoga ho| sambhavata: stenokkala yA to zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma-akartAvAdI (akriyAvAdI-sAMkhya naiyAyikoM kA koI pUrva rUpa rahe hoMge yA saMjayavelaTThIputra ke siddhAnta aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavataH Age calakara kyoMki ye sabhI karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka mAne jainoM ke anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho| jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita gye| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala arthAt AMzika rUpa svayaM meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se hI mukti kI prApti kA pratipAdana se apalApa karane vAle kahA gayA hai| kiyA gayA hai| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko deha parimANa mAnane ke dezokkala siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI ke nirAkaraNa ke samaya isa kathana ko svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA jIva ko akartA mAnate the unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai|20 AtmA ko hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM hai| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ko susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI hI kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma ina darzanoM kA udaya huA ho| akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura AtmakartAvAda (kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana sImita nahIM hai| hotA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga (dvitIya zrutaskanya) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa sayukkala evaM samIkSA sarvotkUla abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla meM rahatA ho, dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the|21 dUsare zabdoM Agama sAhitya meM sarva prathama sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya puNDarIka nAmaka meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM adhyayana meM aura usake pazcAt rAjapraznIya sUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai| karate the aura zanya yA abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the ve aba hama sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para sarvotkala the| ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa kareMge aura usakI aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho| saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM sattA ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the| ki pAdatala se Upara, mastaka ke kezoM ke agrabhAga se nIce tathA sambhavata: yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucchedavAdI dRSTi kA koI samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra ke jIvita prAcInatama rUpa thA, jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIvita rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| para naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie zarIra ke astitva paryanta hI jIva kA isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA astittva hai| isa siddhAnta ko yukti-yukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki evaM karma-siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA jo loga yuktipUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai-- jIva anya hai, ve bhI jIva aura zarIra ko pRthaka-pRthak karake nahIM

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 221 dikhA skte| ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hrasva prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke hai| vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola hai| vaha kisa varNa aura kisa sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tatvoM ko mAnane vAle gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rukSa hai, vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue ata: jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM yukti saMgata hai| kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya hai, itanA hI astikAya hai aura itanA hI taraha pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA- samagra loka hai| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa hai| saMsAra meM tRNa1. talavAra aura myAna kI taraha 2. muMja aura iSikA (sarakaNDA) kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hotA kI taraha 3. mAMsa aura haDDI kI taraha 4. hathelI aura A~vale kI hai| AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM puruSa taraha 5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiN| sambhavataH yaha taraha 7. Ikha ke rasa aura usake chilake kI taraha 8. araNi kI vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM lakar3I aura Aga kI trh| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prastuta grantha meM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat aura paMcamahAbhUta aura SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastata kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| pana: unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma-siddhAnta AdhAra para unakI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai| isa prastuta kiyA gayA hai.... prakAra RSibhASita ke dezotkala aura sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM hai| isI prakAra SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA kriyA, akriyA, sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi dekhI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki ve sabhI vicAraka asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM hai| ata: prANiyoM ke vadha karane. mithyAdRSTi haiM, jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA bhUmi ko khodane, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA nahIM hotI hai| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yakti-yakta samIkSA na karake bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai aisA kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai? isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM se koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gaye haiN| sUtrakRtAMga bhI dehAtmavAda ke phaMsa jAte haiN| dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai, kintu usake nirasana meM koI isI adhyAya meM puna: paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta taka na tarka nahIM detA hai| aura chaThA~ AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| prastuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the rAjapraznIyasUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA23 ki isa jagat meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha hai| jinase hamArI kriyA, cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura akriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA prathama grantha rAjapraznIya naraka gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati, adhika kahA~ taka kaheM sUtra hai| yahI eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI (inhIM paMcamahAbhatoM se) hotI hai| ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke usa bhata samavAya (samahako pazaka-paka nAma se jAnanA sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai| rAjapraznIya meM cArvAkoM kI ina cAhie jaise ki pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dasarA mahAbhata hai. teja mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhata ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM hai na hI ye kisI 1. rAjA prasenajita yA paesI kahatA hai, he! kezIkumAra kartA dvArA banavAye hae haiM, ye kiye haye nahIM hai.na hI ye katrima haiM aura zramaNa! mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the| Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~coM hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| maiM apane pitAmaha ko atyanta priya thA. mahAbhata Adi evaM anta rahita haiM tathA avandhya-Avazyaka kArya karane ataH pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra! maiM vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI seyaMviyA (zvetAmbikA) nagarI meM adhArmika svatantra evaM zAzvata nitya hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI yAvat prajAjanoM se rAjakara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlanabhI sandarbha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza rakSaNa nahA karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta eva atAva kaluSa rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta evaM atIva kaluSita pApakarmoM ko chor3akara) mAnane vAle cArvAkoMDallekha huA ho| kA saMcaya karake maiM naraka meM utpanna huA huuN| kintu he pautra! tuma

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222 / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 barAbara hotA hai ataH eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para vahA~ manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai punaH manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa manuSya loka meM deva AnA nahIM cAhate haiM ataH tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna bhinna nahIM haiN| kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita hI eka lohe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lohe se usakA mukha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama lohe aura rAMge se lepa karA diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra puruSoM ko rakha diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maiMne usa kumbhI ko khulavAyA to dekhA ki vaha manuSya mara cukA thA kintu usa kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra, vivara yA darAra nahIM thI, jisase usameM banda puruSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna bhinna nahIM hai| adhArmika nahIM honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana rakSaNa meM pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana saMcaya hI karanA / dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA he rAjana! jisa prakAra apane aparAdhI ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ho ki vaha jAkara apane putra mitra aura jJAti janoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma aisA mata krnaa| isI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM hai| nArakIya jIva nimna cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A skte| sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane kI sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nakalane kI anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka sambandhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya nahIM hone se ve vahA~ se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka sambandhI AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vahA~ se nahIM A skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de pAne ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra anya hai, apitu yaha mAnyatA rakho ki jIva anya hai aura zarIra eka hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki dIghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyA-- ke he zramaNa! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thIM, Apa logoM ke mata anusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hogii| maiM apanI dAdI kA atyanta priya thA, ataH use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki he pautra ! - apane puNya karmoM ke kAraNa maiM svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAo jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kara svarga meM utpanna hoo| kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe aisA pratibodha nahIM diyA, ataH maiM yahI mAnatA hU~ ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA-- he rAjan ! yadi tuma snAna, balikarma aura kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho usa samaya koI puruSa zaucAlaya meM khar3A hokara yaha kahe ki he svAmin! yahA~ Ao kucha samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hoo, to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta ko svIkAra karoge / nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana! deva loka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya kAma bhAgoM meM itane mUrcchita, gRddha aura tallIna ho jAte haiM ki ve manuSya loka meM Ane kI icchA hI nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka sambandhI divya bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya sambandhI prema vyucchinna ho jAtA hai, ataH ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare devaloka meM utpanna ve deva vahA~ ke divya kAmabhAgoM meM mUrcchita yA tallIna hone ke kAraNa abhI jAtA hU~-- abhI jAtA hU~ aisA socate rahate haiM, kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko jAte haiN| kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke prApta ho sau varSa ke isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA jisa prakAra eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita ho usakA dvAra gupta ho yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara ske| yadi usa kUTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI bajAye to tuma batAo ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM? nizcaya hI vaha AvAja sunAyI degii| ataH jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gati vAlA hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gati vAlA hai ata: tuma yaha zraddha karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiN| jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra para rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA prati uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| kezakumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA maiMne eka puruSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauha kumbhI meM DalavA diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para zIze kA lepa karavA diyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase Akara usameM jIva utpanna hue ho ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye lohe ke gole kA udAharaNa diyaa| jisa prakAra lohe ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne puna: eka nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA; kintu donoM ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thaa| yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se nikalA hotA to usakA vajana kucha kama avazya honA cAhie thA / se isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra bhramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu rahita mazaka kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu .

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA agurulaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurulaghu hai / ataH tumhArA yaha tarka yukti saMgata nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna bhinna nahIM hai| aba yaha tarka bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM raha gayA hai kyoMki vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM antara pAyA jAtA hai / usa yuga meM sUkSma tulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta nahIM hotA rahA hogaa| rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko kATa kara cIra kara dekhA lekina mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyaa| ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA he rAjana! tU baMr3A mUDa mAlUma hotA hai, maiM tujhe eka udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA huuN| eka bAra kucha vana-jIvI sAtha meM agni lekara eka bar3e jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAthI se kahA, he devAnupriya ! hama jaMgala meM lakar3I lene jAte haiM, tU isa araNI se Aga jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rkhnaa| yadi agni bujha jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenaa| saMyoga vaza usake sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thor3I hI dera bAda Aga bujha gii| apane sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAroM ora se ulaTa-pulaTa kara dekhane lagA, lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI kulhADI se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA, unake choche-choTe Tukar3e kiye, kintu phira bhI Aga dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA aura socane lagA ki dekho, maiM abhI taka bhI bhojana taiyAra nahIM kara skaa| itane meM jaMgala meM se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una logoM se sArI bAteM khiiN| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura phira sabane bhojana banA kara khaayaa| he paesI jaise lakar3I ko cIra kara Aga pAne kI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI zarIra ko cIra kara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai kintu tumhArI prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatA pUrNa hai jaise araNi ko cIra-phAr3a karake agni ko dekhane kI prakriyA, ataH he rAjA! yaha zraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu prAcIna kAla meM sAmAnyatayA cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the / ataH cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se inakA apanA mahattva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM inameM se adhikAMza tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI svataH siddha hai| 223 jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke tarkapurassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai, use Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamA-zramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThIM zatI meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNyapApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA se sambandhita hai| isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura aba svatantra rUpa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta nibandha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH isa nibandha ko vahIM virAma de rahe haiN| sandarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR. 39 dIghanikAya, navanAlandA vihAra, nAlandA, payAsIsutta rAjapraznIyasUtra (saMpA0 madhukaramuni), bhUmikA, pR. 18 RSabhASita (isibhAsiyAI), prAkRta bhAratI jayapura, adhyAya 20 vizeSAvazyakabhASya gAthA 1549-2024 se evamegesi No NAtaM bhavati atittha me AyA uvavAie....... AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyAvAdI / AcArAMga (saM0 madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/1-3 chaNaM pariNNAya logasapaNaM savvaso AcArAMga, 1/2/6/104 sUtrakRtAMga (saMpA0 madhukaramuni), 1/1/1 / 7-8 vahI, 11-12 jaNeNa saddhi hokkhAmi uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 5/7 vahI, 5/5-7 -- jahA va aggI araNI 35 santo khIre ghayaM tella mahAtilesu / emeva jAyA ! sarIraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai nAvaciTThe / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14/18. no indiyaggejna amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoi nicco vahI, 14 / 19 RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 -- vahI, adhyAya 20 utkala, utkula aura utkUla zabdoM ke artha ke lie dekhiesaMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI (moniyara viliyamsa), pR. 176 RSibhASita (isimAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 17. 18. vahI, 19. vahI, 20. vahI 21. vahI, 22. sUtrakRtAMga (saM0 madhukaramuni) dvitIya zrutaskandha adhyAya 1, sUtra 648-658 23. rAjapraznIya (madhukaramuni), pR. 242-260 .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 224 advaitavAda meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA : jainadRSTi se samIkSA AcArya zaMkara sat ko advaya, avikArI aura AdhyAtmika jAyegA to AzrayAnupapatti kA AkSepa lAgU hogaa| zaMkara kA advaitavAda mAnate haiN| sat ke svarUpa-sambandhI isa advaitavAdI dhAraNA meM AcAra- cAhe tArkika dRSTi se sabala ho kintu naitikatA kI samyak vyAkhyA darzana kI kyA sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| yadi sat prastuta karane meM to nirbala par3a hI jAtA hai| bhedAtIta hai, yadi brahma advaya hai, to usameM vaiyaktika sAdhaka kI sattA aneka pAzcAtya cintakoM ne bhI isa advaitavAdI mata kI hI nahIM bacatI hai| advaitavAda meM bandhana aura mukti ke pratyaya bhI mAtra dhAraNA meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA ke prati zaMkA prakaTa kI hai| kAlpanika raha jAte haiN| yadi brahma se bhinna koI sattA hI nahIM hai to phira maiksamUlara ne zaMkara ke vedAnta ko kaThora ekatvavAda kI saMjJA dekara na to koI bandhana meM Ane vAlA hI zeSa rahatA hai aura na koI mukta hone usameM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| DA0 arkahArTa vAlA hii| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki jIvAtmA bandhana meM AtA hai aura vahI ne apane zodha-grantha 'sarvezvaravAda aura jIvana-mUlya' meM likhA hai ki apanI jJAnAtmaka sAdhanA ke dvArA mukta hotA hai, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM, 'brahma nirguNa aura bhedAtIta hai ata: zubhAzubha-bheda se pare hai aura kyoMki jIvAtmA bhI to brahma se abhinna hI hai| isakA artha to yaha hogA zubhAzubha-bheda kA nirAkaraNa AcArazAstra ke AdhAra ko hI unmUlita ki brahma hI bandhana meM AtA hai aura brahma hI mukta hotA hai| kintu yaha kara detA hai| vedAnta meM vyaktitva ko bhI mithyA mAnA gayA hai| zubhAzubha eka upahAsAspada dhAraNA hI hogii| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki jIva vivarta bheda kA nirAkaraNa naitika nirNaya ko asambhava banA detA hai aura usake hai to phira jIva ke sambandha meM hone vAle bandhana aura mukti bhI vivarta sAtha hI vyakti kI vAstavika sattA kA niSedha naitika nirNaya ko hoMge aura bandhana aura mukti ke vivarta hone para sArI naitikatA bhI vivarta anAvazyaka bhI banA detA hai|2 kaThora advaitavAda ke darzana kI naitika hogii| aisI vivarta-mUlaka naitikatA kA kyA mUlya hogA yaha svayaM akSamatA kA citraNa karate hue jainAcArya samantabhadra Apta mImAMsA meM advaitavAdiyoM ke liye bhI vicAraNIya hai| likhate haiM ki ekAnta advaitavAda kI dhAraNA meM zubhAzubha Adi karmadUsare, yadi unake siddhAnta meM vikAra yA parivartana ke liye bheda, sukha-duHkhAdi phala-bheda, svarga-narka Adi loka-bheda samyakjJAnakoI sthAna nahIM hai, yadi sattA vikAra aura parivartana se rahita hai, to bhI mithyAjJAna Adi jJAna-bheda tathA bandhana aura mukti kA bheda nahIM rahatA naitika patana yA vikAsa athavA bandhana aura mukti kI dhAraNAyeM Tika hai| ata: aisA siddhAnta naitika dRSTi se sakSama nahIM ho sakatA hai| nahI pAtI haiN| naitika patana evaM vikAsa ko parivartana ke abhAva meM naitikatA ke lie to dvaita, anekatA Avazyaka hai| AdaraNIya DA0 samajha pAnA kaThina hogaa| nathamala TATiyA likhate haiM ki 'ekAnta advaitavAdI dhAraNA ko svIkAra tIsare, yadi parama sattA mAtra AdhyAtmika hai to phira bandhana karane kA artha yaha hogA ki samAja, vAtAvaraNa, paraloka tathA naitika kaise hotA hai? bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai? vaha svabhAva to nahIM hai aura aura dhArmika niyamoM kI pUrNa smaapti| lekina aisA darzana, jo samasta binA kisI anya kAraNa ke vibhAva kI kalpanA asaMgata hai| dUsare tattva sAmAjika, naitika aura dhArmika jIvana evaM tatsambandhI saMsthAoM ko kI sattA mAne binA vibhAva yA bandhana kI samIcIna vyAkhyA de pAnA parisamApta kara detA ho, mAnava-jAti ke lie upAdeya nahIM kahA jA kaThina hai| sakatA4 svayaM advaitavAda ko bhI anekatA aura bandhana ke kAraNa kI advaitavAda meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA siddha karane ke vyAkhyA ke lie mAyA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karanA par3A hai| paramatattva liye DA0 rAmAnanda tivArI ne bhI apane zodha prabandha 'zaMkarAcArya kA ke samAnAntara anAdi aura anirvacanIya mAyA kI dhAraNA kaThora ekatvavAdI AcAra-darzana' meM ekatvavAdI, sarvezvaravAdI evaM mAyAvAdI vicAraniSThA ke pratikUla hai| bandhana kI kAraNabhUta mAyA asat to nahIM mAnI praNAlI kA nirasana kara zaMkara-darzana meM bhI jIva evaM jagata kI sattA jA sakatI kyoMki jo asat hai vaha kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| punaH, ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM 'jIvana aura jagat dona atyanta asat yA mithyA kAraNa kA kArya bhI asat hogA aura aisI sthiti meM vivikta sattAyeM haiM, cAhe ve brahma se pRthak kalpanIya na hoN| mAyAvAda kA bandhana bhI asat yA mithyA hogaa| svayaM AcArya zaMkara ne bhI mAyA ko prasiddha siddhAnta jagat kI sattA ke prasaMga meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| jIvana asat nahIM mAnA hai| kintu yadi use asat nahIM mAnA jAyegA to sat kI sattA vedAnta kA mUlAdhAra hai| mokSAvasthA meM jIvatattva aura vyaktitva mAnanA hogA aura mAyA ko sat mAnane para svayaM advaitavAda khaNDita ho ke akSuNNa rahane kI sambhAvanAoM ke sAtha vedAnta meM AcAra-darzana kI jaayegaa| punaH, yadi mAyA anirvacanIya hai to use asat yA abhAva rUpa sambhAvanA bhI avagamya ho jAtI hai|5| bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi vaha bhAvAtmaka sattA hai to phira brahma isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA ke samakSa eka dUsarI sattA khar3I ho jAyegI aura advaitavAda Tika nahIM ke liye sat-sambandhI kaThora advaitavAda evaM avikAryatA ke siddhAnta paayegaa| yadi mAyA ko svatantra sattA nahIM mAnakara brahma ke Azrita mAnA chor3anA Avazyaka sA ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 rAmAnanda ne AcArya zaMkara

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225 ke darzana meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA ko siddha karane ke prayAsa kI apekSA vizeSa se hI hai, eka apekSA ke dvArA dUsarI apekSAoM kA meM use jisa stara para lAkara khar3A kiyA hai, vahA~ zaMkara sat kI samagra niSedha to kabhI bhI nahIM ho sktaa| kisI tIsarI apekSA se donoM kaThora advaitavAdI dhAraNA se dUra haTakara abhedAzritabheda kI dhAraNA paraM hI yathArtha ho sakate haiN| yadi hama kaheM ki rAma dazaratha kI apekSA se putra A jAte haiM aura zaMkara evaM rAmAnuja meM koI vizeSa dUrI nahIM raha hai aura pitA nahIM hai, to isameM unake pitRtva kA samagra niSedha nahIM hotA jAtI hai| svayaM DaoN0 rAmAnanda bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki hai| lava aura kuza kI apekSA se ve pitA ho sakate haiN| advaitavAdI rAmAnuja aura zaMkara meM vaha dUrI nahIM hai jaisI paravartI zaMkarAnuyAyiyoM galatI yaha karate haiM ki ve paramArtha kI apekSA se vyavahAra kA pUrNa ne batAyI hai| astu| niSedha mAna lete haiN| jisa prakAra dazaratha kI apekSA se rAma kA pitRtva ___advaitavAda meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA to taba samApta ho mithyA hai aura putratva satya hai aura lava-kuza kI apekSA se rAma kA jAtI hai jaba hara stara para hI abheda mAnA jaaye| lekina advaita ke putratva mithyA hai aura pitRtva satya hai lekina svayaM rAma kI apekSA se prastotA AcArya zaMkara bhI hara stara para abheda kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra na pitRtva mithyA hai na putratva mithyA hai varan donoM hI yathArtha haiM, usI nahIM krte| ve kahate haiM ki bheda asat hai lekina bheda yA anekatA ke prakAra pAramArthika dRSTi se bheda mithyA hai aura abheda satya hai, vyAvahArika asat hone kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki vaha pratIti kA viSaya nahIM hai yadyapi dRSTi se bheda satya aura abheda mithyA hai lekina paramatattva kI apekSA se yaha samasyA hai ki asat anekatA kaise pratIti kA viSaya bana jAtI to na abheda mithyA hai aura na bheda mithyA hai apitu donoM hI satya haiN| hai? lekina yahA~ isa carcA kI gaharAI meM jAnA iSTa nahIM hai| advaitavAda kaThora advaitavAdI vicAraka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki bheda aura abheda to yaha mAna kara calatA hai ki pratIti kI dRSTi se na kevala vastugata paramatattva ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM, ve sva apekSA se satya aura para anekatA hai varan vyaktigata anekatA bhI hai, aura pratIti ke kSetra meM isa apekSA se mithyA hote hue bhI parama tattva kI apekSA se donoM hI satya bheda tathA anekatA ke kAraNa bandhana aura mukti evaM naitikatA aura dharma ho sakatI haiN| advaitavAdI darzana kA mAnadaNDa lekara nApane vAle manISI kI sambhAvanAe~ bhI haiN| isa prakAra advaitavAdI bhI kevala pAramArthika stara DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne anekAntavAdI yathArthavAda ko bIca mArga meM par3Ava para hI abheda ko mAnate haiN| vyAvahArika stara para to unheM bhI bheda jaisA kahA hai| jabaki vAstavikatA yaha hai ki advaitavAdI darzana kevala svIkAra hai| vyAvahArika stara para jaba bheda svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai pAramArthika yA tattva dRSTi se bheda kA niSedha kara svayaM bIca mArga meM to AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA avagamya ho jAtI hai| merI apanI dRSTi par3Ava DAla detA hai| vaha Age bar3hakara yaha kyoM nahIM kahatA hai ki meM zaMkara jaba taka pAramArthika stara para abheda aura advayatA aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se abheda bhI mithyA hai| isase bhI Age bar3hakara vaha vyAvahArika stara para bheda aura anekatA ko svIkAra karate haiM taba taka yaha kyoM nahIM svIkAra karatA hai ki parama tattva kI apekSA se bheda aura ve koI galatI nahIM krte| svayaM jaina evaM bauddha vicAraka bhI pAramArthika abheda donoM hI satya haiN| pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika dRSTiyA~ sat ke stara para abheda evaM vyAvahArika stara para bheda kI saMkalpanA ko svIkAra sambandha meM kramaza: abhedagAmI aura bhedagAmI dRSTiyA~ haiM, unameM se koI karate haiN| bhI asatya nahIM hai, donoM hI apanI-apanI apekSA se satya haiN| advaitavAdI darzana kI mUla bhUta kamajorI : vyAvahArika bheda bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai jitanA pAramArthika abhed| donoM isa AdhAra para advaitavAda kI AlocanA karanA ucita nahIM meM koI tulanA nahIM ho sakatI hai, do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM se khIMce gaye hogA ki advaitavAda meM naitika darzana kI avagamyatA vyAvahArika stara vastu ke do citroM meM koI bhI mithyA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| sat kA taka hotI hai| svayaM jaina evaM bauddha vicAraNAoM meM bhI naitikatA kI bhedavAdI dRSTikoNa bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai jitanA sat kA abhedavAdI avadhAraNA vyAvahArika stara para hI sambhava hai| dRssttikonn| kyoMki donoM sattA ke hI do pakSa haiN| yadi advaitavAda pAramArthika dRSTi se abheda ko hI satya aura vyavahAra ke bheda pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika aisI do sattAe~ khar3I karatA hai to svayaM ko mithyA kahakara bhI zaMkara koI galatI nahIM karate haiN| paramArtha kI dRSTi apane siddhAnta se pIche haTa jAtA hai yadi paramArtha aura vyavahAra donoM se vyavahAra mithyA hai yaha ThIka hai, lekina usase Age bar3hakara hameM yaha ko hI vAstavika mAnatA hai to usakA advaita khaNDita ho jAtA hai| aura bhI mAnanA par3egA ki vyavahAra kI apekSA se abheda bhI mithyA hogA, yadi vyavahAra ko mithyA kahatA hai to Anubhavika jagat kI yathArthatA kyoMki vastu-tattva svApekSA se satya hotA hai kintu parApekSA se mithyA aura AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA nirasta ho jAtI hai| kumArila ne bhI hotA hai| jisa prakAra paramArtha kI apekSA se abheda satya hai aura bheda zaMkara ke darzana meM yahI doSa dikhAyA hai| vastuta: paramArtha aura vyavahAra mithyA hai usI prakAra vyavahAra kI apekSA se bheda satya aura abheda sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM, donoM sattA ke do pahalU haiM aura donoM mithyA hoNge| zaMkara AdhI dUra Akara ruka jAte haiN| ve Age bar3hakara hI yathArtha haiN| vyavahAra kI apekSA se abheda ko mithyA kahane kA sAhasa kyoM nahIM hamArA advaitavAda se na to isalie koI vivAda hai ki vaha karate? jaba paramArtha kI apekSA vyavahAra ko asat kahA jAtA hai to hameM pAramArthika dRSTi se abheda ko mAnatA hai, kyoMki tattva yA dravya dRSTi se yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki yahA~ usake asat kA pratipAdana paramArtha abheda ko to sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai| aura na isalie koI virodha

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 226 hai ki vaha vyAvahArika stara para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA vyAvahArika stara para hone vAle bheda evaM parivartana bhI asat nahIM kahe hai, kyoMki yaha dRSTikoNa jaina, bauddha Adi lagabhaga sabhI pramukha darzanoM jA skte| bheda bhI utanA hI satya hai, jitanA abheda aura aisI sthiti ko bhI mAnya hai| hamArA agara advaitavAda se koI virodha hai to vaha mAtra meM zaMkara ke advaitavAda meM AcAra-darzana kI sambhAvanA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yahI ki advaita vyavahAra ko kyoM mithyA mAnatA hai? advaita ke isa dRSTikoNa ke prati hamArA AkSepa yaha hai ki asat vyavahAra se sat saMdarbha paramArtha ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai? asat naitikatA sat parama 1. vivekacUDAmaNi, anu0 munilAla, gItA presa gorakhapura, saM0 tattva kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM karA sktii| asat vyAvahArika naitikatA aura 2001 mAyA-nirUpaNa sat pAramArthika parama tattva meM koI sambandha hI nahIM bana pAtA, kyoMki 2. rAmAnanda tivArI, zaMkarAcArya kA AcAra darzana, hindI sAhitya unameM eka asat aura dUsarA sat hai| lekina jaba hama vyavahAra aura sammelana, prayAga, saM0 2006, pR0 16-17 paramArtha ko sat sambandhI do dRSTiyA~ mAnate haiM to ve paraspara sambandhita 3. AptamImAMsA, 25 / ho jAtI haiM lekina jaba unameM se paramArtha ko sattA aura vyavahAra ko 4. Studies in Jain Philosophy, P.V. Research InstidRSTi mAnate haiM to ve paraspara virodhI evaM asambandhita ho jAtI haiN| sat tute, Varanasi, 1951, P. 178. se hI sat pAyA jA sakatA hai asat se sat nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| 5. zaMkarAcArya kA AcAra-darzana, pR0 66-67 lekina yadi vicArapUrvaka dekheM to advaitavAda bhI vyavahAra ko asat 6. DA0 rAdhAkRSNana, bhAratIya darzana, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, dehalI kahane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki usakI vyAvahArika sattA kI 1966, khaNDa 1, pRSTha 311 dhAraNA mAyA para avalambita hai aura yadi mAyA asat nahIM hai to mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana bhAratIya vAGmaya ke vizruta kintu vaha eka Alocaka dRSTi se hI likhA gayA hai, ata: unake vidvAn the| hindI sAhitya kI vividha-vidhAoM meM bhAratIya vAGmaya ko vyaktitva ko samyak rUpa meM prastuta nahIM karatA hai| mahAvIra ke sambandha unakA avadAna avismaraNIya hai| darzana ke kSetra meM rAhulajI ne jitanA meM dIghanikAya ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiMadhika pAzcAtya darzanoM, vizeSa rUpa se dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda evaM 'mahAvIra kI mukhya zikSA ko bauddhatripiTaka meM isa prakAra bauddhadarzana ke sambandha meM likhA, usakI apekSA jainadarzana ke kSetra meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai- nirgrantha (jaina sAdhu) cAra saMvaroM (saMyamoM) se unakA lekhana bahuta hI alpa hai| unake grantha 'darzana-digdarzana' meM saMvRtta rahatA hai| 1. nirgrantha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai, vardhamAna mahAvIra aura anekAntavAdI jaina darzana, ke sambandha meM jo kucha (jisase jala ke jIva na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA likhA hai, use athavA bauddhagranthoM meM Ane vAlI jainadharma-darzana sambandhI hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se vaha pApa rahita (dhUtapApa) hotA samIkSAoM ke hindI anuvAda ko chor3akara unhoMne jainadarzana ke kSetra meM hai, 4. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai|... cU~ki nirgrantha ina cAra kucha likhA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nhiiN| ata: yahA~ jainadarzana ke kSetra meM prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai isalie vaha-gatAtmA (anicchuka), unake vicAroM kI samIkSA inhIM granthAMzoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| yatAtmA (saMyamI) aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|' (darzana-digdarzana, pra. unhoMne apane grantha 'darzana-digdarzana' meM jaina paramparA kA 495) ullekha vizeSarUpa se do sthaloM para kiyA hai- eka to buddha ke isa vivaraNa meM mahAvIra kI zikSAoM ko cAturyAma saMvara samakAlIna chaH tIrthaMkaroM ke sandarbha meM aura dUsarA jainadarzana ke svatantra ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, unhoMne jisa cAturyAma saMvara kA pratipAdana ke kSetra meN| bauddhagranthoM meM varNita cha: tIrthaMkaroM meM varddhamAna ullekha kiyA hai, vastuta: vaha cAturyAma saMvara kA mArga mahAvIra kA mahAvIra kA ullekha unhoMne sarvajJatAvAdI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, kintu nahIM, pArzva kA hai| paravartIkAla meM jaba pArzva kI nirgrantha paramparA unhoMne yaha samagra vivaraNa bauddhagranthoM ke AdhAra para hI prastuta kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayI, to tripiTaka saMkalanakartAoM buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM aura vizeSa rUpa se varddhamAna mahAvIra ne donoM dhArAoM ko eka mAnakara pArzva ke vicAroM ko bhI mahAvIra ke sandarbha meM yadi ve bauddhetara srotoM ko bhI AdhAra banAte to unake ke nAma se hI prastuta kiyaa| tripiTaka ke saMkalana kartAoM kI isa sAtha adhika nyAya kara sakate the| kyoMki bauddhagranthoM meM mahAvIra kA jo bhrAnti kA anusaraNa rAhulajI ne bhI kiyA aura apanI ora se citraNa nirgrantha jJAtaputra (nAtaputta) ke rUpa meM hai usameM satyAMza to hai, TippaNI ke rUpa meM bhI isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA koI prayatna nahIM

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227 kiyaa| jabaki unake sahakarmI bauddhabhikSu jagadIza kAzyapajI ne isa sAsanAnuloma pi atthi, asuddhaladdhitAyana sabbA diTThayeva jaataa|bhuul ke parimArjana kA prayatna dIghanikAya kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se sumaMgala vilAsinI aTTakathA (pR. 189) aisA kahane para bhnte| kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM- 'sAmaayaphalasutta' meM varNita cha: tairthikoM nigaNThanAthaputta ne yaha uttara diyA- mahArAja! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se ke matoM ke anusAra, ve apane-apane sAmpradAyika saMgaThanoM ke kendra saMvRtta rahatA hai| mahArAja! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se kaise saMvRta rahatA hai? avazya rahe hoNge| inake avazeSa khojane ke lie deza ke vartamAna mahArAja! 1. nigaNTha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai (jisameM jala dhArmika-jIvana meM khoja karanA sArthaka hogaa| kama se kama 'nigaNTha- ke jIvana mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI nAtaputta' se hamaloga nizcita rUpa se paricita haiN| ve jainadharma ke pApoM ke vAraNa karane se dhUtapApa hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra hI haiN| pAli-saMskaraNa meM ve hI meM lagA rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha isa prakAra cAra saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA 'cAturyAma saMvara' siddhAnta ke pravartaka kahe jAte haiN| sambhavata: aisA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai, bhUla se ho gayA hai| vAstava meM 'cAturyAma-dharma' ke pravartaka unake isIlie vaha nirgrantha, gatAtmA, yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|' pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the- savvAto pANAtivAyAo veramaNaM vastuta: yahA~ rAhula jI jinheM cAturyAma saMvara kaha rahe haiM, ve evaM musAvAyAo veramaNaM, savvAto adinAdANAo veramaNaM, savvAto cAturyAma saMvara na hokara nirgrantha sAdhaka cAturyAma saMvara kA pAlana kisa bahiddhAdANAo veramaNaM (ThANAMga (ThANa 4), pR. 201, sUtra 266. prakAra karatA hai usake sambandha meM ullekha hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ "kathaM" uparyukta varNita 'cAturyAma saMvara' siddhAnta meM pariggahaveramaNaM kA artha kauna se na hokara kisa prakAra hai cAturyAma ke rUpa meM jainAgamoM nAmaka eka aura vrata jor3akara pArzvanAtha ke paravartI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne meM jinakA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ve nimna haiM'paMcamahAvrata-dharma' kA pravartana kiyaa| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAzyapajI se 1. prANAtipAta viramaNa bhI bhUla ho gayI hai vastuta: mahAvIra ne parigraha viramaNa nahIM, maithunaviramaNa 2. mRSAvAda viramaNa yA brahmacarya kA mahAvrata jor3A thaa| 'bahiddhAdANa' kA artha to parigraha hai 3. adattAdAna viramaNa hii| pArzva strI ko bhI parigraha hI mAnate the| 4. bahirdAdAna viramaNa (parigraha tyAga) yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jisa rUpa meM jaina Agama sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi meM cAturyAma saMvara kA pAli meM 'cAturyAmasaMvara' siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai, vaisA jaina ullekha isI rUpa meM milatA hai| sAhitya meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| pAli meM yaha isa prakAra varNita dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo artha rAhulajI ne kiyA hai hai- 'sabbavArivAritta ca hoti, sabbavAriyutto ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, vaha bhI truTipUrNa hai| prathamata: yahA~ vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara sabbavAriphuTo' aura isakA artha bhI spaSTa jJAta nahIM hotaa| ise dekhakara vAraNa karane yogya arthAt pApa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM vIrastuti meM mahAvIra yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavata: yaha tor3a-maror3a ke hI kAraNa hai|' ko 'vAriya savvavAraM' (sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/28) kahA gayA hai| yahA~ 'vAra' (dIghanikAya-nAlaMdA saMskaraNa, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA, pR.13-14) zabda 'pApa' ke artha meM hI hai, jala ke artha meM nahIM hai| puna: jaina muni ata: rAhulajI ne cAra saMvaroM kA ullekha jisa rUpa meM kiyA hai, vaha mAtra sacittajala (jIvanayukta jala) ke upayoga kA tyAga karatA hai, aura dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo hindI anuvAda rAhulajI ne kiyA sarvajala kA nhiiN| ata: sumaMgalavilAsinI aTThakathAkAra evaM rAhulajI hai vaha bhI, nirdoSa nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kA vaha mUlapATha, usakI dvArA yahA~ vAri yA jala artha karanA ayuktisaMgata hai| kyoMki eka aTThakathA aura anuvAda isa prakAra hai- "evaM vutte, bhante, nigaNTho. vAkyAMza meM 'vAri' kA artha jala karanA aura dUsare meM usI 'vAri' zabda nATaputto maM etadavoca- idha mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti? kA artha 'pApa' karanA samIcIna nahIM hai| cU~ki nirgrantha sacitta (jIvanamahArAja nigaNTho kathaM ca mahArAja nigaNTho cAtuyAma saMvarosaMvuto hoti? yukta) jala ke tyAgI hote the, snAna nahIM karate the vastra nahIM dhote the| idha sabbavArivArito ca hoti, sabbavAriyutato ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, ata: inhIM bAtoM ko AdhAra mAnakara yahA~ 'savvavArivArito' kA artha sabbavAriphaTo ca evaM kho, mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvato jala kA tyAga karate haiM, yaha mAna liyA gayA, kintu svayaM sumaMgala jhoti- ayaM vuccAti, mahArAja nigaNTho gatatto ca yatatto ca Thitatto vilAsinI TIkA yA aTThakathA meM bhI spaSTa ullekha hai ki nirgrantha mAtra cA ti (dIghanikAya 2/5/28) nATaputtapAde cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hi sacitta jala kA tyAgI hotA hai, sarvajala kA nahIM, ata: vAri kA artha catukoTThAsena saMvarena sNvuto| sabbavArito cAti vAritasabbaudako jala karanA ucita nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA meM 'vAri' kA jo paTikkhittasabbasItodako ti attho| so kira sItodake sattasaMjJa bhrAnta artha jala kiyA gayA thA, rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI usI para hoti, tasmA na taM vljeti| sabbavAriyutto ti sabbena pApavAraNena AdhArita hai| ata: isa bhrAnta artha karane ke liye rAhulajI utane doSI yutto| sabbavAridhuto ti sabbena pApavAraNena dhutpaapo| sabbavAriphuTo ti nahIM haiM, jitane sumaMgalavilAsinI ke krtaa| sambhavataH nirgranthoM ne sabbena pApavAraNena phuttttho| gatatto ti kottippttcitto| yatatto ti sNytcitto| jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke liye jala ke upayoga para jo Thitatto (dI.ni. 1.50) ti supptitttthitcitto| etassa vAde kiMci pratibandha lagAye gaye the, usI se artha aura TIkA meM yaha bhrAnti huI

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 228 hai| Age isI krama meM unhoMne svayaM 'vAri' kA artha 'pApa' karake sarva pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| yahA~ bhI rAhalajI ne artha kI saMgati sabbavAriyutto kA artha vaha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, kiyA hai| baiThAne kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha ucita to hai| kintu mUla pATha evaM kintu yaha artha mUlapATha ke anurUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki yahA~ vAri kA artha aTThakathA (TIkA) ke sambandha meM unakI aura koI TippaNI nahIM honA pApa karake bhI yutto kA artha vAraNa karanA kiyA gayA hai, vaha pAThaka ke liye eka samasyA bana jAtI hai| merI dRSTi meM dIghanikAya ke samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pAli kozoM ke anusAra yutto zabda kA artha usa samagra aMza kA pATha zuddhi ke pazcAt vAstavika artha isa prakAra kisI bhI sthiti meM 'vAraNa' nahIM ho sakatA hai| koza ke anusAra to honA cAhiye- 'he mahArAja, nirgrantha cAturyAma saMvara se saMvRta hotA hai, isa yutta kA artha lipta hotA hai, ata: isa vAkyAMza kA artha hogA- vaha cAturyAma saMvara se kisa prakAra saMvRta hotA hai? he mahArAja! nirgrantha vaha sarva pApoM se yukta yA lipta hotA hai- jo nizcaya hI isa prasaMga saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai| vaha sarvapApoM ke prati saMyata yA usakA meM galata hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ mUlapATha meM bhrAnti hai- sambhavataH niyantraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita (dhUta) aura sabhI mUlapATha 'yutto' na hokara 'yato' honA caahie| kyoMki mUlapATha meM Age pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| nimrantha ke liye 'yato' vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai, jo 'yato' pATha kI isI prasaMga meM AdaraNIya rAhulajI ne mahAvIra ko sarvajJatAvAdI puSTi karatA hai| yadi hama mUlapATha 'yutto' hI mAnate haiM to use 'ayutto kahA hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR. 494) yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra ko mAnakara vAriayatto kI saMdhi prakriyA meM 'aGga kA lopa mAnanA hogaa| prAcInakAla se hI 'sarvajJa' kahA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura sambhavataH pAli vyAkaraNa meM bhI svara-sandhi ke ke pandrahaveM adhyAya meM unheM sarvaprathama sarvajJa (savvannU) kahA gayA hainiyamoM meM do svaroM kI sandhi meM vikalpa se eka svara kA lopa mAnA kintu prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA meM sarvajJa kA artha AtmajJa hI hotA jAtA hai| ata: mUla pATha 'ayutto' honA cAhiye, kintu sumaMgalavilAsinI thaa| AcArAMga ke-je erga jANaI te savvaM jANaI evaM bhagavatI ke meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| (paThamo bhAgo, pR.189), apitu usameM kevali siya jANai siya Na jANai'- pATha se tathA kundakunda ke saMdhi tor3akara 'yutto' pATha hI hai| kintu yato pATha mAnane para isa aMza isa kathana se 'kevali nizcaya naya se kevala AtmA ko jAnatA hai'kA artha hogA, vaha saba pApoM ke prati saMyamavAn yA unakA niyaMtraNa isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| sarvajJa kA yaha artha hai ki vaha sarvadravyoM karane vAlA hotA hai| ata: rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI merI dRSTi meM evaM paryAyoM kA trikAla jJAtA hotA hai, paravartIkAla meM nirdhArita huaa| mUlapATha se saMgatipUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI unhoMne vaha sarvapApoM kA vAraNa Age calakara sarvajJa kA yahI artha rUr3ha ho gayA aura sarvajJa ke isI karatA hai, aisA jo artha kiyA hai, vaha satya ke nikaTa hai| mUlapATha vyutpattiparaka artha ko mAnakara bauddha tripiTaka meM unakI sarvajJatA kI bhrAnta aura TIkA ke aspaSTa hote hue bhI, unhoMne yaha artha kisa AdhAra nindA bhI kI gii| 'sarvajJa' yA 'kevali' zabda ke prAcIna pAribhASika para kiyA maiM nahIM jAnatA, sambhavata: yaha unakI svapratibhA se hI prasUta evaM lAkSaNika artha ke sthAna para isa vyutpattimUlaka artha para bala dene huA hogaa| phira bhI pAli ke vidvAnoM ko isa samasyA para vicAra se hI yaha bhrAnti utpanna huI hai| kintu yaha durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA buddha aura karanA caahie| isake Age sabbavAridhuto kA artha-vaha sabhI pApoM se mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha ghaTita huI, jo buddha sarvajJatAvAda ke Alocaka rahita hotA hai- saMgatipUrNa hai| kintu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha rahe, unheM bhI paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM usI artha meM sarvajJa mAna liyA punaH mUla se saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| rAhulajI ne isakA artha vaha sabhI gayA hai, jisa artha meM paravartI jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko aura nyAya pApoM ke vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai-kisa prakAra kiyA, maiM nahIM samajha paramparA meM Izvara ko sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vAstavika rUpa meM prAcInakAla pA rahA huuN| kyoMki kisI bhI sthiti meM 'phuToM' kA artha-vAraNa karane meM meM mahAvIra ko usa artha meM sarvajJa nahIM kahA jAtA thA, jisa artha meM lagA rahatA hai, nahIM hotA hai| pAli ke vidvAn isa para bhI vicAra kreN| pAlitripiTaka va paravartI jaina sAhitya meM unheM sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| mUla ke phuTo athavA sumaMgalavilAsinI TIkA ke phuTo kA saMskRta rUpa durbhAgya se rAhula jI ne bhI sarvajJa kA yahI paravartI artha le liyA hai| spRSTa yA spaSTa hogaa| isa AdhAra para isakA artha hogA vaha saba pApoM jabaki sarvajJa kA prAcIna artha to jaina paramparA meM AtmajJa aura bauddha se spRSTa arthAt sparzita yA vyApta hotA hai, kintu yaha artha bhI paramparA meM heya, jJeya aura upAdeya kA jJAtA hI rahA hai| saMgatipUrNa nahIM lagatA hai-nimrantha jJAtRputra svayaM apane nirgranthoM ko rAhula jI kA yaha kathana bhI kisI sImA taka satya hai ki saba pApoM se sparzita to nahIM kaha sakate haiN| yahA~ bhI rAhula jI ne artha jainadharma meM prArambha se hI zArIrika kArmoM kI pradhAnatA para evaM zArIrika ko saMgatipUrNa banAne kA prayAsa to kiyA, kintu vaha mUlapATha ke sAtha tapasyA para bala diyA gayA hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR.495-496)| saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| pAli aMgrejI koza meM rAisaDeviDsa ne bhI ina kintu unakI isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra bhI bauddhatripiTaka sAhitya meM donoM zabdoM ke artha nizcaya meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyA hai| merI dRSTi mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa huA hai meM yahA~ bhI yA to mUlapATha meM koI prAnti hai yA pAli vyAkaraNa ke svara vahI hai- yahA~ bhI unhoMne jaina AgamoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA saMdhi ke niyama se 'aphuTo' ke 'a kA lopa ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jainadarzana bhI bauddhoM ke samAna hI mUlapATha honA cAhie- sabbavAriaphuTo, tabhI isakA artha hogA vaha mAnasakarma ko hI pradhAna mAnatA hai, phira bhI itanA avazya satya hai| ki

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229 vaha kAyikakarma yA kAyikasAdhanA ko mAnasikakarma kI anivArya pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM- jIva, ajIva, dharma, AkAza phalazruti mAnatA hai vaha kahatA hai ki jo vicAra meM hotA hai vahI AcAra aura pudgl| isameM ajIva ko nirarthaka rUpa meM jor3A hai aura 'adharma' meM hotA hai| vicAra (mAnasakarma) aura AcAra (kAyikakarma) kA dvaita use ko chor3a diyA hai, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala sabhI ajIva hI mAnya nahIM hai| vicAra se kucha aura AcAra meM kucha, ise jainadharma Atma mAne gaye haiN| pravaJcanA mAnatA hai, mana se satya ko samajhate hue anyathA rUpa meM jainadharma ke sambandha meM rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI ki unakI AcaraNa karanA pApa hai| mana meM ahiMsA aura karuNA tathA vyavahAra meM pRthvI, jala Adi ke jIvoM kI ahiMsA ke vicAra ne jainadharma ke krUratA yA hiMsA yaha chalanA hI hai| anuyAyiyoM ko kRSi ke vimukha kara vaNik banA diyaa| ve utpAdaka rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI bhI satya hai ki mahAvIra ne svayaM zrama se haTakara paropajIvI ho gye| unakA yaha mantavya bhI kisI apane jIvana meM aura jainasAdhanA meM zArIrika tapoM ko Avazyaka mAnA sImA taka ucita to hai- kintu pUrNataH satya nahIM hai| Aja bhI hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra deha-daNDana yA bundelakhaNDa, mevAr3a, mahArASTra aura karnATaka meM jainajAtiyA~ kRSi para Atma-pIr3ana ke samarthaka the| unhoMne uttarAdhyayana meM tapa ke bAhya aura AdhArita haiM aura unheM kRSikarma karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| Abhyantara aise do pakSa mAne the aura donoM para hI samAna bala diyA thaa| prAcIna Agama bhagavatIsUtra se isa prazna para ki kRSikarma meM kRmi svAdhyAya, sevA aura dhyAna bhI unakI dRSTi meM tapa ke hI mahattvapUrNa aMga Adi kI hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha haiN| ata: rAhulajI kA mahAvIra ko mAtra zArIrika pakSa para bala dene vAlA uttaradAyI hai yA nahIM, gaMbhIra rUpa se vicAra huA hai| usameM yaha mAnA aura Abhyantara pakSa kI avahelanA kara lene vAlA, mAnanA-samucita gayA hai ki koI bhI gRhastha kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI hotA nahIM hai| hai, ho jAne vAlI hiMsA kA nhiiN| kRSi karate hae jo prANIhiMsA ho anekAntavAdI jainadarzana ke sambandha meM unakI yaha TippaNI hai jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha uttaradAyI nahIM hai| isI prakAra jainoM kA ki anekAnta aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa saMjaya velaTThIputta ke vikSepavAda ahiMsA kA siddhAnta vyakti ko kAyara yA bhagor3A nahIM banAtA hai| se huA, bhI pUrNata: satya nahIM hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR. 595) / vaha gRhastha ke liye AkrAmaka hiMsA kA niSedha karatA hai, surakSAtmaka vastuta: saMjaya ke vikSepavAda kA,bauddhoM ke vibhajyavAda evaM zUnyavAda kA hiMsA (virodhI-hiMsA) kA nhiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma aura jainoM ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa aupaniSadika ke sambandha meM rAhulajI ke mantavya AMzika satya hokara bhI apUrNa catuSkoTiyoM aura vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa se huA hai| yA ekAMgI hai| kyoMki unhoMne isa sambandha meM jaina-srotoM kI khojadarzana-digdarzana (pR.597) meM eka sthala para unhoMne jainadharma bIna kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai| ke jina pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA vaha bhI bhrAnta hai- unhoMne jina

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jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna yaha satya hai ki Adhunika vijJAna kI pragati ke pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna dharmoM aura darzanoM kI loka ke svarUpa evaM sRSTi sambandhI tathA khagola- bhUgola sambandhI aneka prAcIna mAnyatAoM para prazna cihna laga gaye haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki kucha prabuddha janoM ne vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM ko carama satya svIkAra karake vividha dharmoM kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko kAlpanika evaM aprAmANika batAnA prArambha kara diyaa| phalasvarUpa aneka dharmAnuyAyioM kI zraddhA ko Thesa pahu~cI aura Apta puruSoM ke vacana yA sarvajJa ke kathana meM athavA AgamoM ke AptapraNIta hone meM unheM sandeha hone lgaa| isa sambandha meM aneka patra-patrikAoM meM gaveSaNAparaka lekhoM ke mAdhyama se paryApta uhApoha bhI huA aura donoM pakSoM ne apanI bAta ko yuktisaMgata siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| vizeSa rUpa yaha bAta taba adhika vivAdAspada viSaya bana gaI, jaba pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM ne candramA kI saphala yAtrA kara lI aura usa sambandha meM aneka aise Thosa pramANa prastuta kara die, jo vibhinna dharmoM kI khagola- bhUgola sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM jAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke mAdhyama se dharma ke kSetra meM andhavizvAsa evaM mithyA dhAraNAyeM samApta huI haiM, kintu jo loga vaijJAnika niSkarSo ko carama satya mAnakara dharma va darzana ke niSkarSo para aura unakI upayogitA para cihna lagA rahe haiM ve bhI kisI prAnti meM haiM yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki kAlakrama meM pUrvavartI aneka vaijJAnika dhAraNAyeM avaijJAnika bana cukI hai| na to vijJAna aura na prabuddha vaijJAnika isa bAta kA dAvA karate hai ki hamAre jo niSkarSa hai ve antima satya haiN| jaise-jaise vaijJAnika jJAna meM pragati ho rahI hai vaise-vaise vaijJAnikoM kI hI pUrva sthApita mAnyatAeM nirasta hokara navIna navIna niSkarSa evaM mAnyatAeM sAmane A rahI haiN| ataH Aja na to vijJAna se bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na pUrvavartI mAnyatAoM ko pUrNataH nirarthaka yA kAlpanika kahakara asvIkAra kara dene meM koI aucitya hai| ucita yahI hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM jo mAnyatAeM nirvivAda rUpa se vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI haiM, unheM svIkAra kara liyA jAya, zeSa ko bhAvI vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM ke lie parikalpanA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jaay| kyoMki dharmagranthoM meM ullikhita jo ghaTanAeM evaM mAnyatAeM kucha varSoM pUrva taka kapola kalpita lagatI thIM ve Aja vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI haiN| sau varSa pUrva dharmagranthoM meM ullikhita AkAzagAmI vimAnoM kI bAta athavA dUrastha dhvaniyoM ko suna pAne aura dUrastha ghaTanAoM ko dekha pAne kI bAta kAlpanika lagatI thI, kintu Aja ve yathArtha bana cukI haiN| jainadharma kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAyeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM pUrva taka avaijJAnika va pUrNataH kAlpanika lagatI thI, Aja vijJAna se pramANita ho rahI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prakAza, andhakAra, tApa, chAyA aura zabda Adi paudgalika hai- jaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina AgamoM kA yaha kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai, isa tathya ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ne aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccarita hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe atyanta kSINa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI kevalajJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki kevalI yA sarvajJa samasta loka ke padArthoM ko hastAmalakavat pratyakSa rUpa se jAnatA hai athavA avadhijJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki avadhijJAnI carma cakSu ke dvArA grahIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara letA hai-- kucha varSoM pUrva taka yaha saba kapolakalpanA hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja jaba TelIvijana kA AviSkAra ho cukA hai, yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA hotI hai usI prakAra se pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAzakiraNeM parAvartita hotI haiM aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI haiM tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI haiM Aja yadi mAnava mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa karane kI sAmarthya vikasita hoM jAyeM, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke hastAmalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNa parAvartita ho rahI haiM, ve to hama sabake pAsa pahuMca hI rahI haiN| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNa sAmarthya vikasita ho jAya, to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM bhI bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAnasammata siddha ho cukA hai athavA jisake vijJAnasammata siddha hone kI sambhAvanA abhI pUrNataH nirasta nahIM huI hai| aneka Agama-vacana yA sUtra aise hai, jo kala taka avaijJAnika pratIta hote the, ve Aja vaijJAnika siddha ho rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ina sUtroM kI vaijJAnika jJAna unake prakAza meM hai jo vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM paramANuoM ke pArasparika bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAne hetu tattvArtha sUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA eka sUtra AtA hai-- snigdharUkSatvAda bandhaH isameM snigdha aura rUkSa paramANuoM ke eka dUsare se jur3akara skandha banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha kahakara hI kI jAtI thI, ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rUkSa (khuradure) paramANuoM meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja jaba hama isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA karate haiM ki snigdha arthAt ghanAtmaka vidyut se Avezita evaM .

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jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna rUkSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyut se Avezita sUkSma kaNa jaina darzana kI bhASA meM paramANu paraspara milakara skandha (Molecule) kA nirmANa karate haiM, to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAnasammata pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga sUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya jIvana se jo tulanA kI gaI hai, vaha Aja adhika vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI hai / AcArAMga kA yaha kathana ki vAnaspatika jagat meM usI prakAra kI saMvedanazIlatA hai jaisI prANI jagat meM isa tathya ko sAmAnyatayA pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM kI Adhunika khojoM ke pUrva satya nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, kintu sara jagadIzacanda basu aura anya jaiva-vaijJAnikoM ne aba isa tathya kI puSTi kara dI hai ki vanaspati meM bhI prANI jagat kI taraha hI saMvedanazIlatA hai| ataH Aja AcArAMga kA kathana vijJAnasammata siddha hotA hai| hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA hai ki na to vijJAna dharma kA zatru hai aura na dhArmika AsthAoM ko khaNDita karanA hI usakA uddezya hai, vaha jise khaNDita karatA hai ve hamAre tathAkathita dhArmika andhavizvAsa hote haiN| sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI samajhanA cAhiye ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka dhArmika avadhAraNAyeM puSTa hI huI haiN| aneka dhArmika AcAra-niyama jo kevala hamArI zAstra ke prati zraddhA ke bala para Tike the, aba unakI vaijJAnika upayogitA siddha ho rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM rAtri bhojana kA niSedha eka sAmAnya niyama hai, cAhe paramparAgata rUpa meM rAtri bhojana ke sAtha hiMsA kI bAta jur3I ho, kintu Aja rAtri bhojana kA niSedha mAtra hiMsA-ahiMsA ke AdhAra para sthita na hokara jIva-vijJAna, cikitsAzAstra aura AhArazAstra kI dRSTi se adhika vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahA hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM bhojana ke viSANuoM ko naSTa karane kI tathA zarIra meM bhojana ko pacAne kI jo sAmarthya hotI hai, vaha rAtri ke andhakAra meM nahIM hotI- yaha bAta aba vijJAnasammata siddha ho cukI hai| isI prakAra sUryAsta ke bAda bhojana cikitsAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI anucita mAnA jAne lagA hai| cikitsakoM ne batAyA hai ki rAtri meM bhojana ke bAda apekSita mAtrA meM pAnI na grahaNa karane se bhojana kA paripAka samyak rUpa se nahIM hotA hai| yadi vyakti jala kI samyak mAtrA kA grahaNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, to use bAra-bAra mUtra tyAga ke lie uThanA hotA hai, phalasvarUpa nidrA bhaMga hotI hai| nIMda pUrI na hone ke kAraNa vaha subaha derI se uThatA hai aura isa prakAra na kevala usakI prAtaHkAlIna dinacaryA asta-vyasta hatI hai, apitu vaha apane zarIra ko bhI aneka vikRtiyoM kA ghara banA letA hai| jainoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se avadhAraNA thI ki ve annakaNa jo aMkurita ho rahe haiM athavA kisI vRkSa Adi kA vaha hissA jahA~ aMkuraNa ho rahA hai, ve anantakAya haiM aura anantakAya kA bhakSaNa adhika pApakArI hai| Aja taka yaha eka sAdhAraNa siddhAnta lagatA thA, kintu Aja vaijJAnika gaveSaNA ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho rahA hai ki jahA~ bhI jIvana ke vikAsa kI sambhAvanAeM haiM, usake bhakSaNa yA hiMsA se ananta 231 jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai kyoMki jIvana ke vikAsa kI vaha prakriyA kitane jIvoM ko janma degI yaha batA pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai, yadi hama usakI hiMsA karate haiM to jIvana kI jo navIna satat dhArA calane vAlI thI, use hI hama bIca meM avaruddha kara dete haiN| isa prakAra ananta jIvana vinAza ke karttA siddha hote haiN| ke isI prakAra mAnava kA svAbhAvika AhAra zAkAhAra hai, mAMsAhAra evaM aNDe Adi ke sevana se kauna se rogoM kI utpatti hotI hai Adi tathyoM kI prAmANika jAnakArI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke dvArA hI sambhava huI hai| Aja vaijJAnikoM aura cikitsAzAstriyoM ne apanI khojoM ke mAdhyama se mAMsAhAra ke doSoM kI jo vistRta vivecanAeM kI haiM, ve saba jaina AcArazAstra kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI hI puSTi karate haiN| isI prakAra paryAvaraNa kI zuddhi ke lie jaina paramparA meM vanaspati, jala Adi ke anAvazyaka dohana para jo pratibandha lagAyA gayA hai, vaha Aja kitanA sArthaka hai yaha bAta Aja hama binA vaijJAnika khojoM ke nahIM samajha skte| paryAvaraNa ke mahatva ke lie aura use dUSita hone se bacAne ke lie jaina AcArazAstra kI bhUmikA kitanI mahattvapUrNa hai isakI puSTi Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava ho sakI hai| Aja vaijJAnika jJAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa hama dhArmika AcAra sambandhI aneka mAnyatAoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiM aura isa prakAra vijJAna kI khoja dharma ke lie upayogI siddha ho sakatI hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana kI jo bAteM kala taka avaijJAnika sI lagatI thIM, Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke phalasvarUpa satya siddha ho rahI haiN| ataH vijJAna ko dharma va darzana kA virodhI na mAnakara usakA sampUraka hI mAnanA hogaa| Aja jaba hama jaina tattvamImAMsA jaivavijJAna aura AcArazAstra kI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariprekSya meM samIkSA karate haiM, to hama yahI pAte haiM ki vijJAna ne jaina avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi hI kI hai| vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa jo sarvAdhika prazna cihna lage haiM ve jaina dharma kI khagola va bhUgola sambandhI mAnyatAoM para haiN| yaha satya hai ki khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jaina avadhAraNAyeM Aja kI vaijJAnika khojoM se bhinna par3atI hai aura Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM unakA samIkaraNa baiThA pAnA bhI kaThina hai| yahA~ sabase pahalA prazna yaha hai ki kyA jaina khagola va bhUgola sarvajJa praNIta hai yA sarvajJa kI vANI hai? isa sambandha meM paryApta vicAra kI AvazyakatA hai| sarvaprathama to hameM jAna lenA cAhie ki jaina khagola va bhUgola saMbaMdhI vivaraNa sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga evaM bhagavatI ko chor3akara anya aMga-AgamoM meM kahI bhI ullikhita nahIM haiN| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM bhI ve suvyavasthita rUpa meM pratipAdita nahIM hai, mAtra saMkhyA ke saMdarbha krama meM unakI sambandhita saMkhyAoM kA ullekha kara diyA gayA hai| vaise bhI jahA~ taka vidvAnoM kA prazna hai, ve inheM saMkalanAtmaka evaM apekSAkRta paravartI grantha mAnate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki inameM samaya-samaya para sAmagrI prakSipta hotI rahI hai, ataH unakA vartamAna svarUpa pUrNataH .

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 232 jina-praNIta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina khagola va bhUgola sambandhI aura bhAratIya itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahattva hai| phira bhI hameM yaha jo avadhAraNAyeM upalabdha haiM, unakA Agamika AdhAra candraprajJapti, smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki AgamoM ke nAma para hamAre pAsa jo kucha upalabdha sUryaprajJapti evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti, jinheM vartamAna meM upAMga ke rUpa meM hai, usameM paryApta vismaraNa, parivartana, parivardhana aura prakSepaNa bhI haA mAnya kiyA jAtA hai, kintu nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke anusAra ye grantha hai| ata: isa tathya ko svayaM antima vAcanAkAra devarddhi ne bhI svIkAra Avazyaka vyatirikta aMga bAhya AgamoM meM parigaNita kiye jAte haiN| kiyA hai| ata: Agama vacanoM meM kitanA aMza jina vacana hai- isa paramparAgata dRSTi se aMga-bAhya AgamoM ke upadeSTA evaM racayitA jina na sambandha meM paryApta samIkSA, satarkatA aura sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai| hokara sthavira hI mAne gaye haiM aura isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye Aja do prakAra kI atiyA~ dekhane meM AtI hai- eka ati / grantha sarvajJa praNIta na hokara chadyastha jaina AcAryoM dvArA praNIta haiN| ata: yaha hai ki cAhe pandrahavIM zatI ke lekhaka ne mahAvIra-gautama ke saMvA yadi inameM pratipAdita tathya Adhunika vijJAna ke pratikUla jAte haiM, to ke rUpa meM kisI grantha kI racanA kI ho, use bhI binA samIkSA ke jina usase. sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca nahIM AtI hai| hameM isa bhaya kA vacana ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jA rahA hai aura use hI carama satya mAnA parityAga kara denA cAhie ki yadi hama khagola evaM bhUgola ke sambandha jAtA hai- dUsarI ora sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko andhavizvAsa meM Adhunika vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM ko mAnya kareMge to usase jina kI kahakara nakArA jA rahA hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai nIra-kSIra buddhi se sarvajJatA para koI AMca aayegii| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki sarvajJa yA Agama-vacanoM kI samIkSA karake madhyama mArga apanAne kii| jina kevala upadeza dete haiM grantha lekhana kA kArya to unake gaNadhara yA Aja na to vijJAna hI carama satya hai aura na Agama ke nAma anya sthavira AcArya hI karate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie para jo kucha hai vahI carama satya hai| Aja na to AgamoM ko nakArane se ki sarvajJa ke lie upadeza kA viSaya to adhyAtma va AcArazAstra hI kucha hogA aura na vaijJAnika satyoM ko nakArane se| vijJAna aura Agama hotA hai khagola va bhUgola unake mUla pratipAdya nahIM hai| khagola va ke sandarbha meM Aja eka taTastha samIkSaka buddhi kI AvazyakatA hai| bhUgola sambandhI jo avadhAraNAyeM jaina paramparA meM milatI haiM vaha thor3e jaina sRSTizAstra aura jaina khagola-bhUgola meM bhI, jahA~ taka antara ke sAtha samakAlika bauddha evaM hindU paramparA meM bhI pAyI jAtI sRSTizAstra kA sambandha hai, vaha Adhunika vaijJAnika avadhAraNAoM ke haiN| ata: yaha mAnanA hI ucita hogA ki khagola evaM bhUgola sambandhI sAtha eka sImA taka saMgati rakhatA hai| jaina sRSTizAstra ke anusAra jaina mAnyatAe~ Aja yadi vijJAna-sammata siddha nahIM hotI haiM to usase sarvaprathama isa jagat ko anAdi aura ananta mAnA gayA hai, kintu usameM na to sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca AtI hai aura na jaina dharma kI jagat kI anAdi anantatA usake pravAha kI dRSTi se hai| ise anAdi AdhyAtmazAstrIya, tasvamImAMsIya evaM AcArazAstrIya avadhAraNAoM ananta isalie kahA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM thA jaba sRSTi para koI kharoMca AtI hai| sUryaprajJapti jaisA grantha jisameM jaina AcArazAstra nahIM thI yA nahIM hogii| pravAha kI dRSTi se jagat anAdi-ananta hote aura usakI ahiMsaka niSThA ke viruddha pratipAdana pAye jAte haiM, kisI hue bhI isameM pratikSaNa utpatti aura vinAza arthAt sRSTi aura pralaya kA bhI sthiti meM sarvajJa praNIta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jo loga khagola- krama bhI calatA rahatA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM yaha jagat apane pravAha kI bhUgola sambandhI vaijJAnika tathyoM ko kevala isalie svIkAra karane se apekSA se zAzvata hote hue bhI isameM sRSTi evaM pralaya hote rahate haiM katarAte haiM ki isase sarvajJa kI avahelanA hogI, ve vastuta: jaina kyoMki jo bhI utpanna hotA hai usakA vinAza aparihArya hai| phira bhI AdhyAtmazAstra ke rahasyoM se yA to anabhijJa haiM yA unakI anubhUti se isakA sRSTA yA kartA koI bhI nahIM hai| yaha saba prAkRtika niyama se hI rahita haiN| kyoMki hameM sarvaprathama to yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jo zAsita hai| yadi vaijJAnika dRSTi se isa para vicAra kareM to vijJAna ko Atma draSTA sarvajJa praNIta haiM hI nahIM usake amAnya hone se sarvajJa kI bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM Apatti nahIM hai ki yaha vizva apane sarvajJatA kaise khaNDita ho sakatI hai? AcArya kundakunda ne to spaSTa mUla tattva yA mUla ghaTaka kI dRSTi se anAdi-ananta hote hue bhI isameM rUpa se kahA hai ki sarvajJa AtmA ko jAnatA hai, yahI yathArtha/satya hai| sRjana aura vinAza kI prakriyA satat rUpa se cala rahI hai| yahA~ taka sarvajJa bAhya jagat ko jAnatA hai yaha kevala vyavahAra hai| bhagavatIsUtra kA vijJAna va jainadarzana donoM sAtha jAte haiN| donoM isa saMbaMdha meM bhI eka mata yaha kathana bhI ki 'kevalI siya jANai siya Na jANai'- isa satya haiM ki jagat kA koI sRSTA nahIM hai aura yaha prAkRtika niyama se zAsita ko udghATita karatA hai ki sarvajJa Atma draSTA hotA hai| vastuta: sarvajJa hai| sAtha hI ananta vizva meM sRSTi-loka kI sImitatA jaina darzana evaM kA upadeza bhI AtmAnubhUti aura Atma-vizuddhi ke lie hotA hai| jina vijJAna donoM ko mAnya hai| ina mUla-bhUta avadhAraNAoM meM sAmyatA ke sAdhanoM se hama zuddhAtmA kI anubhUti kara sake, Atmazuddhi yA Atmavimukti hote hue bhI jaba hama inake vistAra meM jAte haiM, to hameM jaina Agamika ko upalabdha kara sake, vahI sarvajJa dvArA pratipAdya hai| mAnyatAoM evaM Adhunika vijJAna donoM meM paryApta antara bhI pratIta yaha satya hai ki AgamoM ke rUpa meM hamAre pAsa jo kucha hotA hai| upalabdha hai usameM jina vacana bhI saMkalita haiM aura yaha bhI satya hai ki adholoka, madhyaloka evaM svargaloka kI kalpanA lagabhaga AgamoM kA aura unameM upalabdha sAmagrI kA jainadharma, prAkRta sAhitya sabhI dharma-darzanoM meM upalabdha hotI hai, kintu Adhunika vijJAna ke dvArA

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jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna 233 khagola kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, usameM isa prakAra kI kalpanA ko svIkAra nahIM kare, lekina vaha jIvana evaM usake vividha koI kalpanA nahIM hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki pRthvI ke nIce rUpoM se iMkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| jIva-vijJAna kA AdhAra hI jIvana naraka va Upara svarga hai| Adhunika khagola vijJAna ke anusAra isa vizva ke astitva kI svIkRti para avasthita hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, aba meM asaMkhya saura maNDala haiM aura pratyeka saura maNDala meM aneka graha-nakSatra vaijJAnikoM ne atIndriya jJAna tathA punarjanma ke sandarbha meM bhI apanI va pRthviyAM haiN| asaMkhya sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra kI avadhAraNA jaina zodha yAtrA prArambha kara dI hai| vicAra sampreSaNa yA TelIpaithI kA siddhAnta paramparA meM bhI mAnya hai| yadyapi Aja taka vijJAna yaha siddha nahIM kara aba vaijJAnikoM kI ruci kA viSaya banatA jA rahA hai aura isa sambandha pAyA hai ki pRthvI ke atirikta kina graha-nakSatroM para jIvana pAyA jAtA meM huI khojoM ke pariNAma atIndriya-jJAna kI sambhAvanA ko puSTa karate hai, kintu usane isa saMbhAvanA se bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA ki isa brahmANDa haiN| isI prakAra punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM bhI aneka khojeM meM aneka aise graha-nakSatra ho sakate haiM jahA~ jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM haiN| huI haiN| aba aneka aise tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM, jinakI vyAkhyAeM ataH isa vizva meM jIvana kevala pRthvI para hai yaha bhI carama satya nahIM binA punarjanma evaM atIndriya jJAna-zakti ko svIkAra kiye binA hai| pRthvI ke atirikta kucha graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM ho sambhava nahIM haiN| aba vijJAna jIvana-dhArA kI nirantaratA aura usakI sakatI haiN| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki pRthvI kI apekSA kahIM jIvana adhika atIndriya zaktiyoM se aparicita nahIM hai, cAhe abhI vaha unakI sukhada evaM samRddha ho aura kahIM vaha vipanna aura kaSTakara sthiti meM ho| vaijJAnika vyAkhyAeM prastuta na kara pAyA ho| mAtra itanA hI nahIM aneka ataH cAhe svarga evaM naraka aura khagola evaM bhUgola sambandhI hamArI prANiyoM meM mAnava kI apekSA bhI aneka kSetroM meM itanI adhika aindrikaavadhAraNAoM para vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa prazna cihna lageM, jJAna sAmarthya hotI hai jisa para sAmAnya buddhi vizvAsa nahIM karatI hai, kintu isa pRthvI ke atirikta isa vizva meM kahIM bhI jIvana kI kintu use aba Adhunika vijJAna ne siddha kara diyA hai| ata: isa vizva saMbhAvanA nahI hai, yaha bAta to svayaM vaijJAnika bhI nahIM kahate haiN| pRthvI meM jIvana kA astitva hai aura vaha jIvana ananta zaktiyoM kA puMja haike atirikta brahmANDa ke anya graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI sambhAvanAoM isa tathya se aba vaijJAnikoM kA virodha nahIM hai| ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI prakArAntara se svarga evaM naraka kI jahA~ taka bhautika tattva ke astitva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai avadhAraNAyeM bhI sthAna pA jAtI haiN| ur3ana taztariyoM sambandhI jo bhI vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina-AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai| paramANu yA khojeM huI haiM, usase itanA to nizcita siddha hI hotA hai ki isa pRthvI pudgala kaNoM meM jisa anantazakti kA nirdeza jaina-AcAryoM ne kiyA ke atirikta anya graha-nakSatroM para bhI jIvana hai aura vaha pRthvI se thA vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahI hai| Adhunika apanA samparka banAne ke lie prayatnazIla bhI hai| ur3ana-taztariyoM ke vaijJAnika isa tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa prANiyoM kA yahA~ AnA va svarga se deva logoM kI Ane kI paramparAgata bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| vaise bhI bhautika kathA meM koI bahuta antara nahIM hai| ata: jo paraloka sambandhI avadhAraNA piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA aisI hai jisa para vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina upalabdha hotI hai vaha abhI pUrNatayA nirasta nahIM kI jA sakatI, ho vicArakoM meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jaataa| paramANuoM ke dvArA sakatA hai ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa hI eka dina punarjanma skandha (Molecule) kI racanA kA jaina siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, va lokottara jIvana kI kalpanAeM yathArtha siddha ho skeN| isakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, jaina paramparA meM loka ko SaDdravyamaya kahA gayA hai| ye vaha aba TUTa cukA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vijJAna ne jise SaDdravya nimna haiM - jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala evaM kaal| paramANu mAna liyA thA, vaha paramANu thA hI nahIM, vaha to skandha hI thaa| inameM se jIva (AtmA), dharma, adharma, AkAza va pudgala ye pA~ca kyoMki jainoM kI paramANu kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana astikAya kahe jAte haiN| inheM astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki nahIM ho sake, aisA bhautika tattva paramANu hai| isa prakAra Aja hama ye prasarita hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisakA AkAza meM vistAra hotA hai vaha dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai| astikAya kahalAtA hai| SaDdravyoM meM mAtra kAla ko anastikAya kahA jabaki jaina-darzana kA paramANu abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM gayA hai, kyoMki isakA prasAra bahuAyAmI na hokara eka rekhIya hai| yahA~ pAyA hai| vastuta: jaina darzana meM jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai use hama sarvaprathama to yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaDdravyoM kI jo Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma diyA hai aura ve Aja bhI usakI avadhAraNA hai vaha kisa sImA taka Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha saMgati khoja meM lage hue haiN| samakAlIna bhautikI-vidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA rakhatI hai| yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama aura antima ghaTaka hai, vahI kvArka SaDdravyoM meM sarvaprathama hama jIva ke sandarbha meM vicAra kreNge| hai| Aja bhI kvArka ko vyAkhyAyita karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho cAhe vijJAna AtmA kI svataMtra sattA ko svIkAra na karatA ho, kintu pAye haiN| vaha jIvana ke astitva se iMkAra bhI nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki jIvana kI Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane meM upasthiti eka anubhUta tathya hai| cAhe vijJAna eka amara AtmA kI kisa prakAra sahAyaka huA hai ki usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 tattvamImAMsA meM eka ora yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai-- vaha eka AkAza pradeza kahalAtA hai-- dUsare zabdoM meM mAnyatA yaha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai kintu dUsarI ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM asaMkhyAta pudgala paramANu samA sakate haiN| isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre pAsa nahIM thaa| lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha aise Thosa dravya hai jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga 8 sau Tana hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, ve vastutaH kitane pole haiN| ataH sUkSma avagAhana zakti ke kAraNa yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho jaayeN| dharma-dravya evaM adharma-dravya kI jaina avadhAraNA bhI Aja vaijJAnika sandarbha meM apanI vyAkhyAoM kI apekSAe~ rakhatI haiM jaina paramparA meM dharmAstikAya ko na kevala eka svatantra dravya mAnA gayA hai, apitu dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM jar3a va cetana kisI kI bhI gati saMbhava nahIM hogI -- aisA bhI mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina darzana meM dharmAstikAya ko amUrta dravya kahA gayA hai, kintu amUrta hote hue bhI yaha vizva kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| yadi vizva meM dharma dravya evaM adharma jinheM dUsare zabdoM meM hama gati va sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva kaha sakate haiM, na hoMge to vizva kA astitva hI sambhava nahIM hogaa| kyoMki jahA~ adharma - dravya vizva kI vastuoM kI sthiti ko sambhava banAtA hai aura pudgala piNDoM ko ananta AkAza meM bikharane se rokatA hai, vahIM dharma-dravya unakI gati ko sambhava banAtA hai| gati evaM sthati yahI vizva vyavasthA kA mUla AdhAra hai| "2 yadi vizva meM gati evaM sthiti saMbhava na ho, to vizva nahIM ho sakatA hai| gati ke niyamana ke liye sthiti evaM sthiti kI jar3atA ko tor3ane ke lie gati Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jar3a va cetana meM svayaM gati karane evaM sthita rahane kI kSamatA hai, kintu unakI yaha kSamatA kArya ke rUpa meM tabhI pariNata hogI jaba vizva meM gati aura sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva yA koI mAdhyama ho jaina darzana ke dharma dravya va adharmaM dravya ko Aja vijJAna kI bhASA meM Idhara evaM gurutvAkarSaNa kI zakti ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi dharma dravya nAma kI vastu hai to usake astitva ko kaise jAnA jAyegA ? vaijJAnikoM ne jo Izvara kI kalpanA kI hai use hama jaina dharma kI bhASA meM dharmadravya kahate haiM / vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra Ithara ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, to prazna uThatA hai ki prakAza kiraNoM ke yAtrA kA mAdhyama kyA hai? yadi prakAza kiraNeM yathArtha meM kiraNeM haiM to unakA parAvartana kisI mAdhyama se hI sambhava hogA aura jisameM ye prakAza kiraNeM parAvartita hotI haiM, vaha bhautika piNDa nahIM, apitu Ithara hI hai| yadi mAtra AkAza ho, kintu Ithara na ho to koI gati sambhava nahIM hogii| kisI bhI prakAra kI gati ke lie koI na koI mAdhyama Avazyaka hai| jaise machalI ko tairane ke lie 234 jl| isI gati ke mAdhyama ko vijJAna Ithara aura jaina darzana dharma dravya sAtha hI hama yaha bhI dekhate hai ki vizva meM kevala gati hI nahIM nahIM hai, apitu sthiti bhI hai| jisa prakAra gati kA niyAmaka tatva Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra se sthiti kA bhI niyAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai| vijJAna ise gurutvAkarSaNa ke nAma se jAnatA hai, jaina darzana use hI adharma dravya kahatA hai vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM adharma dravya ko vizva kI sthiti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, yadi adharma dravya na ho aura kevala ananta AkAza aura gati hI ho to samasta pudgala piNDa ananta AkAza meM chitara jAyeMge aura vizva vyavasthA samApta ho jaayegii| adharma dravya eka niyAmaka zakti hai jo eka sthira vizva ke lie Avazyaka hai| isake abhAva meM eka aisI avyavasthA hogI ki vizva vizva hI na raha jaayegaa| Aja jo AkAzIya piNDa apane-apane yAtrA patha meM avasthita rahate hai- jainoM ke anusAra usakA kAraNa adharmadravya hai, to vijJAna ke anusAra usakA kAraNa gurutvAkarSaNa hai| isI prakAra AkAza kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki AkAza ke abhAva meM anya dravya kisameM raheMge, jainoM ke anusAra AkAza mAtra eka zUnyatA nahIM, apitu vAstavikatA hai| kyoMki loka AkAza meM hI avasthita hai| ataH jainAcAyoM ne AkAza ke lokAkAza aura alokAkAza aise do bhAgoM kI kalpanA kii| loka jisameM avasthita hai vahI lokAkAza hai| isI ananta AkAza ke eka bhAga vizeSa arthAt lokAkAza meM avasthita hone ke kAraNa loka ko sImita kahA jAtA hai, kintu usakI yaha sImitatA AkAza kI anantatA kI apekSA se hI hai| vaise jaina AcAryoM ne loka kA parimANa 14 rAjU mAnA hai| jo ki vaijJAnikoM ke prakAzavarSa ke samAna eka prakAra kA mApa vizeSa hai| yaha loka nIce caur3A, madhya meM patalA punaH UparI bhAga ke madhya meM caur3A va anta meM patalA hai| isake AkAra kI tulanA kamara para hAtha rakhe khaDe hue puruSa ke AkAra se kI jAtI hai| isa loka ke adhobhAga meM sAta narakoM kI avasthiti mAnI gayI hai-- prathama naraka se Upara aura madhyaloka se nIce bIca meM bhavanapati devoM ke AvAsa haiM isa loka ke madhya bhAga meM manuSyoM evaM tiryaMcoM kA AvAsa hai| ise madhya loka yA tiryak-loka kahate haiM / tiryak-loka ke madhya meM meru parvata hai, usake Asa-pAsa kA samudra paryaMta bhU-bhAga jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha golAkAra hai / use valayAkAra lavaNa samudra ghere hue haiN| lavaNa samudra ko valayAkAra meM ghere hue dhAtakI khaNDa hai| usako valayAkAra meM ghere hue kAlodadhi nAmaka samudra hai| usako punaH valayAkAra meM ghere hue puSkara dvIpa hai| usake Age punaH valayAkAra meM puSkara samudra hai| inake pazcAt anukrama se eka ke bAda eka valayAkAra meM eka dUsare ko ghere hue asaMkhyAta dvIpa evaM samudra haiN| jJAtavya hai ki hindU paramparA meM mAtra sAta dvIpoM evaM samudroM kI kalpanA hai, jisakI jaina AgamoM meM AlocanA kI gaI hai| kintu jahA~ taka mAnava jAti kA prazna hai, vaha kevala jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI .

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jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna 235 khaNDa aura puSkarAvarta dvIpa ke ardhabhAga meM hI upalabdha hotI hai| usake jahA~ taka Adhunika khagola vijJAna kA prazna hai vaha bhI Age mAnava jAti kA abhAva hai| isa madhyaloka yA bhUloka se Upara aneka sUrya va candra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| phira bhI sUrya, AkAza meM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra va tAroM ke AvAsa yA vimAna haiN| candra Adi ke krama evaM mArga, unakA AkAra evaM unakI pArasparika yaha kSetra jyotiSika deva kSetra kahA jAtA hai| ye sabhI sUrya, candra, graha, dUrI Adi ke sambandha meM Adhunika khagola-vijJAna evaM jaina Agamika nakSatra, tAre Adi meruparvata ko kendra banAkara pradakSiNA karate haiN| isa kSetra mAnyatAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se antara dekhA jAtA hai| sUrya, candra, graha, ke Upara zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra kramaza: 12 athavA digambara matAnusAra nakSatra evaM tArA gaNa Adi kI avasthiti sambandhI mAnyatAoM ko lekara 16 svarga yA devaloka haiN| unake Upara kramaza: 9 graiveyaka aura pA~ca bhI jaina dharma darzana va Adhunika vijJAna meM mataikya nahIM hai| jahA~ anuttara vimAna haiN| loka ke UparI antima bhAga ko siddha kSetra yA Adhunika khagola vijJAna ke anusAra candramA pRthvI ke adhika nikaTa lokAgra kahate haiM, yahA~ siddhoM yA mukta AtmAoM kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi evaM sUrya dUrI para hai, vahA~ jaina jyotiSa zAstra meM sUrya ko nikaTa va sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM bhUloka ke nIce naraka yA pAtAla-loka aura candramA ko dUra batAyA gayA hai| jahA~ Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra Upara svarga kI kalpanA samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai, kintu unakI candramA kA AkAra sUrya kI apekSA choTA batAyA gayA vahA~ jaina paramparA saMkhyA Adi ke prazna para vibhinna paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| meM sUrya kI apekSA candramA ko bRhat AkAra mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra khagola evaM bhUgola kA jainoM kA yaha vivaraNa Adhunika vijJAna se avadhAraNAgata dRSTi se kucha nikaTatA hokara bhI donoM meM bhinnatA hI kitanA saMgata athavA asaMgata hai? yaha niSkarSa nikAla pAnA sahaja nahIM adhika dekhI jAtI hai| hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya zrI yazodevasUrijI ne saMgrahaNIratna-prakaraNa jo sthiti jaina khagola evaM Adhunika khagola vijJAna sambandhI kI bhUmikA meM vicAra kiyA hai| ata: isa sambandha meM adhika vistAra meM mAnyatAoM meM matabheda kI sthiti hai, vahIM sthiti prAya: jaina bhUgola aura na jAkara pAThakoM ko use AcArya zrI kI gujarAtI bhUmikA evaM hindI Adhunika bhUgola kI hai| isa bhUmaNDala para mAnava jAti ke astitva kI vyAkhyA meM dekha lene kI anuzaMsA karate haiN| dRSTi se DhAI dvIpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai-jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI khaNDa khagola-bhUgola sambandhI jaina avadhAraNA kA anya dharmoM kI aura pusskraardh| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM batAyA hai ki jaina mAnyatA ke avadhAraNAoM se evaM Adhunika vijJAna kI avadhAraNA se kyA sambandha anusAra madhyaloka ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai, jo ki golAkAra hai, usake hai, yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| isa sambandha meM hameM do prakAra ke Asa-pAsa usase dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA lavaNasamudra hai, phira lavaNasamudra paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| jahA~ vibhinna dharmoM meM sUrya, se dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA valayAkAra dhAtakI khaNDa hai| dhAtakI khaNDa candra, graha, nakSatra, tArA Adi ko deva ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, ke Age punaH kSIrasamudra hai jo kSetraphala meM jambUdvIpa se ATha guNA bar3A vahIM Adhunika vijJAna meM ve anantAkAza meM bikhare hue bhautika piNDa hai usake Age puna: valayAkAra meM puSkara dvIpa hai, jisake Adhe bhAga hI haiN| dharma unameM devatva kA AropaNa karatA hai, kintu vijJAna unheM mAtra meM manuSyoM kA nivAsa hai| isa prakAra eka dUsare se dviguNita kSetraphala eka bhautika saMracanA mAnatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kA vAle asaMkhya dvIpa-samudra valayAkAra meM avasthita hai| yadi hama jaina eka samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki jinheM hama bhUgola kI ar3hAI dvIpa kI isa kalpanA ko Adhunika bhUgola kI dRSTi sUrya, candra Adi mAnate haiM vaha unake vimAnoM se nikalane vAlA prakAza se samajhane kA prayatna kareM to hama kaha sakate haiM ki Aja bhI sthala rUpa hai, ye vimAna sUrya, candra Adi devoM ke AvAsIya sthala haiM, jinameM usa meM eka se jur3e hue aphrIkA, yUropa va eziyA, jo kisI samaya eka nAma vAle devagaNa nivAsa karate haiN| dUsare se saTe hue the, milakara jambUdvIpa kI kalpanA ko sAkAra karate isa prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne sUrya-vimAna, candra-vimAna Adi hai| jJAtavya hai ki kisI prAcIna jamAne meM pazcima meM vartamAna aphrIkA ko bhautika saMracanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura una vimAnoM meM aura pUrva meM jAvA, sumAtrA evaM AsTreliyA Adi eziyA mahAdvIpa se nivAsa karane vAloM ko deva btaayaa| isakA phalita yaha hai ki jaina saTe hue the, jo golAkAra mahAdvIpa kI racanA karate the| yahI golAkAra vicAraka vaijJAnika dRSTi to rakhate the, kintu paramparAgata dhArmika mAnyatAoM mahAdvIpa jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| usake cAroM ora ke samadra ko bhI ThukarAnA nahIM cAhate the| isIlie unhoMne donoM avadhAraNAoM ko ghere hue uttarI amerikA va dakSiNI amerikA kI sthiti AtI hai| ke bIca eka samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi hama pRthvI ko sapATa mAnakara isa avadhAraNA para vicAra kareM to jaina jyotiSazAstra kI vizeSatA hai ki vaha bhI vaijJAnikoM ke uttara-dakSiNa amerikA milakara isa jambUdvIpa ko valayAkAra rUpa meM samAna isa brahmANDa meM asaMkhya sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra va tArAgaNoM kA ghere hue pratIta hote haiN| isI prakAra ArkaTikA ko hama puSkArArdha ke rUpa astitva mAnatA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jaMbUdvIpa meM do sUrya aura do meM kalpita kara sakate haiN| isa prakAra moTe rUpa se ar3hAI dvIpa kI jo candramA haiM, lavaNa samudra meM cAra sUrya va cAra candramA haiN| dhAtakI khaNDa kalpanA hai, yaha siddha to ho jAtI hai, phira bhI jainoM ne jambUdvIpa Adi meM ATha sUrya va ATha candramA haiN| isa prakAra pratyeka dvIpa va samudra meM meM jo airAvata, mahAvideha kSetroM Adi kI kalpanA kI hai vaha Adhunika sUrya va candroM kI saMkhyA dviguNita hotI jAtI hai| bhUgola se adhika saMgata nahIM baiThatI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki prAcIna

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 236 bhUgola jo jaina, bauddha va hinduoM meM lagabhaga samAna rahA hai, usakI bharatakSetra kitanA lambA caur3A hai, meru parvata kI UMcAI kyA hai? sUrya va sAmAnya nirIkSaNoM ke AdhAra para hI kalpanA kI gaI thI, phira bhI use candra kI gati kyA hai? unameM Upara kauna hai Adi? aise aneka prazna pUrNataH asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| haiM jinakA dharma va sAdhanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| hama dekhate haiM ki na Aja hameM yaha siddha karanA hai ki vijJAna dhArmika AsthAoM kevala jaina-paramparA meM apitu bauddha va brAhmaNa-paramparA meM bhI ye mAnyatAyeM kA saMhAraka nahIM poSaka bhI ho sakatA hai| Aja yaha dAyitva una samAna rUpa se pracalita rahI haiN| eka tathya aura hameM samajha lenA hogA vaijJAnikoM kA evaM una dhArmikoM kA hai, jo vijJAna va dharma ko paraspara vaha yaha ki tIrthaMkara yA Apta puruSa kevala hamAre baMdhana va mukti ke virodhI mAna baiThe haiM, unheM yaha dikhAnA hogA ki vijJAna va dharma eka siddhAntoM ko prastuta karate haiN| ve manuSya kI naitika kamiyoM ko iMgita dUsare ke saMhAraka nahIM, apitu poSaka haiN| yaha satya hai ki dharma aura karake vaha mArga batAte haiM jisase naitika kamajoriyoM para yA vAramAmaya darzana ke kSetra meM kucha aisI avadhAraNAeM haiM jo vaijJAnika jJAna ke kAraNa jIvana para vijaya pAyI jA ske| unake upadezoM kA mukhya saMbaMdha vyakti dhvasta ho cukI haiM, lekina isa sambandha meM hameM cintita hone kI ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa, sadAcAra tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti va AvazyakatA nahIM hai| prathama to hameM yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki dharma saha astitva ke mUlyoM para bala dene ke lie hotA hai| ataH sarvajJa ke kA sambandha kevala mAnavIya jIvana mUlyoM se hai, khagola ke ve tathya jo nAma para kahI jAne vAlI sabhI mAnyatAyeM sarvajJapraNIta haiM, aisA nahIM hai| Aja vaijJAnika avadhAraNA ke virodha meM haiM, unakA dharma va darzana se koI kAlakrama meM aisI aneka mAnyatAeM AyI jinheM bAda meM sarvajJa praNIta sIdhA saMbaMdha nahI hai| ata: unake avaijJAnika siddha hone para bhI dharma kahA gyaa| jaina dharma meM khagola va bhUgola kI mAnyatAyeM bhI kisI aMza avaijJAnika siddha nahIM hotaa| hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki dharma ke meM isI prakAra kI haiN| punaH vijJAna kabhI apanI aMtimatA kA dAvA nahIM nAma para jo aneka mAnyatAyeM Aropita kara dI gayI haiM ve saba dharma kA karatA hai ata: kala taka jo avaijJAnika kahA jAtA thA, vaha navIna anivArya aMga nahIM hai| aneka tathya aise haiM jo kevala loka vyavahAra vaijJAnika khojoM se satya siddha ho sakatA hai| Aja na to vijJAna se ke kAraNa dharma se jur3a gaye haiN| bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na use nakArane kii| AvazyakatA Aja unake yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| hai vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke rizte ke sahI mUlyAMkana kii| bhaya

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caturthakhaNDa nIti darzana aura AcAra zAstra lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina saMpAdaka pro0 sudarzanalAla jaina DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina

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jaina nIti-darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra naitika-darzana kA pramukha kArya jIvana ke sAdhya kA nirdhAraNa kara aprabhAvita hai| saccA jIvana to jAgRti hai, apramatta cetanA hai| usa sandarbha meM hamAre AcaraNa kA mUlyAGkana karanA hai| naitika-darzana jaina-darzana ise hI jIva yA AtmA kA svarUpa kahatA hai| aura manovijJAna donoM ke adhyayana kI viSaya-vastu prANIya-vyavahAra hai| manovijJAna kA kArya vyavahAra kI tathyAtmaka prakRti kA adhyayana cetanA ke tIna pakSa aura jaina-darzana hai tathA naitika darzana kA kArya vyavahAra ke Adarza (sAdhya) kA nirdhAraNa manovaijJAnikoM ne cetanA kA vizleSaNa kara usake tIna pakSa mAne evaM vyavahAra kA mUlyAGkana hai, kintu Adarza kA nirdhAraNa tathyoM kI haiM- jJAna, anubhUti aura sngklp| cetanA ko apane ina tIna pakSoM avahelanA karake nahIM ho sakatA hai| hameM kyA honA cAhie? yaha bahuta se bhinna kahIM dekhA nahIM jA sakatA hai| cetanA ina tIna prakriyAoM kucha isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama kyA haiM? hamArI kSamatAe~ ke rUpa meM hI abhivyakta hotI hai| cetana-jIva jJAna, anubhUti aura kyA haiM? aisA sAdhya yA Adarza jise upalabdha karane kI kSamatAe~ hamameM saGkalpa kI kSamatAoM ke vikAsa ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina na hoM, eka chalanA hI hogaa| jaina-darzana ne isa manovaijJAnika tathya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM cetanA ke ye tInoM pakSa naitika Adarza evaM naitika ko adhika gambhIratA se samajhA hai aura apane naitika darzana ko Thosa sAdhanA-mArga se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana meM manovaijJAnika nIMva para khar3A kiyA hai| cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para hI naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana kA Adarza mokSa hai aura mokSa ananta catuSTaya naitika sAdhaka (Moral Agent) kA svarUpa arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti jaina-darzana meM hameM mAnava-prakRti evaM prANIya-prakRti kA gahana kI upalabdhi hai| vastuta: mokSa cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA vizleSaNa prApta hotA hai| jaba mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA thA ki AtmA kA dyotaka hai| jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta jJAna evaM kyA hai? aura AtmA kA sAdhya yA Adarza kyA hai? taba mahAvIra ananta darzana meM, jIvana ke bhAvAtmaka yA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ne isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA thA vaha Aja bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ananta saukhya meM aura saGkalpanAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta zakti se satya hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- AtmA samatva rUpa hai aura samatva meM mAnI gayI hai| jaina naitika sAdhanA patha bhI cetanA ke inhIM tIna hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| vastuta: jahA~-jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, cetanA hai, tattvoM- jJAna, bhAva aura saGkalpa ke sAtha samyak vizeSaNa kA prayoga vahA~-vahA~ samatva-saMsthApana ke anavarata prayAsa cala rahe haiN| parivezajanya karake nirmita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna se samyak jJAna, bhAva se samyak viSamatAoM ko dUrakara samatva ke lie prayAsazIla bane rahanA yaha jIvana darzana aura saGkalpa se samyakcAritra kA nirmANa huA hai| isa prakAra yA cetanA kA mUla svabhAva hai| zArIrika evaM mAnasika stara para samatva jaina-darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA patha tInoM para manovaijJAnika kA saMsthApana hI jIvana kA lakSya hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM dRSTi se vicAra huA hai| jIvana gatizIla santulana hai'| spensara mAnatA hai ki pariveza meM nihita tathya hamAre santulana ko bhaGga karate rahate haiM aura jIvana apanI naitika jIvana kA sAdhyaH samatva kA saMsthApana kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA puna: isa santulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hamAre naitika AcaraNa kA lakSya kyA hai? yaha prazna manovijJAna hai| yaha santulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai| aura naitika darzana donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina-darzana meM vikAsavAdiyoM ne ise hI astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahA hai, kintu merI ise mokSa kahakara abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai, kintu yadi hama jaina-darzana apanI dRSTi meM ise astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahane kI apekSA samatva ke anusAra mokSa kA vizleSaNa kareM to mokSa 'vItarAgatA kI avasthA ve saMsthApana kA prayAsa kahanA hI adhika ucita hai| samatva kA hai aura vItarAgatA 'cetanA ke pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai| isa prakAra saMsthApana evaM samAyojana kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa lakSaNa jaina-darzana meM samatva ko hI naitika jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| hai| samAyojana aura saMtulana ke prayAsa kI upasthiti hI jIvana hai aura yaha bAta manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratI hai| saMgharSa nahIM, apitu usakA abhAva mRtyu hai| mRtyu anya kucha nahIM, mAtra zArIrika stara samatva hI mAnavIya jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hI para santulana banAne kI isa prakriyA kA asaphala hokara TUTa jAnA hai| hamArA svabhAva hai aura jo svabhAva hai, vahI Adarza hai| svabhAva se adhyAtmazAstra ke anusAra jIvana na to janma hai aura na mRtyu| prathama bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| spensara, DArvina, mArksa prabhRti usakA eka zarIra meM prArambha bindu hai to dUsarA usake abhAva kI udghoSaNA kucha vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiM, lekina yaha karane vAlA tthy| jIvana donoM se Upara hai janma aura mRtyu to eka eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA svabhAva zarIra meM usake Agamana aura cale jAne kI sUcanAe~ bhara haiM, vaha unase vaha hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana ke

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238 jaina vidyA ke anusAra nitva aura nirapavAda vastu-dharma hI svabhAva hai| yadi hama isa kasauTI para kase to saMgharSa jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotA hai| dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya kA svabhAva saMgharSa hai, mAnavIya itihAsa varga saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai, saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai| kintu yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai to phira indvAtmaka bhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhatA hai? saMgharSa miTAne ke lie hotA hai| jo miTAne kI yA nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, use svabhAva kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| 'saMgharSa' yadi mAnava itihAsa kA eka tathya hai to vaha usake doSoM kA, usake vibhAva kA itihAsa hai, usake svabhAva kA nhiiN| mAnava svabhAva saMgharSa nahIM, apitu saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI avasthA hai, kyoMki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie hote rahe haiM saccA mAnava itihAsa saMgharSa kI kahAnI nahIM, saMgharSo ke nirAkaraNa kI kahAnI hai| saMgharSa athavA asamatva se jIvana meM vicalana pAe jAte haiM lekina ve jIvana kA svabhAva nahIM haiM, kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unake samApta karane kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai| samatva kI upalabdhi hI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvana kA sAdhya hai samatva zubha hai aura viSamatA azubha hai| kAmanA, Asakti, rAga-dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI jIvana kI viSamatA, asantulana evaM tanAva kI avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiM, ataH jaina darzana meM inheM azubha mAnA gayA hai| isake viparIta vAsanA-zUnya, vitarka zUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta, vItarAga avasthA hI naitika hai, zubha hai, vahI jIvana kA Adarza hai, kyoMki vaha samatva kI sthiti hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra samatva eka AdhyAtmika santulana hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hamAre cetanA ke samatva ko bhaGga karatI haiN| ataH unase Upara uThakara vItarAgatA kI avasthA ko prApta kara lenA hI sacce samatva kI avasthA hai| vastuta samatva kI upalabdhi jaina darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM kI dRSTi se mAnava jIvana kA sAdhya mAnI jA sakatI hai| - naitika jIvana kA sAdhyaH AtmapUrNatA jaina darzana ke anusAra mokSa AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA bhI hai| pUrNa - samatva ke lie AtmapUrNatA bhI Avazyaka hai, kyoMki apUrNatA yA abhAva bhI eka mAnasika tanAva hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM hamAre sampUrNa prayAsa hamArI cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM ke vikAsa ke nimitta hote haiN| hamArI cetanA sadaiva isa dizA meM prayatnazIla hotI hai ki vaha apane ina tInoM pakSoM kI deza kAlagata sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara sake vyakti apanI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka kSamatA kI pUrNatA cAhatA hai / yaha manovaijJAnika satya hai ki manuSya apanI sImitatA aura apUrNatA se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai| vastutaH mAnava mana kI isa svAbhAvika icchA kI pUrti hI jaina darzana meM mokSa ke pratyaya ke rUpa meM abhivyakta huI hai| sImitatA aura apUrNatA, jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai hamArI cetanA meM jo apUrNatA AyAma khaNDa 6 kA bodha hai, vaha svayaM hI hamAre meM nihita pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa bhI hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale kA kathana hai ki cetanA ananta hai, kyoMki vaha anubhava karatI hai ki usakI kSamatAe~ sAnta evaM sImita haiN| lekina sImA yA apUrNatA ko jAnane ke lie asIma evaM pUrNa kA bodha bhI Avazyaka hai jaba hamArI cetanA yaha jJAna rakhatI hai ki vaha sAnta, sImita evaM apUrNa hai, to usakA yaha sImita hone kA jJAna svayaM use isa sImA ke pare le jAtA hai| isa prakAra breDale sva meM nihita pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa karate haiN|" AtmA pUrNa hai arthAt ananta catuSTaya se yukta hai, yaha bAta jaina darzana ke eka vidyArthI ke lie navIna nahIM hai| vastutaH jaina darzana ke anusAra pUrNatA hamArI kSamatA hai, yogyatA nahIM pUrNatA ke prakAza meM hI hameM apanI apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai, yaha apUrNatA kA bodha pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa avazya hai, lekina pUrNatA kI upalabdhi nhiiN| jaina darzana kI dRSTi se jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa kA ananta jJAna, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAnA hI AtmapUrNatA hai Atma zaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa evaM unakI pUrNa abhivyakti meM hI AtmapUrNatA hai aura yahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM AtmapUrNatA kA naitika sAMdhya bhI mAnavIya cetanA ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa para AdhArita hai| sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA kA pArasparika sambandha jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| samayasAra TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandra sUri likhate haiM ki para-dravya kA parihAra aura zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai|' AcArya hemacandra sAdhya aura sAdhyaka meM abheda batAte hue likhate haiM ki kaSAyoM aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karane vAlA AtmA hI mokSa hai|" adhyAtmatatvAloka meM muni nyAyavijayajI likhate haiM ki AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmA hI mokSa hai jahA~ taka AtmA kaSAya aura indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hai, saMsAra hai aura unako hI jaba apane vazIbhUta kara letA hai, mokSa kahA jAtA hai|' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana kA naitika sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM hI AtmA hai| donoM meM maulika antara yahI hai ki AtmA jaba taka viSaya aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hotA hai taba taka bandhana meM hotA hai aura jaba una para vijaya lAbha kara letA hai taba vahI mukta bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI viSaya-vAsanAoM ke mala se yukta avasthA hI usakA bandhana kahI jAtI hai aura Atma-tatva kI vizuddha avasthA hI mukti kahI jAtI hai| Asakti ko bandhana aura anAsakti ko mukti mAnanA eka manovaijJAnika satya hai| " jaina AcAra- darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM meM antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hI sAdhaka avasthA hai aura AtmA kI svabhAva avasthA hI siddhAvasthA hai| jaina naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya athavA Adarza koI bAhya tattva nahIM, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI nija rUpa hai| usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM varan usake andara hI hai| .

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jaina nIti-darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 239 sAdhaka ko use pAnA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki pAyA to vaha jAtA hai, jo kara letI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jo sAdhaka cetanA kA svarUpa vyakti ke apane meM na ho athavA apane se bAhya ho| naitika sAdhya hai vahI samyak banakara sAdhanA-patha bana jAtA hai aura usI kI pUrNatA bAhya-upalabdhi nahIM Antarika-upalabdhi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to sAdhya hotI hai| vaha nija-guNoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| yahA~ bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmA ke nija guNa yA sva-lakSaNa to sadaiva hI usameM jaina-darzana meM mAnavIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva upasthita haiM, sAdhaka ko kevala unheM prakaTita karanA hai| hamArI kSamatAe~ jaina-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa ye do karmabIja mAne gae haiM, kintu sAdhaka avasthA aura siddha avasthA meM vahI haiN| sAdhaka aura siddha inameM bhI rAga hI pramukha hai| AcArAGga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki Asakti avasthA meM antara kSamatAoM kA hI nahIM, varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM hI karma kA preraka tattva hai| jaina-darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM meM badala dene kA hai| jaise bIja hI vRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita hotA hI isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki mAnavIya vyavahAra kA mUlabhUta preraka hai vaise hI muktAvasthA meM AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTita tattva vAsanA yA kAma hai| phira bhI jaina-darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna ho jAte haiN| sAdhaka AtmA ke jJAna, bhAva (anubhUti), aura saGkalpa donoM meM vAsanA ke mUlabhUta prakAra kitane haiM? isa sambandha meM koI ke tattva hI mokSa kI avasthA meM ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta nizcita saMkhyA nahIM milatI hai| pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM jahA~ phrAyaDa saukhya aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| vaha AtmA, kAma yA rAga ko hI ekamAtra mUla preraka mAnate haiM, vahA~ dUsare vicArakoM jo kaSAya rUpa rAga-dveSa se yukta hai aura inase yukta hone ke kAraNa ne mUlabhUta prerakoM kI saMkhyA sau taka mAna lI hai phira bhI pAzcAtya baddha, sImita aura apUrNa hai, vahI apane meM nihita ananta jJAna, ananta manovijJAna meM sAmAnyatayA 14 nimna mUla pravRttiyA~ mAnI gayI haiMsaukhya aura ananta zakti ko prakaTa kara mukta evaM pUrNa bana jAtA hai| 1. palAyanavRtti (bhaya), 2. ghRNA, 3. jijJAsA, 4. AkrAmakatA (krodha), upAdhyAya amara munijI kahate haiM ki jaina sAdhanA meM sva meM sva ko 5. Atma-gaurava (mAna), 6. AtmahInatA, 7. mAtRtva kI saMpreraNA, upalabdha karanA hai, nija meM nija kI zodha karanA hai, apane meM pUrNarUpeNa 8. samUha bhAvanA, 9. saMgrahavRtti, 10. racanAtmakatA, 11. bhojanAnveSaNa ramaNa karanA hai-AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA 12. kAma, 13. zaraNAgati aura 14. hAsya (aamod)| nahIM hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA meM tAttvika dRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM eka hI haiN| paryAyArthika dRSTi yA vyavahAranaya jaina-darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa se unameM bheda mAnA gayA hai| AtmA kI svabhAva-paryAya yA svabhAva-dazA jahA~ taka jaina-vicAraNA kA prazna hai usameM bhI hameM inakI saMkhyA sAdhya hai aura AtmA kI vibhAva-paryAya kI avasthA hI sAdhaka hai, ke sambandha meM ekarUpatA nahIM milatI hai| jainAgamoM meM cetanAparaka zabda aura vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora AnA yahI sAdhanA hai| jIva apanI saMjJA (saNNA) vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| vibhAva-paryAya meM AtmA hai, svabhAva paryAya meM paramAtmA hai aura vibhAva saMjJA zArIrika AvazyakatAoM evaM bhAvoM kI mAnasika cetanA hai, jo se svabhAva kI ora jAne kI avasthA meM mahAtmA hai| paravartI vyavahAra kI preraka banatI hai| kisI sImA taka jaina-darzana ke saMjJA zabda ko mUlapravRtti kA samAnArthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM 'sAdhanA patha aura sAdhya meM saMjJA kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai, jinameM nimna jisa prakAra sAdhaka aura sAdhya meM abheda mAnA gayA hai, usI tIna vargIkaraNa pramukha haiM - prakAra sAdhanA mArga aura sAdhya meM bhI abheda hai| jIvAtmA apane jJAna, (a) caturvidha vargIkaraNa-1. AhAra saMjJA, 2. bhaya saMjJA, anubhUti aura saGkalpa ke rUpa meM sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai, usake yahI 3. parigraha saMjJA aura 4. maithuna sNjnyaa| jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA- (ba) dazavidha vargIkaraNa-1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, patha bana jAte haiM, vahI jaba apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara lete haiM to 4. maithuna, 5. krodha, 6. mAna, 7. mAyA, 8. lobha aura 10 ogh|10 siddhi bana jAte haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, (sa) SoDazavidha vargIkaraNa-1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa yaha sAdhanA patha hai aura jaba samyak 4. maithuna, 5. sukha, 6. du:kha, 7. moha, 8. vicikitsA, 9. krodha, jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa, ananta jJAna, 10. mAna, 11. mAyA, 12. lobha, 13. zoka, 14. loka, ananta zakti arthAt ananta catuSTaya kI upalabdhi kara lete haiM to yahI 15. dharma aura 16. ogh| avasthA siddhi bana jAtI hai| AtmA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa samyak jJAna uparyukta vargIkaraNoM meM prathama vargIkaraNa kevala zArIrika prerakoM kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta jJAna ko prakaTa kara letA hai, AtmA kA kA vivecana prastuta karatA hai, jabaki antima vargIkaraNa meM zArIrika anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa samyak-darzana kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta darzana ke sAtha bauddhika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika prerakoM kA bhI samAveza ho kI upalabdhi kara letA hai) AtmA kA saGkalpAtmaka samyak cAritra kI jAtA hai| dUsare evaM tIsare vargIkaraNa meM krodhAdi kucha kaSAyoM ko bhI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta saukhya kI upalabdhi kara letA hai aura AtmA saMjJA ke vargIkaraNa meM samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai| saMjJA aura kaSAya kI kriyAzakti samyak tapa kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta zakti ko upalabdha meM antara ThIka usI AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai jisa AdhAra para

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lie hotA hai, isalie jala kA niyA 240 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM mUlapravRtti aura usake saMlagna saMvega meM kiyA yaha zakya nahIM hai ki A~khoM ke sAmane Ane vAlA acchA yA burA jAtA hai| krodha kI saMjJA krodha kaSAya se ThIka usI prakAra bhinna hai rUpa na dekhA jAe, ata: rUpa kA nahIM, apitu rUpa ke prati jAgrata jisa prakAra AkrAmakatA kI mUla pravRtti se krodha kA saMvega bhinna hai| hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM ki nAsikA phira bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jaina-darzana kI saMjJA evaM ke samakSa AyA huA sugandha sUMghane meM na Ae, ata: gandha kA nahIM, manovijJAna kI mUla pravRttiyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bahuta kucha samarUpatA / kintu gandha ke prati jagane vAlI rAga-dveSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA pAyI jAtI hai| caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki jIbha para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM na Ae, ata: rasa kA nahIM, kintu rasa ke prati jagane , jaina-darzana kA sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra Adhunika manovijJAna hameM yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sukha sadaiva ke samparka se hone vAle acche yA bure sparza kI anubhUti na ho, ata: anukUla isalie hotA hai, ki usakA jIvanazakti ko banAe rakhane sparza kA nahIM, kintu sparza ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga kI dRSTi se daihika mUlya hai aura duHkha isalie pratikUla hotA hai ki karanA caahie| 13 jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki indriyoM ke manojJa athavA vaha jIvana-zakti kA hrAsa karatA hai| yahI sukha-du:kha kA niyama amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa banate samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka hai| jaina-dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra haiM, vItarAgI (anAsakta) ke lie ve rAga-dveSa kA karaNa nahIM hote haiN| ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate ye viSaya, rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, haiN|12 anukUla ke prati AkarSaNa aura pratikUla ke prati vikarSaNa, yaha vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| indriya-svabhAva hai| anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla kAma-bhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI ko mukta viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai, kyoMki sukha anukUla hI kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa aura duHkha pratikUla hotA hai, isalie prANI sukha ko prApta karanA se vikRta hotA hai|14 cAhatA hai aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hai| vastuta: vAsanA hI apane jaina-darzana ke anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga aupazamika nahIM vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le varan kSAyika hai| aupazamika-mArga kA artha vAsanAoM kA damana hai| letI hai jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI aupazamika mArga hai| Adhunika kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkh| isa manovaijJAnika kI bhASA meM yaha damana kA mArga hai| jabaki kSAyika-mArga prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra vAsanAoM ke nirasana kA mArga hai, vaha vAsanAoM se Upara uThAtA hai| kA niyamana karane lagate haiN| kintu jaina-darzana meM bhautika sukhoM se yaha damana nahIM apitu citta-vizuddhi hai| damana to mAnasika gandagI bhinna eka AdhyAtmika sukha bhI mAnA gayA hai, jo vAsanA-kSaya se upalabdha ___ ko DhakanA mAtra hai aura jaina-darzana isa prakAra ke damana ko svIkAra hotA hai| nahIM krtaa| jaina-dArzanikoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA hai ki vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane vAlA sAdhaka vikAsa damana kA pratyaya aura jaina-darzana kI agrima kakSAoM se anivAryatayA padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA jaina-darzana meM indriya-saMyama para kAphI bala diyA gayA hai| lekina ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka upazama yA damana ke AdhAra para naitika prazna yaha hai ki kyA indriya-nirodha sambhava hai? Adhunika manovijJAna evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke lakSya ke atyadhika kI dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asvAbhAvika tathya hai| nikaTa pahu~cakara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| unakI pAribhASika zabdAvalI A~kha ke samakSa jaba usakA viSaya prastuta hotA hai to vaha usake meM aisA sAdhaka 11veM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara vahA~ se aisA patita saundarya-darzana se vaJcita nahIM raha sktii| bhojana karate samaya svAda hotA hai ki puna: nimnatama prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ata: yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana bhI Adhunika manovijJAna ke ki indriya-damana ke sambandha meM jaina-darzana.kA dRSTikoNa kyA Adhunika samAna hI damana ko sAdhanA kA saccA mArga nahIM mAnatA hai| unake manovijJAnika dRSTikoNa se sahamata hai? jaina-darzana isa prazna kA uttara anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM apitu unake dete hue yahI kahatA hai ki indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM Upara uTha jAnA hai| vaha indriya-nigraha nahIM apitu aindrika anubhUtiyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM, varan viSaya-sevana ke mUlya meM bhI mana kI vItarAgatA yA samatva kI avasthA hai| meM jo nihita rAga-dveSa hai use samApta karanA hai| isa sambandha meM jainAgama isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana apanI vivecanAoM meM AcArAGga sUtra meM jo manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para khar3A huA hai| usake kaSAya-siddhAnta aura vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zakya nahIM ki lezyA-siddhAnta bhI usakI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ke paricAyaka haiN| yahA~ kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAe~, ata: zabdoM una sabakI gaharAiyoM meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| ata: hama kevala unakA kA nahIM zabdoM ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha nAma-nirdeza mAtra karake hI virAma karanA caaheNge|

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sandarbha: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. naitika pratimAna: eka yA aneka ? AyAe sAmAie AyA sAmAissa aTThe / bhagavatIsUtra DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, dillI, pRSTha 259 / harbarTa spensara, pharsTa prinsapalsa, vATsa eNDa ko0, chaThA saMskaraNa laMdana, pRSTha 66 / C.D. Board, Five Types of Ethical Theories, p. 16. F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, Oxford University Publication, Chapter II. sAmAnyatayA eka vicArazIla prANI ke nAte manuSya ko svayaM apane aura dUsare vyaktiyoM ke caritra evaM vyavahAra kI ucitatA tathA anucitatA ke sambandha meM athavA mAnava jIvana ke kisI sAdhya ke zubhatva aura azubhatva ke bAre meM nirNaya lene hote haiN| yugoM se manuSya isa prakAra ke nirNaya letA rahA hai ki amuka zubha hai aura amuka azubha hai| yaha karanA ucita hai aura yaha karanA anucita hai| phira bhI mAnava jIvana ke sAdhya evaM AcaraNa ke sambandha meM liye jAne vAle ina nirNayoM ko lekara manuSyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai / eka hI prakAra ke AcaraNa ko kisI eka deza, kAla evaM sabhyatA meM ucita ThaharAyA jAtA hai to dUsare meM anucita mAtra yahI nahIM, eka vyakti jise acchA (zubha) kahatA hai, dUsarA vyakti usI AcAra-vyavahAra ko burA (azubha) kahatA hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki naitikatA-sambandha ina nirNayoM kI vividhatA kA kyA kAraNa hai-- vastutaH manuSyoM kI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, mApadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vividhatA hI naitika nirNayoM kI isa bhinnatA kA kAraNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaba bhI hama naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM to hamAre sAmane nIti sambandhI koI mApadaNDa, pratimAna yA mAnaka (Moral Standard) avazya hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para hama kisI vyakti ke caritra, AcaraNa athavA karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana (Moral Valuation) karate haiN| vibhinna deza kaoNla, samAja aura saMskRtiyoM meM ye naitika mApadaNDa yA pratimAna alaga-alaga rahe haiM aura samaya-samaya para inameM parivartana hotA rahA hai prAcIna grIka saMskRti meM jahA~ sAhasa aura nyAya ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAtA thA, vahIM paravartI IsAI saMskRti meM sahanazIlatA aura tyAga ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAne lgaa| yaha eka vAstavikatA hai ki naitika pratimAna yA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa aneka rahe haiM tathA vibhinna vyakti aura vibhinna samAja alaga-alaga naitika pratimAnoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM eka hI vyakti apane 6. 7. samayasAra TIkA, gAthA 305 / yogazAstra, 4/5 / adhyAtmatattvAloka 4/6 / 8. 9. AcArAGga, 1/3/2 / 10. samavAyAGga 4-5, prajJApanA pada 8 / 11. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR0 301 12. AcArAGga, 1/2/3/81 / 13. AcArAGga, 2/3/15/101-105 / 14. uttarAdhyayana 32/100, 101 / naitika pratimAna : eka yA aneka ? 241 hI jIvana meM do bhinna bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika pratimAnoM kA upayoga karatA hai| naitika pratimAna ke isa prazna para na kevala jana sAdhAraNa meM apitu nItivettAoM meM bhI gaharA matabheda hai| naitika pratimAnoM (Moral Standards) kI isa vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA ko lekara aneka prazna upasthita hote haiM kyA aise sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna sambhava hai jinheM sArvalaukika aura sArvakAlIna mAnyatA prApta ho? yadyapi aneka nItivettAoM ne apane naitika pratimAna kA sArvalaukika, sArvakAlIna evaM sArvajanIna siddha karane kA dAvA avazya kiyA hai, kintu jaba ve hI Apasa meM eka mata nahIM haiM, to phira unake isa dAve ko kaise mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai? nItizAstra ke itihAsa meM niyamavAdI siddhAntoM meM kabIle ke bAhyaniyamoM kI avadhAraNA se lekara antarAtmA ke Adeza taka, tathA sAdhyavAdI paramparA meM sthUla svArthamUlaka sukhavAda se prArambha karake buddhivAda, pUrNatAvAda aura mUlyavAda taka aneka naitika pratimAna prastuta kiye gaye haiN| yadi hama naitika mUlyAGkana kA AdhAra naitika AvegoM (Moral Sentiments) ko svIkAra karate haiM, to naitika mUlyAGkana sambhava hI nahIM hogA, unameM vividhatA svAbhAvika hai| naitika AvegoM kI isa vividhatA ko samakAlIna vicAraka eDavarDa vesTaramArka ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra isa vividhatA kA kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke pariveza, dharma aura vizvAsoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI bhitratA hai jo vicAraka karma ke naitika aucitya evaM anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke liye vidhAnavAdI pratimAna apanAte haiM aura jAti, samAja, rAjya yA dharma ke dvArA prastuta vidhi - niSedha (yaha karo aura yaha mata karo) kI niyamAvaliyoM ko naitika pratimAna svIkAra karate haiM, unameM bhI prathama to isa prazna ko lekara hI matabheda hai ki jAti (samAja) rAjyazAsana aura dharmagranthoM dvArA prastuta aneka niyamAvaliyoM meM se kise svIkAra kiyA jAve ? punaH pratyeka jAti, rAjya aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta ye niyamAvaliyA~ bhI alaga-alaga .

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242 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haiN| isa prakAra bAhya-vidhAnavAda naitika-pratimAna kA koI eka siddhAnta jaave| isa sandarbha meM sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA vivAda to suprasiddha prastuta kara pAne meM asamartha hai| samakAlIna anumodanAtmaka siddhAnta hI hai| jahA~ sukhavAda manuSya ke anubhUtyAtmaka (vAsanAtmaka) pakSa kI (Approvative Theories) bhI jo naitika pratimAna ko vaiyaktika saMtuSTi ko mAnava jIvana kA sAdhya ghoSita karatA hai vahA~ buddhivAda ruci-sApekSa athavA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika anumodana para nirbhara mAnate bhAvanA-nirapekSa buddhi ke AdezoM ke paripAlana meM hI naitika kartavyoM haiM kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna de pAne kA dAvA karane meM asamartha kI pUrNatA ko dekhatA hai| isa prakAra sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke naitika haiN| vyaktiyoM kA ruci-vaividhya aura samAjika AdarzoM meM pAyI jAne pratimAna eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa donoM kI mUlyavAlI bhinnatAe~ suspaSTa hI haiN| dhArmika anuzaMsA bhI alaga-alaga hotI dRSTi hI bhinna hai, eka bhogavAda kA samarthaka hai to dUsarA vairAgyavAda haiM; eka dharma jina karmoM kA anumodana karatA hai aura unheM naitika ThaharAtA kaa| mAtra yahI nahIM sukhavAdI vicAraka ko kauna sA sukha sAdhyA hai? hai, dUsarA dharma unhIM karmoM ko niSiddha aura anaitika ThaharAtA hai| isa prazna para eka mata nahIM haiN| koI vaiyaktika sukha ko sAdhya batAtA vaidikadharma aura islAma jahA~ pazubali ko vaidha mAnate haiM vahI jainadharma hai to koI saSTi ke sukha ko athavA adhikatama logoM ke adhikatama aura bauddhadharma unheM anaitika aura avaidha mAnate haiN| niSkarSa yahI hai sukha ko| puna: yaha sukha aindrika sukha ho yA mAnasika sukha ho athavA ki ve sabhI siddhAnta kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna kA dAvA AdhyAtmika Ananda ho; isa prazna para bhI matabheda haiN| vairAgyavAdI paramparAe~ karane meM asamartha haiM, jo naitikatA kI kasauTI vaiyaktika ruci, sAmAjika bhI sukha ko sAdhya mAnatI haiM, kintu ve jisa sukha kI bAta karatI anumodana athavA dharmazAstra kI anuzaMsA ko mAnate haiN| haiM vaha sukha vastugata nhiiN| vaha icchA, Asakti yA tRSNA ke samApta antaHprajJAvAda athavA sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to antarAtmA ke hone para cetanA kI nirdvandva, tanAvarahita samAdhipUrNa avasthA hai| isa anumodana kA siddhAnta bhI kisI eka naitika pratimAna ko de pAne prakAra sukha ko sAdhya mAnane ke prazna para unameM Ama-sahamati hote hue meM asamartha hai| yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNaya bhI unake naitika pratimAna bhinna-bhinna hI hoMge, kyoMki sukha kI prakRti sarala, sahaja aura aparokSa hote haiM, phira bhI anubhava yahI batAtA hai bhinna-bhinna hai| ki antarAtmA ke nirNayoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| prathama yadyapi pUrNatAvAda Atmopalabdhi ko sAdhya mAnakara sukhavAda aura to svayaM antaHprajJAvAdI hI isa sambandha meM ekamata nahIM haiM ki isa buddhivAda ke bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayatna avazya karatA hai, kintu antaHprajJA kI prakRti kyA hai- bauddhika yA bhaavnaaprk| puna: yaha vaha isa prayAsa meM saphala huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| puna: mAnanA ki sabhI kI antarAtmA eka sI hai, ThIka nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bhI kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna ko prastuta kara sakatA antarAtmA kI prakRti aura usake nirNaya bhI hamAre saMskAroM para AdhArita hai, yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hai, kyoki vyaktiyoM ke hita na kevala bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| pazubali ke sambandha meM una logoM kI antarAtmA ke nirNaya, haiM, apitu paraspara virodhI bhI haiN| rogI kA kalyANa aura DAkTara kA jinake dharmoM meM bali vaidha mAnI gaI hai, unase kisI vaiSNava evaM jaina kalyANa eka nahIM hai| zramika kA kalyANa usake svAmI ke kalyANa parivAra meM saMskArita vyakti kI antarAtmA ke nirNaya eka samAna nahIM se pRthak hI hai| kisI sArvabhauma zubha (Universal Good) kI bAta hovo antarAtmA koI sarala tathya nahIM hai, jaisA ki antaHprajJAvAda mAnatA kitanI hI AkarSaka kyoM ho, vaha bhrAnti hI hai| sArvabhauma zubha hai apitu vaha vivekAtmaka cetanA ke vikAsa, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika (Universal good) aura vaiyaktika hitoM ke yoga ke atirikta saMskAroM tathA parivezajanya tathyoM ke dvArA nirmita eka jaTila racanA kisI sAmAnya hita (Common Good) kI kalpanA, mAtra amUrta kalpanA hai aura ye tInoM bAteM hamArI antarAtmA ko aura usake nirNayoM ko hai| na kevala vyaktiyoM ke hita yA zubha alaga-alaga hoMge apitu prabhAvita karatI haiN| do bhinna-paristhitiyoM meM eka hI vyakti ke hita bhI pRthaka-pRthaka hoNge| isI prakAra sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta bhI kisI sArvabhauma naitika eka hI vyakti do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM meM dAna dene vAlA ora dAna mAnadaNDa kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate haiN| sarvaprathama to unameM isa prazna lene vAlA donoM ho sakatA hai, kintu kyA donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA ko lekara hI matabheda hai ki mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya kyA ho sakatA hita samAna hogA? samAja meM eka kA hita dUsare ke hita kA bAdhaka hai? mAnavatAvAdI vicAraka jo mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa ko hI naitikatA ho sakatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM hamArA eka hita hamAre hI dUsare hita kI kasauTI mAnate haiM, isa bAta para Apasa meM sahamata nahIM haiM ki meM bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| rasanendriya yA yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi kA AtmacetanatA, vivekazIlatA aura saMyama meM kise sarvocca mAnavIya zubha aura svAsthya sambandhI zubha bhI sahabhAgI ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM guNa mAnA jaave| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdiyoM meM jahA~ vAranaraphiTe hai| vastuta: yaha dhAraNA ki 'manuSya yA manuSyoM kA koI sAmAnya zubha AtmacetanA ko pramukha mAnate haiM vahA~ sI0bI0garneTa aura isrAyala hai' apane ApameM ayathArtha hai| jise hama sAmAnya zubha kahanA cAhate levina-vivekazIlatA ko tathA iraviMga babiTa AtmasaMyama ko pramukha haiM vaha vibhinna zubhoM kA eka aisA skandha hai jisameM na kevala bhinna-bhinna naitika guNa mAnate haiN| punaH sAdhyavAdI paramparA ke sAmane yaha prazna bhI zubhoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA hai apitu ve eka dUsare ke virodha meM bhI mahattvapUrNa rahA hai ki mAnavIya cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka khar3e hue haiN| zubha eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura unameM pArasparika virodha aura saGkalpAtmaka pakSa meM se kisakI saMtuSTi ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA bhI hai| kyA AtmajJAna aura AtmatyAga ke bIca koI virodha nahIM hai?

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naitika-pratimAna : eka yA aneka? 243 yadi pUrNatAvAdI nimna-AtmA (Lower Self) ke tyAga ke dvArA uccAtmA hita eka nahIM, aneka hoMge aura jaba manuSya ke zubha yA hita (Good) (Higher Self) ke lAbha kI bAta kahate haiM, to ve svayaM hI jIvana hI vividha haiM to phira naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hoNge| kisI parama ke ina donoM pakSoM meM virodha ko svIkAra karate haiN| puna: nimnAtmA bhI zubha (Ultimate Reality) ke prasaGga meM cAhe sahI bhI ho kintu mAnavIya hamArI AtmA hai aura yadi hama usake niSedha kI bAta svIkAra karate astitva ke prasaGga meM sahI nahIM hai| hameM manuSya ko manuSya mAnakara haiM to hameM pUrNatAvAda ke siddhAnta ko chor3akara prakArAntara se buddhivAda calanA hogA, devatA yA Izvara mAnakara nahIM, aura eka manuSya ke rUpa yA vairAgyavAda ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| isI prakAra vaiyaktika AtmA meM usake hita yA sAdhya vividha hI hoNge| sAtha hI hitoM yA sAdhyoM aura sAmAjika AtmA kA athavA svArtha aura parArtha kA antarvirodha kI yaha vividhatA naitika pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko hI sUcita kregii| bhI samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isIlie mUlyavAda kisI eka mUlya punaH naitika pratimAna kA AdhAra vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi yA mUlyadRSTi kI bAta na kahakara 'mUlyoM' yA vizva-mUlyoM kI bAta karatA hai| mUlyoM hogI kintu yaha mUlyadRSTi yA jIvanadRSTi vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, ke vipulatA ke isa siddhAnta meM naitika pratimAna kI vividhatA svAbhAvika saMskAra evaM paryAvaraNa ke AdhAra para hI nirmita hotI hai| vyaktiyoM hI hogI kyoMki pratyeka mUlya kA mUlyAGkana kisI dRSTivizeSa ke AdhAra ke bauddhika vikAsa, paryAvaraNa aura saMskAroM meM bhinnatAyeM svAbhAvika para hI hogaa| cUMki manuSyoM kI jIvanadRSTiyA~ yA mUlyadRSTiyA~ vividha hai, ata: unakI mUlyadRSTiyA~ alaga-alaga hoMgI aura yadi mUlyadRSTiyA~ haiM, ata: una para AdhArita naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNge| punaH bhinna-bhinna hoMgI to naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hoNge| yaha eka AnubhAvika mUlyavAda meM bhI mUlyoM ke tAratamya ko lekara sadaiva hI vivAda rahA tathya hai ki vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para eka hI ghaTanA kA naitika hai| eka dRSTi se jo sarvocca mUlya lagatA hai, vahI dUsarI dRSTi se mUlyAGkana alaga-alaga hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM parivAra niyojana nimna mUlya ho sakatA hai| cU~ki manuSya kI jIvanadRSTi yA mUlyadRSTi kI dhAraNA, janasaMkhyA ke bAhulyavAle dezoM kI dRSTi se cAhe anucita kA nirmANa bhI svayaM usake saMskAroM evaM parivezajanya tathyoM se prabhAvita ho, kintu alpa janasaMkhyA vAle dezoM evaM jAtiyoM kI dRSTi se ucita hotA hai| ataH mUlyavAda naitika pratimAna ke sandarbha meM vividhatA kI hogii| 'rASTravAda' apanI jAti-asmitA kI dRSTi se cAhe acchA ho dhAraNA ko hI puSTa karatA hai| kintu sampUrNa mAnavatA kI dRSTi se anucita hai| hama bhAratIya hI eka isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki naitika-pratimAna (Moral standard) ora jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda ko kosate haiM to dUsarI ora bhAratIyatA ke prazna para na kevala vividha dRSTikoNoM se vicAra huA hai apitu naitika ke nAma para apane ko gauravAnvita anubhava karate haiN| kyA hama yahA~ pratimAna kA pratyeka siddhAnta svayaM bhI itane antarvirodhoM se yukta hai dohare mApadaNDa kA upayoga nahIM karate haiM? svatantratA kI bAta ko hI ki vaha kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika mApadaNDa yA naitika pratimAna ko leN| kyA svatantratA aura sAmAjika-anuzAsana sahagAmI hokara cala prastuta karane kA dAvA karane meM asamartha hai| Aja bhI isa sambandha sakate haiM? ApAtakAla ko hI lIjiye, vaiyaktika svatantratA ke hanana meM kisI sarvamAnya siddhAnta kA abhAva hI hai| kI dRSTi se yA naukarazAhI ke hAvI hone kI dRSTi se hama usakI AlocanA vastuta: naitika mAnadaNDoM kI yaha vividhatA svAbhAvika hI hai| jo kara sakate haiM kintu anuzAsana banAye rakhane aura arAjakatA ko samApta loga kisI eka sarvamAnya naitika pratimAna kI bAta karate haiM ve kalpanAloka karane kI dRSTi se use ucita ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: ucitatA meM hI vicaraNa karate haiN| naitika pratimAnoM kI isa svAbhAvika vividhatA ke aura anucitatA kA mUlyAGkana kisI eka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para kaI kAraNa haiN| sarvaprathama to naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA yaha prazna manuSya nahIM hokara vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, jo eka apekSA ke sandarbha meM hai aura usa manuSya ke sandarbha meM hai jisakI prakRti hI se naitika ho sakatA hai vahI dUsarI apekSA se anucita ho sakatA hai, bahuAyAmI (Multi-dimentional) aura antarvirodhoM se paripUrNa hai| jo eka vyakti ke liye ucita hai vahI dUsare ke liye anucita ho manuSya kevala cetanA sattA nahIM hai, apitu cetanA yukta zarIra hai- sakatA hai| eka sthUla zarIravAle vyakti ke liye snigdha padArthoM kA puna: vaha nirA ekAkI vyakti bhI nahIM hai, apitu samAja meM jIne vAlA sevana anucita hai, kintu kRzakAya vyakti ke liye ucita hai| ata: vyakti hai| usake astitva meM vAsanA aura viveka tathA vaiyaktikatA aura hama kaha sakate haiM ki naitika mUlyAGkana ke vividha dRSTikoNa haiM aura samAjikatA ke tattva samAhita haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hai ki ina vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha naitika pratimAna banate vAsanA aura viveka meM tathA vyakti aura samAja meM svabhAvata: saGgati haiM, jo eka hI ghaTanA kA alaga-alaga naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiN| (Harmony) nahIM hai| ve svabhAvata: eka dUsare ke virodha meM haiN| isa prakAra naitika mUlyAGkana paristhiti-sApekSa evaM dRSTi-sApekSa manovaijJAnika bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki 'iDa' (vAsanAtattva) aura 'supara igo' mUlyAGkana hai, ata: unakI sArvabhauma satyatA kA dAvA karanA bhI vyartha (Adarza tattva) mAnavIya cetanA ke samakSa pratipakSI ke rUpa meM hI upasthita hai| kisI dRSTi-vizeSa yA apekSA-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI ve satya hote haiN| punaH unameM samarpaNa aura zAsana kI do virodhI mUlapravRttiyA~ hote haiN| eka sAtha kAma karatI haiN| vaha eka ora apanI asmitA ko bacAye saMkSepa meM, sabhI naitika pratimAna mUlyadRSTi sApekSa haiM aura mUlyadRSTi rakhanA cAhatA hai to dUsarI ora apane vyaktitva ko vyApaka bhI banAnA svayaM vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra, sAMskRtika pariveza, cAhatA hai| aisI bahuAyAmI evaM avirodhoM se yukta sattA kA zubha yA sAmAjika cetanA evaM bhautika paryAvaraNa para nirbhara karatI hai| cUMki

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244 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika yadi param zubha ina bhinna-bhinna mAnavIya zubhoM ko apane meM antarnihita evaM bhautika paryAvaraNa kI vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA hai| ataH karegA to vaha bhI naitika pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karegA naitika pratimAnoM meM vividhatA yA anekatA svabhAvika hI hai| aura yadi vaha ina mAnavIya zubhoM se pRthak hogA to nItizAstra ke vaiyaktika zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika pratimAna aura sAmAjika lie vyartha hI hogaa| kyoMki nItizAstra kA pUrA sandarbha mAnava kA zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika pratimAna bhinna hogaa| isI prakAra vAsanA saMdarbha hai| naitika pratimAna kA prazna tabhI taka mahattvapUrNa hai jaba taka para AdhArita naitika pratimAna, viveka para AdhArita naitika pratimAna manuSya, manuSya ke stara se Upara uThakara devatva ko prApta kara letA se alaga hogaa| rASTravAdI vyakti kI naitika kasauTI antarrASTrIyatA hai yA manuSya ke stara se nIce utara kara pazu bana jAtA hai, to usake / ' samarthaka yA mAnavatAvAdI vyakti kI naitika kasauTI se pRthak hogii| liye naitikatA yA anaitikatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai aura pU~jIvAda aura sAmyavAda ke naitika mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna hI rheNge| ata: aise vAstavika manuSya ke liye naitika pratimAna aneka hI hoNge| kyoMki hameM naitika mAnadaNDoM meM anekatA ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| kucha loga usakA astitva bahuAyAmI aura antarvirodhoM se yukta hai| isa prakAra yahA~ param zubha kI AvadhAraNA ke AdhAra para eka naitika pratimAna naitika pratimAnoM ke sandarbha meM anaikAntika dRSTikoNa hI samyak hogaa| kA dAvA kara sakate haiN| kintu unakA yaha parama zubha yA to ina vibhinna hamArI isa sthApanA ko yadi koI nAma denA ho to hama ise naitika zubhoM yA hitoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA yA inase pRthak hogaa| pratimAnoM kA 'anekAntavAda' kaha sakate haiN| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna prAcIna kAla se hI kyA nIti kI mUlyavattA para vaisA prazna-cihna lagAyA jA sakatA dArzanika cintana kA viSaya rahA hai, kintu Aja jaba parivartana kI hai? kyA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA havA tejI se baha rahI hai aura parivartana ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI ke samAna hai, jinheM jaba cAheM taba aura jaisA cAheM vaisA badalA jA mUlyavattA para hI prazna cinha lagAyA jA rahA hai, taba yaha prazna adhika sakatA hai? Aiye, jarA praznoM para thor3I gambhIra carcA kreN| gambhIra cintana kI apekSA karatA hai| sarvaprathama to Aja jisa parivartanazIlatA athavA gatyAtmakatA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA para vicAra karate samaya sabase kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM naitikatA ke mUlya hone pahale hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA hogA ki ukta parivartanazIlatA se meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? kucha loga parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM nIti vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti se lete haiN| Aja jaba naitika mUlyoM ko kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya-parivartana mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana sAMvegika abhivyakti yA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana evaM ruci aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAyeM Aja use korI laga rahI haiM aura kA paryAya mAnA jA rahA ho, taba parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM unakI inheM tor3a-pheMkane meM hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA mUlyavattA ko nakAranA hI hogaa| Aja nIti kI mUlyavattA svayaM apane ke nAma para vaha atantratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai| artha kI talAza kara rahI hai| yadi naitika pratyaya arthahIna hai, yadi kintu yaha saba mUlya vibhrama yA mUlya-viparyaya hI hai jisake kAraNa ve mAtra pratyayAbhAsa (Pseudo-concepts) haiM, to phira unakI parivartanazIlatA naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| kA bhI koI vizeSa artha nahIM raha jaataa| kyoMki yadi naitika mUlyoM yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-saMkramaNa yA mUlyAntaraNa kA yathArtha evaM vastugata astitva hI nahIM hai, yadi ye mAtra manokalpanAyeM mUlyaniSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya haiM to unake parivartana kA Thosa AdhAra bhI nahIM hogaa| dUsare, jaba hama hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura zubha evaM azubha athavA aucitya evaM anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko vaiyaktika nIti-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM paritarvana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kinta evaM sAmAjika anumodana yA pasandagI kiMvA nApasandagI ke rUpa meM mAnava-itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai jaba svayaM nIti kI dekhate haiM, to unakI parivartanazIlatA kA artha phaizana kI parivartanazIlatA mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho| vastuta: naitika mUlyoM kI se adhika nahIM raha jAtA hai| parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai jo banA rahatA hai aura

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naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA 245 vaha hai, svayaM nIti kI muulyvttaa| naitika mUlyoM kI viSaya-vastu badalatI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhitatva rahatI hai, kintu unakA AkAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kA pratiphala hai, vaha vicAra kI dena hai, svabhAva kI nhiiN| yahI kAraNa kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM jo apanI mUlyavattA ko bhI nahIM khote, mAtra hai ki vaha samAja kA aura sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA sarjaka bhI hai aura unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiN| saMhAraka bhI, vaha unheM svIkAra bhI karatA hai aura unakI avahelanA Aja svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ke niSedha kI bAta do dizAoM bhI karatA hai; ata: vaha samAja se Upara bhI hai| beDale kA kathana hai se khar3I huI hai- eka ora bhautikavAdI aura sAmyavAdI darzanoM ke ki yadi manuSya sAmAjika nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, kintu dvArA aura dUsarI ora vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke dvaaraa| yaha kahA jAtA hai yadi vaha kevala sAmAjika hai to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra kI manuSyatA usake atisAmAjika evaM naitika prANI hone meM hai| ata: karatA hai; kintu isa sambandha meM svayaM lenina kA vaktavya draSTavya hai| manuSya ke lie nIti kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti asambhava hai| yadi ve kahate haiM ki prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nItizAstra hama parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI nahIM hai; bahudhA madhya vittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nItizAstra asvIkAra kareMge to vaha mAnavIya saMskRti kA hI avamUlyana hogaa| kA khaNDana karate haiM kintu unakA yaha tarIkA vicArakoM ko bhraSTa karanA avamUlyana hI nahIM, usakI itizrI bhI hogii| hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~khoM meM dhUla jhauMkanA hai| hama unakA punazca, naitika pratyayoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci-sApekSa khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM se nItizAstra ko AvirbhUta mAnate mAnane para bhI, na to svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta kiyA jA hai| hama kahate haiM yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM ke maStiSkoM sakatA hai aura na naitika mUlyoM ko phaizanoM ke samAna parivartanazIla ko pU~jIpatiyoM tathA bhUpatiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlanA mAnA jA sakatA hai yadi naitika pratyaya sAMvegika abhivyakti haiM to hai, hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nItizAstra sarvahArA varga ke varga-saMgharSa ke prazna yaha hai ki naitika AvegoM kA dUsare sAmAnya AvegoM ke antara hitoM ke adhIna hai: jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko kA AdhAra kyA hai? vaha kauna-sA tattva hai jo naitika Avega ko dUsare saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai, AvegoM se alaga karatA hai? yaha to sunizcita satya hai ki naitika zeSa saba anIti hai| isa prakAra sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA Avega dUsare AvegoM se bhinna haiN| dAyitva-bodha kA Avega, anyAya mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha ke prati Akroza kA Avega aura krodha kA Avega, ye tInoM bhinna-bhinna nahIM karatA; vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa staroM ke Avega haiM aura jo cetanA inakI bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai, kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika-samatA kI saMsthApaka hai; jo pIr3ita vahI naitika mUlyoM kI draSTA bhI hai| naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra kiye aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika-nyAya binA hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AvegoM kA antara nahIM kara skte| kI sthApanA karatI hai| yadi isakA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai, to phira pasandagI yA nAsandagI vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai? kyoM hama caurya-karma ko nApasanda kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM? naitika bhAvoM kI yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAn-sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sakatI hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogaa| vastutaH nIti kA hai| mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura yA mana kI taraMga (Whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM (Subjective) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jinake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA jo hamArI mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogaa| yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai, to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI Adarza, siddhAnta, dRSTiyA~ yA mUlya-bodha haiM, jo hapArI pasandagI yA dRSTi hai| yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ gaThita yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai to nIti kA koI artha nahIM hotI haiN| mAnavIya ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA Akasmika evaM prAkRtika (Natural) nahIM hai| jo tattva inako banAte jA sakatA hai? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA haiM, unameM naitika mUlya bhI haiN| pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA hai to vaha pUrI taraha prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita hotA hai aura nizcaya bhI nahIM haiM, apitu vyakti ke mUlya-saMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hI usake lie nIti kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu Aja hotI haiN| vastuta: mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai; manuSya mUlyoM kA manuSya pUrNata: prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita nahIM hai, vaha to prAkRtika kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ata: isa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para svayaM nIti niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kI avahelanA karatA hai, ata: pazu bhI nahIM kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dusare, yadi hama hai| usakI sAmAjikatA bhI usake svabhAva se nisRta nahIM hai, jaisI aucitya evaM anaucitya kA AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate

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246 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nhiiN| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kintu naitika mUlya isa prakAra nahIM badalate haiN| grIka naitika mUlyoM kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya hai? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA? kA IsAiyata ke dvArA tathA bhAratIya vaidika yuga ke mUlyoM kA aupaniSadika sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara nIti kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra evaM jaina-bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke dvArA AMzika rUpa se mUlyAMtaraNa avazya kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke huA, kintu zramaNa-saMskRti tathA IsAiyata dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM kA nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para prazna-cinha nahIM lagAyA jA ina do hajAra varSoM meM bhI mUlyAMtaraNa nahIM ho sakA hai| Aja jisa sktaa| naitika mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI AmUla parivartana kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai yA jina naye mUlyoM ke parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArAne meM sUjana kI apekSA kI jA rahI hai, vaha bhI ina pUrvavartI mUlya-dhArAoM nahIM hai| ke hI kinhIM mUlyoM kI pradhAna rUpa se svIkRti yA mUlya-samanvaya yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI naitika mUlyoM se adhika kucha nahIM hai| mUlya-vizva meM AmUla parivartana yA nirapekSa kA sRjaka nahIM hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA parivartana sambhava nahIM hotaa| naitika mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM jisa prakAra avihita mAna sakatA hai kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA kA parivartana hotA hai vaha eka sApekSa aura sImita prakAra kA parivartana naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote hai| isameM do prakAra ke parivartana parilakSita hote haiN| paritarvana kA eka hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM koI naitika mUlya viveka ke vikAsa ke mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali ___ sAtha vyApaka artha grahaNa karatA jAtA hai tathA usake purAne artha anaitika yA muslima samAja meM bahu patnI-prathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI aura naye artha naitika mAne jAne lagate haiM, jaisA ki ahiMsA aura ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA, kabhI vihita rahA thaa| aneka dezoM meM parArtha ke pratyayoM ke sAtha huA hai| eka samaya meM ina pratyayoM kA vezyA-vRtti, sama-laiMgikatA, madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika artha-vistAra parijanoM, svajAtiyoM evaM svadharmiyoM taka sImita thaa| Aja hai, kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai? nagnatA ko yA zAsanatantra vaha svarASTra taka vikasita hotA huA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM prANI kI AlocanA ko avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jagata taka apanA vistAra pA rahA hai| AtmIya parijanoM jAti-bandhuoM isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA karanA evaM svadharmI bandhuoM kA hita-sAdhana karanA kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA anaitika nahIM kahA jA skegaa| mAnavoM ke samudAya vizeSa ke dvArA jAtA thA, kintu Aja hama use bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda evaM kisI karma ko vihita yA vaidhAnika mAna lene mAtra se vaha naitika nahIM sampradAyavAda kahakara anaitika mAnate haiN| Aja rASTrIya hita sAdhana naitika ho jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai lekina naitika kabhI nhiiN| mAnA jAtA hai, kintu Ane vAle kala meM yaha bhI anaitika mAnA naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai| jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke pratyaya ke sAtha ghaTita huI hai| vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai| samAja kisI karma Adima kabIloM meM parijanoM kI hiMsA hI hiMsA mAnI jAtI thI, Age ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nhiiN| calakara manuSya kI hiMsA ko hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA; vaidika dharma evaM puna: naitika mUlyoM kI paritarvanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA yahUdI dharma hI nahIM, IsAI dharma bhI ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko mAnava jAti ke samAna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika mUlya mAtra ruci-sApekSa na hokara se adhika artha vistAra nahIM de pAyA, kintu vaiSNava paramparA meM ahiMsA svayaM ruciyoM ke sRjaka bhI haiN| ataH jisa prakAra ruciyA~ yA tadjanita kA pratyaya prANI jagata taka aura jaina paramparA meM vanaspati-jagata taka phaizana badalate haiM, vaise naitika mUlya nahIM badalate haiN| phaizana jitanI apanA artha-vistAra pA gyaa| isa prakAra naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA tejI se badalate rahate haiM, utanI tejI se kabhI bhI naitika mUlya nahIM kA eka artha mUlyoM ke arthoM kA vistAra yA saMkoca bhI hai| isameM bdlte| yaha sahI hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM mUlabhUta pratyaya kI mUlyavattA banI rahatI hai, kevala usake artha vistAra ke AdhAra para parivartana hotA hai, kintu phira bhI unameM eka sthAI tattva yA saMkoca grahaNa karate jAte haiN| narabali, pazubali yA vidharmI kI hotA hai| ahiMsA, nyAya, Atma-tyAga, saMyama Adi aneka naitika hatyA, hiMsA hai yA nahIM? isa prazna ke uttara bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM, mUlya aise haiM, jinakI mUlyavattA sabhI dezoM evaM kAloM meM samAna rUpa kintu isase ahiMsA kI mUlyavattA aprabhAvita hai| daNDa ke siddhAnta se svIkRta rahI hai| yadyapi inameM apavAda mAne gaye haiM, kintu apavAda aura daNDa ke niyama badala sakate haiM, kintu isase nyAya kI mUlyavattA kI svIkRti inakI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM hokara, vaiyaktika asamarthatA samApta nahIM hotii| yauna naitikatA evaM anaitikatA ke sandarbha meM bhI athavA paristhiti vizeSa meM unakI siddhi kI vivazatA kI hI sUcaka isI prakAra kA artha-vistAra yA artha-saMkoca huA hai| isakI eka haiN| apavAda to apavAda hai, vaha mUla niyama kA niSedha nahIM hai| isa ati yaha rahI ki para-puruSa kA darzana bhI pApa mAnA gayA to dUsarI prakAra kucha naitika mUlya avazya hI aise haiM jo sArvabhauma aura ora svacchanda yauna sambandhoM ko bhI vihita mAnA gyaa| kintu ina donoM aparivartanIya hai| sAtha hI naitika mUlyoM kA parivartana phaizanoM ke parivartana atiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI pati-patnI sambaMdha meM prema, niSThA evaM tyAga kI apekSA kahIM adhika sthAyitva liye hue hotA hai| phaizana eka dazAbda ke tattvoM kI anivAryatA sarvamAnya rahI tathA brahmacarya kI mUlyavattA se dUsare dazAbda meM hI nahIM, apitu dina pratidina badalate rahate hai; para koI prazna cihna nahIM lagAyA gyaa|

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naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM kisI mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA, kintu unakA padakrama badalatA rahatA hai; arthAt mUlyoM kA nirmUlpIkaraNa nahIM hotA, apitu unakA sthAna saMkramaNa hotA hai kisI yuga meM jo naitika guNa pramukha mAne jAte rahe haiM, ve dUsare yuga meM gauNa ho sakate haiM; aura jo mUlya gauNa the ve pramukha ho sakate haiN| ucca mUlya nimna sthAna para tathA nimna mUlya ucca sthAna para yA sAdhya yA mUlya sAdhana sthAna para tathA sAdhana-mUlya sAdhya sthAna para A jA sakate haiN| kabhI nyAya kA mUlya pramukha aura ahiMsA kA mUlya gauNa thA; nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA ko vihita mAnA jAtA thA; kintu jaba ahiMsA kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA to anyAya ko sahana karanA bhI vihita mAnA jAne lgaa| grIka mUlyoM ke sthAna para IsAIyata ke mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM aisA hI parivartana huaa| Aja sAmyavAdI darzana sAmAjika nyAya ke hetu khUnI krAnti kI upAdeyatA kI svIkRti ke dvArA punaH ahiMsA ke sthAna para nyAya ko hI pramukha mUlya ke pada para sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki grIka sabhyatA meM yA sAmyavAdI darzana meM ahiMsA pUrNatayA nirmUlya hai, IsAiyata meM nyAya kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| mAtra hotA yaha hai ki yuga kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa mUlya-vizva ke kucha mUlya ubharakara pramukha bana jAte haiM, aura dUsare unake paripArzva meM cale jAte haiM sAmyavAda aura prajAtaMtra ke rAjanaitika darzanoM kA virodha, mUlya-virodha nahIM, mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA virodha hai sAmyavAda ke lie roTI aura sAmAjika nyAya pradhAna mUlya haiM aura svatantratA gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki prajAtantra meM svatantratA pradhAna mUlya hai aura roTI gauNa hai| Aja svacchanda yaunAcAra kA samarthana bhI saMyama ke sthAna para svatantratA (atantratA) ko hI pradhAna mUlya mAnane ke eka ativAdI dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma hai sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA mUlya- vivAda bhI aisA hI hai, na to sukhavAda buddhi tattva ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai aura na buddhivAda sukha ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai| mAtra itanA hI hai ki sukhavAda meM sukhapradhAna mUlya hai aura buddhi gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki buddhivAda meM viveka pradhAna mUlya hai aura sukha gauNa mUlya hai| isa prakAra mUlya parivartana kA artha unake tAratamya meM parivartana hai, jo ki eka prakAra kA sApekSita parivartana hI hai kabhI-kabhI mUlya viparyaya ko hI mUlya parivartana mAnane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUlya-viparyaya mUlya-parivartana nahIM hai| mUlya viparyaya meM hama apanI cAritrika durbalatAoM ko jo ki vAstava mUlya hai hI nahIM mUlya mAna lete haiM-- jaise svacchanda yaunAcAra ko naitika mAna lenaa| dUsare yadi 'kAma' kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para kAmukatA tathA roTI kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para svAda- lolupatA yA peTUpana kA samarthana kiyA jAye, to yaha mUlya parivartana nahIM hogA, mUlya viparyaya yA mUlyAbhAsa hI hogaa| kyoMki 'kAma' yA 'roTI' mUlya ho sakate haiM kintu 'kAmukatA' yA 'svAda lolupatA' kisI bhI sthiti meM mUlya nahIM ho sakate haiN| isI saMdarbha meM eka tIsare prakAra kA mUlya parivartana parilakSita hotA hai| jisameM mUlya-vizva ke hI kucha mUlya apanI 247 AnuSaMgikatA ke kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita ho jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to naitika jagata ke pramukha mUlya yA niyAmaka mUlya bana jAte haiN| artha aura kAma aise hI mUlya haiM jo svarUpaH naitika mUlya nahIM haiM phira bhI naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita hokara usakA niyamana aura krama - nirdhAraNa bhI karate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki jo eka paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya ho, vaha dUsarI paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya na ho, kintu isase unakI mUlyavatA samApta nahIM ho jAtI hai| pAristhitika yA sApekSa mUlya dUsare mUlyoM ke niSedhaka nahIM hote haiN| do paraspara virodhI mUlya bhI apanI-apanI paristhiti meM apanI mUlyavattA ko banAye rakha sakate haiN| ve donoM mUlya apane-apane dRSTikoNa se apanI apanI mUlyavattA rakhate haiN| eka dRSTi se jo mUlya lagatA hai| vaha dUsarI dRSTi se nirmUlya ho sakatA hai, kintu apanI dRSTi yA apekSA se to vaha mUlyavAn banA rahatA hai lekina yaha bAta pAristhitika mUlyoM ke sambandha meM hI adhika satya lagatI hai| mUlya parivartana ke AdhAra vastutaH mUlyoM ke tAratamya yA uccAvaca krama meM yaha parivartana daizika aura kAlika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA hai / manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai-- anye kRta- yuge dharmAstratAyAM dvApare pare / anye kaliyuge nRNAM yuga- hrAsAnurUpataH / / " yuga ke hAsa ke anurUpa satya, tretA, dvApara aura kaliyuga ke dharma alaga-alaga hote haiM / kintu yugAnurUpa mUlya - parivartana kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki pUrvamUlya nirmUlya haiM, apitu itanA hI hai ki vartamAna paristhiti meM unakI vaha mUlyavattA yA pradhAnatA nahIM raha gaI hai jo ki usa paristhiti meM thI ataH paristhitiyoM ke parivartana se hone vAlA mUlya parivartana eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hogaa| yaha sahI hai ki manuSya ko jisa vizva meM jIvana jInA hai vaha paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM hai| daizika evaM kAlika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana hamAre mUlyabodha ko prabhAvita karate haiM, kintu isameM mAtra yahI hotA hai ki koI mUlya pradhAna dikhAI detA hai aura dUsare paripArzva meM cale jAte haiN| daizika aura kAlika parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki jo karma eka deza aura kAla meM vihita ho, vahI dUsare deza aura kAla meM avihita ho jAve / aSTaka - prakaraNa meM kahA gayA hai utpadyate hi sA'vasthA dezakAlobhayAn prati / yasyAmakArya kArya syAt karma kArya ca varjayet // daizika aura kAlika sthitiyoM ke parivartana se aisI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM kArya akArya kI koTi meM aura akArya kArya kI koTi meM A jAtA hai| kintu yaha avasthA sAmAnya avasthA nahIM, apitu koI viziSTa avasthA hotI hai jise ApavAdika avasthA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| kintu ApavAdika sthiti meM hone vAlA mUlya parivartana sAmAnya sthiti meM hone vAle mUlya parivartana se bhinna svarUpa kA hotA hai| use vastutaH mUlya parivartana kahanA bhI kaThina hai| .

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248 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yaha bhI sahI hai ki kabhI-kabhI daizika aura kAlika paristhitiyoM tathya ko hama usakA sAdhanA banA lete haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hameM meM itanA asAdhAraNa aura kucha sthAyI parivartana ho jAtA hai ki jisake jIvana-rakSaNa ho ekamAtra mUlya pratIta hotA hai to usa avasthA meM hama kAraNa mUlyoM kA mUlyAMtaraNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| kintu isameM jina hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI Adi ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiN| isa mUlyoM kA parivartana hotA hai, ve mukhyata: sAdhana-mUlya hote haiN| kyoMki prakAra apavAda meM eka sAdhana mUlya sAdhya sthAna para calA jAtA hai sAdhana-mUlya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiM aura AcaraNa paristhiti-nirapekSa aura apane sAdhanoM ko mUlyavattA pradAna karatA pratIta hotA hai, kintu nahIM ho sakatA, ata: usameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartana yaha mUlya bhrama hI hai| usa samaya bhI corI yA hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana hotA rahA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko samAja meM jIvana jInA hotA hai aura jAte haiM kyoMki unakA svata: koI mUlya nahIM hai, ve to usa sAdhya samAja paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, ata: sAmAjika-naitikatA kI mUlyavattA ke kAraNa mUlya ke rUpa meM pratIta yA AbhASita hoI aparivartanIya nahIM kahI jA sktii| usameM dezakAlagata parivartanoM kA haiN| isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke sthAna para hiMsA prabhAva par3atA hai kintu usakI yaha parivartanazIlatA dezakAla-sApekSa yA satya ke sthAna para asatya naitika mUlya bhI bana jAte haiN| sAdhu hotI hai, isameM mukhyata: mAtra mUlyoM kA saMkramaNa yA padakrama parivartana puruSa kI rakSA ke lie duSTajana kI hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai, kintu hotA hai| apavAda kI sthiti ina sAmAnya parivartanoM se bhinna prakAra isase hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAtI hai| kisI pratyaya kI naitika kI hotI hai, usameM kabhI-kabhI mUlya kA virodhI tattva hI mUlyavAna mUlyavattA usake kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM AcArita hone yA nahIM pratIta hone lagatA hai| hone se aprabhAvita bhI raha sakatI hai| prathama to yaha ki apavAda kI mUlyavattA kevala usa paristhiti vizeSa meM hI hotI hai, usake AdhAra kyA Apaddharma naitika-mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai? para jIvana kA koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI kyA apavAda kI svIkRti naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko hI jaba vyakti Apaddharma kA AcaraNa karatA hai taba bhI usakI dRSTi meM nirasta kara detI hai? yaha satya hai ki kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sAmAnya mUla naitika niyama kI mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI rahatI hai| yaha to rUpa meM svIkRta mUlya ke virodhI mUlya kI siddhi naitika ho jAtI paristhitigata yA vyaktigata vivazatA hai, jisake kAraNa use vaha AcaraNa hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai karanA par3a rahA hai| dUsare sArvabhauma niyama meM aura apavAda meM antara sa eva dharmaH so'dhoM deza-kAle prtisstthitH| hai| apavAda kI yadi koI mUlyavattA hai, to vaha kevala viziSTa AdAnamanRtaM hiMsA dharmohyAvasthikaH smRtaH / / paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, jabaki sAmAnya niyama kI mUlyavattA / arthAt kabhI aisI sthiti A jAtI hai ki jaba hiMsA, jhUTha tathA sArvadezika hai, sArvakAlika aura sarvajanIna hotI hai| ata: Apaddharma caurya karma hI dharma ho jAte haiN| prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAGga meM kI svIkRti mUlya-parivartana kI sUcaka nahIM hai| vaha sAmAnyatayA bhI kahA gayA hai kisI mUlya ko na to nirmUlya karatI hai aura na mUlya-saMsthAna meM use je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA te aasvaa|| apane sthAna se padacyuta hI karatI hai| ata: vaha mUlyAntaraNa bhI jo Asrava (pApa) ke sthAna hote haiM, ve saMvara (dharma) ke sthAna nahIM hai| ho jAte haiM aura jo saMvara ke sthAna hote haiM ve hI Asrava (pApa) ke naitika karma ke do pakSa hote haiM- eka bAhya pakSa, jo AcaraNa sthAna ho jAte haiN| kintu yaha parivartana sAdhana-mUlyoM kA hI hotA hai| ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa, jo kartA ke manobhAvoM Apaddharma meM koI eka sAdhya itanA pradhAna ho jAtA hai ki usakI siddhi ke rUpa meM hotA hai| Apaddharma kA sambandha kevala bAhya pakSa se hotA ke lie kisI dUsare mUlya kA niSedha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| jaise hai, ata: usase kisI naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA prabhAvita nahIM hotii| anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie hiMsA athavA zarIrarakSaNa yA dUsaroM ke mAtra karma kA bAhya pakSa use naitika-mUlya pradAna nahIM karatA hai| jIvana-rakSaNa ke lie corI Avazyaka ho jAtI hai| mAna lIjiye deza meM akAla kI sthiti ke kAraNa hajAroM loga mRtyu ke grAsa bana rahe naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA mUlyAGkana hoM, dUsarI ora kucha logoM ne adhika munAphA kamAne ke lie anAja naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke sambandha meM hameM jAna DirvI ko godAmoM me banda kara rakhA ho| aisI sthiti meM janajIvana kI rakSA kA dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki ke lie hiMsA yA corI bhI mUlya bana jAtI hai aura ahiMsA yA Acaurya ve paristhitiyA~, jisameM naitika-AdarzoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva ke mUlyoM kA niSedha Avazyaka lagatA hai| kintu yaha niSedha paristhiti- parivartanazIla hai aura naitika niyamoM, naitika kartavyoM aura naitika vizeSa taka sImita rahatA hai| usa paristhiti ke sAmAnya hone para punaH mUlyAGkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana dharma, dharma bana jAtA hai aura adharma adharma bana jAtA hai| vastutaH karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ApavAdika avasthA meM koI eka mUlya itanA pradhAna pratIta hotA hai ki naitika siddhAnta itane parivartanazIla haiM ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti ki usakI upalabdhi ke lie hama anya mUlyoM kI upekSA kara dete meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotI hai| zubha kI viSayavastu haiM, athavA kabhI-kabhI sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta usI mUlya ke virodhI badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM naitikatA

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naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA 249 kA zarIra parivartanazIla to hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitika parivartanIya hote haiN| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai mUlyoM kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI itanA to dhyAna meM rakhanA hai| kintu mUlyoM kI naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA vastutaH naitika mUlyoM kI vAstavikatA prakRti meM parivartanazIlatA jA sakatA hai| aura aparivartanazIlatA ke donoM hI pakSa upasthita haiN| nIti kA kauna yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM sA pakSa parivartanazIla hotA hai aura kauna-sA pakSa aparivartanazIla hotA evaM sAdhya-mUlyoM kI aparivartanazIlatA bhI ekAntika nahIM hai| vastuta: hai, ise nimnAGkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| naitika mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM ekAnta rUpa se aparivartanazIlatA aura 1. saGkalpa kA naitika mUlya aparivartanazIla hotA hai aura AcaraNa ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIlatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kA naitika mUlya parivartanazIla hotA hai| hiMsA kA saGkalpa kabhI naitika yadi naitika mUlya ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIla hoMge to unakI koI nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka niyamakatA hI nahIM raha jaavegii| isI prakAra ve yadi ekAnta rUpa se nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM karma kA jo mAnasika yA bauddhika pakSa hai vaha aparivartanazIla hoMge to sAmAjika sandarbho ke anurUpa nahIM raha skeNge| nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya hai kintu karma kA jo vyAvahiraka evaM naitika-mUlya itane niloMca to nahIM hai ki ve parivartanazIla sAmAjika AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa evaM parivartanazIla hai| saGkalpa kA paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana nahIM kara sakeM, kintu ve itane lacIle kSetra, prajJA kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA hI sarvocca zAsaka bhI nahIM ki hara koI unheM apane anurUpa DhAlakara unake svarUpa ko hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai| vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA hI vikRta kara de| samAja kA zAsana nahIM hai, ata: isa kSetra meM naitika-mUlyoM kI nirapekSatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA sambhava hai| niSkAma karma-yoga kA darzana isI parivartanazIlatA : pragati yA pratigati siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka Aja parivartanazIlatA ko pragati kA lakSaNa mAnA jAne lagA hai, rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotaa| ata: yaha kintu kyA parivartanazIlatA pragati kI paricAyaka hai? isa prazna kA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve mUlya jo manovRtyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka uttara bhI ekAnta rUpa se nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| parivartanazIlatA nIti se sambandhita haiM, aparivartanIya haiM; kintu ve mUlya jo AcaraNAtmaka pragati bhI ho sakatI hai aura pratigati bhii| puna: koI mUlya-parivartana yA vyavahArAtmaka haiM, parivartanIya haiN| eka dRSTi se pragati kahA jA sakatA hai, vahIM dUsarI dRSTi se pratigati 2. dUsare, naitika-sAdhya yA naitika-Adarza aparivartanazIla hotA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna yuga ke jIvana-mUlya eka dRSTi se hai kintu usa sAdhya ke sAdhana parivartanIya hote haiN| jo sarvocca zubha pragatizIla ho sakate haiM to dUsarI dRSTi se pratigati ke paricAyaka bhI hai vaha aparivartanIya hai, kintu usa sarvocca zubha kI prApti ke jo kahe jA sakate haiN| Aja eka ora manuSya kA jJAna bar3hA hai, samRddhi niyama yA mArga haiM ve vividha evaM parivartanIya haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya bar3hI hai, usakI prakRti para zAsana karane kI zakti bar3hI hai; kintu kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa dUsarI ora jIvana meM akSamatA bar3hI hai, vAsanAe~ bar3hI haiM, asantoSa rakhanA hogA ki sarvocca zubha ko chor3akara kucha anya sAdhya kabhI sAdhana bar3hA hai| ise kyA kaheM pragati yA pratigati? Aja nArI svAtantrya ko bhI bana jAte haiN| ata: sAdhya-sAdhana kA vargIkaraNa nirapekSa nahIM hai, evaM svacchanda yauna sambandhoM ko, pragati kahA jAtA hai, kintu pANDu-kuntI unameM parivartana sambhava hai| yadyapi jaba taka koI mUlya sAdhya sthAna samvAda meM jo nArI-svAtantrya kA citra hai, usakI apekSA se to Aja para banA rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mUlyavattA aparivartanIya rahatI hai| kA yUropa bhI pichar3A huA hI kahA jaavegaa| pANDu kahate haiMkintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki kisI sthiti meM jo sAdhyamUlya anAvRtAH kila purA striya Asan varAnane / hai, vaha kabhI sAdhana-mUlya nahIM bnegaa| mUlya-vizva ke anekoM mUlya kAmAcAravihAriNyaH svatantrAzcAruhAsini / / aise haiM, jo kabhI sAdhana-mUlya hai, vahI kabhI sAdhya-mUlya hai| ata: tAsAM vyuccaramANAnAM kaumArAt subhage patIn / unakI mUlyavattA apane sthAnaparivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho sakatI nAdharmo'bhUdvarArohe sa hi dharmaH purAbhavat / / 10 hai| punaH vaiyaktika ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke _ 'pUrva kAla meM striyA~ anAvRtta thIM, ve bhoga-vilAsa ke lie svatantra AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hokara ghUmA karatI thIM, ve kaumArya avasthA meM kAma-sevana karatI thIM, hai| ata: sAdhanamUlyoM ko parivartanIya mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa vaha unake lie adharma nahIM thaa|' Aja samAja meM inhIM mUlyoM kI puna: ho sakatA hai| sthApanA karake hama pragati kareMge yA pratigati, yaha to svayaM hamAre vicArane 3. tIsare, naitika niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiM aura kI vastu hai| kevala pracalita evaM paramparAgata mUlyoM kA niSedha naitika kucha niyama una maulika niyamoM ke sahAyaka hote haiN| sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya pragati kA lakSaNa nahIM hai| Aja hameM mAnavIya viveka ke Aloka meM yA mUlabhUta niyama hI aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama sarvaprathama mUlyoM kA punarmUlyAGkana karanA hogaa| hamArI naitika pragati

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250 kA artha hogA- una mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA, jo vivekazIlatA kI A~khoM meM mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa aura mAnavIya kalyANa ke lie sahAyaka hoM, jinake dvArA manuSya kI manuSyatA jIvita raha ske| Aja manuSya cAhe bhautika dRSTi se pragati kI rAha para agrasara ho, kintu naitika dRSTi se bhI vaha pragati kara rahA hai yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai| eka urdU zAyara ne kahA hai jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 -- tAlIma kA zora itanA, tahajIba kA gula itanA, phira bhI tarakkI na hai, nIyata kI kharAbI hai| sandarbha : 1. bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAnarAzi, vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAI hai jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA dene vAle sahasrAdhika vizvavidyAlayoM ke hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura bhoga-lolupatA para viveka aura saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| Lectures in the youth League - uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 344-345 / 2. Ethical Studies -- p. 223. 3. dekhie - viSaya aura Atma (yazadeva zalya), pR0 88-89 / 4. manusmRti, 1/85 / 5. aSTakaprakaraNa (haribhadra) 27/5 kI TIkA meM uddhRta sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiM ? zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat aura AcAra, ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat yA ucita hai vaha sadAcAra hai| phira bhI yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA tattva hai jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA Adi durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiM, kintu vaha AdhAra kauna sA hai jo prathama prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko durAcAra aura dUsare prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko sadAcAra banA detA hai? bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA yaha ambAra Aja bhI usake mAnasa ko santuSTa nahIM kara pA rahA hai Aja zIghragAmI AvAgamana ke sAdhanoM se vizva kI dUrI kama ho gaI hai kintu hRdaya kI dUrI to bar3ha rahI hai| surakSA ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI mAnava mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakI hai| Aja bhI manuSya utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita, AkrAmaka aura svArthI hai jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Aja to jIvana kI sahajatA aura svAbhAvikatA-bhI usase china gaI hai| Aja jIvana meM chadmoM kA bAhulya hai| bhItara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAyeM aura bAhara saccaritratA aura sadAzayatA kA DhoMga; yahI Aja ke mAnava kI trAsadI hai| ise pragati kaheM yA pratigati ? Aja hameM yaha nizcita karanA hai ki hamAre mUlya parivartana kI dizA kyA ho? hameM manuSya ko dohare jIvana kI trAsadI se bacAnA hai, kintu yaha dhyAna bhI rakhanA hogA ki kahIM isa bahAne hama use pazutva kI ora to nahIM Dhakela rahe haiN| 6. 7. 8. 9. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 36 / 11 / AcArAGga, 1/4/2/130 / Contemporary Ethical Theories, p. 163. dekhiye -- nIti- sApekSa aura nirapekSa tattvadArzanika, apraila 1976 / , 10. mahAbhArata Adiparva 122/4-5 / sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma . - DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya (Right) para vicAra karate haiM to yaha zabda laiTina zabda (Rectus) se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai niyamAnusAra, arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai| yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai| bhAratIyaparamparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manusmRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu likhate haiM tasmindeze ya AcAra: pAramparyakramAgataH / varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra ucyate / / 2 / 18 / arthAt jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo .

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 251 paramparAeM svIkRta rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa sadAcAra kahA pAramparika zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA jaavegaa| kintu yaha dRSTikoNa samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH hI mokSa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa koI AcaraNa kisI deza, kAla aura samAja meM Acarita evaM anumodita evaM mahattvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra dharma vaha hai jo vastu hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jaataa| kA nija svabhAva hai (vatthusahAvo dhmmo)| vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vahI ho sakatA hai jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija-svabhAva hai vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apitu vAstavikatA to aura jo hamArA nija-svabhAva hai use pA lenA hI mukti hai| ata: usa yaha hai ki vaha isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai kyoMki vaha sat hai| svabhAva-dazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa kahA jA kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra sakatA hai| honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai, na ki usake Acarita puna: yaha prazna uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai? bhagavatI-sUtra athavA anAcarita hone pr| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA- meM gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sanmukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| jAnAmi dharmaM na ca me pravRttiH / ve pUchate haiM- he bhagavan ! AtmA kA nija svarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA ... jAnAmyadharma na ca me nivRttiH / / zAntiparva kA sAdhya kyA hai? mahAvIra ne unake ina praznoM kA jo uttara diyA ___arthAt maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~ kintu usa ora pravRtti nahIM hotI, thA, vaha Aja bhI samasta jaina AcAra-darzana meM kisI karma ke naitika usakA AcaraNa nahIM krtaa| maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~ parantu usase mUlyAGkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- AtmA samatva svarUpa nivRtti nahIM hotI huuN| ata: hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki hai aura usa samasva svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samatA yA samabhAva AtmA kA svabhAva hai aura viSamatA hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA vibhAva hai| vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA rahA hai| sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA kI dizA meM le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| saMkSepa meM jainadharma usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa. para hI nahIM, apitu athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva hai| svabhAva dazA se phalita hone vAlA usake sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai| kisI AcaraNa kI AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva-dazA yA para-bhAva se phalita hone mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3ane vAle prabhAva ke AdhAra vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai| para bhI hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi Adarza yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA jisake AdhAra para kisI dravyArthikanaya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha para-bhAva se haTakara zuddha karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH svabhAva dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM mAnava-jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai, jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA yA kasauTI banatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra-darzanoM meM sadAcAra aura durAcAra hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA samabhAva kA artha hai- rAga-dveSa ke jo mAnadaNDa svIkRta rahe haiM unheM moTe-moTe rUpa se do bhAgoM meM se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI uplbdhi| manovaijJAnika bA~TA jAtA hai-1. niyamavAdI aura 2. saadhyvaadii| niyamavAdI-paramparA dRSTi se mAnasika samatva kA artha hai samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa sAmAjika athavA dhArmika niyamoM se rahita mana kI zAnta evaM vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva ko mAnatI hai, jabaki sAdhyavAdI-paramparA sukha athavA Atma-pUrNatA ko| jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika jIvana meM phalita hotA hai to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika dRSTi se ise jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mApadaNDa hama anAgraha yA anekAnta-dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke ___ jaina-darzana mAnava ke carama-sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra Arthika pakSa para vicAra karate haiM to ise aparigraha ke nAma se pukArate vyakti kA carama-sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA haiM- 'sAmyavAda' evaM 'nyAsI-siddhAnta' isI aparigraha-vRtti kI ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti "sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo AcaraNa mukti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA kA kAraNa hai vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, ke kSetra se anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha vaha durAcAra hai| kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ata: samatva ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai? jainadharma ke anusAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu 'samatva' ko sadAcAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAva-dazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastutaH kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para hamArA jo nija-svarUpa hai use prApta kara lenA athavA hamArI bIjarUpa vicAra to karanA hI hogA kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai jisake dvArA hama use pAnA

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252 cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jahA~ taka vyakti ke caitasika yA Antarika samatva kA prazna hai hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI yaha sAdhanA kA hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai| vaha vyakti kI manodazA kI paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAGgana karate samaya usake isa Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate hai kintu sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA yaha prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya pakSa evaM sAmudAyikatA ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa para athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se to sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM usa AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM para bhI vicAra karatA hai| yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kasauTI khojanI hogI jo AcAra ke bAhya pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura para- pIr3A hI pApa hai tulasIdAsa ne ise nimna zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai"parahita sarisa dharama nahIM bhaaii| para pIr3A sama nahIM adhamAI / ' arthAt vaha AcaraNa jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jainadharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AdhArAta sUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai- "bhUtakAla meM jitane arhata ho gaye haiM, vartamAna kAla meM jitane arhata haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhata hoMge ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANI, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI satvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, kisI kA hanana karanA cAhie yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|' kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke rUpa meM ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ko yA dUsaroM ke hita sAdhana ko hI sadAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ taba sambhava hai jabaki mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hita sAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA hama aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ekatra kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcAriNI kI koTi meM A sakegI? kyA yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke ve rUpa jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI prakaTa meM hiMsA nahIM hotI hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AveMge? sUtrakRtAGga meM sadAcAritA kA eka aisA hI dAvA anya tairthikoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, . na jise bhagavAn mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge? eka cora aura eka santa donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM phira bhI donoM samAna-koTi ke nahIM mAne jAte / vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa arthAt kartA kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva donoM hI vicAraNIya haiN| AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para aura vicAra yA manobhAvoM kI zubhAzamatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske| sAdhAraNatayA jainadharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA, mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma diye gaye haiM ve to kevala ziSya-bodha ke lie haiM, mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI haiM (purussaarthsiddhyupaay)| vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhI usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI hai aura samAja se bhI / hiMsA ko jaina paramparA meM sva kI hiMsA aura para kI hiMsA, aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba vaha hamAre sva-svarUpa yA svabhAva dazA kA ghAta karatI hai to sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai, to vaha para kI hiMsA hai| sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika pApa kintu usake ye donoM rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM Ate haiN| apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI samasyA yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA sadAcAra kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kA nizcaya kara lenA itanA sahaja nahIM hai| yaha sambhava hai ki jo AcaraNa kisI paristhiti vizeSa se sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM durAcAra bana jAtA hai| aura jo sAmAnyatayA durAcAra kahe jAte haiN| ve kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sadAcAra ho jAte haiM / zIlarakSA hetu kI jAne vAlI AtmahatyA sadAcAra kI koTi meM A jAtI hai jabaki sAmAnya sthiti meM vaha anaitika (durAcAra) mAnI jAtI hai| jaina AcAryoM kA to yaha spaSTa udaghoSa hai "je AsavA te parisavA, je parisavA te AsavA", arthAt AcAra ke jo prArUpa sAmAnyatayA bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI paristhiti vizeSa meM mukti ke sAdhana bana jAte haiN| .

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 253 aura isI prakAra sAmAnya sthiti meM jo mukti ke sAdhana haiM, ve hI kisI vAlA mUlya-parivartana eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hogaa| yaha paristhiti vizeSa meM bandha ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa sahI hai ki manuSya ko jisa vizva meM jIvana jInA hotA hai vaha (146) meM umAsvAti kA kathana hai paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM hai| daizika evaM kAlika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana dezaM kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupaghAtazuddhapariNAmAn / hamArI sadAcAra-sambandhI dhAraNAoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| daizika aura prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM naikAntAtkalpyate klpym|| kAlika-parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki jo karma eka deza aura arthAt ekAnta rUpa se na to koI karma AcaraNIya hotA hai aura kAla meM vihita hoM, ve dUsare deza aura kAla meM avihita ho jaaveN| na ekAnta rUpa se anAcaraNIya hotA hai, vastutaH kisI karma kI aSTakaprakaraNa kI TIkA (27/5) meM kahA gayA haiAcaraNIyatA aura anAcaraNIyatA deza, kAla, vyakti, paristhiti aura utpadyate hi sA'vasthA dezakAlobhayAn prti| mana:sthiti para nirbhara hotI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA yasyAmakAryaM kAryaM syAt karma kAyaM ca varjayet / / samarthana kiyA gayA hai, usameM likhA hai daizika aura kAlika sthitiyoM ke parivartana se aisI avasthA sa eva dharmaH so'dhamoM dezakAle pratiSThitaH / utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM kArya, akArya kI koTi meM aura akArya, AdAnamanRtaM hiMsA dharmohyAvasthikasmRtaH / / kArya kI koTi meM A jAtA hai, kintu yaha avasthA sAmAnya avasthA - zAntiparva, 36/11 / nahIM, apitu koI viziSTa avasthA hotI hai, jise hama ApavAdika arthAt jo kisI deza aura kAla meM dharma (sadAcAra) kahA jAtA hai, avasthA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM, kintu ApavAdika sthiti meM hone vAlA vahI kisI dUsare deza aura kAla meM adharma (durAcAra) bana jAtA hai yaha parivartana sAmAnya sthiti meM hone vAle mUlya-parivartana se bhinna aura jo hiMsA, jhUTha, cauryakarma Adi sAmAnya avasthA meM adharma (durAcAra) / svarUpa kA hotA hai| use vastuta: mUlya-parivartana kahanA bhI kaThina kahe jAte haiM, vahI kisI paristhati vizeSa meM dharma bana jAte haiN| vastutaH hai| isameM jina mUlyoM kA parivartana hotA hai, ve mukhyataH sAdhana-mUlya kabhI-kabhI aisI paristhitiyA~ nirmita ho jAtI haiM, jaba sadAcAra-durAcAra hote haiN| kyoMki sAdhana-mUlya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiM aura AcaraNa kI koTi meM aura durAcAra, sadAcAra kI koTi meM hotA hai| draupadI paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| ata: usameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana kA pA~coM pANDavoM ke sAtha yadyapi pati-patnI kA sambandha thA phira bhI ke sAtha parivartana hotA rahatA hai| isa prakAra sAdhanabhUta parama-AcaraNa usakI gaNanA sadAcArI satI striyoM meM kI jAtI hai, jabaki vartamAna ke naitika mAnadaNDa parivartita hote rahate haiN| samAja meM isa prakAra kA AcaraNa durAcAra hI kahA jaavegaa| kintu kyA dUsare, vyakti ko samAja meM jIvana jInA hotA hai aura samAja isa AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki sadAcAra-durAcAra paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, ata: sAmAjika naitikatA aparivartanIya kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra yA nahIM kahI jA sakatI, usameM dezakAlagata parivartanoM kA prabhAva par3atA durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA ekAnta rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA kaThina hai kintu usakI yaha parivartanazIlatA bhI dezakAla sApekSa hI hotI hai| jo bAhara naitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se anaitika ho sakatA hai| vastuta: kisI paristhiti meM kisI eka sAdhya kA naitika mUlya hai aura jo bAhara se anaitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se naitika itanA pradhAna ho jAtA hai ki usakI siddhi ke lie kisI dUsare naitika ho sakatA hai| eka ora to vyakti kI Antarika manovRttiyA~ aura mUlya kA niSedha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, jaise anyAya ke pratikAra ke dUsarI ora jAgatika paristhitiyA~ kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA lie hiNsaa| kintu yaha niSedha paristhiti-vizeSa taka hI sImita rahatA ko prabhAvita karatI rahatI haiN| ata: isa sambandha meM koI ekAnta niyama hai| usa paristhiti ke sAmAnya hone para dharma puna: dharma bana jAtA hai kArya nahIM karatA hai| hameM una saba pahaluoM para bhI dhyAna denA hotA aura adharma, adharma bana jAtA hai| vastuta: ApavAdika avasthA meM koI hai jo ki kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA ko prabhAvita kara sakate eka mUlya itanA pradhAna pratIta hotA hai ki usakI upalabdhi ke lie haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke parivartanazIla aura apari- hama anya mUlyoM kI upekSA kara dete haiM athavA kabhI-kabhI sAmAnya vartanazIla athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM pakSoM para vicAra kiyA hai| rUpa se svIkRta usI mUlya ke virodhI tathya ko hama usakA sAdhana banA lete haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hameM jIvana-rakSaNa hI ekamAtra mUlya maMdAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna pratIta hotA hai to usa avasthA meM hama hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI , vastuta: sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana daizika aura kAlika Adi ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiN| isa prakAra apavAda kI avasthA AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA hai| manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki- meM eka mUlya sAdhya sthAna para calA jAtA hai aura apane sAdhanoM ko anye kRtayuge dharmastretAyAM dvApare'pare / mUlyavattA pradAna karatA pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha mUlya-bhrama hI hai, anye kaliyuge nRNAM yugahrAsAnurUpataH / / / usa samaya bhI corI yA hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAte haiM kyoMki unakA - manusmRti, 1/85 / svata: koI mUlya nahIM hai, ve to usa sAdhya kI mUlyavattA ke kAraNa yuga ke hrAsa ke anurUpa satayuga, tretA, dvApara aura kaliyuga mUlya ke rUpa meM pratIta yA AbhAsita hote haiN| isakA yaha artha kadApi ke dharma alaga-alaga hote haiN| yaha paristhatiyoM ke parivartana se hone nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke sthAna para hiMsA, yA satya ke sthAna para asatya

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254 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 naitika mUlya bana jAte haiN| sAdhujana kI rakSA ke lie duSTajana kI hiMsA jA sakatA hai? kyA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI . kI jA sakatI hai kintu isase hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAtI hai| kisI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna hai, jinheM jaba cAheM taba aura jaisA cAheM vaisA pratyaya kI naitika mUlyavattA usake kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM Acarita badalA jA sakatA hai| AyeM, jarA ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIra carcA kreN| hone yA nahIM hone se aprabhAvita bhI raha sakatI hai| prathama to yaha ki sarvaprathama to Aja jisa parivartanazIlatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI apavAda kI mUlyavattA kevala usa paristhiti vizeSa meM hI hotI hai, hai, usase to svayaM sadAcAra ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho usake AdhAra para sadAcAra kA koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie sktaa| sAtha hI jaba vyakti Apaddharma kA AcaraNa karatA hai taba bhI viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI usakI dRSTi meM mUla naitika niyama yA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA akSuNNa mUlya-parivartana mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita banI rahatI hai| yaha to paristhitigata yA vyaktigata vivazatA hai, jisake ye maryAdAe~ Aja use korI laga rahI haiM aura inheM tor3a pheMkI meM kAraNa use vaha AcaraNa karanA par3a rahA hai| dUsare sArvabhauma niyama hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha meM aura apavAda meM antara hai| apavAda kI yadi koI mUlyavattA hai, ataMtratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai, kintu yaha saba to vaha kevala viziSTa paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, jabaki sAmAnya niyama mUlya-vibhrama yA mUlya-viparyaya hI hai jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke kI mUlyavattA hai, to vaha kevala viziSTa paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| kintu hameM yaha samajha jabaki sAmAnya niyama kI mUlyavattA sArvadezika, sArvakAlika aura lenA hogA ki mUlya-saMkramaNa yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| sArvajanIna hotI hai| ata: Apaddharma yA apavAda mArga kI svIkRti parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM jainadharma meM mUlya parivartana kI sUcaka nahIM hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA kisI hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti sambandhI dhAraNAoM mUlya ko na to nirmUlya karatI hai aura na mUlya saMsthAna meM use apane meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava-itihAsa meM koI sthAna se padacyuta hI karatI hai, ata: vaha mUlyAntaraNa bhI nahIM hai| bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra naitika karma ke do pakSa hote haiM- eka bAhyapakSa, jo AcaraNa kiyA gayA ho| vastuta: naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa, jo kartA ke manobhAvoM parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura ke rUpa meM hotA haiN| apavAdamArga kA sambandha kevala bAhya pakSa se hotA vaha hai, svayaM unakI muulyvttaa| naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI hai, ata: usase kisI naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA prabhAvita nahIM hotI rahatI hai, kintu unakA mUla AdhAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, hai| karma kA mAtra bAhya-pakSa use koI naitika mUlya pradAna nahIM karatA hai| kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko nahIM khote haiM, mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiN| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA artha Aja svayaM sadAcAra yA naitikatA kI mUlyavattA ke niSedha kI sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA para vicAra karate samaya bAta do dizAoM se khar3I huI hai- eka ora bhautikavAdI aura sAmyavAdI sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA hogA ki parivartanazIlatA se darzanoM ke dvArA aura dUsarI ora pAzcAtya artha-vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? kucha loga parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM sadAcAra dvaaraa| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI-darzana nIti kI kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti se lete haiN| Aja jaba pAzcAtya vicArakoM mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM svayaM lenina ke dvArA naitika mUlyoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA vaiyaktika evaM kA vaktavya draSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM- "prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sAmAjika anumodana evaM ruci kA paryAya mAnA jA rahA ho, taba hamArA apanA koI nIti-zAstra nahIM hai, bahudhA madhya vittIya varga kahatA parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM unakI mUlyavattA ko nakAranA hI hogaa| hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nIti-zAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM, kintu unakA Aja sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA svayaM apane hI artha kI talAza kara rahI yaha tarIkA vicAroM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha hai| yadi sadAcAra kI dhAraNA arthahIna hai, mAtra sAmAjika anumodana meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai| hama usakA khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM hai, to phira usakI parivartanazIlatA kA bhI koI vizeSa artha nahIM se nIti-zAstra ko AvirbhUta karatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki yaha dhokhAdhar3I raha jAtA hai kyoMki yadi sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kA yathArtha evaM vastugata hai aura zramikoM tathA kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pUMjIpatiyoM tathA bhU-patiyoM astitva hI nahIM hai, yadi ve mAtra manokalpanAe~ haiM to unake parivartana ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nIti-zAstra kA Thosa AdhAra bhI nahIM hogA? dUsare, jaba hama sadAcAra-durAcAra, sarvahArA varga ke varga-saMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai, jo zoSaka-samAja zubha-azubha athavA aucitya-anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko vaiyaktika evaM ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI-samAja kI sAmAjika anumodana yA pasandagI kiMvA nApasandagI ke rUpa meM dekhate sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai, zeSa saba anIti hai|" isa prakAra sAmyavAdI haiM to unakI parivartanazIlatA kA artha phaizana kI parivartanazIlatA se darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI adhika nahIM raha jaavegaa| mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai| vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo kintu kyA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para hI koI prazna cihna lagAyA anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 255 hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraGga nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai| vaha sAmAjika nyAya aura Arthika samatA (Whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) kI sthApanA ko hI sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatI hai| ata: nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra nahIM karatI hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| dRSTiyA~ yA mUlya-bodha haiM, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAn sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ sRjita hotI haiN| mAnavIya hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogaa| vastutaH nIti kA ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura (Natural) nahIM haiN| jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unake naitika mUlya sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM yA sadAcAra kI avadhAraNAe~ bhI hai| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jisake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura kI racanA bhI nahIM haiM, apitu vyakti ke mUlya-saMsthAna ke bodha se bhI mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogA, yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA utpanna hotI haiN| vastuta: mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai, manuSya kA yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai to mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ata: pasandagI kI isa dhAraNA ke vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai, kintu yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka AdhAra para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra hai| dUsare yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya yA sadAcAra-durAcAra kA pazu hai to nIti kA, sadAcAra kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM hai| manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya haiM? manuSya nirA pazu hai? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA to vaha pUrI taraha isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita hotA aura nizcaya hI usake lie sadAcAra kA uttara sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko svIkAra kiye binA kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu Aja kA manuSya pUrNata: prAkRtika nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM niyamoM se zAsita nahIM hai, vaha to prAkRtika niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para prazna cinha nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| sadAcAra kI avahelanA karatA hai| ata: pazu bhI nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA ke mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA bhI usake svabhAva se ni:sRta nahIM hai, jaisI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nahIM hai| hotA hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhitattva kA pratiphala hai, vaha yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI sadAcAra vicAra kI dena hai, svabhAva kI nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha samAja ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA sRjaka nahIM hai| aksara yaha kahA jAtA hai ki kA aura sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA sarjaka bhI hai aura saMhAraka bhI hai, sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI dhAraNA samAja-sApekSa hai| eka urdU zAyara ne vaha unheM svIkAra bhI karatA hai aura unakI avahelanA bhI karatA hai, kahA haiata: vaha samAja se Upara bhI hai| beDale kA kathana hai ki yadi manuSya bajA kahe Alama use bajA smjho| sAmAjika nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, kintu yadi vaha kevala jabAnae khalka ko nakkArae khudA smjho|| sAmAjika hai to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA arthAt jise samAja ucita kahatA hai use ucita aura jise anucita usake ati sAmAjika evaM naitika prANI hone meM hai| ataH manuSya ke kahatA hai use anucita mAno kyoMki samAja kI AvAja Izvara kI AvAja lie sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti asambhava hai| yadi hama hai| sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika mAnadaNDoM ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa mAna parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra liyA jAtA hai kintu gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha bAta prAmANika kareMge to vaha mAnavIya saMskRti kA hI avamUlyana hogaa| mAtra avamUlyana siddha nahIM hotI hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA nahIM, usakI itizrI bhI hogii| avihita mAna sakatA hai kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA punazca sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote "ruci-sApekSa mAnane para bhI, na to sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ko phaizanoM mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali ke samAna parivartanazIla mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi sadAcAra aura durAcAra yA muslima samAja meM bahu-patnI-prathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ke AdhAra pasandagI yA nApasandagI hai to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI __ ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thaa| aneka dezoM meM ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai? kyoM hama caurya-karma ko nApasanda vezyAvRtti, sama-laiMgikatA yA madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM? sadAcAra evaM durAcAra kI hai- kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| kyA AcAra ke vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sktii| ye rUpa sadAcAra kI koTi A jA sakate haiM? nagnatA ko aura zAsanatantra

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256 kI AlocanA ko, avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA karanA anaitika mAna lene mAtra se vaha asadAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM A jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai lekina naitika kabhI nahIM / naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai / samAja kisI karma ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nahIM / yadyapi sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana hotA hai kintu unakI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa mAtra ruci sApekSa na hokara svayaM ruthiyoM ke sRjaka bhI haiN| ataH jisa prakAra ruciyA~ yA tajjAnita phaizana badalate haiM vaise hI sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa nahIM badalate haiN| yaha sahI hai ki unameM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para kucha parivartana hotA hai kintu phira bhI unameM eka sthAyI tattva hotA hai| ahiMsA, nyAya, Atma-tyAga, saMyama Adi aneka naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke pratyaya aise hai, jinakI mUlyavattA sabhI dezoM evaM kAloM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rahI hai| yadyapi inameM apavAda mAne gaye haiM, kintu apavAda kI svIkRti inakI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM hokara, vaiyaktika asamarthatA athavA paristhiti vizeSa meM unakI siddhi kI vivazatA kI hI sUcaka hai| apavAda, apavAda hai, vaha mUla-niyama kA niSedha nahIM hai| jaina darzana utsarga-mArga aura apavAda mArga kA vidhAna karatA hai usameM utsarga mArga ko zAzvata aura apavAda mArga ko parivartanazIla mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra kucha naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAe~ avazya hI aisI haiM jo sArvabhauma aura aparivartanIya haiN| prathamataH sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM meM bahuta hI kama parivartana hotA hai aura yadi hotA bhI hai to kahIM adhika svAmitva lie hue hotA hai| phaizana eka dazAbdI se dUsarI dazAbdI meM hI nahIM, apitu dina-pratidina badalate rahate haiM, kintu naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra sambandhI dhAraNAe~ isa prakAra nahIM badalatI haiN| grIka naitika mUlyoM kA IsAiyata ke dvArA tathA bhAratIya vaidika yuga ke mUlyoM kA aupaniSadika evaM jaina-bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke dvArA AMzika rUpa se mUlyAntaraNa avazya huA hai kintu zramaNa saMskRti tathA jainadharma ke dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM kA ina do hajAra varSoM meM bhI mUlyAntaraNa nahIM ho sakA hai| inhoMne sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke jo mAnadaNDa sthira kiye the ve Aja bhI svIkRta haiM / Aja AmUla parivartana ke nAma para unake ukhAr3a pheMkane kI jo bAta kahI jA rahI hai, vaha bhrAntijanaka hI hai mUlya-vizva meM AmUla parivartana yA nirapekSa parivartana sambhava hI nahIM hotA hai| naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM jisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA hai vaha eka sApekSa aura sImita prakAra kA parivartana hai| isameM do prakAra ke parivartana parilakSita hote haiM-- parivartana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM koI naitika mUlya viveka ke vikAsa ke sAtha vyApaka artha grahaNa karatA jAtA hai tathA usake purAne artha anaitika aura naye artha naitika mAne jAne lagate haiM, jaisA ki ahiMsA aura parArtha ke pratyayoM ke sAtha huA hai| eka samaya meM jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 ina pratyayoM kA artha vistAra parijanoM, svajAtiyoM evaM svadharmiyoM taka sImita thaa| Aja vaha rASTrIyatA yA svarASTra taka vikasita hotA huA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM prANI jagat taka apanA vistAra pA rahA hai| AtmIya-parijanoM, jAti-bandhuoM evaM sadharmI bandhuoM kA hita sAdhana karanA kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA kintu Aja hama use bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda kahakara anaitika mAnate haiM Aja rASTrIya hita sAdhana naitika mAnA jAtA hai, kintu Ane vAle kala meM yaha bhI anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke pratyaya ke sAtha bhI ghaTita huI hai, Adima kabIloM meM parijanoM kI hiMsA hI hiMsA mAnI jAtI thI, Age calakara manuSya kI hiMsA ko hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA, vaidika dharma evaM yahUdI dharma hI nahIM, IsAI dharma bhI, ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko mAnava jAti se adhika artha vistAra nahIM de pAyA, kintu vaiSNava paramparA meM ahiMsA kA pratyaya prANI jagat taka aura jaina paramparA meM vanaspati jagat taka apanA artha vistAra pA gyaa| isa prakAra naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka artha unake arthoM ko vistAra yA saMkoca denA bhI hai| isameM mUlabhUta pratyaya kI mUlyavattA banI rahatI hai, kevala usake artha vistAra yA saMkoca grahaNa karate jAte haiN| narabali pazubali yA vidharmI kI hatyA hiMsA hai yA nahIM hai? isa prazna ke uttara logoM ke vicAroM kI bhitratA se bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM, kintu isase nyAya kI mUlyavatA samApta nahIM hotI hai| yauna-naitikatA ke sandarbha meM bhI isI prakAra kA artha vistAra yA artha saMkoca huA hai| isakI eka ati yaha rahI hai ki eka ora para puruSa kA darzana bhI pApa mAnA gayA to dUsarI ora svacchanda yauna-sambandhoM ko bhI vihita mAnA gayA kintu ina donoM atiyoM ke bAvajUda pati-patnI sambandha meM prema, niSThA evaM tyAga ke tattvoM kI anivAryatA sarvamAnya rahI tathA saMyama evaM brahmacarya kI mUlyavattA para koI praznacihna nahIM lagAyA gayA / naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM kisI mUlya kI mUlyavatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, kintu unakA padakrama badalatA rahatA hai arthAt mUlyoM kA nirmUlyIkaraNa nahIM hotA apitu unakA sthAna saMkramaNa hotA hai| kisI yuga meM jo naitika guNa pramukha mAne jAte rahe hoM, ve dUsare yuga meM gauNa ho sakate haiM aura jo mUlya gauNa the, ve pramukha ho sakate haiN| ucca mUlya nimna sthAna para tathA nimna mUlya ucca sthAna para yA sAdhya mUlya sAdhana sthAna para tathA sAdhana mUlya sAdhya sthAna para A jA sakate haiN| kabhI nyAya' kA mUlya pramukha aura ahiMsA kA mUlya gauNa thA-- nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA ko vihita mAnA jAtA thA kintu jaba ahiMsA kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA to anyAya ko sahana karanA bhI vihita mAnA jAne lgaa| grIka mUlyoM ke sthAna para IsAIyata ke mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM aisA hI parivartana huA hai Aja sAmyavAdI darzana sAmAjika nyAya ke hetu khUnI krAnti kI upAdeyatA kI svIkRti ke dvArA punaH ahiMsA ke sthAna para nyAya ko hI pramukha mUlya ke pada para sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki grIka sabhyatA meM yA sAmyavAdI darzana meM ahiMsA pUrNatayA nirmUlya hai yA IsAIyata meM - .

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 257 nyAya kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| mAtra hotA yaha hai ki yuga kI paristhiti jaina-naitikatA kA aparivartanazIla yA nirapekSa-pakSa ke anurUpa mUlya-vizva ke kucha mUlya ubharakara pramukha bana jAte haiM aura hamane jaina darzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa-pakSa para vicAra kiyaa| dUsare unake paripArzva meM cale jAte haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina-darzana meM naitikatA kA kevala bAhara se paraspara virodha meM sthita do mUlya vastuta: virodhI nahIM hote sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki haiM- jaise nyAya aura ahiNsaa| kabhI-kabhI nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie naitikatA kA eka-dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate hiMsA kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai, kintu isase mUlata: ve paraspara virodhI haiN| jaina tIrthaGkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki "dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai aura nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM kyoMki anyAya bhI to hiMsA hI hai| sAmyavAda zAzvata hai|" yadi naitikatA meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM aura prajAtantra ke rAjanaitika-darzanoM kA virodha mUlya-virodha nahIM, mUlyoM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA ko koI artha nahIM raha kI pradhAnatA kA virodha hai| sAmyavAda ke lie roTI aura sAmAjika jAtA hai| jaina-naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya nyAya pradhAna mUlya hai aura svatantratA gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki prajAtantra ke sabhI dharma-pravartakoM (tIrthaGkaroM) kI dharma-prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina meM svatantratA pradhAna mUlya hai aura roTI gauNa mUlya hai| Aja svacchanda isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sabhI tIrthaGkaroM kI yaunAcAra kA samarthana bhI, saMyama ke sthAna para svatantratA (atantratA) dharma-prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM ko hI pradhAna mUlya mAnane ke eka ativAdi dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma hai| meM Upara se vibhinnatA mAlUma ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA mUlya-vivAda bhI aisA hI hai, na to sukhavAda ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra buddhitattva ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai aura na buddhivAda sukha ko nirmUlya karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke Antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote mAnatA hai| mAtra itanA hI hai ki sukhavAda meM sukha pradhAna mUlya hai aura haiN| jinheM pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina buddhi gauNa mUlya hai jabaki buddhivAda meM viveka pradhAna mUlya hai aura vicArakoM ke anusAra AcaraNa kA vaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata sukha gauNa mUlya hai| isa prakAra mUlya-parivartana kA artha unake tAratamya parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki meM parivartana hai jo ki eka prakAra kA sApekSika-parivartana hI hai| AcaraNa kA AntarapakSa sadaiva ekarUpa hotA hai aura aparivartanazIla kabhI-kabhI mUlya-viparyaya ko hI mUlya-parivartana mAnane kI bhUla hotA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika hiMsA yA bhAva-hiMsA kI jAtI hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUlya-viparyaya sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharmamArgI athavA naitika jIvana mUlya-parivartana nahIM hai| mUlya-viparyaya meM hama apanI cAritrika durbalatAoM kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravya-hiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM ko, jo ki vAstava meM mUlya hai hI nahIM, mUlya mAna lete haiM- jaise parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya svacchanda yaunAcAra ko naitika mAna lenaa| dUsare yadi "kAma' kI hI ho, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Antara-parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA mUlyavattA ke nAma para kAmukatA tathA roTI kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para Asakti sadaiva anaitika hai lekina dravya-parigraha sadaiva anaitika nahIM svAda-lolupatA yA peTUpana kA samarthana kiyA jAve, to yaha kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya mUlya-parivartana nahIM hogA, mUlya-viparyaya yA mUlyAbhAsa hI hogA, kyoMki __ rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa hI ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa "kAma' yA "roTI" mUlya ho sakate haiM kintu "kAmukatA" yA ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saGkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa "svAdalolupatA' kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika mUlya nahIM ho sakate hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane haiN| isI sandarbha meM hameM eka tIsare prakAra kA mUlya-parivartana parilakSita antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAe lekina hotA hai jisameM mUlya-vizva ke hI kucha mUlya apanI AnuSaMgikatA ke antaH kA azubha saGkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita ho jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI jaina-dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saGkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa to naitika jagat ke pramukha mUlya yA niyAmaka mUlya bana jAte haiN| artha hotI hai| lekina pariNAma athavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa aura kAma aise hI mUlya haiM jo svarUpata: naitika mUlya nahIM haiM phira hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saGkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitikabhI naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita hokara unakA niyamana aura karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa va-nirdhAraNa bhI karate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki jo eka paristhiti meM prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAranaya (vyavahAradRSTi) se naitikatA pradhAna mUlya ho, vaha dUsarI paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya na ho, kintu sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika-naitikatA sApekSa hai lekina nizcayanaya isase unakI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotI hai| paristhitijanya mUlya yA (pAramArthika dRSTi) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa sApekSa mUlya dUsare mUlyoM ke niSedhaka nahIM hote haiN| do paraspara virodhI mUlya hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma bhI apanI-apanI paristhiti meM apanI mUlyavattA ko banAe rakha sakate yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya-naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA haiN| eka dRSTi se jo mUlya lagatA hai vaha dUsarI dRSTi se nirmUlya ho sakatA ke prayojana yA saGkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saGkalpa kisI hai, kintu apanI dRSTi yA apekSA se to vaha mUlyavAn banA rahatA hai| bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva anaitika yaha bAta paristhitika mUlyoM ke sambandha meM hI adhika satya lagatI hai| ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| Atma-hatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva anaitika

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258 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hotA hai lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka hai, ata: isa kSetra meM naitika mUlyoM kI nirapekSatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA nahIM hai, varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai, jaise- candanA sambhava hai| niSkAma karma-yoga kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kI mAtA ke dvArA kI gaI AtmahatyA yA ceDA mahArAja ke dvArA kiyA kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhya-rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA gayA yuddh| yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotaa| ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve jaina naitika-vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina mUlya jo manovRttyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka nIti se sambandhita haiM kevala saGkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina-darzana "mAnas karma' ke kSetra meM naitikatA aparivartanIya haiM kintu ve mUlya jo AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa evaM aparivartanazIla svIkAra karatA hai| haiM, parivartanIya haiN| mAnasa kA kSetra AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka 2. dUsare, naitika-sAdhya yA naitika-Adarza aparivartanazIla hotA hai ata: vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu usa sAdhya ke sAdhana parivartanazIla hote haiN| jo sarvocca zubha hai| lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva ekamAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ hai vaha aparivartanIya hai, kintu usa sarvocca zubha kI prApti ke jo to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ata: yaha usa kSetra meM niyama yA mArga haiM ve vividha evaM parivartanIya haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sarvocca zubha ko chor3akara kucha anya sAdhya bhI kabhI naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA kA sAdhana bhI bana jAte haiN| sAdhya-sAdhana kA vargIkaraNa nirapekSa nahIM hai, mUlyAGkana unameM parivartana sambhava hai| yadyapi jaba taka koI mUlya sAdhya sthAna naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke sambandha meM hameM DIvI kA para banA rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mUlyavattA aparivartanIya rahatI hai| dRSTikoNa adhika saGgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki ve kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki kisI sthiti meM jo sAdhya-mUlya paristhitiyA~, jinameM naitika AdarzoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva hai, vaha kabhI sAdhana-mUlya nahIM bnegaa| mUlya-vizva ke aneka mUlya parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika niyamoM, naitika kartavyoM aura naitika aise haiM jo kabhI sAdhana-mUlya hote haiM aura kabhI saadhy-muuly| ata: mUlyAGkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana unakI mUlyavattA apane sthAna-parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho sakatI karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA hai| puna: vaiyaktika ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke ki naitika siddhAnta itane parivartanazIla haiM ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotI hai| zubha kI viSayavastu hai| ata: sAdhana-mUlyoM ko parivartanIya mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM naitikatA ho sakatA hai| kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitika 3. tIsare, naitika niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiN| mUlyoM kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya yA mUla-bhUta niyama hI aparivartanIya mAne jA jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhitiyA~ badalatI sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama to parivartanIya hote haiN| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane rahatI haiN| kintu malyoM kI naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM rahatA hai| ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira vastuta: naitika mUlyoM kI vAstavika prakRti meM parivartanazIlatA bhI itanA to dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI aura aparivartanazIlatA ke donoM hI pakSa upasthita haiN| nIti kA kauna-sA niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| pakSa parivartanazIla hotA hai aura kauna-sA pakSa aparivartanazIla hotA yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM hai, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai evaM sAdhya-mUlyoM kI aparivartanazIlatA bhI ekAntika nahIM hai| vastutaH 1. saGkalpa kA naitika mUlya aparivartanazIla hotA hai aura jaina-darzana meM naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ke sandarbha meM AcaraNa kA naitika mUlya parivartanazIla hotA hai| hiMsA kA saGkalpa ekAntarUpa se aparivartanazIlatA aura ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIlatA kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika yA bauddhika ke mAnadaNDa ekAnta rUpa se aparivartanazIla hoMge to sAmAjika sandarbho * pakSa hai vaha nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya hai, kintu karma kA jo ke anurUpa nahIM raha skeNge| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa itane niloMca to vyavahArika evaM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa evaM parivartanazIla nahIM haiM ki ve parivartanazIla sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, nIti kI AtmA aparivartanazIla hai aura nIti nahIM kara sakeM, kintu ve itane lacIle bhI nahIM haiM ki hara koI unheM kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai| saGkalpa kA kSetra yA prajJA kA kSetra eka apane anurUpa DhAla kara unake svarUpa ko hI vikRta kara de| sArAMza aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti yaha hai ki sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa antaraGga rUpa se sthAyI haiM aura bAhya svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahIM rUpa se parivartanazIla haiN|

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jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya kartA kA pratyeka karma jo naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya banatA hai, usake anusAra naitikatA kA artha aise pariNAmoM ko utpanna karanA hai, kisI hetu se abhiprerita hokara prArambha hotA hai aura anta meM kisI jisase jana sAdhAraNa ke kalyANa meM abhivRddhi ho| phira bhI yahA~ hameM parimANa ko niSpanna kara parisamApta hotA hai| isa prakAra kArya kA isa sambandha meM spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki pAzcAtya phalavAda kI dRSTi vizleSaNa hameM yaha batAtA hai ki pratyeka kArya meM eka hetu (uddezya) meM naitika mUlyAGkana ke lie pariNAma kI bhautika pariniSpatti utanI hotA hai, jisase kArya kA prArambha hotA hai aura eka phala hotA hai mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanI kI pariNAma kI vAMchitatA athavA pariNAma jisameM kArya kI parisamApti hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hetu ko kArya kA agraavlokn| beMthama aura mila bhI yaha nahIM kahate ki yadi kisI kA mAnasika pakSa aura phala ko usakA bhautika pariNAma kahA jA sakatA sarjana dvArA kiye gaye Aparezana se rogI kI mRtyu ho jAe to usakA hai| hetu kA nikaTa sambandha kartA ke manobhAvoM se hai, jabaki phala kA kArya nindanIya hai; yadi sarjana kA vAMchita pariNAma yA agrAvalokita nikaTa sambandha karma se hai| hetu para diyA nirNaya vastuta: kartA ke sambandha pariNAma Aparezana ke dvArA usakI jIvana rakSA karanA thA to usakA meM hotA hai jabaki phala para diyA huA nirNaya vastuta: karma ke sambandha vaha kArya naitika dRSTi se ucita hI thA cAhe vaha usameM saphala nahIM meM hotA hai| nItijJoM ke lie yaha prazna vivAda kA rahA hai ki kArya huA ho| kintu mila evaM benthama ke anusAra isa bAta se sarjana kI ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA mUlyAGkana usake hetu ke sambandha meM kiyA naitikatA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA ki usane vaha kArya dhanArjana ke jAe yA usake phala ke sambandha meM, kyoMki kabhI-kabhI zubhatva evaM lie kiyA athavA apanI pratiSThA ke lie kiyA athavA dayA se prerita azubhatva kI dRSTi se hetu aura phala paraspara bhinna pAe jAte haiM- hokara kiyaa| phalavAda ke anusAra dhana, yaza aura dayA ke preraka tattva zubha hetu meM bhI azubha pariNAma kI niSpatti aura azubha hetu meM bhI naitika mUlyAGkana kI dRSTi se koI artha nahIM rkhte| isa dhAraNA ke zubha pariNAma kI niSpatti dekhI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi grIna yaha mAnate viparIta hetuvAda meM saGkalpa athavA preraka hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| haiM ki zubhecchA yA zubha hetu se kiyA gayA kArya sarvadA zubha pariNAma hetuvAda ke anusAra yadi preraka azubha thA, to kArya bhI azubha hI dene vAlA hotA hai, lekina jAgatika anubhava hameM yaha batAtA hai ki mAnA jaayegaa| yadi koI DAkTara kisI sundara strI kI jIvana-rakSA isa kabhI-kabhI kartA dvArA anapekSita karma-pariNAma bhI prApta ho jAte haiM bhAva se prerita hokara karatA hai ki vaha use apanI vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana aura anapekSita karma-pariNAma ko pariNAma mAnane para grIna kI karma banAegA, to hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM pariNAma ke zubha hone para bhI DAkTara ke uddezya aura phala meM ekarUpatA kI dhAraNA Tika nahIM pAtI hai| kA vaha kArya naitika dRSTi se azubha hI hogaa| isa prakAra pAzcAtya yadi kArya ke hetu aura kArya ke vAstavika pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM naitika vicAraNA meM ye donoM vAda kArya ke do bhinna siroM para anAvazyaka ho to yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki inameM se kise naitika nirNaya kA bala dekara ekapakSIya dhAraNA kA vikAsa karate haiN| hetuvAda ke lie viSaya banAyA jaaye| pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM isa samasyA ko lekara kArya kA Arambha hI saba kucha hai, jabaki phalavAda ke lie kArya kA spaSTatayA do pramukha matavAdoM kA nirmANa huA hai, jo phalavAda aura anta hI saba kucha bana gayA hai| ye vicAraka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki hetuvAda ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| phalavAdI dhAraNA kA pratinidhitva Arambha aura anta antatogatvA sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna kArya benthama aura mila karate haiN| benthama kI mAnyatA meM hetuoM kA acchA ke hI do pahalU haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina yA burA honA unake pariNAmoM para nirbhara hai| mila kI dRSTi meM 'hetu' kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| ina vicArakoM kI bhrAnti yaha nahIM hai, ki inhoMne ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA yaha naitikatA kA prazna hI nahIM hai, unakA kArya ke ina do pahaluoM para gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA, varan bhrAnti kathana hai ki hetu ko kArya kI naitikatA se kucha bhI karanA nahIM hotaa| yaha hai, ki inhoMne inheM alaga-alaga karane kA asaphala prayAsa kiyaa| dUsarI ora hetuvAdI paramparA kA pratinidhitva kAMTa, baTalara Adi karate jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aGgoM ko alaga-alaga karake use ThIka hai| mila ke ThIka viparIta kAMTa kA kahanA hai ki "hamArI kriyAoM rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA usI prakAra karma-preraka ko karma-pariNAma ke pariNAma unako naitika mUlya nahIM de skte|"2 baTalara kahate haiM se aura karma-pariNAma ko karma-preraka se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se ki kisI kArya ki acchAI yA burAI bahuta adhika usa hetu para nirbhara samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| yahI unake siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA thii| bhAratIya hai jisase vaha kiyA jAtA hai|" isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki naitika cintana meM bhI karma-pariNAma aura karma-hetu para vicAra to huA lekina nirNaya ke viSaya ko lekara spaSTa rUpa se do dRSTikoNa haiM- 1. phalavAda usameM itanI ekAGgitA kabhI nahIM aaii| Aie bhAratIya sandarbha meM isa kI dRSTi meM naitika nirNaya kRtya ke sambandha meM hote haiM, 2. jabaki samasyA para vicAra kreN| hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM naitika nirNaya kA sambandha kartA se hotA hai| phalavAda pAzcAtya AcAra-vijJAna kA yaha vivAdAtmaka prazna bhAratIya naitika kI dRSTi meM pariNAma hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| phalavAda sArA bala cintanA ke prArambhika yuga se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| yadyapi kArya ke usa vastuniSTha tattva para, jo vAstava meM kriyA hai, detA hai| isa sambandha meM bhArata meM utanI bAla kI khAla nahIM utArI gaI, jitanI

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260 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pazcima meN| jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga meM bauddha-vicAraNA kI hetuvAda sambandhI ki vaha mila aura benthama ke lie hai| dhAraNA kA rocaka upahAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bauddhAgama majjhimanikAya jahA~ taka gItA kI vicAraNA kA prazna hai, apane AcAra-darzana meM bhI buddha ne svayaM ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnA hai aura nirgrantha meM vaha bhI hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI (jaina) paramparA ko phalavAda kA samarthaka batAyA hai| yadyapi nirgrantha karma ke naitika mUlyAGkana kA AdhAra karma kA pariNAma na hokara usakA paramparA ko ekAntata: phalavAdI mAnanA eka asaGgata dhAraNA hai; kyoMki hetu hI hai| gItA kA niSkAma karmayoga kA siddhAnta "karmapariNAma" pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI jainAgamoM meM hetuvAda kA bhI prabala samarthana kI apekSA karma-hetu para hI adhika bala detA hai| gItA meM jisa AdhAra kiyA gayA hai, jisa para pramANapUrvaka thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karanA para arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai usameM - Avazyaka hai| karma-hetu ko hI pramukhatA dI gaI hai, karma-pariNAma ko nhiiN| gII yaha to nirvivAda satya hai ki bauddhadarzana hetuvAda kA samarthaka meM kRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM- "he arjuna! amuka karma kA yaha hai| bauddha vicAraNA naitika mUlyAGkana kI dRSTi se kartA ke hetu athavA phala mile yaha bAta (mana meM) rakhakara karma karane vAlA na ho|'6 kArya kArya ke mAnasika pratyaya ko hI pramukhatA detI hai| dhammapada ke prArambha ke pariNAma para dRSTi rakhakara AcaraNa karanA gItAkAra ko abhipreta meM hI buddha kahate haiM- "sabhI prakAra ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa meM mAnasika nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha to karma-phala para vyakti kA adhikAra hI nahIM vyApAra (hetu) hI prAthamika haiM, mana kI duSTatA aura prasannatA arthAt mAnatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM karmaphala para dRSTi rakhakara AcaraNa mana ke bhale-bure hone para hI karma bhI zubhAzubha huA karate haiM, aura karane vAle kRpaNa arthAt dIna yA nicale darje ke haiN| bAlagaGgAdhara usI se sukha-duHkha milatA hai| (dhammapada 1.2) / yahIM nahIM majjhimanikAya tilaka bhI gItA ke AcAra-darzana ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnate haiM, meM eka aura prabala pramANa hai, jahA~ buddha karma ke mAnasika pratyaya kI unake anusAra karma ke bAhya-pariNAma ke AdhAra para naitika nirNaya pramukhatA ke AdhAra para hI bauddha paramparA aura nirgrantha paramparA meM antara denA asaGgata hai| ve likhate haiM- karma choTe yA bar3e hoM yA barAbara bhI sthApita karate haiN| buddha kahate haiM"- maiM (nigranthoM ke) kAya-daNDa, hoM unameM naitika dRSTi se jo bheda ho jAtA hai, vaha kartA ke hetu ke vacana-daNDa aura mano-daNDa ke badale kAya-karma, vacana-karma aura kAraNa hI huA karatA hai| gItA meM bhagavAn ne arjuna se kucha yaha manas-karma kahatA hU~ aura nirgranthoM kI taraha kAya-karma (karma ke bAhya socane ko nahIM kahA, ki yuddha karane se kitane manuSyoM kA kalyANa svarUpa) kI nahIM, varan manasa-karma (karma ke mAnasika pratyaya) kI pradhAnatA hogA aura kitane logoM kI hAni hogI; balki arjuna se bhagavAn yahI mAnatA huuN| kahate haiN| isa samaya yaha vicAra gauNa hai ki tumhAre yuddha karane se bhISma jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga bhI isa tathya kA samarthana karatA hai ki bauddha mareMge yA dronn| mukhya prazna yahI hai ki tuma kisa buddhi (hetu yA uddezya) paramparA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hai| granthakAra ne bauddha hetuvAda kA se yuddha karane ko taiyAra hue ho, yadi tumhArI buddhi sthita-prajJoM ke upahAsAtmaka citra prastuta kiyA hai| sUtrakAra pravrajyA grahaNa karane ko samAna zuddha hogI aura yadi tuma usa pavitra buddhi se apanA kartavya tatpara Ardraka kumAra ke sammukha eka bauddha zramaNa ke dvArA hI bauddha karane lagoge to phira cAhe bhISma mare yA droNa; tumheM usakA pApa nahIM dRSTikoNa ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta karavAte haiM - lgegaa| gItA kA~Ta ke samAna saGkalpa ko hI samasta kAryoM kA mUla ___ "khola ke piNDa ko manuSya jAnakara bhAle se cheda DAle aura mAnatI hai| gItA-zAGkarabhASya meM kahA gayA hai "sabhI kAmanAoM kA usako Aga para seke athavA kumAra jAnakara tUmar3e ko aisA kare to mUla saGkalpa hai|"9 AcArya zaGkara ne manusmRti (2/3) tathA mahAbhArata hamAre mata ke anusAra prANivadha kA pApa lagatA hai| parantu khola kA se uddharaNa dekara bhI ise siddha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM piNDa mAnakara koI zrAvaka manuSya ko bhAle se chedakara Aga para sekeM ___ kahA gayA hai, 'he kAma! maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA hU~, tU nissaMdeha "saGkalpa" athavA tUmar3A mAnakara kumAra ko aisA kare to hamAre mata ke anusAra se hI utpanna hotA hai, maiM terA saGkalpa nahIM karU~gA, ata: phira tU mujhe usako prANivadha kA pApa nahIM lagatA hai'| prApta nahIM hogaa| majjhimanikAya aura sUtrakRtAGga ke uparokta sandarbho ke AdhAra yadyapi arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana karate samaya para yaha siddha hotA hai ki bauddha naitikatA hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI gItA karma ke naitika mUlyAGkana ke lie bAhya pariNAma para vicAra karane hai, dUsare zabdoM meM usake anusAra karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra kI dRSTi ko ojhala kara detI hai aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gItA kartA kA Azaya hai, na ki karma prinnaam| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa ekAnta hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| lekina yadi gItA ke samagra rakhanA cAhie ki saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate hue svarUpa ko dRSTigata rakhate hue vicAra kiyA jAe to hameM apanI isa bhI vyavahArika rUpa meM bauddha naitikatA phalavAda kI avahelanA nahIM krtii| dhAraNA ke pariSkAra ke lie vivaza honA par3atA hai| yadi gItA kI vinayapiTaka meM aise anekoM prasaGga haiM jahA~ karma ke hetu ko mahattva nahIM dRSTi meM karma kA bAhya pariNAma apanA koI naitika mUlya nahIM rakhatA dekara mAtra karma-pariNAma ke loka-nindanIya hone ke AdhAra para hI usakA hai to phira gItA ke karmayoga aura lokasaMgraha ke hetu karma karate rahane AcaraNa bhikSuoM ke lie avihita ThaharAyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| cAhe kRSNa ne arjuna ke ke lie karma-pariNAma kA agrAvalokana utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai, jitanA dvArA prastuta yuddha ke pariNAma svarUpa kulakSaya aura varNa-saGkaratA kI Jain Education Interational

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jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya 261 utpatti ke vicAra kI eka bAragI upekSA kara dI ho, lekina anta mAnanA par3egA, dUsare zabdoM meM unheM naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnanA meM unheM svayaM hI yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki "yadi maiM karma na karUM hogA, kyoMki unake kriyA-kalApa bhI kisI ke sukha aura duHkha ke to yaha loka bhraSTa ho jAe aura maiM varNasaGkara kA karane vAlA hoU kAraNa to banate hI haiM aura aisI dazA meM unheM zubhAzubha kA bandha tathA isa sArI prajA kA mArane vAlA bneN|" kyA yaha kRSNa kI phala bhI hogA hii| dUsare yadi zubha kA artha svayaM kA duHkha aura azubha dRSTi nahIM hai? svayaM tilakajI bhI gItA-rahasya meM ise svIkAra karate kA artha svayaM kA sukha ho to vItarAga tapasyA ke dvArA zubha kA bandha haiM, unake zabdoM meM gItA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki bAhya karmoM kI karegA evaM jJAnI AtmasaMtoSa kI anubhUti karate hue bhI azubha yA ora kucha bhI dhyAna na do| kisI manuSya kI vizeSakara anajAne manuSya pApa kA bandha kregaa| kI buddhi kI samatA kI parIkSA karane ke lie yadyapi kevala usakA ata: yaha siddha hotA hai ki svayaM kA athavA dUsaroM kA sukha bAhya karma yA AcaraNa, pradhAna sAdhana hai; tathApi kevala isa bAhya AcaraNa athavA duHkha rUpa pariNAma zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, dvArA hI nItimattA kI acUka parIkSA hamezA nahIM ho sktii| 11 isa varan usake pIche rahA huA kartA kA zubhAzubha prayojana hI kisI kArya prakAra saiddhAntika dRSTi se gItA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hote hue bhI ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nizcaya karatA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se karma ke bAhya pariNAma kI upekSA nahIM karatI hai| aSTasahasrI meM AcArya vidyAnandI phalavAda yA karma ke bAhya pariNAma gItA karmaphalAkAMkSA kA yA karmaphalAsakti kA niSedha karatI hai, na ki ke AdhAra para naitika mUlyAGkana karane kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA virodha karma-pariNAma ke agrAvalokana yA pUrva vicAra kaa| yaha ThIka hai ki karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kisI dUsare ke hitAhita ke AdhAra para puNya-pApa usakI dRSTi meM zubhAzubhatva ke nirNaya kA viSaya karma-saGkalpa hai| kA mUlyAGkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki kucha tattva to puNya-pApa aba yadi kArya ke mAnasika hetu aura bhautika pariNAma meM kauna ke isa mApa se nIce haiM, jaise jar3a padArtha aura kucha puNya-pApa ke naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya hai? isa samasyA para jaina dRSTi se vicAra isa mApa ke Upara haiM, jaise arht| puNya-pApa ke kSetra meM apanI kriyAoM kareM, to hama pAte haiM ki jaina dRSTikoNa ne isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa ke AdhAra para ve hI loga Ate haiM jo vAsanAoM se yukta haiN| dUsare kA samucita prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina dRSTi ekAGgI mAnyatAoM kI virodhI zabdoM meM bandhana ke heturUpa meM vAsanA hI sAmAnya tattva hai| ata: mAtra rahI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prathamata: usane hetuvAda kI ekAGgI kisI ko sukha dene yA duHkha dene se koI kArya puNya-pApa nahIM hotA mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| varan usa kArya ke pIche jo vAsanA hai, vahI kArya ko zubhAzubha banAtI jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga meM hetuvAda kA jo khaNDana kiyA gayA hai vaha hai| arhat kI vItarAgatA ke kAraNa kisI ko sukha yA duHkha to ho ekAGgI hetuvAda kA hai| jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kie gae hetuvAda ke khaNDana sakatA hai, lekina usakI apanI koI vAsanA yA prayojana nahIM hai, ke AdhAra para use phalavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka mAna lenA svayaM meM ata: use puNya-pApa kA bandha nahIM hotA hai| sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| jaina cintakoM dvArA hetuvAda kA phalavAda se niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina dRSTi ke anusAra bhI kartA kA prayojana bhI adhika samarthana kiyA gayA hai, jise aneka tathyoM se paripaSTa kiyA yA abhisaMdhi hI zubhAzubhatva kI anivArya zarta hai, na ki mAtra sukha-duHkha jA sakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra meM, AcArya samantabhadra ke prinnaam| kI AptamImAMsA kI vRtti meM tathA AcArya vidyAnandI kI aSTasahasrI bhAratIya darzana ke adhikArI vidvAn zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI jaina TIkA meM phalavAda kA khaNDana aura hetuvAda kA maNDana pAyA jAtA naitika vicAraNA ko isI rUpa meM dekhate haiM, ve likhate haiM ki "jaina hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se likhate haiM ki "hiMsA AcAra darzana kArya ke pariNAma (phala) se vyatirikta usake hetu kI kA adhyavasAya arthAt mAnasika hetu hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai, cAhe zuddhatA para hI bala detA hai| usake anusAra yadi kArya kisI zuddha bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA huI ho yA na huI ho| 12 vastu (ghaTanA) nahIM varan prayojana se kiyA gayA hai to vaha zubha hI hogA, cAhe usase dUsaroM saGkalpa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| 13 dUsare zabdoM meM bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita ko duHkha kyoM nahIM pahu~cA ho| kArya yadi azubha prayojana se kiyA karma-pariNAma naitika yA anaitika nahIM hai, varan vyakti kA karma-saGkalpa gayA hai to azubha hI hogA, cAhe pariNAma ke rUpa meM usase dUsaroM yA hetu hI naitika yA anaitika hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM AcArya samantabhadra ko sukha huA ho|'15 zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA bhI likhate haiM- "zubhAzubha aura vidyAnandI ke dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha suzIlakumAra maitrA aura yadunAtha kA vinizcaya bAhya pariNAmoM para nahIM varan kartA ke Atmagata prayojana - sinhA ne bhI kiyA hai|4 jaina dArzanika samantabhrada batAte haiM ki kArya kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA caahie|"16 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kA zubhatva kevala isa tathya meM nihita nahIM hai ki usase dUsaroM ko apane-apane hetuvAda ke samarthana meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra sukha hotA hai aura svayaM ko kaSTa hotA hai| isI prakAra kArya kA azubhatva darzanoM meM adbhuta sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| hama viSaya kI gaharAI isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatA ki usakI phala-niSpatti ke rUpa meM meM praveza nahIM karate hue mAtra tulanA kI dRSTi se dhammapada aura gItA dUsaroM ko duHkha hotA hai aura svayaM ko sukha hotA hai| kyoMki yadi ke eka zloka ko prastuta kreNge| jaina grantha puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM AcArya zubha kA artha dUsaroM kA sukha aura azubha kA artha dUsaroM kA duHkha amRtacandra kahate haiM- "rAgAdi se rahita apramAda yukta AcaraNa karate ho to hameM acetana jar3a padArtha aura vItarAga saMta ko bhI bandhana meM hue yadi prANAghAta ho jAe to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai arthAt aisA vyakti

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262 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 niSpApa hokara bandhana meM nahIM aataa|"17 bauddha grantha dhammapada meM kahA yaha ThIka hai ki kabhI-kabhI karma ke kartA ke hetu aura usake pariNAma gayA hai- "mAtA, pitA, do kSatriya rAjA evaM anucaroM sahita rASTra meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAtI hai, lekina yaha apavAdAtmaka sthiti hI kA hanana karane para bhI vItatRSNa jJAnI (bAhmaNa) niSpApa hI hotA hai|"18 hai aura apavAda ke AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama kI pratisthApanA nahIM gItA kahatI hai jisameM Asakti aura kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai vaha isa kI jA sakatI hai| janasAdhAraNa kI mAnyatA to yaha hai ki bAhya AcaraNa samagra loka ko mArakara bhI na to mAratA hai aura na bandhana meM AtA kartA kI manodazAoM kA hI pratibimba hai| hai|" vastuta: aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|9 yadyapi samAlocya AcAra yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina naitika vicAraNA ne kArya ke naitika darzanoM meM itanI vaicArika ekarUpatA hai phira bhI jahA~ taka gItA aura mUlyAGkana ke lie saiddhAntika dRSTi se jahA~ kartA ke mAnasika hetu jainAcAra darzana kA prazna hai isa ekarUpatA ke hote hue bhI eka antara kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA, vahA~ vyAvahArika dRSTi se kArya ke bAhAI hai aura vaha antara yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra sthita-prajJa avasthA pariNAma kI avahelanA bhI nahIM kI hai| zrI sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki meM rahakara hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai jabaki jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai ki 'jaina-AcAra darzana vyaktiniSTha naitikatA para bala dete hue bhI kAryoM isa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI hai, mAtra vaha ho ke pariNAmoM para bhI samucita rUpa se vicAra karatA hai|"22 jainAcArajAtI hai| darzana ke anusAra yadi kartA mAtra apane uddezya kI zuddhatA kI ora prazna hotA hai ki yadi jaina cintana ko prayojana yA hetuvAda svIkArya hI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura karma-pariNAma ke sambandha meM pUrva se hI vicAra hai to phira use hetuvAda ke samarthaka bauddhadarzana kA upahAsa karane yA nahIM karatA hai to usakA vaha karma ayatanA (aviveka) aura pramAda usakI AlocanA karane kA kyA adhikAra raha jAtA hai| lekina vastu ke kAraNa azubhatA kI koTi meM hI mAnA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka prAyazcita sthiti aisI nahIM hai| yadi jaina cintakoM ko kevala hetuvAda svIkArya kA pAtra banatA hai| karma-pariNAma kA agrAvalokana yA pUrva-viveka jaina, hotA to ve bauddha dArzanikoM kA upahAsa nahIM krte| jaina vicAraNA naitikatA meM Avazyaka tathya hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA virodha nahIM karatI hai, usakA virodha vAstavikatA yaha hai ki naitika mUlyAGkana sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika usa ekAGgI hetuvAda se hai jisameM vyavahAra kI avahelanA kI jAtI ina donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaba hama sAmAjika dRSTi hai| ekAGgI hetavAda meM jaina vicAraNA ne jo sabase bar3A khatarA dekhA, se kisI karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM to hameM tathya paraka dRSTi vaha yaha thA ki ekAGgI hetuvAda naitika mUlyAGkana kI vastuniSTha kasauTI se hI mUlyAGkana karanA hotA hai aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke pariNAma ko samApta kara detA hai, phalasvarUpa hamAre pAsa dUsare ke kAryoM kA hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hoNge| lekina jaba vaiyaktika dRSTi se kisI naitika mUlyAGkana yA mApa karane kI koI kasauTI hI nahIM raha jAtI karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM, to hameM Atmaparaka dRSTi se mUlyAGkana hai| yadi abhisaMdhi yA kartA kA prayojana hI hamAre karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA karanA hogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke preraka hI naitika nirNaya kA ekamAtra nirNAyaka hai, to phira koI bhI vyakti dUsare ke AcaraNa / ke viSaya hoNge| jainAcAra-darzana kI bhASA meM yadi kaheM to phala ke ke sambandha meM koI bhI naitika nirNaya nahIM de sakegA, kyoMki kartA AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karanA yaha vyavahAradRSTi hai aura kA prayojana jo ki eka vaiyaktika tathya hai, dUsare ke dvArA jAnA nahIM kartA ke hetu ke AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karanA yaha nizcayadRSTi jA sakatA hai| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM to naitika nirNaya yA paramArtha dRSTi hai| jainAcAra-darzana ke anusAra donoM hI apane apane usake kArya ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai| kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa haiM aura AcAra darzana ke samagra svarUpa kI dRSTi sAtha hI loga bAhya rUpa se anaitika AcaraNa karate hue bhI yaha kahakara se kisI kI bhI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| lekina jahA~ taka ki usameM hamArA prayojana zubha thA, svayaM ke naitika yA dhArmika hone AtmaniSTha naitikatA kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki naitika kA dambha kara sakate haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI bAhya rUpa meM nirNaya kA viSaya koI Atmaparaka tathya hI ho sakatA hai, vastuparaka anaitika AcaraNa karate hue, aneka vyakti svayaM ko dhArmika yA naitika tathya nahIM ho sktaa| AtmaniSTha naitikatA meM nirNaya kA viSaya kartA hone kA dambha karate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki sUtrakRtAGga meM mahAvIra kI mAnasika avasthAe~ hotI haiM, bAhya ghaTanAe~ nhiiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka ko yaha kahanA par3A ki "mana se satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se mila ko bhI anta meM yaha svIkAra kara lenA par3A ki naitika nirNaya dUsarI bAteM karanA kyA yaha saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai?"20 hetuvAda kA viSaya kartA dvArA abhIpsita phala (vAJchita pariNAma) hai na ki kA sabase bar3A doSa yahI hai ki usameM naitikatA kA dambha panapatA hai| bAhya-ghaTita bhautika prinnaam| lekina jaise hI hama kartA ke vAJchita dUsare ekAnta hetuvAda meM mana aura karma kI ekarUpatA kA koI artha pariNAma kI bAta karate haiM, kisI Antarika tathya kI ora saGketa karate hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| hetuvAda yaha mAna letA hai ki kArya ke mAnasika haiM aura naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ke rUpa meM bAhya ghaTanAoM yA phala pakSa aura usake pariNAmAtmaka pakSa meM ekarUpatA Avazyaka nahIM hai, ke sthAna para karma ke mAnasika pakSa ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, vaise donoM svatantra haiM, unameM eka prakAra kA dvaita hai| jabaki sacce naitika hI hama karma ke bhautika pahalU se mAnasika pahalU kI ora bar3hate haiM, jIvana kA artha hai, manasA vAcA karmaNA vyavahAra kI ekruuptaa|21 hamArI vivecanA kA kendra karma ke sthAna para kartA bana jAtA hai| bAhya naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA to mana aura karma ke pUrNa sAmaJjasya meM hai| ghaTita bhautika pariNAma kartA ke mAnasa ke pratibimba avazya haiM, lekina

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-duzcaritra virati -saccaritra jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya 263 ve sadaiva use yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita nahIM krte| ata: abhrAnta dvArA unakI ekAGgitA ko dUrakara eka samagra dRSTikoNa pradAna naitika nirNaya ke lie karma ke caitasika pakSa yA kartA kI mAnasika karatI hai| avasthAoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| jaina-AcAra-darzana jaina vicAraNA meM zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nikaTastha sambandha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI manodazAe~ kramazaH saMvara aura Asrava se mAnA jA sakatA hai| hama kaha sakate haiM, bAhya pariNAma usI avasthA taka naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAne haiM ki jisase Asrava hokara karmabandha ho vaha azubha hai aura jisase jA sakate haiM, jaba taka ki ve kartA kI manodazA ko yathArtha rUpa meM saMvara ho karma baMdhana nahIM hotA to vaha zubha hai| jaina vicAraNA meM Asrava pratibimbita karate haiN| lekina AcaraNa kA mAnasika pakSa bhI itanA ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM- 1. mithyAdRSTi, 2. kaSAya, 3. avirati, adhika vyApaka hai ki pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne usake eka-eka pahalU ko 4. pramAda aura 5. yog| isI prakAra saMvara ke 5 kAraNa haiMlekara naitika nirNaya ke viSaya kI dRSTi se usa para gaharAI se vicAra 1. samyagdRSTi, 2. akaSAya, 3. virati, 4. apramAda aura 5. ayog| kiyaa| isake phalasvarUpa nimna cAra vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane Ate pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke 1. saGkalpa, 2. preraka, 3. caritra aura 4. abhiprAya (irAdA) apane lAkSaNika arthoM meM nimna prakAra se inake samAnArthaka (1) mila kA kahanA thA ki "kArya kI naitikatA pUrNata: abhiprAya mAne jA sakate haiN| para arthAt kartA jo kucha karanA cAhatA hai, usa para nirbhara hai|" mila mithyAdRSTi 1. saGkalpa- 1. kI dRSTi meM abhiprAya (irAdA) se tAtparya karma ke usa rUpa se hai, dRSTi samyagdaSTi jisa rUpa meM kartA use karanA cAhatA hai| 23 mAna lIjie koI vyakti 2. preraka- 2. kaSAya (vAsanA) kisI vyakti vizeSa kI hatyA karane ke lie usa savArI gAr3I ko 3. caritra- 3. avirati / ulaTanA cAhatA hai, jisase vaha vyakti yAtrA kara rahA hai| usakA prayAsa 4. pramAda / apramAda / saphala hotA hai aura usa vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha aura bhI anekoM yAtrI mAre jAte haiN| isa ghaTanA meM mila ke anusAra usa vyakti ko kevala vastuta: pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke 1. saGkalpa, 2. preraka, 3. caritra eka vyakti kI hatyA meM doSI nahIM mAnakara sabhI kI hatyA kA doSI aura 4. abhiprAya: jaina darzana ke Asrava evaM saMvara ke 5 mUla kAraNoM mAnA jAyegA; kyoMki vaha gAr3I ko hI ulaTanA cAhatA thaa| ke paryAyavAcI haiM aura jaina darzana meM zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya una pA~coM (2) kAMTa ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAtra kartA kA para hI hotA hai| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA par3egA ki jaina darzana meM pAzcAtya saGkalpa hai| yadi uparyukta ghaTanAkrama ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM to kAMTa vicAraNA ke ye cAroM matavAda avirodhapUrvaka samanvita haiN| ke anusAra vaha vyakti kevala usa vyakti vizeSa kI hatyA kA doSI uparyukta cAra matavAdoM ke AdhAra para yadi samAlocya AcAra darzanoM hogA, na ki sabhI kI hatyA kA, kyoMki use kevala usI vyakti kI kI tulanA kareM to hama kaha sakate haiM ki gItA kA dRSTikoNa kAMTa mRtyu abhIpsita thii| ke saGkalpavAda aura bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke abhiprerakavAda . (3) isa sambandha meM eka tIsarA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU kA hai, unake ke adhika nikaTa hai| kyoMki gItA ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kA anusAra naitika nirNaya kA viSaya vaha abhipreraka hai jisase prerita hokara viSaya kartA kI vyAvasAyika buddhi ko mAnA gayA hai, jo ki kAMTa kartA ne vaha kArya kiyA hai| uparyukta dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para mArTinyU ke saGkalpa ke nikaTa hI nahIM varan samAnArthaka bhI hai| isI prakAra bauddha ke mata kA vicAra kareM to mArTinyU kaheMge ki yadi kartA usakI hatyA vicAraNA meM zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra prANI kI vAsanA (tRSNA) vaiyaktika vidveSa yA svArtha se prerita hokara karanA cAhatA thA to vaha ko mAnA gayA hai| yahI tRSNA sArI jAgatika pravRttiyoM kI preraka hai| doSI hogA, lekina yadi vaha rASTrabhakti yA lokahita se prerita hokara isa prakAra tRSNA preraka ke samAnArthaka hai, ata: kahA jA sakatA hai karanA cAhatA thA to vaha nirdoSa hI mAnA jaayegaa| ki bauddha dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke adhika nikaTa hai| jahA~ taka jaina dRSTikoNa (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa maikanjI kA hai, unake anusAra karma ke kA prazna hai use kisI sImA taka maikenjI ke caritravAda ke nikaTa mAnA sambandha meM kartA kA caritra hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai| mAna lIjie jA sakatA hai, kyoMki caritra zabda meM jo artha-vistAra hai vaha jaina koI vyakti naze meM golI calA detA hai aura usase kisI kI hatyA samanvayavAdI dRSTi ke anukUla hai, phira bhI ina vivecya AcAra darzanoM ho jAtI hai| sambhava hai ki kAMTa aura mArTinyU kI dhAraNA meM vaha nirdoSa ko kisI eka matavAda ke sAtha bAMdha denA saGgata nahIM hogA, kyoMki ho, lekina maikanjI kI dRSTi meM to vaha apane caritra kI dUSitatA ke unameM sabhI vicAraNAoM ke tathya khoje jA sakate haiN| gItA meM kAma kAraNa doSI mAnA jaayegaa| aura krodha ke abhipreraka aura bauddha vicAraNA kI nirAkAra avidyA nItivettAoM ne uparyukta cAroM matoM kA parIkSA kI aura unheM ekAGgI bhI naitika nirNaya ke mahattvapUrNa viSaya haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki evaM doSapUrNa pAyA hai| yahA~ para vistArabhaya se yaha saba denA sambhava bhAratIya vicAra dRSTi samasyA ke kisI eka pahalU ko anya se alaga nahIM hai| isa vivecanA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra yaha dikhA denA hai ki kara usa para vicAra nahIM karatI varan sampUrNa samasyA kA usake vibhinna kisa prakAra jaina vicAraNA ina cAroM virodhI matavAdoM ke samanvaya ke pahaluoM sahita vicAra karatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaba bauddha vicArakoM

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264 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ne bandhana ke kAraNa para vicAra kiyA to avidyA, tRSNA Adi meM se bala nahIM diyA, apitu mithyAtva, kaSAya, avirati, pramAda aura yoga kisI eka ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA, varan unakI pratItyasamutpAda ke rUpa ke paMcaka ko svIkAra kiyaa| yaha sambhava hai ki kisI eka dRSTi vizeSa meM zRGkhalA khar3I kara dii| jaina vicArakoM ne jaba Asrava ke kAraNa se vicAra karate samaya eka pakSa ko pramukhatA dI gaI ho, lekina dUsare para vicAra kiyA to kevala mithyAtva yA kaSAya meM se kisI eka para pakSoM ko jhuThalAyA nahIM gayA hai| mi; i sandarbha : (abhisaMdhi) thought it leads to unhappiness to others. It 1. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, DaoN0 rAmanAtha zarmA, meraTha, pR0 75 / considers an action to be wrong if it is actuated by bad nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 75 / intention though it leads to happiness of others. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 76 / -- History of Indian philosophy. 4. majjhimanikAya, sutta 56 / 16. Hence right and wrong are to be determined not by sUtrakRtAGga, 2/6/26-27 / objective consequences but by the nature of the subjective 6. mA phaleSu kadAcana, mA karmaphalaheturbhUH - gItA, 2/47 / intention of the agent. 7. kRpaNA: phalahetavaH- gItA 2/49 / -- The Ethics of the Hindus P. 289. gItA rahasya, bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, pR0 481 / 17. yuktAcaraNasya sato rAgadyAbazamantareNA'pi / saGkalpamUlA hi srvekaamaaH| - gItA zAGkarabhASya, gItApresa nahi bhavati jAtu hiMsA prANavyaparopaNAdeva / / gorakhapura, 6/4 / -puruSArthasiddhayupAya (amRtacandra), 45 / 10. kAmaM jAnAmi te mUlaM saGkalpAntvaM hi jaayse| 18. mAtaraM pitaraM hantvA rAjAno dve ca khattiye / na tvAM saGkalpayiSyAmi tena me na bhvissysi|| ra8 sAnucaraM hantvA anigho yAti brAhmaNo / / -dhammapada, 294 / - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, gItApresa. 177/25 / 19. yasya nAhakRtA bhAvA buAddhayasya na lipyt|| 11. gItA rahasya, 3/24 kI ttiikaa| hatvApi sa imAllokAna hanti na nibadhyate / / - gItA, 18/17 / 12. ajjhavasideNa baMdho satte mAreu mA vA maareu| - samayasAra 262 / 20. sUtrakRtAGga, 2/6/32! 13. Na ya vatthudo du baMdho ajjhavasANeNa bNdhotthi|-smysaar 265 / / 21. manasyaikaM vacasyaikaM karmaNyekaM mhaatmnaam| 14. (a) esa0 ke maitrA-di aithiksa oNpha di hindUja, pR0 22. The Jain Ethics stresses subjective morality though it 2 321-323 / gives due consideration to the consequences of actions. (ba) je0ena0sinhA-inDiyana philAsaphI, jaina philaasphii| --History of Indian Philosophy. 23. TippaNI- jaina darzana meM jisa prakAra yoga mAnasika aura zArIrika 15. The Jain Ethics emphasises purity of motives as kRtyatA hai usI prakAra mila ke anusAra abhiprAya bhI kRtyatA hai| ata: distinguished from consequences of action. It considers donoM hI samAna mAne jA sakate haiN| an action to be right if it is actuated by good intention

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jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA svarUpa nAta maoNrala AblIgezana ke lie hindI bhASA meM naitika prabhuzakti, (sadAcAra) kI dizA meM pravRtta hotA hai| naitika bAdhyatA, naitika dAyitva yA naitika kartavyatA zabdoM kA prayoga cU~ki jaina darzana kisI aise Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM huA hai| vastuta: maoNrala AblIgezan dAyitva-bodha yA kartavyabodha kI karatA hai, jo "karma ke niyama" kA niyAmaka yA adhizAstA hai, ata: usa sthiti kA sUcaka hai jahA~ vyakti yaha anubhava karatA hai ki "yaha usameM naitika aura dhArmika bAdhyatA bAhya-Adeza nahIM, apitu, karma mujhe karanA caahie|" pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ke anusAra naitika kartavyatA niyama kI draSTA antarAtmA kA hI Adeza hai| usameM bAdhyatA to hai, kA svarUpa "yaha karanA cAhie" isa prakAra kA hai, na ki "yaha karanA kintu, yaha bAdhyatA nirapekSa na hokara sApekSa hai| hogaa|" pAzcAtya paramparA meM naitika kartavyatA ko "cAhie" (ought) jaina-darzana ke anusAra vastu svabhAva ko hI dharma kahA jAtA hai ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko 'hogA' (Must) ke rUpa meM dekhA aura yadi vastu svabhAva hI dharma hai, to dhArmika kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA gayA; kyoMki dharma ko IzvarIya Adeza mAnA gyaa| jabaki bhAratIya kA udbhava bAhara se hI na hokara andara se hogaa| jaina darzana meM AtmA paramparA meM vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA meM naitika aura dhArmika donoM kA svabhAva "samatA" batAyA gayA hai| ata: "samabhAva kI sAdhanA" hI prakAra ko kartavyatA kI prakRti eka sopAdhika kathana ke rUpa meM kI kartavyatA kA AdhAra bAharI na hokara Antarika hai| isI prakAra hai, usameM cAhie kA tattva to hai, kintu, usake sAtha eka bAdhyatA prANIya prakRti kA svAbhAvika guNa jijIviSA hai aura ahiMsA kI naitika kA bhAva bhI hai| usameM "cAhie" (ought) aura "hogA" (Must) kartavyatA isI jijIviSA ke kAraNa hai| kahA gayA hai- "sabhI jInA kA sundara samanvaya hai| usakA svarUpa isa prakAra kA hai- yadi tuma cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM caahtaa|" ata: prANa-vadha kA niSedha kiyA aisA cAhate ho to tumheM aisA karanA hogA arthAt yadi tuma mukti cAhate gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM cAhe samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI kartavyatA ho to tumheM samyak cAritra kA pAlana karanA hogaa| usameM bAdhyatA meM kA prazna ho yA ahiMsA ke vrata ke pAlana kA prazna ho, unakI bAdhyatA bhI svatantratA nihita hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhAratIya paramparA antarAtmA se hI AtI hai, vaha kisI bAhyatattva para AdhArita nahIM hai| meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcI gaI aura na unheM eka dUsare jaina-dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyoM kI abhinnatA se pRthak mAnA gayA hai| puna: jaina darzana ke anusAra naitika evaM dhArmika sAmAnyatayA kucha pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne dharma aura nIti ke bIca dAyitva yA kartavyatA kI isa bAdhyatA kA udgama AtmA dvArA eka vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcI hai aura isI AdhAra para ve naitika aura karma-siddhAnta kI svIkRti meM rahA hai| yadyapi karma-siddhAnta eka vastuniSTha dhArmika kartavyoM meM bhI antara karate haiN| ve naitika kartavyatA ko 'karanA niyama hai, kintu, usakA niyAmaka tattva svayaM AtmA hI hai| karma-niyama cAhie' ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko "karanA hogA' ke rUpa para AtmA kI yaha niyAmakatA usake AcAra kI pavitratA ke sAtha meM lete haiN| kintu, sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya dArzanika aura vizeSa bar3hatI hai| rUpa se jaina dArzanika naitika evaM dhArmika kartavyatA ko abhinna rUpa jaina paramparA meM tIna prakAra kI AtmAe~ mAnI gayI haiM-- bahirAtmA, se hI grahaNa karate haiN| ve dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI sImA rekhA antarAtmA ora prmaatmaa| isameM bahirAtmA indriyamaya AtmA hai aura nahIM khIMcate haiN| bhArata meM dharma zabda kA vyavahAra adhikAMza rUpa meM antarAtmA vivekamaya AtmA hai| naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra kartavya evaM sadAcAra ke artha meM hI huA hai aura isa prakAra vaha nItizAstra ke dAyitvoM kI kartavyatA kA udbhava vivekamaya AtmA se hotA hai, kA pratyaya bana jAtA hai| bhArata meM nItizAstra ke lie dharmazAstra zabda jo indriyamaya AtmA ko vaisA karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| jaina kA hI prayoga huA hai| dharma aura nIti meM yaha vibhAjana mukhyatayA darzana aura je0esa0mila isa sandarbha meM ekamata haiM ki sampUrNa naitikatA mAnavIya cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke AdhAra para aura dhArmikatA ke dAyitva kI cetanA kA AdhAra kartavya ke vidhAna / kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma kA AdhAra se utpanna vivekamaya antarAtmA kI tIvra vedanA hI hai| antara kevala vizvAsa yA zraddhA hai, jabaki naitikatA kA AdhAra saGkalpa hai| dharma kA itanA hI hai ki jahA~ mila kA Antarika Adeza mAtra bhAvanAmUlaka sambandha hamAre bhAvanAtmaka pakSa se hai, jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha hai vahA~ jaina darzana kA Antarika Adeza bhAvanA aura viveka ke samanvaya hamAre saGkalpAtmaka pakSa se hai| semyuala elekjeNDara ke zabdoM meM dhArmika meM udbhUta hotA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi tumheM amuka Adarza prApta honA' isase adhika kartavya nahIM hai, jaise ki 'bhUkhA honA' koI kartavya karanA hai to amuka prakAra se AcaraNa karanA hI hogaa| samyagcAritra hai| jisa prakAra bhUkha ekamAtra sAMvegika avasthA hai, usI prakAra dharma kA vikAsa samyagdarzana (bhAvanA) aura samyagjJAna (viveka) ke AdhAra bhI eka sAMvegika avasthA hai| viliyama jemsa kA kahanA hai ki "yadi para hotA hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA hameM dharma kA koI nizcita artha lenA hai to hameM use bhAvanAoM ke atireka ke lie eka Abandha prastuta karate haiM, pariNAmata: AtmA samyagcAritra aura utsAhapUrNa AliGgana ke artha meM lenA caahie| jahA~ tathAkathita

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266 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 naitikatA kevala sira jhukA detI hai aura rAha chor3a detI hai|" vastuta: kucha pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki binA dhArmika bhArata meM dharma aura naitikatA do alaga-alaga tathya nahIM rahe haiN| mAnavIya kartavyoM kA pAlana kiye bhI vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai| sadAcArI cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka pakSoM ko cAhe eka dUsare se jIvana ke lie dhArmikatA anivArya tattva nahIM hai| Aja sAmyavAdI pRthak dekhA jA sakatA ho, kintu unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA dezoM meM isI dharmavihina naitikatA kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA hai| yadi dharma jA sktaa| bhAvanA, viveka aura saGkalpa, mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna kA artha kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA yA pUjA ke kriyA-kANDoM pakSa haiN| cU~ki manuSya eka samagratA hai, ata: ye tInoM pakSa eka dUsare taka sImita hai, taba to yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti dhArmika hue ke sAtha mile hue haiN| isIlie maithyu AranaoNlDa ko yaha kahanA par3A binA bhI naitika ho sakatA hai| kintu, jaba dhArmikatA kA artha hI thA ki bhAvanAyukta naitikatA hI dharma hai| pazcima meM yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa sadAcAritA ho to phira kyA yaha sambhava hai ki binA sadAcArI hue rUpa se carcita rahA hai ki dhArmika aura naitika kartavyoM meM kauna prAthamika koI vyakti dhArmika ho jAye? jaina darzana hameM dharma kI jo vyAkhyA hai? DekArTa, laoNka prabhRti aneka vicAraka naitika niyamoM ko IzvarIya detA hai vaha na to kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA kI bAta kahatA Adeza se pratiphalita mAnate haiM aura isa artha meM ve dharma ko naitikatA hai aura na dharma ke kucha kriyA-kANDoM taka sImita rakhatA hai| usane se prAthamika mAnate haiN| jabaki kaoNNTa, mArTinyU Adi naitikatA para dharma kI paribhASA karate hue cAra dRSTikoNa prastuta kiye haiMdharma ko adhiSThita karate haiN| kaoNNTa ke anusAra, dharma naitikatA para (1) vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai; AdhArita hai aura Izvara kA astitva naitikatA ke astitva ke kAraNa (2) kSamA Adi sadguNoM kA AcaraNa dharma hai; hai| jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA kA (3) samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra hI dharma hai: aura prazna hai ve dharma aura naitikatA ko eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM karate haiN| (4) jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI dharma hai| 'AcAra: prathamo dharma:' ke rUpa meM nIti kI pratiSThA dharma ke sAtha jur3I yadi ina paribhASAoM ke sandarbha ko dekheM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA huI hai| jaina darzana kI bhASA meM kaheM to donoM anyonyAzrita haiN| samyagcAritra hai ki dhArmika honA aura naitika honA yaha do alaga-alaga tathya nahIM kA AdhAra samyagdarzana hai aura samyagcAritra ke abhAva meM samyagdarzana haiN| 'dharma' naitikatA kI AdhArabhUmi hai aura 'naitikatA' dharma kI bAhya bhI nahIM hotA hai| sadAcaraNa ke binA samyak zraddhA aura samyak zraddhA abhivykti| dharma naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura naitikatA dharma kA shriir| ke binA sadAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| dharma na naitikatAvihIna hai aura ata: jaina vicAraka dhArmika aura naitika kartavyatA ke bIca koI vibhAjaka na to naitikatA dhrmvihiin| braiDale ke zabdoM meM yaha asambhava hai ki rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| unake anusAra Antarika niSThApUrvaka sadAcAra eka vyakti dhArmika hote hue anaitika AcaraNa kre| aisI sthiti meM kA pAlana karanA arthAt naitika dAyitvoM yA kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA yA to vaha dharma kA DhoMga kara rahA hai yA usakA dharma hI mithyA hai| hI dhArmika honA hai| kucha loga dharma aura naitikatA kA antara isa AdhAra para karate haiM ki naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| jahA~ taka zubha aura azubha jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA vyAvahArika pakSa kA saMgharSa hai vahA~ taka naitikatA kA kSetra hai| dharma ke kSetra meM zubha aura jainadharma meM hama naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA meM koI azubha kA dvandva samApta ho jAtA hai| kyoMki dhArmika tabhI huA jA vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcanA cAheM to use sAmAjika kartavyatA aura sakatA hai, jabaki vyakti azubha se pUrNatayA virata ho jAye aura jaba vaiyaktika kartavyatA ke AdhAra para hI khIMcA jA sakatA hai| hamAre azubha nahIM rahatA to zubha bhI nahIM rhtaa| jaina dArzanikoM meM AcArya kartavya aura dAyitva do prakAra ke hote haiM, eka jo dUsaroM ke prati kundakunda ne puNya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) donoM se Upara uThane kA haiM aura dUsare jo apane prati haiN| jo dUsaroM arthAt samAja ke prati nirdeza diyA hai| yadyapi hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki azubha se hamAre dAyitva haiM ve naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ate haiM- ahiMsA, nivartana ke lie prathama zubha kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| dharma kA kSetra satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke vratoM kA jo bAhya yA vyavahAra puNya-pApa ke atikramaNa kA kSetra hai; ata: vaha naitikatA se Upara hai, pakSa hai, usakA pAlana naitika kartavyatA hai, jabaki samabhAva, draSTAbhAva phira bhI hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki dhArmika hone ke lie jina kartavyoM yA sAkSIbhAva jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'sAmAyika' kahA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ve svarUpataH naitika hI haiN| jaina dharma ke gayA hai, kI sAdhanA dhArmika kartavyatA hai| jaina dharma meM AcAra aura pA~ca vratoM, bauddha dharma ke paJcazIloM aura yoga darzana ke paJcayamoM kA pUjA-upAsanA kI jo dUsarI prakriyAe~ haiM unakA mahattva yA mUlya isI sImAkSetra naitikatA kA sImA-kSetra hI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dhArmika bAta meM hai ki samabhAva jo hamArA sahaja svabhAva hai, kI upalabdhi meM, hone ke lie naitika honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra AcaraNa kI dRSTi kisa sImA taka sahAyaka hai| yadi hameM jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika se naitika-kartavyatA prAthamika hai aura dhArmika-kartavyatA paravartI hai| yadyapi kartavyatA ko ati saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to unheM kramaza: 'ahiMsA' aura naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava ___'samatA' ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai, usameM ahiMsA sAmAjika yA karma ke niyama se hotA hai, ata: ina kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava naitika kartavyatA kI sUcaka hai aura samatA (sAmAyika) dhArmika kartavyatA mUlataH dhArmika hI hai| kI sUcaka hai|

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jaina AcAra meM utsarga-mArga aura apavAda-mArga utsarga aura apavAda sthavirakalpa meM yaha anivArya ho gayA ki jitanA "pratiSedha" kA pAlana jaina AcAryoM ne AcAra sambandhI jo vibhinna vidhi-niSedha prastuta Avazyaka hai, utanA hI Avazyaka "anujJA" kA AcaraNa bhI hai| kiye haiM ve nirapekSa nahIM haiN| deza-kAla aura vyakti ke AdhAra para unameM balki parasthitivizeSa meM "anujJA" ke anusAra AcaNa nahIM karane parivartana sambhava ho sakatA hai| AcAra ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi-niSedha para prAyazcita kA bhI vidhAna karanA par3A hai| jisa prakAra pratiSedha kA jisa sAmAnya sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai usameM ve AcAra bhaMga karane para prAyazcita hai usI prakAra apavAda kA AcaraNa nahIM karane ke vidhi-niSedha yathAvat rUpa meM pAlanIya mAne gaye haiM, kintu deza-kAla, para bhI prAyazcita hai arthAt "pratiSedha" aura "anujJA" utsarga aura paristhiti athavA vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM kI bhitratA meM unameM parivartana apavAda donoM hI samabala mAne gaye haiN| donoM meM hI vizuddhi hai| kintu bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vyakti aura deza-kAlagata sAmAnya yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki utsarga rAjamArga hai, jisakA avalambana paristhitiyoM meM jina niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai ve utsarga mArga sAdhaka ke lie sahaja hai, kintu apavAda, yadyapi AcaraNa meM sarala kahe jAte haiM kintu jaba dezakAlagata aura vaiyaktika vizeSa paristhitiyoM hai, tathApi sahaja nahIM hai|" meM una sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ko zithila kara diyA jAtA hai to use vastuta: jIvana meM niyamoM upaniyamoM kI jo sarva sAmAnya vidhi apavAda mArga kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama utsarga hotI hai vaha utsarga aura jo vizeSa vidhi hai vaha apavAda vidhi hai| mArga kahe jAte haiM aura viziSTa niyama apavAda mArga kahe jAte haiN| utsarga sAmAnya avasthA meM AcaraNIya hotA hai aura apavAda vizeSa donoM kI vyAvahArikatA paristhiti-sApekSa hotI hai| jaina AcAryoM kI saMkaTakAlIna avasthA meN| yadyapi donoM kA uddezya eka hI hotA hai mAnyatA rahI hai ki sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM utsarga mArga kA avalambana ki sAdhaka kA saMyama surakSita rhe| samartha sAdhaka ke dvArA saMyama rakSA kiyA jAnA cAhie kintu dezakAla, paristhiti athavA vyakti ke svAsthya ke lie jo anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha utsarga hai aura asamartha sAdhaka evaM kSamatA meM kisI vizeSa parivartana ke A jAne para apavAda mArga ke dvArA saMyama kI rakSA ke lie hI utsarga se viparIta jo anuSThAna kA avalambana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa kiyA jAtA hai vaha apavAda hai| aneka paristhitiyoM meM yaha sthiti se samajha lenA cAhie ki apavAda mArga kA sambandha kevala AcaraNa utpanna ho jAtI hai ki vyakti utsarga mArga ke pratipAlana ke dvArA saMyama sambandhI bAhya vidhi-niSedhoM se hotA hai aura ApavAdika paristhiti aura jJAnAdi guNoM kI surakSA nahIM kara pAtA taba use apavAda mArga meM kiye gaye sAmAnya niyama ke khaNDana se na to usa niyama kA mUlya kA hI sahArA lenA hotA hai| yadyapi utsarga aura apavAda paraspara virodhI kama hotA hai aura na sAmAnya rUpa se usake AcaraNIya hone para koI pratIta hote haiM kintu lakSya kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para unameM vastuta: prabhAva par3atA hai| jahA~ taka AcAra ke Antarika pakSa kA prazna hai, virodha nahIM hotA hai| donoM hI sAdhanA kI siddhi ke lie hote hai, jainAcAryoM ne use sadaiva nirapekSa yA utsarga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA usakI sAmAnyatA evaM sArvabhaumikatA khaNDita hotI hai| utsargamArga ko hai| hiMsA kA vicAra yA hiMsA kI bhAvanA kisI bhI paristhiti meM naitika sArvabhauma kahane kA tAtparya bhI yaha nahIM hai ki apavAda kA koI sthAna yA AcaraNIya nahIM mAnI jaatii| jisa sambandha meM apavAda kI carcA nahIM hai| use sArvabhauma kahane kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki sAmAnya kI jAtI hai vaha ahiMsA ke bAhya vidhi niSedhoM se sambandhita hotA paristhitiyoM meM usakA hI AcaraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| utsarga aura hai| mAna lIjie ki hama kisI niraparAdha prANI kA jIvana bacAne ke apavAda donoM kI AcaraNIyatA paristhiti-sApekSa hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| lie athavA kisI strI kA zIla surakSita rakhane ke lie hiMsA athavA yaha usa paristhiti para nirbhara hotA hai ki vyakti usameM utsarga kA asatya kA sahArA lete haiM to isase ahiMsA yA satyasambhASaNa kA avalambana le yA apavAda kaa| koI bhI AcAra, paristhiti nirapekSa sAmAnya naitika Adarza samApta nahIM ho jaataa| apavAda mArga na to nahIM ho sktaa| ata: AcAra ke niyamoM ke paripAlana meM paristhiti kabhI maulika evaM sArvabhaumika niyama banatA hai aura na apavAda AcaraNa ke vicAra ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| phalata: apavAda mArga kI kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra anujJA ke anusAra arthAt apavAda AvazyakatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| mArga para calane para bhI AcaraNa ko vizuddha hI mAnA jAnA caahie| jaina saMgha meM apavAda mArga kA kaise vikAsa huA? isa sambandha yadi aisA na mAnA jAtA taba to ekamAtra utsarga mArga para hI calanA meM paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki AcArAMga meM nirgrantha anivArya ho jAtA, phalasvarUpa apavAda mArga kA avalambana karane ke aura nimranthI saMgha ke kartavya aura akartavya ke maulika upadezoM kA lie koI bhI kisI bhI paristhiti meM taiyAra hI na hotaa| pariNAma saMkalana hai kintu deza-kAla athavA kSamatA Adi ke parivartita hone yaha hotA ki sAdhanA mArga meM kevala jinakalpa ko hI mAnakara calanA se utsarga mArga para calanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| astu aisI sthiti pdd'taa| kintu jaba se sAdhakoM ke saMgha evaM gaccha banane lage, taba se meM AcArAMga kI hI nizItha nAmaka cUlA meM una AcAra niyamoM ke kevala autsargika mArga arthAt jinakalpa saMbhava nahIM rhaa| ataeva viSaya meM jo vitathakArI hai unakA prAyazcita batAyA gayA hai| apavAdoM

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268 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA mUla sUtroM meM koI vizeSa nirdeza nahIM hai| kintu niyukti, bhASya, mArga kA nirdhAraNa kara lenA caahie| paristhitivizeSa utpanna hone para cUrNi Adi meM sthAna-sthAna para vistRta varNana hai| jaba eka bAra yaha jo apavAda mArga kA anusaraNa nahIM karatA use jaina AcAryoM ne prAyazcita svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai ki AcAra ke niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke kA bhAgI batAyA hai kintu jisa paristhiti meM apavAda kA avalambana sandarbha meM vicAraNA ko avakAza hai taba paristhiti ko dekhakara mUlasUtroM liyA gayA thA usake samApta ho jAne para bhI yadi koI sAdhaka usa ke vidhAnoM meM apavAdoM kI sRSTi karanA gItArtha AcAryoM ke lie sahaja upavAda mArga kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai to vaha bhI prAyazcita kA bhAgI ho jAtA hai| utsarga aura apavAda ke balAbala ke sambandha meM vicAra hotA hai| kaba utsarga kA AcaraNa kiyA jAye aura kaba apavAda kA? karate hue paM0 jI puna: likhate haiM ki "saMyamI puruSa ke lie jitane isakA nirNaya deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM athavA vyakti ke zarIra-sAmarthya, bhI niSiddha kArya na karane yogya kahe gaye hai, ve sabhI "pratiSedha" ke para nirbhara hotA hai| eka bImAra sAdhaka ke lie akalpya AhAra eSAnIya antargata Ate haiM aura jaba paristhitivizeSa meM unhIM niSiddha kAryoM mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu usake svastha ho jAne para vahI AhAra usake ko karane kI "anujJA' dI jAtI hai, taba ve hI niSiddha karma "vidhi' lie anaiSaNIya ho jAtA hai| bana jAte haiN| paristhiti vizeSa meM akartavya bhI kartavya bana jAtA hai, yahA~ yaha prazna bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki sAdhaka kintu pratiSedha ko vidhi meM pariNata kara dene vAlI paristhiti kA aucitya __kaba apavAda mArga kA avalambana kare? aura isakA nizcaya kauna kare? aura parIkSaNa karanA, sAdhAraNa sAdhaka ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ataeva jainAcAryoM ne isa sandarbha meM gItArtha kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI aura ye "apavAda', "anujJA" yA "vidhi" saba kisI ko nahIM batAye kahA ki gItArtha ko hI yaha adhikAra hotA hai ki vaha sAdhaka ko jaate| yahI kAraNa hai ki "apavAda' kA dUsarA nAma "rahasya' utsarga yA apavAda kisakA avalambana lenA hai, nirNaya de| jaina paramparA (ni0cU0,gA0495) par3A hai| isase yaha bhI phalita ho jAtA hai ki meM gItArtha usa AcArya ko kahA jAtA hai jo deza, kAla aura paristhiti jisa prakAra "pratiSedha" kA pAlana karane se AcaraNa vizuddha mAnA jAtA ko samyak rUpa se jAnatA ho aura jisane nizItha, vyavahAra, kalpa hai, usI prakAra anujJA ke anusAra arthAt apavAda mArga para calane Adi chedasUtroM kA samyak adhyayana kiyA ho| sAdhaka ko utsarga aura para bhI AcaraNa ko vizuddha hI mAnA jAnA caahie| (dekheM nizItha eka apavAda meM kisakA anusaraNa karanA hai? isake nirdeza kA adhikAra adhyayana, pR0 54) prazamarati meM umAsvAtira spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM gItArtha ko hI hai| jahA~ taka utsarga aura apavAda ina donoM meM kauna ki paristhitivizeSa meM jo bhojana, zayyA, vastra, pAtra evaM auSadhi zreya hai aura kauna azreya athavA kauna sabala hai aura kauna nirbala hai? Adi grAhya hotI hai vahI paristhiti vizeSa meM agrAhya ho jAtI hai aura isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kA prazna hai, jainAcAryoM ke anusAra donoM jo agrAhya hotI hai vahI grAhya ho jAtI hai, nizItha bhASya meM spaSTa hI apanI-apanI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra zreya va sabala haiN| ApavAdika rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki samartha sAdhaka ke lie utsarga sthiti meM jo paristhiti meM apavAda ko zreya aura sabala mAnA gayA hai kintu sAmAnya dravyAdi niSiddha mAne jAte haiM ve asamartha sAdhaka ke lie ApavAdika paristhiti meM utsarga ko zreya evaM sabala kahA gayA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya sthiti meM grAhya ho jAte haiN| satya yaha hai ki deza, kAla, roga Adi ke anusAra ye donoM (utsarga aura apavAda) apane-apane sthAnoM meM ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI jo akArya hotA hai vaha kArya bana jAtA hai aura zreya va sabala hote haiN| ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue bRhatkalpabhASya jo kArya hotA hai vaha akArya bana jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sAmAnyatayA kI pIThikA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sAdhaka svastha evaM samartha hai usake jvara kI sthiti meM bhojana niSiddha mAnA jAtA hai kintu vAta, zrama, lie utsarga svasthAna hai aura apavAda parasthAna hai| jo asvastha evaM krodha, zoka aura kAmAdi se utpanna jvara meM laMghana hAnikAraka mAnA asamartha hai usake lie apavAda svasthAna hai aura utsarga parasthAna hai| jAtA hai| vastuta: jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiN| yaha saba vyakti utsarga aura apavAda kI isa carcA meM spaSTa rUpa se eka bAta kI sAmarthya evaM paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karatA hai ki kaba AcaraNIya sabase mahattvapUrNa hai vaha yaha ki donoM hI paristhiti-sApekSa haiM aura anAcaraNIya evaM anAcaraNIya AcaraNIya ho jAtA hai| kabhI utsarga isalie donoM hI mArga haiM, unmArga koI bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kA pAlana ucita hotA hai to kabhI apavAda kaa| vastuta: utsarga aura prazna uTha sakatA hai ki yaha kaise nirNaya kiyA jAye ki kisa vyakti apavAda kI isa samasyA kA samAdhAna una paristhitiyoM meM kArya karane ko utsarga mArga para calanA cAhie aura kisako apavAda mArga pr| vAle vyakti ke svabhAva kA vizleSaNa kara kiye gaye nirNaya meM nihita isa sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi yaha rahI hai ki sAdhaka ko sAmAnya hai| vaise to utsarga aura apavAda ke sambandha meM bhI koI sImA rekhA sthiti meM utsarga kA avalambana karanA cAhie, kintu yadi vaha kisI nizcita kara pAnA kaThina hai, phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne kucha ApavAdika viziSTa paristhiti meM phaMsa gayA hai jahA~ usake utsarga ke Alambana paristhitiyoM kA ullekha kara yaha batAyA hai ki unameM kisa prakAra kA se svayaM usakA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai to use apavAda AcaraNa kiyA jaaye| mArga kA sevana karanA cAhie phira bhI yaha sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA cAhie sAmAnyatayA ahiMsA ko jaina sAdhanA kA prANa kahA jA sakatA ki apavAda kA Alambana kisI paristhitivizeSa meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka ke lie sUkSma se sUkSma hiMsA bhI varjita mAnI gaI hai| hai aura usa paristhitivizeSa kI samApti para sAdhaka ko puna: utsarga kintu jaba koI virodhI vyakti AcArya yA saMgha ke vadha ke lie tatpara

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jaina AcAra meM utsarga-mArga aura apavAda-mArga 269 ho, kisI sAdhvI kA balapUrvaka apaharaNa karanA cAhatA ho aura vaha ke kAraNa zIlabhaMga kare to isa sthiti meM zIlabhaMga karane vAle bhikSu upadeza se bhI nahIM mAnatA ho to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu, AcArya, saMgha ke manobhAvoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI prAyazcita kA nirdhAraNa kiyA athavA sAdhvI kI rakSA ke lie pulAkalabdhi kA prayoga karatA huA jAtA hai| bhI sAdhaka saMyamI mAnA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ne brahmacarya kI surakSA para sarvAdhika bala diyaa| isalie sAmAnyatayA zramaNa sAdhaka ke lie vAnaspatika jIvoM athavA unhoMne na kevala maithuna-sevana kA niSedha kiyA apitu bhikSu ke lie apkAyika jIvoM ke sparza kA bhI niSedha hai kintu jIvana rakSA ke lie navajAta kanyA kA aura bhikSuNI ke lie navajAta zizu kA sparza bhI ina niyamoM ke apavAda svIkAra kiye gaye hai| jaise parvata se phisalate varjita kara diyaa| AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki bhikSuNI ko koI bhI samaya bhikSu vRkSa kI zAkhA yA latA Adi kA sahArA le sakatA hai| puruSa cAhe vaha usakA putra yA pitA hI kyoM na ho, sparza nahIM kare jala meM bahate hue sAdhu yA sAdhvI kI rakSA ke lie nadI Adi meM kintu apavAda rUpa meM yaha bAta svIkAra kI gaI ki nadI meM DUbatI utara sakatA hai| huI yA vikSipta-citta bhikSuNI ko bhikSu sparza kara sakatA hai| isI isI prakAra utsarga mArga meM svAmI kI AjJA-binA bhikSu ke lie prakAra sarpadaMza yA kAMTA laga jAne para usakI cikitsA kA koI anya eka tinakA bhI agrAhya hai| dazavaikAlika ke anusAra zramaNa adattAdAna upAya na raha jAne para bhikSu yA bhikSuNI paraspara eka dUsare kI sahAyatA ko na svayaM grahaNa kara sakatA hai, na dUsaroM se grahaNa karavA sakatA kara sakate haiN| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ukta apavAda brahmacarya hai aura na adatta grahaNa karane vAle kA anumodana hI kara sakatA hai| ke khaNDana se sambandhita na hokara strI-puruSa ke paraspara sparza se sambandhita parantu paristhitivaza apavAda mArga meM bhikSu ke lie ayAcita sthAna hai| nizItha bhASya aura bRhatkalpabhASya ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA Adi grahaNa ke ullekha haiN| jaise bhikSu bhayaMkara zItAdi ke kAraNa yA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne brahmacarya kI surakSA para kitanI gaharAI se vicAra hiMsaka pazuoM kA bhaya hone para svAmI kI AjJA lie binA hI Thaharane kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne isa prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA ki eka ora vyakti yogya sthAna para Thahara jAe tatpazcAt svAmI kI AjJA prApta karane kA zIlabhaMga nahIM karanA cAhatA kintu dUsarI ora vAsanA kA Avega itanA prayatna kre| tIvra hotA hai ki vaha apane para saMyama nahIM rakha paataa| aisI sthiti jahA~ taka brahmacarya sambandhI apavAdoM kA prazna hai usa para hameM meM kyA kiyA jAye? do dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA hai| jahA~ ahiMsA, satya Adi vratoM meM aisI sthiti meM jainAcAryoM ne sarvanAza kI apekSA arddha-vinAza apavAda mArga kA sevana karane para binA tapa-prAyazcita ke bhI vizuddhi kI nIti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prasaMga meM jainAcAryoM ne yaha sambhava mAnI gaI hai vahA~ brahmacarya ke sambandha meM tapa-prAyazcita ke binA upAya bhI batAyA hai ki aise bhikSu athavA bhikSuNI ko adhyayana, lekhana, vizuddhi ko sambhava nahIM mAnA gayA hai| aisA kyoM kiyA gayA isa vaiyAvRtya Adi kAryoM meM itanA vyasta kara diyA jAye ki usake pAsa sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA tarka hai ki hiMsA Adi meM rAga-dveSapUrvaka aura kAma-vAsanA jagane kA samaya hI na rhe| isa prakAra unhoMne kAma-vAsanA rAgadveSa rahita donoM hI prakAra kI pratisevanA sambhava hai aura yadi pratisevanA para vijaya prApta karane ke upAya bhI btaae| rAgadveSa se rahita hai to usake lie vizeSa prAyazcita nahIM hai kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSu ke lie parigraha ke pUrNata: tyAga kA vidhAna maithuna kA sevana rAga ke abhAva meM nahIM hotA, ata: brahmacarya vrata kI hai aura isI AdhAra para acelatA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| sAmAnyataH skhalanA meM tapa-prAyazcita aparihArya hai| jisa skhalanA para tapa-prAyazcita AcArAMga Adi sUtroM meM bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastra aura anya kA vidhAna ho use apavAda mArga nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nizItha bhASya / parimita upakaraNa rakhane kI anumati hai kintu yadi hama madhyakAlIna ke AdhAra para paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki yadi jaina sAhitya kA aura sAdhu jIvana kA adhyayana kareM to yaha spaSTa hiMsA Adi doSoM kA sevana saMyama ke rakSaNa hetu kiyA jAya to tapa lagatA hai ki dhIre-dhIre bhikSu jIvana meM rakhane yogya vastuoM kI saMkhyA prAyazcita nahIM hotA kintu abrahmacarya sevana ke lie to tapa yA cheda bar3hatI gaI hai| anya bhI AcAra sambandhI kaThoratama niyama sthira nahIM prAyazcita Avazyaka hai| raha sake haiN| ata: ApavAdika rUpa meM kaI akaraNIya kAryoM kA karanA yadyapi brahmacarya vrata kI skhalanA para prAyazcita kA vidhAna hone bhI vihita mAna liyA gayA hai jo sAmAnyatayA nindita mAne jAte the| meM brahmacarya kA koI apavAda svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu apavAda mArga ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA nizItha bhASya evaM nizItha isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM ne una saba paristhitiyoM para cUrNi Adi meM upalabdha haiN| sAtha hI paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne vicAra nahIM kiyA hai jinameM ki jIvana kI rakSA athavA saMgha kI pratiSThA apane grantha "nizItha eka adhyayana"11 meM evaM upAdhyAya amaramunijI ko surakSita rakhane ke lie zIlabhaMga hetu vivaza honA pdd'e| nizItha ne nizItha cUrNi12 ke tRtIya bhAga kI bhUmikA meM isakA vistAra se aura bRhatkalpabhASya meM yaha ullekha hai ki yadi aisA prasaMga upasthita vivecana kiyA hai| isI prakAra nizItha sUtra hindI vivecana meM bhI utsarga ho jahA~ zIlabhaMga aura jIvana-rakSaNa meM se eka hI vikalpa ho to aura apavAda mArga kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai| jijJAsu pAThaka use aisI sthiti meM zreSTha to yahI hai ki vyakti mRtyu ko svIkAra kare aura vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| zIlabhaMga na kare, kintu jo mRtyu ko svIkAra karane meM asamartha hone

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270 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 1. paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, nizItha : eka adhyayana, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, prathama saMskaraNa, pR0 54 / prazamarati-umAsvAti, zloka 145 / / 3. nizIthabhASya, (nizitha cUrNi) - saMpA0 upAdhyAya amaramuni, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1757, 5245 / bRhatkalpabhASya, saMpA0 puNyavijayajI, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1933, pIThikA, gA. 322 / vahI gA. 323-324 / 6. dazavakAlika, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, (rAja.), 6, 14 / 7. vyavahArasUtrauddezaka, saMpA0 muni kanhailAla jI 'kamala',8 8. nizItha : eka adhyayana, pR0 68 / 9. nizIthabhASya, gAthA 366-367 / 10. bRhatkalpabhASya gAthA 4946-4947 / 11. paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA-"nizItha : eka adhyayana" pR053-70| 12. nizIthasUtracUrNi, tRtIya bhAga, bhUmikA pR0 7-28 / 13. chedasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAva pRSTha 74-75 jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa-vyavasthA prAyazcitta aura daNDa prAyazcitta zabda kA artha jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala AcAra ke vidhi-niSedhoM kA pratipAdana prAyazcitta zabda kI Agamika vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM vibhinna paribhASAe~ kiyA apitu unake bhaGga hone para prAyazcitta evaM daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| jItakalpabhASya ke anusAra jo pApa kA chedana karatA kii| sAmAnyatayA jaina Agama granthoM meM niyama-bhaGga yA aparAdha ke lie hai, vaha prAyazcitta hai| yahA~ "prAyaH" zabda ko pApa ke rUpa meM tathA prAyazcitta kA hI vidhAna kiyA gayA aura daNDa zabda kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA "citta' zabda ko zodhaka ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra "hiMsA' ke artha meM huA hai| ata: jise hama daNDa-vyavasthA ke rUpa ne paJcAzaka meM prAyazcitta ke donoM hI artha mAnya kiye haiN| ve mUlataH meM jAnate haiM, vaha jaina paramparA meM prAyazcitta-vyavasthA ke rUpa meM hI "pAyacchitta" zabda kI vyAkhyA usake prAkRta rUpa ke AdhAra para hI mAnya hai| sAmAnyatayA daNDa aura prAyazcitta paryAyavAcI mAne jAte haiM, karate haiN| ve likhate haiM ki jisake dvArA pApa kA chedana hotA hai, vaha kintu donoM meM siddhAntata: antara hai| prAyazcitta meM aparAdha-bodha kI prAyazcitta hai| isake sAtha hI ve dUsare artha ko spaSTa karate hue kahate bhAvanA se vyakti meM svataH hI usake parimArjana kI anta:preraNA utpanna haiM ki jisake dvArA citta kA pApa se zodhana hotA hai, vaha prAyazcitta hotI hai| prAyazcitta anta:preraNA se svayaM hI kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki hai| prAyazcitta zabda ke saMskRta rUpa ke AdhAra para "prAyaH" zabda ko daNDa anya vyakti ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA apanI prakarSa ke artha meM lete hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA citta AdhyAtmika-prakRti ke kAraNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM prAyazcitta kA hI prakarSatA arthAt uccatA ko prApta hotA hai vaha prAyazcitta hai| vidhAna karatI hai| yadyapi jaba sAdhaka anta:prerita hokara Atmazuddhi digambara TIkAkAroM ne "prAya:' zabda kA artha aparAdha aura citta ke hetu svayaM prAyazcitta kI yAcanA nahIM karatA hai to saMgha-vyavasthA ke zabda kA artha zodhana karake yaha mAnA hai ki jisa kriyA ke karane lie use daNDa denA hotA hai| se aparAdha kI zuddhi ho vaha prAyazcitta hai| eka anya vyAkhyA meM yadyapi hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki daNDa dene se sAdhaka kI "prAyaH" zabda kA artha "loka" bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha Atmazuddhi nahIM hotii| cAhe sAmAjika yA saMgha-vyavasthA ke lie daNDa mAnA gayA hai ki jisa karma se sAdhujanoM kA citta prasanna hotA hai vaha Avazyaka ho kintu jaba taka use anta:preraNA se svIkRta nahIM kiyA prAyazcitta hai| mUlAcAra meM kahA gayA hai ki prAyazcitta vaha tapa hai jisake jAtA taba taka vaha Atmavizuddhi karane meM sahAyaka nahIM hotaa| jaina dvArA pUrvakRta pApoM kI vizuddhi kI jAtI hai| isI grantha meM prAyazcitta prAyazcitta vyavasthA meM parihAra, cheda, mUla, pArAJcika Adi bAhyata: to ke paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisake daNDarUpa haiM, kintu unakI Atmavizuddhi kI kSamatA ko lakSya meM rakhakara dvArA pUrvakRta karmoM kI kSapaNA, kSepaNa, nirjaraNa, zodhana, dhAvana, puMchaNa, hI ye prAyazcitta diye jAte haiN| nirAkaraNa, utkSepaNa evaM chedana hotA hai, vaha prAyazcitta hai|

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271 jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa-vyavasthA prAyazcitta ke prakAra nAma bhI ve hI haiN| isaprakAra jahA~ dhavalA zvetAmbara paramparA se saMgati zvetAmbara paramparA meM vividha prAyazcittoM kA ullekha sthAnAGga, rakhatI hai, vahA~ mUlAcAra aura tattvArtha kucha bhinna haiN| sambhavata: aisA nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, jItakalpa Adi granthoM meM milatA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki jItakalpa sUtra ke ullekhAnusAra jaba anavasthApya kintu jahA~ samavAyAGga meM prAyazcittoM ke prakAroM kA mAtra nAmollekha aura pArAMcika ina donoM prAyazcittoM ko bhadrabAhu ke bAda vyucchinna mAna hai vahA~ nizItha Adi granthoM meM prAyazcitta-yogya aparAdhoM kA bhI vistRta liyA gayA yA dUsare zabdoM meM ina prAyazcittoM kA pracalana banda kara vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| prAyazcitta sambandhI vividha siddhAntoM aura diyA gayA5 to ina antima do prAyazcittoM ke svatantra svarUpa ko samasyAoM kA spaSTatApUrvaka vivecana bRhatkalpabhASya, nizIthabhASya, lekara matabheda utpanna ho gayA aura unake nAmoM meM antara ho gyaa| vyavahArabhASya, nizIthacUrNi, jItakalpabhASya evaM jItakalpacUrNi meM mUlAcAra ke anta meM parihAra kA jo ullekha hai vaha anavasthApya upalabdha hotA hai| jahA~ taka prAyazcitta ke prakAroM kA prazna hai, ina prakAroM se koI bhinna nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu usameM zraddhAna prAyazcitta kA ullekha zvetAmbara Agama sthAnAGga, bRhatkalpa, nizItha aura jItakalpa kA kyA tAtparya hai yaha na to mUla grantha se aura na usakI TIkA meM, yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM, digambara grantha jayadhavalA meM tathA se hI spaSTa hotA hai| yaha antima prAyazcitta hai, ata: kaThoratama honA tattvArthasUtra evaM usakI zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM kI TIkAoM caahiye| isakA artha yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki aisA aparAdhI jo meM milatA hai| zraddhAna se sarvathA rahita hai ata: saMgha se pUrNatayA bahiSkRta kara diyA sthAnAGgasUtra meM prAyazcitta ke vibhinna prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai, jAye kintu TIkAkAra vasunandI ne zraddhAna kA artha tattvaruci evaM usake tRtIya sthAna meM jJAna-prAyazcitta, darzana-prAyazcitta aura cAritra- krodhAdi-tyAga kiyA hai| ina prAyazcittoM meM jo krama hai vaha sahajatA prAyazcitta aise tIna prAyazcittoM kA ullekha huA hai| isI tRtIya sthAna se kaThoratA kI ora hai| ata: anta meM zraddhAna nAmaka sahaja prAyazcitta meM anyatra AlocanA, pratikramaNa aura tadubhaya aise prAyazcitta ke tIna ko rakhane ke lie koI aucitya nahIM hai| vastuta: jina-pravacana ke rUpoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| isI Agama grantha meM anyatra cha:, prati zraddhA kA samApta ho jAnA hI vaha aparAdha hai, jisakA daNDa ATha aura nau prAyazcittoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai, kintu ye sabhI prAyazcittoM mAtra saMgha-bahiSkAra hai| ata: aise zramaNa kI zraddhA jaba taka samyak ke prakAra usake dazama sthAna meM jahA~ dazavidha prAyazcittoM kA vivaraNa nahIM hai taba taka use saMgha se bahiSkRta rakhanA hI isa prAyazcitta kA diyA gayA hai usameM samAhita ho jAte haiN| ataH hama unakI svatantra tAtparya hai| rUpa se carcA na karake usameM upalabdha dazavidha prAyazcitta kI carcA prAyazcitta kA sarvaprathama rUpa vaha hai jahA~ sAdhaka ko svayaM hI kareMge apane mana meM aparAdhabodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa AtmaglAni kA bhAva sthAnAGga, jItakalpa aura dhavalA meM prAyazcitta ke nimna dasa prakAra / utpanna ho| vastuta: AlocanA kA artha hai- aparAdha ko aparAdha mAne gaye haiM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lenaa| AlocanA zabda kA artha-dekhanA, (1) AlocanA, (2) pratikramaNa, (3) ubhaya, (4) viveka, aparAdha ko aparAdha ke rUpa meM dekha lenA hI AlocanA hai| (5) vyutsarga, (6) tapa, (7) cheda, (8) mUla, (9) anavasthApya sAmAnyatayA ve aparAdha jo hamAre dainandina vyavahAra meM asAvadhAnI 'aura (10) paaraaNcik|12 yadi hama ina isa nAmoM kI tulanA yApanIya (pramAda) yA bAdhyatAvaza ghaTita hote haiM, AlocanA nAmaka prAyazcitta grantha mUlAcAra aura tattvArthasUtra4 se karate haiM to mUlAcAra meM prathama ke viSaya mAne gaye haiN| apane dvArA hue aparAdha yA niyamabhaGga ko ATha nAma to jItakalpa ke samAna hI haiM kintu jItakalpa ke anavasthApya AcArya yA gItArtha muni ke samakSa nivedita karake unase usake prAyazcitta ke sthAna para parihAra aura pArAMcika ke sthAna para 'zraddhAna' kA ullekha kI yAcanA karanA hI AlocanA hai| sAmAnyatayA AlocanA karate huA hai| mUlAcAra zvetAmbara paramparA se bhinna hokara tapa aura parihAra samaya yaha vicAra Avazyaka hai ki aparAdha kyoM huA? usakA preraka ko alaga-alaga mAnatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM to inakI saMkhyA nau mAnI tattva kyA hai? gaI hai| isameM sAta nAma to jItakalpa ke samAna hI haiM kintu mUla ke sthAna para upasthApana aura anavasthApya ke sthAna para parihAra kA aparAdha kyoM aura kaise? ullekha huA hai| pArAMcika kA ullekha tattvArtha meM nahIM hai| ataH aparAdha yA vratabhaGga kyoM aura kina paristhitiyoM meM kiyA jAtA vaha nau prAyazcitta hI mAnatA hai| zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne tapa aura parihAra hai? isakA vivecana hameM sthAnAGga sUtra ke dazama sthAna meM milatA hai| ko eka mAnA hai, kintu tattvArthasUtra meM tapa aura parihAra donoM svatantra usameM dasa prakAra ke pratisevanA kA ullekha huA hai| pratisevanA kA prAyazcitta mAne gaye haiM, ata: tattvArtha meM parihAra kA artha anavasthApya tAtparya hai gRhIta vrata ke niyamoM ke viruddha AcaraNa karanA athavA bhojana hI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra tattvArtha aura mUlAcAra donoM tapa aura Adi grahaNa krnaa| vastutaH pratisevanA kA sAmAnya artha vrata yA niyama parihAra ko alaga-alaga mAnate haiM aura donoM meM unakA artha anavasthApya ke pratikUla AcaraNa karanA hI hai| yaha vratabhaGga kyoM, kaba aura kina ke samAna hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA ke grantha dhavalA 17 meM sthAnAGga paristhitiyoM meM hotA hai ise spaSTa karane hetu hI sthAnAGga meM dasa aura jItakalpa ke samAna hI 10 prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai aura unake pratisevanAoM kA ullekha hai|16 Jain Education Interational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| yogya aura gambhIra vyakti ke atirikta kisI anya vyakti ke samakSa AlocanA karane kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vaha AlocanA karane vAle vyakti kI pratiSThA ko Thesa pahu~cA sakatA (2) pramAda-pratisevanA - pramAda evaM kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara hai tathA use apayaza kA bhAgI bananA par3a sakatA hai| ata: jainAcAryoM jo vrata bhaGga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha pramAda-pratisevanA hai| ne mAnA ki AlocanA sadaiva aise vyakti ke samakSa karanI cAhiye jo AlocanA sunane yogya ho, use gopanIya rakha sakatA ho aura usakA anaitika lAbha na le| sthAnAGga sUtra" ke anusAra jisa vyakti ke sAmane AlocanA kI jAtI hai use nimnalikhita dasa guNoM se yukta honA 272 (1) darpa pratisevanA- Aveza athavA ahaGkAra ke vazIbhUta hokara jo hiMsA Adi karake vrata bhaGga kiyA jAtA hai vaha darpapratisevanA hai (3) anAbhoga- pratisevanA- smRti yA sajagatA ke abhAva meM abhakSya yA niyama viruddha vastu kA grahaNa karanA anAbhogapratisevanA hai| (4) Atura - pratisevanA - bhUkha-pyAsa Adi se pIr3ita hokara cAhie - kiyA jAne vAlA vrata bhaGga Atura pratisevanA hai| (5) ApAta pratisevanA kisI viziSTa paristhiti ke utpanna hone para vrata bhaGga yA niyama viruddha AcaraNa karanA ApAta - pratisevanA hai| - (6) zaGkita pratisevanA-zaGkA ke vazIbhUta hokara jo niyamabhaGga kiyA jAtA hai, use zaGkita pratisevanA kahate haiM, jaise yaha vyakti hamArA ahita karegA, aisA mAnakara usakI hiMsA Adi kara denaa| (7) sahasAkAra pratisevanA- akasmAt hone vAle vratabhaGga yA niyama - bhaGga ko sahasAkAra pratisevanA kahate haiN| - - (8) bhaya pratisevanA- bhaya ke kAraNa jo vrata yA niyama bhana kiyA jAtA hai vaha bhaya pratisevanA hai| (9) pradoSa pratisevanA-dveSavaza kisI prANI kI hiMsA athavA usakA ahita karanA pradoSa pratisevanA hai| (10) vimarza pratisevanA- ziSyoM kI kSamatA athavA unakI zraddhA Adi ke parIkSaNa ke lie vrata yA niyama kA bhaGga karanA vimarza - pratisevanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kisI nizcita uddezya ke lie vicArapUrvaka vratabhaGga karanA yA niyama ke pratikUla AcaraNa karanA vimarza yA pratisevanA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aparAdha vyakti kevala svecchA se jAnabUjhakara hI nahIM karatA apitu paristhativaza bhI karatA hai| ataH use prAyazcitta dete samaya yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki aparAdha kyoM aura kina paristhitiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai? AlocanA karane kA adhikArI kauna? AlocanA kauna vyakti kara sakatA hai? isa sambandha meM bhI sthAnAGgasUtra meM paryApta cintana kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra nimna dasa guNoM se yukta vyakti hI AlocanA karane ke yogya hotA hai (1) jAti sampanna, (2) kula sampanna, (3) vinaya sampanna, (4) jJAna sampanna, (5) darzana sampanna, (6) cAritra sampanna, (7) kSAnta (kSamAsampanna), (8) dAnta (indriya-jayI), (9) amAyAvI ( mAyAcAra rahita) aura (10) apazcAttApI (AlocanA karane ke bAda usakA pazcAttApa na karane vaalaa)| AlocanA kisake samajha kI jAye? AlocanA kisa vyakti ke samakSa kI jAnI cAhie? yaha bhI (1) AcAravAn sadAcArI honA, AlocanA dene vAle vyakti kA prathama guNa hai, kyoMki jo svayaM durAcArI hai vaha dUsaroM ke aparAdhoM kI AlocanA sunane kA adhikArI nahIM hai jo apane hI doSoM ko zuddha nahIM kara sakA vaha dUsaroM ke doSoM ko kyA dUra karegA ? (2) AdhAravAn arthAt use aparAdhoM aura usake sambandha meM niyata prAyazcittoM kA bodha honA cAhie, use yaha bhI jJAna honA cAhie ki kisa aparAdha ke lie kisa prakAra kA prAyazcitta niyata hai| (3) vyavahAravAn - use Agama, zruta, jinAjJA, dhAraNA aura jIta ina pA~ca prakAra ke vyavahAroM ko jAnane vAlA honA cAhie kyoMki sabhI aparAdhoM evaM prAyacitoM kI sUcI AgamoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai ataH AlocanA sunane vAlA vyakti aisA honA cAhiye jo svaviveka se hI Agamika AdhAroM para kisI karma ke prAyazcita kA anumAna kara ske| (4) apanIDaka AlocanA sunane vAlA vyakti aisA honA cAhie ki AlocanA karane vAle kI lajjA chur3Akara usameM Atma-Alocana kI zakti utpanna kara sake / (5) prakArI - AcArya athavA AlocanA sunane vAle meM yaha sAmarthya honA cAhie ki vaha aparAdha karane vAle vyakti ke vyaktitva ko rUpAntarita kara ske| (6) aparizrAvI - use AlocanA karane vAle ke doSoM ko dUsare ke sAmane pragaTa nahIM karanA cAhiye, anyathA koI bhI vyakti usake sAmane AlocanA karane meM saMkoca kregaa| (7) niryApaka AlocanA sunane vAlA vyakti aisA honA cAhie ki vaha prAyazcita vidhAna isa prakAra kare ki prAyazcita karane vAlA vyakti ghabarAbara use Adhe meM hI na chor3a de use prAyazcitta karane vAle kA sahayogI bananA caahie| - (8) apAyadarzI arthAt use aisA honA cAhie ki vaha AlocanA karane athavA na karane ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA kara ske| (9) priyadharmA - arthAt AlocanA sunane vAle vyakti kI dharma-mArga meM avicala niSThA honI caahie| (10) dharmA - use aisA honA cAhie ki vaha kaThina se kaThina samaya meM bhI dharma-mArga se vicalita na ho ske| jisake samakSa AlocanA kI jA sakatI hai usa vyakti kI ina sAmAnya yogyatAoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI mAnA - .

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gayA hai ki kisI gItArtha, bahuzruta evaM AgamajJa ke samakSa hI AlocanA kI jAnI caahie| sAtha hI inake padakrama aura varIyatA para vicAra karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ AcArya Adi uccAdhikArI upasthita hoM, vahA~ sAmAnya sAdhu yA gRhastha ke samakSa AlocanA nahIM karanI caahie| AcArya ke upasthita hone para usI ke samakSa AlocanA kI jAnI caahie| AcArya kI anupasthiti meM upAdhyAya ke samakSa, upAdhyAya kI anupasthiti meM sAMbhogika sAdharmika sAdhu ke samakSa aura unakI anupasthiti meM anya sAMbhogika sAdharmI sAdhu ke samakSa AlocanA karanI caahie| yadi anya sAMbhogika sAdharmI sAdhu bhI upalabdha na ho to aisI sthiti meM bahuzruta aura bahuAgamajJa samAna veza dhAraka sAdhu ke samakSa AlocanA kre| usake upalabdha na hone para yadi pUrva meM dIkSA - paryAya ko chor3A huA bahuzruta aura AgamajJa zramaNopAsaka upasthita ho to usake samakSa AlocanA kre| usake abhAva meM samyaktva bhAvita antaHkaraNa vAle ke samakSa arthAt samyaktvI jIva ke samakSa AlocanA kre| yadi samyaktvabhAvI anta:karaNa vAlA bhI na ho to grAma yA nagara ke bAhara jAkara pUrva yA uttara dizA meM abhimukha hokara arihanta aura siddha kI sAkSIpUrvaka AlocanA kre|" jaina dharma meM prAyazcita evaM daNDa vyavasthA AlocanA sambandhI isa carcA ke prasaGga meM yaha bhI tathya dhyAna dene yogya hai ki AlocanA doSamukta ho / sthAnAGga, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM AlocanA ke dasa doSoM kA ullekha huA hai|" (1) Akampita doSa AcArya Adi ko upakaraNa Adi dekara apane anukUla banA lenA Akampita doSa hai kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra Akampita doSa kA artha hai kAMpate hue AlocanA karanA, jisase prAyazcittadAtA kama se kama prAyazcitta de| (2) anumAnita doSa - bhaya se apane ko durbala, rogagrasta Adi dikhAkara AlocanA karanA anumAnita doSa hai| aisA 'alpa prAyazcitta mile isa bhAvanA se kiyA jAtA hai| - - (3) agraha guru athavA anya kisI ne jo aparAdha dekha liyA ho usakI to AlocanA karanA aura adraSTa doSoM kI AlocanA na karanA yaha adraSTa doSa hai| (4) bAdara doSa-bar3e doSoM kI AlocanA karanA aura choTe doSoM kI AlocanA na karanA bAdara doSa hai| (5) sUkSma doSa - choTe-choTe doSoM kI AlocanA karanA aura bar3e doSoM ko chipA lenA sUkSma doSa hai| (6) chana doSa AlocanA isa prakAra se karanA ki guru use pUrI taraha suna hI na sake, yaha channa doSa hai / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra AcArya ke samakSa maiMne yaha doSa kiyA, yaha na kahakara kisI bahAne se usa doSa kA prAyazcitta jJAta kara svayaM hI usakA prAyazcitta le lenA chatra doSa hai| (7) zabdAkulita doSa kolAhalapUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM AlocanA karanA jisase AcArya samyak prakAra se suna na sake, yaha zabdAkulita doSa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM bhIr3a-bhAr3a athavA vyastatA ke samaya guru ke sAmane AlocanA karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| (8) bahujana doSa eka hI doSa kI aneka logoM ke samakSa AlocanA karanA aura unameM se jo sabase kama daNDa yA prAyazcita de use svIkAra karanA bahujana doSa hai| (9) avyakta doSa- doSoM ko pUrNarUpa se spaSTa na kahate hue unakI AlocanA karanA avyakta doSa hai| 273 - (10) tatsevI doSa - jo vyakti svayaM hI doSoM kA sevana karane vAle haiM unake sAmane doSoM kI AlocanA karanA tatsevI doSa hai kyoMki jo vyakti svayaM doSa kA sevana karane vAlA hai use dUsare ko prAyazcitta dene kA adhikArI hI nahIM hai| dUsare, aisA vyakti ucita prAyazcitta bhI nahIM de pAtA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainAthAyoM ne AlocanA ke sandarbha meM usake svarUpa, AlocanA karane va sunane kI pAtratA aura usake doSoM para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA nizItha Adi meM pAyI jAtI hai| pAThakoM se use vahA~ dekhane kI anuzaMsA kI jAtI hai| AlocanA yogya kArya jItakalpa ke anusAra jo bhI karaNIya arthAt Avazyaka kArya haiM, ve tIrthaGkaroM dvArA sampAdita hone para to nirdoSa hote haiM, kintu chadmastha zramaNoM dvArA sampAdita ina karmoM kI zuddhi kevala AlocanA se hI mAnI gayI hai| jItakalpa meM kahA gayA hai ki AhAra Adi kA grahaNa, gamanAgamana, mala-mUtra visarjana, guruvandana Adi sabhI kriyAe~ AlocanA ke yogya hai| inheM AlocanA yogya mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki sAdhaka isa bAta kA vicAra kare ki usane ina kAryoM kA sampAdana sajagatApUrvaka apramatta hokara kiyA yA nhiiN| kyoMki pramAda ke kAraNa doSa laganA sambhava hai| isI prakAra AcArya se sau hAtha kI dUrI para rahakara jo bhI kArya kiye jAte haiM, ve bhI AlocanA ke viSaya mAne gaye haiN| ina kAryoM kI guru ke samakSa AlocanA karane para hI sAdhaka nirdoSa hotA hai| guru ko yaha batAye ki usane guru se dUra rahakara kyA-kyA kArya kisa prakAra sampAdita kiye haiM? isake sAtha hI kisI kAraNavaza yA akAraNa hI sva-gaNa kA parityAga kara para gaNa meM praveza karane ko athavA upasampadA, vihAra Adi kAryoM ko bhI AlocanA kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| IrSyA Adi pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM meM lage hue doSa sAmAnyatayA AlocanA ke viSaya haiN| yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye sabhI doSa jo AlocanA ke viSaya haiM, ve deza-kAla-paristhiti aura vyakti ke AdhAra para pratikramaNa, tadubhaya, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, parihAra, cheda Adi prAyazcitta ke bhI yogya ho sakate haiN| pratikramaNa prAyazcitta kA dUsarA prakAra pratikramaNa hai aparAdha yA niyamabhaGga ko aparAdha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara punaH usase vApasa lauTa AnA .

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274 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 arthAt bhaviSya meM use nahIM karane kI pratijJA karanA hI pratikramaNa hai| karanA prasravaNa pratikramaNa hai| (3) itvara pratikramaNa- svalpakAlIna dUsare zabdoM meM AparAdhika-sthiti se anaparAdhika-sthiti meM lauTa AnA (daivasika, rAtrika Adi) pratikramaNa karanA itvara pratikramaNa hai| hI pratikramaNa hai| AlocanA aura pratikramaNa meM antara yaha hai ki (4) yAvatkathika pratikramaNa- sampUrNa jIvana ke lie pApa se nivRtta AlocanA meM aparAdha ko puna: sevana na karane kA nizcaya nahIM hotA, honA yAvatkathika pratikramaNa hai| (5) yatkiMcinmithyA pratikramaNajabaki pratikramaNa meM aisA karanA Avazyaka hai| sAvadhAnIpUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karate hue bhI pramAda athavA asAvadhAnI __mana, vacana aura kAya se jo azubha AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, se kisI bhI prakAra kA asaMyamarUpa AcaraNa ho jAne para tatkAla usa athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA karAyA jAtA hai aura dUsare logoM ke dvArA Acarita bhUla ko svIkAra kara lenA, 'micchAmi dukkaDaM' aisA uccAraNa karanA pApAcaraNa kA jo anumodana kiyA jAtA hai, ina sabakI nivRtti ke aura usake prati pazcAttApa karanA yatkicinmithyA pratikrama hai| lie kRta-pApoM kI samIkSA karanA aura puna: nahIM karane kI pratijJA (6) svapnAntika pratikramaNa-vikAra-vAsanA rUpa kusvapna dekhane para karanA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya hemacandra pratikramaNa kA nirvacana karate usake sambandha meM pazcAttApa karanA svapnAntika pratikramaNa hai| yaha hue likhate haiM ki zubhayoga se azubha yoga kI ora gaye hue apane vivecanA pramukhataH sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA se sambandhita hai| AcArya Apako punaH zubhayoga meM lauTA lAnA pratikramaNa hai| 22 AcArya haribhadra bhadrabAhu ne jina-jina bAtoM kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie isakA ne pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA meM ina tIna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai- nirdeza Avazyaka niyukti meM kiyA hai|25 unake anusAra (1) mithyAtva, (1) pramAdavaza svasthAna se parasthAna (svadharma se paradharma) meM gaye hue (2) asaMyama, (3) kaSAya evaM (4) aprazasta kAyika, vAcika evaM sAdhaka kA puna: svasthAna para lauTa AnA yaha pratikramaNa hai| apramatta mAnasika vyApAroM kA pratikramaNa karanA caahie| prakArAntara se AcArya cetanA kA sva-cetanA kendra meM sthita honA svasthAna hai, jabaki cetanA ne nimna bAtoM kA pratikramaNa karanA bhI anivArya mAnA hai- (1) gRhastha kA bahirmukha hokara para-vastu para kendrita honA para-sthAna haiN| isa prakAra evaM zramaNa upAsaka ke dvArA niSiddha kAryoM kA AcaraNa kara lene para, bAhyadRSTi se antardRSTi kI ora AnA pratikramaNa hai| (2) kSAyopazamika (2) jina kAryoM ke karane kA zAstroM meM vidhAna kiyA gayA hai una bhAva se audayika bhAva meM pariNata huA sAdhaka puna: audayika bhAva vihita kAryoM kA AcaraNa na karane para, (3) azraddhA evaM zaGkA ke se kSAyopazamika bhAva meM lauTa AtA hai, to yaha bhI pratikUla gamana upasthita ho jAne para aura (4) asamyak evaM asatya siddhAntoM kA ke kAraNa pratikramaNa kahalAtA hai| (3) azubha AcaraNa se nivRtta hokara pratipAdana karane para pratikramaNa avazya karanA caahie| mokSaphaladAyaka zubha AcaraNa meM ni:zalya bhAva se punaH pravRtta honA jaina paramparA ke anusAra jinakA pratikramaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie, pratikramaNa hai|23 unakA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa isa prakAra haiAcArya bhadrabAha ne pratikramaNa ke nimna paryAyavAcI nAma diye (a) 25 mithyAtvoM, 14 jJAnAticAroM aura 18 pApasthAnoM kA haiM- (1) pratikramaNa- pApAcaraNa ke kSetra se pratigAmI hokara pratikramaNa sabhI ko karanA caahie| Atmazuddhi ke kSetra meM lauTa aanaa| (2) praticaraNa-hiMsA, asatya (ba) paJca mahAvratoM, mana, vANI aura zarIra ke asaMyama tathA gamana, Adi se nivRtta hokara ahiMsA, satya evaM saMyama ke kSetra meM agrasara ____ bhASaNa, yAcanA, grahaNa-nikSepa evaM malamUtra-visarjana Adi se sambandhita honaa| (3) pariharaNa- saba prakAra ke azubha pravRttiyoM evaM durAcaraNoM doSoM kA pratikramaNa zramaNa sAdhakoM ko karanA caahie| kA tyAga krnaa| (4) vAraNa-niSiddha AcaraNa kI ora pravRtti (sa) 5 aNuvratoM, 3 guNavratoM, 4 zikSAvratoM meM lagane vAle 75 nahIM krnaa| bauddha dharma meM pratikramaNa ke samAna kI jAne vAlI kriyA aticAroM kA pratikramaNa vratI zrAvakoM ko karanA caahie| ko pravAraNA kahA gayA hai| (5) nivRtti- azubha bhAvoM se nivRtta (da) sallekhanA ke pA~ca aticAroM kA pratikramaNa una sAdhakoM honaa| (6) nindA-gurujana, variSThajana athavA svayaM apanI hI AtmA ke lie jinhoMne sallekhanA vrata grahaNa kiyA ho| . kI sAkSI se pUrvakRta azubha AcaraNoM ko burA samajhanA tathA usake zramaNa-pratikramaNa sUtra aura zrAvaka-pratikramaNa sUtra meM sambandhita liye pazcAttApa krnaa| (7) garhA- azubha AcaraNa ko garhita samajhanA, sambhAvita doSoM kI vivecanA vistAra se kI gaI hai| isake pIche mUla usase ghRNA krnaa| (8) zuddhi- pratikramaNa AlocanA, nindA Adi dRSTi yaha hai ki unakA pATha karate hue Acarita sUkSmatama doSa bhI ke dvArA AtmA para lage doSoM se AtmA ko zuddha banAtA hai, isalie vicAra-patha se ojhala na ho| use zuddhi kahA gayA hai| pratikramaNa ke bheda pratikramaNa kisakA? sAdhakoM ke AdhAra para pratikramaNa ke do bheda haiM- (1) zramaNa sthAnAGgasUtra meM ina chaha bAtoM ke pratikramaNa kA nirdeza hai- pratikramaNa aura (2) zrAvaka prtikrmnn| kAlika AdhAra para pratikramaNa (1) uccAra pratikramaNa- mala Adi kA visarjana karane ke bAda IryA ke pA~ca bheda haiM- (1) daivasika- pratidina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUre (Ane-jAne meM huI jIvahiMsA) kA pratikramaNa karanA uccAra pratikramaNa divasa meM Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA daivasika hai| (2) prasravaNa pratikramaNa- pezAba karane ke bAda IryA kA pratikramaNa pratikramaNa hai| (2) rAtrika- pratidina prAta:kAla ke samaya sampUrNa

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jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 275 rAtri ke Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA rAtrika prasaGga meM vyutsarga aura kAyotsarga paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM hI prayukta pratikramaNa hai| (3) pAkSika-pakSa ke antima dina arthAt amAvasyA hue haiN| evaM pUrNimA ke dina sampUrNa pakSa meM Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA pAkSika pratikramaNa hai| (4) cAturmAsika- tapa-prAyazcitta kArtikI pUrNimA, phAlgunI pUrNimA evaM ASAr3hI pUrNimA ko cAra mahIne sAmAnya doSoM ke atirikta viziSTa doSoM ke lie tapa prAyazcitta ke Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA cAturmAsika kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| kisa prakAra ke doSa kA sevana karane para pratikramaNa hai| (5) sAMvatsarika- pratyeka varSa meM saMvatsarI mahAparva kisa prakAra ke tapa kA prAyazcitta karanA hotA hai| usakA vistArapUrvaka (RSi paJcamI) ke dina varSa bhara ke pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA vivecana nizItha, bRhatkalpa aura jItakalpa meM tathA unake bhASyoM meM karanA sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa hai| milatA hai| nizItha sUtra meM tapa prAyazcitta ke yogya aparAdhoM kI vistRta sUcI upalabdha hai| usameM tapaH prAyazcitta ke vividha prakAroM kI carcA karate tadubhaya hue mAsalaghu, mAsaguru, cAturmAsalaghu, cAturmAsaguru se lekara SaTmAsalaghu tadubhaya prAyazcitta vaha hai jisameM alocanA aura pratikramaNa donoM aura SaTamAsaguru prAyazcittoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaisA ki hamane kiye jAte haiN| aparAdha yA doSa ko doSa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake pUrva meM saGketa kiyA hai mAsaguru yA mAsalaghu Adi inakA kyA tAtparya phira use nahIM karane kA nizcaya karanA hI tadubhaya prAyazcitta hai| jItakalpa hai, yaha ina granthoM ke mUla meM kahIM spaSTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai kintu meM nimna prakAra ke aparAdhoM ke lie tadubhaya prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA ina para likhe gaye bhASya-cUrNi Adi meM inake artha ko spaSTa karane gayA hai- (1) bhramavaza kiye gaye kArya, (2) bhayavaza kiye gaye kArya, kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM laghu kI laghu, laghutara aura (3) AturatAvaza kiye gaye kArya, (4) sahasA kiye gaye kArya, laghutama tathA guru kI guru, gurutara aura gurutama aisI tIna-tIna koTiyA~ (5) paravazatA meM kiye gaye kArya, (6) sabhI vratoM meM lage hue nirdhArita kI gaI haiN| aticaar| kahIM-kahIM guruka, laghuka aura laghuSvaka aise tIna bheda bhI kiye gaye haiM aura phira inameM se pratyeka ke jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa ye viveka tIna-tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| vyavahArasUtra kI bhUmikA meM anuyogakartA viveka zabda kA sAmAnya artha yaha hai ki kisI karma ke aucitya muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI 'kamala' ne utkRSTa, madhyama aura jaghanya pratyeka evaM anaucitya kA samyak nirNaya karanA aura anucita karma kA ke bhI tIna-tIna vibhAga kiye haiN| yathA- utkRSTa ke utkRSTa-utkRSTa, parityAga kara denaa| muni jIvana meM AhArAdi ke grAhya aura agrAhya utkRSTamadhyama aura utkRSTajaghanya ye tIna vibhAga haiN| aise hI madhyama athavA zuddha aura azuddha kA vicAra karanA hI viveka hai| yadi ajJAta aura jaghanya ke bhI tIna-tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| isa prakAra tapa rUpa se sadoSa AhAra Adi grahaNa kara liyA ho to usakA tyAga karanA prAyazcittoM ke 34343=27 bheda ho jAte haiN| unhoMne vizeSa rUpa se hI viveka hai| vastuta: sadoSa kriyAoM kA tyAga hI viveka hai| mukhya jAnane ke lie vyavahArabhASya kA saGketa kiyA hai kintu vyavahArabhASya rUpa se bhojana, vastra, muni jIvana ke anya upakaraNa evaM sthAnAdi mujhe upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa maiM isa carcA ke prasaGga meM unake vavahArasuttaM prApta karane meM jo doSa lagate haiM unakI zuddhi viveka prAyazcitta dvArA ke sampAdakIya kA hI upayoga kara rahA huuN| unhoMne ina sampUrNa 27 mAnI gayI hai| bhedoM aura unase sambandhita tapoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| ata: isa sambandha meM mujhe bhI mauna rahanA par3a rahA hai| ina prAyazcittoM se sambandhita vyutsarga mAsa, divasa evaM tapoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha hameM bRhatkalpabhASya gAthA vyutsarga kA tAtparya 'parityAga' yA 'visarjana' hai| sAmAnyatayA 6041-6044 meM milatA hai| usI AdhAra para nimna vivaraNa isa prAyazcitta ke antargata kisI bhI sadoSa-AcaraNa ke lie prastuta haizArIrika vyApAroM kA nirodha karake mana kI ekAgratApUrvaka deha ke prati rahe hue mamatva kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta kA nAma tapa kA svarUpa evaM kAla gamanAgamana, vihAra, zruta-adhyayana, sadoSa svapna, nAva Adi ke dvArA nadI ko pAra karanA, bhakta-pAna, zayyA-Asana, malamUtra-visarjana, kAla / yathAguru chaha mAsa taka nirantara pA~ca-pA~ca upavAsa vyatikrama, arhata evaM muni kA avinaya Adi doSoM ke lie vyutsarga cAra mAsa taka nirantara cAra-cAra upavAsa prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jItakalpa meM isa tathya kA bhI eka mAsa taka nirantara tIna-tIna upAvAsa(tele) ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra ke doSa ke lie kitane samaya 10 bele 10 dina pAraNe (eka mAsa taka yA zvAsocchavAsa kA kAyotsarga kiyA jAnA caahie| prAyazcitta ke nirantara do-do upvaas)| gurutara laghu

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276 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 laghutara 25 dina taka nirantara eka dina upavAsa aura meM AhArAdi rakhanA, dharma kI nindA aura adharma kI prazaMsA karanA, eka dina bhojn| anantakAya yukta AhAra khAnA, AcArya kI avajJA karanA, lAbhAlAbha yathAlaghu 20 dina taka nirantara Ayambila (rUkhA-sUkhA kA nimitta batAnA, kisI zramaNa-zramaNI ko bahakAnA, kisI dIkSArthI bhojn)| ko bhar3akAnA, ayogya ko dIkSA denA Adi kriyAe~ gurucAturmAsika laghuSvaka 15 dina taka nirantara ekAsana (eka samaya prAyazcitta ke yogya haiN| bhojn)| laghuSvakatara 10 dina taka nirantara do porasI arthAt 12 tapa aura parihAra kA sambandha baje ke bAda bhojana grhnn| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai, tattvArtha aura yamanIya yathAlaghuSvaka pA~ca dina taka nirantara nirvikRti (ghI, dUdha paramparA ke grantha mUlAcAra meM parihAra ko svatantra prAyazcitta mAnA gayA Adi se rahita bhojn)| hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agamika granthoM meM aura dhavalA meM ise svatantra prAyazcitta na mAnakara isakA sambandha tapa ke sAtha jor3A gayA laghumAsika-yogya aparAdha hai| parihAra zabda kA artha bahiSkRta karanA athavA tyAga karanA hotA dArudaNDa kA pAdapoMchana banAnA, pAnI nikalane ke lie nAlI hai| zvetAmbara Agama granthoM ke adhyayana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki banAnA, dAnAdi lene ke pUrva athavA pazcAt dAtA kI prazaMsA karanA, garhita aparAdhoM ko karane para bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko na kevala tapa. rUpa niSkAraNa paricita gharoM meM dubArA praveza karanA, anyatIrthika athavA prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thA apitu use yaha kahA jAtA thA ki ve bhikSu-saGgha gRhastha kI saMgati karanA, zayyA athavA AvAsa dene vAle makAna-mAlika yA bhikSuNI-saMgha se pRthak hokara nirdhArita tapa pUrNa kreN| nirdhArita tapa ke yahA~ kA AhAra-pAnI grahaNa karanA, Adi kriyAe~ laghumAsika prAyazcitta ko pUrNa kara lene para use puna: saMgha meM sammilita kara liyA jAtA ke kAraNa haiN| thaa| isa prakAra parihAra kA tAtparya thA ki prAyazcitta rUpa tapa kI nirdhArita avadhi ke lie saGgha se bhikSu kA pRthkkrnn| parihAra tapa kI avadhi gurumAsika-yogya aparAdha meM vaha bhikSu bhikSusaGgha ke sAtha rahate hue bhI apanA AhAra-pAnI alaga aGgAdAna kA mardana karanA, aGgAdAna ke Upara kI tvacA dUra karanA, karatA thaa| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki parihAra prAyazcitta meM tathA aGgAdAna ko nalI meM DAlanA, puSpAdi sUMghanA, pAtra Adi dUsaroM se anavasthApya aura pArAMcika prAyazcitta meM mUlabhUta antara thaa| anavasthApya sApha karavAnA, sadoSa AhAra kA upabhoga karanA Adi kriyAyeM gurumAsika prAyazcitta meM jahA~ use gRhastha-veSa dhAraNa karavAkara ke hI upasthApana prAyazcitta ke kAraNa haiN| kiyA jAtA thA, vahA~ parihAra meM aisA koI vidhAna na thaa| yaha kevala prAyazcitta kI tapAvadhi ke lie maryAdita pRthakkaraNa thaa| sambhavata: laghu cAturmAsika-yogya aparAdha prAcInakAla meM tapa nAmaka prAyazcitta do prakAra se diyA jAtA rahA hogaa| pratyAkhyAna kA bAra-bAra bhaGga karanA, gRhastha ke vastra, zaiyyA Adi parihArapUrvaka aura prihaarrhit| isI AdhAra para Age calakara jaba kA upayoga karanA, prathama prahara meM grahaNa kiyA huA AhAra caturtha prahara anavasthApya aura pArAMcika prAyazcittoM kA pracalana samApta kara diyA taka rakhanA, ardhayojana arthAt do kosa se Age jAkara AhAra lAnA, gyaa| taba prAyazcittoM kI isa saMkhyA ko pUrNa karane ke lie yApanIya virecana lenA athavA akAraNa auSadhi kA sevana karanA, vATikA Adi paramparA meM tapa aura parihAra kI gaNanA alaga-alaga kI jAne lgii| sArvajanika sthAnoM meM mala-mUtra DAlakara gandagI karanA, gRhastha Adi parihAra nAmaka prAyazcitta kI adhikatama avadhi cha: mAsa hI hai| parihAra ko AhAra-pAnI denA, samAna AcAra vAle nirgrantha-nirgranthI ko sthAna kA cheda prAyazcitta se antara yaha hai ki jahA~ cheda prAyazcitta diye jAne Adi kI suvidhA na denA, gIta-gAnA, vAdya-yantra bajAnA, nRtya karanA, para bhikSuNI saGgha meM varIyatA badala jAtI thI vahA~ parihAra prAyazcitta asvAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya karanA athavA svAdhyAya ke kAla se usakI varIyatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA thaa| mUlAcAra meM parihAra meM svAdhyAya na karanA, ayogya ko zAstra par3hAnA, yogya ko zAstra ko jo cheda aura mUla ke bAda sthAna diyA gayA hai, vaha ucita pratIta na par3hAnA, mithyAtva-bhAvita anyatIrthika athavA gRhastha ko zAstra par3hAnA nahIM hotA kyoMki kaThoratA kI dRSTi se cheda aura mUla kI apekSA athavA usase par3hanA Adi kriyAyeM laghucAturmAsika prAyazcitta kI parihAra prAyazcitta kama kaThora thaa| vasunandI kI mUlAcAra kI TIkA meM kAraNa haiN| parihAra kI 'gaNa se pRthak rahakara anuSThAna karanA' aisI jo vyAkhyA kI gaI hai vaha samucita evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa hI hai| phira gurucAturmAsika-yogya aparAdha bhI yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUlabhUta antara itanA to avazya __ maithuna sambandhI aticAra yA anAcAroM kA sevana karanA, rAjapiNDa hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA parihAra ko tapa se pRthak prAyazcitta ke rUpa grahaNa karanA, AdhAkarmI AhAra grahaNa karanA, rAtribhojana karanA, rAtri meM svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki

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277 nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa-vyavasthA digambara paramparA yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA darzana aura cAritra kI virAdhanA hone para mUla prAyazcitta diyA jA sakatA prAyazcitta nahIM mAnatI hai| usameM zvetAmbara paramparA hai. paranta vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se jJAna aura darzana kI virAdhanA hone sammata dasa prAyazcittoM kA ullekha huA hai jisameM parihAra kA ullekha para mUla prAyazcitta diyA bhI jA sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI diyA jA sakatA hai parantu cAritra kI virAdhanA hone para to mUla prAyazcitta diyA hI jAtA hai| jo tapa ke garva se unmatta hoM athavA jina para sAmAnya prAyazcitta cheda prAyazcitta yA daNDa kA koI prabhAva hI na par3atA ho, unake lie mUla prAyazcitta jo aparAdhI zArIrika dRSTi se kaThora tapa-sAdhanA karane meM asamartha kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| hai athavA samartha hote hue bhI tapa ke garva ke unmatta hai aura tapa prAyazcitta se usake vyavahAra meM sudhAra sambhava nahIM hotA hai aura tapa anavasthApya prAyazcitta prAyazcitta karake puna:-puna: aparAdha karatA hai, usake lie cheda prAyazcitta anavasthApya kA zAbdika artha vyakti ko pada se cyuta kara denA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| cheda prAyazcitta kA tAtparya hai bhikSu yA bhikSuNI hai yA alaga kara denA hai| isa zabda kA dUsarA artha hai- jo saGgha ke dIkSA-paryAya ko kama kara denA, jisakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki meM sthApanA arthAt rakhane yogya nahIM hai| vastuta: jo aparAdhI aise aparAdhI kA zramaNa saGgha meM varIyatA kI dRSTi se jo sthAna hai, vaha aparAdha karatA hai jisake kAraNa use saGgha se bahiSkRta kara denA apekSAkRta nimna ho jAtA hai arthAt jo dIkSA paryAya meM usase laghu Avazyaka hotA hai vaha anavasthApya prAyazcitta ke yogya mAnA jAtA haiM ve usase Upara ho jAte haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM usakI variSThatA hai| yadyapi parihAra meM bhI bhikSu ko saGgha se pRthak kiyA jAtA hai kintu (sIniyAriTI) kama ho jAtI haiM aura use isa AdhAra para jo bhikSu vaha eka sImita rUpa meM hotA hai aura usakA veSa-parivartana usase kabhI kaniSTha rahe haiM unako use vandana Adi karanA hotA hai| Avazyaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| jabaki anavasthApya prAyazcitta ke yogya kisa aparAdha meM kitane dina kA cheda prAyazcitta AtA hai isakA spaSTa bhikSu ko saGgha se nizcita avadhi ke lie bahiSkRta kara diyA jAtA ullekha mujhe dekhane ko nahIM milaa| sambhavataH yaha parihArapUrvaka tapa hai aura use taba taka puna: bhikSu-saGgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai prAyazcitta kA eka vikalpa hai| arthAt jisake aparAdha ke lie mAsa jaba taka ki vaha prAyazcitta ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa tapa-sAdhanA ko pUrNa yA dina ke lie tapa nirdhArita ho, usa aparAdha ke karane para kabhI nahIM kara letA hai aura saGgha isa tathya se Azvasta nahIM ho jAtA hai utane dina kA dIkSA cheda kA prAyazcitta diyA jAtA hai| jaise jo aparAdha ki vaha puna: aparAdha nahIM kregaa| jaina paramparA meM bAra-bAra aparAdha pANmAsika prAyazcitta ke yogya hote haiM, unake karane para kabhI use chaha karane vAle AparAdhika pravRtti ke logoM ke lie yaha daNDa prastAvita mAsa kA cheda prAyazcitta bhI diyA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM usakI kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAGga sUtra ke anusAra sAdharmiyoM kI corI karane varIyatA chaha mAsa kama kara dI jAtI hai| adhikatama tapa kI avadhi vAlA, anya dharmiyoM kI corI karane vAlA tathA DaNDe, lAThI Adi RSabhadeva ke samaya meM eka varSa, anya bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke samaya meM se dUsare bhikSuoM para prahAra karane vAlA bhikSu anavasthApya prAyazcitta ATha mAsa aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM chaha mAsa mAnI gaI hai| ata: ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai| adhikatama eka sAtha chaha mAsa kA hI cheda prAyazcitta diyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyatayA pArzvastha, avasanna, kazIla aura saMsakta bhikSuoM ko pArAMcika prAyazcitta cheda prAyazcitta diye jAne kA vidhAna hai| ve aparAdha jo atyanta garhita haiM aura jinake sevana se na kevala vyakti apitu sampUrNa jainasaGgha kI vyavasthA dhUmila hotI hai, ve pArAMcika mUla prAyazcitta prAyazcitta ke yogya hote haiN| pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA artha bhI bhikSu-saGgha ___ mUla prAyazcitta kA artha hotA thA, pUrva kI dIkSA-paryAya ko pUrNataH se bahiSkAra hI hai| vaise jainAcAryoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki pArAMcika aparAdha samApta kara navIna dIkSA pradAna krnaa| isake pariNAmasvarUpa aisA bhikSu karane vAlA bhikSu yadi nirdhArita samaya taka nirdhArita tapa kA anuSThAna sa bhikSusaGgha meM jisa dina use yaha prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thA vaha sabase pUrNa kara letA hai to use eka bAra gRhasthaveSa dhAraNa karavAkara puna: kaniSTha bana jAtA thaa| mUle prAyazcitta anavasthApya aura pArAMcika saGgha meM praviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI pArAMcika prAyazcittoM se artha meM bhinna thA ki isameM aparAdhI bhikSu ko gRhasthaveSa aparAdhoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki aisA aparAdha karane dhAraNa karanA anivArya na thaa| sAmAnyatayA paJcendriya prANiyoM kI hiMsA vAlA bhikSu sadaiva ke lie saGgha se bahiSkRta kara diyA jAtA hai| jItakalpa evaM maithuna sambandhI aparAdhoM ko mUla prAyazcitta ke yogya mAnA jAtA ke anusAra anavasthApya aura pArAMcika prAyazcitta bhadrabAhu ke kAla se hai| isI prakAra jo bhikSu mRSAvAda, adattAdAna aura parigraha sambandhI banda kara diyA gayA hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa zArIrika kSamatA kI kamI doSoM kA puna:-puna: sevana karatA hai vaha bhI mUla prAyazcitta kA pAtra ho jAnA hai| sthAnAGga sUtra meM nimna pA~ca aparAdhoM ko pArAMcika prAyazcitta mAnA gayA hai| jItakalpa bhASya ke anusAra nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se jJAna, ke yogya mAnA gayA hai|

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278 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (1) jo kula meM paraspara kalaha karatA ho| hai| sva-gaNa ke AcArya Adi se bhI prAyazcitta liyA jA sakatA hai| (2) jo gaNa meM paraspara kalaha karatA ho| kintu anya gaNa ke AcArya tabhI prAyazcitta de sakate haiM jaba unase (3) jo hiMsA premI ho arthAt kula yA gaNa ke sAdhuoM kA ghAta karanA isa sambandha meM nivedana kiyA jaaye| jItakalpa ke anusAra svaliGgI cAhatA ho| anya gaNa ke AcArya yA muni kI anupasthiti meM chedasUtra kA adhyetA (4) jo chidrapremI ho arthAt jo chidrAnveSaNa karatA ho| gRhastha jisane dIkSA-paryAya chor3a diyA ho vaha bhI prAyazcitta de sakatA (5) jo prazna-zAstra kA bAra-bAra prayoga karatA ho| hai| ina saba ke abhAva meM sAdhaka svayaM bhI pApazodhana ke lie svaviveka __ sthAnAGga sUtra meM hI anyatra anyonya-maithunasevI bhikSuoM ko se prAyazcitta kA nizcaya kara sakatA hai| pArAMcika prAyazcitta ke yogya batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki jahA~ hiMsA karane vAle ko, strI se maithuna sevana karane vAle ko kyA prAyazcitta sArvajanika rUpa meM diyA jAye? mUla prAyazcitta ke yogya batAyA, vahA~ hiMsA kI yojanA banAne vAle isa prazna ke uttara meM jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anya paramparAoM evaM paraspara maithuna sevana karane vAloM ko pArAMcita prAyazcitta ke yogya se bhinna haiN| ve prAyazcitta yA daNDa ko Atmazuddhi kA sAdhana to mAnate kyoM batAyA? isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jahA~ hiMsA evaM maithuna sevana haiM lekina pratirodhAtmaka siddhAnta ke virodhI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM daNDa karane vAle kA aparAdha vyakta hotA hai aura usakA parizodha sambhava kevala isalie nahIM diyA jAtA hai ki use dekhakara anya loga hotA hai vaha mUla prAyazcitta ke yogya hai kintu ina dUsare prakAra ke vyaktiyoM aparAdha karane se bhayabhIta hoN| ata: jaina paramparA sAmUhika rUpa meM, kA aparAdha bahuta samaya taka banA raha sakatA hai aura saGgha ke samasta khule rUpa meM daNDa kI virodhI hai| isake viparIta bauddha paramparA meM pariveza ko dUSita banA detA hai| vastuta: jaba aparAdhI ke sudhAra kI daNDa yA prAyazcitta ko saGgha ke sammukha sArvajanika rUpa se dene kI sabhI sambhAvanAe~ samApta ho jAtI haiM to use pArAMcika prAyazcitta ke paramparA hai| bauddha paramparA meM pravAraNA ke samaya sAdhaka bhikSu ko saGgha yogya mAnA jAtA hai| jIta kalpa ke anusAra tIrthaGkara ke pravacana arthAt, ke sammukha apane aparAdha ko prakaTa kara saGgha-pradatta prAyazcitta yA daNDa zruta, AcArya aura gaNadhara kI AzAtanA karane vAle ko bhI pArAMcika ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| vastuta: buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda kisI prAyazcitta kA doSI mAnA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo jina-pravacana kA saGghapramukha kI niyukti ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA, ataH prAyazcitta avarNavAda karatA ho vaha saGgha meM rahane ke yogya nahIM mAnA jaataa| yA daNDa dene kA dAyitva saGgha para A pdd'aa| kintu manovaijJAnika dRSTi jItakalpabhASya ke anusAra kaSAyaduSTa, viSayaduSTa, rAjA ke vadha kI se sArvajanika rUpa se daNDita karane kI yaha prakriyA ucita nahIM hai, icchA karane vAlA, rAjA kI agramahiSI se saMbhoga karane vAlA bhI kyoMki isase samAja meM vyakti kI pratiSThA giratI hai, tathA kabhI-kabhI pArAMcikA prAyazcitta kA aparAdhI mAnA gayA hai| vaise paravartI AcAryoM sArvajanika rUpa se daNDita kiye jAne para vyakti vidrohI bana ke anusAra pArAMcika aparAdha kA doSI bhI viziSTa tapa-sAdhanA ke jAtA hai| pazcAt saGgha meM praveza kA adhikArI mAna liyA gayA hai| pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA kama se kama samaya chaha mAsa, madhyama samaya 12 mAsa aura adhikatama aparAdha kI samAnatA para daNDa kI samAnatA kA prazna samaya 12 varSa mAnA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki siddhasena divAkara prAyazcittoM kI carcA ke prasaGga meM yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki kyA ko AgamoM kA saMskRta bhASA meM rUpAntaraNa karane ke prayatna para 12 jaina saGgha meM samAna aparAdhoM ke samAna daNDa kI vyavasthA hai yA eka varSa kA pArAMcika prAyazcitta diyA gayA thaa| vibhinna pArAMcika prAyazcitta hI samAna aparAdha ke lie do vyaktiyoM ko alaga-alaga daNDa diyA ke aparAdhoM aura unake prAyazcittoM kA vivaraNa hameM jItakalpa bhASya jA sakatA hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra eka hI prakAra ke aparAdha kI gAthA 2540 se 2586 taka milatA hai| viziSTa vivaraNa ke ke lie sabhI prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko eka hI samAna daNDa nahIM diyA icchuka vidvadjanoM ko vahA~ use dekha lenA caahie| jA sktaa| prAyazcitta ke kaThora aura mRda hone ke lie vyakti kI sAmAjika sthiti evaM vaha vizeSa paristhiti bhI vicAraNIya hai jisameM prAyazcitta dene kA adhikAra ki vaha aparAdha kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie eka hI prakAra ke sAmAnyata: prAyazcitta dene kA adhikAra AcArya yA gaNi kA mAnA aparAdha ke lie jahA~ sAmAnya bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko alpa daNDa kI gayA hai| sAmAnya vyavasthA ke anusAra aparAdhI ko apane aparAdha vyavasthA hai| vahI zramaNa saGgha ke padAdhikAriyoM ko arthAt pravartinI, ke lie AcArya ke samakSa apanI sthiti spaSTa karanI cAhie aura pravartaka, gaNi, AcArya Adi ko kaThora daNDa dene kI vyavasthA hai| AcArya ko bhI paristhiti aura aparAdha kI gurutA kA vicAra kara use puna: jaina AcArya yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki yadi koI vyakti svataH prerita prAyazcitta denA caahie| isa prakAra daNDa yA prAyazcitta dene kA sampUrNa hokara koI aparAdha karatA hai aura koI vyakti paristhitiyoM se bAdhya adhikAra AcArya, gaNi yA pravartaka ko hotA hai| AcArya yA. gaNi hokara aparAdha karatA hai to donoM ke lie alaga-alaga prakAra ke prAyazcitta kI anupasthiti meM upAdhyAya, upAdhyAya kI anupasthiti meM pravartaka kI vyavasthA hai| yadi hama maithuna sambandhI aparAdha ko leM to jahA~ athavA variSTha muni jo cheda-sUtroM kA jJAtA ho, prAyazcitta de sakatA balAtkAra kI sthiti meM bhikSuNI ke lie kisI daNDa kI vyavasthA

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jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa-vyavasthA nahIM hai kintu usa sthiti meM bhI yadi vaha sambhoga kA AsvAdana letI hai to usake lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA hai| ataH eka hI prakAra ke aparAdha hetu do bhinna vyaktiyoM va paristhitiyoM meM alaga-alaga prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM jainAcAryoM ne yaha bhI vicAra kiyA hai ki aparAdha kisake prati kiyA gayA hai| eka sAmAnya sAdhu ke prati kie gaye aparAdha kI apekSA AcArya ke prati kiyA gayA aparAdha adhika daNDanIya hai jahA~ sAmAnya vyakti ke lie kiye gaye aparAdha ko mRdu yA alpa daNDa mAnA jAtA hai vahIM zramaNa saGgha ke kisI padAdhikArI ke prati kiye gaye aparAdha ko kaThora daNDa ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina prAyazcita vidhAna yA daNDa prakriyA meM vyakti yA paristhati ke mahattva ko ojhala nahIM kiyA hai aura mAnA hai ki vyakti aura paristhati ke AdhAra para sAmAnya aura vizeSa vyaktiyoM ko alaga-alaga prAyazcitta diyA jA sakatA hai, jabaki sAmAnyatayA bauddha paramparA meM isa prakAra ke vicAra kA abhAva dekhate haiN| hindU paramparA yadyapi prAyazcitta ke sandarbha meM vyakti kI sAmAjika sthiti kA mUlyAina karatI hai kintu usakA dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA se bilkula viparIta dikhAI detA hai| jahA~ jaina paramparA usI aparAdha ke lie pratiSThita vyaktiyoM evaM padAdhikAriyoM ke lie kaThora daNDa kI vyavasthA karatI hai vahIM hindU paramparA AcAryoM, brAhmaNoM Adi ke lie mRdu-daNDa kI vyavasthA karatI hai| usameM eka samAna aparAdha karane para bhI zUdra ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA hai aura brAhmaNa ko atyanta mRdu-daNDa diyA jAtA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM yaha dRSTibheda vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| bRhatkalpabhASya kI TIkA meM isa tathya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jo pada jitanA uttaradAyitvapUrNa hotA hai usa pada ke dhAraka vyakti ko utanA hI kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhikSuNiyoM kA nadI tAlAba ke kinAre ThaharanA, vahA~ svAdhyAya Adi karanA niSiddha hai| usa niyama kA ullaGghana karane para jahA~ sthavira ko mAtra palaghu, bhikSuNI ke SaTaguru prAyazcita diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ gaNinI ko cheda aura pravartinI ko mUla prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna hai sAmAnya sAdhu kI apekSA AcArya ke dvArA vahI aparAdha kiyA jAtA hai to AcArya ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA hai| bAra-bAra aparAdha yA doSa sevana karane para adhika daNDa jaina paramparA meM prathama bAra aparAdha karane kI apekSA dUsarI bAra yA tIsarI bAra usI aparAdha ko karane para kaThora prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| yadi koI bhikSu yA bhikSuNI eka niyama kA bAra-bAra atikramaNa karatA hai to usa niyama ke atikramaNa kI saMkhyA meM jaise-jaise vRddhi hotI jAtI hai prAyizcatta mAsa laghu se bar3hatA huA cheda evaM naI dIkSA taka bar3ha jAtA hai| prAyazcitta dete samaya vyakti kI paristhiti kA vicAra jaina daNDa yA prAyazcitta-vyavasthA meM isa bAta para bhI paryApta rUpa 279 se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki kaThora aparAdha ko karane vAlA vyakti bhI yadi rugNa ho, ativRddha ho, vikSipta citta ho, unmAda yA upasarga se pIr3ita ho, use bhojana-pAnI Adi suvidhApUrvaka na milatA ho athavA muni-jIvana kI Avazyaka sAmagrI se rahita ho to aise bhikSuoM ko tatkAla saGgha se bahiSkRta karanA athavA bahiSkRta karake zuddhi ke lie kaThora tapa Adi kI vyavasthA denA samucita nahIM hai| Adhunika daNDa- siddhAnta aura jaina prAyazcitta-vyavasthA jaisA ki hamane prArambha meM hI spaSTa kiyA hai ki daNDa aura prAyazcitta kI avadhAraNAoM meM eka maulika antara hai jahA~ prAyazcitta anta: preraNA se svataH liyA jAtA hai, vahA~ daNDa vyakti ko balAt diyA jAtA hai| ataH Atmazuddhi to prAyazcitta se hI sambhava hai, daNDa se nahIM / daNDa meM to pratizodha pratikAra yA AparAdhika pravRtti ke nirodha kA dRSTikoNa hI pramukha hotA hai| pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne daNDa ke tIna siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiM (1) pratikArAtmaka siddhAnta (2) nirodhAtmaka siddhAnta, (3) sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta / prathama pratikArAtmaka siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki daNDa ke samaya aparAdha kI pratizarta kI jAtI hai| arthAt aparAdhI ne dUsare kI jo kSati kI hai usakI paripUrti karanA yA usakA badalA denA hI daNDa kA mukhya uddezya hai| "A~kha ke badale A~kha" aura "dAMta ke badale dAMta", hI isa daNDa siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta avadhAraNA hai / isa prakAra kI daNDa-vyavasthA se na to samAja ke anya loga AparAdhika pravRttiyoM se bhayabhIta hote haiM aura na usa vyakti kA jisane aparAdha kiyA hai, koI sudhAra hI hotA hai| aparAdha kA dUsarA nirodhAtmaka siddhAnta mUlataH yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki aparAdhI ko daNDa isalie nahIM diyA jAtA hai ki usane aparAdha kiyA hai apitu isalie diyA jAtA hai ki dUsare loga aparAdha karane kA sAhasa na kreN| samAja meM AparAdhika pravRtti ko rokanA hI daNDa kA uddezya hai| isameM choTe aparAdha ke lie bhI kaThora daNDa kI vyavasthA hotI hai| kintu isa siddhAnta meM aparAdha karane vAle vyakti ko samAja ke dUsare vyaktiyoM ko AparAdhika pravRtti se bhayabhIta karane ke lie sAdhana banAyA jAtA hai| ataH daNDa kA yaha siddhAnta nyAyasaGgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isameM daNDa kA prayoga sAdhya ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu sAdhana ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| - daNDa kA tIsarA siddhAnta sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta hai, isa siddhAnta ke anusAra aparAdhI bhI eka prakAra kA rogI hai ataH usakI cikitsA arthAt use sudhArane kA prayatna karanA caahie| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra daNDa kA uddezya vyakti kA sudhAra honA caahie| vastutaH kArAgRhoM ko sudhAragRhoM ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jAnA cAhie tAki aparAdhI ke hRdaya ko parivartita kara use sabhya nAgarika banAyA jA ske| yadi hama ina siddhAntoM kI tulanA jaina prAyazcitta vyavasthA se karate haiM to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina vicAraka apanI .

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280 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prAyazcitta yA daNDa vyavasthA meM na to pratikArAtmaka siddhAnta ko aura taba taka vaha AparAdhika pravRttiyoM se vimukha nahIM hogaa| yadyapi isa na nirodhAtmaka siddhAnta ko apanAte haiM apitu sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta AtmaglAni yA aparAdhabodha kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki vyakti jIvana se sahamata hokara yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti meM svataH hI aparAdhabodha bhara isI bhAvanA se pIr3ita rahe apitu vaha aparAdha yA doSa ko doSa kI bhAvanA utpanna karA sakeM evaM AparAdhika pravRttiyoM se dUra rakhakara ke rUpa meM dekhe aura yaha samajhe ki aparAdha eka saMyogika ghaTanA anuzAsita kiyA jaaye| ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki jaba taka hai aura usakA parizodhana kara AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke patha para Age vyakti meM svata: hI aparAdha ke prati AtmaglAni utpanna nahIM hogI bar3hA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha : 1. jItakalpabhASya, jinabhadragaNi, saM0 puNyavijayajI, ahamadAbAda, vi0saM0 1994 / 2. paMcAzaka (haribhadra, saM0 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1997), 16/3 (praayshcittpNcaashk)| vhii| 3 13. mUlAcAra, 5/165 / 14. tatvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 9/22 / 15. jItakalpabhASya 2586, jItakalpa, 102 / 16. sthAnAGga, 10/69 / 17. sthAnAGga, 10/71 / 18. sthAnAGga, 10/72 / 19. vyavahArasUtra, 1/1/33 / 20. (a) sthAnAGga, 10/70 / (ba) mUlAcAra, 11/15 / 21. jItakalpa 6, dekheM- jItakalpabhASya gAthA 731-757 / 22. yogazAstra-svopajJavRtti, 3 / 23. Avazyaka TIkA, uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR0 87 / 24. sthAnAGga sUtra, 6/538 / 25. Avazyakaniyukti, 1250-1268 / sUcanA-yApanIya paramparA meM piNDachedazAstra aura chedazAstra aise do grantha haiM jinameM prAyazcittoM kA vivecana hai| abhidhAnarAjendra koSa, paJcama bhAga, pR0 855 / tattvArthavArtika 9/22/1, pR0 620 / vhii| mUlAcAra, saM0paM0 pannAlAla mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, vi0saM0 1977, 5/164 / vahI, 5/166 / 9. sthAnAGga, saM0 madhukaramuni, byAvara, 3/470 / 10. vahI, 3/448 / 11. vahI, 10/73 / 12. (a) sthAnAGga, 10/73 / (ba) jItakalpasUtra, 4, jItakalpabhASya gAthA 718-729 / (sa) dhavalA, 13/5, 26/63/1 / ;

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nIti ke mAnavatAvAdI sidvAnta aura jaina AcAra-darzana 'mAnavatAvAda' sAmAnya rUpa se svAbhAvika icchAoM kA sarvathA to jaina darzana bhI prANI meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra damana ucita nahIM mAnatA, varan unakA saMyamana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| karatA hai (parasparopagraho jIvAnAm -tattvArtha,5/21) tathApi vaha karmavaha saMyama kA pakSadhara hai, damana kA nhiiN| usake anusAra saccA niyama para bhI apanI AsthA prakaTa karake calatA hai| isa sahAnubhUti naitika jIvana icchAoM ke damana meM nahIM, apitu usake niyamana yA ke tattva ke sAtha-sAtha karma-sidvAnta ko bhI naitikatA kA AdhAra niyantraNa meM hai| banAtA hai| mAnavatAvAda meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai, yahI .. mAnavatAvAda sAMsArika hita-sAdhana para bala detA hai aura kAraNa hai ki mAnavatAvAda ko AcArazAstrIya dharma kahA jAtA hai| pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA ko vyartha mAnatA hai, yadyapi vaha manuSya ko mAnavatAvAdI sidvAnta naitikatA ko mAnava kI sAMskRtika cetanA ke sthUla sukhoM taka sImita nahIM rakhatA hai, kintu kalA, sAhitya, maitrI vikAsa meM dekhate haiN| sAMskRtika cetanA kA vikAsa hI naitikatA kA aura sAmAjika samparka ke sUkSma sukhoM ko bhI sthAna detA hai| lemAnTa AdhAra hai| sAMskRtika vikAsa evaM naitika jIvana mAnavIya guNoM ke paramparAvAdI aura mAnatAvAdI AcAra darzana meM niSedhAtmaka aura vikAsa meM haiN| mAnavatAvAdI cintana meM manuSya hI naitika mUlyoM kA vidhAnAtmaka dRSTi se bheda spaSTa karatA hai| usake anusAra paramparAvAdI mApadaNDa hai aura mAnavIya guNoM kA vikAsa hI naitikatA hai| mAnavatAvAdI naitika darzana meM vartamAna ke prati udAsInatA aura paraloka meM sukha vicArakoM kI eka lambI paramparA hai| pleTo aura arastU se lekara lemAnTa, prApta karane kI jo icchA hotI hai, vaha niSedhAtmaka hai| isake viparIta jAkamAritA tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM rasala, vAranara phiTe, mAnavatAvAda isa jIvana ke prati AsthA rakhatA hai aura use sukhI banAnA sI0bI0garneTa aura isrAila levina prabhRti vicAraka isa paramparA kA cAhatA hai, yaha vidhAyaka hai| pratinidhitva karate haiN| yadyapi uparokta sabhI vicAraka mAnavIya guNoM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa prazna para vicAra karate samaya hama yaha ke vikAsa ke saMdarbha meM hI naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhate haiM phira bhI pAte haiM ki yadyapi jaina darzana pAralaukikatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra prAthamika mAnavIya guNa kyA hai, isa sambandha meM unameM mata-bheda hai| karatA hai aura bhAvI jIvana ke astitva meM AsthA bhI rakhatA hai, lekina samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM isI prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa isa AdhAra para use niSedhAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha se tIna varga haiM, jinheM kramazaH AtmacetanatAvAda, vivekavAda aura vartamAna jIvana ke prati udAsInatA nahIM rakhatA hai| jaina dArzanika spaSTa AtmasaMyamavAda kahA jA sakatA hai| ina tInoM hI mAnyatAoM kA jaina rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki naitika sAdhanA kA pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA darzana ke sAtha nikaTa sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina isake pahale se koI sambandha nahIM hai, varan pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA ke AdhAra ki hama inake sAtha jaina darzana kI tulanA kareM, mAnavatAvAda kI kucha para kiyA gayA naitika karma dUSita hai| ve naitika-sAdhanA ko na aihika sAmAnya pravRttiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sukhoM ke lie aura na pAralaukika sukhoM ke lie mAnate haiM varan unake apekSita hai| anusAra to naitika sAdhanA kA ekamAtra sAdhya Atma-vikAsa yA sarvaprathama mAnatAvAdI vicAra-paramparA sahAnubhUti ke pratyaya ko AtmapUrNatA hai| buddha ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA hai ki naitika hI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtI hai| mAnavatAvAda ke anusAra manuSya jIvana kA sAdhya pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA nahIM hai| gItA meM bhI kA parama prAptavya isI jagat meM kendrita haiM aura isIlie vaha apane ___ phalAkAMkSA ke rUpa meM pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA ko anucita hI naitika darzana ko kisI pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA para AdhRta nahIM krtaa| kahA gayA hai| usake anusAra naitika hone ke lie kisI pAralaukika Adarza yA sAdhya jaina vicAraNA naitika jIvana ke lie apanI dRSTi vartamAna para ke prati niSThA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, varan manuSya meM nihita sahAnubhUti hI kendrita karatI hai aura kahatI hai ki - ko tattva hI use naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAye rakhane ke lie gata vastu soce nahIM Agata vAMchA naay| paryApta hai| vaha naitikatA ko pralobhana aura bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A vartamAna meM varte sahI so jJAnI jaga maay| nahIM kara, mAnava meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para khar3A karatA hai| - AlocanA pATha usake anusAra naitika hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama jo bhUta ke sambandha meM koI zoka nahIM karatA aura bhaviSya ke kisI pAralaukika sattA (Izvara) athavA karma ke niyama jaise kisI sidvAnta sambandha meM jisakI koI apekSAe~ nahIM haiM, jo mAtra vartamAna meM hI para AsthA rkheN| usake anusAra mAnavIya prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti apane jIvana ko jItA hai, vahI saccA jJAnI hai| vizuddha vartamAna meM kA tattva hI naitika hone ke lie paryApta hai| jIvana jInA jaina paramparA kA naitika Adarza rahA hai| ata: vaha vartamAna yadi hama isa prazna para jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa jAnanA cAheM ke prati udAsIna nahIM hai, phira bhI isa artha meM vaha mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM

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282 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke sAtha bhI hai aura vaha paraloka ke pratyaya se inkAra nahIM krtii| mAnavatAvAdI vicAraNA meM prAthamika mAnavIya guNa ke prazna ko lekara bhagavAn buddha ne bhI ajAtazatru ko yahI batAyA thA ki mere dharma kI pramukha rUpa se tIna vicAradhArAe~ pracalita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana ke sAdhanA kA kendra pAralaukika jIvana nahIM, varan yahI jIvana hai| sAtha inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane ke lie hama ina tInoM para mAnavatAvAda sAmAnya rUpa se svAbhAvika icchAoM kA sarvathA damana alaga-alaga vicAra kreNge| ucita nahIM mAnatA varan usakA saMyamana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vaha saMyama kA samarthaka hai, damana kA nhiiN| usake anusAra saccA naitika jIvana AtmacetanAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jainadarzana icchAoM ke damana meM nahIM varan unake saMyamana meM hai| mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM AtmacetanAtA yA AtmajAgRti ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yadi hama isa para vicAra kareM to yaha pAte hI naitikatA kA AdhAra aura prAthamika mAnavIya guNa mAnane vAle vikArakoM haiM ki jaina, baudva aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana bhI damana ke pratyaya ko meM vAranaraphiTe pramukha haiN| vAranaraphiTe naitikatA ko AtmacetanakA kA svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unameM bhI icchAoM kA damana anucita mAnA sahagAmI mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitikatA kA paribhASaka usa samagra gayA hai| jaina darzana meM kSAyika evaM aupazamika sAdhanA kI do zreNiyA~ sAmAjika prakriyA meM nahIM hai, jisameM manuSya jIvana jItA hai, varan mAnI gayI haiN| inameM bhI kevala kSAyika zreNI kA sAdhaka hI Atma- AtmacetanA kI usa mAnavIya prakriyA meM hai, jo vyakti ke jIvana meM pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai; upazama zreNI kA sAdhaka to sAdhanA rahI huI hai| vastutaH naitikatA Atmacetana jIvana jIne meM hai| unakA kI U~cAI para pahu~cakara bhI patita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra vaha bhI kathana hai ki jIvana ke samagra mUlya jIvana kI cetanA meM nihita haiN| damana ko asvIkAra karatA hai aura kevala saMyama ko sthAna detA hai| yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai jo jIvana ke kinhI bhI mUlyoM kI avadhAraNA isa artha meM vaha mAnavavAdI vicAraNA ke sAtha hai| kara sakatA hai| cetanA ke niyaMtraNa meM jo jIvana hai, vahI saccA jIvana mAnavatAvAda karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa samAja hai| naitika hone kA artha yaha jAnanA hai ki hama kyA kara rahe haiM? para usake pariNAma ke AdhAra para karatA hai| lemAnTa ke anusAra karma-preraka jAgRta cetanA naitikatA hai aura prasupta cetanA anaitikatA hai| zubha evaM aura karma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| koI bhI kriyA binA preraNA ke ucita kArya vaha nahIM, jisameM AtmavismRti hotI hai| varan vaha hai nahIM hotI hai aura jahA~ preraNA hotI hai, vahA~ karma bhI hotA hai| tulanAtmaka jisameM AtmacetanA hotI hai| dRSTi se isa prazna para vicAra karate samaya hama yaha pAte haiM ki bauddha darzana aura gItA spaSTa rUpa se karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA ke ati nikaTa hai| vAranaraphiTe kI naitika darzana kI yaha mAnyatA ati nirdhAraNa karmapreraka ke AdhAra para karate haiM, karma-pariNAma ke AdhAra spaSTa rUpa meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM meM upalabdha hai| para nahIM aura isa AdhAra para ve mAnavatAvAda se koI sAmya nahIM rkhte| phiTe jise AtmacetanA kahate haiM, use jaina darzana meM apramattatA yA jahA~ taka jaina darzana kA prazna hai, vaha vyavahAra dRSTi se karma-pariNAma AtmajAgRti kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pramAda AtmavismRti ko aura nizcaya dRSTi se karma-preraka ko aucitya anaucitya ke nirNaya kI avasthA hai| jaina darzana meM pramAda ko anaitikatA kA pramukha kAraNa kA AdhAra banAtA hai| isa prakAra usakI mAnavatAvAda se isa sambandha mAnA gayA hai| jo bhI kriyAe~ pramAda ke kAraNa hotI haiM yA pramAda kI meM AMzika samAnatA hai| avasthA meM kI jAtI haiM ve sabhI anaitika mAnI gayI haiN| 'AcArAMga' mAnavatAvAda manuSya ko hI samagra mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo prasupta cetanA vAlA hai karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha mAnavIya jIvana ko sarvadhika mahattva pradAna vaha amuni (anaitika) hai aura jo jAgrata cetanA vAlA hai vaha muni karatA hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa prazna ko dekheM to hameM (naitika) hai| sUtrakRtAMga' meM pramAda ko karma aura apramAda ko akarma yaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karanA hogA ki bhAratIya paramparA bhI mAnavIya kahakara yahI batAyA gayA hai ki jo kriyAe~ AtmavismRti lAtI haiM, jIvana ke mahattva ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina AgamoM meM mAnava jIvana ve bandhanakAraka haiM aura isalie anaitika bhI haiN| isake viparIta ho ko durlabha batAyA gayA hai| AcArya amitagati ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA kriyAe~ apramatta cetanA kI avasthA meM sampanna hotI hai, ve abandhakAraka hai ki jIvana meM manuSya kA jIvana hI sarvazreSTha hai| 'dhammapada' meM bhagavAn hotI haiM aura isa rUpa meM pUrNatayA vizuddha aura naitika hotI haiN| isa buddha ne bhI manuSya janma ko durlabha batAyA hai| 'mahAbhArata' meM vyAsa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAranara phiTe kA AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ne bhI yahI kahA hai ki yadi koI rahasyamaya bAta hai to vaha yaha hai jaina darzana ke ati nikaTa hai| ki manuSya se zreSTha aura koI nahIM haiN| tulasIdAsajI ne isI tathya na kevala jainadarzana meM varan baudvadarzana meM bhI AtmacetanatA ko ko yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA hai ki- 'bar3e bhAga mAnuSa tana pAvA, naitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| 'dhammapada' meM bura spaSTa rUpa sura durlabha saba granthahiM gaavaa'| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya se kahate haiM ki apramAda amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyu kaa| cintana meM bhI manuSya jIvana ke sarvocca mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA baudvadarzana meM aSTAMga sAdhanA-mArga meM samyak smRti bhI isI bAta ko hai| yahA~ hama pAte haiM ki mAnavatAvAdI vicAra-paramparA kI jaina darzana spaSTa karatI hai ki AtmasmRti yA jAgRta cetanA hI naitikatA kA AdhAra se tathA sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya darzana se nikaTatA hai| samakAlIna hai, jabaki AtmavismRti yA prasupta cetanA anaitikatA kA AdhAra hai|

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nIti ke mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAra- darzana buddha nanda ko upadeza dete hue kahate haiM ki jisake pAsa smRti nahIM hai use Aryasatya kahA~ se prApta hogA isalie calate hue cala rahA hU~', khar3e hote hue 'khar3A ho rahA hU~' evaM isI prakAra dUsare kArya karate samaya apanI smRti banAye rkho|" isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki buddha bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitika jIvana kA kendra svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM bhI sammoha se, smRti-vinAza aura smRtivinyAsa se buddhi-nAza kahakara yahI batAyA gayA hai ki AtmacetanA naitika jIvana ke lie eka Avazyaka tathya hai / " vivekavAda' aura jainadarzana " mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM dUsarA varga viveka ko prAthamika mAnavIya guNa svIkAra karatA hai| sI0bI0 garneTa aura istrAila levina ke anusAra naitikatA vivekapUrNa jIvana jIne meM hai| ganeMTa ke anusAra viveka saMgati - nahIM varan jIvana meM kauzala yA caturAI kA honA hai| bauddhikatA yA tarka usakA eka aMga ho sakatA hai samagra nahIM garneTa, apanI pustaka "vijDama Apha kanDakTa meM prajJA ko hI sarvocca sadguNa mAnate haiM aura prajJA yA viveka se nirdezita jIvana jIne meM naitikatA ke sAra tattva kI abhivyakti mAnate haiN| unake anusAra naitikatA kI samyak evaM sArthaka vyAkhyA zubha- ucita kartavya Adi naitika pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA meM nahIM varan AcaraNa meM viveka ke sAmAnya pratyaya meM hai| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisA tattva hai jo naitika paristhiti ke astitvavAna pakSa arthAt caritra, preraNAe~, Adata, rAgAtmakatA, vibhedIkaraNa, mUlya-nirdhAraNa aura sAdhya ko dRSTigata rakhatA hai| ina sabhI pakSoM ko pUrNatayA dRSTi meM rakhe binA jIvana meM viveka pUrNa AcaraNa kI AzA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisI locapUrNa dRSTi hai jo paristhitiyoM ke sabhI pakSoM kI samyak vicAraNA ke sAtha khoja karatI huI suyogya cunAvoM ko karatI hai| levina ne AcaraNa meM viveka kA tAtparya eka samAyojanAtmaka kSamatA se mAnA hai usake anusAra naitika hone kA artha mAnava kI mUlabhUta kSamatAoM kI abhivyakti hai| garneTa aura levina ke ina dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA jaina AcAra - darzana ke sAtha karane para hama pAte haiM ki AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya jaina vicAraNA evaM anya sabhI bhAratIya vicAraNAoM meM bhI svIkRta rahA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne samyagjJAna ke rUpa meM jo sAdhanA-mArga batAyA hai vaha kevala tArkika jJAna nahIM hai varan eka vivekapUrNa dRSTi hai| jaina paramparA meM AcaraNa meM viveka ke lie yA vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke lie 'yasanA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| 'dazavaikAlika sUtra' meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jo jIvana kI vibhinna kriyAoM ko viveka yA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sampAdita karatA hai vaha anaitika AcaraNa nahIM karatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahA hai| buddha ne bhI 'aGguttaranikAya' meM mahAvIra ke samAna hI ise pratipAdita kiyA hai| gItA meM karma- kauzala ko hI yoga kahA gayA hai jo ki viveka dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki samAlocya AcAra- darzanoM meM bhI AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai| 283 ganeMTa ne AcaraNa meM viveka ke lie una samagra paristhitiyoM evaM sabhI pakSoM kA vicAra Avazyaka mAnA hai jinameM karma kiyA jAnA hai| vaha karma ke sabhI pakSoM para vicAra Avazyaka mAnatA hai, jise hama jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA samyak prakAra se spaSTa kara sakate haiN| jaina darzana kI anekAntavAdI dhAraNA bhI yahI nirdeza detI hai ki vicAra ke kSetra meM hameM ekAMgI dRSTikoNa rakhakara nirNaya nahIM lenA cAhie varan eka sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa rakhanA caahie| isa prakAra garneTa kA sabhI pakSoM ke vicAra kA pratyaya jaina darzana ke anekAntavAdI sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta aura jainadarzana mAnavatAvAdI naitika darzana ke tIsare varga kA pratinidhitva iraviMga babiTa karate haiN| 11 babiTa ke anusAra mAnavatA evaM naitika jIvana kA sAra na to Atmacetana jIvana jIne meM hai aura na vivekapUrNa jIvana meM, varan vaha saMyamapUrNa jIvana yA Atma-anuzAsana meM hai| babiTa Adhunika yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa yaha batAte haiM ki hamane paramparAgata kaThora vairAgyavAdI dhAraNAoM ko tor3a diyA aura unake sthAna para ThIka rUpa se Adima bhogavAda ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga ke vicArakoM ne paramparAgata dhAraNAoM ke prativAda meM eka aisI galata dizA kA cayana kiyA hai, jisameM mAnavIya hitoM ko coTa pahu~cI hai| unakA kathana hai| ki manuSya meM nihita vAsanA rUpI pApa ko asvIkRta karane kA artha usa burAI ko hI dRSTi se ojhala kara denA hai, jisake kAraNa mAnavIya sabhyatA kA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai| mAnavIya vAsanAe~ pApa haiM, anaitika haiM, isa bAta ko bhUlakara hama mAnavIya sabhyatA kA hI vinAza kareMge, jabaki usake prati jAgRta rahakara hama mAnavIya sabhyatA kA vikAsa kara skeNge| babiTa bahuta hI ojapUrNa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki hama meM jaivika pravega to bahuta haiM, AvazyakatA hai jaivika niyaMtraNa kI hameM apanI vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa karanA caahie| kevala sahAnubhUti ke nAma para sAmAjika ekatA nahIM A sktii| manuSyoM ko sahAnubhUti ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para nahIM varan anuzAsana ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAyA jA sakatA hai| sahAnubhUti ke vistAra kA naitika darzana kevala bhAvanAtmaka mAnavatAvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai, jabaki AvazyakatA aise Thosa mAnavatAvAda kI hai jo anuzAsana para banatA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate hue hama yaha pAte haiM ki sabhI samAlocya AcAra-darzana saMyama ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana naitika pUrNatA ke lie saMyama kA Avazyaka mAnatA hai| usake trividha sAdhanA - patha meM samyak AcAraNa ko bhI vahI mUlya hai jo viveka aura bhAvanA kA hai 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM dharma ko ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapomaya batAyA hai|" vastutaH ahiMsA aura tapa bhI saMyama ke poSaka hI haiM aura isa artha meM saMyama hI eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai| jaina bhikSu jIvana aura gRhastha jIvana meM saMyama yA anuzAsana ko sarvatra hI mahattva diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke sampUrNa upadeza kA sAra asaMyama .

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284 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 se nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRti hai| 13 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM ke uparokta tInoM siddhAnta babiTa kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ke ati nikaTa hai| usakA yaha yadyapi bhAratIya cintana meM svIkRta rahe haiM tathApi bhAratIya vicArakoM kahanA ki vartamAna yuga meM saMkaTa kA kAraNa saMyamAtmaka mUlyoM kA kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne ina tInoM ko samaveta rUpa meM hrAsa hai, jaina darzana ko svIkAra hai| vastuta: AtmasaMyama aura anuzAsana svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM samyaka jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke Aja ke yuga kI sabase mahattvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai, jise inkAra nahIM ___ rUpa meM, bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM tathA gItA kiyA jA sktaa| meM zraddhA, jJAna aura karma ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se inheM svIkAra kiyA na kevala jaina darzana meM varan bauddha aura vaidika darzana meM bhI gayA hai| phira bhI gItA kI zraddhA ko AtmacetanatA nahIM kahA jA sakatA saMyama aura anuzAsana ke pratyaya ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya hai| bauddha darzana ke isa trividha sAdhanA-patha meM samAdhi AtmasanatA naitika cintana meM saMyama kA pratyaya eka aisA pratyaya hai jo sabhI kA, prajJA viveka kA aura zIla saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| isI AcAra-darzanoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM svIkRta rahA hai| saMyamAtmaka jIvana prakAra jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana AtmacetanatA kA, samyagjJAna viveka bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA rahA hai| babiTa kA yaha vicAra bhAratIya kA aura samyakcaritra saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| cintana ke lie koI nayA nahIM hai| sandarbha: 1. dekhiye - (a) samakAlIna dArzanika cintana, DaoN0 hRdayanArAyaNa mizra, pR0 300-325 / (ba) kanTemparari ethikala thyorIz2a, pR0 177-188 / (a) mANussaM sudullhN| - uttraadhyynsuutr| (ba) bhaveSu mAnuSyabhava: pradhAnam / - amitgti| (sa) kicce maNussa pttilaabho| - dhammapada, 182 / (da) guhyaM tadidaM brviimi| na mAnuSAt zreSThataraM hi kiMcit / - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 299/20 / 4. AcArAGga, 11/3 / 5. sUtrakRtAGga, 1/8/3 / dhammapada, 2/11 7. saundarananda, 14/43-45 / 8. gItA, 2/63 / dekhiye - (a) kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIz2a, pR0 181-184 / (ba) viz2aDama oNpha kaNDakTa - sii0bii0gneNtt| 10. dazavaikAlika, 4/8 / / 11. babiTa ke dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhiye - (a) kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIz2a, pR0 185-186 / (ba) di brekaDAuna oNpha innttrneshnlijm| - prakAzita 'di nezana' khaNDa sa (8) 1915 / 12. dazavaikAlika, 1/1 // 13. uttarAdhyayana, 31/2 /

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna nirgrantha-paramparA meM sacelakatva aura acelakatva kA prazna ati- kiyA hai| zorasanI Agama sAhitya meM kasAyapAhuDa hI ekamAtra aisA prAcIna kAla se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| vartamAna meM jo zvetAmbara grantha hai, jo apekSAkRta prAcIna stara kA hai, kintu durbhAgya se isameM aura digambara sampradAya haiM, unake bIca bhI vivAda kA pramukha bindu yahI vastra-pAtra sambandhI koI bhI vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| zeSa zaurasenI hai| pahale bhI isI vivAda ke kAraNa uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha vibhAjita Agama-granthoM meM bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura SaTkhaNDAgama mUlata: huA thA aura yApanIya sampradAya astitva meM AyA thaa| dUsare zabdoM yApanIya paramparA ke haiN| sAtha hI guNasthAna-siddhAnta Adi kI paravartI meM isI vivAda ke kAraNa jainoM meM vibhinna sampradAya arthAt zvetAmbara, avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa ye grantha bhI vikrama kI chaThI digambara aura yApanIya nirmita hue haiN| yaha samasyA mUlata: muni-AcAra zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, phira bhI prastuta carcA meM se hI sambandhita hai, kyoMki gRhastha upAsaka, upAsikAe~ aura sAdhviyA~ inakA upayoga isaliye Avazyaka hai ki acela pakSa ko prastuta karane to tInoM hI sampradAyoM meM sacela (savastra) hI mAnI gaI haiN| ke liye inake atirikta anya koI prAcIna srota-sAmagrI hameM upalabdha muniyoM ke sambandha meM digambara paramparA kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki nahIM hai| jahA~ taka kundakunda ke granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM suttapAhuDa mAtra acela (nagra) hI muni pada kA adhikArI hai| jisake pAsa vastra evaM liMgapAhuDa ko chor3akara yaha carcA anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| hai, cAhe vaha la~goTI mAtra hI kyoM na ho, vaha muni nahIM ho sakatA ye grantha bhI chaThI zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM haiN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki acela hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbaroM kA kahanA hai ki muni acela (nagna) paramparA ke pAsa sacelakatva aura acelakatva kI isa paricarcA ke liye aura sacela (savastra) donoM ho sakate haiN| sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate chaThI zatI ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi haiM ki vartamAna kAla kI paristhitiyA~ aisI haiM jisameM muni kA acela digambara-paramparA ina granthoM kA kAla prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI nahIM (nagra) rahanA ucita nahIM hai| ina donoM paramparAoM se bhinna yApanIyoM mAnatI hai| kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki acelatA hI zreSTha mArga hai, kintu ApavAdika jahA~ taka anya paramparAoM ke prAcIna srotoM kA prazna hai, vedoM sthitiyoM meM muni vastra rakha sakatA hai| isa prakAra jahA~ digambara paramparA meM nagna zramaNoM yA vrAtyoM ke ullekha to milate hai, kintu ve spaSTata: ekAnta rUpa se acelakatva ko hI muni-mArga yA mokSa-mArga mAnatI nirgrantha (jaina) paramparA ke haiM, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| yadyapi aneka hindU hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vartamAna meM jinakalpa (acela-mArga) kA uccheda purANoM meM nagna jaina zramaNoM ke ullekha haiM, kintu adhikAMza hindU purANa dikhAkara sacelatA para hI bala detI hai| yApanIya paramparA kA dRSTikoNa to vikrama kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI yA usake bhI bAda ke haiM, ata: unameM ina donoM ativAdiyoM ke madhya samanvaya karatA hai| vaha mAnatI hai ki upalabdha sAkSya adhika mahattva ke nahIM haiN| dUsare unameM savastra aura sAmAnyatayA to muni ko acela yA nagra hI rahanA cAhiye, kyoki nirvastra donoM prakAra ke jaina muniyoM ke ullekha mila jAte haiM, ata: vastra bhI parigraha hI hai, kintu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM saMyamopakaraNa unheM isa paricarcA kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| ke rUpa meM vastra rakhA jA sakatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM acelakatva (nagnatva) isa dRSTi se pAlitripiTaka ke ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM aura utsarga mArga hai aura sacelakatva apavAda mArga hai| kisI sImA taka satya ke nikaTa bhI pratIta hote haiN| isa paricarcA prastuta paricarcA meM sarvaprathama hama isa vivAda ko isake aitihAsika ke hetu jo AdhArabhUta prAmANika sAmagrI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, vaha pariprekSya meM dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki yaha vivAda kyoM, kaise aura hai mathurA se upalabdha prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ aura unake abhilekh| prathama kina paristhitiyoM meM utpanna huA? to yaha saba sAmagrI IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI kI hai| dUsare isameM kisI bhI prakAra ke prakSepa Adi kI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hai| ata: yaha prastuta adhyayana kI srota-sAmagrI prAcIna bhI hai aura prAmANika bhI kyoMki isakI puSTi anya sAhityika isa prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane hetu hamAre pAsa srotoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| ata: isa paricarcA meM hamane sarvAdhika upayoga jo prAcIna srota-sAmagrI upalabdha hai, usameM prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI isI sAmagrI kA kiyA hai| Agama, pAlitripiTaka aura mathurA se prApta prAcIna jina-pratimAoM kI pAda-pITha para aMkita muni-pratimAe~ hI mukhya haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mahAvIra ke pUrva nirgrantha-saMgha meM vasA kI sthiti mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura jaina anuzruti ke anusAra isa avasarpiNI kAla meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dazavaikAlika hI aise grantha haiM jinheM isa carcA kA AdhAra banAyA jA se pUrva teIsa tIrthaGkara ho cuke the| ata: prathama vivecya bindu to yahI sakatA hai, kyoMki prathama to ye prAcIna (I0pU0 ke) hai aura dUsare hai ki acelatA ke sambandha meM ina pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM kI kyA mAnyatAe~ inameM hameM sampradAyAtIta dRSTikoNa upalabdha hotA hai| aneka pAzcAtya thIM? yadyapi sampradAya-bheda sthira ho jAne ke pazcAt nirmita granthoM meM vidvAnoM ne bhI inakI prAcInatA evaM sampradAya-nirapekSatA ko svIkAra jahA~ digambara grantha eka mata se yaha udghoSa karate haiM ki sabhI jina

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286 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 acela hokara hI dIkSita hote hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara grantha yaha kahate haiM unase bhI isa tathya kI hI puSTi hotI hai ki nagna evaM malina vastra ki sabhI jina eka devadUSya vastra lekara hI dIkSita hote haiN| merI dRSTi dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM/yogiyoM/vrAtyoM kI eka paramparA prAcIna bhArata meM ye donoM hI dRSTikoNa sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se yukta haiN| zvetAmbara meM astitva rakhatI thii| usa paramparA ke agra-puruSa ke rUpa meM RSabha aura yApanIya paramparA ke apekSAkRta prAcIna stara ke granthoM meM spaSTa yA ziva ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki ina rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura antima sIloM meM usa yogI ko mukuTa aura AbhUSaNoM se yukta darzAyA gayA tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kI AcAra-vyavasthA madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI hai jisase usake nagna nirgrantha muni hone ke sambandha meM bAdhA AtI AcAra-vyavasthA se bhinna thii| yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra pratikramaNa Adi hai| ye aMkana zvetAmbara tIrthaGkara mUrtiyoM se AMzika sAmyatA rakhate / ke sandarbha meM unakI isa bhinnatA kA to ullekha karatA hai kintu madhyavartI haiM, kyoMki ve apanI mUrtiyoM ko AbhUSaNa pahanAte haiN| tIrthaGkara sacela dharma ke pratipAdaka the, yaha nahIM kahatA hai| jabaki zvetAmbara Agama uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI ullekha hai ki antima RSabha kA acela dharma tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne acela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA, jabaki teIsaveM prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama uttarAdhyayana meM RSabha ke nAma tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne sacela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| yahA~ yaha kA ullekha mAtra hai, unake jIvana ke sandarbha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM bhI jJAtavya hai ki bRhatkalpabhASya meM prathama aura antima tIrthaGkara ko hai| isase apekSAkRta paravartI kalpasUtra evaM jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM hI acela dharma aura madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM ko sacela-acela dharma kA sarvaprathama unakA jIvanavRtta milatA hai, phira bhI inameM unakI sAdhanA pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana spaSTatayA pArzva ke dharma evaM AcAra-vyavasthA kA koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM hai| paravartI zvetAmbara, ko 'sacela' athavA sAntarottara (saMtaruttara) hI kahatA hai, sacela-acela digambara granthoM meM aura unake atirikta hindU purANoM tathA vizeSarUpa nhiiN| 'madhyavartI tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana meM bhI acela muni hote the, se bhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ke dvArA acelakatva ke AcaraNa ke jo ullekha bRhatkalpabhASya kI yaha svIkArokti usakI sampradAya-nirapekSatA kI hI milate haiM, una sabake AdhAra para yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sUcaka hai| yadyapi digambara aura yApanIya paramparA zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM RSabhadeva acela paramparA ke poSaka rahe hoNge| 11 RSabha acela dharma ke evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke ina kathanoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, kintu pravartaka the, yaha mAnane meM sacela zvetAmbara paramparA ko bhI koI Apatti hameM zvetAmbara AgamoM ke ina kathanoM meM satyatA parilakSita hotI hai, nahIM hai kyoki usakI bhI mAnyatA yahI hai ki RSabha aura mahAvIra kyoMki anya aitihAsika srotoM se bhI ina kathanoM kI bahuta kucha puSTi donoM hI acela dharma ke sampoSaka the|12 ho jAtI hai| ___RSabha ke pazcAt aura ariSTanemi ke pUrva madhya ke 20 tIrthaGkaroM yahA~ hamArA uddezya sampradAyagata mAnyatAoM se Upara uThakara mAtra ke jIvanavRtta evaM AcAra-vicAra ke sambandha meM chaThI zatI ke pUrva arthAt prAcIna aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI isa samasyA para vicAra sampradAyoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM karanA hai| ata: isa paricarcA meM hama paravartI arthAt sAmpradAyika hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM mAtra samavAyAMga meM aura zaurasenI ke mAnyatAoM ke dRr3hIbhUta hone ke bAda ke granthoM ko AdhAra nahIM banA Agama-tulya grantha tiloyapaNNatti meM unake nAma, mAtA-pitA, janma-maraNa Adi sambandhI chiTapuTa sUcanAe~ haiM, jo prastuta carcA kI dRSTi se upayogI mahAvIra se pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM meM mAtra RSabha, ariSTanemi aura pArzva nahIM haiN| ke kathAnaka hI aise haiM, jo aitihAsika mahattva ke haiN| yadyapi inameM isa prakAra madhyavartI bAIsaveM ariSTanemi evaM teIsaveM pArzva hI bhI RSabha aura ariSTanemi ke kathAnaka prAgaitihAsika kAla ke haiN| vedoM aise haiM jinase sambandhita sUcanAe~ uttarAdhyayana ke kramaza: bAIsaveM evaM se bhI hameM inake sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI (nAmollekha ke teIsaveM adhyayana meM milatI haiM, kintu unameM bhI bAIsaveM adhyayana meM atirikta) nahIM milatI hai| vedoM meM bhI ye nAma kisa sandarbha meM prayukta ariSTanemi kI AcAra-vyavasthA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se vastra-grahaNa hue haiM, aura kisake vAcaka hai, yaha tathya, Aja bhI vivAdAspada hI sambandhI paramparA kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bAIsaveM hai| ina donoM ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM jaina evaM jainetara srotoM se adhyayana meM rAjImati ke dvArA guphA meM varSA ke kAraNa bhIgA huA apanA bhI jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai vaha IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva kI vastra sukhAne kA ullekha hone se kevala eka hI tathya kI puSTi hotI nahIM hai| hai ki ariSTanemi kI paramparA meM sAdhviyA~ savastra hotI thiiN| 13 usa vedoM evaM brAhmaNa-granthoM meM vrAtyoM evaM vAtarazanA muniyoM ke jo guphA meM sAdhanA meM sthita rathanemi savastra the yA nirvastra, aisA koI ullekha haiM', unase itanA to avazya phalita hotA hai ki prAgaitihAsika spaSTa saMketa isameM nahIM hai| ata: vastra-sambandhI vivAda meM kevala pArzva kAla meM nagna athavA malina evaM jIrNavastra dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM evaM mahAvIra ina do aitihAsika kAla ke tIrthaGgaroM ke sambandha meM hI kI eka paramparA avazya thii| sindhughATI-sabhyatA kI mohana-jodar3o jo kucha sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM, unake AdhAra para hI carcA kI jA evaM har3appA se jo nagna yogiyoM ke aMkana vAlI sIleM prApta huI haiM sakatI hai|

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 287 pArzva kA sacela dharma to nagna hI the, kintu pAsa meM vastra rakhate the, jise AvazyakatA hone . pArzva ke sambandha meM jo sUcanAe~ hameM upalabdha haiM unameM bhI prAcInatA para or3ha lete the|29 kintu paNDitajI kI yaha vyAkhyA yuktisaMgata nahIM kI dRSTi se RSibhASita (lagabhaga I0pU0 cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI), sUtrakRtAMga hai kyoMki saMtaruttara se nagnatA kisI bhI prakAra phalita nahIM hotI hai| (lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI), uttarAdhyayana (I0pU0 dUsarI zatI), vastuta: saMtaruttara zabda kA prayoga AcArAMga meM tIna vastra rakhane vAle AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha (I0pU0 dUsarI zatI) evaM bhagavatI (I0pU0 sAdhuoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai aura unheM yaha nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki dUsarI zatI se lekara IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka) ke ullekha mahattvapUrNa grISma Rtu ke Ane para ve eka jIrNa-vastra ko chor3akara saMtaruttara arthAt haiN| inameM bhI RSibhASita aura sUtrakRtAMga meM pArzva kI vastra-sambandhI do vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ho jaayeN| ata: saMtaruttara hone kA artha mAnyatAoM kI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| uttarAdhyayana kA teIsavA~ ___ antaravAsaka aura uttarIya aise do vastra rakhanA hai| antaravastra Ajakala adhyayana hI ekamAtra aisA AdhAra hai, jisameM mahAvIra ke dharma ko acela kA aMDaraviyara arthAt guhyAMga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai| uttarIya zarIra evaM pArzva ke dharma ko sacela yA saMttaruttara kahA gayA hai| isase yaha ke Upara ke bhAga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai| 'saMtaruttara' kI zIlAMka spaSTa hai ki vastra ke sambandha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhinna kI yaha vyAkhyA bhI hameM yahI batAtI hai ki uttarIya kabhI or3ha liyA thiiN| uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai aura usake kathana ko jAtA thA aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha liyA jAtA thA, kyoki garmI meM aprAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| punaH niyukti, bhASya Adi paravartI sadaiva uttarIya or3hA nahIM jAtA thaa| ata: saMtaruttara kA artha kabhI sacela Agamika vyAkhyAoM se bhI isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai, ata: isa ho jAnA aura kabhI vastra ko pAsa meM rakhakara acela ho jAnA nahIM kathana kI satyatA meM sandeha karane kA koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| hai| yadi saMtaruttara hone kA artha kabhI sacela aura kabhI acela (nagna) kintu pArzva kI paramparA ke dvArA mAnya 'sAMtaruttara' zabda kA kyA artha honA hotA to phira alpacela aura ekazATaka hone kI carcA isI prasaMga hai- yaha vicAraNIya hai| sAMtaruttara zabda kA artha paravartI zvetAmbara meM nahIM kI jaatii| tIna vastradhArI sAdhu eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga karane AcAryoM ne viziSTa, raMgIna evaM bahumUlya vastra kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana para sAMtaruttara hotA hai| eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga aura dUsare jIrNa vastra kI TIkA meM nemicandra likhate haiM- sAntara arthAt vardhamAna svAmI ke jIrNa bhAga ko nikAlakara alpa AkAra kA banAkara rakhane para kI apekSA parimANa aura varNa meM viziSTa tathA uttara arthAt mahAmUlyavAn alpacela, donoM jIrNa vastroM kA tyAga karane para ekazATaka athavA hone se pradhAna, aise vastra jisa paramparA meM dhAraNa kiye jAyeM vaha dharma omacela aura tInoM vastroM kA tyAga karane para acela hotA hai| vastuta: sAntarottara hai| 15 kintu sAntarottara (saMtaruttara) zabda kA yaha artha samucita Aja bhI digambara paramparA kA kSullaka sAntarottara hai aura ailaka nahIM hai| vastuta: jaba zvetAmbara AcArya acela kA artha kutsitacela ekazATaka tathA muni nagna (acela) hotA hai| ataH pArzva kI sacela yA alpacela karane lage16, to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki sAntarottara kA sAntarotatara paramparA meM muni do vastra rakhate the- adhovastra aura uttriiy| artha viziSTa, mahAmUlyavAn raMgIna vastra kiyA jAeM, tAki acela ke uttarIya AvazyakatAnusAra zItakAla Adi meM or3ha liyA jAtA thA paravartI artha meM aura saMtaruttara ke artha meM kisI prakAra se saMgati sthApita aura grISmakAla meM alaga rakha diyA jAtA thaa| kI jA ske| kintu saMtaruttara kA yaha artha zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi AcArAMga ke naveM upadhAnazruta nAmaka adhyAya meM mahAvIra kA se ucita nahIM hai| isase ina TIkAkAroM kI apanI sAmpradAyika jIvanavRtta varNita hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA mAnasikatA hI prakaTa hotI hai| saMtaruttara ke vAstavika artha ko AcArya ke sambandha meM isase prAcIna evaM prAmANika anya koI sandarbha hameM upalabdha zIlAMka ne apanI AcArAMga TIkA meM spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA nahIM hai| AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha, kalpasUtra, bhagavatI aura bAda hai| jJAtavya hai ki saMtaruttara zabda uttarAdhyayana ke atirikta AcArAMga ke sabhI mahAvIra ke jIvana-cAritra sambandhI grantha isase paravartI haiM aura ke prathama zrutaskandha meM bhI AyA hai| 18 AcArAMga meM isa zabda kA prayoga unameM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke satha jur3I alaukikatAe~ yahI siddha karatI una nimrantha muniyoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai, jo do vastra rakhate the| usameM haiM ki ve mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA kA atiraMjita citra hI upasthita tIna vastra rakhane vAle mUniyoM ke liye kahA gayA hai ki hemanta ke karate haiN| isaliye mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM jo bhI tathya hameM bIta jAne para evaM grISma Rtu ke A jAne para yadi kisI bhikSu ke upalabdha haiM, ve prAmANika rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke * jIrNa ho gaye hoM to vaha unheM sthApita kara de arthAt chor3a de / isI upadhAnazruta meM upalabdha haiN| isameM mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone kA aura sAMtarottara athavA alpacela (omacela) athavA ekazATaka athavA jo vivaraNa hai usase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ve eka vastra lekara dIkSita acelaka ho jaaye|19 yahA~ saMtaruttara kI TIkA karate hue zIlAMka kahate hue the aura lagabhaga eka varSa se kucha adhika samaya ke pazcAt unhoMne haiM ki antara-sahita hai uttarIya (or3hanA) jisakA, arthAt jo vastra usa vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyA aura pUrNata: acela ho gye|22 ko AvazyakatA hone para kabhI or3ha letA hai aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha mahAvIra ke jIvana kI yaha ghaTanA hI vastra ke sambandha meM sampUrNa jaina letA hai|20 paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara detI hai| isakA tAtparya itanA hI paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne saMtaruttara kI zIlAMka kI uparokta vyAkhyA hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se kiyA, kintu se yaha pratiphalita karanA cAhA hai ki pArzva ke paramparA ke sAdhu rahate kucha hI samaya pazcAt unhoMne pUrNa acelatA ko hI apanA Adarza maanaa|

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288 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 paravartI Agama granthoM meM evaM unakI vyAkhyAoM meM mahAvIra ke eka ko 'anudharma' kahA gayA hai, arthAt yaha paramparA kA anupAlana mAtra varSa pazcAt vastra-tyAga karane ke sandarbha meM aneka pravAda yA mAnyatAyeM thaa| ho sakatA hai ki unhoMne mAtra apanI kula-paramparA arthAt pApityapracalita haiN| yApanIya grantha bhagavatI-ArAdhanA aura zvetAmbara Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA ho| zvetAmbara AcArya usakI vyAkhyA meM vyAkhyAoM meM ina pravAdoM yA mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hai| 23 yahA~ hama indra dvArA pradatta devadUSya vastra grahaNa karane kI bAta kahate haiN| yaha mAtra una pravAdoM meM na jAkara kevala itanA hI batA denA paryApta samajhate paramparAgata vizvAsa hai, isa sambandha meM koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| haiM ki prArambha meM mahAvIra ne vastra liyA thA aura bAda meM vastra kA parityAga AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA upadhAnazruta mAtra vastra-grahaNa kI bAta kara diyaa| vaha vastra-tyAga kisa rUpa meM huA yaha adhika mahattvapUrNa kahatA hai| vaha vastra indra dvArA pradatta devaduSya thA, aisA ullekha nhiiN| nahIM hai| krtaa| merI dRSTi meM isa 'anudharma' meM 'an' zabda kA artha vahI yadi hama mahAvIra ke samakAlIna anya zramaNa-paramparAoM kI jo aNuvrata meM 'aNu' zabda kA hai arthAt AMzika nyaasg| vastuta: vastra-grahaNa sambandhI avadhAraNAoM para vicAra kareM to hameM jJAta hotA mahAvIra kA lakSya to pUrNa acelatA kA thA, kintu prArambha meM unhoMne hai ki usa yuga meM savastra aura nirvastra donoM prakAra kI zramaNa-paramparAe~ vastra kA AMzika tyAga hI kiyA thaa| jaba eka varSa kI sAdhA se pracalita thiiN| unameM se pArzva ke sambandha meM uttarAdhyayana aura usake unheM yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa ho gayA ki ve apanI kAma-vAsanA para pUrNa paravartI sAhitya meM jo kucha sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM, una sabase eka mata vijaya prApta kara cuke haiM aura do zItakAloM ke vyatIta ho jAne se se pArzva kI paramparA, savastra paramparA siddha hotI hai| svayaM uttarAdhyayana unheM yaha anubhava ho gayA ki unakA zarIra usa zIta ko sahane meM kA teIsavA~ adhyayana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA sacela pUrNa samartha hai, to unhoMne vastra kA pUrNa tyAga kara diyaa|24 jJAtavya paramparA thii| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA bhI sacela thii| dUsarI ora AjIvaka hai ki mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya mAtra sAmAyika cAritra hI liyA sampradAya pUrNata: acelatA kA pratipAdaka thaa| yaha sambhava hai ki mahAvIra thA, mahAvratoM kA grahaNa nahIM kiyA thaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM kA kathana ne apane vaMzAnugata pApityIya paramparA ke prabhAva se eka vastra grahaNa hai ki sabhI tIrthaGkara eka devadRSya lekara sAmAyika cAritra kI pratijJA karake apanI sAdhanA-yAtrA prArambha kI ho| kalpasUtra meM unake dIkSita se hI dIkSita hote haiN|25 yaha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki sAmAyika hote samaya AbhUSaNa-tyAga kA ullekha haiM vastra-tyAga kA nhiiN| yahA~ cAritra se dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra grahaNa karane kI paramparA rahI yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra uttara-bihAra ke vaizAlI janapada meM zIta hogii| Rtu ke prathama mAsa (mArgazIrSa) meM dIkSita hue the| usa kSetra kI bhayaMkara niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se sardI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara parivAra ke logoM ke ati Agraha ke kAraNa huA kintu usakI pariniSpatti acelatA meM huii| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sambhavata: mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra svIkAra kiyA ho| sacelatA aNudharma thA aura acelatA mukhya dharma thaa| mahAvIra dvArA merI dRSTi meM isameM bhI pArivArika Agraha hI pramukha kAraNa rahA hogaa| vastra-grahaNa karane meM unake kuladharma arthAt pArthApatya paramparA kA prabhAva mahAvIra ne sadaiva hI parivAra ke variSThajanoM ko sammAna diyA thaa| yahI ho sakatA hai kintu pUrNa acelatA kA nirNaya yA to unakA svataHsphUrta kAraNa rahA ki mAtA-pitA ke jIvita rahate unhoMne pravrajyA nahIM lii| thA yA phira AjIvaka paramparA kA prbhaav| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra puna: bar3e bhAI ke Agraha se do varSa aura gRhasthAvasthA meM rhe| sambhavataH pArthApatya paramparA se prabhAvita rahe haiM aura unhoMne pArthApatya paramparA zIta Rtu meM dIkSita hote samaya bhAI yA parijanoM ke Agraha se unhoMne ke dArzanika siddhAntoM ko grahaNa bhI kiyA hai, kintu vaicArika dRSTi vaha eka vastra liyA ho| sambhava hai ki vidAI kI usa belA meM parijanoM se pArthApatyoM ke nikaTa hote hue bhI AcAra kI dRSTi se ve unase ke isa choTe se Agraha ko ThukarAnA unheM ucita na lagA ho| kintu santuSTa nahIM the| pArthApatyoM ke zithilAcAra ke ullekha aura usakI usake bAda unhoMne kaThora sAdhanA kA nirNaya lekara usa vastra kA upayoga samAlocanA jainadharma kI sacela aura acela donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya zarIrAdi Dhakane ke liye nahIM karU~gA, aisA nizcaya kiyA aura dUsare meM milatI hai|26 yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra ne pArthApatyoM kI varSa ke zItakAla kI samApti para unhoMne usa vastra kA bhI parityAga AcAra-vyavasthA meM vyApaka sudhAra kiye| sambhava hai ki acelatA ke kara diyaa| AcArAMga se ina sabhI tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| usake sambandha meM ve AjIvakoM se prabhAvita hue hoN| harmana jaikobI Adi pazcAt ve AjIvana acela hI rahe, isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sandarbha meM mahAvIra para AjIvakoM ke prabhAva zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara tInoM meM se kisI ko bhI koI vipratipatti hone kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| nahIM hai| tInoM hI paramparAe~ eka mata se yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki hamAre kucha digambara vidvAn yaha mata rakhate haiM ki mahAvIra kI mahAvIra acela dharma ke hI pratipAlaka aura pravaktA the| mahAvIra kA acelatA se prabhAvita hokara AjIvakoM ne acelatA (nagnatA) ko svIkAra sacela dIkSita honA bhI svaicchika nahIM thA, vastra unhoMne liyA nahIM, kiyA, kintu yaha unakI bhrAnti hai aura aitihAsika dRSTi se satya bhI apitu unake kandhe para DAla diyA gayA thaa| yApanIya AcArya nahIM hai| cAhe gozAlaka mahAvIra ke ziSya ke rUpa meM unake sAtha lagabhaga aparAjitasUri ne isa pravAda kA ullekha kiyA hai- ve kahate haiM ki cha: varSa taka rahA ho, kintu na to gozAlaka se prabhAvita hokara mahAvIra yaha to upasarga huA, siddhAnta nhiiN| AcArAMga meM unake vastra-grahaNa nagna hae aura na mahAvIra kI nagnatA kA prabhAva gozAlaka ke mAdhyama

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 289 se AjIvakoM para hI par3A, kyoMki gozAlaka mahAvIra ke pAsa unake sambhava nahIM hotA hai| nirgrantha saMgha meM yuvA muniyoM meM ye ghaTanAe~ ghaTita dUsare nAlandA cAturmAsa ke madhya pahu~cA thA, jabaki mahAvIra usake ATha hotI thIM, aise Agamika ullekha hai| yadi ye ghaTanAe~ araNya meM ghaTita mAsa pUrva hI acela ho cuke the| dUsare yaha ki AjIvakoM kI paramparA hoM, to utanI cintanIya nahIM thIM kintu bhikSA, pravacana Adi ke samaya gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI astitva meM thI, gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA striyoM kI upasthiti meM ina ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA na kevala usa kA pravartaka nahIM thaa| na kevala bhagavatIsUtra meM, apitu pAlitripaTaka muni kI cAritrika pratiSThA ke liye ghAtaka thA, balki sampUrNa nirgrantha meM bhI gozAlaka ke pUrva hue AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM ke ullekha muni-saMgha kI pratiSThA para eka prazna-cihna khar3A karatA thaa| ata: yaha upalabdha hote haiN| yadi AjIvaka sampradAya mahAvIra ke pUrva astitva Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki jaba taka vAsanA pUrNata: mara na jAya, taba meM thA to isa sambhAvanA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usakI taka aise yuvA muni ke liye nagna rahane yA jinakalpa dhAraNa karane acelatA Adi kucha AcAra paramparAoM ne mahAvIra ko prabhAvita kiyA kI anumati na dI jaay| zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM to ho| ata: pArthApatya paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra ke dvArA vastra kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza hai ki 30 varSa kI vaya ke pUrva jinakalpa dhAraNa grahaNa karanA aura AjIvaka paramparA ke prabhAva se vastra kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| satya to yaha hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM sacela karanA mAtra kAlpanika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usake pIche aitihAsika aura acela aise do varga sthApita ho jAne para yaha vyavasthA dI gaI evaM manovaijJAnika AdhAra hai| mahAvIra kA darzana pApityoM se aura ki yuvA muniyoM ko chedopasthApanIya cAritra na diyA jAkara mAtra sAmAyika AcAra AjIvakoM se prabhAvita rahA hai| cAritra diyA jAya, kyoMki jaba taka vyakti sampUrNa parigraha tyAga karake jahA~ taka mahAvIra kI ziSya-paramparA kA prazna hai yadi gozAlAka acela nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka use chedopasthApanIya cAritra nahIM diyA ko mahAvIra kA ziSya mAnA jAe, to vaha acela rUpa meM hI mahAvIra jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama sAmAyika cAritra ke pAsa AyA thA aura acela hI rhaa| jahA~ taka gautama Adi gaNadharoM evaM chedopasthApanIya cAritra (mahAvratAropaNa) aise do prakAra ke cAritroM aura mahAvIra ke anya prArambhika ziSyoM kA prazna hai mujhe aisA lagatA kI vyavasthA kI jo Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM choTI dIkSA aura hai ki unhoMne jinakalpa arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra kI acelatA ko hI bar3I dIkSA ke nAma se pracalita hai| yuvA muniyoM ke liye 'kSullaka' svIkAra kiyA hogA, kyoMki yadi gaNadhara gautama sacela hote yA sacela zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA aura usake AcAra-vyavahAra ke hetu kucha paramparA ke poSaka hote to zrAvastI meM huI paricarcA meM kezI unase viziSTa niyama banAye gaye, jo Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika sacelatA aura acelatA ke sambandha meM koI prazna hI nahIM krte| ataH ke kSullakAdhyayanoM meM upasthita haiN| mahAvIra ne chedopasthApanIya cAritra zrAvastI meM huI isa paricarcA ke pUrva mahAvIra kA muni-saMgha pUrNata: kI vyavasthA una praur3ha muniyoM ke liye kI, jo apanI vAsanAoM para acela hI rahA hogaa| usameM vastra kA praveza kramaza: kinhIM vizeSa pUrNa niyantraNa prapta kara cuke the aura acela rahane meM samartha the| paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI huA hogaa| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sacelatA 'chedopasthApanA' zabda kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki pUrva dIkSA paryAya ko ke praveza ke nimnalikhita kAraNa sambhAvita haiM samApta (cheda) kara navIna dIkSA (upasthApana) denaa| Aja bhI zvetAmbara 1. sarvaprathama jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM striyoM ko pravrajyA pradAna paramparA meM chedopasthApanA ke samaya hI mahAvratAropaNa karAyA jAtA hai kI gaI to unheM savastra hI dIkSita kiyA gayA kyoMki loka-lajjA, aura tabhI dIkSita vyakti kI saMgha meM krama-sthiti arthAt jyeSThatA/ mAsika-dharma Adi zArIrika kAraNoM se unheM nagna rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA kaniSThatA nirdhArita hotI hai aura use saMgha kA sadasya mAnA jAtA hai| jAnA ucita nahIM thaa| acelatA kI sampoSaka digambara paramparA bhI isa sAmAyika cAritra grahaNa karane vAlA muni saMgha meM rahate hue bhI usakA tathya ko svIkAra karatI hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM AryikAe~ savastra sadasya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| isa carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki nirgrantha hI hotI thiiN| jaba eka bAra AryikAoM ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa paristhiti muni-saMgha meM sacela (kSullaka) aura acela (muni) aise do prakAra ke meM vastra-grahaNa kI svIkRti dI gaI to isane muni-saMgha meM bhI ApavAdika vargoM kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra ne yA to apane jIvana-kAla meM hI kara paristhiti meM jaise bhagandara Adi roga hone para vastra-grahaNa kA dvAra diyA hogA yA unake parinirvANa ke kucha samaya pazcAt kara diyA gayA udghATita kara diyaa| sAmAnyatayA to vastra parigraha hI thA kintu striyoM hogaa| Aja bhI digambara paramparA meM sAdhaka kI kSullaka (do vastradhArI), ke liye aura apavAdamArga meM muniyoM ke liye use saMyamopakaraNa mAna ailaka (eka vastradhArI) aura muni (acela) aisI tIna vyavasthAe~ haiN| liyA gyaa| ata: prAcInakAla meM bhI aisI vyavasthA rahI hogI, isase inkAra nahIM 1. puna: jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM yuvA dIkSita hone lage hoMge kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI sandarbho meM vastra-grahaNa to mahAvIra ko unheM bhI savastra rahane kA anumati denI par3I hogI, kA kAraNa loka-lajjA yA lokApavAda aura zArIrika sthiti hI thaa| kyoMki unake jIvana meM liMgotthAna aura vIryapAta kI ghaTanAe~ sambhava 3. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA tIsarA kAraNa thiiN| ye aisI sAmAnya manodehika ghaTanAe~ haiM jinase yuvA-muni kA pUrNataH sampUrNa uttara bhArata, himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra tathA rAjasthAna meM zIta baca pAnA asambhava hai| manodaihika dRSTi se yuvAvasthA meM cAhe kAmavAsanA kA tIvra prakopa honA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthita ve muni para niyantraNa rakhA jA sakatA ho kintu ukta sthitiyoM kA pUrNa nirmUlana jo yA to vRddhAvasthA meM hI dIkSita ho rahe the yA vRddhAvasthA kI ora

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290 agrasara ho rahe the, unakA zarIra isa bhayaMkara zIta ke prakopa kA sAmanA karane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kara rahA thaa| aise sabhI muniyoM ke dvArA yaha bhI sambhava nahIM thA ki ve saMthArA grahaNa kara una zItalaharoM kA sAmanA karate hue apane prANotsarga kara deN| aise muniyoM ke liye apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM zIta-nivAraNa ke liye eka UnI vastra rakhane kI anumati dI gii| ye muni rahate to acela hI the, kintu rAtri meM zIta-nivAraNArtha usa UnI vastra (kambala) kA upayoga kara lete the| yaha vyavasthA sthavira yA vRddha muniyoM ke liye thI aura isaliye ise 'sthAvirakalpa' kA nAma diyA gyaa| mathurA se prApta IsvI san prathama dvitIya zatI kI jina pratimAoM kI pAda pITha para yA phalakoM para jo muni pratimAe~ aMkita haiM ve nagna hokara bhI kambala aura mukhavastrikA liye hue haiN| merI dRSTi meM yaha vyavasthA bhI ApavAdika hI thA / * kara sakatA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3/3/347) meM vastragrahaNa ke nimnalikhita tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai1. lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye (liMgotthAna hone para lajjita na honA par3e, isa hetu) / 2. jugupsA (ghRNA) ke nivAraNa ke liye (liMga yA aNDakoSa vidrUpa hone para loga ghRNA na kareM, isa hetu)| hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA jo muni saMgha dakSiNa bhArata yA dakSiNa madhya bhArata meM rahA usameM acelatA surakSita raha sakI, kintu meM ApavAdika sthitiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinameM muni vastra-grahaNa jo muni saMgha uttara evaM pazcimottara bhArata meM rahA usameM zIta-prakopa kI tIvratA kI deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vastra kA praveza ho gyaa| Aja bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ bhArata ke dakSiNa aura dakSiNa-madhya kSetra meM digambara paramparA kA bAhulya hai, vahA~ pazcimottara bhArata meM zvetAmbara paramparA kA bAhulya hai| vastutaH isakA kAraNa jalavAyu hI hai| dakSiNa meM jahA~ zItakAla meM Aja bhI tApamAna 25-30 DigrI selsiyasa se nIce nahIM jAtA, vahA~ nagna rahanA kaThina nahIM hai kintu himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra, pazcimottara bhArata evaM rAjasthAna jahA~ tApamAna zUnya DigrI se bhI nIce calA jAtA hai, vahA~ zItakAla meM acela rahanA kaThina hai / punaH eka yuvA sAdhaka ko zIta sahana karane meM utanI kaThinAI nahIM hotI jitanI ki vRddha tapasvI sAdhaka ko / ataH jina kSetroM meM zIta kI adhikatA thI una kSetroM meM vastra kA praveza svAbhAvika hI thaa| AcArAMga meM hameM aise muniyoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiM jo zItakAla meM sardI se ghara-thara kAMpate the| jo loga unake AcAra ( arthAt Aga jalAkara zIta nivAraNa karane ke niSedha) se paricita nahIM the, unheM yaha zaMkA bhI hotI thI ki kahIM unakA zarIra kAmAvega meM to nahIM kA~pa rahA hai| yaha jJAta hone para ki inakA zarIra sardI se kA~pa rahA hai, kabhI-kabhI ve zarIra ko tapAne ke liye Aga jalA dene ko kahate the, jisakA una muniyoM ko niSedha karanA hotA thA / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra - praveza ke liye uttara bhArata kI bhayaMkara sardI bhI eka mukhya kAraNa rahI hai| 3. parISaha (zIta parISaha) ke nivAraNa ke liye / sthAnAMgasUtra meM varNita uparyukta tIna kAraNoM meM prathama do kA samAveza loka-lajjA meM ho jAtA hai, kyoMki jugupsA kA nivAraNa bhI eka prakAra se loka-lajjA kA nivAraNa hI hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki lajjA kA bhAva svataH meM nihita hotA hai aura ghRNA dUsaroM ke dvArA kI jAtI hai, kintu donoM kA uddezya lokApavAda se bacanA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM mAnya, kintu mUlataH yApanIya anya bhagavatI ArAdhanA (76) kI TIkA meM nimnalikhita tIna ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra grahaNa kI svIkRti pradAna kI gayI hai- 1. jisakA liMga (puruSa cihna) evaM aNDakoSa vidrupa ho / 2. jo mahAn sampattizAlI athavA lajjAlu ho / 3. jisake svajana mithyAdRSTi hoM / 4. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA cauthA kAraNa pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM kA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita honA bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke muni sacela hote the| ve adhovastra aura uttarIya donoM hI dhAraNa karate the| hameM sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, rAjamaznIya Adi meM na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM ke ullekha milate haiM apitu unake dvArA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM punaH dIkSita hone ke sandarbha bhI milate haiM ina sandarbhoM kA sUkSmatA se vizleSaNa karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prArambha meM nirdhanya saMgha meM muni ke liye vastra prahaNa eka ApavAdika vyavasthA hI thI utsarga yA zreSTha mArga to acelatA ko hI mAnA gayA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AcArAMga, sthAnAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM na kevala muni kI acelatA ke pratipAdaka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM apitu acelatA kI prazaMsA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| unameM bhI vastra grahaNa kI anumati mAtra loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa aura zIta-nivAraNa ke liye hI hai| AcArAMga meM cAra prakAra ke muniyoM ke ullekha hai- 1. acela 2. eka vastradhArI 3. do vastradhArI, 4. tIna vastradhArI / 1. inameM acela to sarvathA nagna rahate the| ye jinakalpI jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 kucha muniyoM ne to mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita hote samaya acelakatva grahaNa kiyA, kintu kucha aise bhI the jinhoMne acelatA ko grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| sambhava hai kucha pArzvApatyoM ko sacela rahane kI anumati dekara sAmAyika cAritra ke sAtha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita kiyA gayA hogaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA usake kucha pazcAt nirmantha saMgha meM sacela acela donoM prakAra kI eka milI-julI vyavasthA svIkAra kara lI gayI thI aura pArzva kI paramparA meM pracalita sacelatA ko bhI mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirmanya saMgha meM prArambha meM to muni kI acelatA para hI bala diyA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM loka-lajjA aura zIta parISada se bacane ke liye ApavAdika rUpa meM vastra grahaNa ko mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura digambaroM dvArA mAnya yApanIya granthoM , .

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 291 kahalAte the| haiM unheM yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki vastra kA grahaNa eka manodaihika 2. eka vastradhArI bhI do prakAra ke hote the evaM sAmAjika AvazyakatA hai aura usase zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM (a) kucha eka vastradhArI rahate to acela hI the, kintu apane hI paramparAe~ prabhAvita huI haiN| digambara paramparA meM ailaka aura kSullaka pAsa eka UnI vastra rakhate the, jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza ke kI vyavasthA to isa AvazyakatA kI sUcaka hai hI, kintu isake sAtha samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura sardiyoM kI rAtriyoM meM hI sAtha unameM jo savastra bhaTTArakoM kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA, usake zIta-nivAraNa ke liye karate the| ye sthavirakalpI kahalAte the| pIche bhI uparokta manodaihika kAraNa aura laukika paristhitiyA~ hI mukhya (ba) kucha eka vastradhArI mAtra adhovastra dhAraNa karate the, jaise rhiiN| kyA kAraNa thA ki acelatA kI samarthaka isa paramparA meM bhI vartamAna meM digambara paramparA ke ailaka dhAraNa karate haiN| ailaka eka- lagabhaga 1000 varSoM taka nagna muniyoM kA abhAva rhaa| Aja digambara celaka (vastradhArI) kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| ise Agama meM ekazATaka paramparA meM zAntisAgarajI se jo nagna muniyoM kI paramparA punaH jIvita kahA gayA hai| huI hai, usakA itihAsa to. 100 varSa se adhika kA nahIM hai| lagabhaga . 3. do vastradhArI, jinheM sAntarottara bhI kahA gayA hai, eka adhovastra gyArahavIM zatI se unnIsavIM zatI taka digambara muniyoM kA prAyaH abhAva va eka uttarIyavastra rakhate the, jaise vartamAna meM kSullaka rakhate haiM- hI rahA hai| adhovastra loka-lajjA hetu aura uttarIya zIta-nivAraNa hetu|| Aja ina donoM paramparAoM meM sacelatA aura acelatA ke prazna 4. tIna vastradhArI sAdhu adhovastra aura uttarIya ke sAtha-sAtha para jo itanA vivAda khar3A kara diyA gayA hai, vaha donoM kI Agamika zIta-nivAraNArtha eka UnI kambala bhI rakhate hoNge| yaha vyavasthA Aja vyavasthAoM aura jIvita paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM ImAnadArI se vicAra ke zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sAdhuoM meM hai| karane para nagaNya hI raha jAtA hai| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama apane AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha karatA hai ki vastradhArI muni matAgrahoM se na to Agamika vyavasthAoM ko dekhane kA prayatna karate vastra ke jIrNa hone para evaM grISmakAla ke Agamana para jIrNa vastroM kA hai aura na una kAraNoM kA vicAra karate haiM, jinase kisI AcAra-vyavasthA tyAga karate hue acelatA kI dizA meM Age bddh'e| tIna vastradhArI kramazaH meM parivartana hotA hai| durbhAgya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA ne jinakalpa apane parigraha ko kama karate hue sAntarottara athavA eka zATaka athavA ke viccheda ke nAma para usa acelatA kA apalApa kiyA, jo usake acela ho ge| hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM varNita vastra-sambandhI pUrvaja AcAryoM ke dvArA lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka Acarita yaha vyavasthA acelatA kA ati-Agraha rakhane vAlI digambara paramparA rahI aura jisake sandarbha unake AgamoM meM Aja bhI haiN| vahIM dUsarI meM bhI muni, ailaka aura kSullaka ke rUpa meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| ora digambara paramparA meM sacela muni hI nahIM hotA hai, yaha kahakara usakA kSullaka AcArAMga kA sAntarottara hai, ailaka ekazATaka tathA na kevala mahAvIra kI mUla-bhUta anekAntika dRSTi kA ullaMghana kiyA muni acela hai| gayA, apitu apane hI AgamoM aura pracalita vyavasthAoM ko nakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM paravartI kAla meM bhI jo vastra-pAtra kA vikAsa diyA gyaa| hama pUchate haiM ki kyA ailaka aura kSullaka gRhastha haiM aura huA aura vastra-grahaNa ko aparihArya mAnA gayA usake pIche mUla meM yadi aisA mAnA jAya to inake mUla artha kA hI apalApa hogaa| parigraha yA saMcaya vRtti na hokara dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~, saMghIya jIvana yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se dekheM to nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla kI AvazyakatAe~ evaM saMyama arthAt ahiMsA kI paripAlanA hI pramukha se hI kSullakoM (yuvA-muni) aura sthaviroM (vRddha-muniyoM) ke liye thii| nirgrantha saMgha meM jaba aparigraha mahAvrata ke sthAna para ahiMsA ke vastra-grahaNa kI paramparA mAnya rahI hai| kSullaka loka-lajjA ke liye mahAvrata kI paripAlanA para adhika bala diyA gayA to pratilekhana yA aura sthavira (vRddha) daihika AvazyakatA ke liye vastra-grahaNa karatA picchI se lekara kramaza: aneka upakaraNa bar3ha gye| zvetAmbara paramparA hai| 'kSullaka muni nahIM haiM' yaha udghoSa kevala ekAntatA kA sUcaka ke mAnya kucha paravartI AgamoM meM muni ke jina caudaha upakaraNoM kA hai| 'kSullaka' zabda apane Apa meM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki vaha ullekha milatA hai unameM adhikAMza pAtra-pochana, paTala Adi ke kAraNa prArambhika stara kA muni hai, gRhastha nahIM, kyoMki 'kSullaka' kA artha hone vAlI jIva hiMsA se bacane ke liye hI hai| oghaniryakti (691) choTA hotA hai| vaha choTA muni hI ho sakatA hai, gRhastha nhiiN| prAcIna spaSTa ullekha hai ki jinendra deva ne SaTkAya jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke AgamoM meM vastradhArI yuvA muni ke liye hI 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga liye hI pAtra-grahaNa kI anujJA dI hai| huA hai| AcArAMga tathA anya purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se yaha spaSTa ho zArIrika sukha-suvidhA aura pradarzana kI dRSTi se jo vastrAdi jAtA hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM yA to mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA nirvANa upakaraNoM kA vikAsa huA hai vaha bahuta hI paravartI ghaTanA hai aura ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt sacela-acela muniyoM kI eka milI-julI prAcIna stara ke mAnya AgamoM se samarthita nahIM hai aura muni-AcAra vyavasthA ho gaI thii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki aisI doharI vyavasthA mAnya kA vikRta rUpa hI hai aura yaha vikAra yati paramparA ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM karane para paraspara AlocanA ke svara bhI mukharita hue hoNge| yahI kAraNa aura bhaTTAraka-paramparA ke rUpa meM digambaroM, donoM meM AyA hai| hai ki AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki acela kintu jo loga vastra ke sambandha meM AgrahapUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhate muni, ekazATaka, sAntarottara athavA tIna vastradhArI muni paraspara eka

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292 dUsare kI nindA na kreN| jJAtavya hai ki saMgha-bheda kA kAraNa yaha milI-julI vyavasthA nahIM thI, apitu isameM apanI-apanI zreSThatA kA mithyA ahaMkAra hI Age calakara saMgha- bheda kA kAraNa banA hai| jaba sacelakoM ne acelakoM kI sAdhanA sambandhI viziSTatA ko asvIkAra kiyA aura acelakoM ne sacelaka ko muni mAnane se inkAra kiyA to saMgha bheda honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 aitihAsika satya to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt jo nirdhanya muni dakSiNa bihAra, ur3IsA aura Andhra pradeza ke rAste se tamilanADu aura karnATaka meM pahuMce, ve vahA~ kI jalavAyugata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa apanI acelatA ko yathAvata kAyama rakha sake, kyoMki vahA~ sardI par3atI hI nahIM hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kSullaka aura ailaka dIkSAe~ hotI rahI hoMgI, kintu acelaka muni ko sarvopari mAnane ke kAraNa unameM koI vivAda nahIM huaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM acela rahanA sambhava thA, isaliye usake prati AdarabhAva banA rhaa| phira bhI lagabhaga pA~cavIM chaThIM zatI ke pazcAt vahA~ bhI hindU maThAdhIzoM ke prabhAva se savastra bhaTTAraka paramparA kA kramika vikAsa huA aura dhIre-dhIre dasavIM- gyArahavIM zatI se vyavahAra meM acelatA samApta ho gyii| kevala acalatA ke prati saiddhAntika Adara bhAva banA rhaa| Aja vahA~ jo digambara haiM, ve isa kAraNa digambara nahIM haiM ki ve nagna rahate haiM apitu isa kAraNa haiM ki acelatA / digambaratva ke prati unameM Adara bhAva hai| mahAvIra kA jo nirgrantha saMgha bihAra se pazcimottara bhArata kI ora Age bar3hA, usameM jalavAyu tathA muniyoM kI bar3hatI saMkhyA ke kAraNa vastra pAtra kA vikAsa huaa| prathama zaka, hUNa Adi videzI saMskRti ke prabhAva se tathA dUsare jalavAyu ke kAraNa se isa kSetra meM nagnatA ko heya dRSTi se dekhA jAne lagA, jabaki dakSiNa bhArata meM nagnatA ke prati heya bhAva nahIM thaa| loka-lajjA aura zIta-nivAraNa ke liye eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| prArambha meM to uttara bhArata kA yaha nirgrantha saMgha rahatA to acela hI thA, kintu apane pAsa eka vastra rakhatA thA jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza karate samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura zIta Rtu meM sardI sahana na hone kI sthiti meM or3hane ke liye kiyA karatA thaa| mathurA se aneka aise acela jaina muniyoM kI pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM jinake hAtha meM yaha vastra (kambala) isa prakAra pradarzita hai ki unakI nagnatA chipa jAtI hai| uttara bhArata meM nirmanthoM, muniyoM kI isa sthiti ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara sambhavataH pAlitripiTaka meM nirmanthoM ko ekazATaka kahA gayA hai| hameM prAcIna arthAt IsA kI pahalI dUsarI zatI ke jo bhI sAhityika aura purAtAttvika pramANa milate haiM unase yahI siddha hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirmantha saMgha meM zIta aura loka-lajjA ke liye vastra grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA / zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM, unase bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra kA praveza hote hue bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga chaH sau varSoM taka acelakatva utsarga yA zreSThamArga ke rUpa meM mAnya rahA hai| zvetAmbara Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se hI hameM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke aneka AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para vastra grahaNa kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti ke virodha meM apane svara mukharita kiye the| Arya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt bhI uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM Arya mahAgiri, Arya zivabhUti, Arya rakSita Adi ne vastravAda kA virodha kiyA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI ko zvetAmbara paramparA apane pUrvAcAryoM ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, inake dvArA vastravAda ke virodha kA ullekha bhI karatI hai| isa sabase yahI phalita hotA hai ki uttara bhArata kI nirgrantha paramparA meM lage calakara vastra ko jo aparihArya mAna liyA gayA aura vastroM kI saMkhyA meM jo vRddhi huI vaha eka paravartI ghaTanA hai aura vahI saMgha bheda kA mukhya kAraNa bhI hai| jaina sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke atirikta nirgrantha muniyoM ke dvArA vastra grahaNa karane ke sambandha meM yathArtha sthiti kA jJAna jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jo ati mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM sabase prAcIna sandarbha pAlitripiTaka kA hai| pAlitripiTaka meM pramukha rUpa se do aise sandarbha haiM jahA~ nirdhanya kI vastra sambandhI sthiti kA saMketa milatA hai| prathama sandarbha to nirmanya kA vivaraNa dete hue spaSTatayA yaha kahatA hai ki nirmantha ekazATaka the, isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ke samaya yA kama se kama pAlitripiTaka ke racanAkAla arthAt I0 pU0 tRtIya- caturtha zatI meM nirgranthoM meM eka vastra kA prayoga hotA thA, anyathA unheM ekazATaka kabhI nahIM kahA jaataa| jahA~ AjIvaka sarvathA nagna rahate the, vahA~ nirgrantha eka vastra rakhate the| isase yahI sUcita hotA hai ki vastra grahaNa kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai| punaH nirmanya ke ekazATaka hone kA yaha ullekha pAlitripiTaka meM jJAtRputra mahAvIra kI carcA ke prasaMga meM huA hai| ataH sAmAnya rUpa se ise pArzva kI paramparA kahI denA bhI ThIka nahIM hogaa| phira bhI yadi isameM cAturyAma kI avadhAraNA ke ullekha ke AdhAra para ise pArzva kI paramparA se sambandhita mAne to bhI itanA avazya hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pArzvApatyoM ke praveza ke sAtha-sAtha vastra kA praveza ho gayA thaa| cAhe nirgrantha paramparA pArzva kI rahI ho yA mahAvIra kii| yaha nirvivAda hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla se hI vastra ke sambandha meM vaikalpika vyavasthA mAnya rahI hai, phira cAhe vaha apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM ho yA sthavira kalpa ke rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho| - pAlitripiTaka ke eka anya prasaMga meM mahAvIra ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt nirmanya saMgha ke pArasparika kalaha aura usake do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone kA nimna ullekha milatA hai-- ve eka-dUsare kI AlocanA karate hue kahate the, "tU isa dharma vinaya ko nahIM jaantaa| maiM isa dharma-vinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tU kyA isa dharma-vinaya ko jAnegA ? aadi-aadi|" isa vivAda ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM do prakAra ke mata haiN| muni kalyANavijaya jI Adi kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha vivaraNa mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unake aura gozAlaka ke bIca hue usa vivAda kA sUcaka hai, jisake kAraNa mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA pravAda bhI pracalita ho gayA thA bhagavatIsUtra" meM imeM isa vivAda kA vistRta - .

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 293 ullekha milatA hai| isameM vastrAdi ke sandarbha meM koI carcA nahIM hai| TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yahA~ utsargaliMga kA artha spaSTa karate hue sakala mAtra mahAvIra para yaha Aropa hai ki ve pahale akele vana meM nivAsa parigrahatyAgarUpa acelakatva ke grahaNa ko hI utsargaliMga kahA hai| isI karate the, aba saMgha sahita nagara yA gA~va ke upAnta meM nivAsa karate prakAra apavAda kI vyAkhyA karate hue kAraNasahita parigraha ko haiM aura tIrthaGkara na hokara bhI apane ko tIrthaGkara kahate haiN| kintu isa apavAdaliMga kahA hai| agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa vivAda ke prasaMga meM, jo sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta hai, vaha yaha ki se sacelaliMga ko apavAdaliMga kahA hai| isake atirikta ArAdhanAkAra pAlitripiTaka meM isakA sambandha dharma-vinaya se jor3A gayA hai aura audAtta zivArya evaM TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki jinakA arthAt zreSTha-vastra dhAraNa karane vAle nirgrantha zrAvakoM ko isa vivAda puruSa-cihna aprazasta ho arthAt liMga carmarahita ho, atidIrgha ho, se udAsIna batAyA gayA hai| isase itanA to avazya pratiphalita aNDakoSa atisthUla ho tathA liMga bAra-bAra uttejita hotA ho to unheM hotA hai ki vivAda kA mUlabhUta viSaya dharma-vinaya arthAt zramaNAcAra sAmAnya dazA meM to apavAdaliMga arthAt sacelaliMga hI denA hotA se hI sambandhita rahA hogaa| ata: usakA eka pakSa vastra-pAtra rakhane hai, kintu aise vyaktiyoM ko bhI saMlekhanA ke samaya ekAnta meM utsargaliMga yA na rakhane se sambandhita ho sakatA hai| arthAt acelakatva pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu usameM sabhI isa samasta carcA se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sacelatA aura apavAdaliMgadhAriyoM ko saMlekhanA ke samaya acelaliMga grahaNa karanA acelatA kI samasyA nimrantha saMgha kI eka purAnI samasyA hai aura isakA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| Age ve spaSTa likhate haiM ki jinake AvirbhAva pArzva aura mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sammelana ke sAtha svajana mahAn sampattizAlI, lajjAzIla aura mithyAdRSTi arthAt jaina ho gayA thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki jahA~ eka ora AjIvakoM dharma ko nahIM mAnane vAle hoM, aise vyaktiyoM ke liye na kevala sAmAnya kI acelatA ne mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthAna pAyA, vahIM pArzva dazA meM apitu saMlekhanA ke samaya bhI apavAdaliMga arthAt sacelatA kI sacela paramparA ne bhI use prabhAvita kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa vastra hI upayukta hai| ke sambandha meM mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM eka milI-julI vyavasthA isa samagra carcA se spaSTata: yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya svIkAra kI gii| utsarga mArga meM acelatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI sampradAya una vyaktiyoM ko, jo samRddhizAlI parivAroM se haiM, jo lajjAlu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra-grahaNa kI anumati dI gyii| pAlitripiTaka haiM tathA jinake parijana mithyAdRSTi haiM athavA jinake puruSacihna arthAt meM AjIvakoM ko sarvathA acelaka aura nimrantha ko ekazATaka kahA liMga carmarahita hai, atidIrgha hai, aNDakoSa sthUla haiM evaM liMga bAra-bAra gayA hai aura isI AdhAra para ve AjIvakoM aura nimrantha meM antara uttejita hotA hai, ko ApavAdika liMga dhAraNa karane kA nirdeza karatA bhI karate haiN| AjIvakoM ke liye 'acelaka' zabda kA bhI prayoga karate hai| isa prakAra vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki uparyukta viziSTa paristhitiyoM haiN| dhammapada kI TIkA meM buddhaghoSa kahate haiM ki kucha bhikSu acelakoM meM vyakti sacela liMga dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| ata: hama kaha sakate kI apekSA nirgrantha ko vareNya samajhate haiM kyoMki acelaka to sarvarthA haiM ki yApanIya paramparA yadyapi acelakatva para bala detI thI aura yaha nagna rahate haiM, jabaki nirgrantha praticchAdana rakhate haiN| 32 buddhaghoSa ke isa bhI mAnatI thI ki samartha sAdhaka ko acelaliMga hI dhAraNa karanA cAhie ullekha se bhI yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki nimrantha nagara-praveza Adi kintu usake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha mAnatI thI ki ApavAdika sthitiyoM ke samaya jo eka vastra (praticchAdana) rakhate the, usase apanI nagnatA meM sacela liMga bhI dhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ usakA zvetAmbara chipA lete the| isa prakAra mUla tripiTaka meM nirgrantha ko ekazATaka kahanA, paramparA se spaSTa bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA jinakalpa kA buddhaghoSa dvArA unake dvArA praticchAdana rakhane kA ullekha karanA aura viccheda batAkara acelaliMga kA niSedha kara rahI thI, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA mathurA se prApta nimrantha muniyoM ke aMkana meM unheM eka vastra se apanI samartha sAdhaka ke liye hara yuga meM acelatA kA samarthana karatI hai| nagnatA chipAte hue dikhAnA-ye saba sAkSya yahI sUcita karate haiM ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vastra-grahaNa ko sAmAnya niyama yA utsarga mArga uttara bhArata meM nirgrantha saMgha meM kama se kama I0 pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatAbdI mAnane lagI vahA~ yApanIya paramparA use apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM hI meM eka vastra rakhA jAtA thA aura yaha pravRtti buddhaghoSa ke kAla taka svIkAra karatI rhii| ata: usake anusAra AgamoM meM jo vastra-pAtra arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI taka bhI pracalita thii| sambandhI nirdeza haiM, ve mAtra ApavAdika sthitiyoM ke haiN| durbhAgya se mujhe yApanIya granthoM meM isa tathya kA kahIM spaSTa nirdeza nahIM milA vasa ke sambandha meM yApanIya dRSTikoNa ki ApavAdika liMga meM kitane vastra yA pAtra rakhe jA sakate the| yApanIya-paramparA kA eka prAcIna grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA hai| isameM yApanIya grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM yApanIya AcArya do prakAra ke liMga batAye gaye haiM-1. utsargaliMga (acela) aura 2. aparAjita sUri likhate haiM ki cela (vastra) kA grahaNa, parigraha kA upalakSaNa apavAdaliMga (scel)| ArAdhanAkAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki saMlekhanA hai, ata: samasta prakAra ke parigraha kA tyAga hI Acelakya hai| Acelakya grahaNa karate samaya utsargaliMgadhArI acela zramaNa kA to utsargaliMga ke lAbha yA samarthana meM Age ve likhate haiMacelatA hI hotA hai, apavAdaliMgadhArI sacela zramaNa kA bhI yadi liMga 1. acelakatva ke kAraNa tyAga dharma (dasa dharmoM meM eka dharma) prazasta hai to use bhI utsargaliMga arthAt acelakatva grahaNa karanA caahiye| meM pravRtti hotI hai|

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294 2. jo acela hotA hai, vahI akiMcana dharma ke pAlana meM tatpara hotA hai| 3. parigraha (vastrAdi) ke liye hiMsA (Arambha) meM pravRtti hotI hai, jo aparigrahI hai, vaha hiMsA (Arambha ) nahIM karatA hai| ataH pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana ke liye acelatA Avazyaka hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 4. parigraha ke liye hI jhUTha bolA jAtA hai| bAhya aura Abhyantara parigraha ke abhAva meM jhUTha bolane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hotA, acela muni satya hI bolatA hai| ataH 5. acela meM lAghava bhI hotA hai| 6. aceladharma kA pAlana karane vAle kA adatta-tyAga bhI sampUrNa hotA hai kyoMki parigraha kI icchA hone para hI binA dI huI vastu ke grahaNa karane meM pravRtti hotI hai| 7. parigraha ke nimitta krodha kaSAya hotA hai, ataH parigraha ke abhAva meM kSamA-bhAva rahatA hai| 8. acela ko sundara yA sampanna hone kA mada bhI nahIM hotA, ataH usameM Arjava (saralatA) dharma bhI hotA hai| 9. acela meM mAyA (chipAne kI pravRtti) nahIM hotI, ataH usake Arjava (saralatA) dharma bhI hotA hai| 10. acela zIta, uSNa, daMza, macchara Adi parISahoM ko sahatA hai, ataH use ghora tapa bhI hotA hai| punaH ve acelakatva kI prazaMsA karate hue likhate hai1. acelatA se zuddha saMyama kA pAlana hotA hai, pasInA, dhUla aura maila se yukta vastra meM usI yoni vAle aura usake Azraya se rahane vAle sa jIva tathA sthAvara jIva utpanna hote hai| vastradhAraNa karane se unheM bAdhA bhI utpanna hotI hai| jIvoM se saMsakta vastradhAraNa karane vAle ke dvArA uThane baiThane, sone, vastrako phAr3ane, kATane, bA~dhane, dhone, kUTane, dhUpa meM DAlane se jIvoM ko bAdhA (pIr3A hotI hai, jisase mahAn asaMyama hotA hai| 2. acelatA se indriyoM para vijaya prApta hotI hai| jisa prakAra sarpoM se yukta jaMgala meM vyakti bahuta sAvadhAna rahatA hai usI prakAra jo acela hotA hai vaha indriyoM (kAmavAsanA) para vijaya prApta karane meM pUrNatayA sAvadhAna rahatA hai kyoMki aisA nahIM karane para zarIra meM vikAra (kAmottejanA ) utpanna hone para lajjita honA par3atA hai| 3. acelatA kA tIsarA guNa kaSAyarahita honA hai, kyoMki vastra ke sadbhAva meM use coroM se chipAne ke liye mAyAcAra karanA hotA hai| vastra hone para mere pAsa sundara vastrai, aisA ahaMkAra bhI ho sakatA hai, vastra ke chIne jAne para krodha tathA usakI prApti meM lobha bhI ho sakatA hai, jabaki acelaka meM aise doSa utpanna nahIM hote haiN| 4. savastra hone para suI, dhAgA, vastra Adi kI khoja meM tathA usake sIne, dhone, pratilekhanA Adi karane meM dhyAna aura svAdhyAya kA samaya naSTa hotA hai| acela ko dhyAna svAdhyAya meM bAdhA nahIM hotii| 5. jisa prakAra binA chilake (AvaraNa) kA dhAnya niyama se zuddha hotA hai, kintu chilakeyukta dhAnya kI zuddhi niyama se nahIM hotI, vaha bhAjya hotI hai, usI prakAra jo acela hai usakI zuddhi nizcita hotI hai, kintu sacela kI zuddhi bhAjya hai ( evamacelavatiniyamAdeva, bhAjyA sacele bhagavatI ArAdhanA 423 para vijayodayA TIkA, pu0 322), arthAt sacela kI zuddhi ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| yahA~ digambara paramparA aura yApanIya paramparA kA antara spaSTa hai / digambara paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki sacela mukta (zuddha) nahIM ho sakatA, cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na ho jabaki yApanIya paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki strI, gRhastha aura anyatairthika sacela hekara bhI mukta sakate haiN| yahA~ bhAjya (vikalpa) zabda kA prayoga yApanIyoM kI udAra aura anekAntika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| 6. acelatA meM rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai| rAga-dveSa bAhya dravya ke Alambana se hotA hai| parigraha ke abhAva meM Alambana kA abhAva hone se rAga-dveSa nahIM hote, jabaki sacela ko manojJa vastra ke prati rAga bhAva ho sakatA hai| 7. acelaka zarIra ke prati upekSA bhAva rakhatA hai, tabhI to vaha zIta aura tApa ke kaSTa sahana karatA hai| 8. acelatA meM svAvalambana hotA hai aura dezAntara gamana meM kisI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM hotii| jisa prakAra pakSI apane paMkhoM ke sahAre cala detA hai, vaise hI vaha bhI pratilekhana (pIchI) lekara cala detA hai| 9. acelatA meM citta- vizuddhi prakaTa karane kA guNa hai| la~goTI Adi se Dha~kane se bhAva -zuddhi kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai / 10. acelatA meM nirbhayatA hai, kyoMki cora Adi kA bhaya nahIM rahatA / 11. sarvatra vizvAsa bhI acelatA kA guNa hai| na to vaha kisI para zaMkA karatA hai aura na koI usa para zaMkA karatA hai| 12. acelatA meM pratilekhanA kA abhAva hotA hai| caudaha prakAra kA parigraha rakhane vAloM ko jaisI pratilekhanA karanI hotI hai vaisI acela ko nahIM karanI hotI / 13. sacela ko lapeTanA, chor3anA, sInA, bA~dhanA, dhonA, raMganA Adi parikarma karane hote haiM jabaki acela ko ye parikarma nahIM karane hote / 14. tIrthaGkaroM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA (jinakalpa kA AcaraNa) bhI acelatA kA eka guNa hai kyoMki saMhanana aura bala se pUrNa sabhI tIrthaGkara acela the aura bhaviSya meM bhI acela hI hoNge| jinapratimA aura gaNadhara bhI acela hote haiM aura unake ziSya bhI unhIM kI taraha acela hote haiM jo savastra hai vaha jina ke anurUpa nahIM hai arthAt jinakalpa kA pAlana nahIM karatA hai| 15. acela hI nirgrantha kahalA sakatA hai| yadi apane zarIra ko vastra se veSTita karake bhI apane ko nirmantha kahA jA sakatA hai, to phira anya paramparA ke sAdhu nirmantha kyoM nahIM kahe jAyeMge arthAt unheM bhI nirmanya mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya paramparA spaSTa rUpa se .

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jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 295 acelakatva kI samarthaka hai| kintu unake sAmane eka samasyA yaha thI kAraNa aMgoM ke glAniyukta hone para deha ke juMgita (vIbhatsa) hone para ki ve zvetAmbara-paramparA meM svIkRta una AgamoM kI mAthurI vAcanA ko athavA parISaha (zItaparISaha) sahana karane meM asamartha hone para vastra dhAraNa mAnya karate the, jinameM vastrapAtrAdi grahaNa karane ke spaSTa ullekha the| kre| punaH AcArAMga" meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai, yadi aisA jAne kI ata: unake samakSa do prazna the-eka ora acelakatva kA samarthana zItaRtu (hemanta) samApta ho gayI hai to jIrNa vastra pratisthApita kara karanA aura dUsarI ora Agamika ullekhoM kI acelakatva ke sandarbha de arthAt unakA tyAga kara de| isa prakAra (AgamoM meM) kAraNa kI meM samyak vyAkhyA krnaa| aparAjita sUri ne isa sambandha meM apekSA se vastra kA grahaNa kahA hai| jo upakaraNa kAraNa kI apekSA bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA meM jo samyak dRSTikoNa prastuta se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai usake grahaNa karane kI vidhi aura gRhIta kiyA hai vaha acelakatva ke Adarza ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kI yathArtha- upakaraNa kA tyAga avazya kahA jAtA hai| ata: Agama meM vastra-pAtra dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| kI jo caryA batAyI gayI hai vaha kAraNa kI apekSA se arthAt ___ aparAjita ne sarvaprathama AgamoM ke una sandarbho ko prastuta kiyA ApavAdika hai| hai, jinameM vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekha haiM, phira unakA samAdhAna prastuta isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya saMgha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM-'AcArapraNidhi' arthAt dazavaikAlika ke meM vastra-grahaNa ko svIkAra karatA thA aura utsarga mArga acelatA ko AThaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki pAtra aura kambala kI pratilekhanA hI mAnatA thaa| AcArAMga ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke karanI caahie| yadi pAtrAdi nahIM hote to unakI pratilekhanA kA kathana eka varSa taka vastrayukta hone ke ullekha ko vaha vivAdAspada mAnatA kyoM kiyA jAtA? puna: AcArAMga5 ke 'loka-vicaya' nAmaka dUsare thaa| aparAjita ne isa sambandha meM vibhinna pravAdoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA adhyayana ke pA~caveM uddezaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pratilekhana (paDilehaNa), hai- jaise kucha kahate haiM ki vaha cha: mAsa meM kA~Te, zAkhA Adi pAdapoMchana (pAyapucchana), avagraha (uggaha), kaTAsana (kaDAsaNa), caTAI se chinna ho gyaa| kucha kahate haiM ki eka varSa se kucha adhika hone Adi kI yAcanA kre| puna: usake 'vastraiSaNA'36 adhyayana meM kahA gayA para usa vastra ko khaNDalaka nAmaka brAhmaNa ne le liyaa| kucha kahate hai ki jo lajjAzIla hai vaha eka vastra dhAraNa kare, dUsarA vastra pratilekhanA hai ki vaha vastra vAyu se gira gayA aura bhagavAn ne usakI upekSA kara hetu rkhe| juMgita (deza-vizeSa) meM do vastra dhAraNa kare aura tIsarA dii| koI kahate haiM ki vilambanakArI ne use jina ke kandhe para rakha pratilekhanA hetu rakhe, yadi zIta parISaha sahana nahIM ho to tIna vastra diyA aadi| isa prakAra aneka vipratipattiyoM ke kAraNa aparAjita kI dhAraNa kare aura cauthA pratilekhanA hetu rkhe| puna: usake pAtraiSaNAre7 dRSTi meM isa kathana meM koI tathya nahIM hai| puna: aparAjita ne Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki lajjAzIla, juMgita arthAt jisake liMga Adi se acelatA ke samarthaka aneka sUtra bhI uddhRta kiye haiM.6, yathAhInAdhika ho tathA pAtrAdi rakhatA ho use vastra rakhanA kalpatA hai| punaH "vastroM kA tyAga kara dene para bhikSu punaH vastra-grahaNa nahIM karatA tathA usameM kahA gayA hai tumbI kA pAtra, lakar3I kA pAtra athavA miTTI kA acela hokara jina-rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| bhikSu yaha nahIM soce ki sacelaka pAtra yadi jIva, bIjAdi se rahita ho to grAhya hai| yadi vastra-pAtra grAhya sukhI hotA hai aura acelaka duHkhI hotA hai, ata: maiM sacelaka ho nahIM hote to phira ye sUtra Agama meM kyoM Ate? puna: AcArAMga8 jaauuN| acela ko kabhI zIta bahuta satAtI hai, phira bhI vaha dhUpa kA ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn eka varSa vicAra na kre| mujha nirAvaraNa ke pAsa koI chAdana nahIM hai, ata: maiM taka cIvaradhArI rahe, usake bAda acela ho gye| sAtha hI sUtrakRtAMga9 agni kA sevana kara lU~, aisA bhI nahIM soce|" isI prakAra unhoMne ke 'puNDarIka' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu, vastra aura uttarAdhyayana ke 23 veM adhyayana kI gAthAyeM uddhRta karake yaha batAyA pAtra ke liye dharmakathA na khe| nizItha deg meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu ki pArzva kA dharma sAntaruttara thaa| mahAvIra kA dharma to acelaka hI akhaNDa-vastra aura kambala dhAraNa karatA hai use mAsa-laghu (prAyazcitta thaa| puna: dazavaikAlika meM muni ko nagna aura muNDita kahA gayA hai| kA eka prakAra) prAyazcitta AtA hai| isa prakAra Agama meM vastra-grahaNa isase bhI Agama meM acelatA hI pratipAdya hai, yaha siddha hotA hai| kI anujJA hone para bhI acelatA kA kathana kyoM kiyA jAtA hai? isa samagra carcA ke AdhAra para yApanIya saMgha kA vastra-sambandhI isakA samAdhAna karate hue svayaM aparAjitasUri kahate hai ki Agama dRSTikoNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| unake isa dRSTikoNa ko saMkSepa meM nimna maiM kAraNa kI apekSA se AryikAoM ko vastra kI anujJA hai, yadi rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haibhikSu lajjAlu haiM athavA usakI jananendriya tvacArahita ho yA aNDakoSa 1. zvetAmbara paramparA, jo jinakalpa ke viccheda kI ghoSaNA ke lambe hoM athavA vaha parISaha (zIta) sahana karane meM akSama ho to use dvArA vastra Adi ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kI vaikalpika vyavasthA ko vastradhAraNa karane kI anujJA hai| AcArAMga 2 meM hI kahA gayA hai ki samApta karake sacelakatva ko hI eka mAtra vikalpa banA rahI thI, yaha saMyamAbhimukha strI-puruSa do prakAra ke hote haiM-sarvazramaNAgata aura bAta yApanIyoM ko mAnya nahIM thii| no-srvshrmnnaagtaa| unameM sarvazramaNAgata sthirAMga vAle pANi-pAtra bhikSu 2. yApanIya yaha mAnate the ki jinakalpa kA viccheda suvidhAvAdiyoM ko pratilekhana ke atirikta eka bhI vastra dhAraNa karanA yA chor3anA kI apanI kalpanA hai| samartha sAdhaka ina paristhitiyoM meM yA isa yuga nahIM kalpatA hai| bRhatkalpasUtra43 meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki lajjA ke meM bhI acela raha sakatA hai| unake anusAra acelatA (nagnatA) hI

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296 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jina kA Adarza mArga hai, ataH muni ko acela yA nagna hI rahanA caahiye| 3. yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM hI muni ke liye vastra kI brAhmatA ko svIkAra karate the, unakI dRSTi meM ye ApavAdika sthitiyA~ nimnalikhita thIM (ka) rAja parivAra Adi atikulIna gharAne ke vyakti jana sAdhAraNa ke samakSa nagnatA chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| (kha) isI prakAra ve vyakti bhI jo adhika lajjAzIla haiM apanI nagnatA ko chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| (ga) ve navayuvaka muni jo abhI apanI kAma vAsanA ko pUrNataH vijita nahIM kara pAye haiM aura jinheM liMgottejanA Adi ke kAraNa nirgrantha saMgha meM aura janasAdhAraNa meM pravAda kA pAtra bananA par3e, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| (gha) ve vyakti jinake liMga aura aNDakoSa vidrUpa haiM, ve saMlekhanA ke avasara ko chor3akara yAvajjIvana vastradhAraNa karake hI rheN| (Ga) ve vyakti jo zItAdi parISaha sahana karane meM sarvathA asamartha haiM, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| (ca) ve muni jo arza, bhagandara Adi kI vyAdhi se grasta hoM, bImArI kI sthiti meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| 4. jahA~ taka sAdhviyoM kA prazna thA yApanIya saMgha meM spaSTa rUpa se unheM vastra rakhane kI anujJA thii| yadyapi sAdhviyoM bhI ekAnta meM saMlekhanA ke samaya jina-mudrA arthAt acelatA dhAraNa kara sakatI thiiN| isa prakAra vApanIyoM kA Adarza acelakatva hI rahA, kintu apavAda mArga meM unhoMne vastra pAtra kI grAhyatA bhI svIkAra kii| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki kaSAyatyAga aura rAgAtmakatA ko samApta karane ke liye sampUrNa parigraha kA tyAga, jisameM vakha tyAga bhI samAhita hai, Avazyaka hai. kintu ve digambara paramparA ke samAna ekAnta rUpa se yaha ghoSaNA nahIM karate haiM ki vastradhArI cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM nahIM ho, mukta nahIM ho sktaa| ve savastra meM bhI AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura mukti kI bhajanIyatA arthAt sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra ve acelakatva sambandhI mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM digambara paramparA ke nikaTa khar3e hokara bhI apanA bhinna mata rakhate haiN| ve acelakatva ke Adarza ko svIkAra karake bhI savastra mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| punaH muni ke liye abelakatva kA purajora samarthana karake bhI ve yaha nahIM kahate haiM ki jo ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra dhAraNa kara rahA hai, vaha muni nahIM hai jahA~ hamArI vartamAna digambara paramparA mAtra la~goTadhArI ailaka, eka celaka yA do vastradhArI, kSullaka ko muni na mAnakara utkRSTa zrAvaka hI mAnatI hai, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA aise vyaktiyoM kI gaNanA munivarga ke antargata hI karatI hai| aparAjita AcArAMga kA eka sandarbha dekara, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, kahate haiM ki aise vyakti no-sarvazramaNAgata haiM tAtparya yaha hai ki savastra muni aMzataH bhramaNabhAva ko prApta haiN| isa prakAra yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM paristhitivaza vastra prahaNa karane vAle zramaNoM ko zramaNa hI mAnate haiM, gRhastha nhiiN| yadyapi yApanIya aura digambara donoM hI acelakatva ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI vatra ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta udAra evaM yarthAthavAdI rahA hai ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra-grahaNa, sacela kI mukti kI sambhAvanA, sacela strI aura puruSa donoM meM zramaNatva yA munitva kA sadbhAva - unheM acelatA ke prazna para digambara paramparA se bhinna karatA hai, jabaki AgamoM meM vakha pAtra ke ullekha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM aura jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM hai, yaha bAta unheM setAmbaroM se alaga karatI hai| jinakalpa evaM sthavirakalpa acelakatva evaM sacelakatva sambandhI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM jinakalpa aura sthAvirakalpa kI carcA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hogii| vetAmbara mAnya AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI jo carcA milatI hai, usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prArambha meM acelatA arthAt nagnatA ko jinakalpa kA pramukha lakSaNa mAnA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM jinakalpa zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kramazaH parivartana huA hai jinakalpI kI kama se kama do upAdhi (mukhayastrikA aura rajoharaNa) mAnI gaI kintu oghaniyukti ke liye jinakalpa zabda kA sAmAnya artha to jina ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA hai| jinakalpa kI bAraha upAdhiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai| kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne una sAdhuoM ko jinakalpI kahA jo gaccha kA parityAga karake ekAkI vihAra karate the tathA utsarga mArga ke hI anugAmI hote the| vastutaH jaba zvetAmbara paramparA meM acelatA kA poSaNa kiyA jAne lagA to jinakalpa kI paribhASA meM bhI antara huA nizIthacUrNi meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki jinakalpa meM mAtra utsa mArga kA hI anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH usameM kalpapratisevanA aura darpapratisevanA donoM kA arthAt kisI bhI prakAra ke apavAda ke avalambana kA hI niSedha hai jabaki sthavirakalpa meM utsarga aura apavAda donoM hI mArga svIkAra kiye gae haiN| yadyapi apavAda mArga meM bhI mAtra kalpapratisevanA ko hI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| darpapratisevanA ko kisI bhI sthiti meM mAnya nahIM kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM meM prArambha meM to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna nagnatA ko grahaNa kara, kara pAtra meM bhojana grahaNa karate hue apavAdarahita jo munidharma kI kaThina sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, use hI janakalpa kahA gayA hai kintu kAlAntara meM isa paribhASA meM parivartana huaa| yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpa kA ullekha hameM bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura usakI vijayodayA TIkA meM milatA hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jo rAga-dveSa aura moha ko jIta cuke haiM, upasarga ko sahana karane meM samartha haiM, jina ke samAna ekAkI vihAra karate haiM. ve jinakalpI kahalAte haiM" kSetra Adi kI apekSA se vivecana karate hue usameM Age kahA gayA hai ki jinakalpI sabhI karmabhUmiyoM aura sabhI kAloM meM hote haiN| isI prakAra cAritra kI dRSTi se ve sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra vAle hote haiN| ve sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke tIrtha meM pAe jAte haiM aura "

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janma kI apekSA se 30 varSa kI vaya aura muni jIvana kI apekSA se 19 varSa kI dIkSA - paryAya vAle hote haiN| jJAna kI dRSTi se nava-dasa pUrva- jJAna ke dhArI hote haiN| ve tInoM zubha lezyAoM se yukta hote haiM aura vajraRSabha nArAca saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| *" 47 aparAjita ke atirikta jinakalpa aura sthAvirakalpa kA ullekha yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ke strImuktiprakaraNa meM bhI hai| 48 isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jinakalpa kI avadhAraNa zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM paramparAoM meM lagabhaga samAna hI thii| mukhya antara yaha hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpI ke dvArA vastra grahaNa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki usameM muni ke liye vastra pAtra kI svIkRti kevala apavAda mArga meM hai, utsarga mArga meM nahIM aura jinakalpI utsarga mArga kA anusAraNa karatA hai| ataH yApanIya paramparA ke anusAra vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM vastra - pAtra nahIM rakha sktaa| vaha acela hI rahatA hai aura pANi-pAtrI hotA hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya granthoM ke anusAra jinakalpI acela bhI hotA hai aura sacela bhI ve pANi-pAtrI bhI hote haiM aura sapAtra bhI hote haiM opaniyukti (gAthA 78-79 ) meM upadhi (sAmagrI) ke AdhAra para jinakalpa ke bhI aneka bheda kiye gae haiN| 1 jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna isI prakAra nizIthabhASya meM bhI jinakalpI kI upadhi ko lekara vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM sarvaprathama yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pAtra kI apekSA se jinakalpI do prakAra ke hote haiM- pANipAtra arthAt binA pAtra vAle aura pAtradhArI isI prakAra vastra kI apekSA se bhI usameM jinakalpiyoM ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM-- acelaka aura sacelaka / punaH inakI upadhi kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki acelaka aura pANipAtrabhojI jinakalpI hote haiM ve rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA ye do upakaraNa rakhate haiN| jo sapAtra aura savastra hote haiM unakI upadhi kI saMkhyA kama se kama tIna aura adhika se adhika bAraha hotI hai| sthAvirakalpI kI jina caudaha upadhiyoM kA ullekha sandarbha 1. / / NiccelapANipattaM uvaiTuM paramajiNa variMdehi / ekko vimokkhamaggo sesA ya amaggayA savve sUtraprAbhUta, 10 // egayA celae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa| * uttarAdhyayana, 2/13 / 3. ussaggiyaliMgakadassa liMgamussaggiyaM tayaM ceva / avavAdiyaliMgassa vi pasatyamuvasaggiyaM liNgN|| 2. 5. - - bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 76 / vi sijjha vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / Naggo vimokkha maggo sesA ummaggayA savve / / sUtraprAbhRta, 23 / (a) se bemi je ya aIyA je ya paDuppannA je ya AgamessA arahaMtA bhagavaMto je ya pavvayaMti je una pavvaissaMti savve te sovahI dhammo desiavvotti kaTTu tityadhammatyAe esAeNudhammiga ti evaM devadUsamAyAe pavvasuM vA pavvayaMti vA pavvaisaMti vA / AcArAMga 1/9/1-1 (zIlAMka TIkA), bhAga, pR0 273, - 297 kiyA gayA hai unameM mAtraka aura cUlapaTTaka ye do upadhi jinakalpI nahIM rakhate haiN| yApanIyoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve zvetAmbaroM ke samAna jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM mAnate unake anusAra samartha sAdhaka sabhI kAloM meM jinakalpa ko dhAraNa kara sakate haiM, jabaki zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra janakalpI kevala tIrthaGkara kI upasthiti meM hI hote haiN| yadyapi yApanIyoM kI isa mAnyatA meM unakI hI vyAkhyAnusAra eka antarvirodha AtA hai, kyoMki unhoMne apanI jinakalpI kI vyAkhyA meM yaha mAnA hai ki jinakalpI nau-dasa pUrvadhArI aura prathama saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| cU~ki unake anusAra bhI vartamAna meM pUrvoM kA jJAna aura prathama saMhanana (vajra - RSabha nArAca saMhanana) kA abhAva hai, ataH jinakalpa sarvakAloM meM kaise sambhava hogA ? ina do-tIna bAtoM ko chor3akara yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM jinakalpa ke sambandha meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA aura banaka ke tatsambandhI vivaraNoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki digambara- grantha gommaTasAra aura yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jinakalpa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa antara parilakSita hotA hai, vaha yaha ki jahA~ gommaTasAra meM jinakalpI muni ko mAtra sAmAyika cAritra mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM unameM sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya aise do cAritra mAne gae haiN| vastutaH yaha antara isaliye AyA ki jaba digambara paramparA meM chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA artha mahAvratAropaNa se bhinna hokara prAyazcita rUpa pUrva-dIkSA paryAya ke cheda ke artha meM liyA gayA, to jinakalpI meM prAyazcitta rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA niSedha mAnanA Avazyaka ho gayA, gayA, kyoMki jinakalpI kI sAdhanA nirapavAda hotI hai| hameM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kA ullekha prAya: zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya paramparA meM hI dekhane ko milA hai| digambara paramparA meM yApanIya prabhAvita granthoM ko chor3akara prAya: isa carcA kA abhAva hI hai| siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935. (ba) sabve'vi egadUseNa, niggayA jinavarA cauvvIsaM 6. 7. - Avazyakaniyukti 227, harSapuSyAmRta jaina pranthamAlA, lAkhAcAvala, zAMtipurI (saurASTra), 1989 / (a) Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1258 / (ba) vahI, 1260 / acalago va jo dhammo jo imosaMtaruttaro desio vaddhamANeNa pAseNa ya mahAjasA / / uttarAdhyayayana, 23/29 8. vahI, 23/24 / 9. munayo vAtarazanA pizaGgA vasate malAH / vAtasyAnu dhAjima yaMti yaddevAso aviksst|| Rgveda 10/136/20 10. Rgveda meM ahaM aura RSabhavAcI RcAe~ eka adhyayana, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, saMdhAna, aMka 7, rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha : - .

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298 saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993, pR0 22 / 11. zrImadbhAgavata, 2/7/100 12. (a) uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23 / 26 / (ba) yathoktam - purimaM pacchimANaM arahaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM acela patthe bhavai / uttarAdhyayana-- nemicanda kI TIkA, Atmavallabha, granthAMka 22. bAlApura, 1937, 2/13, pR0 22 para uddhata uttarAdhyayana, 22 / 33-34 / 13. 14. vahI, 23 / 29 / 15. 'jo imo' tti yazcAyaM sAntarANi vardhamAnasvAmiyatyapekSayAmAnavarNavizeSata: savizeSANi uttarANi mahAmUlyatayA pradhAnAni prakramAd vastrANi yasminnasau sAntarottaro dharmaH pArzvena dezita itiihaa'pypekssyte| uttarAdhyayana, nemicandakRta sukhabodhAvRtti sahita, pR0 295, bAlApura, 23 / 12, vIra ni0 saM0 2463 16. parisuddhaM juNNaM kucchitaM thovANiyata 'NNa bhogabhogehi muNayo mucchArahitA saMtehi acelayA hoMti / / -- , / vizeSAvazyakabhASya, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, gAthA 3082, 1966 / 17. ahapuNa evaM jANijjA uvAikkate khalu hemaMte gimhe paDivanne ahAparijunnAiM vatthAiM pariTThavijjA, aduvA saMtaruttare aduvA omacele aduvA egasADe aduvA acele apagate zIte vakhANi tyAjyAni athavA kSetrAdiguNAddhimakaNini vAte vAti satyAtmaparitulanArthaM zItaparIkSArthaM ca sAntarottaro bhavet sAntaramuttaraM prAvaraNIyaM yasya sa tathA kvacitprAvRNoti kvacitpArzvavarti vibharti zItAzaGkayA nAdyApi parityajati, athavA'vamacela ekakalpaparityAgAt, dvikalpadhArItyartha: athavA zanaiH-zanaiH zIte'pagacchati sati dvitIyamapi kalpaM parityajet tat ekazATaka: saMvRttaH athavA 55tyantike zItAbhAve tadapi parityajedato'celo bhvti| AcArAMga (zIlAMkavRtti), saM0 jambUvijaya, 1/8/4, sUtra 212, pR0 277 / - jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 18. dekheM, uparokta / 19. dekheM, uparokta / 20. dekheM uparokta 21. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ( pUrvapIThikA), gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, vI0ni0 saM0 2489, pR0 399 / 22. No cevimeNa vatyeNa pihissAmi taMsi hemaMte / se pArae AvakahAe evaM khu aNudhammiyaM tassa / / saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAjhaM jaM paNa rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae tato cAI taM vosajja vatthamaNagAre / / 23. (a) yacca bhAvanAyAmuktaM -- AyAro, 9/9/1/2 evaM 3 varisaM cIvaradhArI teNa paramabelago jiNotti - taduktaM viprtipttibhultvaat| kathaM kecidvadanti tasminneva dine tadvastraM vIrajinasya vilambanakAriNA gRhItamiti / anye SaNmAsAcchinnaM tatkaNTakazAkhAdibhiriti / sAdhikena varSeNa tadakhaM khaNDalakabrAhmaNena gRhItamiti kecitkathayanti / kecidvAtena patitamupekSita jineneti / apare vadanti vilambanakAriNA jinasya skandhe tadAropitamiti / - bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 423 kI vijayodayA TIkA, sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandrajI, bhAga 1, 0325-326. (ba) tacca suvarNavAlukAnadIpUrAhatakaNTakAvalagnaM dhirajAtinA gRhItamiti / AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti 1/9/1/4 kI vRtti| (sa) tahAvi suvaNNabAlugAnadIpUre avahile kaMTarAegaM... kimiti vuccati ciradhariyatA sahasA va lajjatA thaMDile cutaM Naviti vippeNa, keNati - AcArAMgacUrNi RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, pR0 300 (da) sAmI dakkhiNavAcAlAo uttaravAcAlaM vaccati, tattha suvvaNNakulAe buliNe taM vatthaM kaMTiyAe laggaM sAhe taM citaM sAmI gato puNo ya avaloitaM, kiM nimittaM ? ketI bhAMti jahA mamattIe anne bhAMti mA atyaMDile paDita avaloitaM sulabha vatthaM pattaM sissANaM bhavissati ? taM ca bhagavatA ya terasamAse ahAbhAveNaM dhAriyaM tato vosariyaM pacchA acelate taM eteNa pituvaMtasa cijjAtiteNa gahitaM / -- AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1. RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthAna, ratalAma, pR0 277 / , 3 isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki unake tyAga ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna pravAda pracalita the unakA ullekha na kevala yApanIya apitu zvetAmbara AcArya bhI kara rahe the| 24. 25. dihu~ / 31. 32. 33. - AcArAMga zIlAMkavRtti 1/9/1/1-4, pR0 273 / (a) sabve'vi egadUseNa, niggayA jiNavarA caDabbIsaM / na ya nAma aNNaliMge, no gihiliMge kuliMge vA / / (ba) bAvIsaM titthayarA sAmAiyasaMjama uvaisaMti / cheovaTThAvaNayaM puNa vayaMti usabho ya vIro ya / / - Avazyakaniryukti, 1260. 26. (a) evamege u paastthaa| sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9(ba) pAsatthAdIpaNayaM NiccaM vajjeha savvadhA tumhe / haMdi ha melaNadoseNa hoi purisassa tammayadA / / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 341. - Avazyakanirmukti, 227. 27. chakkAyarakkhaNaTThA pAyaggahaNaM jiNehiM pannattaM je ya guNA saMbhoe havaMti te pAyagahaNevi / / - oSaniyukti, 691. 28. niggaMthA eka sATakA / majjhimanikAya - mahAsiMhanAdasutta, 1/1/2 1 29. dekheM-- dIghanikAya, anu0 bhikSu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana evaM bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, banArasa 1936, pAsAdikasuta 3/ 6, pR0 252 / 30. bhagavaI, panarasaM sataM 101-152, saM0 muni nathamala jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU~, vi0 saM0 2131, pR0 677-694 / dekheM- dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 3/6, pR0252 dhammapada, aTTakathA, tRtIya bhAga, gAthA 489 / bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423. saM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1938, pR0324 / .

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34. dhuvaM ca paDilehejjA jogasA pAyakaMbalaM / sejjamuccArabhUmiM ca saMthAraM aduvAsaNaM / / dazavaikAlika, 8/17, navasuttANi, saM0 yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1967, pR0 68. 35. AcArAMga, 1/5/89, saM0 yuvAcArya madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara 36. (a) esehirimaNe segaM vatthaM vA dhArejja paDilehaNagaM vidiyaM tattha ese jugni dese duve vatthANi dhArijja paDilehaNagaM tadiyaM / AcArAMga vastraiSaNA uddhata bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. (ba) je ggiMce taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke virasaMghayaNe, se egaM vatyaM dhArejjA No vitiyaM -- AcAracUlA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, 2/5/1/2, pR0 161 / 37. (a) hirimaNe vA juggide cAvi aNNage vA tassa NaM kapyadi vatyAdikaM pAdacArittae iti / , jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna vahI, gAthA 423, pR0 324 / (ba) je niggaMthe taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke thirasaMghayaNe, se egaM pAyaM dhArejjA No bIrya " - -- AcArAMgasUtra, AcAracUlA, 2/6/1/20 38. saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM, jaMNa rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae tato cAI, taM vosajja vtthmnnnnaare|| - AcArAMga, 1/9/1/4/ vatthapattAdihedumiti / 39. (a) Na kahejjo dhammaka sUtrakRtAMga, puMDarIka adhyayana, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. (ba) No pANassa ( pAyassa) he dhammamAikkhejjA No vatyassa heDa dhammAivakhejjA -- sUtrakRtAGga 2/1/68, pR0 366. / * 40. (a) kasiNAI vatthakaMbalAI jo bhikkhU paDiggahidi Apajjadi mAsigaM lahugaM / nizIthasUtra, 2/23 uddhata bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. (ba) je bhikkhU kasiNAI vatvAI dharati dharetaM vA sAtijjati / . 41. 42. 299 nizIsUtra, 2/23, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM ullikhita prastuta sandarbha vartamAna AcArAMga meM anupalabdha hai| usameM mAtra sthirAMga muni ke liye eka vastra aura eka pAtra se adhika rakhane kI anuzA nahIM hai| sambhavataH yaha parivartana paravartI kAla meM huA hai| 43. (a) hirihetukaM va hoi dehaduguchaMti dehe juggdge| dhArejja siyA vatthaM parissahANaM ca Na vihAsIti / / kalpasUtra se uddhRta- bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA. gAthA 423, pR0 324. (ba) prastuta sandarbha upalabdha bRhatkalpasUtra meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi vastra dhAraNa karane ke ina kAraNoM kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 3 meM nimna rUpa meM milatA hai-- kappati NiggaMdhANa vA girINa vA tao vatthAiM dhAritae vA pariharitae vA, taMjahA- jaMgie, bhaMgie, khomie / ThANAMga, 3/345 / AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/7/4, sUtra, 209, pR0 251 / (a) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 325-326. tulanIya AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 276. (ba) AvazyakasUtraM (uttarabhAgaM ) cUrNi sahita, RSabhadeva, kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929. 46. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 326-327, pAlitripiTaka, kankorDensa, pR0 345. 47. bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhAga 1 (vijayodayA TIkA) gAthA 157 kI 44. 45. w TIkA, pu0 205. 48. (a) zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNam, strI-muktiprakaraNam 7, sampAdaka paM0 zambhunAtha tripAThI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1971, pR0 1 / (ba) bRhatkalpasUtra 6/9, sampAdaka madhukara muni, byAvara, 1992 / 49. (a) bRhatkalpasUtra 6 / 20. (ba) paJcakalpabhASya (AgamasudhAsindhu), 816-822 / .

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jaina nIti-darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA jaina dharma ko jina AdhAroM para sAmAjika jIvana se kaTA huA vyakti ke naitika vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo sAmAjika jIvana phalita mAnA jAtA hai, ve do haiM- eka vaiyaktika mukti ko pramukhatA aura dUsarA hogA, vaha suvyavasthA aura zAnti se yukta hogA, usameM saMgharSa aura... nivRtti-pradhAna AcAra-mArga kA prstutiikrnn| yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma tanAva kA abhAva hogaa| jaba taka vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti nahIM nivRttiparaka hai aura vaiyaktika mokSa ko jIvana kA parama sAdhya svIkAra AtI, taba taka sAmAjika jIvana kI pravRtti vizuddha nahIM ho sktii| karatA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki usake nItidarzana apane vyaktigata jIvana kA zodhana karane ke liye rAga-dveSa ke manovikAroM kI koI sAmAjika sArthakatA nahIM hai, kyA eka bhrAMti nahIM hogI? aura asatkarmoM se nivRtti Avazyaka hai| jaba vyaktigata jIvana meM yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki vaha vaiyaktika caritranirmANa para bala detA hai nivRtti AyegI, to jIvana pavitra aura nirmala hogA, aMtaHkaraNa vizuddha kintu vaiyaktika caritra ke nirmANa hetu usane jisa mArga kA prastutIkaraNa hogA aura taba jo bhI sAmAjika pravRtti phalita hogI vaha lokahitArtha kiyA hai, vaha sAmAjika mUlyoM se vihIna nahIM hai| prastuta nibandha meM aura lokamaMgala ke liye hogii| jaba taka vyaktigata jIvana meM saMyama hama inhIM mUla praznoM ke sandarbha meM yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki aura nivRtti ke tattva nahIM hoMge, taba taka saccA sAmAjika jIvana phalita jaina nItidarzana kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA kyA hai? hI nahIM hogaa| jo vyakti apane svArthoM aura apanI vAsanAoM kA niyaMtraNa nahIM kara sakatA, vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sktaa| kyA nivRtti sAmAjika vimukhatA kI sUcaka hai? upAdhyAya amaramuni ke zabdoM meM jainadarzana kI nivRtti kA marma yahI sarvaprathama yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jo AcAra-darzana nivRtti paraka hai ki vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti aura sAmAjika jIvana meM prvRtti| haiM, ve vyakti-paraka haiN| jo AcAra darzana pravRtti-paraka haiM, ve samAjaparaka lokasevaka yA janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM evaM dvandvoM se dUra rahe, haiN| paM.sukhalAlajI bhI likhate haiM ki pravartaka dharma kA saMkSepa sAra yaha yaha jaina darzana kI AcAra-saMhitA kA pahalA pATha hai| apane vyaktigata hai ki jo aura jaisI samAja-vyavasthA ho, use isa taraha niyama aura jIvana meM maryAdAhIna bhoga aura AkAMkSAoM se nivRtti lekara hI kartavyabaddha karanA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka sadasya apanI-apanI samAja-kalyANa ke liye pravRtta honA jainadarzana kA pahalA nIti dharma sthiti aura kakSA ke anurUpa sukha lAbha kre| pravartaka dharma samAjagAmI hai|' sAmAjika naitikatA aura vyaktigata naitikatA paraspara virodhI nahIM hai, isakA matalaba yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM rahakara sAmAjika haiN| binA vyaktigata naitikatA ko upalabdha kiye sAmAjika naitikatA kartavyoM kA, jo aihika jIvana se saMbadha rakhate haiM, pAlana kre| nivartaka kI dizA meM Age nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| caritrahIna vyakti sAmAjika dharma vyaktigAmI hai| nivartaka dharma samasta sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM jIvana ke liye ghAtaka hI hogaa| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM mAnatA hai| usake anusAra vyakti ke liye darzana meM nivRtti kA jo svara mukhara huA hai, vaha samAjavirodhI nahIM mukhya kartavya eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki jisa taraha bhI ho AtmasAkSAtkAra hai, vaha sacce arthoM meM sAmAjika jIvana kA sAdhaka hai| caritravAn vyakti kA aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kre| aura vyaktigata svArthoM se Upara uThe hue vyakti hI kisI Adarza-samAja 'yadyapi jaina dharma nivartaka-paramparA kA hAmI hai, lekina usameM sAmAjika kA nirmANa kara sakate haiN| vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo bhAvanA se parAGamukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| vaha yaha to avazya mAnatA saMgaThana yA samudAya banate haiM, ve sAmAjika jIvana ke sacce pratinidhi hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA nahIM haiN| kyA cora, DAkU aura zoSakoM kA samAja, samAja kahalAne hai, kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta kA adhikArI hai? samAja jIvana kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM bhI honA caahie| vyakti apane aura parAye ke bhAva se tathA apane vyaktigata kSudra mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai| bAraha varSoM taka ekAkI svArthI se Upara uThe, cUMki jaina nIti-darzana hameM inhIM tattvoM kI zikSA sAdhanA karane ke pazcAt ve punaH sAmAjika jIvana meM lauTa Ae aura detA haiM, ata: vaha sacce arthoM meM sAmAjika hai, asAmAjika nahIM hai| caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI evaM usako jIvana bhara mArgadarzana dete jaina darzana kA nivRttiparaka honA sAmAjika vimukhatA kA sUcaka nahIM rhe| vastuta: unakI nivRtti unake dvArA kiye jAnevAle sAmAjika-kalyANa hai| azubha se nivRtti hI zubha meM pravRtti kA sAdhana bana sakatI hai| meM sAdhaka hI banI hai, bAdhaka nhiiN| vaiyaktika jIvana ke naitika stara mahAvIra kI naitika zikSA kA sAra yahI hai| ve 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM kA vikAsa lokajIvana yA sAmudAyika jIvana kI prAthamikatA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM-eka ora se nivRtta hoo aura eka ora pravRtta hoo| asaMyama sAmAjika-sudhAra aura sAmAjika-sevA kI AvazyakatA to mAnate the se nivRtta hoo, saMyama meM pravRtta hoo| vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti kintu ve vyakti-sudhAra se samAja-sudhAra kI dizA meM bar3hanA cAhate the| hI sAmAjika pravRtti kA AdhAra hai| saMyama hI sAmAjika jIvana kA vyakti samAja kI prathama ikAI hai, vaha sudharegA to hI samAja sudhregaa| AdhAra hai|

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jaina nIti-darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA sarvahita aura lokahita ke sandarbha meM jaina-dRSTi sAdhanA mArga meM AtA hai aura apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta yadyapi jaina darzana meM AtmakalyANa aura vaiyaktika mukti ko kara lene ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA rahatA hai| sarvahita, sarvodaya jIvana kA carama lakSya mAnA gayA hai| kintu isa AdhAra para bhI use aura sarvaloka kA kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA dhyeya bana jAtA haiN| asAmAjika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| jisa karuNA aura lokahita kI 2. gaNadhara-sahavargIya hita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA-kSetra anupama bhAvanA se arhat-pravacana kA prasphuTana hotA hai, use nahIM jhuThalAyA meM praviSTi pAnevAle aura apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta kara lene jA sakatA hai| ke pazcAt bhI sahavargiyoM ke hita evaM kalyANa ke liye prayatnazIla jainAcArya samantabhadra jina-stuti karate hue kahate haiM-bhagavana! rahanevAle sAdhaka gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| samUha-hita yA gaNa-kalyANa gaNadhara ApakI yaha saMgha (samAja) vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke sarva duHkhoM kA ke jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai|11| anta karanevAlI aura sabakA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlI hai| isase 3. sAmAnya kevalI-atmakalyANa ko hI jisane apanI sAdhanA bar3hakara loka-Adarza aura lokamaMgala kI kAmanA kyA ho sakatI hai? kA dhyeya banAyA hai aura jo isI AdhAra para sAdhanA mArga meM pravRtta praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- bhagavAn kA yaha sukathita hotA huA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi karatA hai, vaha sAmAnya pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke liye hai| kevalI kahalAtA hai| 12 / jaina-sAdhanA lokamaMgala kI dhAraNA ko lekara hI Age bar3hatI hai| usI sAdhAraNa rUpa meM vizva-kalyANa, varga-kalyANa aura vaiyaktika-kalyANa sUtra meM Age yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki jaina sAdhanA ke pA~coM mahAvrata kI bhAvAnaoM ko lekara tadanukUla pravRtti karane ke kAraNa hI sAdhakoM sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke liye hI haiN|6 ahiMsA-vivecanA karate hue kI ye kakSAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiN| jinameM vizvakalyANa ke lie pravRtti kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA ke prathama sthAna para sthita yaha ahiMsA sabhI karane ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna diyA jAtA hai| jisa prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| yaha bhagavatI ahiMsA prANiyoM prakAra bauddha vicAraNA meM bodhisatva aura arhata ke AdarzoM meM bhinnatA ke liye nirbAdha rUpa se hitakAriNI hai| yaha pyAsoM ko pAnI ke samAna, hai, usI prakAra jaina sAdhanA meM tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya kevalI ke AdarzoM bhUkhoM ko bhojana ke samAna, samudra meM jahAja ke samAna, rogiyoM ke meM tAratamya hai| lie oSadhi ke samAna aura aTavI meM sahAyaka ke samAna hai': ina sabake atirikta jaina sAdhanA meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari tIrthaGkara namaskArasUtra (namotthuNaM) meM tIrthaMkara ke lie lokanAtha, mAnA gayA hai| saMghahita samasta vaiyaktika sAdhanAoM se bhI Upara hai, lokahitakara, lokapradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi jina vizeSaNoM kA vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM to saMgha ke kalyANa ke liye vaiyaktika sAdhanA prayoga huA hai ve bhI jaina dRSTi kI loka maMgalakArI bhAvanA ko spaSTa kA parityAga karanA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM AcArya karate haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma-pravartana prANiyoM ke anugraha bhadrabAhu evaM kAlaka kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai|13|| ke lie hotA hai, na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie| yadi aisA mAnA sthAnAMgasUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM (kartavyoM) kA nirdeza diyA gayA jAya ki jaina sAdhanA kevala Atmahita yA Atma-kalyANa kI bAta hai, unameM saMghadharma, gaNadharma, rASTradharma, nagaradharma, grAmadharma aura kuladharma kahatI hai to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA tIrtha-pravartana yA saMgha-saMcAlana kA kI upasthiti isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki jaina dRSTi na kevala koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA; kyoMki kaivalya kI upalabdhi ke bAda Atmahita yA vaiyaktika vikAsa taka sImita hai, varan usameM lokahita unheM apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatA hai| ataH yA loka-kalyANa kA ajasra pravAha bhI pravAhita ho rahA hai| mAnanA par3egA ki jainasAdhanA kA Adarza mAtra AtmakalyANa hI nahIM, yadyapi jainAcAradarzana lokahita, lokamagala kI bAta kahatA hai, varan lokakalyANa bhI hai| lekina usakI eka zarta hai ki parArtha ke liye svArtha kA visarjana jaina dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita kI zreSThatA kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nhiiN| usake anusAra vaiyaktika ko sadaiva hI mahattva diyA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhanA kI bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko loka-kalyANa ke liye samarpita kiyA jA sakatA sarvocca u~cAI para sthita sabhI jIvanmukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ve hameM jagat se hI milI se yadyapi samAna hI hote haiM, phira bhI jaina vicArakoM ne unakI haiM ve vastuta: saMsAra kI haiM, hamArI nahIM, sAMsArika upalabdhiyA~ saMsAra "AtmahitakAriNI aura lokahitakAriNI dRSTi ke tAratamya ko lakSya ke lie haiM, ataH unakA lokahita ke liye visarjana kiyA jAnA caahie| meM rakhakara unameM uccAvacca avasthA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| eka sAmAnya lekina use yaha svIkAra nahIM hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA vaiyaktika kevalI (jIvanmukta) aura tIrthakara meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatAe~ to samAna naitikatA ko lokahita ke nAma para kuMThita kiyA jaaye| aisA lokahita, hI hotI haiM, phira bhI tIrthaMkara ko usakI lokahita kI dRSTi ke kAraNa jo vyakti ke caritra ke patana athavA AdhyAtmika kuMThana se phalita hotA sAmAnya kevalI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| jIvanmuktAvasthA ko ho, use svIkAra nahIM hai| lokahita aura Atmahita ke saMdarbha meM usakA prApta kara lene vAle vyaktiyoM ke, unakI lAkopakAritA ke AdhAra svarNima sUtra hai 'Atmahita karo aura yathAzakti lokahita bhI karo, lekina para, tIna varga hote haiM- 1.tIrthaMkara, 2. gaNadhara aura 3. sAmAnya kevlii| jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM dvandva ho aura Atmahita ke kuMThana 1. tIrthaMkara-tIrthakara vaha hai jo sarvahita ke saMkalpa ko lekara para hI lokahita phalita hotA ho to vahA~ AtmakalyANa hI zreSTha hai| 15

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302 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 Atmahita svArtha hI nahIM hai - yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie thA ki ApakI bhakti karane vAle tathA vRddha, glAna evaM rogI kI sevA ki jaina dharma kA yaha Atmahita svArthavAda nahIM hai| Atma-kAma vastuta: karane vAle meM kauna zreSTha hai? to mahAvIra kA uttara thA ki sevA karane niSkAma hotA hai, kyoMki usakI koI kAmanA nahIM hotA hai, ata: vAlA hI zreSTha hai| jaina samAja ke dvArA Aja bhI jana-sevA aura prANI-sevA usakA svArtha bhI nahIM hotA hai| AtmArthI koI bhautika upalabdhi nahIM ke jo aneka kArya kiye jA rahe haiM, ve isake pratIka haiN| phira bhI cAhatA hai| vaha to unakA visarjana karatA hai| svArthI to vaha hai jo yaha eka aisA stara hai jahA~ hitoM kA saMgharSa hotA hai| eka kA hita yaha cAhatA hai ki sabhI usakI bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke liye kArya kreN| dUsare ke ahita kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| ataH dravya lokahita ekAnta svArtha aura AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha kI sAdhanA rUpa se AcaraNIya bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha sApekSa naitiktaa| meM rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ kAma karatI haiN| jabaki AtmakalyANa kA kSetra hai| bhautika stara para svahita kI pUrNatayA upekSA bhI nahIM kI kA prArambha hI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kI kSaNikatA se hotA hai| rAga-dveSa jA sakatI hai| yahAM to svahita aura parahita meM ucita samanvaya banAnau, se yukta hokara AtmakalyANa kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rhtii| yathArtha yahI apekSita hai| pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNA ke pariSkArita svArthavAda, Atmahita meM rAgadveSa kA abhAva hai| svArtha aura parArtha meM saMgharSa kI bauddhika parArthavAda aura sAmAnya zubhatAvAda kA vicAra-kSetra lokahita sambhAvanA bhI tabhI taka hai jabataka unameM kahIM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita kA yaha bhautika svarUpa hI hai| ho| rAgadi bhAva yA svahita kI vRtti se kiyA jAnevAlA parArtha bhI 2. bhAva lokahita'. yaha lokahita bhautika stara se Upara sthita saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai| jisa prakAra zAsana hai, yahA~ para lokahita ke jo sAdhana haiM ve jJAnAtmaka yA caitasika hote ke dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAja-kalyANa-adhikArI vastutaH lokahita haiN| isa stara para parArtha aura svArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA alpatama kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie lokahita karatA hai| usI hotI hai| maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura mAdhyastha kI bhAvanAeM isa stara prakAra rAga se prerita hokara lokahita karane vAlA bhI sacce arthoM meM ko abhivyakti karatI haiN| lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, usake lokahita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti, 3.pAramArthika lokahita-yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai, pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza: arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvI-lAbha kI prApti jahAM svahita aura parahita meM koI saMgharSa nahIM rahatA, dvaita nahIM rhtaa| ke hetu hI hote haiN| aisA parArtha vastutaH svArtha hI hai| saccA Atmahita yahAM para lokahita kA rUpa hotA hai- yathArtha jIvanadRSTi ke sambandha aura saccA lokahita, rAga-dveSa se zUnya anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita meM maargdrshn| yahA~ isakA rUpa svayaM ahita nahIM karanA aura ahita hotA hai lekina usa avasthA meM na to apanA rahatA hai na parAyA kyoMki karane vAle kA hRdaya-parivartana kara use sAmAjika ahita se vimukha jahA~ rAga hai vahIM 'merA hai' aura jahA~ merA haiM vahIM parAyA hai| rAga kI karanA hai| zUnyatA hone para apane aura parAye kA vibheda hI samApta ho jAtA hai| aisI rAga-zUnyatA kI bhUmi para sthita hokara kiyA jAne vAlA yugIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM meM jaina nItidarzana kA yogadAna Atmahita bhI lokahita hotA hai aura lokahita Atmahita hotA hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ne na kevala apane yuga kI samasyAoM kA donoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM hai, koI dvaita nahIM hai| usa dazA meM to sarvatra samAdhAna kiyA hai varan vaha vartamAna yuga kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna Atma-dRSTi hotI hai jisameM na koI apanA hai, na koI parAyA hai| meM bhI pUrNatayA sakSama hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki cAhe prAcIna yuga ho svArtha-parArtha jaisI samasyA yahA~ rahatI hI nahIM hai! yA vartamAna yuga, mAnava jIvana kI samasyAyeM sabhI yugoM meM lagabhaga jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI samAna rahI haiN| mAnava jIvana kI samasyAe~ viSamatA-janita hai| vastuta: avasthAoM meM saMgharSa rahe, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| vyakti jaise-jaise bhautika viSamatA hI samasyA hai aura samatA hI samAdhAna haiN| ye viSamatAe~ aneka jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI haiN| pramukha rUpa se vartamAna mAnava jIvana kI svArtha evaM parArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai| jaina vicArakoM viSamatAe~ nimna haiM-1. sAmAjika vaiSamya, 2. Arthika vaiSamya, 3. ne parArtha yA lokahita ke tIna stara mAne haiN| vaicArika vaiSamya aura 4. mAnasika vaissmy| aba hameM vicAra yaha karanA 1.dravya lokahita, 2.bhAva lokahita aura 3.pAramArthika lokhit| hai ki kyA jaina AcAra darzana ina viSamatAoM kA nirAkaraNa kara 1.dravya lokahita'. yaha lokahita kA bhautika stara hai| bhautika samatva kA saMsthApana karane meM samartha hai? nIce hama pratyeka prakAra kI upAdAnoM jaise bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi tathA zArIrika sevA ke viSamatAoM ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa aura jaina darzana dvArA prastuta unake dvArA lokasevA karanA dravya lokahita hai| yaha dAna aura sevA kA kSetra samAdhAnoM para vicAra kreNge| hai| puNya ke nava prakAroM meM AhAradAna, vastradAna, auSadhidAna Adi 1. sAmAjika viSamatA- vyakti ko cetana jagat ke anya kA ullekha yaha batAtA hai ki jainadarzana dAna aura sevA ke darzana ko prANiyoM ke sAtha jIvana jInA hotA hai| yaha sAmudAyika jIvana hai| svIkAra karatA hai| tIrthaMkara dvArA dIkSA ke pUrva diyA jAne vAlA dAna sAmudAyika jIvana kA AdhAra sambandha hai aura naitikatA usa sambandhoM jaina-darzana meM sAmAjika sevA aura sahayoga kA kyA sthAna hai, ise kI zuddhi kA vijJAna hai| pArasparika sambandha nimna prakAra ke haiMspaSTa kara detA hai| mAtra yahIM nahIM, mahAvIra se jaba yaha pUchA gayA 1. vyakti aura parivAra, 2. vyakti aura jAti, 3. vyakti aura samAja,

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jaina nIti-darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA 303 4. vyakti aura rASTra, 5. vyakti aura vishv| ina sambandhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga-dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai| jaba taka sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, taba taka ina sambandhoM meM viSamatA svAbhAvika rUpa se upasthita rahatI hai| jaba rAga kA tattva dveSa kA sahagAmI hokara kAma karane lagatA hai to pArasparika sambandhoM meM saMgharSa aura TakarAhaTa prArambha ho jAtI hai| rAga ke kAraNa 'merA' yA mamatva kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere sambandhI, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra, ye vicAra vikasita hote haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAMpradAyikatA aura rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja ke hamAre sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM ye hI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka haiN| ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara uThane nahIM dete haiN| yahI Aja kI sAmAjika-viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| anaitikatA kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra-vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kiye jAte hai, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai| hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva vRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kiye binA apekSita naitika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM kara skte| vyakti kA 'sva' cAhe vaha vyaktigata-jIvana yA pArivArika-jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detaa| svArthavRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se naitikatA evaM sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue saccA naitika evaM sAmAjika jIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| muni nathamalajI likhate haiM ki 'parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa jaise jAti yA rASTra ke prati baratI jAne vAlI anaitikatA kA niyamana nahIM karatA, vaise hI jAti yA rASTra ke prati mamatva antararASTrIya anaitikatA kA niyAmaka nahIM hotaa| mujhe lagatA hai ki rASTrIya anaitikatA kI apekSA antArASTrIya anaitikatA kahIM adhika hai| jina rASTroM meM vyAvahArika saccAI hai, prAmANikatA hai, ve bhI antArASTrIya kSetra meM satya-niSTha aura prAmANika nahIM haiN| 18 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti kA jIvana jaba taka rAga yA mamatva se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka naitikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava hI nahIM hotaa| rAgayukta naitikatA, cAhe usakA AdhAra aSTra hI kyoM na ho, sacce arthoM meM naitika nahIM ho sktii| saccA naitika jIvana vItarAga avasthA meM hI sambhava ho sakatA hai aura jaina AcAra darzana isI vItarAga jIvana dRSTi ko hI apanI naitika sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha sAmAjika jIvana ke lie eka vAstavika AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| yahI eka aisA AdhAra hai jisa para sAmAjika naitikatA ko khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai aura sAmAjika jIvana ke vaiSamyoM ko samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sarAga naitikatA kabhI bhI sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI hai| svArthoM ke AdhAra para khar3A sAmAjika jIvana asthAyI hI hogaa| dUsare isa sAmAjika sambandha meM vyakti kA ahaM-bhAva bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiN| inake kAraNa bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apane prabhAvaka kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai| svataMtratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA hai| jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA hotI hai to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai| jaina AcAra darzana ahaM ke pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika jIvana meM parataMtratA ko samApta karatA hai| dUsarI ora jaina darzana kA ahiMsA siddhAMta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai| adhikAroM kA hanana eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai| ata: ahiMsA kA siddhAMta svataMtratA ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| jaina evaM bauddha AcAra darzana jahA~ eka ora ahiMsA ke siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svataMtratA kA samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora varNabheda, jAtibheda evaM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko samApta karate haiN| yadi hama sAmAjika sambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM to yaha pAte haiM ki usake mUla meM rAgAtmakatA hI hai| yahI rAga eka ora apane aura parAye ke bheda ko utpanna kara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko azuddha banAtA hai tathA dUsarI ora ahaM bhAva kA pratyaya utpanna kara sAmAjika jIvana meM UMca nIca kI bhAvanAoM kA nirmANa karatA hai| isa prakAra rAga kA tattva hI mAna ke rUpa meM eka dUsarI dizA grahaNa kara letA hai jo sAmAjika viSamatA ko utpanna karatA hai| yahI rAga kI vRtti hI saMgraha (lobha) aura kapaTa kI bhAvanAoM ko bhI vikasita karatI hai| isa prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA ke utpanna hone ke cAra mUlabhUta kAraNa hote haiM- 1. saMgraha (lobha) 2. Aveza (krodha) 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipaanaa)| jinheM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| ye hI cAroM alaga-alaga rUpa meM sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiN| 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, apramANikatA, svArthapUrNa-vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi vikasita hote haiN| 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa, yuddha, AkramaNa evaM hatyAe~ Adi hote haiN| 3. garva kI manovRtti ke kAraNa ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra aura krUra vyavahAra hotA hai| 4. isI prakAra mAyA kI manovRtti ke kAraNa avizvAsa evaM amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra utpanna hotA hai| 19 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM jinheM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai, unhIM ke kAraNa sArA sAmAjika jIvana dUSita hotA hai| jaina darzana inhIM kaSAyoM ke nirodha ko apanI naitika sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai| ata: yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki jaina darzana apane sAdhanA mArga ke rUpa meM sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko samApta kara, sAmAjika-samatva kI sthApanA kA prayatna karatA hai|

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304 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 2. Arthika vaiSamya-Arthika vaiSamya vyakti aura bhautika jagata nahIM karatA hai| ata: AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki manuSya meM svata: ke sambandhoM se utpanna huI viSamatA hai| cetanA kA jaba bhautika jagata hI tyAga kI vRtti kA udaya ho aura vaha svecchA se hI sampatti ke se sambandha hotA hai to use aneka vastue~ apane prANamaya jIvana ke visarjana kI dizA meM Age aave| bhAratIya paraMparA aura vizeSakara jaina lie Avazyaka pratIta hotI haiN| yahI AvazyakatA jaba Asakti meM paraMparA na kevala sampatti ke visarjana kI bAta karatI hai varan usake badala jAtI hai to eka ora saMgraha hotA jAtA hai, dUsarI ora saMgraha sama-vitaraNa para bhI jora detI hai| hamAre prAcIna sAhitya meM dAna ke kI lAlasA bar3hatI jAtI hai, isIse sAmAjika jIvana meM Arthika viSamatA sthAna para saMvibhAga zabda kA hI adhika prayoga huA hai| jo yaha batAyA ke bIja kA vapana hotA hai| jaise-jaise eka ora saMgraha bar3hatA hai, dUsarI hai ki jo kucha hamAre pAsa hai, usakA samavibhAvajana karanA hai| mahAvIra ora garIbI bar3hatI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa Arthika vaiSamya bar3hatA jAtA kA yaha udghoSa ki 'asaMvibhAgI Nahu tassa mokkho spaSTa batatA hai hai| Arthika vaiSamya ke mUla meM saMgraha bhAvanA hI adhika hai| kahA yaha ki jaina AcAra darzana Arthika viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke liye samavitaraNa jAtA hai ki abhAva ke kAraNa saMgraha kI cAha utpanna hotI hai lekina kI dhAraNA ko pratipAdita karatA hai| jaina darzana ke ina siddhAMtoM ko vastusthiti kucha aura hI hai| svAbhAvika abhAva kI pUrti sambhava hai yadi unheM yugIna sandarbho meM navIna dRSTi se upasthita kiyA jAya to aura zAyada vijJAna hameM isa dizA meM sahayoga de sakatA hai lekina samAja kI Arthika samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa khojA jA sakatA hai| kRtrima abhAva kI pUrti sambhava nhiiN| upAdhyAya amaramuni jI likhate vartamAna yuga meM bhraSTAcAra ke rUpa meM samAja ke Arthika kSetra meM hai ki "garIbI svayaM meM koI samasyA nahIM, kintu pahAr3oM kI asIma jo burAI panapa rahI hai, usake mUla meM bhI yA to vyakti kI saMgrahecchA UMcAIyoM ne isa dharatI para jagaha-jagaha gar3e paidA kara diye haiN| pahAr3a hai yA bhogecchaa| bhraSTAcAra kevala abhAvajanita bImArI nahIM hai, varan TUTeMge, to gaDDhe apane Apa bhara jAyeMge, sampatti kA visarjana hogA, vaha eka mAnasika bImArI hai, jisake mUla meM saMgrahecchA evaM bhogecchA to garIbI apane Apa dUra haTa jaaegii|"20 vastuta: AvazyakatA isa / ke kITANu haiN| vastuta: vaha AvazyakatAoM ke kAraNa nahIM varan tRSNA bAta kI hai ki vyakti meM parigraha ke visarjana kI bhAvanA udbhUta ho| ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai| AvazyakatAoM kA nirAkaraNa padArthoM ko parigraha ke visarjana se hI Arthika vaiSamya samApta kiyA jA sakatA upalabdha karake kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina isa tRSNA kA nirAkaraNa hai| jaba taka saMgraha kI vRtti samApta nahIM hotI, Arthika-samatA nahIM padArthoM ke dvArA saMbhava nahIM hai| isalie jaina darzana ne anAsakti kI A sktii| vRtti ko naitika jIvana meM pramukha sthAna diyA hai| tRSNAjanita vikRtiyA~ Arthika-vaiSamya kA nirAkaraNa asaMgraha kI vRtti se hI sambhava kevala anAsakti dvArA hI dUra kI jA sakatI haiN| hamAre vartamAna yuga hai aura jaina darzana apane aparigraha ke siddhAMta ke dvArA isa Arthika kI pramukha kaThinAI yaha nahIM hai ki hameM sAmAnya jIvana jIne ke sAdhana vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaina AcAra darzana meM gRhastha upalabdha nahIM haiM athavA unakA abhAva hai, varan kaThinAI yaha hai ki jIvana ke liye bhI jisa parigraha evaM upabhoga-paribhoga ke sImAMkana / Aja kA mAnava tRSNA se itanA adhika grasita hai ki vaha eka acchA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, vaha Arthika vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa kA eka sukhada evaM zAMtipUrNa jIvana nahIM jI sakatA hai| manuSya kI vAsanAe~ pramakha sAdhana ho sakatA hai| Aja hama jisa samAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda hI use acche jIvana jIne meM bAdhaka haiN| yadi kisI sImA taka hama kI carcA karate haiM, usakA dizA-saMketa mahAvIra ne apane vrata-vidhAna yaha bhI mAna leM ki abhAva ke kAraNa Arthika-bhraSTAcAra kA janma hotA meM kiyA thaa| jaina darzana sampadA ke utpAdana para nahIM, apita usake hai to jahA~ taka kRtrima abhAva kA prazna hai vaha kula vyaktiyoM ke dvArA aparimita saMgraha aura upabhoga para niyaMtraNa lagAtA hai| kiye gaye avaidha saMgraha kA pariNAma hai| kintu jaina nIti darzana ne Arthika vaiSamya kA nirAkaraNa anAsakti aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA gRhastha sAdhaka ke anarthadaNDa-viramaNa vrata meM upabhoga ke padArthoM ke ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai| yadi hama sAmAjika jIvana meM Arthika samAnatA anAvazyaka saMgraha ko niSiddha ThaharAyA hai| yadi abhAva vAstavika ho kI bAta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM vyaktigata upabhoga evaM sampatti kI to use upabhoga kA niyaMtraNa karake dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai jisake sImA kA nirdhAraNa karanA hI hogaa| parigraha kA visarjana hI Arthika lie upabhoga-paribhoga maryAdA nAmaka vrata kA vidhAna hai| isa prakAra jIvana meM samatva kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| jaina darzana kA aparigraha jaina darzana parigraha aura upabhoga ke parisImana ke dvArA samAja meM vyApta siddhAMta isa saMbaMdha meM paryApta siddha hotA hai| vartamAna yuga meM mArksa Arthika viSamatA kI samApti kA sUtra prastuta karatA hai| ne Arthika vaiSamya ko dUra karane kA jo siddhAMta sAmyavAdI samAja 3. vaicArika-vaiSamya-vibhinna vAda aura unake kAraNa utpanna ke racanA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA, vaha yadyapi Arthika viSamatAoM vaicArika-saMgharSa bhI sAmAjika jIvana kA eka bar3A abhizApa hai| vartamAna ke nirAkaraNa kA eka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai, lekina usakI mUlabhUta yuga meM rASTroM ke jo saMgharSa haiM, unake mUla meM Arthika aura rAjanaitika kamI yahI hai ki vaha mAnava samAja para Upara se thopA jAtA hai, usake prazna itane mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiM jitane ki vaicArika sAmrAjyavAda kI anta: se sahaja ubhArA nahIM jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bAhya dabAvoM se sthaapnaa| vartamAna yuga meM na to rAjanaitika adhikAra lipsA se utpanna vAstavika naitikatA prakaTa nahIM hotI, usI prakAra kevala kAnUna ke sAmrAjyavAda kI bhAvanA pAI jAtI hai aura na Arthika sAmrAjyoM kI bala para lAyA gayA Arthika sAmya sacce Arthika samatva kA prakaTana sthApanA kA prazna hI mahattvUparNa hai, varan vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTra

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apane vaicArika sAmrAjyoM kI sthApanA ke lie prayatnazIla dekhe jAte haiN| jaina AcAra darzana apane anekAntavAda aura anAgraha ke siddhAMta ke AdhAra para ina vaicArika saMgharSo kA nirAkaraNa prastuta karatA hai| anekAMta kA siddhAMta vaicArika Agraha ke visarjana kI bAta karatA hai aura vaicArika kSetra meM dUsare ke vicAroM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko bhI utanA hI mahattva detA hai, jitanA ki svayaM ke vicAroM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko jaina nIti-darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA - uparyukta tInoM prakAra kI viSamatAe~ hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiM jaina AcAra darzana uparyukta tInoM viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie apane AcAra darzana meM tIna siddhAMta prastuta karatA hai| sAmAjika vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa ke liye usane ahiMsA evaM sAmAjika samatA kA siddhAMta prastuta kiyA haiN| Arthika vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie usane parigraha evaM upabhoga ke parisImana kA siddhAMta prastuta kiyA hai| isI prakAra bauddhika evaM vaicArika saMgharSo ke nirAkaraNa ke lie anAgraha aura anekAMta ke siddhAMta prastuta kiye gaye haiN| ye siddhAMta kramazaH sAmAjika samatA, Arthika samatA aura vaicArika samatA kI sthApanA karate haiN| lekina ye sabhI naitikatA ke bAhya evaM sAmAjika AdhAra haiN| naitikatA kA Antarika AdhAra to hamArA manojagat hI hai| jaina AcAra darzana mAnasika tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM ke nirAkaraNa ke liye bhI vizeSa rUpa se vicAra karatA hai kyoMki yadi vyakti kA mAnasa vikSobha evaM tanAvayukta hai to sAmAjika jIvana bhI azAMta hogA / - 4. mAnasika vaiSamya - mAnasika vaiSamya manojagat meM tanAva kI avasthA kA sUcaka hai| jaina AcAra darzana ne rAga-dveSa evaM caturvidha kaSAyoM ko manojagat ke vaiSamya kA mUla kAraNa mAnA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAroM Avega yA kaSAya hamAre mAnasika samatva ko bhaMga karate hai| yadi hama vyaktigata jIvana ke vighaTanakArI tattvoM kA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM to hama unake mUla meM kahI na kahIM jaina darzana meM prastuta kaSAyoM evaM nau kaSAyoM (AvegoM aura upa- AvegoM) kI upasthiti hI pAte haiN| jaina AcAra darzana kaSAya-tyAga ke rUpa meM hameM manojagat ke tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA saMdeza detA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki hama jaise-jaise ina kaSAyoM ke Upara vijaya lAbha karate hue Age bar3hege vaise hI hameM vyaktitva kI pUrNatA kA prakaTana bhI hogA jaina darzana meM sAdhakoM kI cAra zreNiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, jo ina para kramika vijaya ko prakaTa karatI haiN| inake prathama tIvratama rUpa para vijaya pAne para sAdhaka meM samyaka dRSTikoNa kA udbhava hotA hai| dvitIya madhyama rUpa para vijaya prApta karane se sAdhaka zrAvaka yA gRhastha-upAsaka kI zreNI meM jAtA hai| tRtIya rUpa para vijaya karane " para vaha zramaNatva kA lAbha karatA hai aura unake sampUrNa vijaya para vaha AtmapUrNatA ko prakaTa kara letA hai| kaSAyoM ko pUrNa samApti para eka pUrNa vyaktitva kA prakaTana ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina AcAra darzana rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ke rUpa meM hamAre mAnasika tanAvoM kA kAraNa prastuta karatA hai aura kaSAya-jaya ke rUpa meM mAnasika samatA ke nirmANa kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karatA hai| pratyeka vyakti yaha apekSA karatA hai ki usakA jIvana zAnta evaM 305 sukhI ho lekina mAnava mana kI azAnti evaM usake adhikAMza duHkha kaSAya catuSka-janita haiN| ataH zAnta aura sukhI jIvana ke liye mAnasika tanAvoM evaM manovegoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka hai| krodhAdi kaSAyoM para vijaya lAbha karake samatva ke sRjana ke liye hameM manovegoM se Upara uThanA hogaa| jaise-jaise hama manovegoM yA kaSAya catuSka se Upara uTheMge vaise-vaise saccI zAnti kA lAbha prApta kreNge| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAra darzana sAmAjika jIvana se viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa aura samatva ke sRjana ke lie eka aisI AcAra vidhi prastuta karatA hai jisake samyak paripAlana se sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM hI jIvana meM saccI zAnti aura vAstavika sukha kA lAbha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| usane sAmAjika jIvana meM sambandhoM ke zuddhikaraNa para adhika bala diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki usake dvArA prastuta sAmAjika Adeza apanI prakRti meM niSedhAtmaka adhika pratIta hote haiM yadyapi vidhAyaka sAmAjika AdezoM kA usameM pUrNa abhAva nahIM hai| usake kucha pramukha sAmAjika Adeza nimna haiM niSThA sUtra 1. sabhI AtmAyeM svarUpataH samAna haiM, ataH sAmAjika jIvana meM U~ca-nIca ke vargabheda yA varNabheda khar3e mata kro| 2. sabhI AtmAyeM samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI haiM, ataH dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| sabhI ke sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAhate ho / 3. saMsAra meM prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa mata rakho | 4. guNIjanoM ke prati Adara bhAva aura duSTajanoM ke prati upekSA bhAva rkho| 5. saMsAra meM jo duHkhI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalya bhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA aura sahayoga pradAna kro| vyavahAra sUtra 1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo arthAt sAmAnyajanoM kI svataMtratA meM bAdhaka mata bano / 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgabheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo| 3. kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bano / 4. pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata karo na to kisI kI amAnata har3apo aura na to kisI ke rahasyoM ko prakaTa kro| 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAha mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| 6. apane svArtha kI siddhi ke hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do, corI kA mAla 7.

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306 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhI mata khriido| paranindA, kAma-kuceSTA zastra-saMgraha Adi mata kro| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa taula meM apramANikatA mata rakho aura 15. yathAsambhava atithiyoM kI, saMtajanoM kI, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| vyaktiyoM kI sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| mata kro| 16. krodha mata karo, sabase prema-pUrNa vyavahAra kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| parastrI-saMsarga, 17. ahaMkAra mata karo apitu vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA Adara vezyAvRtti evaM vezyAvRtti ke dvArA dhana-arjana mata kro| kro| 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use lokahitArtha vyaya 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata karo varan vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM kro| prAmANika rho| 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura varjita vyavasAya 19. avicArapUrvaka kArya mata kro| mata kro| 20. tRSNA mata rkho| 13. apanI upabhoga sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati-saMgraha uparyukta aura anya kitane hI AcAra niyama aise haiM jo jaina mata kro| nIti kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate haiN|29 AvazyakatA isa 14. ve sabhI kArya mata karo, jinase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotaa| bAta kI hai hama Adhunika saMdarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA evaM samIkSA kareM hai kintu dUsaroM kA ahita sambhava ho arthAt anAvazyaka gapazapa, tathA unheM yugAnukUla banAkara prastuta kreN| sandarbha : 1. jainadharma kA prANa, paM0 sukhalAlajI, sastA sAhitya maNDala, dehalI, pR0 56-59 2. amarabhAratI, apraila 1966, pR0 21 3. uttarAdhyayana, 31/2 4. sarvodaya darzana, Amukha, pR0 6 para uddhRta / praznavyAkaraNasUtra 2/1/22 5. praznavyAkaraNa 1/1/21 7. vahI, 1/1/3 8. vahI, 1/2/22 9. sUtrakRtAMga (TIkA) 1/6/4 10. yogabindu, AcArya haribhadra, 285-288 11. yogabindu 289 12. yogabindu 290 13. nizIthacUrNi, saM0 amaramuni, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, bhASya gA0, 2860 14. sthAnAMga, 10/760 15. uddhRta, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441 16. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR0 697 17. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR0 697 18. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pRSTha 3-4 19. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 2 20. jaina prakAza, 8 apraila 1969, pR0 1 21. dekhie- zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata, unake aticAra aura mArgAnusArI gunn|

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jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA eka vizleSaNa : ahiMsA kA artha vistAra evaM usake vividha AyAma - vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM evaM dharmagranthoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA pAyI jAtI hai ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI isa sArvabhauma svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ahiMsA ke artha ko lekara una sabameM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca khIcI gaI bheda-rekhA sabhI meM alaga-alaga hai kahIM pazuvadha ko hI nahIM, nara bali ko bhI hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai, to kahIM vAnaspatika hiMsA arthAt per3a-paudhoM ko pIr3A denA bhI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai| cAhe ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA una sabameM samAnarUpa se upasthita ho kintu ahiMsaka cetanA kA vikAsa una sabameM sAmAnarUpa se nahIM huA kyA mUsA ke Thou shalt not kill Adeza kA vahI artha hai jo mahAvIra kI 'savve sattA na haMtavvA' kI zikSA hai? yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsA ke arthavikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI kAlakrama meM na hokara mAnava jAti kI sAmAjika cetanA mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai| jo vyakti yA samAja jIvana ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA usane ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko utanA hI adhika vyApaka artha pradAna kiyA / ahiMsA ke artha kA yaha vistAra bhI tInoM rUpoM meM huA hai-- eka ora ahiMsA ke artha ko vyApakatA dI gaI, to dUsarI ora ahiMsA kA vicAra adhika gahana hotA calA gyaa| eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya kI hatyA ke niSedha se prArambha hokara SaTjIvanikAya kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane arthavistAra pAyA hai to dUsarI ora prANaviyojana ke bAhya rUpa se dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda) ke Antarika rUpa taka, isane gaharAIyoM meM praveza kiyA hai punaH ahiMsA ne 'hiMsA mata karo' ke niSedhAtmaka artha se lekara dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka artha taka bhI apanI yAtrA kI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kA arthavikAsa triAyAmI (zrI DAImenzanala) hai| ataH jaba bhI hama ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA lekara koI carcA karanA cAhate haiM to hameM usake sabhI pahaluoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| jainAgamoM ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA ke artha kI vyApti ko lekara koI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki ahiMsA kI isa avadhAraNA ne kahA~ kitanA artha pAyA hai? * yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra mUsA ne dhArmika jIvana ke lie jo dasa Adeza prasArita kiye the unameM eka hai 'tuma hatyA mata karo, kintu isa Adeza kA artha yahUdI samAja ke lie vyaktigata svArtha ke lie apanI jAtIya bhAI kI hiMsA nahIM karane se adhika nahIM rhaa| dharma ke nAma para to hama svayaM pitA ko apane putra kI bali dete hue dekhate haiN| islAma ne cAhe allAha ko 'rahimAnurrahoma' - karuNAzIla kahakara sambodhita kiyA ho, aura cAhe yaha bhI mAna liyA ho ki sabhI jIvadhAriyoM ko jIvana utanA hI priya hai, jitanA tumheM apanA hai, kintu usameM allAha kI isa karuNA kA artha svadharmiyoM taka hI sImita rahA itara manuSyoM ke prati islAma Aja taka saMvedanazIla nahIM bana sakA / puna: yahUdI aura islAma donoM hI dharmoM meM dharma ke nAma para pazubali ko sAmAnya rUpa se Aja taka svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ina dharmoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA svajAti aura svadharmI arthAt apanoM se adhika arthavistAra nahIM pA sakI hai| isa saMvedanazIlatA kA adhika vikAsa hameM IsAI dharma meM dikhAI detA hai| IsA zatru ke prati bhI karuNAzIla hone kI bAta kahate haiN| ve ahiMsA, karuNA aura sevA ke kSetra meM apane aura parAye, svadharmI aura vidharmI, zatru aura mitra ke bheda se Upara uTha jAte haiN| isa prakAra unakI karuNA sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati barasI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki madhyayuga meM IsAIyoM ne dharma ke nAma para khUna kI holI khelI ho aura Izvara-putra ke AdezoM kI avahelanA kI ho kintu aisA to hama sabhI karate haiN| dharma ke nAma para pazu bali kI svIkRti bhI IsAI dharma meM nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| isa prakAra usameM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA adhika vyApaka banI hai usakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM sevA tathA sahayoga ke mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se ahiMsA ko eka vidhAyaka dizA bhI pradAna kI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya jIvana meM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ke niSedha kI bAta vahIM nahIM uThAI gaI hai| ataH usakI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA mAnavatA taka hI sImita mAnI jA sakatI hai. vaha bhI samasta prANI jagat kI pIr3A ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM bana skaa| bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAMsaM paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda 6.75.14) ke rUpa meM eka dUsare kI surakSA kI bAta kahI gaI ho athavA 'mitrAsyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe' (yajurveda, 36.18) ke rUpa meM sarva prANiyoM ke prati mitrabhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho kiMtu vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka cetanA mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga haiM jinameM zatru varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAe~ bhI kI gaI haiN| yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI, veda - vihita hiMsA ko hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra unameM dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ko samarthana hI diyA gyaa| vedoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA arthavistAra utanA hI hai jitanA kI yahUdI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsaka cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai zramaNa paramparA meN| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| jIvanayApana arthAt AhAra, surakSA Adi ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka to hai hI, ataH una sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM jo mUlataH nivRttiparaka yA saMnyAsamArgIya nahIM thIM, ahiMsA ko utanA arthavistAra .

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308 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prApta nahIM ho sakA jitanA zramaNa dhArA yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA meM ho| phira bhI yaha atizayokti nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ko jitanA vyApaka sambhava thaa| yadyapi zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA hiMsAparaka yajJa-yAgoM kI artha jaina paramparA meM diyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra anupalabdha hI hai| AlocanA aura mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika paramparA meM bhI eka ora vedoM ke jaina-paramparA meM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra pazu-hiMsAparaka padoM kA artha ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne lgaa|mhaabhaart saMbhavata: vizva sAhitya meM upalabdha prAcInatama jaina grantha AcArAMga ke zAntiparva meM rAjA vasu kA AkhyAna (adhyAya 337-338) isakA hI aisA hai, jisameM ahiMsA ko sarvAdhika arthavistAra diyA gayA hai| pramANa hai| to dUsarI ora dhArmika jIvana ke lie karmakANDa ko anupayukta usameM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa prANI ke rUpa mAnakara aupaniSadika dhArA ke rUpa meM jJAnamArga kA aura bhAgavata dharma meM SaTjIvanikAya ke hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| usake prathamadhyAya ke rUpa meM bhaktimArga kA vikAsa huaa| isameM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra kA nAma hI zastra-parijJA hai, jo apane nAma ke anurUpa hI hiMsA ke sampUrNa prANIjagat arthAt trasa cIjoM kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka huA kAraNa aura sAdhanoM kA viveka karAtA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka hai| vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ko kandamUla evaM phala kA upabhoga karane ke sambandha meM SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA AcArAMga kI apanI kI svatantratA hai, isa prakAra vahA~ vAnaspatika hiMsA kA vicAra upasthita vizeSatA hai jo ki paravartI sampUrNa jaina sAhitya meM svIkRta rahI hai| nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha to satya hai ki ahiMsaka cetanA ko sarvAdhika AcArAMga meM na kevala ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko artha-vistAra diyA vikasita karane kA zreya zramaNa paramparAoM ko hI hai| bhArata meM I0pU0 gayA hai apitu use adhika gahana aura manovaijJAnika banAne kA bhI 6 ThIM zatAbdI kA jo bhI itivRtta hameM prApta hotA hai usase aisA lagatA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| hai ki usa yuga meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne meM zramaNa AcArAMga meM dharma kI do pramukha vyAkhyAyeM upalabdha haiN| prathama sampradAyoM meM hor3a lagI huI thii| kama se kama hiMsA hI zrAmaNya-jIvana vyAkhyA hai-semiyAe dhamme AriyehiM paveie (1/8/3), AryajanoM kI zreSThatA kA pratimAna thaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM Ardraka kumAra kI vibhinna ne samatA (samabhAva) ko dharma kahA hai| dharma kI dUsarI vyAkhyA haimata vAle zramaNoM se jo carcA hai usameM mUla prazna yahI hai ki kauna savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA, na hNtvvaa| esa dhamme suddhe, sabase adhika ahiMsaka hai (dekhiye, sUtrakRtAMga 2/6) / trasa prANiyoM niie, sAsae, samicca loyaM kheyannehiM paveie (1/41), kisI bhI (paza, pakSI, kITa-pataMga Adi) kI hiMsA to hiMsA thI hI kintu prANI, jIva aura satva kI hiMsA nahIM karanA, yahI zuddha, nitya aura vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara lgaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, manasA, vAcA, karmaNA aura kRta, kArita diyA gayA hai| vastuta: dharma kI ye do vyAkhyAe~ do bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa para AdhArita haiN| 'samabhAva' ke rUpa meM dharma kI paribhASA samAja-nirapekSa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA vaiyaktika dharma kI paribhASA hai, kyoMki samabhAva saiddhAntika aura nahIM aura karane vAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM krnaa| bauddha aura AjIvaka manovaijJAnika dRSTi se hamAre sva-svabhAva kA paricAyaka hai| jabaki ahiMsA paramparA ke zramaNoM ne bhI isa navakoTika ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra eka vyAvahArika evaM samAja-sApekSa dharma hai, kyoMki vaha loka kI pIr3A kara usake artha ko gahanatA aura vyApakatA pradAna kii| phira bhI bauddha ke nivAraNa ke lie hai| ahiMsA samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI bAhya abhivyakti paramparA meM SaTjIvanikAya kA vicAra upasthita nahIM thaa| bauddha bhikSu hai| samabhAva ahiMsA kA sAratattva hai aura ahiMsA kI AdhAra-bhUmi hai| nadI-nAloM ke jala ko chAnakara upayoga karate the| dUsare unake yahA~ navakoTi ahiMsA kI. yaha avadhAraNA bhI svayaM kI apekSA se thI- ahiMsA kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa dUsarA hamAre nimitta kyA karatA hai isakA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA, jabaki AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para jaina paramparA meM zramaNa ke nimitta se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA bhI vicAra bhI sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vahAM ahiMsA ko Arhat kiyA gyaa| nirgrantha paramparA kA kahanA thA ki kevala itanA hI paryApta pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama nahIM hai ki hama manasA, vAcA, karmaNA hiMsA na kareM, na karAveM aura hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAve? na use anumodana deM apitu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko hamAre sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai, vaha kahatA nimitta hiMsA karane kA avasara bhI nahIM deveM aura unake dvArA kI gaI hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, puna: sabhI ko sukha anukUla hiMsA meM bhAgIdAra na bneN| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ buddha aura bauddha aura duHkha pratikUla hai-savye pANA piAuyA suhasAyA duHkhapaDikUlA, bhikSu nimantrita bhojana ko svIkAra karate the vahA~ nirgrantha paramparA meM (1/2/3) / ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| astitva auddezika AhAra bhI agrAhya mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki usameM namattika aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika hiMsA ke doSa kI sambhAvanA thii| yadyapi piTakagraMthoM meM bauddha bhikSu ke tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthapita kiyA hai| yadyapi maikeMjI ne lie aisA bhojana niSiddha mAnA gayA hai, jisameM usake lie prANihiMsA apane grantha Hindu Ethics meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra 'bhaya' ko mAnA hai kI gaI ho aura vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA ho yA usane aisA sunA kintu usakI yaha dhAraNA galata hai kyoMki bhaya ke siddhAMta ko yadi

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jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa 309 ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAvegA to vyakti kevala sabala kI hiMsA zAzvata ahiMsAdharma kA pravartana loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara hI kiyA se virata hogA, nirbala kI hiMsA se nhiiN| bhaya ko AdhAra mAnane para gayA hai phira bhI tIrthaMkaroM kI yaha asIma karuNA vidhAyaka banakara baha to jisase bhaya hogA usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi bnegii| jabaki AcArAMga rahI ho aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM pUrNa to sabhI prANiyoM ke prati yahA~ taka ki vanaspati, jala aura pRthvIkAyika ahiMsA kA yaha Adarzana niSedhAtmaka hI rahA hai| jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka hone kI bAta kahatA hai| ata: AcArAMga yadyapi yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM huA? meM ahiMsA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM apitu jijIviSA aura sukhAkAMkSA isakA uttara yahI hai ki ahiMsA ko vidhAyakarUpa dene kA koI bhI ke manovaijJAnika satyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA gayA hai| punaH prayAsa hiMsA ke binA sambhava nahIM hogA; jaba bhI hama jIvana-rakSaNa ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha hI usameM ahiMsA ko tulyatA bodha (dayA), dAna, sevA se aura sahayoga kI koI kriyA kareMge to nizcita kA bauddhika AdhAra bhI diyA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki 'jo ajjhatthaM hI vaha binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hogii| nava-koTipUrNa ahiMsA kA jANaI se bahiyA jANaI eyaM tullamannasiM',(1/1/7)jo apanI pIr3A Adarza kabhI bhI jIvana-rakSaNa, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke mUlyoM kA ko jAna pAtA hai, vahI tulyatA-bodha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A sahagAmI nahIM ho sktaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki AcarAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| prANIya pIr3A kI tulyatA ke bodha ke AdhAra ke dUsare adhyAya ke 5 veM uddezaka meM muni ke lie cikitsA karane para hone vAlA AtmasaMvedana hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| sUtrakAra to aura karavAne kA bhI niSedha kara diyA gyaa| satya to yaha hai ki ahiMsA ke isa siddhAnta ko adhika gaharAI taka adhiSThita karane ke jIvana-rakSaNa aura pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kA paripAlana eka sAtha prayAsa meM yahAM taka kaha detA hai ki jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, pIr3A sambhava nahIM hai| puna: sAmudAyika aura pArivArika jIvana meM to usakA denA cAhatA hai, satAnA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai (AcArAMga, 1/5/ paripAlana azakya hI hai| hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsaka jIvana jIne ke 5) / Age vaha kahatA hai ki jo loka kA apalApa karatA hai vaha svayaM lie jisa Adarza kI kalpanA AcArAMga meM kI gaI thI usase jaina apanI AtmA kA apalApa karatA hai (AcArAMga, 1/1/3) / ahiMsA paramparA ko bhI nIce utaranA par3A hai| AcArAMga ke dUsare zrutaskandha ko adhika gahana manovaijJAnika AdhAra dene ke prayAsa meM vaha jaina darzana meM hI ahiMsaka muni-jIvana meM kucha apavAda svIkAra kara liye haiM, ke AtmA saMbaMdhI anekAtmavAda ke sthAna para ekAtmavAda kI bAta karatA jaise--naukAgamana, girane kI sambhAvanA hone para latA-vRkSa Adi kA pratIta hotA hai kyoMki yahAM vaha isa manovaijJAnika satya ko dekha rahA sahArA lekara utaranA aadi| isI prasaMga meM hiMsA-ahiMsA viveka ke hai ki kevala AtmabhAva meM hiMsA asambhava ho sakatI hai| jaba taka sambandha meM alpa-bahutva kA vicAra sAmane aayaa| jaba hiMsA aparihArya dUsare ke prati para-buddhi hai, parAyepana kA bhAva hai taba taka hiMsA kI hI bana gaI ho to bahu-hiMsA kI apekSA alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hI saMbhAvanAyeM upasthita hai| vyakti ke lie hiMsA tabhI asaMbhava ho sakatI ucita mAnA gyaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke Ardraka nAmaka adhyAya meM hasti-tApasoM hai jaba usameM prANI jagat ke prati apanatva yA AtmIya-dRSTi jAgRta kI carcA hai| ye hastitApasa yaha mAnate the ki AhAra ke lie aneka ho| ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie jo manovaijJAnika bhUmikA apekSita vAnaspatika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kI apekSA eka mahAkAya thI use prastuta karane meM sUtrakAra ne AtmA kI vaiyaktikatA kI dhAraNA hAthI ko mAra lenA alpa hiMsA hai aura isa prakAra ve apane ko adhika kA bhI atikramaNa kara use abheda kI dhAraNA para sthApita karane kA ahiMsaka siddha karate the| jaina paramparA ne ise anupayukta batAyA aura prayAsa kiyA hai| hiMsA ke nirAkaraNa ke prayAsa meM bhI sUtrakAra ne eka kahA ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM kitane prANiyoM kI hiMsA huI sthAna para jisa manovaijJAnika satya ko ujAgara kiyA hai vaha yaha hai isa vicAra se kAma nahIM calegA, apitu kisa prANI kI hiMsA huI ki hiMsA se hiMsA kA aura ghRNA se ghRNA kA nirAkaraNa saMbhava nahIM yaha aura bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isI prazna ko lekara hai| vaha to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai, zastroM ke AdhAra para abhaya aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA trasa-jIva kI aura trasa hiMsA ke AdhAra para zAnti kI sthApanA saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki eka jIvoM meM paMcendriya kI, paMcendriyoM meM manuSya kI aura manuSya meM RSi zastra kA pratikAra dUsare zastra ke dvArA saMbhava hai, zAnti kI sthApanA kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, jahA~ trasa jIva kI hiMsA to nirvairatA yA prema ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai kyoMki azastra se bar3hakara karane vAlA aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai, vahA~ RSi kI anya kucha nahIM hai (AcArAMga, 1/3/4) / hiMsA karane vAlA ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai| ata: AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM zramaNa-sAdhaka ke lie jisa jIvanacaryA hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM saMkhyA kA prazna itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai kA vidhAna hai use dekhakara hama sahaja hI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vahAM jitanA ki prANI kI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika kSamatA kA vikaas| jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne kA eka prayatna avazya yaha mAnyatA ki sabhI AtmAe~ samAna haiM, ataH sabhI hiMsAe~ samAna huA hai| kintu unameM ahiMsaka muni jIvana kA, jo Adarzacitra upasthita haiM, samucita nahIM hai| kucha paramparAoM ne sabhI prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko kiyA gayA hai, vaha ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pahalU ko hI prakaTa karatA samAna stara kA mAnakara ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa kA jo niSedha kara hai| ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pahalU kI vahAM koI carcA nahIM hai| yadyapi diyA vaha tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| usake pIche bhrAMti yaha hai ki hiMsA kA AcArAMga meM yaha spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki isa zuddha, nitya aura sambandha AtmA se jor3a diyA gayA hai| hiMsA AtmA kI nahIM prANoM

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310 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kI hotI hai| ata: jina prANiyoM kI prANasaMkhyA arthAt jaivika zakti bAhya pakSa para gahanatApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki adhika vikasita hai, unakI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai| punaH hiMsA meM kinhIM apavAdAtmaka avasthAoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA jo vicAra stara bheda svIkAra karake hI ahiMsA ko vidhAyaka rUpa diyA jA sakatA meM hai, jo Antarika hai, vahI vyavahAra meM prakaTa hotA hai| antaraMga aura hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke sambandha meM yaha prazna isalie bhI adhika bAhya athavA vicAra aura AcAra ke sambandha meM dvaita-dRSTi use svIkArya mahattvapUrNa bana gayA ki isakA sIdhA sambandha mAMsAhAra aura zAkAhAra nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM anta: meM ahiMsakavRtti ke hote hue bAhya rUpa ke prazna se jur3A huA thaa| yadi hama zAkAhAra kA samarthana karanA cAhate meM hiMsaka AcAraNa kara pAnA eka prakAra kI bhrAMti hai, chalana hai, haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke sambandha meM saMkhyA AtmA-pravaMcanA hai| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'yadi hRdaya kA prazna mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| mahattvapUrNa hai usakA aindrika aura pApamukta ho to (hiMsAdi) kriyA karane para bhI nirvANa avazya milatA AdhyAtmika vikaas| mAtra yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM alpa Arambha hai' yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi gItA kA yaha mantavya ho ki anta: (alpahiMsA) yukta gRhastha dharma ko bhI ekAnta samyak kahakara meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bhI hiMsAtmaka kriyA kI jA sakatI hiMsA-ahiMsA ke prazna ko eka dUsarI hI dizA pradAna kI gii| ahiMsA hai to jaina vicAraNA kA spaSTa rUpa se usake sAtha virodha hai| jaina kA sambandha bAhara kI apekSA andara se jor3A jAne lgaa| hiMsA-ahiMsA vicAraNA kahatI hai ki anta: meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue hiMsA ke viveka meM bAhya ghaTanA kI apekSA sAdhaka kI manodazA ko adhika kI nahIM jA sakatI, yadyapi hiMsA ho sakatI hai| hiMsA kiyA jAnA mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAne lgaa| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke Ardraka nAmaka adhyAya sadaiva hI saMkalpAtmaka hogA aura Antarika vizuddhi ke hote hue meM bauddha dharma kI isa dhAraNA kI AlocanA kI gaI hai ki 'hiMsA-ahiMsA hiMsAtmaka karma kA saMkalpa sambhava hI nahIM hai (sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/35) / kA prazna vyakti kI manodazA ke sAtha jur3A huA, hai na ki bAhya ghaTanA vastuta: hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM jaina dRSTi kA sAra yaha hai pr|' kintu hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke paravartI graMthoM meM manodazA ki hiMsA cAhe bAhya ho yA Antarika, vaha AcAraNa kA niyama nahIM ko hI hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| jahA~ ho sakatI hai| dUsare, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA dravya-hiMsA (bAhya ghaTanA) aura bhAva-hiMsA (manodazA) kA prazna sAmane mAtra katipaya apavAdAtmaka avasthAoM meM hI kSamya ho sakatI hai| hiMsA AyA vahA~ yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki bhAva hiMsA hI vAstavika hiMsA kA hetu mAnasika pravRttiyAM, kaSAyeM haiM, yaha mAnanA to ThIka hai, lekina hai| bhagavatI (7/1/6-7), pravacanasAra (3/17), oghaniyukti yaha mAnanA ki mAnasika-vRttiyoM yA kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM kI gaI (748-758), nizIthacUrNi (92) Adi granthoM meM eka svara se yaha dravyahiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, yaha ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha ThIka bAta svIkAra kI gaI hai ki jo apramatta aura kaSAyarahita hai, usake hai ki saMkalpajanya hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai, lekina saMkalpa ke abhAva dvArA bAhya rUpa se honevAlI hiMsA vastuta: hiMsA nahIM hai| yaha bhI mAnA meM hone vAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai yA usase karma-Asrava nahIM hotA gayA ki jisa hiMsA meM hiMsA karate hue jitanI manobhAvoM kI krUratA hai, yaha jaina karma siddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM hai| vyAvahArika jIvana apekSita hai vaha hiMsA utanI nikRSTa koTi kI hai| vanaspati kI hiMsA meM hameM isako hiMsA mAnanA hogaa| kI apekSA pazu kI hiMsA meM aura pazu kI hiMsA kI apekSA manuSya kI hiMsA meM adhika krUratA apekSita hai| ata: hiMsaka bhAvoM yA kaSAyoM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI saMbhAvanA kA prazna kI tIvratA ke kAraNa manuSya kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hogii| yadyapi anta: aura bAhya rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI . isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA viveka rakhate samaya upalabdhi jaina vicAraNA kA sAdhya hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM isa bAhya ghaTanA para hI nahIM varan kartA kI manovRtti para bhI vicAra karanA Adarza kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hai| ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hotA hai| hai aura AdhyAtmika stara para hI isakI pUrNa upalabdhi sambhava hai lekina vyakti kA vartamAna jIvana adhyAtma aura bhautikatA kA eka sammizraNa ahiMsA ke bAha-pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM hai| jIvana ke AdhyAtmika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava hai lekina yaha ThIka hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM bhAvAtmaka yA Antarika bhautika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM hai| ahiMsaka pahalU mahattvapUrNa hai kintu bAhya pakSa ko avahelanA ucita nahIM hai| jIvana kI sambhAvanAeM bhautika stara se Upara uThane para vikasita hotI vaiyaktika sAdhanAkI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika evaM Antarika pakSa hI sarvAdhika haiM- vyakti jaise-jaise bhautikatA ke stara se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, mUlyavAn hotA hai| lekina jahA~ sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika jIvana kA ahiMsaka jIvana kI pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hatA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra prazna hai vahA~ hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pahalU ko jhuThalAyA para jaina vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie kucha stara nahIM jA sktaa| kyoMki vyAvahArika jIvana aura sAmAjika vyavasthA nirdhArita kiye gaye haiN| kI dRSTi se jisa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai vaha to AcaraNa hiMsA kA yaha rUpa jise saMkalpajA hiMsA kahA jAtA hai, kA bAhya-pakSa hI hai| sabhI ke liye tyAjya hai| saMkalpajA hiMsA hamAre vaicArika yA mAnasika gItA aura bauddha AcAra darzana kI apekSA jaina vicAraNA ne isa jagat para nirbhara hai| mAnasika saMkalpa ke kartA ke rUpa meM vyakti meM

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jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa svatantratA kI sambhAvanAeM sarvAdhika vikasita haiN| apane mAnasika jagat jaina vicAraNA meM gRhastha upAsaka ke lie udyoga, vyavasAya evaM jIvanake kSetra meM vyakti apekSAkRta adhika svatantra hai| isa stara para parI rakSaNa ke lie bhI trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| taraha se ahiMsA kA pAlana adhika sahaja evaM sambhava hai| bAhya sthitiyAM lekina jaba vyakti zarIra aura sampatti ke moha se Upara uTha jAtA isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI hai, lekina zAsita nahIM kara hai to vaha pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM aura Age bar3ha jAtA hai| jahAM sktii| vyakti svayaM apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, ata: isa taka zramaNa sAdhaka yA saMnyAsI kA prazna hai, vaha niSparigrahI hotA hai, stara para ahiMsaka honA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi use apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM hotA ata: vaha sarvatobhAvena hiMsA se saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| yaha na to jIvana ke rakSaNa ke virata hone kA vrata letA hai| zarIradhAraNa mAtra ke lie kucha apavAdoM ke lie hai aura na jIvana-nirvAha ke lie hai, ata: ise sabhI ke ko chor3akara vaha saMkalpapUrvaka aura vivazatAvaza donoM hI paristhitiyoM dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai| meM trasa aura sthAvara kI hiMsA se pUrNa virata ho jAtA hai| muni nathamalajI hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa virodhajA hai| yaha pratyAkramaNa yA surakSAtmaka ke zabdoM meM koI bhI vyakti eka hI Daga meM coTI taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| hai| sva evaM para ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie ise karanA vaha dhIme-dhIme Age bar3hatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kI pahu~ca par3atA hai| isameM bAhya paristhitigata tattvoM kA prabhAva pramakha hotA hai| ke kucha stara nirdhArita kiye haiN| ve vastusthiti para AdhArita haiN| unhoMne bAhya sthitiyAM vyakti ko bAdhya karatI haiM ki vaha apane evaM apane hiMsA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA-(1) saMkalpajA. (2) virodhajA sAthiyoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie pratyAkramaNa ke rUpa aura (3) aarmbhjaa| saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| vaha sabake meM hiMsA kre| jo bhI vyakti zarIra evaM anya bhautika saMsthAnoM para lie sarvathA parihArya hai| virodhajA hiMsA pratyAkramaNa hiMsA hai| use apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM, athavA jo bhI apane aura apane sAthiyoM chor3ane meM vaha asamartha hotA hai, jo bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA astitva ke adhikAroM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, isa virodhajA hiMsA ko chor3ane meM rakhanA cAhatA hai| ArambhajA hiMsA AjIvikAtmaka hiMsA hai| use chor3ane asamartha haiN| gRhastha upAsaka hiMsA ke isa rUpa ko pUrI taraha chor3a meM ve saba asamartha hote haiM, jo bhautika sAdhanoM ke arjana-saMrakSaNa dvArA pAne meM asamartha hote haiM kyoMki ve zarIra evaM anya bhautika vastuoM apanA jIvana calAnA cAhate haiM (taTa do, pravAha eka, pRSTha 40) / para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiN| isI prakAra zAsaka varga evaM rAjanaitika prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara netA jo mAnavIya adhikAroM meM evaM rASTrIya hitoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, kI jAnevAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se baceM; phira dUsare ise pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha haiN| stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvikopArjana ke nimitta hone vAlI trasa Adhunika yuga meM gAMdhI eka aise vicAraka avazya haiM, jinhoMne prANiyoM kI hiMsA se virata hoveM; tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka virodha kA ahiMsaka tarIkA prastuta kiyA aura usameM saphalatA bhI prApta tarIke ko apanA kara pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se virata hoveN| isa prakAra kii| kinta ahiMsaka ke rUpa meM virodha kara pAnA, usameM saphalatA prApta jIvana ke liye Avazyaka banI huI hiMsA se kramazaH Upara uThate hae kara lenA hara kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ahiMsaka rIti se adhikAroM cauthe stara para zarIra aura parigraha kI Asakti kA parityAga kara kA saMrakSaNa karane meM vahI vyakti saphala ho sakatA hai jise zarIra ke sarvatobhAvena pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'eN| prati moha na ho, padArthoM meM Asakti na ho aura jisake hRdaya meM vidveSa isa prakAra pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza pUrNatayA avyAvahArika nahIM kA bhAva na ho| yahI nahIM, ahiMsaka rIti se adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa rahatA hai| vyakti jaise-jaise sampatti aura zarIra ke moha se Upara uThatA kI kalpanA eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava samAja meM hI sambhava ho jAtA hai ahiMsA kA Adarza usake lie vyavahArya banatA jAtA hai| sakatI hai| yadi virodhI pakSa mAnavIya stara para ho, taba to ahiMsaka- pUrNa anAsakta jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA vyavahArya bana jAtI hai| yadyapi virodha saphala ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi virodhI pakSa pAzavika stara yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki zarIradhArI rahate hue pUrNa ahiMsA eka Adarza para ho to ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA sandehAspada bana jAtI hai| hI rahegI, vaha yathArtha nahIM bana paavegii| jaba zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA moha puna: mAnava meM mAnavIya guNoM kI sambhAvanA kI AsthA hI ahiMsaka samApta hogA tabhI vaha Adarza yathArtha kI bhUmi para avatarita hogaa| virodha kA kendrIya tattva hai| mAnavIya guNoM meM hamArI AsthA jitanI phira bhI eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI hogI, vaha yaha ki jaba taka zarIra balazAlI hogI aura virodhI meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA adhika prakaTana hai aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti hai, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke lie hI hogA, ahiMsaka-virodha kI saphalatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| kyoM na ho, yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai ki vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke jahAM taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA kA prazna hai, eka gRhastha Adarza ko pUrNarUpeNa sAkAra kara ske| zarIra ke lie AhAra Avazyaka upAsaka usase nahIM baca sakatA kyoki jaba taka zarIra aura sampatti hai, koI bhI AhAra binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hogaa| cAhe hamArA kA moha hai, AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI munivarga yaha kahatA bhI ho ki hama auddezika AhAra nahIM lete haiM kiMtu pUrti donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| isa stara para hiMsA ko trasa prANiyoM kI kyA unakI vihAra-yAtrA meM sAtha calane vAlA pUrA lavAjimA, sevA hiMsA aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA, ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA meM rahane ke nAma para lagane vAle cauke auddezika nahIM? jaba samAja hai aura vyakti apane ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacA sakatA hai| meM rAtribhojana sAmAnya ho gayA ho, kyA sandhyAkAlIna gocarI meM

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312 anaudezika AhAra mila pAnA sambhava hai? kyA kazmIra se kanyAkumArI taka aura bambaI se kalakattA taka kI sArI yAtrAeM audezika AhAra ke abhAva meM nirvighna sambhava ho sakatI haiM? kyA Arhata pravacana kI prabhAvanA ke lie maMdiroM kA nirmANa, pUjA aura pratiSThA ke samAroha, saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana munijanoM ke svAgata aura vidAI samAroha tathA adhivezana SanikAya kI navakoTi yukta ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sAtha koI saMgati rakha sakate haiM? hameM apanI antarAtmA se yaha saba pUchanA hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha virala santa aura sAdhaka hoM jo ina kasauTiyoM para khare utarate hoM, maiM unakI bAta nahIM kahatA, ve zatazaH vandanIya haiM, kintu sAmAnya sthiti kyA hai? phira bhikSAcaryA, pAda - vihAra, zarIra-saMcAlana, vAsocchavAsa kisameM hiMsA nahIM hai| mahAbhArata ke zAnti parva meM kahA gayA haiM, jala meM jIva haiM, pRthvI para aura vRkSoM ke phaloM meM aneka jIva haiM, aisA koI manuSya nahIM jo inheM nahIM mAratA ho, punaH kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM jo indriyoM se nahIM, anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke jhapakane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiN| ataH jIva-hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sakatA (15/ 25-26) / eka ora SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dUsarI ora pUrNa navakoTiyukta pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza, jIvita rahakara ina donoM meM saMgati biThA pAnA azakya hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ko bhI yaha kahanA par3A ki 'anekAneka jIva-samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva anta meM AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai' (oghaniyukti 747) / lekina isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki hama ahiMsA ko avyavahArya mAnakara tilAMjali de deveM / yadyapi eka zarIradhArI ke nAte yaha hamArI vivazatA hai ki hama dravya aura bhAva donoM apekSA se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha nahIM kara sakate haiM kintu usa dizA meM kramazaH Age bar3ha sakate haiM aura jIvana kI pUrNatA ke sAtha hI pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko bhI upalabdha kara sakate haiN| kama se kama hiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate hue sAdhaka ke lie jIvana kA antima kSaNa avazya hI aisA hai, jaba vaha pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara sakatA hai jainadharma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to pAdopagamana saMthArA evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna kI avasthAeM aisI haiM jinameM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra ho jAtA hai| punaH ahiMsA kI sambhAvanA para hameM na kevala vaiyaktika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hai apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA hai| cAhe yaha sambhava bhI ho, vyakti zarIra, sampatti saMgha aura samAja se nirapekSa hokara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakatA hai; phira bhI aisI nirapekSatA kinhIM virala sAdhakoM ke lie hI sambhava hogI, sarva sAmAnya ke lie to sambhava nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| ataH mUla prazna yaha hai| ki kyA sAmAjika jIvana pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza para khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA sambhava hai? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva maiM Apase samAja racanA ke svarUpa para kucha bAteM kahanA caahuuNgaa| eka to yaha ki ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM samAja kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jaba bhI " jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 , khar3A hotA hai AtmIyatA, prema aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai arthAt ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai--ghRNA, vidveSa, AkrAmakatA aura jahA~ bhI ye vRttiyA~ balavatI hoMgI sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAvegI, samAja Dhaha jaavegaa| ataH samAja aura ahiMsA sahagAmI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ahiMsA usake lie svAbhAvika hI hai jaba bhI koI samAja khar3A hogA aura TikegA to vaha ahiMsA kI bhitti para hI khar3A hogA aura ttikegaa| kiMtu eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai, vaha yaha ki samAja ke lie bhI apane astitva aura apane sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahA~ astitva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hai, vahA~ hiMsA aparihArya hai| hitoM meM TakarAva svAbhAvika hai, aneka bAra to eka kA hita dUsare ke ahita para, eka kA astitva dUsare ke vinAza para khar3A hotA hai, aisI sthiti meM samAja jIvana meM bhI hiMsA aparihArya hogii| punaH samAja kA hita aura sadasya - vyakti kA hita bhI paraspara virodha meM ho sakatA hai| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM ke saMgharSa kI sthiti ho to bahujana hitArtha hiMsA aparihArya bhI ho sakatI hai| jaba samAja yA rASTra kA koI sadasya yA varga athavA dUsarA rASTra apane hitoM ke liye hiMsA para athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAve to nizcaya hI ahiMsA kI duhAI dene se kAma na clegaa| jaba taka jaina AcAryoM dvArA udghoSita 'mAnava jAti eka hai' kI kalpanA sAkAra nahIM ho pAtI, jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja ImAnadArI ke sAtha ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka ahiMsaka samAja kI bAta kahanA kapola kalpanA hI kahA jaavegaa| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi jainAgama jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karate haiM usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI yA saMgha ke kisI sadasya kI surakSA yA nyAya kA prazna AyA to hiMsA ko svIkAra karanA pahA gaNAdhipati ceTaka aura AcArya kAlaka ke udAharaNa isake pramANa haiN| yahI nahIM, nizIthacUrNa meM to yahA~ taka svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki saMgha kI surakSA ke lie muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM pazu hiMsA to kyA manuSya kI hiMsA bhI ucita mAna lI gaI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika pravRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai yaha socanA vyartha hI hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke apavAdoM ko lekara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, use cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya karanA na cAhate hoM; kiMtu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI jaba kisI muni saMgha ke sAmane kisI taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve ahiMsA kI duhAI dete hue mauna darzaka bane raheM? kyA unakA koI dAyitva nahIM hai? yaha bAta cAhe hAsyAspada lagatI ho ki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lae hiMsA Avazyaka hai kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM aneka bAra aisI paristhitiyA~ A sakatI haiM jinameM ahiMsaka saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie hiMsakavRtti apanAnA pdd'e| yadi hiMsA meM AsthA rakhanevAlA koI samAja kisI ahiMsaka samAja ko pUrI taraha miTA dene ko tatpara ho jAve, to .

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jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa kyA usa ahiMsaka samAja ko apane astitva ke lie koI saMgharSa nahIM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa karanA cAhiye? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna aba nirA vaiyaktika prazna nahIM koTi kI hai kyoki AkramaNAtmaka haiN| yaha anarthadaNDa hai, arthAt hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke anAvazyaka hai, vaha yA to manoraMjana ke lie kI jAtI hai yA zAsana lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA kI jAnevAlI karane ke lie, yA svAda ke lie| hiMsA kA yahI rUpa aisA hai jo ahiMsA ke Adarza kI bAta koI artha nahIM rakhatI hai| saMrakSaNAtmaka aura sabake dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hamAre jIvana jIne ke surakSAtmaka hiMsA samAjajIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| samAja-jIvana meM lie jarUrI nahIM hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa jisameM hiMsA karanI par3atI ise mAnya bhI karanA hI hogaa| isI prakAra udyoga-vyavasAya aura kRSi hai, hiMsA to hai kintu ise chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha Avazyaka kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA bhI samAja-jIvana meM banI hI rhegii| mAnava hai, arthadaNDa hai| jaisA ki hamane ahiMsA kI sambhAvanA ke prasaMga meM samAja meM mAMsAhAra evaM tajjanya hiMsA ko samApta karane kI dizA meM dekhA thaa| ve sabhI gRhastha upAsaka jo apane svatvoM kA rakSaNa karanA socA to jA sakatA hai kintu usake liye kRSi ke kSetra meM evaM ahiMsaka cAhate haiM, jo jIvana jIne ke lie udyoga aura vyavasAya meM lage hue AhAra kI pracura upalabdhi ke sambandha meM vyApaka anusaMdhAna evaM takanIkI haiM, jo samAja, saMskRti aura rASTra kI surakSA evaM vikAsa kA dAyitva vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hogii| yadyapi hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki liye hue haiM, isase nahIM baca skte| na kevala gRhastha upAsaka apitu jaba taka manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA ko pazujagat taka vikasita nahIM kiyA munijana bhI, jo kisI dharma, samAja evaM saMskRti ke rakSaNa, vikAsa jAvegA aura mAnavIya AhAra ko sAtvika nahIM banAyA jAvegA, manuSya evaM prasAra kA dAyitva apane Upara liye hue haiM, isa prakAra kI aparihArya kI AparAdhika pravRttiyoM para pUrA niyantraNa nahIM hogaa| Adarza ahiMsaka hiMsA se nahIM baca sakate haiN| samAja kI racanA hetu hameM samAja se AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko samApta phira bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aisI hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa karanA hogA aura AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke niyamana ke lie hameM mAnava jAti meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jaavegaa| vivazatA meM saMvedanazIlatA, saMyama evaM viveka ke tattvoM ko vikasita karanA hogaa| meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve, anyathA vaha hiMsA hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA sImA-kSetra hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI, jaise-kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsA-ahiMsA hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke sImA-kSetra ko samajhane ke lie hameM hiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya ke tIna rUpoM ko samajha lenA hogA-1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai, se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta rahe, 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai aura 3. hiMsA ho jAtI hai| hiMsA kA vaha hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA rUpa jisameM hiMsA kI nahIM jAtI varan ho jAtI hai-hiMsA kI koTi ko hRdaya-zUnya nahIM banAnA hai| kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita banI rahI to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpatama rahatA hai; mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kareMge, sAtha hI vaha jAtI haiM, hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka bana kara mAnava samAja meM sevA aura sahayoga bAvajUda bhI yadi hiMsA ho jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| AtI haiN| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI eka saMkalpa kI sAtha hI jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI eka ko pUrti ke lie kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke daurAna sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda cunanA anivArya ho to hameM alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hogaa| kintu kauna-sI anya koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, jaise-gRhastha upAsaka hiMsA alpa-hiMsA hogI, yaha nirNaya deza, kAla paristhiti Adi aneka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa-prANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA athavA kisI bAtoM para nirbhara kregaa| yahA~ hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue saprANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA, to unheM hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai-1. usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki unake prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura 2. usakI sAmAjika mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai| ata: aisI hiMsA hiMsA upyogitaa| sAmAnyata: manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAn hai aura nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke nimna cAra stara mAne gaye haiM- manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kA, kintu kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya 1. saMkalpajA, 2. virodhajA, 3. udyogajA, 4. aarmbhjaa| inameM kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAn ho sakatA hai| 'saMkalpajA' hiMsA vaha hai jo kI jAtI hai, jabaki virodhajA, udyogajA sambhavata: hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra aura ArambhajA hiMsA, hiMsA kI ve sthitiyAM haiM jinameM hiMsA karanI hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA, yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cITiyoM ke par3atI hai| phira bhI cAhe hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI prati to saMvedana-zIla bana sake kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane ho donoM hI avasthAoM meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mAr3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata prati ahiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| dabAva ke svataMtrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate haiM aura dUsare meM hameM .

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ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jainadarzana meM ahiMsA kA sthAna buddha hiMsA eva yuddha ke nItizAstra ke tIvra virodhI haiM, dhammapada ahiMsA jainadarzana kA prANa hai| jainadarzana meM ahiMsA vaha dhurI meM kahA gayA hai ki vijaya se vaira utpanna hotA hai, parAjita duHkhI hai jisa para samagra jaina AcAra-vidhi ghUmatI hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA hotA hai jo jaya parAjaya ko chor3a cukA hai use hI sukha hai, use hI bhagavatI hai| usakI viziSTatA kA varNana karate hue sUtrakAra kahate haiM- zAMti hai| 'bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tRSitoM ko jaise aMguttaranikAya meM buddha isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa kara dete haiM jala, bhUkhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko ki hiMsaka vyakti isI jagata meM nArakIya jIvana kA sRjana kara letA jaise oSadhi aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha, AdhArabhUta hai vaise hai jabaki ahiMsaka vyakti isI jagat meM svargIya jIvana kA sRjana hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA cara evaM acara kara letA hai| ve kahate haiM- 'bhikSuo, tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vahI mAtra eka aisA zAzvata hotA hai jaise lAkara svarga meM DAla diyA gayA ho| kauna se tIna? dharma hai, jisakA jaina tIrthaMkara upadeza karate haiN| AcazaMgasUtra meM kahA 'svayaM prANI-hiMsA se virakta rahatA hai, dUsare ko prANI-hiMsA kI ora gayA hai-bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI arhat yahI upadeza karate nahIM ghasITatA aura prANI-hiMsA kA samarthana nahIM krtaa| haiM ki sabhI prANiyoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI satvoM ko mahAyAna sampradAya meM karuNA aura maitrI kI bhAvanA kA jo carama kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA du:kha nahIM denA cAhie aura na utkarSa dekhA jAtA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM yahI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai, rahA huA hai| jisakA samasta loka ke duHkha ko jAnakara arhatoM ke dvArA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hindU darzana aura gItA meM ahiMsA kA sthAna hai ki hiMsA na kareM, ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva gItA meM ahiMsA kA mahattva svIkRta karate hue use bhagavAn kA smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavakAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI hI bhAva kahA gayA hai, usako devI-sampadA evaM sAtvika tapa batAyA prANiyoM ke prati saMyama meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra hai|12 mahAbhArata meM to jaina vicAraNA ke samAna hI ahiMsA meM sabhI ne isako 'prathama sthAna para kahA hai| bhaktaparijJA nAmaka grantha meM kahA dharmoM ko antarbhUta mAna liyA gayA hai| 13 mAtra yahI nahIM usameM bhI gayA hai ki ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai| dharma ke upadeza kA uddezya prANiyoM ko hiMsA se virata karanA mAnA AcArya amRtacandra sUri ke anusAra to jaina AcAra-vidhi kA gayA hai| 'ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAra hai' ise spaSTa karate hue mahAbhArata sampUrNa kSetra ahiMsA se vyApta hai, usake bAhara usameM kucha hai hI nhiiN| ke lekhaka kA kathana hai-"prANiyoM kI hiMsA na ho isalie dharma kA sabhI naitika niyama aura maryAdAeM isake antargata haiM; AcAra ke niyamoM upadeza diyA gayA hai ata: jo ahiMsA se yukta hai vahI dharma hai"14 ke dUsare rUpa jaise asatyabhASaNa nahIM karanA, corI nahIM karanA Adi lekina yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki gItA meM to bAra-bAra arjuna to janasAdhAraNa ko sulabha rUpa se samajhAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ko yuddha karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai, usakA yuddha se vimukha honA se kahe jAte haiN| vastuta: ve sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna pakSa hai| nindanIya evaM kAyaratApUrNa mAnA gayA hai| phira gItA ko ahiMsA kI jaina AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsA vaha AdhAra-vAkya hai jisase AcAra ke vicAraNA kI samarthaka kaise mAnA jAe? isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora sabhI niyama nirgamita hote haiN| bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki se kucha kahU~; isake pahale hameM gItA ke vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi se hI ahiMsA saba AzramoM kA hRdaya hai, saba zAstroM kA garbha (utpatti isakA samAdhAna pA lene kA prayAsa karanA caahiye| gItA ke Adya sthAna) hai| TIkAkAra AcArya zaMkara 'yuddhasva' (yuddhakara) zabda kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki yahA~ yuddha kI kartavyatA kA vidhAna nahIM hai|5 mAtra yahI nahIM bauddha AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsA kA sthAna AcArya gItA ke 'Atmopamyena sarvatra' ke adhAra para gItA meM ahiMsA bauddha darzana ke dasa zIloM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna prathama hai| catu:zataka ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiN"| jaise mujhe sukha priya hai, vaise hI meM kahA gayA hai- tathAgata ne saMkSepa meM kevala 'ahiMsA' ina akSaroM sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha anukUla hai aura jaise duHkha mujhe apriya evaM meM dharma kA varNana kiyA hai| dhammapada meM buddha ne hiMsA ko anArya pratikUla haiM vaise saba prANiyoM ko bhI duHkha apriya va pratikUla hai| karma kahA hai| ve kahate haiM jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai vaha Arya isa prakAra jo saba prANiyoM meM apane samAna hI sukha aura duHkha ko nahIM hotA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA hI tulyabhAva se anukUla aura pratikUla dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI pratikUla Arya kahA jAtA hai| AcaraNa nahIM karatA vaha ahiMsaka hai| aisA ahiMsaka puruSa pUrNajJAna

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ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 315 meM sthita hai vaha saba yogiyoM meM para utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai"16 nirgrantha prANavadha (hiMsA) kA niSedha karate haiN|20 vastutaH prANiyoM ke mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kI pratipAdaka mAnate haiM unakA jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya kI sthApanA kathana hai "gItA kI mukhya zikSA hiMsA nahIM, ahiMsA hai-hiMsA binA karatA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayana krodha, Asakti evaM ghRNA ke nahIM hotI aura gItA hameM satva, rajas sUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate aura tamas guNoM ke rUpa meM ghRNA, krodha Adi kI avasthAoM se Upara hue kahA gayA hai ki 'bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana ke prati uThane ko kahatI hai phira hiMsA kaise ho sakatI hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana prema rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAnakara, bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kI pratipAdaka mAnate haiM, ve likhate haiM "kRSNa unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kreN|21 yaha maikenjI kI bhaya para adhiSThita arjuna ko yuddha karane kA parAmarza dete haiM, to isakA artha yaha nahIM ahiMsA kI dhAraNA kA sacoTa uttara hai| jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM hai ki ve yuddha kI vaidhatA kA samarthana kara rahe haiN| yuddha to eka aisA to AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA siddhAnta kI prastAvanA avasara A par3A hai, jisakA upayoga guru usa bhAvanA kI ora saMketa kI gaI hai| jo loka (anya jIva samUha) kA apalApa karatA hai vaha karane ke lie karatA hai, jisa bhAvanA ke sAtha saba kArya, jinameM yuddha svayaM apanI AtmA kA bhI apalApa karatA hai|22 isI grantha meM Age bhI sammilita hai, kiye jAne caahiye| yahA~ hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA prazna pUrNa-AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ko paripuSTa karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate nahIM hai, apitu apane una mitroM ke viruddha hiMsA ke prayoga kA prazna haiM--jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai, jise tU zAsita karanA hai, jo aba zatru bana gaye haiN| yuddha ke prati usakI hicaka AdhyAtmika cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai aura jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai vaha bhI vikAsa yA satva guNa kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu ajJAna tU hI hai|23 bhaktaparijJA se bhI isI kathana kI puSTi hotI hai usameM aura vAsanA kI upaja hai| arjuna isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki likhA hai kisI bhI anya prANI kI hatyA vastuta: apanI hI hatyA vaha durbalatA aura ajJAna ke vazIbhUta ho gayA hai| gItA hamAre sammukha hai aura anya jIvoM para dayA apanI hI dayA hai|24 jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha hiMsA kA nahIM apitu ahiMsA kA bhagavAna buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM isI 'Atmavat hai| kRSNa arjuna ko Aveza yA durbhAvanA ke binA, rAga aura dveSa ke sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko grahaNa kiyA thaa| suttanipAta meM ve kahate binA yuddha karane ko kahatA hai aura yadi hama apane mana ko aisI sthiti haiM ki jaisA maiM hU~ vaise hI ye saba prANI haiM, aura jaise ye saba prANI meM le jA sakeM, to hiMsA asambhava ho jAtI hai|18 haiM vaisA hI maiM hU~ isa prakAra apane samAna saba prANiyoM ko samajhakara isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gItA bhI ahiMsA kI samarthaka hai| na svayaM kisI kA vadha kare aura na dUsaroM se kraaye|25 / mAtra anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie adveSa-buddhi pUrvaka vivazatA meM karanA gItA meM bhI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM 'Atmavat par3e aisI hiMsA kA jo samarthana gItA meM dikhAI par3atA hai usase yaha sarvabhUteSu' kI udAtta dhAraNA hI hai| yadi hama gItA ko advaitavAda kI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka hai| apavAda ke rUpa samarthaka mAne to ahiMsA ke AdhAra kI dRSTi se jaina darzana aura advaitavAda meM hiMsA kA samarthana niyama nahIM bana jaataa| aisA samarthana to hameM jainAgamoM meM yaha antara ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ jaina paramparA meM sabhI AtmAoM meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtA hai| kI tAttvika samAnatA ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai vahAM advaitavAdI vicAraNA meM tAttvika abheda ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ahiMsA kA AdhAra kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| koI bhI siddhAnta ho, ahiMsA ke udbhava kI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke mUlAdhAra ke sambandha meM vicArakoM meM kucha dRSTi se mahattva kI bAta yahI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA bhrAnta-dhAraNAoM ko prazraya milA hai| ata: una para samyakarUpeNa vicAra yA abheda kA vAstavika saMvedana hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA mUla udgama kara lenA avazyaka hai| maikenjI ne apane 'hindU ethiksa' meM isa bhrAnta hai|26 jaba vyakti meM isa saMvedanazIlatA kA sacce rUpa meM udaya ho vicAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai ki ahiMsA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa bhaya jAtA hai, to hiMsA kA vicAra asambhava ho jAtA hai| ke AdhAra para huA hai| ve likhate haiM- asabhya manuSya jIva ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura bhaya kI yaha dhAraNA hI ahiMsA jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA kI vyApakatA kA mUla hai| lekina maiM samajhatA hU~ koI bhI prabuddha vicAraka maikenjI jaina vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai, isakA kI isa dhAraNA se sahamata nahIM hogaa| jainAgamoM ke AdhAra para bhI bodha hameM praznavyAkaraNasUtra se ho sakatA hai, jisameM ahiMsA ke isa dhAraNA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra nimna sATha paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiM-27 1. nirvANa, 2. nirvRtti, jIvana ke prati sammAna evaM samatvabhAvanA hai| samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema 8. vairAgya, samAnubhUti evaM AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA 9. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11. dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM, jIvana ke prati samyak ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, sammAna se vikasita hotI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- 19. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA, ata: 23. puSTi (poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda) 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi,

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 316 " 27. labdhi, 28. vizeSa dRSTi 29. kalyANa, 30, maMgala, 31. pramoda 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34 siddhAvAsa, 35. anAsrava, 36. kaivalyasthAna, 37. ziva, 38. samiti, 39. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIla- parigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44 vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48 yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53. sarva anAghAta (kisI ko na mAranA) 54. cokSa (svaccha) 55. pavitra, 56. zuci, 57: pUtA, 58. vimalA, 59. prabhAta aura 60. nirmalatara / isa prakAra jaina AcAra darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai, usake anusAra sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM aura ahiMsA hI ekamAtra saguNa hai| ahiMsA kyA hai? hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai, 28 yaha ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai| lekina mAtra hiMsA kA chor3anA ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM kA sparza nahIM krtii| vaha eka AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya banakara raha jAtI hai, jabaki AdhyAtmikatA to Antarika hotI hai| hiMsA nahIM karanA yaha ahiMsA kA zarIra ho sakatA hai ahiMsA kI AtmA nhiiN| kisI ko nahIM mAranA, yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jaina vicAraNA ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taka sImita rahI hai| jaina AcAra darzana kA kendrIya tattva ahiMsA zAbdika rUpa meM yadyapi nakarAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| sarva ke prati AtmabhAva, karuNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se hI ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| hiMsA nahIM karanA, yahI mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai ahiMsA kriyA nahIM, sattA hai, vaha hamArI AtmA kI eka avasthA hai| AtmA kI pramatta avasthA hI hiMsA hai aura apramatta avasthA hI ahiMsA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu oghaniyukti meM likhate haiM-- pAramArthika dRSTikoNa se AtmA hI hiMsA hai aura AtmA hI ahiMsA hai; pramatta AtmA hiMsaka hai aura apramatta AtmA hI ahiMsA hai| 29 dravya evaM bhAva hiMsA ahiMsA ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie pahale yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina vicAraNA hiMsA ke do pakSoM para vicAra karatI hai, eka hiMsA kA bAhya pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravya hiMsA kahA gayA hai| dravya hiMsA ke sambandha meM eka sthUla evaM bAhya dRSTikoNa hai| yaha eka kriyA hai jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahanana Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA AtmA ko apekSAkRta rUpa se nitya mAnatI hai| ataH hiMsA ke dvArA jisakA hanana hotA hai vaha AtmA nahIM, varan 'prANa' hai-- prANa jaivika zakti hai| jaina vicAraNA meM prANa dasa mAne gaye haiN| pAMca indriyoM kI pA~ca zaktiyAM, mana, vANI aura zarIra ina kA vividha bala tathA zvasana kriyA evaM AyuSya, ye dasa prANa haiM aura ina prANa-zaktiyoM ke viyojIkaraNa ko hI dravya dRSTi se hiMsA kahA jAtA hai|" yaha hiMsA kI dravya dRSTi se kI gaI paribhASA hai| jo ki hiMsA ke bAhya pakSa para bala detI hai| bhAva hiMsA hiMsaka vicAra hai, jabaki dravya-hiMsA hiMsaka karma hai| , bhAva-hiMsA mAnasika avasthA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne bhAvAnAtmaka pakSa para bala dete hue hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA kI hai| unakA kathana hai ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA utpanna honA hiMsA hai| " hiMsA kI eka pUrNa paribhASA tattvArtha sUtra meM milatI hai| tatvArtha sUtra ke anusAra rAga, dveSa, aviveka Adi pramAdoM se yukta hokara kiyA jAne vAlA prANa-vadha hiMsA hai| sa hiMsA ke prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne dravya aura bhAva ina do AdhAroM para hiMsA ke cAra vibhAga kiye hai- 1. mAtra zArIrika hiMsA 2 mAtra vaicArika hiMsA 3. zArIrika evaM vaicArika hiMsA aura 4 zAbdika hiMsA mAtra zArIrika hiMsA - yaha aisI dravya hiMsA hai, jisameM hiMsaka kriyA to sampanna huI ho lekina hiMsA ke vicAra kA abhAva ho| udAharaNArtha sAvadhAnI pUrvaka calate hue bhI dRSTidoSa yA sUkSma jantu ke nahIM dikhAI dene para hiMsA ho jAnA mAtra vaicArika hiMsA yaha bhAva hiMsA hai isameM hiMsA kI kriyA to anupasthita hote hai lekina hiMsA kA saMkalpa upasthitI hotA hai / arthAt kartA hiMsA ke saMkalpa se yukta hotA hai lekina bAhya paristhiti vaza use kriyAnvita karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA hai| jaise kaidI kA nyAyAdhIza kI hatyA karane kA vicAra (paramparAgata dRSTi ke anusAra taMdulamaccha evaM kAlakausarika kasAI ke udAharaNa isake lie diye jAte haiM) / vaicArika evaM zArIrika hiMsA - jisameM hiMsA kA vicAra aura hiMsA kI kriyA donoM hI upasthita hoM jaise saMkalpa pUrvaka kI gaI hatyA / zAbdika hiMsA - jisameM na to hiMsA kA vicAra ho aura na hiMsA kI kriyA, mAtra hiMsaka zabdoM kA uccAraNa ho, jaise sudhAra - bhAvanA kI dRSTi se mAtA-pitA kA bAlakoM para yA guru kA ziSya para kRtrima rUpa se kupita honaa| 2 naitikatA yA baMdhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se hiMsA ke ina cAra rUpoM meM kramaza: zAbdika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalparahita mAtra zArIrika hiMsA, saMkalparahita zArIrika hiMsA kI apekSA mAtra vaicArika hiMsA aura mAtra vaicArika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpa yukta zArIrika hiMsA adhika nikRSTa mAnI gaI hai| - hiMsA kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ vastutaH hiMsA kI tIna avasthAe~ ho sakatI haiM- 1. hiMsA kI gaI ho, 2. hiMsA karanA par3I ho aura 3. hiMsA ho gaI ho| pahalI sthiti meM yadi hiMsA cetana rUpa se kI gaI ho to vaha saMkalpa yukta hai aura yadi acetana rUpa se kI gaI ho to vaha pramAda yukta hai| hiMsaka kriyA cAhe saMkalpa se utpanna huI vahA~ yA pramAda ke kAraNa huI ho kartA doSI hai| dUsarI sthiti meM hiMsA cetana rUpa se kintu .

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ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 317 vivazatA vaza karanI par3atI hai, yaha bAdhyatA zArIrika ho sakatI hai evaM vanaspati hI jIvanayukta haiM, varan samagra loka hI sUkSma jIvoM se athavA bAhya paristhitijanya, yahAM bhI kartA doSI hai, karma kA baMdhana bharA huA hai| kyA aisI sthiti meM koI vyakti pUrNa ahiMsaka ho sakatA bhI hotA hai lekina pAzcAttApa yA glAni ke dvArA vaha usase zuddha ho hai? mahAbhArata meM bhI jagat ko sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta mAnakara yahI jAtA hai| bAdhyatA kI avasthA meM kI gaI hiMsA ke lie kartA ko prazna uThAyA gayA hai| jala meM bahutere jIva haiM, pRthvI para tathA vRkSoM doSI mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki samagra bAdhyatAeM svayaM ke dvArA Aropita ke phaloM meM bhI aneka jIva (prANa) hote haiN| aisA koI bhI manuSya haiN| bAdhyatA ke lie kartA svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bAdhyatAoM kI svIkRti nahIM hai jo inameM se kisI ko kabhI nahIM mAratA ho, puna: kitane hI kAyaratA evaM zarIra-moha kI pratIka hai| baMdhana meM honA aura baMdhana ko aise sUkSma prANI haiM jo indriyoM se nahIM, mAtra anumAna se hI jAne mAnanA yaha donoM hI kartA kI vikRtiyA~ haiM aura jaba taka ye vikRtiyAM jAte haiN| manuSya ke palakoM ke girane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM kartA svayaM doSI hai hii| tIsarI sthiti meM hiMsA na to pramAda ke haiM arthAt mara jAte haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIvoM kI hiMsA se nahIM kAraNa hotI hai aura na vivazatA vaza hI, varan sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bacA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna yuga se hI jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi bhI bAvajUda bhI ho jAtI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra hiMsA kI yaha isa prazna kI ora gaI hai| oghaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu isa prazna tIsarI sthiti kartA kI dRSTi se nirdoSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| ke sandarbha meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM-jinezvara bhagavAn kA kathana hai ki anekAneka jIva samUhoM se parivyApta vizva hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva anta: meM AdhyAtma-vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hiMsaka-karma kI uparokta tIna vibhinna avasthAoM meM yadi tIsarI hI hai, bAhya hiMsA yA ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nhiiN|35 jaina vicAraNA ke hiMsA ho jAne kI avasthA ko chor3a diyA jAve to hamAre samakSa hiMsA anusAra bhI bAhya hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca pAnA sambhava nhiiN| jaba taka ke do rUpa bacate haiN| 1. hisA kI gaI ho aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3I zarIra tathA zArIrika kriyAyeM haiM taba taka koI bhI vyakti bAhya dRSTi ho| ve dazAeM jinameM hiMsA karanA par3atI hai, do prakAra kI haiN| se pUrNa ahiMsaka nahIM raha sktaa| 1. rakSaNAtmaka aura 2. AjIvikAtmaka-jisameM bhI do bAteM sammilita haiM jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM kA arjana aura unakA upabhoga, hiMsA, ahiMsA kA sambandha vyakti ke antaHkaraNahai - jaina AcAra-darzana meM isI AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra varga mAne hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA pratyaya bAhya ghaTanAoM para utanA nirbhara gaye hai nahIM hai jitanA vaha sAdhaka kI Antarika avasthA para AdhArita hai| 1. saMkalpajA-saMkalpa yA vicAra pUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| yaha hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra pramukha rUpa se Antarika AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| hai| hiMsA-vicAra meM saMkalpa kI pramukhatA jaina AgamoM meM svIkAra kI 2. virodhajA-svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM gaI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM eka saMvAda ke dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| (adhikAroM) ke ArakSaNa ke lie vivazatA vaza hiMsA krnaa| yaha gaNadhara gautama, mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM- he bhagavan! kisI rakSaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| zramaNopAsaka ne trasa prANI ke vadha nahIM karane kI pratijJA lI ho lekina 3. udyogajA-AjIvikA ke upArjana athavA udyoga evaM vyavasAya pRthvIkAya kI hiMsA kI pratijJA nahIM grahaNa kI ho| yadi bhUmi khodate ke nimitta hone vAlI hiNsaa| yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai| hue usase kisI prANI kA vadha ho jAe to kyA usakI pratijJA bhaMga 4. ArambhajA-jIvana-nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA-jaise / huI? isa prazna ke uttara meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA ucita bhojana ke pakAne meN| yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| nahIM hai, usakI pratijJA bhaMga nahIM huI hai|36 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki saMkalpa kI upasthiti athavA sAdhaka kI mAnasika sthiti hI hiMsA hiMsA ke kAraNa ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pramukha tattva hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM bhI yaha jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke kAraNa mAne haiM- 1. rAga, 2. dveSa, dhAraNA puSTa hotI rahI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki 'sAvadhAnI 3. kaSAya aura 4. prmaad| pUrvaka calane vAle sAdhu ke paira ke nIce bhI kabhI-kabhI kITa, pataMga Adi kSudra prANI A jAte haiM aura dabakara mara bhI jAte haiM, lekina hiMsA ke sAdhana ukta hiMsA ke nimitta se use sUkSma karmabandha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai, jahA~ taka hiMsA ke mUla sAdhanoM kA prazna hai, ve tIna haiM-mana, kyoMki vaha antaH meM sarvatobhAvena usa hiMsA-vyApAra se nirlipta hone vacana aura shriir| vyakti sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA inhIM tIna sAdhanoM ke ke kAraNa niSpApa hai| jo vivekavAn, apramatta sAdhaka hRdaya se niSpApa dvArA karate haiN| hai aura Agamavidhi ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, usake dvArA ho jAne vAlI hiMsA bhI karma-nirjarA kA kAraNa hai38 lekina jo pramatta kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka honA saMbhava hai? vyakti hai usakI kisI bhI ceSTA se jo bhI prANI mara jAte haiM vaha jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra na kevala pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu, agni nizcita rUpa se una sabakA hiMsaka hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM varana jo

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318 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prANI nahIM mAre gaye haiM, pramatta unakA bhI hiMsaka hai kyoMki vaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena pApAtmA hai|9 isa prakAra AcArya kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki kevala dRzyamAn pApa rUpa hiMsA se hI koI hiMsaka nahIM ho jaataa| AcArya kundakunda pravacanasAra meM likhate haiM ki bAhara meM prANI mare yA jIye ayatAcArI-pramatta ko andara meM hiMsA nizcita hai| parantu jo ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai, saMyatAcArI hai usako bAhara se hone vAlI hiMsA se karma-bandha nahIM hai|" AcArya amRtacandra sUri likhate haiM ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM se mukta niyamapUrvaka AcAraNa karate hue bhI yadi prANAghAta ho jAve to vaha hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| nizItha cUrNi meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prANAtipAta (hiMsA) hone para bhI apramatta sAdhaka ahiMsaka hai aura prANAtipAta na hone para bhI pramatta vyakti hiMsaka hai|43 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hiMsA ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se Antarika rahA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche jo pramukha vicAra hai, vaha yaha hai ki vyavahArika rUpa meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana aura jIvana meM sadguNa ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se jIvana ko banAe rakhane kA prayAsa ye do aisI sthitiyAM haiM jinako sAtha-sAtha calAnA saMbhava nahIM hotA hai, ata: jaina vicArakoM ko anta meM yahI svIkAra karanA par3A ki hiMsA ahiMsA kA sambandha bAharI ghaTanAoM kI apekSA Antarika vRttiyoM se hai| isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM gItA aura dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai| gItA kahatI hai-jo ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se mukta hai, jisakI buddhi malina nahIM hai, vaha ina saba manuSyoM ko mAratA huA bhI mAratA nahIM hai aura vaha [ apane karmoM ke kAraNa ] bandhana meM nahIM pdd'taa|45 dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai 'vItatRSNa vyakti brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko eva prajA-sahita rASTra ko mAra kara bhI niSpApa hokara jItA hai kyoMki vaha pApa-puNya se Upara uTha jAtA hai'46| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI vivecanA ke mUla meM pramAda yA rAgAdi bhAva hI pramukha tathya haiN| sandarbha : 1. ahiMsAe bhagavatIe-esA sA bhagavatI ahiNsaa|-prshnvyaakrnnsuutr 2/1/21-22 / je aIyA, je ya paDuppannA, je AgamissA arahaMtA bhagavaMto te savve evamAikkhaMti, evaM bhAsaMti, evaM paNNaviMti evaM paruviMti-savve pANA, savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA, na haMtavvA, na ajjAveyavvA, na paridhittavvA; na paritAveyavvA, na uddaveyavvA, esa dhamme suddhe, niie, sAsae samicca loye kheyaNNAhiM pveie| -AcArAMga, (saM0 AtmArAmajI, jaina sthAnaka ludhiyAnA, 1964) 4/127 // 3. evaM khu NANiNo sAraM jaM Na hiMsai kiNcnN| __ ahiMsA samaya ceva etAMvataM viyaanniyaa| -sUtrakRtAGga 1/4/10 tatthimaM par3hamaM ThANaM mahAvIreNa desiyN| ahiMsA niuNA diTThA savvabhUe susNjmo| -dazavaikAlika, 6/9 / 5. dhammamahiMsA samaM ntthi| bhaktaparijJA 9 / anRtavacanAdikevalamudAhRtaM shissybodhaay| puruSArthasiddhayupAya 42 // 7. savvesimAsamANaM hidayaM gabbho va savva satthANaM-bhagavatI ArAdhanA,90 8. dharma samAsato'hiMsA varNayanti tathAgatA -catuHzataka 9. na tena ariyA hoti yena pANAni hiNsti| ahiMsA savvapANAnaM, ariyo ti pvuccaati| -dhammapada 270 10. jayaveraM pasavati duHkha seti parAjito upasanto sukhaM seti jypraajyo||-dhmmpd 201 / 11. aMgutaranikAya, tIsarA nipAta 153 12. gItA 10/5-7, 16/2, 7/14 13. evaM sarvamahiMsAyAM dhrmaarthmpidhiiyte| -mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 245/19 14. ahiMsArthAya bhUtAnAM dharmapravacanaM kRtm| yaH syAdahiMsAsampRktaH sa dharma iti nishcyH| -mahAbhArata,zAntiparva 109/12 / 15. na hi atra yuddhaH kartavyo vidhiiyte| -gItA, zAMkarabhASya 2/18 / 16. gItA, zAMkarabhASya 6/32 17. dI bhagavadgItA eNDa ceMjiMga varlDa, pRSTha 122 18. bhgvdgiitaa-raadhaakRssnnn| -pRSTha 74-75 19. Hidnu Ethics 20. savve jIvA vi icchati jIviuM na marijjiuM tamhA pANivahaM ghoraM niggaMthA vajjayaMtiNaM-dasavaikAlika 6/11 21. ajjhatthaM savvao savvaM dissa paannepiyaaye| Na haNe pANiNo pANe bhayaverAo uvre|| uttarA 6/7 22. je logaM abbhAikkhati se attANaM abbhaaikkhti| -AcArAMga 13/3 / 23. tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM hantavvaM ti manasi, tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM ajjAveyavvati mannasi, tumaMsi nAma ta ceva jaM pariyAveyavvati mntrsi| -AcArAMga 1/5-4 24. jIvavaho appavaho jIvadayA appaNo dayA hoii| bhaktaparijJA 93 25. yathA ahaM tathA ete, yathA ete tathA ahN| attAnaM upamaM katvA, na haneyya na ghaatye|| -suttanipAta 3/37/27 26. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 125 / 27. prazna vyAkaraNasUtra, 2/21 / 28. hiMsAe paDivakkho hoI ahiMsA -dazavaikAlika,niyukti 60 29. AyA ceva ahiMsA AyA hiMsatti nicchayo eso| jo hoi appamatto ahiMsao iyro|| oghaniyukti 754 30. paMcendriyANi trividhaM balaM cucchvaasnishvaasmthaanydaayuH| prANA: dazaitebhagavadbhiruktAsteSAM viyojIkaraNaM tu hiNsaa|| - abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pRSTha 1228 / 31. aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAM bhvtyhiNseti| teSAmevotpatti hiMseti jinAgamasya saMkSepaH / / -puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 44

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 319 32. pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA-tattvArthasUtra 7/8 33. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pRSTha 1231 39. je ya pamatto puriso, tassa ya joga paDucca je sttaa| 34. udake bahavaH prANAH pRthivyAM ca phaleSu c| vAvajjate niyamA, tesiM so hiMsao hoii||| na ca kazcinna tAn hanti kimanyat praannyaapnaat| je vi na vAvajjaMtI, niyamA tesiM pi hiMsao sou| sUkSmayonIni bhUtAni tarkagamyAni kaanicit| sAvajjo u paogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| pakSmaNo'pi nipAtena yeSAM syAt skndhpryyH|| -oghaniyukti 752-53 / - mahAbhArata zAntiparva 15/25-26 / 40. na ya hiMsAmetteNaM, sAvajjeNAvi hiMsao hoii| -oghaniyukti 758 35. ajjhattha visohIe jIvanikAehiM saMthaDe loe| 41. maradu va jiyadu va jIvo, ayadAcArassaNicchidA hiNsaa| desiyamahiMsagaMtta jinnehiNtiloydrisiihiN|| -ogha niyukti, 747 / payadassa natthi baMdho hisAmetteNa smidss|| -pravacanasAra 217 36. smnnovaagssnnNbhte| puvvAmeva tasa pANa samArambhe paccakhAe bhavaI, 42. yuktAcaraNasya sato raagaadyaavshmntrennaa'pi| puDhavI samArambheNa paccakhAe bhavai, se ya puDhavi khaNamANe aNNayaraM na hi bhavati jAtu hiMsA praannvypropnnaadev|| tasapANaM vihiMsejjA seNaM bhaMte taM vayaM aticarita? no iNaDhe samaDhe -puruSArthasiddhyupAya 45 no khalu se tasa aivAyAe aautttthii| -bhagavatI 7/1 43. sati pANAtivAe appamatto avahago bhvti| 37. uccAliyaMmi pAe, IriyAsamiyassa sNkmtttthaae| evaM asati pANAtivAe pammattAe vahago bhvti|| vAvajjejja kuliMgI, marijja taM jogmaasjj| -nizIthacUrNi 92 / na ya tassa tannimitto, baMdho suhumo vi desio sme| 44. dekhie-darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 414 aNAvajjo u paogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| 45. yasya nAhaMkRto bhAvo buddhiryasya na lipyte| -oghaniyukti 748-49 hatvApi sa imAllokAnna hanti na nibdhyte|| -gItA 18/17 38. jA jayamANassa bhave, virAhaNA suttvihismggss| ___46. mAtaraM pitaraM hantvA rAjAno dve ca khttiye| sA hoI nijjaraphalA, ajjhtthvisohijuttss|| raTuM sAnucaraM hantvA anidho yAti braahmnno| -dhammapada 294 - oghaniyukti 559 / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha-siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA saMgrahavRtti kA udbhava evaM vikAsa vicAra hI utpanna nahIM huA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM na to sampatti hI aparigraha kA prazna sampatti ke svAmitva se jur3A huA hai aura thI aura na usake svAmitva kA vicAra hI thaa| mAnava udAra prakRti sampatti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa mAnava jAti ke vikAsa kA sahagAmI kI goda meM palatA aura poSita hotA thaa| jaina paramparA meM ise yaugalika hai| mAnava isa pRthvI para kaise aura kaba astitva meM AyA? yaha prazna yuga (akarma-yuga) kahA jAtA hai| sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se Aja bhI vaijJAnikoM ke lie eka gUr3ha pahelI banA huA hai| vikAsavAdI yaha prArambhika sAmyavAda(PrimitiveSocialism) kI avasthA thii| sAmAnyatayA dArzanika mAnava-sRSTi ko vikAsa kI prakriyA kA hI eka aMga mAnate isa yuga meM mAnava kI AkAkSAyeM itanI bar3hI-car3hI nahIM thIM, aura eka haiM aura amIbA jaise eka koSIya prANI se prANiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyoM dRSTi se vaha sukhI aura santuSTa thaa| kI vikAsa prakriyA ke mAdhyama se manuSya kI utpatti kI vyAkhyA karate kintu dhIre-dhIre eka ora janasaMkhyA bar3hI tathA dUsarI ora prakRti haiM, jabaki jaina darzana sRSTi ko Aroha aura avaroha kI eka satata kI samRddhitA kama hone lagI; ata: jIvana jInA jaTila hone lagA, prakriyA (kanTInyUiMga prosesa) batAtA hai aura mAnava jAti ke astitva yahIM se zrama kI udbhAvanA huii| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra aisI avasthA ko bhI isa Aroha aura avaroha-krama ke sandarbha meM hI vivecita karatA meM sarvaprathama bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne mAnava jAti ko kRSi kI zikSA hai| phira bhI nRtatvavijJAna, vikAsavAdI darzana aura jaina darzana isa dii| kRSi meM jahA~ eka ora mAnava-zrama lagane lagA vahIM dUsarI ora sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki mAnava kI vartamAna sabhyatA kA vikAsa usa zrama ke pariNAma svarUpa utpanna anna-sAmagrI ke saMcayana aura svAmitva usake prAkRtika jIvana se huA hai| eka samaya thA jabaki manuSya vizuddha kA prazna bhI uTha khar3A huaa| vastutaH kRSi se utpanna sAmagrI aisI rUpa se eka prAkRtika jIvana jItA thA aura prakRti bhI itanI samRddha nahIM, jo varSa meM hara samaya sulabha ho sake, kevala varSA para Azrita thI ki use apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie na to koI viziSTa vaha kRSi niyata samaya para hI apanI upaja de pAtI thI aura isalie zrama karanA hotA thA aura na saMgraha hii| ata: usa yuga meM parigraha kA sampUrNa varSa bhara ke liye anna kA saMcayana Avazyaka thaa| jIvana-rakSaNa .

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320 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke liye saMcayana kI isa vRtti se parigraha kA vicAra vikasita huA ke pAsa vipula sampatti tathA arthopArjana ke pramukha sAdhana vipula mAtrA hai| manuSya kI yaha saMgraha vRtti kRSi-utpAdana ke saMcayana aura svAmitva meM the to dUsarI ora kucha loga abhAva aura garIbI kA jIvana jI taka hI sImita nahIM rahI apitu kRSi-bhUmi aura kRSi meM sahayogI rahe the| mahAvIra ne samAja meM upasthita isa Arthika vaiSamya ke kAraNa pazuoM ke svAmitva kA prazna bhI sAmane aayaa| ho sakatA hai ki kI khoja kI aura mAnava kI tRSNA ko isakA mUla kAraNa maanaa| kucha samaya taka mAnava ne samUha ke sAmUhika svAmitva kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kArya calAyA ho, kintu saMcayana aura svAmitva kI vRtti saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kA mUla-kAraNa 'tRSNA' ke pariNAmasvarUpa svArtha kA udbhava svAbhAvika hI thaa| mAnava kI isa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra' meM Arthika vaiSamya tathA svAmitva kI bhUkha aura svArtha-lipsA ne sAmantavAda ko janma diyaa| tajjanita sabhI duHkhoM kA kAraNa tRSNA kI vRtti ko maanaa| ve kahate rAjya evaM unake svAmI rAjA, mahArAjA aura sAmanta astitva meM Aye haiM ki jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai, usake duHkha bhI samApta aura pariNAma svarUpa mAnava jAti svAmI aura dAsa varga meM vibhAjita ho jAte haiN| vastuta: tRSNA kA hI dUsarA nAma lobha hai aura isI ho gii| mAnava ke zoSaNa-pIr3ana aura atyAcAra ke eka naye yuga kA lobha se saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai| 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM lobha ko sUtrapAta huaa| bhagavAn RSabha ke dvArA pravartita vahI kRSi-krAMti jo samasta sadgoM kA vinAzaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra mAnava jAti kI sukha-suvidhA aura zAMti kA saMdeza lekara AyI thI, tRSNA eka aisI duSpUra khAI hai jisakA kabhI anta nahIM aataa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga taka Ate-Ate svArthalipsA se yukta hAthoM 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra meM pahu~cakara na kevala mAnava jAti meM dAsa aura svAmI kA, tathA zoSita ne kahA hai ki yadi sone aura cA~dI ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya aura zoSaka kA varga bheda khar3A kara rahI thI, apitu mAnava samAja ke parvata bhI khar3e kara diye jAe to bhI yaha tRSNA zAnta nahIM ho sakatI, eka bahuta bar3e bhAga ke saMtApa aura pIr3A kA kAraNa bhI bana gaI thii| kyoki dhana cAhe kitanA bhI ho vaha sImita hai aura tRSNA ananta (asIma) hai ata: sImita sAdhanoM se asIma tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM kI mahAvIra ke yuga kI sAmAjika aura Arthika sthiti jA sktii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kaisI thI? vastutaH tRSNA ke kAraNa saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai aura yaha usameM Arthika vaiSamya-janya dveSa, IrSyA, zoSaNa aura pIr3ana Adi saMgrahavRtti Asakti ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai aura yahI Asakti parigraha vidyamAna the yA nahIM? yaha mahattvapUrNa prazna kaI vicArakoM ke sammukha kA mUla hai| 'dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra Asakti hI vAstavika parigraha hai| tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kA jo citra jaina AgamoM meM vidyamAna hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM ke dvArA anubhUta yaha satya Aja bhI utanA hI hai, usase yaha ni:saMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI Arthika- yathArtha hai, jitanA ki usa yuga meM thA jabaki isakA kathana kiyA gayA viSamatA aura tajjanya dveSa, IrSyA Adi saba kucha the| tatkAlIna hogaa| na kevala jaina darzana meM apitu bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM samAja-vyavasthA kA jo zabda-citra lagabhaga 2500 varSa ke pazcAt Aja bhI tRSNA ko samasta sAmAjika vaiSamya aura vaiyaktika du:khoM kA mUla bhI upalabdha hai, usase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya samAja kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| kyoki tRSNA se saMgrahavRtti utpanna hotI haike sadasyoM meM saMgrahavRtti bhI thii| isa kAraNa jahA~ taka eka vyakti saMgraha zoSaNa ko janma detA hai aura zoSaNa se anyAya kA cakra calatA bahuta adhika dhanI thA vahA~ dUsarA vyakti atyadhika abhAvagrasta thaa| hai| bhagavAn buddha kA bhI kahanA hai ki yaha tRSNA duSpUra hai aura jaba eka ora zAlibhadra jaise zreSThi the to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana taka tRSNA naSTa nahIM hotI taba taka du:kha bhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| 'dhammapada' shraavk| bar3e-bar3e sAmanta aura seTha apane yahA~ naukara-cAkara rakhate meM ve kahate haiM ki jise yaha viSailI nIca tRSNA ghera letI hai usake the, kevala yahI nahIM apitu dAsa-prathA taka vidyamAna thii| DaoN0 duHkha usI prakAra bar3hate haiM jisa prakAra khetoM meM vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI jagadIzacandra ne apanI pustaka "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja" hai| bhagavAn buddha ne isa tRSNA ko tIna prakAra kA mAnA hai- (1) meM 'RNadAsa', durbhikSadAsa Adi kA ullekha karate hue yaha bhI batAyA bhava-tRSNA (2) vibhava-tRSNA aura (3) kaam-tRssnnaa| bhava-tRSNA hai ki isa prakAra ke dAsoM kI mukti kisa prakAra huA karatI thI? astitva yA bane rahane kI hai, yaha rAga-sthAnIya hai| vibhava tRSNA samApta tAtparya yaha hai ki tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA meM artha ke sadbhAva tathA ho jAne yA naSTa ho jAne kI tRSNA hai, yaha dveSasthAnIya hai| kAmatRSNA abhAva (Haves and Haves not) kI samasyA thii| nizcita rUpa meM bhogoM kI upalabdhi kI tRSNA hai aura yahI parigraha kA mUla hai| gItA isa kAraNa viSamatA, dveSa, IrSyA saba huA karatI hogii| yadi hama jaina meM bhI Asakti ko hI jAgatika du:khoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| Agama upAsakadazAMga' kA avalokana kareM to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA 'gItA' meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki Asakti kA tattva hI vyakti ki kucha logoM ke pAsa kitanI pracura mAtrA meM sampatti thii| kevala yahI ko saMgraha aura bhogavAsanA ke liye prerita karatA hai| 'gItA' yaha bhI nahIM, apitu dhana ke utpAdana ke mukhya sAdhana (bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI evaM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki Asakti meM baMdhA huA vyakti kAma-bhogoM prabandha) para unakA adhikAra (cAhe ekAdhikAra na ho) thaa| saMkSepa meM kI pUrti ke liye anyAyapUrvaka saMgraha karatA hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM eka ora samAja ke kucha sadasyoM bhAratIya cintana saMgrahavRtti ke mUla kAraNa ke rUpa meM tRSNA ko svIkAra

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 321 karatA hai| santa sundaradAsa jI ne isa tathya kA eka sundara citra khIMcA rUpa dene ke liye gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha-maryAdA aura zramaNa jIvana hai| ve batAte haiM ki kisa prakAra yaha tRSNA saMgraha kI uddAma vRttiyoM meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| digambara jaina muni ko janma de detI hai| ve likhate haiM ke aparigrahI jIvana kA Adarza anAsakta dRSTi kA eka jIvita pramANa jo dasa bIsa pacAsa bhaye, zata hoi hajAra tu lAkha mNgegii| hai| yadyapi yaha saMbhava hai ki aparigrahI hote hue bhI vyakti ke mana koTi arabba kharabba asaMkhya, dharApati hone kI cAha jgegii| meM Asakti kA tattva raha sakatA hai lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA svarga patAla ko rAja karo, tisanA adhikI ati Aga lgegii| ki vipula saMgraha ko rakhate hue bhI anAsakta vRtti kA pUrI taraha nirvAha 'sundara' eka saMtoSa binA, zaTha terI to bhUkha kabahU~ na bhgegii| ho sakatA hai, samucita nahIM hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka mahAtmA TAlasTAya ne bhI How Much bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Arthika vaiSamya, bhoga-vRtti aura zoSaNa kI Land Does A Man Need nAmaka kahAnI meM eka aisA hI sundara citra samApti ke lie mAnava jAti ko aparigraha kA sandeza diyaa| unhoMne khIMcA hai| kahAnI kA sArAMza yaha hai ki kathA-nAyaka bhUmi kI asIma batAyA ki icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta hotI hai (icchA hu AgAsatRSNA ke pIche apane jIvana ko samApta kara detA hai aura usake dvArA samA aNaMtayA) aura yadi vyakti apanI icchaoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM rakhe upalabdha kiye gaye vistRta bhU-bhAga meM kevala usake zava ko daphanAne to vaha zoSaka bana jAtA hai| ata: bhagavAn mahAvIra ne icchAoM ke jitanA bhU-bhAga hI usake upayoga meM AtA hai| niyaMtraNa para bala diyaa| jaina-darzana meM jisa aparigraha siddhAnta ko isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mAnava meM saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kI prastuta kiyA gayA hai usakA eka nAma 'icchA-parimANa vrata' bhI hai| dhAraNA kA vikAsa usakI tRSNA ke kAraNa hI huA hai| manuSya ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mAnava kI saMgrahavRtti ko aparigraha vrata evaM andara rahI huI tRSNA yA Asakti mukhyata: do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI icchA-parimANa vrata ke dvArA niyantrita karane kA upadeza diyA hai, sAtha hai-(1) saMgraha bhAvanA aura (2) bhog-bhaavnaa| saMgraha-bhAvanA aura hI usakI bhoga vAsanA aura zoSaNa kI vRtti ke niyantraNa ke liye bhoga-bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsare vyaktiyoM ke adhikAra brahmacarya, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata tathA asteya vrata kA vidhAna kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti kA bAhya kiyA gayA hai| manuSya apanI saMgraha vRtti ko icchA-parimANa vrata ke prakaTana nimnalikhita tIna rUpoM meM hotA hai-(1) apaharaNa (zoSaNa), dvArA yA parigraha- parimANa vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kre| isa prakAra apanI (2) bhoga aura (3) sNgrh| bhoga-vRtti evaM vAsanAoM ko upabhoga paribhoga-parimANa vrata evaM brahmacarya vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kare, sAtha hI samAja ko zoSaNa se bacAne ke saMgrahavRtti evaM parigrahajanya samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya lie asteya vrata aura ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana kre| ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMgrahavRtti ke kAraNa utpanna samasyAoM ke isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ne mAnava jAti ko Arthika samAdhAna kI dizA meM vicAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki saMgrahavRtti pApa vaiSamya aura tajjanita pariNAmoM se bacAne ke liye eka mahattvapUrNa dRSTi hai| yadi manuSya AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha karatA hai pradAna kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, mahAvIra ne una logoM ko jinake to vaha samAja meM apavitratA kA sUtrapAta karatA hai| saMgraha phira cAhe pAsa saMgraha thA, dAna kA upadeza bhI diyaa| abhAva pIr3ita samAja ke dhana kA ho yA anya kisI vastu kA, vaha samAja ke anya sadasyoM sadasyoM ke prati vyakti ke dAyitva ko spaSTa karate huye mahAvIra ne ko unake upabhoga ke lAbha se vaMcita kara detA hai| parigraha yA saMgraha- zrAvaka ke eka Avazyaka kartavyoM meM dAna kA vidhAna bhI kiyA hai| vRtti eka prakAra kI sAmAjika hiMsA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina-darzana aura anya bhAratIya samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke darzanoM meM dAna abhAvagrasta para koI anugraha nahIM hai apitu unakA adhikAra hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hai| dAna ke liye saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn hI eka rUpa bana jAtA hai| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko jIvana meM utArane mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA ki jo vyakti samavibhAga aura ke liye jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki vyakti bAhya parigraha sama-vitaraNa nahIM karatA, usakI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| aisA vyakti kA bhI visarjana kre| parigrahatyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM pApI hai| sama-vibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAmAjika nyAya evaM AdhyAtmika diyA gayA pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti vikAsa ke anivArya aMga mAne gaye haiN| jaba taka jIvana meM samavibhAga kA siddhAnta, ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM ho sakatA, yadi mana meM aura samavitaraNa kI vRtti nahIM AtI hai aura apane saMgraha kA visarjana anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai to usakA bAhya vyavahAra meM anivArya nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka AdhyAtmika jIvana yA samatva kI upalabdhi rUpa se prakaTana honA caahiye| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika bhI sambhava nahIM hotii| saMdarbha : 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32/8 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 9/48 / 3. dazavaikAlika, 6/21 // 4. dhammapada, 335 / 5. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 17/11, prazna vyAkaraNa 2/3 /

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zrAvaka-AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna gRhastha-varga kA uttaradAyitva yahA~ taka kaha diyA gayA hai ki cAhe sabhI sAmAnya gRhasthoM kI apekSA jaina dharma zramaNa-paramparA kA dharma hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNoM ko zreSTha mAna liyA jAye kintu kucha gRhastha aise bhI haiM, jo yA saMnyAsamArgI dharma hai| yaha bAta bhI nissaMkoca rUpa se svIkAra kI zramaNoM kI apekSA saMyama ke paripAlana meM zreSTha hote haiN| bAta spaSTa jA sakatI hai ki vaidika-paramparA ke viparIta isameM saMnyAsa ko hI aura sApha hai ki AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA sambandha na kevala veza se jIvana kA carama Adarza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai; kintu isa AdhAra hai aura na kevala AcAra ke bAhya niyama se| yadyapi samAja yA para yaha niSkarSa nikAla lenA ki jainadharma meM gRhastha yA upAsaka varga saMgha-vyavasthA kI dRSTi meM bAhya AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana Avazyaka kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM hai, anucita hI hogaa| cAhe jainadharma ke prArambhika hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (36/49) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bAta bhI svIkAra yuga meM saMnyAsa ko adhika mahattA milI ho, kintu Age calakara kara lI gayI hai ki gRhastha jIvana se bhI nirvANa ko prApta kiyA jA jaina-paramparA meM gRhastha dharma ko bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta ho gyaa| sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM marudevI aura bharata ke udAharaNa lokavizruta jaina dharma meM jo caturvidha saGgha vyavasthA huI usameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke haiN| yadi gRhastha dharma se zrI parinirvANa yA mukti sambhava hai to isa sAtha hI sAtha zrAvakoM aura zrAvikAoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| mAtra vivAda kA koI adhika mUlya nahIM raha jAtA ki muni dharma aura gRhastha yahI nahIM, zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ko zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM ke dharma meM sAdhanA kA kauna sA mArga zreSTha hai| vastuta: AdhyAtmika vikAsa mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM unheM ke kSetra meM zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmika jAgarUkatA, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA saMrakSaka mAna liyA gyaa| vaidika paramparA meM bhI apramattatA aura nirAkulatA hai, jisane apanI viSaya-vAsanAoM aura gRhastha Azrama ko sabhI AzramoM kA mUla batAyA gayA thaa| prakArAntara kaSAyoM para niyantraNa pA liyA hai, jisakA citta nirAkula aura zAnta se ise jaina paramparA meM gRhastha varga ko zramaNa varga kA saMrakSaka evaM ho gayA hai, jo apane kartavyapatha para pUrI ImAnadArI se cala rahA hai, AdhAra mAnakara svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha upAsaka phira cAhe vaha gRhastha ho yA muni, usakI AdhyAtmika zreSThatA meM koI na kevala isalie mahattvapUrNa thA ki vaha zramaNoM ke bhojana, sthAna Adi antara nahIM pdd'taa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM na to veza mahattvapUrNa AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA thA apitu use zramaNa sAdhakoM ke cAritra hai aura na bAhya AcAra, apitu usameM mahattvapUrNa hai 'antarAtmA kI kA praharI bhI mAna liyA gyaa| kucha samaya pUrva taka zrAvaka varga kI nirmalatA aura vishuddhtaa'| anta:karaNa kI nirmalatA hI sAdhanA kA yaha mahattA akSuNNa thii| use yaha adhikAra prApta thA ki yadi koI mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| sAdhu yA sAdhvI zramaNa maryAdAoM kA samyakapeNa pAlana nahIM karatA hai to vaha unakA veza lekara unheM zramaNa saMgha se pRthak kara de| isI gRhastha dharma kI zreSThatA kA prazna prakAra muni evaM AryikA varga meM praveza ke lie bhI zrAvaka saMgha kI gRhasthadharma aura munidharma meM yadi sAdhanA kI dRSTi se hama zreSThatA anumati Avazyaka thii| kI bAta kareM to bhI vastuta: gRhastha jIvana hI adhika zreSTha pratIta vartamAna yuga meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra meM jo zithilatA hotI hogaa| vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA ke lie saMnyAsa eka nirApada mArga hai, jA rahI hai, usakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki gRhasthavarga muni AcAra kyoki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA karanA adhika se avagata na rahane ke kAraNa apane uparyukta kartavya ko bhUla gayA kaThina hai| kyoMki sAdhaka jIvana meM vighnoM se dUra rahakara nirdoSa caritra hai| Aja hameM isa bAta ko bahuta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA hogA ki kA pAlana karanA utanA kaThina nahIM hai, jitanA ki vighnoM ke bIca jainadharma aura saMskRti kI rakSA kA dAyitva munivarga kI apekSA gRhastha rahakara usakA pAlana krnaa| saMnyAsa mArga eka aisA mArga hai, jisameM varga para hI adhika hai aura yadi vaha apane isa dAyitva kI upekSA anAsakti yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA ke lie vighna-bAdhAoM kI sambhAvanA karegA, to apanI saMskRti evaM dharma kI surakSA karane meM asaphala rhegaa| kama hotI hai| saMnyAsamArga kI sAdhanA kaThora hote hue bhI susAdhya yaha to huA kevala samAja yA saMgha vyavasthA kI dRSTi se zrAvaka hai, jabaki gRhastha mArga kI sAdhanA vyAvahArika dRSTi se susAdhya pratIta varga kA mahattva evaM uttrdaayitv| kintu na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie jisa apitu AdhyAtmika evaM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI gRhastha kA sthAna utanA anAsakta cetanA kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha saMnyasta jIvana meM sahaja prApta nimna nahIM hai, jitanA ki sAmAnyatayA mAna liyA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ho jAtI hai, usameM citta vicalana ke avasara atinyUna hote haiM, jaba (2/2/39) meM spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza hai ki 'Arambha no Arambha' ki gRhastha jIvana meM citta-vicalana ke avasara atyadhika haiN| giri-kandarA (gRhasthadharma) kA yaha sthAna bhI Arya hai tathA samasta duHkhoM kA anta meM rahakara brahmacarya kA pAlana utanA kaThina nahIM hai, jitanA ki nAriyoM karane vAlA mokSamArga hai| yaha jIvana bhI pUrNatayA samyak evaM sAdhu (sundariyoM) ke madhya rahakara unakA pAlana krnaa| premikA vezyA ke hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, uttarAdhyayanasUtra (5/20) meM to spaSTa rUpa se ghara meM cAturmAsa ke lie sthita hokara brahmacarya kI sAdhanA karane vAle

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zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna sthUlabhadra ko una saikar3oM-hajAroM muniyoM kI apekSA adhika zreSTha mAnA gayA, jo girikandarAoM meM rahakara munidharma kI sAdhanA kara rahe the| kyA vijaya seTha aura seThAnI kI brahmacarya kI kaThora sAdhanA kI tulanA kisI gRhastha jIvana kA parityAga karane vAle muni kI brahmacarya sAdhanA se kI jA sakatI hai? rAga-dveSa, Asakti aura mamatva ke prasaMgoM kI upasthiti gRhastha jIvana meM adhika hotI hai una prasaMgoM meM bhI jo apane ko nirAkula aura niyaMtrita rakha sakatA hai, vaha mahAn hai| saMnyAsa mArga meM to ina prasaMgoM kI upasthiti ke avasara hI atyalpa hote haiN| ataH saMnyAsa mArga nirApada aura sarala hai| gRhastha dharma se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora jAne vAlA mArga phisalana bharA hai, jisameM kadama-kadama para sajagatA kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi sAdhaka eka kSaNa ke lie bhI vAsanA ke AvegoM meM nahIM saMbhalA to usakA patana ho jAtA hai| vAsanAoM ke bavaNDara ke madhya rahate hue bhI unase aprabhAvita rahanA sarala nahIM hai| ataH kaha sakate haiM ki gRhastha jIvana kI sAdhanA muni jIvana kI sAdhanA kI apekSA adhika duHsAdhya hai aura jo aise sAdhanA patha para calakara AdhyAtmika uccatA ko prApta karatA hai vaha muniyoM kI apekSA kaI gunA zreSTha hai| vastutaH gRhastha dharma kA pAlana isalie adhika duHsAdhya hai ki usameM kAjala kI koTharI meM rahakara bhI apanI caritra rUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakhanA hotA hai| kAjala kI koTharI se bAhara rahakara to koI bhI caritra rUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakha sakatA hai, kintu koTharI meM rahate hue use bedAga rakha pAnA adhika sajagatA aura AtmaniyantraNa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| phisalana bhare rAste meM calakara jo sAdhanA kI U~cAiyoM taka pahu~catA hai, usakI mahattA to kucha aura hai saMsArarUpI aura vAsanArUpI kardama meM rahakara bhI kamalapatra ke samAna alipta rahanA nizcaya hI eka mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai| yadyapi mere yaha saba kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki maiM muni jIvana kI mahattA aura garimA ko nakAra rahA hU~, isa viSaya-vAsanArUpI kAjala kI koTharI se nikalakara una para niyantraNa kara lenA bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| muni jIvana kI apanI sAdhanAgata garimA aura mahattA hai, use maiM asvIkAra nahIM krtaa| mere kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jo gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI sAdhanA kI unhIM AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM ko chU letA hai, jise eka muni chUtA hai to vaha gRhastha muni se zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayana meM gRhasya ko muni kI apekSA jo zreSTha kahA gayA hai, vaha isI apekSA se kahA gayA hai| apanI asmitA ko pahacAne gRhastha dharma kI isa mahattA ke pratipAdana kA ekamAtra uddezya yahI hai ki hama apane pada kI mahattA aura garimA ko samajheM vartamAna saMdarbhoM meM isa mahattA aura garimA kA pratipAdana isalie Avazyaka hai ki Aja kA zrAvaka varga na kevala apane kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM ko bhUla baiThA hai, apitu vaha apanI asmitA ko bhI kho baiThA hai| Aja aisA 323 samajhA jAne lagA hai ki dharma aura saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa tathA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA sabhI kucha sAdhuoM kA kAma hai| gRhastha to mAtra upAsaka hai, usake kartavya kI itizrI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko dAna dene taka hI hai| Aja hameM isa bAta kA ahasAsa karanA hogA ki jaina dharma kI saMgha vyavasthA meM hamArA kyA aura kitanA garimAmaya sthAna hai? khATa ke cAra pAyoM meM agara eka caramarAtA aura TUTatA hai to dUsaroM kA astitva nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| yadi zrAvaka varga apane kartavyoM, dAyitvoM evaM apanI garimA ko vismRta karatA hai to saMgha ke zeSa ghaTakoM kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| Aja ke sAdhuvarga aura zrAvakavarga kI sthiti ko dekhakara yaha zera barabasa yAda A jAtA hai hama to DUbeMge sanama, tumheM bhI le dduubeNge| Aja vAstavika sthiti yaha hai ki hamArA bhramaNa aura zramaNI varga bhI zithilAcAra meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA hai| yadi koI usake andara jhAMka kara dekhatA hai to usake andara rahI huyI sar3AMdha se apanA mu~ha napharata se phera letA hai Aja jinheM hama Adarza aura vandanIya mAna rahe haiM, unake jIvana meM chala, chadma, durAgraha evaM ahaM ke poSaNa kI pravRttiyA~ aura vAsanAmaya jIvana ke prati lalaka ko dekhakara mana pIr3A se bhara uThatA hai, kintu unake isa patana kA uttaradAyI dUsarA koI nahIM, zrAvaka varga hI hai yA to hamane unheM isa patana ke mArga kI ora DhakelA hai yA phira kama se kama unake sahabhAgI bane haiN| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM meM zithilAcAra hamAre prazraya se bar3hatA hai, yaha satya hai ki Aja zrAvaka, unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se sampanna zrAvaka varga dharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhyADambaroM meM adhika ruci le rahA haiunakI aura unake tathAkathita guruoM donoM kI ruci dharma ke nAma para apane-apane ahaM kA poSaNa karane kI hai| vahI sAdhu aura vahI zrAvaka adhika pratiSThita hotA hai, jo jitanI bhIr3a ikaTThI karatA hai jo majamA jamAne meM jitanA adhika kuzala hai, vahI utanA adhika pratiSThita hai| ina saba meM sAdhanA-priya sAdhu aura zrAvaka to kahIM ojhala ho gaye haiN| maiM yaha saba jo kucha kaha rahA hU~ usakA kAraNa munivarga ke prati merI durbhAvanA nahIM hai, apitu usa yathArthatA ko dekhakara mana meM jo eka pIr3A aura vyathA hai, usI kA prakaTana hai| bAlyakAla se lekara jIvana kI isa praur3hAvasthA taka maiMne jaina muni saMgha ko ati nikaTa se dekhA aura parakhA hai evaM usa nikaTatA meM maiMne jo kucha anubhava kiyA hai, usI yathArthatA kI bAta kaha rahA huuN| ho sakatA hai ki isake kucha apavAda hoM, lekina sAmAnya sthiti yahI hai| jIvana kA doharApana Aja munivarga kA yathArtha banatA jA rahA hai, lekina isa sabake lie maiM apane ko aura apane sAtha hI gRhastha varga ko adhika uttaradAyI mAnatA huuN| Aja gRhastha varga na kevala apane saMrakSaka hone ke dAyitva ko bhUlA hai, apitu vaha svayaM apanI asmitA ko khokara cAritrika patana kI ora tejI se giratA jA rahA hai| jaba hama hI nahIM saMbhaleMge to dUsaroM ko saMbhAlane kI bAta kyA kreNge| Aja kA gRhastha varga jisa para jaina dharma aura saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva hai, usakA jJAna .

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324 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 aura AcAraNa donoM hI dizAoM meM tejI se patana huA hai| Aja samyagdarzana : gRhastha-dharma kA pravezadvAra hamArI sthiti yaha hai ki hameM na to zramaNa jIvana ke naitika aura zrAvaka dharma kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane ke pUrva samyagdarzana kI AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA bodha hai aura na hama gRhastha jIvana ke Avazyaka prApti Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| jaina paramparA meM samyagdarzana ke artha kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM ke sandarbha meM bhI koI jAnakArI rakhate haiN| meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| samyagdarzana kA prAthamika artha Agraha Agama-jJAna to bahuta dUra kI bAta hai, hameM zrAvaka-jIvana ke sAmAnya aura vyAmoha se rahate, yathArtha dRSTikoNa rahA hai, vaha yathArtha vItarAga niyamoM kA bhI bodha nahIM hai| dUsarI ora jina sapta vyasanoM se bacanA jIvana dRSTi thaa| kAlAntara meM vaha jinapraNIta tattvoM ke prati nizcala zrAvaka-jIvana kI sarvaprathama bhUmikA hai aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA zraddhA ke rUpa meM pracalita huaa| vartamAna sandarbho meM samyak darzana kA prathama caraNa hai aura jinake AdhAra para vaiyaktika, pArivArika aura artha deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA hai| sAmAnyatayA vItarAgI ko sAmAjika sukha-zAnti nirbhara hai, ve durvyasana tejI se samAja meM praviSTa deva, nimrantha muni ko guru aura ahiMsA ko dharma mAnane ko samyak hote jA rahe haiM aura ve jitanI tejI se vyApta hote jA rahe haiM vaha darzana kahA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM binA aTala hamAre dharma aura saMskRti ke astitva ke lie eka bahuta bar3A khatarA zraddhA yA nizcala AsthA ke Age bar3hanA sambhava nahIM hai| 'saMzayAtmA hai| jaina parivAroM meM praviSTa hotA huA madyapAna aura sAmiSa AhAra vinazyati' kI ukti satya hai| jaba taka sAdhaka meM zraddhA kA vikAsa kyA hamArI sAMskRtika garimA ke mUla para. hI prahAra nahIM hai? kisI nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pragati nahIM kara sakatA, bhI dharma aura saMskRti kA TikAva aura vikAsa usake jJAna aura caritra na kevala dharma ke kSetra meM zraddhA kI AvazyakatA hai apitu hamAre vyAvahArika ke do pakSoM para nirbhara karatA hai, kintu Aja kA gRhastha varga ina donoM jIvana meM bhI vaha Avazyaka hai| vaijJAnika gaveSaNA kA prArambha binA hI kSetroM meM tejI se patana kI ora bar3ha rahA hai| Aja sthiti yaha kisI parikalpanA (Hypothesis) kI svIkRti ke nahIM hotA hai| gaNita hai ki dharma kevala dikhAve meM raha gayA hai| vaha jIvana se samApta hotA ke aneka savAloM ko hala karane ke lie prArambha meM hameM mAnakara hI jA rahA hai| kintu hameM yaha yAda rakhanA hogA ki dharma yadi jIvana meM calanA hotA hai| koI bhI vyavasAyI binA isa bAta para AsthA rakhe nahIM bacegA to usakA bAhya kalevara bahuta adhika dinoM taka kAyama ki grAhaka AyeMge aura mAla bikegA, apane vyavasAya kA prArambha nahIM nahIM raha paayegaa| jisa prakAra zarIra se cetanA ke nikala jAne ke bAda kara sktaa| koI bhI pathika apane gantavya ko jAne vAle mArga ke zarIra sar3AMdha mArane lagatA hai, vahI sthiti Aja dharma kI ho rahI hai| prati AsthAvAn hue binA usa dizA meM koI gati nahIM krtaa| kucha vyaktigata udAharaNoM ko chor3akara yadi sAmAnya rUpa se kahU~ to loka-jIvana aura sAdhanA sabhI kSetroM meM AsthA aura vizvAsa apekSita Aja cAhe vaha muni varga ho yA gRhastha varga, jIvana se dharma kI AtmA hai, kintu hameM AsthA (zraddhA) aura andhazraddhA meM bheda karanA hogaa| nikala cukI hai| hamAre pAsa kevala dharma kA kalevara zeSa bacA hai aura jaina AcAryoM ne gRhasthopAsaka ke lie jisa samyak zraddhA kI hama use Dho rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki vigata kucha varSoM meM dharma ke nAma AvazyakatA batAI, vaha viveka-samanvita zraddhA hai| AcArya samantabhadra para zora-zarAbA bar3hA hai, bhIr3a adhika ikaTThI hone lagI hai, majameM jamane ne apane zrAvakAcAra meM dharma ke nAma para pracalita laukika mUr3hatAoM lage haiN| kintu mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki yaha saba dharma ke kalevara kI se bacane kA spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai| kintu vartamAna sandarbho meM hamArA antyeSTi kI taiyArI se adhika kucha nahIM hai| samyak darzana svayaM ina mUr3hatAoM se AkrAnta hotA jA rahA hai| Aja sambhavata: aba hameM sAvadhAna ho jAnA cAhie, anyathA hama apane samyak darzana ko, jo ki eka Antarika AdhyAtmika anubhUti se astitva ko kho cuke hoNge| jaisA ki maiMne pUrva meM kahA isa sabake / phalita upalabdhi hai, lena-dena kI vastu banA diyA gayA hai| Aja hamAre lie antima rUpa se koI bhI uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jAyegA to vaha gRhastha tathAkathita guruoM ke dvArA samyaktva diyA aura liyA jA rahA hai| varga hI hogaa| jainadharma meM gRhastha varga kI bhUmikA doharI hai| vaha sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai ki "amuka guru kA samyaktva vosarA do (chor3a do) bhI hai aura sAdhakoM kA praharI bhii| Aja jaba hama zrAvaka dharma kI aura hamArA samyaktva grahaNa kara lo" yaha to satya hai ki gurujana prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karanA cAhate haiM to hameM pahale usa yathArtha kI sAdhaka ko deva, guru aura dharma kA yathArtha svarUpa batA sakate haiM, kintu bhUmikA ko dekha lenA hogA, jahA~ Aja kA zrAvaka varga jI rahA hai| samyaktva bhI koI aisI vastu nahIM hai, jise kisI ko diyA aura zrAvaka jIvana ke jo Adarza aura niyama hamAre AcAryoM ne prastuta liyA jA sakatA hai| merI tuccha buddhi meM yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI kiye haiM, unakI prAsaMgikatA to Aja bhI utanI hI hai; jitanI usa hai ki samyaktva kyA koI bAharI vastu hai, jise koI de yA le sakatA samaya thI, jabaki unakA nirmANa kiyA gayA hogaa| kyA sapta durvyasanoM hai| samyaktva parivartana ke nAma para Aja jo sAmpradAyika gherAbandI ke tyAga, mArgAnusArI guNoM ke pAlana evaM zrAvaka ke aNuvrata, guNavrata kI jA hI hai, vaha mithyAtva ke poSaNa ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM aura zikSAvratoM kI upayogitA aura prAsaMgikatA ko kabhI bhI nakArA hai| usake AdhAra para zrAvakoM meM darAra DAlI jA rahI hai aura logoM jA sakatA hai? ve to mAnava jIvana ke zAzvata mUlya haiM, unake aprAsaMgika ke mana meM yaha bAta baiThAyI jA rahI hai ki hama hI kevala sacce guru hone kA to koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| haiM aura hama jo kaha rahe haiM, vaha vItarAga kI vANI hai| samyaktva ke

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zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna 325 yathArtha svarUpa se anabhijJa hama guruDamavAda ke daladala meM phaMsate cale nahIM hotA hai| zrAvaka dharma ke pAlana ke lie uparyukta caturvidha kaSAyoM para niyantraNa kI kSamatA kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vyakti Aja vItarAgatA ke prati hamArI zraddhA kitanI jarjara ho cukI apane krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ina cAra kaSAyoM para kisI bhI prakAra hai, isakA pramANa yahI hai ki Aja sAmAnya munijanoM, AcAryoM se kA niyantraNa kara pAne meM akSama hotA hai, taba taka vaha zrAvaka dharma lekara gRhastha upAsaka taka sabhI laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kI sAdhanA nahIM kara sktaa| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI pravRttiyoM vItarAga kI niSkAma bhakti ko bhUlakara tIrthaGkara yA devI-devatAoM kI para niyantraNa kara lene kI kSamatA kA vikasita ho jAnA hI zrAvaka sakAma-bhakti meM lage hue haiN| Aja vItarAga tIrthaGkara deva ke sthAna para dharma kI upalabdhi kA prathama caraNa hai| padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, bhaumiyA jI, ghaMTAkarNa mahAvIra aura nAkor3A bhairava vartamAna sandarbho meM ina cAroM azubha AvegoM ke niyantraNa kI adhika mahattvapUrNa ho gaye haiN| hamAre adhikAMza sAdhu-sAdhvI hI nahIM, upayogitA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jainAgamoM ke anusAra AcArya taka yakSoM aura deviyoM kI sAdhanA meM lage hue haiN| vItarAgatA krodha kA tattva pArasparika sauhArda (prIti) ko samApta karatA hai aura ke upAsaka isa dharma meM Aja yantra-mantra va jAdU-TonA sabhI kucha praviSTa sauhArda ke abhAva meM eka dUsare ke prati sandeha aura AzaMkA hotI hote jA rahe haiN| vItarAgatA ke sAdhaka kahe jAne vAle munijana bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM pArasparika avizvAsa aura apanI camatkAra-zakti kA bar3e gaurava ke sAtha bakhAna karate haiN| jisa AzaMkAoM ke kAraNa asurakSA kA bhAva panapatA hai aura phalata: hameM dharma kI utpatti laukika mUr3hatAoM aura andha-zraddhAoM ko samApta karane apanI zakti kA bahuta kucha apavyaya karanA par3atA hai| Aja antarrASTrIya ke lie huI ho, vahI Aja andha-vizvAsoM meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA kSetra meM jo zastra-saMgraha aura sainya-bala bar3hAne kI pravRtti parilakSita hai| hamArI AsthAe~ vItarAgatA ke sAtha na jur3akara laukika-eSaNAoM ho rahI hai aura jisa para adhikAMza rASTroM kI rASTrIya Aya kA 50 kI pUrti ke lie jur3a rahI haiN| Aja mahAvIra ke pAlane kI apekSA pratizata ke adhika vyaya ho rahA hai, vaha saba isa pArasparika avizvAsa lakSmI jI kA svapna mahaMgA bikatA hai| agara hamArI AsthAe~ dharma ke kA pariNAma hai| Aja dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM jo asahiSNutA nAma para laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti taka hI sImita haiM, taba phira hamArA hai, usake mUla meM ghRNA, vidveSa evaM Akroza kA tattva hI hai| yaha vItarAga ke upAsaka hone kA dAvA karanA vyartha hai| Aja jaba hama ThIka hai ki vyakti jaba taka parivAra, samAja evaM rASTra se jur3A hai, gRhastha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karanA cAhate haiM, hameM isa yathArtha usameM kisI sImA taka krodha yA Akroza honA Avazyaka hai, anyathA sthiti ko samajha lenA hogaa| jIvana meM yA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM samyak usakA astitva hI khatare meM hogA, kintu use niyantraNa meM honA cAhiye zraddhA kI kitanI AvazyakatA hai? yaha nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hai, aura aparihArya sthiti meM hI usakA prakaTana honA caahiye| kintu zraddhA ke nAma para andhavizvAsoM kA jo eka duzcakra hama para hAvI hamAre pArasparika sAmAjika sambandhoM meM darAra kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa hotA jA rahA hai, usase kaise bacA jAya? yahI Aja kA mahattvapUrNa kAraNa vyakti kA ahaMkAra yA ghamaNDa hai| eka gRhastha ke lie yaha prazna hai| vastuta: isa sabakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki Aja zrAvaka varga Avazyaka hai ki vaha apanI asmitA evaM svAbhimAna kA bodha rakhe, ko dharma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA koI bodha nahIM raha gayA hai| hamArI zraddhA kintu use apane ahaMkAra para niyantraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai| samAja samajhapUrvaka sthira nahIM ho rahI hai, zraddhA kA tattva vyakti kA AdhyAtmika meM jo vighaTana yA TUTana paidA hotI hai, usakA mukhya kAraNa samAja vikAsa kara sakatA hai, lekina vaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba zraddhA jJAnasammata ke karNadhAroM, phira cAhe ve gRhastha hoM yA muni, kA ahaMkAra hI hai| ho aura hamArI viveka kI AMkheM khulI hoN| Aja hama usa ukta ko ahaMkAra pArasparika vinaya evaM sammAna meM bhI bAdhaka hotA hai| isase bhUla gaye haiM, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'paNNA samikkhae dhammo' arthAt dUsaroM ke ahaM para coTa pahu~catI hai aura usake pariNAma svarUpa sAmAjika dharma ke svarUpa kI prajJA ke dvArA samIkSA kro| sambandhoM meM darAra par3ane lagatI hai| ahaMkAra para coTa lagate hI vyakti apanA alaga akhAr3A jamA letA hai, jisake pariNAma svarUpa dhArmika kaSAya-jaya : gRhastha dharma kI sAdhanA kI AdhAra- bhUmi evaM sAmpradAyika saMgharSa hote haiN| sabhI sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM ke zrAvaka dharma aura usakI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karate samaya hameM pIche kucha vyaktiyoM ke apane ahaM ke poSaNa kI bhAvanA ke atirikta zrAvaka-AcAra ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kI vartamAna yuga meM kyA upayogitA anya koI kAraNa nahIM hai| kapaTa-vRtti yA doharA-jIvana vartamAna hai? isa para vicAra kara lenA hogaa| jaina dharma ke anusAra zrAvakatva sAmAjika jIvana kA eka sabase bar3A abhizApa hai| jhUThe ahaM ke poSaNa kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane ke lie sarva prathama vyakti ko krodha, mAna, ke nimitta athavA apane vyaktigata svArthoM ke sAdhane ke lie jo chala-chadma mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra kaSAyoM kI atitIvra, aniyantrita, niyantrita sAmAjika jIvana meM bar3ha rahe haiM, unakA mUlabhUta kAraNa kapaTa-vRtti (mAyA) aura atyalpa ina cAra avasthAoM meM se prathama do avasthAoM para hI hai| vijaya-prApti aparihArya mAnA gayA hai| sAdhaka jaba taka apane krodha, isa prakAra aniyantrita lobha saMgraha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai mAna, mAyA aura lobha para niyantraNa rakhane kI kSamatA ko vikasita aura usake kAraNa zoSaNa panapatA hai aura pariNAma svarUpa samAja meM nahIM kara letA, taba taka zrAvakatva kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane yogaya garIba aura amIra kI khAI bar3hatI jAtI hai| pU~jIpati aura zramikoM

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326 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM madhya hone vAlA varga-saMgharSa isI lobhavRtti yA saMgraha vRtti kA pariNAma 1. dyUta-krIr3A (juA), 2. mAMsAhAra, 3. madyapAna,4. vezyAgamana, hai| Aja jaina samAja meM aparigraha kI avadhAraNA kA koI artha hI 5. parastrIgamana, 6. zikAra aura. 7. caury-krm| nahIM raha gayA hai| use kevala muniyoM ke sandarbha meM hI samajhA jAne uparyukta sapta durvyasanoM ke sevana se vyakti kA kitanA cAritrika lagA hai| jaina dharma meM gRhasthopAsaka ke lie dhanArjana kA niSedha nahIM patana hotA hai, ise hara koI jAnatA hai| kiyA gayA, para yaha avazya kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ko eka sImA 1. dhUta-krIr3A-vartamAna yuga meM saTTA, lATarI Adi dyUta-krIr3A se adhika saMcaya nahIM karanA caahie| usakI saMcayavRtti yA lobha para ke vividha rUpa pracalita ho gaye haiN| inake kAraNa aneka parivAroM kA niyantraNa honA caahie| Aja samAja meM jo Arthika vaiSamya bar3hatA jA jIvana saMkaTa meM par3a jAtA hai| ata: isa durvyasana ke tyAga ko kauna rahA hai, usake pIche aniyantrita lobha yA saMgraha-vRtti hI mukhya hai| aprAsaMgika kaha sakatA hai| dyUta-krIr3A ke tyAga kI prAsaMgikatA ke yadi dhanArjana ke sAtha hI vyakti kI apane bhoga kI vRtti para akuMza sambandha meM koI bhI vivekazIla manuSya do mata nahIM ho sktaa| vastuta: hotA hai aura saMgraha-vRtti kA parisImana hotA hai, to vaha arjita dhana vartamAna yuga meM ghUta-krIr3A ke jo vividha rUpa hamAre sAmane ubhara kara kA pravAha loka-maMgala ke kAryoM meM bahatA hai, jisase sAmAjika Aye haiM, unakA AdhAra kevala manoraMjana nahIM hai, apitu usake pIche sauhArda aura sahayoga bar3hatA hai tathA dhanavAnoM ke prati abhAvagrastoM ke binA kisI zrama ke arthopArjana kI duSpravRtti hai| saTTe ke vyavasAya mana meM sadbhAva utpanna hotA hai| jaina dharma ke itihAsa meM aise aneka kA praveza jaina parivAroM meM sarvAdhika huA hai| vyakti jaba isa prakAra zrAvaka ratnoM ke udAharaNa haiM, jinhoMne apanI samagra sampatti ko ke dhandhe meM apane ko niyojita kara letA hai, to zramapUrvaka arthopArjana samAja-hita meM samarpita kara dI, Aja usI Adarza ke punarjAgaraNa kI ke prati usakI niSThA samApta ho jAtI hai| aisI sthiti meM corI, ThagI AvazyakatA hai| Adi dUsarI burAiyA~ panapatI haiN| Aja isake prakaTa-aprakaTa vividha saMkSepa meM sAmAjika jIvana meM jo bhI viSamatA aura saMgharSa vartamAna rUpa hamAre samakSa A rahe haiN| unase satarka rahanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA meM haiM, una sabake pIche kahIM na kahIM aniyantrita Aveza, ahaMkAra, hamArI bhAvI pIr3hI meM zramapUrvaka arthopArjana kI niSThA samApta ho jaavegii| chala-chadma (kapaTa-vRtti) tathA saMgraha-vRtti hai| inhIM aniyantrita kaSAyoM yadyapi isa durguNa kA prArambha eka manoraMjana ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hotA ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA aura azAnti utpanna hotI hai, kintu Age calakara yaha bhayaMkara pariNAma upasthita karatA hai| jaina hai| Aveza yA aniyantrita krodha ke kAraNa pArasparika saMgharSa, AkramaNa, samAja ke sampanna parivAroM meM aura vivAha Adi ke prasaMgoM para isakA yuddha evaM hatyAe~ hotI haiN| AvezapUrNa vyavahAra dUsaroM ke mana meM avizvAsa jo pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA hai, usake prati hameM eka sajaga dRSTi rakhanI utpanna karatA hai| aura phalata: sAmAnya jIvana meM jo sauhArda honA cAhie, hAgI, anyathA isake duSpariNAmoM ko bhugatanA hogA; Aja kA yuvAvarga vaha bhaMga ho jAtA hai| varga yA ahaMkAra kI manovRtti ke kAraNa U~ca-nIca jo ina pravRttiyoM meM adhika rasa letA hai, isake duSpariNAmoM ko jAnate kA bheda-bhAva, pArasparika-ghRNA aura vidveSa panapate haiN| sAmAjika jIvana hue bhI apanI bhAvI pIr3hI ko isase roka pAne meM asaphala rhegaa| meM jo darAreM utpanna hotI haiM, unakA AdhAra ahaMkAra hI hotA hai| mAyA 2. mAMsAhAra-vizva meM yadi zAkAhAra kA pUrNa samarthaka koI yA kapaTa kI manovRtti bhI jIvana ko chala-chadma se yukta banAtI hai| dharma hai, to vaha mAtra jaina-dharma hai| jainadharma meM gRhasthopAsaka ke lie isase jIvana meM doharApana AtA hai tathA anta:-bAhya kI ekarUpatA mAMsAhAra sarvathA tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| kintu Aja samAja meM mAMsAhAra samApta ho jAtI hai| phalata: mAnasika evaM samAjika zAMti bhaMga hotI ke prati eka lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai aura aneka jaina parivAroM meM hai| saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa aura vyAvasAyika jIvana meM usakA praveza ho gayA hai| ata: isakI prAsaMgikatA para carcA karanA apramANikatA phalita hotI hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki ati Avazyaka hai| zrAvaka-jIvana meM kaSAya-catuSTaya para jo niyantraNa lagAne kI bAta kahI mAMsAhAra ke niSedha ke pIche mAtra hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA prazna gaI hai, vaha sauhArda evaM sAmaJjasyapUrNa jIvana evaM mAnasika tathA sAmAjika hI nahIM, apitu anya dUsare bhI kAraNa haiN| yaha satya hai ki mAMsa kA zAnti ke liye Avazyaka hai| usakI prAsaMgikatA kabhI bhI nakArI utpAdana binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hai aura hiMsA krUratA ke binA sambhava nahIM jA sakatI hai| nahIM hai| yaha sahI hai ki mAnavIya AhAra ke anya sAdhanoM meM bhI kisI sImA taka hiMsA jur3I huI hai, kintu mAMsAhAra ke nimitta jo hiMsA sapta durvyasana-tyAga aura usakI prAsaMgikatA yA vadha kiyA jAtA hai, usake lie vadha-kartA kA adhika krUra honA sapta durvyasanoM kA tyAga gRhastha-dharma kI sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa anivArya hai| krUratA ke kAraNa dayA, karuNA, AtmIyatA jaise komala hai| unake tyAga ko gRhastha-AcAra ke prAthamika niyama yA mUla guNoM guNoM kA hrAsa hotA hai aura samAja meM bhaya, AtaMka evaM hiMsA kA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 'vasunandi-zrAvakAcAra' meM sapta tANDava prArambha ho jAtA haiN| yaha anubhUta satya hai ki ve sabhI deza durvyasanoM ke tyAga kA vidhAna kiyA hai| Aja bhI durvyasana-tyAga evaM kaumeM, jo mAMsAhArI haiM aura hiMsA jinake dharma kA eka aMga mAna gRhastha-dharma kA prAthamika evaM anivArya caraNa mAnA jAtA hai| sapta liyA gayA hai, unameM hone vAle hiMsaka-tANDava ko dekhakara Aja bhI durvyasana nimna hai dila dahala uThatA hai| muslima rASTroM meM Aja manuSya ke jIvana kA

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zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna 327 mUlya gAjara aura mUlI se adhika nahIM raha gayA hai| kevala vyaktigata ne to isa duSpravRtti ko rokane ke lie apane paMcazIloM meM aparigraha hitoM ke lie hI dharma aura rAjanIti ke nAma para vahA~ jo kucha ho ke sthAna para madyapAna-niSedha ko sthAna diyA thaa| yaha eka aisI burAI rahA hai, vaha hama sabhI jAnate haiN| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki mAnava-jIvana hai, jo mAnava samAja ke garIba aura amIra donoM hI vargoM meM hAvI se krUratA samApta ho aura komala guNoM kA vikAsa ho, to hameM una hai| jaina paramparA meM madyapAna kA niSedha na kevala isalie kiyA gayA kAraNoM ko bhI dUra karanA hogA, jinase jIvana meM krUratA AtI hai| ki vaha hiMsA se utpAdita hai, apitu isalie ki isase mAnavIya mAMsAhAra aura krUratA paryAyavAcI haiN| yadi dayA, karuNA, vAtsalya kA viveka kuNThita hotA hai aura jaba mAnavIya viveka hI kuNThita ho jAegA vikAsa karanA hai, to mAMsAhAra kA tyAga apekSita hai| to dUsarI sArI burAiyA~ vyakti ke jIvana meM svAbhAvika rUpa se praviSTa dUsare, mAMsAhAra kI nirarthakatA ko mAnava-zarIra kI saMracanA ke ho jaaveNgii| Arthika aura cAritrika sabhI prakAra ke durAcaraNoM ke mUla AdhAra para bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAnava-zarIra kI saMracanA meM nazIle padArthoM kA sevana hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai use nirAmiSa prANI hI siddha karatI hai| mAMsAhAra mAnava-svAsthya ke ki mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se manuSya apanI mAnasika cintAoM ko lie kitanA hAnikAraka hai, yaha bAta aneka vaijJAnika anusandhAnoM bhUla kara apane tanAvoM ko kama karatA hai, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA se pramANita ho cukA hai| isa laghu nibandha meM usa sabakI carcA kara hI hai| tanAva ke kAraNa jIvita rakhakara kevala kSaNa bhara ke lie apane pAnA to sambhava nahIM hai, kintu yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki mAMsAhAra viveka ko kho kara vismRti ke kSaNoM meM jAnA, tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa zarIrika svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka hai aura manuSya svabhAvata: eka evaM parimArjana kA sArthaka upAya nahIM hai| madyapAna ko sabhI durguNoM zAkAhArI prANI hai| kA dvAra kahA gayA hai| vastuta: usakI samasta burAiyoM para vicAra karane mAMsAhAra ke samarthana meM sabase bar3A tarka yaha diyA jAtA hai ki ke lie eka svatantra nibandha Avazyaka hogaa| yahAM kevala itanA kahanA bar3hatI huI mAnava-jAti kI AbAdI ko dekhate hue bhaviSya meM mAMsAhAra hI paryApta hai ki sArI burAIyA~ viveka ke kuNThita hone para panapatI ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa zeSa nahIM rahegA, jisase mAnava jAti haiM aura madyamAna viveka ko kuNThita karatA hai| ata: manuSya ke mAnavIya kI kSudhA ko zAnta kiyA jA ske| kintu usake viparIta kRSi ke guNoM ko jIvita rakhane ke lie isakA tyAga Avazyaka hai| kSetra meM bhI aise aneka vaijJAnika prayoga hue haiM aura ho rahe haiM jo spaSTa manuSya aura pazu ke bIca yadi koI vibhAjaka rekhA hai| to vaha rUpa se yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki manuSya ko abhI zatAbdiyoM taka viveka hI hai| aura jaba viveka hI samApta ho jAyegA to manuSya aura nirAmiSa bhojI banAkara jilAyA jA sakatA hai| aneka Arthika sarvekSaNoM pazu meM koI antara hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana manuSya meM yaha bhI pramANita ho cukA hai ki zAkAhAra mAMsAhAra kI apekSA ko mAnavIya stara se girAkara use pAzavika stara para pahu~cA detA hai| adhika sulabha aura sastA hai| ata: manuSya kI svAda-lolupatA ke yaha bhI eka suvidita tathya hai ki jaba yaha durvyasana gale laga jAtA atirikta aura koI tarka aisA nahIM hai, jo mAMsAhAra kA samarthaka ho hai to apanI ati para pahu~cAe binA samApta nahIM hotaa| vaha na kevala ske| zaktidAyaka AhAra ke rUpa meM mAMsAhAra ke samarthana kA eka khokhalA viveka ko hI samApta karatA hai apitu Arthika aura zArIrika dRSTi dAvA hai| yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki mAMsAhAriyoM kI apekSA zAkAhArI se vyakti ko jarjara banA detA hai| Aja jaina samAja ke sampanna parivAroM adhika zakti-sampanna hote haiM aura unameM adhika kAma karane kI kSamatA meM yaha durvyasana bhI praveza kara cukA hai| maiM aise aneka parivAroM ko hotI hai| zera Adi mAMsAhArI prANI zAkAhArI prANiyoM para jo vijaya jAnatA hU~ jo dharma ke kSetra meM agraNI zrAvaka mAne jAte haiM kintu isa prApta kara lete haiM, usakA kAraNa unakI zakti nahIM balki unake nakha, durvyasana se mukta nahIM haiN| Aja hameM isa prazna para gambhIratA se vicAra dAMta Adi krUra zArIrika aGga hI haiN| karanA hogA ki samAja ko isase kisa prakAra bacAyA jaae| jaina samAja jaina samAja ke lie Aja yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki vaha samAja ne jo cAritrika garimA, Arthika sampannatA tathA samAja meM pratiSThA arjita meM bar3hatI jA rahI sAmiSa-bhojana kI lalaka ko kaise rokeM? Aja kI thI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra ina durvyasanoM se mukta rahanA hI thaa| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hameM mAMsAhAra aura zAkAhAra ke guNa-doSoM ina durvyasanoM ke praveza ke sAtha hamArI cAritrika uccatA aura sAmAjika kI samIkSA karate hue tulanAtmaka vivaraNa se yukta aisA sAhitya prakAzita pratiSThA dhIre-dhIre samApta hotI jA rahI hai| aura taba eka dina aisA karanA hogA, jo Aja ke yuvaka ko tarka-saMgata rUpa se yaha ahasAsa bhI AegA jaba hama apanI Arthika sampannatA se hAtha dho baittheNge| yadi karavA sake ki mAMsAhAra kI apekSA zAkAhAra eka upayukta bhojana hai| hama sajaga nahIM hue to bhaviSya hameM kSamA nahIM kregaa| dUsare samAja meM jo mAMsAhAra ke prati lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai, usakA 4. vezyAgamana-zrAvaka ke sapta durvyasana-tyAga ke antargata kAraNa samAja-niyantraNa kA abhAva tathA mAMsAhArI samAja meM bar3hatA vezyAgamana ke tyAga kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha sunizcita satya huA ghaniSTha paricaya hai, jisa para kisI sImA taka aMkuza lagAnA hai ki vezyAgamana na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se AvAMchanIya hai, apitu Avazyaka hai| Arthika evaM zArIrika-svAsthya kI dRSTi se bhI avAMchanIya mAnA gayA 3. madyapAna- tIsarA durvyasana madyapAna mAnA gayA hai aura hai| usake anaucitya para yahA~ koI vizeSa carcA karanA Avazyaka pratIta gRhasthopAsaka ko isake tyAga kA spaSTa nirdeza diyA gayA hai| buddha nahIM hotii| sAmAjika sadAcAra aura pArivArika sukha-zAnti ke lie

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328 vezyAgamana kA tyAga ucita hI hai| yaha eka zubha saMketa hI hai ki na kevala jaina samAja meM apitu samagra bhAratIya samAja meM vezyAgamana kI pravRtti aura vezyAvRtti dhIre-dhIre kSINa hotI jA rahI hai| yadyapi isa pravRtti ke jo dUsare rUpa sAmane A rahe haiM ve usakI apekSA adhika cintanIya haiM, yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki cAhe khule rUpa meM vezyAvRtti para kucha aMkuza lagA ho, kintu chadmarUpa meM yaha pravRtti bar3hI hI hai| jaina samAja ke sampanna varga meM ina chadma rUpoM ke prati lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai, jisa para aMkuza lagAnA Avazyaka hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 5. parastrIgamana - parastrIgamana parivAra evaM samAja vyavasthA kA ghAtaka hai, isake pariNAma svarUpa na kevala eka hI parivAra kA pArivArika jIvana dUSita evaM azAnta banatA hai, apitu aneka parivAroM ke jIvana azAnta bana jAte haiN| vezyAvRtti kI apekSA yaha adhika doSapUrNa hai| kyoMki isameM chala chadma aura jIvana kA doharApana bhI jur3a jAtA hai| ataH sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha bahuta bar3A aparAdha hai / Aja kAmavAsanA kI tRpti kA yaha chadma rUpa adhika phailatA jA rahA hai| pAzcAtya dezoM kI vAsanAtmaka ucchRMkhalatA kA prabhAva hamAre deza meM bhI huA hai| klaboM aura hoTaloM ke mAdhyama se yaha vikRti adhika tejI se vyApta hotI jA rahI hai| jaina samAja kA bhI kucha sampanna evaM dhanI varga isakI girafta meM Ane lagA hai| yadyapi abhI samAja kA bahuta bar3A bhAga isa durguNa se mukta hai kintu dhIre-dhIre phaila rahI vikRti ke prati sajaga honA Avazyaka hai| 6. zikAra - manoraMjana ke nimitta athavA mAMsAhAra ke lie jaMgala ke prANiyoM kA vadha karanA zikAra kahA jAtA hai| yaha vyakti ko krUra banAtA hai| yadi manuSya ko mAnavIya komala guNoM se yukta banAye rakhanA hai to isa vRtti kA tyAga apekSita hai| Aja zAsana dvArA bhI vanya prANiyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie zikAra kI pravRtti para aMkuza lagAyA jA rahA hai| ataH isa pravRtti ke tyAga kA aucitya nirvivAda hai| Aja hama isa bAta ko gaurava se kaha sakate haiM ki jaina samAja isa durguNa se mukta hai, kintu Aja saundarya-prasAdhanoM, jinakA upabhoga samAja meM dhIre-dhIre bar3hatA jA rahA hai. isa nimitta avyakta rUpa se ho rahI hiMsA ke prati sajaga rahanA Avazyaka hai| kyoMki unakA utpAdana upabhoktAoM ke nimitta hI hotA hai aura yadi hama unakA upabhoga karate haiM to usa hiMsA evaM krUratA se apane ko baccA nahIM sakate haiM saundarya-prasAdhanoM ke nirmANa evaM parIkSaNa ke nimitta hiMsA ke jo krUratama rUpa apanAe jAte haiM ve jaina patra-patrikAoM meM bahucarcita rahe haiN| ataH una saba para yahAM vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta nahIM hotA / kintu isa sandarbha meM hameM sajaga avazya rahanA cAhie ki hama krUratA ke bhAgI na bneN| 7. caurya - karma - dUsaroM kI sampatti yA dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM ko unakI binA anumati ke grahaNa karanA corI hai| apanI AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha aura saMcaya ko bhI corI kahA jA sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne vyAvasAyika apramANikatA kara apravaMcana tathA rASTrIya hitoM ke viruddha kArya karanA Adi ko bhI corI ke antargata mAnA hai yadyapi sAmAnyatayA jaina parivAra isa durvyasana se mukta kahe jA sakate haiM kintu jainAcAryoM ne isakI jo sUkSma vyAkhyA kI hai, usa AdhAra para Aja kA gRhastha varga isa durvyasana se kitanA mukta hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| vyAvasAyika apramANikatA aura kara apavaMcana Aja sAmAnya ho gaye haiN| vyAvasAyika apramANikatA ke isa yuga meM isakI prAsaMgikatA ko nakArA to nahIM jA sakatA kintu vartamAna yuga meM kauna isase kitanA baca sakegA, isa para vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra karanA apekSita hai| gRhastha jIvana kI vyAvahArika nIti gRhastha jIvana meM kaise jInA cAhie? isa sambandha meM thor3A nirdeza Avazyaka hai| gRhastha upAsaka kA vyAvahArika jIvana kaisA ho, isa sambandha meM jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra bikhare hue kucha nirdeza mila jAte haiN| lekina bAda ke jaina vicArakoM ne kathA - sAhitya, upadeza- sAhitya evaM AcAra sambandhI sAhitya meM isa sandarbha meM eka nizcita rUpa rekhA prastuta kI hai| yaha eka svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai| hama apane vivecana ko AcArya nemicandra ke pravacanasAroddhAra, AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra tathA paM0 AzAdharajI ke sAgAradharmAmRta taka hI sImita rkheNge| sabhI vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jo vyakti jIvana ke sAmAnya vyavahAroM meM kuzala nahIM hai, vaha AdhyAtmika jIvana kI sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika hone ke lie vyAvahArika yA sAmAjika honA pahalI zarta hai| vyavahAra se hI paramArtha sAdhA jA sakatA hai| dharma kI pratiSThA ke pahale jIvana meM vyavahArapaTutA evaM sAmAjika jIvana jIne kI kalA kA AnA Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa tathya ko bahuta pahale hI samajha liyA thaa| ataH aNuvrata-sAdhanA ke pUrva hI ina yogyatAoM kA sampAdana Avazyaka hai| AcArya hemacandra ne inheM "mArgAnusArI" guNa kahA hai| dharma-mArga kA anusAraNa karane ke lie ina guNoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| unhoMne yogazAstra ke dvitIya evaM tRtIya prakAza meM nimna 35 mArgAnusArI guNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai: (1) nyAya nItipUrvaka hI dhanopArjana karanA / (2) samAja meM jo jJAnavRddha aura vayovRddha ziSTa jana haiM, unakA yathocita sammAna karanA, unase zikSA grahaNa karanA aura unake AcAra kI prazaMsA krnaa| (3) samAna kula aura AcAra-vicAra vAle, svadharmI kintu bhinna gotrotpanna janoM kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha karanA (4) corI, parastrIgamana, asatyabhASaNa Adi pApakarmoM kA aihika pAralaukika kaTuka-vipAka jAnakara, pApAcAra kA tyAga krnaa| (5) apane deza ke kalyANakArI AcAra-vicAra evaM saMskRti kA pAlana karanA tathA saMrakSaNa krnaa| (6) dUsaroM kI nindA na krnaa| (7) aise makAna meM nivAsa karanA jo na adhika khulA aura na adhika gupta ho, jo surakSA vAlA bhI ho aura jisameM avyAhata vAyu evaM prakAza A ske| (8) sadAcArI janoM kI saMgati karanA / (9) mAtA-pitA kA sammAna satkAra karanA, unheM saba prakAra se santuSTa rkhnaa| (10) jahA~ vAtAvaraNa zAntiprada na ho, jahA~ nirAkulatA ke sAtha jIvana yApana karanA kaThina ho, aise grAma yA nagara meM nivAsa na karanA / (11) deza, jAti evaM kula se viruddha kArya na karanA, jaise madirApAna aadi| (12) deza aura kAla ke anusAra .

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zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna 329 vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa krnaa| (13) Aya se adhika vyaya na karanA aura (paropakArI) aura (21) labdhalakSya (jIvana ke sAdhya kA jnyaataa)| ayogya kSetra meM vyaya na krnaa| Aya ke anusAra vastra phnnaa| (14) paM0 AzAdhara jI ne apane graMtha sAgAra-dharmAmRta meM nimna guNoM dharmazravaNa kI icchA rakhanA, avasara milane para zravaNa karanA, zAstroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai: (1) nyAyapUrvaka dhana kA arjana karane vAlA, kA adhyayana karanA, unheM smRti meM rakhanA, jijJAsA se prerita hokara (2) guNIjanoM ko mAnanevAlA, (3) satyabhASI, (4) dharma, artha aura zAstracarcA karanA, viruddha artha se bacanA, vastusvarUpa kA parijJAna prApata kAma (trivarga) kA paraspara virodharahita sevana karanevAlA, (5) yogya karanA aura tattvajJa bananA buddhi ke ina ATha guNoM ko prApta krnaa| strI, (6) yogya sthAna (mohallA), (7) yogya makAna se yukta, (8) (15) dharmazravaNa karake jIvana ko uttarottara ucca aura pavitra bnaanaa| lajjAzIla, (9) yogya AhAra, (10) yogya AcaraNa, (11) zreSTha (16) ajIrNa hone para bhojana na karanA, yaha svAsthyarakSA kA mUla puruSoM kI saMgati, (12) buddhimAn, (13) kRtajJa, (14) jitendriya, mantra hai| (17) samaya para pramANopeta bhojana karanA, svAda ke vazIbhUta (15) dharmopadeza zravaNa karane vAlA, (16) dayAlu, (17) pApoM se ho adhika na khaanaa| (18) dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha kA isa Darane vAlA-aisA vyakti sAgAradharma (gRhastha dharma) kA AcaraNa kre| prakAra sevana karanA ki jisase kisI meM bAdhA utpanna na ho| dhanopArjana paM0 AzAdhara jI ne jina guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai unameM se adhikAMza ke binA gRhasthAzrama cala nahIM sakatA aura gRhastha kAma-puruSArtha kA kA nirdeza donoM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kiyA jA cukA hai| bhI sarvathA tyAgI nahIM ho sakatA, tathApi dharma ko bAdhA pahu~cA kara uparyukta vivecanA se jo bAta adhika spaSTa hotI hai, vaha yaha artha-kAma kA sevana na karanA caahie| (19) atithi, sAdhu aura dIna hai ki jaina AcAra-darzana manuSya jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa kI upekSA janoM ko yathAyogya dAna denaa| (20) AgrahazIla na honaa| (21) karake nahIM cltaa| jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko gaharAI saujanya, audArya, dAkSiNya Adi guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie se parakhA hai aura use itanA susaMskRta banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki prayatnazIla honaa| (22) ayogya deza aura ayogya kAla meM gamana jisake dvArA vyakti isa jagat meM bhI saphala jIvana jI sakatA hai| na krnaa| (23) deza, kAla, vAtAvaraNa aura svakIya sAmarthya kA yahI nahIM, ina sadguNoM meM se adhikAMza kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika vicAra karake hI koI kArya prArambha krnaa| (24) AcAravRddha aura jIvana se hai| vaiyaktika jIvana meM inakA vikAsa sAmAjika jIvana ke jJAnavRddha puruSoM ko apane ghara Amantrita karanA, AdarapUrvaka biThalAnA, madhura sambandhoM kA sRjana karatA hai| ye vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie jitane sammAnita karanA aura unakI yathocita sevA krnaa| (25) mAtA-pitA, upayogI haiM, usase adhika sAmAjika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| patnI, putra Adi AzritoM kA yathAyogya bharaNa-poSaNa karanA, unake jainAcAryoM ke anusAra ye AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke pravezadvAra haiN| sAdhaka vikAsa meM sahAyaka bnnaa| (26) dIrghadarzI honaa| kisI bhI kArya inakA yogya rIti se AcaraNa karane ke bAda hI aNuvratoM aura mahAvratoM ko prArambha karane ke pUrva hI usake guNAvaguNa para vicAra kara lenaa| kI sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| (27) vivekazIla honaa| jisameM hita-ahita, kRtya-akRtya kA viveka nahIM hotA, usa pazu ke samAna puruSa ko anta meM pazcAttApa karanA par3atA zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kI prAsaMgikatA hai| (28) gRhastha ko kRtajJa honA caahie| upakArI ke upakAra ko jainadharma meM zrAvaka ke nimna bAraha vrata haiMvismaraNa kara denA ucita nhiiN| (29) ahaMkAra se bacakara vinamra honaa| (1) ahiMsA-aNuvrata (30) lajjAzIla honaa| (31) karuNAzIla honaa| (32) saumya honaa| (2) satya-aNuvrata (33) yathAzakti paropakAra krnaa| (34) kAma, krodha, moha, mada aura (3) acaurya-aNuvrata mAtsarya, ina Antarika ripuoM se bacane kA prayatna karanA aura (35) (4) svapatnI-saMtoSavrata indriyoM ko ucchaMkhala na hone denaa| indriyavijetA gRhastha hI dharma kI (5) parigraha-parimANa vrata ArAdhanA karane kI pAtratA prApta karatA hai| (6) dik-parimANa vrata AcArya nemicandra ne pravacanasAroddhAra meM bhinna rUpa se zrAvaka ke (7) upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata 21 guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yaha mAnA hai ki ina 21 guNoM (8) anarthadaNDa-viramaNa vrata ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti hI aNuvratoM kI sAdhanA kA pAtra hotA (9) sAmAyika vrata hai| AcArya dvArA nirdezita zrAvaka ke 21 guNa nimna haiM:-(1) akSudrapana (10) dezAvakAsika vrata (vizAla-hRdayatA), (2) svasthatA, (3) saumyatA, (4) lokapriyatA, (11) proSadhopavAsa vrata (5) akrUratA, (6) pApabhIrutA, (7) azaThatA, (8) sudakSatA (12) atithi-saMvibhAga vrata (dAnazIlatA), (9) lajjAzIlatA, (10) dayAlutA, (11) guNAnurAgatA, aMhisA-aNuvrata-gRhasthopAsaka saMkalpapUrvaka trasaprANiyoM (calane (12) priyasambhASaNa yA saumyadRSTi, (13) mAdhyasthavRtti, (14) phirane vAle) kI hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai| hiMsA ke cAra rUpa haiMdIrghadRSTi, (15) satkathaka evaM supakSayukta, (16) namratA, (17) 1. AkrAmaka (saMkalpI), 2. surakSAtmaka (virodhajA), 3. audyogika vizeSajJatA, (18) vRddhAnugAmI, (19) kRtajJa, (20) parahitakArI (udyogajA), 4. jIvana-yApana ke anya kAryoM meM hone vAlI (aarmbhjaa)|

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330 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hiMsA ke ye cAroM rUpa bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiye gaye haiM- 3. bhUmi Adi ke svAmitva ke sambandha meM asatya jAnakArI 1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| isameM AkrAmaka denaa| meM hiMsA kI jAtI hai, jabaki surakSAtmaka, audyogikI aura ArambhajA 4. kisI dharohara ko dabAne yA apane vyaktigata svArtha ko siddha meM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| surakSAtmaka, audyogika aura ArambhajA hiMsA karane hetu asatya bolnaa| meM hiMsA kA nirNaya to hotA hai, kintu vaha nirNaya vivazatA meM lenA 5. jhUThI sAkSI denaa| hotA hai, ata: use svatantra aicchika nirNaya nahIM kaha sakate haiN| ina isa aNuvrata ke pAMca aticAra yA doSa nimna haiMsthitiyoM meM hiMsA kI nahIM jAtI, apitu karanI par3atI hai| surakSAtmaka 1. avicArapUrvaka bolanA yA mithyA-doSAropaNa krnaa| hiMsA aura audyogika hiMsA meM trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA bhI karanI par3a 2. gopanIyatA bhaMga krnaa| sakatI hai, yadyapi audyogika hiMsA meM bhI trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA kevala 3. svapatnI yA mitra ke gupta rahasyoM kA prakaTa krnaa| surakSAtmaka dRSTi se hI karanI par3atI hai| isake atirikta hiMsA kA 4. mithyA-upadeza arthAt logoM ko bhkaanaa| eka rUpa vaha hai, jisameM hiMsA ho jAtI hai, jaise-kRSikArya karate 5. kUTa-lekhakaraNa arthAt jhUThe dastAveja taiyAra karanA, nakalI hue sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda ho jAne vAlI vs-hiNsaa| jIvanarakSaNa evaM mudrA (mohara) lagAnA yA jAlI hastAkSara krnaa| AjIvikopArjana meM hone vAlI hiMsA se usakA vrata dUSita nahIM mAnA uparyukta sabhI niSedhoM kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI nirvivAda hai| gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA vartamAna yuga meM bhI ye sabhI dUSita pravRttiyA~ pracalita haiM tathA zAsana pAlana jisa sUkSmatA ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha use avyAvahArika aura samAja ina para roka lagAnA cAhatA hai| banA detA hai kintu yadi hama gRhastha upAsaka ke ahiMsA-aNuvrata ke 3. asteyANuvrata-vastu ke svAmI kI anumati ke binA kisI uparyukta vivecana ko dekhate haiM to yaha nissaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai vastu kA gahaNa karanA corI hai| gRhastha sAdhaka ko isa dUSita pravRtti ki ahiMsA kI jaina avadhAraNA kisI bhI sthiti meM aprAsaMgika aura se bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| isakI vistRta carcA hama sapta durvyasana avyAvahArika nahIM hai| vaha na to vyakti yA rASTra ke Atma-surakSA ke ke saMdarbha meM kara cuke haiM, ata: yahA~ kevala isake nimna aticAroM prayatna meM bAdhaka hai aura na usakI audyogika pragati meN| usakA virodha kI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA kareMgehai to mAtra AkrAmaka hiMsA se aura Aja koI bhI vivekazIla prANI 1. corI kI vastu khriidnaa| yA rASTra AkrAmaka hiMsA kA samarthaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| 2. cauryakarma meM sahayoga denaa| gRhastha upAsaka ke ahiMsANuvrata ke jo pAMca aticAra (doSa) 3. zAsakIya niyamoM kA atikramaNa tathA kara apvNcn| batAye gaye haiM ve bhI pUrNatayA vyAvahArika aura prAsaMgika haiN| ina aticAroM 4. mApa-taula kI aprmaanniktaa| kI prAsaMgika vyAkhyA nimna hai 5. vastuoM meM milAvaTa krnaa| 1. bandhana-prANiyoM ko baMdhana meM ddaalnaa| Adhunika sandarbha uparyukta pA~coM duSpavRttiyA~ Aja bhI anucita evaM zAsana dvArA meM adhInastha karmacAriyoM ko nizcita samayAvadhi se adhika rokakara daNDanIya mAnI jAtI haiN| ata: inakA niSedha aprAsaMgika yA kArya lenA athavA kisI kI svatantratA kA apaharaNa karanA bhI isI avyAvahArika nahIM hai| vartamAna yuga meM ye duSpravRttiyA~ bar3hatI jA rahI koTi meM AtA hai| haiM, ata: ina niyamoM kA pAlana apekSita hai| 2. vadha-aMgopAMga kA chedana aura ghAtaka prahAra krnaa| 4. svapatnI-saMtoSa vrata-gRhasthopAsaka kI kAma-pravRtti para 3. vRtticcheda-kisI kI AjIvikA ko chInanA yA usameM bAdhA aMkuza lagAne ke hetu isa vrata kA vidhAna kiyA hai| yaha yauna sambandhoM ddaalnaa| ko niyantrita evaM pariSkArita karatA hai aura isa saMdarbha meM sAmAjika 4. atibhAra-prANI kI sAmarthya se adhika bojha lAdanA yA vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| svapatnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha kArya lenaa| rakhanA jaina zrAvaka ke liye niSiddha hai| pArivArika evaM sAmAjika zAnti 5. bhakta-pAna-nirodha-adhInastha pazuoM evaM karmacAriyoM kI evaM suvyavasthA kI dRSTi se isa vrata kI upayogitA nirvivAda hai| yaha samaya para evaM Avazyaka bhojana-pAnI kI vyavasthA na krnaa| uparyukta vrata pati-patnI ke madhya eka-dUsare ke prati AsthA jAgRta karatA hai anaitika AcaraNoM kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI yathAvat hai| zAsana ne aura unake pArasparika prema evaM samarpaNabhAva ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| jaba inakI prAsaMgikatA ke AdhAra para inheM rokane hetu niyama banAye haiM jabaki bhI isa vrata kA bhaMga hotA hai, pArivArika jIvana meM azAMti evaM darAra jainAcAryoM ne do hajAra varSa pUrva ina niyamoM kI vyavasthA kara dI thii| paidA ho jAtI hai| 2. satyANuvrata-gRhastha ko nimna pA~ca kAraNoM se asatya-bhASaNa isa vrata ke nimna pAMca aticAra yA doSa mAne gaye haiMkA niSedha kiyA gayA hai 1. alpavaya kI vivAhitA strI se athavA samaya-vizeSa ke lie 1. vara-kanyA ke sambandha meM asatya jAnakArI denaa| grahaNa kI gaI strI se arthAt vezyA Adi se sambhoga krnaa| 2. pazu Adi ke kraya-vikraya hetu asatya jAnakArI denaa| 2. avivAhita strI-jisameM parastrI aura vezyA bhI samAhita hai,

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ye yauna sambandha sthApita krnaa| 3. aprAkRtika sAdhanoM se kAma-vAsanA ko santuSTa karanA, jaisehasta maithuna, gudA-maithuna, samaliMgI-maithuna aadi| 4. para vivAhakaraNa arthAt sva-santAna ke atirikta dUsaroM ke vivAha sambandha krvaanaa| vartamAna saMdarbha meM isakI eka vyAkhyA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki eka patnI ke hote hue dUsarA vivAha krnaa| zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna 5. kAma bhoga kI tIvra abhilASA - 7. upabhoga - paribhoga- parimANa vrata-vyakti kI bhogavRtti para uparyukta pAMca niSedhoM meM koI bhI aisA nahIM hai, jise avyAvahArika aMkuza lagAnA hI isa vrata kA mUla uddezya hai| isa vrata ke antargata aura vartamAna saMdarbhoM meM aprAsaMgika kahA jA ske| zrAvaka ko apane dainaMdina jIvana ke upayoga kI pratyeka vastu kI saMkhyA, mAtrA Adi nirdhArita karanI hotI hai-- jaise vaha kauna sA maMjana karegA, kisa prakAra ke cAvala, dAla, sabjI, phala- miSThAnna Adi kA upabhoga karegA, unakI mAtrA kyA hogI, usake vastra, jUte, zayyA Adi kisa prakAra ke aura kitane hoNge| vastutaH isa vrata ke mAdhyama meM usakI bhoga-vRtti ko saMyamita kara usake jIvana ko sAtvika aura sAdA banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jisakI upayogitA ko koI bhI vicArazIla vyakti asvIkAra nahIM kregaa| Aja jaba manuSya uddAma bhoga- vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA hai, isa vrata kA mahattva spaSTa hai| jaina AcAryoM ne upabhoga- paribhoga-parimANa vrata ke mAdhyama se yaha bhI spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki gRhastha upAsaka ko kina sAdhanoM ke dvArA apanI ajIvikA kA upArjana karanA cAhie aura kina sAdhanoM se AjIvikA kA upArjana nahIM karanA caahie| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie nimnalikhita pandraha prakAra ke vyavasAyoM ke dvArA AjIvikA arjita karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA hai 5. parigraha- parimANa vrata isa vrata ke antargata gRhastha upAsaka se yaha apekSA kI gaI hai ki vaha apanI sampati arthAt jamIna-jAyadAda, bahumUlya dhAtue~, dhana-dhAnya, pazu evaM anya vastuoM kI eka sImA rekhA nizcita kare aura usakA atikramaNa nahIM kare vyakti meM saMgraha kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai aura kisI sImA taka gRhastha jIvana meM saMgraha Avazyaka bhI hai, kintu yadi saMgraha vRtti ko niyantrita nahIM kiyA jAvegA to samAja meM garIba aura amIra kI khAI adhika gaharI hogI aura varga saMgharSa aparihArya ho jaavegaa| parigraha parimANavrata yA icchAparimANavrata isI saMgraha-vRtti ko niyantrita karatA hai aura Arthika vaiSamya kA samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai / yadyapi prAcIna granthoM meM isa sambandha meM koI sImA rekhA niyata nahIM kI gaI hai, use vyakti ke sva-viveka para chor3a diyA gayA thA, kintu Adhunika saMdarbha meM hameM vyakti kI AvazyakatA aura rASTra kI sampannatA ke AdhAra para sampatti yA parigraha kI koI adhikatama sImA nirdhArita karanI hogI, yahI eka aisA upAya hai jisase garIba aura amIra ke bIca kI khAI ko pATA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhaya nirarthaka hai ki anAsakti aura aparigraha ke Adarza se Arthika-pragati prabhAvita hogii| jaina dharma arjana kA usI sthiti meM virodhI hai, jaba ki usake sAtha hiMsA aura zoSaNa kI burAiyA~ jur3atI haiN| hamArA Adarza hai-- sau hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM se bA~Ta do| gRhastha arthopArjana kare, kintu vaha na to saMgraha ke liye ho aura na svayaM ke bhoga ke liye, apitu usakA upayoga loka-maMgala ke liye aura dIna-dukhiyoM kI sevA meM ho; vartamAna sandarbha meM isa vrata kI upayogitA nirvivAda hai| yadi Aja hama svecchA se nahIM apanAte haiM to yA to zAsana hameM isake liye bAdhya karegA yA phira abhAvagrasta varga hamase chIna legA, ataH hameM samaya rahate samhala jAnA cAhiye / 6. dik parimANavrata - tRSNA asIma hai, dhana ke lobha meM manuSya kahA~-kahA~ nahIM bhaTakA hai| rAjya kI tRSNA ne sAmrAjyavAda ko janma diyA, to dhana-lobha meM vyAvasAyika upaniveza bne| artha-lolupatA tathA viSaya vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta Aja bhI vyakti deza-videza meM bhaTakatA hai| dik parimANavrata manuSya kI isI bhaTakana ko niyantrita karatA hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane arthopArjana evaM viSaya bhoga kA kSetra sImita kre| isIlie use vividha dizAoM meM apane AvAgamana kA kSetra maryAdita kara lenA hotA hai| yadyapi vartamAna saMdarbha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isase vyakti kA . - 331 kAryakSetra sImita ho jAvegA kintu jo vartamAna antarrASTrIya sthiti se avagata haiM, ve yaha bhalI prakAra jAnate haiM ki Aja koI bhI rASTra videzI vyakti ko apane yahA~ paira jamAne denA nahIM cAhatA hai, dUsare yadi hama antarrASTrIya zoSaNa ko samApta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa bAta se sahamata honA hogA ki vyakti ke dhanopArjana kI gatividhi kA kSetra sImita ho / ataH isa vrata ko aprAsaMgika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. aGgArakarma jaina AcAryoM ne isake antargata AdamI ko agni prajjvalita karake kiye jAne vAle sabhI vyavasAyoM ko niSiddha batAyA hai; jaise--kumbhakAra, svarNakAra, lauhakAra Adi ke vyavasAya / kintu merI dRSTi meM isakA tAtparya jaMgala meM Aga lagAkara kRSiyogya bhUmi taiyAra karanA hai| 2. vanakarma -- jaMgala kaTavAne kA vyavasAya / 3. zakaTakarma- bailagADI, ratha Adi banAkara becane kA vyavasAya 4. bhATakakarma-baila, azva Adi pazuoM ko kirAye para calAne kA vyavasAya / 5. sphoTikarma khAna khodane kA vyavasAya 6. dantavANijya - hAthI dA~ta Adi haDDI kA vyavasAya / upalakSaNa se camar3e tathA sIMga Adi ke vyavasAyI bhI isameM sammilita haiN| 7. lAkSA- vANijya - lAkha kA vyavasAya / - 8. rasa- vANijya - madya, mAMsa, madhu Adi kA vyApAra / 9. viSa vANijya - vibhinna prakAra ke viyoM kA vyApAra / 10. keSa-vANijya -- bAloM evaM romayukta camar3e kA vyApAra / 11. yantrapIDanakarma - yantra, sA~ce, kolhU Adi kA vyApAra / upalakSaNa se astra-zastroM kA vyApAra bhI isI meM sammilita hai| 12. nIlAcchanakarma -- baila Adi pazuoM ko napuMsaka banAne kA vyavasAya / .

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332 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 13. dAvAgnidApana-jaMgala meM Aga lagAne kA vyvsaay| tanAvoM kI sthiti meM jI rahA hai, sAmAyika vrata kI sAdhanA kI upayogitA 14. tAlAba, jhIla aura sarovara Adi ko sukhaanaa| suspaSTa ho jAtI hai| vartamAna meM mAtra vezaparivartana karake kucha samaya 15. vyabhicAra-vRtti ke lie vezyA Adi ko niyukta kara unake ke lie bAhya hiMsaka pravRttiyoM se dUra ho jAnA sAmAyika kA bAhya dvArA dhanopArjana krvaanaa| upalakSaNa se duSkarmoM ke dvArA AjIvikA rUpa to ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha usakI antarAtmA nahIM hai| Aja kA arjana krnaa| ___hamArI sAmAyika kI sAdhanA meM samabhAvarUpI antarAtmA mRtaprAya hotI Adhunika sandarbha meM uparyukta niSiddha vyavasAyoM kI sUcI meM jA rahI hai aura vaha eka rUr3ha-kriyA mAtra bana kara raha gayI hai| sAmAyika parimArjana kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai| Aja vyavasAyoM ke aise se mAnasika tanAvoM kA nirAkaraNa aura cittavRtti ko zAnta aura nirAkula bahuta se rUpa sAmane Aye haiM, jo adhika anaitika aura hiMsaka haiN| banAne ke lie koI upayukta paddhati vikasita kI jAye, yaha Aja ataH isa sandarbha meM paryApta vicAra-vimarza karake niSiddha vyavasAyoM ke yuga kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| kI eka navIna tAlikA banAyI jAnI caahie| 10.dezAvakAsika vrata-isa vrata kA mukhya uddezya AMzika 8. anarthadaNDa-parityAga-mAnava apane jIvana meM aneka aise rUpa se gRhastha-jIvana se nivRtti prApta karanA hai| manuSya svAbhAvika pApakarma karatA hai, jinake dvArA usakA apanA koI hita sAdhana nahIM rUpa se parivartanapriya hai| ghara-gRhasthI ke kolAhalapUrNa aura azAnta hotaa| ina niSpayojana kiye jAne vAle pApa karmoM se gRhastha upAsaka jIvana se nivRtti lekara eka zAnta jIvana kA abhyAsa evaM AsvAda ko bacAnA isa vrata kA mukhya uddezya hai| niSprayojana hiMsA aura karanA hI isakA lakSya hai| vaise bhI hama saptAha meM eka dina avakAza asatya-sambhASaNa kI pravRttiyA~ manuSya meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAtI manAte haiN| dezAvakAsika vrata isI sAptAhika avakAza kA AdhyAtmika hai| jaise, snAna meM AvazyakatA se adhika jala kA apavyaya karanA, sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upayoga hai aura isa dRSTi se isakI sArthakatA ko bhojana meM jUThana chor3anA, sambhASaNa meM apazabdoM kA prayoga karanA, svAsthya asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|| ke lie hAnikara mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana karanA, azlIla aura kAmavarddhaka 11. prauSAdhopavAsa-yaha vrata bhI mukhya rUpa se nivRttiparaka sAhitya kA par3hanA, Adi! nirarthaka pravRttiyA~ avivekI aura anuzAsanahIna jIvana kI sAdhanA ke nimitta hai| upavAsapUrvaka viSayavAsanAoM para jIvana kI dyotaka haiN| isa vrata ke antargata gRhastha upAsaka se yaha niyantraNa rakhanA hI isa vrata kA mUla uddezya hai| ise hama eka dina apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha azubhacintana, pApakarmopadeza, hiMsaka ke lie grahaNa kiyA huA zramaNa-jIvana bhI kaha sakate haiN| isakI upakaraNoM ke dAna tathA pramAdAcaraNa se bce| isa vrata ke nimnalikhita sArthakatA vaiyaktika sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se hI oNkI jA pAMca aticAra mAne gaye haiM sakatI hai| 1. kAmavAsanA ko uttejita karane vAlI ceSTAe~ krnaa| 12. atithi-saMvibhAga vrata-atithi-saMvibhAga vrata gRhastha ke 2. hA~tha, mu~ha, A~kha Adi se abhadra ceSTAe~ krnaa| sAmAjika dAyitva kA sUcaka hai| apane aura apane parijanoM ke udarapoSaNa 3. adhika vAcAla honA yA nirarthaka bAta krnaa| __ ke sAtha-sAtha gRhastha para nivRtta-sAdhakoM aura samAja ke asahAya evaM 4. anAvazyaka rUpa se hiMsA ke sAdhanoM kA saMgraha karanA aura abhAvagrasta vyaktiyoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA dAyitva bhI hai| prastuta vrata unheM dUsaroM ko denaa| kA uddezya gRhastha meM sevA aura dAna kI vRtti ko jAgRta karanA hai| 5. AvazyakatA se adhika upabhoga kI sAmagrI kA saMcaya krnaa| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| hamArA jIvana pArasparika sahayoga aura yadi hama uparyukta vrata aura usake doSoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM sahabhAgitA ke AdhAra para hI calatA hai| dUsaroM ke sukha-duHkha meM sahabhAgI to vartamAna yuga meM isakI sArthakatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| mAnava-samAja bananA aura abhAvagrastoM, pIr3itoM aura dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA karanAmeM Aja bhI ye sabhI cAritrika vikRtiyA~ vidyamAna haiM aura eka sabhya yaha gRhastha kA anivArya dharma hai| yadyapi Aja isa pravRtti ko bhikSAvRtti samAja ke nirmANa ke lie inakA parimArjana Avazyaka hai| ko protsAhana dene vAlI mAnakara anupayukta kahA jAtA hai, kintu jaba zrAvaka ke uparyukta pAMca aNuvratoM aura tIna guNavratoM kA bahuta taka samAja meM abhAvagrasta, pIr3ita aura rogI vyakti haiM-sevA aura kucha sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se hai aura hamane jaba unakI sahakAra kI AvazyakatA aparihArya rUpa se banI rahegI aura yadi zAsana prAsaMgikatA kI koI carcA kI hai to vaha sAmAjika dRSTi se hI kI isa dAyitva ko nahI sambhAlatA hai to yaha pratyeka gRhastha kA kartavya hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke zeSa cAra zikSAvratoM meM sAmAyika, dezAvakAsika, hai ki vaha dAna aura sevA ke mUlyoM ko jIvita banAye rkhe| yaha prazna prauSadhopavAsa kA sambandha viziSTa rUpa se vaiyaktika jIvana se hai| yadyapi mAtra dayA yA karuNA kA nahIM hai, apitu dAyitva-bodha kA hai| atithi-saMvibhAga vrata kI vyAkhyA puna: sAmAjika sandarbha meM kI jA / sakatI hai| upasaMhAra 9. sAmAyika vrata- sAmAyika samabhAva kI sAdhanA hai| jaina dharma ke zrAvaka-AcAra kI uparyukta samIkSA karane ke pazcAt sukha-duHkha, hAni-lAbha, jaya-parAjaya meM cittavRtti kA samatva hI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina zrAvakoM ke lie pratipAdita AcAra sAmAyika hai| Aja ke yuga meM jaba manuSya mAnasika vikSobhoM aura ke niyama vartamAna sAmAjika sandarbho meM bhI prAsaMgika siddha hote haiN|

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zrAvaka AcAra kI prAsaGgikatA kA prazna zrAvaka-AcAra ke vidhi-niSedhoM meM yugAnukUla jo choTe-moTe parivartana jamIkanda-khAnA cAhie yA nahIM khAnA cAhie, aise choTe-choTe prazna apekSita haiM, una para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yugAnukUla zrAvaka uThA liye jAte haiM, kintu zrAvaka-AcAra kI mUlabhUta dRSTi kyA ho? dharma kI AcAra-vidhi Agamika niyamoM ko yathAvat rakhate hue banAyI aura usake lie yugAnukUla sarvasAmAnya AcAra-vidhi kyA ho? isa jA sakatI hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yahI hai ki hama jaina muni ke bAta para hamArI koI dRSTi nahIM jaatii| yaha eka zubha saMketa hai ki AcAra-niyamoM para to abhI bhI gambhIra carcAe~ karate hai, kintu zrAvaka arivala bhAratI jaina vidvat pariSad ne isa prazna ko lekara eka dharma kI AcAra-vidhi para koI gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra nahIM kiyA jaataa| vicAra-goSThI Ayojita kii| yadyapi yaha eka prArambhika bindu hai kintu Aja yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha muniyoM mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha prAthamika prayAsa bhI kabhI bRhad rUpa legA aura ke sandarbha meM hI haiN| gRhasthoM kI AcAra-vidhi aisI hai yA aisI honI hama apane zrAvaka varga ko eka yugAnukUla AcAravidhi de pAne meM cAhie, isa bAta para hamArA koI dhyAna nahIM jaataa| yadyapi kabhI-kabhI saphala hoNge| PAPrimVARAHIYHain

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paMcamakhaNDa jaina dharma aura sAdhanA lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina zrI oma prakAza siMha .

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jaina dharma ke mUlatattva jaina dharma kA udbhava aura vikAsa jina ke dvArA pravartita dharma jaina dharma kahA jAtA hai aura jo apanI indriyoM, vAsanAoM aura icchAoM para vijaya pA letA hai, vaha jina hai| jaina dharma kA eka prAcIna nAma nirgrantha dharma bhI hai| azoka Adi ke ati prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM isakA isI nAma se ullekha milatA hai| nirmanya zabda kA artha hai-- jisake hRdaya meM chala-kapaTa, rAgadveSa, ahaMkAra, lobha Adi kI koI gA~Tha nahIM hai aura jo Antarika aura bAhya parigraha se mukta hai, vahI nirmanya hai| jaina dharma ko Arhat dharma bhI kahate haiN| arhat zabda kA artha hai- jisane rAga-dveSa para vijaya prApta kara lI hai aura jo apanI AdhyAtmika pavitratA ke kAraNa jagat kA vandanIya bana gayA, vaha arhat hai aura usakA upAsaka aarht| jahA~ vaidika dharma meM yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA vahI zramaNadharma, vizeSa rUpa se jaina dharma meM tapa, tyAga va vairAgya para adhika bala diyA gyaa| ataH vaidika dharma ko pravRttimUlaka aura zramaNa dharma ko nivRttimUlaka dharma bhI kahate haiN| nivRttimUlaka dharma kA mukhya prayojana hotA hai-- sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukti hetu saMnyAsa ke mArga kA anusaraNa krnaa| isa prakAra jaina dharma saMnyAsa pradhAna yA vairAgya-pradhAna dharma hai| mAnava vyaktitva meM do tattva pAye jAte haiM--1. vAsanA aura 2. viveka / manuSya meM vAsanAoM kI upasthiti use daihika AvazyakatAoM evaM icchAoM kI pUrti kI ora arthAt bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi kI ora prerita karatI hai| jabaki viveka yaha batAtA hai ki icchAe~ ananta haiM, unakI pUrNa santuSTi kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai, isalie zAnti ke icchuka manuSya ko icchAoM kI santuSTi kI dizA meM na bhAgakara icchAoM kA saMyama karanA caahie| icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke saMyama kI yahI bAta saMnyAsamUlaka jaina dharma kI utpatti kA AdhAra hai| yaha prazna bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki jaina dharma kA prArambha kaba se huaa| isake prathama pravaktA kauna hai? jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa kAlacakra meM jaina dharma kI sthApanA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne kii| RSabhadeva ke ullekha Rgveda evaM purANa sAhitya meM bhI haiN| ata: jaina dharma saMsAra kA eka ati prAcIna dharma hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa kAlacakra meM saMnyAsamUlaka dharma kA prathama upadeza bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne diyA thaa| zrImadbhAgavat meM bhI RSabhadeva ko saMnyAsa dharma arthAt paramahaMsa mArga kA prarvataka kahA gayA hai| RSabhadeva se pUrva mAnava samAja pUrNataH prakRti para Azrita thaa| kAla krama meM jaba manuSyoM kI janasaMkhyA meM vRddhi aura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM meM kamI hone lagI to manuSyoM meM saMcaya vRtti kA vikAsa huA tathA striyoM, pazuoM aura khAdya padArthoM ko lekara eka dUsare se chInA-jhapaTI hone lgii| aisI sthiti meM RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama samAja-vyavasthA evaM zAsana vyavasthA kI nIMva DAlI tathA kRSi evaM zilpa ke dvArA apane hI zrama se apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanA sikhaayaa| kintu manuSya kI bar3hatI huI bhogAkAMkSA evaM saMcaya vRtti ke kAraNa vaiyaktika jIvana evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM jo azAMti evaM viSamatA AyI, usakA samAdhAna nahIM ho skaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki bhoga sAmagrI kI pracuratA bhI manuSya kI AkAMkSA va tRSNA ko samApta karane meM samartha nahIM hai| yadi vaiyaktika evaM samAjika jIvana meM zAMti evaM samatA sthApita karanI hai, to manuSya ko tyAga evaM saMyama ke mArga kI zikSA denI hogii| unhoMne svayaM parivAra evaM rAjya kA tyAga karake vairAgya kA mArga apanAyA aura logoM ko tyAga evaM vairAgya kI zikSA denA prArambha kiyaa| basa yahI jaina dharma kI utpatti kI kahAnI hai| Age calakara RSabhadeva kI paramparA meM kramazaH anya 23 tIrthaMkara hue| unameM bAIsaveM ariSTanemi, teIsaveM pArzvanAtha evaM caubIsaveM bhagavAn mahAvIra hue| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi bhagavAn kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the aura unhoMne ahiMsA para vizeSa rUpa se bala diyaa| apane vivAha ke avasara para vaivAhika bhoja hetu ekatrita pazu-pakSiyoM kI cItkAra sunakara unhoMne na kevala unheM mukta karavAyA, apitu vaivAhika jIvana se mukha mor3akara tapa sAdhanA kA mArga apanAyA aura jJAna prApta kiyA tathA ahiMsA aura saMyama kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne kahAdhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / devA vi taM namasaMti je dhamme samA mano arthAt ahiMsA, saMyama va tapa rUpI dharma hI sarvotkRSTa maMgala hai| jisakA mana sadaiva isa dharma meM lagA rahatA hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN| teIsaveM tIrthaMkAra bhagavAn pArzvanAtha vArANasI meM utpanna hue the, inhoMne tapa sAdhanA meM jo AtmapIr3ana evaM parapIr3ana kI pravRtti vikasita ho rahI thI, usakA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki aisA tapa jisase dUsare prANiyoM ko kaSTa hotA ho aura apane tapasvI hone ke ahaMkAra kI puSTi ho tathA jo laukika icchAoM kI pUrti ke liye kiyA jAtA ho, ucita nahIM hai| tapa kA prayojana to Atmazuddhi honA cAhie. ataH vivekapUrNa ahiMsaka tapa hI zreSTha hai| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke bAda bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI hue| mahAvIra ne indriya saMyama ke sAtha-sAtha brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI sAdhanA para adhika bala diyaa| unhoMne pArzva ke cArtuyAma dharma meM brahmacarya ko jor3akara ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra svAmI kA vizeSa bala AcArazuddhi aura vyavahArazuddhi para thaa| unhoMne kahA ki AcAro prathamodharmaH arthAt AcAra hI prathama dharma hai| vyAvahArika jIvana hetu unhoMne ahiMsA, anekAMta aura aparigraha para vizeSa bala diyaa| .

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jaina dharma ke mUlatattva 335 duHkha aura duHkha-vimukti karatI hai| jisase hamArA caitasika samatva bhaMga hotA hai| vaha sAmAjika mahAzramaNa mahAvIra ke cintana kA mala srota jIvana kI duHkhamayatA jIvana meM saMgraha evaM zoSaNa kI vRtti ko janma dekara sAmAjika viSamatA kA bodha hI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ve kahate haiM kA kAraNa banatI hai| isIlie mahAvIra ne yaha nirdeza diyA ki padArthoM jamma dukkhaM jarA dukkhaM rogA ya maraNANi y| kI ora bhAgane kI apekSA Atmonmukha bano, kyoMki jo padArtha yA aho dukkho hu saMsAro jattha kIsanti jntvo|| parApekSI hotA hai vaha paratantra hotA hai, kintu jo AtmApekSI hotA hai janma duHkhamaya hai, vRddhAvasthA bhI duHkhamaya hai,roga aura mRtyu bhI vaha svatantra hotA hai| yadi tuma vastuta: tanAvamukta honA cAhate ho tathA duHkhamaya hai, adhika kyA yaha sampUrNa sAMsArika astitva hI duHkha vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti cAhate ho to, Atmakendrita rUpa hai| saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ke isI bodha se duHkha ke kAraNa kI bano, kyoMki jo parAzrita yA para-kendrita hotA hai, vaha duHkhI hotA khoja evaM duHkha-vimukti (mokSa yA nirvANa) ke cintana kA vikAsa hai aura jo svAzrita yA svakendrita hotA hai, vaha sukhI hotA hai| AturahuA hai| jaina cintakoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki sAMsArikatA meM sukha nahIM pratyAkhyAna nAmaka jaina grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta sAMsArika hai| jise hama sukha mAna lete haiM, vaha ThIka usI prakAra kA hai jisa upalabdhiyA~ saMyogajanya haiN| inheM apanA mAnane yA ina para mamatva rakhane prakAra khujalI kI bImArI se pIr3ita vyakti khAja ko khujalAne meM se prANI duHkha paramparA ko prApta hotA hai| ata: ina sAyogika upalabdhiyoM sukha mAna letA hai, vastuta: vaha sukha bhI duHkha rUpa hI hai| saMsAra ke prati mamatvavRtti kA visarjana kara denA caahie| yahI duHkha-vimukti meM dhanI-nirdhana, zAsita-zAsaka sabhI to du:khI haiN| kahA hai- kA eka mAtra upAya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ dhana binA nirdhana duHkhI, tRSNAvaza dhnvaan| mamatva hai, vahA~-vahA~ duHkha hai| icchAoM kI pUrti se du:kha-vimukti kA kabahu na sukha yA saMsAra meM, saba jaga dekhyo chaan|| prayAsa ThIka vaisA hI hai jaise chalanI ko jala se bharane kA pryaas| saMsAra ke ina duHkhoM ko hama do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate / hama bAhya jagat meM rasa lene ke lie jaise hI usameM apanA AropaNa haiM- eka to bhautika duHkha, jo prAkRtika vipadAoM aura bAhya tathyoM karate haiM, vaise hI eka prakAra kA dvaita prakaTa ho jAtA hai| jisameM hama ke kAraNa hote haiM aura dUsare mAnasika duHkha jo manuSya kI AkAMkSAoM apanepana kA AropaNa karate haiM, Asakti rakhate haiM, vaha hamAre lie va tRSNAoM se janma lete haiN| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM ina samasta bhautika 'sva' bana jAtA hai aura usase bhinna yA virodhI 'para' bana jAtA hai| evaM mAnasika du:khoM kA mUla vyakti kI bhogAzakti hI hai| manuSya apanI AtmA kI samatva ke kendra se yaha cyuti hI use ina 'sva' aura 'para' kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA ina duHkhoM ke nivAraNa kA prayatna to karatA ke do vibhAgoM meM bA~Ta detI hai| inheM hama kramaza: rAga aura dveSa kahate hai, kintu vaha usa kAraNa kA uccheda nahIM karatA jisase duHkha prasphuTita haiN| rAga AkarSaNa kA siddhAnta hai aura dveSa vikarSaNa kaa| apanA-parAyA, hotA hai, kyoMki vaha bAhara na hokara hamArI cittavRtti meM hotA hai| saMyama rAga-dveSa athavA AkarSaNa-vikarSaNa ke kAraNa hamArI cetanA meM sadaiva (brahmacarya) aura santoSa (aparigraha) ke atirikta manuSya kI tRSNA ko hI tanAva, saMgharSa athavA dvandva banA rahatA hai, yadyapi cetanA yA AtmA samApta karane kA koI upAya nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki bAhya apanI svAbhAvika zakti ke dvArA sadaiva sAmyAvasthA yA saMtulana banAne padArthoM se icchAoM kI pUrti kA prayAsa vaisA hI hai jaise ghRta DAlakara kA prayAsa karatI rahatI hai| lekina rAga evaM dveSa kisI bhI sthAyI agni ko zAnta karanA yA zAkhAoM ko kATakara jar3oM ko pAnI dene santulana kI avasthA ko sambhava nahIM hone dete| yahI kAraNa hai ki ke samAna hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jaina-darzana meM rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA samyak-jIvana kI anivArya zarta suvaNNa-rUppassa u pavvayA bhave siyA hu kelAsasamA asNkhyaa| mAnI gaI hai| mamatva va rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hI mAnavIya pIr3A kA narassa luddhassa na tehiM kiMci icchA u AgAsasamA annntiyaa|| mUla kAraNa hai| yadi manuSya ko mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti pAnA hai cAhe svarNa va rajata ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya parvata kyoM to, isake lie nirmamatva yA anAsakti kI sAdhanA hI eka mAtra na khar3e kara diye jAyeM, kintu ve manuSya kI tRSNA ko pUrNa karane meM vikalpa hai| samartha nahIM haiM, kyoMki icchA to AkAza ke samAna ananta hai| samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa bhogAkAMkSA, tRSNA yA mamatvabuddhi hI hai| kintu AtmA kA bandhana aura mukti isa bhogAkAMkSA kI samApti kA upAya icchAoM kI pUrti nahIM hai, apitu jaina dharma ke anusAra yaha saMsAra duHkhamaya hai, ata: ina sAMsArika saMyama evaM nirAkAMkSatA hI hai| yadi hama vyakti ko mAnasika vikSobhoM duHkhoM se mukta honA hI vyakti kA mukhya prayojana honA caahie| manuSya evaM tanAvoM se tathA mAnava jAti ko hiMsA evaM zoSaNa se mukta karanA meM upasthita rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI usakA vAstavika bandhana hai aura cAhate haiM, to hameM apane ko saMyama evaM santoSa kI dizA meM mor3anA yahI duHkha hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra manuSya jaba rAga-dveSa athavA krodha, hogaa| bhogavAdI sukhoM kI lAlasA meM daur3atA hai aura usakI upalabdhi mAna Adi kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara koI bhI zArIrika, vAcika yA hetu corI, zoSaNa evaM saMgraha jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA mAnasika pravRtti karatA hai to usake pariNAmasvarUpa karma-paramANuoM kA hai| mahAvIra ke anusAra bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM AkarSaNa hotA hai, jise ve Asrava kahate haiN| jaba cittavRtti meM krodhAdi ko janma dekara hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana meM tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM ko utpanna kaSAya vidyamAna ho tathA zarIra evaM indriyoM kI pravRtti asaMyamita ho

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336 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 to usake pariNAmasvarUpa karma kA bandha hotA hai yA karma-saMskAra banate gayI hai| nirjarA kA artha hai karma-mala ko alaga kara denA yA jhAr3a. haiN| pratyeka karma-saMskAra kAlakrama meM apanA vipAka yA phala detA hai denaa| AtmA para lage karma-mala ko alaga karane kA prayatna hI nirjarA aura isa prakAra karma aura vipAka kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| isa hai| jisa prakAra kamare kI saphAI ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pahale tathya ko hama aise bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki jaba vyakti dveSa Adi ke to hama kamare kI khir3akiyA~ banda kara deM, tAki bAhara se dhUla na vazIbhUta hokara krodha karatA hai to usameM krodha ke saMskAra banate haiN| Aye, kintu pUrva kI upasthita dhUla yA mala kI saphAI ke lie kamare samaya-samaya para krodha ke ina saMskAroM kI abhivyakti hone se krodha ko jhAr3anA bhI Avazyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA meM jo gaMdagI usakI jIvana-zailI kA hI aMga bana jAtA hai aura yahI usakA hai use dUra karane ke lie nirjarA Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra bandhana hai| nirjarA ke dvArA hI AtmA ke pUrva saMcita karma-mala kA zodhana sambhava jaina dharma ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA meM jo ananta jJAna, ananta hai| nirjarA kA dUsarA nAma 'tapa-sAdhanA' hai| kahA gayA hai ki tapa ke darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta zakti rahI huI hai, vaha ina karma-saMskAroM dvArA AtmA karor3oM bhavoM ke pUrva saMcita karmoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| ke kAraNa kuMThita ho jAtI hai| Atmika zakti kA kuMThita honA hI jisa prakAra zuddha ghI ko prApta karane ke lie hameM makkhana ko kisI bandhana hai| karma kA yaha bandhana ATha prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. bartana meM rakhakara tapAnA hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA kI zuddhi ke liye jo karma AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNa use bhI zarIra rUpI bhojana ke dvArA tapAnA hotA hai| jaina dharma meM tapasyA kahalAte haiM, 2. jinake dvArA AtmA kI anubhUti sAmarthya sImita hotI kA matalaba zarIra ko kaSTa denA nahIM apitu zarIra ke prati rAgAtmakatA hai, use darzanAvaraNa kahate haiM, 3. jisake dvArA sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti ___ yA mamatvabuddhi ko dUra karanA hai| isIlie AtmA kI dehAsakti ko hotI hai, ve vedanIya karma haiM, 4. jina karma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa vyakti tor3ane kA jo prayatna hai, vahI tapasyA hai| yaha satya hai ki sabhI durAcaraNoM kA dRSTikoNa evaM cAritra dUSita ho use mohanIya-karma kahA gayA hai| kA mUla kAraNa vyakti kI mamatA yA Asakti hai, isa Asakti meM bhI 5. jo karma hamAre vyaktitva yA caitasika evaM zArIrika saMracanA ke dehAsakti sabase ghanIbhUta hotI hai| ise samApta karane ke lie hI jaina kAraNa hote haiM, unheM nAmakarma kahate haiM, 6. jina karmoM ke kAraNa vyakti dharma meM anazana Adi bAhya tapoM aura svAdhyAya Adi Antarika tapoM ko anukUla va pratikUla pariveza upalabdha hotA hai, vaha gotrakarma hai, kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 7. isI prakAra jo karma eka zarIra vizeSa meM hamArI Ayu maryAdA ko jaba tapasyA dvArA AtmA kI Asakti aura karma-mala samApta ho nizcita karatA hai, use AyuSyakarma kahate haiN| 8. anta meM jisa jAte haiM to AtmA kI ananta jJAna Adi kSamatAe~ prakaTa ho jAtI karma dvArA hameM prApta hone vAlI upalabdhiyoM meM bAdhA ho vaha antarAya- haiN| Asakti aura karma-mala kA kSaya hokara AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA karma hai| pUrNa prakaTana hI jaina dharma meM mukti yA nirvANa hai| ise hI paramAtmadazA jaina darzana ke anusAra ina karmoM ke vaza hokara prANI saMsAra kI prApti bhI kahate haiN| jaba AtmA karma-mala se rahita pUrNa nirmamatva meM janma-maraNa karatA hai aura sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti evaM nirAvaraNa avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai aura apane Atma svarUpa karatA hai| meM lIna ho jAtA hai, to vahI paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| AtmA ko paramAtmA jaina dharma kA prayojana AtmA ko isa karma-mala se mukta kara vizuddha kI avasthA taka pahu~cAnA hI jaina sAdhanA kA mUla prayojana hai| banAnA hai| isake lie saMvara kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra kamare kI khir3akiyA~ khulI rahane para usameM dhUla ke Agamana ko nahIM AtmA aura paramAtmA rokA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra jaba AtmA kI indriyA~ rUpI khir3akiyA~ AtmA kI vibhAvadazA arthAt usakI viSaya-vAsanAoM meM Asakti khulI hoM to, usameM karma-raja rUpI mala ke Agamana ko rokA nahI yA rAgabhAva hI usakA bandhana hai| apane isa rAgabhAva, Asakti yA jA sakatA hai| ata: Atmavizuddhi ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti mamatA ko tor3ane kA jo prayAsa hai, vaha sAdhanA hai aura usa Asakti, ina indriyarUpI khir3akiyoM ko banda kareM arthAt indriyoM kA saMyama kreN| mamatva yA rAgabhAva kA TUTa jAnA hI mukti hai, yahI AtmA kA paramAtmA jaina dharma meM indriya saMyama kA matalaba yaha nahIM haiM ki indriyoM kI bana jAnA hai| jaina sAdhakoM ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI haiMpravRtti hI na hone dI jaaye| mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA thA ki indriyoM 1. bahirAtmA 2. antarAtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa| evaM unake viSayoM kI upasthiti kI dazA meM indriyoM kA apane viSayoM santa Anandaghana jI kahate haiMse samparka na ho, yaha sambhava nahIM hai| saMyama kA tAtparya hai ina aindrika trividha sakala tanudhara gata AtamA, bahirAtama adharUpa sujnyaanii| viSayoM kI anubhUti kI dazA meM hamArA citta rAga-dveSa kI vRtti se bIjo antara AtamA tIsaro paramAtama aviccheda sujnyaanii|| AkrAnta na ho| satat abhyAsa dvArA jaba aindrika anubhUtiyoM meM citta viSaya-bhogoM meM ulajhA huA AtmA bahirAtmA hai| saMsAra ke viSayaanAsakta rahanA sIkha jAtA hai to saMyama kI sAdhanA saphala hotI hai| bhogoM se udAsIna sAdhaka antarAtmA hai aura jisane apanI viSaya jaba taka citta meM purAne karma-mala upasthita haiM taba taka AdhyAtmika vAsanAoM para vijaya prApta kara liyA hai, jo viSaya-vikAra se rahita vizuddhi sambhava nhiiN| isake lie jaina dharma meM nirjarA kI bAta kahI ananta catuSTaya se yukta hokara jJAtA-draSTA bhAva meM sthita hai, vaha

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337 jaina dharma ke mUlatattva paramAtmA hai| ___ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra AtmA aura paramAtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara kahA / sAdhaka paramAtmA ke guNakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva gayA hai kI zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara 'appA so prmppaa'| letA hai| jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti AtmA hI paramAtmA hai| prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke pratyeka prANI/ pratyeka cetanasattA paramAtmA svarUpa hai| Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha moha aura mamatA ke kohare meM hamArA vaha paramAtma svarUpa chupa usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI banatI hai| phira bhI jaina gayA hai| jaise bAdaloM ke AvaraNa meM sUrya kA prakAzapuMja chipa jAtA mAnyatA to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se AdhyAtmika utthAna hai aura andhakAra ghira jAtA hai, usI prakAra moha-mamatA aura rAga- yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake dveSa rUpI AvaraNa se AtmA kA ananta Ananda svarUpa tirohita ho kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prarthanA karanA, jaina-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se jAtA hai tathA jIva du:kha aura pIr3A se bhara jAtA hai| sarvathA nirarthaka hai| aisI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko AtmA aura paramAtmA meM svarUpata: bheda nahIM hai| dhAna aura cAvala saba prakAra se dIna, hIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba manuSya kisI eka hI hai, antara mAtra itanA hai ki eka AvaraNa sahita hai aura dUsarA aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna niraavrnn| isI prakAra AtmA aura paramAtmA eka hI hai, pharka kevala hokara use pApa se ubAra legA, to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM karma rUpa AvaraNa kA hai| ko gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai jisa prakAra dhAna ke sumadhura bhAta kA AsvAdana tabhI prApta ho ki kevala paramAtmA kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti sakatA hai jaba usakA chilakA utAra diyA jAve, usI prakAra apane nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki manuSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kre| mukti hI paramAtmasvarUpa kI anubhUti tabhI sambhava hai, jaba hama apanI cetanA yA paramAtmadazA kI prApti ke liye sAdhanA apekSita hai| se moha-mamatA aura rAga-dveSa kI khola ko utAra phekeN| chilake sahita dhAna ke samAna moha-mamatA kI khola meM jakar3I huI cetanA baddhAtmA trividha sAdhanAmArga hai aura chilake-rahita zuddha zubhra cAvala ke rUpa meM nirAvaraNa zuddha jainadarzana meM mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanAmArga batAyA cetanA paramAtmA hai| kahA hai gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM samyagjJAna samyagdarzana aura samyagcaritra ko siddhA jaiso jIva hai, jIva soya siddha hoy| mokSamArga kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, karma maila kA AMtarA, bUjhe biralA koy|| samyagcaritra aura samyagtapa aise caturvidha mokSamArga kA bhI vidhAna hai, moha-mamatA rUpI parade ko haTAkara usa pAra rahe hue apane hI kintu jaina AcAryoM ne tapa kA antarbhAvacAritra meM karake isa trividha paramAtmasvarUpa kA darzana sambhava hai| hameM prayatna paramAtmA ko pAne kA sAdhanAmArga ko hI mAnya kiyA hai| nahIM, isa parade ko haTAne kA karanA hai, paramAtmA to upasthita hai hii| kucha bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanAmArga ke kisI eka hamArI galatI yahI hai ki hama paramAtmasvarUpa ko prApta karanA to cAhate hI pakSa ko mokSa kI prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaMkara haiM, kintu isa AvaraNa ko haTAne kA prayAsa nahIM krte| hamAre prayatnoM mAtra jJAna se aura rAmAnuja mAtra bhakti se mukti kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra kI dizA yadi sahI ho to apane meM hI nihita paramAtmA kA darzana karate haiN| lekina jaina dArzanika aisI kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM dUra nahIM hai| hamArA durbhAgya to yahI hai ki Aja svAmI hI dAsa banA girate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA huA hai| hameM apanI kSamatA kA ahasAsa hI nahIM hai| kisI urdU zAyara hI mokSa kI prApti kA mArga hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM ne ThIka hI kahA hai mokSa kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra darzana ke insA kI badabakhtI aMdAja se bAhara hai| binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa samyak nahIM kamabakhta khudA hokara baMdA naz2ara AtA hai|| hotA hai aura samyak-AcaraNa ke abhAva meM mukti bhI nahIM hotI hai| jaina dharma meM paramAtmA kI avadhAraNA eka Adarza puruSa ke rUpa isa prakAra mukti kI prApti ke lie tInoM hI aMgoM kA honA meM kI gayI hai| paramAtmA na to kisI ko mukti detA hai aura na daNDa Avazyaka haiN| hii| paramAtmA kI stuti kA prayojana mAtra apane zuddha svarUpa kA bodha karanA hai| jaina darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue samyagdarzana upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate hai jaina paramparA meM samyagdarzana Atma-sAkSAtkAra, tattvazraddhA, aja-kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihaar| antarbodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti Adi aneka arthoM ko apane tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti sNbhaar|| meM sameTe hue hai| samyagdarzana ko cAhe yathArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArtha-zraddhA, jisa prakAra aja kula meM pAlita siMhazAvaka vAstavika siMha usameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se adhika antara nahIM hotA hai| antara

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338 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hotA hai unakI upalabdhi kI vidhi meN| eka vaijJAnika svata: prayoga kI dRSTi se vItarAgatA ko upalabdha karane ke lie vaicArika Agraha ke AdhAra para kisI satya kA udghATana kara vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA parityAga evaM anAgrahI dRSTi kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai aura isake ko jAnatA hai, kintu dUsarA vaijJAnikoM ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake mAdhyama se prApta jJAna hI samyagjJAna hai| samyagjJAna kA artha hai- vastu vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ donoM kA hI ko usake ananta pahaluoM se jaannaa| dRSTikoNa yathArtha hogA, phira bhI eka ne svAnubhUti se pAyA hai to dUsare jaina dharma meM samyagjJAna kA artha Atma-anAtma kA viveka bhI ne use zraddhA ke mAdhyama se| zraddhA hI samyagdRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha hai| yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva ko jJAna kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA antima nahIM hai, antima artha svAnubhUti hI hai aura yahI samyagdarzana sakatA, use jJAtA-jJeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, kA vAstavika artha hai| aisA samyagdarzana hotA hai nirvikAra, nirAkula kyoMki vaha svayaM jJAna-svarUpa hai, jJAtA hai aura jJAtA kabhI jJeya nahIM cittavRtti se| bana sakatA, ata: AtmajJAna durUha hai| lekina anAtma tattva to aisA __ jaina dharma meM samyagdarzana ke nimna pA~ca lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM- hai jise hama jJAtA aura jJeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para jAna sakate haiN| 1. sama arthAt samabhAva, 2. saMvega arthAt AtmA ke Anandamaya svarUpa sAmAnya vyakti bhI apane sAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna hI kI anubhUti athavA satyAbhIpsA, 3. niveda arthAt anAsakti yA vairAgya, sakatA hai ki usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA haiM? aura isase vaha yaha 4. anukampA arthAt dUsare vyakti kI pIr3A ko Atmavat samajhanA niSkarSa nikAla sakatA hai ki jo usake jJAna ke viSaya haiM, ve usake aura usake prati karuNA kA bhAva rakhanA tathA 5. Astikya arthAt svasvarUpa nahIM hai, ve anAtma haiN| samyagjJAna Atma-jJAna hai, kintu puNya-pApa, punarjanma, karma-siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra AtmA ko anAtma ke mAdhyama se hI pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| anAtma krnaa| ke svarUpa ko jAnakara anAtma se Atma kA bheda karanA, bheda-vijJAna jisa prakAra bauddha sAdhanA ke anusAra duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai aura yahI jaina darzana meM samyagjJAna kA mUla artha hai| jainoM kI pAribhASika hai, duHkha se nivRtti ho sakatI hai aura duHkhanivRtti kA mArga hai--ina zabdAvalI meM ise bheda-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| AcArya amRtacandra sUri cAra Arya-satyoM kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai, usI prakAra jaina sAdhanA ke anusAra jo koI bhI siddha hue haiM ve isa Atma-anAtma ke viveka ke anusAra SaT sthAnoM (chaha bAtoM) kI svIkRti samyagdarzana hai- yA bheda-vijJAna se hI siddha hue haiM aura jo bandhana meM haiM. ve isake (1) AtmA hai, (2) AtmA nitya hai, (3) AtmA apane karmoM kA abhAva ke kAraNa hI haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM isa bheda-vijJAna kartA hai, (4) AtmA kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, (5) AtmA kA atyanta gahana vivecana kiyA hai| mukti prApta kara sakatA hai aura (6) makti kA upAya (mArga) hai| jaina tattva-vicAraNA ke anusAra ina SaTsthAnakoM para dRr3ha pratIti, samyagdarzana samyakcAritra kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA evaM sadAcAra jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kA tIsarA caraNa samyakcaritra hai| isake donoM hI ina para nirbhara hai, ye SaTsthAnaka jaina sAdhanA ke kendra do rUpa mAne gae haiM-1. vyavahAracAritra aura 2. nishcycaaritr| AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa yA AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAna vyavahAracAritra kahe jAte haiN| jabaki AcaraNa kI antarAtmA nizcayacAritra kahI jAtI hai| jahA~ samyagjJAna taka vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA prazna hai, nizcayAtmakacAritra dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi para hI jJAna kI samyakta nirbhara karatI hI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| lekina jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA hai| ata: jaina sAdhanA kA dUsarA caraNa hai smygjnyaan| samyagjJAna ko prazna hai, cAritra kA bAhya pakSa hI pramukha hai| nizcaya dRSTi (Real view mukti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina kauna sA jJAna mukti point) se cAritra kA saccA artha samabhAva yA samatva kI upalabdhi ke lie Avazyaka hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| jaina darzana meM samyagjJAna hai| vastuta: cAritra kA yaha pakSa Atma-ramaNa kI sthiti hai| naizcayika ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiN| sAmAnya dRSTi se samyagjJAna vastutattva kA cAritra kA prAdurbhAva kevala apramatta avasthA meM hI hotA hai| apramatta usake ananta pahaluoM se yukta jJAna hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vicAra cetanA kI avasthA meM hone vAle sabhI kArya zuddha hI mAne gae haiN| zaddhi kA mAdhyama hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ekAMgI jJAna mithyAtva cetanA meM jaba rAga-dveSa, kaSAya aura vAsanAoM kI agni pUrI taraha hai, kyoMki vaha satya ke ananta pakSoM kA apalApa karatA hai| jaba taka zAnta ho jAtI hai, tabhI sacce naitika evaM dhArmika jIvana kA udbhava Agrahabuddhi hai taba taka vItarAgatA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura jaba taka hotA hai aura aisA hI sadAcAra mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| vItarAga dRSTi nahIM hai taba taka yathArtha jJAna bhI asambhava hai| jaina darzana vyavahAracAritra kA sambandha AcAra ke niyamoM ke paripAlana se ke anusAra satya ke ananta pahaluoM ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta hai| vyavahAracAritra ko sarvavratI aura dezavratIcAritra-aise do vargoM meM dRSTi samyagjJAna kI anivArya zarta hai| ekAnta dRSTi yA vaicArika Agraha vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| dezavratIcAritra kA sambandha gRhastha upAsakoM apane meM nihita rAga ke kAraNa satya ko raMgIna kara detA hai| ataH se aura sarvavratIcAritra kA sambandha zramaNa varga se hai| jaina paramparA meM ekAnta aura Agraha satya ke sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka haiN| jaina sAdhanA gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aSTamUlaguNa, SaTkarma, bAraha vrata aura gyAraha

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jaina dharma ke mUlatattva * pratimAoM kA pAlana AtA hai zramaNAcAra ke antargata paMcamahAvrata, rAtri bhojana- niSedha, paMcasamiti, tIna gupti, dasa yatidharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~, bAIsa parISaha, aTThAIsa mUlaguNa, bAvana anAcAra Adi kA vivecana upalabdha hai| kintu isa sabake mUla meM ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA hI mukhya hai| jaina dharma ke kendrIya tattva ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha jaina dharma meM samyak cAritra kI dRSTi se ahiMsA aura anAsakti ye do kendrIya siddhAnta hai| vaicArika kSetra meM ahiMsA aura anAsakti milakara anAgraha yA anekAntavAda ko janma dete haiN| Agraha vaicArika Asakti hai aura ekAnta vaicArika hiMsA anAsakti kA siddhAnta hI ahiMsA se samanvita ho sAmAjika jIvana meM aparigraha kA Adeza prastuta karatA hai| saMgraha vaiyaktika jIvana ke sandarbha meM Asakti aura sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM hiMsA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana sAmAjika naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai1. ahiMsA, 2. anAgraha (vaicArika sahiSNutA ) aura 3. aparigraha (asaMgraha ) / samyagAcaraNa eka prakAra se jIvana zuddhi kA prayAsa hai, ataH mAnasika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anAsakti (aparigraha), vAcika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anekAnta (anAgraha) aura kAyika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie ahiMsA ke pAlana kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA sAra inhIM tIna siddhAntoM meM nihita hai| jaina dharma kI paribhASA karane vAlA yaha zloka sarvAdhika pracalita ho hai-- syAdvAdo vartate'smin pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanyaM pIDanaM kiMcit jainadharmaH sa ucyate / / saccA jaina vahI hai jo pakSapAta (samatva) se rahita hai, anAmahI aura ahiMsaka hai| ahiMsA 3 ahiMsA jaina AcAra darzana kA prANa hai ahiMsA vaha dhurI hai| jisa para samagra jaina AcAra - vidhi ghumatI hai| jainagAmoM meM ahiMsA ko bhagavatI kahA gayA hai praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, rUSitoM ko jaise jala bhUkhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko jaise auSadha aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha AdhArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vaha zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza tIrthaMkara karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI arhat yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, pUta, jIva aura sattva ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai / samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara arhatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra jJAnI hone ke sAra yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kre| ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra 339 hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke hita sAdhana meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone se mahAvIra ne isako prathama sthAna diyA hai ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai| AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai| vastuta: ahiMsA jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAva evaM advaitabhAva hai| samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| vastutaH prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya ko janma detA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana kI icchA rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAna kara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kre| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hI hai Aja vizva zAnti kA eka mAtra vikalpa ahiMsA kI samaveta sAdhanA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- 'zastra eka se bar3ha kara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu ahiMsA (azastra) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai| anAgraha anAgraha yA anekAnta kA siddhAnta vaicArika ahiMsA hai| anAgraha apane vicAroM kI taraha dUsare ke vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhAtA hai| vaha usa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai ki satya mere pAsa hai, dUsare ke pAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha hameM yaha batAtA hai ki satya hamAre pAsa bhI ho sakatA hai aura dUsare ke pAsa bhI / satyatA kA bodha hameM hI ho sakatA hai, kevala dUsaroM ko satya kA bodha nahIM ho sakatAyaha kahane kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai| satya kA sUrya na kevala hamAre ghara ko prakAzita karatA hai, varan dUsaroM ke gharoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| vastutaH vaha sarvatra prakAzita hai| jo bhI unmukta dRSTi se use dekha pAtA hai, vaha use pA jAtA hai| satya kevala satya hai, vaha na merA hai aura na dUsare kA hai| jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki jIvana jahA~ kahIM ho, usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, usI prakAra anAgraha kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki satya jahA~ bhI ho, usakA sammAna karanA caahie| vastutaH pakSAgraha kI dhAraNA se vivAda kA janma hotA hai| vyakti jaba sva-mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI nindA karatA hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| vaicArika Agraha na kevala vaiyaktika vikAsa ko kuNThita karatA hai, varan sAmAjika jIvana meM vigraha, viSAda aura vaimanasya ke bIja bo detA hai / sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo apane-apane mata .

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340 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata kI nindA karane meM hI apanA pANDitya hai| ata: Asakti ke prahANa ke lie vyAvahArika rUpa meM parigraha kA dikhAte haiM aura loka ko satya se bhaTakAte haiM, ve ekAntavAdI svayaM tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| saMsAracakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiN| vastuta: jahA~ bhI Agrahabuddhi hogI, parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika hiMsA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana nahIM hogA aura jo vipakSa meM nihita meM samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai, kyoki binA hiMsA (zoSaNa) satya nahIM dekhegA, vaha sampUrNa satya kA draSTA nahIM hogaa| jainadharma ke ke saMgraha asambhava hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana anusAra satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai| satya karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hI eka rUpa kA sAdhaka vItarAga aura anAgrahI hotA hai| jaina dharma apane anekAnta hai| anAsakti ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka ke siddhAnta ke dvArA eka anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi prastuta karatA mAnA ki manuSya bAhya-parigraha kA bhI tyAga yA parisImana kre| parigrahahai, tAki vaicArika evaM dhArmika asahiSNatA ko samApta kiyA jA ske| tyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM diyA gayA pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti, ina donoM meM koI mela anAsakti nahIM hai| yadi mana meM anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai to use bAhya vyakti ke andara nihita Asakti do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI haiM- vyavahAra meM anivArya rUpa se prakaTa honA caahie| jaina darzana ke anusAra 1. saMgraha-bhAvanA aura 2. bhog-bhaavnaa| saMgraha-bhAvanA aura bhoga-bhAvanA samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| isake binA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa AdhyAtmika upalabdhi bhI sambhava nhiiN| ata: jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhanA karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti bAhyataH tIna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai- kI dRSTi se aparigraha ko anivArya tattva mAnA hai| 1. apaharaNa (zoSaNa), 2. bhoga aura 3. sNgrh| Asakti ke tIna isa prakAra vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAra meM anekAnta aura vyavahAra rUpoM kA nigraha karane ke lie jaina AcAra darzana meM asteya, brahmacarya meM ahiMsA jaina sAdhanA kA sAra haiN| jaina sAdhaka sadaiva hI yaha prArthanA aura aparigraha mahAvratoM kA vidhAna hai| saMgrahavRtti kA aparigraha se, karatA haibhogavRtti kA brahmacarya se aura apaharaNavRtti kA asteya mahAvrata se satveSu maitrI, guNISu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvN| nigraha hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jisa aparigraha ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana mAdhyasthabhAvaM viparItavRttau sadAmamAtmA viddhAtu dev|| kiyA, usake mUla meM yahI anAsakti kI jIvana dRSTi kArya kara rahI he prabhu! mere hRdaya meM prANImAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, guNIjanoM ke hai| yadyapi Asakti eka mAnasika tathya hai, mana kI hI eka vRtti hai, prati samAdarabhAva, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNAbhAva aura virodhiyoM ke prati tathApi usakA prakaTana bAhya hai| vaha sAmAjika jIvana ko dRSita karatI madhyastha bhAva banA rhe|

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna aupaniSadika RSigaNa, buddha aura mahAvIra bhAratIya adhyAtma paramparA ke unnAyaka rahe haiN| unake AdhyAtmika cintana ne bhAratIya mAnasa ko AtmatoSa pradAna kiyA hai| kintu Aja hama vijJAna ke yuga meM jIvana jI rahe haiN| vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ bhI Aja hameM udvelita kara rahI haiN| Aja kA manuSya do taloM para jIvana jI rahA hai| yadi vijJAna ko nakAratA hai to jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi ke khone kA khatarA hai| dUsarI ora adhyAtma ko nakArane para Atma- zAnti se vazcita hotA hai Aja AvazyakatA hai ina RSi maharSiyoM dvArA pratisthApita AdhyAtmika mUlyoM aura Adhunika vijJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ke samanvaya kI nizcaya hI 'vijJAna aura adhyAtma kI carcA Aja prAsaGgika hai| sAmAnyatayA Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma ko paraspara virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai jahA~ adhyAtma ko dharmavAda aura pAralaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai, vahIM vijJAna ko bhautikatA aura ihalaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai| Aja donoM meM virodha mAnA jAtA hai, lekina yaha avadhAraNA bhI bhrAnta hai| prAcIna yuga meM to vijJAna aura adhyAtma ye zabda bhI paraspara bhinna artha ke bodhaka nahIM the| mahAvIra ne AcArAGgasUtra meM kahA hai ki jo AtmA hai vahI vijJAtA hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai|" yahA~ AtmajJAna aura vijJAna donoM eka hI haiN| vastutaH vijJAna zabda vi+jJAna se banA hai, 'vi' upasarga viziSTatA kA dyotaka hai arthAt viziSTa zAna hI vijJAna hai| Aja jo vijJAna zabda kevala padArtha - jJAna ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai, vaha mUlataH viziSTa jJAna yA AtmajJAna hI thaa| AtmajJAna hI vizana hai| punaH adhyAtma zabda bhI adhi+Atma se banA hai 'adhi' upasarga bhI viziSTatA kAhI sUcaka hai, jo Atma kI viziSTatA hai, vahI adhyAtma hai| cU~ki AtmA jJAna svarUpa hI hai, ataH jJAna kI viziSTatA hI adhyAtma hai aura vahI vijJAna hai| phira bhI Aja vijJAna padArtha- jJAna ke artha meM aura adhyAtma AtmajJAna ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM vijJAna sAdhakoM kA jJAna hai to adhyAtma sAdhya kA jJAna / prastuta nibandha meM inhIM rUdra arthoM meM vijJAna aura adhyAtma zabda kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| eka hameM bAhya jagat meM jor3atA hai to dUsarA hameM Atma-jagat se donoM hI 'yoga' haiN| eka sAdhana yoga hai to dUsarA sAdhya yoga eka hameM jIvana-zailI (Life style) detA hai to dUsarA hameM jIvana - sAdhya (Goal of life) detA hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yahI hai ki jo eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM unheM hamane eka-dUsare kA virodhI mAna liyA hai| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki inakI paraspara pUraka zakti yA abha ko samajhA jaaye| Aja hama vijJAna ko padArtha vijJAna mAnate haiN| yadyapi Aja hamane 'para' yA 'anAtma' ke sandarbha meM itanA adhika jJAna arjita kara liyA 2 " hai ki 'sva' yA 'Atma' ko vismRta kara baiThe haiN| hamane paramANu ke AvaraNa ko tor3akara usake jareM jareM ko jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA, kintu durbhAgya yahI hai ki apanI AtmA ke AcaraNa ko bhedakara apane Apako nahIM jAna ske| hama paridhi ko vyApakatA dene meM kendra ko hI bhulA baitthe| manuSya kI yaha parakendritatA hI use apane Apa se bahuta dUra le gaI hai| yahI Aja ke jIvana kI trAsadI hai vaha duniyA ko samajhatA hai, jAnatA hai, parakhatA hai, kintu apane prati tandrAgrasta hai / use svayaM yaha bodha nahIM hai ki maiM kauna hU~? merA kartavya kyA hai? lakSya kyA hai? vaha bhaTaka rahA hai, mAtra bhaTaka rahA hai| Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva mahAvIra ne manuSya kI usa pIr3A ko samajhA thA / unhoMne kahA thA ki kitane hI loga aise haiM jo nahIM jAnate ki maiM kauna hU~? kahA~ se AyA hU~ merA gantavya kyA hai? yaha kevala mahAvIra ne kahA ho aisI bAta nahIM hai / buddha ne bhI kahA thA 'adAnaM gavessetha' apane ko khojo / aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kahA- 'AtmAnaM viddhi' apane Apako jAno yahI jIvana parizodha kA mUlamantra hai| Aja hameM punaH inhIM praznoM ke uttara ko khojanA hai| Aja kA vijJAna Apako padArtha jagat ke sandarbha meM sUkSmatama sUcanAyeM de sakatA hai kintu ve sUcanAyeM hamAre lie ThIka usI taraha arthahIna haiM jisa prakAra jaba taka A~kha na khulI ho, prakAza kA koI mUlya nahIM / vijJAna prakAza hai, kintu adhyAtma kI A~kha ke binA usakI koI sArthakatA nahIM hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA thAaMdhe vyakti ke sAmane karor3oM dIpaka jalAne se kyA lAbha? jisakI A~kha khulI ho usake lie eka hI dIpaka paryApta hai| Aja ke manuSya kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| vaha vijJAna aura takanIka ke sahAre bAhya jagat meM cakAcaudha vidyuta phailA rahA hai kintu apane antarcakSu kA unmIlana nahIM kara pA rahA hai| prakAza kI cakAcauMdha meM hama apane ko hI nahIM dekha pA rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki prakAza Avazyaka hai, kintu A~kheM khole binA usakA koI mUlya nahIM hai| vijJAna ne manuSya ko zakti dI hai| Aja vaha dhvani se bhI adhika tIvra gati se yAtrA kara sakatA hai| kintu smaraNa rahe vijJAna jIvana ke lakSya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna sAdhana detA hai, lekina unakA upayoga kisa dizA meM karanA hogA yaha batalAnA adhyAtma kA kArya hai| pUjya vinobA jI ke zabdoM meM 'vijJAna meM doharI zakti hotI hai eka vinAza-zakti aura dUsarI vikAsa zakti vaha sevA bhI kara sakatA hai aura saMhAra bhI agni nArAyaNa kI khoja huI to usase rasoI bhI banAI jA sakatI hai aura usase Aga bhI lagAI jA sakatI hai| agni kA prayoga ghara phU~kaneM meM karanA yA cUlhA jalAne meM yaha akla vijJAna meM nahIM hai| akla to AtmazAna meM hai|" Age ve kahate haiM-- AtmajJAna hai-- A~kha aura vijJAna hai-- pAMva / agara mAnava ko AtmajJAna nahIM hai to vaha andhA hai / kahA~ calA jAyegA - - .

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342 kucha patA nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to adhyAtma dekhatA to hai, lekina cala nahIM sktaa| usameM lakSya bodha to hai, kintu gati kI zakti nahIM / vijJAna meM zakti to hai kintu gati kI zakti nahIM | vijJAna meM zakti to hai kintu A~kha nahIM hai, lakSya kA bodha nahIM hai / jisa prakAra an aura laMgar3e donoM hI paraspara sahayoga ke abhAva meM dAvAnala meM jala marate haiM, ThIka isI prakAra yadi Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma paraspara eka dUsare ke pUraka nahIM hoMge to mAnavatA apane hI dvArA lagAI gaI visphoTaka zastroM kI isa Aga meM jala mregii| binA vijJAna ke saMsAra meM sukha nahIM A sakatA aura binA adhyAtma ke zAnti nahIM A sktii| mAnava samAja kI sukha (Pleasure) aura zAMti (Peace) ke lie donoM kA paraspara honA Avazyaka hai| vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga mAnava-kalyANa meM ho yA mAnava-saMhAra meM isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa vijJAna se nahIM, AtmajJAna yA adhyAtma se karanA hogaa| aNu zakti kA upayoga mAnava ke saMhAra meM ho yA mAnava ke kalyANa meM, yaha nirNaya karane kA adhikAra una vaijJAnikoM ko bhI nahIM hai, jo sattA, svArtha aura samRddhi ke pIche andhe rAjanetAoM ke dAsa hai yaha nirNaya to mAnavIya viveka sampanna niHspRha sAdhakoM ko hI karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke sahayoga se takanIka kA vikAsa huA hai aura usane mAnava ke bhautika duHkhoM ko bahuta kucha kama kara diyA hai, kintu dUsarI ora usane mAraka zakti ke vikAsa ke dvArA bhaya yA saMtrAsa kI sthiti utpanna kara mAnava kI zAnti ko bhI chIna liyA hai| Aja manuSya jAti bhayabhIta aura saMtrasta hai| Aja vaha visphoTaka astroM ke jvAlAmukhI para khar3I hai, jo kaba visphoTa kara hamAre astitva ko nigala legI, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| Aja hamAre pAsa jina saMhAraka astroM kA saMgraha hai, ve pRthvI ke sampUrNa jIvana ko aneka bAra samApta kara sakate haiN| pUjya 'vinobA jI likhate haiM- 'jo vijJAna eka ora klorophArma kI khoja karatA hai jisase karuNA kA kArya hotA hai, vahI vijJAna aNu astroM kI khoja karatA hai jisase bhayaGkara saMhAra hotA hai| eka bAjU sipAhI ko jakhmI karatA hai dUsarA bAjU usako durusta karatA hai, aisA gorakhadhandhA Aja vijJAna kI madada se cala rahA hai| isa hAlata meM vijJAna kA sArA kArya usako milane vAle mArgadarzana para AdhArita hai use jaisA mArgadarzana milegA, vaha vaisA kArya kregaa|" jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 yadi vijJAna para sattA ke AkAMkSiyoM kA rAjanItijJoM kA aura apane svArtha kI roTI seMkane vAloM kA adhikAra hogA to vaha manuSya jAti kA saMhAraka hI bnegaa| kintu isake viparIta yadi vijJAna para mAnava maGgala ke draSTA anAsakta RSiyoM-maharSiyoM kA adhikAra hogA, to vaha mAnava ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hogaa| Aja hama vijJAna ke mAdhyama se takanIkI pragati kI U~cAI taka pahu~ca cuke haiM jahA~ se lauTanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| Aja manuSya usa dorAhe para khar3A hai, jahA~ para use hiMsA aura ahiMsA do rAhoM meM se kisI eka ko cunanA hai| Aja use yaha samajhanA hai ki vaha vijJAna ke sAtha kisako jor3anA cAhatA hai, hiMsA ko yA ahiMsA ko Aja usake sAmane donoM vikalpa prastuta haiN| vijJAna+ahiMsA vikAsa vijJAna+hiMsA vinaash| jaba vijJAna ahiMsA ke sAtha jur3egA to vaha samRddhi aura zAnti lAyegA, kintu jaba usakA gaThabandhana hiMsA se hogA to saMhAraka hogA aura apane hI hAthoM apanA vinAza kregaa| Aja vijJAna ke sahAre manuSya ne itanA pAzavika bala saMgRhIta kara liyA hai ki vaha usakA rakSaka na hokara kahIM bhakSaka na bana jAya, yaha use socanA hai mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA-- 'atthi satyena paraMparaM, natthi asatyena paraMparaM / ' zastra eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakatA hai kintu ahiMsA se bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM ho sktaa| Aja sampUrNa mAnava samAja ko yaha nirNaya lenA hogA ki ve vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA prayoga mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lie karanA cAhate haiM yA usake saMhAra ke lie| Aja takanIkI pragati ke kAraNa manuSya manuSya ke bIca kI dUrI kama ho gaI hai Aja vijJAna ne mAnava samAja ko eka-dUsare ke nikaTa lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai| Aja hama paraspara itane nirbhara bana gaye haiM ki eka-dUsare ke binA khar3e bhI nahIM raha sakate / kintu dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke abhAva ke kAraNa hamAre hRdayoM kI dUrI adhika vistIrNa ho gaI hai| hRdaya kI isa dUrI ko pATane kA kAma vijJAna nahIM adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna kA kArya hai vizleSita karanA aura adhyAtma kA kArya hai-- saMzleSita karanA vijJAna tor3atA hai, adhyAtma jor3atA hai| vijJAna viyojaka hai to adhyAtma saMyojaka vijJAna para kendrita hai to adhyAtma Atma- kendrita | vijJAna sikhAtA hai ki hamAre sukha-duHkha kA kendra vastue~ haiM, padArtha haiM, isake viparIta adhyAtma kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha kA kendra AtmA hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi bAhara dekhatI hai, adhyAtma andara meM dekhatA hai vijJAna kI yAtrA andara se bAhara kI ora hai to adhyAtma kI yAtrA bAhara se andara kI ora manuSya ko Aja yaha samajhanA hai ki yadi yAtrA bAhara kI ora hotI rahI to vaha zAnti, jisakI use khoja hai, kabhI nahIM milegii| kyoMki bahirmukhI yAtrI zAnti kI khoja vahA~ karatA hai jahA~ vaha nahIM hai / zAnti andara hai usakI khoja bAhara vyartha hai| isa sambandha meM eka rUpaka yAda AtA hai| eka vRddhA zAma ke samaya kucha sI rahI thii| saMyoga se aMdherA bar3hane lagA aura suI usake hAtha se chUTakara kahIM gira pdd'ii| mahilA kI jhopar3I meM prakAza kA sAdhana nahIM thA aura prakAza ke binA suI kI khoja asambhava thii| bur3hiyA ne socA kyA huA, agara prakAza bAhara hai to sUI ko vahIM khojA jaaye| vaha usa prakAza meM sUI khojatI rahI, khojatI rahI, kintu sUI vahIM kaba milane vAlI thI, kyoMki vaha vahA~ thI hI nahIM prAtaH hone vAlA thA ki koI yAtrI udhara se nikalA, usane vRddhA se usakI parezAnI kA kAraNa puuchaa| usane pUchA-- ammA sUI girI kahA~ thI ? vRddhA ne uttara diyA- 'beTA' sUI to jhopar3I meM thI, kintu ujAlA nahIM thA ataH vahA~ khojanA sambhava nahIM thA / ujAlA bAhara thA, isalie maiM yahA~ khoja rahI thii| yAtrI ne uttara diyA yaha sambhava nahIM hai ammA jo cIja jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ khojane para mila jaaye| sUrya kA prakAza hone ko hai usa prakAza meM sUI vahIM khojeM jahA~ girI hai| Aja .

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna 343 mAnava samAja kI sthiti bhI usI vRddhA ke samAna hai| hama zAnti kI Aja vijJAna ne manuSya ko sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi to pradAna khoja vahA~ kara rahe haiM, jahA~ vaha hotI hI nhiiN| zAnti AtmA meM hai, kara dI hai, phira bhI manuSya bhaya aura tanAva kI sthiti meM jI rahA andara hai| vijJAna ke sahAre Aja zAnti kI khoja ke prayatna usa hai| use Antarika zAnti upalabdha nahIM hai usakI samAdhi bhaMga ho cukI bur3hiyA ke prayatnoM ke samAna nirarthaka hI hoNge| vijJAna, sAdhana de sakatA hai| yadi vijJAna ke mAdhyama se koI zAnti A sakatI hai to vaha kevala hai, zakti de sakatA hai kintu lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to hameM hI karanA zmazAna kI zAnti hogii| bAharI sAdhanoM se na kabhI Antarika zAnti hogaa| milI hai, na usakA milanA sambhava hI hai| isa prasaMga meM upaniSadoM Aja vijJAna ke kAraNa mAnava ke pUrvasthApita jIvana mUlya samApta kA eka prasaMga yAda A rahA hai-nArada jIvana bhara veda-vedAMga kA adhyayana ho gaye haiN| Aja zraddhA kA sthAna tarka ne le liyA hai| Aja manuSya karate rhe| unhoMne aneka vidyAyeM (bhautika vidyAyeM) prApta kara lI, kintu pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke sthAna para ihalaukika upalabdhiyoM ko cAhatA unake mana ko kahIM santoSa nahIM milaa| ve sanatkumAra ke pAsa Aye hai| Aja ke tarkapradhAna manuSya ko sukha aura zAnti ke nAma para bahalAyA aura kahane lage maiMne aneka zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyaa| maiM zAstravid nahIM jA sakatA, lekina durbhAgya yaha hai ki Aja hama adhyAtma ke to hU~ kintu Atmavid nhiiN| Aja ke vaijJAnika bhI nArada kI bhA~ti abhAva meM naye jIvana mUlyoM kA sRjana nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| Aja vijJAna hI haiN| ve zAstravid to haiM, kintu Atmavid nhiiN| Atmavid hue binA kA yuga hai| Aja usa dharma ko, jo pAralaukika jIvana kI sukha-suvidhAoM zAMti ko nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| yadyapi mere kahane kA tAtparya yaha ke nAma para mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kA zoSaNa kara rahA hai, jAnanA hogaa| nahIM hai ki hama vijJAna aura usakI upalabdhiyoM ko tilAMjali de deN| Aja tathAkathita ve dharma paramparAyeM jo manuSya ko bhaviSya ke sunahare vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM kA parityAga na to sambhava hai, na aucityapUrNa sapane dikhAkara phusalAyA karatI thIM, aba tarka kI painI chenI ke Age hai| kintu adhyAtma yA mAnavIya viveka ko inakA anuzAsaka honA apane ko nahIM bacA sktiiN| aba svarga meM jAne ke lie nahIM jInA caahie| adhyAtma hI vijJAna kA anuzAsaka ho tabhI eka samagratA hai apitu svarga ko dharatI para lAne ke lie jInA hogaa| vijJAna ne yA pUrNatA AyegI aura manuSya eka sAtha samRddhi aura zAnti ko pA hameM vaha zakti de dI hai, jisase svarga ko dharatI para utArA jA sakatA skegaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM jise hama padArtha jJAna yA vijJAna kahate hai| aba yadi hama isa zakti kA upayoga dharatI para svarga utArane ke haiM use avidyA kahA gayA hai aura jise hama adhyAtma kahate haiM vidyA sthAna para, dharatI ko naraka banAne meM kareMge to isakI javAbadehI hama kahA gayA hai| upaniSadkAra donoM ke sambandha ko ucita batAte hue para hI hogii| Aja vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga isa dRSTi se karanA kahatA hai- jo padArtha vijJAna yA avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai vaha hai ki ve mAnava-kalyANa meM sahabhAgI banakara isa dharatI ko hI svarga andhakAra meM, tamasa meM praveza karatA hai, kyoMki vijJAna yA padArtha vijJAna banA skeN| vinobA jI ne satya hI kahA hai- Aja vijJAna kA to andhA hai| kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI cetAvanI detA hai ki jo kevala vikAsa huA kintu vaijJAnika utpanna hI nahIM huA kyoMki vaijJAnika vidyA meM rata haiM, ve usase adhika andhakAra meM cale jAte haiM( andhaM vaha hai jo nirapekSa hotA hai| Aja kA vaijJAnika rAjanItijJoM aura tamaH pravizanti ye'vidyaamupaaste| tato bhUya iva te tamo ya u vidyAyAM pU~jIpatiyoM ke izAre para calane vAlA vyakti hai| vaha paise se kharIdA rtaaH')| vastuta: vaha jo avidyA aura vidyA donoM ko eka sAtha upAsanA jA sakatA hai| yaha to vaijJAnika kI gulAmI hai| aise loga avaijJAnika karatA hai vaha avidyA dvArA mRtyu ko pAra karatA hai arthAt vaha sAMsArika haiM yadi vaijJAnika (Scientist) vaijJAnika (Scientific) nahIM banA to vijJAna kaSToM se mukti pAtA hai aura vidyA dvArA amRta prApta karatA hai| vidyA manuSya ke lie hI ghAtaka siddha hogaa| Aja vijJAna kA upayoga kaise cAvidyAM ca yastavedomayaM sh| avidyayA mRtyu tI vidyyaamRtmshnute|| kiyA jAya isakA uttara vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM adhyAtma ke pAsa hai| vastutaH yaha amRta Atma-zAnti yA AtmatoSa hI hai| ata: jaba vijJAna vinobA jI likhate haiM ki Aja yuga kI mA~ga se vijJAna kI jitanI aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya hogA tabhI mAnavatA kA kalyANa hogaa| hI zakti bddh'egii| AtmajJAna ko utanI hI zakti bar3hAnI hogii| Aja vijJAna jIvana ke kaSToM ko samApta kara degA aura adhyAtma Antarika amerikA isalie duHkhI hai ki vahAM vijJAna to hai, para adhyAtma hai zAnti ko pradAna kregaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra ne adhyAtma ke lie nahIM, ata: sukha to hai, zAnti nhiiN| isake viparIta bhArata meM AdhyAtmika 'ajjhattha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki isI ke vikAsa ke kAraNa mAnasika zAnti to hai, kintu samRddhi nhiiN| Aja dvArA Atma-vizuddhi ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: adhyAtma jahA~ samRddhi hai vahA~ zAnti nahIM aura jahA~ zAnti hai vahA~ samRddhi nhiiN| kucha nahIM hai, vaha Atma-upalabdhi yA Atma-vizuddhi kI hI eka prakriyA isakA samAdhAna AdhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM nihita hai| adhyAtma hai; usakA prArambha AtmajJAna se hai aura usakI pariniSpatti AdhyAtmika zAnti degA to vijJAna smRddhi| jaba samRddhi aura zAnti donoM hI eka mUlyoM ke prati aTUTa niSThA meM hai| vastuta: Aja jitanI mAtrA meM padArtha sAtha upasthita hoMgI, mAnavatA apane vikAsa ke parama zikhara para hogaa| vijJAna vikasita huA hai utanI hI mAtrA meM AtmajJAna ko vikasita mAnava svayaM atimAnava ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jaaygaa| kintu isake honA caahie| vijJAna kI daur3a meM adhyAtma pIche raha gayA hai| padArtha lie prayatna karanA hogaa| binA aDiga AsthA aura satata puruSArtha ke ko jAnane ke prayatnoM meM hama apane ko bhulA baiThe haiN| merI dRSTi meM yaha sambhava nhiiN| AtmajJAna koI amUrta, tAttvika AtmA kI khoja nahIM hai, balki apane

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344 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 Apako jAnanA hai| apane Apako jAnane kA tAtparya apane meM nihita hetu zoSaNa aura saMgraha jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA hai, vAsanAoM aura vikAroM ko dekhanA hai| AtmajJAna kA artha hotA hai jisase vaha svayaM to saMtrasta hotA hI hai, sAtha hI sAtha samAja ko hama yaha dekheM ki hamAre jIvana meM kahA~ ahaMkAra chipA par3A hai aura bhI saMtrasta banA detA hai| isake viparIta adhyAtmavAda hameM yaha sikhAtA kahA~ kisake prati ghRNA-vidveSa ke tattva pala rahe haiN| AtmajJAna koI hai ki sukha kA kendra vastu meM na hokara AtmA meM hai| sukha-duHkha hauvvA nahIM hai, vaha to apane andara jhAMkakara apanI vRttiyoM aura Atma-kendrita hai| AtmA yA vyakti hI apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA vAsanAoM ko par3hane kI kalA hai| vijJAna dvArA pradatta takanIka ke sahAre aura bhoktA hai| vahI apanA mitra aura vahI apanA zatru hai| supratiSThita hama padArthoM kA parizodhana karanA to sIkha gaye aura parizodhana se kitanI arthAt sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA mitra hai aura duHpratiSThita arthAt durguNoM kise zakti prApta hotI hai yaha bhI jAna gaye, kintu AtmA ke parizodhana meM sthita AtmA zatru hai| vastuta: AdhyAtmika Ananda kI upalabdhi kI jo kalA adhyAtma ke nAma se hamAre RSi-muniyoM ne dI, Aja padArthoM meM na hokara sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA meM hotI hai| adhyAtmavAda hama use bhUla cuke haiN| ke anusAra dehAdi sabhI Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamatvabuddhi kA visarjana phira bhI vijJAna ne Aja hamArI sukha-suvidhA pradAna karane ke sAdhanA kA mUla utsa hai| mamatva kA visarjana aura mamatva kA sRjana atirikta jo sabase bar3A upakAra kiyA hai, vaha yaha ki dharmavAda ke yahI jIvana kA parama mUlya hai| jaise hI mamatva kA visarjana hogA samatva nAma para jo andhazraddhA aura andhavizvAsa pala rahe the unheM tor3a diyA kA sRjana hogA, aura jaba samatva kA sRjana hogA to zoSaNa aura hai| isakA TUTanA Avazyaka bhI thA, kyoMki paraloka kI lorI sunAkara saMgraha kI sAmAjika burAiyAM samApta hoNgii| parimANata: vyakti Atmika mAnava samAja ko adhika samaya taka bhrama meM rakhanA sambhava nahIM thaa| zAnti kA anubhava kregaa| adhyAtmavAdI samAja meM vijJAna to rahegA vijJAna ne acchA hI kiyA hamArA yaha bhrama tor3a diyaa| kintu hameM kintu usakA upayoga saMhAra meM na hokara sRjana meM hogA, mAnavatA ke yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhrama kA TUTanA hI paryApta nahIM hai| kalyANa meM hogaa| isase jo riktatA paidA huI hai use AdhyAtmika mUlyaniSThA ke dvArA anta meM puna: maiM yahI kahanA cAhU~gA ki vijJAna ke kAraNa jo hI bharanA hogaa| yaha AdhyAtmika mUlyaniSThA ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA eka saMtrAsa kI sthiti mAnava samAja meM dikhAI de rahI hai usakA mUlabhUta hai, jo jIvana ko zAnti aura AtmasaMtoSa pradAna karate haiN| kAraNa vijJAna nahIM, apitu vyakti kI saMkucita aura svArthavAdI dRSTi adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA saMgharSa vastuta: bhautikavAda aura hI hai| vijJAna to nirapekSa hai, vaha na acchA hai aura na buraa| usakA adhyAtmavAda kA saMgharSa hai| adhyAtma kI zikSA yahI hai ki bhautika acchA yA burA honA usake upayoga para nirbhara karatA hai aura isa upayoga sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| daihika evaM kA nirdhAraNa vyakti ke adhikAra kI vastu hai| ata: Aja vijJAna ko Atmika mUlyoM se pare sAmAjikatA aura mAnavatA ke ucca mUlya bhI nakArane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AvazyakatA hai use samyak-dizA haiN| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM adhyAtmavAda kA artha hai padArtha ko parama mUlya meM niyojita karane kI aura yaha samyak-dizA anya kucha nahIM, yaha na mAnakara AtmA ko hI parama mUlya maannaa| bhautikavAdI dRSTi ke sampUrNa mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI vyApaka AkAMkSA hI hai aura isa AkAMkSA anusAra sukha aura duHkha vastugata tathya haiN| ata: bhautikavAdI sukhoM kI pUrti adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM hai| kAza mAnavatA ina kI lAlasA meM vaha vastuoM ke pIche daur3atA hai tathA unakI upalabdhi donoM meM samanvaya kara sake balki yahI kAmanA hai| sandarbha: 1. je AyA se viNNAyA, je viNNAyA se aayaa| -AcArAGgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 2/5/5 / 2. vahI, 1/1/1 / 3. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna (binovaa)| 4. vahI / 5. vahI / 6. appA khalu mittaM amittaM ca supaTThio duptttthio| 7. IzAvAsyopaniSad, (gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 2017).9 / 8. vahI, 11 /

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dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi dharma zabda jise aMgrejI meM Religion (rilIjana) kahA jAtA hai, kisI kavi ne kahA haiusakI vyutpatti hameM yaha batAtI hai ki dharma eka yojaka tattva hai, vaha na hindU burA hai na musalamAM burA hai| jor3atA hai| rilIjana zabda rI+lIjera se banA hai| jisakA artha hotA burA vaha hai jisakA dila burA hai / / hai- puna: jor3ane vaalaa| jabaki sampradAya yA School zabda vibhAjana sampradAya vaha raMgIna cazmA hai jo sabako apane hI raGga meM dekhanA kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra jahA~ dharma kA kArya jor3anA hai, vahA~ sampradAya cAhatA hai aura jo bhI use apane se bhinna raGga meM dikhAyI detA hai kA kArya vibhAjita karanA hai| yadi hama isa AdhAra para hI koI niSkarSa use vaha galata mAna letA hai| jabaki dharma khulI A~khoM se usa sArabhUta nikAleM to hameM kahanA hogA ki sAmpradAyikatA meM dharma nahIM (rahA huA) tattva ko dekhatA hai, jo sabhI ke mUla meM samAna rUpa se samAyA huA hai| dharma meM rahakara to sampradAya meM rahA jA sakatA hai, kintu sampradAya hai| isIlie dhArmika hokara to sampradAya meM huA jA sakatA hai, kintu meM rahakara koI dharma meM nahIM raha sakatA hai| yadi ise aura adhika spaSTa sampradAya meM hokara koI vyakti dharma meM nahIM ho sktaa| sampradAya dharma kareM to isakA tAtparya hogA ki yadi vyakti dhArmika hai aura vaha kisI sAdhanA kI eka viziSTa prakriyA ko apanAne vAle logoM kA eka samUha sampradAya se jur3A hai to vaha burA nahIM, kintu yadi vyakti sampradAya hai, kintu jaba yahI loga dharma ke mUla utsa ko chor3akara mAtra bAhya meM hI jItA hai aura dharma meM nahIM, to vaha nizcaya hI samAja ke lie kriyAkANDoM ko hI saba kucha samajha lete haiM to ve dhArmika na rahakara eka cintA kA viSaya hai| Aja sthiti yaha hai ki hama saba sampradAyoM sAmpradAyika bana jAte haiM aura yahI sAmpradAyikatA burI hai| pUrva meM meM jIte haiM, dharma meM nhiiN| isIlie Aja sAmpradAyikatA mAnava mAtra jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki sampradAyoM meM dharma nahIM, usakA tAtparya yahI ke lie khatarA bana rahI hai| hai ki sAmpradAyika AgrahoM ke sAtha koI vyakti dhArmika nahIM ho sktaa| dharma svabhAva hai, vaha Antarika hai| sampradAya kA sambandha AcAra dharma ko yadi hama kendra-bindu mAneM to sampradAya vyakti rUpI paridhi-bindu kI bAhya rur3hiyoM taka sImita hai isalie vaha bAharI hai| sampradAya yadi ko kendra se jor3ane vAlI trijyA rekhA ke samAna hai| eka kendra-bindu dharma se rahita hai to vaha ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA AtmA se rahita shriir| se paridhi-binduoM ko jor3ane vAlI aneka rekhAyeM khIMcI jA sakatI sampradAya dharma kA zarIra hai aura zarIra kA honA burA bhI nahIM, kintu haiN| yadi ve sabhI rekhAyeM paridhi-bindu ko kendra se jor3atI haiM taba to jisa prakAra zarIra meM se AtmA ke nikala jAne ke bAda vaha zava ho ve eka-dUsare ko nahIM kATatI apitu eka-dUsare se milatI haiM kintu jAtA hai aura pariveza meM sar3AMdha va durgandha phailAtA hai usI prakAra dharma koI bhI rekhA jaba kendra kA parityAga kara calatI hai to vaha dUsare se rahita sampradAya bhI samAja meM ghRNA aura arAjakatA utpanna karate ko kATane lagatI hai, yahI sthiti sampradAya kI hai| sampradAya jaba taka haiM, sAmAjika jIvana ko galita va sar3AMdhayukta banAte haiN| zAyada yahA~ dharma kI ora unmukha hai taba taka ve eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3e nahIM pUchA jA sakatA hai ki dharma aura sampradAya meM antara kA AdhAra kyA hote, kintu jaba sampradAya dharma se vimukha ho jAte haiM to ve eka dUsare hai? vastuta: dharma AsthA/niSThA ke sAtha mAnavIya sadguNoM ko jIvana ko kATane lagate haiN| yadi vibhinna sampradAya paraspara saujanya evaM sahiSNutA meM jIne ke prayAsa se bhI jur3A hai, jabaki sampradAya kevala kucha rur3ha ke sAtha jIvita haiM to ve vastutaH dharma hI haiM, kyoMki unake mUla meM kriyAoM ko hI pakar3akara calatA hai| naitika sadguNa kAlika satya dhArmikatA kA utsa samAyA huA hai, kintu jaba ve sampradAya eka-dUsare haiM, ve sadaiva zubha haiN| jabaki sAmpradAyika rur3hiyoM kA mUlya yuga vizeSa ke virodha meM khar3e hote haiM to ve 'sampradAya' hote haiM, 'dharma' nahIM; aura aura samAja vizeSa meM hI hotA hai ata: ve sApekSa haiN| jaba ina sApekSika aise dharmarahita sampradAya hI sAmAjika jIvana meM asadbhAva aura vaimanasya satyoM ko hI eka sArvabhauma satya mAna liyA jAtA hai to isI se ko janma dete haiN| sampradAyavAda kA janma hotA hai| yaha sampradAyavAda vaimanasya aura ghRNA dharma ke do pakSa hote haiM- eka usakA zAzvata aura sArvabhauma ke bIja botA hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jahA~ dharma Apasa meM pakSa hotA hai tathA dUsarA daizika aura kAlika pkss| dharma kA zAzvata prema karanA sikhAtA hai vahIM sampradAya Apasa meM ghRNA ke bIja botA aura sArvabhauma pakSa usakA sAratattva kahA jA sakatA hai, jabaki daizika hai| yadi hama dharmoM ke mUla sAratattva ko dekheM to unameM koI bahuta aura kAlika pakSa usakA bAhyarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai, jo ki samaya-samaya bar3A antara najara nahIM AtA, kyoMki sabhI dharmoM kI mUlabhUta zikSAe~ para parivartita hotA rahatA hai| dhArmika asahiSNutA kA janma taba hotA samAna hI haiN| na kevala mUlabhUta zikSAyeM hI samAna haiM apitu sabhI hai jaba hama dharma ke isa rur3higata bAhya rUpa ko hI usakA sarvasva mAna kA vyAvahArika lakSaNa bhI samAna hai| ve manuSya ko eka aisI jIvana lete haiM aura dharma ke mUla utsa ko bhulA dete haiN| manuSya ne dharma ke zailI pradAna karate haiM jisameM vyakti aura samAja donoM hI zAnti va sAratattva ke AcaraNa para bala na dekara rur3hiyoM aura karmakANDoM ko sukha kA anubhava kara skeN| hI dharma kA sarvasva mAna liyaa| pariNAmataH dharmoM kI mUlabhUta ekatA .

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346 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vismRta ho gayI aura unake bheda hI pramukha bana gye| isakI phalazruti kahA haidhArmika asahiSNutA aura dhArmika saMgharSoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa huii| yadi tAlIma kA zora itanA, tahajIba kA gula itnaa| hama dharma ke mUla utsa aura zikSAoM ko dekheM to mUsA kI dasa AjJAyeM, barakata jo nahIM hotI, nIyata kI kharAbI hai|| IsA ke parvata para ke upadeza, buddha ke paJcazIla, mahAvarI ke paJcamahAvrata, Aja manuSya kA sabase bar3A durbhAgya to yaha hai ki isa tathAkathita aura pataJjali ke paJcayama eka-dUsare se adhika bhinna nahIM haiN| vastuta: sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha usakI Adima yuga kI eka sahaja, sarala ye dharma kI mUlabhUta zikSAyeM haiM aura inheM jIvana meM jIkara vyakti na evaM svAbhAvika jIvana-zailI bhI usase china gaI hai, Aja jIvana ke kevala eka acchA IsAI, jaina, bauddha yA hindU banatA hai apitu vaha hara kSetra meM kRtrimatA aura chayoM kA bAhulya hai| manuSya Aja na to sacce artha meM dhArmika bhI banatA hai| apanI mUlapravRttiyoM evaM vAsanAoM kA zodhana yA udAttIkaraNa kara pAyA durbhAgya se Aja dhArmika sAmpradAyikatA ne punaH mAnava samAja hai aura na isa tathAkathita sabhyatA ke AvaraNa ko banAye rakhane ke ko apanI giraphta meM le liyA hai aura dharma ke kucha tathAkathita ThekedAra lie unheM sahaja rUpa meM prakaTa hI kara pA rahA hai| usake bhItara usakA apanI zUdra aiSaNAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie dharma ke nAma 'pazutva' kulA~ceM bhara rahA hai, kintu bAhara vaha apane ko 'sabhya' dikhAnA para mAnava samAja meM na kevala bikharAva paidA kara rahe haiM, apitu ve cAhatA hai| andara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAe~ aura bAhara saccaritratA eka varga ko dUsare varga ke viruddha ubhAr3a rahe haiN| aura sadAzayatA kA chadma jIvana, yahI Aja ke mAnasa kI trAsadI hai, pIr3A hai| Asakti, bhogalipsA, bhaya, krodha, svArtha aura kapaTa kI manuSya kI duvidhA-adhyAtmavAda / bhautikavAda damita mUlapravRttiyA~ aura unase janya doSoM ke kAraNa mAnavatA Aja Aja manuSya aMzAta, vikSubdha evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai| bauddhika bhI abhizipta hai, Aja vaha dohare saMgharSa se gujara rahI hai- eka Antarika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAna-rAzi aura vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta aura dUsarA baahy| Antarika saMgharSoM ke kAraNa Aja usakA mAnasa bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, tanAvayukta hai, vikSubdha hai, to bAhya saMgharSoM ke kAraNa mAnava-jIvana azAnta mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAyI hai| jJAna-vijJAna aura ast-vyst| Aja manuSya kA jIvana mAnasika tanAvoM, sAMvegika kI zikSA dene vAle sahasrAdhika vizvavidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM ke asantulanoM aura mUlya saMgharSoM se yukta hai| Aja kA manuSya paramANu hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura takanIka kI bArIkiyoM ko adhika jAnatA hai kintu eka sArthaka bhoga-lolupatA para viveka evaM saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| sAmaJjasyapUrNa jIvana ke Avazyaka mUlyoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA yaha ambAra Aja bhI usake mana kI mA~ga hai| vaijJAnika pragati se samAja ke purAne mUlya Dhaha cuke haiM aura naye ko santuSTa nahIM kara sakA hai| AvAgamana ke sulabha sAdhanoM ne vizva mUlyoM kA sRjana abhI ho nahIM pAyA hai| Aja hama mUlyariktatA kI kI dUrI ko kama kara diyA hai, kintu manuSya-manuSya ke bIca hRdaya sthiti meM jI rahe haiM aura mAnavatA naye mUlyoM kI prasava-pIr3A se gujara kI dUrI Aja jyAdA ho gayI hai| yaha kahIM dharma ke nAma para to kahIM rahI hai| Aja vaha eka nirNAyaka mor3a para khar3I huI hai; usake sAmane jAti evaM varNa ke nAma eka-dUsare se kaTate cale jA rahe haiN| surakSA do hI vikalpa haiM- yA to puna: apane prakRta Adima jIvana kI ora ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI usake mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa lauTa jAye yA phira eka naye mAnava kA sRjana kare, kintu pahalA vikalpa nahIM kara pAyI hai, Aja bhI vaha utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita aura aba na to sambhava hai aura na vrenny| ata: Aja eka hI vikalpa AkrAmaka hai, jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, zeSa hai- eka naye AdhyAtmika mAnava kA nirmANa, anyathA Aja Aja vidhvaMsakArI zastroM ke nirmANa ke sAtha usakI yaha AkrAmaka hama usa kagAra para khar3e haiM, jahA~ mAnava jAti kA sarvanAza hameM pukAra vRtti adhika vinAzakArI bana gayI hai aura vaha zastra-nirmANa kI isa rahA hai| yahA~ joza kA yaha kathana kitanA maujUM haidaur3a meM sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI antyeSTi kI sAmagrI taiyAra kara rahA saphAiyA~ ho rahI haiM jitanI, dila utane hI ho rahe haiM maile| hai| Arthika sampannatA kI isa avasthA meM bhI manuSya utanA hI adhika andherA chA jAyegA jahA~ meM, agara yahI rozanI rhegii|| arthalolupa hai, jitanA ki vaha pahale kabhI rahA hogaa| Aja manuSya isa nirNAyaka sthiti meM mAnava ko sarvaprathama yaha taya karanA hai kI isa arthalolupatA ne mAnava jAti ko zoSaka aura zoSita aise ki AdhyAtmavAdI aura bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM meM se kauna use do vargoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai, jo eka dUsare ko pUrI taraha nigala jAne vartamAna saMkaTa se ubAra sakatA hai? jaina dharma kahatA hai ki bhautikavAdI kI taiyArI kara rahe haiN| eka bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNA kI daur3a meM pAgala dRSTi manuSya kI usa bhoga-lipsA tathA tadjanita svArtha evaM zoSaNa hai to dUsarA peTa kI jvAlA ko zAnta karane ke lie vyagra aura vikssubdh| kI pAzavika pravRttiyoM kA nirasana karane meM sarvathA asamartha hai, kyoMki Aja vizva meM vaijJAnika takanIka aura Arthika samRddhi kI dRSTi se bhautikavAdI dRSTi meM manuSya mUlata: pazu hI hai| vaha manuSya ko eka sabase adhika vikasita rASTra yU0esa0e0, mAnasika tanAvoM evaM AdhyAtmika (Spiritual being) na mAnakara eka vikasita sAmAjika AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa sabase adhika parezAna hai, isase pazu (Developed social animal) hI mAnatI hai| jabaki jaina dharma sambandhita A~kar3e cauMkAne vAle haiN| kisI urdU zAyara ne ThIka hI mAnava ko viveka aura saMyama kI zakti se yukta mAnatA hai| bhautikavAda

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dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi 347 ke anusAra manuSya kA niHzreyas usakI zArIrika evaM manovaijJAnika ko mAnatI hai, usake anusAra sukha-duHkha vastugata lakSya haiN| ata: mA~goM kI santuSTi meM hI hai| vaha mAnava kI bhoga-lipsA kI santuSTi bhautikavAdI mAnava sukha kI lAlasA meM vastuoM ke pIche daur3atA hai ko hI usakA carama lakSya ghoSita kara detA hai| yadyapi vaha eka Aropita aura unake saMgraha hetu steya, zoSaNa evaM saMgharSa jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM sAmAjikatA ke dvArA manuSya kI svArtha evaM zoSaNa kI pAzavika vRttiyoM ko janma detA hai| isake viparIta jaina dharma yA adhyAtma hameM yaha sikhAtA kA niyamana karanA avazya cAhatA hai, kintu isa Aropita sAmAjikatA hai ki sukha-duHkha AtmakRta haiN| bAhara na koI zatru hai aura na koI kA pariNAma mAtra itanA hI hotA hai ki manuSya pratyakSa meM zAnta aura mitr| AtmA hI apanA mitra aura zatru hai| suprasthita AtmA mitra hai sabhya hokara bhI parokSa meM azAnta evaM uddIpta banA rahatA hai aura una aura duHprasthita AtmA zatru hai| ata: sukha-duHkha kI khoja padArthoM meM avasaroM kI khoja karatA hai jaba samAja kI A~kha bacAkara athavA na kara AtmA meM karanA hai| jaina AcArya kahate haiM ki yaha jJAna-darzana sAmAjika AdarzoM ke nAma para usakI pAzavika vRttiyoM ko chadma rUpa svarUpa zAzvata Atma tattva hI apanA hai, zeSa sabhI saMyogajanya padArtha meM khulakara khelane kA avasara mile| bhautikavAda mAnava kI pAzavika AtmA se bhinna haiM, apane nahIM haiN| ina sAMyogika upalabdhiyoM meM vRttiyoM ke niyantraNa kA prayAsa to karatA hai, kintu vaha usa dRSTi kA mamatvabuddhi duHkha-paramparA kA kAraNa hai, ata: Ananda kI prApti hetu unmUlana nahIM karatA hai, jo ki isa pAzavika vRttiyoM kA mUla udgama inake prati mamatvabuddhi kA sarvathA tyAga karanA apekSita hai| saMkSepa meM hai| usakA prayAsa jar3oM ko sIMcakara zAkhAoM ke kATane kA prayAsa dehAdi Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamatvabuddhi kA tyAga aura bhautika hai| vaha roga ke kAraNoM ko khojakara unheM samApta nahIM karatA hai, apitu upalabdhiyoM ke sthAna para Atmopalabdhi arthAt vItarAga dazA kI upalabdhi mAtra roga ke lakSaNoM ko dabAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| yadi jIvana kI ko jIvana kA niHzreyasa svIkAra karanA adhyAtmavidyA aura jainadharma mUla dRSTi bhautika upalabdhi aura daihika vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ho to kA mUlatattva hai aura yahI mAnava jAti ke maGgala kA mArga hai, kyoMki svArtha aura zoSaNa kA cakra bhI samApta nahIM hogaa| usake lie hameM isI ke dvArA Adhunika mAnava ko Antarika evaM bAhya tanAvoM se mukta jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM yA AdarzoM ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| jaba taka kara nirAkula banAyA jA sakatA hai| eka AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke AdhAra para sAmAjikatA ko vikasita nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, taba taka Aropita sAmAjikatA se mAnava kI svArtha mamatA kA visarjana / duHkha kA nirAkaraNa evaM zoSaNa kI vRttiyoM kA vAstavika rUpa meM nirAkaraNa asambhava hai| AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zArIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrNatayA upekSA kI jaaye| jaina dharma duHkha kA mUla mamatA ke anusAra zArIrika mUlya adhyAtma ke bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa tathya ko gaharAI se samajhA thA ki nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna hai, jJAna kA bhautikavAda mAnavIya duHkhoM kI mukti kA samyak-mArga nahIM hai, kyoMki sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai| zarIra zAzvata Ananda vaha usa kAraNa kA uccheda nahIM kara sakatA jisase duHkha-paramparA kI ke kUla para le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se usakA mUlya bhI yaha dhArA prasphuTita hotI hai| ve uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahate haiM ki hai, mahattva bhI hai aura usakA sAra-sambhAla bhI karanA hai| kintu dhyAna "kAmANugiddhippabhavaM khu dukkhaM jaM kAiyaM mANasiyaM ca kiMci" arthAt rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM, kUla para honA hai, naukA sAdhana hai, sAdhya samasta bhautika evaM mAnasika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa kAmAsakti hai| nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI eka sAdhana ke rUpa bhautikavAda ke pAsa isa kAmAsakti yA mamatvabuddhi ko samApta karane meM svIkRti jaina dharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtmavidyA kA hArda hai| yaha vaha kA koI upAya nahIM hai| na kevala jaina dharma ne apitu lagabhaga sabhI vibhAjaka rekhA hai, jo adhyAtma. aura bhautikavAda meM antara spaSTa karatI dharmoM ne isa bAta ko ekamata se svIkAra kiyA hai ki samasta duHkhoM hai| bhautikavAda meM bhautika upalabdhiyA~ yA jaivika mUlya svayameva sAdhya kA mUla kAraNa Asakti, tRSNA yA mamatvabuddhi hai| yadi hama mAnava haiM, antima haiM, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca mUlyoM kA sAdhana jAti ko svArtha, hiMsA, zoSaNa, bhraSTAcAra evaM tadjanita duHkhoM se haiN| jaina dharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka kA vastuoM kA tyAga aura mukta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM bhautikAvAdI dRSTi kA parityAga kara usa vastuoM kA grahaNa donoM hI saMyama (samatva) kI sAdhanA ke lie haiN| AdhyAtmika dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA hogA jisake anusAra bhautika jaina dharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya to eka aise nirAkula, sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA antima lakSya nahIM hai| nirvikAra, niSkAma aura vItarAga mAnasa kI abhivyakti hai, jo ki hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki daihika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI jIvana vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta kA antima lakSya nahIM hai| daihika evaM Arthika mUlyoM se pare anya kara ske| usake sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI svIkRti ucca mUlya bhI haiN| AdhyAtma-dRSTi anya kucha nahIM, apitu ina ucca yA asvIkRti kA nahIM hai; apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana mUlyoM kI svIkRti hai| jaina-dharma ke anusAra adhyAtma kA artha hai- meM samatva ke saMsthApana kA hai| ata: jahA~ taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika parArtha ko parama mUlya na mAnakara Atma ko parama mUlya maannaa| padArthavAdI aura bhautika upalabdhiyA~ usameM sAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahA~ taka ve dRSTi mAnavIya du:khoM aura sukhoM kA AdhAra 'vastu' yA bAhya paristhiti svIkArya haiM aura jahA~ taka ve usameM bAdhaka haiM vahA~ taka tyAjya haiN|

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348 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcArAGgasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isa bAta ko yA vishvaas| aksara hama dharma se yahI tIsarA artha lete haiN| jabaki bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba indriyoM yaha tIsarA artha dharma kA abhirur3ha artha hai, vAstavika artha nahIM hai| kA apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba usa samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa saccA dharma sirpha dharma hai, vaha na hindU hotA hai, na jaina, na bauddha, na sukhada-duHkhada anubhUti bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM IsAI, na islaam| ye saba nAma Aropita haiN| hamArA saccA dharma to hai ki indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa vahI hai jo hamArA nija-svabhAva hai| isIliye jaina AcAryoM ne 'vatthu sukhada yA duHkhada anubhUti na ho, ata: tyAga indriyAnubhUti kA nahIM sahAvo dhammo' ke rUpa meM dharma ko pAribhASita kiyA hai| pratyeka ke apitu usake prati citta meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai, liye jo usakA nija-guNa hai, sva-svabhAva hai, vahI dharma hai, sva-svabhAva kyoMki indriyoM ke manojJa yA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta ke lie se bhinna jo bhI hogA, vaha usake liye dharma nahIM, adharma hI hogaa| hI rAga-dveSa (mAnasika vikSobhoM) kA kAraNa banate haiM, anAsakta yA isIliye gItA meM kahA gayA hai 'svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH paradharmo bhayAvahaH' vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| ata: jaina dharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana (gItA, 3/35) / paradharma arthAt dUsare ke svabhAva ko isaliye bhayAvaha kI hai, jIvana ke niSedha kI nahIM, kyoki usakI dRSTi meM mamatva yA kahA gayA, kyoMki vaha hamAre liye svabhAva na hokara vibhAva hogA aura Asakti hI vaiyaktika aura samAjika jIvana kI samasta viSamatAoM jo vibhAva hai, vaha dharma na hokara adharma hI hogaa| ata: ApakA dharma kA mUla hai aura isake nirAkaraNa ke dvArA hI manuSya ke samasta duHkhoM vahI hai jo ApakA nija-svabhAva hai| kintu Apa socate hoMge ki bAta kA nirAkaraNa sambhava hai| adhika spaSTa nahIM huii| isase hama kaise jAna leM ki hamArA dharma kyA dharma sAdhanA kA uddezya hai- vyakti ko zAnti pradAna karanA, hai? vastuta: hameM apane dharma ko samajhane ke lie apane svabhAva yA kintu durbhAgya se Aja dharma ke nAma para pArasparika saMgharSa panapa rahe apanI prakRti ko jAnanA hogaa| kintu yahA~ yaha bAta bhI samajha lenI haiM- eka dharma ke logoM ko dUsare dharma ke logoM se lar3AyA jA rahA hogI ki aneka bAra hama Aropita yA parAzrita guNoM ko bhI apanA hai| zAntipradAtA dharma hI Aja azAnti kA kAraNa bana gayA hai| vastutaH svabhAva yA prakRti mAna lete haiN| ata: hameM svabhAva aura vibhAva meM isakA kAraNa dharma nahIM, apitu dharma kA labAdA or3he adharma hI hai| antara ko samajha lenA hai| svabhAva vaha hai, jo svata: (apane Apa) hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hamane 'dharma ke marma' ko samajhA nahIM hai| thothe hotA hai aura vibhAva vaha hai, jo dUsare ke kAraNa hotA hai, jaise pAnI kriyAkANDa aura bAhya ADambara hI dharma ke paricAyaka bana gaye haiN| meM zItalatA svAbhAvika hai, kintu uSNatA vaibhAvika hai, kyoMki usake AyeM dekheM dharma kA saccA svarUpa kyA hai? liye use Aga ke saMyoga kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jise hone ke liye kisI bAharI tattva kI apekSA hai vaha saba vibhAva dharma kA svarUpa hai, para-dharma hai| zItalatA pAnI kA dharma hai aura jalAnA Aga kA dharma - dharma ke svarUpa ko jAnane kI jijJAsA pratyeka mAnava meM pAI hai| punaH jisa guNa ko chor3A jA sakatA hai vaha usa vastu kA dharma jAtI hai| dharma kyA hai? isa prazna ke Ajataka aneka uttara diye gaye nahIM ho sakatA hai| kintu jo guNa pUrI taraha chor3A nahIM jA sakatA haiM, kintu jaina AcAryoM ne jo uttara diyA hai vaha vilakSaNa hai tathA hai vahI usa vastu kA sva-dharma hotA hai| Aga cAhe kisI bhI rUpa gambhIra vivecanA kI apekSA karatA hai| ve kahate haiM - meM ho vaha jalAyegI hI, pAnI cAhe Aga ke saMyoga se kitanA hI dhammo vatthusahAvo, khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhammo / garama kyoM na ho yadi use Aga para DAleMge to vaha Aga ko zItala rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo / / hI kregaa| Apa socate hoMge ki Aga aura pAnI kI dharma kI isa vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai| kSamA Adi bhAvoM kI apekSA se vaha carcA se manuSya ke dharma ko hama kaise jAna pAyeMge? yahA~ isa carcA dasa prakAra kA hai| ratnatraya (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra) kI upayogitA yahI hai ki hama svabhAva aura vibhAva kA antara samajha bhI dharma hai tathA jIvoM kI rakSA karanA bhI dharma hai| sarvaprathama vastu svabhAva leM, kyoMki aneka bAra hama Aropita guNoM ko hI svabhAva mAnane kI ko dharma kahA gayA hai, AyeM jarA isa para gambhIratA se vicAra kreN| bhUla kara baiThate haiM, aksara hama kahate haiM usakA svabhAva krodhI hai| sAmAnyatayA dharma zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| hindI bhASA prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA krodha svabhAva hai yA ho bhI sakatA hai? meM jaba hama kahate haiM ki Aga kA dharma jalAnA hai, pAnI kA dharma zItalatA bAta aisI nahIM hai| isa kasauTI para krodha aura zAnti ke do guNoM hai to yahA~ dharma se hamArA tAtparya vastu ke svAbhAvika guNoM se hotA ko kasiye aura dekhiye, inameM se manuSya kA svadharma kyA hai? pahalI hai| kintu jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki duHkhI evaM pIr3itajanoM kI sevA bAta to yaha hai ki krodha kabhI svata: nahIM hotA, binA kisI bAharI karanA manuSya kA dharma hai athavA guru kI AjJA kA pAlana ziSya kA kAraNa ke hama krodha nahIM karate haiN| gusse yA krodha kA koI na koI dharma hai to yahA~ dharma kA artha hotA hai kartavya yA daayitv| isI prakAra bAhya kAraNa avazya hotA hai, gussA kabhI akAraNa nahIM hotA hai| sAtha jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki merA dharma jaina hai yA usakA dharma IsAI hai, hI gusse ke lie kisI dUsare kA honA jarurI hai, gussA yA krodha to hama eka tIsarI hI bAta kahate haiN| yahA~ dharma kA matalaba hai kisI binA kisI pratipakSI ke svata: nahIM hotA hai, akele meM nahIM hotA divya-sattA, siddhAnta yA sAdhanA-paddhati ke prati hamArI zraddhA, AsthA hai| kisI gusse se bhare AdamI ko akele meM le jAiye, Apa dekheMge

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dharma kA marma jaina dRSTi : usakA gussA dhIre-dhIre zAnta ho rahA hai-- gusse ke bAhya kAraNoM evaM pratipakSI ke dUra ho jAne para gussA Thahara nahIM sakatA hai| punaH gussA Aropita hai, vaha chor3A jA sakA hai, koI bhI vyakti caubIsoM ghaNTe krodha kI sthiti meM nahIM raha sakatA, kintu zAnta raha sakatA hai ataH manuSya ke liye krodha vidharma hai, adharma hai aura zAnti svadharma hai, nijaguNa hai| kyA dharma hai aura kyA adharma hai, isakA nirNaya isI paddhati se sambhava hai| hamAre sAmane mUla prazna to yaha hai ki manuSya kA dharma kyA hai? isa prazna ke uttara ke liye hameM mAnava prakRti yA mAnava svabhAva ko jAnanA hogA jo manuSya kA svabhAva hogA vahI manuSya ke liye dharma hogA / hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hama kyA haiM? mAnava astitva dviAyAmI (Two Dimensional) hai| manuSya vivekAtmaka cetanA se yukta eka zarIra hai zarIra aura cetanA yaha hamAre astitva ke do pakSa haiM, kintu isameM bhI hamAre astittva kA mUla AdhAra jIvana evaM cetanA hI hai, cetana-jIvana ke abhAva meM zarIra kA koI mUlya nahIM hai zarIra kA mahattva to hai, kintu vaha usakI cetana jIvana se yuti para nirbhara hai| cetana-jIvana svataH mUlyavAn hai aura zarIra parataH mUlyAvAn hai jisa prakAra kAgajI mudrA kA svayaM meM koI mUlya nahIM hotA usakA mUlya sarakAra kI sAkha para nirbhara karatA hai, usI prakAra zarIra kA mUlya cetana jIvana kI zakti para nirbhara karatA hai| hamAre astitva kA sAra hamArI cetanA hai cetana jIvana hI vAstavika jIvana hai| cetanA ke abhAva meM zarIra ko 'zava' kahA jAtA hai| cetanA hI eka aisA tatva hai jo 'zava' ko 'ziva' banA detA hai| ataH jo cetanA kA svabhAva hogA vahI hamArA vAstavika dharma hogaa| hameM apane 'dharma' ko samajhane ke liye 'cetanA' ke svalakSaNa ko jAnanA hogaa| cetanA kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara hameM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca hue eka samvAda meM milatA hai| gautama pUchate haiM-- bhagavan! AtmA kyA hai? aura AtmA kA artha yA sAdhya kyA hai? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM- gautama! AtmA kA svarUpa 'samatva' hai aura 'samatva' ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai ( bhagavatIsUtra ) / yaha bAta na kevala dArzanika dRSTi se satya hai apitu jIvazAstrIya aura manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jIvazAstra (Biology) ke anusAra cetana jIva kA lakSaNa Antarika aura bAhya saMtulana ko banAye rakhanA hai| phrAyaDa nAmaka suprasiddha manovaijJAnika kA kathana hai-- caitta jIvana aura snAyujIvana kA svabhAva yaha hai ki vaha vikSopa aura tanAva ko miTAkara samatva kI sthApanA karatA hai| vikSobha tanAva aura mAnasika indro se Upara uThakara zAnta nirdvandva manaH sthiti ko prApta karanA yaha hamArI svAbhAvika apekSA hai aura yahI dharma hai| vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM ne samAdhi, samabhAva yA samatA ko dhArmika jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSaNa mAnA hai AcArAGgasUtra meM 'samiyAe dhamme AriyehiM paveie' (1/8/3) kahakara dharma ko 'samatA' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| samatA dharma hai, viSamatA adharma hai| vastutaH ye sabhI tattva jo hamArI cetanA meM vikSobha, tanAva yA vicalana utpanna 349 karate haiM arthAt cetanA ke santulana ko bhaMga karate haiM, vibhAva ke sUcaka hai, isIliye adharma haiM aksara hama rAga-dveSa, ghRNA, Asakti, mamatva, tRSNA, kAma, krodha, ahaGkAra Adi ko adharma (pApa) kahate haiM aura kSamA, zAnti, anAsakti, nirvairatA, vItarAgatA, virAgatA, nirAkulatA Adi ko dharma kahate haiM, aisA kyoM hai? bAta spaSTa hai| prathama varga ke tathya jahA~ hamArI AkulatA ko bar3hAte haiM, hamAre mana meM vikSobha aura cetanA meM tanAva (Tension) utpanna karate haiM vahIM dUsare varga ke tathya usa AkulatA, vikSebhi yA tanAva ko kama karate haiM, miTAte haiN| pUrvokta gAthA meM kSamAdi bhAvoM ko jo dharma kahA gayA hai, usakA AdhAra yahI hai| mAnasika vikSobha yA tanAva hamArA svabhAva yA svalakSaNa isaliye nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki hama use miTAnA cAhate haiM, usakA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhate haiM aura jise Apa chor3anA cAhate haiM, miTAnA cAhate haiM, vaha ApakA svabhAva nahIM ho sakatA / punaH rAga, Asakti, mamatva, ahaGkAra, krodha Adi sabhI 'para' kI apekSA karate haiM, unake viSaya 'para' haiN| unakI abhivyakti anya ke lie hotI hai| rAga, Asakti yA mamatva kisI para hogaa| isI prakAra krodha yA ahaGkAra kI abhivyakti bhI dUsare ke liye hai| ina sabake kAraNa sadaiva hI bAhya jagat meM hote haiM ye svataH nahIM hote, parata hote haiM isIliye ye AtmA ke vibhAva kahe jAte haiM aura jo bhI vibhAva haiM, ve saba adharma haiN| jabaki jo svabhAva hai yA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora lauTane ke prayAsa haiM ve saba dharma haiN| bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se dharma zabda 'dhR' dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha hotA hai-- dhAraNa krnaa| sAmAnyatayA jo prajA ko dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha dharma hai, 'dharmoM dhArayate prajA' isa rUpa meM dharma ko paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM jo hamAre astitva yA sattA ke dvArA dhArita hai athavA jisake AdhAra, astitva yA sattA rahI huI hai| vahI 'dharma' hai| kisI bhI vastu kA dharma vahI hai jisake kAraNa vaha vastu usa vastu ke rUpa meM apanA astitva rakhatI hai aura jisake abhAva meM usakI sattA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| udAharaNa ke liye viveka aura saMyama ke guNoM ke abhAva meM manuSya aura pazu meM koI antara nahIM rahegA, yadi viveka aura saMyama ke guNa haiM to hI manuSya, manuSya hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM aura dharma ko 'dharmo dhArayate prajA' ke artha meM lete haiM to usa sthiti meM dharma kA artha hogA jo hamArI samAja vyavasthA ko banAye rakhatA hai, vahI dharma hai| ve saba bAteM jo sAmAjika jIvana meM bAdhA upasthita karatI haiM aura hamAre svArthoM ko poSaNa dekara hamArI sAmAjikatA ko khaNDita karatI haiM, sAmAjika jIvana meM avyavasthA aura azAnti meM kAraNabhUta hotI haiM, adharma haiN| isIliye tRSNA, vidveSa, hiMsA, zoSaNa, svArthaparatA Adi ko adharma aura paropakAra, karuNA, dayA, sevA Adi ko dharma kahA gayA hai, kyoMki jo mUlya hamArI sAmAjikatA kI svAbhAvika vRtti kA rakSaNa karate haiM, ve dharma haiM aura use jo khaNDita karate haiM, ve adharma hai| yadyapi dharma kI yaha vyAkhyA dUsaroM ke sandarbha meM hai, - .

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350 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ise samAja-dharma kaha sakate haiN| le kintu kupatya ko chor3e nhiiN| dharma ke nAma para Atma-pravaMcanA evaM svabhAva yA Atmadharma aisA tattva hai jo bAhara se lAyA nahIM jAtA chalachadma panapa rahA hai, isakA mUla kAraNa hai dharma ke sAratattva ke bAre hai, vaha to vibhAva ke haTate hI svata: prakaTa ho jAtA hai jaise Aga meM hamArA gaharA ajnyaan| hama dharma ke bAre meM jAnate haiM kintu dharma ko ke saMyoga ke haTate hI pAnI svata: zItala ho jAtA hai, vaise hI dharma nahIM jAnate haiN| ke liye kucha karanA nahIM hotA, kevala adharma ko chor3anA hotA hai, Aja hamane Atma-dharma kyA hai, hamArA nijaguNa yA svabhAva kyA vibhAvadazA ko dUra karanA hotA hai, kyoMki use hI chor3A yA tyAgA hai, ise samajhA hI nahIM hai aura niSprANa karmakANDoM aura rItirivAjoM jA sakatA hai jo Aropita hotA hai aura vaha vibhAva hogA, svabhAva ko hI dharma mAna baiThe haiN| Aja hamAre dharma cauke-cUlhe meM, mandiroM-masjidoM nhiiN| dharma sAdhanA ke nAma para jo bhI prayAsa haiM, ve saba adharma ko aura upAsanA gRhoM meM sImita ho gaye haiM, jIvana se unakA koI samparka tyAgane ke liye hai, vibhAva-dazA ko miTAne ke liye haiM dharma to AtmA nahIM hai| isIliye vaha jIvita dharma nahIM, murdA dharma hai| kisI zAyara kI zuddhatA hai, use lAnA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bAharI nahIM hai, kevala ne ThIka hI kahA haiviSaya kaSAya rUpa mala ko haTAnA hai| jaise bAdala ke haTate prakAza masjida to banA dI pala bhara meM imAM kI harArata vAloM ne / svata: prakaTa ho jAtA hai vaise hI adharma yA vibhAva ke haTate dharma yA mana vahI purAnA pApI rahA, barasoM meM namAjI na ho sakA / / svabhAva prakaTa ho jAtA hai| isIliye dharma or3hA nahIM jAtA hai, dharma Aja dharma ke nAma para jo bhI kiyA jAtA hai usakA sambandha jiyA jAtA hai| adharma Aropita hotA hai, vaha eka doharA jIvana prastuta paraloka se jor3A jAtA hai| Aja dharma udhAra saudA bana gayA hai aura karatA hai, kyoMki usake pApakhaNDa bhI dohare hote haiN| adhArmikajana isIlie Aja dharma se AsthA uThatI jA rahI hai| kintu yAda rakhiye dUsaroM se apane prati jisa vyavahAra kI apekSA karatA hai, dUsaroM ke vAstavika dharma udhAra saudA nahIM, nakada saudA hai| usakA phala tatkAla prati usake ThIka viparIta vyavahAra karanA cAhatA hai| isIliye dharma hai| bhagavAn buddha se kisI ne pUchA ki dharma kA phala isa loka meM kI kasauTI Atmavat vyavahAra mAnA gyaa| 'AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM milatA hai yA paraloka meM? unhoMne kahA thA- dharma kA phala to usI mA samAcaret' ke pIche bhI yahI dhvani rahI hai| dharma kA sAra hai- samaya milatA hai| jaise hI moha TUTatA hai, tRSNA chUTatI hai, cAha aura nizchalatA, saralatA, spaSTatA; jahA~ bhI inakA abhAva hogA, vahA~ dharma cintA kama ho jAtI hai, mana zAnti aura Ananda se bhara jAtA hai, ko jiyA nahIM jAyegA apitu or3hA jaayegaa| vahA~ dharma nahIM, dharma kA yahI to dharma kA phala hai| hama yadi apanI antarAtmA se pUche ki hama dambha panapegA aura hameM yAda rakhanA hogA ki vaha dharma kA dambha adhArmikatA kyA cAhate haiM? uttara spaSTa hai hameM sukha cAhiye, zAnti cAhiye, samAdhi se adhika khataranAka hai| kyoMki isameM adharma, dharma kI poSAka ko yA nirAkulatA cAhiye aura jo kucha ApakI antarAtmA Apase mA~gatI or3ha letA hai, vaha dIkhatA dharma hai, kintu hotA hai adhrm| mAnava jAti hai vahI to ApakA svabhAva hai, ApakA dharma hai| jahA~ moha hogA, rAga kA durbhAgya yahI hai ki Aja dharma ke nAma para jo kucha cala rahA hai hogA, tRSNA hogI, Asakti hogI, vahA~ cAha bar3hegI, jahA~ cAha bar3hegI, vaha saba Aropita hai, or3hA gayA hai aura isIliye dharma ke nAma para vahA~ cintA bar3hegI aura jahA~ cintA hogI vahA~ mAnasika asamAdhi adharma panapa rahA hai| Aja dharma ko kitane hI thothe aura niSprANa yA tanAva hogA aura jahA~ mAnasika tanAva yA vikSobha hai vahIM to duHkha karmakANDoM se jor3a diyA gayA hai, kyA pahaneM aura kyA nahIM pahaneM, hai, pIr3A hai| jisa duHkha ko miTAne kI hamArI lalaka hai usakI jar3e kyA khAyeM aura kyA nahIM khAyeM, prArthanA ke liye mu~ha kisa dizA hamAre andara haiM, kintu durbhAgya yahI hai ki hama use bAhara ke bhautika meM kareM aura kisa dizA meM nahIM kareM, prArthanA kI bhASA kyA ho, pUjA sAdhanoM se miTAne kA prayAsa karate rahe haiN| yaha to ThIka vaisA hI huA ke dravya kyA hoM? Adi aadi| ye saba bAteM dharma kA zarIra ho sakatI jaise ghAva kahIM aura ho aura malahama kahIM aura lgaayeN| aparigrahavRtta haiM, kyoMki ye zarIra se gahare nahIM jAtI haiM, kintu nizcaya hI ye dharma yA anAsakti ko jo dharma kahA gayA, usakA AdhAra yahI hai ki vaha kI AtmA nahIM hai| dharma kI AtmA to hai- samAdhi, zAnti, niraakltaa| ThIka usa jar3a para prahAra karatA hai, jahA~ se duHkha kI viSavela phUTatI dharma to sahaja aura svAbhAvika hai| durbhAya yahI hai ki Aja loga dharma hai, AkulatA paidA hotI hai| vaha dharma isIliye hai ki vaha hameM AkulatA ke nAma para bahuta kucha kara rahe haiM parantu adharma yA vibhAvadazA ko se nirAkulatA kI dizA meM, vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM le jAtI chor3a nahIM rahe haiN| Aja dharma ko or3hA jA rahA hai, isIliye Aja hai| kisI kavi ne kahA haikA dharma nirarthaka bana gayA hai| yaha kArya to ThIka vaisA hI hai jaise cAha gaI, cintA miTI manuA bhayA beprvaah| kisI durgandha ke Dhera ko svaccha sugandhita AvaraNa se Dhaka diyA gayA jisako kucha na cAhiye, vaha zahaMzAhoM kA shhNshaah|| ho| yaha bAhya pratIti se sundara hotI hai kintu vAstavikatA kucha aura nirAkulatA evaM AkulatA hI dharma aura adharma kI sIdhI aura hI hotI hai| yaha tathAkathita dharma hI dharma ke liye sabase bar3A khatarA sApha kasauTI hai| jahA~ AkulatA hai, tanAva hai, asamAdhi hai vahA~ adharma hai, isameM adharma ko chipAne ke liye dharma kiyA jAtA hai| Aja dharma hai aura jahA~ nirAkulatA hai, zAnti hai, samAdhi hai, vahA~ dharma hai| jina ke nAma para jo kucha kiyA jA rahA hai usakA koI lAbha nahIM mila bAtoM se vyakti meM athavA unake sAmAjika pariveza meM AkulatA bar3hatI rahA hai| Aja hamArI dazA ThIka vaise hI hai jaise koI rogI davA to hai, tanAva paidA hotA hai, azAnti bar3hatI hai, viSamatA bar3hatI hai, ve .

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dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi 351 saba bAteM adharma haiM, pApa haiN| isake viparIta jina bAtoM se vyakti meM hI jIvana meM dharma kA prakaTana hogaa| kyoki manuSya ke liye yaha sambhava aura usake sAmAjika pariveza meM nirAkulatA Aye, zAnti Aye, tanAva nahIM hai ki usake jIvana meM utAra aura car3hAva nahIM aaye| sukha-du:kha, ghaTe, viSamatA samApta ho, ve saba dharma haiN| dhArmikatA ke Adarza ke lAbha-alAbha, mAna-apamAna Adi ye jIvana-cakra ke durnivAra pahalU rUpa meM jisa vItarAga, vItatRSNA aura anAsakta jIvana kI kalpanA haiM, koI bhI inase baca nahIM sktaa| jIvana-yAtrA kA rAstA sIdhA aura kI gaI hai, usakA artha yahI hai ki jIvana meM nirAkulatA, zAnti aura sapATa nahIM hai, usameM utAra-car3hAva Ate hI rahate haiN| bAhya paristhitiyoM samAdhi aae| dharma kA sAra yahI hai, phira cAhe hama ise kucha bhI nAma para ApakA adhikAra nahIM hai, Apake adhikAra meM kevala eka hI bAta kyoM na deN| zrI satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA kahate haiM - hai, vaha yaha ki Apa ina anukUla aura pratikUla sthitiyoM meM apane dharma na hindU bauddha hai, dharma na muslima jaina / mana ko, apanI cetanA ko nirAkula aura anudvigna banAye rakheM; mAnasika dharma citta kI zuddhatA, dharma zAnti sukha caina / / samatA aura zAMti ko bhaMga nahIM hone deN| yahI dharma hai| zrI goyanakA kudarata kA kAnUna hai, saba para lAgU hoya / jI ke zabdoM meMvikRta mana vyAkula rahe, nirmala sukhiyA hoya / / sukha duHkha Ate hI raheM, jyoM Ave dina raina / yahI dharma kI parakha hai, yahI dharma kA mApa / tU kyoM khove bAvalA, apane mana kI caina / / jana-mana kA maMgala kare, dUra kare santApa / / ata: mana kI caina nahIM khonA hI dharma aura dhArmikatA hai| jo jisa prakAra maleriyA, maleriyA hai, vaha na jaina hai, na bauddha hai vyakti jIvana kI anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM bhI apanI na hindU aura na musalamAna, usI prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi citta kI zAnti nahIM khotA hai, vahI dhArmika hai usI ke jIvana meM AdhyAtmika vikRtiyA~ haiM, ve bhI hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM haiM, hama dharma kA avataraNa huA hai| kauna dhArmika hai aura kauna adhArmika hai, aisA nahIM kahate haiM ki yaha hindU krodha hai yaha jaina yA bauddha krodha isakI pahacAna yahI hai ki kisakA citta zAnta hai aura kisakA ashaant| hai| yadi krodha hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM hai to phira usakA upazamana jisakA citta yA mana azAnta hai vaha adharma meM jI rahA hai, vibhAva bhI hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| vikAra, vikAra hai meM jI rahA hai aura jisakA mana yA citta zAMta hai vaha dharma meM jI rahA aura svAsthya, svAsthya hai, ve hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM haiN| jinheM hai, svabhAva meM jI rahA hai| eka sacce dhArmika puruSa kI jIvanadRSTi hama hindU, jaina, bauddha yA anya kisI dharma ke nAma se pukArate haiM, anukUla evaM pratikUla saMyogoM meM kaisI hogI isakA eka sundara citraNa vaha vikAroM ke ucAra kI zailI vizeSa hai jaise elopaithI, Ayurvedika, urdU zAyara ne kiyA hai, vaha kahatA hai - yUnAnI, homyopaithI Adi zArIrika rogoM ke upacAra kI paddhati hai| lAyI hayAta A gaye, kajA le calI cale cle| na apanI khuzI Aye, na apanI khuzI gye|| samatA dharma/mamatA adharma jindagI aura mauta donoM hI sthitiyoM meM jo nirAkulatA aura dharma kyA hai? isa prazna kA sabase saMkSipta aura sarala uttara yahI zAnta banA rahatA hai vahI dhArmika hai, dharma kA prakaTana usI ke jIvana hai ki vaha saba dharma hai, jisameM mana kI AkulatA samApta ho, cAha meM huA hai| dhArmikatA kI kasauTI para nahIM hai ki tumane kitanA pUjA-pATha aura cintA miTe tathA mana nirmalatA, zAMti, samabhAva aura Ananda kiyA hai, kitane upavAsa aura roje rakhe haiM, apitu yahI hai ki tumhArA se bhara jaaye| isIliye mahAvIra ne dharma ko samatA yA samabhAva ke mana kitanA anudvigna aura nirAkula banA hai| jIvana meM jaba taka cAha rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA thaa| samatA hI dharma hai aura mamatA adharma aura cintA banI huI hai dhArmikatA kA AnA sambhava nahIM hai| phira vaha hai| vItarAga, anAsakta aura vItatRSNA hone meM jo dhArmika Adarza kI cAha aura cintA parivAra kI ho yA ziSya-ziSyAoM kI, ghara aura paripUrNatA dekhI gaI, usakA kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki yaha AtmA kI dukAna kI ho, maTha aura mandira kI, dhana-sampatti kI ho yA pUjA-pratiSThA nirAkulatA yA zAnti kI avasthA hai| AtmA kI isI nirAkula dazA kI, isase koI antara nahIM par3atA hai| ko hindU aura bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi tathA jaina paramparA meM sAmAyika jaba taka jIvana meM tRSNA aura spRhA hai, dUsaroM ke prati jalana yA samatA kahA gayA hai| hamAre jIvana meM dharma hai, yA nahIM hai isako kI bhaTTI sulaga rahI hai, dhArmikatA sambhava nahIM hai| dhArmika hone kA jAnane kI ekamAtra kasauTI yaha hai ki sukha-duHkha, mAna-apamAna, matalaba hai mana kI udvignatA yA AkulatA samApta ho, mana se ghRNA, lAbha-hAni, jaya-parAjaya Adi kI anukUla evaM pratikUla avasthAoM vidveSa aura tRSNA kI Aga zAnta ho| isIliye gItA kahatI haimeM hamArA mana kitanA anudvigna aura zAnta banA rahatA hai| yadi anukUla duHkheSvanudvignamanA: sukheSu vigataspRhaH / paristhitiyoM meM mana meM santoSa na ho cAha aura cintA banI rahe tathA vItarAga bhayakrodhaH sthitadhImunirucyate / / gItA 2/56 / pratikUla sthitiyoM meM mana duHkha aura pIr3A se bhara jAve to hameM samajha jisakA mana duHkhoM kI prApti meM bhI duHkhI nahIM hotA aura sukha lenA cAhiye ki jIvana meM abhI dharma nahIM AyA hai| dharma kA sIdhA kI prApti meM jisakI lAlasA tIvra nahIM hotI hai, jisake mana meM mamatA, sambandha hamArI jIvanadRSTi aura jIvanazailI se hai| bAhya paristhitiyoM bhaya aura krodha samApta ho cuke haiM vahI vyakti dhArmika hai, sthira buddhi se hamArI cetanA jitanI adhika aprabhAvita aura alipta rahegI utanA hai, muni hai| vastutaH cetanA jitanI nirAkula banegI utanA hI jIvana

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352 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM dharma kA prakaTana hogaa| kyoMki yaha nirAkulatA yA samatA hI hamArA mAnava dharma nija-dharma hai, sva-svabhAva hai| AkulatA kA matalaba hai AtmA kI 'para' dharma kyA hai? isa prazna para abhI taka hamane isa dRSTikoNa se (padArthoM) meM unmukhatA aura nirAkulatA kA matalaba hai 'para' se vimukha vicAra kiyA thA ki eka cetana sattA ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma kyA hai? hokara sva meM sthiti| isIlie jaina paramparA meM para-pariNati ko adharma aba hama isa dRSTi se vicAra kareMge ki manuSya ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma aura Atma-pariNati ko dharma kahA gayA hai| kyA hai? dUsare prANiyoM se manuSya ko jina manovaijJAnika AdhAroM se cetanA aura mana kI nirAkulatA hamArA nija-dharma yA sva-svabhAva alaga kara sakate haiM, ve haiM- AtmacetanatA, vivekazIlatA aura isIlie hai ki yaha hamArI svAbhAvika mA~ga hai, svAzrita hai arthAt aatmsNym| manuSya ke alAvA dUsare prANiyoM meM ina guNoM kA abhAva anya kisI para nirbhara nahIM hai| ApakI cAha, ApakI cintA, Apake dekhA jAtA hai| manuSya na kevala cetana hai, apitu Atmacetana hai| usakI mana kI AkulatA sadaiva hI anya para AdhArita hai, parAzrita hai, ye vizeSatA yaha hai ki use apane jJAna kI, apanI anubhUti kI athavA para vastu ke saMyoga se utpanna hotI hai aura unhIM ke AdhAra para bar3hatI apane bhAvAvezoM kI bhI cetanA hotI hai| manuSya jaba krodha yA kAma hai evaM jIvita rahatI hai| samatA (nirAkulatA) svAzrita hai isIlie kI bhAva-dazA meM hotA hai taba bhI vaha yaha jAnatA hai ki mujhe krodha svadharma hai, jabaki mamatA aura tajjanita AkulatA parAzrita hai, isIlie ho rahA hai yA kAma satA rahA hai| pazu ko krodha hotA hai kintu vaha vidharma hai, adharma hai| jo svAzrita yA svAdhIna hai vahI Ananda ko yaha nahIM jAnatA ki maiM krodha meM huuN| usakA vyavahAra kAma se prerita prApta kara sakatA hai, jo parAzrita yA parAdhIna hai use Ananda aura hotA hai kintu vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA hai ki kAma mere vyavahAra ko prerita zAnti kahA~? yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki padArthoM ke prati kara rahA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se pazu kA vyavahAra mAtra mamatvabhAva aura unake upabhoga meM antara hai| dharma unake upabhoga kA mUlapravRtyAtmaka (Instinctive) hai; jo aMdha preraNA mAtra hai, kintu manuSya virodha nahIM karatA hai apitu unake prati mamatvaM-buddhi yA mamatA ke kA jIvana preraNA se cAlita na hokara vicAra yA viveka se prerita hotA bhAva kA virodha karatA hai| jo parAyA hai use apanA samajha lenA, mAna lenA hai| usameM AtmacetanatA hai| adharma hai, pApa hai, kyoMki isI se mAnasika zAMti aura cetanA kA manuSya aura pazu meM sabase mahattvapUrNa antara AtmacetanatA ke samatva bhaMga hotA hai, AkulatA aura tanAva utpanna hote haiN| ise bhI sambandha meM hai| jahA~ bhI vyavahAra aura AcaraNa mAtra mUla-pravRtti yA zAstroM meM anAtma meM Atma-buddhi yA parapariNati kahA gayA hai| jisa andha preraNA se cAlita hotA hai vahA~ manuSyatva nahIM, pazutva hI pradhAna prakAra saMsAra meM vaha premI duHkhI hotA hai jo kisI aisI strI se prema hotA hai, aisA mAnanA caahiye| manuSya kI manuSyatA isI meM hai ki apane kara baiThatA hai jo usakI apanI hokara rahane vAlI nahIM hai, usI prakAra vyavahAra aura AcaraNa ke prati usameM AtmacetanatA yA sajagatA ho| una padArthoM ke prati jinakA viyoga anivArya hai, mamatA rakhanA hI duHkha yahI sajagatA use pazutva se pRthak karatI hai| manuSya kI hI yaha vizeSatA kA kAraNa hai aura jo du:kha kA kAraNa hai vahI adharma hai, pApa hai| hai ki vaha apane vicAroM, apanI bhAvanAoM aura apane vyavahAra kA AdaraNIya goyanakAjI ne bahuta hI sundara bAta kahI hai draSTA yA sAkSI hai| usameM hI yaha kSamatA hai ki kartA aura draSTA donoM sukha-duHkha donoM eka se, mAna aura apamAna / kI bhUmikAoM meM apane ko rakha sakatA hai| vaha abhinetA aura darzaka citta vicalita hoye nahIM, to saccA kalyANa / / donoM hI hai| usakA hita isI meM hai ki vaha abhinaya karake bhI apane jIvana meM Ate raheM, patajhar3a aura basanta / darzaka hone kI bhUmikA ko nahIM bhuule| yadi usameM yaha AtmacetanatA mana kI samatA na chUTe, to sukha-zAnti ananta / / athavA draSTA-bhAva yA sAkSI-bhAva nahIM rahatA hai to hama yaha kaha sakate viSama jagata meM citta kI, samatA rahe aTUTa / haiM ki usameM manuSyatA kI apekSA pazutA hI adhika hai| manuSya meM paramAtmA to uttama maMgala jage, hoya duHkhoM meM chUTa / / aura pazu donoM hI upasthita haiN| vaha jitanA Atmacetana yA apane prati samatA svabhAva hai aura mamatA vibhAva hai| mamatA chaTegI to samatA sajaga banatA hai, usameM utanA hI paramAtmA kA prakaTana hotA hai aura apane Apa A jaayegii| svabhAva bAharI nahIM hai, ata: use lAnA bhI jitanA asAvadhAna rahatA hai, bhAvanA aura vAsanAoM ke andha pravAha nahIM hai, mAtra vibhAva ko chor3anA hai| roga yA bimArI haTegI to svasthatA meM bahatA hai, utanA hI pazutA ke nikaTa hotA hai| jo hameM paramAtmA to AyegI hii| isalie prayatna bimArI ko haTAne ke lie karanA hai| ke nikaTa le jAtA hai vahI dharma hai aura jo pazutA ke nikaTa le jAtA jisa prakAra bimArI banI rahe aura Apa pRSTikAraka pathya lete rahe to hai vahI adharma hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki eka vaha lAbhakArI nahIM hotA hai, usI prakAra jaba taka moha aura mamatA manuSya ke rUpa meM AtmacetanatA manuSya kA vAstavika dharma hai| isI banI rahegI, samatA jIvana meM prakaTa nahIM hogii| jaba moha aura mamatA AtmacetanatA ko hI zAstroM meM apramAda kahA gayA hai| manuSya jisa ke bAdala chaTeMge to samatA kA sUrya svataH hI prakaTa ho jaayegaa| jaba sImA taka Atmacetana hai, apane hI vicAroM, bhAvanAoM aura vyavahAroM moha aura mamatA kI caTTAneM TUTeMgI to samatA ke zItala jala kA jharanA kA darzaka hai usI sImA taka vaha manuSya hai, dhArmika hai, kyoMki vaha svata: hI prakaTa hogaa| jisameM snAna karake yuga-yuga kA tApa zItala Atmacetana honA yA AtmadraSTA honA aisA AdhAra hai jisase mAnavIya ho jaayegaa| viveka aura sadAcaraNa kA vikAsa sambhava hai| bImArI se chuTakArA pAne

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dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi 353 ke liye pahale usI bImArI ke rUpa meM dekhanA aura jAnanA jarurI hai| hai, apane prati sajaga banatA hai, vaha bhAvAvezoM se Upara uThatA jAtA yahI AtmacetanatA athavA sAkSI-bhAva yA draSTA-bhAva hI eka aisA tattva hai| pUrNa AtmacetanA kI sthiti meM Aveza yA Avega nahIM raha pAyeMge, hai jisa para dharma kI AdhArazilA khar3I huI hai| jaina AgamoM meM apramAda aura Aveza ke abhAva meM hiMsA sambhava nahIM hai| ata: AtmacetanatA ko dharma (akarma) aura pramAda ko adharma (karma) kahA gayA hai| pramAda ke sAtha hiMsA kA karma sambhava hI nahIM hogaa| anubhava aura Adhunika kA sIdhA aura sApha artha hai AtmacetanatA yA AtmajAgRti kA abhaav| manovijJAna donoM hI isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM ki duSkarma jitanA apramatta vahI hai jo manobhAvoM aura pravRttiyoM kA draSTA hai| manuSya kI bar3A hogA, use karate samaya vyakti utane hI bhAvAveza meM hogaa| hatyAe~, manuSyatA aura dhArmikatA isI bAta meM hai ki vaha sadaiva apane AcAra balAtkAra Adi sabhI duSkarma bhAvAvezoM meM hI sambhava hote haiN| vAsanA aura vicAra ke prati sajaga rhe| pratyeka kriyA ke prati hamArI cetanA kA Avega jitanA tIvra hai, AtmacetanA utanI hI dhUmila hotI hai, sajaga honI caahiye| khAte samaya khAne kI cetanA aura calate samaya kuNThita hotI hai aura usI sthiti meM pApa kA yA burAiyoM kA udbhava calane kI cetanA, krodha meM krodha kI cetanA aura kAma meM kAma kI hotA hai| rAgAbhAva, mamatva, Asakti, tRSNA Adi ko isIlie pApa cetanA banI rahanA Avazyaka hai| Apa jo bhI kara rahe haiM usake prati aura adharma ke mUla mAne gaye haiM, kyoMki ye AvegoM ko utpanna kara yadi Apa pUrI taraha se Atmacetana haiM to hI Apa sahI artha meM dhArmika hamArI sajagatA ko kama karate haiN| jaba bhI vyakti kAma meM hotA hai, haiN| jise hama samyak-darzana kahate haiM merI dhAraNA meM usakA artha yahI krodha meM hotA hai lobha meM hotA hai apane Apa ko bhUla jAtA hai, usake Atmadarzana yA AtmajAgRti athavA draSTA evaM sAkSI-bhAva kI sthiti Avega itane tIvra banate jAte haiM ki vaha AtmavistRta hotA jAtA hai, hai| Atmacetana yA apramatta yA AtmadraSTA hone kA matalaba hai khuda ke / apanA ApA kho baiThatA hai, ata: ve saba bAteM jo Atma-vismRti lAtI andara jhAMkanA; apanI vRttiyoM, apane vicAroM evaM apanI bhAvanAoM haiM pApa mAnI gaI haiM, adharma mAnI gayI haiN| vastuta: dharma aura adharma ko dekhnaa| sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to jo apane mana ke nATaka ko dekhatA kI eka kasauTI yaha hai ki jahA~ Atma-vismRti hai vahA~ adharma hai aura hai vahI AtmadraSTA yA Atmacetana hai| jo apane karmoM ke prati, apane jahA~ Atma-smRti hai, Atma cetanA hai, sajagatA hai, vahA~ dharma hai| vicAroM ke prati sAkSI yA draSTA nahIM bana sakatA vaha dhArmika bhI nahIM dUsarI bAta, jisa AdhAra para hama manuSya aura pazu meM koI antara bana sakatA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne isI AtmacetanatA ko smRti ke rUpa kara sakate haiM aura jise mAnava kI vizeSatA yA svabhAva kahA jA sakatA meM pAribhASita kiyA hai| samyak-smRti bauddha dharma ke sAdhanAmArga kA hai vaha hai, vivekshiiltaa| aksara manuSya kI paribhASA hama eka bauddhika eka mahattvapUrNa caraNa hai| bhagavAn buddha ne sAdhakoM ko bAra-bAra yaha prANI ke rUpa meM karate haiM aura manuSya eka vivekazIla prANI hai to nirdeza diyA hai ki apanI smRti ko sadaiva jAgRta banAye rkho| dhammapada yaha viveka yA jJAna kA tattva hI eka aisA tattva hai jo ise pazu se meM ve kahate haiM- apamAdo amata padaM pamAdo maccuno padaM' arthAt pRthak kara sakatA hai| kahA bhI gayA haiapramAda hI amRta pada hai, amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyu kaa| AhAranidrAbhayamaithunazca sAmAnyametad pazubhiH nArANAm / smRtivAna honA, sajaga, apramatta honA yaha dharma aura dhArmikatA kI jJAno hI teSAM adhiko vizeSo, jJAnena hInA nara: pazubhiH smaanaa|| Avazyaka kasauTI hai| AcArAGga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka bahuta hI hama se yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki yaha vivekazIlatA kyA hai? sundara bAta kahI hai- 'suttA amuNI, muNiNo sayA jAgaranti' arthAt vastuta: yadi hama sarala bhASA meM kaheM to kisI bhI kriyA ke karane jo soyA huA hai, sajaga yA Atmacetana nahIM hai vaha amuni hai aura ke pUrva usake sambhAvita acche aura bure pariNAmoM para vicAra kara lenA jo sajaga hai, jAgRta hai, Atmacetana hai vaha muni hai| manuSya kI yaha hI viveka hai| hama jo kucha karane jA rahe haiM yA kara rahe haiM usakA vizeSatA hai ki vaha apane prati sajaga yA Atmacetana raha sakatA hai, pariNAma hamAre liye yA samAja ke lie hitakara hai yA ahitakara isa apane andara jhA~ka sakatA hai, cetanA meM sthita viSaya vAsanA rUpI bAta kA vicAra kara lenA hI viveka hai| yadi Apa apane pratyeka AcaraNa gandagI ko dekha sakatA hai| AtmadraSTA yA Atmacetana hone kA matalaba ko sampAdita karane ke pahale usake pariNAmoM para pUrI sAvadhAnI ke yahI hai ki hama apane meM nihita yA utpanna hone vAlI vAsanAoM, sAtha vicAra karate haiM to Apa vivekazIla mAne jA sakate haiN| jisameM bhAvAvezoM, viSaya-vikAroM, rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM evaM krodha, mAna, mAyA, apane hitAhita yA dUsaroM ke hitAhita ko samajhane kI zakti hai vahI lobhAdi kaSAyoM ke prati sajaga raheM, sAvadhAna raheM, unheM dekhate rheN| vivekazIla yA dhArmika ho sakatA hai| jo vyakti apane aura dUsaroM samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe aise vicAraka haiM, ke hitAhitoM para pUrva meM vicAra nahIM karatA hai vaha kabhI bhI dhArmika jo yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmacetanatA (SelfawarenesshI eka aisI nahIM kahalA sktaa| yaha bAta bahuta spaSTa hai ki jo vyakti apane pratyeka sthiti hai jise kisI karma kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kI kasauTI AcaraNa ko karane ke pahale taulegA, usake hitAhita kA vicAra karegA mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ koI yaha prazna uThA sakatA hai ki vaha kabhI bhI durAcaraNa, adharma aura anaitikatA kI ora agrasara nahIM kyA AtmacetanA ke sAtha yA pUrI sajagatA ke sAtha kiyA jAne vAlA ho skegaa| isalie hama kaha sakate haiM ki vivekazIla honA manuSya hiMsAdi karma dhArmika yA naitika hogA? vastuta: isa sambandha meM hameM kA eka mahattvapUrNa guNa hai aura jisa sImA taka usameM isa guNa kA eka bhrAMti ko dUra kara lenA caahie| vyakti jitanA Atma-cetana banatA vikAsa huA hai usI sImA taka usameM dhArmikatA hai| vastuta: jahA~ *

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354 jIvana meM vivekazIlatA hogI vahA~ dharma ke nAma para panapane vAle chalacha aMdhazraddhA tathA DhoMga aura ADambara apane Apa hI samApta ho jAyeMge / yadi hameM dhArmika honA hai to hameM sabase pahale vivekI bananA hogaa| jo vyakti sajaga nahIM hai, jo apane AcaraNa aura vyavahAra ke hitAhita kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai vaha kadApi dhArmika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jahA~ bhI vyakti meM sajagatA aura vicArazIlatA kA abhAva hai vahIM adharma kI sambhAvanAeM hai| yadi hama AtmacetanatA ko samyak darzana kaheM to vivekazIlatA ko samyak jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| jaba hamAre AcaraNa ke sAtha AtmacetanatA aura vivekazIlatA jur3egI tabhI hamArA AcaraNa dhArmika bnegaa| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 viveka eka aisA tattva hai jo pratyeka AcAra aura vyavahAra kA deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke sandarbha meM samyak mUlyAGkana karatA hai| viveka vyakti ke mUlyAGkana kI kSamatA kA paricAyaka hai| viveka eka aisI kSamatA hai jo sampUrNa paristhiti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM kA niSpakSa mUlyAGkana karatI hai| jIvana meM jaba viveka kA vikAsa hotA hai, to dUsaroM ke duHkha aura pIr3A kA Atmavat dRSTi se mUlyAGkana hotA hai svArthavRtti kSINa hone lagatI hai, samatA kA vikAsa hotA hai aura jIvana meM dharma kA prakaTana hotA hai| isa prakAra viveka dharma aura dhArmikatA kA Avazyaka lakSaNa hai| dharma aura dhArmikatA kA vikAsa viveka kI bhUmi para hI sambhava hai, ataH viveka dharma hai| Apa dhArmika hai yA nahIM? isakI sIdhI aura sApha pahacAna yahI hai ki Apa kisI kriyA ko karane ke pUrva usake pariNAmoM para samyak rUpa se vicAra karate haiN| kyA Apa apane hitoM aura dUsaroM ke hitoM kA samAna rUpa se mUlyAGkana karate haiM? yadi ina praznoM kA uttara sakArAtmaka hai to nizcaya hI Apa dhArmika haiN| viveka ke Aloka meM vikasita Atmavat-dRSTi hI dharma aura dhArmikatA kA AdhAra hai| manuSya aura pazu meM tIsarA aura sabase mahattvapUrNa antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki manuSya meM saMyama kI zakti hai, vaha apane AcAra aura vyavahAra ko niyantrita kara sakatA hai yadi hama pazu kA jIvana dekheM to hameM lagegA ki ve eka prAkRtika jIvana jIte haiN| pazu tabhI khAtA hai jaba bhUkhA hotA hai| pazu ke lie yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki bhUkhA hone para khAdya sAmagrI kI upasthiti meM vaha use na khAye / kintu manuSya ke AcaraNa kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha bhUkhA hote hue bhI aura khAdya sAmagrI ke upalabdha hote hue bhI bhojana karane se inkAra kara degA dUsarI ora manuSya ke lie yaha bhI sambhava hai ki bharapeTa bhojana ke bAda bhI vaha susvAdu padArtha upalabdha hone para unheM khA letA hai| isa prakAra manuSya meM eka ora AtmasaMyama kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM se prerita ho kara vaha eka aprAkRtika jIvana bhI jI sakatA hai| isIlie hama kaha sakate haiM ki yadi koI manuSya kI vizeSatA ho sakatI hai to vaha usameM nihita Atma niyantraNa yA saMyama kA sAmarthya hai isIliye kahA gayA hai ki manuSya meM jaivika Avega to bahuta haiM, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki usake AvegoM ko kaise niyantrita kiyA jAya? jaivika AvegoM ke aniyantraNa kA jIvana adharma kA jIvana hai| manuSya kA dharma aura dhArmikatA isI meM hai ki vaha Atmacetana hokara vivekazIlatA ke sAtha apanI vAsanAoM ko saMyamita kare yadi vaha itanA kara pAtA hai to hI use hama dhArmika kaha sakate haiN| manuSya ke dhArmika hone kA matalaba hai usakI cetanA sajaga rahe aura usakA viveka vAsanAoM ko niyantrita karatA rhe| manuSya kA sAmAjika dharma dharma ko jaba hama vastu svabhAva ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM to hamAre sAmane prazna upasthita hotA hai ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma kyA hai? manuSya kA mUla svabhAva manuSyatA hI ho sakatA hai, lekina prazna hai ki manuSyatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? vaha kauna sA tattva hai jo manuSya ko pazu se bhinna karatA hai| isa sambandha meM carcA karate hue hamane dekhA thA ki AtmacetanA (Self Awareness), viveka aura saMyama ye tIna aise tattva haiM jo manuSya ko apanI upasthiti ke kAraNa pazu se Upara uThA dete haiN| ina sabake sAtha hI eka aura viziSTa guNa manuSya kA hai jo use mahanIyatA pradAna karatA hai, vaha hai usakI sAmAjika cetanA pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne manuSya kI paribhASA eka sAmAjika prANI ke rUpa meM kI hai sAmAjikatA manuSya kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai (Man is a social animal) vaise to sAmUhika jIvana pazuoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha sAmUhika jIvana zailI unase kucha bhinna hai| pazuoM meM pArasparika sambandha to hote haiM kintu unheM una sambandhoM kI cetanA nahIM hotI hai| manuSya jIvana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki use una pArasparika sambandhoM kI cetanA hotI hai aura usI cetanA ke kAraNa usameM eka-dUsare ke prati dAyitva bodha aura kartavya-bodha hotA hai| pazuoM meM bhI pArasparika hita sAdhana kI pravRtti to hotI hai, kintu vaha eka andha mUlapravRtti hai| usa andha-pravRtti ke anusAra hI AcaraNa karane meM pazu vivaza hotA hai| usake sAmane yaha vikalpa nahIM hotA hai ki vaha vaisA AcaraNa kare yA nahIM kre| kintu isa sambandha meM mAnavIya cetanA svatantra hotI hai usameM apane dAyitva bodha kI cetanA hotI hai| kisI urdU zAyara ne kahA bhI hai vaha AdamI hI kyA hai jo darda AzanA na ho ! patthara se kama hai, dila zarara gara nihA nahIM / jainAcArya umAsvAti ne bhI na kevala manuSya kA, apitu samasta jIvana kA lakSaNa pArasparika hita sAdhana ko mAnA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM kahA hai -- "prspropgrhojiivaanaam|" eka dUsare ke kalyANa meM sahayogI bananA yahI jIvana kI viziSTatA hai| isI artha meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai aura dUsare manuSyoM evaM prANiyoM kA hita sAdhana usakA dharma hai| dhArmika hone kA eka artha yaha hai ki hama eka-dUsare ke sahayogI baneM dUsare ke duHkha aura pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A samajheM tathA usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna kreN| jaina Agama AcArAGgasUtra meM dharma kI paribhASA karate hue bahuta spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai| - .

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dharma kA marma : jaina dRSTi 355 "save sattA Na haMtavvA, jaba sAre jahA~ kA darda kisI ke hRdaya meM samA jAtA hai to vaha esa dhamme suddhe Niie sAsae samicca loyaM kheyaNNehiM paveie" lokakalyANa ke maGgalamayamArga para cala par3atA hai| usakA yaha calanA "arthAta bhUtakAla meM jo arhat hue haiM, vartamAnakAla meM jo arhat bAharI nahIM hotA hai| usake sAre vyavahAra meM antazcetanA kAma karatI haiM aura bhaviSyakAla meM jo arhata hoMge, ve sabhI eka hI sandeza dete hai aura yahI antazcetanA dhArmikatA kA mUla utsa (Essence) hai, ise haiM ki kisI pANI kI, kisI satva kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhiAe, hI dAyitva-bodha kI sAmAjika cetanA kahA jAtA hai| jaba yaha usakA ghAta - hI karanA cAhie, use pIr3A nahIM pahu~cAnI cAhie, yahI dAyitva-bodha kI sAmAjika cetanA jAgrata hotI hai, to manuSya meM dhArmikatA ekamAtra zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|" isa dharma kI loka-kalyANakArI prakaTa hotI hai| dUsaroM ke prati AtmIyatA ke bhAva kA jAgrata honA cetanA kA ! kuTana loka kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke lie hI huA hai hI dhArmika banane kA sabase pahalA upakrama hai| aura yahI 1 kA sAratattva hai| kahA hai yahi hamAre jIvana meM dUsaroM kI pIr3A, dUsaroM kA darda apanA nahIM __ yahI hai ibAdata, yahI hai dIno imaaN|' banA hai to hameM yaha nizcita hI samajha lenA cAhie ki hamameM dharma ki kAma Aye duniyA meM, iMsAM ke iNsaaN| kA avataraNa nahIM huA hai| dUsaroM kI pIr3A kI AtmaniSTha anubhUti dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko samajhakara usake nivAraNa kA prayatna karanA, se jAgRta dAyitva-bodha kI antazcetanA ke binA sAre dhArmika yahI dharma kI mUla AtmA ho sakatI hai| santa tulasIdAsa jI ne bhI kriyA-kANDa, pAkhaNDa yA DhoMga haiN| unakA dhArmikatA se dUra kA kahA hai riztA nahIM hai| jaina dharma ke samyak-darzana, jo ki dhArmikatA kI parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI, parapIr3A sama nahIM adhmaaii| AdhArabhUmi hai-ke jo pA~ca aGga mAne gaye haiM, unameM samabhAva aura ahiMsA kI cetanA kA vikAsa tabhI sambhava hai, jaba manuSya meM anukampA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| sAmAjika dRSTi se samabhAva 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa hogaa| jaba hama dUsaroM kA artha hai- dUsaroM ko apane samAna smjhnaa| kyoMki ahiMsA evaM ke darda ko apanA darda samajheMge tabhI hama lokamaGgala kI dizA meM athavA lokakalyANa kI antazcetanA kA udbhava isI AdhAra para hotA hai| parapIr3A ke nivAraNa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha skeNge| parapIr3A kI yaha AcArAGgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "jisa prakAra maiM jInA cAhatA hU~, AtmAnubhUti bhI vastuniSTha na hokara AtmaniSTha honI caahie| hama dUsaroM maranA nahIM cAhatA hU~ usI prakAra saMsAra ke sabhI prANI jIvana ke kI pIr3A ke mUka darzaka na rheN| aisA dharma aura aisI ahiMsA, jo icchuka haiM aura mRtyu se bhayabhIta haiM, jisa prakAra maiM sukha kI prApti dUsaroM kI pIr3A kI mUka darzana banI rahatI hai, vastuta: vaha na dharma cAhatA hU~ aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hU~ usI prakAra vizva ke sabhI hai aura na ahiNsaa| ahiMsA kevala dUsaroM ko pIr3A na dene taka sImita prANI sukha ke icchuka haiM aura duHkha se dUra rahanA cAhate haiN|" yahI nahIM hai, usameM lokamaGgala aura lokakalyANa kA ajasra-srota bhI vaha dRSTi hai jisa para ahiMsA kA, dharma kA aura naitikatA kA vikAsa pravAhita hai| jaba loka-pIr3A apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai, tabhI dhArmikatA hotA hai| kA srota andara se pravAhita hotA hai| tIrthaGkaroM, arhatoM aura buddhoM jaba taka dUsaroM ke prati hamAre mana meM samabhAva arthAt samAnatA ne jaba loka-pIr3A kI yaha anubhUti AtmaniSTha rUpa meM kI, to ve kA bhAva, jAgRta nahIM hotA, anukampA nahIM AtI arthAt unakI pIr3A lokakalyANa ke lie sakriya bana gye| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A aura hamArI pIr3A nahIM banatI taba taka samyak-darzana kA udaya bhI nahIM hotA, vedanA hameM apanI lagatI hai taba lokakalyANa bhI dUsaroM ke lie na jIvana meM dharma kA avataraNa nahIM hotaa| asara lakhanavI kA yaha nimna hokara apane hI lie ho jAtA hai| urdU zAyara amIra ne kahA hai- zera isa sambandha meM kitanA maujUM hai - khaJjara cale kisI pe, tar3aphate haiM hama mIra / ImAM galata usUla galata, udduA glt| sAre jahA~ kA darda, hamAre z2igara meM hai / / iMsAM kI diladihI, agara iMsAM na kara ske||

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma dhArmika sahiSNutA: Aja kI AvazyakatA Aja kA yuga bauddhika vikAsa aura vaijJAnika pragati kA yuga hai| manuSya ke bauddhika vikAsa ne usakI tArkikatA ko painA kiyA hai| Aja manuSya pratyeka samasyA para tArkika dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai, kintu durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa bauddhika vikAsa ke bAvajUda bhI eka ora aMdhavizvAsa aura rUr3hivAditA barAbara kAyama hai, to dUsarI ora vaicArika saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para pahu~ca gayA hai| dhArmika evaM rAjanItika sAmpradAyikatA Aja janatA ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banA rahI hai| kahIM dharma ke nAma para kahIM rAjanItika vicAradhArAoM ke nAma para, kahIM dhanI aura nirdhana ke nAma para, kahIM jAtivAda ke nAma para, kahIM kAle aura gore ke bheda ko lekara manuSya manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMcI jA rahI haiN| Aja pratyeka dharma-sampradAya, pratyeka rAjanItika dala aura pratyeka varga apane hitoM kI surakSA ke lie dUsare ke astitva ko samApta karane para tulA huA hai| saba apane ko mAnava-kalyANa kA ekamAtra ThekedAra mAnakara apanI satyatA kA dAvA kara rahe haiM aura dUsare ko bhrAnta tathA bhraSTa batA rahe haiN| manuSya kI asahiSNutA kI vRtti manuSya ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banAkara pArasparika ghRNA, vidveSa aura bikharAva ke bIja bo rahI hai| eka ora hama pragati kI bAta karate haiM to dUsarI ora manuSya-manuSya ke bIca dIvAra khar3I karate haiN| 'ikabAla' isI bAta ko lekara pUchate haiM firkebandI hai kahIM, aura kahIM jAte haiM, kyA jamAne meM panapane kI yahI bAte haiM ? yadyapi vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta AvAgamana ke sulabha sAdhanoM ne Aja vizva kI dUrI ko kama kara diyA hai, hamArA saMsAra simaTa rahA hai; kintu Aja manuSya manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUrI kahIM adhika jyAdA ho rahI hai| vaiyaktika svArthalipsA ke kAraNa manuSya eka-dUsare ko kaTatA calA jA rahA hai Aja vizva kA vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha hai| eka ora ijarAyala aura araba meM yahUdI aura musalamAna lar3a rahe haiM, to dUsarI ora islAma dharma ke hI do sampradAya ziyA aura sunnI irAka aura IrAna meM lar3a rahe haiN| bhArata meM bhI kahIM hindU aura musalamAnoM ko to kahIM hindU aura sikhoM ko eka-dUsare ke virUddha lar3ane ke lie ubhAr3A jA rahA hai. aphrIkA meM kAle aura gore kA saMgharSa cala rahA hai, to sAmyavAdI rUsa aura pU~jIvAdI saMyukta rAjya amerikA eka-dUsare ko nestanAbUda karane para tule hue haiN| Aja mAnavatA usa kagAra para Akara khar3I ho gaI hai, jahA~ se usane yadi apanA rAstA nahIM badalA to usakA sarvanAza nikaTa hai| 'ikabAla' spaSTa zabdoM meM hameM cetAvanI dete hue kahate haiM " agara aba bhI na samajhoge to miTa jAoge duniyA~ se tumhArI dAstA~ taka bhI na hogI dAstAnoM meM / / vijJAna aura takanIka kI pragati ke nAma para hamane mAnava jAti ke lie vinAza kI citA taiyAra kara lI hai| yadi manuSya kI isa unmAdI pravRtti para koI aMkuza nahIM lagA, to koI bhI choTI sI ghaTanA isa citA ko cinagArI de degI aura taba hama saba apane hAthoM taiyAra kI gayI isa citA meM jalane ko majabUra ho jaayeNge| asahiSNutA aura varga-vidveSa- phira cAhe vaha dharma ke nAma para ho, rAjanIti ke nAma para ho, rASTrIyatA ke nAma para ho yA sAmpradAyikatA ke nAma para - hameM vinAza ke garta kI ora hI liye jA rahe haiN| Aja kI isa sthiti ke sambandha meM urdU ke zAyara 'cakabasta' ne ThIka hI kahA haimiTegA dIna bhI aura AbarU bhI jaaegii| tumhAre nAma se duniyA ko zarma AegI / / ataH Aja eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai jo mAnavatA ko durAgraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThAkara satya ko samajhane ke lie eka samagra dRSTi de sake, tAki vargIya hitoM se Upara uThakara samagra mAnavatA ke kalyANa ko prAthamikatA dI jA ske| dhArmika matAnyatA kyoM? dharma ko aMgrejI meM 'rilIjana' (Religion) kahA jAtA hai| rilIjana zabda rilIjera se banA hai| isakA zAbdika artha hotA hai-- phira se jor3a denaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se aura AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA hai| dharma kA avataraNa manuSya ko zAzvata zAnti aura sukha dene ke lie huA hai, kintu hamArI matAndhatA aura unmAdI vRtti ke kAraNa dharma ke nAma para manuSya manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khar3I kI gayIM aura use eka-dUsare kA pratispardhI banA diyA gyaa| mAnava jAti ke itihAsa meM jitane yuddha aura saMgharSa hue haiM, unameM dhArmika matAndhatA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa rahI hai| dharma ke nAma para manuSya ne aneka bAra khUna kI holI khelI hai aura Aja bhI khela rahe haiN| vizvaitihAsa kA adhyetA isa bAta ko bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki dhArmika asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya duSkRtya karAye haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana kI ina ghaTanAoM ka kA jAmA pahanAyA gayA aura aise yuddhoM ko dharmayuddha kahakara manuSya ko eka-dUsare ke virUddha ubhAr3A gayA, phalataH zAnti, sevA aura samanvaya kA pratIka dharma hI azAnti, tiraskAra aura varga-vidveSa kA kAraNa bana gyaa| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki dharma ke nAma para jo kucha kiyA yA karAyA jAtA hai, vaha saba dhArmika nahIM hotA / ina sabake pIche vastutaH dharma nahIM, dharma ke nAma para palane vAlI vyakti kI svArthaparatA kAma karatI hai| vastutaH kucha loga apane kSudra svAyoM kI pUrti ke lie manuSyoM ko dharma ke nAma para eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3A kara dete haiN| dharma bhAvanA pradhAna hai aura bhAvanAoM ko ubhAr3anA sahaja hotA hai| .

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma 357 ata: dharma hI eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisake nAma para manuSyoM ko eka apane sAthI prANiyoM ke sukha-duHkha ko apanA sukha-duHkha samajha ske| dUsare ke virUddha jaldI ubhAr3A jA sakatA hai| isIlie matAndhatA, yadi yaha saba usameM nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, to phira usake unmAdI aura svArthI tattvoM ne dharma ko sadaiva hI apane hitoM kI pUrti dhArmika hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA, kyoMki koI pazu dhArmika yA kA sAdhana banAyA hai| jo dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie adhArmika nahIM hotA, manuSya hI dhArmika yA adhArmika hotA hai| yadi thA, usI dharma ke nAma para apane se virodhI dharmavAloM ko utpIr3ita mAnavIya zarIra ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti apane pazutva se Upara karane aura usa para atyAcAra karane ke prayatna hue haiM aura ho rahe haiN| nahIM uTha pAyA hai, to usake dhArmika hone kA prazna to bahuta dUra kI kintu dharma ke nAma para hiMsA, saMgharSa aura varga-vidveSa kI jo bhAvanAe~ bAta hai| mAnavIyatA dhArmikatA kI prathama sIr3hI hai| use pAra kiye binA ubhAr3I jA rahI haiM, usakA kAraNa kyA dharma hai? vastutaH dharma nahIM, koI dharmamArga meM praveza nahIM kara sktaa| manuSya kA prathama dharma apitu dharma kA AvaraNa DAlakara mAnava kI mahatvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra mAnavatA hai| aura usakI kSudra svArthaparatA hI yaha saba kucha karavA rahI hai| yathArtha vastuta: yadi hama jaina dharma kI bhASA meM dharma ko vastu-svabhAva meM yaha dharma kA nakAba DAle hae adharma hI hai| mAne to hameM samagra cetana sattA ke mUla svabhAva ko hI dharma kahanA hogaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM AtmA kA svabhAva samatA-samabhAva kahA gayA dharma ke sAratattva kA jJAna : matAnyatA se mukti kA mArga hai| usameM gaNadhara gautama bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM ki AtmA . durbhAgya yaha hai ki Aja janasAmAnya, jise dharma ke nAma para kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai? pratyuttara meM bhagavAn kahate sahaja hI ubhAr3A jAtA hai, dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa hai, haiM-AtmA sAmAyika (samatvavRtti) rUpa hai aura usa samatvabhAva ko vaha dharma ke mUla hArda ko nahIM samajha pAyA hai| usakI dRSTi meM kucha prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| AcArAGgasUtra bhI samabhAva karmakANDa aura rIti-rivAja hI dharma hai| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hamAre ko hI dharma kahatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAra samatA tathA zAnti hai| tathAkathita dhArmika netAoM ne hameM dharma ke mUla hArda se anabhijJa rakhakara, manuSya meM nihita kAma, krodha, ahaMkAra, lobha aura unake janaka rAgaina rIti-rivAjoM aura karmakANDoM ko hI dharma kahakara samajhAyA hai| dveSa aura tRSNA ko samApta karanA hI sabhI dhArmika sAdhanAoM kA mUlabhUta vastuta: Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki manuSya dharma ke vAstavika lakSya rahA hai| isa sambandha meM zrI satyanArAyaNa jI goyanakA ke nimna svarUpa ko smjhe| Aja mAnava samAja ke samakSa dharma ke usa sArabhUta vicAra draSTavya haiM-'krodha, IrSyA, dveSa Adi na hindU haiM, na bauddha, na tattva ko prastuta kiye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai, jo sabhI dharmoM meM jaina, na pArasI, na muslima, na iisaaii| vaise inase vimukta rahanA bhI sAmAnyatayA upasthita hai aura unakI mUlabhUta ekatA kA sUcaka hai| na hindU hai na bauddha; na jaina hai na pArasI; na muslima hai na iisaaii| Aja dharma ke mUla hArda aura vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhe binA hamArI vikAroM se vimukta rahanA hI zuddha dharma hai| kyA zIlavAna, samAdhivAna dhArmikatA surakSita nahIM raha sakatI hai| yadi Aja dharma ke nAma para aura prajJAvAna honA kevala bauddhoM kA hI dharma hai? kyA vItarAga, vItadveSa vibhAjita hotI huI isa mAnavatA ko puna: jor3anA hai to hameM dharma ke aura vItamoha honA jainoM kA hI dharma hai? kyA sthitaprajJa, anAsakta, una mUlabhUta tattvoM ko sAmane lAnA hogA, jinake AdhAra para ina TUTI jIvana-mukta honA hinduoM kA hI dharma hai? dharma kI isa zuddhatA ko huI kaDiyoM ko puna: jor3A jA ske| samajheM aura dhAraNa kreN| (dharma ke kSetra meM) nissAra chilakoM kA avamUlyana ho, unmUlana ho; zuddhasAra kA mUlyAMkana ho, pratiSThApana ho|' jaba dharma kA marma yaha sthiti AyegI, dhArmika sahiSNutA sahaja hI prakaTa hogii| yaha satya hai ki Aja vizva meM aneka dharma pracalita haiN| kintu yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to ina vividha dharmoM kA mUlabhUta sAdhanAgata vividhatA : asahiSNutA kA AdhAra nahIM lakSya hai-manuSya ko eka acche manuSya ke rUpa meM vikasita kara use tRSNA, rAga-dveSa aura ahaMkAra adharma ke bIja haiN| inase mAnasika paramAtma tattva kI ora le jaanaa| jaba taka manuSya, manuSya nahIM banatA aura sAmAjika samabhAva bhaMga hotA hai| ataH inake nirAkaraNa ko sabhI aura usakI yaha manuSyatA devatva kI ora agrasara nahIM hotI, taba dhArmika sAdhanA-paddhatiyA~ apanA lakSya banAtI haiN| kintu manuSya kA taka vaha dhArmika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi manuSya meM mAnavIya guNoM ahaMkAra, manuSya kA mamatva kaise samApta ho, usakI tRSNA yA Asakti kA vikAsa hI nahIM huA hai to vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM dhArmika kA uccheda kaise ho? isa sAdhanAtmaka pakSa ko lekara hI vicArabheda nahIM hai| 'amana' ne ThIka hI kahA hai prArambha hotA hai| koI parama sattA yA Izvara ke prati pUrNa samarpaNa meM insAniyata se jisane bazara ko girA diyaa| hI Asakti, mamatva aura ahaMkAra ke visarjana kA upAya dekhatA hai, yA raba! vaha bandagI huI yA abatarI huii|| to koI usake lie jagat kI duHkhamayatA, padArthoM kI kSaNikatA aura mAnavatA ke binA dhArmikatA asambhava hai| mAnavatA dhArmikatA anAtmatA kA upadeza detA hai, to koI usa Asakti yA rAgabhAva kI kA prathama caraNa hai| mAnavatA kA artha hai-manuSya meM viveka vikasita vimukti ke lie Atma aura anAtma arthAt sva-para ke viveka ko ho, vaha apane vicAroM, bhAvanAoM aura hitoM para saMyama rakha sake tathA dhArmika sAdhanA kA pramukha aMga mAnatA hai| vastuta: yaha sAdhanAtmaka .

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358 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bheda hI dharmoM kI anekatA kA kAraNa hai| kintu yaha anekatA dhArmika hai kiasahiSNutA yA virodha kA kAraNa nahIM bana sktii| AcArya haribhadra je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA te aasvaa| ne yogadRSTisamuccaya meM dhArmika sAdhanA kI vividhatAoM kA sundara jo Asrava arthAt bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI parisrava arthAt vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM mukti ke kAraNa ho sakate haiM aura isake viparIta jo mukti ke kAraNa yadvA tattatrayApekSA ttkaalaadiniyogtH| haiM, ve hI bandhana ke kAraNa bana sakate haiN| aneka bAra aisA hotA hai RSibhyo dezanA citrA tanmUlaiSApi tttvtH||| ki bAhya rUpa meM hama jise anaitika aura adhArmika kahate haiM, vaha arthAt pratyeka RSi apane deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke AdhAra deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para naitika aura dhArmika para bhinna-bhinna dharmamArgoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| deza aura kAlagata ho jAtA hai| dhArmika jIvana meM sAdhanA kA bAhya kalevara itanA mahattvapUrNa vividhatAe~ tathA sAdhakoM kI ruci aura svabhAvagata vividhatAe~ dhArmika nahIM hotA jitanA usake mUla meM rahI huI vyakti kI bhAvanAe~ hotI sAdhanAoM kI vividhatAoM ke AdhAra haiN| kintu isa vividhatA ko haiN| bAhya rUpa se kisI yuvatI kI paricaryA karate hue eka vyakti apanI dhArmika asahiSNutA kA kAraNa nahIM banane denA caahie| jisa prakAra manobhUmikA ke AdhAra para dhArmika ho sakatA hai, to dUsarA adhaarmik| eka hI nagara ko jAne vAle vividha mArga paraspara bhinna-bhinna dizAoM vastuta: paricaryA karate samaya paricaryA kI apekSA bhI jo adhika meM sthita hokara bhI virodhI nahIM kahe jAte haiM; eka hI kendra ko yojita mahattvapUrNa hai, vaha usa paricaryA ke mUla meM nihita prayojana, preraka yA hone vAlI paridhi se khIMcI gayI vividha rekhAe~ cAheM bAhya rUpa se manobhUmikA hotI hai| eka vyakti niSkAma bhAvanA se kisI kI sevA virodhI dikhAyI deM, kintu yathArthataH unameM koI virodha nahIM hotA hai; karatA hai, to dUsarA vyakti apanI vAsanAoM athavA apane kSudra svArthoM usI prakAra paraspara bhinna-bhinna AcAra-vicAra vAle dharmamArga bhI vastutaH kI pUrti ke lie kisI kI sevA karatA hai| bAhara se donoM sevAe~ virodhI nahIM hote| yaha eka gaNitIya satya hai ki eka kendra se yojita eka haiM, kintu unameM eka naitika aura dhArmika hai, to dUsarI anaitika hone vAlI paridhi se khIMcI gayIM aneka rekhAe~ eka-dUsare ko kATane aura adhaarmik| hama dekhate haiM ki anekAneka loga laukika eSaNAoM kI kSamatA nahIM rakhatI haiM, kyoMki una sabakA sAdhya eka hI hotA kI pUrti ke lie prabhu-bhakti aura sevA karate haiM kintu unakI vaha sevA hai| vastuta: unameM eka-dUsare ko kATane kI zakti tabhI AtI hai jaba dharma kA kAraNa na hokara adharma kA kAraNa hotI hai| ata: sAdhanAgata ve apane kendra kA parityAga kara detI haiN| yahI bAta dharma ke sambandha bAhya vibhinnatAoM ko na to dhArmikatA kA sarvasva mAnanA cAhie aura meM bhI satya hai| eka hI sAdhya kI ora unmukha bAhara se paraspara virodhI na una para itanA adhika bala diyA jAnA cAhie, jisase pArasparika dikhAI dene vAle aneka sAdhanA-mArga tattvata: paraspara virodhI nahIM hote vibheda aura bhinnatA kI khAI aura gaharI ho| vastuta: jaba taka deza haiN| yadi pratyeka dhArmika sAdhaka apane ahaMkAra, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA aura kAlagata bhinnatAe~ haiM, jaba taka vyakti kI ruci yA svabhAvagata kI pravRttiyoM ko samApta karane ke lie, apane kAma, krodha aura lobha bhinnatAe~ haiM, taba taka sAdhanAgata vibhinnatAe~ svAbhAvika hI haiN| AcArya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie, apane ahaMkAra aura asmitA ke visarjana ke haribhadra apane grantha yogadRSTisamuccaya meM kahate haiMlie sAdhanArata hai, to phira usakI sAdhanA-paddhati cAhe jo ho, vaha citrA tu dezanaiteSAM syAd vineyaanugunnytH| dUsarI sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA na to virodhI hogA aura na ashissnnu| yasmAdete mahAtmAno bhAvyAdhi bhissgvraaH|| yadi dhArmika jIvana meM sAdhyarUpI ekatA ke sAtha sAdhanArUpI anekatA arthAt jisa prakAra eka acchA vaidya rogI kI prakRti, Rtu Adi rahe to bhI vaha saMgharSa kA kAraNa nahIM bana sktii| vastuta: yahA~ hameM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara eka hI roga ke lie do vyaktiyoM ko alaga-alaga yaha vicAra karanA hai ki dharma aura samAja meM dhArmika asahiSNutA kA auSadhi pradAna karatA hai, usI prakAra dharmamArga ke upadeSTA RSigaNa bhI janma kyoM aura kaise hotA hai? bhinna-bhinna svabhAva vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie alaga-alaga sAdhanA-vidhi vastuta: jaba yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki hamArI sAdhanA-paddhati prastuta karate haiN| deza, kAla aura rucigata vaicitrya dhArmika sAdhanA hI ekamAtra vyakti ko antima sAdhya taka pahu~cA sakatI hai taba dhArmika paddhatiyoM kI vibhinnatA kA AdhAra hai| vaha svabhAvika hai, ata: use asahiSNutA kA janma hotA hai| isake sthAna para yadi hama yaha svIkAra asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dharmakSetra meM sAdhanAgata vividhatAe~ kara leM ki ve sabhI sAdhanA-paddhatiyA~ jo sAdhya taka pahuMcA sakatI sadaiva rahI haiM aura raheMgI, kintu unheM vivAda kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA haiM, sahI haiM, to dhArmika saMgharSoM kA kSetra sImita ho jAtA hai| deza jAnA caahie| hameM pratyeka sAdhanA-paddhati kI upayogitA aura aura kAlagata vividhatAe~ tathA vyakti kI apanI pravRtti aura yogyatA anupayogitA kA mUlyAMkana una paristhitiyoM meM karanA cAhie jisameM Adi aise tattva haiM, jinake kAraNa sAdhanAgata vividhatAoM kA honA unakA janma hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, mUrtipUjA kA vidhAna aura svAbhAvika hai| vastuta: jisase vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hotA mUrtipUjA kA niSedha do bhinna dezagata aura kAlagata paristhitiyoM kI hai, vaha AcAra ke bAhya vidhi-niSedha yA bAhya aupacArikatAe~ yA dena haiM aura unake pIche viziSTa uddezya rahe hue haiN| yadi hama una saMdarbho kriyAkANDa nahIM, mUlata: sAdhaka kI bhAvanA yA jIvana-dRSTi hai| meM unakA mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to ina do virodhI sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM meM prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA bhI hameM koI virodha najara nahIM aayegaa| sabhI dhArmika sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma kA eka lakSya hote hue bhI unameM deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti karo, jhUTha mata bolo, corI mata karo, vyabhicAra mata karo, nazIle ke kAraNa sAdhanAgata vibhinnatAe~ AI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, hindU padArthoM kA sevana mata karo, saMcayavRtti se dUra raho aura apane dhana dharma aura islAma donoM meM upAsanA ke pUrva evaM pazcAt zArIrika zuddhi kA dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA meM upayoga karo-ye saba sabhI dharmazAstroM kA vidhAna hai| phira bhI donoM kI zArIrika zuddhi kI prakriyA bhinna-bhinna meM samAna rUpa se pratipAdita haiM, lekina durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama ina hai| musalamAna apanI zarIrika zuddhi isa prakAra se karatA hai ki usameM mUlabhUta AdhAra stambhoM ko chor3akara una choTI-choTI bAtoM ko hI adhika jala kI atyalpa mAtrA kA vyaya ho, vaha hAtha aura mu~ha ko nIce se pakar3ate haiM, jinase pArasparika bheda kI khAI aura gaharI hotI hai| Upara kI ora dhotA hai, kyoMki isameM pAnI kI mAtrA kama kharca hotI jainoM ke sAmane bhI zAstra kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA prazna hai| isake viparIta hindU apane hAtha aura mu~ha Upara se nIce kI ora AyA thaa| kisI sImA taka unhoMne samyak-zruta aura mithyA-zruta ke dhotA hai| isameM jala kI mAtrA adhika kharca hotI hai| zArIrika zaddhi nAma para tatkAlIna zAstroM kA vibhAjana bhI kara liyA thA, kintu phira kA lakSya samAna hote hue bhI araba dezoM meM jala kA abhAva hone bhI unakI dRSTi saMkucita aura anudAra nahIM rhii| unhoMne ImAnadArIpUrvaka ke kAraNa eka paddhati apanAyI gaI, to bhArata meM jala kI bahulatA isa bAta ko svIkAra kara liyA ki jo samyak-zruta hai, vaha mithyA-zruta hone ke kAraNa dUsarI paddhati apanAyI gyii| ata: AcAra ke ina bAharI bhI ho sakatA hai aura jo mithyA-zruta hai vaha samyak-zruta bhI ho sakatA rUpoM ko lekara dhArmikatA ke kSetra meM jo vivAda calAyA jAtA hai, vaha hai| zruti yA zAstra kA samyak honA yA mithyA honA zAstra ke zabdoM ucita nahIM hai| cAhe prazna mUrtipUjA kA ho yA anya koI, hama dekhate para nahIM, apitu usake adhyetA aura vyAkhyAtA para nirbhara karatA hai| haiM ki una sabhI ke mUla meM kahIM na kahIM deza, kAla aura vyakti ke jaina AcArya spaSTarUpa se kahate haiM ki 'eka mithyAdRSTi ke lie rucigata vaicitrya kA AdhAra hotA hai| islAma ne cAhe kitanA hI butaparastI samyak-zruta bhI mithyA-zruta ho sakatA hai aura eka samyagdRSTi ke lie kA virodha kiyA ho kintu muharrama, kaba-pUjA Adi ke nAma para prakArAntara mithyA-zruta bhI samyak-zruta ho sakatA hai| samyak-dRSTi vyakti mithyA-zruta se usameM mUrtipUjA praviSTa ho hI gayI hai| isI prakAra islAma evaM anya meM se bhI acchAI aura sAratattva grahaNa kara letA hai, to dUsarI ora paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva se hindU aura jaina dharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM eka mithyAdRSTi vyakti samyak-zruta meM bhI burAI aura kamiyA~ dekha sakatA kA vikAsa huaa| ata: dhArmika jIvana kI bAhya AcAra evaM rIti-rivAja hai| ata: zAstra ke samyak aura mithyA hone kA prazna mUlata: vyakti sambandhI daizika, kAlika aura vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ko dharma kA mUlAdhAra ke dRSTikoNa para nirbhara hai| grantha aura isameM likhe zabda to jar3a hote na mAnakara, ina bhinnatAoM ke prati eka udAra aura vyApaka dRSTikoNa haiM, unako vyAkhyAyita karane vAlA to vyakti kA apanA manasa hai| rakhanA Avazyaka hai| hameM ina sabhI vibhinnatAoM ko unake udbhava kI ata: zruta samyak aura mithyA nahIM hotA hai, samyak yA mithyA hotA mulabhUta paristhitiyoM meM samajhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| hai unase artha-bodha prApta karane vAle vyakti kA mAnasika dRssttikonn| eka vyakti sundara meM bhI asundara dekhatA hai to dUsarA vyakti asundara zAkha kI satyatA kA prazna meM bhI sundara dekhatA hai| ata: yaha vivAda nirarthaka aura anupayogI dhArmikatA ke kSetra meM aneka bara yaha vivAda bhI pramukha ho jAtA hai ki hamArA zAstra hI samyak-zAstra hai aura dUsare kA zAstra mithyA-zAstra hai ki hamArA dharmazAstra hI saccA dharmazAstra hai aura dUsaroM kA dharmazAstra hai| hama zAstra ko jIvana se nahIM jor3ate haiM apitu use apane-apane saccA aura prAmANika nahIM hai| isa viSaya meM prathama to hameM yaha jAna DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita karake usa vicAra-bheda ke AdhAra para vivAda karane lenA cAhie ki dharmazAstra kA mUla srota to dharma-pravartaka ke upadeza kA prayatna karate haiN| parantu zAstra ko jaba bhI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAtA hI hote haiM aura sAmAnyatayA prAcIna dharmoM meM ve maukhika hI rahe haiN| hai, vaha deza, kAla aura vaiyaktika ruci bheda se aprabhAvita hue binA jinhoMne unheM likhita rUpa diyA, ve deza aura kAlagata paristhitiyoM nahIM rhtaa| eka hI gItA ko zaMkara aura rAmAnuja do alaga-alaga se sarvathA aprabhAvita rahe, yaha kahanA bar3A kaThina hai| mahAvIra ke upadeza dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara sakate haiN| vahI gItA tilaka, araviMda aura unake parinirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa bAda likhe gaye-kyA itanI lambI rAdhAkRSNan ke lie alaga-alaga artha kI bodhaka ho sakatI hai| ata: kAlAvadhi meM usameM kucha ghaTAva-bar3hAva nahIM huA hogA? na kevala yaha zAstra ke nAma para dhArmika kSetra meM vivAda aura asahiSNutA ko bar3hAvA prazna jaina zAstroM kA hai apitu hindU aura bauddha dharma ke zAstroM kA denA ucita nahIM hai| zAstra aura zabda jar3a hai, usase jo arthabodha bhI hai| durbhAgya se kisI bhI dharma kA dharmazAstra, usake upadeSTA ke kiyA jAtA hai, vahI mahattvapUrNa hai aura yaha arthabodha kI prakriyA zrotA jIvanakAla meM nahIM likhA gyaa| na mahAvIra ke jIvana meM Agama likhe yA pAThaka kI dRSTi para nirbhara karatI hai; ata: mahattva dRSTi kA hai, gaye, na buddha ke jIvana meM tripiTaka likhe gaye, na IsA ke jIvana zAstra ke nire zabdoM kA nahIM hai| yadi dRSTi udAra aura vyApaka ho, meM bAibila aura na muhammada ke jIvana meM kuraan| punaH yadi pratyeka hamameM nIra-kSIra viveka kI kSamatA ho aura zAstra ke vacanoM ko hama dharmazAstra meM se daizika, kAlika aura vaiyaktika tathyoM ko alaga kara usa pariprekSya meM samajhane kA prayAsa kareM jisameM ve kahe gaye haiM, to dharma ke utsa yA mUlatattva ko dekhA jAye, to unameM bahuta bar3I bhinnatA hamAre vivAda kA kSetra sImita ho jaayegaa| jainAcAryoM ne nandIsUtra meM bhI dRSTigocara nahIM hotI hai| AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama-hatyA mata jo yaha kahA ki samyak-zruta mithyAdRSTi ke lie mithyA-zruta ho jAtA

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360 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hai aura mithyA-zruta bhI samyak-dRSTi ke lie samyak-zruta hotA hai, jaina AcAryoM ne darzanamoha ko bhI tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai--samyaktva usakA mUla Azaya yahI hai| moha, mithyAtvamoha aura mishrmoh| mithyAtva-moha kA artha to sahaja hI hameM samajha meM A jAtA hai| mithyAtva-moha kA artha hai-mithyA dhArmika asahiSNutA kA bIja-pAgAtmakatA siddhAntoM aura mithyA vizvAsoM kA Agraha arthAt galata siddhAntoM aura dhArmika asahiSNutA kA bIja tabhI vapita hotA hai, jaba hama apane galata AsthAoM meM cipake rhnaa| kintu samyaktvamoha kA artha dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati ko hI ekamAtra aura antima mAnane lagate haiM sAmAnyatayA hamArI samajha meM nahIM AtA hai| sAmAnyatayA samyaktva-moha tathA apane dharma-guru ko hI ekamAtra satya kA draSTA mAna lete haiN| yaha kA artha samyaktva kA moha arthAt samyaktva kA AvaraNa-aisA kiyA avadhAraNA hI dhArmika vaimanasyatA kA mUla kAraNa hai| jAtA hai, kintu aisI sthiti meM vaha bhI mithyAtva kA hI sUcaka hotA __ vastuta: jaba vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA dharmapravartaka, dharmamArga aura hai| vastutaH samyaktvamoha kA artha hai-dRSTirAga arthAt apanI dhArmika dharmazAstra ke sAtha jur3atI hai, to dhArmika kadAgrahoM aura asahiSNutA mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM ko hI ekamAtra satya samajhanA aura apane kA janma hotA hai| jaba hama apane dharma-pravartaka ko hI satya kA ekamAtra se virodhI mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM ko asatya maannaa| jaina dArzanika draSTA aura upadezaka mAna lete haiM, to hamAre mana meM dUsare dharmapravartakoM yaha mAnate haiM ki AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi ke ke prati tiraskAra kI dhAraNA vikasita hone lagatI hai| rAga kA tattva lie jahA~ mithyAtvamoha kA vinAza Avazyaka hai vahA~ samyaktvamoha jahA~ eka ora vyakti ko kisI se jor3atA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha arthAt dRSTirAga se Upara uThanA bhI Avazyaka hai| na kevala jaina paramparA use kahIM se tor3ane bhI lagatA hai| jaina paramparA meM dharma ke prati isa meM apitu bauddha paramparA meM bhI bhagavAn buddha ke antevAsI ziSya Ananda aikAntika rAgAtmakatA ko dRSTirAga kahA gayA hai aura isa dRSTirAga ke sambandha meM bhI yaha sthiti hai| Ananda bhI buddha ke jIvana kAla ko vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka bhI mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAn meM arhat avasthA ko prApta nahIM kara paaye| buddha ke prati unakI rAgAtmakatA mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya evaM gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ko jaba taka bhagavAn hI unake arhat banane meM bAdhaka rhii| cAhe vaha indrabhUti gautama ho mahAvIra jIvita rahe, kaivalya (sarvajJatva) kI prApti nahIM ho sakI, ve yA Ananda ho, yadi dRSTirAga kSINa nahIM hotA hai, to arhat avasthA vItarAgatA ko upalabdha nahIM kara paaye| Akhira aisA kyoM huA? vaha kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi ke lie apane kauna sA tattva thA jo gautama kI vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI prApti dharma aura dharmaguru ke prati bhI rAgabhAva kA tyAga karanA hogaa| meM bAdhaka bana rahA thA? prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM yaha ullikhita hai ki eka bAra indrabhUti gautama 500 ziSyoM ko dIkSita kara bhagavAn dhArmika matAnyatA ko kama karane kA upAya-guNopAsanA mahAvIra ke pAsa lA rahe the| mahAvIra ke pAsa pahu~cate-pahu~cate unake dhArmika asahiSNutA ke kAraNoM meM eka kAraNa yaha hai ki hama ve sabhI ziSya vItarAga aura sarvajJa ho cuke the| gautama ko isa ghaTanA guNoM ke sthAna para vyaktiyoM se jur3ane kA prayAsa karate haiN| jaba hamArI se eka mAnasika khinnatA huii| ve vicAra karane lage ki jahA~ mere dvArA AsthA kA kendra yA upAsya AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa kI avasthA dIkSita mere ziSya vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA ko upalabdha kara rahe haiM vizeSa na hokara vyakti vizeSa bana jAtA hai, to vahA~ maiM abhI bhI isako prApta nahIM kara pA rahA huuN| unhoMne apanI se hI Agraha kA gherA khar3A ho jAtA hai| hama yaha mAnane lagate haiM isa samasyA ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAmane prastuta kiyaa| gautama pUchate ki mahAvIra hamAre haiM, buddha hamAre nhiiN| rAma hamAre upAsya haiM, kRSNa haiM-he bhagavan! aisA kauna-sA kAraNa hai, jo merI sarvajJatA yA vItarAgatA yA ziva hamAre upAsya nahIM haiN| kI prApti meM bAdhaka bana rahA hai? mahAvIra ne uttara diyA-he gautama! ata: yadi hama vyakti ke sthAna para AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikA tumhArA mere prati jo rAgabhAva hai, vahI tumhArI sarvajJatA aura vItarAgatA vizeSa ko apanA upAsya banAyeM to sambhavataH hamAre Agraha aura matabheda meM bAdhaka hai| jaba tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke prati rahA huA rAgabhAva bhI kama ho sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa prArambha se hI vItarAgatA kA bAdhaka ho sakatA hai to phira sAmAnya dharmaguru aura dharmazAstra udAra rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM nimna namaskAra mantra ko parama pavitra mAnA ke prati hamArI rAgAtmakatA kyoM nahIM hamAre AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM gayA haibAdhaka hogI? yadyapi jaina paramparA dharmaguru aura dharmazAstra ke prati aisI namo arhtaannN| namo siddhaannN| rAgAtmakatA ko prazasta-rAga kI saMjJA detI hai, kintu vaha yaha mAnatI namo aayriyaannN| namo uvjjhaayaannN| hai ki yaha prazasta-rAga bhI hamAre bandhana kA kAraNa hai| rAga rAga hai, namo loe savva saahuunnN| phira cAhe vaha mahAvIra ke prati kyoM na ho? jaina paramparA kA kahanA pratyeka jaina ke lie isakA pATha Avazyaka hai, kintu isameM kisI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sarvocca avasthA ko prApta karane ke vyakti ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai| isameM jina pA~ca padoM kI vaMdanA lie hameM isa rAgAtmakatA se bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| ___ kI jAtI hai, ve vyaktivAcaka na hokara guNavAcaka haiN| arhata, siddha, jaina karmasiddhAnta meM moha ko bandhana kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnA gayA AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu vyakti nahIM hai, ve AdhyAtmika aura hai| yaha moha do prakAra kA hai--(1) darzanamoha aura (2) caaritrmoh| naitika vikAsa kI vibhinna bhUmikAoM ke sUcaka haiN| prAcIna jainAcAryoM

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma 361 kI dRSTi kitanI udAra thI ki unhoMne ina pAMca padoM meM kisI vyakti raMgane kA svapna na kevala divAsvapna haiM, apitu eka duHsvapna bhI hai| kA nAma nahIM jodd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja jainoM meM aneka sampradAyagata mahAvIra ne sUtrakRtAMga meM bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se kahA haimatabheda hote hue bhI namaskAra maMtra sarvamAnya banA huA hai| yadi usameM sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahaMtA paraM vyN| kahIM vyaktiyoM ke nAma jor3a diye jAte to sambhavata: Aja taka usakA je u tattha viussaMti saMsAre te viussiyaa||12 / svarUpa na jAne kitanA parivartita aura vikRta ho gayA hotaa| namaskAra arthAt jo loga apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata mahAmaMtra jainoM kI dhArmika udAratA aura sahiSNutA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kI nindA karate haiM tathA dUsaroM ke prati dveSa kA bhAva rakhate haiM ve saMsAra pramANa hai| usameM bhI 'lamoM loe savva sAhUNaM" yaha pada to dhArmika meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| jaina paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa rahA hai ki udAratA kA sarvocca zikhara kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM sAdhaka kahatA satya kA sUrya sabhI ke A~gana ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai| usakI hai ki maiM loka ke sabhI sAdhuoM ko namaskAra karatA huuN| vastuta: jisameM kiraNeM sarvatra vikIrNa ho sakatI haiN| jainoM ke anusAra vastuta: mithyaatv| bhI sAdhutva yA munitva hai vaha vandanIya hai| hameM sAdhutva ko jaina va asatyatA tabhI utpanna hotA hai, jaba hama apane ko hI ekamAtra satya bauddha Adi kisI dharma yA kisI sampradAya ke sAtha na jor3akara guNoM aura apane virodhI ko asatya mAna lete haiN| jaina Agama sAhitya meM ke sAtha jor3anA caahie| sAdhutva, munitva yA zramaNatva veza yA vyakti mithyAtva ke jo vividha rUpa batAye gaye haiM, unameM ekAnta aura Agraha nahIM hai, varan eka AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikA hai, eka sthiti ko bhI mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| koI bhI kathana jaba vaha apane virodhI hai, vaha kahIM bhI aura kisI bhI vyakti meM ho sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra kathana kA ekAntarUpa se niSedhaka hotA hai, mithyA ho jAtA hai aura meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba unhIM mithyA kahe jAne vAle kathanoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra na vi muMDieNa samaNo na oMkAreNa bNbhnno| kara liyA jAtA hai to vaha satya bana jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jaina na muNI raNNavAseNaM kusacIreNa na taavso|| dharma ko mithyAmatasamUha kahA hai| AcArya siddhasena sanmatitarka prakaraNa samayAe samaNo hoi baMbhacereNa bNbhnno| meM kahate haiMnANeNa ya muNI hoi taveNa hoi taavso|11 bhaI micchAdasaNa samUhamaiyassa amysaarss| sira muMDA lene se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, oMkAra kA jApa karane jiNavayassa bhagavao saMvigga suhaahigmmss|| 13 / / se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM rahane se koI muni nahIM hotA arthAt 'mithyAdarzanasamUharUpa amRtarasa pradAyI aura mumukSujanoM 'aura kuzacIvara dhAraNa karane se koI tApasa nahIM hotaa| samatA se ko sahaja samajha meM Ane vAle jinavacana kA kalyANa ho|' yahA~ jinadharma zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni aura tapasyA se tApasa ko 'mithyAdarzanasamUha' kahane kA tAtparya hai ki vaha apane virodhI matoM kahalAtA hai| kI bhI satyatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina dharma ko mithyAmatasamUha ___ dharma ke kSetra meM apane virodhI para nAstika, mithyAdRSTi, kAfira kahanA siddhasena kI vizAlahRdayatA kA bhI paricAyaka hai| vastuta: jaina Adi kA AkSepaNa hamane bahuta kiyA hai| hama sAmAnyatayA yaha mAna dharma meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sabhI dharmamArga deza, kAla aura lete haiM ki hamAre dharma aura darzana meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlA vyakti hI vaiyaktika-ruci-vaibhitrya ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna hote haiM, kintu ve sabhI Astika, samyagdRSTi aura ImAnavAlA hai tathA dUsare dharma aura darzana kisI dRSTikoNa se satya bhI hote haiN| meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlA nAstika hai, mithyAdRSTi hai, kAphira hai, vastutaH ina sabake mUla meM dRSTi yaha hai- maiM hI saccA hU~ aura merA virodhI mukti kA dvAraH sabhI ke lie udghATita jhuutthaa| yahI dRSTikoNa asahiSNutA aura dhArmika saMgharSoM kA mUlabhUta vastuta: dhArmika asahiSNutA aura dhArmika saMgharSoM kA eka kAraNa kAraNa hai| hamArA durbhAgya isase bhI adhika hai, vaha yaha ki hama na yaha bhI hotA hai ki hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki mukti kevala hamAre dharma kevala dUsaroM ko nAstika, mithyAdRSTi yA kAfira samajhate haiM, apitu meM vizvAsa karane se yA hamArI sAdhanA-paddhati ko apanAne se hI sambhava unheM samyagdRSTi aura ImAnavAle banAne kI jimmedArI bhI apane sira hai yA prApta ho sakatI hai| aisI sthiti meM hama isake sAtha-sAtha yaha para or3ha lete haiN| hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki duniyA~ ko sacce rAste bhI mAna lete haiM ki dUsare dharma aura vizvAsoM ke loga mukti prApta nahIM para lagAne kA ThekA hamane hI le rakhA hai| hama mAnate haiM ki mukti kara sakate haiN| kintu yaha mAnyatA eka bhrAnta AdhAra para khar3I hai| hamAre dharma aura dharmaguru kI zaraNa meM hI hogii| isa eka aMdhavizvAsa vastuta: du:kha yA bandhana ke kAraNoM kA uccheda karane para koI bhI vyakti yA mithyA dhAraNA ne duniyA meM aneka bAra jihAda yA dharmayuddha karAye mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai, isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa haiN| dUsaroM ko Astika, samyagdRSTi aura ImAnavAlA banAne ke lie sadaiva hI udAra rahA hai| jaina dharma yaha mAnatA hai ki jo bhI vyakti hamane aneka bAra khUna kI holiyA~ khelI haiN| pahale to apane se bhinna bandhana ke mUlabhUta kAraNa rAga-dveSa aura moha kA prahANa kara sakegA, dharma yA sampradAya vAle ko nAstikatA yA kuphra kA phatavA de denA aura vaha mukti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| aisA nahIM hai ki kevala jaina hI phira usake sudhArane kI jimmedArI apane sira para or3ha lenA, eka mokSa ko prApta kareMge aura dUsare loga mokSa ko prApta nahIM kreNge| doharo mUrkhatA hai| duniyA ko apane hI dharma yA sampradAya ke raMga meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM, jo ki jaina paramparA kA eka prAcIna Agama grantha

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362 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hai, 'anya liMgasiddha' kA ullekha prApta hotA hai arthAt saMsAra-paribhramaNa ke kAraNabhUta rAga-dveSa ke tattva jisake itthI purisasiddhA ya taheva ya npuNsgaa| kSINa ho cuke haiM use hamArA praNAma hai, vaha cAhe.brahmA ho, viSNu ho, saliMge analiMge ya gihiliMge taheva y||14 mahAdeva ho yA jin| 'anyaliMga' zabda kA tAtparya jainetara dharma aura sampradAya ke logoM vastuta: hama apane-apane ArAdhya ke nAmoM ko lekara vivAda se hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra mukti kA AdhAra na to koI dharma sampradAya karate rahate haiN| usakI vizeSatAoM ko apanI dRSTi se ojhala kara hai aura na koI vizeSa veza-bhUSA hii| AcArya ratnazekharasUri sambodhasattarI dete haiN| sabhI dharma aura darzanoM meM usa parama tattva yA parama sattA ko meM spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki rAga-dveSa, tRSNA aura Asakti se rahita, viSaya-vAsanAoM se Upara seyaMbaro ya AsaMbaro ya buddho ya ahava anno vaa| uThI huI pUrNaprajJa tathA parama kAruNika mAnA gayA hai| hamArI dRSTi usa samabhAvabhAviappA laheya mukkhaM na sNdeho||15 parama tattva ke isa mUlabhUta svarUpa para na hokara nAmoM para TikI hotI arthAt jo bhI samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA vaha nizcita hI mokSa hai aura isI ke AdhAra para hama vivAda karate haiN| jabaki yaha nAmoM ko prApta karegA phira cAhe vaha zvetAmbara ho yA digambara ho, bauddha ho kA bheda apane Apa meM koI artha nahIM rakhatA hai| AcArya haribhadra yA anya kisI dharma ko mAnane vAlA ho| isI bAta kA adhika spaSTa kahate haiM - pratipAdana AcArya haribhadra ke grantha upadezataraMgiNI meM bhI hai| sadAzivaH paraM brahma siddhAtmA tathAteti c| ve likhate haiM ki zabdaistad ucyate'nvarthAd ekaM evaivmaadibhiH||11 nAsAmbaratve na sitAmbaratve, na tarkavAde na ca tttvvaade| arthAt yaha eka hI tattva hai cAhe use sadAziva kaheM, parabrahma na pakSasevAzrayena mukti, kaSAya muktiH kila muktirev||16 kaheM, siddhAtmA kaheM yA tathAgata kheN| nAmoM ko lekara jo vivAda kiyA arthAt mukti na to sapheda vastra pahanane se hotI hai na digambara jAtA hai usakI nistAratA ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka sundara udAharaNa rahane se; tArkika vAda-vivAda aura tattvacarcA se bhI mukti prApta nahIM diyA jAtA hai| eka bAra bhinna bhASA-bhASI loga kisI nagara kI dharmazAlA ho sktii| kisI eka siddhAnta vizeSa meM AsthA rakhane yA kisI meM ekatrita ho gye| ve eka hI vastu ke alaga-alaga nAmoM ko lekara vyakti vizeSa kI sevA karane se bhI mukti asambhava hai| mukti to vastuta: paraspara vivAda karane lge| saMyoga se usI samaya usa vastu kA vikretA kaSAyoM arthAt, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha se mukta hone meM hai| use lekara vahA~ aayaa| saba use kharIdane ke lie TUTa par3e aura apane eka digambara AcArya ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai - vivAda kI nissAratA ko samajhane lge| dharma ke kSetra meM bhI hamArI saMgho ko vina tArai, kaTTho mUlo taheva nnippiccho| yahI sthiti hai| hama sabhI ajJAna, tRSNA, Asakti, yA rAga-dveSa ke appA tArai appA tamhA appA va jhaaehi|| tattvoM se Upara uThanA cAhate haiM, kintu ArAdhya ke nAma yA ArAdhanA arthAt koI bhI saMgha yA sampradAya hameM saMsAra-samudra se pAra nahIM vidhi ko lekara vyartha meM vivAda karate haiM aura isa prakAra parama AdhyAtmika karA sakatA; cAhe vaha mUlasaMgha ho, kASThAsaMgha ho yA nipicchikasaMgha anubhUti se vaMcita rahate haiN| vastutaH yaha nAmoM kA vivAda tabhI taka ho| vastutaH jo Atmabodha ko prApta karatA hai vahI mukti ko prApta rahatA hai jaba taka ki hama usa AdhyAtmika anubhUti ke rasa kA rasAsvAdana karatA hai| mukti to apanI viSaya-vAsanAoM se, apane ahaMkAra aura nahIM karate haiN| vyakti jaise hI vItarAga, vItatRSNA yA anAsakta kI amarSa se tathA rAga-dveSa ke tattvoM se Upara uThane para prApta hotI hai| bhUmikA kA sparza karatA hai, usake sAmane ye sAre nAmoM ke vivAda ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ke anusAra mukti para na to vyakti nirarthaka ho jAte haiN| satarahavIM zatAbdI ke AdhyAtmika sAdhaka Anandaghana vizeSa kA adhikAra hai aura na to kisI dharma vizeSa kA adhikAra kahate haiNhai| mukta puruSa cAhe vaha kisI dharma yA sampradAya kA rahA ho sabhI ke rAma kaho rahimAna kaho kou kANha kaho mahAdeva rii| lie vandanIya aura pUjya hotA hai| AcArya haribhadra lokatattvanirNaya pArasanAtha kaho kou brahmA sakala brahma svayameva rii|| meM kahate haiM bhAjana bheda kahAvata nAnA eka mRtikA kA rUpa rii| yasya anikhilAzca doSA na santi saveM guNAzca vidynte| tApe khaMDa kalpanAropita Apa akhaMDa arUpa rii|| brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA nmstsmai|| 17 rAma-rahIma, kRSNa-karIma, mahAdeva aura pArzvanAtha sabhI eka hI arthAt jisake sabhI doSa vinaSTa ho cuke haiM aura jisameM sabhI satya ke vibhinna rUpa haiN| jaise eka hI miTTI se bane vibhinna pAtra guNa vidyamAna haiM, vaha phira brahmA ho, mahAdeva ho, viSNu ho yA phira alaga-alaga nAmoM se pukAre jAte haiM, kintu unakI miTTI mUlata: eka jina, hama use praNAma karate haiN| isI bAta ko AcArya hemacandra hI hai| vastuta: ArAdhya ke nAmoM kI yaha bhinnatA vAstavika bhinnatA mahAdevastotra meM likhate haiM nahIM hai| yaha bhASAgata bhinnatA hai, svarUpagata bhinnatA nahIM hai| ata: bhava-bIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA ysy| isa AdhAra para vivAda aura saMgharSa nirarthaka hai tathA vivAda karane vAle brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA nmstsmai||18 logoM kI alpabuddhi ke hI paricAyaka haiN|

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma / 363 dhArmika saMgharSa kA niyaMtraka tattva-prajJA se nahIM bacA skeNge| zraddhA bhAvanA pradhAna hai, bhAvanAoM ko ubhAr3anA dharma ke kSetra meM anudAratA aura asahiSNutA ke kAraNoM meM eka sahaja hotA hai| ata: dharma ke nAma para apane nihita svArthoM kI siddhi kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki hama dhArmika jIvana meM buddhi yA viveka ke tattvoM meM lage hue kucha loga apane una svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie sAmAnya ko nakAra kara zraddhA ko hI ekamAtra AdhAra mAna lete haiN| yaha ThIka janamAnasa kI bhAvanAoM ko ubhAr3akara use unmAdI banA dete haiM tathA hai ki dharma zraddhA para TikA huA hai| dhArmika jIvana ke AdhAra hamAre zAstra meM se koI eka vacana prastuta kara use isa prakAra vyAkhyAyita vizvAsa aura AsthAe~ haiM, lekina hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi karate haiM ki jisase logoM kI bhAvanAe~ yA dharmonmAda ubhar3e aura unheM hamAre ye vizvAsa aura AsthAe~ viveka-buddhi ko nakAra kara caleMge to apane nihita svArthoM kI siddhi kA avasara mile| ve yaha bhI kahate ve aMdhavizvAsoM meM pariNita ho jAyeMge aura ye aMdhavizvAsa hI dhArmika haiM ki zAstra meM eka zabda kA bhI parivartana karanA yA zAstra kI avahelanA saMgharSoM ke mUla kAraNa haiN| dhArmika jIvana meM viveka-buddhi yA prajJA ko karanA bahuta bar3A pApa hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, ve janasAmAnya ko zAstra zraddhA kA praharI banAyA jAnA cAhie, anyathA hama aMdha-zraddhA se kabhI ke adhyayana kA anadhikArI mAnakara apane ko hI zAstra kA ekamAtra bhI mukta nahIM ho skeNge| Aja kA yuga vijJAna aura tarka kA yuga saccA vyAkhyAtA siddha karate haiM aura zAstra ke nAma para janatA ko hai, phira bhI hamArA adhikAMza janasamAja, jo azikSita hai, vaha zraddhA mUrkha banAkara apanA hita sAdhana karate rahate haiN| dharma ke nAma para yugoM-yugoM ke bala para jItA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki zraddhA yadi viveka se janatA kA isI prakAra zoSaNa hotA rahA hai| ata: yaha Avazyaka pradhAna nahIM hotI to vaha sarvAdhika ghAtaka hotii| isIlie jaina AcAryoM hai ki zAstra kI sArI bAtoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM ko viveka kI ne apane mokSamArga kI vivecanA meM samyagdarzana ke sAtha-sAtha samyagjJAna. tarAjU para taulA jaaye| unake sAre niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA yugIna ko bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI jaba AcAra ke bAhya sandarbha meM mUlyAMkana aura samIkSA kI jaaye| jaba taka yaha saba nahIM vidhi-niSedhoM ko lekara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI saMgha-vyavasthA meM hotA hai, taba taka dhArmika jIvana meM AyI huI saMkIrNatA ko miTA jo matabheda the, unheM sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA, taba usake lie pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| viveka hI eka aisA tattva hai jo hamArI dRSTi zraddhA ke sthAna para prajJA arthAt viveka-buddhi ko hI pradhAnatA dI gyii| ko udAra aura vyApaka banA sakatA hai| zraddhA Avazyaka hai kintu use uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke teIsaveM adhyayana meM pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke tatkAlIna viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| vivekayukta zraddhA hI samyak zraddhA pamukha AcArya kezI mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya indrabhUti gautama se yaha hai| vahI hameM satya kA darzana karA sakatI hai| viveka se rahita zraddhA prazna karate haiM ki eka hI lakSya kI siddhi ke lie prayatnazIla pArzvanAtha aMdha-zraddhA hogI aura hama usake AdhAra para aneka aMdhavizvAsoM ke zikAra aura mahAvIra ke AcAra-niyamoM meM yaha antara kyoM hai? isase samAja bneNge| Aja dhArmika udAratA aura sahiSNutA ke lie zraddhA ko viveka meM matibhrama utpanna hotA hai ki se samanvita kiyA jAnA caahie| isalie jainAcAryoM ne kahA thA ki pannA samikkhae dhammaM tattaM tttvinnicchy|20 samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana (zraddhA) meM eka sAmaMjasya honA caahie| __ arthAt dhArmika AcAra ke niyamoM kI samIkSA aura mUlyAMkana prajJA ke dvArA karanA caahie| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dhArmika jaina dharma meM dhArmika sahiSNutA kA AdhAra-anekAntavAda jIvana meM akelI zraddhA hI AdhArabhUta nahIM mAnI jAnI cAhie, usake jaina AcAryoM kI mAnyatA hai ki paramArtha, sat yA vastutattva aneka sAtha-sAtha tarka-buddhi, prajJA evaM viveka ko bhI sthAna milanA caahie| vizeSatAoM aura guNoM kA puMja hai| unakA kahanA hai ki 'vastutattva bhagavAn buddha ne AlArakalAma ko kahA thA ki tuma kisI ke vacanoM anantadharmAtmaka' hai| 22 use aneka dRSTiyoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai aura ko kevala isalie svIkAra mata karo ki inakA kahane vAlA zramaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| ata: usake sambandha meM koI bhI nirNaya nirapekSa hamArA pUjya hai| he kalAmoM! jaba tuma AtmAnubhava se apane Apa hI aura pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastutattva ke sambandha meM hamArA jJAna aura yaha jAna lo ki ye bAteM kuzala haiM, ye bAteM nirdoSa haiM, inake anusAra kathana donoM hI sApekSa hai arthAt ve kisI sandarbha yA dRSTikoNa ke calane se hita hotA hai, sukha hotA hai, tabhI unheM svIkAra kro| eka AdhAra para hI satya haiN| AMzika evaM sApekSa jJAna/kathana ko yA apane anya bauddha grantha tattvasaMgraha meM bhI kahA gayA hai se virodhI jJAna/kathana ko asatya kahakara nakArane kA adhikAra nahIM tApAcchedAcca nikaSAt suvarNamiva pnndditaiH| hai| ise hama nimna udAharaNa se spaSTatayA samajha sakate haiM- kalpanA parIkSya bhikSavo grAhyaM madvaco na tu gaurvaat||21 kIjie ki aneka vyakti apane-apane kaimaroM se vibhinna koNoM se eka jisa prakAra svarNa ko kATakara, chedakara, kasakara aura tapAkara vRkSa kA citra lete haiN| aisI sthiti meM sarvaprathama to hama yaha dekheMge parIkSA kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra se dharma kI bhI parIkSA kI jAnI caahie| ki eka hI vRkSa ke vibhinna koNoM se, vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke dvArA use kevala zAstA ke prati AdarabhAva ke kAraNa svIkAra nahIM karanA hajAroM-hajAra citra liye jA sakate haiN| sAtha hI ina hajAroM-hajAra citroM caahiye| dhArmika jIvana meM jaba taka viveka yA prajJA ko vizvAsa aura ke bAvajUda bhI vRkSa kA bahuta kucha bhAga aisA hai jo kaimaroM kI pakar3a AsthA kA niyaMtraka nahIM mAnA jAyegA, taba taka hama mAnava jAti ko se achUtA raha gayA hai| puna: jo hajAroM-hajAra citra bhinna-bhinna koNoM dhArmika saMgharSoM aura dharma ke nAma para khelI jAne vAlI khUna kI holI se lie gaye haiM, ve eka-dUsare se bhinnatA rakhate haiN| yadyapi ve sabhI

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364 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 usI vRkSa ke citra haiN| kevala usI sthiti meM do citra samAna hoMge jaba mAna liyA jAtA hai to vaha asatya bana jAtA hai aura ise hI jainoM unakA koNa aura vaha sthala, jahA~ se vaha citra liyA gayA hai-eka kI paramparAgata zabdAvalI meM mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra hI ho| apUrNatA aura bhinnatA donoM hI bAteM ina citroM meM haiN| yahI alaga-alaga koNoM se liye gaye citra paraspara bhinna-bhinna aura virodhI bAta mAnavIya jJAna ke sambandha meM bhI hai| manuSya kI jJAnendriyoM kI hokara bhI eka sAtha yathArtha ke paricAyaka hote haiM, usI prakAra kSamatA aura zakti sImita hai| vaha eka apUrNa prANI hai| apUrNa ke alaga-alaga saMdarbho meM kahe gaye bhinna-bhinna vicAra paraspara virodhI hote dvArA pUrNa ko jAnane ke samasta prayAsa AMzika satya ke jJAna se Age hue bhI satya ho sakate haiN| satya kevala utanA nahIM hai, jitanA hama nahIM jA sakate haiN| hamArA jJAna, jaba taka ki vaha aindrikatA kA atikramaNa jAnate haiN| ata: hameM apane virodhiyoM ke satya kA niSedha karane kA nahIM kara jAtA, sadaiva AMzika aura apUrNa hotA hai| isI AMzika adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| vastuta: satya kevala tabhI asatya banatA hai, jJAna ko jaba pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai, to vivAda aura vaicArika jaba hama usa apekSA yA dRSTikoNa ko dRSTi se ojhala kara dete haiM, saMgharSoM kA janma hotA hai| uparyukta udAharaNa meM vRkSa ke sabhI citra usake jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra citra meM vastu kI sahI sthiti kisI eka aMza vizeSa ko hI abhivyakta karate haiN| vRkSa ke ina sabhI ko samajhane ke lie usa koNa kA bhI jJAna apekSita hotA hai, usI apUrNa evaM bhinna-bhinna aura do virodhI koNoM se liye jAne ke kAraNa prakAra vANI meM prakaTa satya ko samajhane ke lie usa dRSTikoNa kA kisI sImA taka paraspara virodhI aneka citroM meM hama yaha kahane kA vicAra apekSita hai jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai| samagra kathana saMdarbha sahita sAhasa nahIM kara sakate haiM ki yaha citra usa vRkSa kA nahIM hai athavA hote haiM aura una sandarbho se alaga haTakara unheM nahIM samajhA jA sakatA yaha citra asatya hai| isI prakAra hamAre AMzika dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita hai| jo jJAna sandarbha sahita hai, vaha sApekSa hai aura jo sApekSa hai, vaha sApekSa jJAna ko yaha adhikAra nahIM hai ki vaha apane se virodhI mantavyoM apanI satyatA kA dAvA karate hue bhI dUsare kI satyatA kA niSedhaka ko asatya kahakara nakAra de| vastuta: hamArI aindrika kSamatA, tarkabuddhi, nahIM ho sakatA hai| satya ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai zabdasAmarthya aura bhASAyI abhivyakti sabhI apUrNa, sImita aura sApekSa jo vibhinna dharma aura saMpradAyoM kI sApekSika satyatA evaM mUlyavattA haiN| ye sampUrNa satya kI eka sAtha abhivyakti meM sakSama nahIM haiN| mAnava ko svIkAra kara unameM paraspara sauhArdra aura samanvaya sthApita kara sakatA buddhi sampUrNa satya kA nahIM, apitu usake ekAMza kA grahaNa kara sakatI hai| anekAnta kI AdhArabhUmi para hI yaha mAnanA sambhava hai ki hamAre hai| tattva yA sattA ajJeya to nahIM hai, kintu binA pUrNatA ko prApta aura hamAre virodhI ke vizvAsa aura kathana do bhinna-bhinna pariprekSyoM meM hue use pUrNarUpa se jAnA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| AinsTIna ne kahA eka sAtha satya ho sakate haiN| AcArya siddhasena divAkara sanmatitarka thA- hama sApekSa satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa satya ko to koI meM kahate haiMnirapekSa draSTA hI jaanegaa| jaba taka hamArA jJAna apUrNa, sImita yA sApekSa NiyayavayaNijjasaccA savvanayA paraviyAlaNe mohaa| hai taba taka hameM dUsaroM ke jJAna aura anubhava ko, cAhe vaha hamAre jJAna te uNa Na diTThasamao vibhayai sacce va alie vaa||24 kA virodhI kyoM na ho, asatya kahakara niSedha karane kA koI adhikAra arthAt sabhI naya (arthAt sApekSika vaktavya) apane-apane nahIM hai| AMzika satya kA jJAna dUsaroM ke dvArA prApta jJAna kA niSedhaka dRSTikoNa se satya haiN| ve asatya tabhI hote haiM, jaba ve apane se virodhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha kahanA ki merI dRSTi hI satya dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para kiye gaye kathanoM kA niSedha karate haiN| isIlie hai, satya mere hI pAsa hai, dArzanika dRSTi se eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI anekAnta dRSTi kA samarthaka yA zAstra kA jJAtA una paraspara virodhI hai| yadyapi jainoM ke anusAra sarvajJa yA pUrNa-puruSa saMpUrNa satya kA sApekSika kathanoM meM aisA vibhAjana nahIM karatA hai ki ye sacce haiM aura sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, phira bhI usakA jJAna aura kathana usI prakAra ye jhUThe haiN| kisI kathana yA vizvAsa kI satyatA aura asatyatA usa nirapekSa (apekSA se rahita) nahIM ho sakatA hai, jisa prakAra binA kisI sandarbha athavA dRSTikoNa vizeSa para nirbhara karatI hai jisameM vaha kahA koNa ke kisI bhI vastu kA koI bhI citra nahIM liyA jA sakatA gayA hai| vastuta: yadi hamArI dRSTi udAra aura vyApaka hai, to hameM paraspara hai| pUrNa satya kA bodha cAhe saMbhava ho, kintu use na to nirapekSa rUpa virodhI kathanoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karanA caahie| se jAnA jA sakatA hai aura na kahA hI jA sakatA hai| usakI abhivyakti pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna dharmavAdoM meM pArasparika vivAda yA saMgharSa kA kA jaba bhI koI prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha AMzika aura sApekSa koI kAraNa zeSa nahIM bctaa| jisa prakAra paraspara jhagar3ane vAle vyakti banakara hI raha jAtA hai| pUrNa-puruSa ko bhI hameM samajhAne ke lie hamArI kisI taTastha vyakti ke adhIna hokara mitratA ko prApta kara lete haiM, usI bhASA kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai jo sImita, sApekSa aura apUrNa usI prakAra paraspara virodhI vicAra aura vizvAsa anekAnta kI udAra hai| 'hai' aura 'nahIM hai' kI sImA se ghirI huI bhASA pUrNa satya kA aura vyApaka dRSTi ke adhIna hokara pArasparika virodha ko bhUla jAte prakaTana kaise kregii| isIlie jaina paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki koI haiN|25 upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI likhate haiMbhI vacana (jinavacana bhI) naya (dRSTikoNa vizeSa) se rahita nahIM hotA yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu tnyessviv| hai arthAt sarvajJa ke kathana bhI sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM hai| 23 jaina paramparA tasyAnekAntavAdasya kva nyuunaadhikshemussii|| ke anusAra jaba sApekSa satya ko nirapekSa rUpa se dUsare satyoM kA niSedhaka tena syAdvAdamAlaMbya srvdrshntulytaam| sAnA

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma 365 mokSoddezAvizeSeNa ya: pazyati sa shaastrvit|| sUtrakRtAMga kA hI udAharaNa leM, usameM aneka virodhI vicAradhArAoM mAdhyasthyameva zAstrArthoM yena taccAru sidhyti|| kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| kintu zAlInatA yaha hai ki kahIM bhI kisI sa eva dharmavAdaH syaadnydvaalishvlgnm|| dharmamArga yA dharmapravartaka para vaiyaktika chIMTAkazI nahIM hai| granthakAra kevala mAdhyasthyasahitaM hyekapadajJAnamapi prmaa| unakI vicAradhArAoM kA ullekha karatA hai, unake mAnane vAloM kA zAstrakoTivRthaivAnyA tathA coktaM mhaatmnaa||26 nAmollekha nahIM karatA hai| vaha kevala itanA kahatA hai ki kucha logoM arthAt saccA anekAntavAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA kI yaha mAnyatA hai yA kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM, jo ki saMgatipUrNa hai| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNoM (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya dRSTi se hai| isa prakAra vaiyaktika yA nAmapUrvaka samAlocanA se, jo ki vivAda dekhatA hai, jisa prakAra koI pitA apane putra ko| eka sacce anekAnta- yA saMgharSa kA kAraNa ho sakatI hai, vaha sadaiva dUra rahatA hai|28 jainAgama vAdI kI dRSTi nyUnAdhika nahIM hotI hai| vaha sabhI ke prati samabhAva sAhitya meM hama aise aneka sandarbha bhI pAte haiM, jahAM apane se virodhI rakhatA hai arthAt pratyeka vicAradhArA yA dharma-siddhAnta kI satyatA kA vicAroM aura vizvAsoM ke logoM ke prati samAdara dikhAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama vizeSa pariprekSya meM darzana karatA hai| Age ve puna: kahate haiM ki saccA AcArAMgasUtra meM jaina muni ko yaha spaSTa nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha zAstrajJa kahe jAne kA adhikArI vahI hai jo syAdvAda arthAt udAra dRSTikoNa apanI bhikSAvRtti ke lie isa prakAra jAye ki anya paramparAoM ke kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa vicAradhArAoM ko samAna bhAva se dekhatA zramaNoM, parivrAjakoM aura bhikSuoM ko bhikSA prApta karane meM koI bAdhA hai| vastuta: mAdhyasthabhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai aura yahI saccA na ho| yadi vaha dekhe ki anya paramparA ke zramaNa yA bhikSu kisI gRhastha dharmavAda hai| mAdhyasthabhAva arthAt udAra dRSTikoNa ke rahane para zAstra upAsaka ke dvAra para upasthita haiM to vaha yA to bhikSA ke lie Age ke eka pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA karor3o zAstroM kA jJAna prasthAna kara jAye yA phira sabake pIche isa prakAra khar3A rahe ki unheM bhI vRthA hai| bhikSAprApti meM koI bAdhA na ho| mAtra yahI nahIM yadi gRhastha upAsaka use aura anya paramparAoM ke bhikSuoM ke sammilita upabhoga ke lie jaina dharma aura dhArmika sahiSNutA ke prasaMga / jaina bhikSu ko yaha kaha kara bhikSA de ki Apa saba milakara khA lenA, jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa prArambha se hI udAra aura vyApaka rahA to aisI sthiti meM jaina bhikSu kA yaha dAyitva hai ki vaha samAnarUpa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne dUsarI vicAradhArAoM aura vizvAsoM ke se usa bhikSA ko sabhI meM vitarita kre| vaha na to bhikSA meM prApta acchI logoM kA sadaiva Adara kiyA hai| isakA sabase mahattvapUrNa udAharaNa sAmagrI ko apane lie rakhe na bhikSA kA adhika aMza hI grahaNa kre|29 jaina paramparA kA eka prAcInatama grantha hai-Rssibhaassit| RSibhASita bhagavatIsUtra ke andara hama yaha dekhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke antargata una paiMtAlIsa arhat RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, ke jyeSTha antevAsI gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ko milane ke lie unakA jinameM pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI jainetara paramparAoM pUrvaparicita mitra skandha, jo ki anya paramparA ke parivrAjakake rUpa ke haiN| nArada, bhAradvAja, nami, rAmaputra, zAkyaputra gautama, maMkhali gozAla meM dIkSita ho gayA thA, AtA hai to mahAvIra svayaM gautama ko usake Adi aneka dharmamArga ke pravartakoM evaM AcAryoM ke vicAroM kA isameM sammAna aura svAgata kA Adeza dete haiN| gautama Age bar3hakara apane jisa Adara ke sAtha saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, vaha dhArmika udAratA aura mitra kA svAgata karate haiM aura kahate haiM-he skandha! tumhArA svAgata sahiSNutA kA paricAyaka hai| ina sabhI ko arhat RSi kahA gayA hai27 hai, susvAgata hai|30 anya paramparA ke zramaNoM aura parivrAjakoM ke prati aura inake vacanoM ko AgamavANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kA sammAna evaM AdarabhAva nizcita hI dhArmika sahiSNutA sambhavataH prAcIna dhArmika sAhitya meM yahI ekamAtra aisA udAharaNa hai, aura pArasparika sadbhAva meM vRddhi karatA hai| jahAM virodhI vicAradhArA aura vizvAsoM ke vyaktiyoM ke vacanoMko uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA AgamavANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara samAdara ke sAtha prastuta kiyA ke tatkAlIna pramukha AcArya zramaNakezI aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pradhAna gayA ho| gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama jaba saMyoga se eka hI samaya zrAvastI meM upasthita jaina paramparA kI dhArmika udAratA kI paricAyaka sUtrakRtAMgasUtra hote haiM to ve donoM paramparAoM ke pArasparika matabhedoM ko dUra karane kI pUrvanirdiSTa vaha gAthA bhI hai, jisameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo ke lie paraspara sauhArdrapUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM milate haiN| eka ora jyeSThakula apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura dUsaroM ke matoM kI nindA kA vicAra kara gautama svayaM zramaNakezI ke pAsa jAte haiM to dUsarI karate haiM tathA unake prati vidveSabhAva rakhate haiM, ve saMsAracakra meM paribhramita ora zramaNakezI unheM zramaNaparyAya meM jyeSTha mAnakara pUrA samAdara pradAna hote rahate haiN| sambhavataH dhArmika udAratA ke lie isase mahattvapUrNa aura karate haiN| jisa sauhArdrapUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM vaha carcA calatI hai aura koI vacana nahIM ho sktaa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki aneka prasaMgoM pArasparika matabhedoMkA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha saba dhArmika meM jaina AcAryoM ne bhI dUsarI vicAradhArAoM aura mAnyatAoM kI sahiSNutA aura udAra dRSTikoNa kA eka adbhuta udAharaNa hai|31 samAlocanA kI hai, kintu una sandarbho meM bhI kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara dUsarI dharma paramparAoM aura sampradAyoM ke prati aisA hI udAra aura sAmAnyatayA hameM eka udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricaya milatA hai| hama samAdara kA bhAva hameM AcArya haribhadra ke graMthoM meM bhI dekhane ko milatA

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366 hai| haribhadra saMyoga se usa yuga meM utpanna hue jaba pArasparika AlocanA- pratyAlocanA apanI carama sImA para thii| phira bhI haribhadra na kevala apanI samAlocanAoM meM saMyata rahe apitu unhoMne sadaiva hI anya paramparAoM ke AcAryoM ke prati AdarabhAva prastuta kiyaa| zAstravArtAsamuccaya unakI isa udAravRtti aura sahiSNudRSTi kI paricAyaka eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| bauddha darzana kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karane ke uparAnta ve kahate haiM ki buddha ne jina kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda aura zUnyavAda ke siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA, vaha vastutaH mamatva ke vinAza aura tRSNA ke uccheda ke lie Avazyaka hI thaa| ve bhagavAn buddha ko arhat, mahAmuni aura suvaidya kI upamA dete haiM aura kahate hai ki jisa prakAra eka acchA vaidya rogI ke roga aura prakRti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara eka hI roga ke lie bhinna-bhinna rogiyoM ko bhinna-bhinna auSadhi pradAna karatA hai, usI prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne apane anuyAyiyoM ke vibhinna staroM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ina vibhinna siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA hai| aisA hI udAra dRSTikoNa ve sAMkhya darzana ke prastotA mahAmuni kapila aura nyAyadarzana ke pratipAdakoM ke prati bhI vyakta karate haiN| kapila ke lie bhI ve mahAmuni zabda kA prayoga kara apanA Adara bhAva prakaTa karate haiM / 32 vibhinna virodhI dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM kisa prakAra saMgati sthApita kI jA sakatI hai isakA eka acchA udAharaNa unakA yaha grantha hai| 12 vIM zatAbdI ke pasiddha jainAcArya hemacandra ne bhI isI prakAra mArmika sahiSNutA aura udAravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| unhoMne na kevala bhagavAn ziva kI stuti meM mahAdevastotra kI racanA kI apitu zivamandira meM jAkara ziva kI vandanA karate hue kahA- jisane saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNabhUta rAga-dveSa ke tatvoM ko kSINa kara diyA hai, use maiM praNAma karatA hU~ cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina jainoM kI isa dhArmika udAratA kA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki mahArAjA kumArapAla aura viSNuvardhana ne jaina hokara bhI ziva aura viSNu ke aneka mandiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA aura unakI vyavasthA ke lie bhUmidAna kiyA / kumArapAla ke dharmaguru AcArya hemacandra ne na kevala usakI isa udAravRtti 1. 20 AyANe ajjo sAmAie, AyANe ajjo sAmAiyassa aTThevyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1992 1/9. samiyAe dhamme AriehiM paveie - AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0 mudhakaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/8/3. dharma jIvana jIne kI kalA - pR0 7-8. 3. 4. yogadRSTisamuccaya, haribhadra, vijaya kamala kezara granthamAlA, khambhAt, vi0saM0 1992 137. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 5. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/4/2. 6. yogadRSTisamuccaya, haribhadra, vijaya kamala kezara granthamAlA, samvat, vi0saM0 1992, 133. NANAjIvA NANA kammaM NANAvihaM have laddhI / tanhA vadavivAda sagaparasanaehiM vajjijo niyamasAra, anu0 11 7. ko protsAhita kiyA apitu zivamandira meM svayaM upasthita hokara apane udAravRtti kA paricaya bhI diyaa| hemacaMdra ke samAna isa udAra paramparA kA nirvAha anya jainAcAryoM ne bhI kiyA thA, jisake abhilekhIya pramANa Aja bhI ulabdha hote haiM digambara jainAcArya rAmakIrti ne tokalajI meM maMdira ke lie aura zvetAmbara AcArya jayamaMgalasUri ne cAmuNDA ke mandira ke lie prazasti-kAvya likhe| upAdhyAya yazovijaya kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA ullekha hama pUrva meM kara hI cuke hai unakA yaha kahanA ki mAdhyastha yA sahiSNu bhAva hI dharmavAda hai, dhArmika sahiSNutA kA mudrAlekha hai| isI prakAra jaina rahasyavAdI santakavi Anandaghana bhI kahate haiM SaDadarzana jina aMgabhaNoje nyAyaSaDaMga je sAdhe re / namijinavaranA carama upAsaka SaDdarzana ArAdhe re|| arthAt sabhI darzana jina ke aMga haiM aura jina kA upAsaka sabhI darzanoM kI upAsanA karatA hai| jainoM kI yaha udAra aura sahiSNuvRtti vartamAna yuga taka yathArthataH jIvita hai| Aja bhI jainoM kI sarvapriya prArthanA kA prArambha isI udAra bhAva ke sAtha hotA hai jisane rAgadveSa kAmAdika jIte, saba jaga jAna liyaa| saba jIvoM ko mokSa mArga kA, nispRha ho upadeza diyaa| buddha vIra jina hari hara brahmA, yA usako svAdhIna kho| bhaktibhAva se prerita ho, yaha citta usI meM lIna raho / vastutaH yadi hama vizva meM zAnti kI sthApanA cAhate haiM, yadi hama cAhate haiM ki manuSya-manuSya ke bIca ghRNA aura vidveSa kI bhAvanAe~ samApta hoM aura sabhI eka-dUsare ke vikAsa meM sahayogI baneM, to hameM AcArya amitagati ke nimna cAra sUtroM ko apane jIvana meM apanAnA hogaa| ve kahate haiM33-- satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodaM kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvm| mAdhyasya bhAvaM viparItavRttau sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu deva / / he prabhu! prANImAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, guNIjanoM ke prati samAdarabhAva, duHkha evaM pIr3ita janoM ke prati kRpAbhAva tathA virodhiyoM ke prati mAdhyasthabhAva - samatAbhAva merI AtmA meM sadaiva rahe / 8. paM0 parameSThIdAsa nyAyatIrtha, prakA0 satsAhitya prakAzana evaM pracAra vibhAga, zrI kundakunda mahAna jaina digambara tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapura, 1988, 156 / evAI micchaddissi micchattapariggahiyAI micchasuyaM eyANi ceva sammadidvissa sammattaparihiyAI sammasUyaM ahavA micchadiTThissa vi sammasUrya kamhA? sammalaheuttaNao, jamhA te micchadiTTiyA tehiM ceva samaehiM coiyA samANA kei sapakkhadiDIo vayeti se taM micchasuyaM / nandIsUtra, prakA0 dharmadAsa jaina mitra maMDala, ratalAma, saM0 2005, 72 / 9a. bhagavatI -- abhayadevakRta vRtti, prakA0 kezarImala jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA, sUrata, 1937, 14/7/ pR0 1188 / (ba) mukkhamagga pavannAnaM sineho vjjsiNkhlaa| vIre jIvantae jAo goyama jaM na kevali / / - uddhRtata kalpasUtra TIkA vinayavijaya prakA0 hIrAlAla jaina, .

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dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma 367 jAmanagara, 1939, pR0 120 / 24. sanmatitarka, saMpA0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pUMjIbhAI granthamAlA 10. sammattaM ceva micchattaM, sammAmicchattameva y| kAryAlaya, ahamadAbAda, 1932, 1.28 / eyAo tintripayaDIo mohaNijjassa dNsnne||- uttarAdhyayayana 25. savve samayaMti sammaM cegavasAo nayA viruddhA vi| saMpA0- sAdhavI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, micca vavahAriNo iva, rAAdAsINa vsvttii|| 1972, 33/9 / -vizeSAbhASya, zrI jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa TIkA hemacandra, prakA0 11. vahI, 25/31-32 / harSacandra bhUrAbhAI, banArasa, saM0 2441, 2267 / 12. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 26. adhyAtmopaniSad, yazovijaya, nyAyAcAra yazovijayakRta granthamAlA, samiti, byAvara, 1982, 1/1/2/23. prakA0 zrI jainadharma prakAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi0saM0 1965, 13. sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, 3/69 / 61,70, 71,73 / 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhavI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, 27. arahatA isiNA buiyaM-isibhAsiyAI, saMpA0 mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, AgarA, 1972, 36/49 / prakA0 prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988, 1 / 15. sambodhasaptatikA, anu0 DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra, prakA0 pArzvanAtha 28. evamege u pAsatthA te bhujjo vippgbdhiyaa| vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986, 2 / evaM uvaTThitA saMtA Na te dukkhvimokkhyaa|| 16. upadezataraGgiNI, saMpA0 vijaya jinendrasUri, prakA0 zrI harSa puSpAmRta -sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana jaina granthamAlA, saurASTra, 1986, 1/8 / samiti, byAvara, 1982, 1/2/31-32 / 17. lokatattvanirNaya, 140. 29. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 18. mahAdevastotra, 44. samiti, byAvara, 2/1/5/29 / 19. yogadRSTisammuccaya, haribhadra, prakA0 vijaya kamala kezara granthamAlA, 30. he khaMdayA! sAgayaM, khaMdayA ! susAgayaM- bhagavatIsUtra, saMpA0 ghAsI khambhAt , vi0saM0 1992, 130. lAla jI, prakA0 a0bhA0zve0sthA0 jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, rAjakoTa, 1962 / AgarA, 1972, 23/25. 31. uttarAdhyayayana saMpA0 sAdhavI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, 21. tattvasaMgraha, saMpA0 dvArikA prasAda zAstrI, prakA0 bauddha bhAratI, AgarA, 1972, adhyAya 23 / vArANasI, 1968, 3588 / 32. dekheM-zAstravArtAsamuccaya, harabhidrasUri, prakA0 lAlabhAI, dalapatabhAI 22. anantadharmAtmakameva tatvam, 22-anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, bhAratIya vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, 1968, 3/206, 3/237, hemacaMdra, prakA0 jaina grantha prakAzana sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi0saM0 6/64-67 / 1996 / 33. sAmAyikapATha, saMpA0 premarAja bogAvata, prakA0 samyagjJAna pracAraka 23. natthi nayahivihUNaM suttaM atyo ya jiNavaye kiMci-Avayakaniyukti,544 maNDala, jayapura, 1975, 1 /

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jaina sAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra sAdhanA kA lakSya sAdhya kI upalabdhi yA siddhi hai| yaha hameM cetanA ke tIna pakSa aura jaina darzana bAtAtI hai ki hameM kyA honA hai, kintu hameM kyA honA hai, yaha bahuta manovaijJAnikoM ne cetanA kA vizleSaNa kara usake tIna pakSa mAne kucha isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama kyA haiM? hamArI kSamatAe~ haiM- jJAna, anubhUti aura sNklp| cetanA ko apane ina tIna pakSoM evaM sambhAvanAyeM kyA haiM? aisA sAdhya yA Adarza, jise upalabdha karane se bhinna kahIM dekhA nahIM jA sakatA hai| cetanA ina tIna prakriyAoM kI kSamatAe~ hamame na hoM, jisako prApta karanA hamAre liye sambhava nahIM ke rUpa meM hI abhivyakta hotI hai| cetana jIvana jJAna, anubhUti aura ho, eka chalanA hI hogaa| jaina darzana ne isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko saMkalpa kI kSamatAoM ke vikAsa ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina adhika gambhIratA se samajhA hai aura apanI sAdhanA-paddhati ko Thosa vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM cetanA ke ye tInoM pakSa naitika Adarza evaM naitika manovaijJAnika nIMva para khar3A kiyA hai| sAdhanA-mArga se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita haiN| jaina darzana meM cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para hI naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hamArA nija svarUpa gayA hai| jaina dharma kA Adarza mokSa hai aura mokSa anantacatuSTaya arthAt ___ jaina darzana meM mAnava prakRti evaM prANIya prakRti kA gahana ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta Ananda aura ananta zakti kI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| mahAvIra se jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki AtmA upalabdhi hai| vastuta: mokSa cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA kA kyA hai? AtmA kA sAdhya yA Adarza kyA hai? taba mahAvIra ne isa dyotaka hai| jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta jJAna evaM darzana prazna kA jo uttara diyA thA vaha Aja bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se satya meM, jIvana ke bhAvAtmaka yA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta saukhya hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- 'AtmA samatva rUpa hai aura samatva hI meM aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta zakti meM mAnI gaI hai| AtmA kA sAdhya hai|' vastuta: jahA~-jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, cetanA hai, jaina sAdhanA-patha bhI cetanA ke inhIM tIna tatvoM-jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa vahA~-vahA~ samatva saMsthApana ke anavarata prayAsa cala rahe haiN| parivezajanya ke sAtha samyak vizeSaNa kA prayoga karake nirmita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna viSamatAoM ko dUra kara samatva ke lie prayAsazIla bane rahanA jIvana se samyagjJAna, bhAva se samyagdarzana aura saMkalpa se samyagcAritra kA yA cetanA kA mUla svabhAva hai| zArIrika evaM mAnasika stara para samatva nirmANa huA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha kA saMsthApana hI jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM ina tInoM para manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra huA hai| jIvana gatizIla santulana hai| spensara ke anusAra pariveza meM nihita tathya jIvana ke santulana ko bhaMga karate rahate haiM aura jIvana apanI jIvana kA sAdhyaH samatva kA saMsthApana kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA puna: isa santulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hamAre naitika AcaraNa kA lakSya kyA hai? yaha prazna manovijJAna hai| yaha santulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai| vikAsavAdiyoM aura naitika darzana donoM kI hI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina darzana meM ne ise hI astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahA hai, kintu merI apanI dRSTi ise mokSa kahakara abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai, kintu yadi hama jaina darzana meM ise astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahane kI apekSA samatva ke saMsthApana ke anusAra mokSa kA vizleSaNa kareM to mokSa vItarAgatA kI avasthA kA prayAsa kahanA hI adhika ucita hai| samatva ke saMsthApana evaM samAyojana hai aura vItarAgatA cetanA ke pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai| isa prakAra kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahatvapUrNa lakSaNa hai| samAyojana aura saMtulana jaina darzana meM samatva ko hI naitika jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| ke prayAsoM kI upasthiti hI jIvana hai aura usakA abhAva mRtyu hai| yaha bAta manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratI hai| saMgharSa nahIM, apitu mRtyu aura kucha nahIM, mAtra zArIrika stara para santulana banAne kI isa samatva hI jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hI hamArA prakriyA kA asaphala hokara TUTa jAnA hai| adhyAtmazAstra ke anusAra _svabhAva hai aura jo sva-svabhAva hai vahI Adarza hai| svabhAva se bhinna jIvana na to janma hai aura na mRtyu| eka usakA kisI zarIra meM prArambha Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| spensara, DArvina evaM ArsA prabhRti bindu hai to dUsarA usake abhAva kI udghoSaNA karane vAlA tthy| kucha pAzcAtya vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiM, lekina jIvana ina donoM se Upara hai, janma aura mRtyu to eka zarIra meM usake yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA Agamana aura cale jAne kI sUcanAe~ bhara haiM, vaha inase aprabhAvita svabhAva vaha hotA hai jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| jaina darzana hai| saccA jIvana to AtmacetanatA hai, apramattadazA hai, samabhAva meM ke anusAra nitya aura nirApavAda vastu dharma hI svabhAva hai| yadi hama avasthiti hai| jaina darzana meM ise hI sva-svarUpa meM ramaNa kahA isa kasauTI para kaseM, to saMgharSa jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotA gayA hai| hai| dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya-svabhAva saMgharSa hai, mAnavIya

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jaina sAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 369 itihAsa varga-saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai| saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai| hai, kyoMki vaha anubhava karatI hai ki usakI kSamatAyeM sAnta evaM sImita kintu yaha eka methyA dhAraNA hai| yadi saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama haiN| sImA yA apUrNatA ko jAnane ke lie asIma evaM pUrNa kA bodha hai to phira dvandAtmaka bhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaba hamArI cetanA yaha jJAna rakhatI hai ki vaha sAnta, cAhatA hai? saI miTAne ke lie hotA hai; jo miTAne kI, sImita evaM apUrNa hai, to usakA sImita hone kA yaha jJAna hI svayaM nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, kyA use svabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai? use isa sImA ke pare le jAtA hai| isa prakAra beDale sva meM nihita saMgharSa yadi mAnava itihAsa kA eka tathya hai to vaha usake doSoM kA, pUrNatA kI cAha kA saMketa karate haiN|' AtmA pUrNa hai arthAt ananta usake vibhAva kA itihAsa hai, usake svabhAva kA itihAsa nhiiN| catuSTaya se yukta hai, yaha bAta jaina darzana ke eka vidyArthI ke lie mAnava-svabhAva sagharSa nahIM, saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI avasthA nahIM hai| vastuta: jaina darzana ke anusAra pUrNatA hamArI kSamatA hai, yogyatA hai, kyoki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie ho rahe haiN| saccA nhiiN| pUrNatA ke prakAza meM hameM apanI apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai| mAnava itihAsa saMgharSa kI kahAnI nahIM, saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kI yaha apUrNatA kA bodha pUrNatA kI cAha kA saMketa avazya hai, lekina kahAnI hai| pUrNatA kI upalabdhi nhiiN| yaha AtmapUrNatA hI hamArA sAdhya hai| jaina saMgharSa athavA samatva se vicalana jIvana meM pAye jAte haiM, darzana kI dRSTi se hamArA jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa kI zaktiyoM kA lekina ve jIvana ke svabhAva nahIM kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unake ananta jJAna, ananta Ananda aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM vikasita samApta karane kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai| samatva kI upalabdhi ho jAnA hI AtmapUrNatA hai| AtmazaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa evaM unakI hI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvana kA sAdhya hai| samatva zubha aura viSamatA pUrNa abhivyakti meM hI AtmapUrNatA hai aura yahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya azubha hai| kAmanA, Asakti, rAga-dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI jIvana kI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kA AtmapUrNatA kA naitika sAdhya bhI mAnavIya viSamatA, asantulana evaM tanAva kI avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiM, cetanA ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa para hI AdhArita hai| ata: jaina darzana meM inheM azubha mAnA gayA hai| isake viparIta vAsanAzUnya, vitarkazUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta, vItarAga avasthA hI naitika zubha hai, sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA kA pArasparika sambandha vahI jIvana kA Adarza hai, kyoMki vaha samatva kI sthiti hai| jaina jaina AcAra darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA darzana ke anusAra samatva eka AdhyAtmika santulana hai| rAga aura dveSa hai| samayasAra TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandrasUri likhate haiM ki paradravya kI vRttiyA~ hamAre cetana samatva ko bhaMga karatI haiN| ata: unase Upara kA parihAra aura zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai|' AcArya uThakara vItarAgatA kI avasthA ko prApta kara lenA hI sacce samatva hemacandra sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda batAte hue likhate haiM ki kaSAyoM kI avasthA hai| vastuta: samatva kI upalabdhi jaina darzana aura aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karane Adhunika manovijJAna donoM kI dRSTi se mAnava jIvana kA sAdhya mAnI vAlI AtmA hI prabuddha puruSoM dvArA mokSa kahI jAtI hai| adhyAtmatattvAloka jA sakatI hai| meM muni nyAyavijayajI kahate haiM ki AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmA hI mokSa hai| jahA~ taka AtmA kaSAya aura indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hai, naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya AtmapUrNatA ke rUpa meM saMsAra hai aura jaba unako hI apane vazIbhUta kara letA hai, mokSa kahA jaina darzana ke anusAra mokSa AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA bhI hai aura jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana kA naitika sAdhya pUrNa samatva ke lie AtmapUrNatA bhI Avazyaka hai, kyoMki apUrNatA aura sAdhaka donoM hI AtmA hai| donoM meM maulika antara yahI hai ki yA abhAva bhI eka mAnasika tanAva hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM AtmA jaba taka viSaya aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hotA hai taba taka hamAre sampUrNa prayAsa, hamArI cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura bandhana meM hotA hai aura jaba una para vijaya lAbha kara letA hai taba saMkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM ke vikAsa ke nimitta hote haiN| hamArI cetanA vahI mukta bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI vAsanAoM ke mala se yukta avasthA sadaiva hI isa dizA meM prayatnazIla hotI hai ki vaha apane ina tInoM hI usakA bandhana kahI jAtI hai aura vizuddha Atma-tattva kI avasthA pakSoM kI deza-kAlagata sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara ske| vyakti apanI hI mukti kahI jAtI hai| Asakti ko bandhana aura anAsakti ko mukti jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka kSamatA kI pUrNatA cAhatA hai| mAnanA eka manovaijJAnika satya hai| yaha eka manovaijJAnika satya hai ki manuSya apanI sImitatA aura apUrNatA jaina darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM meM antara isa bAta ko se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai| vastuta: mAnava mana kI isa svAbhAvika lekara hai ki AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hI sAdhaka avasthA hai aura icchA kI pUrti hI jaina darzana meM mokSa ke pratyaya ke rUpa meM abhivyakta AtmA kI svabhAva avasthA hI siddhAvasthA hai| jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya huI hai| sImitatA aura apUrNatA, jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai jo pUrNatA athavA Adarza koI bAhya tattva nahIM, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai| hamArI cetanA meM jo apUrNatA nija rUpa hai| usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka kA kA bodha hai vaha svayaM hI hamAre antasa meM nihita pUrNatA kI cAha kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM varan usake andara hI hai| sAdhaka ko use saMketa bhI hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale kA kathana hai ki cetanA ananta pAnA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki pAyA to vaha jAtA hai, jo vyakti meM apane Jain Education Intemational

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370 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM nahIM ho athavA apane se bAhya ho| naitika sAdhya bAhya upalabdhi dazA sAdhya hai aura AtmA kI vibhAva paryAya kI avasthA hI sAdhaka nahIM, Antarika upalabdhi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vaha nija guNoM hai tathA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora AnA hI sAdhanA hai| kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| yahA~ bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmA sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya-jisa prakAra sAdhaka aura sAdhya meM ke nija guNa yA sva lakSaNa to sadaiva hI usameM upasthita haiM, sAdhaka abheda mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA-mArga aura sAdhya meM bhI abheda ko kevala unheM prakaTita karanA hai| hamArI kSamatAe~ sAdhaka avasthA hai| jIvAtmA apane jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa ke rUpa meM sAdhaka aura siddha avasthA meM vahI haiN| sAdhaka aura siddha avasthA meM antara kahe jAte haiM, usake yahI jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa samyak-dizA kSamatAoM kA nahIM, varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM meM badala dene kA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha bana jAte haiM, ve jaba apanI pUrNatA hai| jaise bIja vRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita hotA hai vaise hI muktAvasthA ko prakaTa kara lete haiM to siddha bana jAte haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra meM AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTita ho jAte haiN| sAdhaka AtmA samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyagcAritra aura samyagtapa ananta jJAna, ananta ke jJAna, bhAva (anubhUti) aura saMkalpa ke tattva hI mokSa kI avasthA darzana, ananta Ananda aura ananta zakti rUpI ananta catuSTaya kI meM ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta Ananda aura ananta zakti ke upalabdhi kara lete haiM to yahI avasthA siddha bana jAtI hai| AtmA rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| vaha AtmA jo kaSAya aura rAga-dveSa se kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa samyagjJAna kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta jJAna ko praka yukta hai aura inase yukta hone ke kAraNa baddha, sImita aura apUrNa hai, kara letA hai, AtmA kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA vahI AtmA apane ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta Ananda aura ke dvArA ananta darzana kI upalabdhi kara letA hai, AtmA kA saMkalpAtmaka ananta zakti ke rUpa meM mukta evaM pUrNa bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI pakSa samyagcAritra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta Ananda kI upalabdhi kara ke zabdoM meM- "jaina sAdhanA meM sva meM sva ko upalabdha karanA hai, letA hai aura AtmA kI kriyAzakti samyagatapa kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta nija meM nija kA zodha karanA hai, ananta meM pUrNa rUpeNa ramaNa honA zakti ko upalabdha kara letA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jo sAdhaka hai-AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA nahIM hai|" cetanA kA svarUpa hai vahI samyak bana kara sAdhanA-patha bana jAtA hai isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA meM tAttvika dRSTi se sAdhya aura usI kI pUrNatA sAdhya hotI hai| sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya dona aura sAdhaka donoM eka hI haiM, yadyapi paryAyArthika dRSTi yA vyavahAranaya AtmA kI hI avasthAyeM haiN| AtmA kI samyak sAdhanA patha hai aura se unameM bheda mAnA gayA hai| AtmA kI svabhAva paryAya yA svabhAva pUrNa avasthA sAdhya hai| 2. . sandarbha : 1. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan, prakA0rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, 1967, pR0 259 / First Principles, Herbert spencer, pub. watts & co. London, VIIth Ed. p. 66. Five Types of Ethical Theories, p. 16. 4. Ethical Studies, F.H. Bradlay, Oxford Universtiy Press London,, 1935, Chapter II. 5. samayasAra TIkA, amRtacandra, prakA0- ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dillI, 1959, 305 / 6. yogazAstra, sampA0 muni samadarzI, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1963, 4/5 / adhyAtmatattvAloka, muni nyAyavijaya, prakA0 zrI hemacandrAcArya jaina sabhA (pATaNa), 1943, 4/7 /

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa jaina sAdhanA meM mana kA sthAna Asrava mana ke adhIna hai, lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA bhAratIya darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI hai usake karmoM (bandhana) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai|"2 eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne kevala mukti ke upalabdhi bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| ke hetu AcAra-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA varan unhoMne yaha batAne tathAgata buddha kA kathana hai "sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai ve pravRttiyA~ manomaya haiN| jo sadoSa mana apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana uttara pAyA vaha hai- "mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai|" jaina, karatA hai jaise- ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA bauddha aura hindU darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai| jaina hai| kintu jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai darzana meM bandha aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bar3hakara bhayaMkara chaayaa|" kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI aura sanmArga hai| karma siddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma-bandha para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai| ata: jo isakA saMyama kI kyA sthiti hai? mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha kareMge ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jaayeNge| laMkAvatArasUtra meM kahA utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti taka kA ho sakatA hai| vacanayoga gayA hai, "citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| hotI hai|'' prANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara kA, cakSu ke vedAnta paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki jIvAtmA milate hI sau sAgara kA aura zravaNendriya arthAt kAna ke milate hI ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| brahmabindu upaniSad meM kahA hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai| kintu yadi mana mila gayA gayA hai ki "manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| usake to mohanIyakarma kA bandha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko bhI pAra kara viSayAsakta hone para bandhana hai aura usakA nirviSaya honA hI mukti hai|" sakatA hai| sattara kror3Akror3I (karor3a karor3a) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa gItA meM kahA gayA hai-"indriyA~, mana aura buddhi hI isa vAsanA ke mohanIyakarma "mana" milane para hI bA~dhA jA sakatA hai| vAsa sthAna kahe gaye haiM aura yaha vAsanA inake dvArA hI jJAna ko yaha hai mana kI apAra zakti, isalie mana ko khulA chor3ane se AvRtta kara samApta ho gaI hai aise brahmabhUta yogI ko hI uttama Ananda pahale vicAra karanA hogA ki kahIM vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta prApta hotA hai|"10 meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai? jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA AcArya zaMkara bhI vivekacUr3AmaNi meM likhate haiM ki mana se hI prathama praveza dvAra bhI hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi Age bar3ha sakate haiN| amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane viSayoM meM rAga ko bA~dhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA kA adhikAra hI prApta nahIM hai| samyagdRSTitva kevala samanaska prANiyoM utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai| isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ko ho sakatA hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA meM mokSa-mArga kI ora ke vidhAna meM mana hI kAraNa hai| rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana bar3hane ke adhikArI ho sakate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kahate haiM ki "mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai jisase jJAna (viveka) kA kAraNa hotA hai|11 prakaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai yadyapi uparokta pramANa yaha to batA dete haiM ki mana bandhana aura aura ajJAna (mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai|" isa prakAra ajJAna kA mukti kA prabalatama ekamAtra kAraNa hai| lekina phira bhI yaha prazna abhI nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi, jo mukti (nirvANa) kI anuttarita hI raha jAtA hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA anivArya zarta hai, binA mana:zuddhi ke sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai? meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai jabaki aniyantrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA jaina sAdhanA meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM? kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu banatA hai| isI tathya ko AcArya yadi hama isa prazna kA uttara jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se khojane hemacandra ne nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM, "mana kA nirodha kA prayAsa kareM, to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a ho jAne para karma (bandha) meM pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM, kyoMki karma kA aura cetana ye do mUla tattva haiN| zeSa Asrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 371 nirjarA to ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| jaina vicAraNA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyA~, zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, mana aura buddhi isa "kAma" ke vAsa sthAna haiN| inake AzrayabhUta hokara vAcika aura kAyika kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai, dUsarI ora manobhAva hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita kiyA karatA se pRthak kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM jar3akarma paramANu bhI bandhana hai|12 jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva vaha AtmA kA kArya na hokara mana kA kArya hai| phira bhI hameM yaha Atmika avazya mAne gaye haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA smaraNa rakhanA cAhie jahA~ gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsa sthAna gayA hai ki binA cetana-sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote haiN| cetana sattA mana ko mAnA gayA hai vahIM jaina vicAraNA meM vikAra yA kAmAdi kA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai lekina binA mana vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| ve mana ke kArya avazya haiM ke vaha rAgAdi bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktii| isIlie yaha kahA gayA lekina unakA vAsa sthAna AtmA hI hai| jaise raMgIna dekhanA cazme kA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| dUsare hindU, bauddha aura kArya hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hotA hai| jaina AcAra darzana isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA sambhavataH yahA~ zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM to aneka (moha) hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsa sthAna kahA~ baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA hai? AtmA ko isakA vAsa sthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina mithyAtva hai vaha kisakA kArya hai? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina vicAraNA aura vedAMta donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svabhAva to samyagjJAna hai| ke anusAra prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAva mana kI sattA svIkAra mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyA AtmAzrita ho sakate haiM lekina ve kI gaI hai| dUsare zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa yadi mana ko sampUrNa AtmaguNa nahIM haiM aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM zarIragata mAneM to vahA~ dravya mana bhI hai, lekina vaha kevala oghasaMjJA hai| avidyA ko jar3a prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI kyoMki hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, unheM kevala vivekazakti-vihIna mana (irational vaha jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM varan viparIta jJAna bhI hai| ata: avidyA kA mind) prApta hai| jaina zAstroM meM jo samanaska aura amanaska prANiyoM vAsasthAna mana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, jo jar3a aura caitanya ke kA bheda kiyA gayA hai vaha dUsarI vivekasaMjJA (Faculty of reasoning) saMyoga se nirmita hai| ataH usI meM avidyA nivAsa karatI hai usake kI apekSA se hai| jinheM zAstra meM samanaska prANI kahA gayA hai unase nivartana para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti tAtparya viveka zakti yukta prANiyoM se hai| jo amanaska prANI kahe meM nahIM ho sktii| gaye haiM unameM vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI hai| ve na to sudIrdhabhUta kI smRti mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga rakha sakate haiM, na bhaviSya kI aura na zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate adA karatA hai, ise nimna rUpaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie, haiN| unameM mAtra vartamAnakAlika saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha vAsanAoM karmAvaraNa se kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai jisakI (mUla pravRttiyoM) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska prANiyoM dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagat eka zveta vastu hai aura meM sattAtmaka mana to hai, lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA mana ainaka hai| AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagat ke vAstavika svarUpa hai, isI vivekAbhAva kI apekSA se hI unheM amanaska kahA jAtA hai| kA jJAna karanA hai, lekina apanI sva zakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitika vikAsa kA prArambha viveka svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sktaa| use mana rUpI kSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai-jaba taka viveka-kSamatAyukta cazme kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai, lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~coM mana prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA kA ho to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna na dekara bhrAMta jJAna hI detA hai| sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka isI prakAra yadi mana rAgadveSAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita (raMgIna) hai to vaha naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM yathArtha jJAna nahIM detA aura hamAre bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| lekina ho pAtI hai| ata: viveka-kSamatAyukta (Rational mind) naitika pragati yadi mana rUpI ainaka nirmala hai to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara kI anivArya zarta hai| beDale, prabhRti Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI hameM mukta banA detA hai| jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka ke saMyoga ke dekhane kI koI zakti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a mAnA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki mana-paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana AtmA ke saMyoga ke bandhana ve naitika uttaradAyitva (Moral responsibility) aura naitika pragati aura mukti kI koI zakti nahIM hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra (Moral progress) donoM ke lie viveka-kSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate ainaka se dekhane vAle netra haiM lekina vikAsa yA raMgInatA kA kArya haiM, jabaki jaina vicAraka naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka ainaka meM hai, usI prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa rAgadveSAdi vikAra na to mAnate haiM lekina naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie vivekazakti ko Avazyaka AtmA ke kArya haiM aura na jar3a tattva ke kArya haiM, varan mana ke hI nahIM mAnate haiN| yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI anaitika karma karatA kArya haiN| hai to jaina dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogA, kyoMki

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372 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prathamataH, vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikatA kA kAraNa jIvana ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai, isa tathya para bhI vicAra hai| ata: vivekapUrvaka kArya nahIM karane vAlA naitika uttaradAyitva se kreN| mukta nahIM hai| dUsare, vivekazakti to sabhI cetana AtmAoM meM hai| jisameM mana ke svarUpa ke vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki kyA vaha prasupta hai, usa prasupti ke lie bhI vaha svayaM hI uttarAdAyI hai| mana bhautika tattva hai athavA AdhyAtmika tattva? bauddha vicAraNA mana tIsare aneka prANI to aise haiM jinameM viveka kA prakaTana ho cukA ko cetana tattva mAnatI hai jabaki sAMkhya darzana aura yogavAsiSTha meM thA, (jo kabhI samanaska yA vivekavAna prANI the) lekina unhone usa use jar3a mAnA gayA hai|14 gItA sAMkhya vicAraNA ke anurUpa mana ko vivekazakti kA yathArtha upayoga nahIM kiyaa| phalasvarUpa unameM vaha jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai|5|| vivekazakti puna: kuNThita ho gii| ataH aise prANiyoM ko naitika jaina vicAraNA meM mana ke bhautika pakSa ko "dravyamana" aura cetana uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| pakSa ko "bhAvamana" kahA gayA hai| 16 vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM batAyA gayA sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai- kaI hai ki dravyamana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM se banA huA hai| yaha jIva aise bhI haiM, jinameM jarA-sI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti, mana yA vANI mana kA bhautika pakSa (Physical or structural aspect of mind) hai| kI zakti nahIM hotI hai| ve mUr3ha jIva bhI sabake prati samAna doSI sAdhAraNa rUpa se isameM zarIrastha sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka aMga haiM aura usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika racanAsaMjJA (viveka) vAle hokara apane kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma tantra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAva mana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, meM asaMjJI (vivekazUnya) banakara janma lete haiN| ataeva vivekavAna honA isa racanA-tantra ko AtmA se milI huI cintana-manarUpa caitanya zakti yA na honA apane hI kiye hae karmoM kA phala hotA hai, isase vivekAbhAva hI bhAva mana (Psychical aspect of mind) hai| kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa-karma hote haiM unakI javAbadArI bhI unakI yahA~ para eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana hI hotI hai| aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita haiN| digambara sampradAya ke yadyapi jaina tattvajJAna meM jIvoM ke avyavahAra-rAzi kI jo kalpanA grantha gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara AgamoM meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki avyavahAra-rAzi mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI apane ke jIvoM ko to viveka kabhI prakaTita hI nahIM huaa| ve to kevala gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha mAnate haiM ki "zvetAmbara paramparA isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate haiM ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA kA samagra sthUla zarIra hI dravyamana kA sthAna iSTa hai|" jahA~ taka bhAvamana prasupta hai ve usakA prakaTana nahIM kara rahe haiN| ke sthAna kA prazna hai, usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai| kyoki Atma-pradeza eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika pragati ke lie "saviveka sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai| ata: bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra mana" Avazyaka hai to phira jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra ve sabhI prANI hI siddha hotA hai| jinameM aise "mana" kA abhAva hai, naitika pragati ke patha para kabhI Age yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bauddha darzana meM mana nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha ko hRdayapradezavartI mAnA gayA hai, jo digambara sampradAya kI dravyamana hogA ki "viveka" ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandha aura bhoga to sambandhI mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai| jabaki sAMkhya paramparA zvetAmbara calatA hai, lekina phira bhI jaba vicAraka-mana kA abhAva hotA hai to sampradAya ke nikaTa hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM ki sAMkhya Adi karma vAsanA-saMkalpa se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta darzanoM kI paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA nahIM hote haiM aura karmoM ke vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hone ke kAraNa jA sakatA, kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSmaliMga zarIra meM, bandhana meM tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra navIna karmoM kA bandha jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| rahatA hai| ata: nadI-pASANa nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI na kabhI ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra hI vaha avasara A jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai siddha hotA hai| aura naitika vikAsa kI ora agrasara hone lagatA hai| jaina vicAraNA mana ke AdhyAtmika aura bhautika donoM svarUpoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAna letI varan ina bhautika aura mana kA svarUpa AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke bIca gahana sambandha ko bhI svIkAra kara letI isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mana AcAra darzana kA kendrabindu hai| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta cetana Atmatattva hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kI paramparAyeM mana ko aura jar3a karmatattva kA jo sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, usakI naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM atyadhika mahattvUparNa sthAna pradAna karatI vyAkhyA ke lie use mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta ho haiN| ata: yaha svAbhAvika hai ki mana kA svarUpa kyA hai aura vaha naitika sakatA hai| anyathA jaina vicAraNA kI bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 373 hI asambhava hogii| vedAntika advaitavAda, bauddha vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| yadi dUsarI ora cetana kI svatantra ke darzanoM meM bandhana kA kAraNa anya tattva ko nahIM mAnA jaataa| ataH sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3atatva kI sattA ko hI mAnA jAye to vahAM sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM aatii| sAMkhya darzana meM AtmA ko bhautikavAda meM AnA hogA, jisameM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna kUTastha mAnane ke kAraNa vahAM bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI zeSa nahIM rhegaa| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM- "jaina dArzanikoM ne koI samasyA nahIM rhtii| isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mana aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA, isalie ve samAnAntaravAda mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiN| lekina jar3a aura cetana ke madhya ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiN| ve caitasika sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA aura acaitasika tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmajasya (PreAvazyaka hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana apane ubhayAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa established harmony) svIkAra karate haiN|"17 lekina jaina vicAraNA hI jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala aura cetana Atma-tattva ke madhya yojaka dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita kar3I bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra sAmaMjasya hI nahIM mAnatI hai, apitu vyAvahArika dRSTi se to jaina vicAraka bhautika jagat hai| jar3a pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita hotA hai aura apane cetana-pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA sAmaMjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyArthika dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika mana ke dvArA Atmatattva aura jar3atattva gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA dete haiM tathA isa sambandha ke AdhAra meM nitAnta bhitratA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika para hI apanI bandhana kI dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiN| mana, jar3a jagat stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| DaoN0 kalaghaTagI aura cetana jagat ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai, jo donoM likhate haiM ki "jaina cintakoM ne mAnasika bhAvoM ko jar3a karmoM se svatantra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai, jaba taka yaha mAdhyama prabhAvita hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkArita samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA rahatA hai tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai- unakA samAnAntaravAda vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti eka prakAra kA manobhautika samAnAntaravAda hai- yadyapi ve mAnasika ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga-alaga karanA hotA aura zArIrika tathyoM ke madhya hone vAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA hai| inake alaga-alaga hone para mana kI prabhAvaka zakti kSINa hone kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karate haiM- jaina dRSTikoNa lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA hI vilaya hokara nirvANa kI upalabdhi jar3a aura cetana ke madhya rahe hue tAttvika virodha ke samanvaya kA eka ho jAtI hai| nirvANa dazA meM isa ubhaya svarUpa mana kA hI abhAva prayAsa hai, jo vaiyaktika mana evaM zarIra ke madhya pArasparika hone se bandhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA kI saMsthApanA karatA haiN| 18 ubhayAtmaka mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika isa prakAra hamane yaha dekhA ki jaina vicAraNA meM bAhya prabhAvakatA (Interaction) mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna bhautika jagat se sambandhita mana kA dravyAtmaka pakSa kisa prakAra apane nahIM hotaa| prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika ghaTanAyeM evaM kriyAyeM Atmatattva bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura jIvAtmA ko bandhana meM ko kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM, jabaki donoM svatantra haiM yadi ubhayarUpa DAlatA hai| lekina mana jina sAdhanoM ke dvArA bAhya jagat se sambandha mana ko unakA yojaka tattva mAna bhI liyA jAya to isase samasyA banAtA hai ve to indriyA~ haiM, mana kI viSaya-sAmagrI to indriyoM ke kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha to samasyA ko TAlanA mAtra hai| jo mAdhyama se AtI hai| bAhya jagat se mana kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA sambandha kI samasyA bhautika jagat aura Atmatattva ke madhya thI, use hai varan vaha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAgatika viSayoM se apanA kevala dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAntarita sambandha banAtA hai| mana jisa para kArya karatA hai vaha sArI sAmagrI to kara diyA gayA hai| dravyamana aura bhAvamana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita indriya-saMvedana se prApta hotI hai| ata: mana ke kArya ke sambandha meM karate haiM yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA vicAra karane se pahale hameM indriyoM ke sambandha meM bhI thor3A vicAra bhautika aura AdhyAtmika stara para ho, cAhe jar3a-karma-paramANu aura kara lenA hogaa| cetana AtmA ke madhya ho athavA mana ke bhautika aura abhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai| usake nirAkaraNa ke do hI mana ke sAdhana-indriyA~ mArga haiM- yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika saMjJAoM meM se kisI eka indriya zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama ke astittva kA niSedha kara diyA jAe athavA unameM eka prakAra kA kevala yahI kaheM ki "jina-jina kAraNoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jaae| jaina dArzanikoM ne pahale vikalpa meM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetanatattva kI sattA mAnI jAe to samasta hai ve indriyA~ haiN|" isa artha ko lekara gItA yA jaina AgamoM meM kahIM bhautika jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko chuTakarA denA koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jaataa| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM indriyA~ hogA, jaisA ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha dArzanikoM tathA "mana" kA sAdhana yA "kAraNa' mAnI jAtI haiN|

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indriya 374 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 indriyoM kI saMkhyA ye viSaya-bhoga AtmA ko bAhyamukhI banA dete haiN| pratyeka indriya jaina dRSTi meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI jAtI haiM- (1) zrotra, (2) apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI hai aura isa prakAra AtmA cakSu, (3) ghANa, (4) rasanA aura (5) sprshn| sAMkhya vicAraNA meM kA Antarika samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai-5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ hai ki "sAdhaka zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha tathA sparza ina pA~coM prakAra aura 1 mn| jaina vicAraNA meM 5 jJAnendriyA~ to usI rUpa meM mAnI ke kAmaguNoM (indriya-viSayoM) ko sadA ke lie chor3a de,22 kyoMki gaI hai kintu mana ko noindriya (Quasi sense-organ) kahA gayA hai| ye indriyoM ke viSaya AtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| pA~ca karmendriyoM kI tulanA unakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM vAkbala, indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI zarIrabala evaM zvAsocchvAsa bala se kI jA sakatI hai| 19 bauddha haiM aura AtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM, isakI visuddhimaggo meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 mAnI gaI hai|20 bauddha vicAraNA vistRta vyAkhyA prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina granthoM meM milatI hai| vistAra meM ukta pA~ca indriyoM ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-duHkha tathA bhaya se hama isa vivecanA meM jAnA nahIM cAhate haiN| hamAre lie itanA zubha evaM azubha Adi ko bhI indriya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM hI jAna lenA paryApta hai ki jisa prakAra dravyamana bhAvamana ko prabhAvita indriyA~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM- (1) dravyendriya (2) bhaavendriy| indriyoM karatA hai aura bhAvamana se AtmA prabhAvita hotI hai, usI prakAra dravyendriya kI AMgika saMracanA (Structural aspect) dravyendriya kahalAtI haiM aura (Structural aspect of sense organ) kA viSaya se samparka hotA hai Antarika kriyAzakti (Functional aspect) bhAvendriya kahalAtI hai| aura vaha bhAvendriya (Functional and Psychic aspect of sence organ) inameM se pratyeka ke puna: upa-vibhAga kiye gaye haiM, jinheM saMkSepa meM ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAvendriya (AtmA kI zakti hone ke kAraNa) nimna sAriNI se samajhA jA sakatA hai : se AtmA prabhAvita hotI hai| naitika cetanA kI dRSTi se mana aura indriyoM ke mahattva tathA svarUpa ke sambandha meM yatheSTa rUpa se vicAra kara lene ke pazcAt yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki mana aura indriyoM kA aisA dravyendriya bhAvendriya kauna sA mahattvapUrNa kArya hai, jisake kAraNa unheM naitika cetanA meM itanA sthAna diyA jAtA hai| upakaraNa (indriya rakSaka aGga) nivRtti (indriya aGga) vAsanA prANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva bahiraGga aMtaraGga bahiraGga aMtaraGga mana aura indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM kA samparka hotA hai| isa samparka se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai| yahI kAmanA yA icchA naitikatA kI parisImA labdhi (zakti) upayoga (cetanA) meM Ane vAle vyavahAra kA AdhArabhUta preraka tattva hai| sabhI bhAratIya AcAra darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vAsanA, kAmanA yA icchA se indriyoM ke vyApAra yA viSaya prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitika vivecanA kA viSaya hai| smaraNa rakhanA (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai| zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, gayA hai- jIva kA zabda, ajIva kA zabda aura mizra shbd| kucha lobha, tRSNA, Asakti Adi zabda lagabhaga samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta vicAraka sAta prakAra ke zabda mAnate haiN| (2) cakSurindriya kA viSaya hue haiM, jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI raMga-rUpa hai| raMga kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta, pA~ca prakAra "cAha" se hai| bandhana kA kAraNa indriyoM kA unake viSayoM se hone ke haiN| zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| (3) ghrANendriya vAle samparka yA sahaja zArIrika kriyAe~ nahIM haiM, varan vAsanA hai| kA viSaya gandha hai| gandha do prakAra kI hotI hai- sugandha aura durgndh| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya vyakti kA (4) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM- uThanA-baiThanA, calanA-phiranA, dekhanA-jAnanA Adi kriyAe~ vAsanA se kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura kssaay| (5) sparzendriya kA viSaya yukta hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai jabaki kevalI (sarvajJa yA sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra ke hote haiM- uSNa, zIta, rUkSa, jIvanamukta) kI ye sabhI kriyAe~ vAsanA yA icchArahita hone ke kAraNa cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza aura koml| isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke| bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotii| icchA yA saMkalpa (pariNAma) pUrvaka kie 3, cakSurindriya ke 5, ghANendriya ke 2, rasanendriya ke 5 aura sparzendriya hue vacana Adi kArya hI bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| icchArahita kArya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke 23 viSaya hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote|23 jaina vicAraNA meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki pA~coM isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina AcAra darzana meM vAsanAtmaka indriyoM ke dvArA jIva uparokta viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM tathA aicchika vyavahAra hI naitika nirNaya kA pramukha AdhAra hai| jaina kahA gayA hai yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSa, tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura mana / naitika vivecanA kI dRSTi se vAsanA (icchA) ko hI samagra jIvana ke ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai|21 vyavahAra kSetra kA cAlaka tattva kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra

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375 mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa darzana meM jIvavRtti (Want), kSudhA (Appetite), icchA (Desire), pravRtta honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA yahI vAsanA hai| jo indriyoM abhilASA (Wish) aura saMkalpa (will) meM artha vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA ke anukUla hotA hai vahI sukhada aura jo pratikUla hotA hai vahI du:khada gayA hai| unake anusAra isa samagra krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra hai|26 ataH sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura du:khada se nivRtti cAhanA, para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra haiM, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka jagat meM pAyI jAtI hai| pazujagat meM jIvavRtti ke sAtha-sAtha kSudhA tathA duHkhada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA ke kendra haiN| isa prakAra vAsanA, kA bhI yoga hotA hai, lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya stara para Akara to tRSNA yA kAmaguNa hI samasta vyavahAra kA preraka tattva hai| bhAratIya jIvavRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH cintana meM vyavahAra ke preraka ke rUpa meM jisa vAsanA ko svIkArA gayA jIvavRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUlatattva hai, vahI vAsanA pAzcAtya phrAyaDIya manovijJAna meM "kAma" aura mekogala meM mUlata: koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai, kevala cetanA meM usake bodha ke prayojanavAdI manovijJAna meM hArmI (Harme) yA arja (Urge) athavA kaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, inameM mAtrAtmaka antara hai, guNAtmaka antara nahIM mUlapravRtti kahI jAtI hai| pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~ isa sambandha hai| yahI kAraNa hai bhAratIya darzana meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI meM ekamata haiM ki prANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva vAsanA, kAmanA yA vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA hai| inake do rUpa banate haiM- rAga aura dvess| rAga dhanAtmaka icchA aura tRSNA Adi zabda to avazya milate haiM aura vAsanA kI aura dveSa RNAtmaka hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM karTa levina ne inheM tIvratA kI dRSTi se inameM antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI kramazaH AkarSaNa zakti (positive valence) aura vikarSaNa zakti sAmAnya rUpa se samAnArthaka rUpa meM hI unakA prayoga huA hai| bhAratIya (negative valence) kahA hai| darzana kI dRSTi se vAsanA ko jIvavRtti (Want) tathA kSudhA (Appetite), kAmanA ko icchA (Desire), icchA ko abhilASA (Desire), aura vyavahAra kI cAlanA ke do kendra-sukha aura duHkha tRSNA ko saMkalpa (Will) kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka jahA~ anukUla viSaya kI ora AkarSita honA aura pratikUla viSayoM vAsanA ke kevala usa rUpa ko, jise hama saMkalpa (Will) kahate haiM, se vikarSita honA- yaha indriya svabhAva hai, lekina prazna yaha uThatA naitika nirmANa kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahIM bhAratIya cintana meM vAsanA hai ki indriyA~ kyoM anukUla viSayoM meM pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM ke ve rUpa bhI jinameM vAsanA kI cetanA kA spaSTa bodha nahIM hai, naitikatA se nivRtti rakhanA cAhatI haiN| yadi isakA uttara manovijJAna ke AdhAra kI parisImA meM A jAte haiN| para dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAe to hameM mAtra yahI kahanA hogA ki anukUla cAhe vAsanA ke rUpa meM andha aindrika abhivRtti ho yA mana kA viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti eka naisargika vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa ho, donoM ke hI mUla meM vAsanA kA tattva nihita tathya hai, jise hama sukha-duHkha kA niyama bhI kahate haiN| manovijJAna hai aura yahI vAsanA prANIya vyavahAra kI mUlabhUta preraka hai| vyavahAra prANI jagat kI isa naisargika vRtti kA vizleSaNa to karatA hai, lekina kI dRSTi se vAsanA (jIvavRtti) aura tRSNA (saMkalpa) meM antara yaha yaha nahIM batA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM hai? hai ki pahalI spaSTa rUpa se cetanA ke stara para nahIM hone ke kAraNa yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka mAtra andhapravRtti hotI hai jabaki dUsarI cetanA ke stara para hone ke tattva hai| jaina dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka tattva ke rUpa kAraNa vimarzAtmaka hotI hai| cetanA meM icchA ke spaSTa bodha kA abhAva meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiN| mana evaM indriyoM icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai| isIliye jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ne pazu ke mAdhyama se isI niyama ke anusAra prANIya vyavahAra kA saMcAlana Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM vAle prANiyoM ke vyavahAra ko bhI naitikatA hotA hai| kI parisImA meM mAnA hai| vahAM pAzavika stara para pAyI jAne vAlI isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAsanA hI apane vidheyAtmaka rUpa vAsanA kI andha pravRtti hI naitika nirNayoM kA viSaya banatI hai| meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai| jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA kI pUrti na ho vAsanA kyoM hotI hai? athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha du:kha hai| isa prakAra vAsanA gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya jagat ko dekhatA hai, usI prakAra prANI indriyoM karane lagate haiN| ke mAdhyama se bAhya padArthoM se apanA samparka banAtA hai|4 kaThopaniSad apane anukUla viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha karake hiMsita kara diyA karanA, yaha indriyoM kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| mana ke abhAva meM yaha gayA hai isalie jIva bAhya viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai antarAtmA indriyoM kI andhapravRtti hotI hai, lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana ko nhiiN|25 kA yoga ho jAtA hai to indriyoM meM sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI puna:-puna indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura prApti kI tathA duHkhada anubhUti se bacane kI pravRtti vikasita ho kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla viSayoM kI ora puna:-punaH jAtI hai|

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 376 27 basa yahIM icchA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne icchA kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai-- mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti hI icchA hai, " athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai|" yaha indriyoM kI sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI lAlasA yA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| dUsarI ora duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaM dveSa kA rUpa le letI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai- "manoja, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote haiM aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya dveSa kA kAraNa hote haiM / 29 sukhada anubhUtiyoM se rAga aura duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se dveSa tathA isa rAga-dveSa se anyAnya kaSAya aura azubha vRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hotI haiM, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana meM unake viSayoM ko sevana karane kI lAlasA jAgRta hotI hai| sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napusaMka bhAva kI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka rUpoM (zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai / isa prakAra indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIpa, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| 30 gItA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki " mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana kie jAne para una viSayoM se samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usa samparka icchA se kAmanA yA Asakti kA janma hotA hai| Asakta viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba bAdhA utpanna hotI hai to krodha (ghRNA, dveSa) utpanna ho jAtA hai| krodha meM mUr3hatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi vinaSTa ho jAtI hai tathA buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA hai / 3" isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai to una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA rAga ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiM aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to ghRNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiM isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka dUsare rUpa meM badala jAtA hai, jahA~ sukha kA sthAna rAga yA Asakti kA bhAva le letA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA dveSa kA bhAva le letA hai ye rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika adha: patana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hotI haiM, sabhI bhAratIya darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM- "rAga aura dveSa ye donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja haiM aura yahI karma-paramparA ke kAraNa haiM / 32 ise bhI sabhI bhAratIya AcAra darzana svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai- "he arjuna! icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke indva meM moha se AvRta hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| " 33 tathAgata buddha kahate haiM-- "jisane rAga-dveSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai, vahI phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM pdd'taa|' 1134 isa samaya vivecanA ko hama saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiN| ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai| vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidheyAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAeM rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| yahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI haiN| lekina ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya vyApAra hI hai, isaliye sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jaae| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki indriyoM para kAbU kiye binA rAgadveSa evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai / 35 ataH aba isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA iSTa hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi nirodha sambhava hai to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? indriya nirodha: sambhAvanA aura satya indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte hai isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke battIsaveM adhyayana meM milatA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai-- rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSurindriya hai aura rUpa cakSurindriya se grahaNa hone yogya hai priya rUpa rAga kA aura apriya rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hai| " 1 jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura hokara pataMgA mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyanta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN| 27 rUpa kI AzA meM par3A huA gurukarmI, ajJAnI jIva, trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai / 38 rUpa meM mUrcchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahA~ hai? vaha saMyoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai| " rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upayoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai / 40 zrotrendriya zabda kI grAhaka aura zabda zrotra kA zAhA hai priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hai / 41 jisa prakAra rAga meM gRddha banA huA mRga mugdha hokara zabda meM santoSita na hotA huA mRtyu pA letA hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM atyanta mUrcchita .

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 377 hone vAlA jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai|42 zabda kI Asakti kyA sthiti hogii|59 meM par3A huA bhArI karmI jIva, ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM gItA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ne indriya-damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura jisa prakAra jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letI hai, vaise hI mana sahita pIr3A detA hai| viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka hI indriya isa puruSa kI vaha manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hotI hai| sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla tathA viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai, unake saMbhoga kAla ke samaya buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra meM bhI atRpta hI banA rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai| tRSNAvaza se hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA se cyuta kara detI haiN| ata: sampUrNa vaha jIva corI, jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA indriyoM ko vaza meM karake tathA samAhita citta hokara mana ko mere meM hai, duHkha se nahIM chUTa sktaa|45 lgaa| jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI prajJAvAna nAsikA gandha ko grahaNa karatI hai aura gaMdha nAsikA kA grAhya hai| anyatra puna: kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka-sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza hai| sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa meM karake jJAna ke vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kreN|60 prakAra sugandha meM mUrcchita huA sarpa bA~bI se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA dhammapada meM tathAgata buddha bhI kahate haiM ki "jo manuSya indriyoM hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai, use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra pA letA hai| sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se girA detA hai, jisa prakAra durbala vRkSa ko havA girA detI hai| lekina sa aura sthAvara jIvoM kA ghAta karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|8 vaha jo indriyoM ke viSayoM meM susaMyata rahatA hai, use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita meM hI lagA rahatA hai, ata: vaha unake bhogakAla meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA nahIM kara sktaa|"61 hai, phira use sukha kahAM hai| jihvA rasa ko grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa jihvA kA grAhya hai| manapasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla jaina darzana aura gItA meM indriya-damana kA vAstavika artha rasa dveSa kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca prazna yaha hai ki yadi indriya-vyApAra bandhana ke kAraNa haiM to meM pha~sA huA maccha kA~Te meM pha~sakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM phira kyA inakA nirodha sambhava hai? yadi hama isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka meM atyanta gRddha jIva akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai|51 use vicAra kareM to yaha pAyeMge ki jaba taka jIva deha dhAraNa kiye hai, usake kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha rasabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha aura kleza dvArA indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava nahIM hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha hI pAtA hai|52 isI prakAra amanojJa rasoM meM dveSa karane vAlA jIva bhI eka aise vAtAvaraNa meM rahatA hai jahA~ use indriyoM ke viSayoM se sAkSAt duHkha paramparA bar3hAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai| A~kha ke samakSa dRzya-viSaya prastuta hone usake du:khada phala ko bhogatA hai|53 / / para vaha usake rUpa aura raMga ke darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatA, bhojana zarIra sparza ko grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza zarIra kA grAhya hai| karate samaya usake rasa ko asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA, kisI zabda sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza dveSa kA kAraNa hai|54 jo jIva ke upasthita hone para karNa yantra usakI AvAja ko sune binA nahIM sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai, vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaNDe raha sakatA aura ThIka isI prakAra anyAnya indriyoMke viSaya upasthita pAnI meM par3e hue magara dvArA grasita bhaiMse kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu hone para vaha unheM asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA arthAt manovaijJAnika dRSTi pAtA hai|5 sparza kI AzA meM par3A huA vaha gurukarmI jIva carAcara se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asambhava tathya hai| tathApi yaha prazna jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|56 sukhada uThatA hai ki bandhana se kaise bacA jAya? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue sparzoM meM mUrchita huA prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya jaina darzana kahatA hai ki bandhana kA kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM varan evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai| bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha unake mUla meM nihita rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI haiN| jaisA ki tRpta nahIM hotA phira usake lie sukha kahA~? 57 sparza meM Asakta jIvoM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, ko kiMcit bhI sukha nahIM hotA hai| jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, ye viSaya du:kha se huI usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA hai|58 vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho skte|62 AcArya hemacandra bhI yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzendriya ke kAmabhoga kisI ko bhI sammohita nahIM kara sakate hai, na kisI meM vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara machalI, ghrANendriya vikAra hI paidA kara sakate hai, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSurindriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai| zravaNendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba gItA meM bhI isI prakAra nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka indriya eka-eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai, ke viSayoM arthAt bhogoM meM upasthita jo rAga aura dveSa haiM, unake vaza phira bhalA pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI meM nahIM hoM, kyoMki ye donoM hI kalyANa mArga meM vighna karane vAle

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378 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mahAn zatru haiN|64 indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se hI nivAraNa puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga nivRtta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| ata: buddhimAna manuSya ise aise hI sIdhA kare hote| jabaki nirvANa lAbha ke lie rAga kA nivRtta honA paramAvazyaka jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai| yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vicaraNa vAstavikatA yaha hai ki nirodha indriya-vyApAroM kA nahIM varan karane vAlA hai isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika huA citta hI sukhavardhaka hotA hai|''74 jaina AcArya hemacandra kahate kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiN| jaina dArzanika haiM, "A~dhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti prApta karane ke icchuka evaM tapa kahate haiM- indriyoM ke zabdAdi manojJa athavA amanojJa viSayAsakta karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai, vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hote haiM, vItarAga ke liye nhiiN|67 ataH jo manuSya mukti cAhate hoM unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle gItA kahatI hai ki rAga-dveSa se vimukta vyakti indriya-vyApAroM ko karatA lampaTa mana kA nirodha karanA caahie|"75 huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai|68 isa prakAra jainadarzana aura manonigrahaNa ke uparokta sandarbho ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika gItA indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kI bAta nahIM kahate, varan indriyoM cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika ke viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke nirodha kI dhAraNA ko prasthApita manovijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| Adhunika manovijJAna karate haiN| icchAoM ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika samatva kA hetu nahIM isI prakAra manonirodha ke sambandha meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banA mAnatA, varan isake ThIka viparIta use citta vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA lI gaI haiM, yahA~ hama usakA bhI yathArtha svarUpa prastuta karane kA prayAsa hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja kI manovaijJAnika dhAraNA meM mAnasika kreNge| santulana ke bhaMga karane vAle mAne gaye haiN| phrAyaDa ne manovighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA pramukha kAraNadamana aura pratirodha ko hI mAnA hai| icchAnirodha yA manonigraha Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA bhAratIya AcAra darzana meM icchAnirodha evaM vAsanAoM ke nigraha ki icchAnirodha aura manonigrahaNa mAnasika svAsthya ke liye ahitakara kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai| AcAra darzana ke adhikAMza vidhi-niSedha hai| yahI nahIM icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM ve damita icchAe~ utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa se prakaTa hokara na kevala aura isa prakAra citta zAnti yA AdhyAtmika samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA apanI pUrti kA prayAsa karatI haiM, varan vyakti ke vyaktitva ko bhI hai| ata: yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi vikRta banA detI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM to phira ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA jaay| mana icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM naitika jIvana se isa damana kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogaa| kA utpAdaka hai, ata: icchAnirodha kA artha manonigraha hI mAna liyA prazna hotA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya gyaa| pataMjali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki cittavRtti kA nirodha ojhala thA? lekina bAta aisI nahIM hai jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke hI yoga hai| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hI samagra klezoM kA ___AcAra-darzana ke nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi meM damana ke anaucitya kI dhAraNA dhAma hai| usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI haiM ve sabhI bandhanarUpa haiN| ataH atyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA avarodha kara denA hI nirvikalpaka samAdhi gaharAI se dekheM to gItA spaSTa rUpa se damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya hai, naitika jIvana kA Adarza hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki "prANI darzanoM meM icchAnirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA apanI prakRti ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karate haiM ve nigraha kaise kara sakate gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "yaha mana usa duSTa aura haiN|'76 yogavAsiSTha meM isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA bhayaMkara azva ke samAna hai jo cAroM dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai|"69 ata: hai ki "he rAjarSi! tInoM loka meM jitane bhI prANI haiM svabhAva se hI sAdhaka samarambha, samArambha aura Arambha meM pravRtta hone vAle isa mana unakI deha dvayAtmaka hai| jaba taka zarIra rahatA hai taba taka zarIradharma kA nigraha kreN|70 gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai- "yaha mana atyanta svabhAva se hI anivArya hai arthAt prAkRtika vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha hI caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAna hai, isakA nahIM hotaa|"77 nirodha karanA vAyu ke rokane ke samAna atyanta hI duSkara hai|"71 phira gItA kahatI hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle bhI kRSNa kahate haiM ki "nissaMdeha isa mana kA kaThinatA se nigraha hotA arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle hai, kintu abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai,"72 vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, lekina isalie he arjuna! tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko unakA rasa (Asakti) banA rahatA hai| arthAt ve mUlataH naSTa nahIM ho mere meM lgaa|73 bauddha grantha dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "yaha citta pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM puna: vyutthita ho jAte haiN| atyanta hI caMcala hai, isa para adhikAra kara, kyoki kumArga se isakI "rasavarjaraso'tyasya' kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 379 gItA meM naitika vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga nigraha kA nahIM hai| na kevala mArga nahIM maanaa| unhoMne kahA- vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanA-saMskAra gItA ke AcAra darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai, varan bauddha ko dabAnA nahIM hai apitu unakA kSaya karanA hai| vAstava meM damana kA aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| buddha mArga svAbhAvika nahIM hai, vAsanAoM yA icchAoM ke nirodha karane kI ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa apekSA ve kSINa ho jAe~, yahI apekSita hai| prazna hotA hai ki vAsanAoM ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kA damana itanA mahattvUparNa nahIM hai jitanA unase ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA antara hai| Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga nirodha meM citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA kA mArga donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM haiN| hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanaiH-zanaiH kama hokara samApta tathAgata buddha ne jisa madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA usakA spaSTa Azaya ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana kI kriyA meM yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika bala diyA jA rahA vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) aura AdarzAtmaka ahaM (Super-ego) meM saMgharSa thA use kama kiyA jaay| bauddha sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai, calatA rahatA hai| lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai| vahA~ to jabaki damana to cittakSobha yA mAnasika dvandva ko hI janma detA hai| vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai| damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha kA bhAva bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki "citta-kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti AtA hai aura hama use dabAte haiM yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate nahIM hotI, ata: isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha haiM, jabaki kSAyika bhAva meM krodhAdi vikAra samApta ho jAte haiN| upazamana utpanna na ho|''8 damana kI prakriyA cittakSobha kI prakriyA hai, cittazAnti (damana) meM mana meM krodha kA bhAva hotA hai, mAtra krodha-bhAva kA pragaTIkaraNa kI nhiiN| bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki buddha ke dharma nahIM hotA jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gussA pI jAnA kahate haiN| upazama meM jahA~ dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA manA hai vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI gusse kA pI jAnA hI hai| isameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya tattva hI bhI anartha karma kahA gayA hai| saugata tantra ne AtmapIr3A ke mArga ko usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiN| isalie yaha Atmika vikAsa nahIM ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana mAtra se citta-vikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hai, apitu usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita AvaraNa hai| kSAyika bhAva hogA? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI svapnAvasthA meM to meM krodha utpanna hI nahIM hotA hai| sAdhAraNa bhASA meM hama kahate haiM ki avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hogii| 79 jaba taka citta meM bhoga-lipsA aise sAdhaka ko gussA AtA hI nahIM hai, ata: yahI vikAsa kA saccA hai, taba taka cittakSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama mArga hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka naitika evaM dekhate haiM ki bauddha vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke apane lakSya ke atyadhika damana ke virodha meM uTha khar3I bauddha vicAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe nikaTa pahu~ca kara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA kI paribhASika vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, phira bhI usake damana ke virodha ko zabdAvalI meM kaheM to upazama mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| cittazAnti ke sAdhanAmArga meM caudaha guNasthAna (sIr3hiyoM) meM se gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara damana kA mahattvUparNa sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~ taka jaina vicAraNA kabhI-kabhI vahA~ se aisA giratA hai ki punaH nimnatama avasthA prathama kA prazna hai vaha apanI pAribhASika bhASA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| yaha tathya jaina sAdhanA meM damana ki "sAdhanA kA saccA mArga upazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai|" kI paramparA kA kyA anaucitya hai ise spaSTa kara detA hai| yahA~ para jaina dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki Agama granthoM meM mana mana kI vRttiyoM, vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA ke nirodha kA upadeza aneka sthAnoM para diyA gayA hai, vahA~ nirodha jAtA hai| icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI aupazamika mArga hai| jisa kA kyA artha hai? vahA~ para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie prakAra Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai usI prakAra upazama meM anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha karma-saMskAra yA vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para jaaegaa| ata: vahA~ nirodha kA artha kSAyika dRSTi se hI karanA samucita Age bar3hA jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaheM to yaha hai| prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika dRSTi se mana kA zuddhIkaraNa kaise kiyA damana (Repression) kA mArga hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vAsanA-saMskAra jAya? ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai, lekina yaha manaHzuddhi uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ke nigraha ke sambandha meM jo rUpaka prastuta kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai, yaha to mAnasika gandagI ko DhakanA mAtra kiyA gayA hai usameM zramaNakezI gautama se pUchate haiM- Apa eka duSTa hai, chipAnA mAtra hai| jaina vicArakoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM batAyA bhayAnaka azva para savAra haiM, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha hai ki yaha vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI avasthA naitika vikAsa Apako unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai? meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki aisA gautama ne isa lAkSaNika carcA ko spaSTa karate hue batAyA haisAdhaka padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna "yaha mana hI sAhasika, duSTa evaM bhayaMkara azva hai, jo cAroM ora bhAgatA meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jaina hai| maiM usakA jAtivAna azva kI taraha zrutarUpI rassiyoM se bA~dhakara darzana meM maujUda thii| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI damana ko vikAsa kA saccA samatva evaM dharma-zikSA se nigraha karatA huuN|"

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380 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 isa zloka ke prasaMga meM do zabda mahattvapUrNa haiM- samme tathA kI vRttiyA~ utpanna na hoN| vaha kiMcit bhI saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM kare, dhmmsikkhaaye| dharma-zikSaNa dvArA mana ko nigraha karane kA artha damana kyoMki citta saMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai| sabhI citta-vikSobha nahIM hai varan unakA udAttIkaraNa hai| dharma-zikSaNa kA artha- mana ko saMkalpajanya hai| ata: saMkalpayukta citta meM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI sadpravRttiyoM meM saMlagna kara denA tAki vaha anartha mArga para jAe hI hai| vastuta: yahA~ AcArya kA mantavya yaha hai ki citta ko zAnta nhiiN| aise hI zruta rUpa rassI se bA~dhane kA artha hai- viveka evaM karane ke liye use saMkalpa se mukta karanA hogA aura isa hetu jJAtA, jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka ora calAnA (yaha samatva ke artha meM hai)| draSTA yA sAkSI banAnA hogaa| jaba citta yA mana draSTA, sAkSI aura apramatta samatva ke dvArA nigrahaNa kA artha bhI damana nahIM hai, varan manodazA hogA to svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha vAsanAoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta ho ko samabhAva se yukta banAnA hai| mana kA samatva damana meM to sambhava jaaegaa| citta-vikSobha kevala pramattadazA meM raha sakatA hai, apramattadazA hI nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| jaba taka vAsanAoM meM nhiiN| yaha bAta Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jaba aura naitika Adarza kA saMgharSa hai taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| mana svayaM apanI vRttiyoM kA draSTA banegA to vaha unakA kartA nahIM jaina sAdhanA paddhati to samatva (samabhAva) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM raha jAegA, kyoMki eka hI mana eka hI samaya meM draSTA aura kartA ke damana kA mArga to citta-kSobha utpanna karatA hai, ata: vaha use svIkArya donoM nahIM ho sktaa| jisa samaya vaha draSTAbhAva meM hogA usI samaya nahIM hai| jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika sAdhanA hai jisameM vAsanA-damana usameM karttAbhAva nahIM raha sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hama krodha karate nahIM, varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI mana haiM, usa samaya apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnate nahIM haiM aura jaba ke nigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai vaha hai- vairAgya aura abhyaas| apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnane kA prayAsa karate haiM to krodha zAnta vairAgya manovRttiyoM athavA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, apitu bhogoM hone lagatA hai| manovijJAna kA yaha niyama hai ki jaba viveka jAgrata ke prati eka anAsakta vRtti hai| taTastha vRtti yA udAsIna vRtti damana hogA to vAsanA kSINa hogI aura jaba vAsanA jAgrata hogI to viveka se bilakula bhinna hai, vaha to bhogoM ke prati rAga-bhAva kI anupasthiti kSINa hogaa| ataH sAdhanA meM AvazyakatA hotI hai viveka ko jAgrata hai| dUsarI ora abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai| yadi banAye rakhane kii| vAsanA-kSaya kA samyagmArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA to vaha abhyAsa kI bAta nahIM khtaa| apitu viveka ko jAgrata karanA hai| sAdhaka ko apanI zakti vAsanAoM damana meM abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki yadi damana se saMgharSa karane meM nahIM, apitu viveka ko jAgrata karane meM lagAnI hI karanA ho to phira abhyAsa kisaliye? abhyAsa hotA hai vilayana, caahie| vastuta: mana meM jaba viveka kA prakAza hotA hai to vAsanA pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie| vastuta: sAdhanA kA lakSya vAsanA usameM praveza nahIM kara pAtI, jaise- jaba ghara kA mAlika jAgatA hai yA caitasika AvegoM kA vilayana (samApti) hotA hai na ki unakA to cora ghara meM praveza nahIM karatA, vaise hI jaba mana apramatta yA jAgrata damana, kyoMki jaba taka damana hai taba taka cita-vikSobha hai| kintu sAdhanA rahatA hai to vAsanAe~ svayaM vilupta ho jAtI haiN| kA lakSya to samAdhi hai| samAdhi vAsanAoM ke damana se nahIM, apitu unake vilayana se phalita hotI hai|dmn meM vAsanA rahatI hai ata: usameM mana kI vibhinna avasthAyeM citta-vikSobha bhI rahatA hai| jabaki vilayana meM vAsanA hI samApta ho vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattatA kI orajAtI hai ata: vaha citta kI zAnta avasthA hai| yahI citta kI zAnta mana kI yaha yAtrA aneka sopAnoM se hotI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU evaM nirvikalpaka avasthA sampUrNa sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA lakSya hai| yahI paramparA meM isa sambandha meM samAnAntara rUpa se ina sopAnoM kA ullekha samAdhi hai, vItarAgatA hai| milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM mana kI cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA haivAsanAkSaya yA manojaya kA samyagmArga 1.vikSipta mana-yaha mana kI viSayAsakta aura saMkalpa-vikalpayukta cittavRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana (vAsanAzUnyatA) kaise ho? vikSubdha avasthA hai| ise pramattatA kI avasthA bhI kaha sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM eka samucita mArga 2. yAtAyAta mana- mana isa avasthA meM kabhI bahirmukhI ho prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki, "mana jina-jina viSayoM meM pravRtta viSaya kI ora daur3atA hai, to kabhI antarmukhI ho draSTA yA sAkSI banane hotA hai, unase use balAt rokanA nahIM cAhie, kyoki balAt rokane kA prayAsa karatA hai| sAdhanA kI prArambhika sthiti meM mana kI yaha avasthA se vaha usa ora adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta rahatI hai| yaha pramattApramatta avasthA hai| ho jAtA hai| jaise madonmatta hAthI ko rokA jAye to vaha aura adhika 3. zliSTa mana- yaha citta kI apramatta avasthA hai| yahA~ citta prerita hotA hai, agara use nahIM rokA jAye to vaha iSTa viSaya prApta nirviSaya to nahIM hotA, kintu usake viSaya zubha-bhAva hote haiN| yaha karake zAnta ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti mana kI hai|" sAdhaka apane azubha manobhAvoM kI vilaya kI avasthA hai, ata: ise Anandamaya avasthA viSayoM ko grahaNa karate hue indriyoM ko na to roke aura na pravRtta kare, bhI kahA gayA hai| apitu itanA sajaga (apramatta) rahe ki unake kAraNa mana meM rAga-dveSa 4. sulIna mana- yahA~ cittavRttiyoM kA pUrNa vilayana ho jAtA

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381 mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa hai aura citta zubha-azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yaha usakI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM kI bahulatA tathA vikalatA zuddha jJAtA-draSTA avasthA hai, ise paramAnanda yA samAdhi kI avasthA rahatI hai| isI prakAra yAtAyAta mana, rUpAvacara citta aura vikSipta citta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| bhI samAnArthaka hI haiM, kyoMki sabhI ne ise citta kI alpakAlika, jaina paramparA ke anurUpa bauddha aura hindu paramparAoM meM bhI prayAsasAdhya sthiratA kI avasthA mAnA hai| yahA~ vAsanAoM kA vega manobhUmiyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| bauddha darzana meM jaina darzana ke samAna tathA citta vikSobha to banA rahatA hai, kintu usameM kucha mandatA hI citta kI 1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvara aura avazya A jAtI hai| tIsare stara para jaina darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha 4. lokottara- ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha hai jo ki kramazaH darzana kA arUpAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana kA ekAgracitta bhI vikSipta, yAtAyAta, zliSTa aura sulIna ke samatulya hai| yoga darzana samakakSa hai, kyoMki ise sabhI ne mana kI sthiratA aura apramattatA kI meM mana kI nimna pA~ca avasthAoM kA ullekha hai- 1. kSipta, 2. avasthA mAnA hai| citta kI antima avasthA, jise jaina darzana meM mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddh| isameM bhI yadi hama sulIna mana, bauddha darzana meM lokottara citta aura yoga darzana meM kSipta aura mUr3ha citta ko eka hI varga meM rakheM, to tulanAtmaka dRSTi niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, svarUpa kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai, kyoMki se yahA~ bhI jaina darzana se samAnatA hI parilakSita hotI hai| jise nimna isameM sabhI ne vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai mAnA hai| jaina darzana bauddha darzana yoga darzana vastuta: sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA carama lakSya mana kI usa vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha vAsanAzUnya, nirvikAra, nirvicAra evaM apramattadazA ko prApta karanA hai, yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta jise sabhI ne samAdhi ke sAmAnya nAma se abhihitaM kiyA hai| sAdhanA zliSTa arUpAvacara ekAgra hai- vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattA kI ora tathA lokottara niruddha citta-kSobha se citta-zAnti kI ora prgti| mana kA yaha svarUpa vizleSaNa jaina darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha-darzana kA kAmAvacara citta hameM isa dizA meM nirdezita kara sakatA hai kintu prayAsa to svayaM aura yoga darzana ke kSipta evaM mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI hI karane hoNge| sAdhana kevala sva-prayAsoM se hI phalavatI hotI hai| sulIna sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 29/56 / 2. yogazAstra (hemacandra), saMpA0, muni samadarzI, prakA0, zrI RSabhacandra jauharI, kizana lAla jaina, dillI 1963, 4/38 / dhammapada, anu0, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0, buddha vihAra lakhanaU, 1 / vahI, varga 2 / vahI, varga 43 / vahI, varga 37 / cittaM vartate cittaM, cittameva vimucyte| cittaMhi jAyate nAnyaccittameva nirudhyte|| - laMkAvatArasUtra, saMpA0, zrI parazurAma zarmA, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA 1963, 145 / brahmabindu upaniSad, aSTotara zatopaniSada, saMpA0, vAsudeva zarmA, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1932, 2 / 9. gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhaktivedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 3/40 / 10. vahI, 6/27 11. vahI, 3/40 12. vahI, 3/40 13. dekhiye-darzana aura cintana, paM0sukhalAlajI, prakA0 gujarAta, vidyA sabhA, ahamadAbAda 1957, bhAga 1, pR0 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR0 311 / 14. manazcaiva jaDaM manya-yogavAsiSTha, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI 1918, nirvANa prakaraNa, sarga 78/21 / 15. bhUmirApo'nalo vAyuH khaM mano buddhireva c| ahaMkAra itIyaM me bhinnA prkRtirssttdhaa| - gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhaktivedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 7/4 / 16. manaH dvividha:-dravyamana: bhAvamana: c| 17. rAdhAkRSNana-bhAratIya darzana, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, dillI 1966, bhAga 1 18. The Jaina's have given a modified parallelism with reference to psychic activity as determined by the Karmic matter -- They presented a sort of psycho-physical parallelism concerning individual mind & bodies yet they were not unaware of interaction between the mental and bodily activity -- Jiana's do not speak merely interms of pre-established harmony their theory transcends parallelism and postulates a more intimate connection between body and mind their motion of the structure of the mind and functional aspects of the mind shows that they were aware of the significance of interaction. Jaina theory was an attempt at the integration of metaphysical dichotomy of Jiva and Ajiva and the establishment of the interaction of individual mind and body. -- Some Problems of Jaina Psychology, University of Karntaka, Dharwar, 1961, Page 29. For Private & Personal use only .

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382 19. vizada tulanAtmaka vivecanA ke liye dekhiye- darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAlajI, prakA0, gujarAta vidyA sabhA ahamadAbAda, 1957, bhAga 1, pR0 134-135 / 20. vizada vivecanA ke lie dekhie - vizuddhimaggo, anu0 bhikSudharmarakSita, prakA0, mahAbodhi sabhA, banArasa 1956-57, bhAga 2, pR0 103 - 128 ( hindI anuvaad)| 21. gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhakti vedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 15/9 / 22. sadde ruve ya gandhe ya, rase phAse taheva y| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 paMcavihe kAmaguNe, nicdaso parivajjae / / -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 16 / 10 / 23. jANato parasaMto IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevaliNo / kevaliNANI tamhA teNa du so'bandhago bhnnido|| pariNAmapuvvavayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakAraNaM hoii| pariNAmarahiyavayaNaM tamhA gANIssa Na hi bandho IhApukhvaM vayaNaM jIvassa va baMdhakAraNaM hoii| IhArahayaM vayaNaM tamhA NANIssa Na hi bandho / / ThANaNisejjavihArA IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevaliNo / tamhA Na hoI bandho sAkaDaM mohasaNIyassa / / niyamasAra, anu0, paM0 parameSThIdAsa nyAyatIrtha, prakA0 satsAhitya prakAzana evaM pracAra vibhAga, zrI kundakunda mahAna digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa jayapura 1988 I0, 171, 172, 173, 174 / TippaNI-- IhA zabda vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa kI apekSA vimarzarahita " vAsanA" ke adhika nikaTa hai| 24. gaNadharavAda, prakA0, bhairoMdAna jeThamala seThiyA, bIkAnera vI0saM0, 2458, vAyubhUti se carcA | 25. parAMci khAni vyatRNatsvayaMbhU stasmAtparApazcati nAntarAtman kaTha 0 2/1/1 / 26. savve suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA -- AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0, madhukaramuni, prakA0, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1980, 1/2/2 / 27. indriya mnonukuulaayaamprvRtto| - abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, zrI vijayarAjendrasUri, ratalAma, khaNDa 2, pR0 575 / 28. lAbhasyArthasyAbhilASAtireke-- vahI, pR0 575 29. rAgassa heuM samaNunnamAhu dosassaM heuM amaNunnamAhu-- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 32/23 / tulanA kIjiye: rAga kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM - 1. zubha (anukUla) karake dekhanA, 2. anucita vicAra / dveSa kI utpati ke do hetu haiM - 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA tathA 2. anucita vicAra / aMguttara nikAya, anu0, bhadanta Ananda ko satyAyana, prakA0, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA dUsarA nipAta 11/6-71 30. tao se jAyaMti paoyaNAI, nimajjiDaM mohamahaNNavammi / suhesiNo dukkhaviNoyaNA, tappaccayaM ujjamae ya rAgI / / kohaM ca mANaM ca taheva mAyaM, lohaM duguMchaM araI raI ca / hAsaM bhaMya sogapumitthiveyaM, napuMsaveyaM vivihe ya bhAve / / AvajjaI eyamaNegarUve evaMvihe kAmaguNesu satto / atre ya eyapyabhave visese kAruNNadINe hirime vahasse || 31. dhyAyato viSayAnpuMsaH saMgasteSUpajAyate / -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 32/105, 102, 103 / 32. rAgo yA doso vi ya kampanI kampaM ca mohappabhavaM vyti| 34. 35. saMgAtsaMjAyate kAmaH kAmAtkrodhA'bhijAyate / / krodhAd bhavati saMmohaH saMmohAtsmRtivibhramaH / smRtibhraMzAd buddhinAzo buddhinAzAtpraNazyati / / - gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhakti vedAnta TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 2/62-63 / 33. icchA-dveSa samutthena indamohena bhArata / sarvabhUtAni sammohaM sarge yAnti parantapa / / - gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0 bhakti vedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 7/27/ 37. 38. kammaM ca jAimaraNassa mUlaM dukkhaM ca jAImaraNaM vayaMti / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 32/7/ saMyuttanikAya, nandana varga, pR0 12 vinendriyajayaM naiva kaSAyAn jetumIzvaraH yogazAstra, saMpA0, muni samadarzI, prakA0 zrI RSabhacanda jauharI kizana lAla jaina, dillI 1963, 4/24 / 36. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 197232/23 / vahI, 32/24 vahI, 32 / 27 39. vahI, 32 / 28 40. vahI, 32 / 32 49. vahI, 32 / 36 42. vahI, 32 / 37 43. vahI, 32/40 44. vahI, 32/41 45. vahI, 32/43 46. vahI, 32 / 49 47. vahI, 32/50 48. vahI, 32/53 49. vahI, 32/54 50. vahI, 32 / 62 51. vahI, 32/63 .

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mana-zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 383 52. vahI, 32/71 53. vahI, 32/72 54. vahI, 32/75 55. vahI, 32/76 56. vahI, 32/79 57. vahI, 32/80 58. vahI, 32/84 59. yogazAstra (hemacandra) saMpA0, muni samadarzI, prakA0, zrI RSabhacanda jauharI kizana lAla jaina, dillI 1963, 4/28-33 / 60. gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhakti vedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 2/60-67, 3/41 / 61. dhammapada, anu0, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0, buddha bihAra, lakhanaU 1/7-8 / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 32/100 / 63. vahI, 32/101 / 64. gItA, 3/43 65. gItA, 3/6 66. gItA, 2/59 67. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/109 68. gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhaktivedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 2/64 / 69. maNo sAhasio bhImo duTThaso pridhaavii| -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 23/58 70. saMrambha-samArambhe Arambhe ya taheva y| maNaM pavattamANAM tu niyattijja jayaM jii|| ---uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, sAdhvI candanA, prakA0, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 24/11 71. gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhaktivedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI 1993, 6/34 / 72. vahI, 6/35 / 73. mana:saMyamya maccitto yukta AsIta matparaH |-vhii, 6/14 / 74. dhammapada, (cittavarga), anu0, rAhulasAMkRtyAyana, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU, 33-35 / 75. yogazAstra (hemacandra), 36-39 / 76. prakRtiM yAnti bhUtAni nigrahaH kiM krissyti| -gItA, saMpA0, svAmI prabhupAda, prakA0, bhaktivedAnta buka TrasTa, bambaI, 1993, 3/33 / 77. sarvAvasyA evaM rAjarSi! bhuutjaatairjgttrye| devAdevArapi dehojJayaM dvayAtmaiva svbhaavtH| ajJamasvatha tajjJa vA yAvatsvAntaM shriirkrm|| -yogavAsiSTha, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1918,105/109 / 78. tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate mnH| saMkSubdhe cittaratne tu siddhirnaiva kdaacn|| prajJopAyavinizcaya,5/40 (uddhRta bodhicaryAvatAra, bhuumikaa),pR020| 79. bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA, pR0 20 / 80. vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye dekhiye-gunnsthaanaarohnn| 81. yogazAstra, saMpA0, muni samadarzI, prakA0, zrI RSabhacandra jauharI, kizanalAla jaina, dillI 1963, 12/33-36 /

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza -vyakti kA vyaktitva usakI manovRttiyoM athavA AvegoM para nirbhara meM chAyA pudgala se prabhAvita jIva ke pariNAmoM (manobhAvoM) ko lezyA karatA hai| vyakti jitanA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM mAnA hai| isI AdhAra para devendramuni zAstrI ne lezyA ko eka prakAra utanI sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jaayegii| jisa vyakti meM AvegoM kA paudgalika paryAvaraNa mAnA hai, jo manovRttiyoM ko nirdhArita karatA (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA evaM tIvratA hogI, usakA vyaktitva hai| DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne bhI apane zodha-nibandha meM bhagavatIsUtra (1/ utanA hI nimnastarIya evaM azAnta hogaa| AvegoM (manovRttiyoM) kI 9) kI TIkA ke AdhAra para lezyA ko audArika Adi zarIroM kA tIvratA aura unakI zubhAzubhatA donoM hI hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita varNa mAnA hai| ve likhatI haiM ki lezyA eka paudgalika pariNAma hai| karatI haiN| vastuta: AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai-1. dravya-lezyA meM utanI hI asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA aura 2. bhaav-leshyaa| ata: hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki inameM hogI utanI hI cAritrika dRr3hatA meM kamI hogii| AvegAtmaka asthiratA mAtra dravya hI paudgalika hai, bhAva-lezyA nhiiN| bhAva lezyA to dravya hI anaitikatA kI jananI hai| isa prakAra AvegAtmakatA, caritra-bala lezyA ke AdhAra para banane vAlI cittavRttiyA~ haiN| ina donoM meM kAryakAraNa aura vyaktitva tInoM hI eka-dUsare se jur3e haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa bhAva yA nimitta-naimittika sambandha to haiM kintu donoM alaga-alaga haiN| rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti ke mUlyAMkana ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM 1. dravya-lezyA-dravya-lezyA sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se nirmita kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie, varan unakI prazastatA aura vaha saMracanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM evaM tajjanita karmoM kA sApekSa aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna kAla se hI rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai| jisa prakAra pitta dravya kI vizeSatA vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha se svabhAva meM kruddhatA AtI hai aura krodha ke kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa usake vyaktitva se jor3A jAtA rahA hai| vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA bahula rUpa se hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se manobhAva. zreNI-vibhAjana ke zArIrika evaM manovaijJAnika aneka AdhAroM meM eka banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirmANa AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta manovRttiyA~ bhI rahI haiN| jisa hotA hai| lezyA-dravya yA dravya-lezyA-svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcArya vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM, usI AdhAra para usake rAjendrasUrijI' evaM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne nimna tIna matoM ko uddhRta vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| manovRttiyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kiyA hai - evaM tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA (1) lezyA-dravya karmavargaNA se bane hue haiN| yaha mata uttarAdhyayana bahuta purAnI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA ke granthoM meM aisA vargIkaraNa kI TIkA meM hai| yA zreNI-vibhAjana upalabdha hai| jaina paramparA meM isa vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra (2) lezyA-dravya badhyamAna karmapravAha rUpa meM hai| yaha mata bhI usakA lezyA-siddhAnta hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM vAdivaitAla zAntisUri kA hai| vikAsa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ke anya siddhAnta yathA- (3) lezyA-yoga pariNAma hai arthAt zArIrika, vAcika aura bahirAtmA-antarAtmA kA siddhAnta evaM guNasthAna ke siddhAnta bhI pracalita mAnasika kriyAoM kA pariNAma hai| yaha mata AcArya haribhadra kA hai| hai, kintu ina sabameM lezyA-siddhAnta hI sabase pracIna hai, kyoMki trividha merI dRSTi se dravya-lezyA ko hama vyakti kA AbhA maNDala kaha AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura guNasthAna siddhAnta donoM hI IsA kI pA~cavIM sakate hai| DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne apane zodha-prabandha meM aura unase pUrva zatI ke pUrva upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| jabaki lezyA-siddhAnta bhagavatI yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne apane grantha AbhAmaNDala meM isa para vistAra se aura uttarAdhyayana jaise IsvI pUrva ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| anya prakAza DAlA hai| zramaNa paramparAoM meM lezyA-siddhAnta kA sthAna abhijAti kI kalpanA 2. bhAva-lezyA-bhAva-lezyA AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA ne liyA hai| gItA meM ise daivI evaM AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM varNita anta:karaNa kI vRtti hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI ke zabdoM meM bhAva-lezyA kiyA gayA hai| manobhAva vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata hai| saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara, tIvratama, manda, mandatara, mandatama Adi lezyA-siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva aneka bheda hone se lezyA (manobhAva) vastuH aneka prakAra kI hai tathApi jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo saMkSepa meM cha: bheda karake (jaina) zAstra meM usakA svarUpa varNana kiyA AtmA ko karmoM se lipta karatI hai yA jisake dvArA AtmA karmoM se gayA hai| lipta hotI hai arthAt bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha lezyA hai| uttarAdhyayana uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA nirvacana varNa, gandha, kI bRhad-vRtti meM lezyA kA artha ANvika AbhA, kAnti, prabhA yA rasa, sparza, manobhAva, karma Adi aneka pakSoM ke AdhAra para huA chAyA kiyA gayA hai| yApanIya AcArya zivArya ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA hai, lekina hama apane vivecana ko lezyAoM ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa taka

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza 385 sImita rakhanA ucita smjheNge| manodazAoM meM saMkleza kI nyUnAdhikatA vicAra atyanta nimna koTi ke evaM krUra hote haiN| vAsanAtmaka pakSa jIvana athavA manobhAvoM kI azubhatva se zubhatva kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA hai| prANI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika ke AdhAra para hI unake vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| aprazasta aura prazasta evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyantraNa karane meM akSama rahatA hai| vaha apanI ina dvividha manobhAvoM ke unakI taratamatA ke AdhAra para cha: bheda indriyoM para niyantraNa na rakha pAne ke kAraNa binA kisI prakAra ke zubhAzubha varNita haiM vicAra ke sadaiva indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pUrti meM nimagna rahatA hai| isa aprazasta manobhAva prazasta manobhAva prakAra bhoga-vilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, 1. kRSNa-lezyA-tIvratama aprazasta manobhAta | 4. tejo-lezyA - maMda prazasta manobhAva corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai| svabhAva se vaha nirdayI 2. nIla-lezyA-tIvra aprazasta manobhAva |5. padma-lezyA- tIvra prazasta manobhAva va nRzaMsa hotA hai aura hiMsaka kArya karane meM use tanika bhI arUci 3. kApota-lezyA-maMda aprazasta manobhAva 6 zukla-lezyA-tIvratamaprazasta manobhAva nahIM hotI tathA apane choTe se svArtha ke nimitta dUsare kA bar3A se bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM krtaa| mAtra yahI nahIM vaha lezyAeM evaM vyaktitva kA zreNI-vibhAjana dUsaroM ko nirarthaka pIr3A yA trAsa dene meM Ananda mAnatA hai| kRSNa lezyAeM manobhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa mAtra nahIM haiM, varan caritra ke lezyA se yukta prANI vAsanAoM ke andhapravAha se hI zAsita hotA AdhAra para kiye gaye vyaktitva ke prakAra bhI haiN| manobhAva athavA saMkalpa hai, isalie bhAvAveza meM usameM svayaM ke hitAhita kA vicAra karane Antarika tathya hI nahIM haiM, varan ve kriyAoM ke rUpa meM bAhya abhivyakti kI kSamatA bhI nahIM hotii| vaha dUsare kA ahita mAtra isalie nahIM bhI cAhate haiN| vastuta: saMkalpa hI karma meM rUpAntarita hote haiN| beDale karatA ki usase usakA svayaM kA koI hita hogA, varan vaha to apane kA yaha kathana ucita hai ki karma saMkalpa kA rUpAntaraNa hai| manobhUmi krUra svabhAva ke vazIbhUta ho, apane hita ke abhAva meM bhI dUsare kA yA saMkalpa vyakti ke AcaraNa kA preraka sUtra hai, lekina karmakSetra meM ahita karatA rahatA hai| saMkalpa aura AcaraNa do alaga-alaga tattva nahIM rahate haiN| AcaraNa 2. nIla-lezyA (azubhatara manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke se saMkalpoM kI manobhUmi kA nirmANa hotA hai aura saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA lakSaNa-vyaktitva kA yaha prakAra pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA para hI AcaraNa sthita hotA hai| manobhUmi aura AcaraNa (caritra) kA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai| isa avasthA meM bhI prANI kA vyavahAra ghaniSTha sambandha hai / itanA hI nahIM, manovRtti svayaM meM bhI eka AcaraNa vAsanAtmaka pakSa se zAsita hotA hai| lekina vaha apanI vAsanAoM hai| mAnasika karma bhI karma hI hai| ata: jaina vicArakoM ne jaba lezyA kI pUrti meM apanI buddhi kA prayoga karane lagatA hai| ata: isakA vyavahAra pariNAma kI carcA kI to, ve mAtra manodazAoM kI carcAoM taka hI prakaTa rUpa meM to kucha parimArjita sA rahatA hai, lekina usake pIche sImita nahIM rahe, varan unhoMne usa manodazA se pratyutpanna jIvana ke kuTilatA hI kAma karatI hai| yaha virodhI kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa karma kSetra meM ghaTita hone vAle bAhya vyavahAroM kI carcA bhI kI aura se karatA hai| aisA prANI IrSyAlu, sahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, isa prakAra jaina lezyA-siddhAnta vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kA vyavahArika nirlajja,lampaTa, dveSa-buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai|11 siddhAnta bana gyaa| jaina vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para yaha vaha apanI sukha-suvidhA kA sadaiva dhyAna rakhatA hai aura dUsare kA ahita batAyA ki manovRtti evaM AcaraNa kI dRSTi se vyakti kA vyaktitva apane hita ke nimitta karatA hai, yahA~ taka ki vaha apane alpa hita yA to zubha (naitika) hogA yA azubha (anaitik)| inheM dhArmika aura ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita bhI kara detA hai| jina prANiyoM se usakA adhArmika athavA zukla-pakSI aura kRSNa-pakSI bhI kahA gayA hai| vastutaH svArtha sadhatA hai una prANiyoM kA aja-poSaNa-nyAya ke anusAra vaha eka varga vaha hai jo naitikatA yA zubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| dUsarA kucha dhyAna avazya rakhatA hai, lekina manovRtti dUSita hI hotI hai| varga vaha hai jo anaitikatA yA azubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| isa prakAra jaise bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usa bakare guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke ye do prakAra banate haiN| kA hita hogA varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika lekina jaina vicAraka mAtra guNAtmaka vargIkaraNa se santuSTa nahIM hue aura mAMsa milegaa| aisA vyakti dUsare kA bAhya rUpa meM jo bhI hita karatA unhoMne una do guNAtmaka prakAroM ko tIna-tIna prakAra ke mAtrAtmaka antaroM dikhAI detA hai, usake pIche usakA gahana svArtha rahatA hai| (jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa) ke AdhAra para cha: bhAgoM meM vibhAjita 3. kApota-lezyA (azubha manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke kiyaa| jaina lezyA-siddhAnta kA Tvidha vargIkaraNa isI AdhAra para lakSaNa-yaha manovRtti bhI dUSita hai| isa manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra huA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne ina mAtrAtmaka antaroM ke tIna, nau, ikyAsI mana, vacana, karma se ekarUpa nahIM hotaa| usakI karanI-kathanI aura do sau taiMtAlisa upabheda bhI ginAyeM hai, lekina prAcIna Tvidha bhinna hotI hai| manobhAvoM meM saralatA nahIM hotI, kapaTa aura ahaMkAra vargIkaraNa hI adhika pracalita rahA hai| nimna paMktiyoM meM hama ina chaH hotA hai| vaha apane doSoM ko sadaiva chipAne kI koziza karatA hai| prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI carcA kareMge usakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha evaM vyavahAra anArya hotA hai| vaha vacana 1. kRSNa-lezyA (azubha bhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- se dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karane vAlA athavA dUsare ke rahasyoM yaha vyaktitva kA sabase nikRSTa rUpa hai| isa avasthA meM prANI ke ko prakaTa karake usase apane hita sAdhane vAlA, dUsare ke dhana kA

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386 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 apaharaNa karane vAlA evaM mAtsarya bhAvoM se yukta hotA hai| phira bhI dRSTi se isane cAturvarNya ke siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA thA, jisapara aisA vyakti dUsare kA ahita tabhI karatA hai, jaba usase usakI svArtha janmanA aura karmaNA dRSTikoNoM ko lekara zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA siddhi nahIM hotI hai|12 meM kAphI vivAda bhI rahA hai| sAdhanAtmaka dRSTikoNa se guNa-karma ke 4. tejo-lezyA (zubha manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- AdhAra para vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa na kevala jaina, yaha manodazA pavitra hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM prANI pApabhIru hotA bauddha aura hindU paramparA ne kiyA hai, varan anya lupta zramaNa paramparAoM hai| yadyapi vaha anaitika AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, tathApi meM bhI aise vargIkaraNA upalabdha hote haiN| dIghanikAya meM AjIvaka sampradAya vaha sukhApekSI hotA hai| lekina kisI anaitika AcaraNa dvArA una sukhoM ke AcArya maMkhaliputra gozAlaka evaM aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke kI prApti yA apanA svArtha sAdhana nahIM krtaa| dhArmika aura naitika nAma ke sAtha hI vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki dIghanikAya AcaraNa meM usakI pUrNa AsthA hotI hai| ata: una kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke sAmaMjaphalasutta meM gozAlaka sambandhI vivaraNa meM mAtra "chasvevAbhimeM Ananda prApta karatA hai, jo dhArmika yA naitika dRSTi se zubha hai| jAtIsu" itanA ullekha hai, jabaki aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke isa manobhUmi meM dUsare ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai| saMkSepa dvArA prastuta vivaraNa meM ina chahoM abhijAtiyoM meM kauna kisa varga meM meM, isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNa vAlA, namra, niSkapaTa, AtA hai, isakA bhI ullekha hai| kintu isameM AjIvaka, zramaNoM aura AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM yogI hotA hai| 13 vaha priya evaM AcAryoM ko sarvocca vargoM meM rakhanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha dRr3hadharmI tathA parahitaiSI hotA hai| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare kA ahita siddhAnta mUlata: AjIvakoM arthAt maMkhali gozAlaka kI paramparA kA to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM jabaki dUsarA usake rahA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yA to bhrAntivaza athavA pUrNakazyapa dvArA hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jaaye| bhI mAnya hone ke kAraNa ise unake nAmoM se kahA gayA hai| isakI jaina AgamoM meM tejolezyA kI zakti ko prApta karane ke liye mAnyatA ke anusAra kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra, zukla aura paramazukla viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhi kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| gozAlaka ne mahAvIra ye cha: abhijAtiyA~ hai| ukta vargIkaraNa meM kRSNa abhijAti meM nirgantha se tejolezyA kI jo sAdhanA sIkhI thI usakA durupayoga usane svayaM aura AjIvaka zramaNoM ke atirikta anya zramaNoM ko, lohita abhijAti bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ke prati kiyaa| isa prakAra tejolezyA meM nirgrantha zramaNoM ko, haridra abhijAti meM AjIvaka gRhasthoM ko, zukla kA upayoga zubhatva aura azubhatva donoM hI dizA meM sambhava ho abhijAti AjIvaka ke praNetA AcArya-varga ko rakhA gayA hai| jJAtavya sakatA hai| hai ki caturtha varga ke artha meM pUjya AcArya devendramunijI ne apane 5. padma-lezyA (zubhatara manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- 'puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha' meM evaM DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne apane zodhaisa manobhUmi meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmi kI apekSA adhika prabandha meM jo zvetavastradhArI yA nirvastra kA artha likhA hai vaha ucita hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobharUpa azubha / nahIM hai usameM mUlazabda hai-"odAttavasanI acelsaavkaa"| isakA manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI haiN| prANI saMyamI artha hai udAtta vastra vAle acelakoM (AjIvakoM) ke shraavk| isameM tathA yogI hotA hai tathA yoga-sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AtmajayI evaM acelasAvakA kA artha acelakoM ke zrAvaka aisA hai| odAttavasanA praphullita hotA hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAnta eva jitendriya hotA hai|14 yaha zrAvakoM kA vizeSaNa hai| 6. zukla-lezyA (paramazubha manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA jaina vicAraNA ke lezyA-siddhAnta se bahuta lakSaNa-yaha manobhUmi zubha manovRtti kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai| pichalI kucha zabda sAmya hai, lekina jaina dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa isa artha meM manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa avasthA meM vartamAna rahate haiM, lekina bhinna hai ki eka to yaha kevala mAnava jAti taka sImita hai, jabaki unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| prANI upazAnta, jitendriya jaina vargIkaraNa isameM sampUrNa prANI varga kA samAveza karatA hai| dUsare, evaM prasannacitta hotA hai| usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA jaina dRSTikoNa vyaktipUraka hai, jo sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara kahatA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsare ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yA vyakti samUha apanI manovRttiyoM evaM karmoM cAhatA hai| mana-vacana-karma se ekarUpa hotA hai tathA unapara usakA pUrNa ke AdhAra para kisI bhI varga yA abhijAti meM sammilita ho sakatA niyantraNa hotA hai| use mAtra apane Adarza kA bodha rahatA hai| binA hai| yahA~ yaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai ki jahA~ gozAlaka dvArA dUsare kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra sva-kartavya ke paripAlana ke prati jAgarUka zramaNoM ko nIla abhijAti meM rakhA gayA, vahIM nirganthoM ko lohita rahatA hai| sadaiva sva-dharma evaM sva-svarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| abhijAti meM rakhanA unake prati kucha samAdara bhAva kA dyotaka avazya hai| sambhava hai ki mahAvIra evaM gozAlaka kA pUrva sambandha hI isakA lezyA-siddhAnta aura anya vicAraNAe~ kAraNa rahA ho| jahA~ taka bhagavAn buddha kI tatsambandhI mAnyatA kA bhArata meM vyakti ke manovRttiyoM guNoM evaM kamoM ke AdhAra para prazna hai, ve pUrNakazyapa athavA gozAlaka kI mAnyatA se apane ko vargIkaraNa karane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| yaha vargIkaraNa sAmAjika sahamata nahIM kara pAte haiN| ve vyakti ke naitika stara ke AdhAra para evaM sAdhanAtmaka donoM dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA rahA hai| sAmAjika vargIkaraNa to prastuta karate haiM, lekina ve apane vargIkaraNa ko jaina

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza 387 vicAraNA ke samAna hI sArvabhauma evaM vastuniSTha hI rakhanA cAhate haiN| kiye gaye haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki prANiyoM yA manuSyoM kI prakRti ve yaha bhI nahIM batAte ki amuka varga yA vyakti isa varga kA hai, varan do hI prakAra kI hotI hai- daivI yA aasurii|8 usameM bhI daivI gaNa yahI kahate haiM ki jisakI manobhUmikA evaM AcAraNa jisa varga ke anusAra mokSa ke hetu haiM aura AsurI guNa bandhana ke hetu haiN| 19 gItA meM hameM hogA, vaha usa varga meM A jaayegaa| pUrNakazyapa ke dRSTikoNa kI dvividha vargIkaraNa hI milatA hai, jinheM hama daivI aura AsurI prakRti samAlocanA karate hue bhagavAn buddha Ananda se kahate haiM ki 'maiM kaheM, cAhe kRSNa aura zuklapakSI kaheM yA kRSNa aura zukla abhijAti abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~ lekina merA mantavya dUsaroM se pRthak kheN| SaT lezyAoM kI jaina vicAraNA ke vivecana meM bhI do hI mUla hai'|16 manodazAoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNaparaka vargIkaraNa bauddha vicAraNA prakAra haiM-prathama tIna kRSNa, nIla aura kApota-lezyA ko avizuddha, kA pramukha mantavya thaa| aprazasta aura saMkliSTa kahA gayA hai aura antima tIna tejo, padma bauddha vicAraNA meM prathamataH prazasta aura aprazasta manobhAva tathA aura zukla-lezyA ko vizuddha prazasta aura asaMkliSTa kahA gayA hai|20 karma ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti ko kRSNa aura zukla varga meM rakhA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki kRSNa, nIla evaM kApota adharma gyaa| jo krUra karmI haiM ve kRSNa abhijAti ke haiM aura jo zubha karmI lezyAyeM haiM, inake kAraNa jIvana durgati meM jAtA hai aura tejoM, padma haiM ve zukla abhijAti ke haiN| puna: kRSNa prakAra vAle aura zukla evaM zukla dharmalezyAyeM haiM, inake kAraNa jIva saMgati meM jAtA hai|21 prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna bhAgoM meM paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM ki kRSNa aura zukla ke bIca kI lezyAyeM, bA~TA gayA hai| jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI lezyAoM ko prazasta aura vicAragata azubhatA ke vividha mizraNa mAtra haiN|22 jaina dRSTi ke anusAra aprazasta ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka ke tIna-tIna vibhAga kiye dharma lezyAyeM yA prazasta lezyAyeM mokSa kI hetu to hotI hai evaM jIvanamukta gaye haiN| bauddha vicAraNA ne zubhAzubha karmoM evaM manobhAvoM ke AdhAra avasthA taka vidyAmAna bhI rahatI haiM, lekina videha mukti usI avasthA para cha: varga to mAna liye, lekina isake atirikta unhoMne eka varga meM hotI hai jaba prANI inase bhI Upara uTha jAtA hai| isalie yahA~ una logoM kA bhI mAnA jo zubhAzubha se Upara uTha gaye haiM aura ise yaha kahA gayA hai ki dharma lezyAyeM sugati kA kAraNa haiM, nirvANa akRSNa zukla kahA, jaise jaina darzana meM arhat ko alezI kahA gayA kA nahIM / nirvANa kA kAraNa to lezyAoM se atIta honA hai| hai| isa prakAra buddha ne nimna cha: abhijAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI hai jaina vicAraNA vivecanA ke kSetra meM vizleSaNAtmaka adhika rahI 1. koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika (nIca kula meM paidA huA) ho hai| ataeva vargIkaraNa karane kI sthiti meM bhI usane kAphI gaharAI aura kRSNa dharma (pApakRtya) karatA hai| taka jAne kI koziza kI aura isI AdhAra para yaha SaTvidha vivecana 2. koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho aura zukla dharma karatA hai| kiyaa| lekina tathya yaha hai ki guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para to 3. koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho akRSNa-azukla nirvANa ko do hI bheda hote haiM, zeSa vargIkaraNa mAtrAtmaka hI haiN| isa prakAra yadi samutpanna karatA hai| mUla AdhAroM kI dRSTi rakheM to jaina aura gItA kI vicAraNA ko atinikaTa 4. koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika (uccakula meM samutpanna huA) hI pAte haiN| jahA~ taka jaina darzana kI dharma aura adharma lezyAoM meM ho tathA zukla dharma (puNya) karatA hai| tathA gItA kI devI aura AsurI sampadA meM prANI kI mana:sthiti evaM 5. koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho aura kRSNakarma karatA hai| AcaraNa kA jo citraNa kiyA gayA hai, usameM bahuta kucha zabda evaM 6. koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho azukla-akRSNa nirvANa bhAva sAmya hai| ko samutpanna karatA hai| isa vargIkaraNa meM bhagavAn buddha ne janma aura karma donoM ko hii| dharma lezyAoM meM prANI kI mana daivI sampadA se yuktaprANIkImanaHsthiti apanA AdhAra banAyA hai jabaki jaina paramparA manobhAvoM aura karmoM ko| sthiti evaM cAritra (uttarAdhyayana evaM cAritra (gItA" kA dRSTikoNa) hI mahattva detI hai, janma ko nhiiN| phira bhI usameM deva evaM nAraka ke ke AdhAra para jaina dRSTikoNa)" sambandha meM jo lezyA kI carcA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki ve varga zAntacitta evaM svaccha antaHkaraNa vAlA vizeSa meM janma ke sAtha lezyA vizeSa kI upasthiti mAnate the| 2. jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa meM rata tattvajJAna ke lie dhyAna meM nirantara dar3ha sthiti lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA 3. indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA gItA meM bhI prANiyoM ke guNa-karma ke anusAra vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA milatI hai| gItA na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se prANiyoM 4. svAdhyAyI svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA ko guNa-karma ke anusAra cAra vargoM meM vargIkRta karatI hai, varan vaha 5. hitaiSI ahiMsAyukta, dayAzIla tathA abhaya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI eka alaga vargIkaraNa prastuta karatI hai| gItA 6. krodha kI nyUnatA akrodhI, kSamAzIla ke 16veM adhyAya meM prANiyoM kI AsurI evaM daivI aisI do prakAra 7. mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA tyAgI kI prakRti batalAyI gaI hai aura isI AdhAra para prANiyoM ke do vibhAga tyAgI

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388 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 8. alpabhASI apizunI tathA satyazIla avadhAraNA kI spaSTa samIkSA bhI kI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki na to 9. indriya aura mana para adhikAra alolupa (indriya viSayoM meM anAsakta) sabhI zUdra kAle hote haiM aura na sabhI brAhmaNa zakla varNa ke hote haiN| karane vAlA __sAtha hI mahAbhArata meM vargoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kI ucca evaM 10. tejasvI tejasvI nimna gatiyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| sabhI vargoM kI carcA karate hue 11. dRr3hadharmI dhairyavAna bhI batAyA gayA hai ki nArakIya jIvoM kA varNa kRSNa hotA hai, jo 12. namra evaM vinIta komala naraka se nikalate haiM unakA varNa dhUmra hotA hai| mAnava jAti kA varNa 13. capalatA rahita tathA zAMta capalatArahita (acapala) nIlA hotA hai| devoM kA varNa rakta (lAla) hotA hai| anugrahazIla viziSTa 14. pApabhIru, zAnta loka aura zAstraviruddha AcaraNa meM devoM kA varNa hAridra aura sAdhakoM kA varNa zukla hotA hai| isa prakAra lajjA hama dekhate haiM ki varNoM (raMgoM) ke AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai| aprazasta yA adharma lezyAoM meM AsurI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHprANiyoM kI manaHsthiti evaM sthiti evaM cAritra(gItAkA dRSTikoNa) yogasUtra evaM lezyA-siddhAnta cAritra (uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra pataMjali ne apane yogasUtra meM cAra jAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI haiMpara jaina dRSTikoNa) 1. kRSNa, 2. kRSNa-zukla, 3. zukla aura 4. ashukl-akRssnn| 1. ajJAnI kartavyAkartavya ke jJAna kA abhAva __inheM kramaza: azuddhatara, azuddha, zuddha aura aura zuddhatara kahA gayA 2. - naSTAtmA evaM cintAgrasta 3. mana, vacana evaM karma se agupta mAnasika evaM kAyika zauca se rahita uparokta AdhAroM para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prArambha meM kRSNa (apavitra) aura zukla ina do vaNoM kI kalpanA kI inheMmanovRtti, AcaraNa,gati 4. durAcArI azuddha AcAra (durAcArI) Adi se jor3A gyaa| jaina darzana meM inheM kRSNapakSI aura zuklapakSI 5. kapaTI kapaTI, mithyAbhASI kahA gayA tathA kRSNapakSI ko mithyAdRSTi aura zuklapakSI ko samyak6. mithyAdRSTi AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM mithyA dRSTi mAnA gyaa| bauddha grantha dhammapada meM kRSNa dharma aura zakla dharma dRSTikoNa kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paNDita kRSNa dharma kA parityAga 7. avicArapUrvaka karma karane vAlA alpabuddhi kara zukla dharma kA anusaraNa kre| Age calakara akRSNa-azukla rUpa 8. nRzaMsa kUrakarmI nirvANa kalpanA ke sAtha tIna varga banAye gye| phira janma ke AdhAra 9. hiMsaka hiMsaka, jagat kA nAza karane vAlA para kRSNa-abhijAti aura zukla-abhijAti kI kalpanA kA karma kI 10. rasalolupa evaM viSayI kAmabhoga parAyaNa tathA krodhI dRSTi se ukta tIna avasthAoM se saMyoga karake bauddha dharma meM bhI cha: 11. avirata tRSNAyukta varga bane, jinakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa prakAra kRSNa 12. cora cora aura zukla donoM ke saMyoga se kRSNa-zukla nAmaka tIsare aura donoM kA atikramaNa karane se cauthe varga kI kalpanA kI gayI aura isa prakAra mahAbhArata aura lezyA-siddhAnta eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI huaa| pataMjali aura bauddha darzana meM yaha gItA mahAbhArata kA aMga hai aura mahAbhArata meM sanatkumAra evaM caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI milatA hai| isa prakAra kRSNa aura zukla varNa vRtrAsura ke saMvAda meM prANiyoM ke cha: prakAra ke varNoM kA nirdeza huA ke madhyavartI anya vargoM kI kalpanA ke sAtha AjIvaka Adi kucha hai| ve varNa haiM- kRSNa, dhUmra, nIla, rakta, hAridra aura shukl| ina prAcIna zramaNa dhArAoM meM SaT abhijAtiyoM kI aura jainadhArA meM lezyAoM cha:- vargoM kI sukhAtmaka sthiti kA citraNa karate hue kahA gayA kI avadhAraNA sAmane AyI hai| hai ki kRSNa, dhUmra aura nIla varNa kA sukha madhyama hotA hai, rakta varNa kA sukha sahya hotA hai, hAridra varNa sukhakara hotA hai aura zukla varNa lezyA-siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA raoNsa ke naitika vyaktitva kA sarvAdhika sukhakara hotA hai| vargIkaraNa jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhI SaT-lezyAoM kI sukhaduHkhAtmaka pAzcatya nItizAstra meM DablyU0 raoNsa bhI eka aisA vargIkaraNa prastuta sthitiyoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isake atirikta mahAbhArata meM karate haiM jisakI tulanA jaina lezyA-siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zudra Adi ina cAra varNo ke cAra raMgoM (vaNoM) raoNsa kahate haiM ki naitika zubha eka aisA zubha hai jo hamAre kAryo, icchAoM, kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isameM zUdra ko kRSNa,vaizya ko nIla, kSatriya saMvegoM tathA caritra se sambandhita hai| naitika zubhatA kA mUlya kevala ko rakta, aura brAhmaNa ko zukla varNa kahA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya isI bAta meM nahIM hai ki usakA preraka kyA hai, varan usakI anaitikatA hai ki jainAcArya jaTAsiMha nandI ne varAMgacarita (7vIM zatI) meM isa ke prati avarodhaka zakti se bhI hai| unake anusAra naitika zubhatva ke

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza 389 sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA,unake nimnatama rUpa se uccatama rUpa taka ke lie kisI naitika zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jo nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA: kucha bhI karatA hai vaha mAtra svArtha-prerita hotA hai| raoNsa ke tIsare stara 1. dUsaroM ko jitanA adhika duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, dene meM vyakti naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai| isa kI icchaa| prakAra yahA~ para bhI raoNsa evaM jaina dRSTikoNa vicAra-sAmya rakhate haiN| 2. dUsaroM ko kisI vizeSa prakAra kA asthAyI duHkha utpanna raoNsa ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe staroM kI saMyukta rUpa se tulanA karane kI icchaa| jaina dRSTi kI tejolezyA ke stara ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| rAsa cauthe 3. naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| stara meM prANI kI prakRti isa prakAra batAte haiM ki vyakti sukha to pAnA 4. aisA sukha prApta karane kI icchA jo, naitika dRSTi se ucita cAhatA hai, lekina vaha unhIM sukhoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karatA hai jo na ho, lekina anucita bhI na ho| naitika dRSTi se anucita bhI nahIM ho, pA~caveM stara para prANI naitika 5. naitika dRSTi se ucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA chaThe stara para 6. dUsaroM ko sukha dene kI icchaa| vaha dUsaroM ko sukha dene kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke 7. koI zubha kArya karane kI icchaa| anusAra bhI tejolezyA ke stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita se 8. apane naitika kartavya ke paripAlana kI icchaa|27 / ucita sukhoM ko hI pAne kI icchA rakhatA hai, sAtha-sAtha vaha dUsare raoNsa apane isa vargIkaraNa meM jaina lezyA-siddhAnta ke kAphI nikaTa kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhatA hai| A jAte haiN| jaina vicAraka aura raoNsa donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika raoNsa ke sAtaveM stara kI tulanA jainadRSTi meM padma-lezyA se kI zubha kA samanvaya hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se hai| jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra isa stara para vyakti dUsaroM yahI nahIM donoM vyakti ke naitika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isa bAta se ke hita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke hita ke lie una saba karate haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa meM kitanA parivartana huA kAryoM ko karane meM tatpara rahatA hai, jo naitika dRSTi se zubha hai| hai aura vaha vikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA meM sthita hai| raoNsa ke vargIkaraNa raoNsa ke anusAra manobhAvoM ke AThaveM sarvocca stara para vyakti ke pahale stara kI tulanA kRSNa-lezyA kI manobhUmikA se kI jA sakatI ko mAtra apane kartavya kA bodha rahatA hai| vaha hitAhita kI bhUmikAoM hai, donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra isa stara meM prANI kI manovRtti se Upara uTha jAtA hai| isI prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI naitikatA dUsaroM ko yathAsambhava duHkha dene kI hotI hai| jaina vicAraNA kA jAmuna kI isa uccatama bhUmikA meM jise zukla-lezyA kahA jAtA hai, vyakti ke vRkSa vAlA udAharaNa bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kRSNa-lezyA vAlA vyakti ko samatva bhAva kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai, ata: vaha sva aura para usa jAmuna vRkSa ke mUla ko prApta karane kI icchA rakhatA hai arthAt bheda se Upara uThakara mAtra AtmasvarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai| jitanA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai yA jitanA suHkha diyA jA sakatA isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina, bauddha aura bRhad hai, use dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| dUsare stara kI tulanA nIla lezyA hindU paramparA varan pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki se kI jA sakatI hai| raoNsa ke anusAra vyakti isa stara meM dUsaroM ko vyakti ke manobhAvoM se usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| vyakti asthAyI duHkha dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, jainadRSTi ke anusAra bhI isa kA AcaraNa eka ora usake manobhAvoM kA paricAyaka hai, to dUsarI avasthA meM prANI dUsaroM ko duHkha usI sthiti meM denA cAhatA hai, jaba ora usake naitika vyaktitva kA nirmAtA bhI hai| manobhAva evaM tajjanita unake duHkha dene se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai| isa prakAra isa stara para AcaraNa jaise-jaise azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise vyakti prANI dUsaroM ko tabhI duHkha detA hai jaba usakA svArtha use TakarAtA meM bhI paripakvatA evaM vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| aise zuddha, saMtulita, ho| yadyapi jainadRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki isa stara meM vyakti sthira evaM paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa jIvana kA lakSya hai| apane choTe se hita ke lie dUsaroM kA bar3A ahita karane meM nahIM skucaataa| jaina vicAraNA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki nIla-lezyA lezyA-siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama vAlA vyakti phala ke lie samUla vRkSa kA nAza to nahIM karatA, lekina jahA~ taka lezyA kI avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama kA usakI zAkhA ko kATa dene kI manovRtti rakhatA hai arthAt usa vRkSa prazna hai, DaoN0 lyUmena aura DaoN0 haramana jaikobI kI mAnyatA yaha hai kA pUrNa nAza nahIM, varan usake eka bhAga kA nAza karatA hai| dUsare ki AjIvakoM kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM kI kalpanA se hI jainoM meM SaTzabdoM meM AMzika duHkha detA hai| raoNsa ke tIsare stara kI tulanA jaina lezyAoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| SaT-lezyAoM ke nAma dRSTi kI kApotalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina dRSTi yaha svIkAra Adi kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM ke nAmoM se bahuta kucha sAmyatA ko dekhakara karatI hai ki nIla aura kApota-lezyA ke ina staroM meM vyakti sukhApekSI unakA yaha mAna lenA asvAbhAvika to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, phira hotA hai, lekina jina sukhoM kI vaha gaveSaNA karatA hai, ve vAsanAtmaka bhI yadi abhijAti-siddhAnta aura lezyA-siddhAnta kI mUla prakRti ko sukha hI hote haiN| dUsare, jaina vicAraNA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki dekheM to hameM donoM meM eka antara pratIta hotA hai| abhijAti kA siddhAnta kApota-lezyA ke stara taka vyakti apane svArtha yA sukhoM kI prApti dhArmika vizvAsoM aura sAdhanAoM ke bAhya AdhAra para kiyA gayA vyakti

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390 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA vargIkaraNa hai, jabaki lezyA kA siddhAnta manovRttiyoM ke AdhAra nahIM hai ki usameM koI vikAsa nahIM huaa| yadi hama jaina sAhitya meM para hone vAle manodaihika parivartanoM aura vyakti ke vyaktitva kI cAritrika upalabdha lezyA sambandhI vivaraNoM ko par3he te spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki viziSTatAoM kA sUcaka hai| ata: nAma sAmyatA hote hue bhI donoM lezyA-avadhAraNA kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| sarvaprathama meM dRSTigata bhinnatA hai| dUsare yaha hai ki pUrNakazyapa, maMkhalI gozAlaka uttarAdhyayanasUtra29 meM nAma, varNa, rasa, gandha, sparza, pariNAma, lakSaNa, Adi AjIvaka AcArya bhI mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI haiM, ata: kisase sthAna, sthiti, gati aura Ayu ina gyAraha vicAra binduoM (dvAroM) se kisane liyA hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai| puna: lezyA zabda jainoM kA apanA usa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jabaki bhagavatIsUtra evaM prajJApanAsUtra pAribhASika zabda hai, kisI bhI anya paramparA meM isa artha meM yaha zabda meM nimna pandraha vicAra binduoM (dvAroM) se lezyA kI carcA kI gayI hai| milatA hI nahIM hai| ata: isa avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA zreya to jaina 1. pariNAma, 2. varNa, 3. rasa, 4. gandha, 5. zuddha, 6. aprazasta, paramparA ko denA hI hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki SaT-abhijAti Adi usa 7. saMkliSTa, 8. uSNa, 9. gati, 10. pariNAma, 11. pradeza, 12 yuga meM samAnAntara rUpa se pracalita anya siddhAntoM se unhoMne kRSNa, vargaNA, 13. avagAhanA, 14. sthAna evaM 15. alp-bhutv| zukla, nIla Adi nAma grahaNa kiye hoM, kintu yaha bhI jJAtavya hai isake pazcAt digambara paramparA meM akalaMka ne tattvArtharAjavArtika 1 ki SaT-abhijAtiyoM evaM SaT-lezyAoM ke nAmoM meM bhI pUrI samAnatA meM lezyA kI vivecanA ke nimna solaha anuyogoM kI carcA kI hainahI hai| kevala kRSNa, nIla aura zukla ye tIna samAna haiM, kintu 1. nirdeza, 2. varNa, 3. pariNAma, 4. saMkrama, 5. karma, 6. lakSaNa, lohita, hAridra, padma-zukla ye tIna nAma lezyA-siddhAnta meM nahIM hai, 7. gati 8. svAmitva, 9. saMkhyA, 10. sAdhanA, 11. kSetra 12. unake sthAna para kApota, tejoM evaM padma ye tIna nAma milate haiN| ata: sparzana, 13. kAla, 14. antara, 15. bhAva aura 16. alp-bhutv| lezyA siddhAnta abhijAti siddhAnta kI pUrNata: anukRti nahIM hai| akalaMka ke pazcAt gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa22 meM bhI lezyA manobhAvoM, cAritrika vizuddhi, lokakalyANa kI pravRtti Adi ke AdhAra kI vivecanA ke uparyukta 16 hI adhikAroM kA ullekha huA hai| para vyaktiyoM athavA unake vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA sabhI vistArabhaya se hama yahA~ ina sabhI kI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiM, kintu dharma paramparAoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAI jAtI hai| pratyeka dharma paramparA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki aitihAsika ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se usa para vicAra kiyA hai| dRSTi se lezyA-siddhAnta kA prAcIna hone para bhI isameM kramika vikAsa aitihAsika dRSTi se lezyA zabda kA prayoga ati prAcIna hai| dekhane ko milatA hai| isakI vistRta carcA DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne apane itanA nizcita hai ki prAcIna pAli tripiTaka ke dIghanikAya aura zodha-prabandha meM kI hai| aMguttaranikAya, jinameM AbhijAti kA siddhAnta pAyA jAtA hai, kI apekSA AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhASA, zailI aura viSayavastu tInoM hI Adhunika vijJAna aura lezyA-siddhAnta dRSTiyoM se prAcIna hai| vidvAn use I0 pU0 pA~cavI-cauthI zatI kA hama dekhate haiM ki I0 pU0 pA~cavI zatAbdI se I0 san dazavIM grantha mAnate haiM aura usameM abahilesse28 zabda kI upasthiti yahI sUcita zatAbdI taka lezyA sambandhI cintana meM jo kramika vikAsa huA thA, karatI hai ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hai| punaH vaha 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda prAyaH sthira ho gayA thaa| kintu uttarAdhyayanasUtra jo AcArAMgasUtra aura sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke atirikta anya Adhunika yuga meM manovijJAna, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi jJAna sabhI AgamoM se prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai, meM lezyAoM ke sambandha meM kI nayI vidhAoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha jaina darzana kI lezyA sambandhI eka pUrA adhyayana upalabdha honA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lezyA kI vivecanAoM ko eka nayA mor3a prApta haa| jaina darzana ke lezyAavadhAraNA eka prAcIna avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika aura siddhAnta ko Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM vyAkhyAyita karane kA cAritrika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se paravartI kAla meM jo trividha-AtmA ke mukhya zreya AcArya tulasI ke vidvAn ziSya AcArya mahAprajJa jI ko siddhAnta aura guNasthAna ke siddhAnta astitva meM Aye, usakI apekSA jAtA hai| unhoMne Adhunika vyaktitva manovijJAna ke sAtha-sAtha lezyA kA siddhAnta prAcIna hai, kyoMki na kevala AcArAMgasUtra aura AbhAmaNDala, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi avadhAraNAoM ko uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM apitu sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM 'suvizuddhaleseM' tathA lekara 'AbhAmaNDala' jainayoga Adi apane grantha meM isakA vistAra se aupapAtikasUtra meM 'apaDilessa" zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ varNana kiyA hai| prAcIna aura arvAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko lekara sarvatra lezyA zabda manovRtti kA hI paricAyaka hai aura sAdhaka kI Atma- DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana nAmaka eka zodhavizuddhi kI sthiti ko sUcita karatA hai| prabandha likhA hai jisameM lezyA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI carcA kI gayI vastuta: lezyA-siddhAnta meM AtmA ke saMkliSTa athavA vizuddha hai| unhoMne apane isa zodha-grantha meM lezyA kA saiddhAntika pakSa, pariNAmoM kI carcA raMgoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| yaha raMgoM ke AdhAra manovaijJAnika pariprekSya meM lezyA, raMgoM kI manovaijJAnika prastuti, lezyA para vyaktiyoM aura unake manobhAvoM ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bhAratIya aura AbhAmaNDala, vyaktitva aura lezyA, sambhava hai vyaktitva badalAva sAhitya meM atiprAcIna kAla se rahI hai| aura lezyA dhyAna, raMgadhyAna aura lezyA Adi lezyA ke vibhinna AyAmoM lezyA kI avadhAraNA ko prAcIna kahane se hamArA yaha tAtparya para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai|

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka manovaijJAnika vimarza 391 vastuta: unakA yaha grantha lezyA kI prAcIna avadhAraNA kI Adhunika hai, use nayA AyAma pradAna kareMge aura sAtha hI mAnava ke cAritrika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM eka navIna vyAkhyA hai aura bhAvI lezyA badalAva aura AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dizA meM sahayogI bneNge| Aja sambandhI adhyayanoM ke lie mArga pradarzaka hai| isake adhyayana se yaha paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi para dhyAna to diyA jAne lagA hai, kintu isa pratiphalita hotA hai ki bhAratIya cintana kI prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko bhautika paryAvaraNa kI apekSA jo hamArA manodaihika aura mAnasika Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM kisa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA paryAvaraNa hai, jise jaina paramparA meM lezyA kahA gayA hai, use bhI zuddha hai aura unakI samakAlika prAsaMgikatA ko kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki lezyA kI AvadhAraNA hai| AzA hai Adhunika vijJAna aura manovijJAna ke adhyetA isa dizA hameM yahI iMgita karatI hai ki hama saMkliSTa mAnasika pariNAmoM se Upara meM apane prayatnoM ko Age bar3hAyeMge aura isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA uThakara apane mAnasika paryAvaraNa ko kisa prakAra zuddha rakha jo dvAra AcArya mahAprajJa aura DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne udghATita kiyA sakate haiN| sandarbha 1. dekheM-abhidAnarAjendrakoSa, zrI vijaya rAjendrasUri, ratalAma, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 2. lezyA-atIva cakSurAdIpikA snigdha, dIpta, rUpA chaayaa| -uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti patra 650 3. dekheM-bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 2, sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandra jI zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1935, gAthA 1909 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha, saMpA0 devendramuni zAstrI, prakA0, tArakaguru jaina granthAlaya, zAstrI sarkala, udayapura, 1979, khaNDa paMcama, pR0 461 / DaoN0 zAntA jaina, lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana, prathama adhyAya 6. abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, zrI vijayarAjendrasUri, ratalAma, khaNDa 6, pR0675| 7. (a) darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI, prakA0, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1957, bhAga 2, pR0 297 (ba) abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, zrI vijayarAjandesUri, ratalAma khaNDa 6, pR0 675 / 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA vIra saM0 2478, 34/3 ethikala sTaDIja, breDale, AksaphorDa vizvavidyAlaya presa,laMdana, 1927 pR065| 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 34/21-22 11. vahI, 34/21-22 12. vahI, 34/25-26 13. vahI, 34/27-28 14. vahI, 34/29-30 15. vahI, 34/31-32 16. aMguttaranikAya, anu0 bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 6/3 17. vahI, 6/3 18. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 16/6 19. vahI 16/5 20. abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, zrI vijayarAjendrasUri, ratalAma, khaNDa 6, pR0687 21. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0, ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 34/56-57 22. darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI, gujarAta vidhAsabhA ahamadAbAda, 1957, bhAga -2, pR0 112 / 23. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA-vIra saM0 2478, 34/27-32 24. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi saM0 2018, 16/1-3 25. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA-vIra saM0 2478, 34/21-36 26. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 16/7-18 27. phAuNDezana oNpha ethiksa-uddhRta, 28. AyAro, saMpA0-AcArya tulasI, prakA0-jaina vizvabhAratI, lADana, saM0 2031, -6/106 29. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 34/2 30. prajJApanAsUtra, saMpA0 AcArya amolaka RSi, prakA0-lAlA jvAlA prasAda, haidarAbAda, 17/411 31. tattvArtharAjavArtika, saMpA0- DaoN mahendrakumAra jaina, prakA0- bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, pR0 238 32. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa), saMpA0- DaoN ena0 ena0 upAdhye, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI 1978, gAthA 491-492

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jaina dharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina darzana ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha kara detA hai| sAMkhya saukhya evaM vIrya ko tathA nyAya-vaizeSika jJAna ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho aura darzana ko bhI asvIkAra kara dete haiN| bauddha-zUnyavAda astitva jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarma zuddhAvasthA hotI hai, use 'mokSa' kahA kA bhI nirAsa kara detA hai aura cArvAka darzana mokSa kI avadhAraNA jAtA hai| karma maloM ke abhAva meM karma-janita AvaraNa yA bandhana bhI ko hI samApta kara detA hai| vastutaH mokSAvasthA ko anirvacanIya mAnate nahIM rahate aura yaha bandhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai| mokSa AtmA kI hue bhI vibhinna dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke prati uttara ke lie hI mokSa zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai| anAtmA arthAt para meM mamatva yA Asakti rUpa kI isa bhAvAtmaka avasthA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAvAtmaka dRSTi AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA hI mukti hai| yahI AtmA kI zuddhAvasthA se jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM ananta catuSTaya kI upasthiti para bala hai| bandhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAyadRSTi kA viSaya detI hai| ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti hai| AtmA kI virUpa paryAya hI bandhana hai aura svarUpa paryAya mokSa ko jaina vicAraNA meM ananta catuSTaya kahA jAtA hai| bIja rUpa meM vaha hai| para padArtha, pudgala paramANu yA jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke nimitta se ananta catuSTaya sabhI jIvAtmAoM meM upasthita hai, mokSa-dazA meM inake AtmA meM jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa para mai (merA avarodhaka karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se ye pUrNa rupa meM pragaTa ho jAte pana) utpanna hotA hai yahI virUpa paryAya hai, parapariNati hai, sva kI haiN| yaha pratyeka AtmA kA svabhAvika guNa hai jo mokSAvasthA meM pUrNa para meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai| rUpa se abhivyakta ho jAtA hai| ananta catuSTaya meM anantajJAna, bandhana aura mukti donoM eka hI Atma-dravya yA cetanA kI do avasthAe~ anantadarzana, ananta zakti aura ananta saukhya (avyabAghasukha) Ate mAtra haiM, jisa prakAra svarNa kuNDala aura svarNa mukuTa svarNa kI do haiN| lekina aSTakarmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke ATha guNoM avasthAe~ haiN| lekina yadi mAtra vizuddha tattvadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe kI mAnyatA bhI jaina vicAraNA meM pracalita hai| 1. jJAnavaraNIya karma to bandhana aura mukti donoM kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki Atmatattva ke naSTa ho jAne se muktAtmA ananta jJAna yA pUrNa jJAna se yukta hotA sva svarUpa kA parityAga kara parasvarUpa meM kabhI bhI pariNita nahIM hotaa| hai| 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne se ananta darzana se sampanna vizuddha tattvadRSTi se to AtmA nitya mukta hai| lekina jaba tattva kI hotA hai| 3. vedanIya karma ke kSaya ho jAne se vizuddha, anazvara, paryAyoM ke sambandha meM vicAra prArambha kiyA jAtA hai, to bandhana aura AdhyAtmika sukhoM se yukta hotA hai| 4. mohanIya karma naSTa ho jAne mukti kI sambhAvanAe~ spaSTa ho jAtI haiM, kyoMki bandhana aura mukti se yathArtha dRSTi (kSAyika samyaktva) se yukta hotA hai| mohakarma ke darzana paryAya avasthA meM hI sambhava hotI haiN| mokSa ko tattva mAnA gayA hai moha aura cAritramoha aise, do bhAga kie jAte haiN| darzanamoha ke prahANa . lekina vastutaH mokSa bandhana ke abhAva kA hI nAma hai| jainAgamoM meM se yathArtha dRSTi aura cAritramoha ke prahANa se yathArtha cAritra (kSAyika mokSa tattva para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai-1. bhAvAtmaka cAritra) kA pragaTana hotA hai, lekina mokSa-dazA meM kriyA rUpa cAritra dRSTikoNa 2. abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 3. anirvacanIya dRssttikonn| nahIM hotA, mAtra dRSTi rUpa cAritra hotA hai ata: use kSAyika samyaktva ke antargata hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaise ATha karmoM kI prakRtiyoM mokSa para bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra ke prahANa ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke 31 guNa mAne gaye haiM, usameM yathAkhyAta ___ jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSAvasthA para bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra cAritra kA svataMtra guNa mAnA gayA hai| 5Ayukarma ke kSaya ho jAne se karate hue use nirbAdha avasthA kahA hai| mokSa meM samasta bAdhAoM ke muktAtmA azarIrI ho jAtA hai ataH vaha indriyagrAhya nahIM hotaa| abhAva ke kAraNa AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte 7 gotrakarma ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha agurulaghutva se mukta ho jAtA haiN| mokSa bAdhaka tattvoM kI anupasthiti aura pUrNatA kA pragaTana hai| hai arthAt sabhI siddha samAna hote haiM unameM choTA-bar3A yA U~ca-nIca AcArya kundakunda ne mokSa kI bhAvAtmaka dazA kA citraNa karate hue kA bhAva nahIM hotaa| 8. antarAyakarma kA prahANa ho jAne se bAdhA use zuddha, ananta catuSTaya yukta, akSaya, avinAzI, nirbAdha, atIndriya rahita hotA hai, arthAt ananta zakti sampanna hotA hai| ananta zakti anupama, nitya, avicala evaM anAlamba kahA hai| AcArya usI grantha kA yaha vicAra mUlata: niSedhAtmaka hI hai, yaha mAtra bAdhAoM kA abhAva meM Age calakara mokSa meM nimna bAtoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA karate hai| lekina isa prakAra aSTa karmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para muktAtmA haiM-(1) pUrNajJAna (2) pUrNadarzana (3) pUrNasaukhya (4) pUrNavIrya (zakti) ke ATha guNa kI vyAkhyA karanA mAtra eka vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hI (5) pUrNadarzana (6) astitva (7) sprdeshtaa| AcArya kundakunda ne hai, usake vAstavika svarUpa kA nirvacana nahIM hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi mokSa-dazA ke jina sAta bhAvAtmaka tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve sabhI se use samajhane kA prayAsa mAtra hai, jo usakA mAtra vyavahArika mUlya bhAratIya darzanoM ko svIkAra nahIM haiN| vedAnta sapradezatA ko asvIkAra hai| vastutaH to vaha anirvacanIya hai| AcArya nemIcandra gommaTasAra meM

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393 jaina dharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM, siddhoM ke ina guNoM kA vidhAna mAtra siddhAtmA nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jo aikAntika mAnyatAe~ haiM, unake niSedha sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAdhAna hai| usa apada kA koI pada ke lie hai| muktAtmA meM kevala jJAna aura darzana ke rUpa meM jJAnopayoga nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa aura darzanopayoga ko svIkAra karake muktAtmA ko jar3a mAnane vAlI kiyA jA ske| usake bAre meM kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai, vaibhASita bauddhoM aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kI dhAraNA kA pratiSedha kiyA vaha arUpa, arasa, avarNa, agaMdha aura asparza hai kyoMki vaha indriyagrAhya gayA hai| muktAtmA ke astitva yA akSayatA ko svIkAra kara mokSa ko nahIM hai| abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM mAnane vAle jar3avAdI tathA sautrAntika bauddhoM kI mAnyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mokSa-dazA gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa kA samagra bhAvAtmaka citraNa apanA niSedhAtmaka mUlya hI rakhatA hai| gItA kI samagra sAdhanA kA lakSya paramatattva, brahma, akSara puruSa yaha vidhAna bhI niSedha ke lie hai| athavA puruSottama kI prApti kahA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra prasaMgAntara se use hI mokSa, nirvANapada, avyaya pada, paramapada, paramagati aura abhAvAtmaka dRSTi se mokSa tattva para vicAra paramadhAma bhI kahatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha vicAraNA ke samAna gItAkAra jainAgamoM meM mokSAvasthA kA citraNa niSedhAtmaka rUpa se bhI huA kI dRSTi meM bhI saMsAra punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kI prakriyA se yukta hai| prAcInatama jainAgama AcArAMga meM muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa hai jabaki mokSa punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kA abhAva hai| gItA kA nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA gayA hai- mokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM sAdhaka isI preraNA ko lekara Age bar3hatA hai (jarAmaraNamokSAya kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karma-janya upAdhiyoM kA bhI 7.29) aura kahatA hai, "jisako prApta kara lene para puna: saMsAra meM abhAva hotA hai, ata: muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na vRttAkAra nahIM lauTanA hotA hai usa parama pada kI gaveSaNA karanI cAhie""| hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaNDala saMsthAna vAlA hai| gItA kA Izvara bhI sAdhaka ko Azvasta karate hue yahI kahatA hai ki vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta aura zvetavarNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai, vaha sugandha "jise prApta kara lene para puna: saMsAra meM AnA nahIM hotA, vahI merA aura durgandhavAlA bhI nahIM hai| na vaha tIkSNa, kaTu, khaTTA, mIThA evaM paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai|" paramasiddhi ko prApta hue mahAtmAjana mere amla rasa vAlA hai| usameM guru, laghu, komala, kaThora, snigdha, rUkSa, ko prApta hokara du:khoM ke ghara isa asthira purnajanma ko prApta nahIM zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza guNoM kA bhI abhAva hai| vaha na strI hai, hote haiN| brahmaloka paryanta samagra jagat punarAvRtti yukta hai| lekina jo na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai / isa prakAra muktAtmA meM rUpa, rasa, varNa, bhI mujhe prApta kara letA hai usakA purnajanma nahIM hotaa| 15 mokSa ke gandha aura sparza bhI nahIM hai| AcArya kundakunda niyamasAra meM mokSa-dazA anAvRtti rUpa lakSaNa ko batAne ke sAtha hI mokSa ke svarUpa kA nirvacana kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa prastuta karate hae likhate haiM mokSa-dazA meM na karate hue gItA kahatI hai- isa avyakta se bhI pare anya sanAtana sukha hai na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa avyakta tattva hai, jo sabhI prANiyoM meM rahate hue bhI unake naSTa hone hai| na vahA~ indriyA~ hai, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na para naSTa nahIM hotA hai arthAt cetanA paryAyoM meM jo avyakta hai unase nidrA hai, na vahA~ cintA hai, na Arta-raudra vicAra hI hai, vahA~ to dharma bhI pare unakA AdhArabhUta Atmatattva hai| cetanA kI avasthAe~ nazvara (zubha) aura zukla (prazasta) vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai| mokSAvasthA haiM, lekina unase pare rahane vAlA yaha Atmatattva sanAtana hai jo prANiyoM to sarva saMkalpoM kA abhAva hai, vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM meM cetanA (jJAna) paryAyoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hote hue bhI una prANiyoM hai vaha pakSAtikrAMta hai| isa prakAra muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka vivecana tathA unakA cetanA paryAyoM (cetana avasthAoM) ke naSTa hone para bhI usakI anirvacanIyatA ko batAne ke lie hai| naSTa nahIM hotA hai| usI AtmA ko akSara aura avyakta kahA gayA hai aura use hI paramagati bhI kahate haiM, vahI paramadhAma bhI hai, vahI mokSa kA anirvacanIya svarUpa merA paramAtma svarUpa AtmA kA nija sthAna hai, jise prApta kara lene mokSatattva kA niSedhAtmaka nirvacana anivArya rUpa se hameM usakI para puna: nivartana nahIM hotaa| use akSara brahma, paramatattva, svabhAva anirvacanIyatA kI ora le jAtA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra karate (AtmA kI svabhAva-dazA) aura AdhyAtma bhI kahA jAtA hai| gItA hue jaina dArzanikoM ne use anirvacanIya hI mAnA hai| kI dRSTi meM mokSa nirvANa hai paramazAnti kA adhiSThAna hai| jaina dArzanikoM AcArAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai- samasta svara vahA~ ke samAna gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki mokSa sukhAvasthA hai| se lauTa Ate haiM, arthAt muktAtmA dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI gItA ke anusAra muktAtmA brahmabhUta hokara ananta sukha (ananta saukhya) pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai, vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kadApi samartha kA anubhava karatA hai|9| yadyapi gItA evaM jaina darzana meM muktAtmA meM nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM jisa sukha kI kalpanA kI gaI hai vaha na aindriya sukha hai na vaha mAtra hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai, arthAt vaha vANI, duHkhAbhAva rUpa sukha hai, varan vaha atIndriya jJAnagamya anazvara vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use sukha hai|

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394 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa ___ hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirvANa kI dazA meM anAstrava vizuddha bhagavAn buddha kI dRSTi meM nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA hai? yaha prazna cetanA kA astitva banA rahatA hai| vaibhASikoM ke isa upa sampradAya prArambha se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| svayaM bauddha darzana ke avAntara kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNa ke nirvANa ke ati samIpa A jAtA sampradAyoM meM bhI nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara Atyantika virodha pAyA hai, kyoMki yaha jaina vicAraNA ke samAna nirvANAvasthA meM sattA (astitva) jAtA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM paraspara virodhI niSkarSa aura cetanA (jJAnopayoga evaM darzanopayoga) donoM ko svIkAra karatA nikAle haiM, jo eka tulanAtmaka adhyetA ko adhika kaThinAI meM DAla hai| vaibhASika dRSTikoNa nirvANa ko saMskAroM kI dRSTi se abhAvAtmaka, dete haiN| vastutaH isa kaThinAI kA mUla kAraNa pAli nikAya meM nirvANa dravya satyatA kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka evaM bauddhika vivecanA kI dRSTi kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se alaga-alaga prakAra se vivecana kiyA jAnA se anirvacanIya mAnatA hai, phira bhI usakI vyAkhyAoM meM nirvANa kA hai| AdaraNIya zrI puse21 evaM prophesara nalinAkSa datta ne bauddha nirvANa bhAvAtmaka yA sattAtmaka pakSa adhika ubharA hai| sautrAntika sampradAya, ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko nimna rUpa se vargIkRta vaibhASika sampradAya ke samAna yaha mAnate hue bhI ki nirvANa saMskAroM kiyA hai kA abhAva hai, vaha svIkAra nahIM karatA hai ki asaMskRta dharma kI koI (1) nirvANa eka abhAvAtmaka tathya hai| bhAvAtmaka sattA hotI hai| inake anusAra kevala parivartanazIlatA hI (2) nirvANa anivarcanIya avyakta avasthA hai| tattva kA yathArtha svarUpa hai| ata: sautrAntika nirvANa kI dazA meM kisI (3) nirvANa kI buddha ne koI vyAkhyA nahIM dI hai| asaMskRta aparivartanazIla nitya tattva kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| (4) nirvANa bhAvAtmaka vizuddha pUrNa cetanA kI avasthA hai| unakI mAnyatA meM aisA karanA buddha ke anityavAda aura kSaNikavAda bauddha darzana ke avAntara pramukha sampradAyoM kA nirvANa ke svarUpa kI avahelanA karanA hai| zaravAtskI ke anusAra sautrAntika sampradAya ke sambandha meM nimna prakAra se dRSTi bheda hai meM 'nirvANa kA artha hai jIvana kI prakriyA samApta ho jAnA, isake (1) vaibhASika sampradAya ke anusAra nirvANa saMskAroM yA saMskRta pazcAt aisA koI jIvanazUnya tattva zeSa nahIM rahatA hai, jisameM jIvana dharmoM kA abhAva hai, kyoMki saMskRta dharmatA hI anityatA hai, yahI bandhana kI prakriyA samApta ho gaI hai| nirvANa kSaNika cetanA-pravAha kA samApta hai, yahI duHkha hai, lekina nirvANa to duHkha nirodha hai, bandhanAbhAva hai ho jAnA hai, jisake samApta ho jAne para kucha bhI avazeSa nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha eka asaMskRta dharma hai aura asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM kyoMki inake anusAra parivartana hI satya hai| parivartanazIlatA ke usakI bhAvAtmaka sattA hai| vaibhASika mata ke nirvANa ke svarUpa ko atirikta tattva kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai aura nirvANa-dazA meM abhidharmakoSa vyAkhyA meM nimna prakAra se batAyA gayA hai- "nirvANa parivartanoM kI zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai, ata: usake pare koI sattA nitya asaMskRta svatantra sattA, pRthak-bhUta, satya padArtha (dravyasata) hai"23| zeSa nahIM rahatI hai| isa prakAra sautrAntika nirvANa mAtra abhAvAtmaka nirvANa meM saMskAroM ke abhAva kA artha anasittva nahIM hai, varan eka avasthA hai| vartamAna meM varmA aura laMkA ke bauddha nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hI hai| nirvANa asaMskRta dharma hai| prophesara evaM anastittva ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| nirvANa ke bhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka zaravAtskI24 ne vaibhASika nirvANa ko ananta mRtyu kahA hai| unake anusAra aura anirvacanIya pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA nirvANa AdhyAtmika avasthA nahIM varan cetanA evaM kriyA zUnya jar3a hai ki sautrAntika vicAraNA nirvANa ke abhAvAtmaka pakSa para adhika avasthA hai| lekina samAdaraNIya esa0 ke0 mukarjI, prophesara nalinAkSa bala detI hai| isa prakAra sautrAntika sampradAya kA nirvANa sambandhI abhAvAtmaka datta5 aura prophesara mUrti ne prophesara zaravAtsakI ke isa dRSTikoNa dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke virodha meM jAtA hai| lekina sautrAntiko kA virodha kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaibhASika nirvANa nizcita meM bhI eka aisA upasampradAyadazA thaa|' jisake anusAra nirvANa avasthA rUpa se eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| isameM yadyapi saMskAroM kA abhAva meM bhI vizuddha cetanA paryAyoM kA pravAha rahatA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina hotA hai phira bhI usakI asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka sattA vicAraNA kI isa mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa hotI hai| vaibhASika nirvANa meM cetanA kA astitva hotA hai yA nahIM? kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA meM pariNAmIpana banA rahatA hai arthAt mokSa-dazA yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai| prophesara zaravAtsakI nirvANa-dazA meM cetanA meM AtmA meM caitanya jJAna dhArA satat rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| kA abhAva mAnate haiM lekina prophesara mukarjI isa sambandha meM eka (3) vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra)-mahAyAna ke pramukha grantha laMkAvatArasUtra pariSkArita dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM, unake anusAra (yazomitra kI ke anusAra nirvANa sapta pravRtti vijJAnoM kI apravRtAvasthA hai; citta abhidharmakoSa kI TIkA ke AdhAra para nirvANa kI dazA meM vizuddha pravRttiyoM kA nirodha hai|29 sthiramati ke anusAra nirvANa klezAvaraNa mAnasa yA cetanA rahatI hai| __ aura jJeyAvaraNa kA kSaya hai| asaMga ke anusAra nivRtta citta (nirvANa) (2) DaoN0 lADa ne apane zodha-prabandha meM evaM vidvatvarya baladeva ucita hai, kyoMki vaha viSayoM kA grAhaka nahIM hai| vaha anupalambha hai, upAdhyAya ne bauddha darzana mImAMsA meM vaibhASika bauddhoM ke eka tibbatIya kyoMki usako koI bAhya Alambana nahIM hai aura isa prakAra Alambana upa sampradAya kA ullekha kiyA hai| jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA rahita hone se lokottara jJAna hai| dauSThulya arthAt AvaraNa (klezAvaraNa meM kevala vAsanAtmaka evaM klezotpAdaka (sAstrava) cetanA kA hI abhAva aura jJeyAvaraNa) ke naSTa ho jAne se nivRtta citta (AlayavijJAna) parAvRta

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jaina dharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 31 nahIM hotA, pravRtta nahIM hotaa| vaha anAvaraNa aura AstravadhAtu hai, lekina asaMga kevala isa niSedhAtmaka vivecana se santuSTa nahIM hote haiM, ve nirvANa kI anirvacanIya evaM bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karate haiN| nirvANa acintya hai, kyoMki tarka se use jAnA nahIM jA sakatA lekina acintya hote hue bhI vaha kuzala hai, zAzvata hai, sukha rUpa hai, vimuktakAya hai, aura dharmAkhya hai / 32 isa prakAra vijJAnavAdI mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI abhAvaparaka aura bhAvaparaka vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa ke vikAsa kA zreya vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ko hI hai| laMkAvatArasUtra meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvocca vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai laMkAvatArasUtra ke anusAra nirvANa vicAra kI koTiyoM se pare hai, phira bhI vijJAnavAdI nirvANa ko isa AdhAra para nitya mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa lAbha se jJAna utpanna hotA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para vijJAnavAdI nirvANa kA jaina vicAraNA se nimna arthoM me sAmya hai - 1. nirvANa cetanA kA abhAva nahI hai, varan vizuddha cetanA kI avasthA hai| 2. nirvANa samasta saMkalpoM kA kSaya hai, vaha cetanA kI nirvikalpAvasthA hai / 3 nirvANAvasthA meM bhI caitanya dhArA satat pravAhamAna rahatI hai (AtmapariNamIpana) / yadyapi DaoN0 0 candradhara zarmA ne Alaya vijJAna ko aparivartanIya yA kUTastha mAnA hai / 33 lekina AdaraNIya baladeva upAdhyAya use pravAhamAna yA parivartanazIla hI mAnate haiN| 4 4. nirvANAvasthA sarvajJatA kI avasthA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra usa avasthA meM kevalajJAna aura kevala darzana hai| asaMga ne mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra meM dharmakAya ko jo ki nirvANa kI paryAyavAcI hai, svAbhAvika kAya kahA hai|" jaina vicAraNA meM bhI mokSako svabhAva - dazA kahA jAtA hai| svAbhAvika kAya aura svabhAva-dazA aneka arthoM me artha sAmya rakhate haiN| (4) zUnyavAda - bauddha darzana ke mAdhyamika sampradAya meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai| jaina tathA anya dArzanikoM ne zUnyatA ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM dekhA hai, lekina yaha usa sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hI kahI jA sakatI hai| mAdhyamika dRSTi se nirvANa anivarcanIya hai, catuSkoTi vinirmukta hai, vahI paramatattva hai vaha na bhAva hai, na abhAva hai| yadi vANI se usakA vivecana karanA hI Avazyaka ho to mAtra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa aprahANa asamprApta, anuccheda, azAzvata, aniruddha evaM anutpanna hai / 37 nirvANa ko bhAva rUpa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bhAvAtmaka vastu yA to nitya hogI yA anitya / nitya mAnane para nirvANa ke lie kiye gaye prayAsoM kA koI artha nahIM hogA / anitya mAnane para binA prayAsa hI mokSa hogaa| nirvANa ko abhAva bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA tathAgata ke dvArA usakI prApti kA upadeza kyoM diyA jAtA nirvANa ko prahANa aura samprApta bhI nahI kahA jA sakatA, anyathA nirvANa kRtaka evaM kAlika hogA aura yaha mAnanA par3eMgA ki vaha kAla vizeSa meM utpanna huA hai aura yadi vaha utpanna huA hai to vaha jarA-maraNa ke samAna anitya hI hogaa| nirvANa 395 ko uccheda yA zAzvata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA anyathA zAstA ke madhyama mArga kA ullaMghana hogA aura hama ucchedavAda yA zAzvatavAda kI mithyA dRSTi se grasita hoNge| isalie mAdhyamika naya meM nirvANa bhAva aura abhAva donoM nahIM hai| vaha to sarva saMkalpanAoM kA kSaya hai, prapaMcopazamatA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM evaM vartamAna yuga ke vidvAnoM meM bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara jo matabheda dRSTigata hotA hai usakA mUla kAraNa buddha dvArA nirvANa kA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha rUpa se kathana kiyA jAnA hai| pAlI nikAya meM nirvANa ke ina vividha svarUpoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai udAna nAmaka eka laghu pranya meM hI nirvANa ke ina vividha rUpoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka tathya hai isa sandarbha meM buddha vacana isa prakAra hai- "bhikSuoM! (nirvANa ) ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta hai| bhikSuoM! yadi vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta nahIM hotA to jAta, bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama nahIM ho sktaa| bhikSuoM kyoMki vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta aura asaMskRta hai isalie jAta bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama jAnA jAtA hai / 28 dhammapada meM nirvANa ko parama sukha, 39 acyuta sthAna aura amRta pada" kahA gayA hai jise prApta kara lene para na cyuti kA bhaya hotA hai, na zoka hotA hai use zAnta saMsAropazama evaM sukha pada bhI kahA gayA hai| itivRttaka meM kahA gayA hai-- vaha dhruva, na utpanna hone vAlA hai, zoka aura rAga rahita hai, sabhI duHkhoM kA vahA~ nirodha ho jAtA hai, vahA~ saMskAroM kI zAnti evaM sukha hai 42 / AcArya buddhaghoSa nirvANa kI bhAvAtmakatA kA samarthana karate hue vizuddhimagga meM likhate haiM-- nirvANa nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahanA caahie| prabhava aura jarAmaraNa ke abhAva se nitya hai-- azithila, parAkrama siddha, vizeSa jJAna se prApta kie jAne se aura sarvajJa ke vacana tathA paramArtha se nirvANa avidhamAna nahIM hai| 43 nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA ke sambandha meM udAna ke rUpa meM nimna buddha vacana hai, "lohe para ghana kI coTa par3ane para jo cinagAriyA~ uThatI haiM vo turanta hI bujha jAtI haiM, kahA~ gaI kucha patA nahIM cltaa| isI prakAra kAma bandhana se mukta ho nirvANa pAye hue puruSa kI gati kA koI bhI patA nahIM lagA sakatA / 44 zarIra chor3a diyA, saMjJA niruddha ho gaI, sArI vedanAoM ko bhI bilakula jalA diyaa| saMskAra zAnta hogae; vijJAna asta ho gyaa| lekina dIpa zikhA aura agni ke bujha jAne athavA saMjJA ke niruddha ho jAne kA artha abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, AcArya buddhaghoSa vizuddhimagga meM kahate hai-- nirodha kA vAstavika artha tRSNAkSaya athavA virAga hai46 / prophesara kItha evaM prophesara nalinAkSadatta aggi vacchagottamutta ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki bujha jAne kA artha abhAvAtmakatA .

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396 E nahIM hai, varan astitva kI rahasyamaya, avarNanIya avasthA hai| prophesara kItha ke anusAra nirvANa abhAva nahIM varana cetanA kA apane mUla (vAstavika zuddha) svarUpa meM avasthita honA hai prophesara nalinAkSadatta ke zabdoM meM nirvANa kI agni zikhA ke bujha jAne se kI jAne vAlI tulanA samucita hai, kyoMki bhAratIya cintana meM Aga ke bujha jAne 47 tAtparya usake astitva se na hokara usakA svAbhAvika zuddha adRzya, avyakta meM calA jAnA hai, jisameM ki vaha apane dRzya prakaTana ke pUrva rahI huI thii| bauddha dArzanika saMghabhadra kA bhI yahI nirUpaNa hai ki agni kI upamA se hamako yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai ki nirvANa abhAva hai| milindaprazna ke anusAra bhI nirvANa asti dharma (atyidhamma) ekAnta sukha evaM apratibhAga hai, usakA lakSaNa svarUpataH nahIM batAyA jA sakatA kintu guNataH dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra jala pyAsa ko zAnta karatA hai, isI prakAra nirvANa trividha tRSNA ko zAnta karatA hai| nirvANa ko akRta kahane se bhI usakI ekAnta abhAvAtmakatA siddha nahIM hotii| Arya (sAdhaka) nirvANa kA utpAda nahIM karatA phira bhI vaha usakA sAkSAtkAra (sAkSIkaroti) evaM pratilAbha (prApnoti) karatA hai| vastutaH nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki anirvacanIya kA nirvacana karanA bhAvAtmaka bhASA kI apekSA abhAvAtmaka bhASA adhika yuktipUrNa hotA hai| nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA - nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA ke sambandha meM nimna buddha vacana upalabdha hai- "bhikSuoM! na to maiM use agati aura na gati kahatA hU~, na sthiti aura na cyuti kahatA hU~, use utpatti bhI nahIM kahatA hU~ vaha na to kahIM ThaharatA hai, na pravartita hotA hai aura na usakA koI AdhAra hai, yahI duHkhoM kA anta hai| *" bhikSuoM! ananta49 kA samajhanA kaThina hai, nirvANa kA samajhanA AsAna nahIM / jJAnI kI tRSNA naSTa ho jAtI hai use (rAgAdikleza) kucha nahIM hai|5deg jahA~ (nirvANa) jala, pRthvI, agni aura vAyu nahIM ThaharatI, vahA~ na to zukra aura na Aditya prakAza karate haiN| vahA~ candramA kI prabhA bhI nahIM hai, na vahA~ aMdhakAra hI hotA hai| jaba kSINAzrava bhikSu apane Apako jAna letA hai taba rUpa-arUpa tathA sukha-duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai / 51 udAna kA yaha vacana hameM gItA ke usa kathana kI yAda dilA detA hai, jahA~ zrIkRSNa kahate haiM jahA~ na pavana bahatA hai, na candra sUrya prakAzita hote haiM, jahA~ jAne se puna: isa saMsAra meM AyA nahIM jAtA vahI merA ( AtmA kA) parama dhAma (svasthAna) hai|" bauddha nirvANa kI yaha vizada vivecanA hameM isa niSkarSa para le jAtI hai ki prArambhika bauddha darzana kA nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya nahIM thaa| isake lie nimna tarka prastuta kie jA sakate haiM (1) nirvANa yadi abhAva mAtra hotA to tRtIya Arya satya kaise hotA? kyoMki abhAva Arya sat kA Alambana nahIM ho sktaa| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 dRSTi kahA hai| (2) tRtIya Arya satya kA viSaya dravya sat nahIM hai to usake upadeza kA kyA mUla hogA? (3) yadi nirvANa mAtra nirodha yA abhAva hai to uccheda-dRSTi samyagdRSTi hogI lekina buddha ne to sadaiva hI uccheda- dRSTi ko mithyA (4) mahAyAna kI dharmakAya kI dhAraNA aura usakI nirvANa se ekarUpatA tathA vijJAnavAda ke AlayavijJAna kI dhAraNA nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA ke viparIta par3ate haiN| ataH nirvANa kA tAttvika svarUpa abhAva siddha nahIM hotA hai use abhAva yA nirodha kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usameM vAsanA yA tRSNA kA abhAva hai| lekina jisa prakAra roga kA abhAva, jisa prakAra roga kA abhAva, abhAva hote hue bhI sadabhUta hai, use Arogya kahate haiM, usI prakAra tRSNA kA abhAva bhI sadabhUta hai use sukha kahA jAtA hai| dUsare use abhAva isalie bhI kahA jAtA hai ki sAdhaka meM zAzvavatavAda kI midhyAdRSTi bhI utpanna nahIM ho rAga kA prahANa hone se nirvANa meM maiM (atta) aura merApana (attA) nahIM hotA, isa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para use abhAva kahA jAtA hai| nirvANa rAga tathA ahaM kA pUrNa vigalana hai| lekina ahaM yA mamatva kI samApti ko abhAva nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA 'anatta' zabda kA galata artha samajhane se utpanna huI hai| bauddha darzana meM anAtma (anatta) zabda Atma (tatva) kA abhAva nahIM batAtA varan yaha batAtA hai ki jagata meM apanA yA merA koI nahIM hai, anAtma kA upadeza Asakti prahANa ke lie, tRSNA ke kSaya ke lie hai| nirvANa 'tattva' kA abhAva nahIM varan apanepana yA ahaM kA abhAva hai| vaha vaiyaktikatA kA abhAva hai, vyaktittva kA nahIM, anatta (anAtma) vAda kI pUrNatA yaha batAne meM hai ki jagata meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise merA yA apanA kahA jA ske| sabhI anAtma hai| isa zikSA kA saccA artha yahI hai ki merA kucha bhI nahIM hai| kyoMki jahA~ merApana (atta bhAva) AtA hai vahA~ rAga evaM tRSNA kA udaya hotA hai sva para meM avasthita hotA hai, AtmadRSTi (mamatva) utpanna hotI hai| lekina yahI AtmadRSTi sva kA para meM avasthita honA athavA rAga evaM tRSNA kI vRtti bandhana hai, jo tRSNA hai, vahI rAga hai; aura jo rAga hai vahI apanApana hai| nirvANa meM tRSNA kA kSaya hone se rAga nahIM hotA, rAga nahIM hone se apanApana (atA) bhI nahIM hotA bauddha nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA kA sahI artha isa apanepana kA abhAva hai, tatva abhAva nahIM hai| vastutaH tattva lakSaNa kI dRSTi se nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| mAtra vAsanAtmaka paryAyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha abhAva kahA jAtA hai ataH prophesara kItha aura nalinAkSadata kI vaha mAnyatA ki bauddha nirvANa abhAva nahIM hai, bauddha vicAraNA kI mUla vicAradRSTi ke nikaTa hI hai| yadyapi bauddha nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka tathya hai, phira bhI bhAvAtmaka bhASA usakA yathArtha citra prastuta karane meM samartha nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva kisI pakSa ko batAtA hai aura pakSa ke lie pratipakSa kI svIkRti anivArya hai jabaki nirvANa to pakSAtikrAMta hai| niSedhamUlaka kathana kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki usake lie kisI pratipakSa kI svIkRti ko Avazyaka nahIM bar3hA sakatA / ataH anirvacanIya kA nirvacana karane meM niSedhAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga hI adhika samIcIna hai| isa niSedhAtmaka vivecana zailI ne nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA ko adhika prabala banAyA hai| vastutaH nirvANa anirvacanIya hai| .

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397 jaina dharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kRtsna karmakSayAn mokSaH, tatvArthasUtra, vive0, paM0 sukhalAla saMdhavI, 20. sukhamAtyantikaM yttaabuddhigraahymtiindriym| -vahI, 6/21 / prakA0, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1976, 101 / 21. inasAiklopeDiyA Apha ithiksa eNDa rilIjana, saMpA0, jemsa 2. bandha viyogo mokSa:-abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, zrI vijaya rAjendra sUri haisTiMga, prakA0, TI0eNDa TI0 klArka, eddinbrg| jI, ratalAma, khaNDa 6, pR0 431 22. AspekTasa oNpha mahAyAna ina rilezana Tu hiinyaan| 3. mukkho jIvassa zudaddha rUcassa-vahI, khaNDa 6, pR0 431 23. dravyaM sat pratisaMkhyA nirodhaH satyacatuSTaya-nirdeza-nirddhiSTatvAt, 4. tulanA kIjie-(a) Atma mImAMsA (dalasukhabhAI), pR066-67 mArga satyeva iti vaibhaassikaaH| -yazomitra-abhidharmakoSa vyAkhyA, (ba) mameti vadhyate janturnamameti prmucyte| - garur3a puraann| pR0 17 / avvAvAhaM avatthANaM-abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 6, pR0431| 24. buddhisTa nirvANa, pR0 27 / 6. niyamasAra, anu0 agarasena, ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1963, 25. AspekTsa oNpha mahAyAna ina rilezana Tu hInayAna, pR0 162 176-177 / 26. seMTrala philaoNsaphI oNpha buddhijma, TI0Ara0vI0 mUrti, prakA0 jaoNrja, 7. vijjadi kevalaNANaM, kevalasokkhaM ca kevlviriyN| elena eNDa TI0klArka, eDinabarga 1955, pRSTha 129, kevaladiTThi amuttaM atthittaM sappadesata / / -vahI, 181 pR0 272-73 / kucha vidvAnoM ne agurulaghutva kA artha na halkA na bhArI aisA bhI 27. buddhisTa philAsaphI oNpha yunivarsala phlaksa, satkArI mukharjI, kiyA hai| prakA0, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya presa 1935, pR0 252 / 9. pravacanasAroddhAra, saMpA0, nemicandrasUri, nirNaya sAgara presa, babaI, 28. e kampareTiva sTeDI oNpha dI kAnasepTa oNpha libarezana ina iMDiyana 1922, dvAra 276, gAthA 1593-1594 / philaoNsaphI, DaoN. azoka kumAra lADa, prakA0 giradhArI lAla 10. sadAsiva sakho makkaDi buddhau NaiyAiyo ya vesesii| kezavadAsa, burahAnapura, pR069|| Isara maDali daMsaNa vidUsaNaTuM kayaM edaM / / -gommaTasAra (nemicandra) (ba) bauddha darzana mImAMsA, AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, prakA0, saMpA0, paM0 khUbacandra jaina, prakA0, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, caukhambA vidyA bhavana vArANasI, 1978, pR0 147 / AgAsa, vi0saM0 2022 / 29. laMkAvatArasUtra, saMpA0, zrI parazurAma zarmA, mithilA vidyApITha, se na dIhe, na hasse, na vaTTe, na taMse, na cauraMse, na parimaMDale, na darabhaMgA 1963, 2/62 / / kiNhe, na nIle, na lohite, na hAlidde, na sukille, na surabhigandhe, 30. klezajJeyAvaraNa prahANabhapi mokSa srvjnyaatvaaghigmaarthm|-sthirmti na dubbhigandhe, na tite, na kaDue, na kasAe, na aMbile, na mahure, triziMkA vijJapti bhASya, pR0 15, uddhRta-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, na kakkhar3e, na maue, na gurue, na lahue, na sIe, na uNhe, na niddhe, bauddhadarzanamImAMsA, pRSTha 132 / na lukkhe, na kAU, na rUhe, na saMge, na itthI, na purise, na anahA, 31. acitto'nupalambho so jJAnaM lokottaraM ca tt| AzrayasyaparAvRtidvighAse na sadde, na rUve, na gaMdhe, na rase, na phaase| -AcArAMgasUtra, dauSThulya haanitH| -triziMkA 29 saMpA0, madhukara muni, prakA0, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 32. sa evAnAstravo dhAturacintyaH kuzalo dhruvH|-trishiNkaa 30 1980, 1/5/6 / 33. Acritical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Pub. - Motilal Navi du:kkhaM Navi sukkhaM Navi pIDA va vijjade bAhA / Banarasidas, Delhi, 1979, p. 109. Navi maraNaM Navi jaNaNaM tattheva ya hoI NivvANaM / / 34. bauddha darzana mImAMsA, pRSTha 126-138 / moho vimhiyo Na nniddaay| 35. mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra, sapAM0 esa0esa0bAgacI, prakA0 mithilA ttheva havadi NivvANaM / / -niyamasAra, saMpA0 paM0 parameSThIdAsa vidyApITha, darabhaMgA 1970, 9/60 (mahAyAna-zAntibhikSu, pRSTha73) nyAyatIrtha, prakA0 diga0 jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapura, 1988, 36. bhAvAbhAva parAmarzakSayo nirvANaM ucyte| -mAdhyamikakArikAvRti, anu0 agarasena, ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1963, 178-179 / pRSTha 524 / 13. manasA saha-taittarIya 2/9 -muNDaka 3/1/8 (uddhRta dI seMTrala philAsaphI oNpha buddhIjma (TI. Ara. vI. mUrti) pRSTha 14. yasmingatA na nivartanti bhuuyH| -gItA, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 274 / vi0saM0 2018, 15/4 / 37. aprhiinnmsmpraaptmnucchintrmshaashvtm| 15. (a) yaM prApya na nirvatante taddhAma paramaM mm| -vahI, 8/21 / anirUddhamanutpannametannirvANamucyate / / -maadhymikkaarikaavRtti| (ba) yadgatvA na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mm| -vahI, 15/6 / pR0 521, uddhRta AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, bauddha darzana mImAMsA, (sa) mAmupetya purnajanma duHkhaalymshaashvtm| pRSTha 133 / nApnuvanti mahAtmAnaH saMsiddhiM paramAM gtaaH| -vahI, 8/15 / 38. udAna anu0 jagadIza kazyapa, prakA0 mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha 16. gItA-8/20-21 vArANasI, 8/3 pR0 110-111 (aisA hI varNana itivRttaka 17. akSaraM brahma paramaM svbhaavo'dhytmmucyte| -vahI, 8/3 / 2/2/6 meM bhI hai) 18. zAntiM nirvaannprmaaN| -vahI, 6/15 / 39. dhammapada, anu0 paM0rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0, buddha vihAra, 19. sukhena brahmasaMsparzamatyantaM sukhmshnute| -vahI, 6/28 lakhanaU, 203, 204 / 12.

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398 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 / / 40. amataM santi nivvANa padamaccutaM-suttanipAta-pArAyaNa vagga, anu0 48. udAna, anu0 jagadIza kazyapa, 8/1 / bhikSu dharmaratna, prakA0, mahAbodhisabhA, banArasa 1950 / / 49. mUla pAlI meM, yahA~ pAThAntara hai-tIna pATha milate haiM 1. anattaM 2. 41. padaM santaM saMkhArUpasamaM sukhaM-dhammapada, anu0 paM0rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, anata 3. anntN| hamane yahA~ "ananta" zabda kA artha grahaNa kiyA 368 / hai| AdaraNIya kAzyapajI ne anata (anAtma) pATha ko adhika upayukta 42. ittivuttaka, dharmarakSita, prakA0, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha buddhAbda, mAnA hai lekina aTThakathA meM donoM hI artha lie gae haiN| 2499, 2/2/6 / 50. udAna, anu0 jagadIza kazyapa, 8/3 / / 43. vizuddhimagga, anu0 bhikSudharmarakSita, prakA0, mahAbodhisabhA, vArANasI 51. yattha Apo na paThavI tejo vAyo na gaadhti| 1956, pariccheda 16, bhAga 2, pR0 119-121 (hindI anu0 na tattha sukkA jotanti Adicco nappakAsati / / - vhii,1/10| bhikSu dharmarakSita) na tattha candimA bhAti tamo tattha na vijjti| 44. udAna, anu0, jagadIza kazyapa, prakA0 mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha tulanA kIjie-na tadbhAsayate sUryo na zazAMko na paavkH| vArANasI, pATaligrAma varga 8/10 / yadgatvA na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mama / / 45. vahI, 8/9 / - gItA, vahI, 1/10 tathA gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 46. vizuddhimagga, anu0 bhikSudharmarakSita, pariccheda 8 evaM 16 / 2018, 15/6 / 47. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 294 para uddhRt| strI, anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna yApanIya paramparA ke viziSTa siddhAntoM meM strImukti, sagranthamukti paramparA meM bhI uttarAdhyayana kI mAnyatA thI aura usake adhyayana-adhyApana (gRhasthamukti) aura anyatairthikamukti aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM, jo use kI paramparA usameM lagabhaga navIM zatI taka jIvita rahI hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA se pRthak karatI haiN| eka aura yApanIya saMgha acelakatva aparAjita ne apanI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uttarAdhyayana se aneka (digambaratva) kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarI ora vaha strImukti, sagrantha gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, jo kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha vartamAna uttarAdhyayana (gRhastha) mukti, anyatairthika (anyaliMga) mukti Adi kA bhI samarthaka meM bhI upalabdha haiN| samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM hai| yahI bAta use zvetAmbara Agamika paramparA ke samIpa khar3A kara meM aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM, tattvArthabhASya ke sAtha-sAtha tattvArthasUtra kI digambara detI hai| yadyapi strImukti kI avadhAraNA to zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna TIkAoM meM evaM SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM bhI prakIrNaka grantha Agama sAhitya uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM bhI upasthita rahI ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM hai, phira bhI tArkika rUpa se isakA samarthana sarvaprathama yApanIyoM ne hI ne uttarAdhyayana ko I0pU0 tRtIya se I0pU0 prathama zatI ke madhya kI kiyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki strImukti niSedha ke svara sarvaprathama pA~cavIM- racanA mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA kiMcit paravartI zvetAmbara mAnya chaThI zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hI mukhara hue aura cU~ki yahA~ Agamika Agama jJAtAdharmakathA (I0pU0 prathama zatI) meM malli nAmaka adhyAya paramparA ko mAnya karane vAlA yApanIya saMgha upasthita thA, ata: use (I0 san prathama zatI) meM tathA antakRddazAMga ke aneka adhyayanoM meM hI usakA pratyuttara denA pdd'aa| strImukti ke ullekha haiN| Agamika vyAkhyA AvazyakacUrNi (sAtavIM zvetAmbaroM ko strImukti sambandhI vivAda kI jAnakArI yApanIyoM zatI) meM bhI marudevI kI mukti kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| isake se prApta huii| zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra (AThavIM zatI) ne sarvaprathama atirikta digambara paramparA dvArA mAnya yApanIya grantha kaSAyaprAbhRta evaM isa carcA ko apane grantha lalitavistarA meM yApanIya tantra ke ullekha SaTkhaNDAgama bhI strImukti ke samarthaka haiN| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ke sAtha uThAyA hai| isake pUrva, bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM yaha carcA ki IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI taka jaina paramparA meM kahIM anupalabdha hai| ata: sarvaprathama to hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki isa tArkika bhI strImukti kA niSedha nahIM thaa| strImukti evaM sagrantha (savastra) kI carcA ke pahale strImukti se samarthaka aura niSedhaka nirdeza kina granthoM mukti kA sarvaprathama niSedha AcArya kundakunda ne suttapAhuDa meM kiyA meM milate haiN| sarvaprathama hameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke antima adhyayana (I0 hai| yadyapi yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama bhI suttapAhuDa kA hI samakAlIna pU0 dvitIya-prathama zatI) meM strI kI tadbhava mukti kA spaSTa ullekha grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI usameM strImukti kA niSedha nahIM hai, prApta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke atirikta yApanIya apitu mUla granthoM meM to paryApta manuSyanI (strI) meM caudaha guNasthAnoM

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strI, anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kara prakArAntara se usakI tadbhava mukti svIkAra vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) aura AvazyakacUrNi (sAtavIM zatI) kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki strImukti ke nirdeza hameM IsvI meM hameM acelakatva aura sacelakatva ke prazna ko lekara Arya zivabhUti pUrva ke Agamika granthoM se lekara IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kI Agamika aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya hue vivAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa ke vividha vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiN| phira bhI unameM kahIM bhI strImukti kI tArkika tarkoM kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu cUrNi ke kAla taka arthAt siddhi kA kahIM koI prayatna nahIM dekhA jaataa| isakI tArkika siddhi sAtavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka hameM eka bhI saMketa aisA nahIM milatA, kI AvazyakatA to taba hotI, jaba kisI ne usakA niSedha kiyA hotaa| jisameM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti kA tArkika samarthana kiyA ho| strImukti kA niSedha kundakunda ke pUrva kisI bhI AcArya ne kiyA ho, isase aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI taka unheM isa tathya kI jAnakArI aisA eka bhI pramANa nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai bhI nahIM thI ki strImukti ke sandarbha meM koI pratipakSa bhI hai| strI kI ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI racanA hai yA nhiiN| phira bhI eka bAra yadi pravrajyA (mahAvratAropaNa) aura strImukti kA niSedha sarvaprathama AcArya hama yaha mAna bhI leM ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI hI racanA hai, to kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM kiyA aura usa sambandha meM apane bhI usa grantha evaM usake kartA kA kAla chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA kucha tarka bhI diye| pUjyapAda ne strImukti kA niSedha to kiyA, phira to nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki kundakunda kI racanAoM meM guNasthAna aura bhI unhoMne strImukti ke khaNDana ke sandarbha meM koI tarka prastuta nahIM saptabhaMgI kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiM jo lagabhaga pA~cavIM- kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne hI sarvaprathama suttapAhuDa meM yaha kahA hai chaThI zatI meM astitva meM A cukI thii| ema0 e0 DhAkI ne kundakunda ki jina-mArga meM savastra kI mukti nahIM ho sakatI cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara ke samaya para pUrva mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karate hue vistAra se vicAra hI kyoM na hoM? savastra kI mukti ke niSedha meM strImukti kA niSedha kiyA hai aura ve unheM chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA kisI bhI sthiti meM garbhita hai, kyoMki strI nirvastra nahIM ho sakatI hai| strI kA mahAvratAropaNa svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| __arthAt pravrajyA kyoM nahIM ho sakatI isake sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA tattvArthabhASya (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) meM siddhoM ke anuyogadvAra kI hai ki isake kukSi (garbhAzaya), nAbhi aura stana meM sUkSma jIva hote carcA karate hue liMgAnuyogadvAra kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai|6 haiM, isalie usakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai? 10 puna: yaha bhI kahA bhASya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha liMga zabda para usake donoM arthoM gayA hai ki usameM mana kI pavitratA nahIM hotI, ve asthiramanA hotI kI dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai| apane prathama artha meM liMga kA tAtparya haiM tathA unameM rajasrAva hotA hai isaliye unakA dhyAna cintArahita nahIM hai-puruSa, strI yA napuMsaka rUpa zArIrika rcnaaeN| liMga ke isa prathama ho sktaa| 11 / artha kI dRSTi se usameM uttarAdhyayana ke samAna hI strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa tInoM ligoM se mukti kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha hai ki meM hI strImukti kA tArtika khaNDana upalabdha hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pratyutpannabhAva arthAt vartamAna meM kAma-vAsanA kI upasthiti kI dRSTi digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA tArkika niSedha chaThI zatAbdI se prArambha se aveda arthAt kAma-vAsanA se rahita vyakti kI hI mukti hotI hai| huaa| isake pUrva isa paramparA meM isa sambandha meM kyA mAnyatA thI, kintu pUrva bhava kI apekSA se to tInoM vedoM se siddhi hotI hai| sAtha yaha jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI srota nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI usameM liMga kA artha veza karate hue kahA gayA hai pratyutpanna bhava sAtavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti ke isa tArkika niSedha kA kahIM koI arthAt vartamAna bhava kI apekSA se to aliMga arthAt liMga ke prati khaNDana kiyA gayA ho, aisI sUcanA bhI upalabdha nahIM hotii| sambhavata: mamatva se rahita vyakti hI siddha hote haiM, kintu pUrva bhava-liMga kI sAtavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara AcArya kisI aisI paramparA se avagata apekSA se sva-liMga hI siddha hote haiN| puna: dravya-liMga arthAt bAhya hI nahIM the jo strImukti kA niSedha karatI thii| strImukti ke niSedhaka veza kI apekSA se sva-liMga, anya-liMga aura gRha-liMga tInoM hI vikalpa tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara zvetAmbaroM ne nahIM, apitu acelakatva kI samarthaka se siddha hote haiN| yApanIya paramparA ne hI diyaa| cU~ki kundakunda dakSiNa meM hue the aura tattvArthabhASya ke pazcAt tattvArtha kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM yApanIya bhI dakSiNa meM hI upasthita the, ata: pahalI coTa bhI unhIM meM sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM kahA gayA hai ki veda kI dRSTi se tInoM para huI thI aura pahalA pratyuttara bhI unheM hI denA par3A thaa| isa prakAra vedoM ke abhAva meM hI siddhi hotI hai| dravya-liMga arthAt zArIrika sarvaprathama lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM yApanIyoM ne isakA pratyuttara diyA saMracanA kI dRSTi se pulliMga hI siddha hote haiM kintu bhUtapUrva naya kI thaa| yApanIya sampradAya ke ina tarkoM kA anusaraNa paravartI zvetAmbara apekSA se to sagranthaliMga se bhI siddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate AcAryoM ne bhI kiyaa| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM sarvaprathama haribhadra ne AThavIM haiM ki sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA zatI meM lalitavistarA meM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne hai ki mukti puruSa liMga se hI prApta ho sakatI hai| usake pazcAt bhI apanI ora se koI tarka na dekara isa sambandha meM yApanIyatantra rAjavArtikakAra akalaMka bhI sarvArthasiddhi ke ullekha kA hI samarthana nAmaka (vartamAna meM anupalabdha) kisI yApanIya prAkRta grantha ko uddhRta karake raha jAte haiN| usase adhika ve bhI kucha nahIM kahate haiN| mAtra kiyA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zvetAmbara paramparA meM AvazyakamUlabhASya (pA~cavIM zatI), zatAbdI meM strImukti ke niSedha ke sandarbha meM jo tarka diye the, usakA

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400 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 khaNDana yApanIyoM ne lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kiyA aura yApanIyoM gii| acela paramparA meM bhI kundakunda ke pUrva striyA~ dIkSita hotI thIM ke tarkoM ko gRhIta karake hI AThavIM zatAbdI se zvetAmbara paramparA meM aura unako mahAvrata bhI pradAna kiye jAte the| digambara paramparA meM kundakunda bhI strImukti niSedha digambara paramparA kA khaNDana kiyA jAne lgaa| hI aise prathama AcArya pratIta hote haiM jinhoMne spaSTa rUpa se strI kI yApanIyatantra ke pazcAt strImukti ke samarthana meM sarvaprathama yApanIya AcArya pravrajyA kA niSedha kiyA thA aura yaha tarka diyA thA ki striyA~ svabhAva zAkaTAyana ne lagabhaga navIM zatI meM 'strI-nirvANa-prakaraNa' nAmaka svatantra se hI zithila pariNAma vAlI hotI haiM, isaliye unake citta kI vizaddhi grantha kI racanA kI aura usa para svopajJavRtti bhI likhii| isake bAda sambhava nahIM hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA ki striyA~ mAsika dharma donoM hI paramparAoM meM strImukti ke pakSa evaM vipakSa meM likhA jAne vAlI hotI haiM, ata: striyoM meM ni:zaMkA dhyAna sambhava nahIM hai| yaha lgaa| strImukti ke pakSa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra (AThavIM zatI) satya hai ki zArIrika tathA sAmAjika kAraNoM meM pUrNa nagnatA strI ke ke pazcAt abhayadeva (I0 san 1000), zAntisUri (I0 san 1120), liye sambhava nahIM hai aura jaba savastra kI pravrajyA evaM mukti kA niSedha malayagiri (I0 san 1150), hemacandra (I0 san 1160), vAdideva kara diyA gayA to strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya pariNAma (I0 san 1170), ratnaprabha (I0 san 1250), guNaratna (I0 san thA hii| puna: AcArya kundakunda ne aparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha strI ke dvArA 1400), yazovijaya (I0 san 1660), meghavijaya (I0 san ahiMsA kA pUrNata: pAlana bhI asambhava maanaa| unakA tarka hai ki striyoM 1700) ne apanI kalama claaii| dUsarI ora strImukti ke vipakSa meM ke stanoM ke andara meM, nAbhi evaM kukSi (garbhAzaya) meM sUkSmakAya jIva digambara paramparA meM vIrasena (lagabhaga I0 san 800), devasena (I0 hote haiN| isaliye unakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai|16 yahA~ yaha smaraNIya san 980), nemicanda (I0 san 1050), prabhAcanda (I0 san 980- hai ki kundakunda ne jo tarka prastuta kiye haiM ve vastuta: strI kI pravrajyA 1065), jayasena (I 0 san 1150), bhAvasena (I0 san 1275) / ke niSedha ke liye haiN| strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya phalita Adi ne apanI lekhanI claaii|12 yahA~ hamAre liye una sabakI vistRta avazya hai kyoMki jaba acelatA hI ekamAtra mokSa-mArga hai aura strI carcA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| isa sandarbha meM hama yApanIya AcAryoM ke ke liye acelatA sambhava nahIM hai to phira usake liye na to pravrajyA kucha pramukha toM kA ullekha karake isa viSaya ko virAma deNge| jo sambhava hogI aura na hI mukti| pAThaka isa sambandha meM vizeSa jAnane ko icchuka hoM, unheM pro0 padmanAbha hama dekhate haiM ki kundakunda ke ina tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara sambhavata: jainI ke grantha (Gender Salvation) ko dekhanA caahiye| yApanIya paramparA ke 'yApanIyatantra' (yApanIya-Agama) nAmaka grantha meM jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai, zvetAmbara mAnya Agama diyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM yaha grantha anupalabdha hai kintu isakA sAhitya meM strImukti ke ullekha to milate haiM kintu unameM kahIM bhI vaha aMza jisameM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, haribhadra ke usakA tArkika samarthana nahIM huA hai| digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA lalitavistarA meM uddhRta hone se surakSita hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama tArkika khaNDana kundakunda ke granthoM meM milatA hai| kundakunda strI ajIva nahIM hai, na vaha abhavya hai, na samyagdarzana ke ayogya hai, ne isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama to yahI tarka diyA thA ki jinazAsana na amanuSya hai, na anAryakSetra meM utpanna hai, na asaMkhyAta AyaSyavAlI meM vastradhArI siddha nahIM ho sakatA cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na ho? 13 hai, na vaha atikrUramati hai, na upazAnta-moha hai, na azuddhAcArI hai, isase aisA lagatA hai ki strImukti ke niSedha kI AvazyakatA tabhI na azuddhazarIrA hai, na vaha varjita vyavasAyavAlI hai, na apUrvakaraNa huI jaba acelatA ko hI eka mAtra mokSamArga mAna liyA gyaa| hameM kI virodhI hai, na naveM guNasthAna se rahita hai, na labdhi se rahita hai yahAM kahane meM saMkoca nahIM hai ki acelatA ke ekAnta Agraha ne hI aura na akalyANa bhAjana hai to phira vaha uttama dharma arthAt mokSa kI isa avadhAraNA ko janma diyA, kyoki zArIrika AvazyakatA evaM ArAdhaka kyoM nahIM ho sakatI? 17 / sAmAjika maryAdA ke kAraNa strI nagna nahIM raha sktii| nagna hue binA AcArya haribhadra ne ukta yApanIya sandarbha kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI mukti nahIM hotI, isaliye strI mukta nahIM ho sktii| isI Agraha ke kI hai| ve likhate haiM-jIva hI sarvottama dharma, mokSa kI sAdhanA kara kAraNa gRhasthaliMgasiddha aura anyaliMgasiddha (sagrantha-mukti) kI Agamika sakatA hai aura strI jIva hai, isaliye vaha sarvottama dharma kI ArAdhaka avadhAraNA kA niSedha bhI Avazyaka ho gyaa| Age calakara jaba strI kyoM nahIM ho sakatI? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki sabhI jIva to mukti ko pravrajyA ke ayogya batAne ke liye tarka Avazyaka hue, to yaha ke adhikArI nahIM hai jaise abhavya, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI kahA gayA ki yadi strI, darzana se zuddha tathA mokSamArga se mukta hokara striyA~ to abhavya bhI nahIM hotii| puna: yaha tarka bhI diyA jA sakatA ghora cAritra kA pAlana kara rahI ho, to bhI use pravrajyA nahIM dI jA hai ki sabhI bhavya bhI to mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM hai| jaise-mithyaadRssttisktii| 14 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba pravrajyA ko acelatA se bhI bhavyajIva, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ to samyak darzana jor3a diyA gayA taba yaha kahanA Avazyaka ho gayA ki strI paMcamahAvrata ke ayogya bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| yadi isa para yaha kahA jAya rUpa dIkSA kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai| yaha bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA ki strI ke samyagdRSTi hone se kyA hotA hai, pazu bhI samyagdRSTi ho ki jo savastraliMga hai vaha zrAvakoM kA hai| ata: kSullaka evaM ailaka sakatA hai, kintu vaha to mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hotA hai| isa para ke sAtha-sAtha AryikA kI gaNanA bhI zrAvaka/zrAvikA ke varga meM kI yApanIyoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki strI pazu nahIM, manuSya hai| puna: yaha

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strI. anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna 401 Apatti uThAI jA sakatI hai ki sabhI manuSya bhI to siddha nahIM hote, isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ kalyANa-bhAjana hotI jaise anArya-kSetra meM yA bhogabhUmi meM utpanna mnussy| isakA pratyuttara yaha haiM, kyoMki ve to tIrthaGkaroM ko janma detI haiN| ata: strI uttama dharma hai ki striyA~ Arya deza meM bhI to utpanna hotI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya arthAt mokSa kI adhikAriNI ho sakatI hai| haribhadra ne isake atirikta ki Arya deza meM utpanna hokara bhI asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAle siddhoM ke pandraha bhedoM kI carcA karate hue siddhaprAbhRta kA bhI eka sandarbha arthAt yogalika mukti ke yogya nahIM hote, to isakA pratyuttara yaha prastuta kiyA hai| siddhaprAbhRta meM kahA gayA hai ki sabase kama strI-tIrthaGkara hai ki sabhI striyA~ asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAlI bhI nahIM hotii| (tIrthaGkarI) siddha hotI haiN|18 unakI apekSA strI tIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM puna: yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki saMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle hokara nau tIrthaGkara siddha asaMkhyAtaguNA adhika hote haiN| unakI apekSA strI bhI jo atikrUramati hoM, ve bhI mukti ke pAtra nahIM hote to isakA tIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM nau tIrthaGkarI siddha (strI zarIra se siddha) asaMkhyAtaguNA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ atikrUramati bhI nahIM hotI kyoMki striyoM adhika hote haiN| siddhaprAbhRta (siddhapAhuDa) eka paryApta prAcIna grantha meM to saptama naraka kI AyuSya bA~dhane yogya tIvra raudradhyAna kA abhAva hai, jisameM siddhoM ke vibhinna anuyogadvAroM kI carcA huI hai| jJAtavya hotA hai| yaha usameM atikrUratA ke abhAva kA tathA usake karuNAmaya hai ki haribhadra ke samakAlIna siddhasenagaNi ne apane tattvArthabhASya kI svabhAva kA pramANa hai aura isaliye usameM mukti ke yogya prakRSTa zubhabhAva vRtti meM siddhaprAbhRta kA eka sandarbha diyA hai| yaha grantha anumAnata: kA abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki svabhAva nandIsUtra ke pazcAt lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM nirmita huA hogaa| se karuNAmaya hokara bhI jo moha ko upazAnta karane meM samartha nahIM isa prakAra yApanIya paramparA meM hI sarvaprathama srImukti kA tArkika hotA, vaha bhI mukti kA adhikArI nahIM hotA, to aisA bhI nahIM hai, samarthana karane kA prayAsa huA hai| yaha hama pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiM kyoki kucha striyA~ moha kA upazamana karatI huI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti ke samarthana meM jo tarka diye haiM ve yaha kahA jAya ki moha kA upazAnta karane para bhI yadi koI vyakti mukhyataH yApanIyoM kA hI anusaraNa haiN| lalitavistarA meM apanI ora azuddhAcArI hai, to vaha mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA to isake nirAkaraNa se eka bhI nayA tarka nahIM diyA gayA hai, mAtra yApanIyatantra ke kathana ke liye kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ azuddhAcArI (durAcArI) nahIM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki zvetAmbaroM hotii| isa para yadi koI tarka kare ki zuddha AcAra vAlI hokara bhI ko strImukti niSedhaka paramparA kA jJAna yApanIyoM ke mAdhyama se hI huA, striyA~ zuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotI, isaliye ve mokSa kI adhikAriNI kyoMki kundakunda kI strImukti niSedhaka paramparA sudUra dakSiNa meM hI nahIM haiM, to isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ to prasthApita huI thii| ata: usakA uttara bhI dakSiNa meM apane paira jamA azuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotii| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa kucha striyoM kI rahI yApanIya paramparA ko hI denA pdd'aa| kukSi, stana-pradeza Adi azuci se rahita bhI hote haiN| yaha tarka kundakunda yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ne to srI-nirvANa-prakaraNa nAmaka kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa pratyuttara hai| punaH zuddha zarIra vAlI hokara svatantra grantha kI hI racanA kI hai| ve apane grantha ke prArambha me hI bhI yadi strI paraloka hitakArI pravRtti se rahita ho to mokSa kI adhikAriNI kahate haiM ki zakti aura mukti ke pradAtA nirmala arhat ke dharma ko nahIM ho sakatI, parantu aisA bhI nahIM dekhA jaataa| kucha striyA~ paraloka praNAma karake maiM saMkSepa meM strI-nirvANa aura kevalI-bhukti ko khuuNgaa|20 sudhArane ke liye prayatnazIla bhI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya isI grantha meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM ki ratnatraya kI sampadA se yukta hone ki paraloka hitArtha pravRtti karane vAlI strI bhI yadi apUrvakaraNa Adi ke kAraNa puruSa ke samAna hI strI kA bhI nirvANa sambhava hai| yadi se rahita ho, to mukti ke yogya nahIM haiN| kintu zAstra meM strI bhAva yaha kahA jAya ki strItva, ratnatraya kI upalabdhi meM vaise hI bAdhaka ke sAtha apUrvakaraNa kA bhI koI virodha nahIM dikhalAyA gayA hai| isake hai, jaise devatva Adi, to yaha tumhArA apanA kathana ho sakatA hai| viparIta zAstra meM strI meM bhI apUrvakaraNa kA sadbhAva pratipAdita hai| Agama meM aura anya granthoM meM isakA koI pramANa nahIM hai| eka sAdhvI puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki apUrvakaraNa se yukta hokara bhI yadi koI jina-vacanoM ko samajhatI hai, una para zraddhA rakhatI hai aura unakA nirdoSa strI navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM ayogya ho to vaha mukti kI rUpa se pAlana karatI hai, isaliye ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kA strItva se adhikAriNI nahIM ho sktii| kintu Agama meM strI meM navama guNasthAna koI bhI virodha nahIM hai| yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ratnatraya kA bhI sadbhAva pratipAdita hai| puna: yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki kI sAdhanA strItva ke liye azakya hai tathA jo adRSTa arthAt azakya navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM samartha hone para bhI yadi strI meM labdhi hai usake sAtha asaMgati batAne kA to koI artha hI nahIM hai| yadi prApta karane kI yogyatA nahIM hai to vaha kaivalya Adi ko prApta nahIM yaha kahA jAya ki strI meM sAtaveM naraka meM jAne kI yogyatA kA abhAva kara pAtI hai| isake pratyuttara meM kahA gayA hai ki vartamAna meM bhI striyoM hai, isaliye vaha nirvANa-prApti ke yogya nahIM hai| kintu aisA avinAbhAva meM AmarSa-labdhi arthAt zarIra ke maloM kA auSadhi rUpa meM parivartita yA vyApti sambandha dvArA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jo sAtaveM ho jAnA Adi labdhi spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai| ata: vaha labdhi naraka meM nahIM jA sakatA vaha nirvANa ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| carama se rahita bhI nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strI labdhi yogya hone zarIrI jIva tadbhava meM bhI sAtaveM naraka meM nahIM jA sakate, kintu tadbhava para bhI kalyANa-bhAjana na ho to vaha mokSa ko prApta nahIM kara skegii| mokSa jAte haiN| punaH aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki jo jitanA nimna

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402 jaina vidyA ke. AyAma khaNDa-6 gati meM jA sakatA hai, utanA hI ucca gati meM jA sakatA hai| kucha prati koI mamatva nahIM ho to vaha aparigrahI kahA jaayegaa| isake viparIta prANI aise haiM jo nimna gati meM bahuta nimna sthiti taka nahIM jAte, kintu eka vyakti jo nagna rahatA hai kintu usameM mamatva aura mUrchA kA bhAva ve sabhI ucca gati meM bhI samAna rUpa se jAte haiM, jaise sammUrchima hai to vaha acela hokara bhI parigrahI hI kahA jaayegaa| sAdhvI isaliye jIva prathama naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, parisarpa Adi dvitIya naraka vastra dhAraNa nahIM karatI hai ki usameM vastra ke prati koI mamatva hai apitu se Age nahIM jA sakate, pakSI tRtIya naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, ___ vaha vastra ko jinAjJA mAnakara hI dhAraNa karatI hai| punaH vastra usake catuSpada caturtha naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, sarpa paMcama naraka se liye usI prakAra parigraha nahIM hai, jisa prakAra yadi kisI dhyAnastha Age nahIM jA skte| isa prakAra nimna gati meM jAne se ina saba meM nagnamuni ke zarIra para upasarga ke nimitta se DAlA gayA vastra usa muni bhinnatA hai, kintu uccagati meM ye sabhI sahasrAra svarga taka binA kisI ke liye parigraha nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta eka nagna vyakti bhI yadi bhedabhAva ke jA sakate haiN| isaliye yaha kahanA ki jo jitanI nimna apane zarIra ke prati mamatva bhAva rakhatA hai to vaha parigrahI hI kahA gati taka jAne meM sakSama hotA hai, vaha utanI hI ucca gati taka jAne jAyegA aura aisA vyakti nagna hokara bhI mokSa-prApti ke ayogya hI meM sakSama hotA hai, tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| adhogati meM jAne kI ayogyatA hotA hai| jabaki vaha vyakti jisameM mamatvabhAva kA pUrNata: abhAva hai, se ucca gati meM jAne kI ayogyatA siddha nahIM hotii| zarIra dhAraNa karate hue bhI aparigraha hI kahA jaaygaa| ata: jinAjJA yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vAda Adi kI labdhi se rahita, dRSTivAda ke kAraNa saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra dhAraNa karate hae bhI niyamavAna ke adhyayana se vaMcita, jinakalpa ko dhAraNa karane meM asamartha aura strI aparigrahI hI hai aura mokSa kI adhikAriNI bhii| manaHparyaya jJAna ko prApta na kara pAne ke kAraNa strI kI mukti nahIM jisa prakAra jantuoM se vyApta isa loka meM muni ke dvArA dravyaho sakatI, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki jisa prakAra Agama meM jambUsvAmI hiMsA hotI rahane para bhI kaSAya ke abhAva meM vaha ahiMsaka hI mAnA ke pazcAt ina jina bAtoM ke viccheda kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usI jAtA hai, usI prakAra vastra ke sadbhAva meM bhI nirmamatva ke kAraNa sAdhvI prakAra strI ke liye mokSa ke viccheda kA bhI ullekha honA cAhiye thaa| aparigrahI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki yadi hama hiMsA aura ahiMsA yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki strI dIkSA kI adhikAriNI na hone ke kI vyAkhyA bAhya ghaTanAoM arthAt dravya-hiMsA (jIvaghAta) ke AdhAra kAraNa mokSa kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai,to phira AgamoM meM dIkSA ke ayogya para na karake vyakti ke manobhAvoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti ke AdhAra vyaktiyoM kI sUcI meM jisa prakAra zizu ko dudha pilAne vAlI strI para karate haiM, to phira parigraha ke liye bhI yahI kasauTI mAnanI hogii| tathA garbhiNI strI Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA, usI prakAra sAmAnya yadi hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAya evaM pramAda kA abhAva strI kA bhI ullekha kiyA jAnA cAhiye thaa| hone se muni ahiMsaka hI rahatA hai, to phira vastra ke hote hue bhI puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vastra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa strI mUrchA ke abhAva meM sAdhvI aparigrahI kyoM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| mokSa-prApti kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai athavA dUsare zabdoM meM vastrarUpI strI kA cAritra vastra ke binA nahIM hotA aisA arhat ne kahA hai| parigraha hI usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hai to phira pratilekhana kA grahaNa to phira sthavirakalpI Adi ke samAna usakI mukti kyoM nahIM ho sakatI? Adi bhI mukti meM bAdhaka kyoM nahIM hoMge? yadi pratilekhana kA grahaNa, jJAtavya hai ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI jinAjJA ke anurUpa vastra-pAtra Adi usakA saMyama upakaraNa hone ke kAraNa parigraha ke antargata nahIM mAnA grahaNa karate haiN| puna: arza, bhagandara Adi rogoM meM jinakalpI acela jAtA hai to strI ke liye vastra bhI jinopadiSTa saMyamopakaraNa hai, ataH / muni ko bhI vastra grahaNa karanA hotA hai ata: unakI bhI mukti sambhava use parigraha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? nahIM ho sktii| yadyapi vastra parigraha hai, phira bhI bhagavAn ne sAdhviyoM ke liye puna: acelakatva utsarga-mArga hai, yaha bAta jaba taka siddha nahIM saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM usako grahaNa karane kI anumati dI hai, kyoki hogI taba taka sacela mArga ko apavAda mArga nahIM mAnA jaayegaa| utsarga vastra ke abhAva meM unake liye sampUrNa cAritra kA hI niSedha ho jAyegA,ataH bhI apavAda sApekSa hai / apavAda ke abhAva meM utsarga, utsarga nahIM vastra dhAraNa karane meM alpa doSa hote hue bhI saMyama pAlana hetu usakI raha jaataa| yadi acelatA utsarga-mArga hai to sacelatA bhI apavAdaanumati dI gaI hai| jo saMyama ke pAlana meM upakArI hotA hai, vaha mArga hai, donoM hI mArga haiM, amArga koI bhI nahIM haiN| ata: donoM se dhamoMpakaraNa yA saMyamopakaraNa kahA jAtA hai, parigraha nhiiN| ata: nimranthI hI mukti mAnanI hogii| kA vastra saMyamopakaraNa hai, parigraha nhiiN| puna: jisa taraha AgamoM meM ATha varSa ke bAlaka Adi kI dIkSA AgamoM meM sAdhvI ke liye nirgranthI zabda kA prayoga sarvatra huA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra AgamoM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki vastra grahaNa parigraha hI hai to phira Agama hai ki jo vyakti tIsa varSa kI Ayu ko pAra kara cukA ho aura jisakI meM usake liye isa zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye thA, kyoMki dIkSA ko unnIsa varSa vyatIta ho gaye hoM, vahI jinakalpa kI dIkSA nirgrantha kA artha hai parigraha se rhit| yadi saMyamopakaraNa parigraha hai kA adhikArI hai| yadi mukti ke liye jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA Avazyaka to phira koI muni bhI nirgrantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi eka vyakti hotI, to yaha bhI kahA jAnA cAhie thA ki tIsa varSa me kama umra vastra aura AbhUSaNoM se susajjita bhI hai kintu usake mana meM unake kA vyakti mukti ke ayogya hai| kintu sabhI paramparAe~ eka mata se

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403 strI, anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna yaha mAnatI haiM ki mukti ke liye tIsa varSa kI Ayu honA Avazyaka bhI siddha-kSetra ullikhita nahIM hai to yaha bAta aneka puruSoM ke sambandha nahIM hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakA artha huA ki jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| sabhI puruSoM ke siddha-kSetra to prasiddha ke binA bhI mukti sambhava hai, ataH strImukti sambhava hai| nahIM haiN| AgamoM meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke hetu rUpa bahuta prakAra kI tapa yadi yaha tarka prastuta kiyA jAya ki striyoM meM puruSArtha kI kamI vidhiyoM kA nirdeza hai| jisa prakAra yoga aura cikitsA kI aneka hotI hai isaliye ve mukti kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai, kintu hama dekhate vidhiyA~ hotI haiM aura vyakti kI apanI prakRti ke anusAra unameM se haiM ki AgamoM meM brAhmI, sundarI, rAjImati, candanA Adi aneka striyoM koI eka hI vidhi upakArI siddha hotI hai, sabake liye eka hI vidhi ke ullekha haiM jo puruSArtha aura sAdhanA meM puruSoM se kama nahIM thiiN| upakArI siddha nahIM hotI; usI prakAra AcAra meM bhI koI jinakalpa ata: yaha tarka bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kI sAdhanA ke yogya hotA hai to koI sthavirakalpa kI sAdhanA ke| puna: eka tarka yaha bhI diyA jA sakatA hai ki jo vyakti bahuta isaliye vastra kA tyAga hone se strI ke liye mokSa kA abhAva nahIM pApI.aura mithyAdRSTikoNa se yukta hotA hai vahI strI ke rUpa meM janma hai, kyoMki mokSa ke liye to ratnatraya ke atirikta anya koI bhI bAta letA hai| samyagdRSTi prANI strI ke rUpa meM janma hI nahIM letaa| tAtparya Avazyaka nahIM hai| yaha hai ki strI-zarIra kA grahaNa pApa ke pariNAmasvarUpa hotA hai isaliye puna: strI kI nanadIkSA kA niSedha kara dene kA artha bhI usakI strI-zarIra mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| sAtha hI digambara paramparA yaha bhI mukti kI yogyatA kA niSedha nahIM hai, kyoMki jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA mAnatI hai ki eka samyagdRSTi vyakti strI, pazu-strI, prathama naraka ke ke liye una vyaktiyoM kI pravrajyA kA niSedha bhI kiyA jAtA hai jo bAda ke naraka, bhUta-pizAca Adi aura devI ke rUpa meM janma nahIM letaa| ratnatraya ke pAlana meM sakSama hote haiN| tAtparya hai ki kisI ke acela pApI AtmA hI ina zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| ata: strI-zarIra mukti dIkSA ke niSedha se usakI mukti kA niSedha siddha nahIM hotA hai| ke yogya nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA kathana hai ki digambara yadi yaha kahA jAya ki striyA~ isaliye siddha nahIM ho sakatI paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA pramANarahita hai| dUsare jaba samyagdarzana kA udaya haiM kyoMki ve muniyoM ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM hotI, jaisA ki Agama hotA hai, taba sabhI karma mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama kI sthiti meM kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSitA sAdhvI bhI eka dina ke nava ke raha jAte haiM, 69 koTAkoTi sAgaropama sthiti ke karma to mithyAdRSTi dIkSita muni ko vandana kre| isake pratyuttara meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM vyakti bhI samApta kara sakatA hai| ata: samyagdarzana kA udaya hone ki muni ke dvArA vandanIya na hone se unheM mokSa ke ayogya mAnoge para striyA~ avaziSTa mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama ke karmoM ko kyoM to phira yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki arhat (tIrthaGkara) ke dvArA vandanIya kSaya nahIM kara sakatI? phira bhI strI meM karma-kSaya karane kI zakti kA na hone se koI bhI vyakti mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hogA kyoMki arhat abhAva mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| to kisI ko bhI vandana nahIM karatA hai| isI prakAra sthavirakalpI muni, punaH AgamoM meM strImukti ke ullekha bhI haiN| mathurAgama meM kahA jinakalpI muni ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM haiM, ata: yaha bhI mAnanA hogA gayA hai ki eka samaya meM adhikatama 108 puruSa, 20 striyA~ aura ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| isI prakAra jina, 10 napuMsaka siddha ho sakate haiN|21 jJAtavya hai ki yaha ullekha gaNadhara ko vandana nahIM karate haiM, ata: gaNadhara bhI mokSa ke adhikArI uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA hai, jisakI mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI mAnya nahIM haiN| yaha laukika vyavahAra mukti kA kAraNa nahIM hai| mukti kA kAraNa thii| isake atirikta Agama meM strI ke 14 guNasthAna kahe gaye haiN| to vrata-pAlana hai aura vrata-pAlana meM strI-puruSa samAna hI mAne sambhavataH zAkaTAyana kA yaha nirdeza SaTkhaNDAgama ke prasaMga meM hai| gae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama digambaroM ko bhI mAnya hai| isa vacana ke sabhI sAMsArika viSayoM meM to striyA~ puruSoM se nimna hI mAnI prati digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA hai ki yahA~ strI se tAtparya bhAvastrI jAtI haiN| ata: mokSa ke sambandha meM bhI unheM nimna hI kyoM nahIM mAnA (strIvedI jIva) arthAt usa puruSa se hai jisakA svabhAva straiNa ho| isa jAnA cAhie? tIrthaGkara pada bhI to kevala puruSa ko hI prApta hotA sambandha meM zAkaTAyana kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki kisI zabda kA dUsarA hai isalie puruSa hI mukti kA adhikArI hai| isake pratyuttara meM yApanIyoM gauNa artha hote hue bhI, jaba taka usa sandarbha meM usakA prathama artha kA tarka yaha hai ki tIrthaGkara to kevala kSatriya hote haiM, brAhmaNa, zUdra, upayukta ho taba taka dUsarA gauNa artha nahIM liyA jA sktaa| pratyeka vaizya to tIrthaGkara nahIM hote, to phira kyA yaha mAnA jAya ki brAhmaNa, zabda kA apanA eka nizcita rUr3ha artha hotA hai aura binA paryApta zUdra, vaizya mukti ke adhikArI nahIM hote? puna: siddha na to strI hai, kAraNa ke usa nizcita rUr3ha artha kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| na puruss| ata: siddha kA liMga se koI sambandha hI nahIM hai| punaH jaba taka vyutpattilabhya artha yA rUr3ha artha grAhya hai, taba taka dUsarA yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki striyA~ kapaTavRtti vAlI yA mAyAvI artha lene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| strI zabda strIzarIradhArI arthAt hotI haiM to isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki vyavahAra meM to puruSa bhI mAyAvI stana, garbhAzaya Adi se yukta prANI ke liye hI prayukta hotA hai| yahA~ dekhe jAte haiN| (SaTkhaNDAgama ke prastuta prasaMga meM) strI zabda kA anya koI artha usI punaH yAda yaha kahA jAya ki puruSa ke samAna striyoM kA koI prakAra nirarthaka hai jaise koI agniputra nAmaka vyakti kA artha agni se

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404 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 utpanna putra kre| punaH jaba AgamoM meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki strI chaThe jaina paramparA meM veda aura liMga alaga-alaga zabda rahe haiN| liMga kA naraka se Age nahIM jAtI, vahA~ Apa strI zabda ko usake mukhya artha tAtparya zArIrika saMracanA athavA bAhya cihnoM se hotA hai jabaki veda meM leM aura Age jaba Agama meM yaha kahA jAye ki strI meM caudaha guNasthAna kA tAtparya kAmavAsanA sambandhI manobhAvoM se hotA hai| hote haiM to vahA~ strI ko usake gauNa artha arthAt bhAvastrI ke rUpa meM sAmAnyatayA jaisI zarIra-racanA hotI hai, tadrUpa hI veda arthAt leM, yaha ucita nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se vIrasena ke kAma-vAsanA kA udaya hotA hai| yadi kisI vyakti meM apanI zarIraSaTakhaNDAgama ke satprarUpaNAkhaNDa ke 93veM sUtra kI vyAkhyA para kaTAkSa racanA se bhinna prakAra kI kAmavAsanA pAI jAtI hai to yaha mAnanA hogA karate hue pratIta hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama meM satprarupaNA kI gatimArgaNA ki usa vyakti meM puruSa aura strI arthAt donoM prakAra kI kAmavAsanA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki paryApta manuSyanI meM saMyatAsaMyata, saMyata Adi hai| parantu Agama kI dRSTi se aisA vyakti napuMsakaliMgI kahA gayA hai| guNasthAna hote haiN| vIrasena ne yahA~ manuSyanI zabda kI bhAva-strI yA jaina-paramparA meM napuMsaka zabda kA tAtparya puruSatva se hIna arthAt strI strI-vedI puruSa aisI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha zAkaTAyana ko svIkArya kA bhoga karane meM asamartha vyakti, aisA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana kA spaSTa mata hai ki Agama (SaTkhaNDAgama) meM napuMsaka vaha hai, jisameM ubhayaliMga kI kAmavAsanAe~ upasthita ho| puna: jo manuSyanI zabda prayukta huA hai vahA~ usakA mukhya artha 'strI' hI zAkaTAyana kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki yadi kisI puruSa kA kAma-vyavahAra grAhya hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ manuSyanI kA artha strIvedI puruSa (straiNa- dUsarI strI ke sAtha puruSavat ho to yaha usakI apanI vikRta kAmavAsanA puruSa) isalie bhI grAhya nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha carcA gatimArgaNA kA hI rUpa hai| kabhI-kabhI to manuSya pazuoM se bhI apanI kAmavAsanA ke sandarbha meM hai, vedamArgaNA ke sambandha meM nahIM hai| vedamArgaNA kI kI pUrti karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| kyA aisI sthiti meM hama yaha mAneMge carcA to Age kI hI gaI hai| ata: prastuta sandarbha meM 'manuSyanI' kA ki usameM pazu sambandhI kAmavAsanA hai? vastuta: yaha usakI apanI artha strI-vedI manuSya/bhAva-strI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAmavAsanA kA hI eka vikRta rUpa hai| puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki puna: strIveda (kAmavAsanA) kI upasthiti meM to mukti sambhava hI Agama meM vigata veda (bhavoM) kI apekSA se strI meM caudaha guNasthAna nahIM hotI hai, veda to naveM guNasthAna meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai| kintu mAne gae haiM to phira vigata bhava kI apekSA se deva meM bhI caudaha guNasthAna strIveda zarIra kI upasthiti meM sambhava hai, kyoki zarIra to caudahaveM sambhava hoMge, kintu Agama meM unameM to caudaha guNasthAna nahIM kahe gae guNasthAna arthAta mukti ke lakSaNa taka rahatA hai| haiN| vastuta: Agama meM jo manuSyanI meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI sambhAvanA punaH puruSa zarIra meM strIveda arthAt puruSa dvArA bhoge jAne sambandhI svIkAra kI gaI hai, vaha strIveda ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu strIliMga kAma-vAsanA athavA strI-zarIra meM puruSaveda arthAt strI kI bhogane sambandhI (strIrUpI zarIra-racanA) ke AdhAra para hI hai| Agama meM gatimArgaNA kAma-vAsanA kA udaya mAnanA bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM ke sandarbha meM manuSyanI meM paryApta guNasthAnoM kI carcA huI hai| ata: hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAyegA ki puruSa kI AMgika saMracanA meM strI rUpa manuSyanI kA artha bhAvastrI arthAt straiNa-vAsanA se yukta puruSa karanA se bhoge jAnA aura strI. kI zArIrika racanA meM puruSa rUpa se strI ko upayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva yA veda kI carcA to bhinna anuyogadvAroM bhoga karanA sambhava hotA hai to phira samaliMgI vivAha-vyavasthA ko bhI meM kI gaI hai| ata: Agama (SaTakhaNDAgama) meM manuSyanI kA artha bhAvamAnanA hogaa| sAtha hI yadi puruSa meM strIveda kA udaya arthAt dUsare strI na hokara dravya-strI hI hai aura yadi AgamAnusAra manuSyanI meM caudaha puruSa ke dvArA strI rUpa meM bhoge jAne sambandhI kAmavAsanA kA udaya guNasthAna sambhava haiM to phira usakI mukti bhI sambhava hai| isa prakAra sambhava mAneMge, to phira muniyoM kA paraspara sAtha meM rahanA bhI sambhava yApanIya paramparA Agamika AdhAroM para strImukti kI samarthaka rahI hai| nahIM hogA, kyoMki kisI zramaNa meM kaba strIveda kA udaya ho jAya, yaha kahanA kaThina hogA aura strIvedI zramaNa ke sAtha puruSavedI zramaNa anyatairthika aura gRhasthamukti kA prazna kA rahanA zramaNAcAra niyamoM ke viruddha hogaa| kisI bhI vyakti meM bhinna- strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha do anya prazna bhI jur3e hue haiM, ve haiM liMgI kAmavAsanA kA udaya mAnanA sambhava nahIM hai| vyavahAra meM bAhya anyatairthika kI mukti evaM savastramukti (gRhsthmukti)| yaha spaSTa hai ki zarIra racanA ke AdhAra para hI nirNaya liye jAte haiN| samalaiMgika kAmapravRtti uttarAdhyayanasUtra jaise prAcIna jaina AgamoM se strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha yA pazu-manuSya kAmapravRtti vastuta: aprAkRtika maithuna yA vikRta anyatairthikoM (anya liMga) aura gRhasthoM kI mukti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA kAmavAsanA ke rUpa haiM. zarIra-racanA se bhinna veda (kAmavAsanA) kA gayA hai| unakI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vyakti cAhe kisI anya paramparA udaya nahIM hotA hai| ata: manuSyanI zabda kA artha stana, yoni Adi meM dIkSita huA ho yA gRhastha hI ho, yadi vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA se yukta manuSyanI (mAnava strI) hI hai, na ki strI sambandhI kAmavAsanA meM pUrNatA prApta kara letA hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgadazA se yukta puruss| punaH isa kathana kA koI pramANa bhI nahIM hai ki puruSa ___ ko prApta ho jAtA hai, to vaha anyatairthika yA gRhastha ke veza meM bhI zarIra-racanA se straiNa kAmavAsanA kA udaya hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM mukti ko prApta ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra kI apekSA yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki strI-zarIra meM bhI puruSa sambandhI kAmavAsanA se strI, puruSa evaM napuMsaka kI tathA veza kI apekSA se sva-liMga arthAt strI ko bhogane kI icchA utpanna hotI hogii| jJAtavya hai ki (nirgrantha muniveza),anya-liMga (tApasa Adi anyatairthika ke veza meM)

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strI, anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna 405 evaM gRhI-liMga (gRhasthaveza) se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA grantha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti ke spaSTa niSedha sambandhI gayA hai|22 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM nami, bAhuka, asitadevala, nArAyaNa Adi koI bhI ullekha nahIM mile haiN| zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sUtrakRtAMga aura RSiyoM ke dvArA anya paramparA ke AcAra evaM vezabhUSA kA anusaraNa uttarAdhyayana meM to spaSTa rUpa se ina tInoM kI mukti kA ullekha haA karate hue bhI siddhi prApta karane kA spaSTa ullekha hai|23 RSibhASita hai, yaha hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiN| kundakunda aura pUjyapAda ke samaya meM aupaniSadika, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke RSiyoM ko arhat se hI jaina vidvAnoM meM yaha matabheda astitva meM hai| hamArI dRSTi meM kundakunda RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai|24 vastuta: mukti kA sambandha bhI pUjyapAda ke samakAlIna lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke hI haiN| ata: pUjyapAda AtmA kI vizuddhi se hai| usakA bAhya veza yA strI-puruSa Adi ke ke sAtha-sAtha unhoMne bhI sUtraprAbhRta28 meM 'vastradhArI' kI mukti kA niSedha zarIra se koI sambandha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara AcArya ratnazekharasUri kahate kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki-"yadi tIrthaGkara bhI vastradhArI ho to vaha haiM ki vyakti cAhe zvetAmbara ho, digambara ho, bauddha yA anya kisI bhI mukta nahIM ho sakatA" isa niSedha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha dharma-paramparA kA ho, yadi vaha samabhAva se yukta hai to mukti avazya tInoM kI mukti kA hI niSedha ho jAtA hai, kyoMki ye tInoM hI vastradhArI prApta kregaa|25 cU~ki yApanIya bhI Agamika paramparA ke anuyAyI the, haiN| isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM kundakunda evaM pUjyapAda ke kAla ata: yApanIya zAkaTAyana ne isa sambandha meM Agama-pramANa kA ullekha se strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti kA bhI kiyA hai| ve strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthikamukti ke bhI samarthaka niSedha kara diyA gyaa| vastuta: koI bhI dharma paramparA jaba sAmpradAyika the| kintu jaba acelatA ko hI ekamAtra mokSa-mArga svIkAra karake mUrchAdi saMkIrNatAoM meM simaTatI jAtI hai to usameM anya paramparAoM ke prati bhAvaparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha vastra-pAtrAdi dravya-parigraha kA bhI pUrNa tyAga udAratA samApta hotI jAtI hai| anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti Avazyaka mAna liyA gayA to yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki strImukti kA niSedha isI kA pariNAma thaa| ke niSedha ke sAtha hI sAtha anyatairthika aura gRhasthoM kI mukti kA paravartI zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM meM isa sambandha meM jo bhI bhI niSedha kara diyA gayA / digambara paramparA meM cU~ki acelatA ko carcAe~ huIM, vaha mukhya rUpa se strImukti ke prazna ko lekara huiiN| gRhastha hI ekamAtra mokSa-mArga mAnA gayA thA, isaliye usane yaha mAnA ki evaM anyatairthika kI mukti kA prazna vastuta: strI ke prazna se hI jur3A anyatairthika yA gRhasthaveza meM koI bhI vyakti mukta nahIM ho sktaa| huA thaa| ata: paravartI sAhitya meM ina donoM ke sambandha meM pakSa va isake viparIta zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM hI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate vipakSa meM kucha likhA gayA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nahIM hai| tattvArthazlokavArtika 29 rahe ki yadi vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti samApta ho gayI meM vidyAnanda ne ekamAtra tarka yaha diyA hai ki 'yadi sagrantha avasthA hai to bAhyarUpa se vaha cAhe gRhasthaveza dhAraNa kiye hue ho usakI meM mukti hotI hai to phira parigraha-tyAga kI kyA AvazyakatA hai?' mukti meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| tattvArthabhASya'6 meM tattvArthasUtra ke dasaveM jisa prakAra yApanIya AcArya 'zAkaTAyana' ne aura zvetAmbara AcArya adhyAya ke sAtaveM sUtra kA bhASya karate hue umAsvAti ne veza kI haribhadra Adi ne strImukti ke samarthana meM vividha tarka diye usI prakAra apekSA se dravya-liMga ke tIna bheda kiye-(1) sva-liMga, (2) gRha- ke tarka gRhastha yA anyatairthika kI mukti ke sambandha meM yApanIya evaM liMga, (3) anya-liMga aura yaha batAyA ki ina tInoM liMgoM se mukti zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne nahIM diye haiN| sambhavata: isakA kAraNa yahI rahA ho bhI sakatI hai, aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra umAsvAti ki jaba eka bAra sacela strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI jAtI anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti ko vikalpa se svIkAra karate haiM, hai to phira gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kintu isI sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pUjyapAda sarvArthasiddhi meM dravya-liMga karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahatI, kyoMki gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI kI dRSTi se nirgrantha-liMga se hI siddhi mAnate haiN| yadyapi unhoMne yaha mukti kA prazna sIdhA strImukti kI samasyA ke sAtha jur3A huA thaa| mAnA hai ki bhUtapUrva naya kI apekSA se sagrantha-liMga se bhI siddhi hotI ata: usa para svatantra rUpa se pakSa va vipakSa meM adhika carcA nahIM huI hai| hai|27 kintu tattvArthasUtra ke prastuta sUtra (10/7) meM siddha jIvoM kA jahA~ taka yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai ve strImukti ke sAthakSetra, kAla, gati, liMga, tIrtha Adi kI apekSA se jo vicAra kiyA sAtha gRhastha evaM anyatairthika kI mukti svIkAra karate the| yApanIya gayA hai, vaha unake mukti prApta karane ke samaya kI sthiti ke sandarbha granthoM se isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| AcArya hariSeNa ke meM hai| ata: bhUtapUrva naya kA yahA~ koI prayojana hI nahIM hai| kyoMki 'bRhatkathAkoza'30 meM spaSTa rUpa se gRhasthamukti kA ullekha hai| isameM yadi bhUtapUrva naya se kahanA hotA to usameM to sabhI liMga, sabhI veda, kahA gayA hai ki aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata se anvita aura maunavrata sabhI gati, sabhI kSetra Adi se mukti mAnI jA sakatI thii| bhUtapUrva se samanvita mumukSu siddhi ko prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra harivaMza purANa naya kA kathana mAtra Agama aura apanI paramparA ke madhya saMgati biThAne (jinasena aura hariSeNa) meM bhI anyatairthika kI mukti kA ullekha kiyA hetu kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isase yaha to phalita hotA hI hai ki gayA hai| usake bayAlIsaveM sarga meM nArada ko 'antyadeha' kahA gayA pUjyapAda ke samaya meM digambara paramparA meM anyatairthika aura gRhasthamukti hai| punaH usake paisaThaveM sarga meM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se A gayI thii| pUjyapAda kI ki "narazreSTha nArada ne pravrajita hokara tapasyA ke bala se bhavaparamparA sarvArthaTIkA se pahale hameM zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA ke kisI bhI kA kSaya karake akSaya mokSa ko prApta kiyaa|32 isake viparIta digambara

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406 granthoM meM nArada ko narakagAmI kahA gayA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya paramparA, zvetAmbara paramparA kI hI taraha udAra thI aura sandarbha 1. 2. vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 1972, 36/49. (a) jJAtAdharmakathA, aSTama adhyayana ke anta meM malli ke tIrthaGkara evaM mukta hone kA ullekha hai| (ba) antakRddazAMga varga ATha ke sabhI adhyayanoM ke anta meM strImukti ke ullekha haiN| 4. 3. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1. pR0 181 evaM bhAga 2, pR0 212. aSTaprAbhRta suttapAhuDa, prakA0 paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa, gAthA 23-26. 5. M.A. Dhaky "The Date of Kundakundacharya", Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III, Pt. D.D. Malvania Felicitation Volume, P.V. Research Institute, 1991, p. 187. 6. tattvArthabhASya saMpA0 paM0 khUbacanda siddhAnta zAstrI, prakA0 zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa 1932, 10 / 7. sarvArthasiddhi, saMpA0 paM0 phUlacanda siddhAnta zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1955, 10/9. rAjavArtika, saMpA0- mahendra kumAra jaina, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1953, 10/9. aSTaprAbhRta suttapAhuDa, prakA0 paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa, gAthA 23. 7. itthI purisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagAH / saliMge atra liMge ya gihiliMge taheva ca / / saMpAdaka - sAdhvI caMdanAjI, uttarAdhyayana, 8. 9. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 10. vahI, gAthA 24. 19. vahI, gAthA 25-26 12. Padmanabh S. Jaini, Gender and Salvation, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, 1992, p. 4. 13. gavi sinjhai vatyadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi tityayaro jaggo vimokkha maggo sAummarayA savve // -aSTaprAbhRta, suttapAhuDa, prakAzaka paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa. gAthA 23 / 14. vahI, gAthA 25. 15. vahI, gAthA 26. 16. vahI, gAthA 24. 17. haribhadra lalitavistara, prakA0 zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI tAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, vi0 saM0 1990 pR0 57-59. 18. savvatyoA tityayarisiddhA tiSyayarititve, gotthiyarasiddhA asaMkhejja guNa titthayarititthe, No tityayarisiddhA asaMkhejja guNao / - siddhaprAbhUta, uddhRta lalitavistarA, pR0 56. 19. atthititthakarasiddha titthakaratitthe, ne titthasiddhA titthakara titthe, titthasiddhA titthakaratitthe tittha siddhANo, titthakarIsiddhA titthakarI strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti kI sambhAvanA ko bhI svIkAra karatI thii| titthaNo titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titysiddhaao| tattvArthAdhimagasUtra--svopajJabhASyeNa zrI siddhasenagaNikRta TIkAyAM ca samalaMkRtam, prakA0 jIvacaMda sAkaracaMda jhaverI, sUrata, 1930, dvitIya vibhAga 10 / 7, pR0 308 20. praNipatya muktimukti pramadamalaM dharmamarhato dizataH / vakSye strInirvANaM kevalibhuktiM saMkSepAt / / zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 'strImuktiprakaraNa, saMpA0 hIrAlAla jaina evaM e0ena0 upAdhye, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1971, zloka 1, pR0 121. 21. dasa ceva napuMsevIsaM itthivAsu ya purisesu ya asayaM samaraNegeNa sijjhaI / uttarAdhyayana saMpA0ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 36/51 22. itthI purisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagA / saliMge atraliMge va gihiliMge saheva ya / vahI 36/49. 23. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni zrI AgamaprakAzana samiti, byAvara 1982, 1/3/4/1-1. 24. devanArade arahatA isiNA buiyaM / isibhAsiyAI, 28. 29. sampAdaka mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 1/1 1 25. sayaMbaro ya AsaMbaro va buddho ya aheva anno yA 11 samabhAvabhAviappA laheya mukkhaM na saMdeho / sambodhasattarI, 2. 26. liMge punaranyo vikalpa ucyate - dravyaliMga bhAvaliMga aliMgamiti / pratyutpanna bhAvaprajJApanIya prAptasiddhayati tatvArthabhASya, saMpA0 paM0 khUbacanda siddhAnta zAstrI, prakA0 zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1932, 10/7. 27. liMgena kena siddhi ? avedatvena vibhyo vA vedabhyaH siddhibhavito na dravyataH pulliMgeneva / athavA nirgrnthliNgen| saMgrathaliMgena vA siddhirbhUtapUrva nayApekSayA sarvArthasiddhi, sampAdaka phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1978, pR0 472. sUtraprAbhRta, 23. sAkSannigraMthAliMgena pAramparyAttatonyataH sAkSAtsagraMthaliMgena siddhau nirgranthatA vRthA tattvArthazlokavArtika, saMpA0 paM0 mahendra kumAra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1957, 10/9. 30. bRhatkathAkoza, saMpA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI, vi0 saM0 1999, 57/562. 31. antyadehaH prakRtyaiva niH kaSAyoepyasaukSitau harivaMzapurANa, saMpA0pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1962, 42/22. 32. vahI, 65 / 24. .

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yadyapi yaha satya hai AtmA ke pUrva karma saMskAroM ke kAraNa bandhana kI prakriyA avirAma gati se calatI rahatI hai| pUrva karma saMskAra apane vipAka ke avasara para AtmA ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura usake pariNAma svarUpa mAnasika evaM zArIrika kriyA vyApAra hote haiM, usa kriyA vyApAra ke kAraNa navIna karmAsrava evaM bandha hotA hai| ataH yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isa bandhana se mukta kisa prakAra huA jaaye| jaina darzana bandhana se bacane ke lie jo upAya batAtA hai, unheM saMvara aura nirjarA kahate haiN| bandhana se mukti kI ora - saMvara kA artha tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra Ava nirodha saMbara hai| dUsare zabdoM me karmavargaNA ke pugaloM kA AtmA meM Ane kI kriyA kA rUka jAnA saMvara hai| vahI saMvara mokSa kA kAraNa tathA naitika sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| saMvara zabda 'sama' upasarga pUrvaka 'vR' dhAtu se banA hai| vR dhAtu kA artha hai rokanA yA nirodha krnaa| isa prakAra saMvara zabda kA artha kiyA gayA hai-- AtmA ko prabhAvita karane vAle karmavargaNA ke pudraloM ke Asrava ko roka denA sAmAnya rUpa se zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM kA yathAzakya nirodha karanA (rokanA) saMvara kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki kriyAe~ hI Asrava kA AdhAra haiN| jaina paramparA meM saMvara ko karma paramANuoM ke Asrava ko rokane ke artha meM aura bauddha paramparA meM kriyA ke nirodha ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM karmavargaNA (paramANuoM) kA bhautika svarUpa mAnya nahIM hai, ataH ve saMbara ko jaina paramparA ke artha meM nahIM lete haiN| usameM saMvara kA artha mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke kriyA vyApAra yA aindrika pravRttiyoM kA saMyama hI abhipreta hai| vaise jaina paramparA meM bhI saMvara ko kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke nirodha ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki saMvara ke pA~ca aMgoM meM ayoga (akriyA) bhI eka mAnA gayA hai| yadi hama isa paramparAgata artha ko mAnya karate hue bhI isase thor3A Upara uThakara dekheM to saMvara kA vAstavika artha saMyama hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI saMvara ke rUpa meM jisa jIvana praNAlI kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai vaha saMyamAtmaka jIvana kI pratIka hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke pA~ca bhedoM kA vivecana pA~coM indriyoM ke saMyama ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to saMvara ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI Asava-nirodha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH saMbara kA artha hai anaitika yA pApakArI pravRttiyoM se apane ko bcaanaa| saMvara zabda isa artha meM saMyama kA paryAya hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha paramparA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga saMyama ke artha meM hI huA hai| dhammapada' Adi meM prayukta saMvara zabda kA artha saMyama hI kiyA gayA hai| saMvara zabda kA yaha artha karane meM jahA~ eka ora hama tulanAtmaka vivecana ko sulabha banA sakeMge vahI dUsarI ora jaina paramparA ke mUla Azaya se bhI dUra nahIM hoyeMge lekina saMvara kA yaha niSedhaka artha hI saba kucha nahIM hai, varan usakA eka vidhAyaka pakSa bhI hai zubha adhyavasAya bhI saMvara ke artha meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki azubha kI nivRtti ke lie zubha kA aMgIkAra prAthamika sthiti meM Avazyaka hai| vRttizUnyatA ke abhyAsI ke lie prathama zubha vRttiyoM ko aMgIkAra karanA hotA hai, kyoMki citta ke zubhavRtti se paripUrNa hone para azubha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| azubha ko haTAne ke lie zubha Avazyaka hai| dUsare zubha ko haTAnA to itanA susAdhya hotA hai ki usakA sahaja nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| ataH saMvara kA artha zubha vRttiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI hai| yadyapi vahA~ zubha kA vaha artha nahIM hai, jise hama puNyAsava yA puNyabandha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa (a) jaina darzana meM saMvara ke do bheda haiM- 1. dravya saMvara aura 2. bhAva saMvara dravyasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai ki karmAsrava ko rokane meM sakSama AtmA kI caittasika sthiti bhAvasaMvara hai, aura dravyAstrava ko rokane vAlA usa caittasika sthiti kA jo pariNAma hai vaha dravyasaMvara kahA jAtA hai / 5 (ba) sAmAnya rUpa se saMvara ke pA~ca aMga yA dvAra batAye gaye haiM- 1. samyaktva - yathArtha dRSTikoNa, 2. virati maryAdita yA saMyamita jIvana, 3 apramattatA Atma cetanatA, 4 akaSAyavRtti-krodhAdi manovegoM kA abhAva aura 5. ayoga akriyA / (sa) sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke ATha bheda nimnAnusAra batAe gaye haiM - 1. zrota indriya kA saMyama, 2. cakSu indriya kA saMyama, 3. ghrANa indriya kA saMyama, 4. rasa indriya kA saMyama, 5. sparza indriya kA saMyama, 6. mana kA saMyama, 7 vacana kA saMyama aura 8. zarIra kA saMyama / * (da) prakArAntara se jaina Agama granthoM meM saMvara ke sattAvana bheda bhI mAne gaye haiN| jisameM pA~ca samitiyA~, tIna guptiyA~, dasa prakAra kA yati dharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~ (bhAvanAe~), bAIsa pariSaha aura sAmAyika Adi pA~ca caritra sammilita hai| ye sabhI karmAsrava kA nirodha kara AtmA ko bandhana se bacAte haiM, ataH saMvara kahe jAte haiN| yadi uparokta AdhAroM para hama dekheM to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki saMvara kA tAtparya aisI maryAdita jIvana praNAlI hai jisameM viveka pUrNa AcaraNa ( kriyAoM kA sampAdana), mana, vANI aura zarIra kI ayogya pravRttiyoM kA saMyamana, sadguNa kA grahaNa, kaSToM, sahiSNutA aura samatva kI sAdhanA samAviSTa ho| jaina darzana meM saMvara ke sAdhaka se apekSA yahI kI gaI hai ki usakA pratyeka AcaraNa saMyata evaM vivekapUrNa ho, cetanA sadaiva jAgrata ho, tAki indriyoM ke viSaya usameM rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyoM ko paidA nahIM kara skeN| jaba indriyA~ aura mana apane viSayoM ke samparka meM Ate haiM to unake isa samparka se AtmA meM vikAra .

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408 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yA vAsanA utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA uTha khar3I hotI hai| ata: ho jAne para apanA vipAka (phala) dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ko sadaiva hI jAgrata rahate hue, viSaya sevanarUpa hai, yaha yathAkAla nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| ise savipAka, akAma aura chidroM se Ane vAle karmAsrava yA vikAra se apanI rakSA karanI hai| anaupakramika nirjarA bhI kahate haiN| yaha savipAka nirjarA isalie kahI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kachuA jisa prakAra apane aMgoM jAtI hai ki isameM karma apanA vipAka dekara alaga hotA hai arthAt ko andara meM sameTa kara khatare se bAhara ho jAtA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka isameM phalodaya (vipAkodaya) hotA hai| ise akAma nirjarA isa AdhAra bhI adhyAtma yoga ke dvArA antarmukha hokara apane ko pApa vRttiyoM para kahA gayA hai ki isameM karma ke alaga karane meM vyakti ke saMkalpa se surakSita rkhe| mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriya vyApAroM kA saMyamana kA tattva nahIM hotA hai| upakrama zabda prayAsa ke artha meM AtA hai, hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai| sacce sAdhaka kI vyAkhyA karate isameM vaiyaktika prayAsa kA abhAva hotA hai, ata: anaupakramika bhI hue dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sUtra tathA usake rahasya kahA jAtA hai| ko jAnakara hAtha, paira, vANI tathA indriyoM kA yathArtha saMyama rakhatA 2. dUsare jaba tapasyA ke mAdhyama se karmoM ko unake phala dene hai (arthAt sanmArga meM vivekapUrvaka lagatA hai), adhyAtma rasa meM hI ke samaya ke pUrva arthAt unakI kAla-sthiti paripakva hone ke pahile jo masta rahatA hai aura apanI AtmA ko samAdhi meM lagAtA hai vahI hI pradezodaya ke dvArA bhogakara balAt alaga-alaga kara diyA jAtA saccA sAdhaka hai| hai to aisI nirjarA ko sakAma nirjarA kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki nirjarita hone meM samaya kA tattva apanI sthiti ko pUrI nahIM karatA hai| ise nirjarA kA artha avipAka nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM vipAkodaya yA phalodaya __AtmA ke sAtha karma-pudgala kA sambandha honA bandha hai aura AtmA nahIM hotA hai, mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai| se karmavargaNA kA alaga honA nirjarA hai| saMvara navIna Ane vAle vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya meM kyA antara hai, ise nimna udAharaNa karma-pudgala kA rokanA hai, parantu mAtra saMvara se nirvANa kI prApti se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaba klorophArma suMghAkara kisI vyakti kI sambhava nahIM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki jaise kisI bar3e cIra-phAr3a kI jAtI hai to usameM use asAtAvedanIya (du:khAnubhUti) tAlAba ke jala srotoM (pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM) ko banda kara diyA nAmaka karma kA pradezodaya hotA hai lekina vipAkodaya nahIM hotA hai| jAe aura usake andara rahe hue jala ko ulIcA jAya tathA tApa se usameM duHkhada vedanA ke tathya to upasthita hote haiM lekina duHkhada vedanA sukhAyA jAe to vaha vistIrNa tAlAba bhI sUkha jaayegaa| prastuta rUpaka kI anubhUti nahIM hai| isI prakAra pradezodaya karma ke phala kA tathya meM AtmA hI sarovara hai, karma pAnI hai, karma kA Asrava hI pAnI kA to upasthita ho jAtA hai, lekina usakI phalAnubhUti nahIM hotI hai| Agamana hai| usa pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM ko niruddha kara denA saMvara ata: yaha avipAka nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| ise sakAma nirjarA bhI kahA hai aura pAnI kA ulIcanA aura sukhAnA nirjarA hai| yaha rUpaka yaha jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM karma-paramANuoM ko AtmA se alaga karane batAtA hai ki saMvara se naye karma rUpI jala kA Agamana (Asrava) to kA saMkalpa hotA hai| yaha aupakramika nirjarA bhI kahI jAtI hai kyoMki ruka jAtA hai lekina pUrva meM bandhe hue, sattArUpa karmoM kA jala to isameM upakrama yA prayAsa hotA hai| prayAsa pUrvaka, taiyArI sahita, karmavargaNA AtmA rUpI tAlAba meM zeSa rahA huA hai jise sukhAnA hai| yaha karma ke pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha karmoM ko nirjarita rUpI jala ko sukhAnA nirjarA hai| (kSaya) karane kA kRtrima prakAra hai| anaupakramika yA savipAka nirjarA anicchApUrvaka, azAnta evaM dravya aura bhAva nirjarA vyAkula cittavRtti se, pUrva saMcita karma ke pratiphaloM kA sahana karanA __nirjarA zabda kA artha hai pUrNata: jarjarita kara denA, jhAr3a denA hai jabaki avipAka nirjarA icchApUrvaka samabhAvoM se jIvana kI AI arthAt Atmatattva se karma-pudgala kA alaga ho jAnA athavA alaga huI paristhitiyoM kA mukAbalA karanA hai| kara denA nirjarA hai| jainAcAryoM ne yaha nirjarA do prakAra kI mAnI hai| AtmA kI vaha caitasika avasthA jisake dvArA karma-pudgala apanA phala jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna dekara alaga ho jAte haiM, bhAva nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| bhAva nirjarA AtmA jaina sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirjarA kA pahalA prakAra jise savipAka kI vaha vizuddha avasthA hai, jisake kAraNa karma-paramANu AtmA se yA anaupakramika nirjarA kahate haiM, adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| yaha pahalA alaga ho jAte haiN| yahI karma-paramANuoM kA AtmA se pRthakkaraNa dravya prakAra sAdhanA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki karmoM ke bandha aura nirjarA hai| bhAva nirjarA kAraNa-rUpa hai aura dravya nirjarA kArya-rUpa hai| nirjarA kA yaha krama to satat rUpa se calA A rahA hai| hama pratikSaNa purAne karmoM kI nirjarA karate rahate haiM lekina jaba taka navIna karmoM sakAma aura akAma nirjarA kA sRjana samApta nahIM hotA aisI nirjarA se sApekSika rUpa meM koI puna: nirjarA ke do anya prakAra bhI mAne gaye haiM- 1. karma lAbha nahIM hotaa| jaise koI vyakti purAne RNa kA bhugatAna to karatA jitanI kAla maryAdA (avadhikAla) ke sAtha ba~dhA hai, usake samApta rahe, lekina navIna RNa bhI letA rahe to vaha RNa mukta nahIM hotA hai|

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jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yaha savipAka nirjarA to AtmA anAdikAla se karatA A rahA hai, lekina nirvANa kA lAbha prApta nahIM kara skaa| AcArya kundakunda " kahate haiM - yaha cetana AtmA karma vipAka kAla meM sukhada aura duHkhada phaloM kI anubhUti karate hue punaH duHkha ke bIja rUpa ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA bandha kara letA hai, kyoMki karma jaba apanA vipAka dete haiM to kisI nimitta se dete haiM aura ajJAnI AtmA zubha nimitta para rAga aura azubha nimitta para dveSa karake navIna bandha kara letA hai| bandhana se mukti kI ora ataH sAdhanA mArga ke pathika ke lie pahale yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki vaha prathama jJAna yukta ho karmAssrava kA nirodha kara apane Apako saMvRta kre| saMvara ke abhAva meM jaina sAdhanA meM nirjarA kA koI mUlya nahIM, vaha to anAdikAla se hotI A rahI hai kintu bhava paramparA ko samApta karane meM sahAyaka nahIM huii| dUsare yadi AtmA saMvara kA samAcaraNa karatA huA bhI isa yathAkAla hone vAlI nirjarA kI pratIkSA meM baiThA sandarbha saMketa 1. tattvArthasUtra, vive0 paM0 sukhalaka saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976, 9/1 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981, 5/2/427/ 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 29 / 26 / dhammapada, anu0 paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0 buddhavihAra, lakhanaU, 390-393 / 5. dravya sNgrh| 6. samavAyAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 5/5/ 7. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, 4. 409 rahe to bhI vaha zAyada hI mukta ho sake, kyoMki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra prANI ke sAtha bandha itanA adhika hai ki vaha aneka janmoM meM hI zAyada isa karmabandha se svAbhAvika nirjarA ke mAdhyama se mukta ho ske| lekina itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM saMvara se skhalita hokara navIna karmoM ke bandha kI sambhAvanA bhI to rahI huI hai| ataH sAdhanA mArga ke pathika ke lie jo mArga batAyA gayA hai, vaha hai aupakramika yA avipAka nirjarA kA mahattva isI tapa janya nirjarA kA hai| RSibhASitasUtra 12 meM RSi kahatA hai ki saMsArI AtmA pratikSaNa nae karmoM kA bandha aura purAne karmoM kI nirjarA kara rahA hai, lekina tapa se hone vAlI nirjarA hI vizeSa (mahattvapUrNa ) hai / bandha aura nirjarA kA pravAha avirAma gati se baha rahA hai kintu (jo) sAdhaka saMvara dvArA navIna Asrava ko niruddha kara tapasyA dvArA purAtana karmoM ko kSINa karatA calatA hai, vaha anta meM pUrNa rUpa se niSkarma bana jAtA hai, mukti ko prApta kara letA hai / 13 byAvara, 1981, 8/3/598 / sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 1/8/16 / 9. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985, 10/15 / 8. 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 30 / 5-6 / 11. samayasAra, kundakunda prakA0 ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI, 1959, 389 / 12. RSibhASita saM0 mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara jI prakA0 prAkRta akAdamI, jypur| 13. jainadharma, muni suzIla kumAra, prakA0 zrI a0 bhA0 zve0 sthAnakavAsI, jaina kAnpharensa, dehalI, pR0 87 / .

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jaina dharma kA trividha sAdhanA mArga jaina darzana mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanA mArga prastuta karatA hai| tatvArtha sUtra ke prArambha meM hI kahA gayA hai samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagvAritra mokSa kA mArga hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyagcAritra aura samyagtapa aise caturvidha mokSa mArga kA bhI vidhAna hai| paravatI jaina AcAryoM ne tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM kiyA hai aura isalie paravartI sAhitya meM isI trividha sAdhanA mArga kA vidhAna milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra evaM niyamasAra meM AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhayupAya meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM trividha sAdhanA patha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| trividha sAdhanAmArga hI kyoM ? yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki trividha sAdhanA mArga kA hI vidhAna kyoM kiyA gayA hai? vastutaH trividha sAdhanA mArga ke vidhAna meM pUrvavartI RSiyoM evaM AcAryoM kI gahana manovaijJAnika sUjha rahI hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAne gaye hai jJAna, bhAva, aura saMkalpa jIvana kA sAdhya cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM ke pariSkAra meM mAnA gayA hai| ata: yaha Avazyaka hI thA ki ina tInoM pakSoM ke pariSkAra ke lie trividha sAdhanA patha kA vidhAna kiyA jAye cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyak banAne ke lie evaM usake sahI vikAsa ke lie samyagdarzana yA zraddhA (bhAva) kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra jJAnAtmaka pakSa ke lie jJAna kA aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ke lie samyagcAritra kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA patha ke vidhAna ke pIche jainoM kI eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi rahI hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM aura gItA meM jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga evaM karmayoga ke rUpa meM bhI trividha sAdhanA mArga ke ullekha haiN| pAzcAtya cintana meM trividha sAdhanA patha pAzcAtya paramparA' meM tIna naitika Adeza upalabdha hote haiM(1) svayaM ko jAno (2) svayaM ko svIkAra karo (3) svayaM hI bana jAo pAzcAtya cintana ke ye tIna naitika Adeza jaina paramparA ke samyaka jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke trividha sAdhanA mArga ke samakakSa hI haiN| AtmajJAna meM jJAna kA tattva, Atma-svIkRti meM zraddhA kA tattva aura Atma-nirmANa meM cAritra kA tattva svIkRta hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA mArga ke vidhAna meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAyeM hI nahIM, pAkSAtya vicAraka bhI ekamata haiN| tulanAtmaka rUpa meM unheM nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai jaina darzana samyagjJAna, - bauddha darzana zraddhA, citta, samAdhi prajJA samyagdarzana samyagcAritra zIta vIrya gItA jJAna, pariprazna upaniSad manana pAzcAtya darzana Know thyself zraddhA, praNipAta karma sevA nididhyAsana Be Thyself zravaNa Accept thyself sAdhanA-traya kA paraspara sambandha jaina AcAyoM ne naitika sAdhanA ke lie ina tInoM sAdhanA mArgoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra naitika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA trividha sAdhanA patha ke samagra paripAlana meM hI sambhava hai| jaina vicAraka tInoM ke samaveta se hI mukti mAnate haiM unake anusAra na akelA jJAna, na akelA karma aura na akelI bhakti mukti dene meM samartha hai, jabaki kucha bhAratIya vicArakoM ne inameM se kisI eka ko hI mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaGkara kevala jJAna se aura rAmAnuja kevala bhakti se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina dArzanika aisI kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM par3ate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA meM hI mokSa siddhi sambhava hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM mokSa yA samatvarUpI sAdhya kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisameM jJAna nahIM hai usakA AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA / samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM Asakti se mukta nahIM huA jA sakatA hai aura jo Asakti se mukta nahIM usakA nirvANa yA mokSa nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra zAstrakAra yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki nirvANa yA AtmapUrNatA kI prApti ke lie ina tInoM kI samaveta rUpa meM AvazyakatA hai| vastutaH sAdhya ke rUpa meM jisa pUrNatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai vaha cetanA ke kisI eka pakSa kI pUrNatA nahIM varan tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA hai aura isake lie sAdhanA ke tInoM pakSa Avazyaka haiN| yadyapi dharma sAdhanA ke lie samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra yA zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA zraddhA, jJAna aura karma tInoM Avazyaka haiM, lekina sAdhanA kI dRSTi se inameM eka pUrvAparatA kA krama bhI hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA pUrvApara sambandha jJAna aura darzana kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAraNA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai kucha AcArya darzana ko .

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jaina dharma kA trividha sAdhanA-mArga 411 prAthamika mAnate haiM to kucha jJAna ko, kucha ne donoM kA yaugapatya meM prApta huI zraddhA se nahIM ho sktaa| jJAnAbhAva meM jo zraddhA hotI (samAnAntaratA) svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se hai, usameM saMzaya hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI zraddhA yathArtha darzana kI prAthamikatA hI prabala rahI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai zraddhA nahIM varan andhazraddhA hI ho sakatI hai| jina praNIta tattvoM meM ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra jJAna kI apekSA bhI yathArtha zraddhA to unake svAnubhava evaM tArkika parIkSaNa ke pazcAt darzana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne bhI hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi sAdhanA ke lie, AcaraNa ke lie zraddhA apane grantha meM darzana ko jJAna aura cAritra ke pahale sthAna diyA hai|6 anivArya tattva hai, lekina vaha jJAnaprasUta honI caahie| uttarAdhyayanasUtra AcArya kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki dharma (sAdhanA-mArga) meM spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma kI samIkSA prajJA ke dvArA kareM, tarka se tattva darzana-pradhAna hai| kA vizleSaNa kreN| isa prakAra merI mAnyatA ke anusAra yathArtha dRSTiparaka lekina dUsarI ora kucha sandarbha aise bhI haiM jinameM jJAna ko prathama artha meM samyagdarzana ko jJAna ke pUrva lenA cAhie, jabaki zraddhAparaka mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM, usI adhyAya meM mokSa-mArga kI vivecanA artha meM use jJAna ke pazcAt sthAna denA caahie| meM jo krama hai usameM jJAna kA sthAna prathama hai| vastuta: sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se bhI jJAna aura darzana meM kise prAthamika mAnA jAya, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra kA pUrvApara sambanya yaha nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai| isa vivAda ke mUla meM yaha tathya cAritra aura jJAna darzana ke pUrvApara sambandha ko lekara jaina vicAraNA hai ki zraddhAvAdI dRSTikoNa samyagdarzana ko prathama sthAna detA hai, jabaki meM koI vivAda nahIM hai| cAritra kI apekSA jJAna aura darzana ko prAthamikatA jJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa zraddhA ke samyak hone ke lie jJAna kI prAthamikatA pradAna kI gaI hai| cAritra sAdhanA-mArga meM gati hai, jJAna sAdhanA pakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai| vastutaH isa vivAda meM koI aikAntika nirNaya kA bodha hai aura darzana yaha vizvAsa jAgrata karatA hai ki vaha patha use lenA anucita hI hogaa| yahA~ samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa hI saMgata hogaa| apane lakSya kI ora le jAne vAlA hai| sAmAnya pathika bhI yadi patha navatattvaprakaraNa meM aisA hI samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai, ke jJAna evaM isa dRr3ha vizvAsa ke abhAva meM ki vaha patha usake vAMchita jahA~ donoM ko eka-dUsare kA pUrvApara batAyA hai| kahA hai ki jo jIvAdi lakSya ko le jAtA hai, apane lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA to nava padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai use samyaktva hotA hai| isa phira AdhyAtmika sAdhanA-mArga kA pathika binA jJAna aura AsthA (zraddhA) prakAra jJAna ko darzana ke pUrva batAyA gayA hai, lekina agalI paMkti ke kaise Age bar3ha sakatA hai? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki meM hI jJAnAbhAva meM kevala zraddhA se hI samyaktva kI prApti mAna lI gaI jJAna se (yathArtha sAdhanA mArga ko) jAneM, darzana ke dvArA usa para vizvAsa hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vastutattva ko svata: nahIM jAnatA huA kareM aura cAritra se usa sAdhanA-mArga para AcaraNa karatA huA tapa bhI usake prati bhAva se zraddhA karatA hai use samyaktva ho jAtA hai| se apanI AtmA kA parizodhana kreN|12 hama apane dRSTikoNa se inameM se kise prathama sthAna deM, isakA yadyapi lakSya ko pAne ke lie cAritra rUpa prayAsa Avazyaka hai, nirNaya karane ke pUrva darzana ke artha kA nizcaya kara lenA jarurI hai| lekina prayAsa ko lakSyonmukha aura samyak honA caahie| mAtra andhe darzana zabda ke tIna artha haiM- (1) yathArtha dRSTikoNa, (2) zraddhA aura prayAsoM se lakSya prApta nahIM hotaa| yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha (3) anubhuuti| isameM anubhUtiparaka artha kA sambandha to jJAnamImAMsA nahIM hai to jJAna yathArtha nahIM hogA aura jJAna ke yathArtha nahIM hone para hai aura usa sandarbha meM vaha jJAna kA pUrvavartI hai| yadi hama darzana kA cAritra yA AcaraNa bhI yathArtha nahIM hogaa| isalie jaina AgamoM meM yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha lete haiM to sAdhanA-mArga kI dRSTi se use cAritra se darzana (zraddhA) kI prAthamikatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki prathama sthAna denA cAhie, kyoki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa hI mithyA samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM samyagcAritra nahIM hotaa|13 hai, ayathArtha hai to na to usakA jJAna samyak (yathArtha) hogA aura na bhaktaparijJA meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana se bhraSTa (patita) hI vAstavika cAritra hii| yathArtha dRSTi ke abhAva meM yadi jJAna aura cAritra samyak bhraSTa hai, cAritra se bhraSTa nahIM hai, kyoMki jo darzana se yukta hai vaha pratIta bhI hoM, to bhI ve samyak nahIM kahe jA skte| vaha to sAMyogika saMsAra meM adhika paribhramaNa nahIM karatA jabaki darzana se bhraSTa vyakti prasaGga mAtra hai| aisA sAdhaka digbhrAnta bhI ho sakatA hai| jisakI dRSTi saMsAra se mukta nahIM hotaa| kadAcit cAritra se rahita siddha bhI ho jAye, dUSita hai, vaha kyA satya ko jAnegA aura kyA usakA AcaraNa karegA? lekina darzana se rahita kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotaa|14 dUsarI ora yadi hama samyagdarzana kA zraddhAparaka artha lete haiM to usakA vastuta: dRSTikoNa yA zraddhA hI eka aisA tattva hai jo vyakti ke sthAna jJAna ke pazcAt hI hogaa| kyoMki avicala zraddhA to jJAna ke jJAna aura AcaraNa kA sahI dizA-nirdeza karatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu bAda hI utpanna ho sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI darzana kA zraddhAparaka AcArAGganiyukti meM kahate haiM ki samyagdRSTi se hI tapa, jJAna aura artha karate samaya use jJAna ke bAda hI sthAna diyA gayA hai, usameM sadAcaraNa saphala hote haiN|5 santa Anandaghana darzana kI mahattA ko siddha kahA gayA hai ki jJAna se padArtha (tattva) svarUpa ko jAneM aura darzana karate hue ananta jina ke stavana meM kahate haiM - ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kreN| vyakti ke svAnubhava (jJAna) ke pazcAt zuddha zraddhA binA sarva kiriyA karI, hI jo zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, usameM jo sthAyitva hotA hai vaha jJAnAbhAva chAra (rAkha) para lIpaNu teha jANo re|

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412 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra kI pUrvAparatA isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhanA-traya meM jJAna ko atyadhika jaina vicArakoM ne cAritra ko jJAna ke bAda hI rakhA hai| dazavaikAlika mahattva diyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA uparyukta dRSTikoNa to jainadarzana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo jIva aura jIva ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, ko zaGkara ke nikaTa khar3A kara detA hai| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki jaina aisA jIva aura ajIva ke viSaya meM ajJAnI sAdhaka kyA dharma (saMyama) dRSTi meM jJAna hI mAtra mukti kA sAdhana hai, jaina vicAraNA ke maulika kA AcaraNa karegA? 16 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki samyagjJAna mantavya se dUra honA hai| yadyapi jaina sAdhanA meM jJAna mokSa-prApti kA ke abhAva meM sadAcaraNa nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana jJAna ko prAthamika evaM anivArya kAraNa hai, phira bhI vaha ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM cAritra se pUrva mAnatA hai| jaina dArzanika yaha to svIkAra karate haiM ki mAnA jA sktaa| jJAnAbhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai, kintu mAtra jJAna samyak AcaraNa ke pUrva samyak jJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai, phira se bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jJAna ko mukti kA anivArya bhI ve yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki akelA jJAna hI mukti kA sAdhana kAraNa svIkAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki zraddhA aura cAritra kA hai| jJAna AcaraNa kA pUrvavartI avazya hai, yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA Adarzonmukha evaM samyak hone ke lie jJAna mahattvapUrNa tathya hai, samyagjJAna hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM cAritra samyak nahIM ho sktaa| 18 lekina ke abhAva meM andhazraddhA hogI aura cAritra yA sadAcaraNa eka aisI kAgajI yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA jJAna hI mokSa kA mUla hetu hai? mudrA ke samAna hogA, jisakA cAhe bAhya mUlya hoM, lekina Antarika mUlya zUnya hI hogaa| AcArya kundakunda, jo jJAnavAdI paramparA kA sAdhanA-praya meM jJAna kA sthAna pratinidhitva karate haiM, ve bhI spaSTa kahate haiM ki kore jJAna se nivArNa jainAcArya amRtacandrasUri jJAna kI cAritra se pUrvatA ko siddha karate nahIM hotA yadi zraddhA na ho aura kevala zraddhA se bhI nirvANa nahIM hotA hue eka carama sImA sparza kara lete haiN| ve apanI samayasAra TIkA yadi saMyama (sadAcaraNa) na ho| 23 / meM likhate haiM ki jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai, kyoMki jJAna kA abhAva jaina dArzanika zaGkara ke samAna na to yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki hone se ajJAniyoM meM antaraGga vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa aura tapasyA mAtra jJAna se mukti ho sakatI hai, na rAmAnuja prabhRti bhakti-mArga ke Adi kI upasthiti hote hue bhI mokSa kA abhAva hai| kyoMki ajJAna AcAryoM ke samAna yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra bhakti se mukti hotI to bandha kA hetu hai, jabaki jJAnI meM ajJAna kA sadbhAva na hone se hai| unheM mImAMsA darzana kI yaha mAnyatA bhI grAhya nahIM hai ki mAtra bAhya vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa, tapa Adi kI anupasthiti hone para bhI karma se mukti ho sakatI hai| ve to zraddhA-samanvita jJAna aura karma donoM mokSa kA sadbhAva hai| 19 AcArya zaGkara bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki eka hI se mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra karate haiN| kArya jJAna ke abhAva meM bandhana kA hetu aura jJAna kI upasthiti meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha bhI mokSa kA hetu hotA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki karma nahIM jJAna aikAntika nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhanA-traya meM eka krama hI mokSa kA hetu hai| AcArya amRtacandra bhI jJAna ko trividha sAdhanoM to mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isa krama ko bhI aikAntika rUpa meM svIkAra meM pramukha mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra bhI karanA usakI syAdvAda kI dhAraNA kA atikramaNa hI hogA, kyoMki jahA~ jJAna ke hI rUpa haiN| ve likhate haiM ki mokSa ke kAraNa samyagdarzana, AcaraNa ke samyak hone ke lie samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana Avazyaka jJAna aura cAritra haiN| jIvAdi tattvoM ke yathArtha zraddhAn rUpa se jo jJAna hai vahIM dUsarI ora samyagjJAna evaM darzana kI upalabdhi ke pUrva bhI AcaraNa hai vaha to samyagdarzana hai aura unakA jJAna-svabhAva meM jJAna honA samyagjJAna kA samyak honA Avazyaka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jaba taka tIvratama hai tathA rAgAdi ke tyAga-svabhAva ke jJAna kA honA samyagcAritra hai| (anantAnubandhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha cAra kaSAyeM samApta nahIM isa prakAra jJAna hI paramArthata: mokSa kA kAraNa hai|21 hotI, taba taka samyagdarzana aura jJAna bhI prApta nahIM hotaa| AcArya yahA~ para AcArya darzana aura cAritra ko jJAna ke anya do pakSoM zaGkara ne bhI jJAna kI prApti ke pUrva vairAgya kA honA Avazyaka mAnA ke rUpa meM siddha kara mAtra jJAna ko hI mokSa kA hetu siddha karate haiN| hai| isa prakAra sadAcaraNa aura saMyama ke tattva samyagdarzana aura jJAna unake dRSTikoNa ke anusAra darzana aura cAritra bhI jJAnAtmaka haiM, jJAna kI upalabdhi ke pUrvavartI bhI siddha hote haiN|, dUsare, isa krama yA pUrvAparatA kI paryAyeM haiN| yadyapi yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcArya ke AdhAra para bhI sAdhana-traya meM kisI eka ko zreSTha mAnanA aura dUsare mAtra jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA karate haiM, phira ko gauNa mAnanA jaina darzana ko svIkRta nahIM hai| vastuta: sAdhana-traya bhI ve antaraGga cAritra kI upasthiti se inkAra nahIM karate haiN| antaraGga mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSoM ke rUpa meM hI sAdhanA-mArga kA nirmANa cAritra to kaSAya Adi ke kSaya ke rUpa meM sabhI sAdhakoM meM karate haiN| dhArmika cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM meM jaisI pArasparika prabhAvakatA upasthita hotA hai| sAdhaka AtmA pAramArthika dRSTi se jJAnamaya hI hai aura aviyojya sambandha rahA hai, vaisI hI pArasparika prabhAvakatA aura aura vahI jJAnamaya AtmA usakA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra jJAnasvabhAvamaya aviyojya sambandha mAnavIya tInoM pakSoM meM hai| AtmA hI mokSa kA upAdAna kAraNa hai kyoki jo jJAna hai, vaha AtmA hai aura jo AtmA hai vaha jJAna hai|22 ata: mokSa kA hetu jJAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke sahayoga se mukti siddha hotA hai| sAdhanA-mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA (vihita AcaraNa) ke zreSThatva

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jaina dharma kA trividha sAdhanA mArga ko lekara vivAda calA A rahA hai| vaidika yuga meM jahA~ vihita AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM jJAna para bala diyA jAne lgaa| bhAratIya cintakoM ke samakSa prAcIna samaya se hI yaha samasyA rahI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca sAdhanA kA yathArtha tattva kyA hai ? jaina paramparA ne prArambha se hI sAdhanA mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA kA samanvaya kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI yuga meM jaba zramaNa paramparA dehadaNDanaparaka tapa sAdhanA meM aura vaidika paramparA yajJayAgaparaka kriyAkANDoM meM hI sAdhanA kI itizrI mAnakara sAdhanA ke mAtra AcaraNAtmaka pakSa para bala dene lagI thI, to unhoMne use jJAna se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA mahAvIra aura unake bAda jaina vicArakoM ne bhI jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM se samanvita sAdhanA patha kA upadeza diyaa| jaina vicArakoM kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki mukti na to mAtra jJAna se prApta ho sakatI hai aura na kevala sadAcaraNa se / jJAnamArgI aupaniSadika evaM sAMkhya paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki kucha vicAraka mAnate haiM ki pApa kA tyAga kie binA hI mAtra Aryatattva (yathArthatA) ko jAnakara hI AtmA sabhI duHkhoM se chUTa jAtI hai, lekina bandhana aura mukti ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle ye vicAraka saMyama kA AcaraNa nahIM karate hue kevala vacanoM se hI AtmA ko AzvAsana dete haiM / 24 sUtrakRtAGgasUtra meM kahA hai ki " manuSya cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, bhikSuka ho, aneka zAstroM kA jAnakAra ho athavA apane ko dhArmika prakaTa karatA ho, yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahIM hai to vaha apane karmoM ke kAraNa duHkhI hogA / 25 aneka bhASAoM evaM zAstroM kA jJAna AtmA ko zaraNabhUta nahIM hotA / mantrAdi vidyA bhI use kaise bacA sakatI hai? asad AcaraNa meM anurakta apane Apa ko paNDita mAnane vAle loga vastutaH mUrkha hI hai|" Avazyaka niyukti meM jJAna aura cAritra ke pArasparika sambandha kA vivecana vistRta rUpa meM hai| usake kucha aMza isa samasyA kA hala khojane meM hamAre sahAyaka ho skeNge| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki "AcaraNavihina aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA bhI saMsAra - samudra se pAra nahIM hote mAtra zAstrIya jJAna se binA AcaraNa ke koI mukti prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jisa prakAra nipuNa cAlaka bhI vAyu yA gati kI kriyA ke abhAva meM jahAja ko icchita kinAre para nahIM pahu~cA sakatA vaise hI jJAnI AtmA bhI tapa saMyama rUpa sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatI / 27 mAtra jAna lene se kArya siddhi nahIM hotI / tairanA jAnate hue bhI koI kAyaceSTA nahIM kare to DUba jAtA hai, vaise hI zAstroM ko jAnate hue bhI jo dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha DUba jAtA hai| 18 jaise candana Dhone vAlA candana se lAbhAnvita nahIM hotA, mAtra bhAra vAhaka hI banA rahatA hai vaise hI AcaraNa se hIna jJAnI jJAna ke bhAra kA vAhaka mAtra hai, isase use koI lAbha nahIM hotA / 29 jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha ko loka prasiddha aMdha-pazu nyAya ke AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue AcArya likhate haiM ki jaise vana meM dAvAnala lagane para paGgu use dekhate hue bhI gati ke abhAva meM jala maratA hai aura andhA samyaka mArga na khoja pAne ke kAraNa jala maratA 413 hai vaise hI AcaraNavihIna jJAna pazu ke samAna hai aura jJAnacakSuvihIna paGgu AcaraNa andhe ke samAna hai| AcaraNavihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna AcaraNa donoM nirarthaka haiM aura saMsAra rUpI dAvAnala se sAdhaka ko bacAne meM asamartha hai| jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM calatA, akelA andhA tathA akelApana icchita sAdhya taka nahIM pahu~cate, vaise hI mAtra jJAna athavA mAtra kriyA se mukti nahIM hotI, varan donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai|" vyAkhyAprajJapti meM jJAna aura kriyA meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karane kI vicAraNA ko mithyA vicAraNA kahA gayA hai|" mahAvIra ne sAdhaka kI dRSTi se jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha kI eka caturbhaGgI kA kathana isI sandarbha meM kiyA hai-- (1) kucha vyakti jJAna sampanna hai, lekina cAritra sampanna nahIM haiN| (2) kucha vyakti cAritra - sampanna haiM, lekina jJAna- sampanna nahIM haiN| (3) kucha vyakti na jJAna- sampanna haiM, na cAritra sampanna haiM / (4) kucha vyakti jJAna-sampanna bhI haiM aura cAritra sampanna bhI haiN| mahAvIra ne inameM se saccA sAdhaka use hI kahA hai, jo jJAna aura kriyA, zruta aura zIla donoM se sampanna hai| isI ko spaSTa karane ke lie nimna rUpaka bhI diyA jAtA hai| (1) kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM jinameM dhAtu bhI khoTI hotI hai, mudrAMkana bhI ThIka nahIM hotA / (2) kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM jinameM dhAtu to zuddha hotI haiM, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka nahIM hotaa| (3) kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM jinameM dhAtu azuddha hotI haiM, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka hotA hai| (4) kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM jinameM dhAtu bhI zuddha hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hotA hai| bAjAra meM vahI mudrA grAhya hotI hai jisameM bhI dhAtu zuddha hotI hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hotA hai isI prakAra saccA sAdhaka vahI hotA hai jo jJAna sampanna bhI ho aura cAritra sampanna bhI ho| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA donoM hI naitika sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka haiN| jJAna aura cAritra donoM kI samaveta sAdhanA se hI duHkha kA kSaya hotA hai| kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA donoM hI ekAnta haiM aura ekAnta hone ke kAraNa jaina darzana kI anekAntavAdI vicAraNA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra jaina paramparA meM sAdhana anya ke samaveta meM hI mokSa kI niSpatti mAnI gaI hai, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM jJAnaniSThA, karmaniSThA aura bhaktimArga ye tInoM hI alaga-agala mokSa ke sAdhana mAne jAte rahe haiN| aura ina AdhAroM para vaidika paramparA meM svatantra sampradAyoM kA udaya .

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414 bhI huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM prArambha se hI karmamArga aura jJAnamArga kI dhArAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| bhAgavata sampradAya ke udaya ke sAtha bhaktimArga eka naI niSThA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA / isa prakAra vedoM kA karmamArga, upaniSadoM kA jJAnamArga aura bhAgavata sampradAya kA bhaktimArga tathA inake sAtha-sAtha hI yoga sampradAya kA dhyAnamArga sabhI eka-dUsare se svatantra rUpa meM mokSa mArga samajhe jAte rahe haiN| sambhavataH gItA eka aisI racanA avazya hai jo ina sabhI sAdhanA vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| yadyapi gItAkAra ne ina vibhinna dhArAoM ko sameTane kA prayatna to kiyA, lekina vaha unako samanvita nahIM kara paayaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki paravartI TIkAkAroM ne apane pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa gItA ko inameM se kisI eka sAdhanA-mArga kA pratipAdana batAne kA prayAsa kiyA aura gItA meM nirdezita sAdhanA ke dUsare mArgoM ko gauNa btaayaa| zaGkara ne jJAna ko, rAmAnuja ne bhakti ko, tilaka ne karma ko gItA kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya maanaa| lekina jaina vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanA patha ko samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA aura yaha batAyA ki ye tInoM eka-dUsare se alaga hokara nahIM, varan samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa ko prApta karA sakate haiN| usane tInoM ko samAna mAnA aura unameM se kisI ko bhI eka ke adhIna banAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| hameM isa bhrAMti se bacanA hogA ki zraddhA, jJAna aura AcaraNa ye svatantra rUpa meM naitika pUrNatA ke mArga ho sakate haiN| mAnavIya vyaktitva aura naitika sAdhya eka pUrNatA hai aura use samaveta rUpa meM ho pAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 bauddha paramparA aura jaina paramparA donoM hI ekAGgI dRSTikoNa nahIM rakhate haiN| bauddha paramparA meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA prajJA, zraddhA aura vIrya ko samaveta rUpa meM hI nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra bauddha aura jaina paramparAe~ na kevala apane sAdhanA mArga ke pratipAdana meM, varan sAdhana traya ke balAbala ke viSaya meM bhI samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiN| vastutaH naitika sAdhya kA svarUpa aura mAnavI prakRti, donoM hI yaha batAte haiM ki trividha sAdhanA mArga apane samaveta rUpa meM hI naitika pUrNatA kI prApti karA sakatA hai yahA~ isa trividha sAdhanA patha kA mAnavIya prakRti aura naitika sAdhya se kyA sambandha hai, ise spaSTa kara lenA upayukta hogA ? mAnavIya prakRti aura trividha sAdhanA patha - mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna kArya hai- (1) jAnanA, (2) anubhava karanA aura (3) saMkalpa karanA / hamArI cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa na sandarbha : 1. tattvArthasUtra, saMpA0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1 / 1 | uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 28/20 3. sAikolaoNjI eNDa maoNralsa, je0e0 haiDaphIlDa, 1936.50 1801 2. kevala jAnanA cAhatA hai, varan vaha satya ko hI jAnanA cAhatA hai| jJAnAtmaka cetanA nirantara satya kI khoja meM rahatI hai| ataH jisa vidhi se hamArI jJAnAtmaka cetanA satya ko upalabdha kara sake use hI samyagjJAna kahA gayA hai| samyagjJAna cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko satya kI upalabdhi kI dizA meM le jAtA hai cetanA kA dUsarA pakSa anubhUti ke rUpa meM Ananda kI khoja karatA hai| samyagdarzana cetanA meM rAga-dveSAtmaka jo tanAva haiM, unheM samApta kara use Ananda pradAna karatA hai| cetanA kA tIsarA saGkalpAtmaka pakSa zakti kI upalabdhi aura kalyANa kI kriyAnviti cAhatA hai| samyagvAritra saMkalpa ko kalyANa ke mArga meM niyojita kara ziva kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| isa prakAra samyagjJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA yaha trividha sAdhanA-patha cetanA ke tInoM pakSoM ko sahI dizA meM nirdezita kara unake vAMchita lakSya sat, sundara aura ziva athavA ananta jJAna, ananta Ananda aura ananta zakti kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| vastutaH jIvana ke sAdhya ko upalabdha karA denA hI isa trividha sAdhanA patha kA kArya hai| jIvana kA sAdhya ananta evaM pUrNa jJAna, akSaya Ananda aura ananta zakti ko upalabdhi hai, jise trividha sAdhanA patha ke tInoM aGgoM ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko samyagjJAna kI dizA meM niyojita kara jJAna kI pUrNatA ko, cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyagdarzana meM niyojita kara akSaya Ananda kI aura cetanA ke saGkalpAtmaka pakSa ko samyakcAritra meM niyojita kara ananta zakti kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai vastutaH jaina AcAra darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha tInoM meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| jJAna, anubhUti aura saGkalpamaya cetanA sAdhaka hai aura yahI cetanA ke tInoM pakSa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha kahalAte haiM aura ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA hI sAdhya hai| sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanA patha bhinna bhinna nahIM, varana cetanA kI vibhinna avasthAe~ hai| unameM abheda mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM aura AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isa abheda ko atyanta mArmika zabdoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai|" AcArya hemacandra isI abheda ko spaSTa karate hue yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki AtmA hI samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra hai, kyoMki AtmA isI rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai| 33 AcArya ne yaha kahakara ki AtmA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai, mAnavIya manovaijJAnika prakRti ko hI spaSTa kiyA hai| jJAna, cetanA aura saGkalpa tInoM samyak hokara sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa kara dete haiM aura yahI pUrNa hokara sAdhya bana jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhaka, sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya meM abheda haiN| uttarAdhyanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 28/30 / vahI, 28/30 / 5. 6. tattvArthasUtra, saMpA0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1/10 darzanapAhuDa, (aSTaprAbhRta), AcArya kundakunda, prakA0 paramazruta 4. 7. .

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415 jaina dharma kA trividha sAdhanA-mArga / prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, 1969, 2 / dariyAgaMja, dehalI, 1959, 155 / 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina 22. je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se aayaa| pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 28/2 / jeNa viyANai se AyA, taM paDucca pddhisNkhaae| navatattvaprakaraNa, uddhRta Atma-sAdhanA saMgraha, motIlAla mANDota, - AcArAGga, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana pR0 151 / samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/5/5 / 10. uddhRta, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 151 / 23. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, prakA0 paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina bambaI, 1935, cAritrAdhikAra, 3 / pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra0saM0 2478, 23/25 / 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina 12. vahI, 28/35 / pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0, 2478, 6/9-10 / 13. vahI, 28/29 / 25. sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, saMpA0 zrI madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 14. bhaktaparijJA, paiNNayasuttAiM, saMpA0 puNyavijayamuni, prakA0 zrI samiti, byAvara, 1982, 2/1/7 / mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984, 65-66 / 26. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina 15. AcArAGganiyukti, bhadrabAhu, prakA0- zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 6/11 / zAMtipurI (saurASTra), 1989, ratalAma, 1941, 221 / 27. Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadrIya vRtti) prakA0 bI0ke0 koThArI, 16. dazavekAlikasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana rilIjiyasa TrasTa, bambaI, 1981, 95-97 / samiti, byAvara, 1985, 4/12 / 28. vahI, 1151-54 / 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 ratanalAla dozI, prakA0 zramaNopAsaka jaina 29. vahI, 100 / pustakAlaya, sailAnA, 2478, 28/30 / 30. vahI, 101-102 / 18. vyavahArabhASya, prakA0 kezavalAla premacandra, ahamadAbAda, 7/217 / 31. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 19. samayasAra TIkA, amRtacandra, prakA0 ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, samiti, byAvara, 1982, 8/10/41 / dariyAMgaja, dehalI, 1959, 153 / 32. samayasAra, kundakunda, ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI, 20. gItA (zAM0) gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 2018, a0 5 1959, 277 / piitthikaa| 33. yogazAstra, saMpA0 muni samadarzI, prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 21. samayasAra TIkA, amRtacandra, prakA0 ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, 1963, 4/1 /

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bheda vijJAna: mukti kA siMhadvAra sabhI bhAratIya vicAraNAe~ isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki anAtma meM Atmabuddhi, mamatvabuddhi yA merApana hI bandhana kA mUla kAraNa hai| jo hamArA svarUpa nahIM hai, use apanA mAna lenA - yahI bandhana hai, isalie sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sva-rUpa kA bodha Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| jisa prakriyA ke dvArA svarUpa bodha upalabdha ho sakatA hai, vaha jaina vicAraNA meM bheda vijJAna kahI jAtI hai| AcArya amRtacandrasUri kahate haiM ki jo koI siddha hue haiM, ve isa bheda-vijJAna se hI hue haiM aura jo karma meM aMdhe haiM ve isI bheda-vijJAna ke abhAva meM baMdhe hue haiN| bheda vijJAna kA prayojana Atmatattva ko jAnanA hai| sAdhanA ke lie Atmatattva kA bodha anivArya hai| prAcya evaM pAzcAtya sabhI vicAraka Atmabodha para bala dete haiN| upaniSad ke RSiyoM kA sandeza hai ki AtmA ko jAno / pAzcAtya vicAraNA bhI AtmajJAna, AtmazraddhA aura Atma- avasthiti ko svIkAra karatI hai| lekina 'sva' ko jAnanA apane Apa meM eka dArzanika samasyA hai, kyoMki jo bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha 'sva' kaise hogA? vaha to 'para' kA hI hogaa| jAnanA to 'para' ho sakatA hai, 'sva' to vaha hai jo jAnatA hai 'sva' zAtA hai, use jJeya (jJAna kA viSaya) nahIM banAyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka 'sva' ko jJAna kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA taba taka usakA jJAna kaise hogA? jJAna to jJeya kA hotA hai, jJAtA kA jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai? kyoMki zAna kI pratyeka avasthA meM jJAtA jJAna ke pUrva upasthita hogA aura isa prakAra jJAna ke hara prayAsa meM vaha ajJeya hI banA rhegaa| jJAtA ko jAnane kI ceSTA to A~kha ko usI A~kha se dekhane kI ceSTA kI bhA~ti hogii| jisa prakAra Aga svayaM ko jalA nahIM sakatI, naTa svayaM ke kandhe para car3ha nahIM sakatA, vaise hI jJAtA vyAvahArika jJAna ke mAdhyama se svayaM ko nahIM jAna sktaa| jJAtA jise bhI jAnegA vaha to jJAtA ke jJAna kA viSaya hogA aura jJAtA ke jJAna kA viSaya hone se jJAtA se bhinna hogaa| ataH AtmA svayaM apane dvArA nahIM jAnI jA sakegI, kyoMki usake jJAna ke lie kisI anya jJAtA kI AvazyakatA hogI aura yaha sthiti hameM tArkika dRSTi se anantatA ke duzaka meM phaMsA degii| isIlie upaniSad ke RSiyoM ko bhI kahanA par3A thA ki vijJAtA ko kaise jAnA jAe? kenopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ taka na to kisI indriya kI pahu~ca hai, na vANI aura mana kI, ataH use kisa prakAra jAnA jAe yaha hama nahIM jAnate, vaha hamArI samajha se pare hai| yaha vidita se anya hI hai tathA avidita se bhI pare hai, jo vANI se prakAzita nahIM hai, kintu vANI hI jisase prakAzita hotI hai, jo mana se manana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA balki mana hI jisase manana kiyA huA kahA jAtA hai| jise koI netra dvArA dekha nahIM sakatA varan netra hI jisakI sahAyatA se dekhate haiM, jo kAna se nahIM sunA jA sakatA varan jisake hone para kAnoM meM sunane kI zakti AtI hai|' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSad kA RSi bhI 'Atma' yA 'sva' ke bodha ko eka jaTila samasyA ke rUpa meM hI pAtA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki yaha AtmA hI sampUrNa jJAna kA AdhAra hai, use jJeya kaise banAyA jAe? tarka bhI asti aura nAsti kI vidhAoM se sImita hai, vaha vikalpoM se pare nahIM jA sakatA, jaba ki AtmA yA sva to buddhi kI vidhAoM se pare hai| AcArya kundakunda ne use nayapakSAtikrAnta kahA hai| buddhi yA tarka bhI jJAyaka AtmA ke AdhAra para hI sthita hai| ve AtmA ke samagra svarUpa kA grahaNa nahIM kara skte| maiM saba ko jAna sakatA hU~, lekina usI taraha svayaM ko nahIM jAna sktaa| zAyada isIlie AtmajJAna jaisI ghaTanA bhI kaThina aura durUha banI huI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki Atmatattva athavA paramArtha ajJeya nahIM hai, lekina vaha usI prakAra nahIM jAnA jA sakatA jisa prakAra se hama sAmAnya vastuoM ko jAnate haiN| nizcaya hI AtmajJAna athavA paramArtha bodha vaha jJAna nahIM hai jisase hama paricita haiN| paramArtha jJAna meM jJAtA jJeya kA sambandha nahIM hai, isIlie use parama jJAna kahA gayA hai, kyoMki use jAna lene para kucha bhI jAnanA zeSa nahIM rahatA hai; phira bhI usakA jJAna padArtha jJAna kI prakriyA se nitAnta bhinna hotA hai padArtha jJAna meM viSaya-viSayI kA sambandha hai, jabaki AtmajJAna meM viSaya-viSayI kA abhaav| padArtha jJAna meM jJAtA aura zeya hote haiM, lekina AtmajJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA dvaita nahIM rahatA / vahA~ to mAtra jJAna hotA hai| vaha zuddha jJAna hai, kyoMki usameM jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya tInoM alaga-alaga nahIM rhte| jJAna kI isa pUrNa zuddhAvasthA kA nAma hI AtmajJAna hai| ise hI paramArtha jJAna kahA jAtA hai| lekina prazna to yaha hai ki aise viSaya aura viSayI se athavA jJAtA aura jJeya se rahita jJAna kI upalabdhi kaise ho? sAdhAraNa vyakti jisa jJAna se paricita hai vaha to jJAtA aura jJeya kA sambandha hai, ataH usake lie aisA kauna-sA mArga prastuta kiyA jAe, jisase vaha isa paramArtha-bodha ko prApta kara ske| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva ko jJAtA jJeyarUpa jJAna ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA; lekina anAtmatattva to aisA hai jise isa jJAtA jJeyarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya vyakti bhI isa sAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna sakatA hai ki anAtma, yA usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA haiM? anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara Atma se vibheda sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa prakAra parokSa vidhi ke mAdhyama se hama AtmajJAna kI dizA meM bar3ha sakate haiN| sAmAnya buddhi cAhe hameM yaha na batA sakatI ho ki paramArtha kyA hai? kintu niSedhAtmaka vidhi dvArA sAdhaka paramArtha bodha kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura vedAnta darzanoM kI paramparA meM isa vidhi .

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bheda-vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra 417 T ko bahulatA se nirdeza huA hai| ise hI 'bheda-vijJAna' yA 'Atma-anAtma apanI bhinnatA kA bodha karanA hotA hai, jo apekSAkRta kaThina-kaThinatara viveka' kahA jAtA hai| agalI paMktiyoM meM hama isI bheda-vijJAna ko hai, kyoMki yahA~ inake aura hamAre bIca tAdAtmya kA bodha banA rahatA jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA ke AdhAra para prastuta kara rahe haiN| hai| phira bhI hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki jo kucha para ke nimitta hai vaha hamArA svarUpa nahIM hai| hamAre rAgAdi bhAva bhI para ke nimitta jaina vicAraNA meM bheda-vijJAna hI haiM, ata: ve hama meM hote hue bhI hamAre nija rUpa nahIM ho skte| AcArya kundakunda 'samayasAra'2 meM isa bheda-vijJAna kI prakriyA yadyapi ve AtmA meM hote haiM phira bhI AtmA se bhinna haiM, kyoMki unakA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM- 'rUpa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha nijasvarUpa nahIM hai| jaise uSNa pAnI meM rahI huI uSNatA, usameM rahate kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: rUpa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina hue bhI usakA svarUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha agni ke saMyoga ke kAraNa kahate haiN| hai vaise hI rAgAdibhAva AtmA meM hote hue bhI unakA apanA svarUpa 'varNa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: varNa nahIM hai| yaha svarUpa-bodha hI jaina sAdhanA kA sAra hai, jisakI vidhi anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina kahate haiN| hai- bheda-vijJAna arthAt jo 'sva' se bhinna hai use 'para' ke rUpa meM gaMdha AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: gaMdha jAnakara usameM rahe hue tAdAtmya-bodha ko tor3a denaa| vastutaH bheda-vijJAna anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina kahate haiN| kI yaha prakriyA hameM jaina darzana ke atirikta anya darzanoM meM bhI upalabdha ___ 'rasa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: rasa hotI hai| anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina kahate haiN| ___'sparza AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: sparza bauddha vicAraNA meM bhedAbhyAsa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina kahate haiN| jisa prakAra jaina sAdhanA meM samyaka-jJAna kA vAstavika upayoga 'karma AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki karma kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: karma bhedAbhyAsa mAnA gayA usI prakAra bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI prajJA kA vAstavika anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, aisA jina kahate haiN|' upayoga anAtma kI bhAvanA meM mAnA gayA hai| bhedAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA 'adhyavasAya AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki adhyavasAya kucha nahIM jAnatA meM jaina sAdhaka vastuta: svabhAva ke yathArthajJAna ke AdhAra para 'sva' svarUpa (manobhAva bhI kisI jJAyaka ke dvArA jAne jAte haiM, svata: kucha nahIM (Atma) aura 'para' svarUpa (anAtma) meM bheda sthApita karatA hai tathA jAnate- krodha ke bhAva ko jAnane vAlA jJAyaka usase bhinna hai), ataH anAtma meM rahI huI Atmabuddhi kA parityAga kara anta meM apanI sAdhanA adhyavasAya anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| ke lakSya arthAt nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai| bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI sAdhaka 'apane zuddha jJAyaka svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA na rAga hai, na prajJA ke sahAre jAgatika upAdAnoM (dharma) ke svabhAva kA jJAna kara, dveSa hai, na moha hai, na krodha hai, na mAna hai, na mAyA hai, na lobha hai| unake anAtma svarUpa meM Atmabuddhi kA parityAga kara, nirvANa kA lAbha apane zuddha jJAyaka svarUpa meM vaha inakA kAraNa aura kartA bhI nahIM karatA hai| donoM hI vicAraNAe~ yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki svabhAva kA bodha hone para hI nirvANa kI upalabdhi hotI hai| anAtma ke svabhAva vastuta: AtmA jaba apane zuddha jJAtA svarUpa meM avasthita hotI kA jJAna aura usameM Atmabuddhi kA parityAga, donoM darzanoM meM sAdhanA hai, saMsAra ke samasta padArtha hI nahIM varan usakI apanI cittavRttiyA~ kA anivArya tattva hai| jisa prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne rUpa, varNa, deha, aura manobhAva bhI use 'para' (sva se bhitra) pratIta hote haiN| jaba vaha indriya, mana aura adhyavasAya Adi ko anAtma kahA, usI prakAra 'para' ko 'para' ke rUpa meM jAna letA hai aura usase apanI pRthaktA bauddha AgamoM meM bhI deha, indriyA~ aura unake viSaya- zabda, rUpa, kA bodha kara letA hai, taba vaha apane zuddha jJAyaka svarUpa ko jAnakara gandha, rasa, sparza tathA mana Adi ko anAtma kahA gayA hai tathA donoM usameM avasthita ho jAtA hai| yahI vaha avasara hotA hai, jaba mukti vicAraNAoM ne sAdhaka ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA ki vaha unameM kA dvAra udghATita hotA hai, kyoMki jisane para ko para ke rUpa meM Atmabuddhi na rkhe| lagabhaga samAna zabdoM aura zailI meM donoM hI jAna liyA hai usake lie mamatva yA rAga koI sthAna hI nahIM rakhatA anAtmabhAvanA yA bheda-vijJAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM, jo hai| rAga ke gira jAne para vItarAga kA prakaTana hotA hai aura mukti kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayanakartA ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| Apane dvAra khula jAtA hai| jaina sAdhanA meM bhedAbhyAsa kI isa dhAraNA kA AsvAdana kiyA, aba bheda-vijJAna kI isa prakriyA meM AtmA saba se pahale vastuoM jarA isI sandarbha meM buddha-vANI ke nirjhara meM bhI avagAhana kIjiye; evaM padArthoM se apanI bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai| cAhe anubhati ke buddha kahate haiMstara para inase bhinnatA sthApita kara pAnA kaThina ho, kintu jJAna ke 'bhikSuoM! cakSu anitya hai jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, jo du:kha stara para yaha kArya kaThina nahIM hai; kyoMki yahA~ tAdAtmya nahIM rahatA hai vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ata: pRthakatA kA bodha suspaSTa rUpa se hotA hai| kintu isake bAda hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie| kramaza: use zarIra se, manovRttiyoM se evaM svayaM ke rAgAdi bhAvoM se "bhikSuoM! prANa anitya hai, jihvA anitya hai, kAyA anitya

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418 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hai, mana anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai vaha ko 'paramArtha ke artha meM grahaNa kiyaa| vastutaH rAga kA prahANa ho jAne anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA para 'merA' to zeSa rahatA hI nahIM hai, jo kucha rahatA hai vaha mAtra paramArtha hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie| hotA hai| cAhe use AtmA kaheM, cAhe use zUnyatA, vijJAna yA paramArtha 'bhikSuoM! rUpa anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, jo du:kha kaheM, antara zabdoM meM ho sakatA hai, mUla bhAvanA meM nhiiN| hai vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ise yathArthata: prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie| gItA meM Atma-anAtma viveka (bheda vijJAna) ____ bhikSuoM! zabda, anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai jo gItA kA AcAra darzana anAsakta dRSTi se udaya aura ahaM ke duHkha hai vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na vigalana ko sAdhanA kA mahattvapUrNa tathya mAnatA hai; lekina yaha kaise merI AtmA hai, ise yathArthata: prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie| ho? DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM hameM uddhAra kI utanI AvazyakatA ___bhikSuoM! ise jAnakara paNDita, AryazrAvaka cakSu meM vairAgya karatA nahIM hai jitanI apanI vAstavika prakRti ko pahacAnane kI, lekina hai, zrotra meM, prANa meM, jihvA meM, kAyA meM, mana meM vairAgya karatA hai| apanI vAstavika prakRti ko kaise pahacAnA jAe? isake sAdhana ke vairAgya karane se, rAgarahita hone se vimukta ho jAtA hai, vimukta hone rUpa meM gItA bhI bheda-vijJAna ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA kA terahavA~ se vimukta ho gayA aisA jJAta hotA hai| jAti kSINa huI, brahmacarya pUrA adhyAya hameM isI bheda-vijJAna ko sikhAtA hai, jise gItAkAra kI bhASA ho gayA, jo karanA thA so kara liyA, puna: janma nahIM hogA yaha jAna meM 'kSetra-kSetrajJa-jJAna' kahA gayA hai| gItAkAra jJAna kI vyAkhyA karate letA hai| hue kahatA hai ki 'kSetra aura kSetrajJa ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAnane vAlA bhikSuoM! ise jAnakara paNDita AryazrAvaka atIta ke rUpa meM jJAna hI vAstavika jJAna hai| gItA ke anusAra zarIra kSetra hai aura bhI anapekSa hotA hai, anAgata rUpa Adi kA abhinandana nahIM karatA isako jAnane vAlI jJAyaka svabhAva yukta AtmA hI kSetrajJa hai| vastutaH aura vartamAna rUpa Adi ke nirveda, virAga aura nirodha ke lie yatnazIla samasta jagat jo jJAna kA viSaya hai, vaha kSetra hai; aura paramAtmasvarUpa hotA hai| vizuddha Atmatattva hI jJAtA hai, kSetrajJa hai| inheM kramaza: prakRti aura isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki donoM vicAraNAe~ bhedAbhyAsa yA anAtma puruSa bhI kahA jAtA hai| gItA ke anusAra kSetra aura kSetrajJa, prakRti bhAvanA ke cintana meM eka-dUsare ke atyanta samIpa A jAtI haiN| bauddha aura puruSa yA anAtma aura Atma kA yathArtha viveka yA bhinnatA kA vicAraNA meM samasta jAgatika upAdAnoM ko 'anAtma' siddha karane kA bodha kara lenA hI saccA jJAna hai| gItA meM sAMkhya zabda kA jJAna ke AdhAra hai-unakI anityatA evaM tajjanita du:khmytaa| jaina vicAraNA artha meM prayoga huA hai aura usakI vyAkhyA meM AcArya zaGkara ne yahI ne apane bhedAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA meM jAgatika upAdAnoM meM anyatva bhAvanA dRSTi apanAyI hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'yaha triguNAtmaka jagat yA prakRti kA AdhAra unakI saMyogikatA ko mAnA hai, kyoMki yadi sabhI saMyogajanya jJAna ke viSaya haiM, maiM unase bhinna hU~ (kyoMki jJAtA aura jJeya, dRSTi haiM to nizcaya hI saMyogakAlika hogA aura isa AdhAra para vaha anitya aura dRzya eka nahIM ho sakate), unake vyApAroM kA draSTA yA sAkSI bhI hogaa| mAtra hU~, unase vilakSaNa hU~, isa prakAra AtmasvarUpa kA cintana karanA buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne jJAna ke samasta viSayoM meM 'sva' yA hI jJAna hai| jJAyaka svarUpa AtmA ko apane yathArtha svarUpa ke bodha 'AtmA' kA abhAva pAyA aura unameM mamatva-buddhi ke niSedha kI bAta ke lie jagat ke jina anAtma tathyoM se vibheda sthApita karanA hotA kahI, lekina buddha ne sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi para vizrAnti lenA hai ve haiM- paJca mahAbhUta, deha ahaMbhAva, viSayayukta buddhi, sUkSma prakRti, ucita samajhA, unhoMne sAdhaka ko yahI batAyA ki tujhe yaha jAna lenA pA~ca jJAnendriyA~, pA~ca karmendriyA~, mana, pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya-IrSyA, hai ki 'para' yA anAtma kyA hai, 'sva' ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA dveSa, sukha, duHkha, sukha-duHkhAdi bhAvoM kI cetanA aadi| ye sabhI kSetra hI vyartha hai| isa prakAra buddha ne mAtra niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM anAtma kA haiM arthAt jJAna ke viSaya haiM aura isalie jJAyaka AtmA inase bhinna pratibodha karAyA, kyoki AtmA ke pratyakSa meM unheM ahaM, mamatva yA hai| gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki 'Atma kA anAtma se apanI bhinnatA Asakti kI dhvani pratIta huii| jabaki mahAvIra kI paramparA ne anAtma kA bodha nahIM honA hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai|' jaba vaha puruSa prakRti ke nirAkaraNa ke sAtha Atma kI svIkRti bhI Avazyaka maanii| para se utpanna hue triguNAtmaka padArthoM ko prakRti meM sthita hokara bhogatA yA anAtma kA parityAga aura sva yA Atma kA grahaNa yaha donoM pratyaya hai to anAtma prakRti meM Atmabuddhi ke kAraNa hI vaha aneka acchI-burI jaina vicAraNA meM svIkRta rahe haiN| AcArya kundakunda sayamasAra' meM likhate yoniyoM meM janma letA hai'|10 dUsare zabdoM meM anAtma meM Atmabuddhi haiM ki isa zuddhAtmA ko jisa taraha pahale prajJA se bhinna kiyA thA, karake jaba usakA bhoga kiyA jAtA hai to usa Atmabuddhi ke kAraNa usI taraha prajJA ke dvArA grahaNa krnaa| lekina jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM hI AtmA bandhana meM A jAtI hai| vastata: isa zarIra meM sthita hotI kA yaha vivAda isalie adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai ki bauddha paramparA huI bhI AtmA isase bhinna hI hai, yahI paramAtmA kahI jAtI hai|11 ne Atma zabda se 'merA' artha grahaNa kiyA jabaki jaina paramparA ne AtmA para paramAtmasvarUpa AtmA zarIra Adi viSayoM meM Atmabuddhi karake hI

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bheda-vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra 419 bandhana meM rahatI hai, ata: jaba bhI isa bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA apane yathArtha to samayasAra meM AcArya kundakunda prajJA-chainI se isa Atma aura anAtma svarUpa kA bodha ho jAtA hai vaha mukta ho jAtI hai| anAtma meM rahI (jar3a) ko alaga-alaga karane kI bAta karate haiN| 13, 13a huI Atmabuddhi ko samApta karanA yahI bheda-vijJAna hai aura yahI isa taraha hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura kSetra-kSetrajJa-jJAna hai| isI ke dvArA anAtma evaM Atma ke yathArtha svarUpa gItA sabhI meM bheda-vijJAna, anAtma-viveka yA kSetra-kSetrajJa-jJAna jJAnAtmaka kA bodha hotA hai aura yahI mukti kA mArga bhI hai| gItA kahatI hai- sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| yaha nirvANa kI upalabdhi kA eka Avazyaka 'jo vyakti anAtma triguNAtmaka prakRti aura paramAtmasvarUpa jJAyaka AtmA aGga hai| jaba taka anAtma meM Atmabuddhi kA parityAga nahIM hogA taba ke yathArtha svarUpa ko tattva-dRSTi se jAna letA hai vaha saMsAra meM rahatA taka Asakti samApta nahIM hogI aura Asakti ke samApta na hone se huA bhI tattva rUpa se isa saMsAra se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha purnajanma nirvANa yA mukti kI upalabdhi nahIM hogii| AcArAGgasUtra meM kahA gayA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai'|12 hai- jo 'sva' se anyatra dRSTi nahIM rakhatA vaha 'sva' se anyatra ramatA isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA ke samAna gItA bhI bhI nahIM hai aura jo 'sva' se anyatra ramatA nahIM hai vaha 'sva se anyatra isI Atma-anAtma-viveka para bala detI hai| donoM ke niSkarSa samAna dRSTi bhI. nahIM rakhatA hai|14 haiN| zarIrastha jJAyaka svarUpa AtmA kA bodha kara lenA, yahI donoM AcAra isa Atma-dRSTi kA udaya bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA hI hotA hai aura darzanoM kA mantavya hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa jJAna-asi ke dvArA anAtma bheda-vijJAna kI kalA se nirvANa yA paramapada kI prApti hotI hai| meM Atmabuddhi rUpa jo ajJAna hai usake chedana kA nirdeza karate haiM, sandarbha : 1. kenopaniSad, prakA0- saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 1/4 / 2. samayasAra, kundakunda, prakA0 - ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI, 1959, 392-402 / 3. niyamasAra, anu0- agarasena, prakA0- ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1963, 77-81 / saMyuktanikAya, saMpA0- bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa evaM bhikSu dharmarakSita, prakA0 - mahAbodhisabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1954, pariccheda-4, cakkhusutta, 24/1-10 / samayasAra, kundakunda, ahiMsA prakA0- prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI, 1959, 296 / bhagavadgItA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, anu0- virAja, prakA0- rAjapAla eNDa sansa, dehalI, 1962, pRSTha 543 / gItA, prakA0- gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 2018, 13/2 / 8. vahI, 13/2 / 9. vahI, 13/5-6 / 10. vahI, 13/21 / 11. vahI, 13/21 // 12. vahI, 13/23 / 13. vahI, 4/43 / 13a.samayasAra, kundakunda, prakA0- ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja dehalI, 1959, 294 / 14. AcArAGgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/2/6 /

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samAdhimaraNa ( mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana jaina paramparA ke sAmAnya AcAra niyamoM meM saMlekhanA yA saMthArA (mRtyuvaraNa) eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai| jaina gRhastha upAsakoM evaM zramaNa sAdhakoM donoM ke lie svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa kA vidhAna jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| jaina Agama sAhitya aise sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM se bharA par3A hai jinhoMne samAdhimaraNa kA vrata grahaNa kiyA thaa| antakRtdazAMgasUtra evaM anuttaropAtikasUtra meM una bhramaNa sAdhakoM kA aura upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM Ananda Adi una gRhastha sAdhakoM kA jIvana darzana upalabdha hai, jinhoMne apane jIvana kI saMdhyA velA meM samAdhi-maraNa kA vrata liyA thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra mRtyu ke do rUpa haiM1. samAdhimaraNa yA nirbhayatApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa aura 2. bhayapUrvaka mRtyu se prasita ho jaanaa| samAdhimaraNa meM manuSya kA mRtyu para zAsana hotA hai, jabaki anicchApUrvaka maraNa meM mRtyu manuSya para zAsana karatI hai| pahale ko paNDitamaraNa kahA gayA hai jabaki dUsare ko bAlamaraNa (ajJAnImaraNa) kahA gayA hai| eka jJAnIjana kI mauta hai, dUsarI ajJAnI kii| ajJAnI viSayAsakta hotA hai aura isalie vaha mRtyu se DaratA hai, jabaki saccA jJAnI anAsakta hotA hai ataH vaha mRtyu se nahIM DaratA hai| jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, usase bacane ke lie bhAgA bhAgA phiratA hai, mRtyu bhI usakA sadaiva pIchA karatI rahatI hai, lekina jo nirbhaya ho mRtyu kA svAgata karatA hai, use AliMgana karatA hai, mRtyu usake lie nirarthaka ho jAtI hai jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, vaha mRtyu kA zikAra hotA hai, lekina jo mRtyu se nirbhaya ho jAtA hai vaha amaratA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| sAdhakoM ke prati mahAvIra kA sandeza yahI thA ki mRtyu ke upasthita hone para zarIrAdi se anAsakta hokara use AliMgana de do| mahAvIra ke darzana meM anAsakta jIvana zailI kI yahI mahattvapUrNa kasauTI hai, jo sAdhaka mRtyu se bhAgatA hai, vaha sacce artha meM anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA se anabhijJa hai| jise anAsakta mRtyu kI kalA nahIM AtI use anAsakta jIvana kI kalA bhI nahIM A sktii| isI anAsakta mRtyu kI kalA ko mahAvIra ne saMlekhanA vrata kahA hai| jaina paramparA meM saMthArA, saMlekhanA, samAdhimaraNa, paNDitamaraNa aura sakAmamaraNa Adi niSkAma mRtyuvaraNa ke hI paryAyavAcI nAma hai| AcArya samantabhadra saMlekhanA kI paribhASA karate hue likhate haiM ki ApattiyoM, akAloM, ativRddhAvasthA evaM asAdhya rogoM meM zarIra tyAga karane ko saMlekhanA kahate hai, arthAt jina sthitiyoM meM mRtyu anivArya sI ho gaI ho una paristhitiyoM meM mRtyu ke bhaya se nirbhaya hokara dehAsakti kA visarjana kara mRtyu kA svAgata karanA hI saMlekhanA vrata hai| samAdhimaraNa ke bheda Agama jaina Agama granthoM meM mRtyuvaraNa ke avasaroM kI apekSA ke AdhAra para samAdhi-maraNa ke do prakAra mAne gaye hai- 1. sAgArI saMcArA, aura 2. sAmAnya saMthArA / sAgArI saMthArA : jaba akasmAt koI aisI vipatti upasthita ho, jisameM se jIvita baca nikalanA sambhava pratIta na ho, jaise Aga meM gira jAnA, jala meM Dubane jaisI sthiti ho jAnA athavA hiMsaka puzu yA kisI aise duSTa vyakti ke adhikAra meM pha~sa jAnA jahA~ sadAcAra se patita hone kI sambhAvanA ho, aise saMkaTapUrNa avasaro para jo saMthArA, grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAgArI saMthArA kahalAtA hai| yadi vyakti usa vipatti yA saMkaTapUrNa sthiti se bAhara ho jAtA hai to vaha punaH deha-rakSaNa ke sAmAnya krama ko cAlU rakha sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM akasmAt mRtyu kA avasara upasthita ho jAne para jo saMthArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAgArI saMthArA mRtyu- paryanta ke lie nahIM, varan paristhiti vizeSa ke lie hotA hai ata: usa paristhiti vizeSa ke samApta ho jAne para usa vrata kI maryAdA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai|" sAmAnya saMthArA : jaba svAbhAvika jarAvasthA athavA asAdhya roga ke kAraNa punaH svastha hokara jIvita rahane kI samasta AzAe~ dhUmila ho gayI ho, taba yAvajjIvana taka jo dehAsakti evaM zarIrapoSaNa ke prayatnoM kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai aura jo dehapAta para hI pUrNa hotA hai vaha sAmAnya saMthArA hai / sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa karane ke lie jaina AgamoM meM nimna sthitiyoM Avazyaka mAnI gayI haiM ', jaba zarIra kI sabhI indriyoM apane-apane kAryoM ke sampAdana karane meM ayogya ho gayI hoM, jaba zarIra kA mA~sa evaM zoNita sUkha jAne se zarIra asthipaMjara mAtra raha gayA ho, pacana-pAcana, AhAra-nihAra Adi zArIrika kriyAe~ zithila ho gayI hoM aura inake kAraNa sAdhanA aura saMyama kA paripAlana samyak rIti se honA sambhava nahIM ho, isa prakAra mRtyu kA jIvana kI dehalI para upasthita ho jAne para hI sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya saMthArA tIna prakAra kA hotA hai(a) bhaktapratyAkhyAna - AhAra Adi kA tyAga karanA / (ba) iGgitamaraNa - eka nizcita bhU-bhAga para halana calana Adi zArIrika kriyAe~ karate hue AhAra Adi kA tyAga kara denaa| (sa) pAdopagamana - AhAra Adi ke tyAga ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kriyAoM kA nirodha karate hue mRtyu paryanta nizcala rUpa se lakar3I ke takhte ke samAna sthira par3e rahanA / .

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samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 421 uparokta sabhI prakAra ke samAdhi-maraNoM meM mana kA samabhAva meM vaidika paramparA meM mRtyuvaraNa sthita honA anivArya mAnA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA hindU dharmazAstroM meM AtmahatyA ko mahApApa mAnA gayA hai| pArAzarasmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki jo kleza, bhaya, ghamaNDa samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi aura krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmahatyA karatA hai, vaha sATha hajAra jaina AgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi nimnAnusAra varSa taka narakavAsa karatA hai, lekina inake atirikta hindU dharmazAstroM batAI gayI hai-sarvaprathama malamUtrAdi azuci visarjana ke sthAna kA meM aise bhI aneka sandarbha haiM jo svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana avalokana kara narama tRNoM kI zaiyyA taiyAra kara lI jAtI hai| tatpazcAt karate haiN| prAyazcitta ke nimitta se mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana manusmRti (11/ arihanta, siddha aura dharmAcAryoM ko vinayapUrvaka namaskAra kara pUrvagRhIta 90-91) yAjJavalkyasmRti (3/253, gautamasmRti (23/1), pratijJAoM meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA aura unakA prAyazcita grahaNa vaziSThadharmasUtra (20/22, 13/14) aura ApastaMbasUtra (1/9/25/ kiyA jAtA hai| isake bAda samasta prANiyoM se kSamA-yAcanA kI jAtI 1-3, 6) meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, hindU dharmazAstroM hai aura anta meM aThAraha pApasthAno, annAdi caturvidha AhAroM kA tyAga meM aise. bhI aneka sthala haiM, jahA~ mRtyuvaraNa ko pavitra evaM dhArmika karake zarIra ke mamatva evaM poSaNakriyA kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva (25/ sAdhaka pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM pUrNata: hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna, parigraha, 62-64), vanaparva (85/83) evaM matsyapurANa (186/34/35) meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha yAvat mithyAdarzana zalya se virata hotA hU~, agnipraveza, jalapraveza, giripatana, viSayaprayoga yA upavAsa Adi ke anna Adi cAro prakAra ke AhAra kA yAvajjIvana ke lie tyAga karatA dvArA deha tyAga karane para brahmaloka yA mukti prApta hotI hai aisA mAnA huuN| merA yaha zarIra jo mujhe atyanta priya thA, maine isakI bahuta rakSA gayA hai| aparArka ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke mata ko uddhRta karate hue kI thI, kRpaNa ke dhana ke samAna ise sambhAlatA rahA thA, isa para likhA hai ki yadi koI gRhastha asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho, jisane merA pUrNa vizvAsa thA (ki yaha mujhe kabhI nahIM chor3egA), isake samAna apane kartavya pUre kara lie hoM, vaha mahAprasthAna hetu agni yA jala mujhe anya koI priya nahIM thA, isalie maiMne ise zIta, garmI, kSudhA, meM praveza kara athavA parvatazikhara se girakara apane prANoM kI Ahuti tRSNA Adi aneka kaSToM se evaM vividha rogoM se bacAyA aura de sakatA hai| aisA karake vaha koI pApa nahIM krtaa| usakI mRtyu sAvadhAnIpUrvaka isakI rakSA karatA rahA thA, aba maiM isa deha kA visarjana to tapoM se bhI bar3hakara hai| zAstrAnumodita kartavyoM ke pAlana meM azakta karatA hU~ aura isake poSaNa evaM rakSaNa ke prayAsoM kA parityAga hone para jIvana jIne kI icchA rakhanA vyartha hai| zrImadbhAgavata ke karatA huuN| 11veM skandha ke 18veM adhyAya meM bhI svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM svecchA mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana na kevala bauddha paramparA meM mRtyuvaraNa zAstrIya AdhAroM para huA hai varan vyAvahArika jIvana meM isake aneka yadyapi buddha ne jaina paramparA ke samAna hI dhArmika AtmahatyAoM udAharaNa bhI paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mahAbhArata meM pANDavoM ke dvArA ko anucita mAnA hai, tathApi bauddha sAhitya meM kucha aise sandarbha avazya himAlaya-yAtrA meM kiyA gayA dehapAta mRtyuvaraNa kA eka pramukha udAharaNa haiM jo svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana karate hai| saMyuktanikAya meM hai| DaoN0 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa evaM anya vaidika asAdhya roga se pIr3ita bhikSu vakkali kulaputra bhikSu channa dvArA kI dharmagranthoM tathA zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para zarabhaMga, mahArAjA raghu, kalacurI gaI AtmahatyAoM kA samarthana svayaM buddha ne kiyA thA aura unheM nirdoSa ke rAjA gAMgeya, caMdela kula ke rAjA gaMgadeva, cAlukyarAja somezvara kaha kara dono hI bhikSuoM ko parinirvANa prApta karane vAlA batAyA Adi ke svecchA mRtyuvaraNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| maigasthanIja ne thaa| jApAnI bauddhoM meM to Aja bhI harIkarI kI prathA mRtyuvaraNa kI bhI IzvI pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM pracalita svecchAmaraNa kA ullekha kiyA sUcaka hai| hai| prayAga meM akSayavaTa se kUda kara gaMgA meM praNAnta karane kI prathA phira bhI jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA meM mRtyuvaraNa ke prazna tathA kAzI meM karavata lene kI prathA vaidika paramparA meM madhya yuga taka ko lekara kucha antara bhI hai| prathama to yaha ki jaina paramparA ke viparIta bhI kAphI pracalita thii| yadyapi ye prathAe~ Aja nAmazeSa ho gayI haiM bauddha paramparA meM zastravadha se tatkAla hI mRtyuvaraNa kara liyA jAtA phira bhI vaidika saMnyAsiyoM dvArA jIvita samAdhi lene kI prathA Aja hai| jaina AcAryoM ne zastravadha ke dvArA tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa kA virodha bhI janamAnasa kI zraddhA kA kendra hai| isalie kiyA thA ki unheM usameM maraNAkAMkSA kI sambhAvanA pratIta isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM huii| unake anusAra yadi maraNAkAMkSA nahIM hai to phira maraNa ke lie meM, varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI mRtyuvaraNa ko samarthana diyA gayA hai| utanI AturatA kyoM? isa prakAra jahA~ bauddha paramparA zastravadha ke dvArA lekina jaina aura vaidika paramparAoM meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ kI gaI AtmahatyA kA samarthana karatI hai, vahIM jaina paramparA use vaidika paramparA meM jala evaM agni se praveza, girizikhara se giranA, asvIkAra karatI hai| isa sandarbha meM bauddha paramparA vaidika paramparA ke viSa yA zastra prayoga Adi vividha sAdhanoM se mRtyuvaraNa kA vidhAna adhika nikaTa hai| milatA hai, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA kevala upavAsa dvArA hI

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422 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dehatyAga kA samarthana milatA hai| jaina paramparA zastra Adi se hone vAlI ne isIlie sAmAnya sthiti meM zastravadha, agnipraveza yA giripatana Adi tAtkAlika mRtyu kI apekSA upavAsa dvArA hone vAlI kramika mRtyu sAdhanoM ke dvArA tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa ko anucita hI mAnA hai kyoMki ko hI adhika prazasta mAnatI hai| yadyapi brahmacarya kI rakSA Adi kucha unake pIche maraNAkAMkSA kI sambhAvanA rahI huI hai| samAdhimaraNa meM prasaMgoM meM tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, tathApi AhArAdi ke tyAga meM mRtyu kI cAha nahIM hotI, mAtra deha-poSaNa kA sAmAnyatayA jaina AcAryoM ne tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa jise prakArAntara visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| mRtyu usakA pariNAma avazya hai lekina usakI se AtmahatyA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, kI AlocanA kI hai| AcArya AkAMkSA nhiiN| jaise braNa kI cIra phAr3a ke pariNAmasvarUpa vedanA avazya samantabhadra ne giripatana yA agnipraveza ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle mRtyuvaraNa hotI hai lekina usameM vedanA kI AkAMkSA nahIM hotI hai| jaina AcArya ko lokamUr3hatA kahA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM samAdhi-maraNa ne kahA hai ki samAdhimaraNa kI kriyA maraNa ke nimitta nahIM hokara usake kA artha mRtyu kI kAmanA nahIM, varan dehAsakti kA parityAga hai| unake pratikAra ke lie hai| jaise vraNa kA cIranA vedanA ke nimitta nahIM hokara anusAra to jisa prakAra jIvana kI AkAMkSA dUSita mAnI gaI hai, usI vedanA ke pratikAra ke lie hotA hai| yadi oNparezana kI kriyA meM prakAra mRtyu kI AkAMkSA ko bhI dUSita mAnI gayI hai| ho jAne vAlI mRtyu hatyA nahIM haiM to phira samAdhimaraNa meM ho jAne vAlI mRtyu AtmahatyA kaise ho sakatI hai? eka daihika jIvana kI samAdhimaraNa ke doSa rakSA ke lie hai to dUsarI AdhyAtmika jIvana kI rakSA ke lie hai| jaina AcAryoM ne samAdhimaraNa ke lie nimna pA~ca doSoM se bacane samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA meM maulika antara hai| AtmahatyA meM vyakti kA nirdeza kiyA hai- 1. jIvana kI AkAMkSA, 2. matyu kI AkAMkSA, jIvana ke saMgharSoM se Uba kara jIvana se bhAganA cAhatA hai, usake mUla 3. aihika sukhoM kI kAmanA, 4. pAralaukika sukhoM kI kAmanA aura meM kAyaratA hai| jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM deha aura saMyama kI rakSA ke 5. indriyoM ke viSayoM ke bhoga kI aakaaNkssaa| anivArya vikalpoM meM se saMyama kI rakSA ke vikalpa ko cunakara mRtyu jaina paramparA ke samAna buddha ne bhI jIvana kI tRSNA aura mRtyu kA sAhasapUrvaka sAmanA kiyA jAtA hai| samAdhimaraNa meM jIvana se bhAgane kI tRSNA donoM ko hI anaitika mAnA hai| buddha ke anusAra bhavatRSNA kA prayAsa nahIM varan jIvana-belA kI antima saMdhyA meM dvAra para khar3I aura vibhavatRSNA kramazaH jIvitAzA aura maraNAzA kI pratIka haiM aura haI mRtyu kA svAgata hai| AtmahatyA meM jIvana se bhaya hotA hai, jabaki jaba taka ye AzAe~ yA tRSNAe~ upasthita haiM taba taka naitika pUrNatA samAdhimaraNa meM mRtyu se nirbhayatA hotI hai| AtmahatyA asamaya mRtyu sambhava nahIM hai| ata: sAdhaka ko inase baca ke hI rahanA caahie| lekina kA AmaMtraNa hai jabaki saMthArA yA samAdhimaraNa mAtra mRtyu ke upasthita phira bhI yaha prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai ki kyA samAdhimaraNa mRtyu kI hone para usakA saharSa AliMgana hai| AtmahatyA ke mUla meM yA to bhaya AkAMkSA nahIM hai? hotA hai yA kAmanA, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM bhaya aura kAmanA donoM kI anupasthiti Avazyaka hotI hai| samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA samAdhimaraNa Atma-balidAna se bhI bhinna hai| paza-bali ke samAna jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM kI paramparAoM meM jIvitAzA aura Atma-bali kI prathA bhI zaiva aura zAkta sampradAyoM meM pracalita rahI maraNAzA donoM ko anucita mAnA gayA hai to yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai| lekina samAdhimaraNa ko Atma-balidAna nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki rUpa se khar3A hotA hai ki kyA samAdhimaraNa maraNAkAMkSA nahIM hai? vastuta: Atma-balidAna bhI bhAvanA kA atireka hai| bhAvAtireka Atma-balidAna yaha na to maraNAkAMkSA hai aura na AtmahatyA hii| vyakti AtmahatyA kI anivAryatA hai jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM bhAvAtireka nahIM varan viveka yA to krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara karatA hai yA phira sammAna yA hitoM kA prakaTana Avazyaka hai| ko gaharI coTa pahu~cane para athavA jIvana ke nirAza ho jAne para karatA samAdhimaraNa ke pratyaya ke AdhAra para AlocakoM ne yaha kahane hai, lekina ye sabhI citta kI sAMvegika avasthAe~ haiM jaba kI samAdhi- kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai ki jaina darzana jIvana se ikarAra nahIM karatA maraNa to citta kI samatva kI avasthA hai| ata: vaha AtmahatyA nahIM varan jIvana se inkAra karatA hai, lekina gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane kahI jA sktii| dUsare AtmahatyA yA AtmabalidAna meM mRtyu ko nimaMtraNa para yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hI siddha hotI hai| upAdhyAya amara munijI likhate diyA jAtA hai| vyakti ke antas meM marane kI icchA chipI huI hotI haiM-vaha (jaina darzana) jIvana se inkAra nahIM karatA hai apitu jIvana hai, lekina samAdhimaraNa meM maraNAkAMkSA kA abhAva hI apekSita hai, kyoMki ke mithyA moha se inkAra karatA hai| jIvana jIne meM yadi koI mahattvapUrNa samAdhimaraNa ke pratijJA-sUtra meM hI sAdhaka yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki lAbha hai aura vaha sva-para kI hita sAdhanA meM upayogI hai to jIvana maiM mRtyu kI AkAMkSA se rahita hokara AtmaramaNa karuMgA (kAla akaMkhamANaM sarvatobhAvena saMrakSaNIya hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu bhI oghaniryakti meM kahate viharAmi) yadi samAdhimaraNa meM marane kI icchA hI pramukha hotI to usake haiM-sAdhaka kA deha hI nahIM rahA to saMyama kaise rahegA, ata: saMyama pratijJA-sUtra meM ina zabdoM ke rakhane kI koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thii| kI sAdhanA ke lie deha kA paripAlana iSTa hai| lekina deha ke parigalana jaina vicArakoM ne to maraNAkAMkSA ko samAdhimaraNa kA doSa hI mAnA kI kriyA saMyama ke nimitta hai, ata: deha kA aisA paripAlana jisameM hai| ata: samAdhimaraNa ko AtmahatyA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina vicArakoM saMyama hI samApta ho, kisa kAma kA! sAdhaka kA jIvana na to jIne

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samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 423 ke lie hai na maraNa ke lie hai| vaha to jJAna, darzana aura cAritra nahIM kaheM, nirAza hokara, kAyara hokara yA Dara ke mAre zarIra chor3a kI siddhi ke lie hai| yadi jIvana se jJAnAdi AdhyAtmika guNa kI denA yaha eka kisma kI hAra hI hai| use hama jIvana-droha bhI kaha sakate siddhi evaM zuddha vRddhi ho to jIvana kI rakSA karate hue vaisA karanA haiN| saba dharmoM ne AtmahatyA kI nindA kI hai lekina jaba manuSya socatA cAhie, kintu yadi jIvana se bhI jJAnAdi kI abhiSTa siddhi nahIM hotI hai ki usake jIvana kA prayojana pUrNa huA, jyAdA jIne kI AvazyakatA ho to vaha maraNa bhI sAdhaka ke lie zirasA zlAghanIya hai| nahIM rahI taba vaha Atma-sAdhanA ke antima rUpa ke taura para agara zarIra chor3a de to vaha usakA haka hai| maiM svayaM vyaktiza: isa adhikAra samAdhimaraNa kA mUlyAMkana kA samarthana karatA huuN|23 svecchAmaraNa ke sambandha meM pahalA prazna yaha hai ki kyA manuSya samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AdaraNIya dharmAnanda kausambI aura mahAtmA ko prANAnta karane kA naitika adhikAra hai? paM0 sukhalAla jI ne jaina gAMdhI ne bhI manuSya ko prANAnta karane ke adhikAra kA samarthana naitika draSTi se ina prazna kA jo uttara diyA hai usakA saMkSipta rUpa yaha hai dRSTi se kiyA thaa| mahAtmAjI kA kathana hai ki jaba manuSya pApAcAra ki jaina dharma sAmAnya sthitiyoM meM cAhe vaha laukika ho yA dhArmika, kA vega balavattara huA dekhatA hai aura AtmahatyA ke binA apane ko prANAnta karane kA adhikAra nahIM detA hai lekina jaba deha aura AdhyAtmika pApa se nahIM bacA sakatA taba hone vAle pApa se bacane ke lie use sadguNa inameM se kisI eka kI pasandagI karane kA viSama samaya A AtmahatyA karane kA adhikAra hai|24 kausambIjI ne bhI apanI pustaka gayA ho to deha kA tyAga karake bhI apanI vizuddha AdhyAtmika sthiti 'pArzvanAtha kA cArtuyAma dharma' meM svecchAmaraNa kA samarthana kiyA thA aura ko bacAyA jA sakatA hai, jaise satI strI dUsarA mArga na dekhakara deha usakI bhUmikA meM paM0 sukhalAla jI ne 'unhoMne apanI svecchA-maraNa nAza ke dvArA bhI apane satItva kI rakSA kara letI hai|21 jaba taka kI icchA ko bhI abhivyakta kiyA thA' yaha uddhRta kiyA hai| deha aura saMyama donoM kI samAna bhAva se rakSA ho sake to taba taka kAkA kAlelakara svecchAmaraNa ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate hue jaina donoM kI hI rakSA kartavya hai para jaba eka kI hI pasandagI karane kA paramparA ke samAna hI kahate haiM ki jaba taka yaha zarIra mukti kA sAdhana savAla Aye to sAmAnya vyakti deha kI rakSA pasanda kareMge aura ho sakatA hai taba taka aparihArya hiMsA ko sahana karake bhI ise jilAnA AdhyAtmika saMyama kI upekSA kareMge, jabaki samAdhimaraNa kA adhikArI caahie| jaba hama yaha dekheM ki AtmA ke apane vikAsa ke prayatna isase ulTA kregaa| jIvana to donoM hI haiM-daihika aura aadhyaatmik| meM zarIra bAdhA rUpa hI hotA hai taba hameM use chor3anA caahie| jo kisI AdhyAtmika jIvana jIne vAloM ke lie prANAnta yA anazana kI ijAjata hAlata meM jInA cAhatA hai usakI niSThA to spaSTa hai hI, lekina jo hai, pAmaroM, bhayabhItoM aura lAlaciyoM ke lie nhiiN| bhayaMkara duSkara jIvana se uba kara athavA kevala marane ke lie maranA cAhatA hai, to Adi taMgI meM deharakSA ke nimitta saMyama se patita hone kA avasara usameM bhI vikRta zarIra-niSThA hai| jo maraNa se DaratA hai aura jo maraNa A jAye yA anivArya rUpa se maraNa lAne vAlI bImariyoM ke kAraNa hI cAhatA hai, ve donoM jIvana kA rahasya nahIM jaante| vyApaka jIvana khuda ko aura dUsaroM ko nirarthaka parezAnI hotI ho, phira saMyama aura meM jInA aura maranA donoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai, unmeSa aura nimeSa sadguNa kI rakSA sambhava na ho taba mAtra samabhAva kI dRSTi se saMthAre donoM kriyAe~ milakara hI dekhane kI eka kriyA pUrI hotI hai26|| yA svecchAmaraNa kA vidhAna hai. isa prakAra jaina darzana mAtra sadguNoM bhAratIya naitika cintana meM kevala jIvana jIne kI kalA para hI kI rakSA ke nimitta prANAnta karane kI anumati detA hai, anya sthitiyoM nahIM varan usameM jIvana kI kalA ke sAtha maraNa kI kalA para bhI vicAra meM nhiiN| yadi sadguNoM kI rakSA ke nimitta deha kA visarjana kiyA kiyA gayA hai| naitika cintana kI dRSTi se kisa prakAra jIvana jInA jAtA hai to vaha anaitika nahIM ho sktaa| naitikatA kI rakSA ke lie cAhie yahI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai varan kisa prakAra maranA cAhie yaha kiyA gayA deha-visarjana anaitika kaise hogaa| bhI mUlyAvAna hai| mRtyu kI kalA jIvana kI kalA se bhI mahattvapUrNa jaina darzana ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana gItA meM bhI upalabdha hai, Adarza mRtyu hI naitika jIvana kI kasauTI hai| jIvana kA jInA hai| gItA kahatI hai ki yadi jIvita rahakara (AdhyAtmika sadguNoM ke to vidyArthI ke sUtrakAlIna adhyayana ke samAna hai, jabaki mRtyu parIkSA vinAza ke kAraNa) apakIrti kI sambhAvanA ho to usa jIvana se maraNa kA avasara hai| hama jIvana kI kamAI kA antima saudA mRtyu ke samaya hI zreSTha hai| karate haiN| yahA~ cUke to phira pachatAnA hotA hai aura isI apekSA se AdaraNIya kAkA kAlelakara likhate hai ki mRtyu zikArI ke kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIvana kI kalA kI apekSA mRtyu kI kalA samAna hamAre pIche par3e aura hama bacane ke lie bhAgate jAyeM, yaha dRzya adhika mUlyavAna hai| bhAratIya naitika cintana ke anusAra mRtyu kA manuSya ko zobhA nahIM detaa| jIvana kA prayojana samApta huA, aisA avasara aisA avasara hai, jaba hamameM se adhikAMza apane bhAvI jIvana dekhate hI mRtyu ko AdaraNIya atithi samajha kara use AmantraNa denA, kA cunAva karate haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki mRtyu ke samaya jaisI bhAvanA usakA svAgata karanA aura isa taraha se svecchA-svIkRta maraNa ke dvArA hotI hai vaisI hI yoni jIva prApta karatA hai (18/5-6) / jaina paramparA jIvana ko kRtArtha karanA, yaha eka sundara Adarza hai| AtmahatyA ko meM khandhaka muni kI kathA yahI batAtI hai ki jIvana bhara kaThora sAdhanA naitika dRSTi se ucita mAnate hue ve kahate haiM ki ise hama AtmahatyA karanevAlA mahAn sAdhaka jisane ApanI preraNA evaM udbodhana se apane

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424 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sahacArI pA~ca sau sAdhaka ziSyoM ko upasthita mRtyu kI viSama paristhiti sahamata nahIM haiN| vastuta: svecchAmaraNa kI AvazyakatA usa vyakti meM samatva kI sAdhanA ke dvArA nirvANa kA amRtapAna karAyA vahI sAdhaka ke lie nahIM hai jo jIvanamukta hai aura jisakI dehAsakti samApta ho svayaM kI mRtyu ke avasara para krodha ke vazIbhUta ho kisa prakAra apane gaI hai, varan usa vyakti ke lie hai, jisameM dehAsakti rahI huI hai, sAdhanA-patha se vicalita ho gyaa| vaidika paramparA meM jar3abharata kA kathAnaka kyoki samAdhimaraNa to isI dehAsakti ko samApta karane ke lie hai| bhI yahI batAtA hai ki itane mahAna sAdhaka ko bhI maraNa belA meM hariNa para samAdhimaraNa eka sAdhana hai, isalie vaha jIvanamukta ke lie (siddha Asakti rakhane ke kAraNa pazu yoni ko prApta honA pdd'aa| uparokta kathAnaka ke lie) Avazyaka nahIM hai| jIvanamukta ko to samAdhimaraNa sahaja hamAre sAmane mRtyu kA mUlya upasthita kara dete haiN| mRtyu isa jIvana kI hI prApta hotA hai / usake lie isakI sAdhanA kA koI artha nahIM sAdhanA kA parIkSA kAla hai| vaha isa jIvana meM lakSopalabdhi kA antima raha jAtA hai| jahA~ taka unake isa AkSepa kA prazna hai ki samAdhiavasara aura bhAvI jIvana kI kAmanA kA Arambha bindu hai| isa prakAra maraNa meM yathArtha kI ApekSA ADambara hI adhika parilakSita hotA hai, vaha apane meM do jIvanoM kA mUlya saMjoe hue hai| maraNa jIvana kA usameM AMzika satyatA avazya ho sakatI hai lekina isakA sambandha avazyambhAvI aMga hai| usakI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| vaha jIvana saMthAre yA samAdhimaraNa ke siddhAnta se nahIM, varan usake vartamAna meM kA upasaMhAra hai, jise sundara banAnA hamArA eka Avazyaka kartavya hai| pracalita vikRta rUpa se hai, lekina isa AdhAra para usake saiddhAntika isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki samprati yuga ke prabuddha vicAraka bhI mUlya meM koI kamI nahIM AtI hai| yadi vyAvahArika jIvana meM aneka samAdhimaraNa ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiN| ata: jaina darzana para lagAyA vyakti asatya bolate haiM to kyA usase satya ke mUlya para koI A~ca jAne vAlA yaha AkSepa ki vaha jIvana ke mUlya ko asvIkAra karatA AtI hai? vastuta: svecchAmaraNa ke saiddhAntika mUlya ko asvIkAra nahIM hai, ucita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastutaH samAdhimaraNa para jo ApekSa kiyA jA sakatA hai| lagAye jAte haiM unakA sambandha samAdhimaraNa se na hokara AtmahatyA mRtyuvaraNa to mRtyu kI vaha kalA hai, jisameM na kevala jIvana se hai| kucha vicArakoM ne samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA ke vAstavika hI sArthaka hotA hai varan maraNa bhI sArthaka ho jAtA hai| AdaraNIya antara ko nahIM samajhA aura isI AdhAra para samAdhimaraNa ko anaitika kAkA kAlelakara ne khalIla jibAna kI yaha vacana uddhRta kiyA hai kahane kA prayAsa kiyA, lekina jaisA ki hama pUrva meM siddha kara cuke ki "eka AdamI ne AtmarakSA ke hetu khudakazI kI, AtmahatyA kI, haiM, ki samAdhimaraNa yA mRtyuvaraNa AtmahatyA nahIM hai aura isalie yaha vacana sunane meM vicitra sA lagatA hai|"28 AtmahatyA se AtmarakSA use anaitika bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina AcAryoM ne svayaM bhI kA kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai? vastuta: yahA~ AtmarakSA kA artha AtmahatyA ko anaitika mAnA hai, lekina unake anusAra AtmahatyA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai aura AtmahatyA kA matalaba samAdhimaraNa se bhinna hai| zarIra kA visrjn| jaba naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa DaoN0 Izvaracandra ne jIvanamukta vyakti ke svecchAmaraNa ko to ke lie zArIrika mUlyoM kA visarjana Avazyaka ho to usa sthiti AtmahatyA nahIM mAnA hai lekina unhoMne jaina paramparA meM kiye jAne vAle meM deha-visarjana yA svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa hI ucita hai| AdhyAtmika saMthAre ko AtmahatyA kI koTi meM rakha kara use anaitika bhI batAyA mUlyoM kI rakSA prANarakSA se zreSTha hai| gItA meM svayaM akIrtikara jIvana hai|27 isa sambandha meM unake tarka kA pahalA bhAga yaha hai ki svecchA- kI apekSA maraNa ko zreSTha mAna kara aisA hI saMketa diyA hai|29 kAkA maraNa kA vrata lene vAle sAmAnya jaina muni jIvanamukta evaM alaukika kAlelakara ke zabdoM meM jaba manuSya dekhatA hai ki viziSTa paristhiti zakti se yukta nahIM hote aura apUrNatA kI dazA meM liyA gayA AmaraNa meM yadi jInA hai to hIna sthiti aura hIna vicAra yA hIna siddhAnta vrata (saMthArA) naitika nahIM ho sktaa| apane tarka ke dUsare bhAga meM mAnya rakhanA jarUrI hI hai, taba zreSTha puruSa kahatA hai ki jIne se nahIM ve kahate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM svecchAmRtyuvaraNa (saMthArA) karane meM mara kara hI AtmarakSA hotI hai|30 yathArthatA kI apekSA ADambara adhika hotA hai isalie vaha anaitika vastuta: samAdhimaraNa kA yaha vrata hamAre AdhyAtmika evaM naitika bhI hai| jahA~ taka unake isa dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai ki jIvanamukta evaM mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie hI liyA jAtA hai aura isalie yaha pUrNata: alaukika zakti sampanna vyakti hI svecchAmaraNa kA adhikArI hai, hama naitika hai| 1. akAmamaraNaM ceva sakAmamaraNaM thaa| -uttarAdhyayana, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, dharmAya tanuvimocanamAhuH saMllekhanAmAryAH / / prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1984, 5/2 / -- ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, prakA0 mANikacandra digambara bAlANaM akAmaM tu maraNaM asaI bhve| jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1926, adhyAya 5 / paMDiyANaM sakAmaM tu ukkoseNa saI bhve|| dekhiye--ataMkRtadazAMgasUtra ke arjunamAlI ke adhyAya meM sudarzana - vahI, 1984, 5/3 / seTha ke dvArA kiyA gayA sAgArI sNthaaraa| ahakAlammi saMpatte AghAyAya smussyN| dekhiye--aMtakRtadazAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama sakAmamaraNaM maraI niNhamannayaraM munnii|| - vahI, 5/32 // prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981, varga 8 adhyaay1| 4. upasarge durbhikSe jarasi rujAyAM ca nissprtiikaare| pratikramaNa sUtra, saMllekhanA kA pATha, saMpA0 ratnAkara vijaya jI,

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samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 425 prakA0 ajItanAtha jaina dharmakaraNa, udayapura, vi0saM0 2039 / -uddhRta darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAla jI saMdhavI, gujarAta saMyuktanikAya, anu0 jagadIza kazyapa evaM dharmarakSita mahAbodhi sabhA, vidhAnasabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1957, pR0 536 / sAranAtha, banArasa, 1954, 21/2/4/5 / 18. zrI amara bhAratI mArca 1965 pR0 26 9. saMyuktanikAya, anu0 jagadIza kazyapa evaM dharmarakSita mahAbodhi sabhA, 19. saMjamaheuM deho ghArijjai so kao u tdmaave| sAranAtha, banArasa, 1954, 34/2/4/4 / saMjama-phAinimittaM deha paripAlaNA itttthaa|| 10 atimAnAdatrikrodhAtsnehAdvA yadi vA bhyaat| - odhaniyukti 47 uddhnIyAtstrI pumAnvA gatireSA vidhIyate 20. zrIamarabhAratI, jaina saMskRti kI sAdhanA, prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, pUyazoNitasampUNe andhe tamasi mjjti| AgarA, mArca 1965 pR0 26 / SaSTi varSasahasrANi narakaM pratipadyate / / -parAzarasmRti 4/1/2 tulanA kIjie-visuddhimagga 1/133 / 11. mahAbhArata Adi parva 179/20 21. darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAla saMdhavI, gujarAta vidyA sabhA, 12. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pR0 488 ahamadAbAda, 1957, khaNDa 2 pR0 533-34 / -aparArka pR0 536 22. saMbhAvitasya caakiirtimrnndtiricyte|-giitaa, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 13. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pR0 487 vi0saM0 2018, 2/34 / 14. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pR0 488 23. paramasakhA mRtyu, kAkA kAlelakara, prakA0 sastA sAhitya maNDala, 15. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 22 naI dillI, 1979, pR0 31 16. dekhiye 24. vahI, kAkA kAlelakara, prakA0 sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI, (a) darzana aura cintana, paM0 sukhalAlajI, gujarAta, vidyA sabhA, 1979, pR0 26 / ahamadAbAda, 1957, pR0 536 / 25. pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dhrm-bhuumikaa| (ba) nAbhinandeta maraNaM nAbhinandeta jIvitam -manu 26. paramasakhA mRtyu, kAkA kAlelakara, prakA0 sastA sAhitya maNDala, uddhRta paramasakhA mRtyu, kAkA kAlelakara, sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI, 1979, pR0 19 / naI dillI,, 1979, pR0.24| 27. pAzcAtya AcAra vijJAna kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana pR0 273 / (sa) bhavatRSNA (jIne kI tIvra icchA) aura vibhavatRSNA (marane kI tIvra 28. paramasakhA mRtyu, kAkA kAlelakara, prakA0 sastA sAhitya maNDala, icchA) buddha ne sAdhaka ko ina donoM se bacane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| naI dillI , 1979, pR0 43 / (da) jIviyaM nAbhikaMkhejjA maraNaM nAvi ptthe| 29. gItA 2/34 / 17. maraNapaDiyAra bhUyA esA evaM ca Na maraNanimittA jaha gaMDacheakiriA 30. paramasakhA mRtyu, kAkA kAlelakara, prakA0 sastA sAhitya maNDala, No aayviraahnnaaruupaa| naI dillI, 1979, pR0 43 /

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jaina AgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kA ati vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai| paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke gandhoM kA jo kAlakrama nirdhArita kiyA hai, usake AdhAra para samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita AgamoM ko hama nimna krama meM rakha sakate haiN| ati prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM meM AcArAGgasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ye do aise prantha hai jinameM samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| AcArAGgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha kA 'vimokSa' nAmaka aSTama adhyayana samAdhimaraNa ke tIna prakAroM-- bhakta pratyAkhyAna, iGgitimaraNa evaM prAyopagamana kI vistRta carcA karatA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA paJcama "akAma-maraNIya" adhyayana bhI akAma-maraNa aura sakAma-maraNa (samAdhimaraNa) kI carcA se sambandhita hai| isake sAtha hI kiMcit paravartI mAne gaye uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyayana meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kI vistRta carcA hai| isameM samayAvadhi kI dRSTi se utkRSTa, madhyama evaM jaghanya aise tIna prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kA ullekha hai| prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM dazavaikAlika kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai isake AThaveM 'AcAra-praNidhI' nAmaka adhyayana meM samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva kI sAdhanA kA ullekha huA hai| isameM kaSAyoM ko alpa karane yA una para vijaya prApta karane kA nirdeza hai| isake atirikta kAlakrama kI dRSTi se kiMcit paravartI mAne gaye ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tRtIya aGga - Agama sthAnAGgasUtra ke dvitIya adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM maraNa ke vividha prakAroM kI carcA ke prasaGga meM samAdhimaraNa ke vividha rUpoM ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| caturtha aGga - Agama samavAyAGga meM maraNa ke sataraha bhedoM kI carcA hai| jJAtavya hai ki nAma evaM krama ke kucha antaroM ko chor3akara maraNa ke ina sataraha bhedoM kI carcA bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI milatI hai| isameM bAlamaraNa, bAla- paNDitamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, bhakta - pratyAkhyAna, iGgitimaraNa, prAyopagamana Adi kI carcA hai| isI prakAra pAcaveM aGga-Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM ambaDa saMnyAsI evaM usake ziSyoM ke dvArA gaGgA kI bAlU para adatta jala kA sevana nahIM karate hue samAdhimaraNa karane kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| sAtaveM aGga upAsakadazasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 10 gRhastha upAsakoM ke dvArA liye gaye samAdhimaraNa aura usameM upasthita vighnoM kI vistRta carcA milatI hai| AThaveM aGga- Agama antakRtadazAsUtra evaM naveM aGga- Agama anuttaraupapAtikadazAsUtra meM bhI aneka zramaNoM evaM zramaNiyoM ke dvArA liye gaye samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha milatA hai| antakRtadazAsUtra kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM samAdhimaraNa lene vAloM kI samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva kI zArIrika sthiti kaisI ho gaI thI, isakA sundara vivaraNa upalabdha hai| upAGga - sAhitya meM mAtra aupapAtikasUtra aura rAyaprazrIyasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane vAle kucha sAdhakoM kA ullekha hai, kintu inameM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai / isa sambandha meM jo svatantra grantha upalabdha hote haiM, unheM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNaka varga ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| prakIrNakoM meM AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA, maraNavibhakti, maraNasamAdhi evaM maraNavizuddhi pramukha haiN| vartamAna meM jo maraNavibhakti ke nAma se prakIrNaka upalabdha ho rahA hai, usameM maraNavibhakti sahita maraNavizuddhi, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanAsUtra, bhaktaparijJA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, ArAdhanA patAkA ina ATha granthoM ko samAhita kara liyA gayA hai| yadyapi bhaktaparijJA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, saMlekhanAsUtra, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi anya svatantra rUpa se bhI upalabdha haiN| isake atirikta tandula- vaicArika nAmaka prakIrNaka ke anta meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kA vistRta vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa kA vistRta vivaraNa evaM upadeza dene vAle saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke paravartI AcAryoM ke aneka grantha haiM, kintu prastuta vivecana meM hama apane ko mAtra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya taka hI sImita rakheMge zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle Agamatulya jo grantha haiM, unameM mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka yApanIya paramparA ke do grantha prasiddha haiN| inameM mUlAcAra samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa prastuta karane ke sAtha hI muni AcAra ke anya pakSoM para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai| yadyapi isake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna evaM bRhata pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM AturamahApratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNakoM kI zatAdhika gAthAe~ yathAvata apane zaurasenI rUpAntara meM milatI haiN| isI prakAra isameM Avazyakaniryukti kI bhI zatAdhika gAthAe~ Avazyakaniyukti ke nAma se hI milatI haiN| jahA~ taka bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA prazna hai, usameM bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita prakIrNakoM kI zatAdhika gAthAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| jJAtavya hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA mUla pratipAdya samAdhimaraNa hai aura yaha grantha aneka dRSTiyoM se maraNasamAdhi, aparanAma maraNavibhakti aura ArAdhanApatAkA se tulanIya haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki ArAdhanApatAkA nAmaka grantha zvetAmbara AcArya vIrabhadra ke dvArA bhavagatI ArAdhanA kA anukaraNa karake likhA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha abhI zodha kA viSaya hai| isameM bhaktaparijJA, piNDaniryukti aura Avazyakanuiryakti kI bhI saikar3o gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gayI haiN| isameM kula 1110 gAthAe~ haiM / isa prakAra maraNavibhakti aura saMstAraka meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane vAloM ke jo viziSTa ullekha upalabdha hote haiM, ve hI ullekha bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI bahuta kucha samAna rUpa se milate haiM Aja maraNavibhakti Adi prakIrNakoM kA bhagavatI ArAdhanA se tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta hI apekSita hai, kyoMki yaha grantha yApanIya paramparA meM nirmita huA hai aura yApanIya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| ataH donoM .

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jaina AgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 427 paramparAoM meM kAphI kucha AdAna-pradAna huA hai| isI prakAra yApanIya kA rakSaNa vareNya nahIM hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba sAdhaka yaha paramparA ke grantha bRhadkathAkoza meM bhI maraNavibhakti, bhaktaparijJA, saMstAraka jAne ki vaha nirbala aura maraNAntika roga se AkrAnta ho gayA hai, Adi kI aneka kathAe~ saMkalita haiN| merI dRSTi meM bRhadkathAkoza kI niyama yA maryAdA pUrvaka AhAra Adi prApta karane meM asamartha hai, kathAoM kA mUla srota cAhe prakIrNaka grantha rahe hoM, kintu granthakAra to vaha AhArAdi kA parityAga kara zarIra ke poSaNa ke prayatnoM ko ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI kathAoM kA anukaraNa karake hI yaha grantha banda kara de| isase deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA pUrNa likhA haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai ki donoM paramparAoM ke samAdhimaraNa hotI hai| sambandhI ina granthoM evaM unakI kathAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta 2. jaba vyakti ko lage ki apanI vRddhAvasthA athavA asAdhya karane kii| roga ke kAraNa usakA jIvana pUrNata: dUsaroM para nirbhara ho gayA hai, vaha yadyapi maiM isa Alekha meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko prastuta karanA saMgha ke lie bhAra svarUpa bana gayA hai tathA apanI sAdhanA karane meM cAhatA thA, kintu samaya sImA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vartamAna meM yaha bhI asamartha ho gayA hai to aisI sthiti meM vaha AhArAdi kA tyAga sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| ___ karake deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA karate hue deha kA visarjana samAdhimaraNa kI yaha avadhAraNA ati prAcIna hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kara sakatA hai| kI zramaNa aura brAhmaNa- ina donoM paramparAoM meM isake ullekha milate 3. isI prakAra sAdhaka ko jaba yaha lage ki sadAcAra yA brahmacarya haiM, jisakI vistRta carcA hamaneM 'samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka kA khaNDana kie binA jIvana jInA sambhava nahIM hai, arthAt caritranAza tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka lekha meM kI hai| vastutaH aura jIvita rahane meM eka hI vikalpa sambhava hai to vaha tatkAla bhI yahA~ hamArA vivecya mAtra ardhamAgadhI Agama hai| inameM AcArAGgasUtra prAcIna zvAsa nirodha Adi karake apanA dehapAta kara sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai evaM prathama aGga-Agama hai| AcArAGgasUtra ke anusAra samatva yA vItarAgatA ki yahA~ mUla-pATha meM zIta-sparza hai, jisakA TIkAkAroM ne brahmacarya kI sAdhanA hI dharma kA mUlabhUta prayojana hai| AcArAGgakAra kI dRSTi ke bhaGga kA avasara aisA artha kiyA hai, kintu mUla-pATha aura pUrvaprasaGga meM samatva yA vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka tattva mamatva hai| isa ko dekhate hue isakA yaha artha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa muni ne mamatva kA ghanIbhUta kendra vyakti kA apanA zarIra hotA hai| ataH acelatA ko svIkAra kara liyA hai, vaha zIta sahana na kara pAne kI AcArAGgakAra nirmamatva kI sAdhanA hetu deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA sthiti meM cAhe deha tyAga kara de, kintu niyama bhaGga na kre| ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| samAdhimaraNa deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAGgakAra na to jIvana ko kA hI prayAsa hai| yaha na to AtmahatyA hai aura na jIvana se bhAgane asvIkAra hI karatA aura na vaha jIvana se bhAgane kI bAta kahatA hai| kA prytn| apitu jIvana ke dvAra para dastaka de rahI aparihArya banI vaha to mAtra yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki jaba mRtyu jIvana ke dvAra mRtyu kA svAgata hai| vaha deha ke poSaNa ke prayatnoM kA tyAga karake para dastaka de rahI ho aura AcAra-niyama arthAt lI gaI pratijJA bhaGga dehAtIta hokara jIne kI eka kalA hai| kie binA jIvana jInA sambhava nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM mRtyu kA varaNa karanA hI ucita hai| isI prakAra dUsaroM para bhAra banakara jInA AcArAGgasUtra aura samAdhimaraNa athavA jaba zarIra vyaktigata sAdhanA athavA samAja sevA donoM ke lie AcArAGgasUtra meM jina paristhitiyoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI anuzaMsA sArthaka nahIM raha gayA ho, aisI sthiti meM bhI yenakena-prakAreNa zarIra kI gayI hai, ve vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya haiN| sarvaprathama to AcArAGga ko bacAne ke prayatna kI apekSA mRtyu kA varaNa hI ucita hai| jaba meM samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha usake prathama zrutaskandha ke vimokSa nAmaka sAdhaka ko yaha lage ki sadAcAra aura muni AcAra ke niyamoM kA aSTama adhyayana meM huA hai| yaha adhyayana vizeSa rUpa se zarIra, AhAra, bhaGga karake AhAra evaM auSadhi ke dvArA tathA zItanivAraNa ke lie vastra Adi ke prati nirmamatva evaM unake visarjana kI carcA karatA hai| vastra athavA agni Adi ke upayoga dvArA hI zarIra ko bacAyA jA isameM vastra evaM AhAra ke vijarsana kI prakriyA ko samajhAte hue hI sakatA hai athavA bahmacarya ko bhaGga karake hI jIvita rahA jA sakatA anta meM deha-visarjana kI sAdhanA kA ullekha huA hai| AcArAGgasUtra hai to usake lie mRtyu kA varaNa hI ucita hai| samAdhimaraNa kina sthitiyoM meM liyA jA sakatA hai, isakI saMkSipta AcArAGgakAra ne naitika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa aura jIvana ke saMrakSaNa kintu mahattvapUrNa vivecanA prastuta karatA hai| isameM samAdhimaraNa svIkAra meM upasthita vikalpa kI sthiti meM mRtyu ke varaNa ko hI vareNya mAnA karane kI tIna sthitiyoM kA ullekha hai hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha spaSTa nirdeza detA hai ki aisA vyakti mRtyu 1. jaba zarIra itanA azakta va glAna ho gayA ho ki vyakti kA varaNa kara le| yaha usake lie kAla-mRtyu hI hai, kyoMki isake saMyama ke niyamoM kA pAlana karane meM asamartha ho aura muni ke AcAra dvArA vaha saMsAra kA anta karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA . niyamoM ko bhaMga karake hI jIvana bacAnA sambhava ho, to aisI sthiti hai ki yaha maraNa vimoha Ayatana, hitakara, sukhakara, kAlocita, niHzreyasa meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki AcAra niyamoM ke ullaMghana kI apekSA deha aura bhaviSya ke lie kalyANakArI hotA hai| AcArAGgasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa kA visarjana hI naitika hai| AcAra-maryAdA kA ullaMghana karake jIvana ke tIna rUpoM kA ullekha huA- bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iGgitimaraNa,

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428 prAyopagamana usameM samAdhimaraNa ke lie do tathya Avazyaka mAne gae haiM- pahalA kaSAyoM kA kRzIkaraNa aura dUsarA zarIra kA kRzIkaraNa / isameM bhI mukhya uddezya to kaSAyoM kA kRzIkaraNa hai / bhaktaparijJA meM prathama to muni ke lie kalpa kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura usake anta meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki akalpa kA sevana karane kI apekSA zarIra kA visarjana kara denA hI ucita hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba bhikSu ko yaha anubhava ho ki merA zarIra aba itanA durbala athavA roga se AkrAnta ho gayA hai ki gRhasthoM ke ghara bhikSA hetu paribhramaNa karanA mere lie sambhava nahIM hai, sAtha hI mujhe gRhastha ke dvArA mere sammukha lAyA gayA AhAra Adi grahaNa karanA yogya nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM ekAkI sAdhanA karane vAle jinakalpI muni ke lie AhAra kA tyAga karake saMthArA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai| yadyapi AcArAGgasUtra ke anusAra saMghastha muni kI bImArI athavA vRddhAvasthAjanya zArIrika durbalatA kI sthiti meM AhArAdi se eka-dUsare kA upakAra arthAt sevA kara sakate haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM bhI cAra vikalpoM kA ullekha huA hai 1. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM ( sAdharmika bhikSuoM ke lie) AhAra Adi lAUMgA aura (unake dvArA) lAyA huA svIkAra bhI kruuNgaa| - jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 athavA 2. koI yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM (dUsaroM ke lie) AhAra Adi nahIM lAU~gA, kintu (unake dvArA) lAyA huA svIkAra kruuNgaa| athavA 3. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM (dUsaroM ke lie) AhAra Adi lAUMgA, kintu unake dvArA lAyA svIkAra nahIM karUMgA / athavA 4. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM na to (dUsaroM ke lie) AhAra Adi lAUMgA aura na (unake dvArA) lAyA huA svIkAra uparokta cAra vikalpoM meM se jo bhikSu prathama do vikalpa svIkAra karatA hai, vaha AhArAdi ke lie saMghasya muniyoM kI sevA le sakatA hai kintu jo antima do vikalpa svIkAra karatA hai, usake lie AhArAdi ke liye dUsaroM kI sevA lene meM pratijJA bhaGga kA doSa AtA hai| aisI sthiti meM AcArAGgakAra kA mantavya yahI hai ki pratijJA bhaGga nahIM karanI cAhiye, bhale hI bhaktapratyAkhyAna kara deha tyAga karanA pdd'e| AcArAGgakAra ke anusAra aisI sthiti meM jaba bhikSu ko yaha saMkalpa utpanna ho ki maiM isa samaya saMyama sAdhanA ke lie isa zarIra ko vahana karane meM glAna (asamartha ) ho rahA hU~, taba vaha kramazaH AhAra kA saMvartana (saMkSepa) kre| AhAra kA saMkSepa kara kaSAyoM (krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha) ko kRza kre| kaSAyoM ko kRza kara samAdhipUrNa bhAva vAlA zarIra aura kaSAya donoM ora se kRza banA huA vaha bhikSu phala kA vasthita ho samAdhimaraNa ke lie utthita (prayatnazIla) hokara zarIra kA utsarga kre| saMthArA grahaNa karane kA nizcaya kara lene ke pazcAt vaha kisa prakAra samAdhimaraNa grahaNa kare isakA ullekha karate hue AcArAGgakAra kahatA hai ki aise bhikSu grAma, nagara, karvaTa, Azrama Adi meM jAkara ghAsa kI yAcanA kare aura use prApta kara gAMva ke bAhara ekAMta meM jAkara jIva-jantu, bIja, harita Adi se rahita sthAna ko dekhakara ghAsa kA bistara taiyAra kare aura usa para sthita hokara itvarika anazana athavA prAyopagamana svIkAra kreN| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAGgakAra bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iGgitimaraNa aura prAyopagamana aise tIna prakAra ke samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha karatA hai| bhaktapratyAkhyAna meM mAtra AhArAdi kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, kintu zArIrika halana calana aura gamanAgamana kI koI maryAdA nizcita nahIM kI jAtI hai| iGgitamaraNa meM AhAra tyAga ke sAtha hI sAtha zArIrika halana-calana aura gamanAgamana kA eka kSetra nizcita kara liyA jAtA hai aura usake bAhara gamanAgamana kA tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai| prAyopagamana yA pAdopagamana meM AhAra Adi ke tyAga ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kriyAoM kA nirodha karate hue mRtyu paryanta nizcala rUpa se lakar3I ke takhte ke samAna sthira par3e rahanA par3atA hai| isIlie AcArAGgakAra ne prAyopagamana saMthAre ke pratyAkhyAna meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha likhA hai ki kAya, yoga evaM IrSyA kA pratyAkhyAna kreN| vastutaH yaha tInoM saMthAre kI kramika avasthAe~ haiN| AcArAGgasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa krama se nirmamatva kI sthiti ko prApta dhairyavAn, AtmanigrahI aura gatimAna sAdhaka isa advitIya samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA hetu tatpara ho vaha dharma ke pAragAmI jJAnapUrvaka anukrama se donoM hI prakAra ke Arambha kA (hiMsA kA ) parityAga kara deM vaha kaSAyoM ko kRza karate hue AhAra kI mAtrA ko bhI alpa kareM aura pariSoM ko sahana kreN| isa prakAra karate hue jaba ati glAna ho jAya to AhAra kA bhI tyAga kara deN| aisI sthiti meM na to jIvana kI AkAMkSA rakhe aura na maraNa kI, apitu jIvana evaM maraNa donoM meM hI Asakta na ho vaha nirjarApekSI madhyastha samAdhi bhAva kA anupAlana kare tathA rAga-dveSa Adi Antarika parigraha aura zarIra Adi bAhya parigraha kA tyAga kara zuddha adhyAtma kA anveSaNa kre| yadi use apane sAdhanAkAla meM kisI bhI rUpa meM AyuSya ke vinAza kA koI kAraNa jAna par3e, to vaha zIghra hI samAdhimaraNa kA prayatna kre| grAma athavA araNya meM jahA~ harita evaM prANiyoM Adi kA abhAva (alpatA) ho, usa sthaNDila bhUmi para tRNa kA bichaunA taiyAra kare aura vahA~ nirAhAra hokara zAnta bhAva se leTa jAye manuSya kRta athavA anya kisI prakAra ke parISaha se AkrAnta hone para bhI maryAdA kA ullaGghana na kare tathA pariSahoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana kre| AkAza meM vicaraNa karane vAle pakSI evaM reMgane vAle prANI yadi usake zarIra kA mAMsa noMce rakta pIye to bhI na unheM mAre aura na unakA nivAraNa kare tathA na usa sthAna se uThakara anyatra jAye, apitu yaha vicAra kareM ki ye prANI mere zarIra kA hI nAza kara rahe haiM, mere jJAnAdi guNoM .

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jaina AgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 429 kA nhiiN| vaha AsravoM se rahita evaM AtmatuSTa ho usa pIr3A ko samabhAva ke samaya bhaya se saMtrasta hotA hai aura hArane vAle dhUrta juArI kI se sahana kre| granthiyoM arthAt antara-bAhya parigraha se rahita mRtyu ke taraha zoka karatA akAma-maraNa ko arthAt niprayojana maraNa ko prApta avasara para pAraGgata bhikSu ke isa samAdhimaraNa ko saMyamI jIvana ke hotA hai, jabaki sakAma-maraNa paNDitoM ko prApta hotA hai| saMyata jitendriya lie adhika zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| puNyAtmAoM ko hI ati prasanna arthAt nirAkula evaM AdhAtarahita yaha bhaktapratyAkhyAna ke atirikta samAdhimaraNa kA eka rUpa iGgitimaraNa maraNa prApta hotA hai| aisA maraNa na to sabhI bhikSuoM ko milatA hai, batAyA hai| isameM sAdhaka dUsaroM se sevA lene kA trividha rUpa se parityAga na sabhI gRhasthoM ko| jo bhikSu hiMsA Adi se nivRtta hokara saMyama kara detA hai, aisA bhikSu hariyAlI para nahIM soe apitu jIvoM se rahita kA abhyAsa karate haiM, unheM hI aisA sakAma-maraNa prApta hotA hai| sthaNDila bhUmi para hI soe| vaha anAhAra bhikSu deha Adi ke prati uttarAdhyayanasUtra yaha spaSTa nirdeza detA hai ki medhAvI sAdhaka mamatva kA visarjana karake parISahoM se AkrAnta hone para unheM samabhAva bAlamaraNa va paNDitamaraNa kI tulanA karake sakAma-maraNa ko svIkAra se sahana kre| indriyoM ke glAna ho jAne para vaha muni samitipUrvaka kara maraNa kAla meM kSamA aura dayA dharma se yukta ho, tathAbhUta AtmabhAva hI apane hAtha-paira Adi kA saMkoca-vistAra kare, kyoMki jo acala meM maraNa kre| jaba maraNa kAla upasthita ho to jisa zraddhA se pravrajyA evaM samabhAva se yukta hotA hai vaha nindita nahIM hotaa| vaha jaba leTe-leTe svIkAra kI thI, usI zraddhA va zAnta bhAva se zarIra ke bheda arthAt yA baiThe-baiThe thaka jAya to zarIra ke saMdhAraNa ke lie thor3A gamanAgamana dehapAta kI pratijJA kre| mRtyu ke samaya Ane para tIna prakAra ke eka kare yA hAtha-pairoM ko hilAe, kintu sambhava ho to acetanavat nizceSTa se eka zreSTha samAdhimaraNoM se zarIra kA parityAga kre| ho jaaye| isa advitIya maraNa para AsIna vyakti una kASTha-stambhoM isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paJcama adhyAya yA phalaka Adi kA sahArA na le, jo dImaka Adi se yukta ho athavA meM bhI unhIM tInoM prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kA ullekha hai jisakI carcA varjita ho| jo sAdhaka iGgitimaraNa se bhI uccatara prAyopagamana yA hama AcArAGgasUtra ke sambandha meM kara cuke haiN| phira bhI jJAtavya hai ki pAdopagamana saMthAre ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha sabhI aGgoM kA nirodha karake uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA yaha vivaraNa samAdhimaraNa ke hetu preraNA pradAna karane apane sthAna se calita nahIM hotA hai-yaha prAyopagamana, bhakta pratyAkhyAna kI hI dRSTi se hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha mAtra upadezAtmaka vivaraNa hai| aura iGgitimaraNa kI apekSA uttama sthAna hai| aisA bhikSu jIva-jantu isameM kina paristhatiyoM meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa kiyA jAya isakI carcA se rahita bhUmi ko dekhakara vahA~ nizceSTa hokara rahe aura vahA~ apane zarIra nahIM hai| mAtra yatra-tatra samAdhimaraNa ke kucha saGketa hI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ko sthApita kara yaha vicAra kare ki jaba zarIra hI merA nahIM hai to meM samAdhimaraNa yA saMlekhanA ke kAla Adi ke sambandha meM aura usakI phira mujhe parISaha yA pIr3A kaisI? vaha saMsAra ke sabhI bhogoM ko nazvara prakriyA ke sambandha meM jo ullekha hai vaha usake 36veM adhyAya meM jAnakara, unameM Asakta na ho| devoM dvArA nimantrita hone para vaha deva isa prakAra se varNita haimAyA para zraddhA na kre| sabhI bhogoM meM amarchita hokara mRtya ke avasara aneka varSoM taka zrAmaNya kA pAlana karake muni isa anukrama kA pAragAmI vaha titikSA ko hI parama hitakara jAnakara nirmamatvabhAva se AtmA kI saMlekhanA ke vikAroM ko kSINa kre| utkRSTa saMlekhanA ko anyatama sAdhya maane| bAraha varSa kI hotI hai, madhyama eka varSa kI aura jaghanya chaha mAsa kI hotI hai| prathama cAra varSoM meM dugdha Adi vikRtiyoM kA ni!haNa-tyAga uttarAdhyayanasUtra aura samAdhimaraNa kareM, dUsare cAra varSoM meM vividha prakAra ke tapa kare, phira do varSoM taka isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAGgasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa ke ekAntara tapa (eka dina upavAsa aura phira eka dina bhojana) kreN| prakAra, usakI prakriyA tathA use kina sthitiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA jA bhojana ke dina AcAmla kre| usake bAda gyArahaveM varSa meM pahale chaha sakatA hai, isakI vistRta carcA hai| AcArAGgasUtra ke pazcAt prAcIna mahinoM taka koI bhI ativikRSTa (telA, caulA Adi) tapa na kre| stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa usake bAda chaha mahIne taka vikRSTa tapa kre| isa pUre varSa meM paripita usake 5veM evaM 36veM adhyAya meM upalabdha hotA hai| usake pA~caveM adhyAya (pAraNoM ke dina) AcAmla kre| bArahaveM varSa meM eka varSa taka koTi meM sarvaprathama mRtyu ke do rUpoM kI carcA hai- 1. akAma-maraNa aura sahita arthAt nirantara, AcAmla karake phira muni pakSa yA eka mAsa 2. skaam-mrnn| usameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki akAma-maraNa bAra-bAra kA AhAra se tapa arthAt anazana kre| kAdapI, abhiyogI, kilbiSikI, hotA hai- jabaki sakAma-maraNa eka hI bAra hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mohI aura AsurI bhAvanAe~ durgati dene vAlI haiN| ye mRtyu ke samaya yahA~ akAma-karaNa kA tAtparya kAmanA se rahita maraNa na hokara Atma meM saMyama kI virAdhanA karatI haiN| ata: jo marate samaya mithyA-darzana puruSArtha se rahita niruddezya yA niSprayojanapUrvaka maraNa se hai| isI prakAra meM anurakta hai, nidAna se yukta hai aura hiMsaka hai, use bodhi bahuta sakAma-maraNa kA tAtparya puruSArtha yA sAdhanA se yukta soddezyamaraNa yA durlabha hai| jo samyagdarzana meM anurakta hai, nidAna se rahita hai, zukla-lezyA mukti ke prayojanapUrvaka maraNa se hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra meM avagAr3ha- praviSTa hai, use bodhi sulabha hai| jo jina vacana meM anurakta akAma-karaNa karane vAlA vyakti saMsAra meM Asakta hokara anAcAra kA hai, jina vacanoM kA bhAvapUrvaka AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha nirmala aura sevana karatA hai aura kAma-bhogoM ke pIche bhAgatA hai, aisA vyakti mRtyu rAgAdi se asaMkliSTa hokara parIta saMsArI (parimita saMsAra vAlA) hotA hai|

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430 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 anya aGga-Agama aura samAdhimaraNa upAsakadazAsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke Ananda, kAmadeva, sakaDAlaputra, AcArAGgasUtra va uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke pazcAt ardhamAgadhI meM culinIpitA Adi daza gRhastha upAsakoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane sthAnAGgasUtra aura samavAyAGgasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita mAtra kucha aura unameM vighnoM ke upasthita hone tathA Ananda ko isa avasthA meM saGketa haiN| sthAnAGgasUtra (2/4) meM do-do ke vargoM meM vibhAjita karate vistRta avadhijJAna utpanna hone, gautama ke dvArA Ananda se kSamA-yAcanA hue zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA anumodita maraNoM kA ullekha hai| karane Adi ke ullekha haiN| isI prakAra antakRtdazAsUtra meM kucha zramaNoM mahAvIra ne zramaNa-nirgranthoM ke lie do prakAra ke maraNa kabhI bhI varNita, aura AryikAoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karane aura usa dazA meM kIrtita, ukta, prazaMsita aura ananumodita nahIM kiye haiM- valanmaraNa kaivalya evaM mokSa prApta karane ke nirdeza haiN| kintu vistAra bhaya se aura vshaartmrnn| isI prakAra nidAnamaraNa aura tadbhavamaraNa, giripatana ina sabakI carcA meM jAnA hama yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM smjhte| itanA aura tarupatanamaraNa, jalapravezamaraNa aura agnipravezamaraNa, viSabhakSaNamaraNa avazya jJAtavya hai ki inameM se kucha kathAoM ke nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA aura shaastraavpaatnmrnn| ye do-do prakAra ke maraNa zramaNa-nirgranthoM ke meM maraNavibhakti meM tathA acela paramparA ke bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI lie zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kabhI bhI varNita, kIrtita, ukta, prazaMsita pAye jAte haiN| yahA~ hama kevala antakRtdazAsUtra (varga8, adhyAya1) aura anumodita nahIM kiye haiN| kintu kAraNa-vizeSa hone para vaihAyasa kA vaha ullekha karanA cAheMge jisameM sAdhaka kisa sthiti meM samAdhimaraNa (vairavAnasa) aura gRddhapRSTha ye do maraNa anumodita kiye haiN| zramaNa mahAvIra grahaNa karatA thA, isakA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai - ne zramaNa-nirgranthoM ke lie do prakAra ke maraNa sadA varNita, kIrtita, "tatpazcAt kAlI AryA, usa urAla-pradhAna, vipula, dIrghakAlIna, ukta, prazaMsita aura anumodita kiye haiM- prAyopagamanamaraNa aura bhakta vistIrNa, sazrIka-zobhAsampanna, guru dvArA pradatta athavA prayatnasAdhya, prtyaakhyaanmrnn| prAyopagamanamaraNa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- nirhArima bahumAnapUrvaka gRhIta, kalyANakArI, nirogatA-janaka, ziva-mukti ke aura anirhaarim| prAyopagamanamaraNa niyamataH apratikarma hotA hai| kAraNa-bhUta, dhanya, mAGgalya, pApavinAzaka, udagra-tIvra, udAra-niSkAma bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- nirima aura hone ke kAraNa audArya vAle, uttama, ajJAna andhakAra se rahita aura ani rim| bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa niyamataH sapratikarma hotA hai| mahAn prabhAva vAle, tapa-karma se zuSka, nIrasa zarIra vAlI, rukSa, mAMsa samavAyAGgasUtra (samavAya 17) meM maraNa ke nimna sataraha prakAroM rahita aura nasoM se vyApta ho gayI thii| jaise koI koyaloM se bharI kA ullekha huA hai - gAr3I ho, sUkhI lakar3iyoM se bharI gAr3I ho, pattoM se bharI gAr3I ho, 1. AvIcimaraNa, 2. avadhimaraNa, 3. AtyAntikamaraNa, dhUpa meM DAlakara sukhAI ho arthAt koyalA, lakar3I patte Adi khUba 4. valanmaraNa, 5. vazArtamaraNa, 6. anta:zalyamaraNa, 7. tadbhava maraNa, sUkhA liye gaye hoM aura phira gAr3I meM bhare gaye hoM, to vaha gAr3I 8. bAlamaraNa, 9. paNDitamaraNa, 10. bAlapaNDitamaraNa, 11. chadmastha- khar3a-khar3a AvAja karatI huI calatI hai aura ThaharatI hai, usI prakAra maraNa, 12. kevalimaraNa, 13. vaikhAnasamaraNa, 14. gRddhapRSTamaraNa, kAlI AryA hAr3oM kI khar3a-khar3AhaTa ke sAtha calatI thI aura 15. bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa, 16. iGgitimaraNa evaM 17. paadopgmnmrnn|| khar3a-khar3AhaTa ke sAtha ThaharatI thii| vaha tapasyA se to upacita-vRddhi inameM se bAlapaNDitamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, chadmasthamaraNa, kevalImaraNa, ko prApta thI, magara mAMsa aura rudhira se apacita-hrAsa ko prApta ho bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa, iGgitimaraNa va prAyopagamanamaraNa kA sambandha gayI thii| bhasma ke samUha se AcchAdita agni kI taraha tapasyA ke samAdhimaraNa se hai| kinhIM sthitiyoM meM vaikhAnasamaraNa, gRddhapRSTamaraNa teja se dedIpyamAna vaha tapasteja kI lakSmI se atIva zobhAyamAna ho ko jaina paramparA meM bhI ucita mAnA gayA hai| kintu ye donoM apavAdika rahI thii| sthiti meM hI ucita mAne gaye haiM, jaise jaba brahmacarya ke pAlana aura eka dina rAtri ke pichale prahara meM kAlI AryA ke hRdaya meM skandamuni jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM eka hI vikalpa ho, to aisI sthiti meM vaikhAnasamaraNa ke samAna yaha vicAra utpanna huA- "isa kaThora tapasAdhanA ke kAraNa dvArA zarIra tyAga ko ucita mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhagavatI merA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gayA hai| tathApi jaba taka mere isa zarIra ArAdhanA meM bhI samavAyAGga ke samAna hI maraNa ke uparyukta sataraha prakAroM meM utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura puruSAkAra-parAkrama hai, mana meM zraddhA, kA ullekha hai| yadyapi kahIM-kahIM unake nAma evaM krama meM antara dikhAyI dhairya evaM vairAgya hai taba taka mere liye ucita hai ki kala sUryodaya detA hai| udAharaNArtha samavAyAGga meM chadmasthamaraNa kA ullekha hai jabaki hone ke pazcAt AryA candanA se pUchakara, unakI AjJA prApta hone para, bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai| isake sthAna para usameM saMlekhanA jhUSaNA kA sevana karatI huI bhaktapAna kA tyAga karake, mRtyu osannamaraNa kA ullekha hai| samavAyAGgasUtra ke pazcAt jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, ke prati niSkAma hokara vicaraNa kruuN|" aisA socakara vaha agale dina upAsakadazAsUtra, antakRtzAsUtra, anuttaraupapAtikadazAsUtra tathA vipAkadazA- sUryodaya hote hI jahA~ AryA candanA thI vahA~ AI aura vandanA-namaskAra sUtra, Adi aGga AgamoM meM jIvana ke antima kAla meM saMlekhanA dvArA kara isa prakAra bolI- "he AyeM! ApakI AjJA ho to maiM saMlekhanA zarIra tyAgane vAle sAdhakoM kI kathAe~ haiN| isameM bhagavatIsUtra meM ambar3a jhUSaNA karatI huI vicaranA cAhatI huuN|" AryA candanA ne kahA- "he saMnyAsI aura usake 500 ziSyoM ke dvArA adatta jala kA sevana nahIM devAnupriye! jaise tumheM sukha ho, vaisA kro| satkArya meM vilamba na kro|" karate hue gaGgA kI bAlU para samAdhimaraNa lene kA ullekha hai| taba AryA candanA kI AjJA pAkara kAlI AryA saMlekhanA jhUSaNA grahaNa

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jaina AgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 431 karake yAvat vicarane lgii| kAlI AryA ne AryA candanA ke pAsa bhI guru ke samIpa apane doSoM kI AlocanA karake mRtyu ke samaya sAmAyika se lekara gyAraha aGgoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura pUre ATha zuddha avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| jo sAdhu maraNakAla meM Asakta nahIM varSa taka cAritradharma kA pAlana karake eka mAsa kI saMlekhanA se AtmA hotA, vahI ArAdhaka hai| isa prakAra candravedhyaka mukhya rUpa se samAdhimaraNa ko jhoSita kara sATha bhakta kA anazana pUrNa kara, jisa hetu se saMyama karane vAle sAdhaka kI jIvana dRSTi kaisI honI cAhie, isakI carcA grahaNa kiyA thA yAvat usako antima zvAsocchvAsa taka pUrNa kiyA karatA hai| tathA siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gii| candravedhyaka ke pazcAt jo prakIrNaka grantha pUrNataH samAdhimaraNa kI isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki antakRt dazA meM jaba zarIra pUrNatayA avadhAraNA ko hI apanA viSaya banAte haiM, unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura glAna ho jAya, aisI sthiti meM hI samAdhimaraNa lene kA ullekha hai| mahApratyAkhyAna pramukha haiN| jJAtavya hai ki AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna kI lagabhaga prakIrNaka aura samAdhimaraNa eka sau gAthAe~ mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhad-pratyAkhyAna zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita jo grantha likhe nAmaka adhyayanoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| AturapratyAkhyAna ke nAma se gaye haiM, unameM candravedhyaka, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, saMstAraka, tIna prakIrNaka grantha upalabdha hote haiN| eka AturapratyAkhyAna meM tIsa bhaktaparijJA aura maraNavibhakti Adi pramukha haiN| candravedhyaka prakIrNaka gAthAe~ aura kucha gadya bhAga haiM, jabaki dUsare meM cautIsa gAthAe~ haiM aura kA antima lakSya to samAdhimaraNa kA nirUpaNa hI hai, kintu usakI tIsare meM ekahattara gAthAe~ haiN| vaise ina sabhI AturapratyAkhyAna nAmaka pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM vinaya guNa, AcArya guNa, vinayanigraha guNa, prakIrNakoM kA viSaya samAdhimaraNa hI hai| prathama AturapratyAkhyAna meM jJAna guNa aura caraNa guNadvAra nAmaka prathama pA~ca dvAroM meM samAdhimaraNa paJcamaGgala ke pazcAt arihaMta Adi se kSamA-yAcanA aura uttama artha se sambandhita viSayoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai aura anta meM chaThAM arthAt samAdhimaraNa kI ArAdhanA ke lie 18 pApa sthAnoM kA aura samAdhimaraNa dvAra hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 175 gAthAe~ haiM, kintu kucha zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA parityAga tathA anta meM sAgAra evaM nirAgAra pratiyoM meM 75 gAthAe~ aura bhI milatI haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza gAthAyeM samAdhimaraNa ke pratyAkhyAna kI carcA hai| isake anta meM saMsAra ke AturapratyAkhyAna meM yathAvat upalabdha hotI haiN| grantha ke anta meM maraNa sabhI prANiyoM se kSamA-yAcanA ke sandarbha meM 13 gAthAe~ haiM aura anta guNadvAra nAmaka saptama dvAra meM sabase adhika 58 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM meM ekatva bhAvanA kA ullekha hai| jisameM kahA gayA hai ki "jJAna-darzana akRtayogI aura kRta-yoga ke mAdhyama se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jo se yukta eka merI AtmA hI zAzvata hai, zeSa sabhI bAhya padArtha sAMyogika vyakti viSaya-vAsanAoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIvana jItA hai, vaha haiN| sAMyogika padArthoM ke prati mamatva hI duHkha paramparA kA kAraNa hai| akRta-yoga hai tathA jo isake viparIta vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM para niyantraNa ata: trividha rUpa se saMyoga kA parityAga kara denA caahie|" jJAtavya kara jIvana jItA hai vaha kRtayogI hai aura jo kRtayogI hai, usI kA hai ki ye gAthAe~ bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra ke sAtha-sAtha kuMdakuMda maraNa sArthaka hai yA samAdhimaraNa hai| isameM kisa prakAra kI jIvanadRSTi ke granthoM meM bhI yathAvata rUpa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| AturapratyAkhyAna va AcAra-vicAra kA pAlana karate hue vyakti samAdhimaraNa ko prApta nAmaka dUsare grantha meM avirati kA pratyAkhyAna, mamatvatyAga, deva ke kara sakatA hai, isakA vistRta vivecana hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki prati upAlambha, zubha bhAvanA, arahaMta Adi kA smaraNa tathA samAdhimaraNa jo samyaktva se yukta labdhabuddhi sAdhaka AlocanA karake maraNa ko ke aGgoM kI carcA hai| isI nAma ke tRtIya prakIrNaka meM ekahattara gAthAe~ prApta hotA hai, usakA maraNa zuddha hotA hai isake viparIta jo indriya haiN| isameM mukhya rUpa se bAlapaNDitamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa aise do sukhoM kI ora daur3atA hai vaha akRta parikrama jIva ArAdhanA kAla prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| isameM prathama cAra gAthAoM meM vicalita ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra lakSya bheda kA sAdhaka apanA meM dezavratI zrAvaka ke lie bAlapaNDitamaraNa kA vidhAna hai| jabaki dhyAna bAhya viSayoM kI ora na lagAkara kevala lakSya kI ora rakhatA muni ke lie paNDitamaraNa kA vidhAna hai| isameM uttama artha samAdhimaraNa hai, usI prakAra jo vyakti rAga-dveSa kA nigraha karatA hai, tridaNDa aura kI prApti ke lie kisa prakAra ke dhyAnoM (vicAroM) kI AvazyakatA cAra kaSAyoM se apanI AtmA ko lipta nahIM hone detA, pA~coM indriyoM hai, isakI carcAyeM haiN| isake pazcAt saba pApoM ke pratyAkhyAna ke sAtha para niyantraNa rakhatA hai, vaha chaha jIva nikAya kI hiMsA evaM sAta bhayoM AtmA ke ekatva kI anubhUti kI carcA bhI hai| anta meM AlocanAdAyaka se rahita mArdava bhAva se yukta hotA hai, ATha madoM se rahita hokara nau aura AlocanAgrAhaka ke guNoM kI carcA karate hue tIna prakAra ke maraNoM prakAra se brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai tathA dasa dharma kA pAlana karate kI carcA kI gaI hai- bAlamaraNa, bAlapaNDitamaraNa, pnndditmrnn| hue zukla dhyAna ke abhimukha hotA hai aura vahI vyakti maraNakAla isake pazcAt asamAdhimaraNa ke phala kI carcA kI gayI hai aura phira meM kRtayogI hotA hai| jo vyakti jina upadiSTa samAdhimaraNa kI ArAdhanA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kyA hai? zastra-grahaNa, karatA hai, vaha dhUta kleza hokara bhAvazalyoM kA nivAraNa karake zuddha viSa-bhakSaNa, jala-praveza, agni-praveza Adi dvArA mRtya ko prApta karanA avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| jisa prakAra sakuzala vaidya bhI apanI vyAdhi bAlamaraNa hai tathA isake viparIta anazana dvArA dehAsakti kA tyAga kara ko anya se kahakara usakI cikitsA karavAtA hai, usI prakAra sAdhu kaSAyoM ko kSINa karanA paNDitamaraNa hai| anta meM paNDitamaraNa kI

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432 bhAvanAe~ aura usakI vidhi kI carcA hai| mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNaka meM 142 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM bAhya evaM Abhyantara parigraha kA parityAga, sarvajIvoM se kSamA-yAcanA, AtmAlocana, mamatva kA chedana, AtmasvarUpa kA dhyAna, mUla evaM uttara guNoM kI ArAdhanA, ekatva bhAvanA, saMyoga sambandhoM ke parityAga Adi kI carcA karate hue Alocaka ke svarUpa kA bhI vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isI prasaGga meM pA~ca mahAvratoM evaM samiti gupti ke svarUpa kI carcA bhI hai| sAtha hI sAtha tapa ke mahattva ko batAyA gayA hai| phira akRta- yoga evaM kRta yoga kI carcA karake paNDitamaraNa kI prarUpaNA kI gayI hai| isI prasaGga meM jJAna kI pradhAnatA kA bhI citraNa huA hai| anta meM saMsArataraNa evaM karmoM se nistAra pAne kA upadeza dete hue ArAdhanA rUpI patAkA ko phaharAne kA nirdeza hai| sAtha hI pA~ca prakAra kI ArAdhanA va unake phaloM kI carcA karate hue dhIramaraNa (samAdhimaraNa) kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 saMstAraka prakIrNaka kA viSaya bhI samAdhimaraNa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 122 gAthAe~ haiN| prArambha meM maGgala ke sAtha-sAtha kucha zreSTha vastuoM aura sadguNoM kI carcA hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki samAdhimaraNa paramArtha, parama- Ayatana, paramakalpa aura paramagati kA sAdhaka hai| jisa prakAra parvatoM meM meruparvata evaM tArAgaNoM meM candra zreSTha hai, usI prakAra suvihita janoM ke lie saMthArA zreSTha hai| isI meM Age 12 gAthAoM meM saMstAraka ke svarUpa kA vivecana hai| isa prasana meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kauna vyakti samAdhimaraNa ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai? yaha grantha kSapaka ke lAbha evaM sukha kI carcA karatA hai| isameM saMthArA grahaNa karane vAle kucha vyaktiyoM ke ullekha haiM, yathA sukozala RSi, avanti-sukumAla, kArtikeya, pATalIputra ke caMdaka- putra (sambhavata: candragupta ) tathA cANakya aadi| jJAtavya hai ki isakI adhikAMza kathAe~ yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki saMstAraka evaM maraNavibhakti meM varNita ina kathAoM kI bRhatkathAkoza tathA ArAdhanA koza se tulanA kareM anta meM saMstAraka kI bhAvanAoM kA citraNa hai| isakI aneka gAthAe~ AturapratyAkhyAna evaM candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM bhI milatI haiN| zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM sabase vistRta grantha maraNavibhakti hai| vastutaH maraNavibhakti eka grantha na hokara samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita prAcIna ATha anyoM ke AdhAra para nirmita huA eka saGkalana grantha hai / yadyapi isameM ina ATha granthoM kI gAthAe~ kahIM zabda rUpa meM, to kahIM bhAva rUpa se hI gRhIta haiN| phira bhI samAdhimaraNa sambandhita sabhI viSayoM ko eka sthAna para prastuta karane kI dRSTi se yaha grantha ati mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM 663 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha saMkSipta hote hue bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke samAna hI apane viSaya ko samagra rUpa se prastuta karatA hai / vistAra bhaya se yahA~ isakI samasta viSaya-vastu kA pratipAdana kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai isameM 14 dvAra arthAt adhyayana haiN| isa grantha meM bhI saMstAraka ke samAna hI paNDita - maraNapUrvaka mukti prApta karane vAle sAdhakoM ke dRSTAnta haiN| jinameM se adhikAMza bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM saMstAraka meM milate haiN| isI grantha meM anitya Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA bhI vivecana hai| isake atirikta ArAdhanApatAkA nAmaka eka grantha aura hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA aisA kahanA hai ki yaha grantha yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke AdhAra para AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA nirmita huA hai, kintu isa grantha meM bhaktaparijJA, piNDaniryukti aura Avazyakaniyukti kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI haiN| ataH yaha kisa grantha ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai, yaha zodha kA viSaya hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita aneka grantha paravartI zvetAmbarAcAryoM dvArA bhI likhe gaye haiM, jinameM pUrNa vistAra ke sAtha samAdhimaraNa sambandhI vivaraNa hai, kintu ye grantha paravartIkAla ke haiM aura hama apane viSaya ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya taka hI sImita rakhane ke kAraNa inakI vizeSa carcA yahA~ nahIM karanA caaheNge| yaha samasta carcA bhI hamane saGketa rUpa meM hI kI hai| vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki ve isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko Age bddh'aayeN| isa sambandha meM aneka Agamika vyAkhyA grantha jaise AcArAGganiryukti, sUtrakRtAGganiryukti, Avazyakaniyukti, nizISabhASya bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya, nizIthacUrNi Adi bhI unake upajIvya ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra AgamoM kI zIlAi aura abhayadeva kI vRttiyA~ bhI bahuta kucha sUcanAyeM pradAna kara sakatI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kSapaka arthAt saMlekhanA lene vAle zramaNa ke maraNoparAnta deha ko kisa prakAra visarjita kiyA jAye, isakI carcA bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura nizIthacUrNi meM samAna rUpa se milatI hai| AzA hai vidvAnoM kI AgAmI pIr3hI isa tulanAtmaka carcA ko pUrNatA pradAna kreNgii| .

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jaina dharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya samabhAva (sAmAyika) kI upalabdhi hai aura koI hai aura na bhaviSya meM koI hogaa| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM svAdhyAya samabhAva kI upalabdhi hetu svAdhyAya aura satsAhitya kA adhyayana ko Adhyatmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| Avazyaka hai| satsAhitya kA svAdhyAya manuSya kA eka aisA mitra hai, uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jJAna kA prakAza prApta jo anukUla evaM pratikUla donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA sAtha nibhAtA hai hotA hai, jisase samasta duHkhoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| vastuta: svAdhyAya aura usakA mArga-darzana kara usake mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM tanAvoM ko jJAna prApti kA eka mahattvapUrNa upAya hai| kahA bhI haisamApta karatA hai| aise sAhitya ke svAdhyAya se vyakti ko sadaiva hI nANassa savvassa pagAsaNAe, anANa-mohassa vivjjnnaae| AtmatoSa aura AdhyAtmika Ananda kI anubhUti hotI hai, mAnasika rAgassa dosassa ya saMkhaeNaM, egantasokkhaM samuveI mokkhaM / / tanAvoM se mukti milatI hai| yaha mAnasika zAnti kA amogha tassesa maggo guru-viddhasevA, vajjaNA bAlajaNassa duuraa| upAya hai| sajjhAya-egantanisevaNA ya, suttatthasaMcintaNayA ghiI ya / / arthAt sampUrNa jJAna ke prakAzana se, ajJAna aura moha ke parihAra svAdhyAya kA mahattva se, rAga-dveSa ke pUrNa kSaya se jIva ekAnta sukha-rUpa mokSa ko prApta satsAhitya svAdhyAya kA mahattva ati prAcIna kAla se hI svIkRta karatA hai| gurujanoM kI aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanA, ajJAnI logoM ke rahA hai| aupaniSadika cintana meM jaba ziSya apanI zikSA pUrNa karake samparka se dUra rahanA, sUtra aura artha kA cintana karanA svAdhyAya karanA guru ke Azrama se bidAI letA thA, to use dI jAne vAlI antima aura dhairya rakhanA--yahI duHkhoM se mukti kA upAya hai| zikSAoM meM eka zikSA hotI thI---svAdhyAyAn mA pramadaH arthAt svAdhyAya meM pramAda mata krnaa| svAdhyAya eka aisI vastu hai jo guru svAdhyAya kA artha kI anupasthiti meM bhI guru kA kArya karatI thii| svAdhyAya se hama koI- svAdhyAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha hai-sva kA adhyyn| na-koI mArga-darzana prApta kara hI lete haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI kahA karate vAcaspatyam meM svAdhyAya zabda kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI gayI haithe ki "jaba bhI maiM kisI kaThinAI meM hotA hU~, mere samAne koI jaTila 1. sva adhi INa, jisakA tAtparya hai sva kA adhyayana krnaa| dUsare samasyA hotI hai, jisakA nidAna mujhe spaSTa rupa se pratIta nahIM hotA zabdoM meM svAdhyAya AtmAnubhUti hai, apane andara jhAMka kara apane Apa hai| maiM gItA-mAtA kI goda meM calA jAtA hU~, vahA~ mujhe koI-na-koI ko dekhanA hai| vaha svayaM apanA adhyayana hai| merI dRSTi meM apane vicAroM, samAdhAna avazya mila jAtA hai|" yaha satya hai ki vyakti kitane hI vAsanAoM va anubhUtiyoM ko jAnane va samajhane kA prayatna hI svAdhyAya tanAva meM kyoM na ho, agara vaha ImAnadArI se sadgranthoM kA svAdhyAya hai| vastuta: vaha apanI AtmA kA adhyayana hI hai, AtmA ke darpaNa karatA hai to use unameM apanI pIr3A se mukti kA mArga avazya hI meM apane ko dekhanA hai| jaba taka sva kA adhyayana nahIM hogA, vyakti dikhAI detA hai| apanI vAsanAoM evaM vikAroM kA draSTA nahIM banegA taba taka vaha unheM jaina paramparA meM jise mukti kahA gayA hai, vaha vastuta: rAga-dveSa dUra karane kA prayatna bhI nahIM karegA aura jaba taka ve dUra nahIM hoMge, se mukti hai, mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti hai aura aisI mukti ke lie taba taka AdhyAtmika pavitratA yA Atma-vizuddhi sambhava nahIM hogI pUrva karma saMskAroM kA nirjaraNa yA kSaya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| nirjarA aura Atma-vizuddhi ke binA mukti asambhava hai| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya kA artha hai- mAnasika granthiyoM ko jarjarita karanA arthAt mana kI hai ki jo gRhiNI apane ghara kI gandagI ko dekha pAtI hai, vaha use rAga-dveSa, ahaMkAra Adi kI gAMThoM ko kholnaa| ise granthi-bheda karanA dUra kara ghara ko svaccha bhI rakha sakatI hai| isI prakAra jo vyakti apanI bhI kahate haiN| nirjarA eka sAdhanA hai| vastuta: vaha tapa kI hI sAdhanA manodaihika vikRtiyoM ko jAna letA hai aura unake kAraNoM kA nidAna hai| jaina paramparA meM tapa sAdhanA ke jo 12 bheda mAne gae hai, unameM kara letA hai, vahI suyogya vaidya ke parAmarza se unakI yogya cikitsA svAdhyAya kI gaNanA Antarika tapa ke antargata hotI hai / isa prakAra karake anta meM svAsthya lAbha karatA hai| yahI bAta hamArI AdhyAtmika svAdhyAya mukti kA mArga hai, jaina sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai| vikRtiyoM ko dUra karane kI prakriyA meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| jo vyakti uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM svAdhyAya ko Antarika tapa kA eka prakAra svayaM apane andara jhA~kakara apanI caitasika vikRtiyoM arthAt kaSAyoM batAte hue usake pA~coM aMgoM evaM unakI upalabdhiyoM kI vistAra se ko jAna letA hai, vahI yogya guru ke sAnidhya meM unakA nirAkaraNa carcA kI gaI hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai karake AdhyAtmika vizuddhatA ko prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra svAdhyAya ki "navi asthi na vi a hohI, sajjhAya samaM tavokamma" arthAt arthAt sva kA adhyayana Atma-vizuddhi kI eka anupama sAdhanA siddha svAdhyAya ke samAna dUsarA tapa na atIta meM koI thA, na vartamAna meM hotI hai| hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA svAdhyAya kA mUla artha jo, svayaM

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434 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM jhAMkane kI prakriyA hai| svayaM ko jAnane aura pahacAnane kI vRtti ke spaSTIkaraNa ke nimitta prazna-uttara krnaa| ke abhAva se sUtroM yA granthoM ke adhyayana kA koI bhI lAbha nahIM hotaa| 3. pUrva paThita grantha kI punarAvRtti yA pArAyaNa karanA, yaha antarcakSu ke unmIlana ke binA jJAna kA prakAza sArthaka nahIM bana pAtA parAvartanA hai| hai| kahA bhI hai 4.pUrva paThita viSaya ke sandarbha meM cintana-manana karanA subahaMpi suyamahIyaM, kiM kAhI? crnnvipphiinnss| anuprekSA hai| aMdhassa jaha palittA, dIvasayasahassa koDivi / / 5. isI prakAra adhyayana ke mAdhyama se jo jJAna prApta huA hai, appaMpi suyamahIyaM, payAsayaM hoI crnnjuttss|| use dUsaroM ko pradAna karanA yA dharmopadeza denA dharmakathA hai| ikko vi jaha paIvo, sacakkhuassa payAseI / / yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hai ki svAdhyAya ke kSetra meM ina pA~ca arthAt jaise aMdhe vyakti ke lie karor3oM dIpakoM kA prakAza bhI avasthAoM kA eka krama hai| inameM prathama sthAna vAcanA kA hai| adhyayana vyartha hai, kintu A~kha vAle vyakti ke lie eka bhI dIpaka kA prakAza kie gae viSaya ke spaSTa bodha ke lie praznottara ke mAdhyama se zaMkA sArthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jisake antarcakSu khula gaye haiM, jisakI kA nivAraNa karanA, isakA krama dUsarA hai, kyoMki jaba taka adhyayana antaryAtrA prArambha ho cukI hai, aise AdhyAtmika sAdhaka ke lie svalpa nahIM hogA taba taka zaMkA Adi bhI nahIM hogeN| adhyayana kie gae adhyayana bhI lAbhaprada hotA hai, anyathA Atma-vismRta vyakti ke lie viSaya ke sthirIkaraNa ke lie usakA pArAyaNa Avazyaka hai| isase karor3oM padoM kA jJAna bhI nirarthaka hai| svAdhyAya meM antarcakSu kA khulanA, eka ora smRti sudRr3ha hotI hai to dUsarI ora kramaza: artha-bodha meM AtmadraSTA bananA, svayaM meM jhAMkanA, pahalI zarta hai tathA zAstra kA par3hanA spaSTatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| isake pazcAt anuprekSA yA cintana kA yA adhyayana karanA usakA dUsarI zarta hai| krama AtA hai| cintana ke mAdhyama se vyakti paThita viSaya ko na kevala svAdhyAya zabda kI dUsarI vyAkhyA su+A+adhi IG- isa rUpa sthira karatA hai, apitu vaha usake arthabodha kI gaharAI meM jAkara svata: meM bhI kI gaI hai| isa dRSTi se svAdhyAya kI paribhASA hotI hai- kI anubhUti ke stara para use samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai| isa prakAra zobhano'dhyAya: svAdhyAyaH arthAt satsAhitya kA adhyayana karanA hI cintana evaM manana ke dvArA jaba viSaya spaSTa ho jAya, to vyakti ko svAdhyAya hai| svAdhyAya kI ina donoM paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para eka dharmopadeza dene yA adhyayana karAne kA adhikAra milatA hai| bAta jo ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai vaha yaha ki sabhI prakAra kA paThanapAThana svAdhyAya nahIM hai| Atma-vizuddhi ke lie kiyA gayA apanI svAdhyAya ke lAbha svakIya vRttiyoM, bhAvanAoM va vAsanAoM athavA vicAroM kA adhyayana uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya yA nirIkSaNa tathA aise sadgranthoM kA paThana-pAThana, jo hamArI caittasika se jIva ko kyA lAbha hotA hai? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki vikRtiyoM ke samajhane aura unheM dUra karane meM sahAyaka hoM, hI svAdhyAya svAdhyAya se jJAnAvaraNakarma kA kSaya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA ke antargata AtA hai| viSaya-vAsanAvarddhaka, bhogAkAMkSAoM ko udIpta mithyAjJAna kA AvaraNa dUra karake samyagjJAna kA arjana karatA hai| karane vAle, citta ko vicalita karane vAle tathA AdhyAtmika zAnti svAdhyAya ke isa sAmAnya lAbha kI carcA ke sAtha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM aura samatA ko bhaMga karane vAle sAhitya kA adhyayana svAdhyAya kI svAdhyAya ke pA~coM aMgoM-vAcanA, pratipRcchanA, dharmakathA Adi ke koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| unhIM granthoM kA adhyayana hI svAdhyAya kI apane-apane kyA lAbha hote haiM isakI bhI carcA kI gayI hai, jo nimna koTi meM AtA hai jisase cittavRttiyoM kI caMcalatA kama hotI ho, mana rUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiprazAnta hotA ho aura jIvana meM santoSa kI vRtti vikasita bhante! vAcanA (adhyayana) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai? hotI ho| vAcanA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai, zrutajJAna kI AzAtanA ke doSa se dUra rahane vAlA vaha tIrtha-dharma kA avalambana karatA hai tathA svAdhyAya kA svarUpa gaNadharoM ke samAna jijJAsu ziSyoM ko zruta pradAna karatA hai| tIrtha-dharma svAdhyAya ke antargata kauna sI pravRttiyA~ AtI haiM, isakA kA avalambana lekara karmoM kI mahAnirjarA karatA hai aura mahAparyavasAna vizleSaNa jaina paramparA meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya ke pA~ca (saMsAra kA anta) karatA hai| aMga mAne gaye haiM.-1. vAcanA 2. pratipacchanA 3. parAvartana 4. anuprekSA bhante! pratipRcchanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai? aura 5. dhrmkthaa| pratipRcchanA (pUrvapaThita zAstra ke sambandha meM zaMkA nivRtti ke lie 1. guru ke sAnidha meM sadgranthoM kA adhyayana karanA vAcanA hai| prazna karanA) se jIva sUtra, artha aura tadubhaya arthAt donoM se sambandhita vartamAna sandarbha meM hama kisI sadgranthoM ke paThana-pAThana evaM adhyayana kAMkSAmohanIya (saMzaya) kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| ko vAcanA ke artha meM gRhita kara sakate haiN| bhante! parAvartanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai? 2. pratipRcchanA kA artha hai paThita yA par3he jAne vAle grantha ke parAvartanA se arthAt paThita pATha ke punarAvartana se vyaMjana (zabdaarthabodha meM sandeha Adi kI nivRtti hetu jijJAsAvRtti se, yA viSaya pATha) sthira hotA hai aura jIva padAnusAritA Adi vyaMjanA-labdhi ko

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jaina dharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna prApta hotA hai| bhante! anuprekSA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai? anuprekSA arthAt sUtrArtha ke cintana-manana se jIva AyuSyakarma ko chor3akara zeSa jJAnAvaraNAdi sAta karmoM kI prakRtiyoM ke pragAr3ha bandhana ko zithila karatA hai| unakI dIrghakAlIna sthiti ko alpakAlIna karatA hai| unake tIvra rasAnubhAva ko manda karatA hai| bahukarma-pradezoM ko alpapradezoM meM parivartita karatA hai| AyuSyakarma kA bandha kadAcit karatA hai, kadAcit nahIM bhI karatA hai asAtAvedanIyakarma kA punaH punaH upacaya nahIM karatA hai jo saMsAra aTavI anAdi evaM ananta hai, dIrghamArga se yukta hai, jisake narakAdi gatirUpa cAra anta (avayava) hai, use zIghra hI pAra karatA hai| bhante! dharmakathA (dharmopadeza) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai? dharmakathA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai aura pravacana ( zAsana evaM siddhAnta) kI prabhAvanA karatA hai| pravacana kI prabhAvanA karane vAlA jIva bhaviSya meM zubha phala dene vAle puNya karmoM kA bandha karatA hai| isI prakAra sthAnAMgasUtra' meM bhI zAstrAdhyayana se kyA lAbha haiM? isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki sUtra kI vAcanA se pA~ca lAbha haiM- 1. vAcanA se zruta kA saMgraha hotA hai arthAt yadi adhyayana kA krama banA rahe to jJAna kI vaha paramparA avicchinna rUpa se calatI rahatI hai| 2. zAstrAdhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti se ziSya kA hita hotA hai, kyoMki vaha usake jJAna kI prApti kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai / 3. zAstrAdhyayana arthAt adhyApana kI pravRtti banI rahane se jJAnAvaraNa karma kI nirjarA hotI hai arthAt ajJAna kA nAza hotA hai| 4. adhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti ke jIvita rahane se usake vismRta hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| 5. jaba zruta sthira rahatA hai to usakI avicchinna paramparA calatI rahatI hai| svAdhyAya kA prayojana sthAnAMgasUtra meM svAdhyAya kyoM karanA cAhie isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya ke nimra pA~ca prayojana hone cAhie-- 1. jJAna kI prApti ke liye 2. samyak jJAna kI prApti ke liye 3. sadAcaraNa meM pravRtti hetu 4. durAgrahoM aura ajJAna kA vimocana karane ke liye 5. yathArtha kA bodha karane ke lie yA avasthita bhAvoM kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie|. AcArya akalaMka ne svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca prayojanoM kI bhI carcA kI hai 1. buddhi kI nirmalatA, 2 prazasta manobhAvoM kI prApti, 3. jinazAsana kI rakSA, 4. saMzaya kI nivRtti, 5. paravAdiyoM kI zaMkA kA nirasana, 6. tapa tyAga kI vRddhi aura aticAroM (doSoM) kI zuddhi / svAdhyAya kA sAdhaka jIvana meM sthAna svAdhyAya kA jaina paramparA meM kitanA mahattva rahA hai, isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke mAdhyama se hI apanI bAta ko spaSTa karUMgA usameM muni kI jIvana-caryA kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai- divasassa cauro bhAge kujjA bhikkhU viyakkhaNo / tao uttaraguNe kujjA dibhAgesu causu vi / / paDhamaM porisiM sajjhAyaM bIyaM jhANaM jhiyAyaI / taiyAe bhikkhAcariyaM puNo cautthIe sajjhAyaM / rattiM pi cauro bhAge bhikkhU kujjA viyakkhaNo / tao uttaraguNe kujjA rAibhAe causu vi / / paDhamaM porisi sajjJAyaM bIyaM jhiyaayii| 437 taiyAe niddamokkhaM tu cautthI bhujjo vi sajjhAyaM // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 26/11,12,17,18 muni dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kare, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna kare, tIsare meM bhikSA-caryA evaM daihika AvazyakatA kI nivRtti kA kArya kre| punaH caturtha prahara meM svAdhyAya kare isI prakAra rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare meM dhyAna, tIsare meM nidrA va cauthe meM punaH svAdhyAya kA nirdeza hai| isa prakAra muni pratidina cAra prahara arthAt 12 ghaMTe svAdhyAya meM rata rhe| dUsare zabdoM meM sAdhaka jIvana kA AdhA bhAga svAdhyAya ke liye niyata thaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA meM svAdhyAya kA mahatva prAcIna kAla se hI susthApita rahA hai. kyoMki yahI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jisake dvArA vyakti ke ajJAna kA nivAraNa tathA AdhyAtmika vizuddhi sambhava thii| 2 satsAhitya ke adhyayana kI dizAyeM satsAhitya ke paThana ke rUpa meM svAdhyAya kI kyA upayogitA hai? yaha suspaSTa hai vastutaH satsAhitya kA adhyayana vyakti kI jIvana dRSTi ko hI badala detA hai| aise aneka loga haiM jinakI satsAhitya ke adhyayana se jIvana kI dizA hI badala gyii| svAdhyAya eka aisA mAdhyama hai, jo ekAnta ke kSaNoM meM hameM akelApana mahasUsa nahIM hone detA aura eka sacce mitra kI bhA~ti sadaiva sAtha detA hai tathA mArga-darzana karatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM yadyapi logoM meM par3hane-par3hAne kI rUci vikasita huI hai, kintu hamAre paThana kI viSaya vastu samyak nahIM hai| Aja ke vyakti ke paThana-pAThana kA mukhya viSaya patra-patrikAe~ haiN| inameM mukhya rUpa se ve hI patrikAeM adhika pasanda kI jA rahI haiM jo vAsanAoM ko ubhArane vAlI tathA jIvana ke vidrUpita pakSa ko yathArtha ke nAma para prakaTa karane vAlI haiN| Aja samAja meM naitika mUlyoM kA jo patana hai usakA kAraNa hamAre prasAra mAdhyama bhI haiN| ina mAdhyamoM meM patra-patrikAe~ tathA AkAzavANI evaM dUradarzana pramukha haiN| Aja sthiti aisI hai ki ye sabhI apaharaNa, balAtkAra, gabana, DakaitI, corI, hatyA .

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436 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ___ina sabakI sUcanAoM se bhare par3e hote haiM aura hama unako par3hane ina vikRta paristhitiyoM meM yadi manuSya ke caritra ko uThAnA hai tathA dekhane meM adhika rasa lete haiN| inake darzana aura pradarzana se hamArI aura use sanmArga evaM naitikatA kI ora prerita karanA hai to hameM apane jIvanadRSTi hI vikRta ho cukI hai, Aja saccaritra vyaktiyoM evaM unake adhyayana kI dRSTi ko badalanA hogaa| Aja sAhitya ke nAma para jo jIvana vRttAntoM kI sAmAnya rUpa se, ina mAdhyamoM ke dvArA upekSA kI bhI hai vaha paThanIya hai, aisA nahIM hai| Aja yaha Avazyaka hai ki satjAtI hai| ata: naitika mUlyoM aura sadAcAra se hamArI AsthA uThatI sAhitya kA prasAraNa ho aura logoM meM usake adhyayana kI abhiruci jA rahI hai| jAgRta ho| yahI sacce artha meM svAdhyAya hai| - 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, prakA0- zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 32/2-3 / 2. Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadrIya vRtti), saMpA0- bI0 ke0 koThArI, prakA0 rilIjiyasa TrasTa, bambaI, 1981, 88-89 / 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/20-24 / 4. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 5. 6. samiti, byAvara, 1981, 5/3/223 / vahI- 5/3/224 / / tattvArtharAjavArtika, saMpA0- DaoN0 mahendrakumAra jaina, prakA0 - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1957, 9/25 / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0-ratanalAla dozI, prakA0- zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 26/11,12,17,18 / jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vivecana karane ke pUrva yaha aura bhagavAn yA ArAdhya aura ArAdhaka ke madhya kI yaha dUrI simaTatI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki 'bhakti' zabda kA tAtparya yA artha kyA jAtI hai aura eka aisA samaya AtA hai jaba vyakti usa dvaita ko samApta hai aura vaha jainadharma meM kisa artha meM svIkRta hai| bhakti zabda 'bhaj' kara svayaM meM bhagavattA kI anubhUti kara letA hai| yahI bhakti kA paripAka dhAtu meM ktin pratyaya lagakara banA hai| 'bhaj' dhAtu kA artha hai-sevA hai, yahA~ hI vaha pUrNatA ko prApta hotI hai| jaina dharma kI vizeSatA krnaa| kintu yathArtha meM bhakti zabda kA artha isase kahIM adhika vyApaka yahI hai ki usameM bhakti kA prayojana isa dvaita yA dUrI ko samApta karanA hai| sAmAnyatayA ArAdhya yA usake vigraha kI guNasaMkIrtana, stuti, hI mAnA gayA hai| vandanA, prArthanA, pUjA aura arcA ke rUpa meM jo sevA kI jAtI hai, jainoM ke anusAra yaha dvaita taba hI samApta hotA hai, jaba bhakta use hama bhakti nAma dete haiN| yadyapi yaha smaraNa rakhanA hai ki saba kriyAyeM svayaM bhagavAn bana jAtA hai| yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhI taba taka bhakti nahIM kahI jA sakatI haiM, jaba taka inake mUla meM anIzvaravAdI evaM pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA mAnane vAle jaina ArAdhya ke prati pUjyabuddhi, zraddhA, anurAga aura samarpaNa kA bhAva nahIM darzana meM isa dvaita ke samApta hone kA artha advaita vedAnta kI taraha ho| jainAcArya pUjyapAda devanandI ne bhakti kI vyAkhyA nimna rUpa meM bhakta kI vaiyaktika sattA kA brahma meM vilaya nahIM hai| sAtha hI jainadarzana kI hai dvaitavAdiyoM yA viziSTAdvaitavAdiyoM kI taraha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki arhadAcAryeSu bahuzruteSu pravacane ca bhAvavizuddhiyukto'nurAgo bhktiH| bhakti kI carama niSpatti meM bhI bhakta aura bhagavAn kA dvaita banA rahatA arthAt arhat, AcArya, bahuzruta evaM Agama ke prati bhAvavizuddhi hai, cAhe vaha sArUpya mukti ko hI kyo na prApta kara leN| pUrvaka jo anurAga hai, vaha bhakti hai| pro0 rAmacandra zukla ne premapUrNa jainadarzana ke anusAra bhakti kI carama niSpatti AtmA dvArA apane zraddhA ko bhakti kahA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise ArAdhya aura ArAdhaka hI nirAvaraNa zuddha svarUpa yA paramAtma svarUpa ko prApta karanA hai arthAt ke madhya eka rAgAtmaka sambandha mAnA hai| kintu merI dRSTi meM bhakti svayaM paramAtmA bana jAnA hai| yaha svayaM ke dvArA svayaM ko pAnA hai| zabda kA tAtparya ina sabase adhika hai| yaha satya hai ki bhakti kA udaya upAsya aura upAsaka yA bhakta bhakti aura prema aura bhagavAna ke bIca eka dUrI yA dvaita meM hI hotA hai, kintu isakI sAmAnyatayA bhakti meM anurAga yA prema ko eka Avazyaka tattva carama niSpatti isa dvaita ko samApta karane meM hI hai| jaise-jaise bhakta mAnA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke prati nizchala prema bhakti kA AdhAra hai|

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 437 kintu yahA~ prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki kyA vItarAgatA ke upAsaka dyotaka hai aura vaha niSThA siddhAnta athavA vyakti kisI ke prati bhI jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha prema ko aparihArya mAnA ho sakatI hai| zraddhA kAraNa hai, bhakti kaary| bhakti to zraddhA kI jA sakatA hai| yaha satya hai ki anurAga yA prema kI utkaTatA hI bhakti bAhyAbhivyakti hai, vaha citta kI sakriya bhAvadazA hai| pUjya-buddhi aura kA rUpa letI hai kintu eka ora rAga ke prahANa yA vItarAgadazA kI pUjA meM jo antara hai vahI antara zraddhA aura bhakti meM hai| zraddhA pUjya-buddhi prApti kA prayAsa aura dUsarI ora anurAga yA prema kI sAdhanA--ye hai, pUjA nhiiN| pUjA pUjya-buddhi kI bAhyAbhivyakti hai| satya to yaha donoM eka sAtha kaise sambhava hai? vItarAgatA kA sAdhaka rAga yA anurAga hai ki zraddhA jaba sakriya hokara kriyAtmaka rUpa meM bAhya jagat meM abhivyakta se kaise jur3a sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM hotI hai, to vaha bhakti bana jAtI hai| vaha zraddhA evaM karma kA samanvaya jahA~ bhakti bhAva kI abhivyakti huI hai, vahA~ kisI na kisI rUpa meM hai| vaha zraddhA yukta karma hai| nirguNa bhakti meM bhI cAhe pratimA-pUjA yA tIrthakara prabhu ke prati prema yA anurAga kI carcA avazya huI hai| jaina acarnA na ho, kintu nAma-smaraNa, saMkIrtana Adi karmoM tathA vihvalatA paramparA meM rAga do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai Adi bhAvoM kI bAhya abhivyakti to hai hI , zraddhA aura bhakti donoM (1) prazasta rAga aura (2) aprazasta raag| hI vaiyaktika hai, sArvajanika nhiiN| phira bhI zraddhA nitAnta vaiyaktika yadi hama bhakti ko rAgAtmaka sambandha yA anurAga mAnate haiM to hai, mAtra caittasika hai, use kisI bhI sthiti meM sAmUhika nahIM banAyA jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna isI prazasta rAga ke antargata ho sakatA jA sakatA hai, vahA~ bhakti ke nAma saMkIrtana, pUjA Adi rUpoM meM bAhya hai| kintu aisA prazasta rAga bhI jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza nahIM mAnA abhivyakti sambhava hone se use sAmUhika yA sArvajanika banAyA jA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM gautama se adhika zreSTha bhakta aura kauna sakatA hai| yadi hama bhakti ke ghaTakoM kI carcA kareM to usameM zraddhA, ho sakatA hai? mahAvIra ke prati unakI ananya bhakti yA anurAga prema, samarpaNa, nAma-smaraNa, stuti, vigraha-pUjA aura sevA sabhI samAhita lokavizruta hai| kintu jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki aisA prazasta haiN| isa prakAra bhakti eka vyApaka pariprekSya ko abhivyakta karatI hai| rAga bhI mokSa-mArga ke pathika ke lie bAdhaka hI hai| gautama kI mahAvIra zraddhA to bhakti kA aMga mAtra hai, bhakti meM zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kintu ke prati yaha ananya bhakti yA rAgAtmakatA unakI mokSa prApti meM bAdhaka zraddhA bhakti ke rUpa le, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM jaba hama hI mAnI gayI hai| ve mahAvIra ke jIvita rahate vItarAgadazA yA kaivalya bhakti kI carcA karate haiM to hameM zraddhA evaM bhakti ke isa antara ko ko upalabdha nahIM kara ske| mahAvIra ne svayaM kahA thA ki sneha yA dRSTigata rakhanA hogA, kyoMki jainadharma mUlata: nivRttiparaka hai, ata: anurAga to mokSa mArga meM eka argalA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhakti zraddhA usameM zraddhA kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai| puna: jaina dharma nirIzvaravAdI hai, para AdhArita to mAnI gayI, kintu use rAga yA prema rUpa meM svIkAra ata: usameM zraddhA yA bhakti kA kendra sRSTikartA yA jagat niyantA Izvara nahI kiyA gyaa| yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki paravartI jainAcAryoM ne na hokara zuddhAtmasvarUpa vItarAga dazA hI rahI hai| usakI zraddhA ke bhakti ke isa rAgAtmaka svarUpa ko apanI paramparA meM sthAna diyaa| kendra haiM--deva (vItarAgadazA prApta vyakti), guru aura dhrm| kintu jaina yaha bhI ThIka hai ki eka bhAvuka AdamI vAsanAtmaka prema yA aprazasta dharma meM jaise hI pratIkopAsanA yA jina-pratimA kI pUjA kI paramparA rAga se chuTakArA pAne ke lie prazasta rAga kA sahArA le, kintu svIkRta huI, usameM tIrthakara-pratimA kI upAsanA ke sAtha bhakti ke anya antatogatvA hameM yahI mAnanA hogA ki vItarAgatA kI upAsaka jaina pakSoM kA vikAsa prArambha ho gyaa| paramparA meM rAgAtmakatA ko bhakti kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| prema cAhe kaisA bhI ho, vaha bandhana hai| ata: use atikrAnta karanA bhArata meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya dharmadarzana ke kSetra meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ati prAcIna kAla se upasthita rahI hai| mohanajodar3o evaM har3appA se prApta huI zraddhA aura bhakti sIloM ke paridRzyoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA bhakti meM zraddhA kA tattva pramukha hotA hai, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa hai ki usa samaya bhI mUrti-pUjA yA pratIka-pUjA astitva meM thI aura rakhanA hogA ki zraddhA evaM bhakti meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara bhI hai| zraddhA isa dRSTi se yaha mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai ki usa yuga meM kisI aura bhakti meM mukhya antara to yaha hai ki jahA~ zraddhA ArAdhya athavA na kisI rUpa meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA bhI upasthita thii| yadi hama vaidika siddhAnta athavA donoM ke prati ho sakatI hai, vahIM bhakti sadaiva hI ArAdhya sAhitya kI ora mur3ate haiM, to usameM bhI jo RgvedAdi prAcIna stara ke prati hotI hai, siddhAnta ke prati nhiiN| siddhAnta ke prati to mAtra ke grantha haiM, unameM cAhe mUrti-pUjA yA vigraha-pUjA kA nirdeza nahIM ho, zraddhA/AsthA hotI hai, bhakti nahIM, kyoMki bhakti vaiyaktika (Personal) kintu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vahA~ bhakti kI avadhAraNA hotI hai| puna: jahA~ bhakti ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka tattva hai, vahA~ zraddhA pUrNatayA anupasthita hai, kyoMki Rgveda ke sUktoM meM bhI stuti sambandhI ke lie bhakti Avazyaka nahIM hotii| apane pracalita artha kI dRSTi sUkta hI sarvAdhika haiN| stuti ke sAtha bhI pUjya-buddhi aura zraddhA kA se zraddhA aura bhakti meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki zraddhA tattva to jur3A hI hotA hai| isalie hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaidika mAtra eka niSkriya bhAvadazA hai, vaha kisI ke prati ananya niSThA kI kAla meM cAhe vigraha-pUjA yA mUrti-pUjA na rahI ho, kintu zraddhA va

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438 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 stuti ke rUpa meM usameM bhakti ke tattva to haiM hii| Age calakara dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA mauryakAla meM pallavita aupaniSadika kAla aura vizeSa rUpa se gItA ke racanAkAla meM to evaM vikasita huI hai| puna: isa dizA meM jo bhI sAkSya upalabdha haiM hameM bhakti kI eka susthApita paramparA upalabdha hotI hai| gItA meM jina ve saba isI tathya ko saMpoSita karate haiM ki jaina dharma meM bhakti kA yogoM (sAdhanA-vidhiyoM) kI carcA milatI hai, usameM bhaktiyoga sabase vikAsa apanI sahavartI hindU paramparA se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| hindU mahattvapUrNa hai| yadyapi gItA kI jJAnayogaparaka evaM karmayogaparaka paramparA meM bhakti ke vividha rUpoM kA jisa prakAra kramika vikAsa huA vyAkhyAe~ bhI kI gayIM, kintu yadi hama gItA kI antarAtmA meM jhAMkakara hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI bhakti kA kramika vikAsa huA hai| dekheM to lagatA hai ki usameM bhakti yA samarpaNa bhAva hI kendriya tattva phira bhI jaina aura hindU dharma kI mUlabhUta dArzanika avadhAraNAoM meM hai| karma kI niSkAmatA kA AdhAra bhI karma-phala kI AkAMkSA kA jo antara hai usake AdhAra para donoM kI bhaktiyoM kI avadhAraNA meM prabhu ke prati samarpaNa hI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki gItA jJAna evaM aura usake lakSya meM bhI antara hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jahA~ hindU dharma karma ko bhI samAna rUpa se mahattva detI hai, kintu usameM inheM bhI bhakti IzvaravAdI hai vahIM jaina dharma nirIzvaravAdI hai| usameM sRSTi ke nirmAtA ke kAraNa va kArya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| paramAtmA aura pAlanakartA tathA saMhAraka Izvara kI avadhAraNA pUrNata: anupasthita ke svarUpa kA jJAna, jo ki gItA ke jJAnayoga kA pratipAdya hai, hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki jahA~ hindU dharma kA Izvara kRpA ke mAdhyama antatogatvA prabhu ke prati ananya niSThA meM pariNita hotA hai| dUsarI se apane bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai vahA~ jaina dharma ke ora gItA yaha kahatI hai ki zraddhAvAna hI prabhu ke jJAna ko prApta hotA siddha paramAtmA niSkriya haiN| ve na to apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara hai| puna: gItA kA karmayoga bhI vastuta: paramAtmA ke prati na kevala sakate haiM aura na duSToM kA dmn| jaina dharma meM bhakti kA tattva upasthita karmaphala yA pUrNa samarpaNa hai apitu samarpita bhAva se usake AdezoM to hai, kintu vaha hindU paramparA meM upalabdha bhakti kI avadhAraNA se kA paripAlana bhI hai| gItA lokasevA ko bhI prabhu kI sevA meM afrabhAvita kiMcita bhinna hai, Age hama isa sandarbha meM vistAra se vicAra kreNge| kara karmayoga ko bhaktiyoga banA detI hai| gItA meM jJAna vaha hai jisase sAmAnyatayA jaina bhakti paramparA meM zraddhA, sarmapaNa, guNa-saMkIrtina yA bhakti kI dhArA prasUta hotI hai aura karma usa bhakti kI vyApaka bhajana, pUjA aura arcA yA sevA ke tattva upasthita rahe haiN| zraddhA usakA bAhyAbhivyakti hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki rAmAnuja, vallabha Adi bhaktimArgI prasthAna-bindu hai aura sevA antima caraNa hai| zraddhA evaM sarmapaNa-bhAva AcAryoM ne gItA kI bhaktiparaka vyAkhyA prastuta kii| ataH hama yaha usake mAnasika rUpa haiM aura sevA usakI kAyika abhivykti| aba kaha sakate haiM ki bhArata meM prArambhika kAla se lekara sUra va tulasI hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jaina dharma meM ina tattvoM kA vikAsa ke mAdhyama se Adhunika kAla taka bhakti kI eka ajasra dhArA pravAhita kaise huA ? hotI rahI hai aura jaina paramparA bhI isase prabhAvita hotI rahI hai| jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kaise va kisa rUpa meM AyI yaha vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai AgamoM jaina dharma meM bhakti meM satthArabhakti5 'bhatticittAo' (jJAtAdharma) zabda milate haiN| sarvaprathama jaina darzana meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke jJAtAdharma meM tIrthakara pada kI prApti meM sahAyaka jina 20 kAraNoM kI lie bhakti ke bhAratIya pariprekSya ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki carcA hai unameM zrutabhakti (suyabhatti) kA spaSTa ullekha hai| isake sAtha jaina dharma meM bhakti kA jo vikAsa huA vaha ina samasAmayika paristhitiyoM hI usameM arahaMta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, tapasvI Adi ke prati se aprabhAvita nahIM rahA hai| jaina dharma kI bhakti-sAdhanA meM anya paramparAoM vatsalatA kA ullekha huA hai, jo bhakti kA hI eka rUpa hai| tattvArthasUtra se Aye tattva Aja isa taraha AtmasAt ho gaye haiM ki unheM alaga meM arhat AcArya, bahuzruta evaM pravacana (zAstra) kI bhakti ko tIrthakaratva kara pAnA bhI kaThina hai| prApta karane ke 16 kAraNoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM sAhityika sAkSya ke rUpa meM jo prAcInatama sandarbha isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jJAtAdharmakathA aura Avazyakaniyukti upalabdha haiM, ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana jahA~ arhat, siddha, AcArya Adi ke prati vatsalatA arthAt anurAga para AdhArita haiN| inameM AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM bhakti tattva anupasthita kI bAta karate haiM, vahA~ tattvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se inakI bhakti kI bAta hai| AcArAMgasUtra mAtra yaha batAtA hai ki merI AjJA kA pAlana dharma kahatA hai, kintu bhakti aura vAtsalya meM artha kI dRSTi se antara nahIM hai (1/6/2/48) / RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana meM yadyapi zraddhA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| Age calakara to vAtsalya ko bhakti kA eka sthAna milA hai, kintu vaha zraddhA mAtra tattvazraddhA hai| jaina dharma meM aMga hI mAna liyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhakti yA vAtsalya donoM samyagdarzana, jo bhakti kA AdhAra hai, prArambha meM mAtra tattvazraddhA hI rahA kA artha zraddhAyukta sevA bhAva hI hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM sarvaprathama hai| deva, guru evaM dharma ke prati zraddhA yaha usakA paravartI artha vikAsa bhakti ke phala kI carcA huI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai kihai| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM meM to hameM mauryakAla se hI jaina paramparA meM bhattIi jiNavarANaM khijjaMtI puvvasaMciyA kammA mUrti-pUjA ke pramANa milane lagate haiN| mathurA meM to mUrti-pUjA ke paridRzya AyarianamukkAreNa vijjA maMtA ya sijjhaMti bhI aMkita haiN| ata: yaha mAnane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aitihAsika bhattIi jiNavarANaM paramAe khINapijjadosANaM

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 439 ArUggabohilAbhaM samAhimaraNaM ca pAvaMti / avasthA meM hai rAga-dveSa kA atikramaNa kara lenA sambhava nahIM hai| aisI arthAt jina kI bhakti se pUrva saMcita karma kSINa hote haiM aura sthiti meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jaba taka vyakti svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra AcArya se namaskAra ke vidyA aura maMtra siddha hote haiN| puna: jinendra na kara leM, use vItarAga paramAtmA, jinhoMne svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra kI bhakti se rAga-dveSa samApta hokara Arogya, bodhi aura samAdhi lAbha kiyA hai, unake kathanoM para vizvAsa karanA caahie| jaina sAhitya meM hotA hai| samyak-darzana ke jina pA~ca aMgoM kI carcA milatI hai, unameM zraddhA bhAratIya paramparA meM navadhA bhakti kA ullekha milatA hai- bhI eka hai| lagabhaga uttarAdhyayana (I0pU0 3rI-2rI zatI) ke kAla zravaNaM kIrtanaM smaraNaM paadsevnm| taka jaina paramparA meM samyak darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha svIkAra ho cukA arcanaM vandanaM dAsyaM skhymaatmnivednm| thaa| kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki uttarAdhyayana evaM 1. zravaNa, 2. kIrtana, 3. smaraNa, 4. pAdasevana, 5. arcana, tattvArthasUtra (I0 san 3rI zatI) ke kAla taka jaina dharma meM zraddhA tattvazraddhA 6. vaMdana, 7. dAsya, 8. sakhya aura 9. aatmnivedn| thii| vaha jina yA paramAtmA ke prati zraddhA ke rUpa meM susthApita nahIM bhakti ke ina nava tattvoM meM kauna kisa rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM huI thii| prAcIna stara ke granthoM meM zraddhA ko tattva zraddhA yA siddhAnta mAnya rahA hai, isakA saMkSipta vivaraNa apekSita hai| inameM se zravaNa ke prati niSThA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gyaa| kintu jaba zraddhA ke kSetra zAstra-zravaNa yA jinavANI-zravaNa ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM sadaiva hI meM tattva yA siddhAnta ke sthAna para vyakti ko pramukhatA dI gayI, to mAnya rahA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ko kalyANa-mArga aura jina aura jinavacana ke prati zraddhA hI samyak darzana kA pratIka mAnI pApa-mArga kA bodha zravaNa se hI hotA hai, donoM ko sunakara hI jAnA gyii| Age calakara jinavacana ke prastotA guru ke prati bhI zraddhA ko jAtA hai|11 jahA~ taka kIrtana evaM smaraNa kA prazna hai, ina donoM kA sthAna milaa| isa prakAra zraddhA kA artha huA-deva, guru evaM dharma ke antarbhAva jaina paramparA ke 'stavana' meM hotA hai| ise SaDAvazyakoM arthAt prati shrddhaa| zramaNa evaM zrAvaka ke karttavyoM meM dUsarA sthAna prApta hai| pAdasevana aura jaina sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sAmAnyatayA darzana (zraddhA) ko prAthamikatA vaMdana ko bhI jaina paramparA ke tRtIya Avazyaka karttavya ke rUpa meM vaMdana dI gaI hai| kahA gayA hai dharma darzana (zraddhA) mUlaka hai| jaba taka meM antarnihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| arcana ko jaina paramparA meM jina- darzana zabda anubhUti yA dRSTikoNa kA sUcaka rahA taba taka darzana ko pUjA ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM muni ke liye jJAna kI apekSA pradhAnatA milI, kintu jaba darzana kA artha tattva zraddhA bhAva-pUjA aura gRhastha ke liye dravya-pUjA kA vidhAna hai| jisa prakAra mAna liyA gayA to usakA sthAna jJAna ke bAda nirdhArita huaa| vaiSNava paramparA meM paMcopacAra-pUjA aura SoDazopacAra-pUjA kA vidhAna uttarAdhyayanasUtra12 meM jahA~ darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha kiyA gayA hai vahA~ hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM aSTaprakArI pUjA aura satarahabhedI pUjA spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jJAna se tattva ke svarUpa ko jAneM aura darzana kA vidhAna hai| ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kreN| yaha satya hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM jo yadyapi dAsa, sakhya evaM Atmanivedana rUpa bhakti kI vidhAoM zraddhA hogI usameM saMzaya kI sambhAvanA hogI, ata: aisI zraddhA aMdha-zraddhA kA spaSTa pratipAdana to prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM nahIM milatA hai kintu hogii| yaha satya hai ki jainoM ne zraddhA ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthAna jinAjJA ke paripAlana, AtmAlocana tathA vAtsalya ke rUpa meM inake diyA kintu ve isa sandarbha meM sartaka rahe ki zraddhA ko jJAnAdhiSThita mUla tattva jaina paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| bhakti ke ina aMgoM kI vistRta honA caahie| zraddhA, prajJA aura tarka se samIkSita hokara hI samyak carcA agrima paMktiyoM meM kI gaI hai| zraddhA bana sakatI hai| 13 isa prakAra jaina cintana meM bhakti ke mUla AdhAra zraddhA ke tattva ko sthAna to milA, kintu use anubhUti yA jJAna se jaina dharma meM zraddhA samanvita kiyA gayA, tAki zraddhA andha-zraddhA na bana ske| jaina dharma jaina paramparA meM zraddhA ke lie sAmAnyatayA samyak darzana zabda meM zraddhA mUlata: tattva-zraddhA yA siddhAnta ke prati AsthA rhii| usameM pracalita hai| isakA mUla artha to dekhanA yA anubhUti hI hai, kintu jo vaiyaktikatA kA tattva praviSTa huA aura vaha deva tathA guru ke prati Age calakara jaina paramparA meM darzana zabda zraddhA ke artha meM rUr3ha ho zraddhA banI hai, usake mUla meM rahe hue hindU paramparA ke prabhAva ko vismRta gyaa| jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki darzana zabda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hindu paramparA meM jo Izvara ke prati athavA kA zraddhAparaka artha eka paravartI vikAsa hai aura usake prakAroM ke vargIkaraNa usake vacana ke rUpa meM vedAdi ke prati jo AsthA kI bAta kahI gaI ke pariNAma svarUpa astitva meM AyA hai| jaina dharma meM samyak darzana thI, use jaina AcAryoM ne jinavANI ke prati zraddhA ke rUpa meM grahIta ke mukhyata: do prakAra mAne gaye haiM-nisargata: aura adhimgj| samyak karake apanI paramparA meM sthAna diyaa| phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA darzana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jahA~ sAdhaka apanI anubhUti se satya bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa jisa rUpa meM hindU dharma meM huA, kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| 'satya kA sAkSAtkAra' hI samyak darzana kaa| usa rUpa meM jaina dharma meM nahIM huA hai| jainAcAryoM ne apanI tAttvika mUla artha hai, kintu yaha taba taka sambhava nahIM hai jaba taka vyakti apane mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hI apanI paramparA meM bhakti ke svarUpa ko ko rAga-dveSa ke paMjoM se mukta nahIM kara letaa| jaba taka vyakti sAdhaka nirdhArita kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI sahavatI hindU paramparA se bahuta kucha

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440 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jina grahaNa kiyA, kintu use apanI tattva yojanA ke caukhaTe meM prastuta se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM hotii| tIrthakara evaM siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yadyapi kahIM-kahIM isameM skhalanA bhI paramAtmA mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| ve na to kisI ko saMsAra se pAra karA sakate haiM aura na usakI kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati jaina dharma meM stuti, guNa-saMkIrtana evaM prArthanA kA prayojana apanI zraddhA ko sajIva banA letA hai| sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn jaina dharma meM bhakti ke jo dUsare rUpa stuti, guNa-saMkIrtana, prArthanA Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| vaha apane hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM Adi haiM, unakA svarUpa vartamAna meM to bahuta kucha hindu paramparA ke ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huA AtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA samAna hI ho gayA hai aura jaina bhakta bhI apane prabhu se saba kucha mA~gane kI bhAvanA prakaTa karatA hai| vaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke lagA hai| kintu apane prAthamika rUpa meM jaina stutiyoM kA hindU paramparA rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthakaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM kI stutiyoM se eka antara rahA hai| hindu paramparA apane prAcIna kAla svayaM prayatna karU~, to unake samAna hI bana sakatA huuN| mujhe apane se hI isa tathya meM vizvAsa karatI rahI hai ki stuti yA bhakti ke mAdhyama puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina mAnyatA hama jisa prabhu kI ArAdhanA karate haiM, vaha prasanna hokara hamAre kaSToM to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se apanA AdhyAtmika utthAna ko miTA detA hai| usameM IzvarIya yA devIkRpA kA tattva sadaiva hI svIkRta yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukti hone kA prayatna na karake rahA hai| gItA meM bhakta aura bhakti ke cAra rUpoM kI carcA hai-1. arthArthI, kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA jaina vicAraNA kI dRSTi se 2. Arta, 3. jijJAsu evaM 4. jnyaanii| yadyapi gItA ne jijJAsu yA sarvathA nirarthaka hai| aisI viveka zUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko jJAnI ko hI saccA bhakta nirUpati kiyA hai, kintu bhakti kA jo rUpa saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba manuSya kisI hindU dharma meM pracalita rahA hai, usameM IzvarIya yA daivIya kRpA kI prApti aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna kA prayojana to sadaiva hI pramukha rahA hai, kintu jainadharma meM usako koI hokara use pApa se ubAra legA, to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM khAsa sthAna nahIM hai, kyoMki jainoM kA paramAtmA kisI kA kalyANa ko bhI gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA yA akalyANa karane meM samartha nahIM hai|saamaanytyaa vyakti duHkha yA pIr3A hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti kI sthiti meM usase trANa pAne ke lie prabhu kI bhakti karatA hai| vaha nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki manuSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kre| bhakti ke nAma para bhagavAn se bhI koI saudA hI karatA hai| vaha kahatA jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara to sAdhanA mArga ke prakAzastambha hai ki yadi merI amuka manokAmanA pUrNa hogI to maiM Apa kI viziSTa haiN| jisa prakAra gati karanA jahAja kA kArya hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA rUpa se pUjA karU~gA yA viziSTa prasAda samarpita kruNgaa| cU~ki jaina kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA sAdhaka kA kArya hai| jaise prakAza-stambha kI dharma meM prArambha se hI tIrthaMkara ko vItarAga mAnA gayA hai, ata: vaha upasthiti meM bhI jahAja samudra meM binA gati ke usa pAra nahIM pahu~catA, na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai aura na duSToM kA sNhaar| jahA~ vaise hI kevala nAma-smaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa-lAbha nahIM gItA tathA anya granthoM meM prabhu ke avataraNa kA mukhya prayojana duSToM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki usake lie samyak prayatna na ho| hameM smaraNa kA saMhAra evaM dharma-mArga kI sthApanA mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina paramparA rakhanA cAhie ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmA ke zuddhameM tIrthaMkara kA uddezya mAtra dharma-mArga kI saMsthApanA karanA hai| jainoM svarUpa kA bodha yA sAkSAtkAra hai, apane meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko kA paramAtmA gItA ke paramAtmA ke samAna isa prakAra kA koI AzvAsana abhivyakta karanA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM- "samyagjJAna aura nahIM de pAtA hai ki tuma mere prati pUrNata: samarpita ho jAo, maiM tumheM AcaraNa se yukta ho nirvANAbhimukha honA hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI saba pApoM se mukti duuNgaa| jaina dharma meM prAcIna kAla meM stuti kA prayojana vAstavika bhakti hai| mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke guNoM kA kIrtana karanA prabhu se kucha pAnA nahIM rahA hai| stuti ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue vyAvahArika bhakti hai| vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita AcArya samantabhadra apane grantha devAgamastotra meM kahate haiM ki- . karanA hai| rAga-dveSa evaM vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva he prabhu ! na to maiM Apako prasanna karane ke lie ApakI bhakti se yojita honA hI vAstavika bhakti-yoga hai| RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthakara yA pUjA karatA hU~ kyoMki maiM jAnatA hU~ ki Apa vItarAga haiM ataH isI bhakti ke dvArA paramapada ko prApta hue haiN|" isa prakAra bhakti yA merI pUjA se prasanna hone vAle nahIM hai| stavana mUlata: Atmabodha hai, vaha apanA hI kIrtana aura stavana hai| isI prakAra Apa nindA karane para kupita bhI nahI hoMge cU~ki Apa jaina darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya vivAnta-vaira haiM, mai to Apa kI bhakti kevala isalie karatA hU~ ki devacandrajI likhate haiMApa ke puNya guNoM kI smRti se merA citta pApa rUpI mala se rahita aja-kula-gata kezarI lahare, nija pada siMha nihaal| hogaa| tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti sNbhaal|| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra sAdhanA jisa prakAra aja kula meM pAlita siMhazAvaka vAstavika siMha ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jinakI stuti kI jAtI hai, una Adarza puruSoM ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 441 sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM ke guNakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kI kintu usameM kahI bhI kucha prApta karane kI kAmanA nahIM kI gaI hai| zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA isI prakAra zakrastava arthAt indra ke dvArA kI gaI tIrthakara kI stuti hai| lekina isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM bhagavAn kI ke nAma se jAne vAle 'namotthuNaM' nAmaka stotra (I0 pU0 3rI zatI) stuti nirarthaka hai| jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI meM bhI arahaMta evaM tIrthaMkara ke guNoM kA citraNa hote hue bhI unase stuti prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA kahIM koI upalabdhi kI AkAMkSA pradarzita nahIM kI gaI hai| jahA~ taka ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, mujhe smaraNa hai, jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama paramAtmA yA prabhu se koI vaha usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA banatI hai| jaina vicArakoM yAcanA kI gayI to vaha caturviMzatistavana (I0 san 1lI zatI) meM ne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti ke mAdhyama se manuSya hai| isa stavana meM sarvaprathama prabhu se Arogya, bodhi aura samAdhi kI apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai| yadyapi prayatna vyakti kA yAcanA kI gayI hai| isameM bhI bodhi evaM samAdhi to AdhyAtmika pratyaya hI hotA hai, tathApi sAdhanA ke Adarza una mahApuruSoM kA jIvana usakI hai, kintu Arogya ko cAhe AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM Avazyaka mAnA preraNA kA nimitta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (29/90) meM kahA hai ki jAya phira bhI vaha eka laukika pratyaya hI hai| prabhu se Arogya kI stavana se vyakti kI darzana-vizuddhi hotI hai| yaha bhI kahA hai ki kAmanA karanA yaha sUcita karatA hai ki jaina paramparA kI bhakti kI bhagavadbhakti ke phalasvarUpa pUrvasaMcita karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| yadyapi avadhAraNA meM apanI sahavartI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva AyA hai, kyoMki isakA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM, varan vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI jaina dArzanika mAnyatA ke anusAra to prabhu kisI ko Arogya bhI pradAna vizuddhi hI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa nahIM karate hai| arahaMta ke rUpa meM vaha hameM mokSa-mArga yA mukti-patha meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke nAma-smaraNa se pApoM kA puMja naSTa kA mAtra bodha karAte hai, use bhI cala kara pAnA to hameM hI hotA hai| hotA hai| AcArya vinayacandra bhagavAn kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM- ataH isa caturviMzati stavana meM jo Arogya kI kAmanA hai vaha nizcita pApa-parAla ko puMja vaNyo ati, mAno merU aakaaro| rUpa se jaina paramparA para anya paramparA ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai| bhaviSya te tuma nAma hutAzana setI, sahaja hI prajalata saaro|| meM to isa prakAra anya prayatna bhI hue| jaina paramparA meM uvasaggahara isa prakAra jaina dharma meM stuti yA guNa-saMkIrtana ko pApa kA praNAzaka stotra bhI paryApta rUpa se prasiddha hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA bhadrabAhu dvitIya to mAnA gayA kintu ise IzvarIya kRpA kA phala mAna lenA ucita nahIM kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai| isameM prabhu se bhakta ko upasarga se chuTakArA hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra vyakti ke pApoM ke kSaya kA kAraNa paramAtmA dilAne kI prArthanA kI gaI hai| jina vipattiyoM kI carcA hai unameM jvara, kI kRpA nahIM, kintu prabhu stuti ke mAdhyama se hue usake zuddha sarpadaMza Adi bhI sammilita haiN| yaha stotra isa bAta kA pramANa hai Atma-svarUpa kA bodha hai| prabhu kI stuti ke mAdhyama se jaba sAdhaka ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA sakAma svarUpa bhI antatogatvA vikasita apane zuddha Atma svarUpa ko jAna letA hai, apanI zakti kA pahacAna ho hI gyaa| yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne yahA~ jina kI stuti ke sAtha letA hai to vaha jJAtA-draSTA bhAva meM arthAt Atma-svabhAva meM sthita pArzva-yakSa kI stuti ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| ho jAtA hai| phalataH vAsanAyeM svataH hI kSINa hone lagatI haiN| isa vastuta: jaba AcAryoM ne dekhA hogA ki upAsakoM ko jaina dharma prakAra jaina dharma meM stuti se pApoM kA kSaya aura Atmavizuddhi to mAnI meM tabhI sthita rakhA jA sakatA hai, jaba unheM unake bhautika maGgala kA gaI kintu isakA kAraNa IzvarIya kRpA nahIM, apitu apane zuddha svarUpa AzvAsana diyA jA ske| cU~ki tIrthaGkara dvArA kisI bhI sthiti meM bhaktoM kA bodha mAnA gyaa| ke bhautika maGgala kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM thI, isalie tIrthaGkara ke isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM stavana yA guNa- zAsana-saMrakSaka devoM ke rUpa meM zAsana devatA (yakSa-yakSI) kI kalpanA saMkIrtana ke rUpa meM jisa bhakti tattva kA vikAsa huA, vaha nisskaam| AyI aura isa rUpa meM hindU paramparA ke hI aneka deva-deviyoM ko bhakti kA hI eka rUpa thaa| na kevala samAhita kiyA gayA, apitu yaha bhI mAnA gayA ki unakI upAsanA yA bhakti karane para ve prasanna hokara bhautika duHkhoM ko dUra jainadharma aura sakAma bhakti karate haiN| yakSa-yakSiNiyoM ke jaina dharma meM praveza ke sAtha hI usameM hindU niSkAma bhakti kI yaha avadhAraNA Adarza hote hue bhI sAmAnyajana dharma kI karma-kANDaparaka tAntrika upAsanA paddhati bhI kucha saMzodhanoM ke lie duHsAdhya hI hai| sAmAnyajana eka aise bhagavAn kI kalpanA evaM parivartanoM ke sAtha samAhita kara lI gii| karate haiM jo prasanna hokara usake duHkhoM ko dUra kara use ihalaukika jaina stotra sAhitya meM saMskRta meM jo sundara stutiyA~ likhI gaIM sukha pradAna kara ske| yahI kAraNa rahA ki jaina dharma meM stuti kI niSkAmatA unameM siddhasena divAkara kI dvAtriMzikAe~ tathA samantabhadra ke devAgama dhIre-dhIre kama hotI gayI aura stutiyA~ tathA prArthanAyeM aihika lAbha Adi stotra prasiddha haiN| saMskRta meM racita ye stutiyA~ na kevala jina-stuti ke sAtha jur3atI gyiiN| jaina paramparA meM stuti kA sabase prAcIna rUpa haiM, apitu jina-stuti ke byAja se pracalita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI sUtrakRtAMga (I0pU04thI-3rI zatI) ke chaThe adhyayana meM 'vIra-stuti' sundara samIkSA bhI haiN| ina stutiyoM meM jaina dharma kA dArzanika svarUpa ke nAma se upalabdha hai| isameM mahAvIra ke guNoM kA saMkIrtana to hai adhika ubharakara sAmane AyA hai| isalie ina stutiyoM ko bhaktiparaka

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442 kama aura darzanaparaka adhika mAnA jA sakatA hai| AThavIM navIM zatI ke pazcAt jina bhaktiparaka stotroM kI racanA jaina paramparA meM huI, unameM bhaktAmarastotra, kalyANamaMdirastotra Adi * prasiddha haiN| yadyapi ye stotra jaina paramparA meM sakAma bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke bAda hI racita hai| inameM pada-pada para laukika kalyANa kI prArthanAe~ bhI haiN| paravartI kAla meM to marU gurjara, purAnI hindI Adi meM bahuta sI stutiyA~ likhI gaIM, jinameM AdhyAtmika kalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha laukika kalyANa kI prArthanA kI gii| Anandaghana aura devacanda jaise kaviyoM kI caubIsiyA~ bhaktirasa se ota-prota haiM / madhyakAla meM viSNusahasranAma ke samAna jaina paramparA meM bhI jinasahastranAma jaise grantha likhe ge| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina paramparA meM stutiyoM evaM stutiparaka sAhitya kI racanA ati prAcInakAla se lekara vartamAna yuga taka jIvita rahI hai aura hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM bhakti gIta likhe gaye jinakA sampUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karanA isa lekha meM sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina dharma meM sakAma stutiyoM yA prArthanAoM ke rUpa yatra-tatra parilakSita hote haiM, kintu vItarAgatA aura mukti kI AkAMkSI jaina paramparA meM phalAkAMkSA se yukta sakAma bhakti kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sakatA hai, yaha hameM smaraNa rahanA cAhie, kyoMki jaina paramparA meM phalAkAMkSA ko zalya (kAMTA) kahA gayA hai| phalAkAMkSA sahita bhakti ko nidAna zalya kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA yathArtha Adarza kyA hai? ise jaina kavi dhanaJjaya ne nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai iti stutiM deva vidhAya dainyAd, varaM na yAce tvamupekSako'si / chAyA taruM sazrayataH svataH syAt kazchAyA yAcitayA''tmalAbhaH / athAsti ditsA yadivoparodhaH tvayyeva saktAM diza bhakti buddhiM / kariSyate deva tathA kupAM me ko vAtmapoSye sumukho na sUrIH / "he prabhu! isa prakAra ApakI stuti karake maiM Apase koI varadAna nahIM mAMganA cAhatA hU~, kyoMki kucha mAMganA to eka prakAra kI dInatA hai, punaH Apa rAga-dveSa se rahita hai, binA rAga ke kauna kisa kI AkAMkSA pUrI karatA hai, punaH chAyAvAle vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara chAyA kI yAcanA karanA to vyartha hI hai| vaha to svataH hI prApta ho jAtI hai|" isa prakAra jaina darzana meM bhakti kA utsa to niSkAmatA hI hai usameM sakAmatA jo tattva praviSTa huA hai, vaha hindU paramparA aura samasAmayika paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 -- jaina paramparA meM stuti yA stavana kA mahattva to isI tathya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai, usameM muni athavA gRhastha ke jo dainika SaT Avazyaka kartavya batAye gae haiM, usameM dUsare krama para stuti kA nirupaNa hai / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki zraddhA ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma meM bhakti kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa pakSa stuti bhI svIkRta rahA hai| stuti vastutaH upAsya ke guNoM kA hI saMkIrtana hai| jaina paramparA meM jo stutiyA~ upalabdha haiM, unameM arahaMta, siddha yA tIrthaGkara ke guNoM kA saMkIrtana kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isakA mukhya uddezya to AtmA kI zuddha svabhAva-dazA kI upalabdhi hI hai saMta Anandaghana jI likhate haiM" -- Apano Atama bhAvaje eka cetanano adhAra re / avara savi sAtha saMjogathI, e nija parikara sAra re / / prabhu mukha thI ima sAMbhalI, kahai AtamarAma re / thAharai darisaNe nistarayo, mujha sIdhA savi kAma re || zAMti jina stavana - vaMdana vaMdana kA jaina paramparA meM muni va gRhastha donoM ke SaT Avazyaka karttavyoM meM tIsarA sthAna hai / puNya karma ke vivecana meM bhI namaskAra puNya kahA gayA hai| namaskAra yA vaMdana tabhI sambhava hotA hai jaba usameM vaMdanIya ke prati pUjya - buddhi yA samAdara bhAva ho| isa prakAra vaMdana bhI bhakti kA eka rUpa hai| jainoM ke pavitra namaskAra mantra meM pA~ca padoM ko vaMdana kiyA gayA hai| ve pA~ca pada haiM-- 1. arahaMta, 2. siddha, 3. AcArya, 4. upAdhyAya aura 5. sAdhu yahA~ vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya yaha hai ki isa namaskAra mantra meM viziSTa guNoM ke dhAraNa karane vAle padoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| vaMdana meM mukhya rUpa se arahaMta, siddha AcArya, guru evaM apane se pada yogyatA, dIkSA Adi meM jyeSTha vyakti ko vaMdanIya mAnA jAtA hai| vaMdana kA yaha tattva eka ora vyakti ke ahaMkAra ko vigalita karane kA sAdhana hai to dUsarI ora vinaya guNa kA bhI vikAsa karatA hai| yaha suspaSTa hai ki ahaMkAra ko sabhI dharma aura paramparAoM meM durguNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM vinaya ko dharma kA mUla yA AdhAra kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki vaMdanIya kauna hai? jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM, jaina paramparA meM uparyukta pA~ca pada ko dhAraNa karane vAle vyakti hI vaMdanIya mAne gaye haiM / kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jina vyaktiyoM meM ina padoM ke lie varNita yogyatA kA abhAva hai ve veza yA pada para sthApita ho jAne mAtra se vaMdanIya nahIM bana jaate| jaina paramparA spaSTa rUpa se zithilAcAriyoM ke vaMdana aura saMsarga kA niSedha karatI hai, kyoMki inake mAdhyama se samAja meM duSpravRttiyoM ko na kevala bar3hAvA milatA hai apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI zithilAcAra Ane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| ataH vaMdana kisako kiyA jAya aura kise na kiyA jAya, isa sambandha meM viveka ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| vaMdana kaise kiyA jAya, isa sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA meM vistAra se carcA upalabdha hotI hai, sAtha hI usameM sadoSa vaMdana ke 32 doSoM kA citraNa bhI huA hai| vistArabhaya se usakI carcA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| jainoM ke namaskAra mantra meM jo pA~ca pada vaMdanIya hai unameM nIra yA arhat ke lie kevala siddha pada vaMdanIya hotA hai| AcArya ke lie arahaMta aura siddha ye do pada vaMdanIya haiN| isIlie prAcIna abhilekhoM meM sAmAnyatayA arahaMta va siddha aise do padoM ke namaskAra kA ullekha hai upAdhyAya ke lie arahaMta, siddha evaM AcArya, ye tIna pada vaMdanIya hai| jabaki sAmAnya muniyoM ke lie arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura apane se dIkSA meM jyeSTha muni isa prakAra pA~coM hI pada vaMdanIya hote haiN| isI prakAra gRhastha ke lie bhI uparyukta pA~coM hI pada vaMdanIya .

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 443 mAne gaye haiN| jaina paramparA meM jo vaMdana ke pATha upalabdha haiM unake anusAra devadUSya-yugala phnaayaa| devadUSya pahanAkara puSpa, mAlA, gandha, cUrNa, vaMdana meM pUjya-buddhi yA sammAna kA bhAva Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| vastra aura AbhUSaNa cddh'aaye| ina sabako car3hAne ke anantara phira Upara pUjya-buddhi ke abhAva meM vaMdana kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| se nIce taka laTakatI huI lambI-lambI golA mAlAe~ phnaaiiN| mAlAe~ stuti evaM vaMdana donoM meM hI guNa-saMkIrtana kI bhAvanA spaSTa rUpa se pahanAkara paJcaraGge puSpagaNoM ko hAtha meM lekara unakI varSA kI aura mAMDane jur3I hai| mAMDakara usa sthAna ko suzobhita kiyaa| phira una jina-pratimAoM ke sanmukha zubhra, salaune, rajatamaya akSata tanduloM (cAvaloM) se ATha-ATha pUjA, arcA aura bhakti maGgaloM kA Alekhana kiyA, yakSa, svAstika yAvat drpnn| jaina paramparA meM mUrti-pUjA kI avadhAraNA ati prAcIna kAla se tadanantara una jina-pratimAoM ke sammukha zreSTha kAle agara, kundaru, pAyI jAtI hai| tIrthaGkaroM kI pratimAoM kI pUjA kA vidhAna AgamoM turUSka aura dhUpa kI mahakatI sugandha se vyApta aura dhUpabattI ke samAna meM upalabdha hai| paravartI kAla meM zAsana-devatA ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSI surabhigandha ko phailAne vAle svarNa evaM maNiratnoM se racita, citra-vicitra evaM kSetrapAloM (bhairava) kI pUjA bhI hone lgii| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara racanAoM se yukta vaiDUryamana dhUpadAna ko lekara dhUpakSepa kiyA tathA vizuddha pratimAoM kA nirmANa I.pU. tIsarI zatI se to spaSTa rUpa se hone apUrva artha sampanna apunarukta mahimAzAlI eka sau ATha chandoM meM stuti lagA thA, kyoMki mauryakAla kI jina-pratimA upalabdha hotI hai| isase kii| stuti karake sAta-ATha paga pIche haTA aura phira pIche haTakara pUrva bhI nanda rAjA ke dvArA kaliGga-jina kI pratimA ko uThAkara le bAyAM ghuTanA U~cA kiyA aura dAyAM ghuTanA jamIna para TikAkara tIna jAne kA jo khAravela kA abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha hai, usake AdhAra bAra mastaka ko bhUmi tala para nmaayaa| namAkara kucha U~cA uThA tathA para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki maurya kAla se pUrva bhI tIrthaGkara pratimAoM mastaka U~cA karake donoM hAtha jor3akara AvartapUrvaka mastaka para aJjali kA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| kintu usa yuga kI jina-pratimA kI karake prabhu kI stuti kii| pUjA-arcA kI vidhi ko batAne vAlA koI grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki munijana jo sacitta dravya kA sparza hai| jaina paramparA meM pUjA-arcA ke vidhi-vidhAna evaM mandira-nirmANa nahIM karate the, ve kevala vaMdana yA guNa-stavana hI karate the kintu gRhastha kalA Adi ko sUcita karane vAle jo grantha upalabdha haiM, ve lagabhaga pUjana-sAmagrI meM sacitta dravyoM kA upayoga karate the| yadyapi usa sambandha I0 san kI prArambhika sadiyoM ke haiN| jaina AgamoM meM sthAnAGga, jJAtAdharma meM aneka satarkatAe~ baratI jAtI thIM, jinakA ullekha 7-8vIM zatI evaM rAjapraznIya sUtra meM mandira-saMracanA evaM jina-pratimAoM kI pUjana ke jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| jainoM kI pUjA-vidhi kI jaba hama vidhi ke ullekha haiN| mathurA ke prathama zatI ke aGkanoM se bhI isa tathya vaiSNava-vidhi se tulanA karate haiM taba hama pAte haiM ki donoM meM kAphI kI puSTi hotI hai, kyoMki unameM kamala-puSpa le jAte hue zrAvaka- samAnatA thii| mAtra yahI nahIM jainoM ne apanI pUjA-vidhi ko vaiSNava zrAvikAoM ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| jo pUjA-vidhi rAjapraznIyasUtra paramparA se gRhIta kiyA thaa| unake AhvAna, visarjana Adi ke mantra aura paravartI granthoM meM upalabdha hai usake anusAra muni aura sAdhviyA~ na kevala hindu paramparA kI nakala haiM, apitu unakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM to jina-pratimAoM kI vaMdanA evaM stuti ke rUpa meM bhAva-pUjA hI karate ke virodha meM bhI haiN| isakI svatantracarcA hamane anya lekha meM kI hai haiN| mAtra gRhastha hI unakI pUjA-sAmagrI se dravya pUjA karatA hai| gRhastha (zramaNa 1990) vItarAga paramAtmA kI jisane tyAga, vairAgya va tapa kI pUjA vidhi ke anusAra kUpa athavA puSkaraNI meM snAna karake vahA~ kA upadeza diyA usakI pUjA, puSpa, phala, naivedya, dhUpa, dIpa Adi se kamala-puSpa aura jala lekara jina-pratimA kA pUjana kiyA jAtA se kI jAya yaha spaSTa rUpa se anya paramparA kA prabhAva hai| cU~ki vaiSNava thaa| jJAtAdharma dropadI dvArA mAtra pUjA karane kA ullekha hai| paramparA meM yaha vidhi pracalita thI, jainoM ne unhIM se gRhIta kara liyA kintu rAjapraznIya meM jina-pratimA kI pUjA-vidhi nimna prakAra se aura ve jina-pUjA ke aGga mAna liye ge| vaiSNava paramparA meM varNita hai paJcopacAra-pUjA va SoDaSocAra-pUjA ke ullekha milate haiN| jainoM meM usake "tatpazcAt sUryAbhadeva cAra hajAra sAmAnika devoM yAvat aura dUsare sthAna para aSTaprakArI-pUjA evaM sataraha bhedI pUjA ke ullekha haiN| donoM bahuta se devoM aura deviyoM se pariveSThita hokara apanI samasta Rddhi, meM nAma krama Adi dekhane para yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM vaibhava yAvat vAdyoM kI tumula dhvanipUrvaka jahA~ siddhAyatana thA, vahA~ pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa vaiSNava paramparA se prabhAvita hai| sAmAnyatayA aayaa| pUrva dvAra se praveza karake jahA~ devachaMdaka aura jina-pratimAe~ bhakti ke kSetra meM vigraha-pUjA kI prAthamikatA rahI hai aura jaina paramparA thIM, vahA~ aayaa| vahA~ Akara usane jina-pratimAoM ko dekhate hI praNAma meM bhI cAhe kiMcita paravartI kyoM na hoM, kintu jina-mUrtiyoM kI pUjA karake lomamayI pramArjanI (mayUra-piccha kI pUMjanI) hAtha meM lI aura ke rUpa meM isakA pracalana huaa| jaina pUjA-paddhati vaiSNava bhakti paramparA pramArjanI ko lekara jina-pratimAoM ko pramArjita kiyaa| pramArjita karake se na kevala prabhAvita rahI, apitu usakA anukaraNa mAtra hai tathA jaina surabhi gandhodaka se una jina-pratimAoM kA prakSAlana kiyaa| prakSAlana darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha hai, isa tathya kI paM0 phUlacandra jI karake sarasa gozIrSa candana kA lepa kiyaa| lepa karake kASAyika surabhi siddhAnta zAstrI ne bhI jJAnapITha pUjAJjali meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| gandha se suvAsita vastra se unako pochaa| una jina-pratimAoM ko akhaNDa maiMne bhI apane lekha jaina dharma ke dhArmika anuSThAna evaM kalA tattva

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444 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| yahA~ isakA ullekha mAtra yaha batAtA hai viraha-bhakti ke aneka gIta likhe haiN| unake kucha udAharaNa prastuta haiMki jaina paramparA meM bhaktimArga kA jo vikAsa hai, vaha hindU paramparA RSabha jiNesara prItama mAharo, aura na cAhU~ kaMta / se prabhAvita hokara hI huA hai| rIjhyoM sAhaba saija na parihare, bhAMge sAdi ananta / / jahA~ taka dAsa, sakhya evaM Atma-nivedana rUpa bhaktiyoM ke ullekha prIta sagAI jaga mAM saha karai, prIta sagAI na koya / kA prazna hai, anIzvaravAdI jaina paramparA meM svAmI-sevaka bhAva se prabhu prIta sagAI nirUpAdhika kahI re, sopAdhika dhana khoy|| kI upAsanA svIkRta nahIM rahI hai, kyoMki usameM bhakti kA lakSya usa paramAtmadazA kI prApti hai jisameM svAmI-sevaka kA bhAva samApta ho prItama prAna pati binA, priyA kaise jIvai ho / jAtA hai| phira bhI sAdhakadazA meM paramAtmA ke prati pUjya-buddhi jaina prAna-pavana virahA-dazA, bhuaMgani pIvai ho / / paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI aura usa rUpa meM jaina sAdhaka apane ko paramAtmA sItala paMkhA kumakumA, candana kahA lAvai ho / kA sevaka bhI sUcita karatA hai| jaina bhakti gItoM meM aneka sthAnoM para anala na virahAnala yahai, tana tApa bar3hAvai ho|| bhakta apane ko paramAtmA ke sevaka ke rUpa meM prastuta bhI karatA hai| jaina saMta Anandaghana jI likhate haiM vedana viraha athAha hai, pAnI nava nejA ho| eka araja sevaka taNIre, avadhAro jinadeva / kona habIba tabIba hai, TArai karaka karejA ho|| kRpA karI mujha dIjie re, Anandaghana pada seva / / gAla hathelI lagAI kai, surasiMdhu hamelI ho| - vimala jinastavana a~suvana nIra bahAya kai, sIMca kara belI ho|| phira bhI vaiSNava bhakti paramparA meM jo sadaiva hI paramAtmA kA sevaka bane rahane kI utkaTa bhAvanA hai, vaha jaina paramparA meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| milApI Ana milAvo re, mere anubhava mIThaDe miit| usakA Adarza to svayaM paramAtmapada ko prApta kara lenA hai| isameM sarvocca cAtika piu piu karai re, pIu milAve na aan| sthiti meM svAmI aura sevaka kA bheda nahIM raha jaataa| bhakta sadaiva hI jIva pIvana pIuM pIuM karai pyAre, jIu niu Ana ayaan|| yaha prArthanA karatA hai ki bhakta aura bhagavAna ke bIca kA yaha antara isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM viraha va prema ko lekara aneka bhakti kaise samApta ho? santa Anandaghana jI likhate haiM gItoM kI racanAe~ huI haiN| usameM zuddha caitanya AtmA ko pati tathA padyaprabhu jina tujha muja AMtarU re, kima bhAMjai bhgvNt| AtmA ke samatA rUpa svAbhAvika dazA ko patnI tathA AtmA kI hI karma vipAke kAraNa joine koI kahe matimaMta / / vaibhAvika dazA ko sauta ke rUpa meM citrita kara AdhyAtmika prema kA anta meM usa antara ko samApta hone kI pUrNa AsthA rakhate hue anUThA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhakta kahatA hai19 - nArada bhaktisUtra meM prema svarUpA bhakti ke nimna gyAraha prakAroM kA tujha mujha antara ante bhAMjase bAjasyai maMgala tUra / ullekha huA haijaina bhakti kA Adarza vAkya hai 1. guNamahAtmyAsakti, 2. rUpAsakti, 3. pUjAsakti, 4. smaraNAvande tad guNalabdhaye -tttvaarthsuutr-mngglaacrnn| sakti 5. dAsyAsakti, 6. sakhyAsakti, 7. kAntAsakti, 8. vAtsalyAisa prakAra jainadharma meM bhakti kA prayojana paramAtmadazA ko prApta sakti, 9. AtmanivedanAsakti, 10. tanmayatAsakti, 11. prmvirhaaskti| kara svAmI-sevaka-bhAva samApta karanA hI rahA hai| inameM bhI rUpAsakti, smaraNAsakti, guNamahAtmayAsakti aura isa prakAra sakhyabhAva se bhakti ke ullekha bhI jaina paramparA meM pUjAsakti to stavana, vaMdana evaM pUjana ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM bhI mila jAte haiN| phira bhI donoM paramparA meM jo maulika antara hai use pAI jAtI haiN| zeSa dAsa sakhya, kAntA, vAtsalya Adi ko bhI paravartI lakSya meM rakhanA hI hogaa| jaina paramaparA meM paramAtmA koI eka vyakti jainAcAryoM ne apanI paramparAgata dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa banAkara vizeSa nahIM hai jisase sakhyabhAva jor3A jA ske| apitu pratyeka AtmA prastuta kiyA hai| kA apanA zuddha svarUpa hI usakA sakhA yA mitra hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kI isI prakAra vaiSNava paramparA meM paramAtmA ko pati mAnakara bhakti avadhAraNA stavana, vaMdana, vinaya, pUjA aura sevA ina-sabhI pakSoM ko kI paramparA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| prema aura viraha ke rUpa meM bhakti gItoM samAhita kiye hue hai| sevA ke kSetra meM bhakti ke do rUpa rahe haiMkI paramparA ati prAcIna hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA kI sAdhanA kA mukhya eka to svayaM ArAdhya Adi kI pratimA kI sevA karanA, dUsare gItA uddezya to rAga-bhAva se Upara uThanA hI rahA hai, phira bhI paramAtmA ke ke yuga se hI saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko prabhu kA pratinidhi mAnakara prati ananya prema kA prakaTana usameM bhI huA hai| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM unakI sevA ko bhI bhakti meM sthAna diyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha saba vaiSNava bhaktimArgI paramparA kA hI prabhAva rahA hai| samayasundara, nizIthacUrNi (sAtavIM zatI) meM yaha prazna uThA hai ki eka vyakti jo Anandaghana, yazovijaya, devacandra Adi jaina kaviyoM ne paramAtmA ko prabhu kA nAma smaraNa karatA hai, dUsarA jo glAna vRddha va rogiyoM kI pati mAnakara aneka bhakti gItoM kI racanA kI hai| Anandaghana ne suzruSA karatA hai, unameM zreSTha hai? isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 445 kahA gayA hai ki jo vRddha, rogI Adi kI sevA karatA hai, vaha bhagavAn kI hI sevA karatA hai| isa prakAra bhakti meM sevA kI jo avadhAraNA thI, usane eka loka-kalyANakArI rUpa grahaNa kiyA, yahI jaina bhakti kI vizeSatA hai| 1. sarvArthasiddhi, saMpA0 paM0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1955, 6/24/12 / 2. kalpasUtraTIkA, jinavijayajI, prakA0 hIrAlAla haMsarAja jaina, jAmanagara, 1939, pR0 120 / 3. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 2018, 4/39 / 4. AcArAGgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980 / sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, saMpA0madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 1/14/20 // 6. jJAtAdharmakathA, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 16/14 / 7. tattvArthasUtra, vive0sukhalAla saMdhavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976, 6/23 / Avazyakaniyukti, saMpA0 bI0ke0koThArI, prakA0 rilIjiyasa TrasTa, bambaI, 1981, 451-453 / 9. vahI, 1190-1111 / 10. zrImadbhAgavat , gItApresa, gorakhapura, 2006, 7/5/23 / 11. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1974, 4/34 / 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1984, 28/35 / 13. vhii| 14. niyamasAra, anu0 AryikA jJAnamatI, vIra jJAnodaya granthamAlA, hastinApura, 1984, 134-140 / 15. Avazyakaniyukti, saMpA0 bI0ke0koThArI, prakA0rilIjiesa TrasTa, bambaI, 1981, 1110 / Anandaghana granthAvalI, saMpA0 mahatAbacanda khAraiDa vizArada, prakA0 zrI vijayacanda jaragaDa, jauharI bAjAra, ImalI vAle paMsArI ke Upara, jayapura, vi0 saM0 2031, zAMti jinastavana, 16/11,12 / 17. vahI, vimala jinastavana- 13/17 / 18. vahI, padmaprabha jinastavana, - 6/1,2 / 19. vahI, 6/6 / 20. vahI, RSabha jinastana, 1/1,2 tathA vahI pada 26, 49-32, 44-30 // Jain Education Interational

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana sAmAnyatayA jainAgamoM meM ajJAna aura ayathArtha jJAna donoM ke ko samyak-rUpa se nahIM jAna pAtA hai| buddha kahate haiM- "AsvAda doSa lie mithyAtva zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yahI nahIM kinhIM sandarbho meM aura mokSa ko yathArthata: nahIM jAnatA hai, yahI avidyA hai|'6 mithyA ajJAna, ayathArtha jJAna, mithyAtva aura moha samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta bhI svabhAva ko spaSTa karate hue buddha kahate haiM 'jo mithyAdRSTi hai- mithyA hue haiN| yahA~ para hama ajJAna zabda kA prayoga eka vistRta artha meM kara rahe samAdhi hai| isI ko mithyA svabhAva kahate haiN|"7 mithyAtva ko hama eka haiM jisameM usake uparokta sabhI artha samAhita haiN| naitika dRSTi se ajJAna aisA dRSTikoNa kaha sakate haiM jo satyatA kI dizA se vimukha hai| saMkSepa naitika-Adarza ke ajJAna kA abhAva aura zubhAzubha viveka kI kamI ko meM mithyAtva asatyAbhiruci hai, rAga aura dveSa ke kAraNa dRSTikoNa kA abhivyakta karatA hai| jaba taka prANI ko sva-svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM vikRta ho jAnA hai| hotA hai arthAt maiM kyA hU~? merA Adarza kyA hai? yA mujhe kyA prApta karanA hai? taba taka vaha naitika jIvana meM praviSTa hI nahIM ho sktaa| jaina jaina-darzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra vicAraka kahate haiM ki jo AtmA ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, jar3a padArthoM AcArya pUjyapAda devanandI ne mithyAtva ko utpatti kI dRSTi se ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha kyA saMyama kI ArAdhanA (naitika do prakAra kA batAyA hai: / sAdhanA) karegA? 1. naisargika (anarjita)- jo mithyAtva mohakarma ke udaya se RSibhASitasUtra meM taruNa sAdhaka arhat gAthApatiputra kahate hotA hai, vaha naisargika mithyAtva hai| haiM- ajJAna hI bahuta bar3A duHkha hai| ajJAna se hI bhaya kA janma hotA 2. paropadezapUrvaka- jo mithyA dhAraNA vAle logoM ke haiN| samasta dehadhAriyoM ke lie bhava-paramparA kA mUla vividha rUpoM meM upadeza se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| ata: yaha arjita yA paropadezapUrvaka vyApta ajJAna hI hai janma-jarA aura mRtyu, bhaya-zoka, mAna aura mithyAtva hai| apamAna sabhI jIvAtmA ke ajJAna se utpanna hue haiN| saMsAra kA pravAha yaha arjita mithyAtva cAra prakAra kA hai(saMtati) ajJAnamUlaka hai|2 (a) kriyAvAdI- AtmA ko kartA mAnanA bhAratIya naitika cintana meM mAtra karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA para hI (ba prakriyAvAdI- AtmA ko akartA mAnanA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA varan yaha bhI jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA ki (sa) ajJAnI- satya kI prApti ko sambhava nahIM mAnanA karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA kAraNa kyA hai| kyoM eka vyakti azubha (da) vainayika- rUr3ha-paramparAoM ko svIkAra krnaa| kRtyoM kI ora prerita hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA vyakti zubhakRtyoM kI svarUpa kI dRSTi se jainAgamoM meM mithyAtva pA~ca prakAra kA bhI ora prerita hotA hai? gItA meM arjuna yaha prazna uThAtA hai ki he kRSNa! mAnA gayA hai|"8 nahIM cAhate hue bhI sakI preraNA se prerita ho, vaha puruSa pApakarma meM 1. ekAnta- jainatattvajJAna meM vastutatva ko anantadharmAtmaka niyojita hotA hai?3 mAnA gayA hai| usameM samAna jAti ke ananta guNa hI nahIM hote haiM varan jaina darzana ke anusAra isakA jo pratyuttara diyA jA sakatA hai, virodhI guNa bhI samAhita hote haiN| ata: vastu tattva kA ekAMgI jJAna vaha yaha hai ki mithyAtva hI azubha kI ora pravRtti karane kA kAraNa hai| usake sandarbha meM pUrNa satya ko prakaTa nahIM karatA, vaha AMzika satya buddha kA bhI kathana hai ki mithyAtva hI azubhAcaraNa aura samyagdRSTi hI hotA hai, pUrNa satya nhiiN| AMzika satya ko jabapUrNa satya mAna liyA sadAcaraNa kA kAraNa hai| gItA kA uttara hai- rajoguNa se utpanna kAma hI jAtA hai to vaha mithyAtva ho jAtA hai| na kevala jaina vicAraNA varan bauddha jJAna ko AvRta kara vyakti ko balAt pApakarma kI ora prerita karatA hai| vicAraNA meM bhI aikAntika jJAna ko mithyA kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiMisa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha, jaina aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana isa "bhAradvAja! satyAnurakSaka vijJa puruSa ko ekAMza se aisI niSThA karanA sambandha meM eka mata haiM- anaitika AcaraNa ke mArga meM pravRtti kA kAraNa yogya nahIM hai ki yahI satya aura bAkI saba mithyA hai|" buddha isa sAre vyakti kA mithyA dRSTikoNa hI hai| kathAnaka meM isI bAta para bala dete haiM ki sApekSika kathana ke rUpa meM hI satyAnurakSaka hotA hai anya prakAra se nhiiN| udAna meM bhI buddha ne kahA haimithyAtva kyA hai? jo ekAMtadarzI haiM ve hI vivAda karate haiN| isa prakAra buddha ne bhI ekAMta jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM vastutattva kA apane yathArtha svarUpa ko mithyAtva mAnA hai| kA bodha nahIM honA hI mithyAtva hai| mithyAtva lakSya vimukhatA hai, 2. viparIta- vastutattva kA usake sva-svarUpa ke rUpa meM tattvaruci kA abhAva haiM, satya ke prati jijJAsA yA abhIpsA kA abhAva grahaNa nahIM kara usake viparIta rUpa meM grahaNa karanA bhI mithyAtva hai| prazna hai| buddha ne avidyA ko vaha sthiti mAnA hai jisake kAraNa vyakti paramArtha ho sakatA hai ki jaba vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai aura usameM virodhI

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana. dharma bhI rahe hue haiM to sAmAnya vyakti jisakA jJAna aMzagrAhI hai, isa viparIta grahaNa ke doSa se baca nahIM sakatA, kyoMki usane vastutatva ke jisa pakSa ko grahaNa kiyA usakA virodhI dharma bhI usameM upasthita hai / ataH usakA samasta grahaNa viparIta hI hogA; lekina isa vicAra meM eka bhrAnti hai aura vaha yaha hai ki yadyapi vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai lekina yaha to nirapekSa kathana hai| eka apekSA kI dRSTi se yA jaina pAribhASika dRSTi se kaheM to eka hI naya se vastutattva meM do virodhI dharma nahIM hote haiM, udAharaNArtha- eka hI apekSA se AtmA ko nitya aura anitya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| AtmA dravyArthika dRSTi se nitya hai to paryAyArthika dRSTi se anitya hai| ataH AtmA ko paryAyArthika dRSTi se bhI nitya mAnanA, yaha viparIta grahaNa mithyAtva hai| buddha ne bhI viparIta grahaNa ko mithyA dRSTitva mAnA hai aura vibhinna prakAra ke viparIta grahaNoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| 19 gItA meM bhI viparIta grahaNa ko ajJAna kahA gayA hai| adharma ko dharma aura dharma ko adharma ke rUpa meM mAnane vAlI buddhi ko gItA meM tAmasa kahA gayA hai (18/32) / AtmA vinAza ko hI prApta hotA hai| 15 5. ajJAna jaina vicArakoM ne ajJAna ko pUrvAgraha, viparIta grahaNa, saMzaya aura aikAntika jJAna se pRthak mAnA hai| uparokta cAroM mithyAtva ke vidhAyaka pakSa kahe jA sakate haiM; kyoMki inameM jJAna to upasthiti hai lekina vaha ayathArtha hai| inameM jJAnAbhAva nahIM varan jJAna kI ayathArthatA hai; jabaki ajJAna jJAnAbhAva hai| ataH vaha mithyAtva kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa prastuta karatA hai| ajJAna naitika sAdhanA kA sabase bar3A bAdhaka tattva hai kyoMki jJAnAbhAva meM vyakti ko apane lakSya kA bhAna nahIM ho sakatA hai, na vaha kartavyAkartavya kA vicAra kara sakatA hai| zubhAzubha meM viveka karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva ajJAna hI hai| aise ajJAna kI avasthA meM naitika AcaraNa sambhava nahIM hotaa| mithyAtva ke 25 prakAra midhyAtva ke 25 bhedoM kA vivecana hameM pratikramaNasUtra meM prApta hotA hai jisameM se 10 bhedoM kA vivecana sthAnAMgasUtra meM hai, midhyAtva ke zeSa bhedoM kA vivecana mUlAgama anyoM meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA milatA hai| (1) dharma ko adharma samajhanA / (2) adharma ko dharma smjhnaa| 3. vainayika binA bauddhika gaveSaNA ke paramparAgata tathyoM, dhAraNAoM, niyamopaniyamoM ko svIkAra kara lenA vainayika mithyAtva hai| yaha eka prakAra kI rUr3hivAditA hai| vainayika midhyAtva ko bauddha paramparA kI dRSTi se zIlavrata parAmarza bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| ise kriyAkANDAtmaka manovRtti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM isa prakAra ke kevala rUr3ha vyavahAra kI nindA kI gaI hai vaha kahatI hai aisI kriyAe~ janma-maraNa ko bar3hAne vAlI aura triguNAtmaka hotI haiN| 12 saMsAra (bandhana) ke mArga ko mukti kA mArga smjhnaa| mukti ke mArga ko bandhana kA mArga samajhanA / jar3a padArthoM ko cetana (jIva) smjhnaa| Atmatattva (jIva) ko jar3a padArtha (ajIva) smjhnaa| asamyak AcaraNa karane vAloM ko sAdhu smjhnaa| samyak AcaraNa karane vAloM ko asAdhu smjhnaa| muktAtmA ko baddha mAnanA / (9) (10) rAga-dveSa se yukta ko mukta samajhanA 16 / (11) (12) Abhigrahika mithyAtva - paramparAgata rUpa meM prApta dhAraNAoM ko binA samIkSA ke apanA lenA athavA unase jakar3e rhnaa| anAbhigrahika mithyAtva - satya ko jAnate hue bhI use svIkAra nahIM karanA athavA sabhI matoM ko samAna mUlya vAlA samajhanA / Abhinivezika mithyAtva abhimAna kI rakSA ke nimitta asatya mAnyatA ko haThapUrvaka pakar3e rahanA / 4. saMzaya- saMzayAvasthA ko bhI jaina vicAraNA meM mithyAtva mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM saMzaya ko naitika vikAsa kI dRSTi se anupAdeya mAnA gayA hai lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina vicArakoM ne saMzaya ko isa koTi meM rakhakara usake mUlya ko bhulA diyA hai| jaina vicAraka bhI Aja ke vaijJAnikoM kI taraha saMzaya ko jJAna kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| prAcInatama jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai "jo saMzaya ko jAnatA hai vahI saMsAra ke svarUpa kA parijJAtA hotA hai, jo saMzaya ko nahIM jAnatA vaha saMsAra ke svarUpa kA bhI parijJAtA nahIM ho sakatA 13 / lekina jahA~ taka sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kA (13) prazna hai hameM saMzaya se Upara uThanA hogaa| jaina vicAraka AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja AcArAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM likhate haiM- "saMzaya jJAna karAne meM (14) sAMzayika mithyAtva saMzayazIla bane rahakara satya kA nizcaya sahAyaka hai parantu yadi vaha jijJAsA kI sarala bhAvanA kA parityAga karake kevala sandeha karane ke kuTila vRtti apanA letA hai, to vaha patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| 14 saMzayAvasthA vaha sthiti hai jisameM prANI sat aura asat kI koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM rakhatA hai| sAMzayika avasthA anirNaya kI avasthA hai| sAMzayika jJAna satya hote hue bhI mithyA hI hogaa| naitika dRSTi se aisA sAdhaka kaba pathabhraSTa ho sakatA hai yaha nahIM (18) kahA jA sktaa| vaha to lakSyonmukhatA aura lakSyavimukhatA ke madhya hiNDole kI bhA~ti jhUlatA huA apanA samaya vyartha karatA hai| gItA bhI (19) yahI kahatI hai ki saMzaya kI avasthA meM lakSya prApta nahIM hotaa| saMzayI nahIM kara paanaa| (3) (4) (4) (6) (7) (8) 447 (15) (16) (17) anAbhoga mithyAtva-viveka athavA jJAnakSamatA kA abhAva / laukika mithyAtva loka rUr3hi meM avicArapUrvaka baMdhe rhnaa| lokottara mithyAtva pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke nimitta svArthavaza dharma sAdhanA karanA / kupravacana mithyAtva mithyA dArzanika vicAraNAoM ko svIkRta - krnaa| nyUna midhyAtva pUrNa satya athavA tatva svarUpa ko AMzika satya samajha lenA athavA nyUna mAnanA / .

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448 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 20. (23) (20) adhika mithyAtva-AMzika satya ko usase adhika athavA pUrNa ayogya khnaa| satya samajha lenaa| prAyazcitta ke ayogya (apratikarma) Apatti ko prAyazcitta ke (21) viparIta mithyAtva-vastutattva ko usake viparIta rUpa meM smjhnaa| yogya (sapratikarma) khnaa| (22) akriyA mithyAtva-AtmA ko aikAntika rUpa se akriya mAnanA athavA sirpha jJAna ko mahattva dekara AcaraNa ke prati gItA meM ajJAna : upekSA rkhnaa| gItA ke moha, ajJAna yA tAmasika jJAna bhI mithyAtva kahe jA ajJAna mithyAtva-jJAna athavA viveka kA abhaav| sakate haiN| isa AdhAra para vicAra karane se gItA meM mithyAtva kA nimna (24) avinaya mithyAtva-pUjya varga ke prati samucita sammAna svarUpa upalabdha hotA hai prakaTa na karanA athavA unakI AjJAoM kA paripAlana 1. paramAtmA loka kA sarjana karane vAlA, karma kA kartA evaM karmoM nahIM krnaa| pUjyabuddhi aura vinItatA kA abhAva avinaya ke phala kA saMyoga karane vAlA hai athavA vaha kisI ke pApa-puNya mithyAtva hai| ko grahaNa karatA hai, yaha mAnanA ajJAna hai (5-14, 15) / (25) AsAtanA mithyAtva-pUjya varga kI nindA aura AlocanA krnaa| 2. pramAda, Alasya aura nidrA ajJAna hai (14-8), dhana parivAra avinaya aura AsAtanA ko mithyAtva isalie kahA gayA hai evaM dAna kA ahaMkAra karanA ajJAna hai (16-15), viparIta ki inakI upasthiti se vyakti gurujanoM kA yathocita sammAna nahIM jJAna ke dvArA kSaNabhaMgura nAzavAna zarIra meM Atma-buddhi rakhanA karatA hai aura phalasvarUpa unase milane vAle yathArthatA ke bodha se va usameM sarvasva kI bhA~ti Asakta rahanA, jo ki tattva-artha se vaMcita rahatA hai| rahita aura tuccha hai, tAmasika jJAna hai (18-12) / isI prakAra asad kA grahaNa, azubha AcaraNa (16-10) aura bauddha-darzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra saMzayAtmakatA ko bhI gItA meM ajJAna kahA gayA hai| mahAtmA buddha ne saddharma kA vinAza karane vAlI kucha dhAraNAoM kA vivecana aMguttaranikAya10 meM kiyA hai jo ki jaina vicAraNA ke pAzcAtya darzana meM mithyAtva kA pratyaya mithyAtva kI dhAraNA ke bahuta nikaTa hai| tulanA kI dRSTi se hama unakI mithyAtva yathArthatA ke bodha kA bAdhaka tattva hai| vaha eka aisA saMkSipta sUcI prastuta kara rahe haiM, jisake AdhAra para yaha jAnA jA sake raMgIna cazmA hai jo vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko AvRta kara vyakti ke ki donoM vicAra paramparAoM kA isa sambandha meM kitanA adhika sAmya hai| samakSa usakA ayathArtha kiMvA bhrAnta svarUpa hI prakaTa karatA hai| bhArata hI adharma ko adharma btaanaa| nahIM, pAzcAtya dezoM ke vicArakoM ne bhI yathArthatA yA satya ke jijJAsu ko dharma ko dharma btaanaa| mithyA dhAraNAoM se pare rahane kA saMketa kiyA hai| pAzcAtya darzana ke bhikSu aniyama (avinaya) ko bhikSuniyama (vinaya) btaanaa| navayuga ke pratinidhi phrAMsisa bekana zuddha aura nirdoSa jJAna kI prApti ke bhikSu niyama ko aniyama btaanaa| lie mAnasa ko nimna cAra mithyA dhAraNAoM se mukta rakhane kA nirdeza tathAgata (buddha) dvArA abhASita ko tathAgata bhASita khnaa| karate haiM, cAra mithyA dhAraNAe~ nimna haiMtathAgata dvArA bhASita ko abhASita khnaa| (1) jAtigata mithyA dhAraNAe~ (Idola Tribus)-sAmAjika saMskAroM tathAgata dvArA anAcarita ko Acarita khnaa| se prApta mithyA dhaarnnaaeN| tathAgata dvArA Acarita ko anAcarita khnaa| bAjArU mithyA vizvAsa (Idola Fori)- asaMgata artha aadi| tathAgata dvArA nahIM banAe hue (aprajJapta) niyama ko prajJapta khnaa| (3) vyaktigata mithyA vizvAsa (IdolaSpeces)- vyakti ke dvArA tathAgata dvArA prajJapta (banAe hue niyama) ko aprajJapta btaanaa| banAI gayI mithyA dhAraNAe~ (pUrvAgraha) 11. anaparAdha ko aparAdha khnaa| (4) raMgamaMca kI bhrAnti (Idola Theatri)- mithyA siddhAnta yA 12. aparAdha ko anaparAdha khnaa| maanytaaeN| laghu aparAdha ko guru aparAdha khnaa| ve kahate haiM- 'ina mithyA vizvAsoM (pUrvAgrahoM) se mAnasa ko mukta guru aparAdha ko laghu aparAdha khnaa| karake hI jJAna ko yathArtha aura nidoMSa rUpa meM grahaNa karanA caahie|'18 15. gambhIra aparAdha ko agambhIra khnaa| agambhIra aparAdha ko gambhIra khnaa| jaina darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa nirvizeSa aparAdha ko savizeSa khnaa| jaina darzana meM avidyA kA paryAyavAcI zabda moha bhI hai| moha savizeSa aparAdha ko nirvizeSa khnaa| AtmA ko sat ke sambandha meM yathArtha dRSTi ko vikRta kara use galata 19. prAyazcitta yogya (sapratikarma) Apatti ko prAyazcita ke mArga-darzana karatA hai aura asamyak AcaraNa ke lie prerita karatA hai| . . . 16.

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana paramArtha aura satya ke sambandha meM jo aneka bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ AtI haiM evaM asadAcaraNa hotA hai unakA AdhAra yahI moha hai mithyAtva moha yA avidyA ke kAraNa vyakti kI dRSTi dUSita hotI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti kI parama mUlyoM ke sambandha meM bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ bana jAtI haiN| vaha unheM hI parama mUlya mAna letA hai jo ki vastutaH parama mUlya yA sarvocca mUlya nahIM hote haiN| jaina darzana meM avidyA aura vidyA kA antara karate hue samayasAra meM AcArya kundakunda batAte haiM ki jo puruSa apane se anya para dravya sacitta strI-putrAdika, acitta dhanadhAnyAdika, mizra grAmanagarAdika - inako aisA samajhe ki mere hai, ye mere pUrva meM the, inakA maiM pahale bhI thA tathA ye mere AgAmI hoMge, maiM bhI inakA AgAmI hoU~gA aisA jhUThA Atma vikalpa karatA hai vaha mUr3ha hai aura jo puruSa paramArtha ko jAnatA huA aisA jhUThA vikalpa nahIM karatA hai, vaha mUr3ha nahIM hai, jJAnI hai| 19 jaina darzana meM avidyA yA mithyAtva kevala AtmaniSTha (Subjective) hI nahIM hai, varan vaha vastuniSTha bhI hai| jaina darzana meM mithyAtva kA artha hai- samyak jJAna kA abhAva yA viparIta jJAna usameM ekAntika dRSTikoNa mithyAjJAna hai| dUsare jaina darzana meM mithyAtva akelA hI bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai vaha bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hote hue bhI usakA sarvasva nahIM hai| mithyA darzana ke kAraNa jJAna dUSita hotA hai aura jJAna ke dUSita hone se AcaraNa yA cAritra dUSita hotA hai| isa prakAra mithyAtva anaitika jIvana kA prArambhika bindu hai aura anaitika AcaraNa usakI antima pariNati hai| naitika jIvana ke lie midhyAtva se mukta honA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jaba taka dRSTi dUSita hai, jJAna bhI dUSita hogA aura jaba taka jJAna dUSita hai taba taka AcaraNa bhI samyak yA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| naitika jIvana meM pragati ke lie prathama zarta hai- mithyAtva se mukta honA / jaina darzanikoM kI dRSTi meM mithyAtva kI pUrvakoTi kA patA nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, vaha anAdi hai, phira bhI vaha ananta nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to bhavya jIvoM kI apekSA se mithyAtva anAdi aura sAnta hai aura abhavya jIvoM kI apekSA se vaha anAdi aura ananta hai| AtmA para avidyA yA mithyAtva kA AvaraNa kaba se hai yaha patA nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti pAI jA sakatI hai| eka ora mithyAtva kA kAraNa anaitikatA hai to dUsarI ora anaitikatA kA kAraNa mithyAtva hai| isI prakAra samyaktva kA kAraNa naitikatA aura naitikatA kA kAraNa samyaktva hai| naitika AcaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA udbhava hotA hai aura samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa naitika AcaraNa hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa bauddha darzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hI mAnI gayI hai| avidyA se utpanna vyaktitva hI jIvana kA mUlabhUta pApa hai| 449 janma maraNa kI paramparA aura duHkha kA mUla yahI avidyA hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM mithyAtva kI pUrvakoTi nahIM jAnI jA sakatI, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI avidyA kI pUrvakoTi nahIM jAnI jA sakatI hai| yaha eka aisI sattA hai jisako samajha sakanA kaThina hai| hameM binA adhika gaharAiyoM meM utare isake astitva ko svIkAra kara lenA pdd'egaa| avidyA samasta jIvana kI pUrvavartI Avazyaka avasthA hai, isake pUrva kucha nahIM; kyoMki janma maraNa kI prakriyA kA kahIM Arambha nahIM khojA jA sakatA hai; lekina dUsarI ora isake astitva se inkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| svayaM jIvana yA janma-maraNa kI paramparA isakA pramANa hai ki avidyA upasthita hai avidyA kA udbhava kaise hotA hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai| azvaghoSa ke anusAra- 'tathatA' se hI avidyA kA janma hotA hai| 20 DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana meM avidyA usa parama sattA, jise AlayavijJAna, tathAgatadharma, zUnyatA, dharmadhAtu evaM tathatA kahA gayA hai, kI vaha zakti hai, jo vizva ke bhItara se vyaktigata jIvanoM kI zrRMkhalA ko utpanna karatI hai / yaha yathArtha sattA hI andara vidyamAna niSedhAtmaka tattva hai hamArI sImita buddhi isakI taha meM isase adhika aura praveza nahIM kara sktii| 21 sAmAnyatayA avidyA kA artha cAra AryasatyoM kA jJAnAbhAva hai| mAdhyamika evaM vijJAnavAdI vicArakoM ke anusAra indriyAnubhUti ke viSaya isa jagat kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai yA parataMtra evaM sApekSita hai, ise yathArtha mAna lenA vahIM avidyA hai dUsare zabdoM meM, ayathArtha anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA yahIM avidyA kA kAraNa hai, isI meM se vaiyaktika AhaM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura yahIM se tRSNA kA janma hotA haiN| bauddha darzana / ke anusAra bhI avidyA aura tRSNA (anaitikatA) meM pAraspArika kAryakAraNa sambandha hai| avidyA ke kAraNa tRSNA aura tRSNA ke kAraNa avidyA utpanna hotI hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM moha ke do kArya darzana-moha aura cAritra moha - haiM usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM avidyA ke do kAryajJeyAvaraNa evaM klezAvaraNa haiM / jJeyAvaraNa kI tulanA darzana-moha se aura klezAvaraNa kI tulanA cAritra moha se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM mAyA ko anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra bauddhaparamparA meM bhI avidyA ko sat aura asat donoM hI koTiyoM se pare mAnA gayA hai| vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke sampradAyoM kI dRSTi meM nAnArUpAtmaka jagat ko paramArtha mAna lenA avidyA hai| maitreyanAtha ne abhUtaparikalpa (anekatA kA zAna) kI vivecanA karate hue batAyA ki use sat aura asat donoM hI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai vaha sat isalie nahIM hai kyoMki paramArtha meM anekatA yA dvaita kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura vaha asat isalie nahIM hai ki usake prahANa se nirvANa kA lAbha hotA hai| 22 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha darzana ke paravartI sampradAyoM meM avidyA kA svarUpa bahuta kucha vedAntika mAyA ke samAna bana gayA hai| samIkSA bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke sampradAyoM meM .

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450 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 avidyA kA jo svarUpa batAyA gayA hai vaha AlocanA kA viSaya hI rahA prati Asakti evaM mithyA dRSTikoNa hai aura mAyA eka aisI zakti hai hai| vijJAnavAdI aura zanyavAdI vicAraka apane nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke jisase yaha anekatAmaya jagata astitvavAna pratIta hotA hai| mAyA isa AdhAra para indriyAnubhUti ke viSayoM ko avidyA yA vAsanA kA kAlpanika nAnArUpAtmaka jagat kA AdhAra hai aura avidyA hameM usase bA~dhe hue pratyaya mAnate haiN| dUsare, unake anusAra avidyA AtmaniSTha (Subjec- rakhatI hai| vedAntika darzana meM mAyA advaya avikArya paramasattA kI tive) hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne unakI isa mAnyatA ko anucita hI mAnA hai nAnArUpAtmaka jagat ke rUpa meM pratIti haiN| vedAnta meM mAyA na to sat hai kyoMki prathamata: anubhava ke viSayoM ko anAdi avidyA ke kAlpanika aura asat hai use catuSkoTivinirmukta kahA gayA hai|27 vaha sat isalie pratyaya mAnakara indriyAnubhUti ke jJAna ko asatya batAyA gayA hai| jaina nahIM hai ki usakA nirasana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha asat isalie nahIM dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM indriyAnubhUti ke viSayoM ko asat nahIM mAnA jA hai ki usake AdhAra para vyavahAra hotA hai| vedAntika darzana meM mAyA jagat sakatA, ve tarka aura anubhava donoM ko hI yathArtha mAnakara calate haiN| kI vyAkhyA aura usakI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai, jabaki avidyA vaiyaktika unake anusAra tArkika jJAna (bauddhika jJAna) aura anubhUtyAtmaka jJAna- Asakti hai| donoM hI yathArthatA kA bodha karA sakate haiN| bauddha-dArzanikoM kI yaha dhAraNA ki 'avidyA kevala Atmagata hai' jaina dArzanikoM ko svIkAra nahIM samIkSA hai| ve avidyA kA vastugata AdhAra bhI mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM bauddha vedAnta-darzana meM mAyA eka ardha satya hai jabaki tArkika dRSTikoNa ekAMgI hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha darzana ke avidyA kI vistRta dRSTi se mAyA yA to satya ho sakatI hai yA asty| jaina-dArzanikoM samIkSA AdaraNIya zrI nathamala TATiyA ne apanI pustaka 'sTaDIja ina ke anusAra satya sApekSika avazya ho sakatA hai lekina ardha satya jaina philaoNsaphI' meM kI hai|23 hameM vistAra bhaya se aura adhika gaharAI meM (Half Truth) aisI koI avasthA nahIM ho sakatI hai| yadi advaya utaranA Avazyaka nahIM lagatA hai| paramArtha ko nAnArUpAtmaka mAnanA yaha avidyA hai to jaina dArzanikoM gItA meM avidyA, ajJAna aura mAyA zabda kA prayoga hameM ko yaha dRSTikoNa svIkAra nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika milatA hai| gItA meM ajJAna aura mAyA sAmAnyatayA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM paramparAe~ avidyA kI isa vyAkhyA meM ekamata haiM ki avidyA yA moha meM hI prayukta hue haiN| ajJAna vaiyaktika hai jabaki mAyA eka IzvarIya zakti kA artha anAtma meM Atmabuddhi hai| hai| gItA meM ajJAna kA artha paramAtmA ke usa vAstavika svarUpa ke jJAna kA abhAva hai jisa rUpa meM vaha jagat meM vyApta hote hue bhI usase pare upasaMhAra hai| gItA meM ajJAna viparIta jJAna, moha, anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA ajJAna, avidyA yA moha kI upasthiti hI hamArI samyaka Adi aneka arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| jJAna ke sAttvika, rAjasa aura pragati kA sabase bar3A avarodha hai| hamAre kSudra vyaktitva aura paramAtmatatva tAmasa prakAroM kA vivecana karate hue gItA meM yaha spaSTa batAyA gayA hai ke bIca sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| usake haTate hI hama apane ko apane meM hI ki anekatA ko yathArtha mAnane vAlA dRSTikoNa yA jJAna rAjasa hai| isI upasthita kara paramAtmA ke nikaTa khar3A pAte haiN| phira bhI prazna hai ki isa prakAra yaha mAnanA ki parama tattva mAtra itanA hI hai, yaha jJAna tAmasa hai|24 avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti kaise ho? vastuta: avidyA se mukti ke yadyapi gItA meM mAyA ko vyakti ke duHkha evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki hama avidyA yA ajJAna ko haTAne kA prayatna hai| kyoMki yaha eka bhrAnta AMzika cetanA kA poSaNa karatI hai aura usa kareM kyoMki usake haTAne ke sAre prayAsa vaise hI nirarthaka hoMge jaise koI rUpa meM pUrNa yathArthatA kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hotaa| phira bhI hameM yaha andhakAra ko haTAne ke prayatna kre| jaise prakAza ke hote hI andhakAra smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki gItA meM mAyA Izvara kI aisI kAryakArI zakti svayaM hI samApta ho jAtA hai usakI prakAra jJAna rUpa prakAza yA samyak bhI hai jisake mAdhyama se paramAtmA isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat meM apane ko dRSTi ke utpanna hote hI ajJAna yA avidyA kA andhakAra samApta ho jAtA abhivyakta karatA hai| vaiyaktika dRSTi se mAyA paramArtha kA AvaraNa kara haiN| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI nahIM hai ki hama avidyA yA mithyAtva ko vyakti ko usake yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita karatI hai, jabaki paramasattA kI haTAne kA prayatna kareM varan AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama apekSA se vaha usakI eka zakti hI siddha hotI hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kI jyoti ko prajvalita kareM tAki avidyA vedAnta darzana meM avidyA kA artha advaya paramArtha meM anekatA yA ajJAna kA tamisra samApta ho jaaye| kI kalpanA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki jo advaya meM anekatA kA darzana karatA hai vaha mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai|25 isake samyaktva viparIta anekatA meM ekatA kA darzana yaha saccA jJAna hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad jaina paramparA meM samyagdarzana, samyaktva yA samyagdRSTitva zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sabhI ko paramAtmA meM aura paramAtmA meM sabhI ko kA prayoga samAnArthaka rUpa meM huA hai| yadyapi AcArya jinabhadra ne sthita dekhatA hai, usa ekatvadarzI ko na vijugupsA hotI hai aura na use vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM samyaktva aura samyagdarzana ke bhinna-bhinna arthoM kA koI moha yA zoka hotA hai|26 vedAntika paramparA meM avidyA jagat ke nirdeza kiyA hai|28 apane bhinna artha meM samyaktva vaha hai jisakI

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 451 upasthiti se zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra samyak banate haiN| samyaksva kA granthakartA kI dRSTi meM yadyapi samyaktva yathArthatA kI abhivyakti karatA hai artha-vistAra samyagdarzana se adhika vyApaka hai, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA lekina yathArthatA jisa jJAnAtmaka tathya ke rUpa meM upasthita hotI hai, samyagdarzana aura samyaktva zabda eka hI artha meM prayoga kie gae haiN| vaise usake lie satyAbhIpsA yA ruci Avazyaka hai| samyaktva zabda meM samyakadarzana nihita hI hai| darzana kA artha samyaktva kA artha darzana zabda bhI jainAgamoM meM aneka arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| sabase pahale hameM ise spaSTa kara lenA hogA ki samyaktva yA jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa ko dekhanA, jAnanA, zraddhA karanA darzana kahA samyak zabda kA kyA abhiprAya hai| sAmAnya rUpa meM samyak yA samyaktva jAtA hai|30 sAmAnyatayA darzana zabda dekhane ke artha meM vyavahAra kiyA zabda satyatA yA yathArthatA kA paricAyaka hai, use hama ucitatA bhI kaha jAtA hai lekina yahA~ para darzana zabda kA artha mAtra netrajanya bodha nahIM hai| sakate haiN| samyaktva kA artha tattvaruci29 bhI hai| isa artha meM samyaktva usameM indriyabodha, manabodha aura Atmabodha sabhI sammilita haiN| darzana satyAbhiruci yA satya kI abhIpsA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, isako satya ke zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM jaina paramparA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai| darzana prati jijJAsAvRtti yA mumukSutva bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| apane donoM hI zabda ko jJAna se alaga karate hue vicArakoM ne darzana ko antabodha aura arthoM meM samyagdarzana yA samyaktva naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| jJAna ko bauddhika jJAna kahA hai|31 naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane jaina naitikatA kA carama Adarza AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai, para darzana zabda kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha kiyA gayA hai|32 darzana zabda ke lekina yathArtha kI upalabdhi bhI to yathArthatA se sambhava hogI, ayathArtha sthAna para dRSTi zabda kA prayoga, usake dRSTikoNaparaka arthoM kA dyotaka se to yathArtha pAyA nahIM jA sktaa| yadi sAdhya yathArthatA kI upalabdhi hai hai| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM darzana zabda ke sthAna para dRSTi zabda kA prayoga to sAdhanA bhI yathArtha hI caahie| jaina vicAraNA sAdhya aura sAdhanA kI bahulatA se dekhA jAtA hai| tattvArthasUtra33 aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra34 meM ekarUpatA meM vizvAsa karatI hai| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki anucita sAdhanA darzana zabda kA artha tattvazraddhA mAnA gayA hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM se prApta kiyA lakSya bhI anucita hI hai, vaha ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| darzana zabda kA deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA yA bhakti ke artha meM bhI samyak ko samyak se hI prApta karanA hotA hai| asamyak se jo bhI vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai|35 isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM samyak darzana tattvamilatA hai, pAyA jAtA hai, vaha asamyak hI hotA hai| ata: AtmA ke sAkSAtkAra, Atma-sAkSAtkAra, antabodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti yathArtha svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke lie unhoMne jina sAdhanoM kA vidhAna Adi arthoM ko apane meM sameTe hue haiN| ina para thor3I gaharAI se vicAra kiyA unakA samyak honA Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| vastuta: jJAna, darzana karanA apekSita hai| aura cAritra kA naitika mUlya unake samyak hone meM samAhita hai| jaba jJAna; darzana aura cAritra samyak hote haiM to ve mukti yA nirvANa ke sAdhana banate kyA samyagdarzana ke uparokta artha paraspara virodhI haiM haiN| lekina yadi ve hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra mithyA hote haiM to bandhana samyagdarzana zabda ke vibhinna arthoM para vicAra karane se pahale kA kAraNa banate haiN| bandhana aura mukti jJAna, darzana aura cAritra para nirbhara hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki inameM se kauna-sA artha aitihAsika dRSTi se nahIM varan unakI samyaktalAaura mithyAtva para AdhArita hai| samyaka jJAna, prathama thA aura usake pazcAt kina-kina aitihAsika paristhitiyoM ke samyagdarzana aura samyaka-cAritra mokSa kA mArga hai jabaki mithyAjJAna, kAraNa yahI zabda apane dUsare arthoM meM prayukta huaa| prathamataH hama dekhate mithyAdarzana aura mithyAcAritra hI bandhana kA mArga hai| haiM ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke apane samaya meM pratyeka dharma-pravartaka apane AcArya jinabhadra kI dhAraNA ke anusAra yadi samyaktva kA siddhAnta ko samyagdRSTi aura dUsare ke siddhAnta ko mithyAdRSTi kahatA thaa| artha tattvaruci yA satyAbhIpsA karate haiM to samyaktva kA naitika sAdhanA bauddhAgamoM meM 62 mithyAdRSTiyoM evaM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM63 mithyAdRSTiyoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai| naitikatA kI sAdhanA Adarzonmukha kA vivecana milatA hai| lekina vahA~ para mithyAdRSTi zabda azraddhA athavA gati hai lekina jisake kAraNa vaha gati hai, sAdhanA hai, vaha to satyAbhIpsA mithyAzraddhA ke artha meM nahIM varan galata dRSTikoNa ke artha meM hI prayukta hI hai| sAdhaka meM jaba taka satyAbhIpsA yA tattvaruci jAgrata nahIM hotI taba huA hai| bAda meM jaba yaha prazna uThA ki galata dRSTikoNa ko kisa sandarbha taka vaha naitika pragati kI ora agrasara hI nahIM ho sktaa| satya kI cAha meM mAnA jAya, to kahA gayA ki jIva (Atmatattva) aura jagata ke yA satya kI pyAsa hI aisA tattva hai jo use sAdhanA-mArga meM prerita karatA sambandha meM jo galata dRSTikoNa hai, vahI mithyAdarzana yA mithyAdRSTi hai| hai| jise pyAsa nahIM, vaha pAnI kI prApti kA kyoM prayAsa karegA? jisameM isa prakAra mithyAdRSTi se tAtparya huA AtmA aura jagata ke viSaya meM satya kI upalabdhi kI cAha (tattvaruci) nahIM vaha kyoM sAdhanA karane galata dRssttikonn| usa yuga meM pratyeka dharma-mArga kA pravartaka AtmA aura lagA? pyAsA hI pAnI kI khoja karatA hai| tattvaruci yA satyAbhIpsA se jagata ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM apane dRSTikoNa ko samyak dRSTikoNa yukta vyakti hI Adarza kI prApti ke nimitta sAdhanA ke mArga para ArUr3ha athavA samyagdarzana aura apane virodhI ke dRSTikoNa ko mithyAdRSTi hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM donoM arthoM ko samanvita kara diyA gayA hai| athavA mithyAdarzana kahatA thaa| bAda meM pratyeka sampradAya jIvana aura

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452 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jagata sambandhI apane dRSkioNa para vizvAsa karane ko samyagdarzana kahane kAraNa ko jAnane ke kAraNa vaha usakA nirAkaraNa kara satya ko pA lagA aura jo loga usakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta mAnyatA rakhate the skegaa| yadyapi pUrNa yathArtha dRSTi to eka sAdhaka vyakti meM sambhava nahIM hai, unako mithyAvAdI kahane lagA aura unakI mAnyatA ko mithyaadrshn| isa phira bhI usakI rAga-dveSAtmaka vRttiyoM meM jaba svAbhAvika rUpa se kamI ho prakAra samyagdarzana zabda tattvArthazraddhAn (jIva aura jagata ke svarUpa kI) jAtI hai to isa svAbhAvika parivartana ke kAraNa pUrvAnubhUti aura pazcAnubhUti ke artha meM abhirUDha huaa| lekina tattvArthazraddhAna ke artha meM bhI samyagdarzana meM antara jJAta hotA hai aura isa antara ke kAraNa ke cintana meM use do zabda apane mUla artha se adhika dUra nahIM huA thaa| yadyapi usakI bhAvanA bAteM mila jAtI haiM- eka to yaha ki usakA dRSTikoNa dUSita hai aura meM dizA badala cukI thI, usameM zraddhA kA tattva praviSTa ho gayA thA lekina usakI dRSTi kI dUSitatA kA amuka kAraNa hai| yadyapi yahA~ satya to prApta vaha zraddhA thI tattva ke svarUpa kI mAnyatA ke sandarbha meN| vaiyaktika zraddhA nahIM hotA lekina apanI asatyatA aura usake kAraNa kA bodha ho jAtA kA vikAsa bAda kI bAta thii| zramaNa-paramparA meM samyagdarzana kA dRSTikoNaparaka hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa usameM satyAbhIpsA jAgrata ho jAtI hai| yahI artha hI grAhya thA jo bAda meM tattvArthazraddhAn ke rUpa meM vikasita huA yahA~ satyAbhIpsA use satya yA yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahu~catI hai aura jitane taka to zraddhA meM bauddhika pakSa nihita thA, zraddhA jJAnAtmaka thii| lekina aMza meM vaha yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahu~cAtA hai utane hI aMza meM usakA jJAna jaise-jaise bhAgavata sampradAya kA vikAsa huA, usakA prabhAva jaina aura aura cAritra zuddha hotA jAtA hai| jJAna aura cAritra kI zuddhatA se punaH rAga bauddha zramaNa paramparAoM para bhI pdd'aa| tattvArtha kI zraddhA jaba 'buddha' aura aura dveSa meM kramaza: kamI hotI hai aura usake phalasvarUpa usake dRSTikoNa 'jina' para kendrita hone lagI- vaha jJAnAtmaka se bhAvAtmaka aura nirvaiyaktika meM aura adhika yathArthatA A jAtI hai| isI prakAra kramaza: vyakti svata: se vaiyaktika bana gaI jisane jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhakti ke tattva hI sAdhanA kI carama sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM kahA kA vapana kiyaa|36 merI apanI dRSTi meM Agama evaM piTaka granthoM ke gayA hai ki jala jaise-jaise svaccha hotA jAtA hai vaise-vaise draSTA usameM saMkalana evaM lipibaddha hone taka yaha saba kucha ho cukA thaa| ata: pratibimbita rUpoM ko spaSTatayA dekhane lagatA hai, usI prakAra antara meM Agama aura piTaka granthoM meM samyagdarzana kA bhASAzAstrIya vivecana para jyoM-jyoM tattvaruci jAgrata hotI hai tyoM-tyoM tattva-jJAna prApta hotA jAtA AdhArita yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha hI usakA prathama evaM mUla artha hai, hai| ise jaina paribhASA meM pratyekabuddha (svata: hI yathArthatA ko jAnane vAle) lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa to mAtra vItarAga puruSa kA hI ho sakatA hai, kA sAdhanA-mArga kahate haiN| jahA~ taka vyakti rAga aura dveSa se yukta hai usakA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM lekina pratyeka sAmAnya sAdhaka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ko isa prakAra ho sktaa| isa artha ko svIkAra karane para yathArtha dRSTikoNa to prApta nahIM karatA hai aura usake lie yaha sambhava nahI hai; satya kI sAdhanAvasthA meM sambhava nahIM hogA, kyoMki sAdhanA kI avasthA sarAgatA svAnubhUti kA mArga kaThina haiN| satya ko svayaM jAnane kI vidhi kI apekSA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka- AtmA meM to rAga aura dveSa donoM kI dUsarA sahaja mArga hai aura vaha yaha ki jinhoMne svAnubhUti se satya ko upasthiti hotI hai, sAdhaka to sAdhanA hI isalie kara rahA hai ki vaha jAnakara usakA jo bhI svarUpa batAyA hai, usako mAnakara clnaa| ise hI ina donoM se mukta ho, isa prakAra yathArtha dRSTikoNa to mAtra siddhAvasthA jainazAstrakAroM ne tattvArthazraddhAn kahA hai arthAt yathArtha dRSTikoNa se yukta meM hogaa| lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA to sAdhaka ke vItarAga ne apane yathArtha dRSTikoNa meM sattA kA jo svarUpa prakaTa kiyA lie hai, siddha ko to vaha svAbhAvika rUpa meM prApta hai| yathArtha hai, use svIkAra kara lenaa| mAna lIjie koI vyakti pitta vikAra se dRSTikoNa ke abhAva meM vyakti kA vyavahAra evaM sAdhanA samyak nahIM ho pIr3ita hai, aba aisI sthiti meM vaha kisI zveta vastu ke yathArtha jJAna se sakatI athavA ayathArtha dRSTikoNa jJAna aura jIvana ke vyavahAra ko vaMcita hogaa| use vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prApta karane ke do mArga ho samyak nahIM banA sakatA hai| yahA~ eka samasyA utpanna hotI hai| yathArtha sakate haiM- pahalA mArga yaha hai ki usakI bImArI meM svAbhAvika rUpa se dRSTikoNa kA sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM abhAva hotA hai aura binA yathArtha jaba kucha kamI ho jAye aura vaha apanI pUrva aura pazcAt kI anubhUti meM dRSTikoNa ke sAdhanA ho nahIM sktii| yaha samasyA hameM aisI sthiti meM antara pAkara apane roga ko jAne aura prayAsoM dvArA use zAnta kara vastu DAla detI ki jahA~ hameM sAdhanA mArga kI sambhAvanA ko hI asvIkRta ke yathArthasvarUpa kA bodha pA jaaye| dUsarI sthiti meM jaba kisI dUsare karanA hotA hai| yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke binA sAdhanA sambhava nahIM aura vyakti dvArA use yaha batAyA jAve ki vaha zveta vastu ko pIta varNa kI yathArtha dRSTikoNa sAdhanA-kAla meM ho nahIM sktaa| dekha rahA hai| yahA~ para isa svastha dRSTi vAle vyakti kI bAta ko svIkAra lekina isa dhAraNA meM eka bhrAnti hai, vaha yaha ki sAdhanA mArga kara lene para bhI use apanI rugNAvasthA yA apanI dRSTi kI dRSitatA kA ke lie, dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ke lie, rAga-dveSa se pUrNa vimukta dRSTi jJAna ho jAtA hai aura sAtha hI vaha vastutattva ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAna bhI kA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai, mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti letA hai| ayathArthatA ko jAne aura usake kAraNa ko jaane| aisA sAdhaka yathArthatA samyagdarzana ko cAhe yathArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArthazraddhAn unameM ko nahIM jAnate hue bhI samyagdRSTi hI hai, kyoMki vaha asatya mAnatA hai vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se antara nahIM hotA hai| antara hotA hai unakI aura usake kAraNa ko jAnatA hai ata: vaha bhrAnta nahIM hai, asatya ke upalabdhi kI vidhi meN| eka vaijJAnika svata: prayoga ke AdhAra para kisI

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 453 satya kA udghATana karatA hai aura vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hone se zuddha hoNge| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki samyagdarzana haiM dUsarA vyakti vaijJAnika ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake bhI vastutattva ke ke abhAva se vicAra-pravAha sarAga, sakAma yA phalAzA se yukta hotA hai yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| donoM dazAoM meM vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha aura yahI karmoM ke prati rahI huI phalAzA bandhana kA kAraNa hone se hI kahA jAyegA, yadyapi donoM kI upalabdhi vidhi meM antara hai| eka ne puruSArtha ko azuddha banA detI hai, jabaki samyagdarzana kI upasthiti se use tattva-sAkSAtkAra yA svata: kI anubhUti meM pAyA, to dUsare ne zraddhA vicAra-pravAha vItarAgatA, niSkAmatA aura anAsakti kI ora bar3hatA hai, ke mAdhyama se| phalAkAMkSA samApta ho jAtI hai ata: samyagdRSTi se yukta sArA puruSArtha vastutattva ke prati dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA jina mAdhyamoM se parizuddha hotA hai|42 prApta kI jA sakatI hai, ve do haiM- yA to vyakti svayaM tattva-sAkSAtkAra kare athavA una RSiyoM, sAdhakoM ke kathanoM para zraddhA kare jinhoMne tattva- bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| tattvazraddhA to mAtra usa samaya taka ke lie eka bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha buddha ke anivArya vikalpa hai jaba taka sAdhaka tattva-sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara letaa| nimna kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kahate haiM kiantima sthiti to tattva-sAkSAtkAra kI hI haiN| isa sambandha meM paM0 bhikSuoM! maiM dUsarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahIM jAnatA jisase sukhalAla jI likhate haiM- "tattvazraddhA hI samyagdRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha anutpanna akuzala-dharma utpanna hote hoM tathA utpanna akuzala-dharmoM meM antima nahIM hai, antima artha to tattva-sAkSAtkAra hai| tattvazraddhA to vRddhi hotI ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuo! mithyaa-dRsstti| tattva-sAkSAtkAra kA eka sopAna mAtra hai| vaha sopAna dRr3ha ho tabhI bhikSuo! mithyAdRSTi vAle meM anutpanna akuzala-dharma paidA ho yathocita puruSArtha se tattva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai|"38 jAte haiM, utpanna akuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vipulatA ko prApta ho jAte haiN| bhikSuo! maiM dUsarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahIM jAnatA jisase jaina AcAra darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna anutpanna kuzala-dharma utpanna hoM tathA utpanna kuzala-dharmoM meM vRddhi hotI samyagdarzana jaina AcAra-vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| nandIsUtra meM ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuoM! smygdRsstti| samyagdarzana ko saMgha rUpI sumeru parvata kI atyanta sudRr3ha aura gahana bhikSuo! samyagdRSTi vAle meM anutpanna kuzala-dharma utpanna ho jAte bhUpIThikA (AdhArazilA) kahA gayA hai jisa para jJAna aura cAritra rUpI haiM, utpanna kuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vipulatA ko prApta ho jAte haiN|43 isa uttama dharma kI mekhalA arthAt parvatamAlA sthita rahI huI hai|39 jaina prakAra buddha samyagdRSTi ko naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| unakI AcAra darzana meM samyagdarzana ko mukti kA adhikAra-patra kahA jA sakatA dRSTi meM mithyAdRSTikoNa idhara (saMsAra) kA kinArA hai aura samyagdRSTikoNa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana ke binA udhara (nirvANa) kA kinArA hai|4 buddha ke ye vacana yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki samyagjJAna nahIM hotA aura samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa meM yathArthatA bauddha darzana meM samyagdRSTi kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yA sacAritratA nahIM AtI aura sacAritratA ke abhAva meM karmAvaraNa se mukti sambhava nahIM aura karmAvaraNa se jakar3e hue prANI kA nirvANa nahIM vaidika paramparA evaM gItA meM samyagdarzana (zraddhA) kA sthAna hotaa|40 AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samyagdRSTi pApAcaraNa nahIM vaidika-paramparA meM bhI samyagdarzana ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta krtaa|41 jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA sat athavA asat hai| jainadarzana ke samAna hI manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki samyagdRSTi sampanna honA kartA ke dRSTikoNa (darzana) para nirbhara hai| samyagdRSTitva se pariniSpanna vyakti karma ke bandhana meM nahIM AtA hai, lekina samyagdarzana se vihIna hone vAlA AcaraNa sadaiva sat hogA aura mithyAdRSTi se pariniSpanna hone vyakti saMsAra meM paribhramita hotA rahatA hai| vAlA AcaraNa sadaiva asat hogA, isI AdhAra para sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM spaSTa gItA meM yadyapi samyagdarzana zabda kA abhAva hai phira bhI rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vyakti prabuddha hai, bhAgyavAna hai aura parAkramI bhI samyagdarzana ko zraddhAparaka artha meM lene para gItA meM usakA mahattvapUrNa hai, lekina yadi usakA dRSTikoNa asamyak hai to usakA samasta dAna, sthAna siddha ho jAtA hai| zraddhA gItA ke AcAra darzana ke kendrIya tattvoM tapa Adi puruSArtha phalayukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha hI hogaa| vaha use meM se eka hai| zraddhAvAn labhate jJAnaM" kahakara gItA meM usake mahattva ko mukti kI ora nahIM le jAkara bandhana kI ora hI le jAyegA, kyoMki spaSTa kara diyA hai| gItA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti kI jaisI asamyagdarzI hone ke kAraNa vaha Asakta (sarAga) dRSTi vAlA hogA aura zraddhA hotI hai, usakA jIvana ke prati jaisA dRSTikoNa hotA hai, vaisA hI Asakta yA phalAzApUrNa vicAra se pariniSpanna hone ke kAraNa usake sabhI vaha bana jAtA hai|45 gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne yaha kahakara ki yadi durAcArI kArya bhI phalayukta hoMge aura phalayukta hone se usake bandhana ke kAraNa vyakti bhI mujhe bhajatA hai arthAt mere prati zraddhA rakhatA hai to vaha zIghra hI hoNge| ata: asamyagdarzI vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha azuddha hI kahA dharmAtmA hokara cirazAMti ko prApta ho jAtA hai, isa kathana meM samyagdarzana jAyegA, kyoMki vaha usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hogaa| lekina isake viparIta yA zraddhA ke mahattva ko spaSTa kara diyA hai|46 gItA kA yaha kathana samyagdRSTi yA vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti ke sabhI kArya phalAzA se rahita AcArAMga ke usa kathana se ki 'samyagdarzI koI pApa nahIM karatA' kAphI

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454 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 adhika sAmyatA rakhatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM bhI unakI yathArthatA para zraddhA karanA, yaha vistAraruci samyaktva hai| samyagdarzana ke mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki "samyagdarzananiSTha (8) kriyAruci samyaktva- prArambhika rUpa se sAdhaka jIvana puruSa saMsAra ke bIja rUpa avidyA Adi doSoM kA unmUlana nahIM kara sake kI vibhinna kriyAoM ke AcaraNa meM ruci ho aura usa sAdhanAtmaka aisA kadApi sambhava nahIM ho sakatA arthAt samyagdarzanayukta puruSa nizcitarUpa anuSThAna ke phalasvarUpa yathArthatA kA bodha ho, vaha kriyAruci se nirvANa-lAbha karatA hai|"47 AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra jaba taka samyaktva hai| samyakdarzana nahIM hotA taba taka rAga (viSayAsakti) kA uccheda nahIM hotA (9) saMkSeparuci samyaktva- jo vastutattva kA yathArtha svarUpa aura jaba taka rAga kA uccheda nahIM hotA, mukti sambhava nahIM hotii| nahIM jAnatA hai aura jo Arhat pravacana (jJAna) meM pravINa bhI nahIM hai samyagdarzana AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prANa hai| jisa prakAra lekina jisane ayathArtha (mithyAdRSTikoNa) ko aMgIkRta bhI nahIM kiyA, cetanA se rahita zarIra zava hai usI prakAra samyagdarzana se rahita vyakti jisameM yathArtha jJAna kI alpatA hote hue bhI mithyA (asatya) dhAraNA calatA-phiratA zava hai| jisa prakAra zava loka meM tyAjya hotA hai vaise hI nahIM hai aisA samyaktva saMkSeparuci kahA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika-jagata meM yaha cala-zava tyAjya hotA hai|48 vastuta: samyagdarzana (10) dharmaruci samyaktva- tIrthaMkaradeva praNIta dharma meM batAe eka jIvana-dRSTi hai| binA jIvana-dRSTi ke jIvana kA koI artha nahIM raha gae dravya svarUpa, Agama sAhitya evaM naitika niyama (cAritra) para jaataa| vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi jaisI hotI hai usI rUpa meM usake caritra kA Astikya bhAva rakhanA, unheM yathArtha mAnanA yaha dharmaruci samyaktva hai|51 nirmANa ho jAtA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti zraddhAmaya hai, jaisI zraddhA hotI hai vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai|49 asamyagjIvanadRSTi patana kI samyaktva kA trividhi vargIkaraNa52 ora aura samyagjIvana-dRSTi utthAna kI ora le jAtI hai isalie yathArtha apekSAbheda se samyaktva kA vividha vargIkaraNa bhI jainAcAryoM ne jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa jise bharatIya paramparA meM samyagdarzana, samyagdRSTi kiyA hai isa vargIkaraNa ke anusAra samyaktva ke kAraka, rocaka aura yA zraddhA kahA gayA hai, Avazyaka hai| dIpaka aise tIna bheda kiya gaye : yathArtha jIvanadRSTi kyA hai? yadi isa prazna para hama gambhIratApUrvaka jisa yathArtha dRSTikoNa (samyaktva) ke hone para vyakti sadAcaraNa vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki samAlocya sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM yA samyak-cAritra kI sAdhanA meM agrasara hotA hai, vaha 'kAraka samyaktva' anAsakta evaM vItarAga jIvanadRSTi ko hI yathArtha jIvanadRSTi mAnA gayA hai| hai| kAraka samyaktva aisA yathArtha dRSTikoNa hai jisameM vyakti Adarza kI upalabdhi ke hetu sakriya evaM prayAsazIla bana jAtA hai| naitika dRSTi se samyagdarzana kA vargIkaraNa kaheM to 'kAraka-samyaktva' zubhAzubha viveka kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagdarzana ke, usakI utpatti ke AdhAra vyakti jisa zubha kA nizcaya karatA hai, usakA AcaraNa bhI karatA hai| yahA~ para, dasa bheda kiye gaye haiM, jo nimnAnusAra hai jJAna aura kriyA meM abheda hotA hai| sukarAta kA yaha vacana ki 'jJAna hI (1) nisarga (svabhAva) ruci samyaktva- jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa vyakti sadguNa hai' isa avasthA meM lAgU hotA hai| meM svata: hI utpanna ho jAtA hai, vaha nisargaruci samyaktva kahA jAtA hai| 2. rocaka samyaktva satyabodha kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM (2) upadezaruci samyaktva-dUsare vyakti se sunakara jo yathArtha vyakti zubha ko zubha aura azubha ko azubha ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai aura dRSTikoNa yA tattvazraddhAn hotA hai, vaha upadezaruci samyaktva hai| zubha kI prApti kI icchA bhI karatA hai, lekina usake lie prayAsa nahIM (3) AjJAruci samyaktva- vItarAga mahApuruSoM ke naitika AdezoM krtaa| satyAsatyaviveka hone para bhI satya kA AcaraNa nahIM kara pAnA, ko mAnakara jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa utpanna hotA hai athavA jo tattvazraddhA yaha rocaka samyaktva hai| jaise koI rogI apanI rugNAvasthA ko bhI hotI hai, use AjJAruci samyaktva kahA jAtA hai| jAnatA hai, roga kI oSadhi bhI jAnatA hai aura roga se mukta honA bhI (4) sUtraruci samyaktva- aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya granthoM ke cAhatA hai lekina phira bhI oSadhi ko grahaNa nahIM kara pAtA vaise hI rocaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa yA tattvazraddhAn hotA hai, vaha samyaktva vAlA vyakti saMsAra ke duHkhamaya yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, sUtraruci samyaktva kahA jAtA hai| usase mukta honA bhI cAhatA hai, use mokSa-mArga kA bhI jJAna hotA hai phira (5) bIjaruci samyaktva- yathArthatA ke svalpabodha ko svacintana vaha samyak-cAritra pAlana (cAritramohakarma ke udaya ke kAraNa) nahIM kara ke dvArA vikasita karanA, bIjaruci samyaktva hai| pAtA hai| isa avasthA ko mahAbhArata ke usa vacana ke samakakSa mAnA jA (6) abhigamaruci samyaktva- aMgasAhitya evaM anya granthoM ko sakatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki dharma ko jAnate hue bhI usameM pravRtti artha evaM vivecanA sahita adhyayana karane se jo tattva-bodha evaM tatva- nahIM hotI ora adharma ko jAnate hue bhI usase nivRtti nahIM hotI hai|53 zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, vaha abhigamaruci samyaktva hai| (7) vistAraruci samyaktva- vastutattva (SaT dravyoM) ke aneka 3. dIpakasamyaktva pakSoM kA vibhinna apekSAoM (dRSTikoNoM) evaM pramANoM se avabodha kara vaha avasthA jisameM vyakti apane upadeza se dUsaroM meM tattvajijJAsA

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 455 utpanna kara detA hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAle yathArthabodha kA aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika samyaktva kI bhUmikA meM samyaktva kAraNa banatA hai, dIpaka samyaktva kahalAtI hai| dIpaka samyaktva vAlA ke rasa kA pAna karane ke pazcAt jaba sAdhaka puna: mithyAtva kI ora vyakti vaha hai jo dUsaroM ko sanmArga para lagA dene kA kAraNa to bana jAtA lauTatA hai to lauTane kI isa kSaNika samayAvadhi meM vAnta samyaktva kA hai lekina svayaM kumArga kA hI pathika banA rahatA hai| jaise koI nadI ke kiMcit saMskAra avaziSTa rahatA haiM jaise vamana karate samaya vamita padArthoM tIra para khar3A huA vyakti kisI nadI ke madhya meM thake hue tairAka kA kA kucha svAda AtA hai vese hI samyaktva ko vAnta karate samaya samyaktva utsAhavardhana kara usake pAra lagane kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai yadyapi na to kA bhI kucha AsvAda rahatA hai| jIva kI aisI sthiti sAsvAdana samyaktva svayaM tairanA jAnatA hai aura na pAra hI hotA hai| kahalAtI hai| samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa eka anya prakAra se bhI sAtha hI jaba jIva kSAyopazamika samyaktva kI bhUmikA se kiyA gayA hai- jisameM karmaprakRtiyoM ke kSayopazama ke AdhAra para kSAyika samyaktva kI prazasta bhUmikA para Age bar3hatA hai aura isa vikAsa usake bheda kiye haiN| jaina vicAraNA meM anantAnubaMdhI (tIvratama) krodha, krama meM jaba vaha samyaktvamohanIya karmaprakRti ke karmadalikoM kA anubhava mAna, mAyA (kapa), lobha tathA mithyAtvamoha, mizramoha aura samyaktvamoha kara rahA hotA hai to usake samyaktva kI yaha avasthA 'vedaka samyaktva' ye sAta karma-prakRtiyA~ samyaktva (yathArthabodha) kI virodhI mAnI gayI kahalAtI hai| vedaka samyaktva ke anantara jIva kSAyika samyaktva ko hai, isameM samyaktvamohanIya ko chor3a zeSa chaha karma-prakRtiyA~ udaya prApta kara letA hai| hotI haiM to samyaktva kA prakaTana nahIM ho paataa| samyaktvamoha mAtra vastutaH sAsvAdana samyaktva aura vedaka samyaktva samyaktva samyaktva kI nirmalatA aura vizuddhi meM bAdhaka hotA haiM karmaprakRtiyoM kI madhyAntara avasthAyeM hai| pahalI samyaktva se mithyAtava kI ora girate kI tIna sthitiyA~ haiM samaya aura dUsarI kSAyopazamika samyaktva se kSAyika samyaktva kI ora 1. kSaya, 2. upazama, aura 3. kssyopshm| bar3hate samaya hotI hai| isI AdhAra para samyaktva kA yaha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai jisameM samyaktva tIna prakAra kA hotA hai samyaktva kA vividha vargIkaraNa 1. aupazamika samyaktva 2. kSAyika samyaktva, aura samyaktva kA vizleSaNa aneka apekSAoM se kiyA gayA hai 3. kSAyopazamika samyaktva tAki usake vividha pahaluoM para samucita prakAza DAlA jA ske| samyaktva kA vividha vargIkaraNa cAra prakAra se kiyA gayA haiaupazamika samyaktva dravya samyaktva aura bhAva samyaktva uparokta (kriyAmANa) karmaprakRtiyoM ke upazamita (dabAI huI) 1. dravya samyaktva- vizuddha rUpa se pariNata kiye hue mithyAtva ho jAne se jisa samaktva guNa kA prakaTana hotA hai vaha aupazamika ke karmaparamANu dravya samyaktva kahalAte haiN| samyaktva kahalAtA hai| aupazamika samyaktva meM sthAyitva kA abhAva 2. bhAva samyaktva- uparokta vizuddha pudgala vargaNA ke nimitta hotA hai| zAstrIya vivecanA ke anusAra yaha eka antarmuhUrta (48 miniTa) se hone vAlI tattvazraddhA bhAva samyaktva kahalAtI hai| se adhika nahIM Tika pAtA hai| upazamita karmaprakRtiyA~ (vAsanAe~) punaH (ba) nizcaya samyaktva aura vyavahAra samyaktva jAgrata hokara ise vinaSTa kara detI haiN| 1. nizcaya samyaktva- rAga-dveSa aura moha kA atyalpa ho jAnA, para-padArthoM se bhedajJAna evaM sva-svarUpa meM ramaNa, deha meM rahate hue kSAyika samyaktva dehAdhyAsa kA chUTa jAnA, yaha nizcaya samyaktva ke lakSaNa haiN| merA zuddha uparokta sAtoM karmaprakRtiyoM ke kSaya ho jAne para jisa samyaktva svarUpa anantajJAna, anantadarzana aura anantaAnandamaya hai| para-bhAva yA rUpa yathArthabodha kA prakaTana hotA hai, vaha kSAyika samyaktva kahalAtA hai| Asakti hI mere bandhana kA kAraNa, aura sva-svabhAva meM ramaNa karanA hI yaha yathArthabodha sthAyI hotA hai aura eka bAra prakaTa hone para kabhI bhI mokSa kA hetu hai| maiM svayaM hI apanA Adarza hU~, deva-guru aura dharma yaha vinaSTa nahIM hotA hai| zAstrIya bhASA meM yaha sAdi evaM ananta hotA hai| merI AtmA hI hai| aisI dRr3ha zraddhA kA honA hI nizcaya samyaktva hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Atmakendrita honA yahI nizcaya samyaktva hai| kSAyopazamika samyaktva 2. vyavahAra samyaktva- vItarAga meM devabuddhi (Adarza buddhi), mithyAtvajanaka udayagata (kriyamANa) karmaprakRtiyoM ke kSaya ho jAne pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane vAle muniyoM meM gurubuddhi aura jinapraNIta para aura anudita (sattAvAna yA saMcita) karmaprakRtiyoM ke upazama ho jAne para dharma meM siddhAntabuddhi rakhanA, yaha vyavahAra samyaktva hai| jisa samyaktva kA pragaTana hotA hai vaha kSAyopazamika samyaktva kahalAtA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se yaha asthAyI hI hai phira bhI eka lambI samayAvadhi (sa) nisargaja samyaktva aura adhigamaja samyaktva56 (chayAsaTha sAgaropama se kucha adhika) taka avasthita raha sakatA hai| 1. nisargaja samyaktva-jisa prakAra nadI ke pravAha meM par3A

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456 huA patthara aprayAsa hI svAbhavika rUpa se gola ho jAtA hai usI prakAra saMsAra meM bhaTakate hue prANI ko anAyAsa hI jaba karmAvaraNa ke alpa hone para yathArthatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai to aisA satyabodha nisargaja (prAkRtika) hotA haiN| binA kisI guru Adi ke upadeza ke svAbhAvika rUpa meM svataH utpanna hone vAlA aisA satya bodha nisargaja samyaktva kahalAtA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 2. adhigamaja samyaktva - guru Adi ke upadezarUpa nimitta se hone vAlA satyabodha yA samyaktva adhigamaja samyaktva kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika na to vedAnta aura mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra satya ke nitya prakaTana ko svIkAra karate haiM aura na nyAya-vaizeSika aura yogadarzana ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki satya kA prakaTana Izvara ke dvArA hotA hai varan ve to yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvAtmA meM satyabodha ko prApta karane kI svAbhAvika zakti hai aura vaha binA kisI dUsare kI sahAyatA ke satya kA bodha prApta kara sakatA hai yadyapi kinhI viziSTa AtmAoM (tIrthakara ) dvArA satya kA prakaTana evaM upadeza bhI kiyA jAtA hai / 57 samyaktva ke pA~ca aMga samyaktva yathArthatA hai, satya hai; isa satya kI sAdhanA ke lie jaina vicArakoM ne pA~ca aMgoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jaba taka sAdhaka inheM nahIM apanA letA hai vaha yathArthatA yA satya kI ArAdhanA evaM upalabdhi meM samartha nahIM ho paataa| samyaktva ke nimna pA~ca aMga haiM : ke tIvratama AkAMkSA kyoMki jisameM satyAbhIpsA hogI vahI satya ko pA sakegA, satyAbhIpsA se hI ajJAna se jJAna kI ora pragati hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM saMvega kA pratiphala batAte hue mahAvIra kahate haiM ki saMvega se mithyAtva kI vizuddhi hokara yathArtha darzana kI upalabdhi (ArAdhanA) hotI hai / 58 3. nirveda - isa zabda kA artha hotA hai udAsInatA, vairAgya, anAsakti / sAMsArika pravRttiyoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakhanA, kyoMki isake abhAva meM sAdhanA mArga para calanA sambhava nahIM hotA / vastutaH nirveda niSkAma bhAvanA yA anAsakta dRSTi ke udaya kA Avazyaka aMga hai| 4. anukampA isa zabda kA zabdika nirvacana isa prakAra haianukampA anu kA artha hai tadanusAra, kampa kA artha hai dhUjanA yA kampita honA arthAt kisI anya ke anusAra kampita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to anya vyakti ke duHkhita yA pIr3ita hone para tadanukUla anubhUti hamAre andara utpanna honA hI anukampA hai| dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ko apanA sukha-duHkha samajhanA yahI anukampA kA artha hai paropakAra ke naitika siddhAnta kA AdhAra yahI anukampA hai| ise sahAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 5. Astikya Astikya zabda AstikatA kA dyotaka hai| jisake mUla meM asti zabda hai, jo sattA kA vAcaka hai| Astika kise kahA jAe isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA gayA hai| kucha ne kahAjo Izvara ke astitva yA sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, vaha Astika hai| dUsaroM ne kahA- jo vedoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai, vaha Astika hai| leki jaina vicAraNA meM Astika aura nAstika ke vibheda kA AdhAra isase mitra hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jo puNya pApa, punarjanma, karma siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai, vaha Astika hai| jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM yathArthatA yA samyaktva ke nimna pA~ca dUSaNa (aticAra) mAne gaye haiM jo satya yA yathArthatA ko apane vizuddha svarUpa meM jAnane athavA anubhUta karane meM bAdhaka hote haiN| aticAra vaha doSa hai jisase vrata bhaMga to nahIM hotA lekina usakI samyaktva prabhAvita hotA hai| samyak dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ko prabhAvita karane vAle 3 doSa hai 1. cala, 2. mala, aura 3. agAr3ha cala doSa se tAtparya yaha hai ki yadyapi vyakti antaHkaraNapUrvaka to yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke prati dRr3ha rahatA hai lekina kabhI-kabhI kSaNika rUpa meM bAhya AvegoM se prabhAvita ho jAtA hai| mala ve doSa hai jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI nirmalatA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| mala nimna pA~ca hai 1. sama- samyaktva kA pahalA lakSaNa hai sama / prAkRta bhASA kA yaha 'sama' zabda saMskRta bhASA meM tIna rUpa letA hai- 1. sama, 2. zama, 3. zrama ina tInoM zabdoM ke aneka artha hote haiN| pahale 'sama' zabda ke hI do artha hote haiN| pahale artha meM yaha sahAnubhUti yA tulyatA hai arthAt sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhanA hai| isa artha meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke mahAn siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai jo ahiMsA kI vicAra-praNAlI kA AdhAra hai| dUsare artha meM ise sama manovRtti yA samabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai arthAt sukha-duHkha, hAni-lAbha evaM anukUla aura pratikUla donoM sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhanA, citta ko vicalita nahIM hone denaa| yaha cittavRtti saMtulana hai saMskRta ke 'rAma' rUpa ke AdhAra para isakA artha hotA hai zAMta karanA arthAt kaSAyAgni yA vAsanAoM ko zAMta krnaa| saMskRta ke tIsare rUpa 'zrama' ke AdhAra para isakA nirvAcana hotA hai prayAsa, prayatna yA puruSArtha krnaa| 1. zaMkA vItarAga yA arhat ke kathanoM para zaMkA karanA, 2. saMvega saMvega zabda kA zAbdika vizleSaNa karane para usakA nimna artha dhvanita hotA hai-sama+vega, samyakt ucita, vega- gati arthAt samyakgati / sam zabda AtmA ke artha meM bhI A sakatA hai| isa unakI yathArthatA ke prati saMdehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rkhnaa| prakAra isakA artha hogA AtmA kI ora gati dUsare, sAmAnya artha meM saMvega zabda anubhUti ke artha meM bhI prayukta hotA hai yahA~ isakA tAtparya hogA svAnubhUti, AtmAnubhUti athavA AtmA ke Anandamaya svarUpa kI anubhuuti| tIsare, AkAMkSA kI tIvratama avasthA ko bhI saMvega kahA jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM isakA artha hogA satyAbhIpsA arthAt satya ko jAnane prati saMzaya karanA ki mere isa sadAcaraNa kA pratiphala milegA yA nhiiN| - 2. AkAMkSA - svadharma ko chor3akara para dharma kI icchA karanA, AkAMkSA karanA athavA naitika evaM dhArmika AcaraNa ke phala kI AkAMkSA krnaa| phalAsakti bhI sAdhanA mArga meM bAdhaka tattva mAnI gayI hai| 3. vicikitsA naitika athavA dhArmika AcaraNa ke phala ke .

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 457 jaina vicAraNA meM phalApekSA evaM phala-saMzaya donoM ko hI anucita mAnA sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha tInoM para avicala zraddhA caahie| sAdhaka gayA hai| kucha jainAcAryoM ke anusAra isakA artha ghRNA bhI lagAyA gayA meM jisa kSaNa bhI ina tInoM meM se eka ke prati bhI sandehazIlatA utpanna hai|59 munijana, rogI evaM glAna vyaktiyoM ke prati ghRNA rakhanA ghRNAbhAva hotI hai, vaha sAdhanA ke kSetra meM cyuta ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vyakti ko sevApatha se vimukha banAtA hai| vicAraNA sAdhanAtmaka jIvana ke lie niHzaMkatA ko Avazyaka mAnatI 4. mithyAdRSTiyoM kI prazaMsA- jina logoM kA dRSTikoNa hai| ni:zaMkatA kI isa dhAraNA ko prajJA aura tarka kA virodhI nahIM mAnanA samyaka nahIM hai aise ayathArtha dRSTikoNa vAle vyaktiyoM athavA saMgaThanoM kI caahie| saMzaya jJAna ke vikAsa meM sAdhana ho sakatA hai lekina use sAdhya prazaMsA krnaa| mana lenA athavA saMzaya meM hI ruka jAnA sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana ke upayukta 5. mithyAdRSTiyoM se ati paricaya- sAdhanAtmaka athavA nahIM haiN| mUlAcAra meM niHzaMkatA ko nirbhayatA mAnA gayA hai|63 naitikatA naitika jIvana ke prati jinakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha hai, aise vyaktiyoM se ke lie pUrNa nirbhaya jIvana Avazyaka hai, bhaya para sthita naitikatA saccI ghaniSTha sambandha rkhnaa| saMgati kA asara vyakti ke jIvana para kAphI naitikatA nahIM hai| adhika hotA hai| cAritra ke nirmANa evaM patana donoM meM hI saMgati kA 2.niHkAMkSatA- svakIya Anandamaya paramAtmasvarUpa meM niSThAvAna prabhAva par3atA hai ata: anaitika AcaraNa karane vAle logoM se atiparicaya rahanA aura kisI bhI parabhAva kI AkAMkSA yA icchA nahIM karanA hI yA ghaniSTha sambandha rakhanA ucita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| ni:kAMkSatA hai| sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM bhautika vaibhava athavA aihika tathA paM0 banArasIdAsajI ne nATaka samayasAra meM samyaktva ke aticAroM pAralaukika sukha ko lakSya banA lenA, jainadarzana ke anusAra 'kAMkSA' kI eka bhinna sUcI prastuta kI hai| unake anusAra samyagdarzana ke nimna hai|64 kisI bhI laukika aura pAralaukika kAmanA ko lekara sAdhanAtmaka pA~ca aticAra haiM jIvana meM praviSTa honA, jaina vicAraNA ko mAnya nahIM hai; vaha aisI sAdhanA 1. lokabhaya 2. sAMsArika sukhoM ke prati Asakti 3. bhAvI ko vAstavika sAdhanA nahIM kahatI hai, kyoMki vaha Atma-kendrata nahIM hai| jIvana meM sAMsArika sukhoM ke prApta karane kI icchA 4. mithyAzAstroM kI bhautika sukhoM aura upalabdhiyoM ke pIche bhAgane vAlA sAdhaka camatkAra prazaMsA evaM 5. mithyA-matiyoM kI sevA60 aura pralobhana ke pIche kisI bhI kSaNa lakSyacyuta ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra agAr3ha doSa vaha doSa hai jisameM asthiratA rahatI hai| jisa prakAra jaina sAdhanA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko sAdhanA ke kSetra meM praviSTa hilate hue darpaNa meM yathArtha rUpa to dikhatA hai lekina vaha asthira hotA hone ke lie ni:kAMkSita athavA niSkAma bhAva se yukta honA caahie| hai, usI prakAra asthira citta meM satya kA prakaTana to hotA hai lekina vaha AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM ni:kAMkSatA kA artha aikAntika bhI asthira hotA hai| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra mAnyAtAoM se dUra rahanA kiyA hai|65 isa AdhAra para anAgrahayukta uparokta doSoM kI sambhAvanA kSAyopazamika samyaktva meM hotI hai- upazama dRSTikoNa samyaktva ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| " samyaktva aura kSAyika samyaktva meM nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki upazama 3. nirvicikitsA- nirvicikitsA ke do artha mAne gaye haiM: samyaktva kI samayAvadhi hI itanI kSaNika hotI hai ki doSa hone kA (a) maiM jo dharma sAdhanA kara rahA hU~ isakA phala mujhe avazya avakAza hI nahIM rahatA aura kSAyika samyaktva pUrNa zuddha hotA hai ataH milegA yA nahIM, merI yaha sAdhanA vyartha to nahIM calI jAyegI, aisI usameM doSoM kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| AzaMkA rakhanA 'vicikitsA' kahalAtI haiN| isa prakAra sAdhanA aura naitika kriyA ke phala ke prati zaMkita bane rahanA vicikitsA hai| zaMkita samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga hradaya se sAdhanA karane vAle sAdhaka meM sthiratA aura dhairya kA abhAva hotA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke ATha aMga prastuta hai aura usakI sAdhanA saphala nahIM ho pAtI hai| ata: sAdhaka ke lie yaha kiye gaye haiM jinakA samAcaraNa sAdhaka ke lie apekSita hai| darzanavizuddhi Avazyaka hai ki vaha isa pratIti ke sAtha naitika AcaraNa kA prArambha kare ke saMvarddhana aura saMrakSaNa ke lie inakA pAlana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| ki kriyA aura phala kA avinAbhAvI sambandha hai aura yadi caraNa kiyA uttarAdhyayana meM varNita yaha ATha prakAra kA darzanAcAra nimna hai- jAyegA to nizcita rUpa se usakA phala prApta hogA hii| isa prakAra kriyA 1.ni:zaMkita 2. ni:kAMkSita 3. nirvicikitsA 4. amUr3hadRSTi ke phala ke prati sandeha nahIM honA hI nirvicikitsA hai| 5. upabRMhaNa 6. sthirIkaraNa 7. vAtsalya, aura 8. prbhaavnaa|61 (ba) kucha jainAcAryoM ke anusAra tapasvI evaM saMyamaparAyaNa 1. niHzaMkatA- saMzayazIlatA kA abhAva hI niHzaMkatA haiM muniyoM ke durbala evaM jarjara zarIra athavA malina vezabhUSA ko dekhakara mana jinapraNIta tattva-darzana meM zaMkA nahIM karanA-use yathArtha evaM satya mAnanA, meM glAni lAnA vicikitsA hai| ata: sAdhaka kI vezabhUSA evaM zarIrAdi hI ni:zaMkatA hai|62 saMzayazIlatA sAdhanAtmaka jIvana ke vikAsa kA bAhya rUpa para dhyAna nahIM dekara usake sAdhanAtmaka guNoM para vicAra karanA vidhAyaka tattva hai| jisa sAdhaka kI mana:sthiti saMzaya ke hiMDole meM jhUla caahie| vezabhUSA evaM zarIra Adi bAhya saundarya para dRSTi ko kendrita nahIM rahI ho, vaha bhI isa saMsAra meM jhUlatA rahatA hai (paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai) karake Atma-saundarya kI ora use kendrita karanA yahI saccI nirvicikitsA aura apane lakSya ko nahIM pA sktaa| sAdhanA ke lakSya kI prApti ke lie hai| AcArya samantabhadra kA kathana hai-zarIra to svabhAva se hI apavitra hai

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458 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 usakI pavitratA to samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritrarUpa ratnatraya ke sadAcaraNa se vAle vyaktiyoM ko dharma-mArga meM punaH sthira karanA yaha sAdhaka kA kartavya hI hotI hai| ataeva guNIjanoM ke zarIra se ghRNA na kara unake guNoM se mAnA gayA hai| isa patana ke do prakAra hote haiprema karanA nirvicikitsA hai|66 1. darzana vikRti arthAta dRSTikoNa kI vikRtatA 4. amUDhadRSTi- mUr3hatA kA artha hai ajnyaan| heya aura upAdeya, 2. cAritra vikRti arthAta dharma-mArga yA sadAcaraNa se cyuta yogya aura ayogya ke madhya nirNAyaka kSamatA kA abhAva hI ajJAna hai, honaa| donoM hI sthitiyoM meM use yathocita bodha dekara sthira karanA mUr3hatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra kI mUr3hatAoM kA vargIkaraNa tIna caahie|69 digambara paramparA ke zrAvakAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM sthirIkaraNa' bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai ke sthAna para 'sthitikaraNa' zabda milatA hai| 1. devamUr3hatA,2. lokamUr3hatA, aura 3. samayamUr3hatA 7. vAtsalya- dharmamArga meM samAcaraNa karane vAle samAna zIla (a) devamUr3hatA- sAdhanA kA Adarza kauna hai? upAsya banane arthAt sahadharmiyoM ke prati premabhAva rakhanA vAtsalya hai| AcArya samantabhadra kI kSamatA kisameM hai? aise nirNAyaka jJAna kA abhAva hI devamUr3hatA hai, ke anusAra 'svadharmiyoM evaM guNiyoM ke prati niSkapaTa bhAva se prIti jisake kAraNa sAdhaka apane lie galata Adarza banane kI yogyatA nahIM rakhanA aura unakI yathocita sevA -suzruSA karanA vAtsalya hai| vAtsalya hai use upAsya banA lenA devamUr3hatA hai| kAma-krodhAdi vikAroM ke pUrNa kA pratIka gAya aura govatsa (bachar3e) kA prema hai| jisa prakAra gAya binA vijetA, vItarAga evaM avikala jJAna aura darzana se yukta paramAtmA ko hI kisI pratiphala kI apekSA ke govatsa ko saMkaTa meM dekhakara apane prANoM apanA upAsya aura Adarza banAnA, yahI deva ke prati amUDhadRSTi hai| ko bhI jokhima meM DAla detI hai, ThIka usI prakAra samyagdRSTi sAdhaka kA (ba) lokamar3hatA- loka pravAha aura rUr3hiyoM kA andhAnukaraNa bhI yaha kartavya hai ki vaha dhArmikajanoM ke sahayoga aura sahakAra ke lie yahI loka mUr3hatA haiN| AcArya samantabhadra lokamUr3hatA kI vyAkhyA karate kucha bhI uThA nahIM rkhe| vAtsalya saMgha,dharma yA sAmAjika bhAvanA kA hae kahate haiM ki 'nadiyoM evaM sAgara meM snAna karane se AtmA kI zuddhi kendrIya tattva hai| mAnanA, pattharoM kA Dhera kara use mukti samajhanA athavA parvata se girakara 8. prabhAvanA- sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sva-para-kalyANa kI bhAvanA yA agni meM jalakara prANa visarjana karanA Adi lokamUr3hatAe~ haiN|'67 hotI hai| jaise puSpa apane suvAsa se svayaM bhI suvAsita hotA hai aura (sa) samayamur3hatA- samaya kA artha siddhAnta yA zAstra bhI mAnA dUsaroM ko bhI suvAsita karatA hai vaise hI sAdhaka sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI gayA hai| isa artha meM saiddhAntika jJAna yA zAstrIya jJAna kA abhAva saurabha se svayaM bhI surabhita hotA hai, sAtha hI jagat ko bhI surabhita karatA samayamUr3hatA hai| hai| sAdhanA, sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI surabhi dvArA jagata ke anya prANiyoM 5. upabRMhaNa- bRhi dhAtu ke sAtha 'upa' upasarga lagAne se ko dharmamArga meM AkarSita karanA, yahI prabhAvanA hai| upabRMha zabda niSpanna huA hai jisakA artha hotA hai vRddhikaranA, poSaNa prabhAvanA ke ATha prakAra mAne gaye haiNkrnaa| apane AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA yaha upabRMhaNa hai| 1. pravacana, 2. dharma, 3. pAda, 4. naimittika, 5. tapa, 6. samyak AcaraNa karane vAle guNIjanoM kI prazaMsA Adi karake unake vidyA, 7. prasiddha vrata grahaNa karanA aura 8. kavitvazakti / samyak AcaraNa kI vRddhi meM yoga denA upabRMhaNa hai| 6. sthirIkaraNa- sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aise samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke 6 sthAna avasara upasthita ho jAte hai jaba sAdhaka bhautika pralobhana evaM sAdhanAtmaka jisa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai, du:kha se jIvana kI kaThinAioM ke kAraNa pathacyuta ho jAtA hai| ata: aise nivRtti ho sakatI hai, aura duHkha nivRtti kA mArga hai, ina cAra AryasatyoM kI avasaroM para svayaM ko pathacyuta hone se bacAnA aura pathacyuta sAdhakoM ko svIkRti samyagdRSTitva hai usI prakAra jaina sAdhanA ke anusAra nimna SaTsthAnakoM1 dharmamArga meM sthira karanA, yaha sthirIkaraNa hai| samyagdRSTisampanna sAdhaka ko (cha: bAtoM ) kI svIkRti samyagdRSTitva haina kevala apane vikAsa kI cintA karanI hotI hai varana usakA yaha bhI 1- AtmA hai| kartavya hai ki vaha aise sAdhakoM ko jo dharmamArga se vicalita yA patita ho 2- AtmA nitya hai| gaye haiM, unheM mArga meM sthira kre| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti yA 3- AtmA apane karmoM kA kartA hai| samAja kI bhautika sevA saccI sevA nahIM hai, saccI sevA to hai use 4- AtmA kRtakoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai| dharmamArga meM sthira krnaa| jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai ki vyakti apane zarIra 5- AtmA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| ke camar3e ke jUte banAkara apane mAtA-pitA ko pahinAye arthAt unake 6- mukti kA upAya yA mArga hai| prati itanA adhika Atmotsarga kA bhAva rakhe to bhI vaha unake RNa se jaina tattva vicAraNA ke anusAra uparokta SaTsthAnakoM para dRr3ha uRNa nahIM ho sakatA, vaha mAtA-pitA ke RNa se uRNa tabhI mAnA pratIti samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| dRSTikoNa kI jAtA hai jaba vaha unheM dharmamArga meM sthira karatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, unake vizuddhatA evaM sadAcaraNa donoM hI ina para nirbhara haiN| yaha SaTsthAnaka jaina sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM sahayoga detA hai| ata: dharma-mArga se patita hone naitikatA ke kendra binda haiN|

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 459 bauddha-darzana meM samyaka-darzana kA svarUpa Avazyaka samajhate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti buddhadharma aura saMgha ke prati jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM dekhA bauddha paramparA meM jaina-paramparA ke niSThAvAna rhe| buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se samanvita karake calate haiN| majjhimanikAya samyakadarzana ke sthAna para samyaka samAdhi; zraddhA yA citta kA vivecana meM buddha yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki samIkSA ke dvArA hI ucita pratIta hone upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne apane trividha sAdhanA mArga meM kahIM zIla, para dharma kA grahaNa karanA caahie|72 viveka aura samIkSA yaha sadaiva hI samAdhi aura prajJA, kahIM zIla, citta aura prajJA aura kahIM zIla, zraddhA buddha ko svIkRta rahe haiN| buddha bhikSuoM ko sAvadhAna karate hue kahate the aura prajJA kA vivecana kiyA hai| isa AdhAra para hama dekhate hai ki bauddha- ki bhikSuoM, kyA tuma zAstA ke gaurava se to hA~ nahIM kaha rahe ho? paramparA meM samAdhi, citta aura zraddhA kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA eka hI artha bhikSuoM, jo tumhArA apanA dekhA huA, apanA anubhava kiyA huA hai meM huA hai| vastutaH zraddhA citta-vikalpa kI zUnyatA kI ora hI le jAtI kyA usI ko tuma kaha rahe ho|73 isa prakAra buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se hai| zraddhA ke utpanna ho jAne para vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiN| usI prakAra samanvita kara dete haiN| sAmAnyatayA bauddha-darzana meM zraddhA ko prathama aura samAdhi kI avasthA meM bhI citta vikalpa nahIM hote haiN| ata: citta, samAdhi prajJA ko antima sthAna diyA gayA hai| sAdhanA-mArga kI dRSTi se zraddhA aura zraddhA eka hI artha kI abhivyakti karate haiN| yadyapi apekSA bheda se pahale AtI hai aura prajJA usake pazcAt utpanna hotI hai| zraddhA ke kAraNa inake arthoM meM bhinnatA bhI rahI huI hai| zraddhA buddha, saMgha aura dharma ke prati hI dharma kA zravaNa, grahaNa, parIkSaNa aura vIryArambha hotA hai| naitika jIvana ananya niSThA hai to samAdhi citta kI zAMta avasthA hai| ke lie zraddhA kaise Avazyaka hotI hai isakA sundara citraNa bauddha-paramparA bauddha paramparA meM samyagdarzana kA arthasAmya bahuta kucha samyagdRSTi ke saundarananda nAmaka grantha meM kiyA jAtA hai| usameM buddha nanda ke prati se hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana tattvazraddhA hai usI prakAra kahate haiM ki pRthvI ke bhItara jala hai yaha zraddhA jaba manuSya ko hotI hai taba bauddhadarzana meM samyakadRSTi cAra AryasatyoM ke prati zraddhA hai| jisa prakAra prayojana hone para pRthvI ko prayatnapUrvaka khodatA hai| bhUmi se anna kI utpatti jaina dharma meM samyak darzana kA artha deva, guru aura dharma ke prati niSThA hotI hai, yadi yaha zraddhA kRSaka meM na ho to vaha bhUmi meM bIja hI nahIM boyegaa| mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM zraddhA kA artha buddha, dharma evaM saMgha dharma kI utpatti meM zraddhA uttama kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| jaba taka manuSya tattva ko ke prati niSThA hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM deva ke rUpa meM arihaMta ko dekha yA suna nahIM letA taba taka usakI zraddhA sthira nahIM hotii| sAdhanA ke sAdhanA-Adarza svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM kSetra meM prathama avasthA meM zraddhA eka parikalpanA ke rUpa meM grahaNa hotI hai aura sAdhanA Adarza ke rUpa meM buddha aura buddhatva ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| vahI anta meM tattvasAkSAtkAra bana jAtI hai| buddha ne zraddhA aura prajJA athavA sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM donoM hI dharma ke prati niSThA kA Avazyaka batAte dUsare zabdoM meM jIvana ke bauddhika aura bhAvAtmaka pakSoM meM eka samanvaya kiyA haiN| jahA~ taka sAdhanA ke patha-pradarzaka kA prazna hai jaina-paramparA meM patha- hai| yaha eka aisA samanvaya hai jisameM na to zraddhA andhazraddhA banatI hai aura pradarzaka ke rUpa meM guru ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki bauddha-paramparA na prajJA kevala bauddhika yA tarkAtmaka jJAna bana kara raha jAtI hai| usake sthAna para saMgha ko svIkAra karatI hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyakadarzana ke zaMkAzIlatA, AkAMkSA, jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA, jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana vicikitsA Adi doSa mAne gae haiM usI prakAra bauddha paramparA meM bhI pA~ca ke dRSTikoNaparaka aura zraddhAparaka aise do artha svIkRta rahe haiN| bauddha- nIvaraNa mAne gAye haiN| jo isa prakAra haiMparamparA meM zraddhA aura samyagdRSTi do bhinna bhinna tathya mAne gaye haiN| donoM 1. kAmacchanda (kAmabhogoM kI cAha) samaveta rUpa se jaina-darzana ke samyagdarzana zabda ke artha ko bauddha-darzana 2. avyApAda (avihiMsA) meM spaSTa kara dete haiN| 3. styAnagRddha (mAnasika aura caitasika Alasya) jaina-paramparA meM samyagdarzana ko tattvadRSTi yA tattvazraddhAn se 4. auddhatya-kaukRtya (citta kI caMcalatA), aura bhinna zraddhAparaka artha meM bhI liyA jAtA haiN| bauddha paramparA meM usakI tulanA 5. vicikitsA (zaMkA)74 zraddhA se kI jA sakatI hai| bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA pA~ca indriyoM meM prathama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se agara hama dekheM to bauddha-paramparA kA indriya, pA~ca baloM meM antima bala aura srotApanna avasthA ke cAra aMgoM kAmacchanda jaina-paramparA ke kAMkSA nAmaka aticAra ke samAna hai| isI meM prathama aMga mAnI gaI hai| bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA kA artha citta kI prakAra vicikitsA ko bhI donoM hI darzanoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA haiN| prasAdamayI avasthA mAnA gayA hai| zraddhA jaba citta meM utpanna hotI hai to jaina-paramparA meM saMzaya aura vicikitsA donoM alaga-alaga mAne gae hai vaha citta ko prIti aura prAmodya se bhara detI hai aura cittamaloM ko naSTa kara lekina bauddha paramparA donoM kA antarbhAva eka meM hI kara detI hai| isa detI hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA prakAra kucha sAmAnya matabhedoM ko chor3a kara jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa andhavizvAsa nahIM varan eka buddhisammata anubhava hai| yaha vizvAsa karanA eka-dUsare ke nikaTa hI Ate haiN| nahIM varan sAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt utpanna huI tattvaniSThA hai| buddha eka ora yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma kA grahaNa svayaM ke dvArA jAnakara hI karanA caahie| gItA meM zraddhA kA svarUpa evaM vargIkaraNa kAlAmAsutta meM unhoMne ise savistAra spaSTa kiyA hai| dUsarI ora ve yaha bhI jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA ki gItA meM samyagdarzana

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460 ke sthAna para zraddhA kA pratyaya grAhya hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA samyagdarzana dRSTiparaka artha meM svIkAra huA hai aura adhika se adhika usameM yadi zraddhA kA tattva samAhita hai to vaha tattvazraddhA hI hai| lekina gItA meM zraddhA zabda kA artha pramukha rUpa se Izvara ke prati ananya niSThA hI mAnA gayA hai| ataH gItA meM zraddhA ke svarUpa para vicAra karate samaya hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jaina darzana meM zraddhA kA jo artha hai vaha gItA meM nahIM hai| yadyapi gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI hai naitika jIvana ke lie saMzayarahita honA Avazyaka hai| zraddhArahita yajJa, tapa, dAna Adi sabhI naitika karma nirarthaka hI mAne gaye haiM / 75 gItA meM zraddhA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai- 1. sAtvika, 2. rAjasa aura 3 tAmasa sAtvika zraddhA satoguNa se utpanna hokara devatAoM ke prati hotI hai| rAjasa zraddhAkSa aura rAkSasoM ke prati hotI hai| isameM rajoguNa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| tAmasa zraddhA bhUta-preta Adi ke prati hotI hai / 76 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM zaMkA yA sandeha ko samyagdarzana kA doSa mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra gItA meM bhI saMzayAtmakatA ko doSa mAnA gayA hai|77 jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM phalAkAMkSA bhI samyagdarzana kA aticAra (doSa) mAnI gaI hai usI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ko doSa hI mAnA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra jo phalAkAMkSA se yukta hokara zraddhA rakhatA hai athavA bhakti karatA hai vaha sAdhaka nimna zreNI kA hI hai phalAkAMkSAyukta zraddhA vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pragati kI dRSTi se Age nahIM le jAtI hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM jo loga viveka jJAna se rahita hokara tathA bhogoM kI prApti viSayaka kAmanAoM se yukta ho mujha paramAtmA ko chor3a anyAnya devatAoM kI zaraNa grahaNa karate haiM, maiM una logoM kI zraddhA unameM sthira kara detA hU~ aura usa zraddhA se yukta hokara ve una devatAoM kI ArAdhanA ke dvArA apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti karate haiN| lekina una alpabuddhi logoM kA vaha phala nAzavAna hote hai / devatAoM kA pUjana karane vAle devatAoM ko prApta hote haiN| lekina mujha paramAtmA kI bhakti karane vAlA mujhe hI prApta hotA hai| 78 1. jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt hone vAlI zraddhA yA bhakti paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara lene ke pazcAt unake prati jo niSThA hotI hai vaha eka jJAnI kI niSThA mAnI gaI hai| isI dainya bhAva se kisI uddhAraka ke prati apanI niSThA ko sthita karatA hai| to usakI yaha zraddhA yA bhakti eka duHkhI yA Arta vyakti kI bhakti hotI hai zraddhA yA bhakti kA yaha stara pUrvokta donoM staroM se nimna hotA hai| 4. zraddhA yA bhakti kA cauthA stara vaha hai jisameM zraddhA kA udaya svArtha ke vazIbhUta hokara hotA hai| yahA~ zraddhA kucha pAne ke lie kI jAtI hai, yaha phalAkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI zraddhA atyanta nimna stara kI mAnI gaI hai| vastutaH ise zraddhA kevala upacAra se hI kahA jAtA hai| apanI mUla bhAvanAoM meM to yaha eka vyApAra athavA Izvara ko Thagane kA eka prayatna hai| aisI zraddhA yA bhakti naitika pragati meM kisI bhI artha meM sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatI hai| naitika dRSTi se kevala jJAna ke dvArA athavA jijJAsA ke lie kI gaI zraddhA kA hI koI artha aura mUlya ho sakatA hai| 79 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki gItA meM svayaM zrIkRSNa ke dvArA aneka bAra yaha AzvAsana diyA gayA hai ki jo mere prati zraddhA rakhegA vaha bandhanoM se chUTa kara anta meM mujhe hI prApta ho jaayegaa| gItA meM bhakta ke yogakSema kI jimmedArI svayaM zrIkRSNa hI vahana karate hai10 jabaki jaina aura bauddha darzanoM meM aise AzvAsanoM kA abhAva hai gItA meM vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati jisa niSThA kA udbodhana hai vaha sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha darzanoM meM aise AzvAsanoM kA abhAva hai| gItA meM vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati jisa niSThA kA udbodhana hai vaha sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM anupalabdha hI hai| upasaMhAra gItA meM zraddhA yA bhakti apane AdhAroM kI dRSTi se cAra prakAra vyaktitva kA nirmANa isI jIvana dRSTi ke AdhAra para hotA hai| gItA kI mAnI gaI haimeM isI tathya ko yaha kahakara batAyA hai ki puruSa jisakI zraddhA jaisI hotI hai vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| hama apane ko jaisA banAnA cAhate haiM, apanI jIvana dRSTi kA nirmANa bhI usI ke anurUpa kreN| kyoMki vyakti kI jaisI dRSTi hotI hai vaisA hI usakA jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai aura jaisA usakA jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai vaisA hI usakA caritra bana jAtA hai| aura jaisA usakA caritra hotA hai vaisA hI usake vyaktitva kA ubhAra hotA hai| ataH eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA nirmANa jIvana kI sabase prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| samyagdarzana athavA zraddhA kA jIvana meM kyA mUlya hai, isa para bhI vicAra apekSita hai| yadi hama samyagdarzana ko dRSTiparaka artha meM svIkAra karate haiM, to usakA hamAre jIvana meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai| samyagdarzana jIvana ke prati eka dRSTikoNa hai, vaha anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA kA kendrIya tattva hai| hamAre caritra yA 2. jijJAsA kI dRSTi se paramAtmA para zraddhA rkhnaa| yaha zraddhA yA bhakti kA dUsarA rUpa hai| isameM yadyapi zraddhA to hotI hai lekina vaha pUrNatayA saMzayarahita nahIM hotI jabaki prathama sthiti meM hone vAlI zraddhA pUrNatayA saMzayarahita hotI hai| saMzayarahita zraddhA to sAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt hI sambhava hai| jijJAsA kI avasthA meM saMzaya banA hI rahatA hai ataH zraddhA kA yaha stara prathama kI apekSA nimna hI mAnA gayA hai| saMdarbha 1. 3. tIsare stara kI zraddhA Arta vyakti kI hotI hai| kaThinAI meM pha~sA huA vyakti jaba svayaM apane ko usase ubarane meM asamartha pAtA hai aura 2. dazavaikAlika, 4/11 isimAsiyAI sutaM gahAvaijjaM nAmajjhayaNaM , .

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jaina sAdhanA kA AdhAra samyagdarzana 461 3. gItA, 3/36 43. aMguttaranikAya, 1/17 4. isibhAsiyAI suttaM, 21/3 44. vahI, 10/12 aMguttaranikAya, 1/17 45. manusmRti, 6/74 saMyuttanikAya, 21/3/3/8 46. vahI, 17/3 7. saMyuttanikAya, 43/3/1 47. vahI, 9/30-31 tattvArtha sarvArthasiddhi TIkA-(pUjyapAda) 8/1 48. vahI, (zAM0) 18/12 9. majjhimanikAya, caMkisutta uddhRta mahAyAna, pR0 125, 49. bhAvapAhuDa, 143 10. udAna, 6/4 50. gItA, 17/3 11. aMguttaranikAya, 1/11 51. uttarAdhyayana, 28/16 12. gItA, 2/42-45 52. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2675 13. AcArAMga, 1/5/1/144 53. dekhie-paMcadazI 6/176 uddhRta-bhAratIya-darzana, pR0 12 14. AcArAMga, hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 409 54. vahI, (TIkA) 149/942 15. gItA, 4/40 55. pravacanasAroddhAra (TIkA) 149/942 16. sthAnAMga, sthAna 10 // tulanA kIjie-aMguttaranikAya 1/10- 56. sthAnAMgasUtra, 2/1/70 12 57. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 268 17. aMguttaranikAya, 1/10-12 58. uttarAdhyayana, 29/1 18. hisTrI Apha philaoNsaphI (thilI), pR0 287 59. dekhie gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) gAthA 29 kI aMgrejI TIkA 19. samayasAra, 21-22 / je0 ela0 jaina, pRSTha 22 20. uddhRta-jaina sTaDIja, pR0 136 60. nATaka samayAsAra, 13/38 21.. bhAratIya darzana, pR0 382-383 61. uttarAdhyayana, 28/31 22. uddhRta-jaina sTaDIja, pR0 132-133 62. AcArAMga, 1/5/5/163 23. vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekhie jaina sTaDIja, pR0 126- 63. mUlAcAra, 2/52-53 127 evaM 201-215 64. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, 12 24. gItA, 18/21-22 65. puruSArtha0, 24 25. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4/4/19 66. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, 13 26. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6-7 67. vahI, 14 27. vivekacUr3AmaNi-mAyAnirUpaNa, 111 68. puruSArtha0, 27 28. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1787-90 69. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 16 29. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 5, pRSTha 2425 70. puruSArtha0, 30 30. vahI, khaNDa 5, pRSTha 2425 71. AtmA che, te nitya che, che kartA nijkrm| 31. sama prAblamsa ina jaina sAikolAjI, pRSTha 32 che bhoktA valI mokSa che, mokSa upAya dudhrm|| 32. abhi0 rA0, khaNDa 5, pR0 2425 -Atmasiddhi zAstra (zrImad rAjacandabhAI) 33. tattvArthama1/2 72. majjhimanikAya, 1/5/7 34. uttarAdhyayana 28/35 73. vahI, 1/4/8 35. sAmAyika sUtra-samyaktva pATha 74. visuddhigga, pR0 (bhAga-1) 36. dekhie sthAnAMga, 5/2 uddhRta-Atma-sAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 143 / 75. vahI, 17/15 37. Avazyakaniyukti, 1163 76. vahI, 17/2-4 38. jainadharma kA prANa, pR0 24 77. vahI, 4/40 39. nandIsUtra, 1/12 78. vahI, 7/21-23 40. uttarAdhyayana, 28/30 79. vahI, 7/16 41. AcArAMga, 1/3/2 80. vahI, 18/65-66 42. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-23

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna bhAratIya adhyAtmavAdI paramparA meM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA astitva sAtha-sAtha jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM mila jAte haiN| ati prAcInakAla se hI rahA hai| yahAM taka ki ati prAcIna nagara mohanajodar3o aura har3appA se khudAI meM, jo sIleM Adi upalabdha huI haiM, jaina dharma aura dhyAna unameM bhI dhyAnamudrA meM yogiyoM ke aMkana pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra zramaNa paramparA kI nirgranthadhArA, jo Aja jaina paramparA ke nAma aitihAsika adhyayana ke jo bhI prAcInatama srota hameM upalabdha haiM, ve sabhI se jAnI jAtI hai, apane astitva kAla se dhyAna sAdhanA se jur3I huI bhArata meM dhyAna kI paramparA ke ati prAcInakAla se pracalita hone kI hai| prAkRta sAhitya ke prAcInatama graMthoM AcArAMga uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita puSTi karate haiM unase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhArata meM dhyAnamArga kI (isibhAsiyAI) meM to spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki zarIra meM jo sthAna paramparA prAcIna hai aura use sadaiva hI AdarapUrNa sthAna prApta rahA hai| mastiSka kA hai, sAdhanA meM vahI sthAna dhyAna kA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zramaNa jIvana kI dinacaryA kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zramaNadhArA aura dhyAna pratyeka zramaNasAdhaka ko dina aura rAtri ke dUsare prahara meM niyamita rUpa se aupaniSadika aura usakI sahavartI zramaNa paramparAoM meM sAdhanA dhyAna karanA caahie| Aja bhI jaina zramaNa ko nidrAtyAga ke pazcAt, kI dRSTi se dhyAna kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| aupaniSadika RSigaNa bhikSAcaryA evaM padayAtrA se lauTane para gamanAgamana evaM malamutra Adi ke aura zramaNa-sAdhaka apanI dainika jIvanacaryA meM dhyAna-sAdhanA ko sthAna visarjana ke pazcAt tathA prAta:kAlIna aura sAyaMkAlIna pratikramaNa karate dete rahe haiM- yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai| tAntrika sAdhanA meM dhyAna ko jo samaya dhyAna karanA hotA hai| usake AcAra aura upAsanA ke sAtha sthAna milA hai, vaha mUlata: isI zramaNadhArA kI dena hai| mahAvIra aura buddha kadama-kadama para dhyAna kI prakriyA jur3I huI hai| ke pUrva bhI aneka aise zramaNa sAdhaka the, jo dhyAna-sAdhanA kI viziSTa jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kA kitanA mahattva haiM- isakA sabase bar3A vidhiyoM ke na kevala jJAtA the, apitu apane sAnidhya meM aneka sAdhakoM pramANa to yaha hai ki jaina tIrthakaroM kI pratimAyeM cAhe ve khaDgAsana meM ho ko una dhyAna-sAdhanA kI vidhiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI karavAte the| ina yA padmAsana meM sadaiva hI dhyAnamudrA meM upalabdha hotI haiN| Aja taka koI AcAryoM kI dhyAna-sAdhanA kI apanI-apanI viziSTa vidhiyA~ thIM, aise bhI jina-pratimA dhyAna-mudrA ke atirikta kisI bhI anya mudrA meM upalabdha saMketa bhI milate haiN| buddha apane sAdhanAkAla meM aise hI eka dhyAnasAdhaka hI nahIM huI hai| yadyapi tIrthaMkara yA jina-pratimAoM ke atirikta buddha kI zramaNa AcArya rAmaputta ke pAsa svayaM dhyAna-sAdhanA ke abhyAsa ke lie bhI kucha pratimAyeM dhyAnamudrA meM upalabdha huI haiM kintu buddha kI adhikAMza gaye the| rAmapatta ke saMbaMdha meM tripiTaka sAhitya meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA pratimAyeM to dhyAnetara mudrAoM- yathA abhayamudrA, varadamudrA aura upadezamudrA hai ki svayaM bhagavAn buddha jJAna prApti ke pazcAt bhI apanI sAdhanA kI meM hI milatI haiN| isI prakAra ziva kI kucha pratimAyeM bhI ghyAnamudrA meM upalabdhiyoM ko batAne hetu unase milane ke lie utsuka the, kintu taba milatI haiM- kintu nRtyamudrA Adi meM bhI ziva-pratimAyeM vipula parimANa taka unakI mRtyu ho cukI thii|2 inhI rAmaputta kA ullekha jaina Agama meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isa prakAra jahAM anya paramparAoM meM apane ArAdhya sAhitya meM bhI AtA hai| prAkRta AgamoM meM sUtrakRtAMga meM unake nAma ke devoM kI pratimAyeM dhyAnetara mudrAoM meM bhI banatI rahIM, vahAM tIrthaMkara yA nirdeza ke atirikta antakRddazA RSibhASita5 Adi meM to unase jinapratimAyeM mAtra dhyAnamudrA meM bhI banatI rhiiN| jinapratimAoM ke nirmANa saMbaMdhita svataMtra adhyAya bhI rahe the durbhAgya se antakRddazA kA vaha kA do sahastra varSa kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki kabhI bhI koI adhyAya to Aja lupta ho cukA hai, kintu RSibhASita meM unake bhI jina-pratimA/tIrthaMkara pratimA dhyAna-mudrA ke atirikta kisI anya upadezoM kA saMkalana Aja bhI upalabdha hai| mudrA meM nahIM banAI gyii| isase jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kA kyA sthAna rahA buddha aura mahAvIra ko jJAna kA jo prakAza upalabdha huA vaha hai- yaha suspaSTa ho jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko sAdhanA kA mastiSka unakI dhyAna-sAdhanA kA pariNAma hI thA, isameM Aja kisI prakAra kA mAnA hai| jisa prakAra mastiSka ke niSkriya ho jAne para mAnava jIvana kA vaimatya nahIM hai| kintu hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai usI prakAra dhyAna ke abhAva meM jaina sAdhanA dhyAna-sAdhanA kI ina paddhatiyoM ke vistRta vivaraNa Aja upalabdha nahIM ko koI artha nahI raha jAtA haiN| haiM, mAtra yatra-tatra vikIrNa nirdeza hI hameM milate haiN| phira bhI jo sUcanAyeM upalabdha haiM, unake AdhAra para itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki ghyAna-sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA aupaniSadika RSigaNa aura zramaNa sAdhaka apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mAnava mana svabhAvata: caMcala mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lie dhyAna-sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kA anusaraNa karate the| unakI mana ko duSTa azva kI saMjJA dI gaI hai, jo kumArga meM bhAgatA hai|10 gItA dhyAna-sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke kucha avazeSa Aja bhI hameM yoga paramparA ke meM mana ko caMcala batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki usako nigRhIta karanA vAyu

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ko kAnayoga (UDHzaktimA jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 463 ko rokane ke samAna ati kaThina hai|11 caMcala mana meM vikalpa uThate rahate prathamata: mAnava mana kI gatizIlatA ko niyaMtrita kara usakI haiM- inhI vikalpoM ke kAraNa caitasika AkulatA yA azAnti kA janma gati kI dizA badalanI hotI hai| jJAna yA vivekarUpI lagAma ke dvArA usa hotA hai| yaha AkulatA hI cetanA meM udvignatA yA tanAva kI upasthiti mana rUpI duSTa azva ko kumArga se sanmArga kI dizA meM mor3A jAtA hai| kI sUcaka hai, citta kI yaha udvigna yA tanAvapUrNa sthiti hI asamAdhi yA isase usakI sakriyatA ekAeka samApta to nahIM hotI, kintu usakI duHkha hai| isI caitasika pIr3A yA duHkha se vimukti pAnA samagra AdhyAtmika dizA badala jAtI hai, dhyAna meM bhI yahI karanA hotA hai| dhyAna meM sarvaprathama sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai| ise hI nirvANa yA mukti kahA mana ko vAsanA rUpI vikalpoM se mor3akara dharma-cintana meM lagAyA jAtA gayA hai| hai| anta meM eka aisI sthiti A jAtI hai jaba mana pUrNataH niSkriya ho, manuSya meM duHkha-vimukti kI bhAvanA sadaiva hI rahI hai| yaha usakI bhAgadaur3a samApta ho jAtI hai| aisA mana, mana na rahakara 'amana' ho svAbhAvika hai, Aropita nahIM hai| kyoMki koI bhI vyakti tanAva yA jAtA hai| mana ho 'amana' banA denA hI dhyAna hai| udvignatA kI sthiti meM jInA nahIM cAhatA hai| udvignatA cetanA kI isa prakAra caitasika tanAvoM yA vikSobhoM ko samApta karane ke vibhAvadazA hai| vibhAvadazA se svabhAva meM lauTanA hI sAdhanA hai| pUrva yA lie athavA nirvikalpa aura zAnta citta-dazA kI upalabdhi ke lie pazcima kI sabhI adhyAtmapradhAna sAdhanA-vidhiyoM kA lakSya yahI rahA hai ki dhyAna-sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| usake dvArA saMkalpa-vikalpoM meM vibhakta citta citta ko AkulatA, udvignatA yA tanAvoM se mukta karake, use nirAkula, ko kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| vividha vAsanAoM AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM anudvignatA yA tanAvoM se mukta karake, use nirAkula, anudvigna cittadazA ke kAraNa cetanA-zakti aneka rUpI meM vikhaNDita hokara svata: meM hI yA samAdhibhAva meM sthita kiyA jaaye| isaliye sAdhanA-vidhiyoM kA lakSya saMgharSazIla ho jAtI hai|15 usa zakti kA yaha bikharAva hI hamArA nirvikAra aura nirvikalpa samatAyukta citta kI upalabdhi hI hai ise hI AdhyAtmika patana hai| dhyAna isa caitasika vighaTana ko samApta kara cetanA samAdhi-sAmAyika (prAkRta-samAhi) kahA gayA hai| dhyAna isI samAdhi yA ko kendrita karatA hai| cUMki vaha vighaTita cetanA ko saMgaThita karatA hai nirvikalpa citta kI upalabdhi kA abhyAsa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve sabhI isalie vaha yoga (Unifications) hai| dhyAna cetanA ke saMgaThana kI sAdhanA-paddhatiyA~ jo vyakti ko ko anudvigna, nirAkula, nirvikAra aura kalA hai| saMgaThita cetanA hI zaktisrota haiM, isIlie yaha mAnA jAtA hai nirvikalpa yA dUsare zabdoM meM samatvayukta banAnA cAhatI haiM, dhyAna ko ki dhyAna se aneka Atmika labdhiyoM yA siddhiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| apanI sAdhanA meM avazya sthAna detI haiN| cittadhArA jaba vAsanAoM, AkAkSAoM, ke mArga se bahatI hai to vaha vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM icchAoM kI svAbhAvika bahuvidhatA ke dhyAna kA svarUpa evaM prakriyA kAraNa aneka dhArAoM meM vibhakta hokara nirbala ho jAtI hai| dhyAna ina jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko 'cittanirodha' kahA hai|12 citta kA vibhakta evaM nirbala cittadhArA eka dizA meM mor3ane kA prayAsa hai| jaba nirodha ho jAnA dhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha mana kI caMcalatA ko dhyAna kI sAdhanA yA abhyAsa se cittadhArAoM ko eka dizA meM bahane samApta karane kA abhyAsa hai| jaba dhyAna siddha ho jAtA hai to citta kI lagatI hai, to na kevala vaha sabala hotI hai, apitu niyaMtrita hone se caMcalatA svata: hI samApta ho jAtI hai| yogadarzana meM 'yoga' ko paribhASita usakI dizA bhI samyak hotI hai| jisa prakAra bAMdha vikIrNa jaladhArAoM karate hue bhI kahA gayA hai ki cittavRtti kA nirodha dhyAna se hI sambhava ko ekatrita kara unheM sabala aura suniyojita karatA hai| jisa prakAra bAMdha hai| ata: dhyAna ko sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| dvArA suniyojita jala-zakti kA samyak upayoga sambhava ho pAtA hai usI gItA meM mana kI caMcalatA ke nirodha ko vAyu ko rokane ke prakAra dhyAna dvArA suniyojita cetanazakti kA samyak upayoga sambhava hai| samAna ati kaThina mAnA gayA hai|13 usameM usake nirodha ke do upAya saMkSepa meM Atmazakti ke kendrIkaraNa evaM use samyak dizA meM batAye gaye haiM- 1. abhyAsa, 2. vairaagy| uttarAdhyayana meM mana rUpI duSTa niyojita karane ke lie dhyAna-sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| vaha citta vRttiyoM azva ko nigRhIta karane ke lie zruta rUpI rassiyoM kA prayoga Avazyaka kI nirarthaka bhAgadaur3a ko samApta kara hameM mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM vikAroM batAyA gayA hai|14 caMcala citta kI saMkalpa-vikalpAtmaka taraMgeM yA se mukta rakhatA hai| pariNAmata: vaha AdhyAtmika zAnti aura nirvikalpa vAsanAjanya Avega sahaja hI samApta nahIM ho jAte haiN| pahale unakI bhAga- citta kI upalabdhi kA anyatama sAdhana hai| daur3a ko samApta karanA hotA hai| kintu yaha vAsanonmukha sakriya-mana yA vikSobhita citta nirodha ke saMkalpa mAtra se niyantrita nahIM ho pAtA hai| puna: dhyAna ke pAramparika lAbha yadi use balAt rokane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai to vaha adhika vikSubdha dhyAnazataka (jhANAjjhayana) meM dhyAna se hone vAle pAramparika hokara munaSya ko pAgalapana ke kagAra para pahu~cA detA hai, jaise tIvra gati evaM vyAvahArika lAbhoM kI vistRta carcA haiN| usameM kahA gayA haiM ki dharma se calate hue vAhana ko yakAyaka rokane kA prayatna bhayaMkara durghaTanA kA dhyAna se zubhAsrava, saMvara, nirjarA aura devaloka ke sukha prApta hote haiN| hI kAraNa banatA hai, usI prakAra citta kI caMcalatA kA ekAeka nirodha zukla dhyAna ke bhI prathama do caraNoM kA pariNAma zubhAsrava evaM anuttara vikSiptatA kA kAraNa banatA hai| devaloka ke sukha haiM, jabaki zukla dhyAna ke antima do caraNoM kA phala

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464 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mokSa yA nirvANa hai| yahAM yaha smaraNa rakhane yogya hai ki jaba taka dhyAna dhyAna ke vyAvahArika lAbha meM vikalpa hai, AkAMkSA hai, cAhe vaha prazasta hI kyoM na hoM, taba taka vaha AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kAyotsarga, jo dhyAna-sAdhanA kI agrima zubhAsrava kA kAraNa to hogA hii| phira bhI yaha zubhAsrava mithyAtva ke sthiti hai, ke lAbhoM kI carcA karate hue Avazyakaniyukti meM likhA hai abhAva ke kAraNa saMsAra kI abhivRdvi kA kAraNa nahI banatA hai|16 ki kAyotsarga ke nimna pAMca lAbha haiM-22 1. deha jADya zuddhi- zleSma punaH dhyAna ke lAbhoM kI carcA karate hue usameM kahA gayA hai evaM carbI ke kama ho jAne se deha kI jar3atA samApta ho jAtI hai| ki jisa prakAra jala vastra ke mala ko dhokara use nirmala banA detA hai, kAyotsarga se zleSma, carbI Adi naSTa hote haiM, ata: unase utpanna hone usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI jala AtmA ke karmarUpI mala ko dhokara use vAlI jar3atA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai| 2. mati jADya zuddhi- kAyotsarga meM nirmala banA detA hai| jisa prakAra agni lohe ke maila ko dUra kara detI mana kI vRtti kendrita ho jAtI hai, usase bauddhika jar3atA kSINa hotI hai| hai,17 jisa prakAra vAyu se prerita agni dIrghakAla se saMcita kASTha ko 3. sukha-duHkha titikSA (samatAbhAva) 4. kAyotsarga meM sthita vyakti jalA detI hai, usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI vAyu se prerita sAdhanArUpI agni anuprekSAoM yA bhAvanAoM kA sthiratApUrvaka abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| 5. pUrvabhavoM ke saMcita karma saMskAroM ko naSTa kara detI hai| usI prakAra dhyAna kAyotsarga meM zubha dhyAna kA abhyAsa sahaja ho jAtA hai| ina lAbhoM dhyAnarUpI agni AtmA para lage hue karmarUpI mala ko dUra kara detI meM na kevala AdhyAtmika lAbhoM kI carcA hai apitu mAnasika aura hai|18 jisa prakAra vAyu se tADita megha zIghra hI vilIna ho jAte haiM zArIrika lAbhoM kI bhI carcA hai| vastuta: dhyAna-sAdhanA kI vaha kalA hai usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI vAyu se tADita karmarUpI megha zIghra vilIna ho jo na kevala citta kI nirarthaka bhAga-daur3a ko niyaMtrita karatI hai, apitu jAte haiN|19 saMkSepa meM dhyAna-sAdhanA se AtmA, karmarUpI mala evaM vAcika aura kAyika (daihika) gatividhiyoM ko bhI niyaMtrita kara vyakti AvaraNa se mukta hokara apanI zuddha nirvikAra jJAtA-draSTA avasthA ko ko apane Apa se jor3a detI hai| hameM ehasAsa hotA hai ki hamArA astitva prApta ho jAtA hai| caitasika aura daihika gatividhiyoM se bhI Upara hai aura hama unake kevala sAkSI haiM, apitu niyAmaka bhI haiN| dhyAna aura tanAvamukti dhyAna-AtmasAkSAtkAra kI kalA dhyAna ke isa cAra alaukika yA AdhyAtmika lAbhoM ke manuSya ke liye, jo kucha bhI zreSThatama aura kalyANakArI hai, atirikta granthakAra ne usake aihika, manovaijJAnika lAbhoM kI bhI carcA vaha svayaM apane ko jAnanA aura apane meM jInA hai| Atmabodha se kI hai, vaha kahatA hai ki jisakA citta dhyAna meM saMlagna hai, vaha mahattvapUrNa evaM zreSThatama anya koI bodha hai hI nhiiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra yA krodhAdi kaSAyoM se utpanna hone vAle IrSyA, viSAda, Adi mAnasika AtmajJAna bhI sAdhanA kA sAratattva hai| sAdhanA kA artha hai apane Apa ke duHkhoM se pIr3ita nahIM hotA hai|20 granthakAra ke isa kathana kA rahasya prati jaagnaa| vaha 'ko'haM' se 'so'haM' taka kI yAtrA hai| sAdhanA kI isa yaha hai ki jaba dhyAna meM AtmA apramatta cetA hokara jJAtA-draSTA bhAva yAtrA meM apane Apa ke prati jAganA sambhava hotA hai| dhyAna meM jJAtA meM sthiti hotA hai, to usa apramattatA kI sthiti meM na to kaSAya hI apanI hI vRttiyoM, bhAvanAoM, AvegoM aura vAsanAoM ko jJeya banAkara kriyAzIla hote haiM aura na unase utpanna IrSyA, dveSa, viSAda Adi bhAva vastuta: apanA hI darzana karatA hai| yadyapi yaha darzana tabhI saMbhava hotA hai, hI utpanna hote haiN| dhyAnI vyakti pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa utpanna hone jaba hama inakA atikramaNa kara jAte haiM, arthAt, inake prati kartAbhAva se vAle kaSAyoM ke vipAka ko mAtra dekhatA hai, kintu una bhAvoM meM mukta hokara sAkSI bhAva jagAte haiN| ata: dhyAna AtmA ke darzana kI kalA pariNita nahIM hotA hai| ata: kASAyika bhAvoM kI pariNati nahIM hone hai| dhyAna hI vaha vidhi hai, jisake dvArA hama sIdhe apane hI sammukha hote se usake citta ke mAnasika tanAva samApta ho jAte haiN| dhyAna mAnasika haiM, ise hI AtmasAkSAtkAra kahate haiN| dhyAna jIva meM 'jina' kA, AtmA tanAvoM se mukti kA anyatama sAdhana hai| dhyAnazataka (jhANAjjhayaNa) se paramAtmA kA darzana karAtA hai| ke anusAra dhyAna se na kevala AtmAvizuddhi aura mAnasika tanAvoM dhyAna kI isa prakriyA meM AtmA ke dvArA paramAtmA (zuddhAtmA) se mukti milatI hai, apitu zArIrika pIr3AyeM bhI kama ho jAtI haiN| ke darzana ke pUrva sarvaprathama to hameM apane 'vAsanAtmaka sva' (id) kA usameM likhA hai ki jo citta dhyAna meM atizaya sthiratA prApta kara sAkSAtkAra hotA hai- dUsare zabdoM meM hama apane hI vikAroM aura vAsanAoM cukA hai, vaha zIta, uSNa Adi zArIrika duHkhoM se bhI vicalita nahIM ke prati jagAte haiN| jAgaraNa ke isa prathama caraNa meM hameM unakI vidrUpatA kA hotA hai| unheM nirAkulatApUrvaka sahana kara letA hai|21 yaha hamArA bodha hotA hai| hameM lagatA hai ki ye hamAre vikAra bhAva haiM- vibhAga haiM, vyAvahArika anubhava hai ki jaba hamArI cittavRtti kisI vizeSa dizA kyoMki hamameM ye 'para' ke nimitta se hote haiN| yahI vibhAva dazA kA bodha meM kendrita hotI hai to hama zArIrika pIr3AoM ko bhUla jAte haiM; jaise sAdhanA kA dUsarA caraNa hai| sAdhanA ke tIsare caraNa meM sAdhaka vibhAga se eka vyApArI vyApAra meM bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko bhUla jAtA hai| ataH rahita zuddha AtmadazA kI anubhUti karatA hai- yahI paramAtma darzana hai, dhyAna meM daihika pIr3AoM kA ehasAsa bhI alpatama ho jAtA hai| svabhAvadazA meM ramaNa hai| yahAM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki dhyAna isa Atmadarzana meM kaise sahAyaka hotA hai?

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 465 dhyAna meM zarIra ko sthira rakhakara AMkha banda karanI hotI hai| sUtra meM kahA gayA hai "AtmA tapa se parizuddha hotI hai|24 samyak-jJAna jaise hI AMkha banda hotI hai-vyakti kA sambandha bAhya jagat se TUTakara se vastu svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha hotA hai| samyagradarzana se tattva-zraddhA antarjagat se jur3atA hai, antara kA paridRzya sAmane AtA hai, aba utpanna hotI hai| samyagcAritra Asrava kA nirodha karatA hai| kintu ina hamArI cetanA kA viSaya bAhya vastueM na hokara manosRjanAeM hotI haiN| jaba tInoM se bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hotI, mukti kA antima kAraNa to nirjarA vyakti isa manosRjanAoM (saMkalpa-vikalpoM) kA draSTA banatA hai, use hai| sampUrNa karmoM kI nirjarA ho jAnA hI mukti hai aura karmoM kI tapa se eka ora inakI para-nimittatA (vibhAvarUpatA) kA bodha hotA hai tathA hI nirjarA hotI hai| ata: dhyAna tapa kA eka viziSTa rUpa hai, jo dUsarI ora apane sAkSI svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| AtmA-anAtma kA Atmazuddhi kA anyatama kAraNa hai| viveka yA sva-para ke bheda kA jJAna hotA hai| kartA-bhoktA bhAva ke vikalpa vaise yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki AtmA vyuparata kriyA nivRtti kSINa hone lagate haiN| eka nirvikalpa Atma-dazA kI anubhUti hotI hai| nAmaka zukla dhyAna meM ArUr3ha hokara hI mukti ko prApta hotA hai| ata: dUsare zabdoM meM mana kI bhAga-daur3a samApta ho jAtI hai| manosRjanAeM yA hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jaina sAdhanA-vidhi meM dhyAna mukti kA antima saMkalpa-vikalpa vilIna hone lagate haiN| cetanA kI sabhI vikalatAeM kAraNa hai| dhyAna eka aisI avasthA hai jaba AtmA pUrNa rUpa se 'sva' meM samApta ho jAtI haiN| mana AtmA meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| sahaja-samAdhi sthiti hotI hai aura AtmA kA 'sva' meM sthita honA hI mukti yA nirvANa prakaTa hotI hai| isa prakAra AkAMkSAoM, vAsanAoM, saMkalpa-vikalpoM evaM kI avasthA hai| ata: dhyAna hI mukti bana jAtA hai| tanAvoM se mukta hone para eka aparimita nirapekSa Ananda kI upalabdhi yoga darzana meM dhyAna ko samAdhi kA pUrNa caraNa mAnA gayA hai| hotI hai, AtmA apane cidAnanda svarUpa meM lIna rahatA hai| isa prakAra usameM bhI dhyAna se hI samAdhi kI siddhi hotI hai| dhyAna jaba apanI dhyAna AtmA ko paramAtmA yA zuddhAtmA se jor3atA hai| ata: vaha pUrNatA para pahuMcatA hai to vahI samAdhi bana jAtA hai| dhyAna kI isa AtmasAkSAtkAra yA paramAtmA ke darzana kI eka kalA hai| nirvikalpa dazA ko na kevala jaina darzana meM, apitu sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA meM aura na kevala sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA meM apitu sabhI dharmoM kI dhyAna mukti kA anyatama kAraNa sAdhana-vidhiyoM meM mukti kA aMtima upAya mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM dhyAna mukti kA janma kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai yoga cAhe citta vRttiyoM ke nirodha meM nirvikalpa samAdhi ho yA jaina dArzanikoM ne AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko jina 14 sopAnoM (guNasthAnoM) AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA ho, vaha dhyAna hI hai| kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM antima guNasthAna ko ayogI kevalI guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| ayogI kevalI guNasthAna vaha avasthA hai jisameM dhyAna aura samAdhi vItarAga-AtmA apane kAyayoga, vacanayoga, manoyoga arthAt zarIra, sarvArthasiddhi aura tattvArthavArtika meM samAdhi ke svarUpa ko vANI aura mana kI gatividhiyoM kA nirodha kara letA hai aura unake niruddha spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra koSThAgAra meM lagI huI Aga hone para vaha mukti yA nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| yaha prakriyA sambhava ko zAnta karanA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra munijIvana ke zIlavratoM meM hai zukladhyAna ke caturtha caraNa vyuparata kriyA nivRtti ke dvaaraa| ata: dhyAna lagI huI vAsanA yA AkAMkSArUpI agni kA prazamana karanA bhI Avazyaka mokSa kA anyatam kAraNa hai| jaina paramparA meM dhyAna meM sthita hone ke pUrva hai| yahI samAdhi hai|25 dhavalA meM AcArya vIrasena ne jJAna, darzana aura jina padoM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, ve nimna haiM cAritra meM samyak avasthiti ko hI samAdhi kahA hai|26 vastuta: cittavRtti ThANeNaM moNeNaM jhANeNaM appANaM vosirAmi23 kA udvelita honA hI asamAdhi hai aura usakI isa udvignatA kA samApta arthAt "maiM zarIra se sthira hokara, vANI se mauna hokara, mana ho jAnA hI samAdhi hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba vAyu ke saMyoga se jala ko dhyAna meM niyojita kara zarIra ke prati mamatva kA parityAga karatA huuN|" taraMgAyita hotA hai to usa taraMgita jala meM rahI huI vastuoM kA bodha nahIM yahAM hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki 'appANaM vosirAmi' kA artha, AtmA hotA, usI prakAra tanAvayukta udvigna citta meM AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA kA visarjana karanA nahIM hai, apitu deha ke prati apanepana ke bhAva kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA hai| citta kI isa udvignatA kA yA tanAvayukta sthiti visarjana karanA hai| kyoMki visarjana yA parityAga AtmA kA nahIM apanepana kA samApta honA hI samAdhi hai| dhyAna bhI vastuta: citta kI vaha niSpakampa ke bhAva arthAt mamatvabuddhi kA hotA hai| jaba kAyika, vAcika aura avasthA hai jisameM AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSI hotA hai| vaha mAnasika kriyAoM para pUrNa niyaMtraNa sthApita ho jAtA hai, tabhI dhyAna kI citta kI samatvapUrNa sthiti hai| ata: dhyAna aura samAdhi samAnArthaka haiM; siddhi hotI hai aura jaba dhyAna siddha ho jAtA hai to AtmA ayogadazA phira bhI donoM meM eka sUkSma antara hai| vaha antara isa rUpa meM hai ki dhyAna arthAt mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki dhyAna mokSa kA samAdhi kA sAdhana hai aura samAdhi sAdhya hai| yogadarzana ke aSTAMga yoga anyatama kAraNa hai| meM samAdhi ke pUrNa caraNa dhyAna mAnA gayA hai| dhyAna jaba siddha ho jAtA jaina paramparA meM dhyAna Antarika tapa kA eka prakAra hai| isa hai, taba vaha samAdhi bana jAtA hai| vastuta: donoM eka hI haiN|27 dhyAna kI Antarika tapa ko AtmAvizuddhi kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana pUrNatA samAdhi meM hai| yadyapi donoM meM hI cittavRtti kI niSpakaMpatA yA

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466 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 samatva kI sthiti Avazyaka hai| eka meM usa niSpakampatA yA samatva kA arthAta deh-tyaag| lekina jaba taka jIvana hai taba taka zarIra kA tyAga abhyAsa hotA hai aura dUsare meM vaha avasthA sahaja ho jAtI hai| to saMbhava nahIM hai| ata: kAyotsarga kA matalaba hai- deha ke prati mamatva kA tyAga, dUsare zabdoM meM zArIrika gatividhiyoM kA kartA na banakara draSTA bana dhyAna aura yoga jaanaa| vaha zarIra kI mAtra aicchika gatividhiyoM kA niyantraNa hai| zArIrika yahAM dhyAna kA yoga se kyA saMbaMdha hai? yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| gatividhiyAM bhI do prakAra hI hotI haiM-eka svacAlita aura dUsarI aicchik| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA mana, vANI aura zarIra kI gatizIlatA ko kAyotsarga meM svacAlita gatividhiyoM kA nahIM, apitu aicchika gatividhiyoM yoga kahA jAtA hai|28 usake anusAra sAmAnya rUpa se samagra sAdhanA kA niyantraNa kiyA jAtA hai| kAyotsarga karane se pUrNa jo AgArasUtra kA aura vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna-sAdhanA kA prayojana yoga-nirodha hI hai| pATha bolA jAtA hai usameM zvasana-prakriyA, chIMka, jamhAI Adi svacAlita vastutaH mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika kriyAoM meM jinheM jaina paramparA zArIrika gatividhiyoM ke nirodha nahIM karane kA bhI spaSTa ullekha hai|32 meM yoga kahA gayA hai, mana kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| vAcika yoga aura ata: kAyotsarga aicchika zArIrika gatavidhiyoM ke nirodha kA prayatna hai| kAyikayoga, manoyoga para hI nirbhara karate haiN| jaba mana kI caMcalatA yadyapi aicchika gatividhiyoM kA kendra mAnavIya mana athavA cetanA hI hai| samApta hotI hai to sahaja hI zArIrika aura vAcika-kriyAoM meM zaithilya ata: kAyotsarga kI prakriyA dhyAna kI prakriyA ke sAtha aparihArya rUpa se A jAtA hai, kyoMki unake mUla meM vyakta yA avyakta mana hI hai| ataH jur3I huI hai| mana kI sakriyatA ke nirodha se hI yoga-nirodha saMbhava hai| yoga darzana bhI, eka anya dRSTi se kAyotsarga ko deha ke prati nirmamatva kI jo yoga para sarvAdhika bala detA hai, yaha mAnatA hai ki cittavRttiyoM kA sAdhanA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha deha meM rahakara bhI kartAbhAva se upara nirodha hI yoga hai|29 vastuta: jahAM citta kI caMcalatA samApta hotI hai, uThakara draSTAbhAva meM sthita honA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki cittavRttiyoM ke vahIM sAdhanA kI pUrNatA hai aura vahI pUrNatA dhyAna hai| citta kI caMcalatA vicalana meM zarIra bhI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai| hama zarIra athavA mana kI bhAga daur3a ko samApta karanA hI jaina sAdhanA aura yoga aura indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hI bAhya viSayoM se jur3ate haiM aura unakI sAdhanA donoM kA lakSya hai| isa dRSTi se dekheM to jaina darzana meM dhyAna kI anubhUti karate haiM isa anubhUti kA anukUla yA pratikUla prabhAva hamArI jo paribhASA dI jAtI hai vahI paribhASA yoga darzana meM yoga kI dI jAtI cittavRtti para par3atA hai, jo citta vicalana kA yA rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra dhyAna aura yoga paryAyavAcI bana jAte haiN| hotA hai| 'yoga' zabda kA eka artha jor3anA (Unification) bhI hai|30 isa dRSTi se AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA ko yoga kahA gayA citta (mana) aura dhyAna hai aura isI artha se yoga ko mukti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| apane isa jaina darzana meM mana kI cAra avasthAeM- jaina, bauddha aura dUsare artha meM bhI yoga zabda dhyAna kA samAnArthaka hI siddha hotA hai, vaidika paramparAoM meM citta yA mana dhyAna-sAdhanA kI AdhArabhUmi hai, ata: kyoMki dhyAna hI sAdhaka ko apane meM hI sthita paramAtmA (zuddhAtmA) yA citta kI vibhinna avasthAoM para vyakti ke dhyAna-sAdhanA ke vikAsa ko mukti se jor3atA hai| vastuta: jaba cittavRttiyoM kI caMcalatA samApta ho A~kA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM AcArya hemacandra ne mana kI cAra jAtI hai, citta prazAnta aura niSpakampa ho jAtA hai, to vahI dhyAna hotA avasthAe~ mAnI haiM- 1. vikSipta mana, 2. yAtAyAta mana, 3. zliSTa mana hai, vahI samAdhi hotA hai aura use hI yoga kahA jAtA hai| kintu jaba aura 4. sulIna mn|33 / kArya-kAraNa bhAva athavA sAdhya-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to 1. vikSipta mana- yaha mana kI asthira avasthA hai, isameM dhyAna sAdhanA hotA hai, samAdhi sAdhya hotI hai| sAdhana se sAdhya kI citta caMcala hotA hai, idhara-udhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai, isake Alambana upalabdhi hI yoga kahI jAtI hai| pramukhatayA bAhya viSaya hI hote haiM, isameM saMkalpa-vikalpa yA vicAroM kI bhAga-daur3a macI rahatI hai, ataH isa avasthA meM mAnasika zAnti kA dhyAna aura kAyotsarga abhAva hotA hai| yaha citta pUrI taraha bahirmakhI hotI hai| jaina sAdhanA meM tapa ke vargIkaraNa meM Abhyantara tapa ke jo cha: prakAra batalAe gaye haiM, unameM dhyAna aura kAyotsarga ina donoM kA alaga- jAtA hai to kabhI apane meM sthira hone kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha yogAbhyAsa alaga ullekha kiyA gayA hai|31 isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina AcAryoM ke prArambha kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta apane pUrvAbhyAsa ke kI dRSTi se dhyAna aura kAyotsarga do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyA~ haiN| dhyAna kAraNa bAharI viSayoM kI ora daur3atA rahatA hai, vaise thor3e bahuta prayatna se cetanA ko kisI viSaya para kendrita karane kA abhyAsa hai to kAyotsarga use sthira kara liyA jAtA hai| kucha samaya usa para sthira rahakara puna: bAhya zarIra ke niyantraNa kA eka abhyaas| yadyapi yahA~ kAyA (zarIra) vyApaka viSayoM ke saMkalpa-vikalpa meM ulajha jAtA hai| jaba-jaba kucha sthira hotA artha meM gRhIta hai| smaraNa rahe ki mana aura vAk ye zarIra ke Azrita hI hai taba mAnasika zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava karane lagatA hai| haiN| zAbdika dRSTi se kAyotsarga zabda kA artha hotA hai 'kAyA' kA utsarga yAtAyAta citta kathaMcit antarmukhI aura kathaMcit bahirmukhI hotA hai|

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 467 3. zliSTa mana- yaha mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA hai| isa yA dhyAna kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kisI viSaya para vicAra avasthA meM citta kI sthiratA kA AdhAra yA Alambana viSaya hotA hai| yA dhyAna karatA rahatA hai| isalie isameM bhI sabhI cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha isameM jaise-jaise sthiratA AtI hai, Ananda bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| nahIM hotA, tathApi yaha yoga kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| 4. salIna mana- yaha mana kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM saMkalpa- 5. niruddha citta- isa avasthA meM citta kI sabhI vattiyoM kA vikalpa evaM mAnasika vRttiyoM kA laya ho jAtA hai| isako mana kI (dhyeya viSaya taka kA bhI) lopa ho jAtA hai aura citta apanI svAbhAvika niruddhAvasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha paramAnanda hai, kyoMki isameM sthira zAMta avasthA meM A jAtA hai| sabhI vAsanAoM kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| - jaina, bauddha aura yoga darzana meM mana kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM bauddha darzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAe~- abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke nAmoM meM cAhe antara ho, lekina unake mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa meM koI ke anusAra bauddha darzana meM bhI citta (mana) cAra prakAra kA hai- 1. antara nahIM hai, jaisA ki nimna tAlikA se spaSTa hai| kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottr|34 1. kAmAvacara citta- yaha citta kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM jaina darzana bauddha darzana yoga darzana kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| isameM vitarka evaM vicAroM vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha kI adhikatA hotI hai| mana sAMsArika bhogoM ke pIche bhaTakatA rahatA hai| yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta 2. rUpAvacara citta- isa avasthA meM vitarka-vicAra to hote zliSTa arUpAvacara ekAgra haiM, lekina ekAgratA kA prayatna bhI hotA hai| citta kA Alambana bAhya sulIna lokottara niruddha sthUla viSaya hI hote haiN| yaha yogAbhyAsI citta kI prAthamika avasthA hai| jaina darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha darzana kA kAmAvacara citta 3. arUpAvacara citta- isa avasthA meM citta kA Alambana aura yogadarzana ke kSipta aura mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke rUpavAna bAhya padArtha nahIM hai| isa stara para citta kI vRttiyoM meM sthiratA anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM evaM kAmanAoM kI bahulatA hotI hai lekina usakI ekAgratA nirviSaya nahIM hotii| usake viSaya hotI hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana kA yAtAyAta mana, bauddha darzana kA atyanta sUkSma jaise ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna yA akiMcanatA rUpAvacara citta aura yoga darzana kA vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka haiM, hote haiN| sAmAnyatayA sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM alpakAlika 4. lokottara citta- isa avasthA meM vAsanA-saMskAra, rAga- sthiratA hotI hai tathA vAsanAoM ke vega meM thor3I kamI avazya ho jAtI dveSa evaM moha kA prahANa ho jAtA hai| citta vikalpazUnya ho jAtA hai| isa hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha darzana kA arUpAvacara avasthA kI prApti kara lene para nizcita rUpa se arhat pada evaM nirvANa kI citta aura yoga darzana kA ekAgracita bhI samAna hI hai| sabhI ne isako prApti ho jAtI hai| mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA kahA hai| citta kI antima avasthA jise yoga darzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~- yogadarzana meM jaina darzana meM sulIna mana, bauddha darzana meM lokottara citta aura yoga darzana cittabhUmi (mAnasika avasthA) ke pA~ca prakAra haiN| 1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, samAna artha ke dyotaka haiN| isameM vAsanA, vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddhA35 / / saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai| dhyAna-sAdhanA 1. kSipta citta- isa avasthA meM citta rajoguNa ke prabhAva meM kA lakSya citta kI isa vAsanA saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa se rahita rahatA hai aura eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya para daur3atA rahatA hai| sthiratA avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki krama se nahIM rahatI hai| yaha avasthA yoga ke anukUla nahIM hai kyoMki isameM mana abhyAsa bar3hAte hue arthAt vikSipta se yAtAyAta citta kA, yAtAyAta se aura indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rhtaa| zliSTa kA aura zliSTa se sulIna citta kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| isa 2. mUr3ha citta- isa avasthA meM tana kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura taraha abhyAsa karane se nirAlambana dhyAna hone lagatA hai| nirAlambana isameM nidrA, Alasya Adi kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| nidrAvasthA meM citta kI dhyAna se samatva prApta karake paramAnanda kA anubhava karanA caahie| yogI vRttiyoM kA kucha kAla ke lie tirobhAva ho jAtA hai, parantu yaha avasthA ko cAhie ki vaha bahirAtmabhAva kA tyAga karake antarAtmA ke sAtha yogAvasthA nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM AtmA sAkSI bhAva meM nahIM hotA hai| sAmIpya sthApita kare aura paramAtmamaya banane ke lie nirantara paramAtmA 3. vikSipta citta- vikSiptAvasthA meM mana thor3I dera ke lie kA dhyAna kre|36 eka viSaya para lagatA hai, para turanta hI anya viSaya kI ora daur3a jAtA isa prakAra citta-vRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana hI samAlocya hai aura pahalA viSaya chUTa jAtA hai| yaha citta kI AMzika sthiratA kI dhyAna paramparAoM kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai, kyoMki vAsanAoM dvArA hI mana avasthA hai| kSobhita hotA hai, jisase cetanA kA samatva bhaMga hotA hai| dhyAna isI 4. ekAgra citta- yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM citta dera taka samatva yA samAdhi ko prApta karane kI sAdhanA hai| eka viSaya para lagA rahatA hai| yaha kisI vastu para mAnasika kendrIkaraNa

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468 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dhyAna kA sAmAnya artha avasthA hai, vaha dhyAna hai|43 isa gAthA meM paNDita bAlacandrajI siddhAntazAstrI 'dhyAna' zabda kA sAmAnya artha cetanA kA kisI eka viSaya ne "daMsaNaNANasamaggaM" kA artha samyagdarzana va samyagjJAna se paripUrNa yA bindu para kendrita honA hai|37 cetanA jisa viSaya para kendrita hotI hai kiyA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha artha ucita nahIM hai| darzana aura jJAna vaha prazasta yA aprazasta donoM hI ho sakatA hai| isI AdhAra para dhyAna kI samagra (samaggaM) kA artha hai jJAna kA bhI nirvikalpa avasthA meM honaa| ke do rUpa nirdhArita hue- 1. prazasta aura 2. aprshst| usameM bhI sAmAnyatayA jJAna vikalpAtmaka hotA hai aura darzana nirviklp| kintu aprazasta dhyAna ke puna: do rUpa mAne gaye 1. Arta aura 3.raudr| prazasta jaba jJAna citta kI vikalpatA se rahita hokara darzana se abhinna ho jAtA dhyAna ke bhI do rUpa mAne gaye 1. dharma aura 2. shukl| jaba cetanA rAga hai, to vahI dhyAna ho jAtA hai| isIlie anyatra kahA bhI hai ki jJAna se yA Asakti meM DUba kara kisI vastu aura usakI upalabdhi kI AzA para hI dhyAna kI siddhi hotI hai|44 dhyAna zabda kI ina paribhASAoM meM hameM kendrita hotI hai to use ArtadhyAna kahA jA sakatA hai| aprApta vastu kI spaSTa rUpa se eka vikAsakrama parilakSita hotA hai| phira bhI mUla rUpa meM prApti kI AkAMkSA yA prApta vastu ke viyoga kI saMbhAvanA kI cintA meM ye paribhASAeM eka dUsare kI virodhI nahIM haiN| citta kA vidhi-vikalpoM se citta kA DUbanA ArtadhyAna hai|38 ArtadhyAna citta ke avasAda/viSAda kI rahita hokara eka vikalpa para sthira ho jAnA aura anta meM nirvikalpa ho avasthA hai| jAnA hI dhyAna hai kyoMki dhyAna kI antima avasthA meM sabhI vikalpa jaba koI upalabdha anukUla viSayoM ke viyoga kA yA aprApta samApta ho jAte haiN| anukUla viSayoM kI upalabdhi meM avarodha kA nimitta banatA hai to usa para Akroza kA jo sthAyIbhAva hotA hai, vahI raudradhyAna hai|36 isa prakAra dhyAna kA kSetra ArtadhyAna rAgamUlaka hotA hai aura raudradhyAna dveSamUlaka hotA hai| rAga-dveSa dhyAna-sAdhanA ke do prakAra mAne gaye haiM- eka bahiraMga aura ke nimitta se utpanna hone ke kAraNa ye donoM dhyAna saMsAra ke janaka haiM, dUsarA antrNg| dhyAna ke bahiraMga sAdhanoM meM dhyAna ke yogya sthAna (kSetra), ata: aprazasta mAne gaye haiN| inake viparIta dharma-dhyAna aura zukladhyAna Asana, kAla Adi kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai aura antaraMga sAdhanoM meM prazasta mAne gaye haiN| merI dRSTi meM sva-para ke liye kalyANakArI viSayoM dhyeya viSaya aura dhyAtA ke saMbaMdha meM yaha vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki dhyAna para cittavRtti kA sthira honA dharmadhyAna hai| yaha lokamaMgala aura Atmavizuddhi ke yogya kSetra kauna se ho sakate haiN| AcArya zubhacandra likhate haiM ki 'jo kA sAdhaka hotA hai| cUMki dharma dhyAna meM bhoktAbhAva hotA hai, ata: yaha sthAna nikRSTa svabhAva vAle logoM se sevita ho, duSTa rAjA se zAsita ho, zubha Asrava kA kAraNa hotA hai| jaba AtmA kI citta-vRttiyA~ sAkSIbhAva pAkhaNDiyoM ke samUha se vyApta ho, juAriyoM, madyapiyoM aura vyabhicAriyoM yA jJAtA draSTA bhAva meM avasthita hotI haiM, taba sAdhaka na to kartAbhAva se se yukta ho, jahAM kA vAtavaraNa azAnta ho, jahAM senA kA saMcAra ho rahA jur3atA hai aura na bhoktAbhAva se jur3atA hai, yahI sAkSIbhAva kI avasthA hI ho, gIta vAdana Adi ke svara guMja rahe hoM, jahAM jantuoM tathA napuMsaka zukla dhyAna hai| isameM citta zubha-azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| Adi nikRSTa prakRti ke janoM kA vicaraNa ho, vaha sthAna dhyAna ke yogya nahIM hai| isa prakAra kAMTe, patthara, kIcar3a, haDDI, rudhira Adi se dUSita 'dhyAna' zabda kI jaina paribhASAe~ tathA kauve, ullU, zRgAla, kuttoM Adi se sevita sthAna bhI dhyAna ke sAmAnyatayA adhyavasAyoM (cittavRtti) kA sthira honA hI dhyAna yogya nahIM hote haiN|45 kahA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mana kI ekAgratA ko prApta honA hI dhyAna yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki pariveza kA prabhAva hamArI cittavRttiyoM para hai| isake viparIta jo mana caMcala hai use bhAvanA, anuprekSA athavA cintA par3atA hai| dharma sthaloM evaM nIrava sAdhanA-kSetroM Adi meM jo nirAkulatA kahA jAtA hai|40 isa prakAra dhyAna vaha sthiti hai jisameM citta kI hotI hai tathA unameM jo eka viziSTa prakAra kI zAnti hotI hai, vaha caMcalatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha kisI eka viSaya para kendrita ho dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie upayukta hotI hai| ata: dhyAna karate samaya sAdhaka jAtI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ko kSetra kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| saMyamI sAdhaka ko samudra taTa, aneka arthoM kA Alambana dene vAlI cintA kA nirodha dhyAna hai|41 nadI taTa, athavA sarovara ke taTa, parvata zikhara athavA guphA kiMvA dUsare zabdoM meM jaba cintana ko anyAnya viSayoM se haTA kara kisI eka prAkRtika dRSTi se nIrava aura sundara pradezoM ko athavA jinAlaya Adi hI vastu para kendrita kara diyA jAtA hai to vaha dhyAna bana jAtA hai| yadyapi dharma sthAnoM ko hI dhyAna ke kSetra rUpa meM cunanA caahie| dhyAna kI dizA bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM eka ora cintA nirodha se utpanna ekAgratA ko ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dhyAna ke lie pUrva yA dhyAna kahA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora usameM rAga-dveSa aura mithyAtva se uttara dizA meM abhimukha hokara baiThanA caahiye| rahita hokara padArtha kI yathArthatA ko grahaNa karane vAlA jo viSayAntara ke saMcAra se rahita jJAna hotA hai, use dhyAna kahA gayA hai|42 AcArya dhyAna ke Asana kundakunda paMcAstikAya meM dhyAna ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki darzana dhyAna ke AsanoM ko lekara bhI jaina granthoM meM paryApta rUpa se aura jJAna se paripUrNa aura anya dravya ke saMsarga se rahita cetanA kI jo vicAra huA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se padmAsana, paryaMkAsana evaM khaDgAsana

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 469 dhyAna ke uttama Asana mAne gaye haiN| dhyAna ke AsanoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina niroga aura sugaThita zarIra Avazyaka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM to dhyAna kI AcAryoM kI mUladRSTi yaha hai ki jina AsanoM se zarIra aura mana para paribhASA dete hue spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki uttamasaMhanana vAle tanAva nahIM par3atA ho aise sukhAsana hI dhyAna ke yogya Asana mAne jA kA eka viSaya meM aMta:karaNa kI vRtti kA niyojana dhyAna hai|51 jaina sakate haiN| jina AsanoM kA abhyAsa sAdhaka ne kara rakhA ho aura jina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki cha: prakAra kI zArIrika saMracanA meM se AsanoM meM vaha adhika samaya para sukhapUrvaka baiTha sakatA ho tathA jinake vajraRSabhanArAca, ardhavaRSabhanArAca, nArAca aura ardhanArAca- ye cAra kAraNa usakA zarIra sveda ko prApta nahIM hotA ho, ve hI Asana dhyAna zArIrika saMracanAe~ hI (saMhanana) dhyAna ke yogya hotI haiN|52 yadyapi hameM ke lie zreSTha Asana haiN|46 sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM padmAsana aura yahAM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zArIrika saMracanA kA saha-saMbaMdha mukhya khaDgAsana hI dhyAna ke adhika pracalita Asana rahe haiN|47 kintu mahAvIra rUpa se prazasta dhyAnoM se hI hai, aprazasta dhyAnoM se nhiiN| yaha satya hai ke dvArA godahAsana meM dhyAna karake kevalajJAna prApta karane ke bhI ullekha ki zarIra cittavRtti kI asthiratA kA mukhya kAraNa hotA hai| ata: dhyAna haiN|48 samAdhimaraNa yA zArIrika azakti kI sthiti meM leTe-leTe bhI kI ve sthitiyAM jinakA viSaya prazasta hotA hai aura jinake lie dhyAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| cittavRtti kI adhika samaya taka sthiratA Avazyaka hotI hai, ve kevala sabala zarIra meM hI sambhava hotI haiN| kintu aprazasta Arta, raudra Adi dhyAna kA kAla dhyAna to nirbala zarIravAloM ko hI adhika hote haiN| azakta yA durbala sAmAnyatayA sabhI kAloM meM zubha bhAva saMbhava hone se dhyAna- vyakti hI adhika cintana evaM cir3acir3A hotA hai| sAdhanA kA koI viziSTa kAla nahIM kahA gayA hai| kintu jahAM taka muni samAcArI kA prazna hai, uttarAdhyayana meM sAmAnya rUpa se madhyAhna dhyAna kisakA? aura madhyarAtri ko dhyAna ke lie upayukta samaya batAyA gayA hai|49 dhyAna ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki upAsakadazAMga meM sakaDAla putra ke dvArA madhyAhna meM dhyAna karane kA dhyAna kisakA kiyA jAye? dUsare zabdoM meM dhyeya yA dhyAna kA Alambana nirdeza hai|5deg kahIM-kahIM prAta:kAla aura sandhyAkAla meM bhI dhyAna kyA hai? sAmAnya dRSTi se vicAra karane para to kisI bhI vastu yA viSaya karane kA vidhAna milatA hai| ko dhyeya/dhyAna ke Alambana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki sabhI vastuoM yA viSayoM meM kamobeza dhyAnakarSaNa kI kSamatA to dhyAna kI samayAvadhi hotI hI hai| cAhe saMsAra ke sabhI viSaya dhyAna ke Alambana hone kI jaina AcAryoM ne isa prazna para bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra pAtratA rakhate hoM, kintu una sabhI ko dhyAna kA Alambana nahIM banAyA jA kiyA hai ki kisI vyakti kI citta vRtti adhikatama kitane samaya taka sakatA hai| vyakti ke prayojana ke AdhAra para hI unameM se koI eka viSaya eka viSaya para sthira raha sakatI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM unakA niSkarSa yaha hai hI dhyAna kA Alambana banatA hai| ata: dhyAna ke Alambana kA nirdhAraNa ki kisI eka viSaya para akhaNDita rUpa se cittavRtti antarmuhUrta se karate samaya yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hotA hai ki dhyAna kA uddezya adhika sthira nahIM raha sktii| antarmuhUrta se unakA tAtparya eka kSaNa se yA prayojana kyA hai? dUsare zabdoM meM dhyAna hama kisalie karanA cAhate kucha adhika tathA 48 minaTa se kucha kama hai| kintu isakA tAtparya yaha haiM? isakA nirdhAraNa sarvaprathama Avazyaka hotA hai| vaise to saMsAra ke sabhI nahIM hai ki dhyAna antarmuhUrta se adhika samaya taka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA viSaya citta ko kendrita karane kA sAmarthya rakhate haiM, kintu isakA artha hai| yaha satya hai ki itane kAla ke pazcAt dhyAna khaNDita hotA hai, kintu yaha nahIM hai ki binA kisI pUrva vicAra ke unheM dhyAna kA Alambana cittavRtti ko punaH niyojita karake dhyAna ko eka prahara yA rAtriparyaMta bhI athavA dhyeya banAyA jaaye| kisI strI kA sundara zarIra dhyAnAkarSaNa yA kiyA jA sakatA hai| dhyAna kA Alambana hone kI yogyatA to rakhatA hai, kintu jo sAdhaka dhyAna ke mAdhyama se vikSobha yA tanAvamukta honA cAhatA hai, usake lie dhyAna aura zarIra racanA yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki vaha strI ke sundara zarIra ko apane dhyAna kA jaina AcAryoM ne dhyAna kA saMbaMdha zarIra se bhI jor3A hai| yaha viSaya banAye, kyoMki use dhyAna kA viSaya banAne se usake mana meM usake anubhUta tathya hai ki sabala, svastha aura sugaThita zarIra hI dhyAna ke lie prati rAgAtmakatA utpanna hogI, vAsanA jAgegI aura pAne kI AkAMkSA yA adhika yogya hotA hai| yadi zarIra nirbala hai, sugaThita nahIM hai to bhoga kI AkAMkSA se citta meM vikSobha paidA hogaa| ata: kisI bhI vastu zArIrika gatividhiyoM ko adhika samaya taka niyantrita nahIM kiyA jA ko dhyAna kA Alambana banAne ke pUrva yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hotA sakatA aura yadi zArIrika gatividhiyAM niyaMtrita nahIM raheMgI to citta bhI hai ki hamAre dhyAna kA prayojana yA uddezya kyA hai? jo vyakti apanI niyantrita nahIM rhegaa| zarIra aura cittavRttiyoM meM eka gaharA saMbaMdha hai| vAsanAoM kA poSaNa cAhatA hai, vahI strI-zarIra ke saundarya ko apane zArIrika vikalatAeM citta ko vikala banA detI haiM aura caitasika dhyAna kA Alambana banAtA hai aura usake mAdhyama se ArtadhyAna kA vikalatAeM zarIra ko| ata: yaha mAnA gayA hai ki dhyAna ke lie sabala, bhAgIdAra banatA hai| kintu jo bhoga ke sthAna para tyAga aura vairAgya ko

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470 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 apane jIvana kA lakSya banAnA cAhatA hai, jo samAdhi kA icchuka hai, samAveza hotA hai| ata: hameM yaha mAnanA hotA hai ki ina aprazasta dhyAnoM usake lie strI-zarIra kI vIbhatsatA aura vidrUpatA hI dhyAna kA Alambana kI pAtratA to AdhyAtmika dRSTi se apUrNa rUpa se vikasita sabhI prANiyoM hogii| ata: dhyAna ke prayojana ke AdhAra para hI dhyeya kA nirdhAraNa karanA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM rahatI hI hai| nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya, deva Adi hotA hai| punaH dhyAna kI prazastatA aura aprazastatA bhI usake dhyeya yA sabhI meM ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna pAye jAte haiN| kintu jaba hama dhyAna kA Alambana para AdhArita hotI hai, ata: prazasta dhyAna ke sAdhaka aprazasta tAtparya kevala prazasta dhyAna arthAt dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna se lete haiM viSayoM ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana yA dhyeya nahIM banAte haiN| to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ina dhyAnoM ke adhikArI sabhI prANI nahIM haiN| jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM prAthamika stara para dhyAna ke lie umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM kisa dhyAna kA kauna adhikArI hai isakA kisI dhyeya yA Alambana kA honA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki binA Alambana ullekha kiyA hai|57 isakI vizeSa carcA hamane dhyAna ke prakAroM ke prasaMga ke citta kI vRttiyoM ko kendrita karanA sambhava nahIM hotA hai, ve sabhI meM kI hai| sAdhAraNatayA caturtha guNasthAna arthAt samyakdarzana kI prApti viSaya aura vastue~ jinameM vyakti kA mana rama jAtA hai, dhyAna kA ke pazcAt hI vyakti dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI banatA hai| dharmadhyAna kI Alambana banane kI yogyatA to rakhatI haiM, kintu unameM se kisI eka ko pAtratA kevala samyagdRSTi jIvoM ko hI hai| Arta aura raudra dhyAna kA apane dhyAna kA Alambana banAte samaya vyakti ko yaha vicAra karanA parityAga karake apane ko prazasta cintana se jor3ane kI sambhAvanA kevala hotA hai ki usase vaha rAga kI ora jAyegA yA virAga kI ora, usake usI vyakti meM ho sakatI hai, jisakA viveka jAgrata ho aura jo heya, jJeya citta meM vAsanA aura vikSobha jAgeMge yA samAdhi sdhegii| yadi sAdhaka kA aura upAdeya ke bheda ko samajhatA ho| jisa vyakti meM heya-upAdeya athavA uddezya dhyAna ke mAdhyama se citta-vikSobhoM ko dUra karake samAdhilAbha yA hita-ahita ke bodha kA hI sAmarthya nahIM hai, vaha dharmadhyAna meM apane citta samatAbhAva ko prApta karanA hai to use prazasta viSayoM ko hI apane dhyAna ko kendrita nahIM kara sktaa| kA Alambana banAnA hogaa| prazasta Alambana hI vyakti ko prazasta dhyAna yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki Arta aura raudra dhyAna pUrva saMskAroM ke kI dizA kI ora le jAtA hai| kAraNa vyakti meM sahaja hote haiM, unake lie vyakti ko vizeSa prayatna yA dhyAna ke Alambana ke prazasta viSayoM meM paramAtmA yA Izvara kA sAdhanA nahIM karanI hotI, jabaki dharmadhyAna ke lie sAdhanA (abhyAsa) sthAna sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI dhyAna ke Alambana Avazyaka hai| isIlie dharmadhyAna kevala samyagdRSTi ko hI ho sakatA hai| ke rUpa meM vItarAga paramAtmA ko dhyeya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai|53 dharmadhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie vyakti meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha vairAgya/virati cAhe dhyAna padastha ho yA piNDastha, rUpastha ho yA rUpAtIta; dhyeya to bhI Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai aura isalie kucha logoM kA yaha mAnanA hai paramAtmA hI hai, kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina dharma meM ki dharmadhyAna pAMcaveM guNasthAna arthAt dezavratI ko hI saMbhava hai| ata: AtmA aura paramAtmA bhinna nahIM hai| AtmA kI zuddhadazA hI paramAtmA spaSTa hai ki jahA~ Arta aura raudradhyAna ke svAmI samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi hai|54 isalie jaina darzana meM dhyAtA aura dhyeya abhinna haiN| sAdhaka AtmA donoM prakAra ke jIva ho sakate haiM, vahA~ dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI samyagdRSTi dhyAna sAdhanA meM apane hI zuddha svarUpa ko dhyeya banAtA hai| AtmA, zrAvaka aura vizeSarUpa se dezavirata zrAvaka yA muni hI ho sakatA hai| AtmA ke dvArA AtmA kA hI dhyAna karatA hai|55 jisa paramAtmAsvarUpa jahAM taka zukladhyAna kA prazna hai, vaha sAtaveM guNasthAna ke apramatta ko dhyAtA dhyeya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai vaha, usakA apanA hI zuddha jIvoM se lekara 14 veM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna taka ke sabhI vyaktiyoM svarUpa hai|56 puna: dhyAna meM jo dhyeya banatA hai vaha vastu nahIM, citta kI meM sambhava hai| isa saMbaMdha meM zvetAmbara-digambara ke matabhedoM kI carcA dhyAna vRtti hotI hai, dhyAna meM citta hI dhyeya kA AkAra grahaNa karake hamAre ke prakAroM ke prasaMga meM Age kI gayI hai| sAmane upasthita hotA hai, ata: dhyAtA bhI citta hai aura dhyeya bhI citta hai| isa prakAra dhyAna-sAdhanA ke adhikArI vyakti bhinna-bhinna dhyAnoM jise hama dhyeya kahate haiM, vaha hamArA apanA hI nija rUpa hai, hamArA kI apekSA se bhinna-bhinna kahe gaye haiN| jo vyakti AdhyAtmika dRSTi se apanA hI projekzana (Projection) hai| dhyAna vaha kalA hai jisameM jitanA vikasita hotA hai vaha dhyAna ke kSetra meM utanA hI Age bar3ha sakatA dhyAtA apane ko hI dhyeya banAkara svayaM usakA sAkSI banatA hai| hamArI hai| ata: vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa usakI dhyAna sAdhanA se jur3A vRttiyA~ hI hamAre dhyAna kA Alambana hotI haiM aura unake mAdhyama se hama huA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura dhyAna-sAdhanA meM vikAsa kA krama apanA hI darzana karate haiN| anyonyAzrita hai| jaise-jaise vyakti prazasta kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hotA hai aura jaise-jaise usakA AdhyAtmika dhyAna ke adhikArI vikAsa hotA hai, vaha prazasta dhyAnoM kI ora agrasara hotA hai| dhyAna ko vyApaka arthoM meM grahaNa karane para sabhI vyakti dhyAna ke adhikArI mAne jA sakate haiM, kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra Arta dhyAna kA sAdhaka gRhastha yA zramaNa? aura raudra dhyAna to nimnatama prANiyoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| apane vyApaka dhyAna kI kSamatA tyAgI aura bhogI donoM meM samAna rUpa se artha meM dhyAna meM prazasta aura aprazasta donoM hI prakAra ke dhyAnoM kA hotI hai, kintu aksara bhogI jisa viSaya para apanA dhyAna kendrita karatA

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 471 hai vaha viSaya anta meM usake mana ko pramathita karake udvelita hI banAtA sAdhu ko? vastuta: nirlipta jIvana jIne vAlA vyakti cAhe vaha sAdhu ho hai| ata: usake dhyAna meM yadyapi kucha kAla taka citta to sthira rahatA hai, yA gRhastha, usake lie dharmadhyAna saMbhava ho sakatA hai| dUsarI ora kintu usakA phala cittavRttiyoM kI sthiratA na hokara asthiratA hI hotI Asakta, daMbhI aura sAkAMkSa vyakti, cAhe vaha muni hI kyoM na ho, usake hai| jisa dhyAna ke anta meM citta udvelita hotA ho vaha dhyAna sAdhanAtmaka lie dharmadhyAna asaMbhava hotA hai| dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA sAdhu aura gRhastha dhyAna kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki paravartI jaina hone para nirbhara nahIM krtii| usakI saMbhAvanA kA AdhAra hI vyakti ke dArzanikoM ne apane granthoM meM ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna ko dhyAna ke rUpa citta kI nirAkulatA yA anAsakti hai| jo citta anAsakta aura nirAkula meM parigaNita hI nahIM kiyA, kyoMki ve antatogatvA citta kI udvignatA hai, phira vaha citta gRhastha kA ho yA muni kA, isase antara nahIM pdd'taa| ke hI kAraNa banate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna dhyAna ke adhikArI banane ke lie Avazyaka yaha hai ki vyakti kA mAnasa liyA ki gRhastha kA jIvana vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura udvignatAoM se nirAkAMkSa, anAkula aura anudvigna rhe| yaha anubhUta satya hai ki koIparipUrNa hai, ata: ve dhyAna- sAdhanA karane meM asamartha haiN| koI vyakti gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI nirAkAMkSa, anAkula aura __ jJAnArNava meM isa mata kA pratipAdana huA hai ki gRhastha dhyAna anudvigna banA rahatA hai| dUsarI ora kucha sAdhu, sAdhu hokara bhI sadaiva kA adhikArI nahIM hai|58 isa saMbaMdha meM usakA kathana hai ki gRhastha Asakta, Akula aura udvigna rahate haiN| ata: dhyAna kA saMbaMdha gRhI jIvana pramAda ko jItane meM samartha nahIM hotA, isalie vaha apane caMcala mana yA muni jIvana se na hokara citta kI vizuddhi se hai| citta jitanA vizuddha ko vaMza meM nahIM rakha paataa| phalata: vaha dhyAna kA adhikArI nahIM ho hogA dhyAna utanA hI sthira hogaa| punaH jo zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sktaa| jJAnArNavakAra kA kathana hai ki gRhastha kA mana saiMkar3oM jhaMjhaToM paramparAyeM gRhastha meM bhI 14 guNasthAna sambhava mAnatI haiM, unake anusAra se vyathita tathA duSTa tRSNA rUpa pizAca se pIr3ita rahatA hai, isalie to AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke agrima zreNiyoM kA arohaNa karatA huA usameM rahakara vyakti dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA nahIM kara sktaa| jaba gRhastha bhI na kevala dharmadhyAna kA apitu zukla -dhyAna kA bhI adhikArI pralayakAlIna tIkSNa vAyu ke dvArA sthira svabhAvavAle bar3e-bar3e parvata hotA hai| bhI sthAna bhraSTa kara diye jAte haiM, to phira strI-putra Adi ke bIca rahane vAle gRhastha ko jo svabhAva se hI caMcala hai, kyoM nahIM bhraSTa kiyA jA dhyAna ke prakAra sktaa|59 isa carcA ko Age bar3hAte hue jJAnArNavakAra to yahAM taka sAmAnyatayA jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna kA artha cittavRtti kA kisI kahatA hai ki kadAcit AkAza-kusuma aura gadhe ko sIMga (zrRMga) eka viSaya para kendrita honA hI mAnA hai| ata: jaba unhoMne dhyAna ke saMbhava bhI ho6deg lekina gRhastha jIvana meM kisI bhI deza aura kAla meM prakAroM kI carcA kI to usameM prazasta aura aprazasta donoM hI prakAra ke dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hotaa| isake sAtha hI jJAnArNavakAra mithyAdRSTiyoM, dhyAnoM ko gRhIta kara liyaa| unhoMne Arta, raudra, dharma aura zukla ye asthira abhiprAya vAloM tathA kapaTapUrNa jIvana jIne vAloM meM bhI dhyAna dhyAna ke cAra prakAra maane|63 dhyAna ke ina cAra prakAroM meM prathama do ko kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai|61 aprazasta arthAt saMsAra kA hetu aura antima do ko prazasta arthAt mokSa yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA gRhastha jIvana meM kA hetu kahA gayA hai|64 isakA AdhAra yaha mAnA gayA hai ki Arta aura dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| yaha sahI hai ki gRhastha jIvana meM aneka dvandva hote raudradhyAna rAga-dveSa janita hone se baMdhana ke kAraNa haiM, isalie ve haiM aura gRhastha Arta aura raudradhyAna se adhikAMza samaya taka jur3A rahatA aprazasta haiN| jabaki dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna kaSAya bhAva se rahita hai| kintu ekAnta rUpa se gRhastha meM dharma-dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA ko asvIkAra hone se mukti ke kAraNa haiM, isalie ve prazasta haiN| dhyAnazataka kI TIkA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| anyathA gRhastha liMga kI avadhAraNA khaNDita ho meM tathA amitagati ke zrAvakAcAra meM ina cAra dhyAnoM ko kramaza: jaayegii| ata: gRhastha meM bhI dharma-dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai| tiryaMcagati, narakagati, devagati aura mukti kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki jo vyakti jIvana ke prapaMcoM meM ulajhA huA hai, yadyapi prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM dhyAna kA yaha caturvidha vargIkaraNa hI mAnya usake lie dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| kintu gRhastha jIvana aura gRhI veza meM rahA hai| kintu jaba dhyAna kA saMbaMdha mukti kI sAdhanA se jor3A gayA to rahane vAle sabhI vyakti Asakta hI hote haiM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Arta aura raudradhyAna ko baMdhana kA kAraNa hone se dhyAna kI koTi meM hI aneka samyagdRSTi gRhastha aise hote haiM, jo jala meM kamalavat gRhastha parigaNita nahIM kiyA gyaa| ata: digambara paramparA kI dhavalA TIkA65 jIvana meM alipta bhAva se rahate haiN| aise vyaktiyoM ke lie dharma dhyAna kI meM tathA zvetAmbara paramparA ke hemacandra ke yogazAstra66 meM dhyAna ke do hI saMbhAvanA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| svayaM jJAnArNavakAra yaha prakAra mAne gae-dharma aura shukl| dhyAna meM bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA se spaSTa svIkAra karatA hai ki jo sAdhu mAtra veza meM anurAga rakhatA huA apane rUpa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usameM kramazaH vikAsa hotA gayA hai| prAcIna ko mahAna samajhatA hai aura dUsaroM ko hIna samajhatA hai, vaha sAdhu bhI dhyAna AgamoM yathA-sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra meM tathA jhANAjjhayA ke yogya nahIM hai|62 ata: vyakti meM munivezadhAraNa karane se dhyAna kI (dhyAnazataka) aura tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna ke cAra vibhAgoM kI carcA karake pAtratA nahIM AtI hai| prazna yaha nahIM ki dhyAna gRhastha ko saMbhava hogA yA kramaza: unake cAra-cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiM, kintu unameM kahIM bhI dhyAna

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472 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta ina cAra prakAroM kI carcA nahIM pramatta saMyata meM nidAna ko chor3akara arthAt aprApta kI prApti kI AkAMkSA hai| jabaki paravartI sAhitya meM inakI vistRta carcA milatI hai| sarvaprathama ko chor3akara anya tIna hI ArtadhyAna hote haiM- sthAnAMgasUtra meM inake nimna inakA ullekha yogIndu ke yogasAra aura devasena ke bhAvasaMgraha meM milatA cAra lakSaNoM kA ullekha huA hai-74 hai|67 muni padyasiMha ne jJAnasAra meM arhanta ke saMdarbha meM dharmadhyAna ke - ucca svara se ronaa| antargata piNDastha, padastha aura rUpastha kI hI carcA kI hai, kintu .. 2) zocanatA - dInatA prakaTa karate hue zoka krnaa| unhoMne rUpAtIta kA koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai|68 isa vivecanA meM eka samasyA yaha bhI hai ki piNDastha aura rUpastha meM koI vizeSa antara 3) tepanatA - AMsU bhaanaa| nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM AcArya nemicandra ke dravyasaMgraha 4) paridevanatA - karuNA-janaka vilApa krnaa| meM dhyAna ke cAra bhedoM kI carcA ke pazcAt dharmadhyAna ke antargata padoM ke (2) dhyAna - raudra dhyAna AvegAtmaka avasthA hai| raudra jApa aura paMcaparameSThi ke svarUpa kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai|69 isake dhyAna ke bhI cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM75 TIkAkAra brahmadeva ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jo dhyAna maMtra vAkyoM ke 1) hiMsAnubaMdhI - nirantara hiMsaka pravRtti meM tanmayatA karAnevAlI Azrita hotA hai vaha padastha hai, jisa dhyAna meM 'sva' yA AtmA kA citta kI ekaagrtaa| cintana hotA hai vaha piMDastha hai, jisameM cetanA svarUpa yA vidrUpatA kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai vaha rUpastha hai tathA niraMjana va nirAkAra kA dhyAna 2) mRSAnubadhA asatya bhASaNa karane sambandhI citta kI hI rUpAtIta hai|7deg amitagati71 ne apane zrAvakAcAra meM dhyeya yA dhyAna ekaagrtaa| ke Alambana kI carcA karate hue piNDastha Adi ina cAra prakAra ke 3) stenAnubandhI - nirantara corI karane- karAne kI pravRtti sambandhI dhyAnoM kI vistAra se lagabhaga (27 zlokoM meM) carcA kI hai| yahAM citta kI ekAgratA piNDastha se pahale padastha dhyAna ko sthAna diyA gayA hai aura usakI 4) saMrakSaNAnabandhI - parigraha ke arjana aura saMrakSaNa sambandhI vistRta carcA bhI kI gaI hai| zubhacandra72 ne jJAnArNava meM padastha Adi tnmytaa| dhyAna ke ina prakAroM kI pUre vistAra ke sAtha (lagabhaga 27 zlokoM meM) kucha AcAryoM ne viSayasaMrakSaNa kA artha balAt aindrika bhogoM carcA kI hai| paravartI AcAryoM meM vasunandi, hemacandra, bhAskaranandi Adi kA saMkalpa kiyA hai, jabaki kucha AcAryoM ne aindrika viSayoM ke saMrakSaNa ne bhI inakI vistAra se carcA kI hai| punaH pArthivI, AgneyI, mAruti, meM upasthita karatA ke bhAva ko hI viSayasaMrakSaNa kahA hai| sthAnAMga meM vAruNI aura tattvabhU aisI piNDastha dhyAna kI jo pAMca dhAraNAeM kahI gaI isake bhI nimna cAra lakSaNoM kA nirdeza hai|76 haiM unakA bhI prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM ullekha nahIM miltaa| tattvArthasUtra aura . 1) utsannadoSa - hiMsAdi kisI eka pApa meM nirantara pravRtti usakI prAcIna TIkAoM meM lagabhaga 6ThI-7vIM zatI taka inakA abhAva krnaa| hai, isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki dhyAna ke prakAroM, upaprakAroM, lakSaNoM, AlambanoM Adi kI jo carcA jaina paramparA meM huI hai, vaha kramazaH / bahudoSa hiMsAdi sabhI pApoM ke karane meM saMlagna vikasita hotI rahI hai aura una para anya paramparAoM kA prabhAva bhI hai| prAcIna Agamika sAhitya meM sthAnAMgasUtra meM dhyAna ke prakAroM, 3) ajJAnadoSa - kusaMskAroM ke kAraNa hiMsAdi adhArmika kAryoM lakSaNoM, AlambanoM meM anuprekSAoM kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha isa ko dharma maannaa| prakAra hai: 4) AmaraNAnta doSa - maraNakAla taka bhI hiMsAdi krUra karmoM ko (1) ArtadhyAna- ArtadhyAna hatAzA kI sthiti hai| sthAnAMga ke karane kA anutApa na honaa| anusAra isa dhyAna ke cAra upaprakAra haiN|73 apriya vastu ke prApta hone para 3) dharmadhyAna- jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kevala usake viyoga kI satata cintA karanA yaha prathama prakAra kA ArtadhyAna hai| dharmadhyAna aura zakladhyAna ko hI dhyAna kI koTi meM rakhA hai| yahI kAraNa daHkha ke Ane para use dUra karane kI cintA karanA yaha ArtadhyAna kA hai ki AgamoM meM inake bheda aura lakSaNoM kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha inake dUsarA rUpa hai| priya vastu kA viyoga ho jAne para usakI punaH prApti ke AlambanoM aura anuprekSAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra Adi lie cintana karanA tIsare prakAra kA ArtadhyAna hai aura jo vastu prApta meM dharmadhyAna ke nimna cAra bheda batAye gaye haiN|76 nahIM hai usakI prApti kI icchA karanA cauthe prakAra kA Arta dhyAna hai| 1) AjJAvicaya- vItarAga sarvajJaprabhu ke Adeza aura upadeza tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra yaha Arta dhyAna avirata, dezavirata aura pramattasaMyata ke sambandha meM AgamoM ke anusAra cintana krnaa| meM hotA hai| isake sAtha hI mithyAdRSTiyoM meM bhI isa dhyAna kA sadbhAva hotA 2) apAyavicaya- doSoM aura unake kAraNoM kA cintana kara hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se mithyAdRSTi, avirata samyagdRSTi tathA dezavirata unase chuTakArA kaise ho, isa sambandha meM vicAra krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM samyagdRSTi meM ArtadhyAna ke uparokta cAroM hI prakAra pAye jAte haiM, kintu heya kyA hai? isakA cintana krnaa| rhnaa|

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 3) vipAkavicayapUrvakarmoM ke vipAka ke pariNAma svarUpa udaya meM AnevAlI sukhaduHkhAtmaka vibhinna anubhUtiyoM kA samabhAvapUrvaka vedana karate hue unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa krnaa| dUsare kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra heya ke pariNAmoM kA cintana karanA hI vipAkavicaya dharmadhvAna hai| vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna ko nimna udAharaNa se bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai mAna lIjie koI vyakti hameM apazabda kahatA hai aura una apazabdoM ko sunane se pUrvasaMskAroM ke nimitta se krodha kA bhAva udita hotA hai| usa samaya utpanna hote hue krodha ko sAkSI bhAva se dekhanA aura krodha kI pratikriyA vyakta na karanA tathA yaha vicAra karanA ki krodha kA pariNAma duHkhada hotA hai athavA yaha socanA ki mere nimitta se isako koI pIr3A huI hogI, ata: yaha mujhe apazabda kaha rahA hai, yaha vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna hai| saMkSepa meM karmavipAkoM ke udaya hone para unake prati sAkSI bhAva rakhanA, pratikriyA ke duHkhada pariNAma kA cintana karanA evaM pratikriyA na karanA hI vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna hai| 4) saMsthAnavicaya- loka ke svarUpa ke cintana ko sAmAnyarUpa se saMsthAnavicaya dharmadhyAna kahA jAtA hai, kintu loka evaM saMsthAna kA artha AgamoM meM zarIra bhI hai| ataH zArIrika gatividhiyoM para apanI cittavRttiyoM ko kendrita karane ko bhI saMsthAnavicaya dharmadhyAna kahA jA sakatA hai| apane isa artha meM saMsthAnavicaya dharmadhyAna zarIra vipazyanA yA zarIra prekSA ke nikaTa hai| AgamoM meM dharmadhyAna ke nimna cAra lakSaNa kahe gaye haiM- 78 (4) zukladhyAna- yaha dharmadhyAna ke bAda kI sthiti hai| zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura niSyakampa kiyA jAtA hai| isakI antima 1) AzAruci- jina AjJA ke sambandha meM vicAra-vimarza pariNati mana kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha hai| zukladhyAna cAra karanA tathA usake prati niSThAvAna rahanA / - prakAra ke hai83 1. pRthaktva-vitarka savicAra isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA kabhI dravya kA cintana karate karate paryAya kA cintana karane lagatA hai aura kabhI paryAya kA cintana karate-karate dravya kA cintana karane lagatA hai| isa dhyAna meM kabhI dravya para to kabhI paryAya para manoyoga kA saMkramaNa hote rahane para bhI dhyeya dravya eka hI rahatA hai| 2. ekatva-vitarka-avicArIyoga saMkramaNa se rahita eka paryAya viSayaka dhyAna ekatva-vitarka-avicAradhyAna kahalAtA hai| 3. sUkSmakriyA apratipAtI mana, vacana aura zarIra vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne evaM kevala zvAsocchvAsa kI sUkSma kriyA ke zeSa rahane para dhyAna kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| 4. samucchinna-kriyAnivRtti jaba mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA nirodha ho jAtA hai aura koI bhI sUkSma kriyA zeSa nahIM rahatI usa avasthA ko samucchitra kriyA nivRtti zukladhyAna kahate haiN| isa prakAra zukladhyAna kI prathama avasthA se kramazaH Age bar3hate hue antima avasthA meM sAdhaka kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika sabhI pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha kara anta meM siddhAvasthA prApta kara letA hai, jo ki dharma-sAdhanA aura yoga-sAdhanA kA antima lakSya hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke nimna cAra lakSaNa kahe 2) nisargaruci- dharmakAryoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ruci honaa| 3) sUtraruci - Agama zAstroM ke adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci honA / 4) avagAr3aruci- AgAmika viSayoM ke gahana cintana aura manana meM ruci honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM Agamika viSayoM kA gambhIratA se avagAhana krnaa| - sthanAMgasUtra meM dharmadhyAna ke AlambanoM kI carcA karate hue usameM cAra Alambana batAye gaye hai06 1. vAcana arthAt Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana karanA, 2 . pratipRcchanA adhyayana karate samaya utpanna zaMkA ke nivAraNArtha jijJAsAvRtti se usa sambandha meM gurujanoM se puuchnaa| 3. parivartanA- adhIta sUtroM kA punarAvartana karanA 4. anuprekSA AgamoM ke artha kA cintana krnaa| kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM anuprekSA kA artha saMsAra kI anityatA Adi kA cintana karanA bhI hai| 473 dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke sambandha meM carcA upalabdha hotI hai| jinabhadra 81 ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM nimna cAra bAteM hotI haiM vahIM dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI hotA hai| 1. samyagjJAna (jJAna) 2. dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi (darzana), 3. samyak cAritra yA AcaraNa aura 4. vairAgyabhAva hemacandra 82 ne yogazAstra meM inheM hI kucha zabdAntara ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve dharmadhyAna ke lie 1. AgamajJAna, 2. anAsakti, 3 AtmasaMyama aura 4. mumukSubhAva ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke sambandha meM tattvArthaM kA dRSTikoNa thor3A bhinna hai| tattvArtha ke zvetAmbara mAnya pATha ke anusAra dharmadhyAna apramattasaMyata, upazAMtakaSAya aura kSINakaSAya meM hI sambhava hai| guNasthAna siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yadi hama kaheM to sAtaveM se lekara gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM taka meM hI dharmadhyAna saMbhava hai| yadi ise niraMtaratA meM grahaNa kareM to apramatta saMyata se lekara kSINakaSAya taka arthAt sAtaveM guNasthAna se lekara bArahaveM guNasthAna taka dharmadhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke digambara mAnya mUlapATha meM dharma dhyAna ke adhikArI kI vivecanA karane vAlA sUtra hai hI nahIM yadyapi tattvAryasUtra kI digambara TIkAoM meM pUjyapAda akalaMka aura vidyAnandi sabhI ne dharmadhyAna ke svAmI kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu unakA maMtavya zvetAmbara paramparA se bhitra hai| unake anusAra cauthe guNasthAna se lekara sAtaveM guNasthAna taka hI dharma dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai| AThaveM guNasthAna se zreNI prAraMbha hone ke kAraNa dharmadhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke prazna para jaina AcAryoM meM matabheda rahA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra ke anusAra dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM kahIM gaI haiM:- 1. ekatvAnuprekSA, 2. anityAnuprekSA, 3. azaraNAnuprekSA aura 4. saMsArAnuprekSA / ye anuprekSAe~ jaina paramparA meM pracalita 12 anuprekSAoM ke hI antargata haiN| jinabhadra ke dhyAnazataka tathA umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra meM gaye hai84 .

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474 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 1) avyatha-parISaha, upasarga Adi kI vyathA se pIr3ita hone para cAdye pUrvavidaH - 9/39) zvetAmbara mUlapATha aura digambara mUlapATha meM to bhI kSobhita nahIM honaa| antara nahIM hai, kiMtu 'ca' zabda se kyA artha grahaNa karanA cAhie, ise 2) asammoha-kisI bhI prakAra se mohita nahIM honaa| lekara matabheda hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra upazAnta kaSAya evaM 3) viveka- sva aura para arthAta Atma aura anAtma ke bheda ko kSINakaSAya pUrvadharoM meM cAra zukladhyAnoM meM prathama do zukladhyAna sambhava smjhnaa| bhedavijJAna kA jJAtA honaa| haiN| bAda ke do, kevalI (sAyogI kevalI aura AyegI kevalI) meM sambhava 4) vyutsarga- zarIra, upadhi Adi ke prati mamatva bhAva kA pUrNa haiN| digambara paramparA ke anusAra AThaveM guNasthAna se caudahaveM guNasthAna tyAga dUsare zabdoM meM pUrNa nirmamatva se yukta honaa| taka zukladhyAna hai| pUrva ke do zukladhyAna AThaveM aura bArahaveM guNasthAnavartI ina cAra lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha batA sakate haiM ki pUrvadharoM meM sambhava hote haiM aura zeSa do terahaveM aura caudahaveM guNasthAnavArtI kisI vyakti meM zukladhyAna saMbhava hogA yA nhiiN| kevalI ko hote haiN|87 sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke cAra Alambana batAye gaye jaina dhyAna sAdhanA para tAntrika sAdhanA kA prabhAva- pUrva meM haiM85- 1. kSAnti (kSamAbhAva), 2. mukti (niloMbhatA), 3. Arjava (saralatA) hama vistAra se yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki dhyAna-sAdhanA zramaNa paramparA kI aura 4. mArdava (mRdutaa)| vastuta: zukladhyAna ke ye cAra Alambana cAra apanI vizeSatA hai, usameM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA mukhya prayojana AtmAvizuddhi kaSAyoM ke tyAga rUpa hI haiM, zAnti meM krodha kA tyAga hai aura mukti meM arthAt citta ko vikalpoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta kara nirvikalpadazA yA lobha kA tyAga hai| Arjava mAyA (kapaTa) ke tyAga kA sUcaka hai to mArdava samAdhi (samatva) meM sthita karanA rahA hai| isake viparIta tAntrika sAdhanA mAna kaSAya ke tyAga kA sUcaka hai| meM dhyAna kA prayojana mantrasiddhi aura haThayoga meM SaTacakroM kA bhedana kara isI grantha meM zukladhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAoM kA ullekha bhI kuNDalinI ko jAgRta karanA hai| yadyapi unameM bhI dhyAna ke dvArA AtmazAMti huA hai, kintu ye cAra anuprekSAeM sAmAnya rUpa se pracalita 12 yA Atmavizuddhi kI bAta kahI gaI hai, kintu yaha unapara zramaNadhArA ke anuprekSAoM se kvacit rUpa meM bhinna hI pratIta hotI haiN| sthAnAMga meM prabhAva kA hI pariNAma hai, kyoMki vaidikadhArA ke atharvaveda Adi prAcIna zukladhyAna kI nimna cAra anuprekSAeM ullikhita haiM86. granthoM meM maMtra siddhi kA prayojana laukika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu viziSTa 1) anantavRttitAnuprekSA-saMsAra ke paribhramaNa kI anantatA kA zaktiyoM kI prApti hI thaa| vastutaH hindU tAntrika sAdhanA vaidika aura vicAra krnaa| zramaNa paramparAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| usameM mAraNa, mohana, 2) vipariNAmAnuprekSA- vastuoM ke vividha pariNamanoM kA vicAra vazIkaraNa, stambhana Adi SaTkarmoM ke lie maMtra siddhi kI jo carcA hai krnaa| vaha vaidikadhArA kA prabhAva hai, kyoMki usake bIja atharvaveda Adi meM bhI 3) azubhAnuprekSA- saMsAra, deha aura bhogoM kI azubhatA kA vicAra hameM upalabdha hote haiM, jabaki dhyAna, samAdhi Adi ke dvArA Atmavizuiddhi krnaa| kI jo carcA hai vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hai| kintu yaha 4) apAyAnuprekSA- rAga, dveSa se hone vAle doSoM kA vicAra krnaa| bhI satya hai ki sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNadhArA aura vizeSa rUpa se jainadhArA zukladhyAna ke cAra prakAroM ke sambandha meM bauddhoM kA dRSTikoNa bhI para bhI hindU tAntrika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se kaulataMtra kA prabhAva jaina paramparA ke nikaTa hI hai| bauddha paramparA meM cAra prakAra ke dhyAna mAne AyA hai| gaye haiN| vastuta: jaina taMtra meM sakalIkaraNa, AtmarakSA, pUjAvidhAna aura 1) savitarkasavicAravivekajanya prItisukhAtmaka-prathama dhyaan| SaTkarmoM ke lie mantrasiddhi ke vidhi-vidhAna hindU tantra se prabhAvita haiN| 2) vitarkavicArarahita samAdhijaprItisukhAtmaka-dvitIya dhyaan| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, jaina dhyAna-sAdhanA, jo zramaNadhArA kI apanI 3) rAga aura virAga kI prati upekSA tathA smRti aura samprajanya se maulika sAdhanA-paddhati hai, para bhI hindU taMtra-vizeSa rUpa se kaulataMtra kA yukta upekSAsmRtisukhavihArI-tRtIya dhyaan| prabhAva AyA hai| yaha prabhAva dhyAna ke Alambana yA dhyeya ko lekara hai| 4) sukhaduHkha evaM saumanasya-daurmanasya se rahita asukha-adu:khAtmaka jaina paramparA meM dhyAna-sAdhanA ke antargata vividha AlambanoM upekSA evaM parizuddhi se yukta-caturtha dhyaan| kI carcA to prAcIna kAla se thI, kyoMki dhyAna-sAdhanA meM citta kI isa prakAra cAroM zukladhyAna bauddha paramparA meM bhI thor3e zabdika ekAgratA ke lie prArambha meM kisI na kisI viSaya kA Alambana to lenA antara ke sAtha upasthita haiN| hI par3atA hai| prArambha meM jaina paramparA meM Alambana ke AdhAra para dharmayoga paramparA meM bhI samApatti ke cAra prakAra batalAye haiM, jo ki dhyAna ko nimna cAra prakAra meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA thAjaina paramparA ke zukladhyAna ke cAroM prakAroM ke samAna hI lagate haiM, 1. ajJAvicaya, 2. apAyavicaya samApatti ke nimna cAra prakAra haiM- 1. savitarkA, 2. nirvitarkA, 3. 3. vipAka vicaya 4. saMsthAnAviya savicArA aura 4. nirvicaaraa| ina cAroM kI vistRta carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yaha bhI zukladhyAna ke svAmI ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra ke (zukle spaSTa hai ki dharmadhyAna ke ye cAroM Alambana jainoM ke apane maulika haiN|

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 475 kintu Age calakara ina AlambanoM ke saMdarbha meM taMtra kA prabhAva AyA aura isake pazcAt apane hRdaya bhAga meM adhomukha ATha paMkhur3iyA~ vAle kamala lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke Alambana ke AdhAra para dharmadhyAna ke kA ciMtana kareM aura yaha vicAra kareM ki ye ATha pakhur3iyA~ anukrama se 1. navIna cAra bheda kiye gaye jJAnAvaraNa, 2. darzanAvarama, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. AyuSya, 6. 1. piNDastha 2. padastha nAma, 7, gotra aura 8. aMtarAya karmoM kI pratinidhi haiN| isake pazcAt yaha 3. rUpastha 4. rUpAtIta ciMtana kare ki usa aha~ se jo agni zikhAyeM nikala rahI haiM, unase yaha spaSTa hai ki dharmadhyAna ke ina AlambanoM kI carcA mUlataH aSTadalakamala kI aSTakarmoM kI pratinidhi ye pakhaMr3iyA~ dagdha ho rahI haiN| kaulatantroM se prabhAvita hai, kyoMki zubhacandra (gyArahavIM zatI) aura aMta meM yaha ciMtana kare ki aha~ ke dhyAna se utpanna ina prabala agni hemacandra (bArahavIM zatI) ke pUrva hameM kisI bhI jaina graMtha meM inakI carcA zikhAoM ne aSTakarma rUpI usa adhomukha kamala ko dagdha kara diyA hai nahIM milatI hai| sarvaprathama zubhacandra ne apane jJAnArNava meM aura hemacandra usake bAda tIna koNa vAle svastika tathA agnibIja repha se yukta ne yogazAstrake anta meM dhyAna ke ina cAroM AlambanoM kI carcA kI hai| vahnipura kA ciMtana karanA cAhie aura yaha anubhava karanA cAhie ki usa inake pUrva ke kisI bhI AcArya ne ina cAroM AlambanoM kI koI carcA repha se nikalI huI jvAlAoM ne aSTakarmoM ke sAtha-sAtha mere isa zarIra nahIM kI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, piNDastha- dhyAna ke antargata dhAraNAe~ haiM- ko bhI bhasmIbhUta kara diyA hai| isake pazcAt usa agni ke zAMta hone kI 1. pArthivI, 2. AgneyI, 3. mAruti, 4. vAruNI aura 5. tttvvtii| dhAraNA kre| vastuta: dhyAna ke ina cAra AlambanoM meM aura paJca dhAraNAoM meM dhyAna kA (ga) vAyavIya dhAraNA- AgneyI dhAraNA ke pazcAt sAdhaka viSaya sthUla se sUkSma hotA jAtA hai| Age hama saMkSepa meM inakI carcA yaha ciMtana kare ki samagra loka ke parvatoM ko calAyamAna kara dene meM aura kreNge| dhyAna ke ina cAroM AlambanoM yA dhyeyoM aura pAMcoM dhAraNAoM ko samudroM ko bhI kSubdha kara dene meM samartha pracaNDa pavana baha rahA hai tathA mere jainoM ne kaulataMtra se gRhIta karake apane DhaMga se kisa prakAra samAyojita deha aura ATha karmoM ke bhasmIbhUta hone se jo rAkha banI thI, use vaha kiyA hai yaha nimna vivaraNa se spaSTa ho jaayegaa| pracaNDa pavana vega se ur3Akara le jA rahA hai| aMta meM yaha ciMtana karanA (1) piNDastha dhyAna- dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie prArambha meM koI cahie ki usa rAkha ko ur3Akara yaha pavana bhI zAMta ho rahA hai| na koI Alambana lenA Avazyaka hotA hai| sAtha hI isake kSetra meM pragati (gha) vAruNIya dhAraNA- vAyavIya dhAraNA ke pazcAt sAdhaka ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hotA hai ki ina AlambanoM kA viSaya kramazaH yaha ciMtana kare ki ardhacandrAkAra kalAbindu se yukta varuNa bIja 'vaM' se sthUla se sUkSma hotA jaaye| piNDastha dhyAna meM Alambana kA viSaya sabase utpanna amRta ke samAna jala se yukta meghamAlAoM se AkAza vyApta hai sthUla hotA hai| piNDa zabda ke do artha haiM- zarIra athavA bhautika vstu| aura ina meghamAlAoM se jo jala barasa rahA hai, usane zarIra aura karmoM piNDa zabda kA artha zarIra lene para piNDastha dhyAna kA artha hogA- kI jo bhasmI ur3I thI use bhI dho diyA hai| Antarika zArIrika gatividhiyoM para dhyAna kendrita karanA, jise hama (Ga) tattvavatI dhAraNA- uparyukta cAroM dhAraNAoM ke dvArA zarIraprekSA bhI kaha sakate haiM, kintu piNDa kA artha bhautika tattva karane para saptadhAtuoM se bane zarIra aura aSTakarmoM ke samApta ho jAne para sAdhaka pArthivI Adi dhAraNAyeM bhI piNDastha dhyAna ke antargata hI A jAtI haiN| pUrNacandra ke samAna nirmala evaM ujjavala kAMti vAle vizuddha Atmatattva ye dhAraNAyeM nimna haiM kA ciMtana kare aura yaha anubhava kare ki usa siMhAsana para AsIna merI (ka) pArthivIdhAraNA- AcArya hemacaMdra ke yogazAstra ke anusAra zuddha-buddha-AtmA arahaMta svarUpa hai| pArthivIdhAraNA meM sAdhaka ko madhyaloka ke samAna eka ativistRta isa prakAra kI dhyAna-sAdhanA ke phala kI carcA karate hue kSIrasAgara kA ciMtana karanA caahie| phira yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki piNDastha dhyAna ke rUpa meM ina pA~coM usa kSIrasAgara ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa ke samAna eka lAkha yojana vistAra dhAraNAoM kA abhyAsa karane vAle sAdhaka kA uccATana, mAraNa, mohana, vAlA aura eka hajAra paMkhur3iyoM vAlA eka kamala hai| usa kamala ke madhya stambhana Adi sambandhI duSTa vidyAyeM aura mAMtrika zaktiyA~ kucha bhI nahIM meM dedIpyamAna svarNima AbhA se yukta meru parvata ke samAna eka lAkha bigAr3a sakatI haiN| DAkinI-zAkiniyA~, kSudra yoginiyA~, bhUta, preta, yojana U~cI karNikA hai, usa karNikA ke Upara eka ujjavala zveta pizAcAdi duSTa prANI usake teja ko sahana karane meM samartha nahIM haiN| usake siMhasAna hai, usa siMhAsana para AsIna hokara merI AtmA aSTakarmoM kA teja se ve trAsa ko prApta hote haiN| siMha, sarpa Adi hiMsaka jantu bhI samUla ucchedana kara rahI hai| stambhita hokara usase dUra hI rahate haiN| (kha) AgneyIdhAraNA- jJAnArNava aura yogazAstra meM isa dhAraNA yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki hemacandra ne apane yogazAstra meM (7/8ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka apane nAbhimaNDala meM solaha 28) tAntrika paramparA kI ina pA~coM dhAraNAoM ko svIkAra karake bhI paMkhur3iyoM vAle kamala kA ciMtana kre| phira usa kamala kI karNikA para unheM jaina dharma-darzana kI Atmavizuddhi kI avadhAraNA se yojita kiyA ahaM kI, aura pratyeka paMkhur3I para kramaza: a, A, i, I, u, U R R, hai| kyoMki ina dhAraNAoM ke mAdhyama se ve aSTakarmoM ke nAza ke dvArA lU, e, ai, o, au, aM, a:- ina solaha svaroM kI sthApanA kreN| zuddha AtmadazA meM avasthita hone kA hI nirdeza karate haiM, kintu jaba ve

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476 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 isI piNDastha dhyAna kI pA~coM dhAraNAoM ke phala kI carcA karate haiM, to kiyA jAtA hai| isa dhyAna kA sAdhaka-yogI sarvaprathama hRdayakamala meM spaSTa aisA lagatA hai ki ve tAMtrika paramparA se prAbhAvita haiM, kyoMki yahA~ sthita karNikA meM isa pada kI sthApanA karatA hai tathA vacana-vilAsa kI unhoMne unhIM bhautika upalabdhiyoM kI carcA kI hai jo prakArAntara se utpatti ke advitIya kAraNa svara tathA vyaMjana se yukta, paMcaparameSThi ke tAMtrika sAdhanA kA uddezya hotI hai| vAcaka, mUrdhA meM sthita caMdrakalA se jharanevAle amRta ke rasa se sarAbora mahAmaMtra praNava (OM) zvAsa ko nizcala karake kumbhaka dvArA dhyAna karatA (2) padastha dhyAna hai| isa dhyAna kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki stambhana kArya meM pIta, vazIkaraNa jisa prakAra piNDastha dhyAna meM dhyeyabhautika piNDa yA zarIra meM lAla, kSobhana meM mUMge ke raMga ke samAna, vidveSaNa meM kRSNa, karmanAza hotA hai usI prakAra padastha dhyAna meM dhyAna kA Alambana pavitra maMtrAkSara, avasthA meM caMdramA kI prabhA ke samAna ujjavala varNa kA dhyAna kiyA bIjAkSara yA mAtRkApada hote haiN| padastha dhyAna kA artha hai padoM arthAt svara jAtA hai| aura vyaJjanoM kI viziSTa racanAoM ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana yA hemacandra ke anusAra paMcaparameSThi nAmaka dhyAna meM prathama hRdaya meM dhyeya bnaanaa| isa dhyAna ke antargata mAtRkApadoM arthAt svara-vyaJjanoM para ATha paMkhur3IvAle kamala kI sthApanA karake karNikA ke madhya meM saptAkSara hI dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| isa padastha dhyAna meM zarIra ke tIna 'arahaMtANaM' pada kA cintana kiyA jAtA hai| tatpazcAt cAroM dizAoM ke kendroM arthAt nAbhikamala, hRdayakamala tathA mukhakamala kI kalpanA kI cAra patroM para kramaza: 'Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM jAtI hai| isameM nAbhikamala ke rUpa meM solaha paMkhur3iyoM vAle kamala kI tathA Namo loe savvasAhUNaM' kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai tathA cAra vidizAoM kalpanA karake usakI una paMkhur3iyoM para solaha svaroM kA sthApana kiyA ke patroM para kramaza: "eso paMcaNamukkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo, maMgalANaM ca jAtA hai| hRdayakamala meM karNikA sahita caubIsa paTala vAle kamala kI savvesiM, paDhamaM havai magalaM' kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| zubhacaMdra ke kalpanA kI jAtI hai aura usakI madhyakarNikA tathA caubIsa paTaloM para matAnusAra madhya evaM pUrvAdi cAra dizAoM meM to Namo arahaMtANaM Adi kA kramazaH ka, kha, ga, gha Adi 'ka' varga se 'pa' varga taka ke paccIsa tathA cAra vidizAoM meM kramaza: 'samyagdarzanAya namaH, samyagjJAnAya namaH vyaJjanoM kI sthApanA karake unakA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra samyak cAritrAya namaH tathA samyagtapase nama:' kA ciMtana kiyA jAtA hai| aSTapaTalayukta mukhakamala kI kalpanA karake usake una aSTa paTaloM para inake atirikta ina donoM namaskAramaMtra se sambandhita aneka ya, ra, la, va, za, Sa, sa, ha,- ina ATha vargoM kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA aise mantroM yA padoM kA ullekha hai jinakA dhyAna yA japa karane se hai| cUMki sampUrNa vAGmaya inhI mAtRkApadoM se nirmita hai, ata: ina manovyAdhiyAM zAnta hotI haiM, kaSToM kA parihAra hotA hai tathA karmoM kA mAtRkApadoM kA dhyAna karane se vyakti sampUrNa zruta kA jJAtA ho jAtA hai Asrava ruka jAtA hai| inakI vistRta carcA hama tantra sAdhanA aura jaina dharma (yogazAstra 8/1-5) / nAmaka pustaka meM kara cuke haiN| jJAnArNava ke anusAra maMtra va varNoM (svara-vyaJjanoM) ke dhyAna meM isa prakAra padastha dhyAna meM citta ko sthita karane ke lie samasta padoM kA svAmI 'ahaM' mAnA gayA hai, jo repha kalA evaM bindu se mAtRkA padoM bIjAkSaroM evaM maMtrAkSaroM kA Alambana kiyA jAtA hai| yukta anAhata maMtrarAja hai| isa dhyAna ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka jainAcAryoM ne yaha to mAnA hai ki isa padastha dhyAna se vibhinna ko eka suvarNamaya kamala kI kalpanA karake usake madhya meM karNikA para labdhiyA~ yA alaukika zaktiyA~ bhI prApta hotI haiM, kintu ve sAdhaka ko virAjamAna, niSkalaMka, nirmala caMdra kI kiraNoM jaise AkAza evaM saMpUrNa inase dUra rahane kA hI nirdeza karate haiM, kyoMki unakA lakSya citta ko dizAoM meM vyApta 'ahaM' maMtra kA smaraNa karanA caahie| tatpazcAt use zuddha aura ekAgra karanA hai, na ki bhautika upalabdhiA~ prApta krnaa| mukhakamala meM praveza karate hue, pravalayoM meM bhramaNa karate hue, netrapAlakoM (3) rUpastha dhyAna- isa dhyAna meM sAdhaka apane mana ko aha~ para sphurita hote hue, bhAla maNDala meM sthira hote hue, tAlurandhra se bAhara para kendrita karatA hai arthAt unake guNoM evaM AdarzoM kA cintana karatA nikalate hue, amRta kI varSA karate hue, ujjvala caMdramA ke sAtha spardhA hai| arhata ke svarUpa kA Avalambana karake jo dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha karate hue, jyotirmaNDala meM bhramaNa karate hue, AkAza meM saMcaraNa karate dhyAna rUpastha dhyAna kahalAtA hai| rUpastha dhyAna kA sAdhaka rAgadveSAdi hue tathA mokSa ke sAtha milApa karate hue kumbhaka ke samAna sampUrNa vikAroM se rahita samasta guNoM, pratihAryoM evaM atizayoM se yukta jinendradeva avayavoM meM vyApta hone kA cintana karanA caahie| kA nirmala citta se dhyAna karatA hai| vastuta: yaha saguNa paramAtmA kA isa prakAra citta evaM zarIra meM isakI sthApanA dvArA mana ko dhyAna hai| kramazaH sUkSmatA ke 'arha maMtra para keMdrita kiyA jAtA hai| aha~ ke svarUpa (4) rUpAtIta dhyAna- rUpAtIta dhyAna kA artha hai rUpa-raMga se meM apane ko sthira karane para sAdhaka ke antaraMga meM eka aisI jyoti atIta niraMjana, nirAkAra, jJAna svarUpa evaM AnandasvarUpa siddha paramAtmA prakaTa hotI hai, jo akSaya tathA atIndriya hotI hai| isI jyoti kA nAma kA smaraNa krnaa| isa avasthA meM dhyAtA dhyeya ke sAtha ekatva kI hI Atmajyoti hai tathA isI se sAdhaka ko AtmajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| anubhUti karatA hai| ata: isa avasthA ko samarasIbhAva bhI kahA gayA hai| praNava nAmaka dhyAna meM aha~ ke sthAna para 'OM' pada kA dhyAna isa taraha piNDastha, padastha, rUpastha tathA rUpAtIta dhyAnoM dvArA

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 477 kramaza: bhautika tattvoM yA zarIra, mAtRkApadoM, sarvajJadeva tathA siddhAtmA koI viziSTa paddhati thii| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki sAdhakoM kI prakRti ke kA ciMtana kiyA jAtA hai; kyoMki sthUla dhyeyoM ke bAda kramaza sUkSma aura anurUpa dhyAna-sAdhanA kI ekAdhika paddhatiyAM bhI pracalita rahI hoM, sUkSmatara dhyeya kA dhyAna karane se mana meM sthiratA AtI hai aura dhyAtA evaM kintu AgamoM kI antima vAcanA taka ve vilupta hone lagI thiiN| jisa dhyeya meM koI antara nahIM raha jaataa| rAmaputta kA nirdeza bhagavAn buddha ke dhyAna ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM milatA hai, unakA ullekha jaina paraMparA ke prAcIna AgamoM meM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, jaina dharma meM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA vikAsakrama aMtakRdadazA, aupapAtikadazA, RSibhASita Adi meM honA 4 isa bAta jaina dharma meM dhyAnasAdhanA kI paramparA prAcInakAla se hI upalabdha kA pramANa hai ki nirgrantha paramparA rAmaputta kI dhyAna-sAdhanA kI paddhati se hotI hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArAMga meM mahAvIra ke dhyAna sAdhanA saMbaMdhI prabhAvita thii| bauddha paramparA kI vipazyanA aura nigraMtha paramparA kI aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiN| AcArAMga ke anusAra mahAvIra apane AcArAMga kI dhyAna sAdhanA meM jo kucha nikaTatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM adhikAMza samaya dhyAna-sAdhanA meM hI lIna rahate yaha sUcita karatI hai ki sambhavata: donoM kA mUla srota rAmaputta kI dhyaanthe|88 AcArAMga se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ne na kevala paddhati hI rahI hogii| isa saMbaMdha meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA cittavRttiyoM ke sthirIkaraNa kA abhyAsa kiyA thA, apitu unhoMne dRSTi ke jAnA apekSita hai| sthirIkaraNa kA bhI abhyAsa kiyA thaa| isa sAdhanA meM ve apalaka hokara SaT AvazyakoM meM kAyotsarga ko bhI eka Avazyaka mAnA dIvAra Adi kisI eka bindu para dhyAna kendrita karate the| isa sAdhanA meM gayA hai| kAyotsarga dhyAna-sAdhanApUrvaka hI hotA hai, isameM koI saMdeha nahIM unakI AMkheM lAla ho jAtI thIM aura bAhara kI ora nikala AtI thIM, hai| pratikramaNa meM aneka bAra kAyotsarga (dhyAna) kiyA jAtA hai| vartamAnakAla jinheM dekhakara dUsare loga bhayabhIta bhI hote the|89 AcArAMga ke ye meM bhI yaha paramparA avicchinna rUpa se jIvita hai| Aja bhI dhyAna kI isa ullekha isa bAta ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki mahAvIra ne dhyAna-sAdhanA kI paramparA meM AcAra saMbaMdhI doSoM ke cintana ke atirikta namaskAra maMtra, bAhma aura Abhyantara aneka vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA thaa| ve apramatta caturviMzatistava ke mAdhyama se paMcaparameSThi athavA tIrthaMkaroM kA dhyAna (jAgrata) hokara samAdhipUrvaka dhyAna karate the| aise bhI ullekha upalabdha kiyA jAtA hai| huA mAtra yaha hai ki dhyAna kI isa samagra prakiyA meM, jo hote haiM ki mahAvIra ke ziSya- praziSyoM meM bhI yaha dhyAna-sAdhanA kI sajagatA apekSita thI, vaha samApta ho gayI hai aura ye saba dhyAna saMbaMdhI pravRtti nirantara banI rhii| uttarAdhyayana meM munijIvana kI dinacaryA kA prakriyAeM rUr3hi mAtra banakara raha gaI haiN| yadyapi ina prakriyAoM kI vivecana karate hue spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki muni dina aura upasthiti se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dhyAna kI ina prakriyAoM se cetanA se rAtri ke dvitIya prahara meM dhyAna sAdhanA kre|90 mahAvIrakAlIna sAdhakoM ke satata rUpa se jAgrata yA jJAtA-draSTA- bhAva meM sthira rakhane kA prayAsa dhyAna kI koSThopagata vizeSatA AgamoM meM upalabdha hotI hai| yaha isa bAta kiyA jAtA rahA hai| kI sUcaka hai ki usa yuga meM dhyAna-sAdhanA muni jIvana kA eka Agama yuga taka jaina dharma meM dhyAna kA uddezya mukhya rUpa se Avazyaka aMga thii| bhadrabAha dvArA nepAla meM jAkara mahAprANa dhyAna kI Atmazuddhi yA cAritrazuddhi hI thA athavA yoM kaheM ki vaha citta ko sAdhanA karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|91 isI prakAra durbalikApuSyamitra samabhAva meM sthira rakhane kA prayAsa thaa| kI dhyAna sAdhanA kA ullekha AvazyakacUrNi meM hai|92 yadyapi AgamoM meM madhya yuga meM jaba bhArata meM taMtra aura haThayoga saMbaMdhI sAdhanAeM dhyAna saMbaMdhI nirdeza to haiM, kintu mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM kI pramukha banI to unake prabhAva se jaina dhyAna kI prakriyA meM parivartana aayaa| dhyAna prakriyA kA vistRta vivaraNa unameM upalabdha nahIM hai| Agamika kAla meM dhyAna-sAdhanA meM zarIra, indriya, mana aura cittamahAvIra ke yuga meM zramaNa paramparA meM aise aneka zramaNa the vRttiyoM ke prati sajaga hokara cetanA ko draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva meM sthira jinakI apanI-apanI dhyAna-sAdhanA kI viziSTa paddhatiyAM thii| inameM kiyA jAtA thA, jisase zarIra aura mana ke udvega aura AkulatAeM zAnta buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kintu unase jyeSTha rAmaputta kA hama ho jAtI thiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha caitasika samatva arthAt sAmAyika kI prArambha meM hI ullekha kara cuke haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM sAdhakoM ke sambandha sAdhanA thI, jisakA kucha rUpa Aja bhI vipazyanA meM upalabdha hai| kintu meM vipassI93 aura pAsaga jaise vizeSaNa milate haiN| isase aisA lagatA jaise-jaise bhAratIya samAja meM taMtra aura haThayoga kA prabhAva bar3hA vaisa-vaise hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirgrantha paramparA meM bhI jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM jaina sAdhanApaddhati meM bhI parirvatana aayaa| jaina dhyAnapaddhati meM padastha, cetanA ko sthira rakhane ke lie vipazyanA jaisI koI dhyAna sAdhanA kI piNDastha, rUpastha Adi dhyAna kI vidhiyA~ aura pArthivI, AgneyI, paddhati rahI hogii| usameM zvAsocchavAsa prekSA, zarIra prekSA, kaSAya yA citta vAyavIya aura vAruNIya jaisI dhAraNAeM sammilita huiiN| bIjAkSaroM tathA prekSA ke saMketa to haiM kintu vistRta vivaraNoM ke abhAva meM Aja usa maMtroM kA dhyAna karane kI paramparA vikasita huI aura SaTcakroM ke bhedana kA paddhati kI sampUrNa prakriyA kI carcA nahIM kI jA sakatI, parantu AcArAMga prayAsa bhI huaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha saba kaulatantra evaM haThayoga se jaina jaise prAcIna Agama meM ina zabdoM kI upasthiti isa tathya kI sUcaka paramparA meM aayaa| avazya hai ki usa yuga meM dhyAna- sAdhanA kI jaina paramparA kI apanI yadi hama jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kI prakriyA kA itihAsa dekhate

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478 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 huI thii| haiM to yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki usa para anya bhAratIya dhyAna evaM yoga kI punarsthApita karanA thaa| bhagavAn buddha kI dhyAna- sAdhanA kI vipazyanA paramparAoM kA prabhAva AyA hai, jo haribhadra ke pUrva se hI prAraMbha ho gayA paddhati kI jo eka jIvita paramparA kisI prakAra se barmA meM bacI rahI thI, thaa| haribhadra unakI dhyAna-vidhi ko lekara bhI usameM apanI paramparA ke vaha satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA ke mAdhyama se puna: bhArata meM apane jIvaMta anurUpa bahuta kucha parivartana kiye the| pUrva madhyayuga kI jaina dhyAna- rUpa meM lauttii| usa dhyAna kI jIvaMta paramparA ke AdhAra para jainoM ko, sAdhanA-vidhi usa yuga kI yoga-sAdhanA-vidhi se paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dhyAna-sAdhanA kI paddhati kyA rahI hogI, isakA AbhAsa huaa| jaina samAja kA yaha bhI sadbhAgya hai ki kucha jaina muni evaM madhyayuga meM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA prayoga bhI bdlaa| prAcIna kAla sAdhviyAM unakI vipazyanA kI sAdhanA-paddhati se judd'e| saMyoga se muni zrI meM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA prayojana mAtra Atma-vizuddhi yA caitasika samatva nathamalajI (AcArya mahAprajJa) jaise prAjJa sAdhaka vipazyanA sAdhanA se jur3e thA, kintu umAsvAti (IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI) ke yuga meM usake aura unhoMne vipazyanA dhyAna-paddhati tathA haThayoga kI prAcIna dhyAnasAtha vibhinna RddhiyoM aura labdhiyoM kI carcA bhI jur3I aura yaha mAnA paddhati ko Adhunika manovijJAna evaM zarIravijJAna ke AdhAroM para parakha jAne lagA ki dhyAna-sAdhanA se vividha alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta kI jA aura unheM jaina sAdhanA paramparA se ApUrita karake prekSAdhyAna kI jainadhArA sakatI haiN| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAti ne dhyAna se siddha hone vAlI vidhi ko punarjIvita kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki Aja prekSAdhyAna prakriyA jaina labdhiyoM kI vistRta carcA kI hai jinakA ullekha hama sUrimantra kI dhyAna kI eka vaijJAnika paddhati ke rUpa meM apanA astitva banA cukI hai| sAdhanA ke prasaMga meM kara cuke hai| usakI vaijJAnikatA aura upayogitA para bhI koI praznacihna nahIM lagAyA dhyAna kI prabhAvazIlatA ko banAe rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka jA sakatA hai, kintu usake vikAsa meM satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA dvArA to thA, kintu isake anya pariNAma bhI sAmane aaye| jaba aneka sAdhaka bhArata lAyI gayI vipazyanA dhyAna kI sAdhanA-paddhati ke yogadAna ko bhI ina haThayogI sAdhanAoM ke mAdhyama se Rddhi yA labdhi prApta karane meM vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Aja prekSAdhyAna paddhati nizcita rUpa se asamartha rahe to unhoMne yaha mAna liyA ki vartamAna yuga meM dhyAna-sAdhanA vipazyanA kI RNI hai| goyanakA jI kA RNa svIkAra kie binA hama saMbhava hI nahIM hai| dhyAna-sAdhanA kI siddhi kevala uttama saMhanana ke dhAraka apanI prAmANikatA ko siddha nahIM kara skeNge| sAtha hI isa navIna paddhati muniyoM athavA pUrvadharoM ko hI saMbhava thii| aise bhI aneka ullekha upalabdha ke vikAsa meM AcArya mahAprajJajI kA jo mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai, use hote haiM jinameM kahA gayA hai ki paMcamakAla meM uccakoTi kA dharmadhyAna yA bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sktaa| unhoMne vipazyanA se bahuta kucha lekara bhI zukladhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| madhyayuga meM dhyAna prakriyA meM kaise-kaise use prAcIna haThayoga kI SaTcakra bhedana Adi kI avadhAraNA se tathA parivartana hue, yaha bAta prAcIna AgamoM meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM, Adhunika manovijJAna aura zarIra vijJAna se jisa prakAra samanvita aura digambara jaina purANoM, zrAvakAcAroM evaM haribhadra, zubhacandra, hemacandra Adi paripuSTa kiyA hai, vaha unakI apanI pratibhA kA camatkAra hai| yahA~ vistAra ke graMthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| madhyakAla meM dhyAna se na to vipazyanA ke sandarbha meM aura na prekSAdhyAna ke sandarbha meM kucha kaha kI niSedhaka aura samarthaka donoM dhArAeM sAtha-sAtha saMbhava na ho, kintu pAnA saMbhava hai, kintu yaha satya hai ki dhyAna-sAdhanA kI ina paddhatiyoM dharmadhyAna kI sAdhanA to saMbhava hai| mAtra yaha hI nahIM, madhyayuga meM ko apanA kara jaina sAdhaka na kevala jaina dhyAna-paddhati ke prAcIna svarUpa dharmadhyAna ke svarUpa meM kAphI kucha parirvatana kiyA gayA aura usameM anya kA kucha AsvAda kareMge, apitu tanAvoM se paripUrNa jIvana meM AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kI aneka dhAraNAeM sammilita ho gyiiN| jaise piNDastha, zAnti aura samatA kA AsvAda bhI le skeNge| padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta dhyAna, pArthivI, AgneyI, vAyavIya, samyak jIvana jIne ke lie vipazyanA aura prekSAdhyAna paddhatiyoM vAruNIya evaM tattvavatI dhAraNAe~, mAtRkApadoM evaM maMtrAkSaroM kA dhyAna, kA abhyAsa aura adhyayana Avazyaka hai| hama AcArya mahAprajJa ke prANAyAma, SaTcakrabhedana Adi isa yuga meM dhyAna saMbaMdhI svataMtra sAhitya isalie bhI RNI haiM ki unhoMne na kevala prekSAdhyAna-paddhati kA vikAsa kA bhI paryApta vikAsa huaa| jhANAjjhayaNa (dhyAnazataka) se lekara kiyA apitu usake abhyAsa kendroM kI sthApanA bhI kii| sAtha hI jIvana jJAnArNava, dhyAnastava, yogazAstra Adi aneka svataMtra graMtha bhI dhyAna para vijJAna graMthamAlA ke mAdhyama se prekSAdhyAna se saMbaMdhita lagabhaga 48 likhe gye| madhyayuga tantra, haThayoga aura jaina dhyAna ke samanvaya kA yuga laghupustikAeM likhakara unhoMne jaina dhyAna-sAhitya ko mahattvapUrNa avadAna kahA jA sakatA haiN| isa kAla meM jaina dhyAna-paddhati yoga paramparA se, bhI diyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se haThayoga kI paramparA se evaM tAMtrika paramparA se paryApta rUpa yaha bhI prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki vipazyanA aura prekSA kI se prabhAvita aura samanvita huii| dhyAna-paddhatiyoM se preraNA pAkara AcArya nAnAlAlajI ne samIkSaNa dhyAna___Adhunika yuga taka yahI sthiti calatI rhii| Adhunika yuga meM vidhi ko prastuta kiyA aura isa saMbaMdha meM eka-do prAraMbhika pustikAeM bhI jaina dhyAna-sAdhanA kI paddhati meM punaH eka krAntikArI parivartana AyA hai| nikAlI haiM; kintu prekSAdhyAna-vidhi kI tulanA meM unameM na to pratipAdya isa krAnti kA mUlabhUta kAraNa to zrI satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA dvArA viSaya kI spaSTatA hai aura na vaijJAnika prastutIkaraNa hii| abhI-abhI krodha bauddhoM kI prAcIna vipazyanA sAdhanA-paddhati ko barmA se lAkara bhArata meM samIkSaNa Adi eka-do pustakeM aura bhI prakAra meM AyI haiM kintu isa

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 479 paddhati ko vaijJAnika aura prAyogika banAne ke lie abhI unheM bahuta kucha ora bhI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA hai| dhyAnazataka, dhyAnastava, karanA zeSa rahatA hai| jJAnArNava Adi dhyAna aura yoga saMbaMdhI graMthoM kI samAlocanAtmaka bhUmikA tathA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzana isa dizA meM mahattvapUrNa prayatna vartamAna yuga aura dhyAna kahA jA sakatA hai| punaH haribhadra ke yoga saMbaMdhI graMthoM kA svataMtra rUpa se vartamAna yuga meM jahAM eka ora yoga aura dhyAna saMbaMdhI sAdhanAoM yoga catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakAzana isa kar3I kA eka alaga caraNa hai| paM0 ke prati AkarSaNa bar3hA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yoga aura dhyAna ke adhyayana sukhalAlajI kA 'samadarzI haribhadra' arhadAsa baMDobA dighe kA pArzvanAtha aura zodha meM bhI vidvAnoM kI ruci jAgRta huI hai| Aja bhArata kI apekSA vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna se prakAzita -jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka pAzcAtya dezoM meM yoga aura dhyAna ke prati vizeSa AkarSaNa dekhA jAtA hai, adhyayana', maMgalA sAMDa kA 'bhAratIya yoga' Adi gaveSANAtmaka dRSTi se kyoMki bhautika AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa jIvana meM jo tanAva A gaye haiM, mahattvapUrNa prakAzana kahe jA sakate haiN| aMgrejI bhASA meM viliyama jemsa kA ve usase mukti cAhate haiN| Aja bhAratIya yoga aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA- 'jaina yoga', DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA kI 'Studies in Jaina PhilosopaddhatiyoM ko apane-apane DhaMga se pazcima ke logoM kI ruci ke anukUla phy', padmanAbha jainI kA 'Jain Path of Purification' Adi bhI isa banAkara videzoM meM niryAta kiyA jA rahA hai| yoga aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA kSetra kI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyAM haiM jaina dhyAna aura yoga ko lekara likhI gaI meM zArIrika vikRtiyoM aura mAnasika tanAvoM ko samApta karane kI jo munizrI nathamalajI (AcArya mahAprajJa) kI 'jaina yoga 'cetanA kA UrdhvAroharaNa', zakti rahI huI hai, usake kAraNa bhogavAdI aura mAnasika tanAvoM se 'kisane kahA mana caMcala hai', 'AbhAmaNDala' Adi tathA AcArya tulasI saMtrasta pazcimI dezoM ke loga caitasika zAnti kA anubhava karate haiM aura kI prekSA-anuprekSA Adi kRtiyAM isa dRSTi se atyaMta hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakA yoga aura dhyAna ke prati AkarSaNa bar3ha rahA hai| unameM pAzcAtya manovijJAna aura zarIra-vijJAna kA tathA bhAratIya haThayoga ina sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA abhyAsa karAne ke lie bhArata se paripakva evaM kI SaTcakra kI avadhAraNA ko bhI apane DhaMga se samanvita kiyA hai| aparipakva donoM hI prakAra ke guru videzoM kI yAtrA kara rahe haiN| yadyapi unakI ye kRtiyAM jaina yoga aura dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie avazya mIla kA aparipakva, bhogAkAMkSI tathAkathita guruoM ke dvArA dhyAna aura yoga- patthara sAbita hogii| sAdhanA kA pazcima meM pahuMcanA bhAratIya dhyAna aura yoga paramparA kI mUlyavattA evaM pratiSThA donoM hI dRSTi se khatare se khAlI nahIM hai| Aja saMdarbha jahAM pazcima meM bhAvAtIta dhyAna, sAdhanA bhakti vedAnta, rAmakRSNa mizana 1. Mohenjodaro and Indus Civilization, John marshall Adi ke kAraNa bhAratIya dhyAna evaM yoga-sAdhanA kI lokapriyatA bar3hI hai Pub.- Indological Book House, Delhi, 1973 Vol. I. vahIM rajanIza Adi ke kAraNa use eka jhaTakA bhI lagA hai| Aja zrI Page 52cittamunijI, svargIya AcArya suzIlakumArajI, DaoN0 hukamacandra bhArilla 2. Dictonary of Pali Proper Names, By G.P. MalalaAdi ne jaina dhyAna aura sAdhanA-vidhi se pAzcAtya dezoM meM base hue jainoM Sekhara Pub.- John Murray, Albemarle Street, ko paricita karAyA hai| terApaMtha kI kucha jaina samaNiyoM ne bhI videzoM me London, (1937) Vol. I. P. 382-83. jAkara prekSAdhyAna-vidhi se unheM paricita karAyA hai| yadyapi inameM kauna 3. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, saMpA, madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana kahAM taka saphala huA hai yaha eka alaga prazna haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke samiti, vyAvara, 1982, 1/3/4/2-3 apane-apane dAve haiN| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Aja pUrva aura 4.. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA, madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana pazcima donoM meM hI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA ke prati ruci jAgRta huI hai| samiti, vyAvara, 1981, 10/133 (isameM antakRtdazA kI ata: AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki yoga aura dhyAna kI jaina vidhi prAcIna viSaya vastu kA ullekha hai) suyogya sAdhakoM aura anubhavI logoM ke mAdhyama se hI pUrva-pazcima meM 5. isibhasiyAI- (RSibhASita) saMpA0- mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, vikasita ho, anyathA jisa prakAra madhyayuga meM haThayoga aura taMtra sAdhanA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988 adhyAya 23 se prabhAvita hokara bhAratIya yoga aura dhyAna paramparA vikRta huI thI usI 6. vahI, adhyAya 23 / prakAra Aja bhI usake vikRta hone kA khatarA banA rahegA aura logoM kI vahI 22/14 usase AsthA uTha jaayegii| 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyakta prakAzana, AgarA, 1972; 26/18 dhyAna evaM yoga saMbaMdhI sAhitya 9. zramaNasUtra (upAdhyAya amaramuni), prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, isa yuga meM gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se yoga aura dhyAna saMbaMdhI saM0 2007 prathama saMskaraNa pR0 133-134 sAhitya ko lekara paryApta zodhakArya haA hai| jahAM bhAratIya yoga sAdhanA 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, aura pataJjali ke yogasUtra para paryApta kArya hue haiM, vahIM jaina yoga kI AgarA, 1972; 23/55-56

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480 11. bhagavadgItA gItA presa, gorakhapura, 6 / 34 12. tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976 9/27 13. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura 6 / 34 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972; 23 / 56 15. puDho chaMdA iha mANavA, puDho dukkhaM pveditN| AcArAMga 1/5/2/ 152 aNegacitte khalu ayaM purise, se keyaNaM arihae pUrahattae - AcArAMga sUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1980 /3/2/118 16. dhyAnazataka (jhANAjjhayaNa) jinabhadra kSmAzramaNa, vinayasundara granthamAlA, jAmanagara, vi0saM0 199793-96 - jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 17. vahI, 97-100 18. vahI, 101 19. vahI, 102 20. vahI, 103 21. vahI, 104 22. Avazyakaniyukti prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, gA0 1462 23. Avazyaka sUtra- AgArasUtra (zramaNasUtra - amaramuni) pra0saM0 pR0 376. 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972 28/35 27. yoga: samAdhi' dhyAnamityanarthAntaram tttvaarthntrm| tattvArtharAjavArtika saMpA0 mahendra kumAra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1957; 6/1/12 28. kAyAvAGmanaH karma yogaH tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI prakA0- pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1976; 6 / 1 29. yogazcittavRtti nirodhaH yogasUtram saMpA0 paM0 dhundhIrAja zAstrI, prakA0 caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, banArasa, 19301 / 2 (pataMjali ) 30. 'yujepI yoge' hemacandra dhAtumAlA, gaNa prakA0 jainagranya prakAzika samA, ahamadAbAda, 19307 31. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA 197230/30 - 32. Avazyaka sUtra- AgArasUtra 33. yogazAstra saMpA0- muni samadarzI, prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1963 12/2 34. abhidhammatvasaMgaho, saMpA0 bhadanta revatadhamma prakA0 saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, buddhAbda- 2510, 5/1 35. bhAratIya darzana (dattA) pR0 190 36. yogazAstra, saMpA0- munisamadarzI, prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1963 12/5-6 37. tattvAryasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI 1976 9 / 27 38. vahIM 9 / 31 39. vahIM 9 / 36 25. tattvArthavArtika saMpA0- mahendra kumAra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 19576/24/8 26. dhavalA, pustaka 8, pR0 88 (daMsaNa-NaNa carittesu sammamavaTThANaM 52. tattvArtha svopajJa bhASya, umAsvAti 9/ 26 samAhI) 40. 41. 42. dhyAnastava (jinabhadra, pra0 vIra sevA maMdira ) 2 tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMdhavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976 9 / 27 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA- dekheM dhyAnazataka prastAvanA pR0 26. 43. paMcAstikAya kundakunda, prakA0- paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, zrImata rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, vI0saM0 2495 152 44. gANeNa jhANasiddhi 45. jJAnArNava saMpA0- paM0 bAlacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMgha, solApura, 1977 27/23-32 46. vahI, 28/11 47. vahI, 28/10 48. 'godohiyAe ukkuDayanilijjAe' kalpasUtra 120 49. uttarAdhyanasUtra saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1992 26/12 50. upAsakadazAMga 8 / 182 51. uttamasaMhananasyaikAgracintAnirodhe dhyAnam tattvArthasUtra- 9/26 54. 55. 53. jJAnArNava- saMpA0 bAlacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMgha, solApura 1977 32/95, 36/1-8, mokkhapAhuDa 7 appA so paramappA tattvAnuzAsana siddhasena gaNi, prakA0 jIvana caMda sAkara da jhaverI, sUrata, 193074 56. mokkhapAhuDa aSTaprAbhRta, kundakunda prakA0 paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgarA, 19695 tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1976 9/31-41 jJAnArNava saMpA0- paM0 bAlacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMgha, solApura, 1977 4/10-15 57. 58. 59. vahI, 4 / 16 60. vahI, 4/17 61. 62. - - vahI, 4/18-19 vahI, 4/33 - 63. tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI, 1976 ; 9 / 29 64. vahI 9 / 30, dhyAnazataka jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa vinayasundara caraNa .

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tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi 481 TIkA granthamAlA, jAmanagara, vi0saM0 19975 82. yogazAstra saMpA0 muni samadarzI, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 65. dhavalA, pustaka 13 pR0 70 1963 7/2-6 67. yogasAra, yogIndu deva, prakA0- paramazruta pramAvaka maMDala bambaI, 83. sthAnAMga sUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 1937, 98 samiti, vyAvara, 1981 4/69 68. jJAnasAra, padmasiMha, TIkA0 trilokacandra, ma0ki0 kApaDiyA, 84. vahI, 4/70 digambara jaina pustakAlaya, sUrata, vI0saM0 2420; 18-28 85. vahI, 4/71 69. dravyasaMgraha (nemIcandra) 48-54 TIkA brahmadava gAthA 48 kI 86. vahI, 4/72 87. tattvArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0- pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama 70. padastha maMtravAkyastha- vahI gAthA 48 kI TIkA zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976 9/36-40 71. zrAvakAcAra (amitagati) pariccheda 15 88. AcArAMga sUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 72. jJAnArNava (zubhacandra) saMpA0- paM0 bAlacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti samiti, vyAvara 1980 1/9/1/6, 1/9/2/4, 1/9/2/ saMgha, solApura, 1977 sarga 32-40 73. sthAnAMgasUtra saMpA0- madhukara muni prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 89. vahI, 1/9/1/5 samiti, byAvara, 1981 4/60-40 90. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 vIrAyatana prakAzana 74. vahI, 4/62 AgarA, 1972 26/18 75. vahI, 4/63 91. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2 pR0 1887 76. vahI,4/64 92. vahI, bhAga 1 pR0 410 77. vahI, 4/65 93. AcArAMga (AcArya tulasI) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 78. vahI, 4/66 1/2/5/125 79. vahI, 4/67 94. vahI, 1/2/3/73, 1/2/6/185 80. vahI, 4/68 96. dekheM- Prakrit Proper Names Ed.- Pt. Dalsukha 81. dhyAnazataka jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa prakA0- vinaya sundara caraNa Malvania, Pub.-L.D. Institute, Ahamadabad, 1972 granthamAlA, jAmanagara, vi0saM0 1997 63 Vol II Page 626. 12 tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi 'tantra' zabda kA artha karate haiM, taba vaha kisI prazAsanika vyavasthA kA sUcaka hotA hai| jaina dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA-paddhati meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke kauna- mAtra yahI nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura Atma-vizuddhi kauna se tattva kisa-kisa rUpa meM upasthiti haiM, yaha samajhane ke lie ke lie jo viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ prastuta kI jAtI haiM, unheM 'taMtra' kahA sarvaprathama taMtra zabda ke artha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| vidvAnoM ne taMtra zabda jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se 'taMtra' zabda eka vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai aura isa kI vyAkhyAe~ aura paribhASAe~ aneka prakAra se kI haiN| unameM se kucha AdhAra para pratyeka sAdhanA-vidhi 'taMtra' kahI jA sakatI hai| vastuta: jaba hama paribhASAe~ vyutpattiparaka haiM aura kucha ruuddhaarthk| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se tantra zaivataMtra, zAktataMtra, vaiSNavataMtra, jainataMtra yA bauddhataMtra kI bAta karate haiM, to zabda 'tan' + '' se banA hai| 'tan' dhAtu vistRta hone yA vyApaka hone kI yahA~ taMtra kA abhiprAya Atma vizuddhi yA cittavizuddhi kI eka viziSTa sUcaka hai aura 'tra' trANa dene yA saMrakSaNa karane kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra jo paddhati se hI hotA hai| merI jAnakArI ke anusAra isa dRSTi se jaina paramparA AtmA ko vyApakatA pradAna karatA hai aura usakI rakSA karatA hai use tantra meM 'tantra' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga AcArya haribhadra ne apane granthoM-paJcAzaka kahA jAtA hai| tAntrika granthoM meM 'tantra' zabda kI nimna vyAkhyA upalabdha hai- aura lalitavistarA (AThavIM zatI) meM kiyA hai| unhoMne paJcAzaka' meM jina tanoti vipulAnarthAn tattvamantrasamanvitAn / Agama ko aura lalitavistarAre meM jaina dharma ke hI eka sampradAya ko 'taMtra' trANaM ca kurute yasmAt tantramityabhidhIyate / / ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki lagabhaga AThavIM arthAt jo tattva aura mantra se samanvita vibhinna viSayoM ke vipula zatI se jaina paramparA meM 'taMtra' abhidhAna pracalita huaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya jJAna ko pradAna karatA hai aura usa jJAna ke dvArA svayaM evaM dUsaroM kI rakSA hai ki prastuta prasaMga meM Agama ko hI taMtra kahA gayA hai| Age calakara karatA hai, use taMtra kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: taMtra eka vyavasthA kA sUcaka hai| Agama kA vAcaka tantra zabda kisI sAdhanAvidhi dArzanikavidhA kA vAcaka jaba hama taMtra zabda kA prayoga rAjataMtra, prajAtaMtra, kulInataMtra Adi ke rUpa meM bana gyaa| vastuta: taMtra eka dArzanika vidhA bhI hai aura sAdhanAmArga bhii|

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482 dArzanika vidhA ke rUpa meM usakA jJAnamImAMsIya evaM tattvamImAMsIya pakSa to hai hI, kintu isake sAtha hI usakI apanI eka jIvana dRSTi bhI hotI hai jisake AdhAra para usakI sAdhanA ke lakSya evaM sAdhanA vidhi kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| vastutaH kisI bhI darzana ko jIvanadRSTi hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo usakI jJAnamImAMsA, tattvamImAMsA evaM sAdhanA vidhi ko nirdhArita karatA hai| aura inhIM sabase milakara usakA darzana evaM sAdhanAtaMtra banatA hai / vyAvahArika rUpa meM ve sAdhanA paddhatiyA~ jo dIkSA, maMtra, yaMtra, mudrA, dhyAna, kuNDalinI zakti jAgaraNa Adi ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke pAzavika yA vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA nivAraNa kara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karatI hai yA use devatva ke mArgapara Age le jAtI hai, taMtra kahI jAtI hai| kintu yaha taMtra kA prazasta artha hai aura apane isa prazasta artha meM jaina dharmadarzana ko bhI taMtra kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usakI apanI eka suvyavasthita suniyojita sAdhanA vidhi hai, jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM yAtrA karatA hai kintu taMtra ke isa prazasta vyutpattiparaka artha ke sAtha hI 'taMtra' zabda kA eka pracalita rUDhArtha bhI hai, jisameM sAMsArika AkAMkSAoM aura viSaya vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie madya, mAMsa, maithuna Adi paMca makAroM kA sevana karate hue yantra, maMtra, pUjA, japa, homa, bali Adi ke dvArA mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa, uccATana, stambhana, vidveSaNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI siddhi ke lie devI devatAoM kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai aura unheM prasanna karake apane adhIna kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vyakti kI laukika vAsanAoM aura vaiyaktika svArthoM kI siddhi hI hotA hai| apane isa pracalita rUr3hArtha meM taMtra ko eka nikRSTa koTi kI sAdhanA paddhati samajhA jAtA hai| isa koTi kI tAntrika sAdhanA bahupracalita rahI hai, jisase hindU, bauddha aura jaina- tInoM hI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM para usakA prabhAva bhI par3A hai| phira bhI siddhAntata: aisI tAntrika sAdhanA jainoM ko kabhI mAnya nahIM rahI, kyoMki vaha usakI nivRttipradhAna jIvana dRSTi aura ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke pratikUla thii| yadyapi ye nikRSTa sAdhanAeM tantra ke sambandha meM eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hI hai, phira bhI sAmAnyajana tantra ke sambandha meM isI dhAraNA kA zikAra rahA haiN| sAmAnyatayA janasAdhAraNa meM prAcIna kAla se hI tAntrika sAdhanAoM kA yahI rUpa adhika pracalita rahA hai| aitihAsika evaM sAhityika sAkSya bhI tantra ke isI svarUpa kA samarthana karate haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi aura vAsanonmukha tantra kI isa jIvanadRSTi ke samarthana meM bhI bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| kulArNava meM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnyatayA jina vastuoM ke upayoga ko patana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai unheM kaulatantra meM mahAtmA bhairava ne siddhi kA sAdhana batAyA hai| isI prakAra na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA meM apitu bauddha paramparA meM bhI prArambha se hI kaThora sAdhanAoM ke dvArA AtmapIr3ana kI pravRttiyoM ko ucita nahIM mAnA gyaa| bhagavAn buddha ne madhyamamArga ke rUpa meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pUrti hetu bhogamaya jIvana kA bhI jo AMzika samarthana kiyA thA, vahI Age calakara bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna ke rUpa meM tAMtrika bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke vikAsa kA kAraNa banA aura usameM bhI nivRttimaya jIvana ke prati virodha ke svara mukharita hue| cAhe buddha kI mUlabhUta jIvanadRSTi nivRttimArgI rahI ho, kintu unake madhyamamArga ke AdhAra para hI paravartI bauddha AcAyoM ne vajrayAna yA sahajayAna kA vikAsa kara bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ko samarthana denA prArambha kara diyaa| guhyasamAja tantra meM kahA gayA hai| sarvakAmopabhogaizca sevyamAnairyathecchataH / anena khalu yogena laghu buddhatvamApnuyAt // duSkarairniyamaistItraiH sevyamAno na siddhayati / sarvakAmopabhogaistu sevAzu siddhayati // bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke samarthakoM kA tarka yaha hai ki kAmopabhogoM se virata jIvana bitAne vAle sAdhakoM meM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hote hoMge, kAmabhogoM kI ora unakI icchA daur3atI hogI aura vinaya ke anusAra ve use dabAte hoMge, parantu kyA damanamAtra se cittavikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA, dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI, svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii| ina pramavanazIla vRttiyoM ko damana karane se bhI dabate na dekha avazya hI sAthakoM ne unheM samUla naSTa karane ke lie saMyama ko jAgarUka avasthA meM thor3A avasara diyA ki ve bhoga kA bhI rasa le leM, tAki unakA sarvathA zamana ho jAye aura vAsanArUpa se ve hRdaya ke bhItara na raha skeN| anaMgava ne kahA hai ki cittakSubdha hone se kabhI bhI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie jisameM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hI na ho4 " tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate manaH / saMkSubdha cittarale tu siddhirnaiva kadAcana / jaba taka citta meM kAmabhogopalipsA hai, taba taka citta meM kSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM apitu bauddha tAMtrika sAdhanA meM bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi kA samarthana huA hai| yadyapi paravartIkAla meM vikasita bauddhoM kI yaha bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi bhArata meM unake astitva ko hI samApta kara dene kA kAraNa banI, kyoMki isa bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ko apanA lene para bauddha aura hindU paramparA kA antara samApta ho gyaa| dUsare isake pariNAma svarUpa bauddha bhikSuoM meM bhI eka cAritrika patana aayaa| phalataH unake prati jana-sAdhAraNa kI AsthA samApta ho gayI aura bauddha dharma kI apanI koI viziSTatA nahIM bacI, phalataH vaha apanI janmabhUmi se samApta ho gyaa| jaina dharma meM tantra kI bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi kA niSedha tantra kI isa bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi ke prati jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa sadaiva niSedhaparaka ho rahA hai| vaiyaktika bhautika hitoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta dhana, sampatti, santAna Adi kI prApti hetu athavA kAmavAsanA kI pUrti hetu athavA zatru ke vinAza ke lie kI jAne vAlI sAdhanAoM ke nirdeza to jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI tAMtrika sAdhanAeM prAcIna kAla meM bhI pracalita thIM, kintu prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne ise sadaiva heya dRSTi se dekhA thA aura sAdhaka ke lie aisI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA thaa| .

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tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi sUtrakRtAGgasUtra' meM cauMsaTha prakAra kI vidyAoM ke adhyayana yA sAdhanA karane vAloM ke nirdeza to haiM, kintu usameM ina vidyAoM ko pApAzruta - adhyayana kahA gayA hai| mAtra yaha nahIM usameM spaSTa rUpa se yahI bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo ina vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hai vaha anArya hai, vipratipatra hai aura samaya Ane para mRtyu ko prApta karake AsurI aura kilyidhika yoniyoM ko prApta hotA hai| puna: uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo chidravidyA, svaravidyA, svapnalakSaNa, aMgavidyA Adi ke dvArA jIvana jItA hai vaha bhikSu nahIM hai| isI prakAra dazavaikAlikasUtra" meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki muni nakSatravidyA, svapnavidyA, nimittavidyA, mantravidyA aura bhaiSajyazAstra kA upadeza gRhasthoM ko na kre| inase spaSTarUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki vaiyaktika vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM kI sAdhanA ko jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta pazubali denA, madya, mAMsa, matsya, maithuna aura mudrAoM kA sevana karanA evaM mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI sAdhanA karake apane kSudra laukika svArthoM aura vAsanAoM kI pUrti karanA jaina AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki yaha unakI nivRttipradhAna ahiMsaka jIvanadRSTi ke viruddha thaa| kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki jaina dharma aisI tAntrika sAdhanAoM se pUrNataH asaMpRkta rahA hai| prathamataH viSaya vAsanAoM ke prahANa ke lie arthAt apane meM nihita pAzavika vRttiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie maMtra, jApa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ jaina dharma meM IsvI san ke pUrva se hI vikasita ho cukI thiiN| mAtra yahI nahIM paravartI jainagranthoM meM to aise bhI aneka ullekha milate haiM jahA~ dharma aura saMgha kI rakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ko tAMtrika aura mAntrika prayogoM kI anumati bhI dI gaI hai| kintu unakA uddezya lokakalyANa hI rahA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, jahA~ AcArAMgasUtra' (I0pU0 pAMcavI zatI) meM zarIra ko dhuna DAlane yA sukhA dene kI bAta kahI gaI thI, vahIM paravartI AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM zarIra aura jaivika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gii| sthAnAMgasUtra' meM adhyayana evaM saMyama ke pAlana ke lie AhAra ke dvArA zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gaI / maraNasamAdhi 1deg meM kahA gayA hai ki upavAsa Adi tapa usI sImA taka karaNIya haiM- jaba taka mana meM kisI prakAra ke amaMgala kA cintana na ho, indriyoM kI hAni na ho aura mana, vacana tathA zarIra kI pravRtti zithila na ho / mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apane guNasthAna siddhAnta meM kaSAyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke damana ko bhI anuci mAnate hue yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki upazama zreNI arthAt vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sIr3hiyoM para car3hane vAlA sAdhaka anantaH vahA~ se patita ho jAtA hai phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne vAsanAoM kI pUrti kA koI mArga nahIM kholaa| hindU tAMtrikoM evaM vajrayAnI bauddhoM ke viruddha ve yahI kahate rahe ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se vAsanAeM zAnta nahIM hotI haiM, apitu ve ghRta siJcita agni kI taraha adhika bar3hatI hI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vAsanAoM kA damana to anucita hai, kintu unakA vivekapUrvaka saMyamana aura 483 nirasana Avazyaka hai| yahA~ isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA karane ke pUrva yaha vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki sAmAnyataH bhAratIya dharmoM meM aura vizeSarUpa se jaina dharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA vikAsa kyoM huA aura kisa krama meM huA? pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAsa yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki mAnava prakRti meM vAsanA aura viveka ke tatva usake astitva kAla se hI rahe haiM, punaH yaha bhI eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki pAzavika vAsanAoM, arthAt pazu tattva se Upara uThakara devatva kI ora abhigamana karanA hI manuSya ke jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai| mAnava prakRti meM nihita ina donoM tattvoM ke AdhAra para do prakAra kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa kaise huA ise nimna sAriNI dvArA samajhA jA sakatA hai deha vAsanA bhoga | abhyudaya (preSa) 1 svarga 1 karma 1 pravRtti pravartaka dharma samarpaNamUlaka I bhaktimArga 'alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA manuSya 1 yazamUlaka karmamArga cetanA T viveka tyAga I niHzreyas mokSa (nirvANa ) karmasaMnyAsa nivRtti nivartaka dharma Atmopalabdhi cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka 1 jJAnamArga tapamArga .

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484 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya tanAvoM kA nirAkaraNa kara caitasika zAMti yA samAdhi ko prApta karane kA pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika prayAsa kiyaa| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika dharma pravRttipradhAna rahA vahIM prArambhika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM zramaNa paramparAeM nivRttipradhAna rhii| kintu eka ora vAsanAoM kI sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina santuSTi ke prayAsa meM cittazAMti yA samAdhi sambhava nahIM ho sakI, pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna kyoMki naI-naI icchAe~ AkAMkSAe~ aura vAsanAe~ janma letI rahIM; to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana ke bhI cittazAMti sambhava na ho sakI, sAriNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai kyoMki damita vAsanAe~ apanI pUrti ke lie citta kI samAdhi bhaMga pravartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) nivartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) karatI rhiiN| isakA viparIta pariNAma yaha huA ki eka ora pravRttimArgI 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA paramparA meM vyakti ne apanI bhautika aura laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke 2. vidhAyaka jIvanadRSTi 2. niSedhaka jIvanadRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI lie daivika zaktiyoM kI sahAyatA pAne hetu karmakANDa kA eka jaMjAla 3. vyaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana khar3A kara liyA to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana ke lie dehadaNDanarUpI phira bhI daivIya kRpA ke phira bhI tapasyA para bala dene se tapa sAdhanAoM kA vartula khar3A ho gyaa| eka ke lie yena-kena prakAreNa AkAMkSI hone se bhAgyavAda dRSTi puruSArthavAdI vaiyaktika hitoM kI pUrti yA vAsanAoM kI saMtuSTi hI vareNya ho gaI to evaM niyativAda kA samarthana anIzvaravAdI 5. izvaravAdI 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, dUsare ke lie jIvana kA niSedha arthAt dehadaNDana hI sAdhanA kA lakSya 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa karmasiddhAnta kA samarthana bana gyaa| vastutaH ina donoM ativAdoM ke samanvaya ke prayAsa meM hI eka 7 sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bala 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga evaM Izvara 8. jIvana kA lakSya mokSa evaM nirvANa ora jaina, bauddha Adi vikasita zramaNika sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA janma ke sAnnidhya kI praapti| kI prApti huA to dUsarI ora aupaniSadik cintana se lekara sahajabhaktimArga aura ..(sAMskRtika pradeya) (sAMskRtika pradeya) taMtra sAdhanA taka kA vikAsa bhI isI ke nimitta se huaa| 'tena tyaktena 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA | 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNavyavasthA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana bhuJjIthA' kA jo samanvayAtmaka svara aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne diyA thA, 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa kI pradhAnatA paravartI samasta hindU sAdhanA aura usakI tAMtrika vidhiyA~ usI ke 11. sAmAjika jIvana-zailI 11. ekAkI jIvana-zailI pariNAma haiN| phira bhI pravRtti aura nivRtti ke pakSoM kA samucita santulana 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA samarthana sthira nahIM raha skaa| inameM kise pramukhatA dI jAya, ise lekara unakI pravartaka dharmoM meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, sAdhanA-vidhiyoM meM antara bhI aayaa| vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakataoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara jainoM ne yadyapi nivRttipradhAna jIvanadRSTi kA anusaraNa to adhika mukharita hue haiN| udAharaNArtha- hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna kiyA, kintu paravartI kAla meM usameM pravRttimArga ke tattva samAviSTa hote baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspatiyA~ pracura mAtrA meM ge| na kevala sAdhanA ke lie jIvana rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kA aucitya hoM aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka svIkAra kiyA gayA, apitu aihika-bhautika kalyANa ke lie bhI niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA tAMtrika sAdhanA kI jAne lgii| rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko kyA jaina dharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai? jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki taMtra kI jIvanadRSTi aihika anAsakti, virAga aura AtmasantoSa hI sarvocca jIvana mUlya haiN| jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnatI hai, jabaki jainoM kA jIvanadarzana eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA niSedhamUlaka hai| isa AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharmaki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA darzana taMtra kA virodhI hai, kintu jaina darzana ke sambandha meM yaha eka bhrAnta tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAJchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA; to dhAraNA hI hogii| jainoM ne mAnava jIvana ko jIne ke yogya evaM sarvathA dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI vareNya mAnA hai| unake anusAra manuSya jIvana hI to eka aisA jIvana hai niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vimukti ke patha para ArUr3ha ho sakatA hai| hI jIvana lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI yAtrA kA prArambha aura usakI pUrNatA manuSya adhyAtma ke pratIka bana gye| yadyapi ina donoM sAdhanA- paddhatiyoM kA jIvana se hI saMbhava hai| ata: jIvana sarvatobhAvena rakSaNIya hai| usameM mUlabhUta lakSya to caitasika aura sAmAjika stara para zAMti hI sthApanA 'zarIra' ko saMsAra samudra meM tairane kI naukA kahA gayA hai aura naukA kI kI rahA hai kintu usake lie unakI vyavasthA yA sAdhanA-vidhi bhinna- rakSA karanA pAra jAne ke icchuka vyakti kA anivArya kartavya hai| isI bhinna rahI hai| pravRttimArgI paramparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya yahI rahA hai ki svayaM prakAra usakA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI jIvana kI rakSaNIyatA para ke prayatna evaM puruSArtha se athavA unake asaphala hone para daivIya sarvAdhika bala detA hai| zaktiyoM ke sahayoga se jaivika AvazyakatAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti vaha na kevala dUsaroM ke jIvana ke rakSaNa kI bAta karatA hai karake caitasika zAMti kA anubhava kiyA jaay| dUsarI ora nivRttimArgI apitu vaha svayaM ke jIvana ke rakSaNa kI bhI bAta karatA hai| usake paramparAoM ne vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ko viveka kI upalabdhi ke mArga anusAra sva kI hiMsA dUsaroM kI hiMsA se bhI nikRSTa hai| ata: jIvana meM bAdhaka samajhA aura vAsanAoM ke damana ke mAdhyama se vAsanAjanya cAhe apanA ho yA dUsaroM kA vaha sarvatobhAvena rakSaNIya hai| yadyapi itanA

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tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi 485 avazya hai ki jainoM kI dRSTi meM pAzavika zuddha svArthoM se paripUrNa, mAtra duHkhada anubhUti na ho, ata: tyAga indriyAnubhUti kA nahIM, apitu jaivika eSaNAoM kI pUrti meM saMlagna jIvana na to rakSaNIya hai, na usake prati citta meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai, kyoMki vareNya; kintu yaha dRSTi to taMtra kI bhI hai, kyoMki vaha bhI pazu arthAt indriyoM ke manojJa kA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta ke lie hI rAga-dveSa pAzavika pakSa kA saMhAra kara pAza se mukta hone kI bAta karatA hai| jainoM (mAnasika vikSobho) kA kAraNa banate haiM, anAsakta kA vItarAga ke lie ke anusAra jIvana usa samIpa taka vareNya aura rakSaNIya hai jisa sImA nhiiN| ata: jainadharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana kI hai, jIvana ke taka vaha vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura apane niSedha kI nhiiN| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala kA sRjana karatA hai| prazasta tAMtrika sAdhanA aura jaina sAdhanA donoM meM hI isa sambandha meM jaina tAMtrika sAdhanA aura loka kalyANa kA prazna sahamati dekhI jAtI hai| vastuta: jIvana kI ekAnta rUpa se vareNyatA tAMtrika sAdhanA kA lakSya Atmavizuddhi ke sAtha loka kalyANa aura ekAnta rUpa se jIvana kA niSedha donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ ucita nahIM bhI hai| yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma mUlataH saMnyAsamArgI dharma hai| usakI hai| yahI jainoM kI jIvanadRSTi hai| vAsanAtmaka jIvana ke nirAkaraNa dvArA sAdhanA meM Atmazuddhi aura Atmopalabdhi para hI adhika jora diyA AdhyAtmika jIvana kA vikAsa-yahI taMtra aura jaina darzana donoM kI gayA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM lokamaMgala yA jIvanadRSTi hai aura isa artha meM ve donoM virodhI nahIM haiM, sahagAmI haiN| lokakalyANa kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| jaina dharma yaha to avazya phira bhI sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tantra darzana meM aihika mAnatA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samAja nirapekSa, ekAMkI jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnA gayA hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki jIvana jIvana adhika hI upayukta hai kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI AnandapUrvaka jIne ke lie hai| jaina dharma meM tapa-tyAga kI jo mahimA mAnatA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika gAyI gaI hai usake AdhAra para yaha bhrAnti phailAI jAtI hai ki jaina dharma kalyANa kI dizA meM honA caahie| mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai| ata: yahAM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara kA sAkSI hai ki 12 varSoM taka ekAkI sAdhanA karane ke pazcAt ve punaH denA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jaina dharma ke tapa-tyAga kA artha zArIrika sAmAjika jIvana meM lauTa aaye| unhoMne caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI evaM bhautika jIvana kI asvIkRti nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI takta jIvana bhara usakA mArga-darzana karate rhe| svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zArIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI jaina dharma sAmAjika kalyANa aura sAmAjika sevA ko Avazyaka pUrNatayA upekSA kI jaay| jaina dharma ke anusAra zArIrika mUlya adhyAtma to mAnatA hai, kintu vaha vyakti ke cAritrika unnayana se hI sAmAjika ke bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka haiN| nizIthabhASya 12 meM kahA hai ki mokSa kA kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| vyakti samAja kI mUlabhUta ikAI sAdhana jJAna hai, jJAna kA sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai| hai, jaba taka vyakti kA cAritrika vikAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka usake zarIra zAzvata Ananda ke kUla meM le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se dvArA sAmAjika kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana usakA mUlya bhI hai, mahattva bhI hai aura usakI sAra-saMbhAla bhI karanA hai| meM naitika aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba taka kintu dhyAna rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM kUla para honI cAhie, kyoMki sAmAjika jIvana meM suvyavasthA aura zAnti kI sthApanA nahIM ho naukA sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI sktii| jo vyakti apane svArthoM aura vAsanAoM para niyantraNa nahIM kara pUrti kI eka sAdhanA ke rUpa meM svIkRti jainadharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtma sakatA vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sakatA, kyoMki samAja jaba bhI vidyA kA hArda hai| yaha vaha vibhAjana rekhA hai jo AdhyAtmavAda aura khar3A hotA hai vaha tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM para hI hotA hai| bhautikavAda meM antara karatI hai| bhautikavAda meM upalabdhiyA~ yA jaivika lokasevaka aura janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM aura dvandvoM se dUra mUlya svayameva sAdhya haiM, antima haiM, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca raheM-yaha jaina AcAra saMhitA kA AdhArabhUta siddhAnta hai| caritrahIna mUlyoM ke sAdhana haiN| jainadharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka ke dvArA vyakti sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hogeN| vyaktigata vastuoM kA tyAga aura grahaNa, donoM hI sAdhanA ke lie haiN| svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo tAMtrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI haiM, ve jainadharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya aura eka aise sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI hotI haiN| kyA cora, DAkU aura nirAkula, nirvikAra, niSkAma aura vItarAga mAnasa kI abhivyakta hai jo zoSakoM kA saMgaThana samAja kahalAne kA adhikArI hai? kyA cora, DAkU vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko aura luTere apane uddezya me saphala hone ke lie devI-devatAoM ko samApta kara ske| usake sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI prasanna karane hetu jo tAMtrika sAdhanA karate yA karavAte haiM, use sahI artha svIkRti kA nahIM hai, apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti meM sAdhanA kahA jA sakatA hai? mahAvIra kI zikSA kA sAra yahI hai ki kI saMsthApanA hai| ata: jahA~ taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika aura bhautika vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti sAmAjika kalyANa kA AdhAra bana sakatI upalabdhiyA~ usameM sAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahA~ taka ve svIkArya haiM aura hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra15 meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kA yaha sukathita jahA~ taka usameM bAdhaka haiM, vahIM taka tyAjya haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| jaina AcArAMgasUtra 13 evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra 14 meM isa bAta ko bahuta hI sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, satya, steya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-ye jo pA~ca spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA apane vrata mAne gaye haiM, ve kevala vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM hai| viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba use samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukhada- jaina tantra ke dArzanika AdhAra duHkhada anubhUti bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM hai ki jaina tattva darzana ke anusAra jIva karmoM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa sukhada yA bandhana meM hai| bandhana se mukti ke lie eka ora karma AvaraNa kA

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486 kSayopazama Avazyaka hai to dUsarI ora usa kSayopazama ke lie viziSTa sAdhanA bhI Avazyaka hai kintu isa sAdhanA ke lie bandhana aura bandhana ke kAraNoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| yaha jJAna dArzanika adhyayana se hI prApta hotA hai| Atmatattva ke jJAna ke binA sAdhanA adhUrI rahatI hai| ataH jaina tantra meM bhI tAntrika sAdhanA ke pUrvaM tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA kA samyak anuzIlana Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra jaina tattva sAdhanA meM darzana ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| aba hama isa tathya para vicAra kareMge ki jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke kauna se tattva kina-kina rUpoM meM upasthita haiM ? aura unakA udbhava evaM vikAsa kaise huA ? jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 jainadharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa yadi tantra kA uddezya vAsanA-mukti aura Atmavizuddhi hai to vaha jaina dharma meM usake astitva ke sAtha hI jur3I huI hai| kintu yadi tantra kA tAtparya vyakti kI daihika vAsanAoM aura laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI devatA - viziSTa kI sAdhanA kara usake mAdhyama se alaukika zakti ko prApta kara yA svayaM devatA ke mAdhyama se una vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti karanA mAnA jAya to prAcIna jaina dharma meM isakA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| ise hama prArambha meM hI spaSTa kara cuke haiN| yadyapi jaina AgamoM meM aise anekoM sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM, jinake anusAra usa yuga meM apanI laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI deva-devI yA yakSa pakSI kI upAsanA kI jAtI thii| aMtagaDadasA Adi AgamoM meM naigameSadeva ke dvArA sulasA aura devakI ke chaH santAnoM ke hastAMtaraNa kI ghaTanA, kRSNa ke dvArA apane choTe bhAI kI prApti ke lie tIna divasIya upavAsa ke dvArA naigameSa deva kI upAsanA karanA athavA bahuputrikA devI kI upAsanA ke dvArA santAna prApta karanA Adi aneka sandarbha milate haiM, kintu isa prakAra kI upAsanAoM ko jaina dharma kI svIkRti prApta thI, yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| prArambhika jaina dharma, vizeSarUpa se mahAvIra kI paramparA meM tantra-mantra kI sAdhanA muni ke lie sarvathA varjita hI mAnI gaI thii| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM isako na kevala heya dRSTi se dekhA gayA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA karane vAle ko pApazramaNa yA pArzvastha taka kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke sandarbha pUrva meM diye jA cuke haiN| AgamoM meM pArzvastha kA tAtparya zithilAcArI sAdhu mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi mahAvIra kI paramparA ne prArambha meM tantra sAdhanA ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA, kintu unake pUrvavartI pArzva (jinakA janma isI vArANasI nagarI meM huA thA) kI paramparA ke sAtha aSTAMganimitta zAstra kA adhyayana aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karate the, aise saMketa jainAgamoM meM milate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pArzva kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ko pArzvastha arthAt zithilAcArI kahakara heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / prAkRta meM 'pAsatya' zabda ke tIna artha hote haiM- 1. pAzastha arthAt pAza meM ba~dhA huA 2. pArzvastha arthAt pArzva ke saMgha meM sthita yA 3. pArzvastha arthAt pArzva meM sthita saMyamI jIvana ke samIpa rahane vaalaa| * jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra jaise aMga- Agama ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke prathama varga meM aura Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM aise aneka sandarbha prApta hote haiM, jinameM pArzvApatya zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM dvArA aSTAGganimitta evaM mantra-tantra Adi kI sAdhanA karane ke ullekha haiN| Aja bhI jaina paramparA meM jo tAntrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI hai, unameM ArAdhyadeva mahAvIra na hokara mukhyataH pArzvanAtha athavA unakI zAsanadevI padmAvatI hI hotI jaina tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM pArzva aura padmAvatI kI pradhAnatA svataH hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kI pravRtti rahI hogii| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke granthoM, jinheM "pUrva" ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, meM eka vidyAnupravAda pUrva bhI thA / yadyapi vartamAna meM yaha anya aprApta hai, kintu isakI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM jo nirdeza upalabdha haiM unase itanA to siddha avazya hotA hai ki isakI viSayavastu meM vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA se sambandhita viziSTa prakriyAe~ nihita rahI hoNgii| na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya meM, apitu mahAvIra kI paramparA ke Agama sAhitya meM bhI vizeSa rUpa se praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA sambandhI sAmagrI thI, aisI TIkAkAra abhayadeva Adi kI mAnyatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki yogya adhikAriyoM ke abhAva meM usa vidyA ko par3hane se koI sAdhaka caritra se bhraSTa na ho, isalie lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM usakI viSayavastu ko hI badala diyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prArambha meM tantra-mantra aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanAoM ko na kevala varjita mAnA gayA thA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA meM lage hue logoM kI AsurI yoniyoM meM utpanna hone vAlA bhI kahA gyaa| kintu jaba pArzva kI paramparA kA vilaya mahAvIra kI paramparA meM huA to pArzva kI paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra kI paramparA ke zramaNa bhI tAMtrika paramparAoM se judd'e| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kI svIkRti isa artha meM huI ki unake mAdhyama se yA to Atmavizuddhi kI dizA meM Age bar3hA jAya athavA unheM siddha karake unakA upayoga jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA yA usake prasAra ke lie kiyA jaay| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha meM tantra sAdhanA kA praveza jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta huA aura paravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne jaina dharma ke prabhAvanA ke lie tAMtrika sAdhanAoM se prApta zakti kA prayoga bhI kiyA, jaina sAhitya meM aise saMdarbha vipulatA se upalabdha hote haiN| Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kisI muni ko AcArya pada para pratiSThita hone ke pUrva sUrimaMtra aura varddhamAna vidyA kI sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka zramaNa aura zramaNiyA~ mantrasiddha sugandhita vastuoM kA eka cUrNa jise vAsakSepa kahA jAtA hai. apane pAsa rakhate haiM aura upAsakoM ko ArzIrvAda ke rUpa meM pradAna karate haiN| yaha jaina dharma meM tantra ke prabhAva kA spaSTa pramANa hai| isI prakAra maMtrasiddha rakSAkavaca bhI upAsakoM ko pradAna kiye jAte haiN| na kevala zvetAmbara aura digambara bhaTTAraka paramparA meM apitu vartamAna digambara paramparA meM bhI aneka AcArya aura muni vizeSarUpa se AcArya vimalasAgara jI kI paramparA ke munigaNa tantra-mantra kA prayoga karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI ke aneka abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika sAkSya bhI upalabdha hote haiM jinameM jaina muniyoM dvArA tantra-mantra ke prayoga ke prasaMga upalabdha haiN| vastutaH caityavAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa digambara sampradAya meM vikasita bhaTTAraka paramparA aura zvetAmbara sampradAya meM vikasita yati paramparA spaSTatayA ina tAntrika sAdhanAoM se sambandhita rahI hai, yadyapi AdhyAtmavAdI munivarga ne inheM sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai aura samaya-samaya para ina pravRttiyoM kI AlocanA bhI kI hai| vastuta: jaina paramparA meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kA vikAsa cauthI .

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tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi 487 pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM AkarSita hone kA bhaya thaa| jaina zramaNoM kI jo prAcIna AcArya paramparA varNita hai usameM vidyAdharakula adhyAtma ke Adarza kI bAta karanA to sukhada lagatA hai kA ullekha milatA hai| sambhavata: vidyAdhara kula jaina zramaNoM kA vaha varga kintu una AdarzoM ko jIvana meM jInA sahaja nahIM hai| jaina dharma kA rahA hogA jo vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hogaa| yahA~ vidyA kA upAsaka bhI vahI vyakti hai jise apane laukika aura bhautika maMgala kI tAtparya buddhi nahIM, apitu deva adhiSThita alaukika zakti kI prApti hI AkAMkSA rahatI hai| jaina dharma ko vizuddha rUpa se mAtra AdhyAtmika aura hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM hameM jaMghAcArI aura vidyAcArI, aise do prakAra nivRttimArgI banAe rakhane para bhaktoM yA upAsakoM ke eka bar3e bhAga se ke zramaNoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ye muni jaina dharma ke vimukha ho jAne kI samabhAvanAe~ thiiN| ina paristhitiyoM meM apanI viziSTa sAdhanA dvArA aisI alaukika zakti prApta kara lete the jaina AcAryoM kI yaha vivazatA thI ki ve apane anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jisakI sahAyatA se ve AkAza meM gamana karane meM samartha hote the| jaina-dharma meM banI rahe isake lie unheM yaha AvazvAsana deM ki cAhe yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Arya vajrasvAmI (IsA kI prathamazatI) tIrthaMkara unake laukika-bhautika kalyANa karane meM asamartha hoM kintu una ne durbhikSakAla meM paTTavidyA kI sahAyatA se sampUrNa jaina saMgha ko surakSita tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana rakSaka deva unakA laukika aura bhautika magala karane sthAna para pahu~cAyA thaa| vajrasvAmI dvArA kiyA gayA vidyA kA yaha prayoga meM samartha haiN| jaina devamaNDala meM vibhinna yakSa-yakSiyoM, vidyAdeviyoM, paravartI AcAryoM aura sAdhuoM ke lie eka udAharaNa bana gyaa| vajrasvAmI kSetrapAloM Adi ko jo sthAna milA, usakA mukhya lakSya to apane ke sandarbha meM Avazyakaniyukti meM spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jaina-dharma meM banae rakhanA hI thaa| aneka vidyAoM kA uddhAra kiyA thaa| lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI ke mathurA yahI kAraNa thA ki AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI meM jaina AcAryoM ne ke eka zilpAMkana meM AkAzamArga se gamana karate hue eka jaina zramaNa aneka tAMtrika vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jaina-sAdhanA aura pUjA-paddhati kA ko pradarzita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki IsA kI aMga banA diyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se bhI jainoM meM alaukika siddhiyoM kI prApti hetu aneka vidhAe~ yathA mantra, yantra, japa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kramika rUpa se tAMtrika sAdhanA ke prati niSThA kA vikAsa ho gayA thaa| vikasita hotI rahI hai, kintu yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke vastuta: jaina dharmasaMgha meM IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI se prabhAva kA pariNAma thI, jise jaina dharma ke upAsakoM kI niSThA ko jaina caityavAsa kA Arambha huA aura usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa tantra-mantra kI dharma ke banAe rakhane ke lie svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| sAdhanA ko jaina saMgha meM svIkRti bhI milii| saMdarbhajaina paramparA meM Arya khapuTa, (prathama zatI), Arya rohaNa 1. paJcAzaka, prakA0- RSabhadeva zrI, kezarImalajI zve0 saMsthA, 2/44 (dvitIya zatI), AcArya nAgArjuna (caturtha zatI) yazobhadrasUri, mAnadevasUri, 2. lalitavistarA, haribhadra, prakA0- RSabhadeva, kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, siddhasenadivAkara (caturthazatI), mallavAdI (paMcamazatI) mAnatuGgasUri (sAtavIM vI0ni0saM0 2461, pR0 57-58. zatI), haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zatI), bappabhaTTisUri (navIM zatI), siddharSi 3. guhyasamAjatantra, saMpA0- vinayatoSa bhaTTAcArya, prakA0- orieNTala (navIM zatI), sUrAcArya (gyArahavIM zatI), jinezvarasUri (gyArahavIM zatI), iMsTiTyUTa, barodA, 1931, 5/40 abhayadevasUri (gyArahavIM zatI) vIrAcArya (gyArahavIM zatI), jinadattasUri 5. sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana (bArahavIM zatI), vAdidevasUri (bArahavIM zatI), hemacandra (bArahavIM zatI), samiti, byAvara, 1982, 2/3/18 AcArya malayagiri (bArahavIM zatI), jinacandrasUri (bArahavIM zatI) 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana pArzvadevagaNi (bArahavIM zatI), jinakazala sUri (terahavIM zatI) Adi AgarA 1972, 15/7 aneka AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinhoMne mantra aura vidyAoM kI 7. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana sAdhanA ke dvArA jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA kii| yadyapi vividha graMthoM, prabandhoM samiti, byAvara, 1985, 8/50 aura paTTAvaliyoM meM varNita inake kathAnakoM meM kitanI satyatA hai, yaha eka 8. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana bhinna viSaya hai, kintu jaina sAhitya meM jo inake jIvanavRtta milate haiM ve samiti, byAvara, 1980, 12/6/163 itanA to avazya sUcita karate haiM ki lagabhaga cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI se 9. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana jaina AcAryoM kA rujhAna tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kI ora bar3hA thA aura ve jaina samiti, byAvara, 1980, 6/41. dharma kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta usakA upayoga bhI karate the| 10. maraNasamAdhi, paiNNaya suttAI, saMpA0- puNyavijayajI, prakA0- zrI merI dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA jo udbhava mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984 aura vikAsa huA hai, vaha mukhyata: do kAraNoM se huA hai-prathama to yaha 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1922, 23/73 ki jaba vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI apekSA saMghIya jIvana ko pradhAnatA dI gaI to saMgha kI rakSA aura apane zrAvaka bhaktoM ke bhautika kalyANa ko bhI 12. nizIthabhASya, saMpA0- muni amaracaMdajI, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1982, 4157 sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAna liyA gyaa| dUsare taMtra ke bar3hate hue 13. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha aparihArya ho gayA thA ki samiti, byAvara, 1980, 2/15/130-134 ve mUlata: nivRttimArgI aura Atmavizuddhiparaka isa dharma ko jIvita 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, banAe rakhane ke lie tAMtrika upAsanA aura sAdhanA-paddhati ko kisI AgarA, 1972, 32/100 / sImA taka svIkAra kare, anyathA upAsako kA itara paramparAoM kI ora 15. praznavyAkaraNasatra, saMpA0- mani hastimalajI. prakA0- hastImala sarANA, pAlI, 1950, 2/9/2

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna pUjAvidhAna, anuSThAna aura karmakANDaparaka sAdhanAe~ pratyeka isase spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA ne prArambha meM dharma ke nAma para tAMtrika upAsanA-paddhati ke anivArya aMga haiN| karmakANDaparaka anuSThAna kiye jAne vAle karmakANDoM kA virodha kiyA aura apane upAsakoM aura pUjA vidhAna usakA zarIra hai, to AdhyAtma sAdhanA usakA prANa hai| tathA sAdhakoM ko dhyAna, tapa Adi kI adhyAtmika sAdhanA ke lie bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcInakAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa prerita kiyaa| sAtha hI sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kisI devI-devatA kI rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika dharma karmakANDAtmaka upAsanA evaM usase kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA yA kRpA kI apekSA ko adhika rahA hai, vahIM prAcIna zramaNa paramparAe~ AdhyAtmika sAdhanAtmaka anucita hI maanaa| jaina dharma ke prAcInatama graMthoM meM hameM dhArmika adhika rahIM haiN| karmakANDoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM ke sambandha meM kevala tapa evaM dhyAna kI jaina paramparA mUlata: zramaNa paramarA kA hI eka aMga hai aura vidhiyoM ke atirikta anya koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| pArzvanAtha ne isalie yaha bhI apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM to tapa ke karmakANDAtmaka svarUpa kA bhI virodha kiyA thaa| AcArAMgasUtra AdhyAtmika sAdhanA-pradhAna rahI hai mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayanasUtra jaise ke prathama zrutaskandha kA navA~ adhyayana mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA ke prAcIna jaina granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDa kA virodha hI prasaMga meM unakI dhyAna evaM tapa sAdhanA kI paddhati kA ullekha karatA parilakSita hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke hai| isake pazcAt AcArAMgasUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha, dazavaikAlika nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika sUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, Adi graMthoM meM hameM muni jIvana se sambandhita svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa bhikSA, AhAra, nivAsa evaM vihAra sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna milate haiN| ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke tIsaveM adhyAya meM tapasyA ke vividha rUpoM kI kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne unakA khulA carcA bhI hameM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra kI tapasyAoM kI vividha virodha kiyA aura isa virodha meM unhoMne ina sabako eka nayA artha pradAna carcA hameM antakRtdazA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai, jo ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kiyaa| bhAratIya anuSThAnoM aura karmakANDoM meM yajJa, snAna Adi ati ke tapa sambandhI ullekhoM kI apekSA paravartI evaM anuSThAnaparaka hai| prAcInakAla se pracalita rahe haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki aMtagaDadasAoM (aMtakRtdazA) svarUpa kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jo pA~ca kA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt kA hI hai| usameM saMvaroM se pUrNatayA susaMvRta haiM arthAt indriyajayI haiM jo jIvana ke prati AThaveM varga meM guNaratnasaMvatsaratapa, ratnAvalItapa, laghusiMhakrIr3Atapa, anAsakta haiM, jinheM zarIra ke prati mamatvabhAva nahIM hai, jo pavitra haiM aura kanakAvalItapa, muktAvalItapa, mahAsiMhaniSkrIDitatapa, sarvatobhadratapa, jo videha bhAva meM rahate haiM, ve AtmajayI maharSi hI zreSTha yajJa karate haiN| bhadrottaratapa, mahAsarvatobhadratapa aura AyambilavardhamAnatapa Adi ke unake lie tapa hI agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai| mana, vacana aura ullekha milate haiN| haribhadra ne tapa paMcAzaka meM AgamAnukUla uparokta kAya kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa tapoM kI carcA ke sAtha hI kucha laukika vratoM evaM tapoM kI bhI carcA karanA hI Ahuti hai| yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone ke kAraNa zAntidAyaka kI hai jo tAMtrika sAdhanoM ke prabhAva se jaina dharma meM vikasita hue the| aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJoM kI prazaMsA kI hai|" snAna ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue usameM kahA gayA hai- dharma hI SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa hrada (tAlAba) hai, brahmacarya tIrtha (ghATa) hai aura anAkula dazArUpa Atma jahA~ taka jaina zramaNa sAdhakoM ke nityaprati ke dhArmika kRtyoM prasannatA hI jala hai, jisameM snAna karane se sAdhaka doSarahita hokara vimala kA sambandha hai, hameM dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya, ke hI ullekha milate haiN| evaM vizuddha ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra muni dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM buddha ne bhI aMguttaranikAya ke suttanipAta meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika dhyAna, tRtIya meM bhikSAcaryA aura caturtha meM punaH svAdhyAya kre| isI prakAra svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| usameM unhoMne batAyA hai ki kauna sI rAtri ke cAra praharoM meM bhI prathama meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM agniyA~ tyAga karane yogya haiM aura kauna sI agniyA~ satkAra karane yogya nidrA aura caturtha meM punaH svAdhyAya kre| nitya karma ke sambandha meM haiN| ve kahate haiM ki "kAmAgni, dveSAgni aura mohAgni tyAga karane yogya prAcInatama ullekha 'pratikramaNa' arthAt-apane duSkarmoM kI samAlocanA hai aura AhvAnIyAgni, gArhapatyAgni aura dakSiNagni arthAt mAtA-pitA aura prAyazcita ke milate haiN| pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI dharmadezanA kA kI sevA, patnI aura santAna kI sevA tathA zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kI sevA karane eka mukhya antara pratikramaNa kI anivAryatA rahI hai| mahAvIra ke dharma ko yogya hai|3 mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva aura gItA meM bhI yajJoM ke aise hI sapratikramaNa dharma kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ke sarvaprathama pratikramaNa AdhyAtmika aura sevAparaka artha kiye gaye haiN| eka dainika anumAna bnaa| isI se SaDAvazyakoM kI avadhAraNA kA

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna 489 vikAsa huaa| Aja bhI pratikramaNa SaDAvazyakoM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| pAMcavIM zatI ke lagabhaga kA mAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki taba se jainAcAryoM ke zvetAmbara paramparA ke AvazyakasUtra evaM digambara aura yApanIya paramparA ke lie 'kSamAzramaNa' pada kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| guruvaMdana pAThoM se hI malAcAra meM ina SaDAvazyakoM ke ullekha haiN| ye SaDAvazyaka karma haiM- caityoM kA nirmANa hone para caityavaMdana kA vikAsa huA aura caityavaMdana sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, guruvaMdana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga (dhyAna) kI vidhi ko lekara aneka svataMtra graMtha bhI likhe gaye hai| aura prtyaakhyaan| yadyapi prArambha meM ina SaDAvazyakoM kA sambandha muni jinapUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa jIvana se hI thA, kintu Age calakara unako gRhastha upAsakoM ke lie isI stavana evaM vaMdana kI prakriyA kA vikasita rUpa jinabhI Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| Avazyakaniyukti5 meM vaMdana kAyotsarga Adi pUjA meM upalabdha hotA hai, jo ki jaina anuSThAna kA mahattvapUrNa evaM kI vidhi evaM doSoM kI jo carcA hai, usase itanA avazya phalita hotA apekSAkRta prAcIna aMga hai| vastuta: vaidika yajJa-yAgaparaka karmakANDa hai ki kramaza: ina dainandina kriyAoM ko bhI anuSThAnaparaka banAyA gayA kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparAoM meM dhArmika anuSThAna thaa| Aja bhI eka rUr3ha kriyA ke rUpa meM hI SaDAvazyakoM ko sampanna kiyA ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA thA aura zramaNa paramparA meM jAtA hai| tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| yakSapUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM jahA~ taka gRhastha upAsakoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM yA anuSThAnoM upalabdha haiN| phira isI bhaktimArgIdhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha dharmoM kA prazna hai, hameM unake sambandha meM bhI dhyAna evaM upoSatha yA prauSadha para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha jina evaM buddha vidhi ke hI prAcIna ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| upAsakadazAsUtra meM kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmata: sarvaprathama stUpa, caityazakaDAlaputra evaM kuNDakaulika ke dvArA madhyAhna meM azokavana meM vRkSa Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana zilApaTTa para baiThakara uttarIya vastra evaM AbhUSaNa utArakara mahAvIra kI (jinamandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina-pratimAoM kI pUjA hone dharmaprajJapti kI sAdhanA arthAt sAmAyika evaM dhyAna karane kA ullekha lgii| phalata: jina-pUjA evaM dAna ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA hai| bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki nigraMtha zramaNa gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke lie prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke apane upAsakoM ko mamatvabhAva kA visarjanakara kucha samaya ke lie sthAna para nimna SaT dainika kRtyoM kI kalpanA kI gayI-jina-pUjA, samabhAva evaM dhyAna kI sAdhanA karavAte the| isI prakAra bhagavatIsUtra meM guru sevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM daan| bhojanoparAnta athavA nirAhAra rahakara zrAvakoM ke dvArA prauSadha karane ke hameM AcArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, ullekha milate haiN| tripiTaka meM bauddhoM ne nigraMthoM ke upoSatha kI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jina-pUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM AlocanA bhI kI hai| isase yaha bAta puSTa hotI hai ki sAmAyika, milatA hai| apekSAkRta paravartI AgamoM-sthAnAMga Adi meM jina-pratimA evaM pratikramaNa evaM prauSadha kI paramparA mahAvIrakAlIna to hai hii| jinamandira (siddhAyatana) ke ullekha to haiM, kintu unameM bhI pUjA sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra kI jo stuti upalabdha hotI hai, vaha sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' meM sambhavata: jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke stavana kA prAcInatama rUpa hai| sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA jina-pratimAoM ke pUjana usake bAda kalpasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra evaM rAjapraznIyasUtra meM hameM vIrAsana ke ke ullekha haiN| rAjapraznIya ke ve aMza jisameM sUryAbhadeva ke dvArA jinazakrastava (namotthuNaM) kA pATha karane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| digambara pratimA-pUjana evaM jina ke samakSa nRtya, nATaka, gAna Adi ke jo paramparA meM Aja vaMdana ke avasara para jo 'namo'stu' kahane kI paramparA ullekha haiM, ve jJAtAdharmakathA se paravartI haiM aura guptakAla ke pUrva ke nahIM hai vaha isI 'namotthuNaM' kA saMskRta rUpa hai| durbhAgya se digambara paramparA haiN| cAhe 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' kA prasenajita-sambandhI kathA purAnI ho, kintu meM yaha prAkRta kA sampUrNa pATha surakSita nahIM raha skaa| caturviMzatistava sUryAbhadeva sambandhI kathA prasaMga meM jinamandira ke pUrNata: vikasita sthApatya kA eka rUpa AvazyakasUtra meM upalabdha hai, ise 'logassa' kA pATha bhI ke jo saMketa haiM, ve use guptakAla se pUrva kA siddha nahIM karate haiN| phira kahate haiN| yaha pATha kucha parivartana ke sAtha digambara paramparA ke graMtha bhI yaha satya hai ki jina-pUjA-vidhi kA isase vikasita evaM prAcIna tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI upalabdha hai| tIna AvoM ke dvArA 'tikkhutto' ke ullekha zve0 paramparA ke Agama sAhitya meM anyatra nahIM hai| pATha se tIrthaMkara guru evaM muni-vaMdana kI prakriyA bhI prAcInakAla meM digambara paramparA meM AcArya kundakunda ne bhI rayaNasAra meM dAna pracalita rahI hai| aneka AgamoM meM tatsambandhI ullekha haiN| zvetAmbara aura pUjA ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA hai, ve likhate haiMparamparA meM pracalita 'tikhutto' ke pATha kA bhI eka parivartita rUpa hameM dANaM pUjA mukkha sAvayadhamme Na sAvayA teNa vinnaa| SaTkhaNDAgama ke karma anuyogadvAra ke 28veM sUtra meM milatA hai| tulanAtmaka jhANajjhayaNaM mukkha jai dhamme Na taM viNA so vi||6 adhyayana ke lie donoM pATha vicAraNIya haiN| guruvaMdana ke lie 'khamAsamanA' arthAt gRhastha ke kartavyoM meM dAna aura pUjA mukhya aura yati/ ke pATha kI prakriyA usakI apekSA paravartI hai| yadyapi yaha pATha AvazyakasUtra zramaNa ke kartavyoM meM dhyAna aura svAdhyAya mukhya haiN| isa prakAra usameM bhI jaise apekSAkRta prAcIna Agama meM milatA hai, phira bhI isameM prayukta pUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM ko gRhastha ke kartavya ke rUpa meM pradhAnatA milii| kSamAzramaNa yA kSapakazramaNa (khamAsamaNo) zabda ke AdhAra para ise cauthI, pariNAmata: gRhasthoM ke lie ahiMsAdi aNuvratoM kA pAlana utanA mahattvapUrNa

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490 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nahIM raha gayA, jitanA pUjA Adi ke vidhi-vidhAnoM ko sampanna krnaa| jAtI thI, phira kramaza: dhUpa, caMdana ora naivedya Adi pUjA-dravyoM kA prathama to pUjA ko kRtikarma (sevA) kA eka rUpa mAnA gayA, kintu Age vikAsa huA" padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa evaM jaTAsiMhanandi ke varAMgacarita calakara use atithisaMvibhAga kA aMga banA diyA gyaa| se bhI hamAre ukta kathana kA samyaka samarthana hotA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhI jaina anuSThAnoM kA ullekha sarvaprathama yApanIya paramparA ke grantha varAMgacarita (lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM hameM kundakunda racita 'dasa bhaktiyoM' meM evaM yApanIya paramparA se mUlAcAra zatI) meM nAnA prakAra ke puSpa, dhUpa aura manohArI gaMdha se bhagavAn kI ke SaDAvazyaka adhyayana meM milatA hai| jaina zaurasenI meM racita ina sabhI pUjA karane kA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki isa grantha meM pUjA meM vastrAbhUSaNa bhaktiyoM ke praNetA kundakunda haiM- yaha kahanA kaThina hai, phira bhI kundakunda samarpita karane kA ullekha bhI hai| ke nAma se upalabdha bhaktiyoM meM se pA~ca para prabhAcandra kI 'kriyAkalApa' isI prakAra dUsare yApanIya grantha padmapurANa meM ullikhita hai ki nAmaka TIkA hai| ata: kisI sImA taka inameM se kucha ke kartA ke rUpa rAvaNa snAna kara dhautavastra pahana, svarNa aura ratnanirmita jinabimboM kI meM kundakunda (lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI) ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| nadI ke taTa para pUjA karane lgaa| usake dvArA prayukta pUjA sAmagrI meM digambara paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA meM racita 'bAraha bhaktiyA~' bhI milatI haiN| dhUpa, caMdana, puSpa aura naivedya kA hI ullekha AyA hai, anya dravyoM kA ina saba bhaktiyoM ke mukhyata: paMcaparameSThi-tIrthaMkara, siddha, AcArya, muni nhiiN| dekheMevaM zruta Adi kI stutiyA~ haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM jisa prakAra namotthuNaM sthApayitvA ghanAmodasamAkRSTamadhuvrataiH (zakrastava), logassa (caturviMzatistava), caityavaMdana Adi upalabdha haiM, dhUpairAlepanaiH pusspairmnohrbhubhktibhiH||9 usI prakAra digambara paramparA meM bhI ye bhaktiyA~ upalabdha haiN| inake AdhAra ata: spaSTa hai ki pracalita aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane kI prathA para aisA lagatA hai ki prAcInakAla meM jina-pratimAoM ke sammukha kevala yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbaroM kI apekSA kucha samaya ke stavana Adi karane kI paramparA rahI hogii| vaise mathurA se prApta kuSANakAlIna pazcAt hI pracalita huI hogii| purAtattvIya avazeSoM meM kamala ke dvArA jina-pratimA ke arcana ke pramANa digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena ne pUjA milate haiM, isakI puSTi 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' se bhI hotI hai| yadyapi bhAvapUjA sAmagrI meM caMdana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA ke rUpa meM stavana kI yaha paramparA-jo ki jaina anuSThAna vidhi kA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM hai aura na jala saralatama evaM prAcInarUpa hai, Aja bhI nirvivAda rUpa se calI A rahI hai| kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| abhiSeka meM dugdha, ikSurasa, ghRta, dadhi evaM jala zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAe~ muniyoM ke lie to kevala bhAvapUjA kA nirdeza hai, para pUjana sAmagrI meM jala kA kathana nahIM AyA hai| smaraNa arthAt stavana kA hI vidhAna karatI haiM, dravyapUjA kA vidhAna to mAtra rahe ki prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai, jo apekSAkRta gRhasthoM ke lie hI hai| mathurA ke kuSANakAlIna jaina aMkanoM meM muni ko paravartI hai| pUjA ke aSTadravyoM kA vikAsa bhI zanai:-zanaiH huA hai, isa stuti karate hue evaM gRhasthoM ko kamalapuSpa se pUjA karate hue pradarzita kathana kI puSTi amitagati zrAvakAcAra se bhI hotI hai, kyoMki isameM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi puSpa-jaise sacita dravya se pUjA karanA jaina dharma ke gaMdha, puSpa, naivedya, dIpa, dhUpa, aura akSata ina cha: dravyoM kA hI ullekha sUkSma ahiMsA siddhAnta ke pratikUla kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu dUsarI upalabdha hotA hai| zatI se yaha pracalita rahI-isase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| pA~cavIM varAMgacarita, padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, zatI yA usake bAda ke sabhI zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM meM isake harivaMzapurANa, vasunandizrAvakAcAra Adi graMthoM meM ina pUjA dravyoM kA ullekha upalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vizeSa carcA Age kI gaI hai| phalAdeza bhI hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjA karane se dravyapUjA ke sambandha meM rAjapraznIyasUtra meM varNita sUryAbhadeva aihika aura pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| isI prakAra dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA-vidhi Aja bhI (zvetAmbara paramparA meM) usI rUpa bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| meM pracalita hai| usameM pratimA ke pramArjana, snAna, aMgaprocchana, gaMdha DaoN0 nemicandajI zAstrI evaM mere dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa vilepana, athavA gaMdha mAlya, vastra Adi ke arpaNa ke ullekha haiN| zvetAmbara-digambara paramparAoM meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa rAjapraznIyasUtra meM ullikhita pUjA-vidhi bhI jaina paramparA meM ekadama kara detA hai| vikasita nahIM huI hai| stavana se caityavaMdana aura caityavaMdana se puSpa Adi zvetAmbara paramparA meM paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura se dravya arcA prArambha huii| yaha sambhava hai ki jinamandiroM aura jinabimboM usI se sarvopacArI yA satarahabhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI ke nirmANa ke sAtha, hI hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se jainoM meM bhI dravyapUjA pUjA vaiSNavoM kI SoDazopacArIpUjA kA hI rUpa hai| bahuta kucha rUpa meM pracalita huI hogii| phira kramazaH pUjA kI sAmagrI meM vRddhi hotI gaI aura isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya evaM varAMgacarita10 meM upalabdha hai| aSTadravyoM se pUjA hone lgii| DaoN0 nemicanda zAstrI ke zabdoM meM- "pUjana sAmagrI ke vikAsa kI eka sunizcita paramparA hameM jaina vAGmaya meM rAjapraznIyasUtra meM varNita-pUjA vidhAna upalabdha hotI hai| Arambha meM pUjana vidhi kevala puSpoM dvArA sampanna kI rAjapraznIyasUtra-11 meM sUryAbhadeva dvArA kI gaI jina-pUjA kA

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna 491 varNana isa prakAra hai|- "sUryAbhadeva ne vyavasAya sabhA meM rakhe hue pustakaratna paJcopacAra pUjA meM gaMdha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya- ye pAMca ko apane hAtha meM liyA, hAtha meM lekara use kholA, kholakara use par3hA vastueM devatA ko samarpita kI jAtI haiN| dazopacAra pUjA pAdaprakSAlana, aura par3hakara dhArmika kriyA karane kA nizcaya kiyA, nizcaya karake pustakaratna aryasamarpaNa, Acamana, madhuparka, jala, gaMdha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura ko vApasa rakhA, rakhakara siMhAsana se uThA aura nandA nAmaka puSkariNI naivedyasamarpaNa ina dasa prakriyAoM dvArA pUjA-vidhi sampanna kI jAtI hai| para aayaa| nandA puSkariNI meM praviSTa hokara usane apane hAtha-pairoM kA isI prakAra SoDazopacAra pUjA meM 1. AhvAna, 2. Asana-pradAna 3, prakSAlana kiyA tathA Acamana kara pUrNarUpa se svaccha aura zucibhUta hokara svAgata, 4. pAda-prakSAlana, 5. Acamana, 6. ardhya, 7. madhuparka, 8. svaccha zveta jala se bharI huI zrRMgAra (jhArI) tathA usa puSkariNI meM utpanna jala, 9. snAna, 10, vastra 11, AbhUSaNa, 12 gandha, 13. puSpa, zatapatra evaM sahasrapatra kamaloM ko grahaNa kiyA, phira vahA~ se calakara jahA~ 14. dhUpa, 15. dIpa aura 16. naivedya se pUjA kI jAtI hai| siddhAyatana (jinamaMdira) thA, vahA~ aayaa| usameM pUrvadvAra se praveza karake prakArAntara se gAyatrItaMtra meM SoDapopacAra pUjA ke nimna aMga bhI jahA~ devachandaka aura jina-pratimA thI vahA~ Akara jina-pratimAoM ko milate haiMpraNAma kiyaa| praNAma karake lomamayI pramArjanI hAtha meM lI, pramArjanI se 1. AhvAna 2. Asana-pradAna, 3. pAda-prakSAlana, 4. jina-pratimA ko pramArjita kiyaa| pramArjita karake sugandhita jala se una aryasamarpaNa, 5. Acamana, 6. snAna, 7. vastraarpaNa, 8. lepana, 9. jina-pratimAoM kA prakSAlana kiyaa| prakSAlana karake una para gozIrSa caMdana yajJopavIta, 10 puSpa, 11. dhUpa, 12. dIpa (AratI) 13. naivedyakA lepa kiyaa| gozIrSa caMdana kA lepa karane ke pazcAt unheM suvAsita prasAda, 14. pradakSiNA 15. maMtrapuSpa aura 16 shyyaa| vastroM se poMchA, poMchakara jina-pratimAoM ko akhaNDa devadUSya yugala SoDazopacAra pUjA kI ukta donoM sUciyoM meM mAtra nAma aura phnaayaa| devadUSya pahanAkara puSpamAlA, gaMdhacUrNa evaM AbhUSaNa cddh'aaye| krama kA AMzika antara hai| isa paJcopacAra, dazopacAra aura SoDazopacAra tadanantara nIce laTakI lambI-lambI gola mAlAe~ phnaayiiN| malAe~, pUjA ke sthAna para jaina dharma meM aSTaprakArI aura sataraha bhedI pUjA pracalita pahanAkara paMcavarNa ke puSpoM kI varSA kii| phira jina-pratimAoM ke samakSa rahI hai| pUjA-vidhAna ke donoM prakAra pUjA ke dravyoM kI saMkhyA evaM pUjA vibhinna citrAMkana kiye evaM zveta tanduloM se aSTamaMgala kA Alekhana ke aMgoM ke AdhAra para haiN| siddhAntataH inameM koI bhinnatA nahIM hai| kiyaa| usake pazcAt jina-pratimAoM ke samakSa dhUpakSepa kiyaa| dhUpakSepa . jainoM kI satarahabhedI pUjA meM nimna vidhi se pUjA sampanna kI karane ke pazcAt vizuddha, apUrva, arthasampanna mahimAzAlI 1008 chandoM jAtI haise bhagavAn kI stuti kI / stuti karake sAta-ATha paira pIche httaa| pIche 1. snAna, 2. vilepana, 3. vastra yugala samarpaNa 4. vAsakSepa haTakara bA~yA ghuTanA U~cA kiyA tathA dAyA~ ghuTanA jamIna para jhukAkara samarpaNa, 5. puSpasamarpaNa, 6. puSpamAlAsamarpaNa, 7. paMcavarNa kI aMgaracanA tIna bAra mastaka pRthvItala para nmaayaa| phira mastaka U~cA kara donoM hAtha (aMgavinyAsa), 8. gandha samarpaNa, 9. dhvajA samarpaNa, 10. AbhUSaNa jor3akara mastaka para aMjali karake 'namotthuNaM arahantANaM........ThANaM samarpaNa, 11. puSpagRharacanA, 12. puSpavRSTi 13. aSTa maMgala racanA, saMpattANaM nAmaka zakrastava kA pATha kiyaa| isa prakAra arhanta aura siddha 14. dhUpa samarpaNa, 15. stuti, 16. nRtya aura 17. vAjiMtra pUjA bhagavAn kI stuti karake phira jinamaMdira ke madhya bhAga meM aayaa| use (vAdya bjnaa)| pramArjita kara divya jaladhArA se siMcita kiyA aura gozIrSa caMdana kA lepa yahAM donoM paramparAoM ke pUjA-vidhAnoM meM jo bahuta adhika kiyA tathA puSpasamUhoM kI varSA kii| tatpazcAt usI prakAra usane mayUrapicchi samarUpatA hai, vaha unake pArasparika prabhAva kI sUcaka hai inameM bhI paJca ke se dvArazAkhAoM, putaliyoM evaM vyAloM ko pramArjita kiyA tathA unakA sthAna para aSTa aura SoDaza ke sthAna para saptadaza upacAroM ke ullekha prakSAlana kara unako caMdana se arcita kiyA tathA dhUpakSepa karake puSpa evaM yaha batAte haiM ki jainoM ne hindU paramparA se ise grahaNa kiyA hai| AbhUSaNa cddh'aaye| isI prakAra usane maNipIThikAoM evaM unakI jina- isI prakAra jahAM taka pUjA ke aMgoM kA prazna hai, jaina paramparA pratimAoM kI, caityavRkSa kI tathA mahendra dhvajA kI pUjA-arcanA kii| meM bhI hindU tAMtrika paramparAoM ke hI samAna AhvAna, sthApanA, satridhikaraNa, isase spaSTa hai ki rAjapraznIyasUtra ke kAla meM pUjA sambandhI mantroM ke pUjana aura visarjana kI prakriyA samAna rUpa se sampanna kI jAtI hai| isameM atirikta jina-pUjA kI eka suvyavasthiti prakriyA nirmita ho cukI thii| devatA ke nAma ko chor3akara zeSa sampUrNa mantra bhI samAna hI haiN| pUjAlagabhaga aisA hI vivaraNa varAMgacarita ke 23veM sarga meM bhI hai| vidhAna kI ina samarUpatAoM kA phalitArtha yahI hai ki jaina paramparA ina vidhi-vidhAnoM ke sambandha meM hindU paramparA se prabhAvita huI hai| jaina tAMtrika pUjA-vidhAnoM kI tulanA 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' ke atirikta aSTaprakArI evaM sataraha bhedI iSTa devatA kI pUjA bhaktimArgIya evaM tAMtrika sAdhanA kA bhI pUjA kA ullekha Avazyakaniyukti evaM umAsvAti ke 'pUjAvidhi- prakaraNa Avazyaka aMga haiM- ina sampradAyoM meM sAmAnyatayA pUjA ke tIna rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hai| yadyapi yaha kRti umAsvAti kI hI hai athavA unake pracalita rahe haiM- 1. paJcopacAra pUjA, 2. dazopacAra pUjA aura 3. nAma se anya kisI kI racanA hai, isakA nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| SoDazopacAra puujaa| adhikAMza vicAraka ise anyakRta mAnate haiN| isa pUjAvidhi-prakaraNa meM

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492 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pazcima dizA meM mukha karake dantadhAvana kareM phira zatAbdI se hI jaina graMthoM meM isakA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| sambhavataH IsA pUrvamukha ho snAnakara zveta vastra dhAraNa kareM aura phira pUrvottara mukha hokara kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI taka jaina dharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka jinabimba kI pUjA kreN| isa prakaraNa meM anya dizAoM aura koNoM meM karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM sthita hokara pUjA karane se kyA hAniyA~ hotI haiM, yaha bhI batalAyA gayA haribhadra ko inameM karmakANDoM kA muniyoM ke lie niSedha karanA pdd'aa| hai| pUjAvidhi kI carcA karate hue yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki prAta: kAla jJAtavya hai ki haribhadra ne sambodhaprakaraNa ke kuguru adhikAra meM caityoM meM vAsakSepa-pUjA karanI caahie| isameM pUjA meM jinabimba ke bhAla, kaMTha nivAsa, jina-pratimA kI dravyapUjA, jina-pratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, Adi nava sthAnoM para caMdana ke tilaka karane kA bhI ullekha hai| isameM yaha nATaka Adi kA jaina-muni ke lie niSedha kiyA hai| yadyapi paMcAzaka meM bhI batAyA gayA hai ki madhyAhnakAla meM kusuma se tathA saMdhyA ko dhUpa aura unhoMne ina pUjA-vidhAnoM ko gRhastha ke lie karaNIya mAnA hai| dIpa se pUjA kI jAnI caahie| isameM pUjA ke lie kITa Adi se rahita puSpoM ke grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai| sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai jainadharma kA anuSThAnaparaka jaina sAhitya ki pUjA ke lie puSpa ke Tukar3eM karanA yA unheM chedanA niSiddha hai| isame anuSThAna sambandhI vidhi-vidhAnoM ko lekara jaina paraMparA ke gaMdha, dhUpa, akSata, dIpa, jala, naivedya phala Adi aSTadravyoM se pUjA kA donoM hI sampradAyoM meM aneka grantha race gaye haiN| inameM zvetAmbara paraMparA meM bhI ullekha hai| isa prakAra yaha graMtha bhI zvetAmbara jaina paramparA kI pUjA- umAsvAti kA 'pUjAvidhiprakaraNa', pAdaliptasUri kI 'nirvANakalikA' paddhati kA prAcInatama AdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai| digambara paramparA meM aparanAma 'pratiSThA-vidhAna' evaM haribhadrasUri kA 'paMcAzakaprakaraNa' pramukha jinasena ke mahApurANa meM evaM yativRSabha kI tiloyapaNNatti meM jina- prAcIna grantha kahe jAte haiN| haribhadra ke 19 paMcAzakoM meM zrAvakadharma paMcAzaka, pratimA kI pUjA ke ullekha haiN| dIkSA paMcAzaka, vaMdana paMcAzaka, pUjA paMcAzaka (isameM vistAra se jinapUjA isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jainaparamparA meM kA ullekha hai), pratyAkhyAna paMcAzaka, stavana paMcAzaka, jinabhavananirmANa sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| paMcAzaka, jinabimbapratiSThA paMcAzaka, jinayAtrA vidhAna paMcAzaka, unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA stuti kA sthAna bhI thaa| usI se Age zramaNopAsakapratimA paMcAzaka, sAdhudharmapaMcAzaka, sAdhusamAcArI paMcAzaka, calakara bhAvapUjA aura dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane aaii| usameM bhI piNDavizuddhi paMcAAzaka, zIla-aMga paMcAzaka, AlocanA paMcAzaka, dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke lie huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara prAyazcitta paMcAzaka, dasakalpa paMcAzaka, bhikSupratimA paMcAzaka, tapa paMcAzaka aura digambara donoM paraMparAoM meM jina-pUjA sambandhI jo jaTila vidhi- Adi haiN| pratyeka paMcAzaka 50-50 gAthAoM meM apane-apane viSaya kA vidhAnoM kA vistAra huA, vaha bhI brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| phira vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai| isa para candrakula ke navAMgIvRttikAra abhayadevasUri Age calakara jinamaMdira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke kA vivaraNa bhI upalabdha hai| jaina dhArmika kriyAoM ke sambandha meM eka sambandha meM aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI dUsarA pramukha grantha 'anuSThAnavidhi' hai| yaha dhanezvarasUri ke ziSya candrasUri jJAnapITha pUjAMjali kI bhUmikA meM aura sva0 DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne kI racanA hai| yaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita hai tathA isameM samyaktva apane eka lekha puSpakarma-devapUjA: vikAsa evaM vidhi, meM isa bAta ko AropaNavidhi, vrata AropaNavidhi, pANmAsika sAmAyika vidhi, spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina paraMparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramazaH zrAvakapratimAvahanavidhi, upadhAnavidhi, prakaraNavidhi, mAlAvidhi, tapavidhi, vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se pracalita hai phira bhI yaha ArAdhanAvidhi, pravrajyAvidhi upasthApanAvidhi, kezalocavidhi, jaina paraMparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka paMcapratikramaNavidhi, AcArya upAdhyAya evaM mahattarA padapradAnavidhi, poSadhavidhi, ora to jaina pUjA-vidhAna pATha meM aise haiM, jinameM mArga meM hone vAlI dhvajaropaNavidhi, kalazaropaNavidhi Adi ke sAtha AtmarakSA kavaca evaM ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcita ho, yathA sakalIkaraNa jaisI tAntrika kriyAoM ke nirdeza milate haiN| isa kRti ke IryApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt pazcAt tilakAcArya kI 'samAcArI' nAmaka kRti bhI lagabhaga inhIM viSayoM ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAya baadhaa| kA vivecana karatI hai| jaina karmakANDoM kA vivecana karane vAle anya nidartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, granthoM meM somasundarasUri kA 'samAcArI zataka', jinaprabhasUri (vi0saM0 mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me|| 1363) kI 'vidhimArgaprapA, vardhamAnasUri kA 'AcAradinakara', harSabhUSaNagaNi smaraNIya hai ki zve0 paramparA meM caityavaMdana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi (vi0saM0 1480) kA 'zrAddhavidhivinizcaya' tathA samayasundara kA 'samAcArI virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha milatA hai- jisakA tAtparya bhI caityavaMdana ke zataka' bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| inake atirikta pratiSThAkalpa ke nAma se aneka lie jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA bhI prAyazcitta kiyA jAtA lekhoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM, jinameM jaina paramparA ke anuSThAnoM kI carcA hai| hai| to dUsarI ora una pUjA vidhAnoM meM, pRthvI, vAyu, apa agni aura digambara paramparA meM dhArmika kriyAkANDoM ko lekara vasunandi kA vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna hai, yaha eka 'pratiSThAsArasaMgraha' (vi0saM0 1150), AzAdhara kA 'jinayajJakalpa' Antarika asaMgati to hai hii| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki cauthI-pA~cavIM (saM0 1285) evaM mahAbhiSekakalpa, sumatisAgara kA

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna 493 'dasalAkSaNikavratodyApana', siMhanandI kA 'vratatithinirNaya, jayasAgara kA rakhane ke lie jaina dharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo 'ravivratodyApana', brahmajinadAsa kA 'jambUdvIpapUjana', 'anantavratapUjana', apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka hoN| nivRttipradhAna adhyAtmavAdI 'meghAmAlodyApanapUjana' (15vIM zatI), vizvasena kA SaNnavatikSetrapAla evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke lie yaha pUjana (16vIM zatI), budhavIru 'dharmacakrapUjana' evaM 'vRhaddharmacakrapUjana' nyAya saMgata to nahIM thA, phira bhI aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha (16vIM zatI), sakalakIrti ke 'paMcaparameSThipUjana', 'SoDazakAraNapUjana' pravRtti vikasita huI hai| evaM gaNadharavalayapUjana' (16vIM zatI) zrIbhUSaNa kA 'SoDazasAgAvatodyApana', yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki jaina dharma kA tIrthaMkara vyakti nAganandi kA 'pratiSThAkalpa' Adi pramukha kahe jA sakate haiN| ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke sAtha yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA jaina pUjA-anuSThAnoM para taMtra kA prabhAva devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki apane jaina anuSThAnoM kA uddezya to laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna- upAsya tIrthaMkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA (yakSa-yakSI) bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI prasanna hokara upAsaka kA sabhI prakAra se kalyANa karate haiN| hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi se rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI zAsanarakSaka devI-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, ambikA, padmAvatI, pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, lie hai| AcArya samantabhadra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki he nAtha! cUMki pArzvayakSa, Adi yakSoM, navagrahoM, aSTa dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM Apa vItarAga haiM, ata: Apa apanI pUjA yA stuti se prasanna hone vAle (bhairavoM) ke pUjA-vidhAnoM ko jaina-paramparA ke sthAna milaa| ina sabakI nahIM haiM aura Apa vivAntavaira haiM isalie nindA karane para bhI Apa pUjA ke lie jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha aprasanna hone vAle nahIM hai| ApakI stuti kA merA uddezya to kevala hindU tAMtrika paramparA se grahaNa, kara liyaa| bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa Adi apane cittamala ko dUra karanA hai granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM na pUjayArthastvayi vItarAge, na nindayA nAtha! vivaantvair| tAntrika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina paramparA ke tathApi te puNyaguNasmRtirnaH, punAtu cittaM duritaanyjnebhyH|| mUlabhUta maMtavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki tantra ke prabhAva se jaina isI prakAra eka gujarAtI jaina kavi kahatA hai paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A ajakulagatakezari lahere nijapada siMha nihaal| bhairava, bhUmiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla, Adi kI upAsanA pramukha aura tima prabhubhakti bhavi lahere jina Atama sNbhaar|| tIrthaMkaroM kI upAsanA gauNa hotI gii| hameM aneka aise purAtattvIya sAkSya jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai- 'vande tadguNalabdhaye' arthAt milate haiM jinake anusAra jina-mandiroM meM ina deviyoM kI sthApanA hone vandana karane kA uddezya prabhu ke guNoM kI upalabdhi karanA hai| jinadeva kI lagI thii| jaina anuSThAnoM kA eka pramukha grantha 'bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa' hai, jo evaM hamArI AtmA tattvataH samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi mukhyatayA vaiyaktika jIvana kI vighna-bAdhAoM ke upazamana aura bhautika kA artha hai svarUpa kI uplbdhi| isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlataH upalabdhiyoM ke lie vividha anuSThAnoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isa grantha Atmavizuddhi aura svasvarUpa kI upalabdhi ke lie hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM meM varNita anuSThAnoM para jainettara tantra kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzataH jisakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| jo pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke lie IsvI chaThI zatI se lekara Aja taka jaina paramparA ke aneka patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa kara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiM, AcArya bhI zAsanadeviyoM, kSetrapAloM aura yakSoM kI siddhi ke lie jinapUjA ke vividha prakAroM meM jina pAThoM kA paThana kiyA jAtA hai yA jo prayatnazIla dekhe jAte haiM aura apane anuyAyiyoM ko bhI aise anuSThAnoM stotra Adi prastuta kiye jAte haiM, unakA mukhya uddezya Atmavizuddhi hI ke lie prerita karate rahe haiN| jaina dharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA hai| sAdhaka AtmA, Atma-vizuddhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke lie pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlata: tAntrika paramparA kA prabhAva hI hI dharma-sAdhanA karatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke hai| jinapUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM, jinheM zamana kI sAdhanA mAnatA hai| brAhmaNa paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA kintu jaisAki hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM manuSya kI vAsanAtmaka hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM ke samaya usakA AhvAna, sthApana, visarjana Adi kiyA jAtA hai usI kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana jaina dharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai, jo bhautika jIvana meM ke mantra bole jAte haiM- yathAsukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThina atra avatara avatara saMvauSaT-AhvAnama Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jaina dharma meM zraddhA banAye OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH ThaH- sthApanam

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494 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhava bhava vaSaTsannidhAyanam raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina paramparA OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha ja: ja: ja: visarjanamA kI pUjA anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM hindU tAntrika paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| ye mantra jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiM, kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para jaina paramparA ke vividha pUjA-vidhAna devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina paramparA meM tantra yuga meM jaina paramparA ke vividha anuSThAnoM meM gRhastha ke siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaMkara yA siddha na to AhvAna karane para upasthita nityakarma ke rUpa meM sAmAyika, pratikramaNa Adi SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jAte hI haiN| paM0 phalacandajI ne para jinapUjA ko prathama sthAna diyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sthAnakavAsI. 'jJAnapITha pUjAJjali' nAmaka pustaka kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se iskii| zvetAmbara-terApaMtha tathA digambara tAraNapaMtha ko chor3akara zeSa paramparAe~ samIkSA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina pUjA-mantroM ko sambandhI jaina pajA-mantroM ko jinapratimA ke pUjana ko zrAvaka kA eka Avazyaka kartavya mAnatI haiN| brAhmaNa mantroM kA anukaraNa mAnA hai| tulanA kIjie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUjA sambandhI jo vividha anuSThAna pracalita haiM unameM AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / pramukha haiM- aSTaprakArIpUjA, snAtrapUjA yA janmakalyANakapUjA, visarjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / paMcakalyANakapUjA, laghuzAntisnAtrapUjA, bRhadzAntisnAtrapUjA, namiUNapUjA, mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva c| arhatpUjA, siddhacakrapUjA, navapadapUjA, satarahabhedIpUjA, aSTakarma kI tatsarvaM kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / pUjA, antarAyakarma kI pUjA, bhaktAmarapUjA aadi| digambara paramparA meM -visrjnmNtr| pracalita pUjA anuSThAnoM meM abhiSekapUjA, nityapUjA, devazAstragurupUjA, inake sthAna para hindU dharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiM- jinacetyapUjA, siddhapUjA Adi pracalita haiN| ina sAmAnya pUjAoM ke AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / atirikta parvadinapUjA Adi viziSTa pUjAoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvaram / / 1 / / parvapUjAoM meM SoDazakAraNapUjA, paMcamerupUjA, dazalakSaNapUjA,ratnatrayapUjA mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / Adi kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNaM tadastu me // 2 // digambara paramparA kI pUjA-paddhati meM bIsapaMtha aura terahapaMtha meM isI prakAra aSTadravyapUjA evaM sataraha bhedI pUjA meM sacitta kucha matabheda hai| jahA~ bIsapaMtha puSpa Adi sacitta dravyoM se jinapUjA ko dravyoM kA upayoga, prabhu ko vastrAbhUSaNa, gaMdha, mAlya, Adi kA samarpaNaH svIkAra karatA hai vahA~ terahapaMtha sampradAya meM usakA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| yajJa kA vidhAna, vinAyakayantra sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina puSpa ke sthAna para ve loga raMgIna akSatoM (tanduloM) kA upayoga karate haiN| paramparA ke anukUla nahIM hai| idhara jaba tAntrika sAdhanA kA prabhAva bar3hane isA prakAra jahA bAsapatha meM baThakara vahI tarahapatha meM khar3a rahakara pUjA lagA, to usameM bhI ina pUjA-vidhiyoM kA praveza haa| dasavIM zatI ke karane kI paramparA hai| anantara ina vidhi-vidhAnoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA, phalata: pUrva yahA~ vizeSarUpa se ullekhanIya yaha hai ki zvetAmbara aura pracalita AdhyAtmika upAsanA gauNa ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para digambara donoM hI paramparAoM ke prAcIna graMthoM meM aSTadravyoM se pUjA ke hI AhvAna, sthApana, sannidhIkaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM ullekha milate haiN| yApanIya graMtha vArAMgacarita (trayoviMzasarga) meM jinapUjA kI smati ke lie vyavahata hone lge| pajA ko vaiyAvatya kA aMga mAnA sambandhI jo ullekha haiM ve zvetAmbara paramparA ke rAjapraznIyasatra ke pajA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya sthAna prApta sambandhI ullekhoM se bahuta kucha milate hai| huaa| pUjA ke samaya sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUlabhAvanA meM parivartana haa| dravyapUjA ko atithi saMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| use jaina pUjA-vidhAna kI AdhyAtmika prakRti gRhastha kA eka anivArya kartavya batAyA gyaa| yaha bhI hindu paramparA kI . yaha satya hai ki jaina pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAnoM para anukRti hI thii| jahA~ yaha mAnA jAtA ho ki tIrthaMkaroM ne dIkSA ke samaya bhaktimArga evaM tantra sAdhanA kA vyApaka prabhAva hai aura unameM aneka staroM sacittadravyoM, snAna, vastra, AbhUSaNa, gaMdha, mAlya Adi kA tyAga kara para samarUpatAe~ bhI haiN| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki ina pUjA vidhAnoM meM bhI diyA thA, mAtra yahI nahIM jisa jaina paramparA meM eka varga aisA bhI ho jo| jainoM kI AdhyAtmika jIvana zailI spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai, tIrthaMkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho, vahI paramparA, tIrthaMkara kI niSedha karatA ho nadI para takarI kyoMki unakA prayojana bhinna hai| yaha unameM bole jAne vAle maMtroM se spaSTa pUjA meM vastra, AbhUSaNa, gaMdha, mAlya, navaidya Adi arpita kare, yaha kyA ho jAtA haisiddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM hI jAyegI? maMdira evaM jinabimba pratiSThA "U~ hrIM parama paramAtmane anantAnantajJAnazaktaye janmajarAmRtyuAdi se sambandhita sampUrNa anuSThAna jaina paramparA meM brAhmaNa paramparA kI nivAraNAya zrImajinendrAya jalaM yajAmahe svaahaa|" dena hai aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti ke pratikUla kahe jA sakate haiN| vastuta: isIprakAracandana Adi ke samarpaNa ke samaya jala ke sthAna para kisI bhI paramparA ke lie apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita candana Adi zabda bole jAte haiM, zeSa maMtra vahI rahatA hai, kinta pajA ke

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna prayojanabheda se isakA svarUpa badalatA bhI hai| jaise: OM hrIM ahaM paramAtmane antarAyakarma samUlocchedAya zrIvIra jinendrAya jalaM yajAmahe svAhA / OM hrIM ahaM paramAtmane anantAntajJAnazaktaye zrI samakita vratadRDha karaNAya / prANAtipAtaviramaNavratagrahaNAya jalaM yajAmahe svaahaa| isI prakAra aSTadravyoM ke samarpaNa meM bhI prayojana kI bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai: OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya janmajarAmRtyu vinAzAya jalaM nirvApamiti svaahaa| OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya bhavatApavinAzAya caMdanaM nirvApamiti svaahaa| OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya akSayapadaprAptaye akSataM nirvApamiti svAhA / OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya kAmabANavidhvaMsanAya puSpaM nirvApamiti svAhA / OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya mohAMdhakAravinAzAya dIpaM nirvApamiti svaahaa| OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya anukarmadahanAya dhUpaM nirvApamiti svaahaa| OM hrIM zrI jinendrAya mokSaphala prAptaye phalaM nirvApamiti svaahaa| ina pUjA mantroM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA se ina sabhI pUjA-vidhAnoM kA antima prayojana to AdhyAtmika vizuddhi hI mAnA gayA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jalapUjA Atmavizuddhi ke lie kI jAtI hai| candanapUjA kA prayojana kaSAyarUpI agni ko zAnta karanA athavA samabhAva meM avasthita honA hai| puSpapUjA kA prayojana anta:karaNa sadbhAvoM kA jAgaraNa hai / dhUpapUjA karmarUpI indhana ko jalAne ke liye haiM, to dIpapUjA kA prayojana jJAna ke prakAza ko prakaTa karanA hai| akSatapUjA kA tAtparya akSatoM ke samAna karma ke AvaraNa se rahita arthAt nirAvaraNa hokara akSaya pada prApta karanA hai| naivedyapUjA kA tAtparya citta meM AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM kI samApti hai| isI prakAra phalapUjA mokSarUpI phala kI prApti ke liye kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina pUjA kI vidhi meM aura hindUbhaktimArgIya aura tAMtrikapUjA vidhiyoM meM bahuta kucha samarUpatA hote hue bhI unake prayojana bhinna rUpa meM mAne gaye haiM / jahA~ sAmAnyatayA hindU evaM tAMtrikapUjA vidhiyoM kA prayojana iSTadevatA ko prasanna kara usakI kRpA se apane laukika saMkaToM kA nirAkaraNa karanA rahA hai| vahA~ jaina pUjA-vidhAnoM kA prayojana janma-maraNa rUpa saMsAra se vimukti hI rhaa| dUsare, inameM pUjya se kRpA kI koI AkAMkSA bhI nahIM hotI hai mAtra apanI Atmavizuddhi kI AkAMkSA kI abhivyakti hotI hai, kyoMki daivIyakRpA (grace of God) kA siddhAnta jainoM ke karma siddhAnta ke virodha meM jAtA hai| jaina pUjA-vidhAna aura laukika evaM naitika maMgala kI kAmanA yahA~ bhI jJAtavya hai ki tIrthakaroM kI pUjA-upAsanA meM to yaha AtmavizuddhipradhAna jIvanadRSTi kAyama rahI, kintu jinazAsana ke rakSaka devoM kI pUjA- upasanA meM laukikamaMgala aura bhautika AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti kI kAmanA kisI na kisI rUpa meM jainoM meM bhI A gii| isa kathana kI puSTi bhairavapadyAvatI kalpa meM padmAvatI ke nimna mantra se hotI hai- 12 vividhaduHkhavinAzI duSTadAridrayapAzI kalimalabhakSAlI bhavyajIvakRpAlI / asuramadanivArI devanAgendranArI jinamunipadasevyaM brahmapuNyAbdhipUjyam // 11 // OM OM krIM hrIM mantrarUpAyai vizvavighnaharaNAyai sakalajana-hitakArikAyai zrI padmAvatyai jayamAlArthaM nirvApAmIti svAhA / lakSmIsaubhAgyakarA jagatsukhakarA bandhyApi putrArpitA nAnArogavinAzinI aghaharA (tri) kRpAjane rkssikaa| rakkAnAM dhanadAyikA suphaladA vAJchArthicintAmaNi: trailokyAdhipatirbhavArNavatrAtA padmAvatI pAtu vaH // 12 // ityAzIrvAdaH 495 svAstikalyANabhadrastu kSemakalyANamastu vaH / yAvaccandradivAnAthau tAvat padmAvatIpUjA // 13 // ye janAH pUjanti pUjAM padmAvatI jinAnvitA / te janAH sukhamAyAnti yAvanmerurjinAlayaH || 14 || prastuta stotra meM padmAvatI pUjana kA prayojana vaiyaktika evaM laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti to hai hI, isase bhI eka kadama Age bar3hakara isameM tantra ke mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI pUrti kI AkAMkSA bhI devI se kI gaI hai| prastuta padmAvatIstotra kA nimna aMza isakA spaSTa pramANa hai OM namo bhagavati! tribhuvanavazaMkArI sarvAbharaNabhUSite padmanayane! padminI padmaprame padmakoziniH padmavAsini padmahaste! hrIM hrIM kuru kuru mama hRdayakAryaM kuru kuru, mama sarvaMzAntiM kuru kuru mama sarvarAjyavazyaM kuru kuru, sarvalokavazyaM kuru kuru, mama sarva strIvazyaM kuru kuru, mama sarvabhUtapizAcapretaroSaM hara hara, sarvarogAn chinda chinda, sarvavighnAn bhinda bhinda, sarvaviSaM chinda chinda, sarvakurumRgaM chinda chinda, sarvazAkinI chinda chinda, zrIpArzvIjinapadAmbhojabhRGgi namodattAya devI namaH / OM hrIM hrIM hUM hrIM haH svAhA / sarvajanarAjyastrIpuruSavazyaM sarva 2 OM au~ kA~ aiM klIM hrIM devi! padmAvati / tripurakAmasAdhinI durjanamativinAzinI trailokyakSedhinI zrI pArzvanAthopasargahAriNI klIM blUM mama duSTAn hana hana, mama sarvakAryANi sAdhaya sAdhaya huM phaT svaahaa| oM krIM hrIM klIM hasoM padme devi! mama sarvajagadvazyaM kuru kuru, sarvavighnAn nAzaya nAzaya, purakSobhaM kuru kuru, hrIM saMvauSaT svaahaa| OM AM kroM hIM drIM hrIM klIM blUM saH ha padmAvatI sarvapurajanAn kSobhaya kSobhaya, mama pAdayoH pAtaya pAtaya, AkarSaNI hrIM namaH / pAcaya hai OM hrIM krIM arhaM mama pApaM phaT daha daha hana hana paca paca pAcaya mAM hai kSvIM haMsa bhaM vaMjha yahaH kSAM kSIM kSaM kSa kSa kSa kSa kSa hA~ hrIM hrIM hrauM ha: hi: hiM drAM priM drAvaya drAvaya namo'rhate bhagavate zrImate ThaH ThaH mama zrIrastu, puSTirastu, kalyANamastu svaahaa|| jvAlAmAlinIstotra isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki tAntrika sAdhanA ke SaTkarmoM kI .

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496 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 siddhi ke lie bhI jaina paramparA meM maMtra, japa, pUjA Adi prArambha ho gaye khI khU khA kha: grIvAM bhaJjaya bhaJjaya, chamlvyU~ chA~ chIM chaM chau~ chu: the| uparokta padmAvatIstotra ke atirikta bhairavapadyAvatIkalpa meM pariziSTa ke antarANi chedaya chedaya, ThamlvyU~ ThAM | Thau~ Tha: mahAvidyApASANAstraiH hana rUpa meM prastuta nimna jvAlAmAlinI mantra stotra se bhI isa kathana kI puSTi hana, blvyU~ brA~ brI bRM brauM braH samudre! jambhaya jambhaya, jhA~ jha: ghA~ Dau~ ghraH hotI hai| yaha stotra nimna hai-13 sarvaDAkinI: mardaya mardaya, sarvayoginI: tarjaya tarjaya, sarvazatrUn grasa prasa, OM namo bhagavate zrI candraprabhajinendrAya zazAGkazaGakhagokSI- khaM khaM khaM khaM khaM khaM khAdaya khAdaya, sarvadaityAn vidhvaMsaya vidhvaMsaya rahAradhavalagAtrAya dhAtikarmanirmalocchedanakarAya jAtijarAmaraNavinAzanAya sarvamRtyUn nAzaya nAzaya, sarvopadrava mahAbhaya stambhaya stambhaya, daha 2 trailokyavazaGkarAya sarvAsattvahitaGkarAya surAsurendramukuTa- koTighRSTApAdapIThAya paMca 2 matha 2 yayaH 2 dhama 2 dharU 2 kharU 2 khagarAvaNasuvidhA dhAtaya saMsArakAntAronmUlanAya acintyabalaparAkramAya apratihatacakrAya trailokyanAthAya 2 pAtaya 2 saccandrahAsazastreNa chedaya 2 bhedaya 2 jharU 2 charU 2 harU devAdhidevAya dharmacakrAdhIzvarAya sarvavidyAparamezvarAya kuvidyAnidhanAya, 2 phaT 2 dhe hA~ hA~ A~ krauM kSvI hrIM phailI blU drAM drIM krauM kSoM kSoM kSI tatpAdapaGkajAzramaniSeviNi! devi! zAsanadevate! tribhuvanasaGkho- jvAlAmAlinI AjJApayati svAhA ||iti srvroghrstotrm|| miNi! trailokyAzivApahArakAriNi! sthAvarajaGgamaviSamaviSasaMhArakAriNi! isase spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA ne kinhIM sthitiyoM meM hindU sarvAbhicArakarmAbhyavahAriNi! paravidyAcchedini! paramantrapraNAzini! tAntrika paramparA kA andhAnukaraNa bhI kiyA hai aura apane pUjA-vidhAna aSTamahAnAgakuloccATani! kAladuSTamRtakotthApini! sarvavighnavinAzinI! meM aise tattvoM ko sthAna diyA hai, jo usakI AdhyAtmika, nivRttipradhAna sarvarogapramocani! brahmaviSNurudrendracandrAdityagrahanakSatrotpAtamaraNabhaya- aura ahiMsaka dRSTi ke pratikUla haiM, phira bhI itanA avazya hai ki isa pIDAsammardini! trailokyamahite! bhvylokhitngkri| vizvalokavazaGkari! atra prakAra pUjA-vidhAna tIrthaMkaroM se sambandhita na hokara prAya: anya devImahAbhairavarupadhAriNI! mahAbhIme! bhImarUpadhAriNI! mahAraudri! raudrarUpadhAriNI! devatAoM se hI sambandhita hai| prasiddhasiddhavidyAdharayakSarAkSasagaruDagandharvakinnarakiM-puruSadaityoragarudrendrapUjite! prastuta stotra kI bhI yahI vizeSatA hai ki isake prArambha meM jvAlAmAlAkarAlitadigantarAle! mahAmahiSavAhane! kheTakakRpANatrizUlahaste! jinendra kI stuti karate hue unameM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kAmanA kI zakticakrapAzazarAsanavizikhapavirAjamAne! SoDazArddhabhuje! ehi ehi hallyU~ gaI hai| laukika AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti kI kAmanA athavA mAraNa, mohana, jvAlAmAlini! hrIM klIM blUM phaT drA~ drIM hrIM hrIM hU~ haiM hrauM hra: hrIM devAn vazIkaraNa Adi kI siddhi kI kAmanA to mAtra unakI zAsana devI AkarSaya, AkarSaya, sarvaduSTagrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, nAgagrahAn AkarSaya jvAlAmAlinI se kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki paravartI AkarSaya, yakSagrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, rAkSasagrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, jainAcAryoM ne bhI tIrthaMkara-pUjA kA prayoga to Atmavizuddhi hI mAnA hai, gAndharvagrAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, gAndharyagrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, brahmagrahAn kintu laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie yakSa-yakSI, navagraha, dikpAla AkarSaya AkarSaya, bhUtagrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, sarvaduSTAn AkarSaya evaM kSetrapAla (bhairava) kI pUjA sambandhI vidhAna bhI nirmita kiye haiN| yadyapi AkarSaya, cora cintAgrahAn AkarSaya AkarSaya, kaTakaTa kampAvaya kampAvaya, ye sabhI pUjA-vidhAna hindU paramparA se prabhAvita haiM aura unake samarUpa bhI zIrSa cAlaya cAlaya, bAhuM cAlaya cAlaya, gAtraM cAlaya cAlaya, pArTsa hai| cAlaya cAlaya, sarvAGga cAlaya cAlaya, lolaya lolaya, dhUnaya dhUnaya, pUjA-vidhAnoM ke atirikta anya jaina anuSThAnoM meM zvetAmbara kampaya kampaya, zIdhramavatAraM gRha gRha, grAhaya grAhaya, acelaya acelaya, paramparA meM paryuSaNaparva, navapadaolI, bIsa sthAnaka kI pUjA Adi Avezaya Avezaya imlyU~ jvAlAmAlini! hrIM klIM blU~ drA~ drIM jvala sAmUhika rUpa se manAye jAne vAle jaina anuSThAna haiN| upadhAna nAmaka tapa jvala ra ra ra ra ra ra rAM prajvala, prajvala hU~ prajvala prajvala, anuSThAna bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM bahupracalita haiN| AgamoM ke adhyayana evaM dhagadhagadhUmAndhakAriNI! jvala jvala, jvalitazikhe! devagrahAn daha daha, AcArya Adi padoM para pratiSThita hone ke lie bhI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka gandharvagrahAn daha daha, yakSagrahAn daha daha, bhUtagrahAn daha daha, brahmarAkSasagrahAn jaina saMgha meM muniyoM ko kucha anuSThAna karane hote haiM, jinako sAmAnyatayA daha daha, vyantaragrAhan daha daha, nAgagrahAn daha daha, sarvaduSTagrahAn daha daha, 'yogodvahana evaM sUrimaMtra kI sAdhanA kahate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM dazavaikAlikasUtra, zatakoTidaivatAn daha daha, sahasrakoTipizAcarAjAn daha daha, ghe ghe sphoTaya uttarAdhyayanasUtra, AcAraMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, sthAnAMgasUtra, samavAyAMgasUtra, sphoTaya, mAraya mAraya, dahanAkSi! pralaya pralaya, dhagadhagitamukhe! jvAlAmAlinI! nizIthasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra Adi AgamoM ke adhyayana sambandhI anuSThAnoM hA~ hrIM hUM hrauM hraH sarvagrahahRdayaM daha daha, paca paca, chinda chinda bhindhi evaM karmakANDoM kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| bhindhi haH haH hAH hAH he: he: huM phaT phaT ghe ghe mlyU~ zA~ nI kSa kSauM kSa: digambara paramparA meM pramukha anuSThAna yA vrata nimna haiMstambhaya stambhaya, hA pUrva bandhaya bandhaya, dakSiNaM bandhaya bandhaya, pazcimaM dazalakSaNavrata, aSTAhnikAvrata, dvArAvalokanavrata, jinamukhAvalokanavrata, bandhaya bandhaya, uttaraM bandhaya bandhaya, bhavyU~ zrI~ thrI bhU bhrauM bhraH tADaya jinapUjAvrata, gurubhakti evaM zAstrabhaktivrata, tapAMjalivrata, muktAvalIvrata, tADaya, myU~ mA~ nI D nauM mra: netre yaH sphoTaya sphoTaya, darzaya darzaya, kanakAvalivrata, ekAvalivrata, dvikAvalivrata, ratnAvalIvrata, mukuTasaptamIvrata, hay prA~ prIM pUM prauM praH preSaya preSaya, elyU~ mA~ dhrIM ghA~ ghra: jaTharaM bhedaya siMhaniSkrIDitavrata, nirdoSasaptamIvrata, anantavrata, SoDazakAraNavrata, bhedaya, mlyU~ jhA~ jhU jhI jhoM jha: muSTibandhena bandhaya bandhaya, khalvyU khA~ jJAnapaccIsIvrata, candanaSaSThIvrata, rohiNIvrata, akSayanidhivrata, paMcaparameSThivrata,

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jaina dharma meM pUjA-vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna sarvArthasiddhivrata, dharmacakravrata, navanidhivrata, karmacUkhata, sukhasampattivrata, 4. mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, prA0- bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, iSTAsiddhikArakaniHzalya aSTamIvrata Adi inake atirikta digambara paramparA 1984-1992. meM paMcakalyANa bimbapratiSThA, vedIpratiSThA evaM siddhacakra-vidhAna, indradhvaja- 5. Avazyakaniyukti, bhadrabAhu, prakA0, Agamodaya samiti, vI0ni0saM0 vidhAna, samavasaraNa-vidhAna, DhAI-dvIpa-vidhAna, triloka-vidhAna, vRhad 2454, 1220-26, 156-61. cAritrazuddhi-vidhAna, mahAmastakAbhiSeka Adi aise pramukha anuSThAna haiM jo 6. rayaNasAra, saMpA0- DA0 devendra kumAra zAstrI, prakA0- zrI vIranirvANa ki vRhad stara para manAye jAte haiN| inake atirikta padmAvatI Adi deviyoM graMtha prakAzana samiti, indaura, vI0ni0saM0 2590. evaM vibhinna yakSoM, kSetrapAloM-bhairavoM Adi ke bhI pUjA-vidhAna jaina paramparA 7. bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina-vAGgamaya kA avadAna, DaoN. meM pracalita haiN| jina para tantra paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| nemicanda zAstrI, prakA0- a0bhA0 jaina vidvat pariSad, sAgara mandiranirmANa tathA jinabimbapratiSThA ke sambandha meM jo bhI 1982, pRsstth-387| aneka jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI vyavasthA jaina saMgha meM AI hai aura isa 8. varAMgacarita, saMpA0, e0ena0 upAdhye, mANikacaMda diga0 sambandha meM pratiSThAvidhi, pratiSThAtilaka yA pratiSThAkalpa Adi aneka jaina graMthamAlA samiti, mumbaI vi0saM01984, 23/61graMthoM kI racanA huI hai ve sabhI hindU tAntrika paramparA se prabhAvita haiN| 83 vastuta: sampUrNa jaina paramparA meM mRta aura jIvita aneka anuSThAnoM para 9. padmapurANa, saMpA0- pannAlAla jaina, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, kisI na kisI rUpa meM tantra kA prabhAva hai jinakA samagra tulanAtmaka evaM 1944, 10/89 samIkSAtmaka vivaraNa to kisI vizAlakAya graMtha meM hI diyA jA sakatA 10. vazaMgacarita, saMpA0- ema0ena0 upAdhye, prakA0- mANikacaMda hai| ata: isa vivecana ko yahI virAma dete haiN| digambara jaina graMthamAlA samiti, muMbaI, vi0saM0 1984,23/ saMndarbha 61-83 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, 11. rAjapraznIyasUtra, saMpA0- madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana AgarA, 1972, 12/40-44. samiti, byAvara, 1982, 200 2. vahI, 12/46 12. bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa, saMpA0 pro0 ke0bI0 abhyaMkara 3. gItA, saMpA0- DablyU, DI0pI0, AksaphorDa, 1953, 4/ 13. vahI, pariziSTa-25, pRSTha 102-103. 26-33

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jaina sAdhanA meM praNava kA sthAna bhAratIya saMskRti mUlataH do dhArAoM meM pravAhamAna rahI hai| jinheM ke aGga bana ge| jaise hI janasAdhAraNa kI tAntrika sAdhanAoM meM AsthA hama kramaza: vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM ke nAma se jAnate haiN| ina bar3hI, vaise hI jaina paramparA meM bhI hindU taMtra-sAdhanA-vidhi ke na kevala donoM saMskRtiyoM kI apanI-apanI viziSTatAe~ haiN| kintu yahA~ hama karmakANDa sammilita kiye gae, apitu unake pUjA, mantra Adi bhI unakI ina viziSTatAoM kI carcA meM na jAkara mAtra yaha dekhane kA yathAvat athavA kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha svIkAra kara lie ge| basa prayatna kareMge ki sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa saMskRti meM aura vizeSa rUpa isI svIkRti ke sAtha OM zabda bhI jaina paramparA meM praviSTa ho gyaa| se jaina saMskRti meM praNava arthAt 'OM' kA kyA sthAna rahA hai| vaidika na kevala OM zabda apitu usake sAtha-sAtha hA~, hrIM, hU~, haiM, hU~: Adi paramparA meM pratyeka sAdhanA aura dhArmika kriyAoM kA sampAdana OM bIja mantra bhI jaina sAdhanA aura pUjA ke aGga bana ge| isake pazcAt se hI hotA hai| vaidika paramparA ke prAcInatama grantha vedoM meM 'OM' zabda OM zabda ko kramaza: ucca-ucca sthAna prApta hone lagA aura eka samaya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Rgveda ke aneka mantroM kA prArambha bhI OM aisA AyA jaba ise paJca-parameSThI, jo jaina sAdhanA aura upAsanA ke se huA hai| kintu jahA~ taka zramaNa paramparA kA prazna hai, usakI donoM Adarza haiM, ke samakakSa mAna liyA gyaa| paJca-parameSThI ke japa Adi zAkhAoM jaina aura bauddha ke prAcInatama granthoM meM hameM OM zabda kA ke lie jo saMkSipta mantra banA vaha 'asiyAusAya namaH' thaa| isa mantra ullekha unakI apanI paramparA ke zabda ke rUpa meM nahIM milA hai| unakI ko bhI Age saMkSipta karate hue yaha kahA gayA ki OM zabda mUlata: paramparA kA zabda hai- arhm| unake kisI bhI dhArmika kArya kA prArambha paJca-parameSThiyoM ke prathamAkSaroM se hI nirmita huA hai| isa sambandha meM arhantoM ke namaskAra se hI hotA hai| saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki dravyasaMgraha kI TIkA meM eka prAcIna prAkRta uddhRta kI gaI hai| vaha jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM OM kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vaise hI jaina gAthA isa prakAra hai aura bauddha paramparAoM meM 'arhan yA aham zabda kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| arihaMtA asarIrA AyariyA taha uvajjhayA muNiNA / jaina paramparA meM OM ke paryAyavAcI 'oMkAra' zabda kA ullekha par3hamakkharaNippaNo okAro paJca parameTThI / / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM milatA hai arthAt arihaMta kA a, azarIrI siddha kA a, AcArya kA A, na vi muNDieNa samaNo, Na oGkAreNa bambhaNo / upAdhyAya kA u, aura muni kA ma milakara hI OM zabda kA nirmANa na muNi raNNavAseNaM, kusacIreNa na tAvaso / / hotA hai| ata: OM zabda kA japa karane se paJca-parameSThiyoM kA japa uparokta gAthA meM mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki oGkAra zabda kA sampanna hotA hai| yahA~ OM zabda ko paJca parameSThiyoM kA vAcaka batAne jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke isa ke lie jo upakrama kiyA gayA hai usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki paravartI kathana kA phalita bhI yahI hai ki OM yA oMkAra zabda mUlata: brAhmaNa kAla meM jaina sAdhanA ko vaidika sAdhanA-paddhati ke sAtha jor3ane ke lie paramparA kA zabda hai| zramaNa dhArA kA mUla zabda to aham hI hai| hI OM zabda kI isa prakAra kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isase yaha phalita kintu yahA~ yaha batAnA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti hotA hai ki cAhe mUlataH OM zabda vaidikadhArA kA zabda rahA ho, kintu kI ye do dhArAe~ eka dUsare se aprabhAvita nahIM rahI haiN| jahA~ eka jainoM ne na kevala use svIkAra kiyA, apitu use paJca-parameSThI kA ora zramaNadhArA ke adhyAtmapradhAna nivRttimArgIya cintana se vaidika dhArA pratIka mAnakara usake mahattva meM vRddhi kii| prabhAvita huI hai vahIM dUsarI ora vaidikadhArA aura usase vikasita brAhmaNa OM ko paJca-parameSThI kA pratIka usI AdhAra para batAyA jAtA paramparA ke aneka karmakANDa sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNadhArA aura vizeSa hai, jisa AdhAra para brAhmaNa paramparA meM use brahmA, viSNu aura mahezvara rUpa se jainadhArA meM samAviSTa hue haiN| yadi kaheM to yaha satya hai ki aise Izvara ke trayAtmaka svarUpa kA vAcaka kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha aupaniSadika kAla se hI vaidikadhArA para zramaNadhArA prabhAvI hone lagI meM nimna zloka draSTavya haiM - thii| svayaM aupaniSadika cintana zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita cintana hai| azca uzca mazca teSAM smaahaarH| kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki lagabhaga IsA kI 4thI-5vIM viSNu mahezvara brahmarUpa trayAtmake iishvre| zatAbdI se hI brAhmaNa paramparA aura usase vikasita hindU dharma ke brahmokAro'tra vijJeyaH akAro vissnnurucyte| karmakANDa ne jainadhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| bRhad hindU-dhArA ke mahezvaro makArastu trayamekatra tttvtH| aneka tattva jaina paramparA meM praviSTa hue haiN| na kevala aneka hindU prastuta zloka meM OM zabda meM nihita 'o' ko brahmA kA. 'a' devI-devatA, tIrthaGkaroM ke yakSa-yakSI ke rUpa meM gRhIta hue, apitu unake ko viSNu kA aura 'm' ko mahezvara kA vAcaka mAnakara use ina tInoM grahaNa ke sAtha-sAtha hindU paramparA kI pUjA-paddhati aura karmakANDa devatAoM kI ekAtmakatA kA pratIka siddha kiyA gayA hai| vastuta: yahI tathA unase sambandhita aneka mantra bhI jaina pUjA-paddhati aura sAdhanA sthiti jainAcAryoM kI bhI rahI hai| unhoMne bhI apane ArAdhya paJca-parameSThiyoM

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jaina sAdhanA meM praNava kA sthAna ke Adya akSaroM ko lekara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra unase om zabda ko niSpanna batAyA hai| 'om' zabda paJca parameSThiyoM ke prathama akSaroM se kaise niSpanna hotA hai? isa sambandha meM ve batAte haiM ki paJca parameSThiyoM ke prathama akSara a, a, A, u aura m hai| inameM pahale 'samAnaH savarNe dIrghau bhavati' isa sUtra se 'a a' milakara dIrgha A banAkara paraca lopam' isase akSara A kA lopa karake a, a A ina tInoM ke sthAna meM eka A siddha kiyaa| phira 'uvarNe o' isa sUtra se A u ke sthAna meM o bnaayaa| phira muni ke m se sandhi karane se 'om', yaha zabda siddha hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM hindU paramparA ke anurUpa hI OM zabda ko sarvavidyAoM kA AdyabIja, sakala AgamoM kA upaniSadbhUta tattva arthAt sAratattva, sabhI vighnoM kA vinAzaka, sabhI saMkalpoM kI pUrti meM kalpadruma ke samAna parama maGgalakArI kahA gayA hai| jainoM kI digambara paramparA meM OM ko jinavANI kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| punaH use jinavANI kA paryAya bhI batAyA, kyoMki unake anusAra arhant bhagavAn kI vANI prayatnajanya na hone ke kAraNa mAtra ankSara dhvani rUpa hotI hai| oMkAra zabda mAtra dhvani rUpa hai aura isIlie usameM sarvabhASArUpa meM pariNamana karane kA sAmarthya hai| digambara jainoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki bhagavAn kI vANI divya dhvani rUpa hotI hai| jise pratyeka prANI apanI-apanI bhASA meM samajha jAtA hai| jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM OM zabda ko tInoM loka kA vAcI mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI OM zabda ko triloka kA vAcI mAnA gayA hai| isameM 'a' akSara adholoka kA, 'u' urdhvaloka kA aura 'ma' madhyaloka kA vAcI hai| isa prakAra OM ko loka kA paryAyavAcI bhI mAna liyA gyaa| jJAtavya hai ki OM zabda kI jo-jo vyAkhyAe~ jaina paramparA meM kI gaI, unakI samAnAntara vyAkhyAeM vaidika paramparA meM bhI mila rahI haiN| ataH niHsaMkoca rUpa se yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki om zabda kI ye sabhI vyAkhyAe~ brAhmaNa paramparA se prabhAvita haiM aura brAhmaNa paramparA ke karmakANDa ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI jaina paramparA meM gRhIta ho gayI haiN| prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kA mUla mantra 'arham' hI hotA thA, kintu jaba se jaina paramparA meM hindu paramparA ke karmakANDa praviSTa hue 'OM' zabda jaina sAdhanA kA abhinna aGga bana gyaa| lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM dhyAna, japa aura mantra sAdhanA meM 'OM' zabda ko sthAna prApta ho gyaa| jainoM meM japa aura dhyAna sAdhanA meM 'OM' aura 'arham' kA sammilita rUpa OM arham prayukta hone lagA / isa sambandha meM nimna mantra draSTavya hai OM hrIM arhaM asiAusAya namaH OM hrIM zrIM arhaM pArzvanAthAya namaH yaha satya hai ki om aura arham donoM hI zabda mUlataH nAda rUpa haiM aura unakI viziSTa dhvani se jo kampana utpanna hote haiM ve vyakti aura usake pariveza ko prabhAvita karate haiN| ataH isameM koI sandeha kA prazna nahIM hai ki isakI japa sAdhanA se vyakti ke vyaktitva aura usake pariveza meM viziSTa parivartana na ho| ye parivartana kaise aura kisa 499 rUpa meM ghaTita hote haiM usakI carcA meM na jAkara maiM kevala yaha batAnA cAhatA hU~ ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jo dhvanirUpa ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA, vaha eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| jaina paramparA meM OM ke mahattva aura usake sAdhanAgata prayoga meM jo abhivRddhi huI, usakA mUla kAraNa tantra paramparA kA jaina sAdhanA para prabhAva hI hai| vastutaH jaise-jaise jaina paramparA tantra ko AtmasAta karatI gaI, usake sAdhanA vidhAna meM ina bIja mantroM kA mahattva bar3hatA gayA / yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki namaskAra mahAmantra ke pratyeka pada ke prArambha meM praNava kA uccAraNa karanA caahie| malliSeNasUri bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa meM likhate hai| paJcanamaskArapadaiH pratyekaM praNavapUrvahomAntyaiH / pUrvoktapazcazUnyaiH parameSThipadAgravinyastaiH // isI bAta ko hvetAmbara cakracUr3AmaNi zrI yazobhadropadhyAya ke ziSya zrIcandrasUri viracita adbhutapadmAvatIkalpa meM bhI kahA gayA hai4homAntAH praNavanamomukhyAH paJcaparameSThimadhyagatAH / hrIM hrIM hU~ ho haH zarabIjA: zrAntyAdidezapadAH // yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM 'praNava' kA prayoga AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI apekSA tAntrika sAdhanA meM hI adhika dekhA jAtA hai| bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa ke vazIkaraNayantrAdhikAra ke nimna do zloka isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| - bhramayugalaM kezi bhrama mAte bhrama vibhramaM ca muhyapadam / mohaya pUrNaiH svAhA mantro'yaM praNavapUrvagataH / / athavA praNavaM vicce mohe svAhAntaM saptalakSaNajApyena / ekAkinI nizAyAM siddhayAti sA yAkSiNI raNDA / / isI prakAra bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa ke nimna zloka bhI draSTavya haipraNavAdripaJcazUnyairabhimantraNa kumaarikaakucsthaane| azituM tayozca dadhAd ghRteNa sammizritAn pUpAn / / praNavaH piGgalayugalaM paNNattidvitayaM mahAvidheyam / TAntadayaM ca homo darpaNamantro jinoddiSTaH / / ye ullekha isa tathya ke pramANa haiM ki vaidika paramparA ke karmakANDa aura tantra sAdhanA ko jaba jaina AcAyoM ne kiMcit pariSkAra evaM parivartana ke sAtha apanI paramparA meM gRhIta kiyA to aneka vaidika devI-devatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha 'praNava' kA grahaNa bhI mantra ke rUpa meM, jaina paramparA meM huA mAtra yahI nahIM, ina mantroM ko 'jinoddiSTaH' arthAt jinapraNIta bhI kahA gyaa| inheM jinapraNIta kahane kA tAtparya yahI thA ki ina para sAmAnya jaina kI pUrNa AsthA banI rahe, kyoMki mantroM kI apekSA unake prati sAdhaka kI AsthA hI vastutaH phalavatI hotI hai| jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM aura vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna sAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI OM (praNava) ko sthAna prApta huA hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai sarvaprathama AcArya zubhacandra (10vIM zatI) ne jJANArNava meM padastha dhyAna kI carcA karate hue OM ko jaina paramparA ke dhyAna ke kSetra meM bhI sthAna diyA / AcArya zubhacandra .

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500 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 likhate haiM - ke nAza meM zveta varNa kA anubhava karate hae dhyAna kre| smara duHkhaanljvaalaa-prshaanternvniirdm| isa tathya ko AcArya hemacandra (12vIM zatI) ne bhI apane praNavaM vAGmayajJAnapradIpaM punnyshaasnm|| yogazAstra ke aSTama prakAza (29-31) meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve yasmAcchabdAtmakaM jyotiH prsRtmtinirmlm| likhate haiMvAcyavAcakasambandhastenaiva prmesstthinH|| tathA hatapadmadhyasthaM shbdbrhmaikkaarnnm| hRtkaJjakarNikAsInaM svrvynyjnvesstthitm| svara-vyaJjana-saMvItaM vAcakaM prmesstthinH|| sphItamatyantadurddharSaM devdaityendrpuujitm|| mUrdha-saMsthita-zItAMzu-kalAmRtarasa-plutam / prakSaranmUrdhnisaMkrAntacandralekhAmRtaplutam / kumbhakena mahAmantraM praNavaM pricintyet|| mahAprabhAvasaMpanna krmkksshutaashnm|| pItaM stambhe'ruNaM vazye kSobhaNe vidrumprbhm| mahAtattvaM mahAbIjaM mahAmantraM mhtpdm| kRSNaM vidveSaNe dhyAyet karmaghAte shshiprbhm|| zaraccandranibhaM dhyAnI kumbhakena vicintyet| hRdaya kamala meM sthira zabda-brahma, vacana-vilAsa kI utpatti ke sAndrasiMdUravarNAbhaM yadi vA vidrumprbhvm| advitIya kAraNa, svara tathA vyaJjana se yukta, paJca-parameSThI ke vAcaka, cintyamAnaM jagatsarvaM kssobhyrtmsNgt|| mUrdhA meM sthita candrakalA se jharane vAle amRta ke rasa se sarAbora, mahAmantra jAmbUnadanibhaM stambhe vidveSe kjjltvissm| praNava OM kA kumbhaka karake, dhyAna karanA caahie| dhyeyaM vazyAdike raktaM candrAbhaM krmshaatne| stambhana ke kArya meM pItavarNa ke, vazIkaraNa meM lAla varNa ke, he muni, tu praNava kA smaraNa kara, kyoMki yaha praNava nAmaka akSara kSobhaNa kArya meM mUMge ke varNavAle, vidveSaNa kArya meM kAle varNa ke aura duHkha rUpI agni kI jvAlA ko zAnta karane meM megha ke samAna hai karmoM kA nAza karane ke lie candramA ke samAna ujjavala zveta varNa tathA samasta vAGmaya ko prakAzita karane ke lie jJAnarUpa dIpaka hai| ke oMkAra kA dhyAna karanA caahie| isI praNava se zabdarUpa jyoti utpanna huI hai| yaha praNava hI paJca-parameSThI ukta donoM AcAryoM ke isa vidhAna se yaha bhI sUcita hotA hai se vAcya-vAcaka rUpa meM sambandhita hai, parameSThI isa praNava ke vAcya ki 'oMkAra' kA dhyAna karmakSaya yA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha haiM aura yaha praNava parameSThI kA vAcaka hai| ata: dhyAna karane vAlA laukika upalabdhiyoM ke lie bhI Azcaryajanaka rUpa se upayogI hotA saMyamI sAdhaka hRdayakamala kI karNikA meM sthita, svara-vyaJjana Adi hai| phira bhI satya to yaha hai ki jaina paramparA meM 'praNava' kI sAdhanA akSaroM se AveSThita, ujjvala evaM atyanta durgharSa, surAsuroM ke indroM ko jo sthAna prApta huA hai vaha vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se hI huA se pUjita candramA kI rekhA se AdhRta, mahAprabhA sampanna, mahAtattva, hai, pahale ise jaina karmakANDa aura jaina tantra meM sthAna milA aura phira mahAbIja, mahApada, mahAmantra, zaraccaMdramA ke samAna isa OM zabda kA ise paJcaparameSThI kA vAcaka mAnakara dhyAna aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kumbhaka prANAyAma ke sAtha cintana kre| yaha praNava akSara siMdUra athavA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| bAda meM yaha kalpanA bhI AyI ki tIrthaGkara mUMge ke samAna raktavarNavAlA zobhita hotA hai| isa praNava ko stambhana kI divyadhvani praNava rUpa meM hotI hai, jise pratyeka prANI apanI-apanI ke prayoga meM svarNa ke samAna pIle raMga kA, dveSa ke prayoga meM kajjala bhASA meM samajha letA hai| isa prakAra 'praNava' samasta jJAna-vijJAna kA ke samAna kAle raMga kA, vazyAdi ke prayoga meM raktavarNa kA, aura karmoM AdhAra bhI bana gyaa| 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1972, 25/31 / dravya-saMgraha, saMpA0 darabArI lAla koThiyA, prakA0 gaNezavarNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, 1966 / 3. bhairavapadmAvatI kalpa, saMpA0ke0vI0abhyaMkara, prakA0sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba, ahamadAbAda, 1937, 7/2/3 / 4. vahI, pariziSTa 1, gaathaa-14| 5. vahI, 7/22 // 6. vahI, 7/22-25 / 7. vahI, 8/11-13 / 8. jJAnArNava, anu0 paM0 bAlacandra zAstrI, prakA0jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1977, 38/31-37 / 9. yogazAstra, saMpA0 muni samadarzI, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1963, 8/29-31 /

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sAdhanA aura samAja sevA : jaina dharma ke pariprekSya meM vaiyakti katA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya jIvana ke rahe haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tIrthakaroM anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale kA kathana hai ki 'manuSya kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI karuNA ke lie manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM hai|' manuSya samAja meM hI utpanna hI hai| jaina dharma meM jo sAmAjika jIvana yA saMgha jIvana ke sandarbha hotA hai, samAja meM hI jItA hai aura samAja meM hI apanA vikAsa upasthita haiM, ve bAhara se dekhane para niSedhAtmaka lagate haiM, isI AdhAra karatA hai| vaha kabhI bhI sAmAjika jIvana se alaga nahIM ho sakatA para kabhI-kabhI yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma eka smaajhai| tattvArthasUtra meM jIvana kI viziSTatA ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA nirapekSa dharma hai| jainoM ne ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha hai ki pArasparika sahayoga hI jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSaNa hai| vyakti kI vyAkhyA mukhya rUpa se niSedhAtmaka dRSTi ke AdhAra para kI hai, meM rAga aura dveSa ke tattva anivArya rUpa se upasthita haiM kintu jaba kintu unako niSedhAtmaka aura samAja-nirapekSa samajha lenA bhrAnti pUrNa dveSa kA kSetra saMkucita hokara rAga kA kSetra vistRta hotA hai taba vyakti hI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM hI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki meM sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa hotA hai aura yaha sAmAjika cetanA ye pA~ca mahAvrata sarvathA lokahita ke lie hI haiN| jaina dharma meM jo vratavItarAgatA kI upalabdhi ke sAtha pUrNatA ko prApta karatI hai, kyoMki vyavasthA hai vaha sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa hai| hiMsA, vItarAgatA kI bhUmikA para sthita hokara hI niSkAma bhAvanA se aura asatya vacana, cauryakarma, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha (parigraha) hamAre sAmAjika kartavya-buddhi se loka-maMgala kiyA jA sakatA hai| ata: jaina dharma kA, jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tatva haiN| hiMsA sAmAjika anastitva vItarAgatA aura mokSa kA Adarza sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| kI dyotaka hai, to asatya pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga karatA hai| corI manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa kA tAtparya to dUsaroM ke hitoM aura AvazyakatAoM kA apaharaNa aura sAmAjika jIvana para AdhArita hai| vyakti jo kucha banatA hai vaha apane zoSaNa hI hai| vyabhicAra jahA~ eka ora pArivArika jIvana ko bhaMga sAmAjika pariveza ke dvArA hI banatA hai| samAja hI usake vyaktitva karatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha dUsare ko apanI vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana aura jIvana-zailI kA nirmAtA hai| yadyapi jaina dharma sAmAnyatayA vyaktiniSTha mAnatA hai aura isa prakAra se vaha bhI eka prakAra kA zoSaNa hI hai| tathA nivRttipradhAna hai aura usakA lakSya Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai, kintu isI prakAra parigraha bhI dUsaroM ko unake jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki jainadharma asAmAjika hai yA usameM aura upayogoM se vaMcita karatA hai, samAja meM varga banAtA hai aura sAmAjika sAmAjika sandarbha kA abhAva hai, nitAMta bhramapUrNa hogaa| jaina sAdhanA zAnti ko bhaMga karatA hai| saMgraha ke AdhAra para jahA~ eka varga sukha, yadyapi vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bAta karatI hai kintu usakA suvidhA aura aizvarya kI goda meM palatA hai vahI dUsarA jIvana kI mUlabhUta tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki vaha sAmAjika kalyANa kI upekSA karatI hai| AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie bhI tarasatA hai| phalata: sAmAjika yadi hama manuSya ko sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM aura dharma ko jIvana meM varga-vidveSa aura Akroza utpanna hote haiM aura isa prakAra 'dhoM dhArayate prajA' ke artha meM lete haiM to usa sthiti meM dharma kA ___sAmAjika zAnti aura sAmAjika samatva bhaMga ho jAte haiN| sUtrakRtAMga artha hogA-jo hamArI samAja-vyavasthA ko banAye rakhatA hai, vahI dharma meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha saMgraha kI vRtti hI hiMsA, asatya, caurya karma hai| ve saba bAteM jo sAmAjika jIvana meM bAdhA upasthita karatI haiM aura tathA vyabhicAra ko janma detI hai aura isa prakAra se vaha sampUrNa sAmAjika hamAre svArthoM ko poSaNa dekara hamArI sAmAjikatA ko khaNDita karatI jIvana kI viSAkta banAtI hai| yadi hama isa sandarbha meM soce to yaha spaSTa haiM, sAmAjika jIvana meM avyavasthA aura azAMti kI kAraNabhUta hotI lagegA ki jaina dharma meM ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha haiM, adharma hai| isalie ghRNA, vidveSa, hiMsA, zoSaNa, svArthaparatA Adi kI jo avadhAraNAyeM haiM, ve mUlata: sAmAjika jIvana ke lie hI hai| ko adharma aura paropakAra, karuNA, dayA, sevA Adi kI dharma kahA jaina sAdhanA-paddhati ko maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura madhyastha kI gayA hai| kyoMki jo mUlya hamArI sAmAjikatA kI svAbhAvika-vRtti bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para bhI usake sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kiyA kA rakSaNa karate haiM ve dharma haiM aura jo use khaNDita karate haiM ve adharma jA sakatA hai| AcArya amitagati kahate haiNhaiN| dharma kI yaha vyAkhyA dUsaroM se hamAre sambandhoM ke sandarbha meM hai satveSu maitrI, guNISu pramodaM, aura isalie ise hama sAmAjika-dharma bhI kaha sakate haiN| kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA-paratvaM jainadharma sadaiva yaha mAnatA rahA hai ki sAdhanA se prApta siddhi mAdhyasthAbhAvaM viparIta vRttau kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM honA caahie| svayaM bhagavAn sadA mamAtmA viddhAtu dev| mahAvIra kA jIvana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki ve vItarAgatA aura kaivalya "he prabhu ! hamAre jIvana meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM kI prApti ke pazcAt jIvana paryanta lokamaMgala ke lie kArya karate ke prati pramoda, dukhiyoM ke prati karuNA tathA duSTa janoM ke prati mAdhyastha

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502 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhAva vidyamAna rhe|" isa prakAra ina cAroM bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama se jaisA ki hama pUrva meM hI saMketa kara cuke haiM ki jainAcArya umAsvAti samAja ke vibhinna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM se hamAre sambandha kisa prakAra ne bhI na kevala manuSya kA apatui samasta jIvana kA lakSaNa 'pArasparika ke hoM ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| samAja meM dUsare logoM ke sAtha hama hita sAdhana' ko mAnA hai| dUsare prANiyoM kA hita sAdhana vyakti kA kisa prakAra jIvana jIyeM, yaha hamArI sAmAjikatA ke liye ati dharma hai| dhArmika hone kA eka artha yaha hai ki hama eka dUsare ke kitane Avazyaka hai| vastuta: isameM saMghIya jIvana para bala diyA gayA hai va sahayogI bane haiM, dUsare ke du:kha aura pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A samajheM saMghIya yA sAmUhika sAdhanA ko zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| jo vyakti saMgha aura usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna kareM, yahI dharma hai| dharma kI loka meM vighaTana karatA hai use hatyAre aura vyabhicArI se bhI adhika pApI kalyANakArI cetanA kA prasphuTana loka pIr3A nivAraNa ke lie hI huA mAnA gayA hai aura usake liye chedasUtroM meM kaThoratama daNDa kI vyavasthA hai aura yahI dharma kA sAratatva hai| kahA bhI haikI gaI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTrIyadharma, yahI hai ibAdata, yahI hai dInoM imAM gaNadharma Adi kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, jo usakI sAmAjika dRSTi ki kAma Aye duniyA meM, iMsAM ke iNsaaN| ko spaSTa karate haiN| jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI vyakti ko sAmAjika jIvana dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko samajhakara usake nivAraNa kA prayatna karanA, se jor3ane kA hI prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina dharma kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| yahI dharma kI mUla AtmA ho sakatI hai| santa tulasIdAsa ne bhI kahA haitIrthaMkara kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka kI karuNA ke lie huA parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI, hai| ArcAya mantabhadra likhate haiM-"sarvApadAmantakaraM, nirantaM sarvodayaM parapIr3A sama nahIM adhmaaii| tIrthamidam tavaiva' he prabhu! ApakA tIrtha (anuzAsana) sabhI duHkhoM kA ahiMsA, jise jaina paramparA meM dharma sarvasva kahA gayA hai ki cetanA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa yA sarvodaya karane vAlA hai| kA vikAsa tabhI sambhava hai jaba manuSya meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI usameM prema aura karuNA kI aTUTa dhArA baha rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM prastuta bhAvanA kA vikAsa hogaa| jaba hama dUsaroM ke darda aura pIr3A ko apanA kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma evaM rASTradharma bhI jaina dharma kI samAja-sApekSatA darda samajheMge tabhI hama lokamaMgala kI dizA meM athavA para pIr3A ke ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre nivAraNa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha skeNge| para pIr3A kI taraha AtmAnubhUti pArasparika sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA sAmAjika bhI vastuniSTha na hokara AtmaniSTha honA caahiye| hama dUsaroM kI pIr3A TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke lie jaina ke mUka darzaka na rheN| aisA dharma aura aisI ahiMsA jo dUsaroM kI dharma kA yogadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| pIr3A kI mUka darzaka banI rahatI hai vastutaH na dharma hai aura na ahiNsaa| vastuta: jaina dharma ne AcAra-zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti sudhAra ahiMsA kevala dUsaroM ko pIr3A na dene taka sImita nahIM hai, usameM ke mAdhyama se samAja sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| usane vyakti ko lokamaMgala aura kalyANa kA ajasra srota bhI pravAhita hai| jaba lokapIr3A samAja kI ikAI mAnA aura isalie prathamata: vyakti caritra ke nirmANa apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai tabhI dhArmikatA kA srota andara se bAhara para bala diyaa| vastuta: mahAvIra se yugoM pUrva samAja racanA kA kArya pravAhita hotA hai| tIrthaMkaroM, arhatoM aura buddhoM ne jaba lokapIr3A kI RSabha ke dvArA pUrA ho cukA thA, ata: mahAvIra ne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika anubhUti AtmaniSTha rUpa meM kI to ve lokakalyANa ke lie sakriya jIvana kI burAiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAmAjika bana gye| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A aura vedanA hameM apanI lagatI hai, taba sambandhoM kI zuddhi para bala diyaa| loka kalyANa bhI dUsaroM ke lie na hokara apane hI lie ho jAtA sAmAjikatA manuSya kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| vaise to sAmUhika hai| urdUzAyara amIra ne kahA haijIvana pazuoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai kintu manuSya kI sAmUhika khaMjara cale kisI pe, tar3apate haiM hama amIra, jIvana-zailI unase kucha viziSTa hai| pazuoM meM pArasparika sambandha to sAre jahAM kA darda, hamAre jigara meM hai| hote haiM kintu una sambandhoM kI cetanA nahIM hotI hai| manuSya jIvana jaba sAre jahA~ kA darda kisI hRdaya meM samA jAtA hai to vaha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki use ina pArasparika sambandhoM kI cetanA hotI lokakalyANa ke maMgalamaya mArga para cala par3atA hai aura tIrthaMkara bana hai aura usI cetanA ke kAraNa usameM eka dUsare ke prati dAyitva-bodha jAtA hai| usakA yaha calanA mAtra bAharI nahIM hotA hai| usake sAre aura karttavya-bodha hotA hai| pazuoM meM bhI pArasparika hita sAdhana kI vyavahAra meM antazcetanA kAma karatI hai aura yahI antazcetanA dhArmikatA pravRtti hotI hai kintu vaha eka andhamUla pravRtti hai| pazu vivaza hotA kA mUla utsa hai| ise hI dAyitvabodha kI sAmAjika cetanA kahA jAtA hai, usa andha pravRtti ke anusAra hI AcaraNa karane meN| usake sAmane hai| jaba yaha jAgrata hotI hai to manuSya meM dhArmikatA prakaTa hotI hai| yaha vikalpa nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kaisA AcaraNa kare yA nahIM kre| Apako yaha jJAta honA cAhie ki tIrthakara nAmakarma kA upArjana vahI kintu isa sambandha meM mAnavIya cetanA svatantra hotI hai usameM apane sAdhaka karatA hai jo dharma saMgha kI sevA meM apane ko samarpita kara detA dAyitva bodha kI cetanA hotI hai| kisI urdazAyara ne kahA bhI hai- hai| tIrthakara nAmakarma upArjita karane ke lie jina bIsa boloM kI sAdhanA vaha AdamI hI kyA hai, jo darda AzanA na ho| karanI hotI hai, unake vizleSaNa se yaha lakSya spaSTa ho jAtA hai| patthara se kama hai, dila zarara gara nihA nhiiN|| dUsaroM ke prati AtmIyatA ke bhAva kA jAgRta honA hI dhArmika

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sAdhanA aura samAja sevA : jaina dharma ke pariprekSya meM 503 banane kA sabase pahalA upakrama hai| yadi hamAre jIvana meM dUsaroM kI usakI ahiMsA mAtra 'mata mAro' kA niSedhaka udghoSa bana kara raha gii| pIr3A, dUsaroM kA darda apanA nahIM banA hai to hameM yaha nizcita hI kintu yaha eka bhrAMti hI hai| binA 'sevA' ke ahiMsA adhUrI hai aura samajha lenA cAhiye ki hamamedharma kA avataraNa nahIM huA hai| dUsaroM saMnyAsa niSkriya hai| jaba saMnyAsa aura ahiMsA meM sevA kA tattva jur3egA kI pIr3A AtmaniSTha anubhUti se jAgRta dAyitvabodha kI antazcetanA tabhI ve pUrNa bneNge| ke binA sAre dhArmika kriyAkANDa pAkhaNDa yA DhoMga hai| unakA dhArmikatA se dUra kA riztA nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM samyak-darzana (jo ki dhArmikatA saMnyAsa aura samAja kI AdhAra-bhUmi hai) ke jo pA~ca aMga mAne gaye haiM, unameM samabhAva sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya darzana meM saMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAjaaura anukampA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se samabhAva nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai kintu kyA saMnyAsa kI dhAraNA samAja-nirapekSa kA artha hai, dUsaroM ko apane samAna samajhanA, kyoMki ahiMsA evaM hai? nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArika jIvana kA tyAga karatA hai kintu lokakalyANa kI antazcetanA kA udbhava isI AdhAra para hotA hai| isase kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai? saMnyAsa ke saMkalpa meM vaha AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra maiM jInA cAhatA hU~, maranA kahatA hai ki "vittaiSaNA putraiSaNA lokaiSaNA mayA parityaktA" arthAt nahIM cAhatA hU~, usI prakAra saMsAra ke sabhI prANI jIvana ke icchuka maiM artha kAmanA, santAna kAmanA aura yaza kAmanA kA parityAga karatA haiM aura mRtyu se bhayabhIta haiN| jisa prakAra maiM sukha kI prApti kA icchuka huuN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra vaha sAvadyayoga yA pApakarmoM kA tyAga hU~ aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hU~, usI prakAra saMsAra ke sabhI prANI karatA hai| kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, santAna tathA yaza-kIrti kI kAmanA sukha ke icchuka haiM, aura duHkha se dUra rahanA cAhate haiN| yahI vaha dRSTi kA yA pApa-karma kA parityAga samAja kA parityAga hai? vastuta: samasta hai jisa para ahiMsA kA, dharma kA aura naitikatA kA vikAsa eSaNAoM kA tyAga yA pApa karmoM kA tyAga svArtha kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya hotA hai| jIvana kA tyAga hai| saMnyAsa kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja vimukha nahIM jaba taka dUsaroM ke prati hamAre mana meM samabhAva arthAt samAnatA banAtA hai, apati samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA para adhiSThita kA bhAva jAgRta nahIM hotA, anukampA nahIM AtI arthAt unakI pIr3A karatA hai kyoki saccA lokahita nisvArthatA evaM virAga kI bhUmi para hamArI pIr3A nahIM banatI taba taka samyak-darzana kA udaya bhI nahIM hotA, sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvana meM dharma kA avataraNa nahIM hotaa| asara lakhanavI kA yaha nimna bhAratIya cintana saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM maantaa| bhagavAn zera isa sambandha meM kitanA maujU hai buddha kA yaha Adeza "caratya bhikkhave cArikaM bahujanahitAya bahujanaimAM galata uzUla galata, iduA glt| sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya devamanussAna" (vinayapiTaka, iMsA kI diladihI, agara iMsA na kara ske|| mhaavgg)| isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki saMnyAsa lokamaMgala ke lie jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A apanI bana jAtI hai to sevA kI bhAvanA hotA hai| saccA saMnyAsI vaha hai jo samAja se alpatama lekara use kA udaya hotA hai| yaha sevA na to pradarzana ke lie hotI hai aura adhikatama detA hai| vastuta: vaha kuTumba,parivAra Adi kA tyAga isalie na svArthabuddhi se hotI hai, yaha hamAre svabhAva kA hI sahaja prakaTana karatA hai ki samaSTi kA hokara rahe, kyoMki jo kisI kA hai, vaha hotI hai| taba hama jisa bhAva se apane zarIra kI pIr3AoM kA nivAraNa sabakA nahIM ho sakatA, jo sabakA hai vaha kisI kA nahIM hai| saMnyAsI karate haiM usI bhAva se dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM kA nivAraNa karate haiM, kyoMki ni:svArtha aura niSkAma rUpa se lokamaMgala kA sAdhaka hotA hai| saMnyAsa jo Atmabuddhi apane zarIra ke prati hotI hai vahI Atmabuddhi samAja zabda sampUrvaka nyAsa zabda se banA hai| nyAsa zabda kA artha dekharekha ke sadasyoM ke prati bhI ho jAtI hai, kyoMki samyak-darzana ke pazcAt karanA bhI hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo samyak rUpa se eka nyAsI Atmavat dRSTi kA udaya ho jAtA hai| jahA~ Atmavat dRSTi kA udaya (TrasTI) kI bhUmikA adA karatA hai aura nyAsI vaha hai jo mamatvabhAva hotA hai vahA~ hiMsaka buddhi samApta ho jAtI hai aura sevA svAbhAvika aura svAmitva kA tyAga karake kisI TrasTa (sampadA) kA rakSaNa evaM rUpa se sAdhanA kA aMga bana jAtI hai| jaina dharma meM aisI sevA ko vikAsa karatA hai| saMnyAsI sacce arthoM meM eka TrasTI hai| jo TrasTa nirjarA yA tapa kA rUpa mAnA gayA hai| ise 'vaiyAvacca' ke rUpa meM mAnA kI sampadA TrasTI kA upayoga apane hita meM karatA hai, apane ko usakA jAtA hai| muni nandisena kI sevA kA udAharaNa to jaina paramparA meM svAmI samajhatA hai, vaha samyak TrasTI nahIM ho sakatA hai| vaha yadi sarvavizruta hai| AvazyakacUrNi meM sevA ke mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue TrasTa ke rakSaNa evaM vikAsa kA prayatna na kare to bhI sacce artha meM kahA hai ki eka vyakti bhagavAn kA nAma smaraNa karatA hai, bhakti karatA TrasTI nahIM hai| isI prakAra yadi saMnyAsI lokeSaNA se yukta hai, mamatvabuddhi hai, kintu dUsarA vRddha aura rogI kI sevA karatA hai, una donoM meM sevA yA svArthabuddhi se kAma karatA hai to vaha saMnyAsI nahIM hai aura yadi karane vAle ko hI zreSTha mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha sahI arthoM meM bhagavAn / loka kI upekSA karatA hai, lokamaMgala ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA hai kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM dharmamaya jIvana jItA hai| to bhI vaha saMnyAsI nahIM hai| usake jIvana kA mizana to "sarvabhUtahite jaina samAja kA yaha durbhAgya hai ki nivRttimArga yA saMnyAsa para rataH" kA hai| adhika bala dete hue bhI usameM sevA kI bhAvanA gauNa hotI calI gaI saMnyAsa meM rAga se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| kintu isakA tAtparya

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504 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ha samAja kI upekSA nahIM hai| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM svatva evaM mamatva ko spaSTa karatA hai| isameM bhI dAna ke sthAna para 'saMvibhAga' zabda kA ke lie nizcaya hI koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI vaha palAyana nahIM, prayoga atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, vaha yaha batAtA hai ki dUsare ke lie samarpaNa hai| mamatva kA parityAga kartavya kI upekSA nahIM hai, apit hama jo kucha karate haiM, vaha hamArA usake prati ehasAna nahIM hai, apitu kartavya kA sahI bodha hai| saMnyAsI usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai, usakA hI adhikAra hai, jo hama use dete haiN| samAja se jo hameM milA jahA~ vyakti apane meM samaSTi ko aura samaSTi meM apane ko dekhatA hai| hai, vahI hama sevA ke mAdhyama se use lauTAte haiN| vyakti ko zarIra, usakI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| yaha sampati, jJAna aura saMskAra jo bhI mile haiM, ve saba samAja aura apane aura parAye ke vicAra se Upara ho jAnA samAja vimukhatA nahIM sAmAjika-vyavasthA ke pariNAmasvarUpa mile haiN| ata: samAja kI sevA hai, apitu yaha to usake hRdaya kI vyApakatA hai, mahAnatA hai| isalie usakA kartavya hai| dharma sAdhanA kA artha hai niSkAma bhAva se kartavyoM bhAratIya cintakoM ne kahA hai kA nirvAha krnaa| isa prakAra sAdhanA aura sevA na to virodhI haiM aura ayaM nijaH paroveti gaNanA lghucetsaam| na bhinna hii| vastuta: sevA hI sAdhanA hai| udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuttumbkm|| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA ahiMsA kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai kii| usakI vAstavika sthiti 'dhAya' (narsa) ke samAna mamatvarahita karttavya kucha loga ahiMsA ko mAtra niSedhAtmaka Adeza mAna lete haiN| bhAva kI hotI hai| jaina dharma meM kahA bhI gayA hai unake lie ahiMsA kA artha hotA hai 'kisI ko nahIM mAranA' kintu sama dRSTi jIvar3A kare kuTumba prtipaal| ahiMsA cAhe zAbdika rUpa meM niSedhAtmaka ho, usakI AtmA niSedhamUlaka antara sUM nyArA rahe jUM dhAya khilAve baal| nahIM hai, usakA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| usameM karuNA aura maitrI kI sahasradhArA vastutaH nirmamatva evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se tathA vaiyaktikatA aura pravAhita ho rahI hai| vaha vyakti jo dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA mUka darzaka svArtha se Upara uThakara karttavya kA pAlana hI saMnyAsa kI saccI bhUmikA banA rahatA hai vaha sacce artha meM ahiMsaka hai hI nhiiN| jaba hRdaya meM hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane vyaktitva maitrI aura karuNA ke bhAva umar3a rahe hoM, jaba saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM evaM zarIra ko samarpita kara detA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI tyAga karatA ke prati Atmavat bhAva utpanna ho gayA hai, taba yaha sambhava nahIM hai hai vaha samAja ke lie eka Adarza banatA hai| samAja meM naitika cetanA ki vyakti dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM kA mUka darzaka rahe, kyoMki usake lie ko jAgRta karanA tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM AnevAlI duSpravRtiyoM se koI parAyA raha hI nahIM jAtA hai| yaha eka Anubhavika satya hai ki vyakti ko bacAkara lokamaMgala ke lie use dizA-nirdeza denA-saMnyAsI vyakti jise apanA mAna letA hai, usake duHkha aura kaSToM kA mUka kA sarvopari karttavya mAnA jAtA hai| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya darzaka nahIM raha sakatA hai| ata: ahiMsA aura sevA eka dUsare se abhinna darzana meM saMnyAsa kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai vaha sAmAjikatA haiN| ahiMsaka hone kA artha hai-sevA ke kSetra meM sakriya honaa| jaba kI virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A hamArI dharma sAdhanA meM sevA kA tattva jur3egA taba hI hamArI sAdhanA haA vyakti hotA hai, jo Adarza samAja-racanA ke liye prayatnazIla meM pUrNatA aayegii| hameM apanI ahiMsA ko hRdaya zUnya nahIM banane denA rahatA hai| hai apitu use maitrI aura karuNA se yukta banAnA hai| jaba ahiMsA meM ata: saMnyAsI ko na to niSkriya honA cAhie aura na hI samAja maitrI aura karuNA ke bhAva jur3eMge to sevA kA prakaTana sahaja hogA aura vimukh| vastuta: niSkAma-bhAva se saMgha kI yA samAja kI sevA ko dharma sAdhanA kA kSetra sevA kA kSetra bana jaayegaa| hI use apanI sAdhanA kA aMga banAnA caahie| jaina dharma ke upAsaka sadaiva hI prANI sevA ke prati samarpita rahe haiN| Aja bhI deza bhara meM unake dvArA saMcAlita pazu sevA sadana (pAMjarApola), gRhastha-dharma aura sevA cikitsAlaya, zikSA saMsthAe~ aura atithi zAlAeM unakI sevA-bhAvanA na kevala saMnyAsI apitu gRhastha kI sAdhanA meM bhI sevA ko kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| zramaNa varga bhI inakA preraka to rahA hai kintu anivArya rUpa se jur3anA caahie| dAna aura sevA gRhastha ke Avazyaka yadi vaha bhI sakriya rUpa se ina kAryoM se jur3a sake to bhaviSya meM kartavya hai| usakA atithisaMvibhAgavata sevA sambandhI usake dAyitva jaina samAja mAnava sevA ke kSetra meM eka mAnadaNDa sthApita kara skegaa| 1. 2. tattvArthasUtra, vive0paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976; 5/2 / savva ca-jagajIva-rakkhaNa dayaTThAe pAvayaNaM sukahiyaM-praznavyAkaraNasUtra, saMpA0 muni hastimalajI, prakA0 hastImala surANA, pAlI, 1950, 2/1/21 / 3. sAmAyika pATha, saMpA0 premarAja bogAvata, prakA0 samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura 1975; 1 / 4. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, (1981) 10/760 /

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sAdhanA aura sevA kA saha-sambandha sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA vyaktigata aura sevA samAjagata hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sAdhanA kA sambandha vyakti svayaM se hotA hai, ataH vaha vaiyaktika hotI hai; jabaki sevA kA sambandha dUsare vyaktiyoM se hotA hai, ataH use samAjagata kahA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki sAdhanA aura sevA eka-dUsare se nirapekSa haiN| inake bIca kisI prakAra kA saha-sambandha nahIM hai| kintu merI dRSTi meM sAdhanA aura sevA ko eka-dUsare se nirapekSa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai, ve eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiM, kyoMki vyakti apane Apa meM kevala vyakti hI nahIM hai, vaha samAja bhI hai vyakti ke abhAva meM samAja kI parikalpanA jisa prakAra AdhArahIna hai, usI prakAra samAja ke abhAva meM vyakti vizeSa rUpa meM mAnava kA bhI koI astittva nahIM hai, kyoMki na kevala manuSyoM meM apitu kisI sImA taka pazuoM meM bhI eka sAmAjika vyavasthA dekhI jAtI hai| vaijJAnika adhyayanoM se yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki cITIM aura madhumakkhI jaise kSudra prANiyoM meM bhI eka sAmAjika vyavasthA hotI hai| ataH yaha siddha hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiN| yadi vyakti aura samAja paraspara sApekSa hai aura unake bIca koI saha-sambandha hai to phira hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki sAdhanA aura sevA bhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura unake bIca bhI eka saha-sambandha hai| jaina darzana meM vyakti kI sAmAjika prakRti kA citraNa karate hue spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki pArasparika sahayoga prANIya prakRti hai| isa sandarbha meM jaina dArzanika umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM eka sUtra diyA hai-- parasparopagrahojIvAnAm (5/20) arthAt eka-dUsare kA hitasAdhana karanA prANiyoM kI prakRti hai| prANI jagat meM yaha eka svAbhAvika niyama hai ki ve eka-dUsare ke sahayoga yA saha-sambandha ke binA jIvita nahIM raha skte| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to jIvana kA kArya hai-- dUsare ke jIvita jIne meM eka-dUsare kA sahayogI bananA / jIvana eka-dUsare ke sahayoga se hI calatA hai, ata: eka-dUsare kA sahayoga karanA prANiyoM kA svAbhAvika dharma hai| kucha vicArakoM kA yaha socanA hai ki vyakti svabhAvataH svArthI hai, vaha kevala apanA hita cAhatA hai, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai-- yadi vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki vyakti ke hita meM hI samAja kA hita aura samAja ke hita meM hI vyakti kA hita samAyA huA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sAmAjika kalyANa aura vaiyaktika-kalyANa eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM hai| yadi vyakti samAja kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka hai to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki samAja ke kalyANa meM vyakti kA kalyANa bhI nihita hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja kA astitva nahIM hai| samAja ke nAma para jo kucha kiyA jAtA hai yA hotA hai usakA sIdhA lAbha to vyakti ko hI hotA hai| jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta avadhAraNA sApekSavAda hai| usakA yaha spaSTa ciMtana hai ki vyakti ke binA samAja aura samAja ke binA vyakti sambhava hI nahIM hai| vyakti samAja kI kRti hai usakA nirmANa samAja kI kAryazAlA meM hI hotA hai hamArA vaiyaktika vikAsa, bhASA, sabhyatA evaM saMskAra samAja kA pariNAma hai| punaH samAja bhI vyaktiyoM se hI nirmita hotA hai| ataH vyakti aura samAja meM hama aMga aMgI sambandha dekhate haiM, kintu yaha sambandha aisA hai jisameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA hI nahIM rahatI hai| isa samasta carcA se yahI siddha hotA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare meM anusyUta haiN| eka ke binA dUsare kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| yadi yaha satya hai to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki sevA aura sAdhanA meM paraspara saha-sambandha hai| Age isa prazna para aura adhika gambhIratA se carcA kreNge| sAdhanA aura sevA ke isa saha-sambandha kI carcA meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki sAdhanA kA prayojana yA uddezya kyA hai? yaha to spaSTa hai ki sAdhanA vaha prakriyA hai jo sAdhaka ko sAdhya se jor3atI hai| vaha sAdhya aura sAdhaka ke bIca eka yojaka kar3I hai| sAdhanA, sAdhana ke kriyAnvayana kI eka prakriyA hai| ataH binA sAdhya ke usakA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdha meM sAdhya hI pramukha tattva hai| ata: sabase pahale hameM yaha nirdhArita karanA hogA ki sAdhanA kA vaha sAdhya kyA hai? jisake lie sAdhanA kI jAtI hai / dArzanika dRSTi se pratyeka vyakti svarUpataH asIma yA pUrNa hai, kintu usakI yaha tArkika pUrNatA kinhIM sImAoM meM simaTa gaI hai| asIma hokara ke bhI usane apane ko sasIma banA liyA hai, jisa prakAra makar3I svayaM hI apanA jAla bunakara usI ghere meM sImita ho jAtI hai yA bandha hai, usI prakAra vaiyaktika cetanA (AtmA) bhI AkAMkSAoM yA mamatva ke ghere meM apane ko sImita kara baMdhana meM A jAtI hai| vastutaH sabhI dharmoM aura sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai-- vyakti ko mamatva ke isa saMkucita ghere se nikAlakara punaH use apanI anantatA yA pUrNatA pradAna karanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to sampUrNa dharmoM aura sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA uddezya AkAMkSA evaM mamatva ke ghere ko tor3akara apane ko pUrNatA kI dizA meM Age le jAnA hai| jisa vyakti ke mamatva kA gherA jitanA saMkucita yA sImita hotA hai vaha utanA hI kSudra hotA hai| isa mamatva ke ghere ko tor3ane kA sahajatama upAya hai-- ise adhika se adhika vyApaka banAyA jaae| jo vyakti kevala apane daihika hi-sAdhana kA prayatna yA puruSArtha karatA hai, use nikRSTa koTi kA vyakti kahate haiN| aise vyakti svArthI hote haiN| kintu jo vyakti apanI daihika vAsanAoM se Upara uThakara parivAra yA samAja ke kalyANa kI dizA meM prayatna yA puruSArtha karatA hai use utanA hI mahAn kahA jAtA hai| vaiyaktika hitoM se pArivArika hita, pArivArika hitoM se sAmAjika hita, sAmAjika .

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506 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hitoM se rASTrIya hita, rASTrIya hitoM se mAnavIya hita aura mAnavIya hai, vahI zreSTha hai, kyoMki vahI merI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai| isakA hitoM se prANI-jagat ke hita zreSTha mAne jAte haiN| jo vyakti inameM ucca, tAtparya yaha hai ki vaiyaktika japa, tapa, pUjA aura upAsanA kI apekSA uccatara aura uccatama kI dizA meM jitanA Age bar3hatA hai use utanA jaina dharma meM bhI saMgha-sevA ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| hI mahAn kahA jAtA hai| usameM saMgha yA samAja kA sthAna prabhu se bhI apara hai, kyoMki kisI vyakti kI mahAnatA kI kasauTI yahI hai ki vaha kitane tIrthakara bhI pravacana ke pUrva 'namo titthassa' kaha kara saMgha ko vaMdana vyApaka hitoM ke lie kArya karatA hai| vahI sAdhaka zreSThatama samajhA karatA hai| saMgha ke hitoM kI upekSA karanA sabase bar3A aparAdha mAnA jAtA hai jo apane jIvana ko sampUrNa prANI-jagat ke hita ke lie gayA thaa| jaba AcArya bhadrabAhu ne apanI dhyAna-sAdhanA meM vidhna AyegA, samarpita kara detA hai| isa prakAra sAdhanA kA artha huA lokamaMgala yaha samajha kara adhyayana karavAne se inkAra kiyA to saMgha ne unase yA vizvamaMgala ke lie apane Apa ko samarpita kara denaa| sAdhanA vaiyaktika yaha prazna kiyA thA ki saMghahita aura ApakI vaiyaktika sAdhanA meM kauna hitoM se upara uThakara prANI-jagat ke hita ke lie prayatna yA puruSArtha zreSTha hai? antatogatvA unheM saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI pdd'ii| yahI karanA hai, to vaha sevA se pRthak nahIM hai| bAta prakArAntara se hindU dharma meM bhI kahI gaI hai| usameM kahA gayA koI bhI dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati aisI nahIM hai jo vyakti ko apane hai ki ve vyakti jo dUsaroM kI sevA chor3akara kevala prabhu kA nAma smaraNa vaiyaktika hitoM yA vaiyaktika kalyANa taka sImita rahane ko kahatI hai| karate rahate haiM, ve bhagavAn ke sacce upAsaka nahIM haiN| dharma kA artha bhI lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA hI hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa isa prakAra samasta carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki sevA hI ne dharma kI paribhASA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai saccA dharma hai aura yahI saccI sAdhanA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina parahita sarisa dharama nahi bhaaii| dharma meM tapa ke jo vibhinna prakAra batAe gae haiM unameM vaiyAvRtya sevA para pIr3A smnhiNadhmaaii|| ko eka mahattvapUrNa Abhyantara tapa mAnA gayA hai| tapa meM sevA kA antarbhAva tulasIdAsa jI dvArA pratipAdita isI tathya ko prAcIna AcAryoM yahI sUcita karatA hai ki sevA aura sAdhanA abhinna hai| mAtra yahI nahIM ne "paropakArAya puNyAya, pApAya para pIDanam' arthAt paropakAra karanA jaina paramparA meM tIrthakara pada, jo sAdhanA kA sarvocca sAdhya hai, kI puNya yA dharma hai aura dUsaroM ko pIr3A denA pApa hai kahakara paribhASita prApti ke lie jina 16 yA 20 upAyoM kI carcA kI gayI hai usameM kiyA thaa| puNya-pApa yA dharma-adharma ke bIca yadi koI sarvamAnya sevA ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| vibhAjaka rekhA hai to vaha vyakti kI lokamaMgala kI yA parahita kI gItA meM bhI lokamaMgala ko bhUtayajJa prANiyoM kI sevA kA nAma bhAvanA hI hai jo dUsaroM ke hitoM ke lie yA samAja-kalyANa ke lie dekara yajJoM meM sarvazreSTha batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jo yajJa pahale vaiyaktika apane hitoM kA samarpaNa karanA jAnatA hai, vahI naitika hai, vahI dhArmika hitoM kI pUrti ke lie kie jAte the, unheM gItA ne mAnava sevA se hai aura vahI puNyAtmA hai| lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA ko jIvana kA eka jor3akara eka mahattvapUrNa krAnti kI thii| ucca Adarza mAnA gayA thA, yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn buddha ne apane dharma kA artha dAyitva yA kartavya kA paripAlana bhI hai| kartavyoM ziSyoM ko yaha upadeza diyA- "carattha bhikkhave cArikkaM bahujanahitAya yA dAyitvoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai-- eka ve jo bahujanasukhAya' arthAt he bhikSuoM! bahujanoM ke hita ke lie aura svayaM ke prati hote haiM aura dUsare ve jo dUsare ke prati hote haiN| yaha bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie prayatna kro| na kevala jaina dharma, bauddha dharma ThIka hai ki vyakti ko apane jIvana rakSaNa aura astitva ke lie yA hindU dharma kI apitu islAma aura IsAI dharma kI bhI mUlabhUta zikSA bhI kucha karanA hotA hai kintu isake sAtha-sAtha hI parivAra, samAja, lokamaMgala yA sAmAjika hita-sAdhana hI rahI hai| isase yahI siddha rASTra yA mAnavatA ke prati bhI usake kucha kartavya hote haiN| vyakti ke hotA hai ki sevA aura sAdhanA do pRthak-pRthak tathya nahIM haiN| sevA svayaM ke prati jo dAyitva haiM ve hI dUsare kI dRSTi se usake adhikAra meM sAdhanA aura sAdhanA meM sevA samAhita hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki vartamAna kahe jAte haiM aura dUsaroM ke prati usake jo dAyitva haiM ve usake kartavya yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI daridranArAyaNa kI sevA ko hI sabase bar3A kahe jAte haiN| vaise to adhikAra aura kartavya paraspara sApekSa hI hai| dharma yA kartavya khaa| jo merA adhikAra hai vaha dUsaroM ke lie mere prati kartavya haiM aura jo jo loga sAdhanA ko japa, tapa, pUjA, upAsanA yA nAma smaraNa dUsaroM ke adhikAra haiM ve hI mere lie unake prati kartavya haiN| dUsaroM taka sImita mAna lete haiM, ve vastuta: eka bhrAnti meM hI haiN| yaha prazna ke prati apane kartavyoM kA paripAlana hI sevA hai| jaba yaha sevA binA pratyeka dharma sAdhanA-paddhati meM uThA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA arthAt japa, pratiphala kI AkAMkSA ke kI jAtI hai to sahI sAdhanA bana jAtI hai| tapa, dhyAna tathA prabhu kI pUjA-upAsanA aura sevA meM kauna zreSTha hai? isa prakAra sevA aura sAdhanA alaga-alaga tathya nahIM raha jAte haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA ki eka vyakti ApakI sevA sAdhanA haiM aura sAdhanA dharma haiN| ata: sevA, sAdhanA aura dharma pUjA-upAsanA yA nAma smaraNa meM lagA huA hai aura dUsarA vyakti glAna eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI haiN| evaM rogI kI sevA meM lagA huA haiM, inameM kauna zreSTha hai? pratyuttara sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA kA lakSya mukti mAnA jAtA hai aura mukti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jo rogI yA glAna kI sevA karatA vaiyaktika hotI hai| ata: kucha vicAraka sevA aura sAdhanA meM kisI

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sAdhanA aura sevA kA saha-sambandha 507 prakAra ke saha-sambandha ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, unake anusAra vaiyaktika samApta hokara unheM nirvANa kI prApti na ho| jaina paramparA meM bhI tIrthaMkara mukti ke lie kiyA gayA prayatna hI sAdhanA hai aura aisI sAdhanA kA ko lokakalyANa kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki sevA se koI sambandha nahIM hai, kintu bhAratIya cintakoM ne isa prakAra samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara tIrthaMkara dharmacakra kA pravartana karate kI vaiyaktika mukti ko ucita nahIM mAnA hai| hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki kaivalya kI prApti ke pazcAt tIrthakara ke lie jaba taka vaiyaktikatA yA 'maiM' hai, ahaMkAra hai aura jaba taka ahaMkAra kucha bhI karanA zeSa nahIM rahatA hai, ve kRta-kalpa hote haiM phira bhI lokamaMgala hai, mukti sambhava nahIM hai| jaba taka 'maiM' yA 'merA' hai, rAga hai aura ke lie hI ve dharmacakra kA pravartana kara apanA zeSa jIvana lokahita rAga mukti kA bAdhaka hai| vastuta: bhAratIya darzanoM meM sAdhanA kA paripAka meM samarpita kara dete haiN| yaha bhAratIya darzana aura sAhitya kA sarvazreSTha sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi ke vikAsa meM mAnA gayA hai| udgAra hai| isI prakAra bodhisatva bhI sadaiva hI dIna aura duHkhIjanoM gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko AtmA ke rUpa meM ko duHkha se mukta karAne ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI abhilASA dekhatA hai vahI sacce artha meM draSTA hai aura vahI sAdhaka hai| jaba vyakti karatA hai aura sabako mukta karAne ke pazcAt hI mukta honA cAhatA hai| ke jIvana meM isa Atmavata dRSTi kA vikAsa hotA hai to dUsaroM kI bhaveyamupajIvyo'haM, yAvatasarve na nirvRtaa| pIr3A bhI use apanI pIr3A lagane lagatI hai| isa prakAra duHkha kAtaratA vastuta: mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu hI nahI hai| isa sambandha ko sAdhanA kI uccatama sthiti mAnA gayA hai| rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa jaise meM vinobA bhAve ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiMuccakoTi ke sAdhakoM ke lie yaha kahA jAtA hai ki unheM dUsare kI jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akelA hathiyAne vastu hai, pIr3A apanI pIr3A lagatI thii| jo sAdhaka sAdhanA kI isa uccatama vaha usake hAtha se nikala AtA hai 'maiM' ke Ate, sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai aura dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI apanI pIr3A hI mokSa bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa yaha vAkya, samajhane lagatA hai, usake lie vaiyaktika mukti kA koI artha nahIM raha hI galata hai| 'merA' miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai, jAtA hai| zrImadbhAgavat ke saptama skandha meM prahalAda ne spaSTa rUpa se adhyAtma aura vijJAna, pR0 71 kahA hai ki : isI prakAra vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra se mukti hai| 'maiM' athavA prAyeNa devamunayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| ahaM bhAva se mukta hone ke lie hameM apane Apako samaSTi meM, samAja mauna caraniMtavijane na tu parArtha nisstthaaH| meM lIna kara denA hotA hai| AcArya zAntideva likhate haiMnetAn vihAya kRpaNAM vimumukssurekH|| sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArtha ca me mnH| prAyaH kucha munigaNa apanI mukti ke lie vana meM apanI caryA tyaktavayaM cenmayA sarva vara satveSu diistaaN||' karate haiM aura mauna dhAraNa karate haiM, lekina unameM parArthaniSThA nahIM hai| isa prakAra yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI maiM to du:khIjanoM ko chor3akara akelA mukta honA bhI nahIM hai, galata hai| mokSa vastuta: duHkhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya jIvana ke cAhatA huuN| adhikAMza duHkha mAnavIya saMvegoM ke kAraNa hI haiN| ata: mukti, IrSyA, jo vyakti dUsare prANiyoM ko pIr3A se karAhatA dekhakara kevala dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi ke saMvegoM se mukti pAne meM hai aura isa rUpa apanI mukti kI kAmanA karatA hai vaha nikRSTa koTi kA hai| are! aura meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| duHkha, to kyA svayaM paramAtmA bhI dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko dUra karane ke lie ahaMkAra evaM mAnasika klezoM se mukti rUpa meM mokSa kI upAdeyatA hI saMsAra meM janma dhAraNa karate haiN| hindU paramparA meM jo avatAra kI aura sArthakatA ko asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| avadhAraNA hai, usameM avatAra kA uddezya yahI mAnA gayA hai ki ve kucha loga ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karake bhI usakI satpuruSoM ke paritrANa ke lie hI janma dhAraNa karate haiN| jaba paramAtmA mAtra nakArAtmaka avadhAraNA prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki ahiMsA bhI dUsaroM ko duHkha aura pIr3AoM meM tar3apatA dekhakara usakI pIr3A kA artha dUsaroM ko pIr3A nahIM dene taka hI sImita hai, jo dUsaroM ke ko dUra karane ke lie avatarita hote haiM, to phira kevala apanI mukti duHkha aura pIr3AoM ko dUra karane kA dAyitva-bodha karAne kA bhAna kI kAmanA karane vAlA sAdhaka uccakoTi kA sAdhaka kaise ho sakatA karAtA hai| vastutaH vyakti meM jaba taka dUsaroM ke duHkha aura pIr3A ko hai? bauddha paramparA meM AcArya zAntirakSita ne bodhicaryAvatAra meM kahA apane duHkha aura pIr3A mAnakara usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna nahIM hotA hai ki dUsaroM ko duHkha aura pIr3AoM meM tar3apate dekhakara kevala apane hai taba taka karuNA kA parama vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| vyakti dUsare ko nirvAha kI kAmanA karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai| are! dUsaroM ke duHkhoM duHkha aura pIr3A meM tar3apatA dekhakara usake nirAkaraNa kA koI prayatna ko dUra karane meM jo sukha milatA hai vaha kyA kama hai jo kevala svayaM nahIM karatA hai to yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki usake hRdaya meM karuNA kA kI vimukti kI kAmanA kI jaae| vikAsa huA hai| aura jaba taka karuNA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba bauddha paramparA ke mahAyAn sampradAya meM bodhisatva kA Adarza sabhI taka ahiMsA kA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai| ke duHkhoM kI vimukti hotA hai| vaha apane vaiyaktika nirvANa ko bhI parama kAruNika vyakti hI ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai| jinakA hRdaya asvIkAra kara detA hai, jaba taka saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkha dUsaroM ko duHkha aura pIr3A meM tar3apatA dekhakara bhI niSkriya banA rahe

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508 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 use hama kisa artha meM ahiMsaka kheNge| maMgala kAmanA haisamAja ko eka Agika saMracanA mAnA gayA hai| zarIra meM hama sarve'tra sukhinaH santu / sarve santu niraamyaaH| svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prakriyA dekhate haiM ki kisI aMga kI pIr3A sarve bhadrANi pshytu| mA kazcid duHkhmaapnuyaat|| ko dekhakara dUsarA aMga usakI sahAyatA ke lie tatkAla Age AtA lokamaMgala kI usakI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya hai| jaba zarIra kA koI bhI aMga dUsare aMga kI pIr3A meM niSkriya nahIM zAntideva ke zikSA samuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| ataH maiM rahatA to phira hama yaha kaise kaha sakate haiM ki samAja rUpI zarIra meM usakI hindI meM anudita nimna paMktiyoM se apane isa lekha kA samApana vyakti rUpI aMga dUsare aMga kI pIr3A meM niSkriya banA rhe| ataH hameM karanA caahuuNgaa| yaha mAnakara calanA hogA ki ahiMsA mAtra nakArAtmaka nahIM hai, usameM isa du:khamaya naraloka meM, karuNA aura sevA kA sakArAtmaka pahalU bhI hai| yadi hama ahiMsA ko jitane dalita, bandhagrasita pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM; sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnate haiM to hameM sevA ko bhI sAdhanA ke jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna hai| eka aMga ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA par3egA aura isase yahI siddha jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidI hai, hotA hai ki sevA aura sAdhanA meM eka sambandha hai| sevA ke abhAva ve mukta ho nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, meM sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hai| puna: jahA~ sevA hai vahA~ sAdhanA hai vastutaH chuTe dalana ke phanada se, ve vyakti hI mahAn sAdhaka haiM jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane ko ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vicale na koI, samarpita kara dete haiN| unakA niSkAma samaparNa-bhAva sAdhanA kA sarvokRSTa vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, rUpa hai| asanmArga dhare na koI, anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya jIvana darzana kI dRSTi ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, pUrNatayA lokamaMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI hai| usakI ekamAtra sabakA hI parama klyaann| sandarbha: adhyAtma aura vijJAna, vinobA bhAve, pR071| 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, saMpA0- zrI parazurAma zarmA, prakA0 mithilA 3. bodhicAryAvatAra, saMpA0- zrI parazurAma zarmA, prakA0- mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1960, 3/21 / vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1960, 3/11 /

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paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana bhArata parvo (tyohAroM) kA deza hai| vaise to pratyeka mAsa meM koI ke vizeSa niym| AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha) ke pajjosavaNAkappa na koI parva AtA hI hai, kintu varSA Rtu meM parvo kI bahulatA hai nAmaka aSTama adhyAya meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke varSAvAsa sambandhI vizeSa jaise- gurupUrNimA, rakSAbandhana, janmASTamI, RSi paJcamI, gaNeza caturthI, AcAra-niyamoM kA ullekha hai| ata: isa sandarbha meM pajjosavaNa kA ananta caturdazI, zrAddha, navarAtra, dazaharA, dIpAvalI aadi-aadi| varSA artha varSAvAsa hotA hai| Rtu kA jaina paramparA kA prasiddha parva paryuSaNa hai| jaina paramparA meM parvo (2) nizItha meM isa zabda kA prayoga eka dina vizeSa ke ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- eka laukika parva aura artha meM huA hai| usameM ullekha hai ki jo bhikSu 'pajjosavaNA' meM dUsarA AdhyAtmika prv| paryuSaNa kI gaNanA AdhyAtmika parva ke rUpa kiMcitmAtra bhI AhAra karatA hai use cAturmAsika prAyazcitta AtA hai| meM kI gaI hai| ise parvAdhirAja kahA gayA hai| Agamika sAhitya meM isa sandarbha meM 'pajjosavaNa' zabda samagra varSAvAsa kA sUcaka nahIM ho upalabdha sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para paryuSaNa parva kA itihAsa do sahasra sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha asambhava hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko cAra varSa se bhI adhika prAcIna pratIta hotA hai| yadyapi prAcIna Agama sAhitya mAsa nirAhAra rahane kA Adeza diyA gayA ho| ata: isa sambandha meM meM isakI nizcita tithi evaM parva ke dinoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha nahIM pajjosavaNa zabda kisI dina vizeSa kA sUcaka ho sakatA hai, samagra milatA hai| mAtra itanA hI ullekha milatA hai ki bhAdra zuklA paJcamI varSAkAla kA nhiiN| kA atikramaNa nahIM karanA caahiye| vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA kA punaH yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu aparyuSaNakAla meM mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ise bhAdra kRSNa dvAdazI se bhAdra zukla caturthI taka paryuSaNa karatA hai aura paryuSaNa kAla meM paryuSaNa nahIM karatA hai, vaha tathA sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAya ise bhAdra kRSNa trayodazI doSI hai|6 yadyapi yahA~ 'pajjosavaNa' ke eka dina vizeSa aura se bhAdra-zukla paJcamI taka mAnatA hai| digambara paramparA meM yaha parva varSAvAsa donoM hI artha grahaNa kiye jA sakate haiN| phira bhI isa prasaGga bhAdra zukla paJcamI se bhAdra zukla caturdazI taka manAyA jAtA hai| usameM meM usakA artha eka dina vizeSa karanA hI adhika ucita pratIta ise dazalakSaNa parva ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara hotA hai| paramparA meM yaha aSTa divasIya aura digambara paramparA meM daza divasIya (3) nizItha meM pajjosavaNa kA eka artha varSAvAsa ke lie sthita parva hai| isake jitane prAcIna evaM vistRta aitihAsika ullekha zvetAmbara honA bhI hai| usameM yaha kahA hai ki jo bhikSu varSAvAsa ke lie sthita paramparA meM prApta haiM, utane digambara paramparA meM nahIM haiN| yadyapi dasa (vAsAvAsaM pajjAsaviyasi) hokara phira grAmAnugrAma vicaraNa karatA hai, kalpoM (muni ke viziSTa AcAroM) kA ullekha zvetAmbara evaM digambara vaha doSa kA sevana karatA hai| ata: isa sandarbha meM paryuSaNa kA artha donoM paramparAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| ina kalpoM meM eka 'pajjosavaNakappa' varSAvAsa bitAne hetu kisI sthAna para sthita rahane kA saMkalpa kara lenA (paryuSaNa kalpa) bhI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke bRhad-kalpa bhASya' meM, hai arthAt aba maiM cAra mAsa taka isI sthAna para rahU~gA aisA nizcaya digambara paramparA ke mUlAcAra meM aura yApanIya paramparA ke grantha bhagavatI kara lenA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki paryuSaNa varSAvAsa ke lie eka sthAna ArAdhanA meM ina dasa kalpoM kA ullekha hai| kintu ina granthoM kI para sthiti ho jAne kA eka dina vizeSa thA- jisa dina zramaNa saMgha apekSA bhI adhika prAcIna zvetAmbara chedasUtra-AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha) ko upavAsapUrvaka keza-loca, vArSika pratikramaNa (sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa) tathA nizItha meM 'pajjosavaNa' kA ullekha hai| AyAradazA ke AThaveM aura pajjosavaNAkappa kA pATha karanA hotA thaa| kalpa kA nAma hI paryuSaNa kalpa hai, jisake AdhAra para hI Age calakara kalpasUtra kI racanA huI hai aura jisakA Aja taka paryuSaNa ke dinoM paryuSaNa ke paryAyavAcI anya nAma meM vAcana hotA hai| ___ 'paryuSaNa' ke aneka paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA ullekha nizIthabhASya (3139) tathA kalpasUtra kI vibhinna TIkAoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| paryuSaNa (pajjosavaNa) zabda kA artha isake kucha prasiddha paryAyavAcI zabda nimna haiM- pajjosamaNA ___ AyAradazA evaM nizItha Adi Agama granthoM meM paryuSaNa zabda (paryupazamanA), parivasaNA (parivasanA), pajjUsaNo (paryuSaNa), vAsAvAsa ke mUla prAkRta rUpa pajjosavaNa zabda kA prayoga bhI aneka arthoM meM (varSAvAsa) pAgaiyA (prAkRtika), paDhamasamosaraNa (prathama samavasaraNa), huA hai| nimna paMktiyoM meM hama usake ina vibhinna arthoM para vicAra pariyAyaThavaNA (paryAyasthApanA), ThavaNA (sthApanA), jaTThovagga (jyesstthaavgrh)| kreNge| isake atirikta vartamAna meM aSTAhnika parva yA aThAI mahotsava nAma (1) zramaNa ke dasa kalpoM meM eka kalpa 'pajjosavaNakalpa' hai| bhI pracalita hai| ina paryAyavAcI nAmoM se hameM paryuSaNa ke vAstavika pajjosavaNakappa kA artha hai- varSAvAsa meM pAlana karane yogya AcAra svarUpa kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai|

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510 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pajjosamaNA (paryupazamanA) paDhamasamosaraNa (prathama samavasaraNa) pajjosamaNA zabda kI vyutpatti pari+upazamana se bhI kI jAtI prAcIna paramparA ke anusAra ASAr3ha zuklA pUrNimA ko saMvatsara hai| pari arthAt pUrI taraha se, upazamana arthAt upazAnta krnaa| paryuSaNa pUrNa hone ke bAda zrAvaNa kRSNa pratipadA se navavarSa kA prArambha hotA parva meM kaSAyoM kI athavA rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ko sampUrNa rUpa se hai| varSa kA prathama dina hone se ise paDhamasamosaraNa (prathama samavasaraNa) kSaya karane hetu sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, isalie use pajjosamaNA kahA gayA hai| digambara jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke (paryupazamanA) kahA jAtA hai| prathama samavasaraNa kI racanA aura usakI vAkdhArA kA prasphuTana zrAvaNa kRSNA pratipadA ko huA thaa| isI dina unhoMne prathama upadeza diyA pajjosavaNA/parivasaNA (parivasanA) thA, isalie ise prathama samavasaraNa kahA jAtA hai| vartamAnakAla meM bhI kucha AcArya pajjosavaNa kI vyutpatti pari+uSaNa se bhI karate cAturmAsa meM sthira hone ke pazcAt cAturmAsika pravacanoM kA prArambha zrAvaNa haiN| uSaNa dhAtu vas artha meM bhI prayukta hotI hai- uSaNaM vsnN| isa kRSNA pratipadA se hI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH ise paDhamasamosaraNa kahA prakAra pajjosavaNa kA artha hogA- parivasanA arthAt vizeSa rUpa se gayA hai| nizItha meM paryuSaNa ke lie 'paDhamasamosaraNa' zabda kA prayoga nivAsa krnaa| paryuSaNa meM eka sthAna para cAra mAsa ke lie munigaNa huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jo sAdhu prathama samavasaraNa arthAt sthita rahate haiM, isalie ise parivasanA kahA jAtA hai| parivasanA kA zrAvaNa kRSNA pratipadA ke pazcAt vastra, pAtra Adi kI yAcanA karatA AdhyAtmika artha pUrI taraha AtmA ke nikaTa rahanA bhI hai| 'pari' arthAt hai vaha doSa kA sevana karatA hai| sarva prakAra se aura 'vasanA' arthAt rahanA- isa prakAra pUrI taraha se AtmA meM nivAsa karanA yA rahanA parivasanA hai, jo ki paryuSaNa ke pariyAyaThavaNA/pariyAyavasthaNA (paryAya sthApanA) AdhyAtmika svarUpa ko spaSTa karatA hai| isa parva kI sAdhanA meM sAdhaka paryuSaNa parva meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko unake vigata varSa kI saMyama bahirmukhatA kA parityAga kara tathA viSaya-vAsanAoM se mu~ha mor3akara sAdhanA meM huI skhalanAoM kA prAyazcita dekara unakI dIkSA paryAya kA AtmasAdhanA meM lIna rahatA hai| punarnirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM prAyazcita ke vividha rUpoM meM eka rUpa cheda bhI hai| cheda kA artha hotA hai- dIkSA paryAya meM pajjUsaNa (paryuSaNa) kamI krnaa| aparAdha evaM skhalanAoM kI gurutA ke AdhAra para vividha 'pari' upasarga aura 'uS' dhAtu ke yoga se bhI paryuSaNa zabda kI kAla kI dIkSA cheda kiyA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka kI zramaNa saMgha meM vyutpatti mAnI jAtI hai| uS dhAtu dahana artha kI bhI sUcaka hai| isa jyeSThatA aura kaniSThatA kA punarnirdhAraNa hotA hai, ata: paryuSaNa kA vyAkhyA kI dRSTi se isakA artha hotA hai sampUrNa rUpa se dagdha karanA eka paryAyavAcI nAma pariyAyaThavaNA (paryAya sthApanA) bhI kahA gayA athavA jlnaa| isa parva meM sAdhanA evaM tapazcaryA ke dvArA karma rUpI hai| sAdhuoM kI dIkSA paryAya kI gaNanA bhI paryuSaNoM ke AdhAra para mala ko athavA kaSAya rUpI mala ko dagdha kiyA jAtA hai, isalie kI jAtI hai| dIkSA ke bAda jisa sAdhu ko jitane paryuSaNa hue haiM, pajjasaNa (paryuSaNa) AtmA ke karma evaM kaSAya rUpI maloM ko jalA usako utane varSa kA dIkSita mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi paryAyaThavaNA ke kara usake zuddha svarUpa ko prakaTa karane kA parva hai| isa artha kI apekSA uparyukta artha hI adhika ucita hai| vAsAvAsa (varSAvAsa) 'paryuSaNAkalpa' meM paryuSaNa zabda kA prayoga varSAvAsa ke artha meM bhI huA hai| varSAkAla meM sAdhu-sAdhvI eka sthAna para sthita rahakara paryuSaNa kalpa kA pAlana karate hue 'AtmasAdhanA' karate haiM, isalie ise vAsAvAsa (varSAvAsa) bhI kahA jAtA hai| ThavaNA (sthApanA) cU~ki paryuSaNa (cAturmAsa kAla) kI avadhi meM sAdhaka eka sthAna para sthita rahatA hai isalie ise ThavaNA (sthApanA) bhI kahA jAtA hai| dUsare paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) ke dina cAturmAsa kI sthApanA hotI hai, isalie bhI ise ThavaNA (sthApanA) kahA gayA hai| pAgaiyA (prAkRtika) pAgaiyA kA saMskRta rUpa prAkRtika hotA hai| prAkRtika zabda svAbhAvikatA kA sUcaka hai| vibhAva avasthA ko chor3akara svabhAva avasthA meM pariramaNa karanA hI paryuSaNa kI sAdhanA kA mUla hArda hai| vaha vikRti se prakRti meM AnA hai, vibhAva se svabhAva meM AnA hai, isalie use pAgaiyA (prAkRtika) kahA gayA hai| kAma, krodha Adi vikRtiyoM (vikAroM) kA parityAga kara kSamA, zAnti, saralatA Adi svAbhAvika guNoM meM ramaNa karanA hI paryuSaNa hai| jeTThovagga (jyeSThAvagraha) anya RtuoM meM sAdhu-sAdhvI eka yA do mAsa se adhika eka sthAna para sthita nahIM rahate haiM, kintu paryuSaNa (varSAkAla) meM cAra mAsa taka eka hI sthAna para sthita rahate haiM, isalie ise jeTThovagga (jyeSThAvagraha) bhI kahA gayA hai| aSTAhnika parva paryuSaNa ko aSTAhnika parva yA aSTAhnika mahotsava ke nAma se

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paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 511 bhI jAnA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM yaha parva ATha dinoM taka manAyA jAtA isakA samaya varSAnta hI honA caahiye| prAcIna paramparA ke anusAra ASAr3ha hai isalie ise aSTAhnika arthAt ATha dinoM kA parva bhI kahate haiN| pUrNimA ko varSa kA antima dina mAnA jAtA thaa| zrAvaNa badI pratipadA se nava varSa kA Arambha hotA thaa| bhAdra zukla caturthI yA paJcamI ko dazalakSaNa parva kisI bhI paramparA (zAstra) ke anusAra varSa kA anta nahIM hotaa| ata: digambara paramparA meM isakA prasiddha nAma dazalakSaNa parva hai| digambara bhAdra zukla paJcamI ko sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kI vartamAna paramparA paramparA meM bhAdra zukla paJcamI se bhAdra zukla caturdazI taka daza dinoM samucita pratIta nahIM hotii| prAcIna AgamoM meM jo devasika, rAtrika, meM, dharma ke dasa lakSaNoM kI kramaza: vizeSa sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, ataH / pAkSika, cAturmAsika aura sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kA ullekha hai, usako ise dazalakSaNa parva kahate haiN| dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki usa avadhi ke pUrNa hone para hI tat sambandhI pratikramaNa (AlocanA) kiyA jAtA thaa| jisa prakAra Aja paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) parva kaba aura kyoM? bhI dina kI samApti para devasika, pakSa kI samApti para pAkSika, cAturmAsa prAcIna granthoM vizeSa rUpa se kalpasUtra evaM nizItha ke dekhane se kI samApti para cAturmAsika pratikramaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki paryuSaNa mUlata: varSAvAsa kI sthApanA kA parva varSa kI samApti para sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kiyA jAnA caahiye| prazna thaa| yaha varSAvAsa kI sthApanA ke dina manAyA jAtA thaa| upavAsa, hotA hai ki sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kI yaha tithi bhinna kaise ho gaI? kezaloca, sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa evaM prAyazcitta, kSamAyAcanA (kaSAya- nizIthacUrNi meM jinadAsagaNi ne spaSTa likhA hai ki paryuSaNa parva para upazamana) aura pajjosavaNAkappa (paryuSaNa kalpa kalpasUtra) kA pArAyaNa vArSika AlocanA karanI caahiye| (pajjosavanAsu varisiyA AloyaNA usa dina ke Avazyaka kartavya the| isa prakAra paryuSaNa eka divasIya daayivaa)| cU~ki varSa kI samApti ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko hI hotI hai, isalie parva thaa| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi ke anusAra paryuSaNa ke avasara para telA ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko paryuSaNa arthAt sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa karanA caahie| (aSTama bhakta tIna dina kA upavAsa) karanA Avazyaka thaa| usameM spaSTa nizIthabhASya meM spaSTa ullekha hai- ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko hI paryuSaNa ullekha hai ki 'pajjosavaNAe aTThama na karei to cauguru' arthAt jo karanA utsarga siddhAnta hai| sAdhu paryuSaNa ke avasara para telA nahIM karatA hai to use guru cAturmAsika sambhavata: isa pakSa ke virodha meM samavAyAGga aura AyAradazA prAyazcitta AtA hai| isakA artha hai ki paryuSaNa kI ArAdhanA kA (dazAzrutaskandha) ke usa pATha ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai jisake prArambha usa dina ke pUrva bhI ho jAtA thaa| jIvAbhigamasUtra ke anusAra anusAra ASAr3ha pUrNimA ke eka mAsa aura bIsa rAtri ke vyatIta ho paryuSaNa eka aThAI mahotsava (aSTa divasIya parva) ke rUpa meM manAyA jAne para paryuSaNa karanA caahie| cU~ki kalpasUtra ke mUla pATha meM yaha jAtA thaa| usameM ullekha hai ki cAturmAsika pUrNimAoM evaM paryuSaNa bhI likhA huA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ASAr3ha pUrNimA se ke avasara para devatAgaNa nandIzvara dvIpa meM jAkara aSTAhnika mahotsava eka mAsa aura bIsa rAtri ke vyatIta ho jAne para varSAvAsa (paryuSaNa) manAyA karate haiN|11 digambara paramparA meM Aja bhI ASAr3ha, kArtika aura kiyA thA usI prakAra gaNadharoM ne kiyA, sthaviroM ne kiyA aura usI phAlguna kI pUrNimAoM (cAturmAsika pUrNimAoM) ke pUrva aSTAhnika parva prakAra vartamAna zramaNa nirgrantha bhI karate haiN| nizcita rUpa se yaha kathana manAne kI prathA hai| lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI se digambara sAhitya meM bhAdra zukla paJcamI ko paryuSaNa karane ke pakSa meM sabase bar3A pramANa isake ullekha milate haiN| prAcInakAla meM paryuSaNa ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko hai| lekina hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA yaha apavAda mArga manAyA jAtA thA aura usake sAtha hI aSTAhnika mahotsava bhI hotA thA yA utsarga mArga thA? yadi hama kalpasUtra ke usI pATha ko dekheM thaa| ho sakatA hai ki bAda meM jaba paryuSaNa bhAdra zukla caturthI/paJcamI to, usameM yaha spaSTa likhA huA hai ki isake pUrva to paryuSaNa evam ko manAyA jAne lagA to usake sAtha bhI aSTa-divasa jur3e rahe aura sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa karanA kalpatA hai, kintu varSA Rtu ke eka mAsa isaprakAra vaha aSTa divasIya parva bana gyaa| aura bIsa rAtri kA atikramaNa karanA nahIM kalpatA hai- 'aMtarA vi vartamAna meM paryuSaNa parva kA sabase mahattvapUrNa dina saMvatsarI parva ya kappai (pajjosavittae) no se kappai taM rayaNi uvAiNA vitte|' mAnA jAtA hai| samavAyAGgasUtra ke anusAra ASAr3ha pUrNimA se eka mAsa nizIthacUrNi meM aura kalpasUtra kI TIkAoM meM bhAdra zukla caturthI ko aura bIsa rAtri pazcAt bhAdrapada arthAt zukla paJcamI ko paryuSaNa- paryuSaNa yA saMvatsarI karane kA kAlaka AcArya kI kathA ke sAtha jo sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kara lenA caahiye| nizItha ke anusAra pacAsavIM ullekha hai vaha bhI isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai ki bhAdra zukla paJcamI rAtri kA ullaGghana nahIM karanA caahiye| upavAsapUrvaka sAMvatsarika ke pUrva to paryuSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu usa tithi kA atikramaNa pratikramaNa karanA, zramaNa kA Avazyaka kartavya to thA hI, lekina nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| nizIthacUrNi meM spaSTa likhA hai ki- 'AsAr3ha nizIthacUrNi meM udayana aura caNDapradyota ke AkhyAna se aisA lagatA pUNimAe pajjosevanti esa usaggo sesa kAlaM pajjosevantANaM avahai ki vaha gRhastha ke lie bhI aparihArya thaa| lekina mUla prazna yaha vaato| avatAte vi savIsasatirAtamAsAto pareNa atikammeuNa vaTTati hai ki yaha sAMvatsarika parva kaba kiyA jAya? sAMvatsarika parva ke dina savIsatirAte mAse puNNe jati vAsakhettaM labbhati to rUkkha heThThAvi samagra varSa ke aparAdhoM aura bhUloM kA pratikramaNa karanA hotA hai, ataH pajjosaveyavvaM taM puNNimAe paJcamIe, dasamIe, evamAhi pavvesu

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512 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pajjusaveyavvaM no apavesu12 arthAt ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko paryuSaNa karanA avadhAraNA se dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita digambara paramparA aparicita yaha utsarga mArga hai aura anya samaya meM paryuSaNa karanA apavAda mArga hotI gii| mUlAcAra meM muniliGga prasaGga meM dasa kalpa sambandhI jisa hai| apavAda mArga meM bhI eka mAsa aura 20 dina arthAt bhAdra zukla gAthA kA ullekha huA hai, use dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki acelatA paJcamI kA atikramaNa nahIM karanA caahiye| yadi bhAdra zukla paJcamI kI puSTi ke lie hI usa gAthA ko bRhad-kalpa-bhASya se yA anyatra - taka bhI nivAsa ke yogya sthAna upalabdha na ho to vRkSa ke nIce paryuSaNa kahIM se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isakI paravartI gAthAoM meM mayUrapicchi kara lenA caahiye| apavAda mArga meM bhI paJcamI, dazamI, amAvasyA evaM Adi kA vivecana hai| yadi yaha gAthA mUlAcAra kA aGga hotI to usameM pUrNimA ina parva tithiyoM meM hI paryuSaNa karanA cAhie, anya tithiyoM isake bAda kramaza: dasa kalpoM kA vivecana honA cAhie thaa| jabaki meM nhiiN| isa bAta ko lekara nizIthabhASya evaM cUrNi meM yaha prazna uThAyA isakI pUrvavartI gAthA acelatA kA varNana karatI hai aura paravartI gAthAe~ gayA hai ki bhAdra zukla caturthI ko aparva tithi meM paryuSaNa kyoM kiyA mayUrapicchikA kaa| Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra AcArya jAtA hai? isa sandarbha meM usameM kAlaka AcArya kI kathA dI gayI hai| vasunandI zayyAtara evaM pajjosavaNa nAmaka kalpoM ke mUlabhUta arthoM se kathA isa prakAra hai- kAlaka AcArya vicaraNa karate hue varSAvAsa bhI paricita nahIM haiN| unhoMne pajjosavaNa kalpa kA artha tIrthaGkaroM ke hetu ujjayinI phuNce| kintu kinhIM kAraNoM se rAjA ruSTa ho gayA, paJca-kalyANaka sthAnoM kI paryupAsanA kiyA hai (pajjo-paryA paryupAsanaM ata: kAlaka AcArya ne vahA~ se vihAra karake pratiSThAnapura kI ora / niSadyakAyAH paJca-kalyANa sthAnAnAM ca sevanaM paryetyucyate zramaNasya prasthAna kiyA aura vahA~ zramaNa saMgha ko Adeza bhijavAyA ki jaba zrAmaNasya vA kalpo vikalpa: zramaNa kalpaH- mUlAcAra, bhAga 2, taka hama nahIM pahu~cate haiM taba taka Apa loga paryuSaNa na kreN| vahA~ pR.105) pajjosavaNA meM Aye hue 'savaNA' kA pAThAntara 'samaNA' kA sAtavAhana rAjA zrAvaka thA, usane kAlaka AcArya ko sammAna ke / kara 'zramaNa' artha kiyA hai jo ki yathArtha nahIM hai aisA lagatA hai ki sAtha nagara meM praveza kraayaa| pratiSThAnapura pahu~cakara AcArya ne ghoSaNA digambara AcArya pajjosavaNAkappa ke mUla artha se paricita nahIM the| kI ki bhAdra zukla paJcamI ko paryuSaNa kreNge| yaha sunakara rAjA ne yApanIya zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI inhIM dasa kalpoM kA nivedana kiyA ki usa dina nagara meM indramahotsava hogaa| ata: Apa vivecana karane vAlI gAthA hai| kintu yahA~ para yaha gAthA grantha kA mUla bhAdra zukla SaSThi ko paryuSaNa kara leN| kintu AcArya ne kahA ki zAstra aGga hai, kyoMki Age aura pIche kI gAthAoM meM bhI kalpa kA vivecana ke anusAra paJcamI kA atikramaNa karanA kalpya nahIM hai| isa para rAjA hai| isake TIkAkAra aparAjita sUri ne isa gAthA kI bahuta hI vistRta ne kahA ki phira Apa bhAdra zukla caturthI ko hI paryuSaNa kreN| AcArya TIkA likhI hai aura pratyeka kalpa kA vAstavika artha spaSTa kiyA ne isa bAta kI svIkRti de dI aura zramaNa saMgha ne bhAdra zukla caturthI hai| yahI nahIM, unhoMne isa sambandha meM AgamoM (zvetAmbara AgamoM) ke ko paryuSaNa kiyaa|13 sandarbha bhI prastuta kiye haiN| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thA, kyoki yApanIya yahA~ aisA lagatA hai ki AcArya lagabhaga bhAdra kRSNa pakSa ke antima AcArya Agamika sAhitya ko mAnya karate the| aparAjita sUri ne dinoM meM hI pratiSThAna para pahu~ce the aura bhAdra kRSNa amAvasyA ko paryuSaNa pajjosavaNAkappa kA artha varSAvAsa ke lie eka sthAna para sthita rahanA karanA sambhava nahIM thaa| yadyapi ve amAvasyA ke pUrva avazya hI pratiSThAnapura hI kiyA jo zvetAmbara paramparA se mUla artha ke adhika nikaTa hai| pahu~ca cuke the, kyoMki nizIthacUrNi meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki rAjA unhoMne cAturmAsa kA utsargakAla eka sau bIsa dina batalAyA hai, sAtha ne zrAvakoM ko Adeza diyA ki tuma loga bhAdra kRSNa amAvasyA ko hI yaha bhI batAyA hai ki yadi sAdhu ASAr3ha zukla dazamI ko cAturmAsa pAkSika upavAsa karanA aura bhAdra zukla pratipadA ko vividha pakavAnoM sthala para pahu~ca gayA hai to vaha kArtika pUrNimA ke pazcAt tIsa dina ke sAtha pAraNe ke lie munisaMgha ko AhAra pradAna krnaa| cU~ki aura Thahara sakatA hai| aparAjita sUri ke anusAra apavAda kAla sau zAstra-AjJA ke anusAra sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa ke pUrva telA karanA dinoM kA hotA hai| yahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA se unakA bheda spaSTa hotA hotA thA, ata: bhAdra zukla dvitIyA se caturthI taka zramaNa saMgha ne telA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara paramparA meM apavAda kAla bhAdra zukla paMcamI se kiyaa| bhAdra zukla paJcamI ko pAraNA kiyaa| janatA ne AhAra-dAna kArtika pUrNimA taka sattara dina kA hI hai| isa prakAra ve yaha mAnate kara zramaNa saMgha kI upAsanA kii| isI kAraNa mahArASTra deza meM bhAdra haiM ki utsarga rUpa meM to ASAr3ha zukla pUrNimA ko aura apavAda rUpa zukla paJcamI zramaNa pUjA nAma se bhI pracalita hai|14 yaha bhI sambhava meM usake bIsa dina pazcAt taka bhI paryuSaNa arthAt varSAvAsa kI sthApanA hai ki isI AdhAra para hindU paramparA meM RSi paJcamI kA vikAsa huA hai| kara lenI caahiye| isa prakAra digambara paramparA ke Agamika AdhAroM para ASAr3ha pUrNimA hI paryuSaNa kI utsarga tithi ThaharatI hai| Aja bhI paryuSaNa/dazalakSaNa aura digambara paramparA digambara paramparA meM varSAyoga kI sthApanA ke sAtha aSTAhnika parva manAne jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA ki digambara grantha mUlAcAra kI jo prathA hai vahI paryuSaNa ke mUla hArda ke sAtha upayukta lagatI hai| ke samayasArAdhikAra kI 118vIM gAthA meM aura yApanIya saMgha ke grantha jahA~ taka dazalakSaNa parva ke itihAsa kA prazna hai vaha adhika bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI 423vI gAthA meM dasa kalpoM ke prasaGga meM paryuSaNa purAnA nahIM hai| mujhe aba taka kisI prAcIna grantha meM isakA ullekha kalpa kA ullekha huA hai| kintu aisA lagatA hai ki paryuSaNa kI mUlabhUta dekhane ko nahIM milA hai| yadyapi 17vIM zatAbdI kI eka kRti vrata

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paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 513 tithinirNaya meM yaha ullekha avazya hai ki dazalAkSaNika vrata meM bhAdrapada kucha vyakti yaha tarka uThAte haiM ki sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa ASAr3hI pUrNimA kI zukla paJcamI ko proSadha karanA caahie| isase parva kA bhI mukhya ko hI karanA caahie| yahI varSa kA antima dina hai| bhAdrapada zukla dina yahI pratIta hotA hai| 'kSamAdharma' ArAdhanA kA dina hone se bhI paJcamI ko jaina jyotiSa kI dRSTi se tathA anya kisI bhI dRSTi se yaha zvetAmbara paramparA kI saMvatsarI-parva kI mUla bhAvanA ke adhika nikaTa varSa kA na antima dina hai aura na prArambhika din| baiThatA hai| AzA hai digambara paramparA ke vidvAn isa para adhika prakAza isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki yadyapi ASAr3ha pUrNimA saMvatsara kA ddaaleNge| antima dina mAnA gayA hai, kintu zAstra meM jo paryuSaNa kA vidhAna isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM bhI paryuSaNa kA utsargakAla ASAr3ha hai vaha ASAr3ha pUrNimA se pacAsa dina ke bhItara kisI parva tithi arthAt pUrNimA aura apavAdakAla bhAdra zukla paJcamI mAnA jA sakatA hai| paJcamI, dazamI, pUrNimA, amAvasyA Adi meM manAne kA hai| nirdoSa sthAna Adi kI prApti na ho to bhI ASAr3ha pUrNimA se eka mAsa samanvaya kaise kareM? aura bIsa dina bIta jAne para to avazya hI manAnA hotA hai| isa uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ASAr3ha pUrNimA paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) dRSTi se dekheM to ASAr3ha pUrNimA se pacAsavA~ dina eka nizcita dina parva kI apara sImA hai aura bhAdra zukla paJcamI apara sImA hai| isa hai, isa dina paryuSaNa nizcita rUpa se karanA hI hotA hai| isa dina prakAra paryuSaNa ina donoM tithiyoM ke madhya kabhI bhI parva tithi meM kiyA kA ullaGghana karane para prAyazcitta AtA hai, arthAt anya sabhI vikalpa jA sakatA hai| zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra ASAr3ha __ ke dinoM ko pAra kara lene ke bAda pacAsavA~ dina nirvikalpaka dina pUrNimA ko kezaloca, upavAsa evaM sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kara varSAvAsa hai, ata: isa dina kA sabase adhika mahattva hai| yaha sImA kA vaha kI sthApanA kara lenI cAhiye, yaha utsarga mArga hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai antima patthara hai jisakA ullaGghana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| AcAryoM ki binA kisI vizeSa kAraNa ke apavAda mArga kA sevana karanA bhI ne isI dina ko sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kA dina svIkAra kara dUradarzitA ucita nahIM hai| prAcIna yuga meM jaba upAzraya nahIM the tathA sAdhu sAdhviyoM kA paricaya diyA hai, sAtha hI samasta zramaNa saMgha ko ekasUtra meM bA~dhe ke nimitta bane upAzrayoM meM nahIM Thaharate the, taba yogya sthAna kI prApti rakhane kA bhI eka sundara mArga dikhAyA hai| bIca ke dina to apanI-apanI ke abhAva meM paryuSaNa (varSAvAsa kI sthApanA) kara lenA sambhava nahIM suvidhA ke dina ho sakate haiM, jisa dina jahA~ para jisako sthAna Adi thaa| punaH sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hone se AvAsa prApti kI suvidhA mile vaha usI parva tithi (paJcamI-dazamI-pUrNimA Adi) sambandhI kaThinAI barAbara banI rahatI thii| ata: apavAda ke sevana kI ko paryuSaNa kara le to isase saGgha meM bahurUpatA A jAtI hai, vibhinnatA sambhAvanA adhika banI rahatI thii| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko bhI sthAna AtI hai, phira muNDe-muNDe matirbhinnA vAlI sthiti A sakatI hai, isalie sambandhI samasyA ke kAraNa varSAkAla meM vihAra karanA par3A thaa| bhAdrapada zukla paJcamI arthAt ASAr3ha pUrNimA se pacAsaveM dina paryuSaNa nizIthacUrNi kI racanA taka arthAt sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka karane arthAt sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa karane kA nizcita vidhAna hai, jo sAdhu-sAdhvI sthAna kI upalabdhi hone para apanI evaM sthAnIya saMgha kI saGgha kI ekatA aura zramaNa saGgha kI anuzAsanabaddhatA ke lie bhI suvidhA ke anurUpa ASAr3ha zukla pUrNimA se bhAdra zukla paJcamI taka atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai"|16 kabhI bhI paryuSaNa kara lete the| yadyapi usa yuga taka caityavAsI sAdhuoM yadi sampUrNa jaina samAja kI ekatA kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to ne mahotsava ke rUpa meM parva manAnA tathA gRhasthoM ke samakSa kalpasUtra Aja sAdhu-sAdhvI varga ko sthAna upalabdha hone meM sAmAnyatayA koI kA vAcana karanA evaM sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa karanA Adi Arambha kara kaThinAI nahIM hotI hai| Aja sabhI paramparA ke sAdhu-sAdhvI ASAr3ha diyA thA, kintu taba bhI kucha kaThora AcAravAna sAdhu the, jo ise pUrNimA ko varSAvAsa kI sthApanA kara lete haiM aura jaba apavAda kA AgamAnukUla nahIM mAnate the| unhIM ko lakSya meM rakhakara cUrNikAra ne koI kAraNa nahIM hai to phira apavAda kA sevana kyoM kiyA jAye? kahA thA- yadyapi sAdhu ko gRhasthoM ke sammukha paryuSaNa kalpa kA vAcana dUsare bhAdrapada zukla pakSa meM paryuSaNa / saMvatsarI karane se jo apakAya nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu yadi pAsatthA (caityavAsI-zithilAcArI aura trasa kI virAdhanA se bacane ke lie saMvatsarI ke pUrva kezaloca sAdhu) par3hatA hai to sunane meM koI doSa nahIM hai| lagatA hai ki AThavIM kA vidhAna thA usakA koI mUla uddezya hala nahIM hotA hai| varSA meM zatAbdI ke pazcAt kabhI saMgha kI ekarUpatA ko lakSya meM rakhakara kisI bAloM ke bhIgane se apakAya kI virAdhanA aura trasa jIvoM ke utpatti prabhAvazAlI AcArya ne apavAdakAla kI antima tithi bhAdra zukla kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| ata: utsarga mArga ke rUpa ASAr3ha pUrNimA caturthI/paJcamI ko paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) manAne kA Adeza diyA ho| ko saMvatsarI/paryuSaNa karanA hI upayukta hai, isameM Agama se koI virodha yuvAcArya mizrImalajI ma0 ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve bhI nahIM hai aura samagra jaina samAja kI ekatA bhI bana sakatI hai| sAtha likhate haiM ki "sAmAnyata: saMvatsara kA artha hai- vrss| varSa ke antima hI do zrAvaNa yA do bhAdrapada kA vivAda bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se hala dina kiyA jAne vAlA kRtya sAMvatsarika kahalAtA hai| vaise jaina paramparA ho jAtA hai| ke anusAra ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko saMvatsara samApta hotA hai, aura zrAvaNa yadi apavAda mArga ko hI svIkAra karanA hai to phira apavAda mArga pratipadA (zrAvaNa badI 1) ko nayA saMvatsara prArambha hotA hai| isalie ke antima dina bhAdra zukla paJcamI ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa

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514 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dina ko sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI samAja to mAnatA hI hai, mUrtipUjaka zithilAcAra praviSTa ho gayA ho, ata: janasAdhAraNa ke samakSa muni AcAra samAja ko bhI isameM Agamika dRSTi se koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai, kyoki kA vivecana karanA ucita nahIM samajhA jAtA ho| isa niSedha kA eka kAlakAcArya kI bhAdrapada zukla caturthI kI vyavasthA apavAdika vyavasthA tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki paryuSaNa-kalpa kI AvRtti ke sAtha thI aura eka nagara vizeSa kI paristhiti vizeSa para AdhArita thii| sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa ke avasara para sAdhuoM ko unake vigata varSa Aja cU~ki usakA koI kAraNa nahIM, punaH svayaM nizIthacUrNi ke anusAra ke aticAroM yA doSoM kA prAyazcita bhI diyA jAtA rahA ho| anya tairthikoM caturthI aparva tithi hai; ata: ASAr3ha pUrNimA aura bhAdra zukla paJcamI yA gRhasthoM ke upasthita rahane para prathama to sAdhu apane aparAdhoM yA meM se kisI eka dina ko parva kA mUla dina cuna liyA jaaye| zeSa doSoM ko svIkAra hI nahIM kareMge, sAtha hI sabake samakSa daNDa diye jAne dina usake Age ho yA pIche, yaha adhika mahattva nahIM rakhatA hai- para unakI badanAmI hogii| ata: sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa aura paryuSaNa-kalpa suvidhA kI dRSTi se una para eka Ama sahamati banAI jA sakatI hai| kA janatA ke samakSa vAcana pahale niSiddha thaa| kintu kAlAntara meM usa samAcArI (AcAra sambandhI bhAga) ko gauNa karake tathA usameM kathA paryuSaNa meM paThanIya Agama grantha bhAga, itihAsa ko jor3akara gRhasthoM ke samakSa usake paThana kI paramparA ___ vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM paryuSaNa meM kalpasUtra pracalita ho gaI, jo ki Aja 1500 varSoM se nirantara pracalita hai| vAcana kI paramparA hai| pahale paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) ke dina sAdhugaNa rAtri zvetAmbara samAja kI sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM meM ke prathama prahara meM dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradazA) ke AThaveM adhyayana paryuSaNa kalpasUtra ke sthAna para antakRtdazAGgasUtra ke vAcana kI prathA hai| isakA kalpa kA pArAyaNa karate the, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vartamAna kalpasUtra prArambha sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke udbhava ke sAtha hI huA hai| ata: kA prAcInatama aMza batAyA hai| kAlAntara meM isa adhyAya ko usase yaha prathA 400 varSa se adhika purAnI nahIM hai| yadyapi mUla kalpasUtra alaga kara tathA usake sAtha mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha, ariSTanemi aura RSabha meM aisA kucha nahIM hai jo sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke pratikUla ho, phira ke jIvanavRttoM evaM anya tIrthaGkaroM ke sAmAnya ullekhoM tathA sthavirAvalI bhI isa navIna prathA kA prArambha kyoM huA yaha vicAraNIya hai| prathama (mahAvIra se paravartI AcArya paramparA) ko jor3akara kalpasUtra nAmaka svatantra kAraNa to yaha ho sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA se apanI grantha kI racanA kI gaI, jo ki lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM se paryuSaNa bhinnatA rakhane ke lie isakA vAcana prArambha kiyA gayA ho| dUsare ise parva meM par3hA jAtA hai| paryuSaNa ke avasara para janasAdhAraNa ke samakSa isalie cunA gayA ho ki paryuSaNa ke ATha dina mAne gaye the aura kalpasUtra par3hane kI paramparA kA prArambha vIra nirvANa ke 980 yA 993 yaha aSTama aGga thA tathA isameM ATha hI varga the| tIsare yaha ki kalpasUtra varSa ke bAda Anandapura nagara meM dhruvasena rAjA ke samaya huA thaa| kI apekSA bhI isameM tapa-tyAga kI vistRta carcA thI, jo ADambara janasAdhAraNa ke samakSa par3hane ke uddezya se hI isameM tIrthaGkaroM ke jIvana rahita tapa-tyAgamaya AcAra pradhAna sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke lie adhika caritroM kA samAveza kiyA gayA thA kyoki usa samaya taka hinduoM anukUla thii| cauthe kalpasUtra kA jina TIkAoM ke sAtha vAcana ho aura bauddhoM meM bhI apane upAsya devoM ke jIvana caritroM ko janasAdhAraNa rahA thA, unameM mUrtipUjA Adi sambandhI aise prasaGga the jinakA vAcana ke samakSa par3hane kI prathA prArambha ho cukI thI aura jaina AcAryoM ke karanA unake lie sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: unheM eka naye Agama kA lie bhI yaha Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki ve bhI apane upAsya tIrthaGkaroM cunAva hI adhika upayukta lagA ho| antakRtadazAGgasUtra meM prathama pA~ca kA jIvanavRtta apane anuyAyiyoM ko btaayeN| dhruvasena ke putrazoka ko vargoM meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke kAla ke 41 tyAgI puruSoM evaM 10 dUra karane kA kathAnaka isa paramparA ke prArambha hone kA eka nimitta mahilAoM kA jIvanavRtta hai| zeSa tIna vargoM meM mahAvIrakAlIna 16 mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu usakA mUla kAraNa to uparyukta tatkAlIna tyAgI puruSoM evaM 23 mahilAoM kA jIvanavRtta hai, jinhoMne sAdhanA paristhiti hI thii| yadyapi isake pUrva bhI 'paryuSaNa-kalpa' kI AvRtti ke uttuGga zikharoM para car3hakara tathA dehabhAva se Upara uThakara kaThora paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) ke dina muni varga sAmUhika rUpa se karatA thA, tathApi tapazcaryAe~ kI aura apane antima samaya meM kaivalya ko prApta kara mokSarUpI nizItha ke anusAra usakA gRhasthoM ke sAmane vAcana niSiddha thaa| nizItha lakSmI kA varaNa kiyaa| sUtra meM muniyoM ko gRhasthoM evaM anya tairthikoM ke sAtha paryuSaNa karane digambara paramparA meM ina dazalakSaNaparva ke dinoM meM tattvArthasUtra ke kA cAturmAsika prAyazcita (arthAt 120 dina ke upavAsa kA daNDa) dasa adhyAyoM ke vAcana kI paramparA rahI hai, jo dina kI saMkhyA ke batAyA gayA hai-je bhikkhU aNNautthieNavA gArathieNavA pajjosavei sAtha saGgatipUrNa hai| tattvArthasUtra jaina tattvajJAna kA sArarUpa grantha hone pajjosavaMtaM vA sAijjai- nizItha (10/47) / sambhavata: yaha niSedha se parva ke dina meM isakA vAcana upayukta hI hai| isI prakAra dasa dharmo isalie kiyA gayA thA ki paryuSaNa-kalpa kA vAcana gRhasthoM evaM anya para pravacana bhI naitika cetanA ke jAgaraNa kI dRSTi se ucita hai| tairthikoM ke samakSa karane para unheM muni ke varSAvAsa sambandhI AcAra yadyapi vibhinna paramparAoM meM paryuSaNa meM paThanIya granthoM meM se kisI niyamoM kI jAnakArI ho jAyegI aura kisI ko usake viparIta AcaraNa kA bhI mahattva kama nahIM hai, kintu jaina saGgha kI ekAtmakatA kI dRSTi karate dekhakara ve usakI AlocanA kareMge, isase saGgha kI badanAmI hogii| se kisI samaNasuttaM jaise sarvamAnya grantha ke vAcana kI paramparA bhI prArambha yaha bhI sambhava hai nizItha kI racanA ke samaya taka muni jIvana meM kI jA sakatI hai|

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paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 515 paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) ke Avazyaka kartavya zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA sabhI ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai| 1. tapa/saMyama nizItha ke anusAra paryuSaNa ke dina kaNamAtra bhI AhAra karanA 3. kaSAyoM kA upazamana/kSamAyAcanA varjita thaa|17 nizIthabhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo jaina sAdhanA nirgrantha bhAva kI sAdhanA hai, jIvana se kAma-krodha sAdha pakkhI ko upavAsa, caumAsI ko belA aura pajjosavaNa (saMvatsarI) kI gA~ThoM kA visarjana hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA hai| cAhe zrAvakatva ko telA nahIM karatA hai, use kramaza: mAsaguru, caturlaghu aura caturguru ho yA zramaNatva isI bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki vyakti kI krodha, kA prAyazcitta AtA hai| yadyapi cUrNi meM yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki ahaGkAra, kapaTa aura lobha kI vRttiyA~ zithila hoN| mana tRSNA evaM kisI paristhati vizeSa ke kAraNa paryuSaNa meM AhAra karatA huA bhI Asakti ke tanAvoM se mukta ho| paryuSaNa inhIM kI sAdhanA kA parva zuddha hai|8 sAdhu-sAdhvI varga ke sAtha hI zrAvaka varga meM paryuSaNa (saMvatsarI) hai| kalpasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- yadi kleza utpanna huA ho to sAdhu meM upavAsa karane kI paramparA thii| nizIthacUrNi meM caNDapradyota aura kSamAyAcanA kara le| kSamAyAcanA karanA, kSamA pradAna karanA, upazama udayana kI kathA se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai (nizIthacUrNi, bhAga-3, dhAraNa karanA aura karavAnA sAdhu kA Avazyaka kartavya hai, kyoMki pR0 147) / isa prakAra paryuSaNa parva meM tapa sAdhanA eka Avazyaka jo upazama (zAnti) dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha (bhagavAn kI AjJA kA) kartavya hai| tapa kA mUla uddezya apanI indriyoM para saMyama rakhanA hai ArAdhaka hotA hai, jo aisA nahIM karatA hai, vaha virAdhaka hotA hai, aura paryuSaNa saMyama-sAdhanA kA parva hai| kyoMki upazamana hI zramaNa jIvana kA sAra hai (uvasama sAraM khu saamnnnnN)| 19 nizIthacUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi anya samaya meM 2. sAvaMtsarika pratikramaNa/vArSika prAyazcita hue kleza kaTutA kI usa samaya kSamAyAcanA na kI gaI ho to paryaSaNa paryuSaNa kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa kartavya sAMvatsarika prtikrmnn| meM avazya kara leNve|20 vArSika prAyazcitta hai| vigata varSa meM hue vratabhaMga, doSasevana, anAcAra isa prakAra paryuSaNa tapa, saMyama kI sAdhanA ke sAtha kaSAyoM ke yA durAcAroM kA antarnirIkSaNa kara, unakI AlocanA kara, unake lie upazamana kA parva hai| kSamAyAcanA eka aisA upAya hai, jo kaTutA ke prAyazcitta grahaNa karanA yaha paryuSaNa kA dUsarA Avazyaka kartavya hai| mala ko dhokara hRdaya ko nirmala banA detA hai| Acelakuddesiya sijjAyara rAyapiMDa kitikamme / ..10. nizIthacUrNi, jiNadAsagaNi, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, vata jeTTha paDikkamaNe mAsaM pajjosavaNa kappe / / 1957, 3217 / - bRhatkalpabhASya, saMpA0- puNyavijayajI, prakA0-AtmAnaMda jaina 11. jIvAbhigama-nandIzvara dvIpa vrnnn| sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi0saM0 1998,6364 / / 12. nizIthacUrNi, saMpA0- jiNadAsagaNi, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, prakA0- jainamandira zakkara bAjAra, indaura AgarA, 1957, 3153 / kI patrakAra prati, samayasArAdhikAra, 18 / 13. vahI, 3153 (kathA vistArapUrvaka varNita hai) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, zivakoTyAcArya, prakA0- sakhArAma nemicandra 14. vhii| digambara jaina granthamAlA, zolApura, 1935, 423 / 15. dazalAkSaNika vrate bhAdrapada mAse zukle zrI paMcamIdine proSadhaH kaaryH| dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradazA), saMpA0 - muni kanhaiyAlAla, prakA-a. bhA - vratatithinirNaya, AcArya siMhanandI, prakA0 bhAratIya, jJAnapITha, zve. sthA. jainazAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, 1960, adhyAya 8 / kAzI, 1950, pR0 24 / je bhikkhu pajjosavaNAe ittiriyaM pi AhAraM AhAreti ahArete vA 16. paryuSaNa parva pravacana, saMpA0- zrIcanda surAnA, prakA0- muni zrI saattijjti| -nizIthasUtrama, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI hajArImala smRti prakAzana, byAvara, 1976, pR037-38|| Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1978, 10/45 / 17. je bhikkhU pajjosavaNAe ittiriyaM pi AhAraM AhAreti AhArentaM vA 6. je bhikkhU apajjosavaNAe pajjosavai pajjosavaMtaM vA saaijji| saatijjti| -nizIthasUtrama, saMpA0 - madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana -nizIthasUtram, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, sthAvara, 1978, 10/43 / samiti, byAvara, 1978, 10/45 / je bhikkhU vAsAvAsaM pajjosaviyasi gAmANugAma duijjai duijjaMta vA 18. paMjjosavaNAe jai aTThamaM na karei to cauguruM, kAraNe hiM sAijjai-nizIthasUtrama, saMpA0 - madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama pajjosavaNAe AhAreMto suddho| prakAzana samiti, sthAvara, 1978, 10/41 / -nizIthacUrNi, saMpA0- jinadAsagaNi, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, pari-sAmastyena uSaNaM-vasanaM paryuSaNA- kalpasUtra, subodhinI-TIkA, AgarA, 1975, 3217 / vinayavijayopAdhyAya, prakA0 hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara, 1939, 19. kalpasUtra, 286 / pR0 172 / 20. kasAya kaDatAe na khAmitaM to-pajjosavaNA suavassaM viosveyvvN| 9. nizIthasUtram, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana -- nizIthacUrNi, jinadAsagaNI, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, samiti, byAvara, 1978, 10/46 / 1957, 3179 / 8.

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dazalakSaNa parva / dazalakSaNa dharma jisa parva ko zvetAmbara paramparA meM paryuSaNa kahate haiM, use digambara paramparA meM dazalakSaNa parva ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| digambara paramparA meM isa dazalakSaNa parva kA prArambha kaba se huA, yaha abhI zodha kA viSaya hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM meM isa parva kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM huA hai| jaisA ki hamane paryuSaNa sambandhI lekha (zramaNa, agasta 1982) meM saGketa kiyA thA ki digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM isa parva kA ullekha lagabhaga satarahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda se prArambha hotA hai| satarahavIM zatAbdI ke eka grantha 'vrata tithi nirNaya' meM isa parva kA ullekha milatA hai| digambara paramparA meM yaha parva dasa dinoM meM kSamA Adi dasa dharmoM kI sAdhanA ke dvArA manAyA jAtA hai| kSamA Adi jina dasa dharmoM yA sadguNoM kA pAlana isa parva meM kiyA jAtA hai, unake ullekha kAphI prAcIna haiM jaina paramparA aura vaidika paramparA donoM meM hI ina dasa dharmoM kA ullekha milatA hai dazalakSaNa parva ke dasa dina meM pratyeka dina kramazaH eka-eka dharma kI vizeSa rUpa se sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra dazalakSaNa parva sadguNoM / dharma kI sAdhanA kA parva hai| dazavidha dharma (sadguNa) jaina AcAryoM ne dasa prakAra ke dharmoM (sadguNoM) kA varNana kiyA hai, jo ki gRhastha aura bhramaNa donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se AcaraNIya haiN| AcArAMgasUtra, mUlAcAra, bArassaaNuvekkhA, sthAnAMgasUtra, samavAyAMgasUtra aura tattvArthasUtra ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI aneka granthoM meM bhI ina dharmoM kA varNana vistAra se upalabdha hotA hai| yahA~ 'dharma' zabda kA artha sadguNa yA naitika guNa hI abhipreta hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcarAMgasUtra meM ATha sAmAnya dharmoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| usameM kahA gayA haiM ki jo dharma meM utthita arthAt tatpara haiM unako aura jo dharma meM utthita nahIM haiM unako bhI nimna bAtoM kA upadeza denA cAhie - zAMti, virati (virakti), upazama, nivRtti, zauca (pavitratA), Arjava, mArdava aura lAghava / ' isa prakAra usameM inakI sAdhanA gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM ke lie apekSita haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra aura samavAyAMgasUtra' meM dasa zramaNa-dharmoM ke rUpa meM inhIM sadguNoM kA ullekha huA hai| yadyapi sthAnAMgasUtra aura samavAyAMgasUtra kI sUcI AcArAMgasUtra se thor3I bhinna hai usameM dasa dharma haiM--kSAMti (kSamA), mukti, Arjava, mArdava, lAghava, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga aura brhmcryvaas| isa sUcI meM zauca kA abhAva hai zAnti, virati upazama aura nivRtti ke sthAna para nAmAntara se zAMti, mukti, saMyama aura tyAga kA ullekha huA hai| jabaki satya, tyAga aura brahmacaryavAsa isa sUcI meM naye haiM / bArasaaNuvekkhA evaM tattvArthasUtra meM bhI zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI dasa dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai| tattvArthasUtra kI sUcI meM lAghava ke sthAna para AkiMcanya kA ullekha huA hai; yadyapi donoM kA artha samAna hI hai| dUsare tattvArthasUtra meM mukti ke sthAna para zauca kA ullekha huA hai| ina donoM meM artha bheda bhI hai cAhe ina dharmoM (sadguNoM) kA ullekha zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI adhika huA hai, kintu AcArAMgasUtra (1/ 6/5) aura padmanandIkRta paMcaviMzatikA (6/59) ke anusAra inakA pAlana gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM ke lie apekSita hai| inake krama aura nAmoM ko lekara jaina AcAra granthoM meM thor3A-bahuta matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| phira bhI inakI mUlabhAvanA meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| prastuta vivecana tattvArthasUtra ke AdhAra para kara rahe haiM tattvArthasUtra meM nimna dasa dharmoM kA ullekha haiM' (1) kSamA, (2) mArdava, (3) Arjava, (4) zauca, (5) satya, (6) saMyama, (7) tapa, (8) tyAga, (9) akiMcanatA aura (10) brhmcry| 1. kSamA 5 kSamA prathama dharma hai dazavekAlikasUtra ke anusAra krodha prIti kA vinAzaka hai| " krodha kaSAya ke upazamana ke lie kSamA-dharma kA vidhAna hai kSamA ke dvArA hI krodha para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jaina paramparA meM aparAdhI ko kSamA karanA aura svayaM ke aparAdhoM ke lie, jisake prati aparAdha kiyA gayA hai, usase kSamA-yAcanA karanA sAdhaka kA parama kartavya hai| jaina sAdhaka kA pratidina yaha udaghoSa hotA hai ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sabhI prANI mere aparAdhoM ke lie mujhe kSamA kreN| sabhI prANiyoM se merI mitratA hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai| mahAvIra kA bhramaNa sAdhakoM ke lie yaha Adeza thA ki sAdhuoM! yadi tumhAre dvArA kisI kA aparAdha ho gayA hai, to sabase pahale kSamA mA~go / jaba taka kSamA-yAcanA na kara lo bhojana mata karo, svAdhyAya mata karo, zaucAdi karma bhI mata karo, yahA~ taka ki apane mu~ha kA thUka bhI gale se nIce mata utaaro| apane pradhAna ziSya gautama kI lAye hue AhAra ko rakhavA kara pahale Ananda zrAvaka kSamA-yAcanA ke lie bhejanA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM kSamA-dharma kA kitanA adhika mahattva thA / " jaina paramparA ke anusAra pratyeka sAdhaka ko prAtaH kAla evaM sAyaMkAla, pakSAnta meM, cAturmAsa ke anta meM aura saMvatsarI parva para sabhI prANiyoM se kSamAyAcanA karanI hotI hai| jaina samAja kA vArSika parva 'kSamAvANI' ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| jaina AcAra-darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki yadi zramaNa sAdhaka pakSAnta taka apane krodha ko zAnta kara kSamA-yAcanA nahIM kara letA hai to usakA zramaNatva samApta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra gRhastha upAsaka yadi cAra mahIne se adhika apane hRdaya meM krodha ke bhAva banAye rakhatA hai aura jisake prati aparAdha kiyA hai, usase kSamAyAcanA nahIM karatA to vaha gRhastha dharma kA adhikArI nahIM raha pAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jo vyakti eka varSa se adhika taka apane krodha kI tIvratA ko banAye rakhatA hai aura kSamA-yAcanA nahIM karatA vaha samyak .

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dazalakSaNa parva / dazalakSaNa dharma zraddhA kA adhikArI bhI nahIM hotA hai aura isa prakAra jainatva se bhI cyuta ho jAtA hai| bauddha paramparA meM kSamA- bauddha paramparA meM bhI kSamA kA mahattva nirvivAda rUpa se mAnya hai| kahA gayA hai ki Arya vinaya ke anusAra isase unnati hotI hai jo apane aparAdha ko svIkAra karatA hai aura bhaviSya meM saMyata rahatA hai|" saMyuttanikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki kSamA se bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM hai| kSamA hI parama tapa hai / 11 AcArya zAntirakSita ne kSAnti pAramitA (kSamA-dharma) kA savistAra sajIva vivecana kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM-dveSa ke samAna pApa nahIM hai aura kSamA ke samAna tapa nahIM hai, isalie vividha prakAra ke yatnoM se kSamAbhAvanA karanI caahie|" 2 10 vaidika paramparA meM kSamA- vaidika paramparA meM bhI kSamA kA mahattva mAnA gayA hai| manu ne dasa dharmoM meM kSamA ko dharma mAnA hai| gItA meM kSamA ko daivI sampadA evaM bhagavAn kI hI eka vRtti kahA gayA hai"| mahAbhArata ke udyoga parva meM kSamA ke sambandha meM vistRta vivecana hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki kSamA asamartha manuSyoM kA guNa hai, tathA samartha manuSyoM kA bhUSaNa hai| he rAjan ! ye do prakAra ke puruSa svarga ke bhI Upara sthAna pAte haiM- (1) zaktizAlI hone para bhI kSamA karane vAlA aura (2) nirdhana hone para bhI dAna dene vaalaa| kSamA, dveSa ko dUra karatI hai, isalie vaha eka mahatvapUrNa sadguNa hai| 2. mArdava mArdava kA artha vinItatA yA komalatA hai| mAna kaSAya yA ahaMkAra ko upazAnta karane ke lie mArdava (vinaya) dharma ke pAlana kA nirdeza hai| vinaya ahaMkAra kA pratiyogI hai va usase ahaMkAra para vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai|" uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki dharma kA mUla vinaya hai|" uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM dazavaikAlikasUtra meM vinaya kA vistRta vivecana hai| jaina paramparA meM avinaya kA kAraNa abhimAna kahA gayA hai| abhimAna ATha prakAra ke haiM- (1) jAtimada -- jAti kA ahaMkAra karanA, jaise maiM brAhmaNa hU~, maiM kSatriya haiM jAti ke ahaMkAra ke kAraNa ucca jAti meM nimna jAti ke logoM ke prati ghRNA kI vRtti utpanna hotI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana meM eka prakAra kI durbhAvanA aura viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| (2) kulamada - parivAra kI kulInatA kA ahaMkAra karanA / kulamada vyakti ko do taraha se nIce girAtA hai| eka to yaha ki jaba vyakti meM kula kA abhimAna jAgRta hotA hai to vaha dUsaroM ko apane se nimna samajhane lagatA hai aura isa prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM asamAnatA kI vRtti ko janma detA hai| dUsare kula ke ahaMkAra ke kAraNa vaha kaThina paristhitiyoM meM bhI zrama karane se jI curAtA hai, jaise ki maiM rAjakula kA hai; ataH amuka nimra zreNI kA vyavasAya yA kArya kaise karU~ ? isa prakAra jhUThI pratiSThA ke vyAmoha meM apane kartavya se vimukha hotA hai va samAja para bhAra banakara rahatA hai| (3) balamada - zArIrika zakti kA ahaMkAra karanA zakti kA ahaM vyakti meM bhAvAveza utpanna karatA hai, aura pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| rASTroM 517 meM jaba yaha zaktimada tIvra hotA hai to ve dUsare rASTroM para AkramaNa ke lie bar3e hI Atura ho jAte haiM aura choTI sI bAta ke lie bhI AkramaNa kara dete haiN| (4) tapamada - tapasyA kA ahaMkAra karanA / vyakti meM jaba tapa kA ahaMkAra jAgRta hotA hai to vaha sAdhanA se gira jAtA hai| jaina kathA - sAhitya meM kuruguDuka kevalI kI kathA isa bAta ko bar3e hI sundara rUpa meM citrita karatI hai ki tapa kA ahaMkAra karane vAle sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kitane pIche raha jAte haiN| (5) rUpamada zArIrika saundarya kA ahaMkAra krnaa| rUpamada vyakti meM ahaMkAra kI vRtti jAgRta kara dUsare ko apane se nimna samajhane kI bhAvanA utpanna karatA hai aura isa prakAra eka prakAra kI asamAnatA kA bIja botA hai / pAzcAtya rASTroM meM zveta aura kAlI jAtiyoM ke bIca calane vAle saMgharSa ke mUla meM rUpa aura jAti kI abhimAna hI pramukha hai| (6) jJAnamada-buddhi athavA vidyA kA ahaMkAra karanA jJAna kA ahaMkAra jaba vyakti meM AtA hai to vaha dUsare logoM ko apane se choTA mAnane lagatA hai| isa prakAra eka ora vaha dUsaroM ke anubhavoM se lAbha uThAne se vaMcita rahatA hai to dUsarI ora buddhi kA abhimAna svayaM usake jJAna upalabdhi ke prayatnoM meM bAdhaka banatA hai| isa prakAra usake jJAna kA vikAsa kuNThita ho jAtA hai| (7) aizvaryamada - dhana-sampadA aura pratiSThA kA ahaMkAra krnaa| yaha bhI samAja meM varga-vidveSa kA kAraNa aura vyakti ke andara eka prakAra kI asamAnatA kI vRtti ko janma detA hai| (8) sattAmada-pada, adhikAra Adi kA ghamaNDa karanA, jaise-- gRhastha varga meM rAjA, senApati, maMtrI Adi ke pada, zramaNa saMsthA meM AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNi Adi ke pada jaina paramparA ke anusAra jaba taka ahaMbhAva kA vigalana hokara vinamratA nahIM AtI taba taka vyakti naitika vikAsa kI dazA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki vinaya ke svarUpa ko jAnakara namra banAne vAle buddhimAna kI loka meM prazaMsA hotI hai, jisa prakAra prANiyoM ke lie pRthvI AdhArabhUta hai, usI prakAra vaha bhI sadguNoM kA AdhAra hotA hai / 17 bauddha paramparA meM ahaMkAra kI nindA-bauddha paramparA meM ahaMkAra ko sAdhanA kI dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM tIna madoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai| bhikSuoM ! yauvanamada meM, Arogyamada meM, jIvanamada meM mata ajJAnI sAmAnyajana zarIra se duSkarma karatA hai, vANI se duSkarma karatA hai tathA mana se duSkarma karatA hai| vaha zarIra, vANI tathA mana se duSkarma karake zarIra ke chUTane para, marane ke anantara apAya, durgati, patana, evaM naraka ko prApta hotA hai| bhikSuoM! Arogya-mada bhikSu zikSA kA tyAga kara patanonmukha hotA hai| bhikSuoM! jIvanamada se matta bhikSu zikSA kA tyAgakara patanonmukha hotA hai / " suttanipAta meM kahA hai ki jo manuSya jAti, dhana aura gotra kA garva karatA hai, vaha usakI avanati kA kAraNa hai| 19 isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM 1. yauvana, 2. Arogya. 3. jIvana, 4 jAti 5 dhana aura 6 gotra ina chaha madoM se bacane kA nirdeza hai| . gItA meM ahaMkAravRtti kI nindA - gItA ke anusAra ahaMkAra ko patana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo yaha ahaMkAra karatA hai ki maiM .

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518 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 adhipati hU~, maiM aizvarya kA bhoga karane vAlA hU~, maiM siddha, balavAn bhAvoM ko ajJAna kahA hai| aura sukhI hU~, maiM bar3A dhanavAn aura kuzalavAn hU~, mere samAna dUsarA kauna hai-vaha ajJAna se vimohita hai|20 jo dhana aura sammAna ke mada 4. zauca (pavitratA) se yukta hai vaha bhagavAn kI pUjA kA DhoMga karatA hai|21 mahAbhArata meM zauca pavitratA kA sUcaka hai| sAmAnyatA zauca kA artha daihika kahA hai ki jaba vyakti para rUpa aura dhana kA mada savAra ho jAtA pavitratA se lagAyA jAtA hai| kintu jaina paramparA meM zauca zabda kA hai to vaha aisA mAnane lagatA hai ki maiM bar3A kulIna hU~, siddha hU~, prayoga mAnasika pavitratA ke artha meM hI huA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra aura sAdhAraNa manuSya nahIM huuN| rUpa, dhana aura kula ina tInoM ke abhimAna sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcI meM zauca sthAna para 'lAghava' ullekha milatA hai| ke kAraNa citta meM pramAda bhara jAtA hai, vaha bhogoM meM Asakta hokara vastuta: sAdhana ke lie mAnasika kAluSya yA vAsanArUpI mala kI zuddhi bApa-dAdoM dvArA saMcita sampatti kho baiThatA hai| 22 Avazyaka hai| viSaya-vAsanAoM yA kaSAyoM kI gandagI hamAre citta ko isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura hindU AcAra darzana abhimAna kA kaluSita karatI hai| ata: usakI zuddhi hI zauca dharma hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI tyAga karanA aura vinamratA ko aMgIkAra karanA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| ne zauca kA artha nirlobhatA kiyA hai32, kintu yaha ucita nahIM lagatA jisa prakAra nadI ke madhya rahI huI ghAsa bhayaMkara pravAha meM apanA astitva hai, kyoMki phira isakA AkiJcanya se bheda karanA kaThina hogaa| jaina banAye rakhatI hai, jabaki bar3e-bar3e vRkSa saMgharSa meM dharAzAyI ho jAte haiM, paramparA ke anusAra zauca kA artha mAnasika zuddhi karanA hI adhika usI prakAra jIvana-saMgharSa meM vinIta vyakti hI nirApada rUpa se pAra hote haiN| yuktisaMgata hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki akaluSa manobhAvoM se yukta dharmarUpI sarovara meM snAna kara mana vimala evaM vizuddha bana 3. Arjava jAtA hai| niSkapaTatA yA saralatA Arjava guNa hai| isake dvArA mAyA (kapaTa- gItA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM zauca kI gaNanA daivI-sampadA, vRtti) kaSAya para vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| kuTilavRtti (kapaTa) sadbhAva brahmacarya evaM tapa meM kI gaI hai| AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya kI vinAzaka hai, vaha sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM jIvanoM ke lie meM zauca kA artha pratipakSa bhAvanA ke dvArA anta:karaNa ke rAgAdi maloM hAnikara hai / vyakti kI dRSTi se kapaTavRtti eka prakAra kI Atma- ko dUra karanA, bhI kiyA hai, jo ki jaina paramparA ke zauca ke artha pravaMcanA hai, svayaM apane Apa ko dhokhA dene kI pravRtti hai| jabaki ke nikaTa hai|35 sAmAjika dRSTi se kapaTavRtti vyavahAra meM zaMkA ko janma detI hai aura pArasparika sadbhAva kA nAza karatI hai| 23 yahI zaMkA aura kuzaMkA, 5. satya bhaya aura asadbhAva, sAmAjika jIvana meM vivAda aura saMgharSa ke pramukha satya dharma se tAtparya hai- satyatA ko apnaanaa| asatya bhASaNa kAraNa banate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra Arjava guNa ke dvArA hI se kisa prakAra virata honA, satya kisa prakAra bolanA, yaha vivecana vyakti vizvAsapAtra banatA hai| jisameM Arjava guNa kA abhAva hai vaha vrata-prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| dharma ke prasaMga meM 'satya' kA kathana yaha sAmAjika jIvana meM vizvAsapAtra nahIM bana paataa| kisI bhI prakAra kA vyakta karatA hai ki sAdhaka ko apane vratoM evaM maryAdAoM kI pratijJA daMbha (DhoMga) cAhe vaha sAdhana se sambandhita ho yA jIva ke anya vyavahAra ke prati niSThAvAn rahakara unakA usI rUpa meM pAlana karanA satya dharma se, anucita hai| dazavakAlikasUtra ke anusAra jo tapasvI na hokara hai| isa prakAra yahA~ yaha kartavyaniSThA ko vyakta karatA hai, jaise harizcandra tapasvI hone kA DhoMga karatA hai vaha tapa-cora hai, jo paMDita na hone ke prasaMga meM kartavyaniSThA ko hI satya dharma ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| para bhI vAkpaTutA ke dvArA pANDitya kA pradarzana karatA hai vaha vacana- sAdhaka kA apane prati satya (ImAnadAra) honA hI satya dharma kA pAlana cora hai, jo vyakti isa prakAra ke DhoMga karatA hai, vaha nimna yoniyoM hai| AcaraNa ke sabhI kSetroM meM pavitratA hI satya dharma hai| kahA bhI gayA ko prApta karatA hai aura saMsAra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai, use yathArtha jJAna hai ki mana, vacana aura kAya kI ekarUpatA satya hai arthAt jaisA vicAra kI upalabdhi nahIM hotii|25 isalie kahA gayA hai ki buddhimAn vyakti vaisI hI vANI aura AcaraNa rakheM, yahI satyatA hai| vAstava meM yahI kapaTa ke ina doSoM ko jAnakara niSkapaTa AcaraNa kre|26 naitika jIvana kI pahacAna bhI hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa-buddha ne RjutA ko kuzala dharma kahA hai| unakI mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jo niSThApUrvaka satya kI AjJA kA pAlana dRSTi meM mAyA yA zaThatA (ThagI), durgati, naraka kA kAraNa hai, jabaki karatA hai, vaha bandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai| satya ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra RjutA (saralatA) sukha, sugati, svarga aura zaikSa bhikSu ke lAbha kA kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki vyakti ke jIvana meM (antaH aura bAhya) ekarUpatA kAraNa hai|27 honI caahie|36 antarAtmA ke prati niSThAvAna honA hI mahAbhArata aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa-mahAbhArata ke anusAra satya dharma hai| saralatA eka Avazyaka sadguNa hai| 28 gItA meM Arjava ko daivI-sampadA,29 tapa aura brAhmaNa kA svAbhAvika guNa kahA gayA hai| Arjava aura adambha 6. saMyama sadguNoM kI gItAkAra ne jJAna meM gaNanA kI hai aura inake virodhI jaina darzana ke anusAra pUrva saMcita-karmoM ke kSaya ke lie tapa

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dazalakSaNa parva | dazalakSaNa dharma Avazyaka hai aura saMyama se bhAvI karmoM ke Asrava kA nirodha hotA sAdhanA to saprayAsatA meM hai| jaba prayAsapUrvaka karma-pudgaloM ko AtmA hai| saMyama manovRttiyoM, kAmanAoM aura indriya-vyavahAra kA niyamana se alaga kiyA jAtA hai to use avipAka nirjarA kahate haiM aura jisa karatA hai| saMyama kA artha damana nahIM, varan unako samyak dizA meM prakriyA dvArA yaha avipAka nirjarA kI jAtI hai, vahI tapa hai| yojita karanA hai| saMyama eka ora akuzala, azubha evaM pApa janaka tapa kA vargIkaraNa-jaina sAdhanA meM tapa ke bAhya aura Abhyantara vyavahAroM se nivRtti hai to dUsarI ora zubha meM pravRtti hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra aise do bheda kiye gaye haiN| puna: pratyeka ke cha:-cha: bheda kiye gaye haiN| meM kahA hai ki ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapayukta dharma hI sarvocca zubha (maMgala) hama saMkSepa meM nIce isa vargIkaraNa ko prastuta kara rahe haiN| hai|37 jaina AcAryoM ne saMyama ke aneka bheda batAye haiN| vistAra bhaya se unakA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai| pA~ca Asrava-sthAna, cAra kaSAya, (a) zArIrika yA bAhya tapa ke bheda pA~ca indriyA~ evaM mana-vANI aura zarIra kA saMyama pramukha hai|28 1. anazana-AhAra-tyAga ko anazana kahA jAtA hai| yaha bhI saMyama aura bauddha dRSTikoNa-buddha kA kathana hai ki prAjJa evaM do prakAra kA hotA hai--eka nizcita samayAvadhi ke lie kiyA huA buddhimAn bhikSu ke lie sarvaprathama Avazyaka hai-indriyoM para vijaya, AhAra-tyAga, jo eka dina se lagAtAra cha: mAsa taka yA usase bhI santuSTatA tathA bhikSu-anuzAsana meM saMyama se rhnaa|39 zarIra, vANI adhika kA ho sakatA hai| dUsarA jIvana-paryanta ke lie kiyA huA aura mana kA saMyama karanA uttama hai| jo sarvatra saMyama karatA hai, vaha aahaar-tyaag| jIvana-paryanta ke lie kiye gaye AhAra-tyAga kI saba duHkhoM se chUTa jAtA hai|40 anivArya zarta hai ki usa avadhi meM mRtyu kI AkAMkSA na kre| gItA meM saMyama-gItA meM kahA ki zraddhAvAn, tatpara aura saMyatendriya 2. avamaudarya-avamaudarya tapa vaha hai, jisameM AhAra ke lie hI jJAna prApta karatA hai| jo saMyamI hai, usakI prajJA pratiSThita hai|42 . kucha zarte nizcita kI jAtI haiN| isake pA~ca prakAra haiM-(1) jo AhAra yogIjana saMyama-rUpI agni meM indriyoM kA havana karate haiN| 43 kI mAtrA hai usase kucha kama khAnA, dravya avamaudarya tapa kahA jAtA hai| (2) bhikSA ke lie koI kSetra nizcita kara vahIM se milI huI bhikSA 7. tapa lenA, kSetra avamaudarya tapa kahA jAtA hai| (3) kisI nizcita samaya tapa jaina sAdhanA kA prANa hai| jaina sAdhanA meM jo kucha bhI zAzvata, para AhAra lenA, kAla avamaudarya tapa kahA jAtA hai| (4) bhikSA prApti udAtta aura mahattvapUrNa tattva hai, ve saba tapomaya haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke lie yA AhAra ke lie kisI sthiti kA abhigraha nizcaya kara kA tapomaya jIvana jaina paramparA meM tapa kA kyA mahattva hai, isako spaSTa lenA, bhAva avamaudarya hai| saMkSepa meM avamaudarya tapa vaha hai-jisameM karatA hai| mahAvIra ke sAdhaka jIvana ke sAr3he bAraha varSoM meM lagabhaga kisI vizeSa sthAna para, vizeSa prakAra se upalabdha AhAra ko apanI gyAraha varSa nirAhAra va upavAsoM meM bIte haiN| mahAvIra kA pUrA sAdhanA- AhAra kI mAtrA se kama mAtrA meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kAla svAdhyAya, Atma-cintana, dhyAna aura kAyotsarga kI sAdhanA se 3. rasaparityAga- bhojana meM dUdha, dahI, ghRta,miSThAnna Adi kA yukta hai| jaina paramparA meM Aja bhI aise aneka sAdhaka haiM jinake bhojana- yA unameM se kisI eka kA grahaNa nahIM karanA, rasa-parityAga tapa kahalAtA dinoM kA yoga varSa meM do-tIna mAha se adhika nahIM hogA; zeSa sArA hai| rasa-parityAga eka prakAra se svAdajaya hai| samaya ve upavAsa va tapasyA meM hI vyatIta karate haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra 4. kAyakleza-vIrAsana,goduhAsana Adi vibhinna AsanoM ko meM ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa dharma ko sarvotkRSTa maMgala kahA gayA hai| __karanA, sardI yA garmI ko sahana karane kA abhyAsa karanA, kAyakleza jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hai, Atma- tapa hai| zuddhikaraNa hai| lekina yaha zuddhikaraNa kyA hai? jaina darzana yaha mAnatA 5.bhikSAcaryA-bhikSA ke vibhinna niyamoM kA pAlana karate hai ki prANI kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se hue bhikSA meM upalabdha khAdyapadArtha para jIvana-yApana karanA, bhikSAcaryA karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgaloM ko apanI ora AkarSita karatA hai aura tapa hai| ye AkarSita karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgala rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyavRtti ke kAraNa 6. viviktazayyAsana-araNya Adi ekAnta sthAnoM meM nivAsa AtmA se ekIbhUta ho, usakI zuddhasattA, zakti evaM jJAnajyoti ko karanA, vivikta zayanAsana tapa hai| AvRtta kara dete haiN| yaha jar3a evaM cetana tattva kA saMyoga hI vikRti uparokta chaH prakAra zArIrika tapa-sAdhanA ke haiN| mAnasika yA hai, vibhAva hai, bandhana hai| Abhyantarika dRSTi se bhI tapa-sAdhanA ke nimna cha: bheda kiye gaye haiMata: zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi ke lie AtmA ke zuddhasvarUpa ko AvRtta karane vAle karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgaloM kA pRthakIkaraNa (ba) mAnasika evaM AbhyAntara tapa Avazyaka hai| pRthakIkaraNa kI yaha kriyA nirjarA kahI jAtI hai, jo 1. prAyazcita-azubha AcaraNa ke prati glAni honA, usakA do rUpoM meM sampanna hotI hai| jaba karma-vargaNA ke pudgala apanI nizcita pazcAttApa karanA, AlocanA karanA, apane aparAdha ko yogya variSTha samayAvadhi ke pazcAt apanA phala dekara svata: alaga ho jAte haiM, to sAdhu yA guru ke samakSa prakaTa karake usake lie yogya daNDa kI yAcanA yaha savipAka nirjarA kahalAtI hai| lekina yaha sAdhanA mArga nahIM hai| kara unake dvArA diye hue daNDa ko svIkAra karanA, prAyazcita-tapa hai|

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520 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 2. vinaya-variSTha sAdhakoM evaM gurujanoM kA sammAna karanA, unheM bAhyasvarUpa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| saMgrahavRtti se bacanA hI akiMcanatA praNAma, yogya Asana pradAna karanA tathA unakI AjJAoM kA pAlana kA pramukha uddezya hai| digambara yA jinakalpI muni kI dRSTi yahI batAtI karate hue anuzAsita jIvana vyatIta karanA, vinaya tapa hai| hai ki samagra bAhya parigraha kA tyAga hI akiMcanatA kI pUrNatA hai| 3. vaiyAvRtya (sevA)- gurujana, variSTha, vRddha, rogI evaM saMta kabIradAsa ne bhI kahA haisaMgha (samAja) Adi kI sevA karanA, vaiyAvRtya tapa hai| vaiyAvRtya eka udara samAtA anna lahe, tanahi samAtA ciir| prakAra kI sevAvRtti hai| adhikAhi saMgraha nA kare, tAko nAma phkiir|| 4. svAdhyAya-1. sadgranthoM kA adhyayana karanA, 2. utpanna akiMcanatA aura buddha-bauddha grantha cUlanidezapAli meM kahA gayA zaGkAoM ke nirasana evaM navIna jJAna kI prApti ke nimitta vidvatjanoM hai ki akiMcanatA aura Asaktirahita hone se bar3hakara koI zaraNadAtA se praznottara karanA, tattvacarcA karanA 3. jJAna kI smRti ko banAye dIpa nahIM hai|4 buddha ne svayaM apane jIvana meM akiMcanatA ko svIkAra rakhane ke lie usakA parAvartana svAdhyAya karanA (doharAnA), 4. usa kiyA thaa| udAyI bhagavAn kI prazaMsA karate hue kahatA hai ki bhagavAn para cintana aura manana karanA evaM, 5. dharmopadeza denaa| alpAhAra karane vAle haiM aura alpAhAra ke gaNa batAte haiN| ve kaise 5. dhyAna-mana se azubha vicAroM ko haTAkara use zubha vicAroM bhI cIvaroM se santuSTa rahate haiM aura vaise santoSa ke guNa batAte haiN| meM kendrita karanA tathA ekAgra karanA, dhyAna-tapa hai| jo bhikSA milatI hai, usase santuSTa rahate haiM aura vaise santoSa ke guNa 6. kAyotsarga-zarIra se mamatva haTAkara dehAtIta Atma-tattva batAte haiN| nivAsa ke lie mile hue sthAna meM santuSTa rahate haiM aura kI anubhUti karanA, kAyotsarga-tapa hai| kAyotsarga meM zarIra ke jina vaise santoSa ke guNa batAte haiN| ekAnta meM rahate haiM aura ekAnta ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai, unakA eka sImita samaya ke lie nirodha guNa batAte haiN| ina pA~ca kAraNoM se bhagavAn ke zrAvaka bhagavAn kA bhI kiyA jAtA hai| mAna rakhate haiM aura unake Azraya meM rahate haiN|45 isa prakAra anazana aura avamaudarya se prArambha hokara kAyotsarga mahAbhArata meM akiMcanatA-mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi taka kI yaha sArI sAdhanA-prakriyA tapa kahalAtI hai| tuma saba kucha tyAgakara kisI vastu kA saMgraha nahIM rakhoge to sarvatra vicarate hue sukha kA hI anubhava karoge, kyoMki jo akiMcana hotA 8. tyAga hai-jisake pAsa kucha nahIM rahatA hai, vaha sukha se sotA aura jAgatA aprApta bhogoM kI icchA nahIM karanA aura prApta bhogoM se vimukha __ hai| saMsAra meM akiMcanatA hI sukha hai| vahI hitakAraka, kalyANakArI honA, tyAga hai| naitika jIvana meM tyAga Avazyaka hai| binA tyAga aura nirApada hai| AkiMcanya vyakti ko kisI bhI prakAra ke zatru kA ke naitikatA nahIM ttiktii| ataeva sAdhu ke lie tyAga-dharma kA vidhAna khaTakA nahIM hai| akiMcanatA ko lAghava bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| lAghava kiyA gayA hai| tyAga se indriya aura mana ke nirodha kA abhyAsa kiyA kA artha hai- hlkaapn| lobha yA Asakti AtmA para eka prakAra jAtA hai| saMyama ke lie tyAga Avazyaka hai| sAmAnya rUpa se tyAga kA bhAra hai| kAmanA yA Asakti mana meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| yaha kA artha chor3anA hotA hai| ataeva sAdhutA tabhI sambhava hai jaba sukha- tanAva mana ko bojhila banAtA hai| bhUta aura bhaviSya kI cintAoM kA sAdhanA evaM gRha-parivAra kA tyAga kiyA jaaye| sAdhu jIvana meM bhI bhAra manuSya vyartha hI DhoyA karatA hai| vyakti jitane-jitane aMza meM jo kucha upalabdha hai yA niyamAnusAra grAhya hai, unameM se kucha ko nitya inase Upara uThakara anAsakta banatA hai, utanI hI mAtrA meM mAnasika chor3ate rahanA yA tyAga karate rahanA jarUrI hai| gRhastha jIvana ke lie tanAva se bacakara pramoda kA anubhava karatA hai| nilobha AtmA ko karmabhI tyAga Avazyaka hai| gRhastha ko na kevala apanI vAsanAoM aura AvaraNa se halkA banAtA hai| mana aura cetanA ke tanAva ko samApta bhogoM kI icchA kA tyAga karanA hotA hai, varan apanI sampatti evaM karatA hai| isIlie usako lAghava kahA jAtA hai| parigraha se bhI dAna ke rUpa meM tyAga karate rahanA Avazyaka hai| isalie bhautika vastuoM kI kAmanA hI nahIM, varan yaza, kIrti, pUjA, tyAga gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM ke lie hI Avazyaka hai| vastutaH sammAna Adi kI lAlasA bhI manuSya ko adha:patana kI ora le jAtI lokamaMgala ke lie tyAga-dharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| na kevala jaina hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra jo pUjA, pratiSThA, mAna aura sammAna paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM bhI tyAga-bhAvanA para kI kAmanA karate haiM, ve aneka chadma-pApoM kA sRjana karate haiN|6 kAmanA bala diyA gayA hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntirakSita ne isa sambandha cAhe bhautika vastuoM kI ho yA mAna-sammAna Adi abhautika tattvoM meM kAphI vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| kI, vaha eka bojha hai jisase mukta honA Avazyaka hai| sUtroM meM lAghava ke sAtha hI sAtha mukti (muttI) zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai| sadguNa 9. akiMcanatA ke rUpa meM mukti kA artha duzcintAoM, kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM se mUlAcAra ke anusAra akiMcanatA kA artha parigraha kA tyAga hai| mukta manaHsthiti hI hai| upalakSaNa se muttI kA artha santoSa bhI hotA lobha yA AsaktityAga ke bhAvanAtmaka tathya ko kriyAtmaka jIvana meM hai| santoSa kI vRtti Avazyaka sadguNa hai| usake abhAva meM jIvana utAranA Avazyaka hai| akiMcanatA ke dvArA isI anAsakta jIvana kA kI zAnti caupaTa ho jAtI hai| bauddha dharma aura gItA kI dRSTi meM nirlobhatA

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dazalakSaNa parva / dazalakSaNa dharma 521 manuSya kA Avazyaka sadguNa hai| buddha kA kathana hai ki 'santoSa hI adroha, Arjava evaM bhRtya-maraNa ina nau sadguNoM kA vivecana hai| parama dhana hai|' gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM- 'santuSTa vyakti merA priya hai|'48 vAmanapurANa meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, dAna, kSAnti, dama, zama, akArpaNya, zauca aura tapa ina dasa sadguNoM kA vivecana hai| viSNu 10. brahmacarya dharmasUtra meM 24 guNoM kA varNana hai, jinameM adhikAMza yahI haiN| mahAbhArata brahmacarya ke sambandha meM vistRta vivecana mahAvratoM evaM aNuvratoM ke Adiparva meM dharma kI nimna dasa patniyoM kA ullekha hai-kIrti, ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa ke lie samasta prakAra ke maithuna lakSmI, dhRti, medhA, puSTi, zraddhA, kriyA, buddhi, lajjA aura mti|54 kA tyAga Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie svapatnI- isI prakAra zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI dharma kI zraddhA, maitrI, dayA, zAnti, santoSa meM hI brahmacarya kI maryAdA sthApita kI gayI hai| viSayAsakti tuSTi, puSTi, kriyA, unnati, buddhi, medhA, titikSA, havi aura mUrti ina citta ko kaluSita karatI hai, mAnasika zAnti bhaMga karatI hai, eka prakAra teraha patniyoM kA ullekha hai|55 vastuta: inheM guNa, dharma kI patniyA~ ke mAnasika tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai aura zArIrika dRSTi se roga kahane kA artha itanA hI hai ki inake binA dharma apUrNa rahatA hai| isI kA kAraNa banatI hai| isalie yaha mAnA gayA ki apanI-apanI maryAdA prakAra zrImadbhAgavata meM dharma ke putroM kA bhI ullekha hai| dharma ke putra ke anukUla gRhastha aura zramaNa ko brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA caahie| haiM-zubha, prasAda, abhaya, sukha, muha, smaya, yoga, darpa, artha, smaraNa, bauddha paramparA meM brahmacarya-bauddha paramparA meM bhI brahmacarya dharma kSema aura prshry|56 vastuta: sadguNoM kA eka parivAra hai aura jahA~ kA mahattva spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM bhI zramaNa sAdhaka eka sadguNa bhI pUrNatA ke sAtha prakaTa hotA hai vahA~ usase sambandhita ke lie pUrNa brahmacarya aura gRhastha sAdhaka ke lie svapatnI-santoSa dUsare sadguNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiN|. kI maryAdAe~ sthApita kI gayI haiN| 49 / / gItA meM brahmacarya-gItA meM brahmacarya ko zArIrika tapa kahA gayA bauddha dharma aura dasa sadguNa hai|50 paramatattva kI upalabdhi ke lie brahmacarya ko Avazyaka mAnA jaisA ki hamane dekhA jaina dharma sammata kSamA Adi dasa dharmoM (sadguNa) gayA aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jo brahmacarya vrata meM sthita hokara kI alaga-alaga carcA upalabdha ho jAtI hai, kintu usameM jina dasa merI upAsanA karatA hai vaha zIghra hI nirvANa prApta kara letA hai|51 dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai, inase bhinna haiN| aMguttaranikAya meM samyak dRSTi, samyak-saMkalpa, samyak-vAk, samyak-karmAnta, samyak-AjIva, vaidika paramparA meM dasa dharma (sadguNa) samyak-vyAyAma, samyak-smRti, samyak-samAdhi, samyak-dhyAna aura vaidika paramparA meM bhI thor3e-bahuta antara se ina sadguNoM kA vivecana samyak-vimukta ye daza dharma batAye gaye haiN|57 vastuta: isameM aSTAMga pAyA jAtA hai| hindU dharma meM hameM do prakAra ke dharmo kA vivecana upalabdha Arya mArga meM samyak-dhyAna aura samyak-vimukti ye do caraNa jor3akara hotA hai-(1) sAmAnya dharma aura (2) vizeSa dhrm| sAmAnya dharma ve dasa kI saMkhyA pUrI kI gaI hai| yadyapi azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM haiM jinakA pAlana sabhI varNa evaM AzramoM ke logoM ko karanA cAhie, jina nau dharmoM yA sadguNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, ve jaina paramparA aura jabaki vizeSa dharma ve haiM jinakA pAlana varNa vizeSa yA Azrama vizeSa hindU paramparA ke kAphI nikaTa Ate haiN| ve guNa nimna haiM--dayA, udAratA, ke logoM ko karanA hotA hai| sAmAnya dharma kI carcA ati prAcIna kAla satya, zuddhi (zauca), bhadratA, zAnti, prasannatA, sAdhutA aura se hotI AyI hai| manu ne ahiMsA, satya, asteya, zauca aura indriya- aatmsNym|8 nigraha ina pA~ca ko sabhI varNAzrama vAloM kA dharma batAyA hai|52 prasaMgAntara isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina, bauddha aura hindU tInoM dharmoM se unhoMne ina dasa sAmAnya dharmoM kI bhI carcA kI hai-dhRti, kSamA, meM varNita ina dazavidha dharmoM meM krama aura nAmoM ke kiJcit pArasparika dama, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha, dhI, vidyA, satya aura akrodh|53 matabheda ke atirikta mUlabhUta saiddhAntika-dRSTi se koI vizeSa antara isa sUcI meM kSamA, zauca, aura satya hI aise haiM jo jaina paramparA ke nahIM spaSTa hotA hai| ina sadguNoM ke pAlana meM pramukhatA kise dI jAye, isa nAmoM se pUrI taraha mela khAte haiM, zeSa nAma bhinna haiN| mahAbhArata ke sambandha meM tInoM dharmoM ke vicArakoM meM matabheda ho sakatA hai, jo vastutaH zAntiparva meM akrodha, satyavacana, saMvibhAga, kSamA, prajanana, zauca, deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke adhIna hone ke kAraNa svAbhAvika bhI hai| , saMdarbha : 1. AcArAGga, saMpA- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/6/5 / 2. sthAnAGga, saMpA0- madhukara muni prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981, 10/14 / / samavAyAGga, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 10/1 / 4. tattvArthasUtra, saMpA0- jugala kizora mukhtAra, vIra sevA mandira, sahAranapura, 1944, 9/6 / 5. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0 - madhukara muni prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985, 8/38 / 6. vahI, 8/39 / / AvazyakasUtra-kSamApaNA pATha, saMpA0 - madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985 / upAsakadazAGgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1980,1/84 / 8.

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522 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 9. aGgattaranikAya,anu0 - bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prakA0 - mahAbodhi 34. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura vi0 saM0 2018, 16/3, 17/14, sabhA, kalakattA, 1/12/2 / / 18/42 / / saMyuktanikAya, saMpA0- jagadIza kazyapa evaM dharmarakSita, prakA0- 35. gItA zAGkarabhASya, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 13/7 / mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1954, 10/12 / 36. AcArAGgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 11. dhammapada, anu0- paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0- buddhavihAra, samiti, byAvara, 1980, 1/3/3/119 / lakhanau, 184 / 37. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakAzana samiti byAvara, 12. bodhicaryAvatAra, saMpA0- zrI parazurAma zarmA, prakA0 - mithilA 1985, 1/1 / / vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1960, 6/2 / 38. abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 7, zrI vijaya rAjendra sUri, ratalAma, 13. gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 10/4, 16/3 / pR0 87 / 14. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 33/49, 58 / 39. dhammapada, anu0- paM- rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0- buddhavihAra, 15. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana lakhanau, 375 / samiti, byAvara, 1985, 8/39 / / 40. vahI, 361 / 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina 41. gItA, prakA0- gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0, 2018, 2/61 / pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 1/45 / 42. vahI, 426 / 17. vahI, 1/45 / 43. vahI, 4/29 / 18. aGguttaranikAya, anu0- bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prakA0- 44. cullaniddezapAli, saMpA0- bhikSu jagadIza, pAli pablikezanaborDa, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 3/39 / bihAra gavarnamenTa, 1959, 2/10/63 / 9. suttanipAta,anu0- bhikSu dharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, banArasa, 1950, 45. majjhimanikAya, saMpA0- ena0 ke0 bhAgavata, prakA0- bambaI 1/6/14 / vizvavidyAlaya, 1967, 77 dekhie - bhagavAn buddha, pR0 278 / 20. gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 16/14-15 / 46. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0 - zrI Agama prakAzana 21. vahI, 16/171 samiti, byAvara, 1985, 5/2/37 / 22. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, saMpA0- zrI rAmanArAyaNa datta pANDeya, prakA0- 47. dhammapada, anu0-paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0- buddhavihAra,lakhanaU, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1960, 176/17/18 / 204 / 23. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 48. gItA, prakA0- gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0, 2018, 12/14, samiti, byAvara, 1985, 8/38 / 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina 49. suttanipAta, anu0- bhikSudharmaratna, prakA0 - mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 29/48 / banArasa, 1950, 26/21 / 25. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 50. gItA, prakA0- gItA presa,gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 17/14 / samiti, byAvara, 1985, 5/2/46 / / 51. vahI, 6/14 / 26. vahI, 5/2/49 / / 52. manusmRti, prakA0 - pustaka mandira, mathurA, vi0 saM0 2015, 10/ 27. aGgattaranikAya, anu0- bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prakA0- 63 / mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 2/15-16 / 53. vahI, 6/92 / mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, saMpA0- zrI rAma nArAyaNa datta pANDeya, prakA0- 54. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, prakA0- gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1960, 175/37 / 2045, 66/15 / 29. gItA, gItA presa gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2018, 16/1 / 55. zrImadbhAgavata, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2045, 4/49 / 30. vahI, 17/14 / / 56. vahI, 4/1/50-53 / 31. vahI, 13/7-11 / / 57. aGgattara nikAya, anu0. bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prakA0. 32. tattvArthasUtra (sukhalAlajI kI vivecanAsahita), prakA0- pArzvanAtha mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 10 / vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, pR0 210 / 58. azoka ke abhilekha, DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya, prakA0 - vArANasI jJAna 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- ratanalAla dozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina maMDala limiTeDa, saM0 2022, stambha, 2 evaM 7 / pustakAlaya, sailAnA, vIra saM0 2478, 12/46 / 19 / 28.

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bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna Adi jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita jAtI hai / jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA- hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai; usase siddha hotA khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba rakhatI thI jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thA / usa usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jAya / binA usake Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thI / kintu itanA hai / eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai / Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo ata: hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai jo saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavatI paramparAoM aura donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai / tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM jo prArambhika vaidika nahIM ho sakatA hai / dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka apane dezakAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM svarUpa grahaNa karate haiM / yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI astitva meM A gayI haiM / isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huyI haiN| se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI prAmANikatA pUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogA / cAhe jaina vidyA ke samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata jisakA eka pArasparika prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM hotA hai| haiN| ve nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla kA pariNAma haiM / upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahA~ eka se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA pAte haiM; kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNa paramparA ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaIM, se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / bhAratIya itihAsa ke unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA hindU dharma vaidika aura rhiiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha se pRthaka nahIM kara sakate / bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai / hameM yaha jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAyeM adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama

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524 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nahIM haiN| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apit ve vaidika unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiM / sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai / jaina aura bauddha vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| paramparAyeM to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparaoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM gatizIla huyI haiM / ve vaidika karmakANDa,janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA ko lekara matabheda hai, yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, mukharita rUpa haiM / jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| meM ubhara rahI thIM, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyavasthA rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM samajhanA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya hogA / jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye; kintu hameM yaha nahIM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA bhUlanA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane aura cikitsaka kabhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai / durbhAgya se pAzcAtya kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho ciMtakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina gaye / vaidika karmakANDa aba tantrasAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura evaM bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika (hinda) zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka dharma paraspara virodhI haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAMta avadhAraNA hai / cAhe apane aMga bana gayA / AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti-pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA / jahA~ eka ora paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hindu paramparA bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina va bauddha paramparA pUrNata: ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI zramaNa / Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gayIM / aneka hindU deva-deviyAM haiN| yaha alaga bAta hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM pakSa abhI bhI pramukha ho, udArahaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahAM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahAM hindU dharma pravRtti pradhAna, phira jainIkaraNa mAtra haiM / aneka hindU deviyAM jaise- kAlI, mahAkAlI, bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti evaM hindU dharma meM jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaMkaroM kI nivRtti ke tattva nahIM haiM / vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura zAsana rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gayIM / zruta- nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai / isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai / Aja jahA~ upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gaI / hindU paramparA kA gaNeza upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gayA / vaidika paramparA hai, vahIM jaina-bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne preya paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM, usI lagA / hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidika dhArA donoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiM / vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| gayA / isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahAM jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM jaise hindU paramparA / yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI / isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA dUsare se samanvita huyiiN|| sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU hindU-dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM - jo ki anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai ? hindU dharma bRhad hindU paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAIyAM khodane kA kArya aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vicAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA paramparAoM kA samUha hai; usameM IzvaravAda, anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, .

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bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa 525 pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti pUjA mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke sabhI kucha sanniviSTa hai| RSi the / sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA ata: jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindu paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA jA sakatA / jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI hai jisakA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmajAtivAda, vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise isI saMdarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| karanA bhI Avazyaka hai jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta (I. pU. cauthI zatI ) hai / jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM haiM, isa mATI kI saMtAna haiM, ve zata- huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA pratizata bhAratIya haiM / unakI bhUmikA eka zalya-cikitsaka kI bhUmikA thA / isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgIrasa, pArAzara, aruNa, hai jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatra kI nahIM / jaina aura bauddha dharma nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhatRSi, buddha-RSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi bhAratIya dharmoM vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kahA gayA hai / RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA-AcArAMga, saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA siddha ho sakate haiM / mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai / aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAyeM dharma haiM / AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza bhAva, zabdayojanA aura bhASAzailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke saMkalita haiM usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna nikaTa haiM / AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa paramparAoM ke jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, unameM bhI aneka prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM jinameM AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI hai / yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, bhAratIya paramparA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja haiM kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM gaye haiM ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka naI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai / usameM aneka sthaloM hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika ciMtana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho sakeMge / uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dAzanika mAnyatAoM aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka Avazyaka hai / isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina RSiyoM yathA-videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA kA samAdara pUrvaka ullekha huA hai / sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra paramparA tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai| mAnatA hai / vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura tapodhanA ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM upasthita sAmAjika sandarbho ko jIvana vyavahAra meM sahayoga, tumhArI vANI meM samasvaratA aura tumhAre samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki kevala kucha vicAroM meM samAnatA ho / Age puna: vaha kahatA hai - dArzanika prasthAna hI sampUrNa bhAratIya prajJA evaM bhAratIya cintana kA samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH shcittmessaam| pratinidhitva nahIM karate haiM, ina dArzanika prasthAnoM se haTakara bhI bhArata meM samAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAnI vaH / / dArzanika cintana huA hai aura usameM anekAneka sandarbha upasthita haiN| samAnamastu vo mano yathAvaH susahAsati / / dUsare yaha ki bhAratIya darzana mAtra bauddhika evaM saiddhAntika hI nahIM hai, vaha (Rgveda 10/191/3-4) anumUlyAtmaka evaM vyAvahArika bhI hai; koI bhI bhAratIya darzana aisA nahIM Apa sabake nirNaya samAna hoM, Apa sabakI sabhA bhI sabake hai jo mAtra tattvamImAMsIya (Metaphysical) evaM jJAna-mImAMsIya lie samAna ho, arthAt sabake prati samAna vyavahAra kreN| ApakA mana (Epistomological) cintana se hI santoSa dhAraNa kara letA ho / usameM bhI samAna ho aura ApakI citta-vRti bhI samAna ho, Apake saMkalpa eka jJAna jJAna ke lie nahIM, apitu jIvana ke saphala saMcAlana ke lie hoM, Apake hRdaya eka hoM, ApakA mana bhI eka-rUpa ho tAki Apa hai / usakA mUla duHkha kI samasyA meM hai / duHkha aura duHkha-mukti yahI milajula kara acchI taraha se kArya kara sakeM / sambhavataH sAmAjikajIvana bhAratIya darzana kA 'atha' aura 'iti' hai / yadyapi tattva-mImAMsA pratyeka evaM samAja niSThA ke pariprekSya meM vaidika yuga ke bhAratIya cintaka ke ye bhAratIya dArzanika prasthAna ke mahattvapUrNa aMga rahe haiM kintu ve samyak mahattvapUrNa udgAra haiM / vaidika RSiyoM kA 'kRNvaMto vizvamAryam' ke rUpa jIvanadRSTi ke nirmANa aura sAmAjika vyavahAra kI zuddhi ke lie haiN| meM eka susabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava-samAja kI racanA kA mizana tabhI bhAratIya cintana meM darzana kI dharma aura nIti se aviyojyatA usake saphala ho sakatA thA jabaki ve jana-jana meM samAja-niSThA ke bIja kA sAmAjika sandarbha ko aura spaSTa kara detI hai / yahA~ darzana jAnane kI vapana karate / sahayogapUrNa jIvana-zailI unakA mUla maMtavya thA / pratyeka nahIM,apitu jIne kI vastu rahA hai; vaha jJAna (bauddhika jJAna) nahIM, anubhUti avasara para zAMti-pATha ke mAdhyama se ve jana-jana meM sAmAjika cetanA hai aura isIlie vaha philAsaphI nahIM, darzana hai, jIvana jIne kA eka ke vikAsa kA prayAsa karate the / ve apane zAMti-pATha meM kahate the - samyak dRSTikoNa hai| OM sahanAvavatu sahanobhunaktu sahavIryaM karavAvahe, yadyapi hamArA durbhAgya to yaha rahA ki madhya-yuga meM darzana tejasvinAvadhItamastumA vidviSAvahe / sAdhakoM aura RSi-muniyoM ke hAthoM se nikalakara tathAkathita buddhijIviyoM (taittirIya AraNyaka, 8/2) ke hAthoM meM calA gayA / phalata: usameM tArkika pakSa pradhAna tathA hama saba sAtha-sAtha rakSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha poSita hoM, sAthaanubhUtipUraka sAdhanA pakSa evaM AcAra-pakSa gauNa ho gayA aura hamArI sAtha sAmarthya ko prApta hoM, hamArA adhyayana tejasvI hoM, hama Apasa meM . jIvana-zailI se usakA riztA dhIre-dhIre TUTatA gayA / vidveSa na kareM / vaidika samAja darzana kA Adarza thA - 'zata-hasta: sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko samAhara, sahastrahasta:sIkara' saikar3oM hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM hama tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM - se bA~To / kintu yaha bA~Tane kI bAta dayA yA kRpA nahIM hai apitu 1- vaidika yuga, sAmAjika dAyitva kA bodha hai / kyoMki bhAratIya cintana meM dAna ke lie 2- aupaniSadika yuga evaM saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai, isameM sama vitaraNa yA sAmAjika 3- jaina-bauddha yuga dAyitva kA bodha hI pramukha hai, kRpA, dayA, karuNA ye saba gauNa haiM / vaidika yuga meM janamAnasa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko jAgrata karane AcArya zaMkara ne dAna kI vyAkhyA kI hai 'dAnaM saMvibhAgam' / jaina darzana kA prayatna kiyA gayA, jabaki aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA ke meM to atithi-saMvibhAga ke rUpa meM eka svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA kI gaI lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa kiyA gayA aura jaina-bauddha yuga hai / vaidika RSiyoM kA niSkarSa thA ki jo akelA khAtA hai vaha pApI meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ke zuddhikaraNa para bala diyA gyaa| hai (kevalAgho bhavati kevalAdI) / jaina darzanika bhI kahate the 'asaMvibhAgI bhAratIya cintana kI pravartaka vaidika dhArA meM sAmAjikatA kA na hu tassa mokkho' jo sama-vibhAgI nahIM hai usakI mukti nahIM hogii| tattva usake prArambhika kAla se hI upasthita hai / vedoM meM sAmAjika jIvana isa prakAra hama vaidika yuga meM sahayoga evaM sahajIvana kA saMkalpa kI saMkalpanA ke vyApaka sandarbha haiM / vaidika RSi saphala evaM sahayogapUrNa upasthita pAte haiM / kintu usake lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa sAmAjika jIvana ke lie abhyarthanA karate hue kahatA hai ki 'saMgacchadhvaM aupaniSadika cintana meM hI huA hai / aupaniSadika RSi 'ekastathA saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm (Rgveda 10/191/2) tuma milakara sarvabhUtAntarAtmA' 'sarvaM khalvidaM brahma' tathA 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' ke calo, milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM arthAt tumhAre rUpa meM ekatva kI anubhUti karane lagA / aupaniSadika cintana meM

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 527 vaiyaktikatA se Upara uThakara sAmAjika ekatA ke lie abheda-niSThA kA jisa prakAra hAtha Adi zarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya sarvotkRSTa tAttvika AdhAra prastuta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jahA~ vedoM kI hote haiM vaise hI saba prANI jagat ke avayava hone ke kAraNa kyoM priya samAja-niSThA barhimukhI thI, vahIM upaniSadoM meM Akara atamukhI ho nahIM hoMge / gItA bhI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti para bala detI hai / gyii| bhAratIya darzana meM yaha abheda-niSThA hI sAmAjika ekatva kI gItAkAra kahatA hai ki - cetanA evaM sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra banI hai| IzAvAsyopaniSada kA 'Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjuna / RSi kahatA thA - sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI paramomataH / / ' yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / (gItA, 6/32) sarva-bhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate / / arthAt jo sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM sabhI ko apane samAna jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM samajhatA hai vahI saccA yogI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha to isase Age meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa ekAtmA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se yaha bhI kahatA hai ki saccA darzana yA jJAna vahI hai jo hameM ekAtmA kI ghRNA nahIM karatA hai / sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra ekAtmA anubhUti karAtA hai 'avibhaktaM vibhakteSu tajjJAnaM viddhi sAtvikam' / kI anubhUti hai aura jaba ekAtmA kI dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai to vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM meM bhI ekAtmA kI anubhUti hI jJAna kI sAtvikatA ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svata: samApta ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra jahA~ aura hamArI samAja-niSThA kA eka mAtra AdhAra hai / sAmAjika dRSTi se eka ora aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne ekAtmA kI cetanA ko jAgrata kara gItA 'sarvabhUta-hite ratAH' kA sAmAjika Adarza bhI prastuta karatI sAmAjika jIvana ke vinAzaka ghRNA evaM vidveSa ke tattvoM ko samApta hai| anAsakta bhAva se yukta hokara loka-kalyANa ke lie kArya karate karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora unhoMne sampatti ke vaiyaktika rahanA hI gItA ke samAja darzana kA mUla mantavya hai / zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa adhikAra kA nirasana kara IzvarIya sampadA arthAt sAmUhika sampadA kA se kahate haiM - vicAra bhI prastuta kiyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prArambha meM hI RSi kahatA hai : 'te prApnuvanti mAmeva sarvabhUtahite ratAH' (gItA, 12/4) IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJci jagatyAM jagat / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM sAmAjika dAyitvoM ke nirvahana tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH mA gRddha kasyasviddhanam / / -IzA0, 1/1 para bhI parA-pUrA bala diyA gayA hai / jo apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko arthAt isa jaga meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha sabhI IzvarIya hai aisA parNa kiye binA bhoga karatA hai vaha gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM cora hai (stena kucha bhI nahIM hai, jise vaiyaktika kahA jA sake / isa prakAra zloka ke eva saH, 3/12) / sAtha hI jo mAtra apane lie pakAtA hai vaha pApa pUrvArddha meM vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana karake samaSTi ko pradhAnatA dI kA hI arjana karatA hai| (bhaMjate te tvaghaM pApA ye pacantyAtmakAraNAt gaI hai| zloka ke uttarArddha meM vyakti ke upabhoga evaM saMgraha ke adhikAra 3/13) / gItA hameM samAja meM rahakara hI jIvana jIne kI zikSA detI hai ko maryAdita karate hue kahA gayA ki prakRti kI jo bhI upalabdhiyA~ haiM unameM dUsaroM (arthAt samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM) kA bhI bhAga hai / ata: isalie usane saMnyAsa kI navIna paribhASA bhI prastuta kI hai| vaha kahatI unake bhAga ko chor3akara hI unakA upayoga karo, saMgraha yA lAlaca mata karo kyoMki sampatti kisI eka kI nahIM hai / sambhavataH sAmAjikatA kI 'kAmyAnAM karmaNAM nyAsaM saMnyAsaM kavayo viduH' cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie isase adhika mahattvapUrNa dUsarA kathana nahIM (gItA, 18/2) ho sakatA thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki gAMdhI jI ne isa zloka ke sandarbha meM kAmya arthAta svArtha yukta karmoM kA tyAga hI saMnyAsa hai, kahA thA ki yadi bhAratIya saMskRti kA sabhI kucha naSTa ho jAye kintu yaha kevala niragni aura niSkriya ho jAnA saMnyAsa nahIM hai| sacce saMnyAsI zloka banA rahe to yaha akelA hI usakI abhivyakti meM samartha hai| tena kA lakSaNa hai samAja meM rahakara loka-kalyANa ke lie anAsakta bhAva tyaktena bhuMjIthA: meM samagra sAmAjika cetanA kendrita dikhAI detI hai| se karma karatA rahe / yadi hama upaniSadoM ke pazcAt mahAbhArata aura usake hI eka anAzritaH karmaphalaM kArya karma karoti yaH / aMza gItA kI ora Ate haiM to yahA~ bhI hameM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa sa saMnyAsI ca yogI ca na niragni na cAkriyaH / / darzana hotA hai| mahAbhArata to itanA vyApaka grantha hai ki usameM upasthita (gItA 6/1) samAja-darzana para eka svatantra mahAnibandha likhA jA sakatA hai / gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki loka-zikSA ko cAhate hue sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM aura usake pazcAt AcArya zAntideva ke bodhicaryAvatAra yAvatAra karma karatA rahe (kuryAt vidvAn tathAsaktaH cikIrSu:lokasaMgraham 3/25) / meM hameM samAja kI AMgika saMkalpanA kA vaha siddhAnta parilakSita hotA / gItA meM guNAzrita karma ke AdhAra para varNa-vyavasthA kA jo Adarza hai, jisa para pAzcAtya cintana meM sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM - prastuta kiyA thA vaha bhI sAmAjika dRSTi se kartavyoM evaM dAyitvoM ke 'kAyasyAvayavatvena yathAbhISTA karAdayaH / vibhAjana kA eka mahattvapUrNa kArya thA, yadyapi bhAratIya samAja kA yaha durbhAgya thA ki guNa arthAt vaiyaktika yogyatA ke AdhAra para karma evaM jagato 'vayavatvena tathA kasmAnna dehinaH / / ' (bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/114) varNa kA yaha vibhAjana kinhIM svArthoM ke kAraNa janmanA banA diyA gyaa|

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528 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 gItA varNa-vyavasthA ko to svIkAra karatI hai kintu janma ke AdhAra para sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kartavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM kahatA hai / nahIM, guNa evaM karma ke AdhAra para (cAturvayaM mayAsaSTaM guNa-karmavibhAgazaH usake anusAra vyakti ke liye mukhya kartavya eka hI hai, vaha yaha ki - gItA, 4/13) / gItA meM zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki - jisa taraha bhI ho Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlI brAhmaNa kSatriya vizAM zUdrANAM ca paraMtapa / icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kare (darzana aura cintn)|" kintu isa AdhAra karmANi pravibhaktAni svabhAva prabhavairguNaiH / / para yaha mAna lenA ki bhAratIya cintana kI nivartaka dhArA ke samarthaka (gItA, 18/41) arthAt jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga, zAMkara vedAnta Adi darzana asAmAjika he arjuna ! brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdroM ke karmoM kA haiM yA ina darzanoM meM sAmAjika sandarbha kA abhAva hai, nitAnta bhrama vibhAjana unake svabhAva se utpanna guNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| hogA / inameM bhI sAmAjika bhAvanA se parAGgamukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA evaM saMgharSa kA eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa hai| ye darzana itanA to avazya mAnate haiM ki cAhe vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI sampatti kA adhikAra hai / zrImadbhAgavata bhI IzAvAsyopaniSad ke samAna dRSTi se ekAMkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai kintu usa sAdhanA se prApta hI sampatti para vyakti ke adhikAra ko asvIkAra karatI hai| usameM kahA siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM hI honA caahie| gayA hai - mahAvIra, buddha aura zaMkarAcArya kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai yAvat bhriyeta jaTharaM, tAvat svatvaM dehinAm / ki ve jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt jIvana-paryanta loka-maMgala ke lie kArya adhiko yo'bhimanyeta sa steno daNDamarhati / / karate rahe / yadyapi ina nivRttipradhAna darzanoM meM jo sAmAjika sandarbha -zrImadbhAgavata, 7/14/8 upasthita haiM, ve thor3e bhinna prakAra ke avazya haiN| inameM mUlata: sAmAjika arthAt apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampadA para sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai / sAmAjika sandarbha kI apanA svatva mAnanA sAmAjika dRSTi se corI hai, anadhikRta ceSTA hai| dRSTi se inameM samAja-racanA evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nivarhaNa kI AjakA samAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda bhI isI Adarza para khar3A hai, 'yogyatA apekSA samAja-jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala ke anusAra kArya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra vetana' kI usakI dhAraNA diyA gayA hai / jaina darzana ke paMca mahAvrata, bauddha darzana ke paMcazIla aura yahA~ pUrI taraha upasthita hai / bhAratIya cintana meM puNya aura pApa kA jo yoga darzana ke paMcayamoM kA sambandha anivAryatayA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana vargIkaraNa hai, usameM bhI sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai / pApa ke rUpa meM se hI hai / praznavyAkaraNa sUtra nAmaka jaina Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki jina durgaNoM kA aura puNya ke rUpa meM jina sadguNoM kA ullekha hai unakA 'tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA sambandha vaiyaktika jIvana kI apekSA sAmAjika jIvana se adhika hai| ke lie haiM / pA~coM mahAvrata sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke lie hI haiM - (prazna puNya aura pApa kI eka mAtra kasauTI hai, kisI karma kA loka-maMgala vyAkaraNa, 1/1/21-22) / hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, saMgraha meM upayogI yA anupayogI honA / kahA bhI gayA hai - (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI duSpravRttiyA~ haiM / paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya parapIDanam' ye saba dUsaroM ke prati hamAre vyavahAra se sambandhita haiM / hiMsA kA artha ___ jo loka ke lie hitakara tathA kalyANa kara hai, puNya hai aura hai kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata isake viparIta jo bhI dUsaroM ke lie pIr3A-janaka hai, amaMgalakara hai vaha jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa pApa hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vyAkhyAyeM bhI karanA, isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM Arthika sAmAjika dRSTi para hI AdhArita haiN| viSamatA paidA karanA / kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha (3) yA sandarbha raha jAtA hai / ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha yadi hama nivartaka dhArA ke samarthaka jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga kI jo maryAdAyeM ina darzanoM ne dIM, ve hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi evaM zAMkara vedAnta kI ora dRSTipAta karate haiM to prathama dRSTi meM aisA ke lie hI haiN| lagatA hai ki inameM samAja kI dRSTi kI upekSA kI gaI hai / sAmAnyatayA isI prakAra ina darzanoM kI sAdhanA paddhati meM samAna rUpa se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki nivRtti-pradhAna darzana vyakti-paraka aura pravRtti- prastuta maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura madhyastha kI bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para pradhAna darzana samAja-paraka hote haiM / paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM bhI sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / AcArya amitagati "pravartaka dharma kA saMkSepa sAra yaha hai ki jo aura jaisI samAja vyavasthA ina bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti nimna zabdoM meM karate haiM - hai, use isa taraha niyama-baddha karanA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka sabhya satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA-paratvam / apanI-apanI sthiti aura kakSA ke anurUpa sukha lAbha kare / pravartaka dharma mAdhyastha-bhAvaM viparItavRttau sadAmaAtmA vidadhAtu deva / / samAja-gAmI thA, isakA matalaba yaha thA ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM -sAmAyika pATha rahakara (una) sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kare jo aihika jIvana se he prabhu ! hamAre manoM meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM ke sambandha rakhate haiM / (jabaki) nivartaka dharma vyaktigAmI hai, (vaha) samasta prati pramoda, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNA tathA duSTa janoM ke prati madhyastha bhAva

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 529 vidyamAna raheM / isa prakAra ina bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama se samAja ke vibhinna sAmAjika sambandhoM ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI ktiyoM se hamAre sambandha kisa prakAra ke hoM, yahI spaSTa kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAgagayA hai / samAja me dUsare logoM ke sAtha hama kisa prakAra jIvana jiyeM dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e hote haiM to ina sambandhoM se TakarAhaTa evaM viSamatA yaha hamArI sAmAjikatA ke lie ati Avazyaka hai aura ina darzanoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai / bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva isa prakAra se vyakti ko samAja-jIvana se jor3ane kA hI prayAsa kiyA likhate haiM - gayA hai / ina darzanoM kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| inameM prema aura karuNA kI upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni caiva / aTUTa dhArA baha rahI hai / tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka kI sarvANi tAnyAtma parigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraha / / karuNA ke lie hotA hai (samecca loye kheyanne paNbeiye) / isIlie to AtmAn parityajya duHkha tyaiktuM na zakyate / AcArya samantabhadra likhate haiM 'sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodaya tIrthamidaM yathAgni parityajya dAhaM tyaiktuM na zakyate / / tavaiva' 'he prabhu ! ApakA anuzAsana sabhI du:khoM kA anta karane vAlA -bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/134-135 aura sabhI kA kalyANa, sarvodaya karane vAlA hai / ' jaina AgamoM meM saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya evaM tadjanya upadrava mamatva ke prastuta kula dharma, grAma-dharma, nagara-dharma, rASTra-dharma evaM gaNa-dharma bhI kAraNa hote haiM / jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA usakI samAja-sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiM / tripiTika meM bhI aneka taba taka ina duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM hai / jaise agni kA parityAga sandarbho meM vyakti ke vividha sAmAjika sambandhoM ke AdarzoM kA citraNa kiye binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA asambhava hai / rAga hameM sAmAjika kiyA gayA hai / ina saba para isa laghu nibandha meM prakAza DAla pAnA jIvana se jor3atA nahIM hai, apitu tor3atA hI hai / rAga ke kAraNa merA yA sambhava nahIM hai / pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika mamatva bhAva utpanna hotA hai / mere sambandhI, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA . sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA sAmAjika TakarAva rASTra ye vicAra vikasita hote haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAIke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke lie ina darzanoM kA bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| hotA hai / Aja mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM ye hI hotA hai| vastuta: ina darzanoM ne AcAra zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti sudhAra sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva haiM / ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA / inhoMne vyakti ko sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiM / ve hI samAja kA kendra mAnA aura isalie usake caritra ke nirmANa para bala Aja kI viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiM / bhAratIya darzana ne rAga yA Asakti diyA / vastutaH ina darzanoM ke yuga taka samAja-racanA kA kArya pUrA ho ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikatA kI eka yathArtha dRSTi hI pradAna kI cukA thA ataH inhoMne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika burAiyoM ko samApta karane hai| prathama to yaha ki rAga kisI para hotA hai aura jo kisI para hotA kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para bala diyaa| hai vaha saba nahIM ho sakatA hai / ata: rAga se Upara uThe binA yA Asakti (4) chor3a binA sAmAjikatA kI saccI bhUmikA prApta nahIM kI jA sktii| sambhavataH bhAratIya darzana ko jina AdhAroM para sAmAjika sAmAjika jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hI jIvana se kaTA huA mAnA jAtA hai unameM pramukha haiM rAga yA Asakti kA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura prahANa, saMnyAsa yA nivRtti mArga kI pradhAnatA tathA mokSa kA pratyaya / ye jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai / sAmAjika jIvana hI aise tattva haiM jo vyakti ko sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karate haiN| meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM, ata: bhAratIya sandarbha meM ina pratyayoM kI sAmAjika dRSTi se samIkSA jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiM / yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama Avazyaka hai| apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara sakeM kintu sarvaprathama bhAratIya darzana Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA kI samApti yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA para bala detA hai, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA Asakti yA rAga se Upara apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakatA / vyakti kA uThane kI bAta sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karatI hai| sAmAjika jIvana mamatva cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana, pArivArika jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA kA AdhAra pArasparika sambandha hai aura sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detA / svahita ki rAga se mukti yA Asakti kI samApti tabhI sambhava hai jabaki vyakti kI vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se apane ko sAmAjika jIvana se yA pArivArika jIvana se alaga kara sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai / usake hote hue saccA le / kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai / na to sambandha tor3a dene mAtra sAmAjika jIvana phalita nahIM ho sakatA / jisa prakAra parivAra ke prati se rAga samApta ho jAtA hai, na rAga ke abhAva mAtra se sambandha TUTa jAte mamatva kA saghana rUpa hamameM rASTrIya cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakatA haiM, vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAga yA Asakti kI upasthiti meM hamAre usI prakAra rASTrIyatA ke prati bhI mamatva saccI mAnavIya ekatA meM yathArtha sAmAjika sambandha hI nahIM bana pAte / sAmAjika jIvana aura sahAyaka siddha nahIM ho sakatA / jina rASTroM meM vyAvahArika saccAI evaM

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530 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prAmANikatA hai, ve bhI antarrASTrIya kSetra meM satyaniSTha aura prAmANika nahIM kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai ? saMnyAsa ke saMkalpa meM vaha kahatA haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti kA jIvana jaba taka rAga yA hai ki 'vitteSaNA puDheSaNA lokeSaNA mayA parityaktA arthAt maiM Asakti se Upara nahIM uThatA taba taka sAmAjikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava dharma-kAmanA, santAna-kAmanA aura yaza-kAmanA kA parityAga karatA hU~ nahIM ho sktaa| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, santAna tathA yazakIrti kI kAmanA kA parityAga ata: vItarAga yA anAsakta dRSTi hI sAmAjika jIvana ke lie vAstavika samAja kA parityAga hai ? vastuta: samasta eSaNAoM kA tyAga svArtha kA AdhAra prastuta kara sakatI hai aura sampUrNa mAnava-jAti meM sumadhura tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai, saMnyAsa kA yaha saMkalpa use sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai / bhAratIya darzana meM rAga samAja-vimukha nahIM banAtA hai, apitu samAja-kalyANa kI uccatara ke sAtha-sAtha ahaM ke pratyaya ke vigalana para bhI samAna rUpa se bala diyA bhUmikA para adhiSThita karatA hai kyoMki saccA lokahita ni:svArthatA evaM gayA hai / ahaM bhAva bhI hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM meM bAdhA hI utpanna karatA virAga kI bhUmi para sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva hai aura bhAratIya cintana saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM mAnatA / inake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa utpanna hotI bhagavAna buddha kA yaha Adeza 'carattha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana-hitAya hai| bhAratIya darzana ahaM ke pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika jIvana bahujana-sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya deva manussAnaM' (vinaya meM paratantratA ko samApta karatA hai / yadi hama sAmAjika sambandhoM meM pittk-mhaavgg)| isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki saMnyAsa loka-maMgala ke utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM lie hotA hai / saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo samAja se alpatama to usake mUla meM hamArI Asakti, rAgAtmakatA yA ahaM hI pramukha hai| lekara use adhikatama detA hai / vastuta: kuTumba, parivAra Adi kA tyAga Asakti, mamatva bhAva yA rAga ke kAraNa hI manuSya meM saMgraha, Aveza aura isalie karatA hai ki vaha samaSTi kA hokara rahe kyoMki jo kisI kA kapaTAdhAra ke tattva janma lete haiN| saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, hai vaha sabakA nahIM ho sakatA, jo sabakA hai vaha kisI eka kA nahIM aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra evaM vizvAsaghAta ke tattva vikasita hai| saMnyAsI ni:svArtha aura niSkAma rUpa se loka-maMgala-sAdhaka hotA hote haiM / isI prakAra Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa krUra vyavahAra, saMgharSa, hai| saMnyAsa zabda sampUrvaka nyAsa hai, nyAsa zabda kA eka artha dekharekha yuddha evaM hatyAe~ hotI haiM / aura kapaTa kI manovRtti avizvAsa evaM karanA bhI hai / saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo samyak rUpa se eka nyAsI amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra ko janma detI hai| ata: yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA (TrasTI) kI bhUmikA adA karatA hai aura nyAsI vaha hai jo mamatva bhAva ki bhAratIya darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjika aura svAmitva kA tyAga karake kisI TrasTa (sampadA) kA rakSaNa evaM viSamatAoM ko samApta karane evaM sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA karane vikAsa karatA hai / saMnyAsI sacce artha meM eka TrasTI hai| TrasTI yadi meM mahattvapUrNa sahayoga diyA hai / samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa para khar3A hotA TrasTa kA upayoga apane hita meM karatA hai, apane ko usakA svAmI hai, jItA hai aura vikasita hotA hai, yaha bhAratIya cintana kA mahattvapUrNa samajhatA hai to vaha samyak TrasTI nahIM ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra yadi niSkarSa hai / vastuta: Asakti yA rAga tattva kI upasthiti meM saccA vaha TrasTa ke rakSaNa evaM vikAsa kA prayatna na kare to bhI sacce artha meM lokahita bhI phalita nahIM hotA hai / Asakti yA karma-phala kI AkAMkSA TrasTI nahIM hai / isI prakAra yadi saMnyAsI lokeSaNA se yukta hai, mamatvake sAtha kiyA gayA koI bhI loka-hita kA kArya svArthaparatA se zUnya buddhi yA svArtha buddhi se kAma karatA hai to saMnyAsI nahIM hai aura yadi loka nahIM hotA hai / jisa prakAra zAsana kI ora se niyukta samAja kalyANa kI upekSA karatA hai, loka maMgala ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA hai to vaha adhikArI lokahita ko karate hue bhI sacce arthoM meM lokahita kA kartA bhI saMnyAsI nahIM hai / usake jIvana kA mizana to 'sarvabhUta-hite rataH' nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha kevala apane vetana ke kA hai| lie karatA hai, isI prakAra Asakti yA rAga-bhAvanA se yukta vyakti cAhe saMnyAsa kA rAga se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| kintu isakA bAhara se lokahita kA kartA dikhAI de kintu vaha sacce artha meM lokahita tAtparya samAja kI upekSA nahIM hai / saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM svatva evaM kA kartA nahIM hai| ata: bhAratIya darzana ne Asakti se yA rAga se Upara mamatva ke lie nizcaya hI koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI vaha palAyana nahIM, uThakara lokahita karane ke lie eka yathArtha bhUmikA pradAna kii| sarAga apitu samarpaNa hai / mamatva kA parityAga karttavya kI upekSA nahIM hai, lokahita yA phalAsakti se yukta lokahita chadma svArtha hI hai / ataH apitu karttavya kA sahI bodha hai / saMnyAsI usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA bhAratIya darzanoM meM anAsakti evaM vItarAgatA ke pratyaya para jo kucha bala hai jahA~ vyakti apane meM samaSTi ko aura samaSTi meM apane ko dekhatA hai| diyA hai vaha sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| usakI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai / apane aura parAye ke vicAra se Upara ho jAnA vimukhatA nahIM hai, apitu yaha sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya darzana ke saMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAja to usake hRdaya kI vyApakatA hai, mahAnatA hai / isalie bhAratIya nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai kintu kyA saMnyAsa kI dhAraNA samAja-nirapekSa haiM ? cintakoM ne kahA hai - nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArika jIvana kA tyAga karatA hai kintu isase .

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA zaMkara kahate haiM. - ayaM nijaH paro veti gaNanA laghucetasAm / udAracaritAnAM tu basudhaiva kuTumbakam / / saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kii| usakI vAstavika sthiti 'dhAya' (narsa) ke samAna mamatva rahita karttavya bhAva kI hotI hai| kahA bhI gayA hai - sama dRSTi jIvar3A kare kuTumba pratipAla / antara sUM nyArA rahe jUM ghAya khilAve bAla / / vastutaH nirmamatva evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se tathA vaiyaktikatA aura svArtha se Upara uThakara kartavya kA pAlana hI saMnyAsa kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo loka maMgala ke lie apane vyaktitva evaM apane zarIra ko samarpita kara detA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI tyAga karatA hai vaha samAja ke lie eka Adarza banatA hai| samAja meM naitika cetanA ko jAgrata karanA tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM Ane vAlI duHpravRttiyoM se vyakti ko bacAkara loka maMgala ke lie use dizA-nirdeza denA saMnyAsI kA sarvopari karttavya mAnA gayA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana meM saMnyAsa kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai vaha sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai / saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A huA vyakti hotA hai| jo Adarza samAja racanA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aba hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA para carcA karanA caaheNge| (6) bhAratIya darzana mAnava jIvana ke lie artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| yadi hama sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM ina para vicAra karate haiM to inameM se artha, kAma aura dharma kA sAmAjika jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM hI ina tInoM puruSArthoM kI upalabdhi sambhava hai / arthopArjana aura kAma kA sevana to sAmAjika jIvana se jur3A huA hI hotA hai / kintu bhAratIya cintana meM dharma bhI sAmAjika vyavasthA aura zAnti ke lie hI hai kyoMki dharma ko 'dharmodhArayate prajAH ' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara usakA sambandha bhI hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se jor3A gayA hai| vaha loka maryAdA aura loka vyavasthA kA hI sUcaka hai| ataH puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM kevala mokSa hI eka aisA puruSArtha hai jisakI sAmAjika sArthakatA vicAraNIya hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA mokSa kI dhAraNA sAmAjika dRSTi se upAdeya ho. sakatI hai ? jahA~ taka mokSa kI maraNottara avasthA yA tattvamImAMsIya dhAraNA kA prazna hai usa sambandha meM na to bhAratIya darzanoM meM hI eka rUpatA hai aura na hI usakI koI sAmAjika sArthakatA hI khojI jA sakatI hai| kintu isI AdhAra para mokSa ko anupAdeya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki mokSa kA sambandha mukhyataH manuSya kI manovRtti se hai bandhana aura mukti donoM hI manuSya ke manovegoM se sambandhita haiM / rAga, dveSa, Asakti, tRSNA, mamatva, ahaM Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hI bandhana haiM aura inase mukta honA hI mukti mukti kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaina dArzanikoM ne kahA thA ki moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kI avasthA hI mukti hai / AcArya 'vAsanAprakSayo mokSaH ' (viveka cUr3AmaNi, 318) 1 vastutaH moha aura kSobha hamAre jIvana se jur3e hue haiM aura isalie mukti kA sambandha bhI hamAre jIvana se hI hai merI dRSTi meM mokSa mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti hai / yadi hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA cAhate haiM to hameM inhIM manovRttiyoM evaM mAnasika vikSobhoM ke sandarbha meM usa para vicAra karanA hogA / sambhavataH isa sambandha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM rakhegA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimanasya Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika bAdhaka hai| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA hArda hai to mukti kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| mokSa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambandhita hai / mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prAptavya hai, jo loga mokSa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve mokSa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM 531 dehasya mokSo no mokSo na daNDasya kamaNDalauH / avidyA hRdaya granthi mokSo mokSo yatastataH / / - viveka cUr3AmaNi, 559 maraNottara mokSa yA videha mukti sAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie koI sAdhanA apekSita nahIM hai| jisa prakAra mRtyu janma lene kA anivArya pariNAma hai usI prakAra videha mukti to jIvana-mukti kA anivArya pariNAma hai| ataH jo prAptavya hai, jo puruSArtha hai aura jo sAdhya hai vaha to jIvana mukti hI hai| jIvana mukti ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA se hama inkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate kyoMki jIvana-mukti eka aisA vyaktitva hai jo sadaiva loka-kalyANa ke lie prastuta rahatA hai| jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkara bauddha darzana meM arhat evaM bodhisatva aura vaidika darzana meM sthitaprajJa kI jo dhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai / vaha loka-maMgala aura mAnava kalyANa kA eka mahAn Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jana-jana kA duHkhoM se mukta honA hI mukti hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM, bhAratIya cintana meM vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA bhI loka kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM bodhisatva kA aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to loka maMgala ke liye apane bandhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai| - bahUnAmeka - duHkhena yadi dukhaM vigacchati / utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena parAtmanoH / / .

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532 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mucyamAneSu satveSu ye te prAmodyasAgarAH / hai jo apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM, samAja meM vilIna kara de / AcArya taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kim / / zAntideva likhate haiM - -bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/105,108 sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthi ca me manaH / yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to tyaktavyaM cenmayA sarvaM varaM satveSu dIyatAM / / karuNApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai / prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se -bodhicaryAvatAra, 3/11 mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira isa prakAra yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA apane mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? vaiyaktika virodhI hai, galata hai / mokSa vastuta: duHkhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya jIvana mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke ke adhikAMza duHkha, mAnavIya saMvargoM ke kAraNa hI haiM / ataH mukti, lie apane saMkalpa ko spaSTa karate hue bhAgavata ke saptama skandha meM IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi ke saMvargoM se mukti pAne meM hai aura isa prahalAda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki - rUpa meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| prAyeNa devamunayaH svavimuktikAmAH / duHkha, ahaMkAra evaM mAnasika klezoM se mukti rUpa meM mokSa kI upAdeyatA maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThAH / / aura sArthakatA ko asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| netAn vihAya kRpaNAm vimumukSurekaH / / / anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya jIvana-darzana kI dRSTi he prabhu ! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni pUrNatayA sAmAjika aura loka maMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhanA kiyA hai| usakI ekamAtra maMgala kAmanA hai - karate the kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thI / maiM to akelA ina saba sarve'trasukhinaH saMtu / sarve saMtu nirAmayAH / / duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM cAhatA / yaha bhAratIya darzana sarve bhadrANi pazyatu / mA kazcit duHkhamAptuyAt / / aura sAhitya kA sarvazreSTha udgAra hai / isI prakAra bodhisatva bhI sadaiva loka maMgala kI usakI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM hI dIna aura duHkhI janoM ko duHkha se mukta karAne ke lie prayatnazIla AcArya zAntideva ke zikSA samuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai / ata: bane rahane kI abhilASA karatA hai aura sabako mukta karAne ke pazcAt hI maiM usakI hindI meM anUdita nimna paMktiyoM se apane isa lekha kA samApana mukta honA cAhatA hai| karanA cAhU~gA - maveyamupajIvyo'haM yAvatsarve na nirvRtAH / isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, (bodhicaryAvatAra, 3/21) jitane dalita, bandhagrasita pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM; vastuta: mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu hI nahIM hai / isa sambandha jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiM / meM vinobA bhAbe ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiM jo kaThina bhaya se aura dArUNa zoka se atidIna haiM, jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akele hathiyAne kI vastu hai, ve mukta hoM nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, vaha usake hAtha se nikala jAtA hai / maiM ke Ate chUTe dalana ke phanda se , hI mokSa bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa yaha vAkya ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vicale na koI, hI galata hai / 'merA' miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai / vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, (Atma jJAna aura vijJAna, pR0 71) asanmArga dhare na koI, isI prakAra vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra se mukti hI hai / 'maiM' ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, athavA 'ahaM' bhAva se mukta hone ke lie hameM apane Apako samaSTi, meM sabakA hI parama kalyANa, samAja meM lIna kara denA hotA hai / mukti vahI vyakti prApta kara sakatA sabakA hI parama kalyANa /

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA kA dharma hai / sAmAnyatayA kI gaI hai / usameM apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti para ise sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jainadharma apanA adhikAra mAnane vAle ko spaSTata: cora kahA gayA / isa prakAra ko ekAnta rUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha satya hai hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika aura aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjikatA ke liye ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsa pradhAna zramaNa-paramparA meM hI huA na kevala preraNA dI gaI apitu eka dArzanika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use asAmAjika yA vyaktivAdI dharma gayA hai| mAnanA, eka bhrAMti hI hogI / jIvana meM duHkha kI yathArthatA aura duHkhavimukti kA jIvanAdarza, yaha jaina paramparA kA atha aura iti hai| jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA kintu duHkha aura duHkhavimukti ke ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM hai, jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai unameM unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai / duHkhavimukti kA unakA Adarza mAtra sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra ekatva kI anubhUti na hokara samatva kI vaiyaktika duHkhoM kI vimukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANijagat ke duHkhoM anubhUti rahI hai / yadyapi AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jise tU duHkha yA kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai / zramaNadhArA meM pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai / isameM yaha phalita hotA hai ki dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma evaM nIti kI yaha AcArAMgasUtra bhI ekatva kI anubhUti para sAmAjika yA ahiMsaka cetanA aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| ko vikasita karatA hai, phira bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra sabhI prANiyoM bhAratIya cintana meM sAmAjika cetanA ke prati samabhAva yA samatA kI bhAvanA rahI / unameM dUsaroM kI jijIviSA sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko aura sukha-duHkhAnubhUti 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke AdhAra para samajhane kA tIna yugoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai / (1) vaidika yuga, (2) aupaniSadika prayatna kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala yuga, (3) jaina aura bauddha yuga / sarvaprathama jahA~ vaidika yuga meM 'saMgacchadhvaM diyA gyaa| yadyapi jaina aura bauddhadharma nivRttipradhAna rahe kintu isakA yaha saMvadadhvaM saMvomanAMsi jAnatAm' arthAt tuma milakara calo, tuma milakara artha nahIM hai ki ve samAja se vimukha the / vastuta: bhArata meM yadi dharma bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM- isa rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA ke kSetra meM saMghIya sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kisI paramparA ne kiyA to ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vahIM aupaniSadika yuga vaha zramaNa-paramparA hI thii| jainadharma ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara apane prathama meM usa sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA ke liye dArzanika AdhAra prastuta pravacana meM hI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karatA hai / usake dharmacakra kA kie gye| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM pravartana saMgha-pravartana se hI prArambha hotA hai / yadi mahAvIra meM lokamaMgala ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI to ve apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA ekatva kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM karatA / aupaniSadika kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt dharmacakra kA pravartana hI kyoM karate? praznavyAkaraNasUtra cintana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI ekatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaGkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI jaba ekatva kI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva prANiyoM kI rakSA aura karuNA ke lie hai / pA~coM mahAvrata saba prakAra svataH samApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki 'para' rahatA hI nahIM, ata: kisase ghRNA se lokahita ke lie haiM / hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha yA vidveSa kiyA jAye / ghRNA, vidveSa Adi parAyepana ke bhAva meM hI sambhava (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI hI duSpravRttiyA~ haiM hote haiM, jaba sabhI sva yA AtmIya hoM to ghRNA yA vidveSa kA avasara / jaina sAdhanA-paramparA meM paMcavratoM yA paMcazIloM ke rUpa meM jisa dharmahI kahA~ raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA mArga kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha mAtra vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM ko eka sudRr3ha dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sampatti apitu sAmAjika jIvana ke lie thA / kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai kisI para vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM sampUrNa sampatti ko IzvarIya denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI zakti kA apaharaNa karanA, sampadA mAnakara usa para se vaiyaktika adhikAra ko samApta kara diyA gayA vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha aura vyakti ko yaha kahA gayA ki vaha jAgatika sampadA para dUsaroM ke sthApita karanA / isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM adhikAroM ko mAnya karake hI usa sampatti kA upabhoga kre| isa prakAra Arthika viSamatA paidA karanA / kyA sAmAjika jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA 'tena tyaktena bhujIthA' ke rUpa meM upabhoga ke sAmAjika adhikAra kI koI artha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha cetanA ko vikasita kiyA gyaa| isI tathya kI puSTi zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI ke jo jIvanamUlya jaina-darzana ne prastuta kiye ve pUrNata: sAmAjika mUlya

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534 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haiM aura unakA uddezya sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi hai / loka-maMgala aura se mile haiM / yadi manuSya se usake sAmAjika avadAnoM ko pRthak kara loka-kalyANa yaha zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-paramparA diyA jAya to usakA kucha astitva hI nahIM rahegA / dUsarI ora, yaha kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ko bhI sahI hai ki binA manuSya ke manuSyatva kA koI artha nahIM hai| manuSya sarvocca tIrtha kahA hai, ve likhate haiM ki "sarvApadA:dAmantakaraM nirantaM se pRthak manuSyatva nahIM hotA, ThIka yahI bAta samAja ke sandarbha meM bhI sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva'', arthAt he prabho ! ApakA yaha dharmatIrtha sabhI hai| samAja kA astitva vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM prANiyoM ke du:khoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa karane samAja sambhava hI nahIM hai| dUsarI ora vAlA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA ne nivRttimArga ko kucha hai vaha samAja ke kAraNa hai / isa prakAra jainadarzana meM na to nirapekSa pradhAnatA dekara bhI use saMghIya sAdhanA ke rUpa meM loka-kalyANa kA rUpa se vyakti ko mahattva diyA gayA hai aura na hI samAja ko / jainadharma Adarza dekara sAmAjika banAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, kI anekAntika dRSTi kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vyakti samAja-sApekSa hai aura nagaradharma, rASTradharma aura gaNadharma ke jo ullekha haiM, ve sAmAjika sApekSatA samAja vyakti-sApekSa / jo loga vyakti nirapekSa samAja athavA samAja ko spaSTa kara dete haiM / pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre nirapekSa vyakti kI bAta karate haiM ve donoM hI yathArtha se apanA mukha mor3a pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra sumadhura aura samAyojanapUrNa bana sakeM aura lete haiM / sAmAnya rUpa se to sabhI bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM kisa prakAra se jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja meM se kisI eka ko dUra kiyA jA sake, yahI jainadarzana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hI saba kucha mAna lenA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki sAmAjika hai / jainadarzana ne AcArazuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se kalyANa ke liye vyakti ke hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai / kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki sAmUhika hita bhI vaiyaktika hita se bhinna nahIM haiN| sabake hita meM vyakti kA hita to nihita hI hai| vyakti vyakti aura samAja : jaina dRSTikoNa meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti anusyUta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMgha hita sAmAjika darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA ko sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM eka aitihAsika kathA hai ki dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI aura udAra rahA hai / Age hama kramaza: una bhadrabAhu ne apanI vaiyaktika dhyAna-sAdhanA ke liye saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina dRSTikoNa para vicAra kreNge| ko pUrva-sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAne kI mA~ga ko ThukarA diyaa| isa samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja meM kise pramukha para saMgha ne unase pUchA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA aura saMghahita meM kyA pradhAna mAnA jAya, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai / vyaktivAdI dArzanika yaha hai ? yadi Apa saMghahita kI upekSA karate haiM to Apako saMgha meM rahane kA mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI pramukha hai, samAja vyakti ke liye banAyA gayA adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| Apako bahiSkRta kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM bhadrabAha hai| vyakti sAdhya hai, samAja sAdhana hai, ata: samAja ko vaiyaktika hitoM ko saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI par3I21 / yadyapi samAja ke hita ke nAma para AghAta karane yA unheM sImita karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| dUsarI para AdhyAtmika aura naitika mUlyoM ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ora, samAjavAdI dArzanika samAja ko hI sarvasva mAnate haiM / unake jaina-paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki Atmahita karanA cAhiye aura yadi zakya anusAra sAmAjika kalyANa hI pramukha hai, samAja se pRthak vyakti kI ho to lokahita bhI karanA cAhiye aura jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita sattA kucha hai hI nhiiN| vaha jo kucha bhI hai samAja dvArA nirmita hai / ata: meM naitika virodha kA prazna ho vahA~ Atmahita ko hI cunanA pdd'egaa| sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki yahA~ Atmahita kA tAtparya vaiyaktika sakatA hai / ina donoM prakAra ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ko jainadarzana svArthoM kI pUrti nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai / vastuta: asvIkAra karatA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka- vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya astitva ke anivArya dUsare se nirapekSa hokara apanA astitva hI kho dete haiN| usake anusAra aMga hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ne kahA thA - manuSya manuSya nahIM hai dArzanika dRSTi se vyaktirahita sAmAnya (samAja) aura sAmAnyarahita vyakti yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM aura yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hai to pazu se donoM hI ayathArtha haiM / ve sAmAnya (universal) aura vizeSa adhika nahIM hai / manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM (individual) nyAya-vaizeSikoM ke samAna svatantra tattva nahIM mAnate haiN| kA atikramaNa karane meM hai13 / kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki manuSyatva nAmaka sAmAnya guNa se rahita koI manuSya nahIM ho sakatA aura jainadarzana apanI anekAntika dRSTi ke kAraNa manuSya ko eka hI sAtha binA manuSya (vyakti) ke manuSyatva kI koI sattA nahIM hotI / vizeSa rUpa vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI mAnatA hai / se jaba hama manuSya ke sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| ata: sAmAjikatA ke binA manuSya kA koI rAga jor3atA bhI hai aura tor3atA bhI hai astitva nahIM hai / manuSya ko apane jaivika astitva se lekara bhASA, yaha ThIka hai ki jaba manuSya meM rAga kA tattva vikasita hotA sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jIvana-mUlya Adi jo kucha mile haiM, ve samAja hai to vaha dUsaroM se jur3atA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dUsaroM

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 535 se jur3ane kA artha hai kahIM se kaTanA / kyoMki jo kisI se jur3atA hai sArthakatA svahitoM/svArthoM kA balidAna karake dUsaroM kA maMgala karane meM to kahIM se kaTatA avazya hai| rAga kA tattva vyakti ke sva kI sImA hI hai| pArasparika hita-sAdhana hI jIva kA svabhAva hai aura isI se kA vistAra to avazya karatA hai kintu use dUsaroM se alaga bhI kara detA usakI karttavyatA hai / isI ke AdhAra para hamArA mAnava-samAja khar3A huA hai| jaba hama vaiyaktika svArthoM se yukta hote haiM to hamArA sva saMkucita hai| rAgAtmakatA hameM kisI se jor3atI hai to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai, hotA hai aura jaba hama sAmAjikatA se jur3ate haiM to hamAre sva kA kSetra kyoMki rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha jItA hai / rAga aura dveSa aise jur3avA~ vikasita hotA hai| kintu jaba taka hama apane aura parAye ke bhAva kA zizu haiM jo eka-dUsare ke sAtha jIte aura marate haiM / rAga ke abhAva meM atikramaNa nahIM kara pAte haiM taba taka hamArA 'sva' yA 'AtmA' pUrNa nahIM dveSa aura dveSa ke abhAva meM rAga nahIM jI pAtA hai / ata: rAga ke AdhAra bana pAtA hai / jainoM ke anusAra hamAre jIvana meM jo bhI TUTana hai, jo bhI para jo samAja khar3A hogA usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda sImAe~ haiM aura jo bhI mere-parAye ke bhAva haiM, ye sabhI rAga aura dveSa ke hogA hI, kintu kartavyabodha ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA vaha tattvoM ke kAraNa haiM / jaba taka hama merA deza, merI jAti, merA dharma Adi varNabheda aura vargabheda se Upara hogaa| ina 'maiM' aura 'mere' ke gheroM se Upara nahIM uThate, dUsare zabdoM meM mere-tere vastuta: mAnavIya viveka ke AdhAra para hI kartavyabodha kI jo ke gheroM kA atikramaNa jaba taka nahIM kara jAte taba taka sahI arthoM meM cetanA jAgRta hotI hai, vahI hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| rAga kI sAmAjika bhI nahIM bana pAte haiM / 14 mere aura parAye kI mana:sthiti meM hama bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA dAyitvabodha yA apane Apako kinhIM zRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA hI pAte haiM / jainadharma kI kartavya kI bhASA hai / jisa samAja meM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI sAdhanA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se sva kI saMkucita hai vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hI phalita hotI hai / svastha sImA ko tor3anA hai aura apane aura parAye kI isa saMkucita sImA kA sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra adhikAra nahIM, kartavyabodha hai / jainadharma jisa atikramaNa karanA asAmAjika honA nahIM hai / jainadharma mukhyatayA isa bAta sAmAjika cetanA kI bAta karatA hai vaha mAnavIya viveka kA anivArya para bala detA hai ki hama eka svastha sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa kareM aura pariNAma hai / viveka se karttavyatA aura sama-buddhi/samatA jAgRta hotI hai yaha svastha sAmAjikatA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM varan rAga kA atikramaNa - jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, taba mere aura karake hI kI jA sakatI hai| tere kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| sama-buddhi se sabhI Atmavat haiM, aisI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai / yahI Atmavat dRSTi hamArI sAmAjikatA sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra : rAgAtmakatA yA viveka ? kA AdhAra hai / jaba taka AtmatulyatA kA bodha nahIM AtA hai, taba taka sambhavata: yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana na to hiMsA, ghRNA Adi kI asAmAjika vRttiyoM se Upara uThA jA rAga ko samApta karane kI bAta karatA hai kintu rAga ke abhAva meM sakatA hai aura na hama sahI artha meM sAmAjika hI bana pAte haiM / jainadarzana sAmAjika jIvana se jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA? yadi apanepana aura meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI AtmatulyatA kA bodha hai / merepana kA bhAva na ho to sAre sAmAjika bandhana caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| yaha rAgAtmakatA hI hai jo hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai aura samAja kA sAmAjika jIvana kA bAdhaka tattva : ahaMkAra nirmANa karatI hai| kintu kyA vastuta: rAgAtmakatA hamAre sAmAjika sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya sambandhoM kA yathArtha kAraNa ho sakatI hai, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai- karatA hai / ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zAsana kI icchA athavA Adhipatya kI rAga yadi hameM kahIM jor3atA hai to vaha hameM kahIM se tor3atA bhI hai, merI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA paidA hotI hai / vinamra mAnyatA hai ki yadi hama rAga ke AdhAra para samAja ko khar3A kareMge zAsaka-zAsita kA bheda ahaMkAra ke kAraNa hI khar3A hotA hai / vartamAna to vaha eka svArthI vyaktiyoM kA samAja hI hogaa| vastutaH samAja kI yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne kI pravRtti hai, usake saMracanA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM viveka ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai| mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi hI hai / jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya yadi maiM dUsaroM kA maMgala yA hitasAdhana isaliye karatA hU~ ki ve mere apane kI pravRtti dRr3ha hotI hai to vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, haiM, aura aisA karane se mere apanepana kA gherA kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho, pariNAmata: dUsaroM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI hai / na kevala zAsita mujhe eka svArthI vyakti se adhika kucha bhI nahIM rahane degA / hameM dUsaroM aura zAsaka kA bheda apitu jAtibheda aura vargabheda ke pIche bhI yahI kA hita-sAdhana kevala isaliye nahIM karanA hai ki ve hamAre apane haiM ahaMkAra kA tattva kAma karatA hai / jaba hama apane kula yA jAti ke apitu isaliye karanA hai ki dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana karanA merA svabhAva ahaMkAra se yukta hote haiM to dUsaroM ko hIna samajhane kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai, svadharma hai, kartavya hai / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samAja jisa hai jisakA pariNAma jAti-saMgharSa yA varga-saMgharSa hotA hai / AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai vaha rAga nahIM, viveka kA tattva hai, karttavyatA kA bodha hai / tattvArthasUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvadravya kA svabhAva jAtivAda kA virodha aura sAmAjika samatA paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAraka honA hai15 / vyakti ke jIvana kI jainadharma ahaMkAra ke upazamana ke sAtha-sAtha jAtivAda aura

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536 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 varNavAda kA spaSTarUpa se virodha karatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki kisI sarvaprathama vivAha-paddhati kA prArambha kiyA thAre / punaH bharata aura jAti meM janma lene mAtra se nahIM, apitu vyakti kA sadAcAra aura usakI bAhubalI kI bahanoM-brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bhI AjIvana brahmacArI rahane naitikatA hI usako zreSTha banAtI hai isa prakAra jainadharma jAtigata zreSThatA aura apane bhAiyoM se vivAha na karane kA nirNaya liye jAne para samAja ke sampratyaya kA virodha karatA hai / vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki koI meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA milI, kintu vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana vyakti isa AdhAra para brAhmaNa nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI brAhmaNI ke garbha kA aMga na mAnane ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM kisI vivAha-paddhati se utpanna huA hai, apitu vaha brAhmaNa isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki usakA kA vikAsa nahIM kiyA / isa sambandha meM jo bhI sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI AcAra aura vyavahAra zreSTha hai16 / jainadarzana jAtigata zreSThatA ke sthAna haiM usa AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke sambandha meM para AcAragata zreSThatA ko hI mahattva detA hai / AcArAMga meM spaSTa kahA jainasamAja bRhad hindU-samAja ke hI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA anugamana karatA gayA hai ki na to koI hIna hai aura na koI zreSTha / Aja hama dekhate rahA aura Aja bhI karatA hai| haiM ki jAtigata AdhAroM para aneka sAmAjika saMgaThana banate haiM lekina prAcIna jaina granthoM meM vivAha kaise kiyA jAya, isakA ullekha aise sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ko jainadharma koI mAnyatA nahIM detA hai / Aja to nahIM milatA hai, kintu vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke saMyamana bhI jainasaMgha meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se apanI sAdhanA karate kA eka sAdhana mAnakara usameM gRhastha upAsakoM ke lie svptniihaiN| mathurA Adi ke prAcIna abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki aneka santoSavrata kA vidhAna avazya milatA hai / AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM jina-mandira aura mUrtiyA~ gaMdhI, telI, svarNakAra, lohAkAra, mallAha, pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai, usameM nartaka aura gaNikAoM dvArA nirmita haiM / ve sabhI jAtiyA~ aura varga jo vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM - (1) kAmavAsanA kI tRpti hindU-dharma meM varNavyavasthA kI kaThora rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa nimna mAnI (2) santAnotpatti / jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke gaI thIM, jainadharma meM samAdRta the|8 / harikezIbala (cANDAla), mAtaMga, niyantraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka mAnA thA / gRhastha kA arjuna (mAlAkAra) Adi aneka nimna jAtiyoM meM utpanna hue mahAna svapatnIsantoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyantrita karatA sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM ke ullekha jainAgamoM meM milate haiM jo isa hai, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna-vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki jainadharma meM jAtivAda yA U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva avivAhita strI se yauna sambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi mAnya nahIM the19 / isa prakAra jainadharma samAja meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA ke niSedha isI bAta ke sUcaka haiM / jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna virodhI thaa| usakA udghoSa thA ki sampUrNa mAnava-jAti eka hai| sambandhoM kI zuddhi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai / vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara sAmAjika jIvana kI pavitratA kA AdhAra : vivAha saMsthA se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu-auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha parivAra se hI hotA hai aura usI prakAra kAma-jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI parivAra kA nirmANa vivAha ke bandhana se hotA hai / ata: vivAha-saMsthA auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai22 / isase itanA pratiphalita hotA hai ki sAmAjika darzana kI eka pramukha samasyA hai / vivAha-saMsthA ke udbhava jainadharma avaidha yA svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai / usameM ke pUrva yadi koI samAja rahA hogA to vaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM kA eka vivAha-sambandhoM kI yadi koI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai to vaha samUha rahA hogA jo pArasparika surakSA hetu eka-dUsare se milakara rahate yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa kI dRSTi se hI hai aura yaha usakI nivRttimArgI hoMge / vivAha kA AdhAra kevala kAma-vAsanA kI santuSTi hI nahIM hai, dhArA ke anukUla bhI hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi koI AjIvana apitu pArasparika AkarSaNa aura prema bhI hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki nivRttipradhAna brahmacArI banakara saMyama-sAdhanA meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai to use saMnyAsamArgI jaina paramparA meM isa vivAha saMsthA ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivAha sambandha ke dvArA apanI yaunavAsanA ko niyantrita kara lenA vivaraNa nahIM milate haiM / jainadharma apanI vairAgyavAdI paramparA ke kAraNa cAhiye / isIliye zrAvaka ke pA~ca aNuvratoM meM svapatnIsantoSavrata nAmaka prathamata: to yahI mAnatA rahA ki usakA prathama kartavya vyakti ko saMnyAsa vrata rakhA gayA hai / punaH zrAvaka jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM kI dRSTi se kI dizA meM prerita karanA hai, isaliye prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jainadharmAnukUla vezyAgamana aura parastrI-gamana ko niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAhe vivAha-paddhati ke koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote| prAcInakAla meM bRhad vidhimukha se na ho kintu niSedhamukha se jainadharma vivAha-saMsthA kI bhAratIya samAja yA hindU samAja se pRthak jainoM kI apanI koI vivAha- upayogitA aura mahattA ko svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| paddhati rahI hogI yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina cAhe dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke rUpa meM jainoM meM vivAha sambandhI dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM prAcInakAla se hI vivAha hote rahe haiM / jaina purANa ullekha na milatA ho, kintu jaina kathA-sAhitya meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha sAhitya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika kAla hote haiM, unake AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra karane lagate meM samAna vaya aura samAna kula ke madhya vivAha sambandha sthApita karane the aura eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para RSabha ne ke ullekha milate haiM23 / AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki

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bAlabhAva se mukta hone para hI vivAha kiye jAte the| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM bAla vivAha kI anumati nahIM thI mAtra yahI kucha kathAnakoM meM bAla-vivAha ke athavA avayaska kanyAoM ke vivAha ke dUSita pariNAmoM ke ullekha bhI mila jAte haiN| vivAha sambandha ko hindUdharma kI taraha hI jainadharma meM bhI eka AjIvana sambandha hI mAnA gayA thA / ataH vivAha-viccheda ko jainadharma meM bhI koI sthAna nahIM milaa| vaivAhika jIvana dUbhara hone para usa strI kA bhikSuNI bana jAnA hI ekamAtra vikalpa thaa| jaina AcAryoM ne alpakAlIna vivAha sambandha aura alpavayaska vivAha ko ghRNita mAnA hai aura ise zrAvaka jIvana kA eka doSa nirUpita kiyA hai| jahA~ taka bahupati prathA kA prazna hai, hameM draupadI ke eka ApavAdika kathAnaka ke atirikta isakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bahupatnI prathA jo prAcInakAla meM eka sAmAnya paramparA bana gaI thI, usakA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| isa bahupatnI prathA ko jaina paramparA kA dhArmika anumodana ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya meM aisA koI vidhAyaka nirdeza prApta nahIM hotA jisase bahupatnI prathA kA samarthana kiyA gayA ho| jaina sAhitya mAtra itanA hI batalAtA hai ki bahupatnI prathA usa samaya sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita thI aura jaina parivAroM meM bhI aneka patniyA~ rakhane kA pracalana thA, kintu jaina sAhitya meM hameM koI aisA ullekha nahIM milatA ki kisI zrAvaka ne jainadharma ke paMca aNuvratoM ko grahaNa karane ke pazcAt apanA dUsarA vivAha kiyA ho / gRhastha upAsaka ke svapatnIsantoSavrata ke jina aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM eka paravivAhakaraNa bhI hai25 / yadyapi isakA artha jaina AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTi se kiyA hai kintu isakA sAmAnya artha dUsarA vivAha karanA hI hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kA anumodana to ekapatnIvrata kI ora hI thaa| Age calakara isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jAne lagA ki sva santAna ke atirikta anya kI santAnoM kA vivAha karavAnA kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha eka paravartI artha hai / nahIM, jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana - isI prakAra vezyAgamana ko bhI niSiddha mAnA gyaa| aparigRhItA arthAt avivAhitA strI se yauna-sambandha banAnA bhI zrAvakatrata kA eka aticAra (doSa) mAnA gayA" jainAcAryoM meM somadeva hI ekamAtra apavAda haiM jo gRhastha ke vezyAgamana ko anaitika ghoSita nahIM krte| zeSa sabhI jainAcAryoM ne vezyAgamana kA eka svara se niSedha kiyA hai| / jahA~ taka prema-vivAha aura mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha sambandhoM kA prazna hai, jainAgamoM meM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki vaha kisa prakAra ke vivAha sambandhoM ko karane yogya mAnate haiN| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA ke draupadI evaM malli adhyayana meM pitA putrI se spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mere dvArA kiyA gayA cunAva tere kaSTa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isaliye tuma svayaM hI apane pati kA cunAva karo 27 / isakA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki jaina paramparA meM mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAhoM aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM dvArA apanI icchA se cune gaye vivAha sambandhoM ko mAnyatA prApta thI / 537 jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM thaa| aneka jaina kathAoM meM anya dharmAvalambI kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke ullekha milate haiM aura yaha vyavasthA Aja bhI pracalita hai| Aja bhI jaina parivAra apanI samAna jAti ke hindU parivAra kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha sambandha karate haiN| isI prakAra apanI kanyA ko hindU parivAroM meM pradAna bhI karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA vivAhita hone para patnI pati ke dharma kA anugamana karatI hai kintu prAcIna kAla se Aja taka aise bhI saikar3oM udAharaNa jaina sAhitya meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM milate haiM jahA~ pati patnI ke dharma kA anugamana karane lagatA hai yA phira donoM apane-apane dharma kA paripAlana karate haiM aura santAna ko unameM se kisI ke bhI dharma ko cunane kI svatantratA hotI hai| phira bhI isa visaMvAda se bacane ke liye sAmAnya vyavahAra meM isa bAta ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI hai ki jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha kreN| pArivArika dAyitva aura jaina dRSTikoNa , gRhastha kA sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtA-pitA ke prati unakI bhakti bhAvanA kA hI sUcaka hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai / jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA jahA~ binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI pati yA patnI kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtti pAkara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kreN| isa bAta kI puSTi antakRddazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai jaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA ho kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA, to unake pAlanapoSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kara lU~gA / 28 yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM saMnyAsa ke liye parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thA / ataH aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jAye / mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA ki RNI, rAjakIya sevaka - 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538 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yA sainika ko bhI jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA kA zoSaNa na ho / nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaave| adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna hindUdharma bhI pitR-RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA rakhanA cAhiye varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai / cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA cAhiye, jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyA~ gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho, sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM nirbhara haiN| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai / jaina-sUtroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke liye nagarasthavira kI sAmAjika dharma yojanA kA ullekha hai / Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA jaina AcAra darzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya vivecanA kI gayI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta nagarasthavira ke haiN| prakAza DAlA gayA hai / jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke 3. rASTradharma - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM sandarbha meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana upalabadha hai - (1) grAmadharma, (2) nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa nagaradharma, (3) rASTradharma, (4) pAkhaNDadharma, (5) kuladharma, (6) gaNadharma, sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke (7) saMghadharma, (8) siddhAntadharma (zrutadharma), (9) cAritradharma aura sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bA~dhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai (10) astikAyadharma 29 / inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva jIvana se sambandhita haiN| banAye rakhanA / rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai / Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya 1. grAmadharma - grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA liye jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA,rASTrIya karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya Adara karate hue unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana karanA / upAsakakaranA / grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai / ata: sAmUhika dazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma gayA hai / jainAgamoM meM rASTrasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai / prajAtantra ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura Apasa meM meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake liye prayatnazIla rahanA hI kA rahA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva hai / grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rahatI / jisa pariveza meM hama 4. pAkhaNDadharma - jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna vyAkhyA kI hai / jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho vaha pAkhaNDa karanA hamArA kartavya hai / pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke liye hai / dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jAgRta raheM ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha pAkhaNDI / sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai / grAmasthavira kA prayatna pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai / samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke liye grAmajanoM hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai / pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, meM pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rahe / niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai / pAkhaNDadharma ke liye vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstA-sthavira zabda kI dRSTi 2. nagaradharma - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke kA jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| mAdhyama se niyantrita karane vAla adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya sAmAnyataH grAmadharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai / nagaradharma ke logoM ko dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke liye prerita karate antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika-niyamoM kA pAlana evaM rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai / lekina samAna hotA hogA jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| zikSA denA hotA hogaa| yugIna sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 539 5. kuladharma - parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra- 8. zrutadharma - sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai / parivAra kA zikSaNa-vyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana karanA / ziSya kA guru ke anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke sadasya prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya viSaya hai / sAmAjika sandarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika hai parivAra kA saMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai / guru aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika bacAnA / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke liye kuladharma kA sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai jabaki ziSya kA nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| 6. gaNadharma - gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke 9. cAritradharma - cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai zramaNa evaM gRhastha vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai / mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana karanA / yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahuta milatA hai / gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote haiN| kucha sambandha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI gaNa do mAne gaye haiM - 1. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara hai| ahiMsA sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke (dhArmika) / jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote saMsthApana ke liye haiN| anAgraha sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vidveSa evaM haiM jinheM 'gaccha' kahA jAtA hai / pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha meM thor3A-bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai / gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama-upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM karanA gaNadharma hai / paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai / gaNa kI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAe~ denA, niyamoM ko 10-astikAyadharma - astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai / jaina vicAraNA ke tattvamImAMsA se hai, ata: usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai / anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke lie niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai / jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA 7. saMghadharma - vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai / jaina yaha varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika AcAryoM ne saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai jisameM vibhinna karatA hai| kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate vastuta: jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika haiN| saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| sandarbha jaina-paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM - 1. laukika saMgha aura 2.lokottara saMgha / laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai / laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya karttavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kare / saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke liye koI bhI kArya nahIM kare / ekatA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rahe / jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai / nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahattva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina-paramparA meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai / 32 1. Rgveda, 10/19/12. 2. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6. 3. vahI, 1. 4. zrImadbhAgavata, 7/14/8. 5. AcArAMga, 1/5/5. 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2. 7. vahI, 2/1/3. 8. samantabhadra, yuktayAnuzAsana, 61. 9. sthAnAMga, 10/760. 10. dekheM - sAgaramala jaina, vyakti aura samAja, zramaNa, varSa 34, (1983) aMka 2.

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11. dekheM - prabandhakoza, bhadrabAhu kathAnaka. 12. uddhRta - (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441. (kha) bhagavatIArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR0 197. 83. Bradle, Ethical, Studies. 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 3-4. 15. umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25/19. 17. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/75. 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR0 153. 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43. 20. AcArAMganiyukti, 19. 21. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 152. 22. jinasena, AdipurANa, 11/166-167. 23. antakRtadazAMga, 3/1/3. 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48. 25. vahI, 1/48. 26. vahI, 1/48. 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 (malliadhyayana), 16 (draupadI adhyayana). 28. antakRddazAMga, 5/1/21. 29. sthAnAMga, 10/760 / vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM dharmavyAkhyA, javAhara lAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR0 86. 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 32. nandIsUtra - pIThikA, 4-17. jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara-asundara, buddhimAn-mUrkha, sAdhanA ke kSetra hoM, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko Arya-anArya, kulIna-akulIna, sparzya-asparzA, dhanI-nirdhana Adi ke janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiM / yaha satya hai ki bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiM / inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva kucha mAnava sRjita / ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti kAraNa haiM / yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika-vikAsa, AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hoMge / vyavasAya yA karma kArya-kSamatA, vyAvasAyika-yogyatA Adi kI dRSTi se viSamatA yA ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie taratamatA hotI hai / kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga-vizeSa meM janma lene meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye - yahI ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai / yaha satya hai ki mAnava samAja meM hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra bhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA varga-bheda yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI haiN| hama hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAn meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho / usakA tAtparya hai mAnava yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai / eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAn athavA samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hoM tathA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAn to dUsarA mUrkha pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurUpa ho sakatA hai / ata: isa prakAra kI kSetra nirdhArita kara sake / isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvika para vibhinna vargoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana yogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma-saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra hoM, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA

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jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 541 sAdhanA kA usameM praveza kA dvAra sabhI ke lie binA bheda-bhAva ke khulA hai| jisa prakAra naTa raMgazAlA meM kArya sthiti ke anurUpa vicitra vezabhUSA rahanA cAhie / jaina dharma spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki kisI ko dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jIva bhI saMsAra rUpI raMgamaMca para karmoM jAti yA varNa-vizeSa meM janma lene se koI vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko prApta hotA hai / tattvata: AtmA na brAhmaNa hotaa| use jo hIna yA zreSTha banAtA hai, vaha hai usakA apanA puruSArtha, hai, na kSatriya, na vaizya aura na zUdra hii| vaha to apane hI pUrva karmoM ke usakI apanI sAdhanA, sadAcAra aura karma / hama jainoM ke isI dRSTikoNa vaza meM hokara saMsAra meM vibhinna rUpoM meM janma grahaNa karatA hai / yadi zarIra ko agrima pRSThoM meM sapramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna kregeN| ke AdhAra para hI kisI ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya kahA jAya, to yaha bhI ucita janmanA varNa-vyavasthA : eka asamIcIna avadhAraNA nahIM hai / vijJa-jana deha ko nahIM jJAna (yogyatA) ko hI brahma kahate jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki haiN| ata: nikRSTa kahA jAne vAlA zUdra bhI jJAna yA prajJA-kSamatA ke AdhAra brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriya kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jaMghA para vedAdhyayana karane kA pAtra ho sakatA hai / vidyA, AcaraNa evaM sadguNa se aura zUdra kI pairoM se huI hai / cU~ki mukha zreSTha aMga hai, ata: ina sabameM se rahita vyakti jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, brAhmaNa hI zreSTha hai| / brahmA ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM se janma ke AdhAra apitu apane jJAna, sadguNa Adi se yukta hokara hI brAhmaNa hotA hai| para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra aisI varNa-vyavasthA jaina cintakoM ko vyAsa, vaziSTha, kamaTha, kaMTha, droNa, parAzara Adi apane janma ke AdhAra svIkAra nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya strI-yoni se hI utpanna para nahIM, apitu apane sadAcaraNa evaM tapasyA se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta hote haiM / ata: sabhI samAna haiM / punaH ina aMgoM meM se kisI ko zreSTha hue the / ata: brAhmaNatva Adi sadAcAra aura kartavyazIlatA para evaM uttama aura kisI ko nikRSTa yA hIna mAnakara varNa-vyavasthA meM AdhArita hai - janma para nahIM / zreSThatA evaM hInatA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke sabhI aMga samAna mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika varNoM kI bhinnatA saccA brAhmaNa kauna ? ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI jainoM jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA ko mAnya nahIM hai| aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM AcArya jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane varAMgacarita meM isa bAta kA adhyayana evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai ki zArIrika vibhinnatAoM yA vargoM ke kauna hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana upalabdha hai / vistAra bhaya se usakI AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA jAti sambandhI vargIkaraNa mAtra pazu-pakSI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala kucha gAthAoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma Adi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sandarbha meM nhiiN| legeN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'jise loka meM kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa vanaspati evaM pazu-pakSI Adi meM jAti kA vicAra sambhava hai, kintu kahA hai, jo agni ke samAna sadA pUjanIya hai aura jo priyajanoM ke Ane manuSya ke viSaya meM yaha vicAra saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSya samAna para Asakta nahIM hotA aura na unake jAne para zoka karatA hai, jo sadA haiN| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai / na to sabhI brAhmaNa zubhra varNa ke hote Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use brAhmaNa kahate haiN|' haiM, na sabhI kSatriya rakta varNa ke, na sabhI vaizya pIta varNa ke aura na sabhI 'kasauTI para kase hue aura agni ke dvArA dagdhamala hue, zuddha zudra kRSNa varNa ke hote haiN| ata: janma ke AdhAra para jAti va varNa kA kiye gae jAta rUpa sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai, jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya nizcaya sambhava nahIM hai| __ se mukta hai tathA jo tapasvI hai, kRza hai, dAnta hai, jisakA mAMsa aura samAja meM U~ca-nIca kA AdhAra kisI varNa vizeSa yA jAti rakta apacita (kama) ho gayA hai, jo suvrata hai, zAMta hai, use hI brAhmaNa vizeSa meM janma lenA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / na kevala jaina paramparA, kahA jAtA hai|' apitu hindU paramparA meM bhI aneka udAharaNa hai jahA~ nimna varSoM se utpanna 'jo trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyaka prakAra se jAnakara vyakti bhI apanI pratibhA aura AcAra ke AdhAra para zreSTha khlaaye| unakI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha, hAsya, brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA para prazna cihna lagAte hue vaMrAgacaritameM jaTAsiMha lobha athavA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacitta yA acitta, thor3A yA nandi kahate haiM ki 'jo brAhmaNa svayaM rAjA kI kRpA ke AkAMkSI haiM aura adhika adatta nahIM letA hai, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna unake dvArA anuzAsita hokara unake anugraha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, aise kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA hai, jisa prakAra jala meM dIna brAhmaNa nRpoM (kSatriyoM) se kaise zreSTha kahe jA sakate haiM / dvija brahmA utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo kAmabhogoM ke mukha se nirgata hue ata: zreSTha haiM -- yaha vacana kevala apane svArthoM se alipta rahatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN|' kI pUrti ke lie kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNa pratidina rAjAoM kI stuti karate isI prakAra jo rasAdi meM lolupa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se haiM aura unake lie svasti pATha evaM zAnti pATha karate haiM, lekina vaha jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai, jo gRha tyAgI hai, jo aMkicana hai, saba bhI dhana kI AzA se hI kiyA jAtA hai ata: aise brAhmaNa AptakAma pUrvajJAtijanoM evaM bandhu-bAndhavoM meM Asakta nahIM rahatA hai, use hI brAhmaNa nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM / phalata: inakA apanI zreSThatA kA dAvA mithyA kahate hai /

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542 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'jaise kamala patra para pAnI se brAhmaNa hue haiN| isalie brAhmaNa hone meM jAti vizeSa meM janma kAraNa hotA hai, jaise Are kI noMka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo nahIM haiM, apitu tapa yA sadAcAra hI kAraNa hai| kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA jainoM ko bhI svIkArya anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jaina paramparA meM varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM apitu karma mAnA jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai- gayA hai / jaina vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kI virodhI hai kintu karmaNA use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha varNavyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra donoM paramparAoM ne hI sadAcAra ke AdhAra para brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko meM kahA gayA hai ki -- 'manuSya karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya evaM karma svIkAra karate hue, brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo sadAcAra se vaizya evaM zUdra hotA hai / ' mahApurANa meM kahA gayA ki jAtinAma karma aura sAmAjika samatA kI pratiSThApaka thI / na kevala jaina paramparA evaM ke udaya se to manuSya jAti eka hI hai / phira bhI AjIvikA bheda se bauddha-paramparA meM varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai| vaha cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai / vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastroM ko jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra, bauddha-paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka artha kA upArjana karane se vaizya aura ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha nimna zreNI kI AjIvikA kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahe jAte haiM / dhanana kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI dhAnya Adi sampatti evaM makAna mila jAne para guru kI AjJA se, alaga adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| se AjIvikA arjana karane se varNa kI prApti yA varNa lAbha hotA hai saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai? isa viSaya meM 'kumArapAla prabodha (40/189,190) / isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki varNa yA jAti prabandha' meM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata se kucha zloka uddhRta karake yaha sambandhI bheda janma para nahIM, AjIvikA yA vRtti para AdhArita hai / batAyA gayA hai ki --'zIla sampanna zUdra bhI brAhmaNatva ko prApta ho jAtA bhAratIya varNa vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai ki hai aura sadAcAra rahita brAhmaNa bhI zUdra ke samAna ho jAtA hai / ataH sabhI vaiyaktika yogyatA arthAt svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti ke sAmAjika jAtiyoM meM cANDAla aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa hote haiM / he arjuna ! dAyitvoM (karmoM) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai jisase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA jo brAhmaNa kRSi, vANijya, gorakSA evaM rAjya kI sevA karate haiM ve sakatA hai / vastuta: brAhmaNa nahIM haiM / jo bhI dvija hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma meM apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitvoM lipta, paradAra sevI haiM ve sabhI patita (zUdra) haiN| isake viparIta brahmacarya kA nirvAha karane kA sarmathana DaoN.rAdhAkRSNan aura pAzcAtya vicAraka zrI aura tapa se yukta lauha va svarNa meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAle, prANiyoM ke gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai / mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA prati dayAvAn sabhI jAti ke vyakti brAhmaNa hI haiN| jijJAsA-vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone sacce brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai --'jo vyakti kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| sAmAnyata: manuSyoM meM ina kSamAzIla Adi guNoM se yukta ho, jisane sabhI daNDoM (parapIDana) kA vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai / pratyeka manuSya meM inameM parityAga kara diyA hai, jo nirAmiSa-bhojI hai aura kisI bhI prANi kI se kisI eka kA prAdhAnya hotA hai / dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se hiMsA nahIM karatA --yaha kisI vyakti ke brAhmaNa hone kA prathama lakSaNa samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra-pramukha kArya haiM -- 1. zikSaNa 2. rakSaNa 3. hai| isI prakAra jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, mithyAvacanoM se dUra rahatA upArjana aura 4.sevA / ata: yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti, hai --yaha brAhmaNa kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai / puna: jisane paradravya kA tyAga apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA prAdhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika kara diyA hai tathA jo adatta ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, yaha usake brAhmaNa vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cune / jisameM buddhi nairmalya aura jijJAsAvRtti ho, hone kA tRtIya lakSaNa hai / jo deva, asura, manuSya tathA pazuoM ke prati vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare; jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA -- vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa kA kArya kare; jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya hai| jisane kuTumba kA vAsa arthAt gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara diyA ho, kare aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevA kArya kre| isa jo parigraha aura Asakti se rahita hai, yaha brAhmaNa hone kA paMcama lakSaNa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke hai / jo ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se yukta hai vahI brAhmaNa hai, dvija hai aura mahAn AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa, upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA hai, zeSa to zUdravat haiM / kevaTa kI putrI ke garbha se utpanna vyAsa nAmaka vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramaza: brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya mahAmuni hue haiM / isI prakAra hariNI ke garbha se utpanna zRMga RSi, zunakI aura zUdra ye varNa bane / ata: varNa vyavasthA janma para nahIM, apitu svabhAva ke garbha se zuka, mANDUkI ke garbha se mAMDavya tathA urvazI ke garbha se (guNa) evaM tadanusAra karma para AdhArita hai / utpanna vaziSTha mahAmuni hue / na to ina sabhI RSiyoM kI mAtA brAhmaNI vAstava meM hindU AcAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma para haiM na ye saMskAra se brAhmaNa hue the, apitu ye sabhI tapa sAdhanA yA sadAcAra nahIM varan karma para hI AdhArita hai / gItA meM zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM

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jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 543 ki 'cAturvarNya-vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI isI prakAra AcArya raviSeNa bhI padmacarita meM likhate haiM ki - kiyA gayA hai|9|' DaoN.rAdhAkRSNana isakI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM, yahA~ koI bhI jAti garhita nahIM hai vastuta: guNa hI kalyANa kAraka hote jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nahIM / hama kisa haiM / jAti se koI vyakti cAhe cANDAla kula meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho, varNa ke haiM, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai apitu svabhAva aura vrata meM sthita hone para aise cANDAla ko bhI tIrthaMkaroM ne brAhmaNa hI kahA vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai12 / ' yudhiSThira kahate haiM 'tattvajJAniyoM kI hai17 / ata: brAhmaNa janma para nahIM, karma/sadAcAra para AdhArita hai| dRSTi meM kevala AcaraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| jaina muni cauthamala jI nirgranthapravacanabhASya meM likhate haiM ki brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI va prakRti se tamoguNI hone para bhI amuka adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai13 / ' varNa meM janma ke kAraNa samAja meM U~cA va AdaraNIya samajhA jAya va prAcInakAla meM varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, apitu lacIlI dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI va satoguNI hone para bhI kevala janma ke thii| varNa parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA kyoMki kAraNa nIca va tiraskRta samajhA jAya, yaha vyavasthA samAja ghAtaka hai AcaraNa yA karma ke cayana dvArA parivartita ho jAtA thA / upaniSadoM meM aura manuSya kI garimA va vivekazIlatA para prazna cihna lagAtI hai| itanA varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai / satyakAma hI nahIM aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA hotA hai, pratyuta sadAcAra va sadguNa kA bhI apamAna hotA hai| isa thA / manusmRti meM bhI varNa parivartana kA vidhAna hai, usameM likhA hai ki vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI, sadAcArI se Upara uTha jAtA sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa hai / ajJAna-jJAna para vijayI hotA hai tathA tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai / yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha meM bhI AdarAspada bana jAtA hai / yaha aisI sthiti hai jo guNa grAhaka vivekIjanoM hai / 15 AdhyAtmika dRSTi se koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI hai18 / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki kisI jAti kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai / vyakti vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karane kA mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai vyakti ke naitika svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue sadAcaraNa aura vAsanAoM para saMyama kA / jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai / karatI hai ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA hetu pratyeka vyakti ko ruci va yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI na kisI kArya kA cayana to karanA koI bhI karttavya karma-hIna nahIM hai hogA / yaha bhI ThIka hai ki vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM yA kAryoM ke samAja vyavasthA meM apane kartavya ke nirvAha hetu aura AjIvikA AdhAra para sAmAjika vargIkaraNa bhI hogA / isa vyAvasAyika yA ke upArjana hetu vyakti ko kauna sA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie yaha sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM hone vAle vargIkaraNa meM na kisI ko zreSTha, bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatI hai| yadi vyakti na kisI ko hIna kahA jA sakatA hai / jainAcAryoM ke anusAra manuSya apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika karttavya prANIvarga kI sevA kA koI bhI hIna kArya nahIM haiM / yahA~ taka kI malako cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatA mUtra kI saphAI karane vAlA kahIM adhika zreSTha hai / jaina paramparA meM dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI asta-vyasta hotI hai| nandiSeNamuni ke sevAbhAva kI gaurava gAthA loka-vizruta hai / jaina paramparA AdhyAtmika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA meM kisI vyavasAya yA karma ko tabhI hIna mAnA gayA hai, jaba vaha hai yA kina sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para vyavasAya yA karma hiMsaka yA krUratApUrNa kAryoM se yukta ho / jainAcAryoM nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara ne jina jAtiyoM yA vyavasAyoM ko hIna kahA hai ve haiM -- zikArI badhika, rahA hai| yadi eka zUdra apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA cir3ImAra, macchImAra Adi / kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra se karatA hai to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA AjIvikA hetu cunA gayA vyavasAya na hokara usakA AdhyAtmika AdhyAtmika dRSTi se zreSTha hai / gItA bhI spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki hai ki vyakti sAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sAkSAt tapa (sAdhanA) kA hI mahattva dikhAyI detA hai jAti kA kucha bhI sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se u~cAiyoM para nahIM / cANDAla-putra harakezI muni ko dekho jinakI prabhAvazAlI Rddhi pahu~ca sakatA hai / viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti hai| mAnavIya samatA jainadharma kA mukhya AdhAra hai / usameM harakezIbala zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise mAlAkAra, pUniyA jaise dhUniyA aura to usake sadAcaraNa evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai / digambara jaina zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna usameM AcArya samantabhadra ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM likhate haiM-- samyak-darzana indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNa putra, dazArNabhadra evaM zreNika jaise kSatriya se yukta cANDAla zarIra meM utpanna vyakti bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA brAhmaNa hI nareza, dhannA va zAlibhadra jaise samRddha zreSThI ratnoM kA hai| kahA gayA hai| AtmadarzI sAdhaka jaise puNyavAn vyakti ko dharma upadeza

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544 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 karatA hai, vaise hI tuccha (vipanna, daridra) ko bhI dharma upadeza karatA aayii| hai20 / sanmArga kI sAdhanA meM sabhI mAnavoM ko samAna adhikAra prApta uparyukta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM hai| dhanI-nirdhana, rAjA-prajA aura brAhmaNa-zUdra kA bheda jaina dharma ko mAnya ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA nahIM hai| kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne jainadharma meM varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika mUlata: jainadharma varNavyavasthA evaM jAtivyavasthA ke viruddha sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA ko isa prakAra khar3A huA thA kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM AtmasAt kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAeM praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA prAya: samApta ho gayA / jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA meM jAti aura varNa vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kI / isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki prApta hotA hai / usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thI / RSabha jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiM / inake do bheda ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye - haiM -- kArU aura akAru / punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM -- spRzya aura 1.zAsaka (svAmI) aura 2.zAsita (sevk)| usake pazcAt zilpa aura aspRzya hai / dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue --1. kSatriya nagara ke bAhara rahate hai ve aspRzya zUdra haiM (AdipurANa 16/184(zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka evaM vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| 186) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya evaM aspRzya- ye bheda usake pazcAt zrAvaka dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura sarvaprathama purANakAra jinasena ne kiye haiM22 | unake pUrvavartI anya kisI dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gayA / isaprakAra kramazaH jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai / kintu hindU cAra varNa astitva meM Aye / ina cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya samAja vyavasthA se prabhAvita bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya tathA antarvarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solahavarNa bane, kiyaa| SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI jinameM sAtavarNa aura nau antaravarNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya carcA kI haiM / 22 yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA, kintu bAda ke digambara jaina ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI / zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/ aura vaizya puruSa aura zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aise anuloma saMyoga 202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArtta aura napuMsaka kI muni se utpanna tInavarNa / AcArAMgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajuMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara jo santAna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI diyA | phira bhI yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA varNa hai / isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI thaa| se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna jAtIya ahaMkAra mithyA hai santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkarazUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH jainadharma meM jAtIya mada aura kula mada ko nindita mAnA gayA anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimna nau antara-varNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva-jIvanoM kI kathA meM yaha carcA AtI hai ki bane / brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa mArIci ke bhava meM unhoMne apane kula kA ahaMkAra kiyA thA, phalata: unheM utpanna huA / kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa nimna bhikSuka kula arthAt brAhmaNI mAtA ke garbha meM AnA par3A hai| huA / brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna AcArAMga meM ve svayaM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA aneka bAra uccagotra ko huA / zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna aura aneka bAra nIca gotra ko prApta ho cukA hai| isalie vastuta: na huA / kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA / zUdra to koI hIna/nIca hai, aura na koI atirikta/vizeSa/ucca hai / sAdhaka puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khattA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna isa tathya ko jAnakara uccagotra kI spRhA na kare / ukta tathya ko jAna huA / vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vaideha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ lene para bhalA kauna gotravAdI hogA ? kauna uccagotra kA ahaMkAra varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se karegA? aura kauna kisa gotra/jAti vizeSa meM Asakta citta hogA25 ? 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM isaliye vivekazIla manuSya uccagotra prApta hone para harSita na meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloga saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM hoM ora na nIcagotra prApta hone para kupita/duHkhI hoM / yadyapi jainadharma meM

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jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 545 uccagotra evaM nimnagotra kI carcA upalabdha hai kintu gotra kA sambandha para sundara mahala va jhopar3I para samAna rUpa se barasatA hai / jisa prakAra pariveza ke acche yA bure hone se hai / gotra kA sambandha jAti athavA bAdala binA bheda-bhAva ke sarvatra jala kI vRSTi karate haiM usI prakAra muni spRzyatA-aspRzyatA ke sAtha jor3anA bhrAnti hai / jaina karma siddhAnta ke ko bhI U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana kA vicAra kiye vagaira sarvatra sanmArga kA anusAra devagati meM ucca gotra kA udaya hotA hai aura tiryaMca mAtra meM nIca upadeza karanA cAhie28 / yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usameM se kauna kitanA gotra kA udaya hotA hai kintu devayoni meM bhI kilviSika deva nIca evaM grahaNa karatA hai / jaina dharma meM janma ke AdhAra para kisI ko nimna yA aspRzyavat hote haiM / isake viparIta aneka nimna gotra meM utpanna pazu ucca nahIM kahA jA sakatA hA~ vaha itanA avazya mAnatA hai ki anaitika jaise-- gAya, ghor3A, hAthI bahuta hI sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| AcaraNa karanA athavA krUra karma dvArA apanI AjIvikA arjana karanA ve aspRzya nahIM mAne jAte / ata: uccagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI hIna yogya nahIM hai, aise vyakti avazya hIna karmA kahe gaye haiM kintu ve apane aura nIcagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai / ata: gotravAda krUra evaM anaitika karmoM kA parityAga karake zreSTha bana sakate haiN| kI dhAraNA ko pracalita jAtivAda tathA spRzyAspRzya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha jJAtavya hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma meM aura jaina zramaNoM meM vibhinna nahIM jor3anA cAhie / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prastuta sUtra meM jAti-mada, gotra- jAtiyoM ke vyakti praveza pAte haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM zramaNa jIvana ko mada Adi ko nirasta karate hue yaha spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki 'jaba AtmA aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha hI nimna vyakti bhI sabhI kA usI prakAra aneka bAra ucca-nIca gotra kA sparza kara cukA hai, kara rahA hai taba phira AdaraNIya bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra uccakula yA jAti kA vyakti / kauna U~cA hai? kauna nIcA ? U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA mAtra eka ahaMkAra jainasaMgha meM unakA sthAna samAna hotA hai / yadyapi madhyakAla meM hindU hai aura ahaMkAra 'mada' hai / mada nIcagotra ke bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa paramparA ke prabhAva se vizeSa rUpa se dakSiNa bhArata meM jAtivAda kA prabhAva hai| ata: isa gotravAda va mAnavAda kI bhAvanA se mukta hokara jo unameM jaina samAja para bhI AyA aura madhyakAla meM mAtaMga Adi jAti-juMgita taTastha rahatA hai, vahI samatvazIla hai, vahI paNDita hai| (nimnajAti) evaM machuAre, naTa Adi karma juMgita vyaktiyoM kA zramaNa mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to saMsthA meM praveza ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isakA koI hameM jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala prAcIna AgamoM se apitu ina abhilekhoM Agamika pramANa na dekara mAtra lokApavAda kA pramANa diyA, jo spaSTa se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA rUpa se isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina paramparA ko jAtivAda bRhad hindU para bala diyA hai aura jainadharma meM praveza kA dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM prabhAva ke kAraNa lokApavAda ke bhaya se svIkAranA pdd'aa| ke liye samAna rUpa se khulA rahA hai| mathurA ke jaina abhilekha isa tathya isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita jaina dharma ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa aura jina pratimAoM kI kI digambara paramparA meM jo zUdra kI dIkSA evaM mukti ke niSedha kI pratiSThA meM dhanI-nirdhana, brAhmaNa-zUdra sabhI vargoM, jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke avadhAraNA AI, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI thaa| loga samAna rUpa se bhAga lete the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM hama yaha pAte yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dakSiNa meM jo nimna jAti haiM ki lohAra, sunAra, gandhI, kevaTa, lauhavaNika, nartaka aura yahA~ taka ke loga jainadharma kA pAlana karate the, ve isa sabake bAvajUda jainadharma se ki gaNikAyeM bhI jina mandiroM kA nirmANa va jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA jur3e rahe aura ve Aja bhI paMcama varNa ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / yadyapi karavAtI thIM26 / jJAtavya hai ki mathurA ke ina abhilekhoM meM lagabhaga 60% bRhada hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainoM ne apane prAcIna mAnavIya dAnadAtA una jAtiyoM se haiM, jinheM sAmAnyatayA nimna mAnA jAtA hai| samatA ke siddhAnta kA jo ullaMghana kiyA, usakA pariNAma bhI unheM sthUlibhadra kI preyasI kozA vezyA dvArA jainadharma aMgIkAra karane kI kathA bhugatanA par3A aura jainoM kI janasaMkhyA sImita ho gyii| to loka-vizruta hai hI27 / mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI gaNikA nAdA dvArA vigata varSoM meM sadbhAgya se jainoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara deva kulikA kI sthApanA bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatI hai ki eka paramparA meM yaha samatAvAdI dRSTi punaH vikasita huI hai| kucha jaina AcAryoM gaNikA bhI zrAvikA ke vratoM ko aMgIkAra karake utanI hI AdaraNIya ke isa dizA meM prayatna ke phalasvarUpa kucha aisI jAtiyA~ jo nimna evaM bana jAtI thI, jitanI koI rAja-mahiSI / AvazyakacUrNi aura titthogAlI krUrakarmA samajhI jAtI thIM, na kevala jaina dharma meM dIkSita huIM apitu prarkINaka meM varNita kozA vezyA kA kathAnaka aura mathurA meM nAdA nAmaka unhoMne apane hiMsaka vyavasAya ko tyAga kara sadAcArI javIna ko gaNikA dvArA sthApita deva kulikA, AyagapaTTa Adi isa tathya ke spaSTa apanAyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se khaTika aura balAI jAtiyA~ jaina dharma se pramANa haiM / jaina dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI duSkarmA va durAcArI vyakti jur3I haiM / khaTikoM (hindU-kasAiyoM ) ke lagabhaga pA~ca hajAra parivAra bhI apane duSkarma kA parityAga karake sadAcAra pUrNa naitika-jIvana va samIra munijI kI vizeSa preraNA se apane hiMsaka vyavasAya aura madirA vyavasAya ko apanA kara samAja meM pratiSThita bana sakatA hai / jaina sAdhanA kA sevana Adi vyasanoM kA parityAga karake jaina dharma se jur3e aura ye kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usa para calatA hai, varNa, jAti yA varga parivAra Aja na kevala samRddha va sampanna hai, apitu jaina samAja meM bhI vizeSa kA usa para ekAdhikAra nahIM hai / jaina dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza to barAbarI kA sthAna pA cuke haiM / isI prakAra balAIyoM (harijanoM) kA bhI varSA Rtu ke jala ke samAna hai, jo U~ce parvatoM, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM eka bar3A tabakA mAlavA meM AcArya nAnAlAla jI kI preraNA se madirA

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546 1 sevana, mAMsAhAra Adi tyAgakara jainadharma se jur3A aura eka sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ko prerita huA hai, ye isa dizA meM acchI upalabdhi hai kucha anya zvetAmbara evaM digambara jaina AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ne bhI bihAra prAnta meM sarAka jAti evaM paramAra kSatriyoM ko jaina dharma se punaH jor3ane ke saphala prayatna kiye haiN| Aja bhI aneka jainamuni sAmAnyatayA nimna kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM se dIkSita haiM aura jaina saMgha meM samAna rUpa se AdaraNIya haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jainadharma sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA kA samarthaka rahA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 1. sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hI hai kyoMki usameM jAti bheda karane vAlA aisA koI bhI svAbhAvaki lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai jaisA ki eka jAti ke pazu se dUsare jAti ke pazu meM antara hotA hai| 2. prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika karttavyoM ke kAraNa aura AjIvikA hetu vyavasAya ko apanAne ke kAraNa utpanna huii| jaise-jaise AjIvikA arjana ke vividha srota vikasita hote gaye vaise-vaise mAnava samAja meM vividha jAtiyAM astitva meM AtI gaI, kintu ye jAtiyA~ maulika nahIM hai mAtra mAnava sRjita haiN| 3. jAti aura varNa kA nirdhAraNa janma ke AdhAra para na hokara vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa evaM usake dvArA apanAye gaye vyavasAya dvArA hotA hai ata: varNa aura jAti vyavasthA janmanA nahIM, apitu karmaNA hai / 4 yadi jAti aura varNavyavasthA vyavasAya athavA sAmAjika dAyitva para sthita hai to aisI sthiti meM sAmAjika kartavya aura vyavasAya ke parivartana ke AdhAra para jAti evaM varNa meM parivartana sambhava hai| 9. jainadharma yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki manuSyoM meM kucha svabhAvagata jainadharma meM varNavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM jo cintana huA usake bhinnatAeM sambhava haiM, jinake AdhAra para unake sAmAjika dAyitva evaM niSkarSa nimna hai - jIvikArjana ke sAdhana bhinna hote hai phira bhI vaha isa bAta kA samarthaka hai ki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM evaM AjIvikA arjana ke sAdhanoM ko cayana karane kI pUrNa svatantratA aura sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika kSetra meM vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hone cAhiye kyoMki ye hI sAmAjika samatA ke mUla AdhAra haiN| 5. koI bhI vyakti kisI jAti yA parivAra meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa hona yA zreSTha nahIM hotA, apitu vaha apane satkarmoM ke AdhAra para zreSTha hotA hai / 6. jAti evaM kula kI zreSThatA kA ahaMkAra mithyA hai| usake kAraNa sAmAjika samatA evaM zAnti bhaMga hotI hai| 7. jainadharma ke dvAra sabhI varNa aura jAtiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule rahe haiN| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki usameM cAroM hI varNoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhana ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the| sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti ke ayogya mAnA / zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti- juMgita jaise - cANDAla Adi aura karma juMgita jaise - kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI yA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thA, jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAye rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harakezIbala, maitArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiM / 8. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM muni ke lie uttama, madhyama aura nimna tInoM hI kuloM se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA nirdeza milatA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM varNa yA jAti kA koI bhI mahattva nahIM thA / sandarbha 1. brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsIdvAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / Uru tadasya yadvaizyaH padabhyAM zUdro ajAyat // - Rgveda, 10/90/12. saM. dAmodara sAtavalekara, bAlasADa, 1988 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 3. catvAra ekasya pituH sutAzcetteSAM sutAnAM khalu jAtirekA / evaM prajAnAM ca pitaika evaM pitraikabhAvAdya na jAtibhedaH // phalAnyathodumbara vRkSajAteryathAgramadhyAnta bhavAni yAni / rUpAkSatisparzasamAni tAni tathaikato jAtirapi pracintyA // na brAhmaNAcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiMzukapuSpagaurAH / na ceha vaizvA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na cAhatAra samAnavarNAH // - varAMgacarita, sarga 25 zloka 3, 4, 7 jaTAsiMhanandi saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI 1938 4. ye nigrahAnugrahayorazaktA dvijA varAkAH parapoSyajIvAH / mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH kathaM bhavantyuttamajAtayaste // teSAM dvijAnAM mukha nirgatAni vacAMsyamoghAnyaghanAzakAni / ihApi kAmAnsvamanaH praklRptAna labhanta ityeva mRSAvacastat // yathAnaTorAgamupetya citraM nRttAnurUpAnupayAti veSAn // jIvastathA saMsRtiraGgamadhye karmAnurUpAnupayAti bhAvAn // na brahmajAtistviha kAcidasti na kSatriyo nApi ca vaizyazUdre / tatastu karmAnuvazA hitAtmA saMsAra cakre parivaMbhramIti / / ApAtakatvAcca zarIradAhe dehaM na hi brahma vadanti tajjJAH / jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTa zUdro'pi vedAdhyayanaM karoti / / vidyAkriyA cArU guNaiH prahINo na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / jJAnena zIlena guNena yukta taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti // yahI sarga 25 zloka 33, 34, 40-43 .

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jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 547 . 5. je loe bambhaNo vutto, aggI vA mahio jahA / na hanti sarvabhUtAni prathamaM brahmalakSaNam / / sayA kusalasaMdiTuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / sadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktavA mithyAvAdAd viracyate / jo na sajjai AgantuM, pavvayanto na soyaI / nAnRtaM ca vaded vAkyaM dvitIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / ramai ajjavayaNaMmi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / sadA sarva paradravyaM bahirvA yadi vA gRhe / jAyarUvaM jahAmaDhe, niddhantamalapAvagaM / adattaM naiva gRhAti tRtIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / rAgaddosabhayAIyaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / devAsuramanuSyeSu tiryagyonigateSu c| tavassyiM kisaM dantaM avaciyamaMsasoNiyaM / na sevate maithunaM yazcacaturthaM brahmalakSaNam / suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tyaktavA kuTumbavAsaM tu nirmamo niH parigrahaH / tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thAvare / yuktazcarati niH saGga: paMcamaM brahmalakSaNam / / jo na hiMsai tiviheNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // paMcalakSaNasaMpUrNa Izo yo bhaved dvijaH / kohA vA jai vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhayA / mahAntaM brAhmaNaM manye zeSAH zUdrA yudhiSThira ! / / musaM na vayaI jo u,taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / kaivartIgarbhasambhUto vyAso nAma mahAmuniH / cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bahuM / tapasA brAhmaNo jAtastasmAjjAtirakAraNam / / na geNhAi adattaM je,taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / hariNIgarbhasambhUto RSizRMGgo mahAmuniH / tapa / / divvamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehuNaM / zunakIgarbhasambhUtaH zuko nAma munistathA / tapa / / maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / maNDUkIgarbhasambhUto mANDavyazca mahAmuniH / tapa / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM, novalippai vAriNA / urvazIgarbhasambhUto vaziSThastu mahAmuniH / tapa / / evaM alitaM kAmehiM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / na teSAM brAhmaNI mAtA saMskArazca na vidyate / tapa / / aloluyaM muhAjIvI, aNagAraM akiMcaNaM / yadvatkASThamayo hastI yadvaccarmamayo mRgaH / asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // brAhmaNastu kiyAhInatraste nAmadhArakAH / / jahittA puvvasaMjogaM, nAisaMge ya bandhave / - kumArapAlacaritrasaMgraha ke arntagata kumArapAla prabodha, pR. jo na sajjai bhogesuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / 606, zloka 119-136, saMpAdaka - jinavijayamuni, prakAzaka - -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpAdaka- sAdhvI caMdanA, 25/19-29 siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vikrama saMvat 6. vAripokkharapatte va Araggeriva sAsapo / 2013 / yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / 8. kammuNA bambhaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khattio / yo dukkhassa pajAnAti idheva khayamattano / vaisse kammaNAhoi suddo havai kammaNA / / pannabhAraM visaJattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25/33 gambhIra paJbaM medhAviM maggAmaggassa kovidaM / 9. manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatinaamodyodbhvaa| uttamatthaM anuppattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / vRttibhedAhitAdbhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute // 38-45 -dhammapada, brAhmaNavarga, 401-403, saMpAdaka-bhikSudharmarakSita, brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH zastradhAraNAt / / 1983 vaNijo'rthArjanAtrayAyyAta zUdrA nygvRttisNshryaat||38-46 / / 7. zUdro'pi zIlasaMpanno guNavAn brAhmaNo bhavet / guroranujJayA labdhadhanadhAnyAdisampadaH / brAhmaNo'pi kriyAhIna: zUdrApatyasamo bhavet / / pRthakkRtAlayasyAsyai vRttirvarNAptirisyate // 38-137 / / ata:- sarvajAtiSu cANDAlA: sarvajAtiSu brAhmaNAH / sRSTayantaramato dUraM apAsya nayatattvavit / brAhmaNeSvapi cANDAlA: cANDAleSvapi brAhmaNAH / / anAdikSatriyaiH sRSTAM dharmasRSTi prabhAvayet / / 40-189 / / kRSi-vANijya-gorakSAM rAjasevAmakiMcanAH / tIrthakRdbhirayaM sRSTA dharmasRSTiH snaatnii| ye ca viprAH prakurvanti na te kaunteya ! brAhmaNA: / / 3 / / tAM saMzritAnnRpAneva sRSTihetUn prakAzayet / / 40-190 // hiMsako'nRtavAdI ca cauryayAbhiratazca yaH / -mahApurANa, jinasena, 38/45-46, 137, 189,190 paradAropasevI ca sarve te patitA dvijAH / / 10.bhagavadgItA, DaoN.rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 353 brahmacaryatapoyuktAH samAnaloSTakAMcanAH / 11.cAturvayaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / sarvabhUtadayAvanto brAhmaNAH sarvajAtiSu / / -gItA, 4/13 kSAntyAdikaguNairyukto vyastadaNDo nirAmiSaH / 12. bhagavadgItA- rAdhAkRSNana, pR.163

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548 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 13.rAjan kulena vRttena svAdhyAyena zrutena vA / puvvabhavajammaNaahiseyacakkavaTTirAyAbhisegAti, tattha je rAyaassitA te brAhmaNyaM kena bhavati prabrahyetat sunizcitam // 3/3/107 // ya khattiyA jAyA aNassitA gihavaiNo jAyA, jayA aggI uppaNNo tato zruNu yakSa kulaM tAta na svAdhyAyo na ca zrutam / ya bhagava'ssitA sippiyA vANigayA jAyA, tehiM tehiM sippavANijjehiM kAraNaM hi dvijatve ca vRttameva na saMzayaH / / vittiM visaMtItI vaissA uppannA, bhagavae pavvaie bharahe abhisitte sAvagadhamme -mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 313/107,108 gItA presa, gorakhapura uppaNNe baMbhaNA jAyA, aNassitA baMbhaNA jAyA mAhaNatti, ujjugasabhAvA 14.dekheM -- chAndogyopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura) 4/4 dhammapiyAM jaM ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchaMti taM nivAraMti mA haNa bho mA haNa, 15.zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhmamaNazcaiti zUdratAm / evaM te jaNeNaM sukammanivattitasannA baMbhaNA (mAhaNA) jAyA, je puNa kSatriyAjjAtamevaM tu vidyAdvaizcAttathaiva ca / / aNassiyA asippiNo te vayakha (ka) lAsuibahikaA tesu tesu paoyaNesu - manusmRti 10/65, saM. satyabhUSaNa yogI, 1966 soyamANA hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamANA sogadrohaNasIlA suddA saMvuttA, 16. samyagdarzanasampannamapi mAtaGgadehajam / evaM tAvaM cattArivi vaNNA ThAvitA, sesAo saMjoeNaM tattha saMjoe devA devaM vidurbhasmagUr3hAGgArAntaraujasam / / solasayaM gAhA (20-8) etesiM ceva ca uNhaM vaNNANaM puvvANupuvIe -ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 28 aNaMtarasaMjoeNaM aNNe tiNNi vaNNA bhavaMti, tattha 'payatI caukkayANaMtare' 17. na jAtirgarhitA kAcit guNA: kalyANakAraNam / gAhA (21-8) pagatI NAma baMbhakhattiyavaisasuddA cauro vaNNA / idANiM vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH / / aMtareNa-baMbhaNeNaM khattiyANIe jAo so uttamakhattio vA suddhakhattio -padmacarita, parva , 11/203 vA ahavA saMkarakhattio paMcamo vaNNo, jo puNa khattieNaM vaissIe 18.nirganthapravacanabhASya -- muni zrI cauthamala jI, pR. 289 jAo eso uttamavaisso vA suddhavaisso vA saMkaravaisso vA chaTTho 19.sakkhaM khu dIsai tavo viseso, na dIsaI jAi visesa koi| vaNNo, jo vaisseNa suddIe jAto so uttamasuddo vA (suddhasuddo) vA sovAgaputte hariesa sAhU, jasse iDDi mahANubhAgA / / saMkarasuddo vA sattamo vaNNo / idANiM vaNNeNaM vaNNehiM vA aMtarito uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12/37 aNulomao paDilomato ya aMtarA satta vaNNaMtarayA bhavaMti, je aMtariyA 20. jahA puNNassa katthati tahA tucchassa katthati / te egaMtariyA duariyA bhavaMti / cattAri gAhAo paDhiyavvAo jahA tucchassa katthati tahA puNNassa katthati / (22,23,24,25-8) tattha tAva baMbhaNeNaM vaissIe jAo aMbaTThotti -AcArAMga-- saM. madhukara muMni, 1/2/6/102 vuccai eso aTThamo vaNNo, khattieNaM suMdIe jAto uggotti vuccai eso 21 a. ekkA maNussajAI rajjuppattIi do kayA usame / navamo vaNNo, baMbhaNeNa suddIe nisAtotti vuccai, kittipArAsavotti, tiNNeva sippavaNie sAvagadhammammi cattAri / / tiNNi gayA, dasamo vnnnno| idANiM paDilomA bhaNNaMti-suddeNa vaissIe saMjoge solasagaM satta ya vaNNA u nava ya aMtariNo jAo augavutti bhaNNai, ekkArasamo vaNNo, vaisseNaM khattiyANIe ee dovi vigappA ThavaNA baMbhassa NAyavvA / / jAo mAgahotti bhaNNai, duvAlasamo, khattieNaM baMbhaNIe jAo saotti pagaI caukkagANaMtare ya te haMti satta vaNNA u / bhaNNati, teraso vaNNo suddeNa khattiyANIe jAo khattiotti bhaNNai ANaMtaresu caramo eNNe khalu hoi NAyavvo / / coddasamo, vaisseNa baMbhaNIe jAo vaidehotti bhaNNati, pannarasamo vaNNo, aMbaTThagganisAyA ya ajogavaM mAgahA ya sUyA ya / suddeNa baMbhaNIe jAo caMDAletti pavuccai, solasamo vaNNo, etavUtirittAjete khattA (ya) videhAviya caMDAlA navamagA huti / / bijAte te vuccaMti - uggeNa khattiyANie sovAgetti vuccai, vaideheNaM egaMtarie iNamo aMbaTTho ceva hoi uggo ya / khattIe jAo veNavutti vuccai, nisAeNaM aMbaTTIe jAo bokkasotti biiyaMtayaria nisAo parAsaraM taM ca puNa vege / / vuccai, nisAeNa suddIe jAto sovi bokkaso, suddeNa nisAdIe kukkuDao, paDilome suddAI ajogavaM mAgaho ya sUo a / evaM sacchaMdamativigappitaM / egaMtarie khattA vedehA ceva nAyavvA / / 22.kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvaM anubhUya tadAbhavan / bitiyaMtare niyamA caNDAlo so'vi hoi NAyavvo / vaizyAzca kRSivANijyapazupAlyopajIvitAH // aNulome paDilome evaM ee bhave bheyA / teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste dvidhA kArvakAravaH / uggeNaM khattAe sovAgo veNavo videheNaM / kAravo rajakAdyA: syustato'nye sthurakAravaH / / aMbaTThIe suddIya bukkaso jo nisAeNaM / / kAravo'pi matA dvedhA spRzyAspRzyavikalpataH / sUeNa nisAIe kukkarao sovi hoi nnaayvvo| tatrAspRzyAH prajAvAsyA: spRzyAH syu karttakAdayaH / / eso bIo bheo caubviho hoi NAyabvo // -AdipurANa, 16/184-186 -AcArAMganiyukti, 19-27 23. tato No kappaMti pavvAvettae, taM-paMDae vItte (cAhiye) 21ba. 'egA maNussajAI gAhA (19-8) ettha usabhasAmissa kIve?

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24. yadAha--'3 bAle buDThe napuMse ya, jaDDe kIve ya vaahie| teNe rAyAvagArIya, ummatte ya aMdasaNe // 1 / / dAse duDhe (ya) aNatta juMgie iya / / obaddhae ya bhayae, sehanippheDiyA iya // 2 // sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka-- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994) sUtra 3/ 202, vRtti pR. 154 25.se asaiM uccAgoe asaMi nniiyaagoe| No hINe No airite No pIhae / / itisaMkhAya ke gotAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI, kaMsi vA ege gijjhe? tamhApaMDite No harise No kujjhe -AcArAMga,(saM.madhukaramuni), 1/2/3/75 26.jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, saMgrahakartA-vijayamUrti, lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62,67,69, 27a. AvazyakacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1,pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparijJA, 128 sa.titthogAlia, 777 28.AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA viveka kAlAvadhi IsA kI 5vIM zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka hai| usameM bhI apane pradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai / usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdI aura yuga ke sandarbho ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiM / isake vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para samatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise ullekha bhI milate haiM, sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna eka aMga hai ata: usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA samAja meM khojA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi ve Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI aura strI ke dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara use puruSa ke samakakSa manaHprasUta kalpanA bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai / phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA marudevI, brAhmI, sundarI tathA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke puruSa pradhAna pariveza meM hI huA hai, se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa, jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha phalataH krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahagAmI brAhmaNa paramparA ke haiM, ve yA to AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saMketa rUpa meM upalabdha vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakI aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM haiM, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate haiM ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana hote rhe| manaHprasUta kalpanA hai| vastuta: ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA yahA~ hama AgamoM aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM anuzruti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiM / ataH AgamoM aura kI dRSTi meM nArI kI kyA sthiti rahI hai isakA mUlyAMkana kareMge, kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbho kI prakRti ko samajha nahIM kaha sakate ki ve kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha lenA Avazyaka hai / jaina Agama sAhitya eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM / vaha IsA pUrva pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka arthAt adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM nirmita, pariSkArita aura kiyA jA sakatA hai - parivartita hotA rahA hai ata: usake samagra sandarbha eka hI kAla ke nahIM 1. pUrva yuga - IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI taka / haiM / punaH unameM bhI jo kathA bhAga hai, vaha mUlata: anuzrutiparaka aura 2. Agama yuga - IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I0 san kI prAgaitihAsika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai / ata: unameM apane kAla se pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka / bhI pUrva ke aneka tathya upasthita haiM jo anuzruti se prApta hue haiN| unameM 3. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA yuga - IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI se kucha aise bhI tathya haiM jinakI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai AThavIM zatAbdI taka / aura unheM mAtra paurANika kahA jA sakatA hai / jahA~ taka Agamika 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sambandha hai, vaha mukhyataH Agama granthoM para prAkRta yuga - AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka / evaM saMskRta meM likhI gayI TIkAoM para AdhArita hai ata: isakI isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM

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550 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke rUpa meM mAnya granthoM tathA prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA Adi se yukta zArIrika saMracanA strIliMga hai, yahI dravya-strI hai, jabaki kAla lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdI arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se puruSa ke sAtha sahavAsa kI kAmanA ko arthAt strIyocita kAma-vAsanA lekara IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta hai| punaH kAlavizeSa meM bhI ko veda kahA gayA hai / vahI vAsanA kI vRtti bhAva-strI hai / jaina jaina vicArakoM kA nArI ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa nahIM hai / prathama to Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI kAma-vAsanA ke svarUpa ko uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sAmAjika paristhiti kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa citrita karate hue use upalaagnivat batAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra aura dUsare zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bheda ke kAraNa isa yuga upala-agni ke prajvalita hone meM samaya lagatA hai kintu prajvalita hone ke jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai| para cAlanA karane para bar3hatI jAtI hai, adhika kAla taka sthAyI rahatI jahA~ uttara bhArata ke yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya nArI ke sambandha hai usI prakAra strI kI kAma-vAsanA jAgRta hone meM samaya lagatA hai, meM apekSAkRta udAra dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, vahIM dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara kintu jAgRta hone para cAlanA karane se bar3hatI jAtI hai aura adhika sthAyI jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta anudAra pratIta hotA hai / isake hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kA yaha kathana eka manovaijJAnika satya lie hue lie acelatA kA Agraha aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ donoM hI hai| yadyapi liMga aura veda arthAt zArIrika saMracanA aura tatsambandhI uttaradAyI rahI haiM, ata: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para nArI kAmavAsanA sahagAmI mAne gaye haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jahA~ liMga zarIra kI sthiti kA citraNa karate samaya hameM bahuta hI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka tathyoM paryanta rahatA hai, vahA~ veda (kAmavAsanA) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI eka kA vizleSaNa karanA hogA / puna: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina vizeSa avasthA meM samApta ho jAtA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM liMga kA paurANika kathA sAhitya donoM meM hI nArI sambandha meM jo sandarbha upalabdha kAraNa nAmakarma (zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraka tattva) aura veda kA kAraNa haiM, ve saba jaina AcAryoM dvArA anuzaMsita the, yaha mAna lenA bhI bhrAnta mohanIyakarma (manovRttiyA~) mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra liMga, zArIrika dhAraNA hogI / jaina AcAryoM ne aneka aise tathyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA saMracanA kA aura veda manovaijJAnika svabhAva aura vAsanA kA sUcaka hai hai jo yadyapi usa yuga meM pracalita rahe haiM, kintu ve jaina dharma kI dhArmika tathA zArIrika parivartana se liMga meM aura manobhAvoM ke parivartana se veda mAnyatAoM ke virodhI haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bahu-vivAha prathA, meM parivartana sambhava hai / nizIthacUrNi (gAthA 359) ke anusAra liMga vezyAvRtti, satIprathA, strI ke dvArA mAMsa bhakSaNa evaM madyapAna Adi ke parivartana se veda (vAsanA) meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai isa sambandha meM ullekha hameM AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, sampUrNa kathA draSTavya hai / jisameM zArIrika saMracanA aura svabhAva kI dRSTi kintu ve jainadharmasammata the, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vastuta: isa se strItva ho, use hI strI kahA jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM strItva sAhitya meM laukika evaM dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha haiM jinheM ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, prajanana, karma, bhoga, guNa aura bhAva alaga-alaga rUpoM meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai| ye dasa nikSepa yA AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, arthAt kisI vastu ke strI kahe ata: nArI ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa hameM AgamoM aura jAne ke lie use nimna yA ekAdhika lakSaNoM se yukta honA Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, unheM vibhinna kAla khaNDoM Avazyaka hai, meM vibhAjita karake aura unake paramparAsammata aura laukika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karake hI vicAra karanA hogA / tathApi unake gambhIra vizleSaNa yathA - se hameM jainadharma meM aura bhAratIya samAja meM vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI kyA (1) strIvAcaka nAma se yukta honA jaise - ramA, zyAmA aadi| sthiti thI, isakA eka aitihAsika paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| (2) strI rUpa meM sthApita honA jaise - zItalA Adi kI strI AkRti se yukta yA rahita pratimA / nArI lakSaNa (3) dravya - arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kA strI rUpa honA / nArI kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika sthiti kI carcA ke (4) kSetra - deza-videza kI paramparAnusAra strI kI vezabhUSA se yukta hone pUrva hameM yaha bhI vicAra kara lenA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi para usa deza meM use strIrUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai| meM nArI zabda kA tAtparya kyA rahA hai / sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga niyukti aura (5) kAla- jisane bhUta, bhaviSya yA vartamAna meM se kisI bhI kAla cUrNi meM nArI zabda ke tAtparya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / strI ko dravya meM strI-paryAya dhAraNa kI ho, use usa kAla kI apekSA se strI strI aura bhAvastrI aise do vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai / / kahA jA sakatA hai| dravya-strI se jainAcAryoM kA tAtparya strI kI zArIrika saMracanA (zArIrika (6) prajanana kSamatA se yukta honA / cihna) se hai, jabaki bhAva-strI kA tAtparya nArI svabhAva (bheda) se hai| (7) striyocita kArya karanA / Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM donoM meM hI strI-puruSa ke vargIkaraNa kA (8) strI rUpa meM bhogI jAne meM samartha honA / AdhAra liMga aura veda mAne jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM strI kI zArIrika (9) striyocita guNa honA aura saMracanA ko liMga kahA gayA hai / romarahita mukha, stana, yoni, garbhAzaya (10) strI sambandhI vAsanA kA honA / 6

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 551 jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA vikRta pakSa yukta mahAjaMgala kI bhA~ti durgamya, kula, svajana aura mitroM se vigraha jainAcAryoM ne nArI-caritra kA gambhIra vizleSaNa kiyA hai| karAne vAlI, paradoSa prakAzikA, kRtaghnA, vIryanAzikA, zUkaravat jisa nArI-svabhAva kA citraNa karate hue sarvaprathama jainAgamagrantha tandulavaicArika prakAra zUkara khAdya-padArtha ko ekAnta meM le jAkara khAtA hai usI prakAra prarkINaka meM nArI kI svabhAvagata nimna 94 vizeSatAeM varNita haiM -7 bhoga hetu puruSa ko ekAnta meM le jAne vAlI, asthira svabhAva vAlI, nArI svabhAva se viSama, madhura vacana kI vallarI, kapaTa-prema jisa prakAra agnipAtra kA mukha Arambha meM rakta ho jAtA hai kintu rUpI parvata, sahasroM aparAdhoM kA ghara, zoka udgamasthalI, puruSa ke bala antatogatvA kAlA ho jAtA hai usI prakAra nArI Arambha meM rAga utpanna ke vinAza kA kAraNa, puruSoM kI vadhasthalI arthAt unakI hatyA kA karatI hai parantu antata: usase virakti hI utpanna hotI hai, puruSoM ke maitrI kAraNa, lajjA-nAzikA, aziSTatA kA punja, kapaTa kA ghara, zatrutA kI vinAzAdi kI jar3a, binA rassI kI pAga, kASTharahita vana kI bhA~ti pApa khAna, zoka kI Dhera, maryAdA kI nAzikA, kAmarAga kI Azraya sthalI, karake pAzcAttapa meM jalatI nahIM hai, kutsita kArya meM sadaiva tatpara, durAcaraNoM kA AvAsa, sammoha kI jananI, jJAna kA skhalana karane vAlI, adhArmika kRtyoM kI vaitaraNI, asAdhya vyAdhi, viyoga para tIvra duHkhI zIla ko vicalita karane vAlI, dharmayAga meM bAdhA rUpa, mokSapatha sAdhakoM na hone vAlI, rogarahita upasarga yA pIr3A, ratimAna ke lie manobhrama kI zatru, brahmacaryAdi AcAra mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAloM ke lie kAraNa, zarIra-vyApI dAha kA kAraNa, binA bAdala bijalI ke samAna, dUSaNa rUpa, kAmI kI vATikA, mokSapatha kI argalA, daridratA kA ghara, binA jala ke pravAhamAna aura samudravega kI bhA~ti niyantraNa se pare kahI viSadhara sarpa kI bhA~ti kupita hone vAlI, madamatta hAthI kI bhA~ti gaI hai / tandulavaicArika kI vRtti meM inameM se adhikAMza guNoM ke sambandha kAmavihvalA, vyAghrI kI bhA~ti duSTa hRdaya vAlI, DhaMke hue kUpa kI bhA~ti meM eka-eka kathA bhI dI gaI hai| aprakAzita hRdaya vAlI, mAyAvI kI bhA~ti madhura vacana bolakara svapAza uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM bhI strI ko samudra kI taraMga ke samAna meM Abaddha karane vAlI, AcArya kI vANI ke samAna aneka puruSoM dvArA capala svabhAva vAlI, sandhyAkAlIna AbhA ke samAna kSaNika prema vAlI eka sAtha grAhya, zuSka kaNDe kI agni kI bhA~ti puruSoM ke anta: karaNa aura apanA svArtha siddha ho jAne para puruSa kA parityAga kara dene vAlI meM jvAlA prajvalita karane vAlI, viSama parvatamArga kI bhA~ti asamatala kahA gayA hai / Avazyaka bhASya aura nizIthacUrNi meM bhI nArI ke capala anta:-karaNa vAlI, antardUSita ghAva kI bhA~ti durgandhita hRdaya vAlI, svabhAva aura zithila caritra kA ullekha huA hai| nizIthacUrNi meM yaha kRSNa sarpa kI taraha avizvasanIya, saMsAra (bhairava) ke samAna mAyAvI, bhI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ thor3e se upahAroM se hI vazIbhUta kI jA sandhyA kI lAlimA kI bhA~ti kSaNika prema vAlI, samudra kI laharoM kI sakatI haiM aura puruSoM ko vicalita karane meM sakSama hotI haiM / 11 bhA~ti caMcala svabhAva vAlI, machaliyoM kI bhA~ti duSparivartanIya svabhAva AcArAMgacUrNi evaM vRtti meM use zItapariSaha kahA gayA hai arthAt anukUla vAlI, bandaroM ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, mRtyu kI bhA~ti nirviroSa, lagate hue bhI trAsadAyI hotI hai / 12 / / kAla ke samAna dayAhIna, varuNa ke samAna pAzuyakta arthAt puruSoM ko sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ pApakarma nahIM karane kA kAmapAza meM bA~dhane vAlI, jala ke samAna adhogAminI, kRpaNa ke samAna vacana dekara bhI punaH apakArya meM laga jAtI haiM / 13 isakI TIkA meM rikta hasta vAlI, naraka ke samAna dAruNatrAsadAyikA, gardabha ke sadRza TIkAkAra ne kAmazAstra kA udAharaNa dekara kahA hai ki jaise darpaNa para duSTAcAra vAlI, kulakSaNayukta ghor3e ke samAna lajjArahita vyavahAra par3I huI chAyA durgAhya hotI hai vaise hI striyoM ke hRdaya durgAhya hote haiN| vAlI, bAla svabhAva ke samAna caMcala anurAga vAlI, andhakAravat parvata ke durgama mArga ke samAna hI unake hadaya kA bhAva sahasA jJAta nahIM duSpavizya, viSa-bela kI bhA~ti saMsarga varjita, bhayaMkara makara Adi se hotaa| sUtrakRtAMga vRtti meM nArI caritra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki acchI yukta vApI ke samAna duSpraveza, sAdhujanoM kI prazaMsA ke ayogya, viSa- taraha jItI huI, prasanna kI huI aura acchI taraha paricita aTavI aura strI vRkSa ke phala kI taraha prArambha meM madhura kintu dAruNa antavAlI, khAlI kA vizvAsa nahIM karanA cAhie / kyA isa samasta jIvaloka meM koI muTThI se jisa prakAra bAlakoM ko lubhAyA jAtA hai usI prakAra puruSoM ko aMguli uThAkara kaha sakatA hai, jisane strI kI kAmanA karake duHkha na lubhAne vAlI, jisa prakAra eka pakSI ke dvArA mAMsa khaNDa grahaNa karane pAyA ho ? usake svabhAva ke sambandha meM yahI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ para anya pakSI use vividha kaSTa dete haiM usI prakAra ke dAruNa kaSTa strI mana se kucha socatI haiM, vacana se kucha aura kahatI haiM tathA karma se kucha ko grahaNa karane para puruSoM ko hote haiM, pradIpta tRNarAzi kI bhA~ti jvalana aura karatI haiM / 15 svabhAva ko na chor3ane vAlI, ghora pApa ke samAna durlaMghya, kUTa kArSApaNa kI bhA~ti akAlacAriNI, tIvra krodha kI bhA~ti durrakSya, dAruNa dukhadAyikA, striyoM kA puruSoM ke prati vyavahAra ghRNA kI pAtra, duSTopacArA, capalA, avizvasanIyA, eka puruSa se baMdhakara striyA~ puruSoM ko apane jAla meM pha~sAkara phira kisa prakAra na rahane vAlI, yauvanAvasthA meM kaSTa se rakSaNIya, bAlyAvasthA meM duHkha usakI durgati karatI haiM usakA sundara evaM sajIva citraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura se pAlya, udvegazIlA, karkazA, dAruNa vaira kA kAraNa, rUpa svabhAva usakI vRtti meM upalabdha hotA hai / usa citraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa nimna garvitA, bhujaMga ke samAna kuTila gati vAlI, duSTa ghor3e ke pada cihna se hai16.

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552 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jaba ve puruSa para apanA adhikAra jamA letI haiM to phira usake se yaha kahA gayA hai -striyoM meM jo doSa hote haiM ve doSa nIca puruSoM meM sAtha Adeza kI bhASA meM bAta karatI haiN| ve puruSa se bAjAra jAkara acche- bhI hote haiM athavA manuSyoM meM jo bala aura zakti se yukta hote haiM unameM acche phala, churI, bhojana banAne hetu IMdhana tathA prakAza karane hetu tela striyoM se adhika doSa hote haiM / jaise apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAle lAne ko kahatI haiM / phira pAsa bulAkara mahAvara Adi se paira raMgane aura puruSoM ke lie striyA~ nindanIya haiM, vaise hI apane zIla kI rakSA karane zarIra meM darda hone para use malane ko kahatI haiM / phira Adeza detI haiM ki vAlI striyoM ke lie puruSa nindanIya haiM / saba jIva moha ke udaya se mere kapar3e jIrNa ho gaye haiM, naye kapar3e lAo tathA bhojana-peya padArthAdi kuzIla se malina hote haiM aura vaha moha kA udaya strI-puruSoM meM samAna lAo / vaha anurakta puruSa kI durbalatA jAnakara apane lie AbhUSaNa, rUpa se hotA hai / ata: Upara jo striyoM ke doSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA vizeSa prakAra ke puSpa, bA~surI tathA cirayuvA bane rahane ke lie pauSTika hai vaha sAmAnya strI kI dRSTi se hai / zIlavatI striyoM meM Upara kahe hae auSadhi kI golI mA~gatI haiM / to kabhI agaru, tagara Adi sugandhita doSa kaise ho sakate haiM ? 18 dravya, apanI prasAdhana sAmagrI rakhane hetu peTI, oSTha raMgane hetu cUrNa, chAtA, jUtA Adi mA~gatI haiM / vaha apane vastroM ko raMgavAne kA Adeza jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA ujjvala pakSa detI haiM tathA nAka ke kezoM ko ukhAr3ane ke lie cimaTI, kezoM ke lie striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA hai - jo guNasahita kaMghI, mukha zuddhi hetu dAtauna Adi lAne ko kahatI haiM / punaH vaha apane striyA~ haiM, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA huA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM priyatama se pAna, supArI, suI, dhAgA, mUtravisarjana pAtra, sUpa, Ukhala devatA samAna haiM aura devoM se pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAye Adi tathA deva-pUjA hetu tAmrapAtra aura madyapAna hetu madya-pAtra mA~gatI kama hai / tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva, aura zreSTha gaNadharoM ko haiN| kabhI vaha apane baccoM ke khelane hetu miTTI kI gur3iyA, bAjA, janma dene vAlI mahilAe~ zreSTha devoM aura uttama puruSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya jhunajhunA, geMda Adi maMgavAtI haiM aura garbhavatI hone para dohada-pUrti ke hotI haiM / kitanI hI mahilAe~ eka-pativrata aura kaumArya brahmacarya vrata lie vibhinna vastue~ lAne kA Adeza detI haiN| kabhI vaha use vastra dhone dhAraNa karatI haiM kitanI hI jIvanaparyaMta vaidhavya kA tIvra duHkha bhogatI kA Adeza detI haiM, kabhI rote hue bAlaka ko cupa karAne ke lie kahatI haiN| aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jAtI haiM jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura isa prakAra kAminiyA~ dAsa kI taraha vazavartI puruSoM para apanI anugraha karane meM samartha thiiN| kitanI hI zIlavatI striyA~ mahAnadI ke jala AjJA calAtI haiM / vaha unase gadhe ke samAna kAma karavAtI haiM aura kAma pravAha meM bhI nahIM DUba sakI aura prajvalita ghora Aga meM bhI nahIM jala na karane para jhir3akatI haiM, A~kheM dikhAtI haiM to kabhI jhUThI prazaMsA kara sakI tathA sarpa, vyAghra Adi bhI unakA kucha nahIM kara ske| kitanI hI usase apanA kAma nikAlatI haiN| striyA~ sarvaguNoM se sampanna sAdhuoM aura puruSoM se zreSTha caramazarIrI puruSoM yadyapi nArI-svabhAva kA yaha citraNa vastuta: usake ghRNita pakSa ko janma dene vAlI mAtAe~ huI haiM / 19 antakRddazA aura usakI vRtti kA hI citraNa karatA hai kintu isakI Anubhavika satyatA se inkAra bhI meM kRSNa dvArA pratidina apanI mAtAoM ke pAda-vandana hetu jAne kA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / parantu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki nArI ullekha hai / 20 AvazyakacUrNi aura kalpasUtra TIkA meM ullekha hai ki ke prati jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anudAra hI thA, ucita nahIM hogaa| jaina mahAvIra ne apanI mAtA ko duHkha na ho, isa hetu unake jIvita rahate dharma mUlata: eka nivRttiparaka dharma rahA hai, nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thA / 21 usameM saMnyAsa aura vairAgya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| saMnyAsa aura isa prakAra nArI vAsudeva aura tIrthaMkara dvArA bhI pUjya mAnI gayI hai| vairAgya ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki puruSa ke sAmane nArI kA aisA citra mahAnizItha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo strI bhaya, lokalajjA, kulAMkuza evaM prastuta kiyA jAya jisake phalasvarUpa usameM virakti kA bhAva prasphuTita dharmazraddhA ke kAraNa kAmAgni ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha dhanya hai, ho / yahI kAraNa thA ki jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM puNyavatI hai, vaMdanIya hai, darzanIya hai, vaha lakSaNoM se yukta hai, vaha aura itara sAhitya meM kaThora zabdoM meM nArI-caritra kI nindA kI, kintu sarvakalyANakAraka hai, vaha sarvottama maMgala hai, (adhika kyA) vaha (to isakA yaha artha nahIM rahA ki jainAcAryoM ke sAmane nArI-caritra kA sAkSAt ) zruta devatA hai, sarasvatI hai, acyutA hai........ parama pavitra ujjvalatama pakSa nahIM rahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha siddhi, zAzvata zivagati hai / (mahAnizItha,2/sUtra 23, pR0 36) kahA gayA hai jo zIla-pradhvaMsaka caritragata doSa nArI meM pAye jAte haiM ve jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA haiM aura puruSoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM isalie vairAgya mArga meM pravartita striyoM ko bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne mallI kumArI ko tIrthaMkara mAnA hai / 22 isimaNDalatyU puruSoM se usI prakAra bacanA cAhie jisa prakAra striyoM se puruSoM ko bacane (RSimaNDala stavana) meM brAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko vandanIya mAnA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM gayA hai / 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI adhiSThAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM cakrezvarI, ne nArI-caritra kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha mAtra puruSoM meM vairAgya ambikA, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA Adi deviyoM ko pUjanIya mAnA gayA bhAvanA jAgRta karane ke lie hI hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI spaSTa rUpa hai aura unakI stuti meM paravartI kAla meM aneka stotra race gaye haiM /

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 553 yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM devI-pUjA kI paddhati lagabhaga gupta pUrNatA aura mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 35 hameM kAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hai| uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM tathA niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNi kI cUrNi meM rAjImati dvArA muni rathanemi ko25 tathA Avazyaka cUrNi meM sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA saMketa nahIM milatA hai jisameM strI mukti kA brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA muni bAhubalI ko pratibodhita karane ke ullekha niSedha kiyA gayA ho athavA kisI aise jaina sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gayI haiM26 / na kevala bhikSuNiyA~ apitu gRhastha upAsikAe~ bhI puruSa ko ho jo strImukti ko asvIkAra karatA hai / sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM sanmArga para lAne hetu pratibodhita karatI thIM / uttarAdhyayana meM rAnI kundakunda Adi kucha digambara AcArya lagabhaga pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI meM kamalAvatI rAjA iSukAra ko sanmArga dikhAtI haiM,27 isI prakAra upAsikA strI-mukti Adi kA niSedha karate haiM / kundakunda suttapAhuDa meM kahate haiM jayantI bharI sabhA meM mahAvIra se prazna karatI hai to kozAvezyA apane ki strI acela (nagna) hokara dharmasAdhanA nahIM kara sakatI aura sacela AvAsa meM sthita muni ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai,29 ye tathya isa bAta ke cAhe tIrthaMkara bhI ho mukta nahIM ho sakatA / isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai pramANa haiM ki jainadharma meM nArI kI avamAnanA nahIM kI gaI / caturvidha ki kundakunda strI-tIrthaMkara kI yApanIya (mUlataH uttara bhAratIya digambara dharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNIsaMgha aura zrAvikAsaMgha ko sthAna dekara nirgrantha paramparA saMgha) evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita avadhAraNA se paricita the| yaha ne strI aura puruSa kI samakakSatA ko hI pramANita kiyA hai| pArzva aura spaSTa hai ki pahale strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA banI, phira usake virodha mahAvIra ke dvArA binA kisI hicakicAhaTa ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA meM strImukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA / sambhavata: sabase pahale jainaparamparA kI gaI, jabaki buddha ko isa sambandha meM saMkoca rahA- yaha bhI isI tathya meM strImukti-niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa dakSiNa bhArata meM digambara kA dyotaka hai ki jainasaMgha kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta udAra sampradAya dvArA huA / kyoMki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara AcArya jahA~ sacelatA ko lekara vistAra se carcA karate haiM jainasaMgha meM nArI kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA isakA sabase vahA~ strImukti ke pakSa-vipakSa meM koI bhI carcA nahIM karate haiM / isakA bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki usameM prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna kAla tAtparya hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM taka sadaiva hI bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI aura gRhastha upAsakoM zatAbdI taka strImukti sambandhI vivAda utpanna hI nahIM huA thA / isa kI apekSA upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hai / samavAyAMga, sandarbha meM vistRta carcA paM0 becaradAsa smRti grantha meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI, jambUdvIpa-prajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyakaniyukti Adi meM pratyeka pro0 DhAkI aura maiMne apane lekha meM kI hai| yahA~ kevala hamArA pratipAdya tIrthaMkara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRhastha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI itanA hI hai ki strImukti kA niSedha dakSiNa bhArata meM pahale aura uttara hai| ina saMkhyAsUcaka AMkar3oM meM aitihAsika satyatA kitanI hai, yaha bhArata meM bAda meM prArambha huA hai kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAya eka alaga prazna hai, kintu isase to phalita hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM kI ke granthoM meM lagabhaga AThavI-nauvIM zatAbdI se strI-mukti ke prazna ko dRSTi meM nArI jainadharma saMgha kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka thii| bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA vivAda ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho sambandhI aitihAsika satyatA ko bhI pUrI taraha nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| jAtA hai ki jainaparamparA meM bhI dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI samakakSatA Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM lagabhaga nau hajAra do sau bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM do hajAra kisa prakAra kama hotI gyii| sarvaprathama to strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA tIna sau bhikSu aura chaha hajAra nau sau bhikSuNiyA~ haiM / 31 bhikSuNiyoM kA yaha ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai, phira nagnatA ko hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva anupAta usa anupAta se adhika hI hai jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM mAnakara use pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA mAnA gayA hai| aura usameM yathAkhyAtacAritra (saccaritratA kI uccatama avasthA) ko dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI aura puruSa ko samakakSatA ke prazna asambhava batA diyA gyaa| suttapAhuDa meM to spaSTa rUpa se strI ke lie para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aneka mahattvapUrNa tathya hamAre pravrajyA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / digambara paramparA meM strI ko jina samakSa upasthita hote haiM / sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA kAraNoM se pravrajyA aura mokSa ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai, ve nimna haiM - Adi AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa se strI aura puruSa donoM ko hI sAdhanA ke 1. strI kI zarIra-racanA hI aisI hai ki usase raktasrAva hotA sarvocca lakSya mukti prApti ke lie sakSama mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana hai, usa para balAtkAra sambhava hai ata: vaha acela yA nagna nahIM raha meM strIliMga siddha kA ullekha haiM / 32 jJAtA,33 antavRddazA evaM sakatI / cU~ki strI acela yA nagna nahIM ho sakatI, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha Avazyaka cUrNi meM bhI aneka striyoM ke mukta hone kA ullekha hai / isa pUrNa parigraha kA tyAga kiye binA usake dvArA mahAvratoM kA grahaNa evaM prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agamika kAla se lekara vartamAna taka strI mukti prApti sambhava nahIM ho sktii|| mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM donoM ko samAna 2. strI karuNA pradhAna hai, usameM tIvratama krUra adhyavasAyoM kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yApanIya paramparA ke grantha abhAva hotA hai ata: nimnatama gati sAtaveM naraka meM jAne ke ayogya SaTkhaNDAgama aura mUlAcAra meM bhI jo ki digambaroM meM bhI Agama rUpa hotI hai / jainAcAryoM kI isa udAra aura manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ke AdhAra meM mAnyatA prApta haiM, strI-puruSa donoM meM kramaza: AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI para digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki tIvra puruSArtha ke abhAva meM jo

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554 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nimnatama gati meM nahIM jA sakatI, ata: vaha uccatama gati meM bhI nahIM Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla meM jaina paramparA meM bhI puruSa kI mahattA bar3hI jA sakatI / ata: strI kI mukti sambhava nahIM / aura jyeSThakalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA / aMga AgamoM meM 3. yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki caMcala svabhAva ke kAraNa striyoM mujhe eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM sAdhvI apanI pravartinI, meM dhyAna kI sthiratA nahIM hotI hai, ata: ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI AcArya aura tIrthaMkara ke atirikta dIkSA meM kaniSTha bhikSu ko vandana yA pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktii| namaskAra karatI ho, kintu paravartI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyA4. eka anya tarka yaha bhI diyA gayA hai ki strI meM vAda sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSita sAdhvI ke sAmarthya evaM tIvra buddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye dRSTivAda ke adhyayana meM lie bhI sadya: dIkSita muni vandanIya hai / (bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 6, gAthA ayogya hotI haiM ata: ve mukti prApta nahIM kara sktiiN| 6399; kalpasUtra kalpalatA TIkA) / sambhavata: jaina paramparA meM puruSa yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ne bhI unheM bauddhika kSamatA ke kAraNa kI jyeSThatA kA pratipAdana bauddhoM ke aSTaguru dharmoM ke kAraNa hI huA ho| dRSTivAda, aruNopapAta, nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke ayogya avazya jainadharma saMgha meM nArI kI mahattA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhane mAnA phira bhI unameM 'mokSaprApti' kI kSamatA ko svIkara kiyA gyaa| kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| mathurA meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA cAhe zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa isake lie saMyama-sAdhanA ke upakaraNa hai ki dharmakAryoM meM puruSoM ke samAna nAriyA~ bhI samAna rUpa se bhAga letI ke rUpa meM vastra Avazyaka hoM kintu Asakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha thiiN| ve na kevala puruSoM ke samAna pUjA, upAsanA kara sakatI thIM, apitu parigraha nahIM hai, ata: isameM pravrajita hone evaM mukta hone kI sAmarthya hai / 39 ve svechAnusAra dAna bhI karatI thIM aura mandira Adi banavAne meM samAna rUpa yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki muni ke acelakatva se bhAgIdAra hotI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM martiyoM para jo prAcIna abhilekha (digambara tattva) kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA ne strI-mukti aura paMca upalabdha hote haiM unameM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke sAtha-sAtha striyoM ke nAma mahAvrata AropaNa rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra (strI-dIkSA) ko svIkAra bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM / yadyapi digambara kiyA hai| usase vikasita drAvir3a, kASThA aura mAthura saMghoM meM bhI strI- aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki strI ko dIkSA (mahAvratAropaNa) ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi isa kAraNa ve jina-pratimA ke sparza, pUjana evaM abhiSeka kA adhikAra nahIM hai, kintu mUla saMghIya digambara paramparA kI AlocanA ke pAtra bhI bane aura unheM yaha eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai, mathurA ke jaina zilpa meM sAdhu ke samAna jainAbhAsa taka kahA gayA / isase spaSTa hai ki na kevala zvetAmbaroM ne hI sAdhvI kA aMkana aura strI-puruSa donoM ke pUjA sambandhI sAmagrI sahita apitu digambara paramparA ke aneka saMghoM ne bhI strI-mukti aura strI-dIkSA aMkana yahI sUcita karate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM donoM kA ko svIkAra karake nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA / 40 samAna sthAna rahA hai| yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki Agamika kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne Agamika vyAkhyAkAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi saMgha ke na kevala strI-mukti aura strI-dIkSA ko svIkAra kiyA, apitu malli ko pramukha ke rUpa meM AcArya kA pada puruSoM ke adhikAra meM thA, kisI strI strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake yaha bhI udghoSita kiyA ki ke AcArya hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kintu gaNinI, pravartinI, AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sarvocca pada kI adhikArI nArI bhI ho sakatI gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA Adi pada striyoM ko pradAna kiye jAte the aura hai / strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma kI apanI eka viziSTa ve apane bhikSuNI saMgha kI svatantra rUpa se Antarika vyavasthA dekhatI thiiN| avadhAraNA hai jo nArI garimA ko mahimAmaNDita karatI hai| yadyapi taruNI bhikSuNiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpA gayA jJAtavya hai ki bauddhaparamparA jo ki jainoM ke samAna hI zramaNa thA, kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyA~ apanI surakSA kI vyavasthA svayaM dhArA kA eka aMga thI, strI ke prati itanI udAra nahIM bana sakI, jitanI rakhatI thI, kyoMki rAtri evaM padayAtrA meM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kA eka jaina paramparA / kyoMki buddha strI ko nirvANa pada kI adhikAriNI mAnakara hI sAtha rahanA sAmAnyatayA varjita thaa| isa surakSA ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha bhI yaha mAnate the ki strI buddhatva ko prApta nahIM kara sakatI hai / nArI meM pratihArI Adi ke pada bhI nirmita kiye gaye the / isa prakAra hama dekhate ko saMgha meM praveza dene meM unakI hicaka aura usake praveza ke lie aSTaguru haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI garimA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhA gayA dharmoM kA pratipAdana jainoM kI apekSA nArI ke prati unake anudAra dRSTikoNa phira bhI tathyoM ke avalokana se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki Agamika kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi hindU dharma meM zakti upAsanA ke rUpa meM strI vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM aura usake pazcAt jaina paramparA meM bhI strI kI ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, kintu jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA apekSA puruSa ko mahattA dI jAne lagI thii| hai, usakI apanI eka vizeSatA hai / vaha yaha sUcita karatI hai ki vizva kA sarvocca garimAmaya pada puruSa aura strI donoM hI samAna rUpa se prApta nArI kI svatantratA kara sakate haiM / yadyapi paravartI AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya nArI kI svatantratA ko lekara prArambha meM jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa meM ise eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA kahakara puruSa ke prAdhAnya ko sthApita udAra thA / yaugalika kAla meM strI-puruSa sahabhAgI hokara jIvana jIte the| karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA / (sthAnAMga, 10/160) kintu Agama-grantha jJAtAdharmakathA meM rAja drupada draupadI se kahate haiM ki mere dvArA

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 555 vivAha kiye jAne para tujhe sukha-du:kha ho sakatA hai ata: acchA ho ki sthAna mahattvapUrNa ho gayA aura yaha udghoSa kiyA gayA ki putra ke binA tU apanA vara svayaM hI cuna / yahA~ granthakAra ke ye vicAra vaivAhika jIvana pUrvajoM kI sugati/mukti sambhava nahIM / 5 phalataH Age calakara hindU ke liye nArI-svAtantrya ke samarthaka haiM / isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki paramparA meM kanyA kI utpatti ko atyanta hInadRSTi se dekhA jAne upAsakadazAMga meM mahAzataka apanI patnI revatI ke dhArmika vizvAsa, lgaa| isa prakAra vaidika hindU paramparA meM putra-putrI kI samakakSatA ko khAna-pAna aura AcAra-vyavahAra para koI jabaradastI nahIM karatA hai / jahA~ asvIkAra kara putra ko adhika mahanIyatA pradAna kI gaI kintu isake Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kI patniyA~ apane pati kA anugamana karatI huI viparIta jaina AgamoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki upAsaka aura upAsikAe~ putramahAvIra se upAsaka vratoM ko grahaNa karatI haiM aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM putrI hetu samAna rUpa se kAmanA karate haiM / 46 cAhe arthopArjana aura bhI pati kI sahabhAgI banatI haiM, vahIM revatI apane pati kA anugamana nahIM pArivArika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI putra kI pradhAnatA karatI hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha to apane mAyake se ma~gAkara madya-mAMsa kA rahI ho kintu jahA~ taka dhArmika jIvana aura sAdhanA kA prazna thA, jaina sevana karatI hai aura mahAzataka ke pUrNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM vidhna- dharma meM putra kI mahattA kA koI sthAna nahIM thA / jaina karma siddhAnta ne bAdhAe~ bhI upasthita karatI hai / " isase aisA lagatA hai ki Agama yuga spaSTa rUpa se yaha udghoSita kiyA ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra hI taka nArI ko adhika svAtantrya thA kintu Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM sugati yA durgati meM jAkara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai / santAna ke hama pAte haiM ki pati yA patnI apane dhArmika vizvAsoM ko eka dUsare para dvArA sampanna kiye gaye karmakANDa pUrvajoM ko kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita lAdane kA prayAsa karate haiN| cUrNi sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM nahIM karate 7 isa prakAra usameM dhArmika AdhAra para putra kI mahattA ko jinameM puruSa strI ko apane dhArmika vizvAsoM kI svatantratA nahIM detA asvIkAra kara diyA gayA / phalata: Agamika yuga meM putra-putrI ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA pradarzita kI gaI kintu arthopArjana aura pArivArika isI prakAra dharmasaMgha meM bhI Agama yuga meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa putrotpatti ko hI adhika sukhada vyavasthA ko bhikSusaMgha se adhika niyantrita nahIM pAte haiM / bhikSuNI saMgha mAnA jAne lgaa| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli Adi ke janmotsava ke apane Antarika mAmaloM meM pUrNatayA Atmanirbhara thA, gaNadhara athavA ullekha upalabdha haiM, kintu ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA AcArya kA usa para bahuta adhika aMkuza nahIM thA, kintu chedasUtra evaM ki jaina saMgha meM putra aura putrI kI sthati sadaiva hI samakakSatA kI rahI, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke kAla meM yaha niyantraNa kramaza: bar3hatA ucita nahIM hegaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM paurANika sAhitya meM jAtA hai / ina graMthoM meM cAturmAsa, prAyazcitta, zikSA, surakSA Adi sabhI uparyukta Agamika apavAdoM ko chor3a kara jainasaMgha meM bhI putrI kI apekSA kSetroM meM bhikSuka varga kA prabhutva bar3hatA huA pratIta hotA hai| phira bhI bauddha putra ko jo adhika sammAna milA usakA AdhAra dhArmika mAnyatAyeM na bhikSuNI saMgha kI apekSA jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM svAyattatA adhika thii| hokara sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ thIM / yadyapi bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ke kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ko chor3akara ve dIkSA, prayazcitta, zikSA aura kAraNa putrI pitA ke liye utanI adhika bhArasvarUpa kabhI nahIM mAnI gayI surakSA kI apanI vyavasthA karatI thIM aura bhikSu saMgha se svatantra vicaraNa jitanI use hindU paramparA meM mAnA gayA thA / karate hue dharmopadeza detI thIM jabaki bauddhadharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI ko uposatha, isa prakAra jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se jo varSAvAsa Adi bhikSusaMgha ke adhIna karane hote the| sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaugalika yadyapi jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna thA jainAcArya kAla arthAt pUrva yuga meM aura Agama yuga meM putra aura putrI donoM kI hI hindu paramparA ke cintana se prabhAvita ho rahe the / manusmRti ke samAna utpatti sukhada thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM bAhya sAmAjika vyavahAra bhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai evaM Arthika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana AyA aura putrI kI jAyA pitavvasA nArI dattA nArI pativvasA / apekSA putra ko adhika mahattva diyA jAne lgaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI natyi nArI sayaMvasA / / 3/233 arthAt janma ke pazcAt strI pitA ke adhIna, vivAhita hone para vivAha saMsthA aura nara-nArI kI samakakSatA kA prazna pati ke adhIna aura vidhavA hone para putra ke adhIna hotI hai ata: vaha vivAha-vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka mAnavIya kabhI svAdhIna nahIM hai / isa prakAra Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI samAja vyavasthA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga rahI hai / yaha satya hai ki svAdhInatA sImita kI gayI hai / jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI prAcInakAla se vivAha vyavasthA pracalita rahI hai kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki nivRttipradhAna hone ke putra-putrI kI samAnatA kA prazna kAraNa jainadharma meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko koI vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA cAhe prArambhika vaidika dharma meM putra aura putrI kI samakakSatA gayA / dhArmika dRSTi se vaha svapatnI yA svapati santoSavrata kI vyavasthA svIkAra kI gaI ho kintu paravartI hindU dharma meM arthopArjana aura dhArmika karatA hai jisakA tAtparya hai vyakti ko apanI kAma-vAsanA ko svapati karmakANDa donoM hI kSetroM meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa putra kA yA svapatnI taka hI sImita rakhanA cAhie / tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 brahmacarya kA pAlana sambhava na ho to vivAha kara lenA cAhie / vivAha brahmacarya pAlana karane meM asaphala ho to use vivAha bandhana mAna lenA vidhi ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI spaSTa dhAraNA kyA thI, isakI sUcanA cAhie / jahA~ taka svayaMvara vidhi kA prazna hai nizcita hI nArI-svAtantrya hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM nahIM prApta hotI hai / jaina kI dRSTi se yaha vidhi mahattvapUrNa thii| kintu janasAmAnya meM jisa vidhi vivAha-vidhi kA pracalana paryApta rUpa se paravartI hai aura dakSiNa ke kA pracalana thA vaha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vidhi hI thii| yadyapi digambara AcAryoM kI hI dena hai jo hindU-vivAha-vidhi kA jainIkaraNa mAtra isa vidhi meM strI aura puruSa donoM kI svataMtratA khaNDita hotI thii| hai| uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara jainoM meM to vivAha-vidhi ko hindU dharma ke jainakathA sAhitya meM aise aneka ullekha upalabdha haiM jahA~ balapUrvaka anusAra hI sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbara jainoM meM apanI apaharaNa karake vivAha sampanna huaa| isa vidhi meM nArI kI svataMtratA koI vivAha-paddhati nahIM hai / jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se pUrNatayA khaNDita ho jAtI thI, kyoMki apaharaNa karake vivAha karane kA jo sUcanA hameM milatI hai usake anusAra yaugalika kAla meM yugala rUpa artha mAtra yaha mAnanA nahIM hai ki strI ko cayana kI svataMtratA hI nahIM hai, se utpanna hone vAle bhAI bahana yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI kA rUpa le lete apitu yaha to use lUTa kI sampatti mAnane jaisA hai| the / jaina purANoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva se hI vivAha prathA kA jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA prazna hai unameM adhikAMza Arambha huaa| unhoMne bhAI-bahanoM ke bIca sthApita hone vAle yauna vivAha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha hI haiM, kevala kucha prasaMgoM sambandha (vivAha-praNAlI) ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| unakI donoM putriyoM meM hI svayaMvara evaM gandharva vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM jo Agama yuga brAhmI aura sundarI ne AjIvana brahmacAriNI rahane kA nirNaya kiyA / evaM pUrva kAla ke haiM / mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita isa vivAha-vidhi phalataH bharata aura bAhubali kA vivAha anya vaMzoM kI kanyAoM se kiyA meM strI-puruSoM kI samakakSatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai / yadyapi yaha gayA / jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki satya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM gambhIratA se cintana Agamika kAla taka strI vivAha sambandhI nirNayoM ko lene meM svatantra thI nahIM kiyA kintu yaha satya hai ki unhoMne strI ko garimAhIna banAne kA aura adhikAMza vivAha usakI sammati se hI kiye jAte the jaisA ki prayAsa bhI nahIM kiyA / jahA~ hindU-paramparA meM vivAha strI ke lie bAdhyatA jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli50 aura draupadI ke kathAnakoM se jJAta hotA hai| thI, vahIM jaina-paramparA meM aisA nahIM kiyA gyaa| prAcInakAla se lekara jJAtAdharmakathA meM pitA spaSTa rUpa se putrI se kahatA hai ki yadi maiM tere lie adyAvadhi vivAha karane na karane ke prazna ko strI-viveka para chor3a diyA pati cunatA hU~ to vaha tere lie sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, gyaa| jo striyA~ yaha samajhatI thIM ki ve avivAhita rahakara apanI sAdhanA isalie acchA yahI hogA tU apane pati kA cayana svayaM hI kara / malli kara sakeMgI unheM binA vivAha kiye hI dIkSita hone kA adhikAra thaa| aura draupadI ke liye svayamvaroM kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| vivAha-saMsthA jainoM ke lie brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hone ke rUpa . Agama granthoM se jo sUcanA milatI hai usake AdhAra para hama meM hI svIkAra kI gaI / jainoM ke lie vivAha kA artha thA apanI vAsanA itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika yuga aura Agama yuga meM ko saMyamita karanA / kevala unhIM logoM ke lie vivAha-saMsthA meM praveza sAmAnyatayA strI ko apane pati kA cayana karane meM svatantratA thI / yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA thA jo pUrNarUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM bhI usakI icchA para nirbhara thA ki vaha vivAha kare yA na kare / pUrvayuga asamartha pAte hoM athavA vivAha ke pUrva pUrNa brahmacarya pAlana kA vrata nahIM meM brAhmI, sundarI, malli, Agamika yuga meM candanabAlA, jayantI Adi le cuke haiM / ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne brahmacarya kI AMzika aisI aneka striyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinhoMne AjIvana brahmacaryapAlana sAdhanA ke aMga ke rUpa meM vivAha-saMsthA ko svIkAra karake bhI nArI kI svIkAra kiyA aura vivAha asvIkAra kara diyaa| Agamika vyAkhyAoM svatantra nirNaya zakti ko mAnya karake usakI garimA ko khaNDita nahIM meM hameM vivAha ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiN| DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina hone diyA / ne jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha vivAha ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai yathA - svayaMvara, mAtA-pitA dvArA bahupati aura bahupatnI prathA Ayojita vivAha, gandharva vivAha (premavivAha), kanyA ko balapUrvaka vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna bahuvivAha kA grahaNa karake vivAha karanA, pArasparika AkarSaNa yA prema ke AdhAra para bhI hai / isake do rUpa haiM bahupatnI prathA aura bahupati prathA / yaha spaSTa vivAha, vara yA kanyA kI yogyatA dekhakara vivAha, kanyApakSa ko zulka hai ki draupadI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hindU aura jaina donoM hI dekara vivAha aura bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para vivAha / 51 kintu hameM paramparAoM meM nArI ke sambandha meM eka-pati prathA kI avadhAraNA ko hI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM mila svIkAra kiyA gayA aura bahupati prathA ko dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA sakA jahA~ jainAcAryoM ke guNa-doSoM ke AdhAra para inameM se kisI kA gyaa| jainAcAryoM ne draupadI ke bahupati hone kI avadhAraNA ko isa AdhAra samarthana yA niSedha kiyA ho yA yaha kahA ho ki yaha vivAha-paddhati ucita para aucityapUrNa batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sukamAlikA AryA ke bhava hai yA, anucita hai / yadyapi vivAha ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI meM usane apane tapa ke pratApa se pA~ca pati prApta karane kA nidAna (nizcaya svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM thA para itanA avazya mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI kara) liyA thA / 52 ata: ise pUrvakarma kA phala mAnakara santoSa kiyA

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gayA / kintu dUsarI ora puruSa ke sambandha meM bahupatnI prathA kI spaSTa avadhAraNA AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milatI hai| inameM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jahA~ puruSoM ko bahuvivAha karate dikhAyA gayA hai| duHkha to yaha hai ki unakI isa pravRtti kI samAlocanA bhI nahIM kI gaI hai| ataH usa yuga meM jainAcArya isa sambandha meM taTastha bhAva rakhate the, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kisI jainAcArya ne bahuvivAha ko acchA kahA ho, aisA bhI koI sandarbha nahIM milatA hai| upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke svapatnIsantoSavrata ke aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM 'paravivAhakaraNa' ko aticAra yA doSa mAnA gayA hai / 53 'paravivAhakaraNa' kI vyAkhyA meM usakA eka artha dUsarA vivAha karanA batAyA gayA hai ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA Adarza ekapatnIvrata ho rahA hai / jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA I bahupatnI prathA ke AvirbhAva para vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki yaugalika kAla taka bahupatnI prathA pracalita nahIM thii| AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne do vivAha kiye the| kintu unake lie dUsarA vivAha isalie Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa usa strI ko surakSA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thA / kintu jaba Age calakara strI ko eka sampatti ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lagA to svAbhAvika rUpa se strI ke prati anugraha ko bhAvanA ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apanI kAmavAsanApUrti aura sAmAjika pratiSThA ke lie bahuvivAha kI prathA Arambha ho gayI / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadyapi samAja meM bahuvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI kintu ise jainadharma sammata eka AcAra mAnanA anucita hogaa| kyoMki jaba jainoM meM vivAha ko hI eka anivArya dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to bahuvivAha ko dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yadyapi puruSa ke dvArA bahuvivAha ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM kintu hameM eka bhI aisA sandarbha nahIM milatA jahA~ koI vyakti gRhasthopAsaka ke vratoM ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt bahuvivAha karatA hai| yadyapi aise sandarbha to haiM ki munivrata yA zrAvakatrata svIkAra karane ke pUrva aneka gRhasthopAsakoM kI eka se adhika patniyA~ thii| kintu vrata svIkAra karane ke pazcAt kisI ne apanI patniyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI ho, aisA eka bhI sandarbha mujhe nahIM milA / Adarza sthiti to ekapatnI prathA ko hI mAnA jAtA thA / upAsakadazA meM 10 pramukha upAsakoM meM kevala eka kI hI eka se adhika patniyA~ thiiN| zeSa sabhI ko eka-eka patnI thI sAtha hI usameM zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke jo aticAra batAye gaye haiM unameM svapatnIsantoSa vrata kA eka aticAra ' para vivAhakaraNa hai|" yadyapi kucha jainAcAryoM ne 'paravivAhakaraNa' kA artha sva-santAna ke atirikta anyoM kI santAnoM kA vivAha sambandha karavAnA mAnA hai kintu upAsaka dazAMga kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne isakA artha eka se adhika vivAha karanA mAnA hai / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika AdhAra para jainadharma bahupatnI prathA kA samarthaka nahIM hai| bahupatnI - 557 prathA kA uddezya to vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbanA hai jo nivRttipradhAna jainadharma kI mUla bhAvanA ke anukUla nahIM hai| jaina granthoM meM jo bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiM ve usa yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM Agama sAhitya meM pArzva, mahAvIra evaM mahAvIra ke nau pramukha upAsakoM kI eka-eka patnI mAnI gaI hai| vidhavA vivAha evaM niyoga I yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyoga aura vidhavAvivAha ke kucha sandarbha upalabdha ho jAte haiM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA samarthita nahIM hai| nizIthacUrNi meM eka rAjA ko apanI patnI se niyoga ke dvArA santAna utpanna karavAne ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kheta meM bIja kisI ne bhI DAlA ho phasala kA adhikArI bhUsvAmI hI hotA hai usI prakAra svastrI se utpanna santAna kA adhikArI usakA pati hI hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki eka yuga meM bhArata meM niyoga kI paramparA pracalita rahI kintu nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ne na to niyoga kA samarthana kiyA, na hI vidhavA vivAha kA / kyoMki usakI mUlabhUta preraNA vahI rahI ki jaba bhI kisI strI yA puruSa ko kAmavAsanA se mukta hone kA avasara prApta ho vaha usase mukta ho jaay| jaina Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hajAroM sandarbha prApta hote haiM jahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavAyeM bhikSuNI banakara saMgha kI zaraNa meM calI jAtI thI / jaina saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA ke adhika hone kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM ke sammAnapUrNa evaM surakSita jIvana jIne kA Azrayasthala thaa| yadyapi kucha logoM ke dvArA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne mRta yugala patnI se vivAha karake vidhavA vivAha kI paramparA ko sthApita kiyA thA kintu Avazyaka cUrNi se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaha strI mRta yugala kI bahana thI, patnI nhiiN| kyoMki usa yugala meM puruSa kI mRtyu bAladazA meM ho cukI thii| ataH isa AdhAra para vidhavA vivAha kA samarthana nahIM hotA hai| jainadharma jaise nivRttipradhAna dharma meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thI / yadyapi bhAratIya samAja meM ye prathAe~ pracalita thIM, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / vidhura - vivAha jaba samAja meM bahu-vivAha ko samarthana ho to vidhura-vivAha ko mAnya karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogii| kintu ise jainadharma meM dhArmika dRSTi se samarthana prApta thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / patnI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt Adarza sthiti to yahI mAnI gaI thI ki vyakti vairAgya le le mAtra yahI nahIM aneka sthitiyoM meM pati patnI ke bhikSuNI banane para svayaM bhI bhikSu bana jAtA hai| yadyapi sAmAjika jIvana meM vidhura - vivAha ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiM jinake saMketa Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milate haiN| .

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558 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vivAhetara yauna sambandha meM garbha raha jAne para saMgha usa bhikSuNI ke prati sadbhAvanApUrvaka vyavahAra jainadharma meM pati-patnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha sthApita karatA thA tathA usake garbha kI surakSA ke prayatna bhI kiye jAte the| prasUta karanA dhArmika dRSTi se sadaiva hI anucita mAnA gayA / vezyAgamana aura bAlaka ko jaba vaha usa sthiti meM ho jAtA thA ki vaha mAtA ke binA parastrIgamana donoM ko anaitika karma batAyA gyaa| phira bhI na kevala raha sake to use upAsaka ko sauMpakara athavA bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpakara aisI gRhastha strI-puruSoM meM apitu bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM bhI anaitika yauna sambandha bhikSuNI punaH bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza pA letI thI / 60 ye tathya isa bAta sthApita ho jAte the, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aise saikar3oM prasaMga ke sUcaka haiM ki sadAcArI nAriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM jainasaMgha sadaiva sajaga ullikhita haiM / jaina AgamoM aura unakI TIkAoM Adi meM aisI aneka thA / striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane sAdhanA-mArga se patita hokara svecchAcArI bana gayI thiiN| jJAtAdharmakathA, usakI TIkA, AvazyakacUrNi nArI-rakSA Adi meM pArthApatya paramparA kI aneka zithilAcArI sAdhviyoM ke ullekha balAtkAra kiye jAne para kisI ko bhikSuNI kI AlocanA kA milate haiM / 56 jJAtAdharmakathA meM daupadI kA pUrva jIvana bhI isI rUpa meM adhikAra nahIM thA / isake viparIta jo vyakti aisI bhikSuNI kI AlocanA varNita hai| sAdhanA kAla meM vaha vezyA ko pA~ca puruSoM se sevita dekhakara karatA use hI daNDa kA pAtra mAnA jAtA thaa| nArI kI maryAdA kI rakSA svayaM pA~ca patiyoM kI patnI banane kA nidAna kara letI hai|57 nizIthacUrNi ke lie jainasaMgha sadaiva hI tatpara rahatA thA / nizIthacUrNI meM ullikhita meM putriyoM aura putravadhu ke jAra athavA dhUrta vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhAgane ke kAlakAcArya kI kathA meM isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ahiMsA kA prANapaNa ullekha haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mukhyata: nizIthacUrNi, bRhatkalpabhASya se pAlana karane vAlA bhikSusaMgha bhI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita hone kI vyavahArabhASya Adi meM aise bhI ullekha milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ avaidha sthiti meM durAcAriyoM ko daNDa dene ke lie zastra pakar3akara sAmane A santAnoM ko bhikSuoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM para chor3a jAtI thIM 5 / Agama aura jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa Agamika vyAkhyAyeM isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki striyA~ sambhoga ke lie pramANa hai ki AcArya ne bhikSuNI61 (bahana sarasvatI) kI zIla-surakSA ke bhikSuoM ko uttejita karatI thIM59 unheM isa hetu vivaza karatI thIM aura liye gardabhilla ke viruddha zakoM kI sahAyatA lekara pUrA saMgharSa kiyA thaa| , unake dvArA inkAra kiye jAne para unheM badanAma kiye jAne kA bhaya dikhAtI nizItha, bRhatkalpabhASya Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se aise ullekha haiM ki yadi thIM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina paristhitiyoM meM bhikSu ko kyA karanA saMghastha bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla-surakSA ke liye durAcArI vyakti kI hatyA cAhie, isa sambandha meM aneka ApavAdika niyamoM kA ullekha milatA karane kA kArya bhI aparihArya ho jAye to aisI hatyA ko bhI ucita mAnA hai / yadyapi zIlabhaMga sambandhI aparAdhoM ke vividha rUpoM evaM sambhAvanAoM gyaa| nArI ke zIla kI surakSA karane vAle aise bhikSu ko saMgha meM ke ullekha jaina paramparA meM vistAra se milate haiM kintu isa carcA kA sammAnita bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jala, uddezya sAdhaka ko vAsanA sambandhI aparAdhoM se vimukha banAnA hI rahA agni, cora aura duSkAla kI sthiti meM sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI hai| yaha jIvana kA yathArtha to thA kintu jainAcArya use jIvana kA caahie| isI prakAra DUbate hue zramaNa aura bhikSuNI meM pahale bhikSuNI ko vikatapakSa mAnate the aura usa Adarza samAja kI kalpanA karate haiM jahA~ aura kSullaka aura kSullikA meM se kSullikA kI rakSA karanI cAhie / isakA pUrNa abhAva ho| isa prakAra nArI kI rakSA ko prAthamikatA dI gaI / . Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM una ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinake kAraNa striyoM ko puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra honA par3A thaa| satI prathA aura jainadharma puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra hone se bacane ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI uttaramadhya yuga meM nArI utpIr3ana kA sabase bIbhatsa rUpa satI zIla-surakSA meM kauna-kauna-sI satarkatA baratanI hotI thI yaha bhI ullekha prathA bana gayA thA, yadi hama satI prathA ke sandarbha meM jaina Agama aura nizItha aura bRhatkalpa donoM meM hI vistAra se milatA hai| rUpavatI vyAkhyA sAhitya ko dekheM to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka bhI aisI ghaTanA kA bhikSuNiyoM ko manacale yuvakoM aura rAjapuruSoM kI kudRSTi se bacane ke ullekha nahIM milatA jahA~ patnI pati ke zava ke sAtha jalI ho yA jalA lie isa prakAra kA veza dhAraNa karanA par3atA thA tAki ve kurupa pratIta dI gayI ho / yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM eka aisA ullekha milatA hai jisake ho / bhikSuNiyoM ko sote samaya kyA vyavasthA karanI cAhie isakA bhI anusAra saupAraka ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara na dene ke kAraNa rAjA bRhatkalpabhASya meM vistAra se varNana hai / bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ne unheM jalA dene kA Adeza de diyA thA aura ukta ullekha ke anusAra vAloM kI pUrI jA~ca kI jAtI thii| pratihArI bhikSuNI upAzraya ke bAhara una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI unakI citAoM meM jala gayI thIM / 62 daNDa lekara baiThatI thI / zIla surakSA ke jo vistRta vivaraNa hameM lekina jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiM / puna: isa ApavAdika Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki puruSa varga ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha striyoM evaM bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI vAsanA kA zikAra banAne meM koI kamI upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, mahAnizItha meM isase bhinna yaha ullekha bhI milatA nahIM rakhatA thA / puruSa dvArA balAtkAra kiye jAne para aura aisI sthiti hai ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI kintu usake

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 559 pitRkula meM yaha rivAja nahIM thA ata: usane apanA vicAra tyAga diyA / 63 atyAcAra kiye gaye, jaina bhikSuNI saMgha usake lie rakSAkavaca banA isase lagatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pati kI mRtyoparAnta svecchA se bhI kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda na kevala vaha pArivArika apane- deha-tyAga ko anucita hI mAnA hai aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko utpIr3ana se baca sakatI thI apitu eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana bhI jI sakatI bAla-maraNa yA mUrkhatA hI kahA hai / satI prathA kA dhArmika samarthana jaina thii| Aja bhI vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM, pitA ke pAsa daheja ke abhAva, Agama sAhitya aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kahIM nahIM milatA hai| kurUpatA athavA anya kinhIM kAraNoM se avivAhita rahane ke liye vivaza yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM kumAriyoM Adi ke liye jaina bhikSuNI saMgha Azrayasthala hai / jaina bhikSuNI candanA kI mAtA dhAriNI Adi ke kucha aise ullekha avazya haiM jinameM saMgha ne nArI garimA aura usake satItva donoM kI rakSA kii| yahI kAraNa brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha thA satI-prathA jaisI kutsita prathA jaina dharma meM kabhI bhI nahIM rhii| avadhAraNA satI prathA kI avadhAraNA se bhinna hai / jaina dharma aura darzana mahAnizItha meM eka strI ko satI hone kA mAnasa banAne para bhI yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt apanI kula-paramparA meM satI prathA kA pracalana nahIM hone ke kAraNa apane jIvita citA meM jala marane se puna: svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti nirNaya ko badalatA huA dekhate haiM / yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki hotI hai / isake viparIta jainadharma apane karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi satIprathA virodhI thI / jaina AcArya aura sAdhviyA~ ke kAraNa yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apane-apane karmoM aura manobhAvoM vidhavAoM ko satI banane se rokakara unheM saMgha meM dIkSita hone kI preraNA ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiM / yadyapi paravartI jaina kathA dete the| jaina paramparA meM brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA Adi ko satI kahA sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma-smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha Aja bhI 16 AgAmI aneka bhavoM ke jIvanasAthI bane, kintu isake viruddha bhI satiyoM kA nAma smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inheM satI isaliye kahA udAharaNoM kI jaina kathA sAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| gayA ki ye apane zIla kI rakSA hetu yA to avivAhita rahIM yA pati ata: yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra kI mRtyu ke pazcAt inhoMne apane caritra evaM zIla ko surakSita rkhaa| para jaina dharma satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM karatA / jaina dharma ke satI prathA Aja jaina sAdhviyoM ke liye eka bahupracalita nAma mahAsatI hai usakA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI rahe haiM / vyAkhyA AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hI hai / jaina paramparA meM Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati kI mRtyu paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha sAhitya likhA gayA, usameM ke pazcAt patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI, sarvaprathama satI prathA kA hI jainIkaraNa kiyA huA eka rUpa hameM dekhane apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana bhI karatI thii| zAlibhadra kI mAtA ko milatA hai / tejapAla-vastupAla prabandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tejapAla bhadrA ko rAjagRha kI eka mahattvapUrNa zreSThI aura vyApArI nirUpita kiyA aura vastupAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unakI patniyoM ne anazana karake apane gayA hai jisake vaibhava ko dekhane ke liye zreNika bhI usake ghara AyA prANa tyAga diye / 65 yahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zarIra tyAgane kA thaa| AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka ullekha haiM jahA~ upakrama to hai kintu usakA svarUpa saumya aura vairAgya pradhAna banA diyA ki strI pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt virakta hokara bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| gayA hai / vastu: yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA yaha satya hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM, kumAriyoM aura parityaktAoM pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai / kA Azraya-sthala thA / yadyapi jaina Agama sAhitya evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya donoM meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ pati aura putroM ke jIvita rahate gaNikAoM kI sthiti hue bhI patnI yA mAtA bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI gaNikAyeM aura vezyAyeM bhAratIya samAja kA Avazyaka ghaTaka pati aura putroM kI sammati se dIkSita huI thI kintu inake alAvA aise rahI haiN| unheM aparigRhItA-strI mAnA jAye yA parigRhItA ise lekara jaina udAharaNoM kI bhI vipulatA dekhI jAtI hai jahA~ patniyA~ pati ke sAtha AcAryoM meM vivAda rahA hai / kyoMki Agamika kAla meM upAsaka ke liye athavA pati evaM putroM kI mRtyu ke uparAnta virakta hokara saMnyAsa grahaNa hama aparigRhItA-strI se sambhoga karane kA niSedha dekhate haiN| bhagavAn kara letI thIM / kucha aise ullekha bhI mile haiM jahA~ strI AjIvana brahmacarya mahAvIra ke pUrva pArthApatya paramparA ke zithilAcArI zramaNa yahA~ taka ko dhAraNa karake yA to pitRgRha meM hI raha jAtI thI athavA dIkSita ho kahane lage the ki binA vivAha kiye arthAt parigRhIta kiye binA yadi jAtI thii| jaina paramparA meM bhikSuNI saMsthA eka aisA AdhAra rahI hai jisane koI strI kAmavAsanA kI AkAMkSA karatI hai to usake sAtha sambhoga karane hamezA nArI ko saMkaTa se ubArakara na kevala Azraya diyA hai, apitu use meM koI pApa nahIM hai / 66 jJAtavya hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata sammAna aura pratiSThA kA jIvana jInA sikhAyA hai| aparigraha ke adhIna mAnA gayA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM nArI ko bhI sampatti jaina bhikSuNI saMgha una sabhI striyoM ke liye jo vidhavA, mAnA jAtA thA, cU~ki aisI sthiti meM aparigraha ke vrata kA bhaMga nahIM thA parityaktA athavA AzrayahIna hotI thIM, zaraNadAtA hotA thA / ata: jaina isaliye zithilAcArI zramaNa usakA virodha kara rahe the| yahI kAraNa thA. dharma meM satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milA / jaba bhI nArI para koI ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko jor3A thaa|

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560 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 cUMki vezyA yA gaNikA parastrI nahIM thI, ataH parastrI niSedha ke sAtha svapatnI santoSavrata ko bhI jor3A gayA aura usake aticAroM meM aparigRhItAgamana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki gRhastha upAsaka ko aparigRhIta (avivAhita) strI se sambhoga nahIM karanA caahie| punaH jaba yaha mAnA gayA hai ki parigrahaNa ke binA sambhoga sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI dravya dekara kucha samaya ke liye gRhIta vezyA bhI nArI zikSA parigRhIta kI koTi meM A jAtI hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa dhanAdi dekara alpakAla ke lie gRhIta strI (itvarikA) ke sAtha bhI sambhoga kA niSedha kiyA gayA aura gRhastha upAsaka ke lie AjIvana hetu gRhIta arthAt vivAhita strI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke yauna sambandha niSiddha mAne gye| jainAcAryoM meM somadeva (10vIM zatI) eka aise AcArya the jinhoMne zrAvaka ke svapatnIsaMtoSa vrata meM, vezyA ko upapatnI mAnakara usakA bhoga rAjA aura zreSThI varga ke lie vihita mAna liyA thA kintu yaha eka apavAda hI thA / " - nArI zikSA ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se hameM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| ki prAcIna kAla meM nArI ko samucita zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| apekSAkRta paravartI Agama jambUdvIpaprajJapti, AvazyakacUrNi evaM digambara paramparA ke AdipurANa Adi meM ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko gaNita aura lipi vijJAna kI zikSA dI thii| mAtra yahI nahIM, jJAtAdharmakathA aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM strI ko cauMsaTha kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ inake nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM tathApi yaha avazya sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kanyAoM ko inakI zikSA dI jAtI sarvaprathama jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM inakA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki jahA~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM puruSa kI 72 hai hai| / yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI logoM ke sAtha jainadharma ke prati zraddhAvAn sAmAnyajana bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM gaNikAoM se sambaddha rahA hai / AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki kRSNa vAsudeva kI dvArikA kalAoM kA varNana hai, vahIM nArI kI causaTha kalA kA nirdezamAtra hai| / nagarI meM anaMgasenA pramukha aneka gaNikAe~ bhI thIM / " svayaM RSabhadeva ke nIlAMjanA kA nRtya dekhate samaya usakI mRtyu se pratibodhita hone kI kathA digambara paramparA meM suvizruta hai / 19 kucha vidvAn mathurA meM isake aMkana ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM devadattA Adi gaNikAoM kI samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthiti kI sUcanA milatI hai| samAja ke sampanna parivAroM ke logoM ke vezyAoM se sambandha the, isakI sUcanA Agama, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke AkhyAna suvizruta hai kintu ina saba ullekhoM se vaha mAna lenA ki vezyAvRtti jainadharmasammata thI yA jainAcArya isake prati udAsIna bhAva rakhate the sabase bar3I Anti hogii| hama yaha pUrva meM saMketa kara hI cuke haiM ki jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the aura kisI bhI sthiti meM ise aucityapUrNa nahIM mAnate the sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM to jainadharma kA anuyAyI banane kI prathama zarta yahI thI ki vyakti sapta durvyasana kA tyAga kre| isameM parastrIgamana aura vezyAgamana donoM niSiddha mAne gaye the / 1 upAsakadazA meM "asatIjana poSaNa" zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha karma thA / 72 I Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM kI apanI naitika maryAdAe~ thIM, ve unakA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM karatI thiiN| kAnhaDakaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke AkhyAna isake pramANa haiN|" aisI vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM ke prati jainAcArya anudAra nahIM the, unake lie dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke dvAra khule the, ve zrAvikAeM bana jAtI thiiN| kozA aisI vezyA thI jisakI zAlA meM jaina muniyoM ko niHsaMkoca bhAva se cAturmAsa vyatIta karane kI anujJA AcArya de dete the| mathurA ke abhilekha isa bAta ke sAkSI hai ki gaNikAe~ jinamandira aura AyAgapaTTa (pUjApaTTa) banavAtI thIM / " yaha jainAcAryoM kA udAra dRSTikoNa thA jo isa patita varga kA uddhAra kara use pratiSThA pradAna karatA thaa| 1 phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki bhAratIya samAja meM yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI thii| zAtAdharmakathA meM devadattA gaNikA ko causaTha kalAoM meM paNDita, cauMsaTha gaNikA guNa (kAla-kalA) se upapeta, untIsa prakAra se ramaNa karane meM pravINa, ikkIsa ratiguNoM meM pradhAna, battIsa puruSopacAra meM kuzala, navAMgasUtra pratibodhita aura aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada kahA hai| ina sUciyoM ko dekhakara spaSTa rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki striyoM ko unakI prakRti aura dAyitva ke anusAra bhASA, gaNita, lekhanakalA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha striyocita nRtya, saMgIta aura lalitakalAoM tathA pAka-zAstra Adi meM zikSita kiyA jAtA thA / yadyapi Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isa sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM hai ki ye zikSA unheM ghara para hI dI jAtI thI athavA ve gurukula meM jAkara inakA adhyayana karatI thiiN| strI - gurukula ke sandarbha ke abhAva se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI zikSA ko vyavasthA ghara para hI kI jAtI thii| sambhavataH parivAra kI praur3ha mahilAe~ hI unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA karatI thIM kintu sampanna parivAroM meM isa hetu vibhinna dezoM kI dAsiyoM evaM gaNikAoM kI bhI niyukti kI jAtI thI jo inheM ina kalAoM meM pAraMgata banAtI thiiN| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM koI bhI aisA sandarbha upalabdha nahIM huA jo sahazikSA kA nirdeza karatA ho / nArI ke gRhastha jIvana sambandhI ina zikSAoM ke prApta karane ke adhikAra meM prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla taka koI vizeSa parivartana huA ho, aisA bhI hameM jJAta nahIM hotA; mAtra viSayavastu meM kramika vikAsa huA hogaa| yadyapi laukika zikSA meM strI aura puruSa ko prakRti evaM kArya ke AdhAra para antara kiyA gayA thA, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki strI aura puruSa meM koI bheda-bhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| nArI ko usake lie .

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA Avazyaka sabhI pakSoM kI sampUrNa zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi yaha satya thaa| kintu niSedha kA yaha krama Age bar3hatA hI gayA / bArahavIM-terahavIM hai ki usa yuga meM strI aura puruSa donoM ke lie karma pradhAna zikSA kA zatI ke pazcAt eka yuga aisA bhI AyA jaba usameM AgamoM ke adhyayana hI vizeSa pracalana thaa| kA mAtra adhikAra hI nahIM chInA gayA, apitu upadeza dene kA adhikAra jahA~ taka dhArmika-AdhyAtmika zikSA kA prazna hai vaha unheM bhI samApta kara diyA gayA / Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrti-pUjaka paramparA ke bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kI jAtI thii| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki tapAgaccha meM bhikSuNiyoM ko isa adhikAra se vaMcita hI rakhA gayA hai / jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu ko striyoM ko zikSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thA / 77 yadyapi punarjAgRti ke prabhAva se Aja adhikAMza jaina sampradAyoM meM vaha kevala striyoM aura puruSoM kI saMyukta sabhA meM upadeza de sakatA thaa| sAdhviyA~ AgamoM ke adhyayana aura pravacana kA kArya kara rahI haiM / sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyoM aura gRhastha upAsikAoM donoM ko hI sthavirA niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA hI zikSA dI jAtI thI / yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika aura Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM kisI sImA taka vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kacha sacanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinake AdhAra para yaha nArI ke zikSA ke adhikAra ko sImita kiyA gayA thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya bhI kabhI-kabhI unheM zikSA se yahA~ yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki nArI-zikSA ke prazna para vaidika aura jaina pAnAtIla paramparA meM kisa prakAra samAnAntara parivartana hotA gayA / Agamika nirgrantha, tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI bhikSaNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa vyAkhyA sAhitya ke yuga meM na kevala zikSA ke kSetra meM apitu dharmasaMgha kI paryAya vAlA nimrantha sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya __ meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI strI kI garimA aura adhikAra sImita hote gye| isakA mukhya kAraNa to apanI sahagAmI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA thA / jahA~ taka striyoM ke dvArA dharmagranthoM ke adhyayana kA hI thA kintu isake sAtha hI acelatA ke ati Agraha ne bhI eka prazna hai ati prAcInakAla meM isa prakAra kA koI bandhana rahA ho, hameM jJAta mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kI / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA apekSAkRta udAra nahIM hotaa| antakRddazA Adi Agama granthoM meM aise aneka ullekha rahI naka ullakha rahI kintu samaya ke prabhAva se vaha bhI nahIM baca sakI aura usameM bhI milate haiM jahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA sAmAyika Adi 11 aMgoM kA zikSA, samAja aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM Agama yaga kI apekSA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thA / yadyapi AgamoM meM na kahIM aisA koI spaSTa Agamika vyAkhyA yaga meM nArI ke adhikAra sImita kiye gaye / ullekha hai ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana nahIM kara sakatI thI aura na isa prakAra kAla-krama meM jaina dharma meM bhI bhAratIya hindU samAja hI aisA koI vidhAyaka sandarbha upalabdha hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nArI ko usake adhikAroM se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA, kahA jA sake ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karatI thii| kintu Agamika phira bhI bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM usakI garimA ko kisI sImA taka surakSita vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTivAda kA adhyayana striyoM ke lie niSiddha rakhA gayA thA / mAna liyA gayA / bhikSuNiyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA ki svabhAva kI caMcalatA evaM buddhi-prakarSa meM kamI ke kAraNa usake bhikSuNI-saMgha aura nArI kI garimA 1 lie dRSTivAda kA adhyayana niSiddha batAyA gayA hai| jaba eka ora yaha jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM nArI kI garimA ko kisa prakAra surakSita mAna liyA gayA ki strI ko sarvocca kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI rakhA gayA isa sambandha meM yahA~ kiMcit carcA kara lenA upayogI hogA / hai, to yaha kahanA galata hogA ki unameM buddhi-prakarSa kI kamI hai| mujhe jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jainadharma ke bhikSuNI-saMgha ke dvAra aisA lagatA hai ki jaba hindU paramparA meM usI nArI ko jo vaidika RcAoM binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI jAti, varNa evaM varga kI striyoM ke lie kI nirmAtrI thI, vedoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA to usI ke khule hue the / jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM praveza ke lie sAmAnya rUpa se ve prabhAva meM Akara usa nArI ko jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM aMga aura mUla hI striyA~ ayogya mAnI jAtI thIM, jo bAlikA athavA ativRddha hoM sAhitya kA mUlasrota thI, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA athavA mUrkha yA pAgala hoM yA kisI saMkrAmaka aura asAdhya roga se gayA / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki dRSTivAda kA mukhya pIr3ita hoM athavA jo indriyoM yA aMga se hIna hoM, jaise aMdhI, paMgu, lUlI viSaya mUlata: dArzanika aura tArkika thA aura aise jaTila viSaya ke Adi / kintu striyoM ke lie bhikSuNI-saMgha meM praveza usa avasthA meM bhI adhyayana ko unake lie upayukta na samajhakara unakA adhyayana niSiddha varjita thA - jaba ve garbhiNI hoM athavA unakI goda meM ati alpavaya kara diyA gayA ho / bRhatkalpabhASya aura vyavahArabhASya kI pIThikA meM kA dUdha pItA huA zizu ho / isake atirikta saMrakSaka arthAt mAtAunake lie mahAparijJA, aruNopapAta aura dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha pitA, pati, putra kI anujJA na milane para bhI unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA kiyA gayA hai / kintu Age calakara nizItha Adi aparAdha aura prAyazcitta jAtA thA / kintu surakSA pradAna karane ke lie vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM aisI sambandhI granthoM ke adhyayana se bhI use vaMcita kara diyA gayA / yadyapi striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM praveza kI anumati de dI jAtI thii| niravAyalikAsUtra nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke niSedha karane kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki ke anusAra subhadrA ne apane pati kI AjJA ke viruddha hI bhikSuNI saMgha aparAdhoM kI jAnakArI se yA to vaha aparAdhoM kI ora pravRtta ho sakatI meM praveza kara liyA thA / yadyapi sthAnAMga ke anusAra garbhiNI strI kA thI yA daNDa dene kA adhikAra puruSa apane pAsa surakSita rakhanA cAhatA bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza varjita thA, kintu uttarAdhyayananiyukti,

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562 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi meM aise saMketa bhI milate haiM jinake anusAra kucha striyoM ne garbhavatI hone para bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thii| madanarekhA apane pati kI hatyA kara diye jAne para jaMgala meM bhAga gayI aura vahIM usane bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyaa| isI prakAra padmAvatI aura yazabhadrA ne garbhavatI hote hue bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA aura bAda meM unheM putra prasava hue| vastutaH ina apavAda niyamoM ke pIche jaina AcAryoM kI mUladRSTi yaha thI ki nArI aura garbhastha zizu kA jIvana surakSita rahe, kyoMki aisI sthitiyoM meM yadi unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai, to ho sakatA thA ki unakA zIla aura jIvana khatare meM par3a jAya aura kisI strI ke zIla aura jIvana ko surakSita rakhanA saMgha kA sarvopari karttavya thA / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki nArI ke zIla evaM jIvana kI surakSA aura usake AtmanirNaya ke adhikAra ko mAnya rakhane hetu pati kI anumati ke binA aura garbhavatI hone kI sthiti meM bhI unheM jo bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza de diyA jAtA thA yaha nArI ke prati jaina saMgha kI udAra evaM garimApUrNa dRSTi hI thii| nivAsa varjita mAnA gayA, jahA~ samIpa meM hI bhikSu athavA gRhastha nivAsa kara rahe hoN| bhikSuoM se bAtacIta karanA aura unake dvArA lAkara diye jAne vAle vastra, pAtra evaM bhikSAdi ko grahaNa karanA bhI unake lie niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| Apasa meM eka dUsare kA sparza to varjita thA hI, unheM Apasa meM akele meM bAtacIta karane kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA thaa| yadi bhikSuoM se vArtAlApa Avazyaka bhI ho to bhI agra- bhikSuNI ko Age karake saMkSipta vArtAlApa kI anumati pradAna kI gayI thI / vastutaH ye sabhI niyama isalie banAye gaye the ki kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone evaM cAritrika skhalana ke avasara uplabdha na hoM athavA bhikSuoM evaM gRhasthoM AkarSaNa evaM vAsanA kI zikAra banakara bhikSuNI ke zIla kI surakSA khatare meM na pdd'e| ke kintu dUsarI ora unakI surakSA ke lie ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM unakA bhikSuoM ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA evaM yAtrA karanA vihita bhI mAna liyA gayA thaa| yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki AcArya, yuvA bhikSu aura vRddhA bhikSuNiyA~ taruNa bhikSuNiyoM ko apane saMrakSaNa meM lekara yAtrA kreN| aisI yAtrAoM meM pUrI vyUha racanA karake yAtrA kI jAtI thI - sabase Age AcArya evaM vRddha bhikSugaNa, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSu, phira vRddha bhikSuNiyAM, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSuNiyA~ unake pazcAt vRddha bhikSuNiyAM aura anta meM yuvA bhikSu hote the| nizIthacUrNi Adi meM aise bhI ullekha hai ki bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla surakSA ke lie Avazyaka hone para bhikSu una manuSyoM kI bhI hiMsA kara sakatA thA jo usake zIla ko bhaMga karane kA prayAsa karate the| yahA~ taka ki aise aparAdha prAyazcita yogya bhI nahIM mAne gaye the / bhikSuNiyoM ko kucha anya paristhitiyoM meM bhI isI dRSTi se bhikSuoM ke sAnnidhya meM nivAsa karane kI bhI anumati de dI gayI thI, jaise bhikSu bhikSuNI yAtrA karate hue kisI nirjana gahana vana meM pahu~ca gaye hoM athavA bhikSuNiyoM ko nagara meM athavA devAlaya meM Thaharane ke lie anyatra koI sthAna upalabdha na ho rahA ho athavA una para balAtkAra evaM unake vastrapAtrAdi ke apaharaNa kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI ho| isI prakAra vikSipta citta athavA atirogI bhikSu kI paricaryA ke lie yadi koI bhikSu upalabdha na ho to bhikSuNI usakI paricaryA kara sakatI thii| bhikSuoM ke lie bhI sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNI kA sparza varjita thA kintu bhikSuNI ke kIcar3a meM pha~sa jAne para nAva meM car3ane yA utarane meM kaThinAI anubhava karane para athavA jaba usakI hiMsA athavA zIlabhaMga ke prayatna kiye jA rahe hoM to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu bhikSuNI kA sparza kara use surakSA pradAna kara sakatA thA / jaina paramparA meM AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai| bhikSuNI ke zIla kI surakSA ko jaina bhikSu saMgha kA anivArya evaM prAthamika kartavya mAnA gayA thA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM nArI ke zIla sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra bhikSAcaryA, upAsanA Adi se sambandhita niyama samAna hI the, kintu khiyoM kI prakRti aura sAmAjika sthiti ko dekhakara bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vastra ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa niyama banAye gye| udAharaNa ke lie jahA~ bhikSu sampUrNa vastroM kA tyAga kara raha sakatA thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie nagna honA varjita mAna liyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM usakI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usakI vastra saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi kI gayI thI jahA~ bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastroM kA vidhAna thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie cAra varSoM ko rakhane kA vidhAna thaa| Age calakara Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM na kevala usake tana Dha~kane kI vyavasthA kI gayI, balki zIla surakSA ke lie use aise vastroM ko pahanane kA nirdeza diyA gayA, jisase unakA zIla bhaMga karane vAle vyakti ko sahaja hI avasara upalabdha na ho| isI prakAra zIla surakSA kI dRSTi se bhikSuNI ko akele bhikSArtha jAnA varjita kara diyA gayA thaa| bhikSuNI tIna yA usase adhika saMkhyA meM bhikSA ke lie jA sakatI thI sAtha meM yaha bhI nirdeza thA ki yuvA bhikSuNI vRddha bhikSuNI ko sAtha lekara jAe jahA~ bhikSu 6 kilomITara taka bhikSA ke lie jA sakatA thA, vahIM bhikSuNI ke lie sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM bhikSA ke lie ati dUra jAnA niSiddha thaa| isI prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA dvAra rahita upAzrayoM meM ThaharanA bhI varjita thaa| ina sabake pIche mukhya uddezya nArI ke zIla kI surakSA thii| kyoMki zIla hI nArI ke sammAna kA AdhAra thA / ataH usakI zIlasurakSA hetu vividha niyamoM aura apavAdoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA hai| nArI kI zIla-surakSA ke lie jaina AcAyoM ne eka ora aise niyamoM kA sRjana kiyA jinake dvArA bhikSuNiyoM kA puruSoM aura bhikSuoM surakSA ke lie paryApta satarkatA rakhI gaI thii| se samparka sImita kiyA jA sake, tAki cAritrika skhalana kI sambhAvanAeM alpatama hoM / phalasvarUpa na kevala bhikSuNiyoM kA bhikSuoM ke sAtha ThaharanA aura vihAra karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA, apitu aise sthaloM para bhI mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apanI daNDa vyavasthA aura saMghavyavasthA meM bhI nArI kI prakRti ko samyak rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| puruSoM ke balAtkAra aura atyAcAroM se pIr3ita nArI ko unhoMne .

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 563 dutkArA nahIM, apitu usake samuddhAra kA prayatna kiyaa| jaina daNDavyavasthA maNiprabhA zrI jI aura sAdhvI zrI mRgAvatIjI bhI aise nAma haiM ki jinake meM una bhikSuNiyoM ke liye kisI prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA nahIM kI vyaktitva aura kRtitva donoM hI unakI yazogAthA ko ujAgara karate gaI thI jo balAtkAra kI zikAra hokara garbhavatI ho jAtI thIM apitu haiN| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM AryikA jJAnamatI jI kA bhI paryApta unake aura unake garbhastha bAlaka ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva saMgha kA mAnA prabhAva hai| unake dvArA prakAzita granthoM kI sUcI se unakI vidvattA kA gayA thA / prasavoparAnta bAlaka bAlikA ke bar3A ho jAne para ve punaH AbhAsa ho jAtA hai| bhikSuNI ho sakatI thii| isI prakAra ve bhikSuNiyA~ bhI jo kabhI vAsanA ata: hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma meM usake atIta se ke Avega meM bahakara cAritrika skhalana kI zikAra ho jAtI thIM, lekara vartamAna taka nArI kI aura vizeSa rUpa se bhikSuNiyoM kI eka tiraskRta nahIM kara dI jAtIM, apitu unheM apane ko sudhArane kA avasara mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / jahA~ eka ora jainadharma ne nArI ko sammAnita pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| isa tathya ke samarthana meM yaha kahA gayA thA ki aura gauravAnvita karate hue, usake zIla saMrakSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA aura kyA bAr3ha se grasta nadI puna: apane mUla mArga para nahIM A jAtI hai ? usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA; vahIM dUsarI ora jaina prAyazcitta vyavasthA meM bhI striyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie parihAra aura brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA se lekara Aja taka kI anekAneka satIpArAJcika (niSkAsana) jaise kaThora daNDa varjita mAna liye gaye the, sAdhviyoM ne apane caritrabala tathA saMyama sAdhanA se jainadharma kI dhvajA ko kyoMki ina daNDoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ve nirAzrita hokara vezyAvRtti jaise phaharAyA hai| anaitika karmoM ke liye bAdhya ho sakatI thIM / isa prakAra jainAcArya nArI ke prati sadaiva sajaga aura udAra rahe haiN| vibhinna dharmoM meM nArI kI sthiti kI tulanA hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jainadharma kA bhikSuNI-saMgha una anAtha, parityaktA evaM vidhavA nAriyoM ke lie sammAnapUrvaka (1) hindU dharma aura jainadharma - hindU dharma meM vaidika yuga meM jIne ke lie eka mArga prazasta karatA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna nArI kI bhUmikA dhArmika aura sAmAjika donoM hI kSetroM meM mahattvapUrNa mAnI kAla se lekara Ajataka jainadharma abhAgI nAriyoM ke lie Azraya-sthala jAtI thI aura use puruSa ke samakakSa hI samajhA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke dvArA yA zaraNasthala banA rahA hai / suzrI hIrAbahana boradiyA ne apane zodha kArya racita aneka veda-RcAeM aura yajJa Adi dhArmika karmakANDoM meM patnI ke daurAna aneka sAdhviyoM kA sAkSAtkAra liyA aura usameM ve isI kI anivAryatA, nizcaya hI isa tathya kI poSaka haiM / manu kA yaha udghoSa niSkarSa para pahuMcI thIM ki vartamAna meM bhI aneka anAtha, vidhavA, ki nAryastu yatra pUjyante ramante tatra devatA- arthAt jahA~ nArIyoM kI pUjA parityaktA striyA~ athavA ve kanyAyeM jo daheja athavA kurUpatA ke kAraNa hotI hai vahA~ devatA ramaNa karate haiM, isI tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki vivAha na kara sakIM, ve sabhI jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM sammilita hokara eka hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se nArI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai, ina sabake sammAnapUrNa svAvalambana kA jIvana jI rahI haiM / jaina bhikSuNiyoM meM se atirikta bhI devI-upAsanA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, mahAkAlI Adi aneka to Aja bhI samAja meM itanI susthApita haiM ki unakI tulanA meM deviyoM kI upAsanA bhI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki nArI na kevala muni varga kA prabhAva bhI kucha nahIM lagatA hai| upAsaka hai apitu upAsya bhI hai| yadyapi vaidika yuga se lekara taMtra yuga isa AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jainadharma ke prArambha taka nArI kI mahattA ke aneka pramANa hameM hindUdharma meM milate ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM nArI kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / Aja bhI haiM kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI hai ki smRti yuga se hI usameM jaina samAja meM bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna gunI se bhI kramaza: nArI ke mahattva kA avamUlyana hotA gyaa| smRtiyoM meM nArI ko adhika hai jo samAja para unake vyApaka prabhAva ko dhotita karatI hai| puruSa ke adhIna banAne kA upakrama prArambha ho gayA thA aura unameM yahA~ taka vartamAna yuga meM bhI aneka aisI jaina sAdhviyAM huI haiM aura haiM jinakA kahA gayA ki nArI ko bAlyakAla meM pitA ke adhIna, yuvAvasthA meM pati samAja para atyadhika prabhAva rahA hai / jaise sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM ke adhIna aura vRddhAvasthA meM putra ke adhIna raha kara hI apanA jIvana paMjAbasiMhanI sAdhvI pArvatIjI jo apanI vidvattA aura prabhAvazIlatA ke jInA hotA hai / isa prakAra vaha sadaiva hI puruSa ke adhIna hI hai, kabhI liye suvizruta thiiN| jainadharma ke kaTTara virodhI bhI unake tarkoM aura bulaMdagI bhI svatantra nahIM hai / smRti kAla meM use sampatti ke adhikAra se bhI ke sAmane sahama jAte the| isI prakAra sAdhvI yazaku~varajI jinhoMne mUka vaMcita kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM mAtra usake dAsI yA bhogyA pazuoM kI bali ko banda karAne meM aneka saMgharSa kiye aura apane zaurya svarUpa para hI bala diyA gyaa| pati kI sevA ko hI usakA ekamAtra evaM pravacanapaTutA se aneka sthaloM para pazubali ko samApta karavA karttavya mAnA gayA / diyA / usI krama meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAlava siMhanI sAdhvI zrI yaha viDambanA hI thI ki adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI veda-RcAoM ratnaku~varajI aura mahArASTra gaurava sAdhvI zrI ujjvalaku~varajI ke bhI nAma kI nirmAtrI nArI ko, unhIM RcAoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA liye jA sakate haiM jinakA samAja para prabhAva kisI AcArya se kama nahIM gyaa| usake kAryakSetra ko santAna-utpAdana, santAna-pAlana, gRhakArya thaa| mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM sAdhvI zrI vicakSaNa zrI jI, sampAdana tathA pati kI sevA taka sImita karake use ghara kI cAradivArI

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564 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM kaida kara diyA gayA / hindU dharma meM nArI kI yaha durdazA muslima utpIr3ana kA zikAra nahIM banIM / jainadharma kA bhikSuNI- saMgha aisI nAriyoM AkrAntAoM ke Agamana ke sAtha kramaza: bar3hatI hI gayI / rAmacaritamAnasa ke lie eka zaraNa-sthala rahA aura usane unheM sammAnapUrNa aura svAvalambI ke racayitA yuga-kavi tulasIdAsa ko bhI kahanA par3A ki 'Dhola ga~vAra jIvana jInA sIkhAyA / yahI kAraNa thA ki usameM satIprathA jaisI vIbhatsa zUdra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikArI' / hindU dharma kA madhyayuga kA prathAe~ bhI apanI jar3eM nahIM jamA skiiN| jainadharma meM ve striyA~ jo sAmAjika itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki bahupatnIprathA aura satIprathA jaisI krUra kSetra meM puruSa ke adhIna hokara jIvana jItI thIM bhikSuNI banakara puruSoM ke aura nRzaMsa prathAoM ne janma lekara usameM nArI ke mahattva aura mUlya ko lie vandanIya aura mArgadarzaka bana jAtI thIM / isa prakAra tulanAtmaka prAya: samApta hI kara diyA thaa| vartamAna samAja vyavasthA meM bhI hindU dRSTi se nizcaya hI hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki hindUdharma kI tulanA meM dharma meM nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta hai yaha kahanA jainadharma meM nArI kI sthiti bahuta kucha sammAnapUrNa rahI hai| kaThina hai, yadyapi nArI cetanA kA puna: jAgaraNa huA hai kintu yaha bhI bhaya hai ki pazcima ke andhAnukaraNa meM vaha kahIM galata dizA meM mor3a na (2) bauddhadharma aura jainadharma le le| bauddhadharma aura jainadharma donoM hI zramaNa paramparA ke dharma rahe haiM hindUdharma meM yadyapi saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko sthAna milA aura donoM meM bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai, phira bhI nArI ke prati huA hai aura prAcInakAla se hI hindU saMnyAsiniyoM ke bhI ullekha milane jainadharma kI apekSA bauddhadharma kA dRSTikoNa adhika anudAra rahA hai| prathama lagate haiM, phira bhI saMnyAsiniyoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sambandha meM to bhagavAn buddha bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA ke lie sahamata hI nahIM hue hindUdharmagrantha prAya: mauna hI haiN| hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se lekara Aja the kintu jaba apanI kSIradAyikA mausI gautamI aura antevAsI Ananda taka yatra-tatra kinhIM saMnyAsiniyoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha ko chor3akara ne kisI prakAra apane prabhAva kA upayoga karake buddha ko sahamata karane saMnyAsiniyoM kA eka suvyavasthita varga banA ho aisA nahIM dekhA jAtA kA prayatna kiyA to buddha ne bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA kI svIkRti kucha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hindU dharma meM vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM aura zartoM ke sAtha pradAna kii| jabaki jainadharma meM mahAvIra ke pUrva meM bhI pArzva avivAhita striyoM ke lie sammAna pUrNa jIvana jIne ke liye koI kA bhikSuNI-saMgha suvyavasthita DhaMga se kAryarata thA aura mahAvIra ko bhI Azrayasthala nahIM bana sakA aura ve sadaiva hI puruSa ke atyAcAroM aura isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM huA thaa| isa prakAra jainadharma pratAr3anAoM kA zikAra banIM / cAhe siddhAntarUpa meM striyoM ke saMdarbha meM kA bhikSuNI-saMgha bauddhadharma ke bhikSuNI-saMgha se pUrvavartI thA / punaH buddha ne hindU dharma meM kucha AdarzavAdI udghoSa hameM mila jAe~ kintu vyAvahArika bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA ke samaya hI jina aSTa-gurudharmoM (aSTa puruSa kI jIvana meM hindU dharma meM striyA~ upekSA kA hI viSaya banI rhiiN| zreSThatA sambandhI niyamoM) ke pAlana ke lie striyoM ko bAdhya kiyA, ve tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki hindU dharma spaSTa rUpa se darzAte haiM ki buddha kI dRSTi nAriyoM ke prati apekSAkRta kI apekSA jaina dharma meM nArI kI sthiti aura bhUmikA donoM hI adhika anudAra thii| ina aSTa gurudharmoM ke anusAra bhikSuNI saMgha pratyeka kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa rhiiN| yoM to jainadharma hindUdharma ke sahavartI dharma ke rUpa meM hI bhikSu-saMgha ke adhIna thA / cira pravrajitA aura vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie vikasita huA hai aura isIlie pratyeka kAla meM vaha hindUdharma se sadyaH pravrajita bhikSu na kevala vandanIya thA apitu vaha unakA anuzAstA prabhAvita rahA hai / hindUdharma ke nArI sambandhI dRSTikoNa aura usake bhI ho sakatA thA / bhikSuNI ko upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI nahIM thA / duSpariNAmoM kA zikAra vaha bhI banA hai / jisa prakAra hindUdharma meM veda- yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhadharma ke samAna hI jainadharma RcAoM kI racayitA strI ko unake adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA, meM bhI to cirakAla kI dIkSita evaM vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie sadyaH usI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI strI ke lie na kevala dRSTivAda ke adhyayana dIkSita bhikSu vandanIya hotA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM jainadharma meM yaha niyama ko apitu AgamoM ke adhyayana ko bhI varjita mAna liyA gayA, yadyapi bauddhadharma ke prabhAva athavA isa deza kI puruSa pradhAna saMskRti ke kAraNa prAcIna Agama sAhitya meM striyoM ke aMga-Agama ke adhyayana ke ullekha kAlAMtara meM hI AyA hogaa| prAcInatama Agama AcArAMga bhikSu-bhikSuNI evaM nirdeza upalabdha haiM / yaha satya hai ki isa sambandha meM jainadharma ne ke niyamoM evaM unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke nirdeza to karatA hai, kintu hindUdharma kA anusaraNa hI kiyA / bRhattara hindU samAja kA eka aMga bane kahIM yaha ullekha nahIM karatA hai ki cirapravrajita bhikSuNI sadyaH dIkSita rahane ke kAraNa jainoM ke sAmAjika jIvana meM striyoM kI sthiti hindUdharma bhikSu ko vaMdana kare / paravartI Agama meM bhI mAtra jyeSTha-kalpa kA ullekha ke samAna hI rahI hai, phira bhI jainadharma kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM hindUdharma hai| kI bhA~ti bahupatnIprathA itanI adhika hAvI nahIM huI ki puruSa kI dRSTi meM jyeSTha-kalpa kA tAtparya hai ki kaniSTha apane se pravrajyA meM strI mAtra bhogyA banakara raha gayI ho| isake pIche jainadharma kA sanyAsamArgIya jyeSTha ko vaMdana kare / yaha TIkAkAroM kI apanI kalpanA hai ki unhoMne dRSTikoNa hI pramukha rahA hai| dUsare jainadharma meM prArambha se lekara Aja taka jyeSTha kalpa ko puruSajyeSTha ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA / mUla-AgamoM bhikSuNIsaMgha kI jo eka sudRr3ha vyavasthA rahI hai, usake kAraNa usameM nArI meM aisI koI bhI vyavasthA upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para jainadharma vizeSarUpa se vidhavA, parityaktA aura kamAriyA~ puruSa ke atyAcAra aura meM strI ko puruSa kI apekSA nimna mAnA gayA ho / AgamoM meM strI ko na

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 565 kevala mokSa kA adhikArI batAyA gayA, apitu use tIrthaMkara jaise yaha bhI satya hai ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM nArI bhAratIya nArI kI apekSA sarvocca pada kI bhI adhikArI ghoSita kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM adhika svatantra hai aura aneka kSetroM meM vaha puruSoM ke samakakSa khar3I huI malli kA strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / ataH hama spaSTa rUpa se hai| kintu ina sabakA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA hai ki vahA~ kA yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI pArivArika va sAmAjika jIvana TUTatA huA dikhAI detA hai / bar3hate hue ke prati adhika udAra thaa| bauddhadharma meM nArI kabhI bhI buddha nahIM bana sakatI talAka aura svacchanda yaunAcAra aise tattva haiM jo IsAI nArI kI garimA hai. kinta jainadharma meM cAhe apavAda rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, strI tIrthaMkara ko khaNDita karate haiN| jahA~ hindadharma aura jainadharma meM vivAha sambandha ho sakatI hai / yadyapi paravartI kAla meM jainadharma kI digambara zAkhA meM, ko Aja bhI na kevala eka pavitra sambandha mAnA gayA hai, apitu eka jo nArI ko tIrthakaratva evaM nirvANa ke adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA AjIvana sambandha ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai. vahA~ IsAI samAja meM Aja thA, vaha usake acelatA para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa huA thaa| cUMki vivAha yauna-vAsanAoM kI parti kA mAdhyama mAtra hI raha gayA hai / usake sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa nArI nagna nahIM raha sakatI thI ata: digambara pIche rahI huI pavitratA evaM AjIvana bandhana kI dRSTi samApta ho rahI hai| paramparA ne use nirvANa aura tIrthaMkaratva ke ayogya hI ThaharA diyA / yadi IsAI dharma apane samAja ko isa doSa se mukta kara sake to sambhavataH kintu yaha eka paravartI hI ghaTanA hai / IsA kI sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva jaina vaha nArI kI garimA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se vizva dharmoM meM adhika sArthaka sAhitya meM aise ullekha nahIM milate haiN| siddha ho sakatA hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM bhikSuNIsaMgha astitva meM AyA aura saMghamitrA jaisI bhikSuNioM ne bauddhadharma ke prasAra meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna bhI diyA kintu bauddhadharma kA yaha bhikSuNI-saMgha cirakAla taka astitva meM nahIM raha 4. islAmadharma aura jainadharma sakA cAhe usake kAraNa kucha bhI raheM hoM / Aja bauddhadharma vizva ke eka jahA~ taka islAmadharma aura jainadharma kA sambandha hai sarvaprathama pramukha dharma ke rUpa meM apanA astitva rakhatA hai, kintu kucha zrAmaNeriyoM hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki donoM kI prakRti bhinna hai / islAmadharma ko chor3akara bauddhadharma meM kahIM bhI bhikSuNI-saMgha kI upasthiti nahIM dekhI meM saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA prAya: anupasthita hai aura isalie usameM nArI jAtI hai / yaha eka durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA rahI hai / cAhe isake mUla meM bhI __ ko puruSa ke samakakSa sthAna mila pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai / usameM aksara bauddhAcAryoM ke mana meM buddha kA yaha bhaya hI kAma kara rahA ho ki bhikSuNiyoM nArI ko eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai / bahupatnI prathA kA khulA kI upasthiti se saMgha cirakAla taka jIvita nahIM rhegaa| jabaki jainadharma samarthana bhI islAma meM nArI kI sthiti ko hIna banAtA hai| vahA~ na kevala meM Aja bhI sasaMgaThita bhikSaNI-saMgha upasthita hai aura bhikSaoM kI apekSA puruSa ko bahuvivAha kA adhikAra hai apitu use yaha bhI adhikAra hai ki bhikSaNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna ganI se adhika hai| yaha bauddhadharma kI apekSA vaha cAhe jaba mAtra tIna bAra talAka kahakara vivAha-bandhana ko tor3a jainadharma ke nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| sakatA hai / phalata: usameM nArI ko atyAcAra va utpIr3ana kI zikAra banAne kI sambhAvanAe~ adhika rahI haiN| yaha kevala hindUdharma va jainadharma IsAIdharma aura jainadharma kI hI vizeSatA hai ki usameM vivAha ke bandhana ko AjIvana eka pavitra nArI ke sambandha meM IsAIdharma aura jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa bahata bandhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha kucha samAna hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke samAna IsAIdharma meM yIza kI bandhana tor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai / yadyapi islAma meM nArI ke sampatti ke mAtA mariyama ko bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI IsAIdharma meM jainadharma adhikAra ko mAnya kiyA gayA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM kabhI bhI nArI paruSa kI bhAMti hI bhikSuNI-saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai| Aja bhI IsAIdharma kI kaida evaM utpIr3ana se mukta nahIM raha sakI / usameM strI puruSa kI meM na kevala bhikSaNI saMsthA savyavasthita rUpa meM astitva rakhatI hai vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana mAtra hI banI rahI / bhArata meM pardAprathA, satIprathA apita IsAI bhikSaNiyAM (Nuns) apane jJAnadAna aura sevAkArya se jaise kuprathAoM ke panapane ke lie islAmadharma hI adhika jimmedAra rahA samAja meM adhika AdaraNIya aura mahattvapUrNa banI huI haiM / IsAI dharma saMgha hai| dvArA sthApita zikSA saMsthAoM, cikitsAlayoM aura sevAzramoM meM ina isa tulAnAtmaka vivaraNa ke AdhAra para anta meM hama yaha kaha bhikSaNiyoM kI tyAga aura sevA-bhAvanA aneka vyaktiyoM ke mana ko moha sakate haiM ki vibhinna dharmoM kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati letI hai| yadi jaina samAja unase kacha zikSA le to usakA bhikSaNI-saMgha apekSAkRta adhika vyAvahArika evaM udAra hai / yadyapi isa satya ko samAja ke lie adhika lokopayogI bana sakatA hai aura nArI meM nihita svIkara karane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki samasAmayika paristhitiyoM samarpaNa aura sevA kI bhAvanA kA samyaka upayoga kiyA jA sakatA aura sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM bhI nArI ke mUlya va mahattva kA kramika avamUlyana huA hai / kintu usameM upasthita jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI pAzcAtya bhikSuNI -saMgha ne na kevala nArI ko garimA pradAna kI, apit use IsAI samAja meM nArI kI puruSa se samakakSatA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| sAmAjika utpIr3ana aura puruSa ke atyAcAroM se bacAyA bhI hai / yahI jainadharma kI vizeSatA hai|

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566 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sandarbha 18. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA, 987-88 va 995-96 1. davvAbhilAvacindhe vee bhAve ya itthiNikkhevo / 19. vahI, gAthA, 989-94 ahilAve jaha siddhi bhAve veyammi uvautto // 20. tae NaM se kaNhe vAsudeva bahAe jAva vibhUsie devaIe devIe -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, 54. pAyavaMdAye habbamAgacchai / - antakRddazA sUtra, 18 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, bhAga2, pR0623. 21. no khalu me kappai ammApitIhi jIvaMtehI muNDe bhavittA 3. yadvazAt striyAH puruSaM pratyabhilASo bhavati, yathA pittavaNA agAravAsAo aNagAriyaM pavvaie-kalpasUtra, 91 madhuradravyaM prati sa phuphumAdAhasamaH yathA yathA cAlyate tathA tathA jvalati (evaM) gabbhattho ceva abhiggahe geNhati NAhaM samaNe hokkhAmi jAva bRMhati ca / evamabalA'pi yathA yathA saMpRzyate puruSeNa tathA tathA asyA etANi ettha jIvaMtitti / adhikataro'bhilASo jAyate, bhujyamAnAyAM tu channakarISadAhatulyo'bhilASoH -AvazyakacUrNi, prathama bhAga, pR0 242, pra0 RSabhadeva jI kezarImala, manda ityarthaH iti strIvedodayaH / - vahI, bhAga6, pRSTha, 1430 zvetAmbara saM0 ratalAma 1928. 4. saMmattaMtimasaMdhayaNa tiyagaccheo bi sattari apuve / 22. tae NaM mallI arahA........kevalanANadaMsaNe samuppanne / hAsAichakkaaMto chasaTThi aniyaTTiveyatigaM / / - jJAtAdharmakathA, 8/186 5. dekheM - karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivrnn| - karmagrantha, bhAga 2, gAthA, 18 23. ajjA vi baMbhi-sundari-rAibhaI candaNA pmukkhaao| 6. NAma ThavaNAdavie khette kAle ya pajjaNaNakamme / kAlatae vi jAo tAo ya namAmi bhAveNaM / / bhoge guNe ya bhAve dasa e e itthINikkhevo / / -RSimaNDalastava, 208 -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA, 54. 24. devIo cakkesarI ajiyA duriyArI kAli mhaakaalii| 7. tandulavaicArika, sAvacUri sUtra, 19 (devacaMda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra accuya saMtA jAlA sutArayA asoya sirivacchA / / granthamAlA) pavara vajiyaM kusA paNNattI nivvANi accyA dharaNI / 8. vhii| vairoTTa'cchuta gaMdhAri aMba upamAvaI siddhA / / 9. samudravIcIcapalasvabhAvAH saMdhyAbhramarekhA va muhUrtarAgAH / -pravacanasAroddhAra, bhAga1, pR0 375-76, devacanda lAlabhAI striyaH kRtArthAH puruSaM nirarthakaM nipIDitAlaktakavad tyajanti / jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA, san 1922 uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 65, RSabhadevajI kezarImala saMsthA ratnapura 25. tIse so vayaNaM soccA saMjayAe subhAsiyaM / (ratalAma) 1933 I0. aMkuseNa jahA nAgo dhamme saMpaDivAiyo / / 10. pagaitti sabhAo / svabhAvena ca itthI alpasatvA bhavati / - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 22/48 - nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 584, AgarA, 1957-58 (tathA) dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 87-88, maNivijaya sIrIja bhAvanagara / 11. sA ya appasattattANao jeNa vAteNa vtthmaadinnaa| 26. bhagavaM vaMbhI-sundarIo patthaveti ....imaM va bhnnito| appeNAvi lobhijjati, dANalobhiyA ya akajaM pikaroti / / Na kira hatthiM vilaggassa kevalanANaM uppajjaI / / -vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 584 / ___ -AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1 pR0 211 12. AcArAMgacUrNi, pR0315 / 27. vaMtAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoI psNsio| 13. evaM pi tA vadittAvi aduvA kammuNA avakareti / mAhaNeNaM paricattaM dhaNaM AdAramicchasi / - sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 14/38 evaM uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 230 14. dugrahiyaM hRdayaM yathaiva vadanaM yaddapaNAntargatam (RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, san 1933) ____ bhAva: parvatamArgadurgaviSamaH strINAM na vijJAyate / 28. bhagavatI, 12/2 / -sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23, pra0 seTha chaganalAla, mUMthA baMgalora 1930 29. jai vi paricittasaMgo tahA vi parivaDai / 15. suTThavi jiyAsu suTThavi piyAsu suTThavi ladvaparAsu / mahilAsaMsaggIe kosAbhavaNasiya vva risI / / aDaI mahiliyAsu ya vIsaMbho neva kAyavyo / -bhaktaparijJA,gA0 128 ubbheu aMgulI so puriso sayalaMmi jIvaloyammi / (tathA ) kAmaM taeNa nArI jeNa na pattAiM dukkhAI // tuma eta soyasi appANaM Navi, tuma erisao ceva hohisi, -vahI, vivaraNa 1/4/23 uvasAmeti laddhabuddhI, icchAmI vedAvaccaMti gato, puNovi AlovettA 16. vahI, 1/4/2 virahati // 17. ee ceva ya dosA purisasamAye vi itthiyANaM pi / __ AvazyakacUrNi 2, pR0 187 -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA, 61 Na dukkara toDiya aMbapiMDI, Na dukkaraMNaccitu sikkhiyAe /

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 567 taM dukkaraM taM ca mahANubhAgaM, ja so muNI pamayavaNaM niviTTho // 41. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 -vahI, 1, pR0 555 42. (ka) bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga3, 2411, 2407, (kha) 30. kalpasUtra, kramaza: 197, 167,157 va 134, prAkRta bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga4, 4339 / bhAratI, jayapura 1977 (ga) vyavahArasUtra, 5/1-16 / 31. cAturmAsa sUcI, pR0 77 pra. a. bhA. samagra jaina cAturmAsa 43. jassa NaM ahaM puttA ! rAyassa vA juvarAyassa vA bhAriyattAe sayameva dalaissAmi, tattha NaM tumaM suhiyA vA dukkhiyA vA bhavijjAsi / sUcI prakAzana pariSad, bambaI, 1987 / -jJAtAdharmakathA, 16/85 32. itthI purisasiddhA ya , taheva ya napuMsagA / 44. tae NaM sA revaI gAhAvaiNI tehiM goNamaMsehiM sollehiM ya suraM saliMge annaliMge ya, gihiliMge taheva ya / / ca AsAe mANI viharai / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 36/50 -uvAsagadasAo, pR0244 33. jJAtAdharmakathA - malli aura draupadI adhyayana / tae NaM tassa mahAsayagassa samaNovAsagassa bahUhiM sIla jAva 34. (a) tatheva hatthikhaMdhavaragatAe kevalanANaM, siddhAe imAme bhAvemANassa coisa saMvaMccharA vaikkaMtA / evaM taheva jedraM pattaM ThaveDa jAva osappiNIe par3hamasiddho marudevA / evaM ArAhaNaM pratiyogasaMgaho kaayvyo| posahasAlAe dhammapaNNattiM uvasaMpajjitA NaM viharai / -A0 cUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 212 ___ - uvAsagadasAo, 245 draSTavya, vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 181 va 488 / 45. aputrasya gatirnAsti / (ba) antakRddazA ke varga 5 meM 10, varga 7 meM 13, varga 8 meM 46. jai NaM ahaM dAragaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM jAyaM ya jAva 10 / isa prakAra kula 33 mukta nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| aNubuDDemitti / 35. (a) maNussiNIsu micchAiTThi sAsaNasammAiTTi-TThANe siyA - jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/2/16. pajjattiyAo siyA apajjattiyAosaMjadAsaMjadasaMjadaTThANe NiyamA 47. na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na sayA na pjjttiyaao|| - SaTkhaNDAgama, 1,1, 92-93 bNdhvaa| (ba) evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya ajjAvo / ekko saMya paccaNu hoi dukkhaM, kattAramevaM aNujAi kammaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 13/23 te jaMgapujja kittiM suhaM ca labhrUNa sijhaMti / / 48. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyayana 8, sUtra 30,31 / -mUlAcAra 4/196 49. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 152 / 36. liMga itthINaM havadi bhaMjaI piMDaM saeyakAlammi / 50. vahI, bhAga1, pRSTha 142-143 / ajjiya vi ekavatthA vatthAvaraNeNa bhuMjei // 51. jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, - DaoN jagadIzacandra jaina Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthyro| pR0 253-266 / Naggo vimokkhamaggo sesA umaggayA savve // 52. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 / - sUtraprAbhRta, 22,23 53. uvAsagadasA 1, 48 / (tathA) suNahANa gaddahANa ya gopasumahilANaM dIsade mokkho| 54. vahI, abhayadevakRtavRtti, pR0 43 / je sodhaMti cautthaM picchijjaMtA jaNehi savvehiM // 55. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, 381 / __-zIlaprAbhRta, 29 56. jJAtAdharmakathA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, prathama varga, adhyAya 2-5 37. Aspects of Jainology, Vo..2; Pt. Bechardas Doshi dvitIya varga, adhyAya5; tRtIya varga, adhyAya 1-54 / Commeinoration Vol. page 50-110 57. vahI, prathamazrutaskandha, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 / 38. isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie- abhidhAna 58. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 267 / rAjendrakoSa, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 (tathA) itthIsu Na pAvayA 59. vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 173 / bhaNiyA -sUtraprAbhRta, pR0 24-26 60. vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 129 / evaM 61. vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 234 / Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe hoi titthayaro / / vahI, 23 62. (a) vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 59-60 / 39. isa sambandha meM digambara pakSa ke vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM (ba) teMsiM paMca mahilasatAI, tANi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / -jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga 3, pR0 596-598 / evaM zvetAmbara pakSa - vahI, bhAga 4, pR014 / ke liye dekheM 63. mahAnizItha, pR0 29 / dekheM, jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya abhiddhAna rAjendrakoSa, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 / samAja, pR0 271 / / 40. isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM -yApanIya sampradAya, 64. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 318 / pro0 sAgaramala jaina / 65. mantriNyau lalitAdevI saukhvau anazana mamatuH / -prabandhakoza, pRSTha 129.

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66. evamege u pAsatthA, pannavaMti aNAriyA / 73. sAvikA jAyA abaMbhassa paccakkhai NaNNattha raayaabhiyogennN| itthIvasaMgayA bAlA, jiNasAsaNaparammuhA / / ___- AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga1, pR0 554-55 / jahA gaMDaM pilAgaM vA, pirapIlejja muhattaMgaM / 74. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, abhilekha kramAMka 8 / evaM vinavaNitthIsu, doso tattha kao siyA / 75. jambUdvIpaprajJapti-zAntisUrIya vRtti, adhikAra2,30 / -sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9-10 76. jJAtAdharmakathA, 4/6 / 67. upAsakadazA, 1,48 / 77. tamhA u vajjae itthI ......AghAte Na sevi NiggaMthe / 68. aNaMgaseNA pAmokkhANaM aNegANaM gaNiyAsAhassINaM ..... / -sUtrakRtAMga 1,4,1,11 - AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 356 / 78. kappai niggaMthINaM viikiTThae kAle sajjhAyaM karettae niggaMtha 69. AdipurANa, pR0 125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1919 / nissAe / (tathA) paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe niggaMthe, saTThivAsa pariyAe 70. aTThA jAva .........sAmittaM bhaTTittaM mahattaragataM ANA Isara samaNIe niggaMthIe kappai Ayariya uvajjhAyattAe uddisittaae| seNAvaccaM kAremANI ......... / - vyavahArasUtra, 7, 15, va 20 / 71. dekheM, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA AcAra darzana, bhAga2, DA0 79. isa samasta carcA ke lie dekheM - mere nirdezana meM racita aura sAgaramala jaina, pR0 268 / / mere dvArA sampAdita grantha- jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha- DaoN aruNa pratApa 72. .......asaIjaNaposaNayA / upAsakadazA, 1/51 siNh| satI prathA aura jainadharma 'satI' zabda kA artha jisane pati kI mRtyu para usake sAtha citA meM jalakara usakA anugamana kiyA ho, apitu ye una vIrAMganAoM ke caritra haiM jinhoMne apane zIla rakSA 'satI' kI avadhAraNA jainadharma aura hindUdharma donoM meM hI pAI hetu kaThora saMgharSa kiyA aura yA to sAdhvI jIvana svIkAra kara bhikSuNI jAtI hai / donoM meM satI zabda kA prayoga caritravAna strI ke lie hotA saMgha meM praviSTa ho gaIM yA phira zIlarakSA hetu mRtyuvaraNa kara liyA / hai| zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA meM to Aja bhI sAdhvI/zramaNI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA ko satI yA mahAsatI kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi prArambha meM hindU paramparA meM dhAriNI Adi kucha aisI striyoM ke ullekha haiM jinhoMne apane satItva 'satI' kA tAtparya eka caritravAna yA zIlavAna strI hI thA kintu Age arthAt zIla kI rakSA ke lie dehotsarga kara diyA / ata: jainadharma meM calakara hindU paramparA meM jabase satI prathA kA vikAsa huA, taba se yaha satI strI vaha nahIM jo pati kI mRtyu para usakI citA meM jalakara usakA 'satI' zabda eka viziSTa artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| sAmAnyatayA anugamana karatI hai apitu vaha hai jo kaThina paristhitiyoM meM apanI hindUdharma meM 'satI' zabda kA prayoga usa strI ke lie hotA hai jo apane zIlarakSA kA prayatna karatI hai aura apane zIla ko khaNDita nahIM hone pati kI citA meM svayaM ko jalA detI hai| ata: hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se detI hai, cAhe isa hetu use dehotsarga hI kyoM na karanA pdd'e| samajha lenA hogA ki jainadharma kI 'satI' kI avadhAraNA hindU paramparA kI satIprathA se pUrNata: bhinna hai / yadyapi jainadharma meM 'satI' evaM 'satItva' ko satI prathA ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA prazna pUrNa sammAna prApta hai kintu usameM satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM hai| satIprathA ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA prazna eka bahucarcita jainadharma meM prasiddha solaha satiyoM ke kathAnaka upalabdha haiM aura aura jvalanta prazna ke rUpa meM Aja bhI upasthita hai / nizcita hI yaha prathA jainadharmAnuyAyI tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma smaraNa ke sAtha inakA bhI prAta:kAla puruSa-pradhAna saMskRti kA eka abhizapta-pariNAma hai / yadyapi itihAsa ke nAma smaraNa karate haiM - kucha vidvAna isa prathA ke pracalana kA kAraNa muslimoM ke AkramaNoM ke brAhmI candanabAlikA, bhagavatI rAjImatI draupadI / phalasvarUpa nArI meM utpanna asurakSA kI bhAvanA evaM usake zIla-bhaMga hetu kauzalyA ca mRgAvatI ca sulasA sItA subhadrA zivA / / balAtkAra kI pravRtti ko mAnate haiM, kintu merI dRSTi meM isa prathA ke bIja kuntI zIlavatI nalasyadayitA cUlA prabhAvatyapi / aura prakArAntara se usakI upasthiti ke pramANa hameM ati prAcInakAla se padmAvatyapi sundarI pratidinaM kurvantu no maMgalam / / hI milate haiM / satI prathA ke mukhyata: do rUpa mAne jA sakate haiM, prathama ina satiyoM ke ullekha evaM jIvanavRtta jainAgamoM evaM Agamika rUpa jo isa prathA kA vIbhatsa rUpa hai ; isameM nArI ko usakI icchA ke vyAkhyA sAhitya tathA prAcIna jainakAvyoM evaM purANoM meM milate haiN| kintu viparIta pati ke zava ke sAtha mRtyuvaraNa ko vivaza kiyA jAtA hai| unake jIvanavRttoM se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM se eka bhI aisI nahIM hai dUsarA rUpa vaha hai jisameM pati kI mRtyu para bhAvukatAvaza strI svecchA se

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satI prathA aura jainadharma pati ke prati apane ananya prema ke kAraNa mRtyu kA varaNa karatI hai / kabhI-kabhI vaha isalie bhI pati kI citA para apanA dehotsarga kara detI hai ki bhAvI janma meM use punaH usI pati kI prApti hogii| jainAcAryoM ne satI prathA ke ina rUpoM ko ucita nahIM mAnA hai| kintu ina rUpoM se bhinna eka aisA bhI rUpa hai jise jainAcAryoM ne ucita mAnA hai jisameM strI mAtra apane zIla kI rakSA ke lie pati ke jIvita rahate hue yA pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta mRtyu kA varaNa kara dehotsarga kara detI hai / jahA~ taka svecchA se, asurakSA kA anubhava karake yA pati ke prati ananya premavaza pati kI mRtyu para usakA sahagamana kA prazna hai - jaina sAhitya meM sarvaprathama nizIyacUrNi (7vIM zatAbdI) meM hameM eka ullekha milatA hai jisake anusAra sopAraka ke eka rAjA ne karApavaMcana ke aparAdha meM nagara ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko jIvita jalA dene kA Adeza diyA, unakI patniyA~ bhI apane patiyoM kA anusaraNa karate hue jalakara mara gii| yadyapi jinadAsa gaNi mahattara isa ghaTanA kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiM kintu ve kisI bhI rUpa meM isakA anumodana nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi isa kathAnaka se itanA avazya phalita hotA hai ki yaha satIprathA bhArata meM muslima zAsakoM ke AkramaNa ke pUrva bhI astitva meM thI, vaise hameM 7vIM zatI ke pUrva nirmita hindU paurANika sAhitya meM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ patnI pati kI mRtyu para usakI citA meM jalakara sahagamana karatI hai| ataH jaina srotoM se bhI itanA to nizcita ho jAtA hai ki yaha prathA muslima zAsakoM ke pUrva bhI apanA astitva rakhatI thii| itanA avazya huA ki muslima zAsakoM ke AkramaNa aura nArI jAti ke prati unake aura unake sainikoM ke durvyavahAra se nArI meM asurakSA kI bhAvanA bar3hatI gayI evaM apanI zIla-rakSA kA prazna usake sAmane gambhIra banatA gayA / phalataH bhAratIya mAnasa satIprathA kA samarthana karane lagA aura nArI ne pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt dUsaroM kI 569 bhogalipsA kA zikAra hokara nArakIya jIvana jIne kI apekSA mRtyuvaraNa ko zreSTha mAna liyA / thI / uparyukta sthitiyoM meM jahA~ taka pati ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt usakI patnI ko usakI icchA ke binA mAtra isa vicAra se ki paraloka meM vaha use upalabdha hogI usake sAtha daphanA dene yA jalA dene kI prathA kA prazna hai, yaha ati prAcIna kAla se pracalita rahI hai| misra meM bhI isa prathA ke pramANa upalabdha hue haiM, yaha puruSa-pradhAna saMskRti sarvAdhika ghRNita rUpa thA jisameM strI mAtra puruSa ke upabhoga kI vastu usake upabhoga kI anya vastuoM ke samAna use bhI usake sAtha daphanAnA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA jahAM taka jainadharma aura usake sAhitya kA prazna hai, hameM aisA eka bhI udAharaNa upalabdha nahIM hai jahA~ isa prathA kA ullekha aura use anumodana prApta ho| yadyapi jainakathA sAhitya meM aise ullekha avazya milate haiM jisameM eka bhava ke pati-patnI aneka bhAvoM taka pati-patnI ke rUpa meM eka dUsaroM ko upalabdha hote rahe haiM, kintu kisI bhI ghaTanA meM aisA ullekha mujhe dekhane ko nahIM milA, jahA~ mAtra isI prayojana se strI ke dvArA mRtyuvaraNa kiyA gayA ho aura jisakA jainAcAryoM ne anumodana kiyA ho| ataH satIprathA kA yaha rUpa jainadharma meM kabhI mAnya nahIM rhaa| phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne kabhI bhI isa prathA kA samarthana nahIM kiyA unake anusAra yadi strI ko pati kI mRtyu ke pazcApat marane ko vivaza kiyA jAtA hai to yaha kRtya paMcendriya manuSya kI hatyA kA barbara kRtya hI mAnA jAyegA ataH vaha kRtya dhArmika yA dharmasammata kRtya nahIM hai| apitu mahApAtaka hI hai aura mArane vAlA usa pApa kA doSI hai / yadi dUsarI aura strI svecchA se asurakSA kI bhAvanAvaza yA ananya premavaza mRtyu kA varaNa karatI hai to usakA yaha kRtya rAgayukta hone ke kAraNa AtmahatyA kI koTi meM jAtA hai, yaha Atma-hiMsA hai ataH yaha bhI pApakarma hai punaH jainadharma kI mAnyatA hai ki paraloka meM vyakti ko / kauna sI yoni milegI yaha to usake karmoM (sadAcaraNa yA durAcaraNa) para nirbhara karatA hai, pati kI mRtyu para usakA sahagamana karane para anivArya rUpa se patiloka ko prApta hogI. yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| ata: isa bhAvanA se satI hokara vaha satrI patiloka ko prApta hogI, strI kA pati kI citA para jalAyA jAnA yA jalanA jainadharma kI dRSTi se na to dhArmika hai aura na naitika hI isake viparIta DA0 jagadIza candra jaina kI sUcanAnusAra mahAnizItha (vartamAna svarUpa IsavI san 8 vIM zatI ke pUrva ) meM eka ullekha AtA hai ki rAjA kI eka vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI, kintu usake pitRkula meM isa prakAra kI paramparA nahIM thI ataH usane apanA vicAra tyAga diyaa| isa ghaTanA ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, usa yuga meM sampUrNa samAja meM satI hone kI paramparA nahIM thI apitu rAjakuloM meM bhI kevala kucha hI rAjakuloM meM aisI paramparA thii| zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA ne bhI paTTAvaliyoM ke AdhAra para yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki zrI jinadatta sUri (I0 san 11 zatI) ne jaba ve jhuMjhuNu (rAja0) meM the zrImAla jAti kI eka bAlavidhavA ko upadeza dekara satI hone se rokA aura use jainasAdhvI kI dIkSA pradAna kii| isI prakAra 17vIM zatI ke santa Anandaghana ne bhI satI prathA kI AlocanA karate hue RSabhadeva stavana meM likhA hai ki paraloka meM pati milegA isa AkAMkSA se strI agni meM jala jAtI hai, kintu yaha milApa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH pati kI mRtyu para patnI dvArA dehotsarga kara denA jainadharma meM kabhI bhI anumodita nahIM thA / kintu donoM rUpoM se bhinna apane zIla kI rakSA ke liye dehotsarga kara denA satItva kA eka aisA bhI rUpa hai jise jainAcAryoM ne mAnyatA dI hai| unake anusAra cAhe pati jIvita ho yA usakA svargavAsa ho cukA ho yadi strI isa sthiti meM A gaI hai ki zIlarakSA hetu mRtyuvaraNa ke atirikta usake sAmane anya koI vikalpa hI nahIM raha gayA hai, to aisI sthiti meM apane zIla kI rakSA ke nimitta apane prANoM kA utsarga kara denA hI zreyaskara hai| jainAcArya mAtra aisI sthiti meM hI strI ke mRtyuvaraNa ko naitika evaM dhArmika mAnate haiN| jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM pativratA honA strI ke liye ati Avazyaka hai kintu pativratA hone kA .

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570 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yaha artha nahIM hai ki vaha pati kI mRtyu hone para svayaM bhI mRtyu kA varaNa asammAnita hotI thIM aura na asurakSita hii| yahI kAraNa the ki jainadharma kare, unakI dRSTi meM pativratA hone kA artha hai zIlavAna yA cAritravAna meM satI prathA ko vikasita hone ke avasara hI nahIM mile / honA aura pati kI mutyu hone para pUrNarUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana krnaa| yadyapi pro0 kANe16 ne apane dharmazAstra ke itihAsa meM satI pati kI mRtyu para strI kA prathama kartavya hotA thA ki vaha saMyama pUrNa prathA ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki baMgAla meM jIvana jIte hue apanI santAna kA pAlana-peSaNa kare- jaisA ki rAjagRhI meghAtithi strI ko pati kI sampatti kA adhikAra milane ke kAraNa hI kI bhadrA sArthavAhI ne kiyA thA athavA santAna ke yogya ho jAne para satIprathA kA vikAsa huA, kintu yadi yaha satya mAnA jAye to phira cAritra (dIkSA) grahaNa kara sAdhvI kA jIvana vyatIta kreN|2 / prAcIna jainadharma meM bhI satIprathA kA vikAsa honA thA kintu jainadharma meM aisA nahIM jainAcAryoM ne sadaiva hI pati kI citA para jalane ke sthAna para zramaNI banane huA / strI ko sampatti kA adhikAra milane kI sthiti meM hindU dharma meM para bala diyA / prAcIna jaina kathA sAhitya meM hameM aneka aise kathAnaka strI svayaM satI honA nahIM cAhatI thI apitu sampatti lobha ke kAraNa milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ zramaNa jIvana aMgIkAra kara letI haiM / jahA~ parivAra ke logoM dvArA use satI hone ko vivaza kiyA jAtA hai kintu mahAbhArata evaM anya hindU purANoM meM kRSNa kI patniyoM ke satI hone ke ahiMsA premI jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM kI dRSTi meM sampatti pAne ke liye strI ko ullekha hai13 vahA~ jaina sAhitya meM unake sAdhvI hone ke ullekha haiN| AtmabalidAna hetu vivaza karanA ucita nahIM thA, yaha to spaSTa rUpa se hindU paramparA meM satyabhAmA ko chor3akara kRSNa kI zeSa patniyA~ satI ho nArI hatyA thI / ataH sampatti meM vidhavA ke adhikAra ko mAnya karane jAtI haiM satyabhAmA vana meM tapasyA ke lie calI jAtI hai, jabaki jaina para bhI ahiMsA premI jainasamAja satIprathA jaise amAnavIya kArya kA paramparA meM kRSNa ko sabhI paTarAniyA~ zramaNI bana jAtI haiN| hindU kathAoM samarthana nahIM kara sakA / dUsare, yaha ki yadi vaha strI svecchA se dIkSita meM sItA pRthvI meM samA jAtI hai, jaina kathA meM lava-kuza ke yuvA ho jAne ho jAtI thI to bhI unheM sampatti kA svAmitva to prApta ho hI jAtA thaa| para vaha zramaNI bana jAtI hai|5 / ye kathAe~ cAhe aitihAsika dRSTi se ataH jainadharma meM sAmAnyatayA satIprathA kA vikAsa nahIM huA apitu vivAdAspada hoM kintu inase jainAcAryoM ke dRSTikoNa kA patA to cala hI usameM strI ko zramaNI yA sAdhvI banane ko hI protsAhita kiyA gayA / jAtA hai ki ve satI prathA ke samarthaka nahIM the| jainadharma meM pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavA ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha kA sammAnajanaka dvAra sadaiva khulA huA thaa| jahAM vaha surakSA aura samamAna jainadharma meM satI prathA ke vikasita nahIM hone ke kAraNa ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika vikAsa bhI kara sakatI thii| ata: jainAcAryoM jainadharma meM satIprathA ke vikasita nahIM hone kA sabase pramukha ne vidhavA, parityaktA evaM vipadAgrasta nArI ko bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza kAraNa jainadharma meM bhikSuNI saMgha kA astitva hI hai / vastuta: pati kI hetu prerita kiyA, na ki satI hone ke lie| yahI kAraNa thA ki jainadharma mRtyu ke pazcAt kisI strI ke satI hone kA pramukha manovaijJAnika kAraNa meM prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka zramaNiyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA asurakSA evaM asammAna kI bhAvanA hai / jainadharma meM pati kI mRtyu ke bhikSuoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika rahI hai| yaha anupAta 1:3 kA rahatA pazcAt strI ko adhikAra hai ki vaha santAna kI samucita vyavasthA karake AyA hai| bhikSuNI banakara saMgha meM praveza le le aura isa prakAra apanI asurakSA kI puna: jainadharma meM saMlekhanA (samAdhimaraNa) kI paramparA bhI bhAvanA ko samApta kara de| isake sAtha hI sAmanyatayA eka vidhavA hindU pracalita thI / ata: vidhavA striyA~ gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue bhI tapasamAja se tiraskRta samajhI jAtI thI, ata: usa tiraskArapUrNa jIvana tyAgapUrvaka jIvana bitAte hue anta meM saMlekhanA grahaNa kara letI thii| jIne kI AzaMkA se vaha pati ke sAtha mRtyu kA varaNa karanA hI ucita vastupAla prabandha meM vastupAla kI patnI lalitAdevI aura tejapAla kI mAnatI hai / jainadharma meM koI bhI strI jaba bhikSuNI bana jAtI hai to vaha patnI anupamA devI dvArA apane patiyoM ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt gRhastha samAja meM AdaraNIya bana jAtI hai / isa prakAra jainadharma bhikSuNI saMgha kI jIvana meM bahuta kAla taka dharmArAdhana karate hue anta meM anazana dvArA vyavasthA karake strI ko pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI sammAnapUrvaka jIvana dehatyAga ke ullekha haiM / kintu yaha dehotsarga bhI pati kI mRtyu ke jIne kA mArga prazasta kara detA hai| tatkAla pazcAt na hokara vRddhAvasthA meM yathAsamaya hI huA hai / ata: hama strI dvArA pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt sampatti meM adhikAra na hone kaha sakate hai ki jainadharma meM satI prathA kA koI sthAna nahIM rahA hai| se Arthika saMkaTa bhI hindU nArI kI eka pramukha samasyA hai jisase bacane ke lie strI satI honA pasanda karatI hai / zramaNI jIvana meM jaina nArI paravartIkAla meM jainadharma meM satIprathA kA praveza sammAnajanaka rUpa se bhikSA prApta karake Arthika saMkaTa se bhI baca jAtI yadyapi dhArmika dRSTi se jainadharma meM satIprathA ko samarthana aura thI, sAtha hI jainadharma hindUdharma ke viruddha sampatti para strI ke adhikAra ko usake ullekha prAcIna jaina dhArmika granthoM meM nahI milate haiM / kintu mAnya karatA hai / jainagranthoM meM bhadrA Adi sArthavAhiyoM kA ullekha milatA sAmAjika dRSTi se jaina samAja bhI usI bRhad hindU samAja se jur3A huA hai jo pati ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt apane vyavasAya kA saMcAlana svayaM thA jisameM satI prathA kA pracalana thA / phalata: paravartI rAjapUta kAla ke karatI thIM / ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jainastriyA~ vaidhavya ke kAraNa na kucha jaina abhilekha aise haiM jinameM jaina samAja kI striyoM ke satI hone

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sandarbha satI prathA aura jainadharma 571 ke ullekha haiM / ye sahavartI hindU samAja kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki ata: niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma meM vizeSata: rAjasthAna ke una jainaparivAroM meM thA jo ki nikaTa rUpa se rAja- dhArmika dRSTi se satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milA kyoMki ve sabhI parivAra se jur3e hue the| kAraNa jo satI prathA ke pracalana meM sahAyaka the| jaina-jIvana dRSTi aura zrI agaracandajI nAhaTA ne apane grantha bIkAnera jaina lekha saMgraha saMgha-vyavasthA ke AdhAra para aura jainadharma meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA meM jainasatI smArakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai18 / ve likhate haiM ki jainadharma se nirasta ho jAte the| kI dRSTi se to satI-dAha mohajanita evaM ajJAnajanita AtmaghAta hI hai, kintu svayaM kSatriya hone se vIrocita jAti-saMskAravaza, vIra rAjapUta jAti ke ghaniSTha sambandha meM rahane ke kAraNa yaha prathA osavAla jAti (jainoM kI eka jAti) meM bhI pracalita thI / nAhaTAjI ne kevala bIkAnera 1. dekheM - saMskRta-hindI koza (ApTe), pR0 1062 / ke apane anveSaNa meM hI 28 osavAla satI smArakoM kA ullekha kiyA 2. dekheM- hindU dharma koza (rAjabalI pANDeya), pR0649 / hai| ina lekhoM meM sabase prathama lekha vi0 saM0 1557 kA aura sabase 3. jaina siddhAnta bolasaMgraha, bhAga 5, pR. 185 / antima lekha vi0 saM0 1866 kA hai / ve likhate haiM ki bIkAnera rAjya 4. brAhmI Adi ina solaha satiyoM ke jIvanavRtta kina AgamoM evaM kI sthApanA se prArambha hokara jahA~ taka satI prathA thI vaha avicchinna rUpa ___ Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hai, isalie dekheM - se jainoM meM bhI jArI thii| yadyapi ina satI smArakoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAla (ka) jaina siddhAnta bola saMgraha, bhAga 5, pR0 375 lenA ki sAmAnya jaina samAja meM yaha satI prathA pracalita thI, ucita nahIM (a) Prakrit Proper Names, part I and II hogaa| merI dRSTi meM yaha satI prathA kevala unhIM jainaparivAroM meM pracalita sambandhita nAma ke prAkRtarUpoM ke AdhAra para dekhiye / rahI hogI jo rAja-parivAra se nikaTa rUpa se jur3e hue the| bIkAnera ke 5. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR. 320 / uparyukta ullekhoM ke atirikta bhI rAjasthAna meM anyatra osavAla jainasatiyoM 6. dekheM - (a) hindUdharma koza, pR0649|| ke smAraka the| zrI pUrNacandra nAhara ne bhAmA zAha ke anuja tArAcanda jI (ba) dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, (kANe) bhAga 2, pR. 348 kapAr3iyA ke svargavAsa para unakI 4 patniyoM ke satI hone kA sAdar3I 7. tesiM paMca mahilAsaMtAI tANi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / ke abhilekha kA ullekha kiyA hai19 / svayaM lekhaka ko bhI apane gotra -nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, pR0 14 ke satI-smAraka kI jAnakArI hai| apane gotra evaM vaMzaja logoM ke dvArA __ - bRhadkalpabhASya vRtti, bhAga 3, pR0 208 ina satI smArakoM kI pUjA svayaM lekhaka ne bhI hote dekhI hai / ata: yaha 8. dekheM - (a) viSNudharma sUtra, 25/14 / uddhRta hindUdharmakoza svIkAra to karanA hogA ki jaina paramparA meM bhI madhyakAla meM satI prathA pR0 649 / / kA cAhe sImita rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho kintu pracalana avazya thaa| yadyapi (ba) uttararAmAyaNa, 17/15, , , , , isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha prathA jainadharma evaM (sa) mahAbhArata, Adi parva 95/65 ,, ,, ,, ,, jainAcAryoM ke dvArA anuzaMsita thI, kyoMki hameM abhI taka aisA koI bhI (da) mahAbhArata, mausalaparva 7/18, 7/23-84 ,, ,,,,, sUtra yA saMketa upalabdha nahIM hai jisameM kisI jaina grantha meM kisI jainAcArya 9. dekheM - hindU dharma koza, pR0 650 ne isa prathA kA samarthana kiyA ho / jaina grantha aura jainAcArya to sadaiva 10. mahAnizItha, pR029 dekheM - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya hI vidhavAoM ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza kI anuzaMsA karate rahe haiN| samAja, pR. 271 / ata:paravartI kAla ke jo satI smAraka sambandhI jaina abhilekha milate 11. bIkAnera jaina lekha saMgraha-bhUmikA, pR0 95 kI pAda TippaNI / haiM ve kevala isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki sahavartI hindu paramparA ke prabhAva 12. keI kaMtakAraNa kASTa bhakSaNa karai re, milasa kaMta nai dhAya / ke kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se rAjasthAna kI kSatriya paramparA ke osavAla jaina e melo navi kaiyai sambhavai re, melo ThAma na ThAya / samAja meM yaha prathA praveza kara gaI thI / aura jisa prakAra kuladevI, -Anandaghana caubIsI-zrI RSabhadeva stavana kulabhairava Adi kI pUjA laukika dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM dvArA kI 13. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 372 / jAtI thI usI prakAra satI smAraka bhI pUje jAte the / rAjasthAna meM bIkAnera 14. (a) mahAbhArata, mausalaparva 7/73-74, viSNupurANa, se lagabhaga 40 kilomITara dUra morakhanA surANI mAtA kA mandira hai| 5/38/2 isa mandira kI pratiSThA dharmaghoSagacchIya padmANaMdasUri ke paTTadhara (ba) dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, kANe, bhAga 1, 348 naMdivardhanasUri dvArA huI thii| osavAla jAti ke surANA aura duggar3a gotroM 15. antakRtadazA ke paMcama varga meM kRSNa kI 8 rAniyoM ke tIrthaMkara meM isakI vizeSa mAnyatA hai / surANI mAtA surANA parivAra kI kanyA ariSTanemi ke samIpa dIkSita hone kA ullekha hai| thI jo dUgar3a parivAra meM byAhI gaI thii| yaha satI mandira hI hai / phira 16. paumacariyaM, 103/165-169 bhI isa prakAra kI pUjA evaM pratiSThA ko jainAcAryoM ne lokaparamparA hI 17. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, kANe, bhAga 1, pR0 352 mAnA thA, AdhyAtmika dharmasAdhanA nahIM / bIkAnera ke satI smAraka meM do 18. kalpasUtra, 134 smAraka mAtA satiyoM ke haiM, inhoMne patraprema meM dehotsarga kiyA thA jo eka 19. bIkAnera jaina lekha saMgraha - bhUmikA, pR0 94-99 viziSTa bAta hai| praveza kI anAcArya to saba ke jo satI

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM svahita aura lokahita kA prazna svArtha aura parArtha kI samasyA bahuta purAnI hai| naitika cintana ke prArambha se hI svahita aura lokahita kA prazna mahattvapUrNa rahA hai| eka ora cANakya kahate haiM - 'strI, dhana Adi se bar3hakara apanI rakSA kA prayatna karanA caahie|' vidura ne bhI kahA hai jo svArtha ko chor3akara parArtha karatA hai, jo mitroM arthAt dUsare logoM ke lie vyartha hI zrama karatA hai vaha mUrkha hI hai|' kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai, svahita ke lie to sabhI jIte haiM jo loka hita ke lie, parArtha ke lie jItA hai, vastutaH usakA jIvana hI saphala hai| jisa jIvana meM paropakAra vRtti nahIM ho usase to maraNa hI acchA hai| svArthavAda aura parArthavAda ke artha para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogA / svArthavAda 'AtmarakSaNa' hai aura parArthavAda 'AtmatyAga' hai| maikenjI likhate haiM- 'jaba hama kevala apane hI vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi cAhate haiM taba ise svArthavAda kahA jAtA hai; parArthavAda hai dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa karanA' / ' dUsare zabdoM meM svArthavAda ko svahitavAdI dRSTikoNa aura parArthavAda ko lokahitavAdI dRSTikoNa bhI kaha sakate haiM / jaina darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha kI samasyA yadi svArtha aura parArtha kI uparokta paribhASA svIkAra kI jAe to jaina darzana ko na svArthavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai, na parArthavAdI hI / jaina darzana AtmA ke svaguNoM ke rakSaNa evaM svAdhyAya kI bAta kahatA haiM, isa artha meM vaha svArthavAdI hai, lekina isake sAtha hI vaha kaSAyAtmA ke visarjana, vAsanAtmaka AtmA ke tyAga ko bhI Avazyaka mAnatA hai aura isa artha meM vaha parArthavAdI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama maikenjI kI paribhASA ko svIkAra kareM aura yaha mAneM ki vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi svArthavAda aura dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa parArthavAda hai, to bhI jaina darzana svArthavAdI aura parArthavAdI donoM hI siddha hotA hai / vaha vyaktigata AtmA se mokSa yA siddhi kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa svArthavAdI to hogA hI lekina dUsare kI mukti ke hetu prayAsazIla hone ke kAraNa parArthavAdI bhI kahA jA skegaa| yadyapi Atma kalyANa, vaiyaktika baMdhana evaM duHkha se nivRtti ke dRSTikoNa se to jaina sAdhanA kA prANa Atmahita hI hai tathApi jisa loka karuNA evaM lokahita kI anupama bhAvanA se arhat pravacana kA prasphuTana hotA hai use bhI nahIM jhuThalAyA jA sakatA / 1 pAzcAtya vicAraka harabarTa spensara ne to svArtha aura parArtha ke isa prazna ko naitikatA kI vAstavika samasyA kahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pAzcAtya AcArazAstrIya vicAraNA meM to svArtha kI samasyA ko lekara do dala bana gaye / svArthavAdI vicAraka jinameM hAbsa, nItze prabhRti pramukha haiM, yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya prakRtyA kevala svArtha yA apane lAbha se prerita hokara kArya karatA hai| ve mAnate haiM ki naitikatA kA vahI siddhAnta samucita hai jo mAnava prakRti kI isa dhAraNA ke anukUla ho / unakI dRSTi meM apane hita ke kArya karane meM hI manuSya kA zreya hai| dUsarI ora benthama, mila prabhRti vicAraka mAnava kI svasukhavAdI manovaijJAnika prakRti ko svIkAra karate hue bhI bauddhika AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki parahita kI bhAvanA hI naitika dRSTi se ucita hai| naitika jIvana kA sAdhya parArtha hai pro0 mila kevala parArtha ko svArtha ke bauddhika AdhAra para siddha kara hI santuSTa nahIM ho jAte varan AMtarika aMkuza (Internal Sanition) ke dvArA use svAbhAvika bhI siddha karate haiM, unake anusAra yaha AMtarika aMkuza sajAtIyatA kI bhAvanA hai jo ki mAnava meM yadyapi janmajAta nahIM hai, phira bhI asvAbhAvika yA anaisargika bhI nahIM haiN| dUsare anya vicAraka bhI jinameM baTalara, koMta, zaoNpanahaoNvara evaM TAlasTAya Adi pramukha haiM, mAnava kI manovaijJAnika prakRti meM sahAnubhUti, prema Adi jaina sAdhanA meM lokahita ke tattvoM kI upasthiti dikhAkara parArthavAdI yA loka maMgalakArI AcAradarzana kA sarmathana karate haiN| harabarTa spensara se lekara breDale, grIna, arabana Adi samakAlIna vicArakoM taka kI eka lambI paramparA ne mAnava jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ubhArate hue svArthavAda aura parArthavAda meM sAmAnya zubha (Common Good) ke rUpa meM samanvaya sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mAnava prakRti meM vividhatAe~ haiM, usameM svArtha aura parArtha ke tattva Avazyaka rUpa se upasthita haiM / AcAradarzana kA kArya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha svArthavAda yA parArthavAda meM se kisI eka siddhAnta kA samarthana yA virodha kre| usakA kArya to yaha hai ki 'sva' aura 'para' ke madhya saMgharSoM kI sambhAvanA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA ske| bhAratIya AcAradarzana kahA~ taka aura kisa rUpa meM sva aura para ke madhya saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA ko samApta karate haiM, isa bAta kI vivecanA ke pUrva hameM AcArya samantabhadra jinastuti karate hue kahate haiM - he bhagavAn ! ApakI yaha saMgha (samAja) vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlI aura sabakA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlI hai| isase bar3hakara loka Adarza aura loka maMgala kI kAmanA kyA ho sakatI hai ? praznavyAkaraNa sUtra nAmaka Agama grantha meM kahA gayA hai- bhagavAn kA yaha sukadhita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie haiN| jaina sAdhanA loka maMgala kI dhAraNA ko lekara hI Age bar3hatI hai| Age usI sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki jaina sAdhanA kI pAMcoM mahAvrata saba prakAra se lokahita ke lie hI haiM / ahiMsA kI vivecanA karate hue praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA ke prathama sthAna para sthita yaha ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai / yaha bhagavatI ahiMsA prANiyoM meM bhayabhItoM ke lie .

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM svahita aura lokahita kA prazna 573 zaraNa ke samAna hai, pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza-gamana ke samAna nirbAdha rUpa sAmAnyatayA vizva-kalyANa aura vaiyaktika kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM se hitakAriNI hai pyAsoM ko pAnI ke samAna, bhUkhoM ko bhojana ke samAna, ke AdhAra para sAdhakoM kI ye vibhinna kakSAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiN| samudra meM jahAja ke samAna, rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi ke samAna aura aTavI isameM tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna isalie diyA jAtA hai ki vaha lokameM sahAyaka ke samAna hai11 / tIrthaMkara namaskAra sUtra (namotthuNaM) meM tIrthaMkara kalyANa ke Adarza ko apanAtA hai| jisa prakAra bauddha dharma meM bodhisatva ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakara, lokapradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi jina aura arhat ke AdarzoM meM bhinnatA hai usI prakAra jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara vizeSaNoM kA upayoga huA hai ve bhI jaina dRSTi kI loka maMgalakArI aura sAmAnya kevalI ke AdarzoM meM tAratamyAtmaka bhinnatA hai / bhAvanA ko spaSTa karate haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma pravartana prANiyoM ina sabake atirikta jaina dharma meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai, na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie12 / yadi mAnA gayA hai / saMghahita samasta vaiyaktika sAdhanAoM se bhI Upara hai; aisA mAnA jAe ki jaina sAdhanA kevala Atmahita, AtmakalyANa kI paristhiti vizeSa meM saMgha ke kalyANa ke lie vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA bAta kahatI hai to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA tIrthapravartana yA saMgha saMcAlana kA parityAga bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM AcArya kAlaka koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki kaivalya kI upalabdhi ke bAda unheM kI kathA isakA sabala udAharaNa hai| apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatA / ata: mAnanA sthAnAMga sUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM (kartavyoM)17 kA nirdeza kiyA par3egA ki jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza mAtra Atma-kalyANa hI nahIM varan gayA hai usameM saMghadharma, gaNadharma, rASTradharma, nagaradharma, grAmadharma aura loka-kalyANa bhI hai| kuladharma kI upasthiti isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki jaina dRSTi na jaina dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita ko sadaiva hI kevala Atmahita yA vaiyaktika vikAsa taka sImita hai, varan usameM mahattva diyA hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhanA kI sarvocca U~cAI lokahita yA loka-kalyANa kA ajastra pravAha bhI pravAhita ho rahA hai| para sthita sabhI jIvanmukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi se yadyapi samAna yadyapi jainadarzana lokahita, lokamaMgala kI bAta kahatA hai, hI hote haiM phira bhI jaina vicArakoM ne unakI AtmahitakAriNI aura lekina usakI eka zarta hai, vaha yaha ki parArtha ke lie svArtha kA lokahitakAriNI dRSTi ke tAratamya ko lakSya meM rakhakara unameM visarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nahIM / usake anusAra uccAvacca krama ko svIkAra kiyA hai / eka sAmAnya kevalI (jIvanmukta) vaiyaktika bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko loka-kalyANa ke lie samarpita aura tIrthakara meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatAe~ samAna hI hotI haiM, phira bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ve hameM jagat tIrthaMkara kI lokahita kI dRSTi ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sAmAnya kevalI se hI milI haiM, ve vastuta: saMsAra kI haiM, hamArI nahIM / sAMsArika kI apekSA ucca sthAna diyA gayA hai| upalabdhiyA~ saMsAra ke lie haiM, ata: unakA lokahita ke lie visarjana jaina dharma ke anusAra jIvanmukta avasthA ko prApta kara lene kiyA jAnA cAhie / lekina AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA vaiyaktika vAle vyaktiyoM ke bhI lokahita ke AdhAra para tIna varga hote haiM - naitikatA ko lokahita ke nAma para kuNThita kiyA jAnA, use svIkAra 1. tIrthaMkara 2. gaNadhara 3. muNDakevalI / nahIM hai / aisA lokahita jo vyakti ke caritra ke patana athavA AdhyAtmika kuNThana se phalita hotA ho use svIkAra nahIM hai / lokahita aura 1. tIrthaMkara - tIrthaMkara vaha hai jo sarvahita ke saMkalpa ko Atmahita ke sandarbha meM usakA svarNasUtra hai Atmahita karo aura yathAzakya lekara sAdhanA mArga meM AtA hai aura apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta lokahita bhI karo lekina jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM dvandva ho aura kara lene ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA rahatA hai| sarvahita, sarvodaya Atmahita ke kuNThana para hI lokahita phalita hotA ho to vahA~ Atmaaura loka-kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai| kalyANa hI zreSTha hai| 2. gaNadhara - sahavargIya hita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA Atmahita svArtha nahIM hai - Atmahita svArthavAda nahIM hai / kSetra meM praviSTa hone vAlA aura apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta kara AtmakAma vastuta: niSkAma hotA hai kyoMki usakI koI kAmanA nahIM lene para bhI sahavargIyoM ke hita evaM kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla rahane hotI hai, usakA koI svArtha nahIM hotA / svArthI to vaha hai, jo yaha vAlA sAdhaka gaNadhara kahalAtA hai / vargahita yA gaNa kalyANa gaNadhara cAhatA hai ki sabhI loga usake hita ke lie kArya kareM / AtmArthI svArthI ke jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai| nahIM hai, usakI dRSTi to yaha hotI hai ki sabhI apane hita ke lie kArya kareM / svArtha aura AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha kI 3. sAmAnya kevalI yA muNDakevalI * Atma kalyANa sAdhanA meM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ kAma karatI haiM jabaki Atmahita yA ko hI jisane apanI sAdhanA kA dhyeya banAyA hotA hai aura jo isI Atma-kalyANa ke lie rAga-dveSa se yukta hokara AtmakalyANa kI AdhAra para sAdhanA mArga meM pravRtta hotA huA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rahatI / yathArtha Atmahita meM rAga-dveSa kA abhAva upalabdhi karatA hai, vaha muNDakevalI kahalAtA hai|5 / hotA hai / svArtha aura parArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA bhI tabhI taka hai jabaki

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574 unameM kahIM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita ho rAgAdi bhAva yA svahita kI vRtti se kiyA jAne vAlA parArtha bhI saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai, jisa prakAra ke zAsana ke dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAjakalyANa adhikArI vastutaH lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie lokahita karatA hai| usI prakAra rAga se prerita hokara lokahita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti, pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvI lAbha kI prApti hetu hI hote haiN| aisA parArtha vastutaH svArtha hI hai| saccA Atmahita aura saccA lokahita, rAga-dveSa se zUnya anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita hotA hai lekina usa avasthA meM Akara na to 'sva' rahatA hai na 'para' kyoMki jahA~ rAga hai vahIM 'sva' hai aura jahA~ 'sva' hai vahIM 'para' hai| rAga kI zUnyatA hone para sva aura para kA vibheda hI samApta ho jAtA hai, aisI rAga zUnyatA kI bhUmi para sthita hokara kiyA jAne vAlA Atmahita bhI lokahita hotA hai aura lokahita Atmahita hotA hai| donoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM, koI dvaita nahIM hai| usa dazA meM na to koI apanA hai, na koI praayaa| svArtha aura parArtha jaisI samasyA yahA~ rahatI hI nhiiN| jaina dharma ke anusAra svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI avasthAoM meM saMgharSa rahe yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| vyakti jaise-jaise bhautika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise svArthaparArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne parArtha yA lokahita ke tIna stara mAne hai 1. dravya lokahita 2. bhAva lokahita aura 3. pAramArthika lokahita / 1. dravya lokahita" yaha lokahita kA bhautika stara hai / bhautika upAdAnoM jaise bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi tathA zArIrika sevA ke dvArA lokahita karanA lokahita kA bhautika stara hai, yahA~ para sAdhana bhautika hote haiN| dravya lokahita ekAnta rUpa se AcaraNIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha apavAdAtmaka evaM sApekSa naitikatA kA kSetra hai| bhautika stara para svahita kI pUrNatayA upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahA~ to svahita aura parahita meM ucita samanvaya banAnA hI apekSita hai| pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNA ke pariSkArita svArthavAda, bauddhika parArthavAda aura sAmAnya zubha ke siddhAntoM kA vicAra kSetra lokahita kA yaha bhautika svarUpa hI hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 - 20 2. bhAva lokahita lokahita kA yaha stara bhautika stara se Upara sthita hai / yahA~ para lokahita ke sAdhana jJAnAtmaka yA caittAsika hote haiN| isa stara para parArtha aura svArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA alpatama hotI hai / 29 - 3. pAramArthika lokahita " yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai, yahA~ Atmahita aura parahita meM koI saMgharSa nahIM rahatA; koI dvaita nahIM rhtaa| yahA~ para lokahita kA rUpa hotA hai yathArtha jIvana dRSTi ke sambandha meM mArga darzana karanA / sandarbha 1. AtmAnaM satataM rakSet dArairapi dhanairapi cANakya nIti 2. svamartha yaH parityajya parArthamanutiSThati mithyA carita mizayakSa mUdra sa ucyate // viduranIti 3. AtmArthe jIvaloke'smin ko na jIvati mAnavaH / paraM paropakArArthaM yo jIvati sa jIvati // -subhASita bhANDAgAram 4. jIvitAnmaraNaM zreSThaM paropakRtivarjitAt / 5. nIti pravezikA maikenjI-hindI anuvAda pRSTha 234 / 6. sammecca loe kheyannehi pavaie - AcArAMga 7. sarvApadAntakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva / 8. savva jagajIva rakkhaNa dayaTThAe pAvayaNaM bhagavaM sukahiyaM / praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, 21/22 9. mahavvayAI lokahiya sabvayAI / - vahI, 1/1/21 10. tatthapaThamaM ahiMsA, tasa yAvara savvabhUyakhemakarI / vahI, 1/1/3 11. vahI, 1/2/22 / 12. prANinAmanugrahArtham, na pUjAsatkArArtham / * sUtrakRtAMga (TI), 1/6/4 mohAndhakAra gahane saMsAra duHkhitA bata / satvA paribhramantyuckai satyasmin dharmatejasi // ahotAnataH kRcchAda yathAyoga kathaMcana / anenottArayAmIrti varabodhi samanvitaH // karuNAdi guNopetaH parArtha vyasanI sadA / tathaiva ceSTate zrImAn vardhamAna mahodayaH // tatkalyANa yogene kurvansattvArtha mevasaH / tIrthakRtvamavApnoti paraM savArtha sAdhanam / / yogabindu, 285-288 cintayatyevamevaitat svajanAgataM tu yaH / tathAnuSThAnataH so'pi dhImAn gaNadharobhavet // 12. 14. 15. - - - - yogabindu, 289 / saMvigno bhava nirvedAdAtmaniH saraNaM tu yaH / AtmArthaM sampravRtto sau sadA syAn muNDakevalI // yogabindu, 290 / - 16. nizIthacUrNi gA0 2860 / 17. sthAnAMga0, 10/760 18. AdahidaM kAdavvaM adi sakkaI parahiMdaM ca kAdavvaM / Adahida parahiyAdo AdahidaM suTTha kAdavvaM // - uddhRt, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441 / .

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19. bhojanazayanA'cchAdana pradAnA'dilakSaNaH / sacAlpatayA 21. paramArthata: pAramezvara pravacanopadeza eva tasyeva bhavazatopacita nAtyantikazcaihikArya syA'pi sAdhanenaikAntena sAdhIyAniti / duHkhakSayakSamatvAt - Aha ca nopakAro jagatyasmistAdRzo vidyate kvacit / - abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 5, pu0 697 yAdRzI du:khavicchedAd dehinAM dhrmdeshnaa| ' 20. bhAvopakArastvadhyApanazrAvaNAdisvarUpoM garIya nityAtyantika -abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR0 697 / ubhayaloka sukhAvahazcetyato bhAvopakAra eva yatitavyam / - abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR0697 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma tIvratA se bar3hatI huI janasaMkhyA aura upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke svayaM bhI jIvana haiM kyoMki inake abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI sambhava kAraNa pradUSita hote paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kA prazna Aja mAnava samAja kI nahIM hai / kyA hama jala, vAyu, pRthvItattva evaM UrjA (agnitattva) ke eka jvalanta samasyA hai kyoMki pradUSita hote hue paryAvaraNa ke kAraNa abhAva meM jIvana kI koI kalpanA bhI kara sakate haiM ? ye to svayaM jIvana na kevala mAnavajAti apitu pRthvI para svayaM jIvana ke astitva ko bhI ke adhiSThAna haiM / ata: inakA durUpayoga yA vinAza svayaM jIvana kA hI khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai / upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa jIvana ke vinAza hai / isIliye jainadharma meM use hiMsA yA pApa kahA gayA hai| hindU liye Avazyaka srotoM kA itanI tIvratA se aura itanI adhika mAtrA meM dharma meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ko jo deva rUpa mAnA gayA hai, dohana ho rahA hai ki prAkRtika tela evaM gaisa kI bAta to dUra rahI, agalI usakA AdhAra bhI inakA jIvana ke adhiSThAna rUpa honA hI hai / jaina zatAbdI meM peyajala aura siMcAI hetu pAnI milanA bhI duSkara hogaa| yahI paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna pArzva ke kAla meM bhI pRthvI, nahIM, zaharoM meM zuddha prANavAyu ke thaile lagAkara calanA hogA / ata: jala, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati meM jIvana hone kI yaha avadhAraNA mAnavajAti ke bhAvI astitva ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki upasthita thI / pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, vAyukAyika, agnikAyika, paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane ke prayatna avilamba prArambha ho / yaha vanaspatikAyika aura trasakAyika -- aise SaTjIvanikAyoM kI carcA zubha-lakSaNa hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane kI cetanA Aja prAcIna jaina AgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai / AcArAMgasUtra (I0pU0 samAja ke sabhI vargoM meM jAgI hai aura isI krama meM yaha vicAra bhI ubhara pA~cavI zatI) kA to prArambha hI ina SaTjIvanikAyoM ke nirUpaNa se tathA kara sAmane AyA hai ki vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM meM paryAvaraNa ko unakI hiMsA ke kAraNoM evaM unakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdezoM kI carcA pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke aise kauna se nirdeza haiM jinako ujAgara karake se hI hotA hai / ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke sandarbha meM paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke sandarbha meM mAnava samAja ke vibhinna jaina AcAryoM ke jo nirdeza haiM, ve paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane vargoM kI cetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jA sake / isa sandarbha meM yahA~ maiM jainadharma kI dRSTi se Aja sarvAdhika mUlyavAna bana gaye haiN| Age hama unhIM kI kI dRSTi se hI Apa logoM ke samakSa apane vicAra rkhuugaa| carcA kreNge| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki jainadharma meM bhogavRtti ke prati yaha eka anubhUta prAkRtika tathya hai, eka jIvana kI abhivyakti saMyama, ahiMsA aura asaMgraha (aparigraha) para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA aura avasthiti dUsare zabdoM meM usakA janma, vikAsa aura astitva dUsare hai| usake inhI mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para jainadharma meM aise aneka jIvanoM ke Azrita hai -- isase hama iMkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate haiM / kintu AcAra niyamoM kA nirdeza huA hai jinakA paripAlana Aja paryAvaraNa ko isa satya ko samajhane kI jIvana-dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna rahI haiM / eka pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye Avazyaka hai / jainadharma ke pravartaka dRSTikoNa yaha rahA hai ki yadi eka jIvana dUsare jIvana para Azrita hai to AcAryoM ne Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva yaha udghoSaNA kI thI ki na hameM yaha adhikAra hai ki hama jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza karake bhI kevala prANIya jagat evaM vanaspati jagat meM jIvana kI upasthiti hai, apane astitva ko banAye rakheM / pUrva meM 'jIvojIvasya bhojanam' aura apitu unhoMne yaha bhI kahA thA ki pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu aura agni meM bhI pazcima meM 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa' (Struggle for existence) ke jIvana haiM / eka ora to ve yaha mAnate the ki pRthvI, pAnI evaM vanaspati siddhAnta isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa astitva meM Aye / inakI jIvana-dRSTi ke Azrita hokara anekAneka prANI apanA jIvana jIte haiM, ata: inake hiMsaka rahI / inhoMne vinAza se vikAsa kA mArga cunA / Aja pUrva se durUpayoga, vinAza yA hiMsA se unakA bhI vinAza hotA hai| dUsare ye pazcima taka isI jIvana-dRSTi kA bola-bAlA hai / jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM

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576 . jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA vinAza karake mAnava ke astitva ko bacAne ke prayatna hote rahe haiN| ke utsarga ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo vijAtIya tattva jala meM milate haiM, kintu aba vijJAna yaha batAtA hai ki jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA anavarata unase bahutAyata se jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura jala pradUSita vinAza karake hama mAnava kA astitva bhI nahIM bacA sakate haiM / isa hotA hai / jaina paramparA meM Aja bhI yaha lokakti hai ki pAnI kA upayoga sambandha meM dUsarI jIvana-dRSTi yaha rahI ki eka jIvana, jIvana ke dUsare ghI se bhI adhika sAvadhAnI se karanA cAhiye / mujhe svayaM ve dina yAda rUpoM ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai -- jainAcAryoM ne isI jIvana-dRSTi kA haiM, jaba ghI ke girane para utanI pratAr3anA nahIM milatI thI, jitanI eka udghoSa kiyA thA / Aja se lagabhaga aThAraha sau varSa pUrva AcArya gilAsa pAnI ke gira jAne para / Aja se 20-25 varSa pUrva taka jaina umAsvAti ne eka sUtra prastuta kiyA -- 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm muni yaha niyama yA pratijJA dilAte the ki nadI, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake arthAt jIvana eka dUsare ke sahayoga para Adharita hai / vikAsa kA mArga snAna nahIM karanA, snAna meM eka ghar3e se adhika jala kA vyaya nahIM karanA hiMsA yA vinAza nahIM paraspara sahakAra hai / eka-dUsare ke pArasparika Adi / unake ye upadeza hamArI Aja kI upabhoktA saMskRti ko sahakAra yA sahayoga para jIvana-yAtrA calatI hai / jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM hAsyAspada lagate hoM kintu bhaviSya meM jo pIne yogya pAnI kA saMkaTa ke sahakArI banakara hI hama apanA jIvana jI sakate haiM / prANI-jagat Ane vAlA hai use dekhate hue, ye niyama kitane upayogI evaM mahattvapUrNa pArasparika sahayoga para Azrita hai| hameM apanA jIvana jIne ke liye dUsare haiM, ise koI bhI vyakti saralatA se samajha sakatA hai / jaina paramparA meM prANiyoM ke sahayoga kI aura dUsare prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana jIne ke muniyoM ke liye to sacittajala (jIvana yukta jala) ke prayoga kA hI liye hamAre sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai / hameM jIvana jIne (bhojana, niSedha hai / jaina muni kevala ubalA huA garma pAnI yA anya kinhIM sAdhanoM prANavAyu Adi) ke liye vanaspati jagat kI AvazyakatA hai to se jIvANu rahita huA jala hI grahaNa kara sakatA hai / sAmAnya upayoga vanaspati ko apanA jIvana jIne ke liye jala, vAyu, khAda Adi kI ke liye vaha aisA jala bhI le sakatA hai jisakA upayoga gRhastha kara AvazyakatA hai / vanaspati se prApta AksIjana, phala, anna Adi se cukA ho aura use bekAra mAnakara pheMka rahA ho / gRhastha upAsaka ke liye hamArA jIvana calatA hai to hamAre dvArA prApta kArbanaDAIAksAIDa evaM bhI jala ke upayoga se pUrva usakA chAnanA aura sImita mAtrA meM hI usakA mala-mUtra Adi se unakA jIvana calatA hai / ata: jIvana jIne ke liye upayoga karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| binA chanA pAnI pInA jainoM ke jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA sahayoga to hama le sakate haiM kintu unake lie pApAcaraNa mAnA gayA hai / jala ko chAnanA apane ko pradUSita jala vinAza kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki unake vinAza meM hamArA bhI grahaNa se bacAnA hai aura isa prakAra vaha svAsthya ke saMrakSaNa kA bhI vinAza nihita hai| dUsare kI hiMsA vastuta: hamArI hI hiMsA hai, isaliye anupama sAdhana hai / jala ke apavyaya kA mukhya kAraNa Aja hamArI AcArAMga meM kahA gayA thA - jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha to tU hI upabhoktA saMskRti hai / jala kA mUlya hameM isa liye patA nahIM lagatA hai -- kyoMki yaha to tere astitva kA AdhAra hai" / sahayoga lenA aura hai, ki prathama to vaha prakRti kA ni:zulka upahAra hai, dUsare Aja nala dUsaroM ko sahayoga karanA yahI prANI jagat kI Adarza sthiti hai / jIvana meM ToTI kholakara hama use binA parazrima ke pA lete haiM / yadi kuoM se kabhI bhI dUsaroM ke sahayoga ke binA nahIM calatA hai / jise hama dUsaroM svayaM jala nikAla kara aura use dUrI se ghara para lAkara isakA upayoga ke sandarbha meM apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, vahIM dUsaroM ke prati hamArA kartavya karanA ho to jala kA mUlya kyA hai, isakA hameM patA lage / cAhe isa bhI hai / ise hameM nahIM bhUlanA hai| sarvatra jIvana kI upasthiti kI kalpanA, yuga meM jIvanopayogI saba vastuoM ke mUlya bar3he hoM kintu jala to sastA usake prati ahiMsaka dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina AcAryoM ne hI huA hai / jala kA apavyaya na ho isaliye prathama AvazyakatA yaha jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI hiMsA aura unake durUpayoga ko rokane hetu hai ki hama upabhoktA saMskRti se vimukha ho / jahA~ pUrva kAla meM jaMgala AcAra ke aneka vidhi-niSedhoM kA pratipAdana kiyA / Age hama jala meM jAkara mala visarjana, dAtauna, snAna Adi kiyA jAtA thA, vahA~ jala pradUSaNa, vAyupradUSaNa, khAdya-sAmagrI ke pradUSaNa se bacane ke liye jainAcAryoM kA kitanA kama upayoga hotA thA yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai / pana: vaha ne kina AcAra niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, isakI carcA kreNge| mala evaM jala bhI jaMgala ke choTe paudhoM ke liye khAda va pAnI ke rUpa meM upayogI hotA thA / Aja kI pA~ca sitArA hoTaloM kI saMskRti meM jala pradUSaNa aura jala-saMrakSaNa pratyeka vyakti pahale se pacAsa gunA adhika jala kA upayoga karatA hai| jala ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye evaM usake sImita jo loga jaMgala meM mala-mUtra visarjana evaM nadI kinAre snAna karate the upayoga ke liye jaina granthoM meM aneka nirdeza upalabdha haiM / yadyapi prAcIna unakA jala kA vAstavika vyaya do liTara se adhika nahIM thA aura kAla meM aise bar3e udyoga nahIM the, jinase bar3I mAtrA meM jala pradUSaNa ho, upayoga kiyA gayA jala bhI yA to paudhoM ke upayoga meM AtA thA yA phira phira bhI jala meM alpa mAtrA meM bhI pradUSaNa na ho isakA dhyAna jaina paramparA miTTI aura reta se chanakara nadI meM milatA thA kintu Aja pA~ca sitArA meM rakhA gayA hai / jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se avadhAraNA rahI hai ki hoTala meM eka vyakti kama se kama pA~ca sau liTara jala kA apavyaya kara nadI, tAlAba, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna, dAtauna tathA malamUtra detA hai / yaha apavyaya hameM kahA~ le jAyegA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki jala meM zArIrika-maloM

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paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 577 vAyupradUSaNa kA prazna anukUla-pratikUla, sukha-duHkhAdi vividha saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti karate vAyupradUSaNa ke prazna para bhI jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa haiM, usI prakAra se vanaspati jagat Adi ko bhI anubhUti hotI hai| kintu thA / yadyapi prAcIna kAla meM ve aneka sAdhana jo Aja vAyupradUSaNa ke jisa prakAra eka aMdhA, paMgu, mUka evaM badhira vyakti pIr3A kA anubhava kAraNa bane haiM, nahIM the mAtra adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna karane vAle karate hue bhI use abhivyakta nahIM kara pAtA hai, usI prakAra vanaspati vyavasAya hI the| dhUmra kI adhika mAtrA na kevala phaladAra per3a-pAdhoM ke Adi anya jIva-nikAya bhI pIr3A kA anubhava to karate haiM kintu use liye apitu anya prANiyoM aura manuSyoM ke lie kisa prakAra hAnikAraka vyakta karane meM samartha nahIM hote / ata: vyakti kA prathama kartavya yahI hai hai, yaha bAta vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM aura anubhavoM se siddha ho gayI hai| ki vaha unakI hiMsA evaM unake anAvazyaka durUpayoga se bace / jisa jaina AcAryoM ne upAsakadazAsUtra meM jaina gRhasthoM ke liye spaSTata: una prakAra hameM apanA jIvana-jIne kA adhikAra hai usI prakAra unheM bhI apanA vyavasAyoM kA niSeSa kiyA hai jinameM adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna hokara jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai / ata: jIvana jahA~ kahIM bhI aura jisa kisI vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSita karatA ho / vAyupradUSaNa kA eka kAraNa phaloM bhI rUpa meM ho unakA sammAna karanA hamArA kartavya hai / prakRti kI dRSTi Adi ko sar3Akara unase zarAba Adi mAdaka padArtha banAne kA vyavasAya meM eka paudhe kA jIvana bhI utanA hI mUlyavAna hai jitanA eka manuSya kA / bhI hai jisakA jaina gRhastha ke lie niSedha hai| vAyupradUSaNa ko rokane aura per3a-paudhe paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane meM jitane sahAyaka haiM, pradUSita vAyu, sUkSma kITANuoM evaM rajakaNa se bacane ke liye jainoM meM utanA manuSya nahIM hai, vaha to paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita hI karatA hai / vRkSoM mukha vastrikA bA~dhane yA rakhane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha isa tathya kA pramANa evaM vanoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA vanaspati ke durUpayoga se bacane ke sambandha hai ki jaina AcArya isa sambandha meM kitane sajaga the ki pradUSita vAyu aura meM bhI prAcanI jaina sAhitya meM aneka nirdeza haiM / jaina paramparA meM muni ke kITANu zarIra meM mukha evaM nAsikA ke mAdhyama se praveza na kareM aura lie to harita-vanaspati ko tor3ane va kATane kI bAta to dUra use sparza hamArA dUSita zvAsa vAyupradUSaNa na kareM / karane kA bhI niSedha thaa| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI harita vanaspati paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa meM Aja dhUmra chor3ane vAle vAhanoM kA ke upayoga ko yathAzakti sImita karane kA nirdeza hai / Aja bhI parvaprayoga bhI eka pramukha kAraNa hai / yadyapi vaijJAnika pragati ke isa yuga meM tithiyoM meM harita-vanaspati nahIM khAne ke niyama kA pAlana aneka jaina yaha bAta hAsyAspada lagegI ki hama puna: bailagAr3I kI dizA meM lauTa gRhastha karate haiM / kaMda aura mUla kA bhakSaNa jaina-gRhastha ke lie niSiddha jAyeM, kintu yadi vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai to hameM hamAre hI hai / isake pIche yaha tathya rahA ki yadi manuSya jar3oM kA hI bhakSaNa nagaroM aura sar3akoM ko isa dhUmra pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kA prayAsa karanA karegA to paudhoM kA astitva hI khatare meM ho jAyegA aura unakA jIvana hogaa| jaina muni ke liye Aja bhI jo padayAtrA karane aura koI bhI vAhana samApta ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra se usa per3a ko jisakA tanA manuSya kI prayoga nahIM karane kA niyama hai vaha cAhe hAsyAspada lage, kintu paryAvaraNa bA~hoM meM na A sakatA ho, kATanA manuSya kI hatyA ke barAbara doSa mAnA ko pradUSaNa se bacAne aura mAnava svAsthya kI dRSTi se vaha kitanA gayA hai / gRhastha upAsaka ke lie jina pandraha niSiddha vyavasAyoM kA upayogI hai, ise jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA / Aja kI hamArI upabhoktA ullekha hai usameM vanoM ko kATanA bhI niSiddha hai / AcArAMga meM vanaspati saMskRti meM hama eka ora eka phalAMga bhI jAnA ho to vAhana kI apekSA ke zarIra kI mAnava zarIra se tulanA karake yahI batalAyA gayA hai ki rakhate haiM to dUsarI ora DAkTaroM ke nirdeza para pratidina pA~ca-sAta ki.mI. vanaspati kI hiMsA bhI prANI hiMsA ke samAna hai| isI prakAra vanoM meM Aga Tahalate haiM / yaha kaisI AtmapravaMcanA hai, eka ora samaya kI bacata ke lagAnA, vanoM ko kATanA Adi ko gRhastha ke lie sabase bar3A pApa nAma para vAhanoM kA prayoga karanA to dUsarI ora prAta:kAlIna evaM (mahArambha) mAnA gayA hai kyoMki usameM na kevala vanaspati kI hiMsA hotI sAyaMkAlIna bhramaNoM meM apane samaya kA apavyaya karanA / yadi manuSya hai, apitu anya vanya jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA hotI hai aura paryAvaraNa pradUSita madhyama AkAra ke zaharoM taka apane dainAndina kAryoM meM vAhana kA prayoga hotA hai / kyoMki vana varSA aura paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke na kare to usase doharA lAbha ho / eka ora IMdhana evaM tatsambandhI kharca anupama sAdhana haiN| baceM, to dUsarI ora paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se baceM / sAtha hI usakA svAsthya bhI anukUla rahegA / prakRti kI ora lauTane kI bAta Aja cAhe kITanAzakoM kA prayoga paramparAvAdI lagatI ho kintu eka dina aisA AyegA jaba yaha mAnava Aja khetI meM jo rAsAyanika urvarakoM aura kITanAzaka davAoM astitva kI eka anivAryatA hogI / Aja bhI yU.esa.e. jaise vikasita kA upayoga bar3hatA jA rahA hai vaha bhI hamAre bhojana meM hone vAle pradUSaNa dezoM meM yaha pravRtti prArambha ho gayI hai| kA kAraNa hai / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie khetI kI anumati to hai, kintu kisI bhI sthiti meM kITanAzaka davAoM kA vanaspati jagat aura paryAvaraNa upayoga karane kI anumati nahIM hai kyoMki usase choTe-choTe jIvoM kI AcArAMgasUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya jIvana se uddezya pUrNa hiMsA hotI hai jo usake lie niSiddha hai / isI prakAra gRhastha tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra hama jIvana yukta haiM aura ke lie niSiddha pandraha vyavasAyoM meM vizaile padArtha kA vyavasAya bhI

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578 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 varjita hai| ata: vaha na to kITanAzaka davAoM kA prayoga kara sakatA prayoga na kevala mAnavajAti ke lie apitu samasta prANi-jAti ke hai aura na hI unakA kraya-vikraya kara sakatA hai| mahArASTra ke eka jaina astitva ke lie khatarA hai / Aja zastroM kI isa aMdhI daur3a meM hama na kisAna ne prAkRtika pattoM, gobara Adi kI khAda se tathA kITanAzakoM ke kevala mAnavatA kI, apitu isa pRthvI para prANI-jagat kI antyeSThi hetu upayoga ke binA hI apane khetoM meM rikArDa utpAdana karake siddha kara diyA citA taiyAra kara rahe hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa satya ko pahale hI hai ki rAsAyanika urvarakoM ke upayoga na to Avazyaka haiM aura na hI samajha liyA thA ki yaha daur3a mAnavatA kI sarva vinAzaka hogI / vAMchanIya, kyoMki isase na kevala paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana bhaMga hotA hai AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA-- 'asthi satyaM pareNaparaM-nasthi asatyaM aura vaha pradUSita hotA hai, apitu hamAre khAdyAnna bhI viSayukta banate haiM jo pareNaparaM'10 arthAt zastroM meM eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu hamAre svAsthya ke liye hAnikAraka hote haiN| azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai / niHzastrIkaraNa kA yaha Adeza Aja kitanA sArthaka hai yaha batalAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai / yadi hameM rAtribhojana niSedha aura pradUSaNamuktatA mAnavatA ke astitva kI cintA hai to paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA dhyAna - isI prakAra jaina paramparA meM jo rAtribhojana niSedha kI mAnyatA rakhanA hogA evaM ANavika tathA rAsAyanika zastroM ke prayoga para pratibandha hai, vaha bhI pradUSaNa muktatA kI dRSTi se eka vaijJAnika mAnyatA hai jisase lagAnA hogaa| pradUSita AhAra zarIra meM nahIM pahuMcatA aura svAsthya kI rakSA hotI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma meM paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa sUrya ke prakAza meM jo bhojana pakAyA aura khAyA jAtA hai vaha jitanA ke lie paryApta rUpa se nirdeza upalabdha haiM / usakI dRSTi meM prAkRtika pradUSaNa mukta evaM svAsthya-varddhaka hotA hai, utanA rAtri ke aMdhakAra yA sAdhanoM kA asIma dohana jinameM bar3I mAtrA meM bhU-khanana, jala-avazoSaNa, kRtrima prakAza meM pakAyA gayA bhojana nahIM hotA hai / yaha tathya vAyupradUSaNa, vanoM ke kATane Adi ke kArya hote haiM, ve mahArambha kI koTi manokalpanA nahIM hai, balki eka vaijJAnika satya hai / jainoM ne rAtribhojana- meM Ate haiM jisako jainadharma meM naraka-gati kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| niSedha ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa aura mAnavIya svAsthya donoM ke saMrakSaNa jainadharma kA saMdeza hai prakRti evaM prANiyoM kA vinAza karake nahIM, apita kA prayatna kiyA hai| dina meM bhojana pakAnA aura khAnA use pradUSaNa se unakA sahayogI banakara jIvana-jInA hI manuSya kA kartavya hai / prakRti mukta rakhanA hai kyoMki rAtri meM evaM kRtrima prakAza meM bhojana meM viSAkta vijaya ke nAma para hamane jo prakRti ke sAtha anyAya kiyA hai, usakA sUkSma prANiyoM ke girane kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai , puna: dera rAta meM daNDa hamArI santAnoM ko na bhugatanA par3e isalie Avazyaka hai ki hama kiye gaye bhojana kA paripAka bhI samyaka rUpeNa nahIM hotA hai| na kevala vanya prANiyoM, per3a-paudhoM, apitu jala, prANavAyu, jIvana-UrjA (agni) aura jIvana-adhiSThAna (pRthvI) ke sAtha bhI sahayogI banakara zikAra aura mAMsAhAra jIvana jInA sIkheM, unake saMhAraka banakara nahIM, kyoMki unakA saMhAra Aja jo paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa bar3hatA jA rahA hai usameM vanya prakArAntara se apanA hI saMhAra hai| jIvoM aura jalIya-jIvoM kA zikAra bhI eka kAraNa hai / Aja jalIya jaina AcAryoM kI paryAvaraNa ke prati vizeSa rUpa se vanaspati jIvoM kI hiMsA ke kAraNa jala meM pradUSaNa bar3hatA hai / yaha tathya suspaSTa jagata ke prati kitanI sajagatA rahI hai, isakA patA isa tathya se calatA hai ki machaliyA~ Adi jalIya-jIvoM kA zikAra jala-pradUSaNa kA kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke sAtha eka caitya-vRkSa ko jor3a banatA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra kITa-paMtaga evaM vanya-jIva bhI paryAvaraNa diyA aura isa prakAra ve caitya-vRkSa bhI jainoM ke lie pratIka rUpa pUjya ke santulana kA bahuta bar3A AdhAra haiM / Aja eka ora vanoM ke kaTa jAne bana gye| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM ke caityavRkSoM kI sUcI se unake saMrakSaNa ke kSetra samApta hote jA rahe haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora phara, isa prakAra hai15.. camar3e, mAMsa Adi ke lie vanya-jIvoM kA zikAra bar3hatA jA rahA 1. RSabha -- nyagrodha (vaTa) 14. ananta -- azvattha (pIpala) hai / jaina paramparA meM koI vyakti tabhI praveza pA sakatA hai jabaki vaha 2. ajita -- saptaparNa 15. dharma -- dadhiparNa zikAra va mA~sAhAra nahIM karane kA vrata letA hai| zikAra va mA~sAhAra nahIM 3. saMbhava -- zAla 16. zAnti -- nandIvRkSa karanA jaina gRhastha dharma meM praveza kI prathama zarta hai / matsya, mA~sa, aNDe 4. abhinandana -- priyAla 17. kunthu -- tilaka evaM zahada kA niSedha kara jaina AcAryoM ne jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie bhI 5. sumati -- priyaMgu 18. ara -- AmravRkSa prAcIna kAla se hI mahattvapUrNa prayatna kiye haiN| 6. padmaprabha -- chatrAha 19. mallI -- azoka 7. supArzva -- zirISa 20. munisuvrata -- campaka rAsAyanika zastroM kA prayoga 8. candraprabha -- nAgavRkSa 21 nami -- bakula Aja vizva meM ANavika evaM rAsAyanika zastroM meM vRddhi ho rahI 9. puSpadanta -- sAlI 22. nemi -- vetrasavRkSa hai aura unake parIkSaNoM tathA yuddha meM unake prayogoM ke mAdhyama se bhI 10. zItala -- pilaMkhuvRkSa 23. pArzva -- dhAtakIvRkSa paryAvaraNa meM asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai tathA vaha pradUSita hotA hai / inakA 11. zreyAnsa -- tinduka 24. mahAvIra (vardhamAna)

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paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 579 12. vAsupUjya -- pATala zAlavRkSa NevaNNehiM chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhAvejjA, NevaNNe 13. vimala-- jambu chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhate smnnujaannejjaa|| isa prakAra hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke anusAra -AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/176 pratyeka tIrthaMkara jJAna prApti ke pazcAt azoka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara 2. se bemi -- saMti pANA udaya-nissiyA jIvA annegaa| hI apanA upadeza dete haiM isase bhI unakI prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati -AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/54 sajagatA pragaTa hotI hai| prAcInakAla meM jaina muniyoM ko vanoM meM hI rahane 3. dekhiye -- AyAro, dvitIya uddezaka se saptama uddezaka taka kA nirdeza thA, phalata: ve prakRti ke ati nikaTa hote the| kAlAntara 4. parasparopagraho jIvAnAm, tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 meM jaba kucha jaina muni caityoM yA bastiyoM meM rahane lage to unake do vibhAga ho gaye -- 5. tumaMsi nAma saccema jaM 'haMtatvaM' ti manasi, tumaMsi nAma saccema jaM 'ajjAveyatavvaM' ti mannasi, 1. caityavAsI 2. vanavAsI tumaMsi nAma saccema jaM 'paritAveyavvaM' ti manasi, kintu isameM bhI caityavAsI kI apekSA vanavAsI muni hI tumaMsi nAma saccema jaM 'parighetavvaM' ti manasi, adhika AdaraNIya bane / jaina paramparA meM vanavAsa ko sadaiva hI Adara kI tumaMsi nAma saccema jaM 'uddaveyavvaM' ti mntrsi| dRSTi se dekhA gyaa| -AyAro, 5/10 isI prakAra hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jaina tIrthaMkara pratimAoM 6. vaNassaijIvANaM mANusseNa tulaNA padaM se bemi -- ko eka-dUsare se pRthaka karane ke lie jina pratIka cihnoM (lAMchanoM) kA iMmapi jAidhammayaM, eyaMpi jAidhammayaM / prayoga kiyA gayA hai unameM bhI vanya jIvoM yA jala-jIvoM ko hI iMmapi buThThidhammayaM, eyaMpi buThThidhammayaM / prAthamikatA milI hai| yathA -- iMmapi cittamaMtayaM, eyaMpi cittamaMtayaM / tIrthaMkara .. lAMchana vimala -- varAha iMmapi chinnaM milAti, eyaMpi chinnaM milAti / RSabha -- baila ananta -- zyenapakSI iMmapi AhAragaM eyaMpi AhAragaM / ajita -- gaja ananta -- rIcha iMmapi aNiccayaM, eyaMpi aNiccayaM / sambhava -- azva zAntinAtha -- mRga iMmapi asAsayaM, eyapi asAsayaM / abhinandana -- kapi kuMthu -- chAga iMmapi cayAvacaiyaM, eyaMpi cayAvacaiyaM / sumatinAtha -- krauMca suvrata -- kUrma iMmapi vipariNAmadhammayaM, eyaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM / puSpadaMta -- makara pArzvanAtha -- sarpa -AyAro, saM. AcArya tulasI, 1/32 vAsupUjya -- mahiSa mahAvIra -- siMha 7. taM jahA -- iMgAlakamme, vaNakamme, sADIkamme, bhADIkamme, ina sabhI tathyoM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki jaina AcArya prakRti phoDIkamme, daMtavANijje, lakkhAvANijje, rasavANijje, visavANijje, aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajaga rahe haiM tathA unake dvArA pratipAdita AcAra kesavANijje, jaMtapIlaMNakamme, nillechaNakamme, davaggidAvaNayA, sambandhI vidhiniSedha paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa mukta rakhane meM paryApta rUpa se saradahatalAyasosaNayA, asaIjaNaposaNayA / sahAyaka haiN| -upAsakadazAsUtra, saM. madhukara muni, 1/5 8. vahI, 1/5 9. se vAriyA itthi sarAyabhattaM / 1. taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva saMya chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM -sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, madhukaramuni, 1/6/379 samAraMbhejjA, 10. samavAyAMgasUtra, madhukaramuni, pariziSTa 646 sandarbha

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jaina ekatA kA prazna / I vizva ke pramukha dharmoM meM jainadharma eka alpasaMkhyaka dharma hai lagabhaga 3 araba kI janasaMkhyA vAle isa bhUmaNDala para jainoM kI janasaMkhyA 50 lAkha se adhika nahIM hai arthAta vizva ke 600 vyaktiyoM meM kevala 1 vyakti jaina haiM durbhAgya yaha hai ki eka alpasaMkhyaka dharma hote hue bhI vaha Aja aneka sampradAyoM aura upasampradAyoM meM ba~TA huA hai / digambara aura zvetAmbara ye do mUla zAkhAe~ to haiM hI, kintu ve zAkhAe~ bhI avAntara sampradAyoM meM aura sampradAya gacchoM meM vibhAjita haiM / digambara paramparA ke bIsapaMtha, terApaMtha aura tAraNaMpatha ye tIna upavibhAga haiM / vartamAna meM kAnajI svAmI ke anuyAyiyoM kA nayA sampradAya bhI bana gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI, terApaMthI ye tIna sampradAya haiN| inameM mUrtipUjaka aura sthAnakavAsI aneka gacchoM meM vibhAjita haiM / terApaMthI sampradAya meM bhI aba navaterApaMtha kA udaya huA hai| inake atirikta bhI jainadharma kI zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM kI madhyavartI yojaka kar3I ke rUpa 'vApanIya' nAmaka eka svatantra sampradAya IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara 15 vIM zatAbdI taka astitva meM rhaa| kintu Aja yaha vilupta ho gayA hai| vartamAna meM zrImadrAjacandra ke kavipaMtha kA bhI eka svatantra sampradAya ke rUpa meM astitva hai, yadyapi isake anuyAyI bahuta hI kama haiN| jainadharma ke ye sabhI sampradAya Aja paraspara bikhare hue haiM aura koI bhI aisA sUtra taiyAra nahIM ho pAyA hai jo ina bikharI huI kar3iyoM ko eka dUsare se jor3a sake bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala nAmaka saMsthA ke mAdhyama se inheM jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA kintu usameM ullekhanIya saphalatA prApta nahIM huI / 1 jaina samAja na kevala dhArmika dRSTi se vibhinna sampradAyoM meM ba~TA huA hai apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se aneka jAtiyoM aura upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita hai| isameM agravAla, khaNDevAla, bagheravAla, mor3a Adi kucha jAtiyoM kI sthiti to aisI hai jinake kucha parivAra jainadharma ke anuyAyI haiM to kucha vaiSNava eka hI jAti meM vibhinna jaina upasampradAyoM ke anuyAyI bhI pAye jAte haiM jaise osavAloM meM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina tInoM sampradAyoM ke anuyAyI to pracuratA se pAye hI jAte haiM kintu kvacit digambara jaina aura vaiSNava dharma ke anuyAyI bhI milate haiM / / - 1 , jAtivAda kA viSa DA0 vilAsa AdinAtha saMgave ne apanI pustaka 'jaina kamyuniTI' meM uttara bhArata kI 84 tathA dakSiNa bhArata kI 91 jaina jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| purAne samaya meM to ina jAtiyoM meM pArasparika bhojanavyavahAra sambandhI kaThora pratibandha the| vivAha sambandha to pUrNatayA varjita the Aja khAna-pAna (roTI vyavahAra) sambandhI pratibandha to zithila / ho gaye haiM kintu vivAha (beTI vyavahAra) sambandhI pratibandha abhI bhI / yathAvat haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki Aja bhI eka jAti kA jaina parivAra apanI jAti ke vaiSNava parivAra meM to vivAha sambandha kara legA kintu itara jAti ke jaina parivAra meM vivAha sambandha karanA ucita nahIM smjhegaa| vigata do dazakoM meM hindU khaTika evaM gujarAtI balAIyoM ke dvArA jainadharma apanAne ke phalasvarupa vIravAla aura dharmapAla nAmaka jo do navIna jaina jAtiyAM astitva meM AI haiM kintu unake sAtha bhI pArasparika sAmAjika ekAtmakatA kA abhAva hI hai| jaina jAtiyoM meM pAsparika alagAva kI yaha sthiti unakI bhAvanAtmaka ekatA meM bAdhaka hai / hamArA bikharAva doharA hai- jAtigata aura dUsarA sampradAyagata | jaba taka ina jAtiyoM meM paraspara vivAha sambandha aura samAnastara kI sAmAjika ekAtmakatA sthApita nahIM hogI taba taka bhAvanAtmaka ekatA ko sthAyI AdhAra nahIM milegaa| aneka jAtiyoM meM jo dasA aura bIsA kA bheda hai aura usa AdhAra para yA sAmAnyarUpa meM bhI jAtiyoM ko eka dUsare se U~cA-nIcA samajhane kI jo pravRtti hai, use bhI samApta karanA hogaa| vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM cAhe ina jAtigata vibhinnatAoM ko miTA pAnA sambhava nahIM ho, kintu unheM samAna stara kI sAmAjikatA to pradAna kI jA sakatI hai| yadi samAna stara kI sAmAjikatA aura pArasparika vivAha sambandha sthApita ho jAyeM to jAtivAda kI ye dIvAreM agalI docAra pIr3hiyoM taka svataH hI uha jAyeMgI jainadharma mUlataH jAtivAda kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai, yaha saba usa para brAhmaNa saMskRti kA prabhAva hai| yadi hama antarAtmA se jainatva ke hAmI haiM to hameM U~ca nIca aura jAtivAda kI ina vibhAjaka dIvAroM ko samApta karanA hogA, tabhI bhAvanAtmaka sAmAjika ekatA kA vikAsa ho sakegA / | " sAmpradAyikatA kA viSa Aja jaina samAja kA zrama, zakti aura dhana kinhIM racanAtmaka kAryoM meM lagane ke bajAya pArasparika saMgharSo tIrthoM aura mandiroM ke vivAdoM, IrSyAyukta pradarzanI aura ADambaroM tathA thothI pratiSThA kI pratispardhA meM kiye jAne vAle AyojanoM meM vyaya ho rahA hai| isa nagna satya ko kauna nahIM jAnatA hai ki hamane eka-eka tIrtha aura maMdira ke jhagar3oM meM itanA paisA bahAyA hai aura bahA rahe haiM ki usa dhana se usI sthAna para dasa-dasa bhavya aura vizAla mandira khar3e kiye jA sakate the| antarikSa pArzvanAtha, maksI kesariyAjI jaise aneka tIrtha sthaloM para Aja bhI kyA ho rahA hai? jisa jina pratimA ko hama pUjya mAna rahe haiM, usake sAtha kyA-kyA kukarma hama nahIM kara rahe haiM ? usa para ubalatA pAnI DAlA jAtA hai, nityaprati garama zalAkhoM se usakI A~khe nikAlI aura lagAyI jAtI haiN| aneka bAra laMgoTa Adi ke cihna banAye aura miTAye gaye haiN| kyA yaha saba hamArI antarAtmA ko kacoTatA nahIM hai ? pArasparika saMgharSo meM vahA~ jo ghaTanAeM ghaTita huI haiM, ve kyA , .

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jaina ekatA kA prazna 581 eka ahiMsaka samAja ke lie zarmanAka nahIM haiM ? kyA yaha ucita hai astitva kA prazna jur3A huA hai / prajAtantrIya zAsana vyavasthA meM kisI ki cIMTI kI rakSA karanevAlA samAja manuSyoM ke khUna se holI khele? varga kI AvAja isI AdhAra para sunI aura mAnI jAtI hai ki usakI patra-patrikAoM meM eka dUsare ke viruddha jo viSa-vamana kiyA jAtA hai, saMgaThita mata-zakti evaM sAmAjika prabhAvazIlatA kitanI hai / kintu eka logoM kI bhAvanAoM ko eka dUsare ke viparIta ubhAr3A jAtA hai, vaha kyA vikendrita aura ananuzAsita dharma evaM samAja kI na to apanI mata-zakti samAja ke prabuddha vicArakoM ke hRdaya ko vikSobhita nahIM karatA hai ? Aja hotI hai aura na usakI AvAja kA koI prabhAva hI hotA hai| yaha eka ADambarapUrNa gajarathoM, paJcakalyANakoM aura pratiSThA samArohoM-muniyoM ke alaga bAta hai ki jaina samAja ke kucha prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva prAcInakAla cAturmAsoM meM calanevAle caukoM aura dUsare ADambarapUrNa pratispardhA se Aja taka bhAratIya zAsana evaM samAja meM apanA prabhAva evaM sthAna AyojanoM meM jo prativarSa karor3oM rupayoM kA apavyaya ho rahA hai, vaha kyA rakhate Aye haiM kintu ise jaina samAja kI prabhAvazakti mAnanA galata dhana ke sadupayoga karanevAle mitavyayI jaina samAja ke lie hRdaya- hogaa| yaha jo bhI prabhAva rahA hai unakI nijI pratibhAoM kA hai, isakA vidAraka nahIM hai ? bhavya aura garimApUrNa Ayojana bure nahIM haiM kintu zreya sIdhe rupa meM jaina samAja ko nahIM hai / cAhe unake nAma kA lAbha jaina ve jaba sAmpradAyika dUrabhiniveza aura IrSyA ke sAtha jur3a jAte haiM to samAja kI prabhAvazIlatA ko batAne ke lie uThAyA jAtA rahA hai / apanI sArthakatA kho dete haiM / pArasparika pratispardhA meM hamane eka-eka mAnavatAvAdI vaijJAnika dharma, artha-sampanna samAja tathA vipula sAhityika gA~va meM aura eka-eka galI meM dasa-dasa mandira to khar3e kara liye kintu evaM purAtattvIya sampadA kA dhanI yaha samAja Aja upakSita kyoM hai ? yaha unameM AbU, rANakapura, jaisalamera, khujarAho yA gomaTezvara jaisI bhavyatA eka nitAnta satya hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa meM jaina samAja svayaM eka evaM kalA se yukta kitane haiM ? eka-eka gA~va yA nagara meM cAra-cAra zakti ke rUpa meM ubharakara sAmane nahIM AyA / yadi hameM eka zakti ke dhArmika pAThazAlAe~ cala rahI haiM, vidyAlaya cala rahe haiM kintu sarva suvidhA kapa meM ubhara kara AnA hai to saMgaThita honA hogA / anyathA dhIre-dhIre sampanna suvyavasthita vizAla pustakAlaya evaM zAstra-bhaNDAra se yukta jaina hamArA astitva nAma-zeSa ho jAyegA / Aja 'saMghe zaktiH kaliyuge' vidyA ke adhyayana aura adhyApana-kendra tathA zodha-saMsthAna kitane haiM ? lokokti ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| aneka adhyayana-adhyApana kendra sAmpradAyika pratispardhA meM eka hI sthAna para khar3e to kiye gaye kintu samagra samAja ke sahayoga ke abhAva meM koI hamAre vikharAva ke kAraNa bhI samyak pragati nahIM kara sakA / yaha sahI hai ki jaina samAja kI isa vicchinna dazA para prabuddha vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI cAra-cAra A~sU bahAye haiM aura usakI vedanA kA ekatA kI AvazyakatA kyoM hRdaya kI gaharAIyoM taka anubhava kiyA hai / isI dazA ko dekhakara jaina samAja kI ekatA kI AvazyakatA do kAraNoM se hai| adhyAtmayogI saMta AnandaghanajI ko kahanA par3A thA - prathama to yaha ki pArasparika IrSyA-dveSa evaM pratispardhA meM samAja ke zrama, gacchanA bahubheda nayana nihAlatAM zakti aura dhana kA jo apavyaya ho rahA hai, use rokA jA sake / jaisA tatva nI bAta karatA nI lAje / hamane sUcita kiyA Aja samAja kA karor3oM rupayA pratispardhI thothe yadyapi prabuddha varga ke dvArA samaya-samaya para ekatA ke prayatna pradarzanoM aura pArasparika vivAdoM meM kharca ho rahA hai, inameM na kevala hamAre bhI hue haiM, cAhe unameM adhikAMza upasampradAyoM kI ekatA taka hI sImita dhana kA apavyaya ho rahA hai, apitu samAja kI kArya-zakti bhI isI dizA rahe hoN| bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, varddhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha, meM laga jAtI hai| pariNAmataH hama yojanApUrvaka samAja-sevA aura dharma- zvetAmbara jaina kAnpharensa, digambara jaina mahAsabhA, sthAnakavAsI jaina prasAra ke kAryoM ko hAtha meM nahIM le pAte haiM / yadyapi aniyojita sevA kAnpharensa isake avazeSa haiM / inake lie avazeSa zabda kA prayoga meM kArya Aja bhI ho rahe hai kintu unakA vAstavika lAbha samAja aura jAnabUjhakara isalie kara rahA hU~ ki Aja na to koI antara kI gaharAiyoM dharma ko nahIM mila pAtA hai / jaina samAja ke saikar3oM kAleja aura hajAroM se inake prati zraddhAniSTha hai aura na inakI AvAja meM koI bala hai - ye skUla cala rahe haiM- kintu unameM hama kitane jaina adhyApaka khapA pAye haiM kevala zobhA mUrtiyA~ haiM -jinake lebala kA prayoga hama sAmpradAyika aura unameM se kitane meM jaina darzana, sAhitya aura prAkRta bhASA ke svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie yA ekatA kA DhiMDhorA pITane ke lie karate rahate adhyayana kI vyavasthA hai / deza meM jaina samAja ke saikar3oM hAspITala haiM, haiM / antara meM hama saba pahale zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI, mUrtipUjaka, kintu unameM hamArA sIdhA invAlvameNTa na hone se hama jana-jana se apane digambara, bIsa-panthI, terApanthI, kAnajIpaMthI haiM, bAda meM jaina / vastuta: ko nahIM jor3a pAye haiM, jaisA ki IsAI mizanariyoM ke aspatAloM meM hotA jaba taka yaha dRSTi nahIM badalatI hai, isa samIkaraNa ko ulaTA nahIM jAtA, hai| sAmAjika bikharAva ke kAraNa hama sarva suvidhA sampanna bar3e aspatAla taba taka jaina samAja kI bhAvAtmaka ekatA kA koI AdhAra nahIM bana yA jaina vizvavidyAlaya Adi ke vyApaka kArya hAtha meM nahIM le pAte haiN| sakatA / Aja sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha ko jisake nirmANa ke pIche dUsare jainadharma kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika ekatA kA prazna samAja ke prabuddhavarga kI varSoM kA zrama evaM sAdhanA thI aura samAja kA Aja isIlie mahattvapUrNa bana gayA hai ki aba isa prazna ke sAtha hamAre lAkhoM rupayA vyaya huA thA, kisane nAmazeSa banAyA hai ? isake lie

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582 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bAhara ke logoM kI apekSA bhI andara ke loga adhika javAbadAra haiN| pratiSThita hogI tabhI samAja meM ekatA kI bhAvanA sabala hogI / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke munivarga ke ahamadAbAda sammelana kA koI vyaktipUjA, pUjaka aura pUjya donoM ke ahaMkAra kA siMcana karatI hai aura prabhAvakArI pariNAma kyoM nahIM nikalA ? unakI cAritrika skhalanAoM kA kAraNa banatI hai / lekhaka ne jIvita Aja terApantha jisakI ekatA para hame nAz2a thA, vikharAva kI AcAryoM aura muniyoM ke aise stotra dekhe, jinameM unake guNoM evaM sthiti meM kyoM hai ? digambara munisaMgha yadyapi abhI alpasaMkhyA meM haiM atizayoM kA aisA citraNa hai jo unheM vItarAga-prabhu ke samakakSa hI kintu usameM bhI vikharAva ke lakSaNa ubhara kara sAmane Ane lage haiN| prastuta karatA hai / samAja meM abhinandana-samArohoM aura abhinandana-granthoM alaga-alaga tambU lagane lage haiM / kAnajIpantha aura mUla AmnAya kA kI AyI huI bAr3ha bhI ahaMkAra-puSTi kA hI mAdhyama hai / ahaMkAra aisA vivAda to khulakara sAmane A hI gayA thA, cAhe kAnajI svAmI ke mIThA jahara hai-jisase mukti pAnA bar3A kaThina hai / jaba bhI kisI vyakti svargavAsa ke pazcAt usameM kucha kamI AI ho ? bAta kaThora avazya ke aise puSTa ahaMkAra para coTa par3atI hai yA IrSyAvaza kisI vyakti kI hai, kintu sahI sthiti yaha hai ki Aja samAja kA adhikAMza munivarga, mahatvAkAMkSA jAga jAtI hai to vaha apanA akhAr3A alaga banA letA hai| kucha netRtva ke bhUkhe zrAvaka aura paNDita apanI dukAna jamAne ke aneka sampradAyoM ke udbhava ke pIche yahI eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa rahA hai| cakkara meM haiM ? apanI pUjA evaM pratiSThA baTorane ke prayAsa meM hai / ve vibhinna sampradAyoM ke udbhava kI jo kahAniyA~ jaina-granthoM meM dI gaI haiM, sabhI mahAvIra ke nAma kA upayoga to kevala isalie karate haiM ki apanI ve isI bAta kI puSTi karatI haiN| kisI ke ahaMkAra kA amaryAdita poSaNa dukAna cala nikale / jaba hama saba apanI dukAna jamAne ko Atura hoNge| dUsare kI mahatvAkAMkSA ko bar3hatA aura samAja meM IrSyA yA vidveSa ke to mahAvIra kI dukAna kauna calAyegA? jaba munIma apanI dukAna jamAne viSa-vRkSa ko panapAtA hai| ke phera meM par3a jAtA hai to seTha kI dukAna kI kyA sthiti hogI - hamArI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika ekatA kA vikAsa tabhI sambhava yaha suvidita hI hai / jaina ekatA kI pITha meM jaba bhI koI churA bhoMkA hai jaba sAmAjika jIvana vyaktiyoM ke ahaMkAra ke poSaNa kI ye gayA hai to aise hI logoM ke dvArA bhoMkA gayA hai| amaryAdita pravRttiyA~ pratibandhita hoM aura dUsaroM ko hIna yA apamAnita anubhava karane ke avasara upasthita nahIM hoM / vikharAva kA mUla kAraNa-pratiSThA kI bhUkha samAja meM jaba bhI koI muni yA paNDita thor3A bahuta pravacana- dhArmika sampradAyoM ke pArasparika saMgharSoM kA udbhava kyoM aura paTu banA ki vaha apanA eka alaga tambU gAr3ane kA prayAsa karane lagatA kaise ? hai / apane upAsaka, apanI saMsthA aura apanA patra isa prakAra eka nayA vibhinna yugoM meM jainAcArya apane yuga kI tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM varga khar3A ho jAtA hai aura vikharAva kI sthiti A jAtI hai / vikharAva se prabhAvita hokara sAdhanA ke bAhya niyamoM meM parivartana karate rahe haiN| isalie hotA hai ki samAja kI AsthA kA mUla- kendra mahAvIra yA dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa aura sAdhaka kI sAdhanA unakA dharma na hokara vaha muni, AcArya yA vidvAn hotA hai / lekhaka ne kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma-sAdhanA ke bAhya rUpoM meM aise svayaM dekhA hai ki Aja sthAnakavAsI samAja meM adhikAMza muni aura parivartanoM kA ho jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura na kevala jaina apitu sabhI sAdhviyA~ pravacana ke pUrva meM, anta meM aura prArthanAoM meM apane-apane dharmoM ke itihAsa meM aisA aneka bAra huA hai, sAdhanA sambandhI ye saba vartamAna AcAryoM kA hI stavana gAna karate haiM / aba to bhaktAmara zailI vividhatAe~ dhArmika saMgharSoM kA kAraNa nahIM banatI / sAmpradAyika meM saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha jIvita AcAryoM ke stotra bana cuke haiN| zAyada matAndhatA aura saMgharSoM kA kAraNa sAdhanA sambandhI vividhatA meM nahIM Aja hama usa mahAvIra ko bhulA cuke haiM jise hamArI sabhI kI AsthA apitu manuSya kI mamatA, Asakti, ahaMkAra aura svArthaparatA meM hI rahA kA kendra honA cAhiye aura jisake AdhAra para hI hama saba ekatA ke hai| sUtra meM baMdha sakate haiM / jo jaina dharma guNapUjaka thA, jisake mahAn AcAryoM vastuta: manuSya jaba apane dharmAcArya ke prati rAgAtmakatA ke ne apane namaskAra-maMtra meM kisI bhI vyakti kA, yahA~ taka ki mahAvIra kAraNa athavA apane mana meM vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ke kAraNa apane kA bhI nAma na rakhA thA, usameM bar3hatI huI yaha vyakti-upAsanA hI hamAre dharma, sampradAya yA sAdhanA paddhati ko hI ekamAtra aura antima satya tathA vikharAva kA kAraNa hai| yadi hama sacce hRdaya se jaina-ekatA ko cAhate apane dharmaguru ko hI satya kA eka mAtra pravartaka mAna letA hai, to haiM- samAja se ye vyakti-paraka stutiyA~ tatkAla banda kara denA caahie| pariNAmasvarupa sAmpradAyika vaimanasya kA sUtrapAta ho jAtA hai / vastuta: sArvajanika prArthanAsabhAoM, pravacanoM Adi meM kevala tIrthaMkaroM kA hI dhArmika vaimanasyoM aura dhArmika saMghoM ke mUlabhUla kAraNa manuSya kA stavana ho, kisI AcArya yA muni vizeSa kA nahIM / AcAryoM aura apane dharmAcArya aura sampradAya ke prati AtyAntika rAgAtmaka tathA muniyoM ke prati vinayabhAva to rahe, kintu zraddhA kA kendra vItarAgatA aura tajjanya apane mata kI aikAntika satyatA kA Agraha hI hai / yadyapi samatAmaya dharma hI ho koI vyakti nahIM / saMkSepa meM hama vyaktipUjaka nahIM, vikharAva ke anya kAraNa bhI hote haiM / guNapUjaka baneM / samAja meM jaba vyaktipUjA ke sthAna para guNapUjA vastuta: dhArmika vividhatAoM aura dharma sampradAyoM ke udbhava .

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jaina ekatA kA prazna ke aneka kAraNa hote haiM jinameM se kucha ucita kAraNa aura kucha anucita kAraNa hote haiM / ucita kAraNa nimna haiM - 1.satya sambandhI dRSTikoNa - vizeSa yA vicAra bheda, 2. dezakAlagata bhinnatA ke AdhAra para AcAra sambandhI niyamoM kI bhinnatA, 3. pUrvapracalita dharma yA sampradAya meM yuga kI AvazyakatA ke anurUpa parivartana yA saMzodhana / jabaki anucita kAraNa ye haiM - 1. vaicArika durAgraha, 2. pUrva sampradAya yA dharma meM kisI vyakti kA apamAnita honA, 3. kisI vyakti ko prasiddhi pAne kI mahatvAkAMkSA, 4. pUrva sampradAya ke logoM se anabana ho jAnA / 2 yadi hama uparyukta kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM, to hamAre sAmane do bAteM spaSTataH A jAtI hai| prathama yaha ki dezakAlagata tathyoM kI vibhinnatA, vaicArika vibhinnatA athavA pracalita paramparAoM meM AyI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke nimitta vividha dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava hotA hai, kintu ye kAraNa aise nahIM haiM jo sAmpradAyika vaimanasya ke AdhAra kahe jA skeN| vastutaH jaba bhI inake sAtha manuSya ke svArtha durAgraha ahaMkAra, mahatvAkAMkSA aura pArasparika IrSyA ke tattva pramukha banate haiM, tabhI dhArmika unmAdoM kA athavA sAmpradAyika kaTutA kA janma hotA hai aura zAnti pradAtA dharma hI azAnti kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM jaba vyakti dharma ke nAma para yaha saba dekhatA hai to usake mana meM dhArmika anAsthA bar3hatI hai aura vaha dharma kA virodhI bana jAtA hai| yadyapi dharma ke vividha sampradAyoM meM bAhya niyamoM kI bhinnatA ho sakatI hai, tathApi yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho to isameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra khoje jA sakate haiN| " sAmpradAyika vaimanasya kA anta kaise ho ?. dharma ke kSetra meM asahiSNutA kA janma taba hotA hai jaba hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki hama jisa AcArya ko apanI AsthA yA zraddhA kA kendra mAna rahe haiM, usakA pakSa hI ekamAtra satya hai aura usake atirikta anya sabhI mithyAtvI aura zithilAcArI hai 'hama sacce aura dUsare jhUThe kI bhrAnta dhAraNA dhArmika asahiSNutA ko janma detI hai| yaha mAna lenA ki satya kA sUrya kevala hamAre ghara ko hI Alokita karatA hai, eka mithyA dhAraNA hI hai| jabaki jainadharma kA anekAntavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki satya kA bodha aura prakAzana dUsaroM ke dvArA bhI sambhava hai, satya hamAre vipakSa meM ho sakatA hai / hama hI sadAcArI aura zuddhAcArI haiM dUsare saba zithilAcArI aura asaMyatI haiM - yaha kahanA kyA una logoM ko zobhA detA hai jinake zAstra 'anyaliMgasiddhA' kA udghoSa karate haiN| Aja durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jo darzana anekAMta ke siddhAnta ke dvArA vizva ke vibhinna dharma aura darzanoM meM samanvaya kI bAta kahatA hai ora jo 'SaTdarasaNa jina aMga bhaNIje' kI vyApaka dRSTi prastuta karatA hai, vaha svayaM apane hI sampradAyoM ke bIca samanvaya sUtra nahIM khoja pA rahA hai| eka ora anekAMtavAda kA udghoSa aura dUsarI ora sampradAyoM kA vyAmoha - donoM eka sAtha satya nahIM ho sakate / vastutaH koI vyakti 583 jaina ho aura usameM sAmpradAyika durAgraha bhI ho, yaha nahIM ho sktaa| yadi hama sAmpradAyoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, to itanA sunizcita hai ki hama jaina nahIM haiN| jainadharma kI paribhASA hai syAdvAdo vartate'smina, pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanya pIDanaM kiJcit jainadharmaH sa ucyate / / - jo syAdvAda meM AsthA rakhatA hai tathA pakSapAta se dUra hai aura jo kisI ko pIr3A nahIM detA, vahI jainadharma kA saccA anuyAyI hai / ahiMsA aura anekAnta ke sacce anuyAyiyoM meM sAmpradAyika vaimanasya panape yaha sambhava nahIM hai| yahA~ hamAre jIvana ke virodhAbhAsa spaSTa haiN| hama ahiMsA kI duhAI dete haiM ora apane hI sahadharmI bhAIyoM ko pITane yA piTavAne kA upakrama karate haiM hamArI sAmpradAyika vaimanasyatA ne ahiMsA kI pavitra cAdara para khUna kI chITeM DAlI haiM antarikSa pArzvanAtha aura kesariyAjI kI ghaTanAe~ Aja bhI isakI sAkSI haiN| hama anekAMta kA nAma lete haiM aura sAmpradAyika kSudratAoM se burI taraha jakar3e hue apane sampradAya ke alAvA hameM sabhI mithyAtvI najara Ate haiN| aparigraha kI duhAI dete haiM kintu devadravya ke nAma para dhana kA saMgraha karate haiM, mandiroM kI sampattiyoM ke lie nyAyAlayoM meM vAda prastuta karate haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki vAdI ke nAma meM parama aparigrahI bhagavAn kA nAma bhI jur3atA hai| jisa prabhu ne apanI samasta dhana sampatti kA dAna karake jIvanaparyanta aparigraha kI sAdhanA kI, usake anuyAyI hone kA dambha bharanevAle hama kyA usI prabhu kI eka pratimA yA mandira bhI apane dUsare bhAI ko pradAna nahIM kara sakate ? vastutaH hamAre jIvana vyavahAra kA jainatva se dUra kA bhI riztA nahIM dikhAI detA hai| hamAre anekAnta, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta mAtra dikhAvA hai-chalanA haiM - ve hamAre jIvana ke sAtha jur3a nahIM pAye haiM tabhI to AdhyAtmika santa Anandaghana jI ko vedanA ke do A~sU bahAte hue kahanA par3A thA gacchanA bheda bahU nayane nihAlatAM tattvanI bAta karatAM na lAje / udarabharaNAdi nija kAja karatAM dhakAM moha naDiyA kalikAla rAje / gacchoM aura sampradAyoM ke vividha bhedoM ko apane samakSa dekhate hue bhI hameM anekAMta ke siddhAnta kI duhAI dene meM zarma kyoM nahIM AtI ? vastuta: isa kalikAla meM vyAmohoM (durAgrahoM) se grasta hokara sabhI kevala apanA peTa bharane ke lie arthAt vaiyaktika pUjA aura pratiSThA pAne ke lie prayatnazIla haiN| bhAvArtha yahI hai ki sampradAyoM aura gacchoM ke nAma para hama apanI-apanI dukAneM calA rahe haiN| jinapraNIta dharma aura siddhAntoM kA upadeza to kevala dUsaroM ke lie hai tuma hiMsA mata karo, tuma durAgrahI mata bano, tuma parigraha kA saMcaya mata karo Adi / kintu hamAre apane meM kahA~ hiMsA, Agraha aura Asakti (svArtha vRtti) ke tattva chipe hue hai, ise nahIM dekhate haiN| vastutaH sAmpradAyika vaimanasya isIlie hai ki ahiMsA, anAgraha aura janAsakti ke dhArmika Adarza hamAre jIvana - .

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584 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA aMga nahIM bana pAye haiM yadi dharma kA amRta jIvana meM praviSTa ho jAye karanA par3atA hogA, jisako bAda meM ve tyAga dete hoNge| svayaM mahAvIra to sAmpradAyikatA ke viSa kA praveza hI nahIM ho sakatA / hama ekatA dvArA prArambha meM ekavastra grahaNa karanA bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai / yadyapi kI dizA meM tabhI gatizIla ho sakeMge jaba jIvana meM ahiMsA, anAgraha, paramparAgata mAnyatAe~ kucha bhinna haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise digambaroM ke niHsvArthatA aura aparigraha ke tattva vikasita hoNge| inake vikAsa ke dvArA mAnya granthoM meM bhI apavAdarUpa se muni ke vastra grahaNa karane kA sAtha hI sAmpradAyika daurmanasya apane Apa samApta ho jAyegA / yadi vidhAna hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha bAta bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki acelatA prakAza AyegA to aMdhakAra apane Apa samApta ho jaayegaa| prayatna aura pUrNa aparigraha kA samarthaka digambara muni varga bhI paristhitivaza andhakAra ko miTAne kA nahIM, prakAza ko prakaTa karane kA karanA hai| parigraha ke paMka meM pha~sa gayA / cauthI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se adhikAMza hameM prayatna sampradAyoM ko miTAne kA nahIM, jIvana meM dharma aura viveka ko digambara muni na kevala jinAlayoM meM nivAsa karane lage apitu apane nAma vikasita karane ke lie karanA hai / se jamIna Adi kA dAna prApta karane lage - aura vastra dhAraNa kara rAja sabhAoM meM jAne lge| inhIM se digambara sampradAye meM bhaTTArakoM kI paramparA jainadharma ke sAmpradAyika matabheda : unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya kA vikAsa huA hai / madhyayuga meM ina bhaTTArakoM kA hI sarvatra prabhAva thA aura acelaka digambara muni prAyaH vilupta hI ho gaye the / unakI (a) sacelatA aura acelatA kA prazna upasthiti ke koI aitihAsika pramANa upalabdha nahIM hote haiM / digambaratva sarvaprathama hama zvetAmbara, digambara sampradAyoM ke matabheda ko hI kA samarthana to barAbara banA rahA kintu vyavahAra meM usakA pracalana nahIM leM aura dekheM ki usameM kitanI sArthakatA hai / zvetAmbara aura digambara raha sakA / vastuta: jina-mudrA ko dhAraNa karanA sahaja nahIM hai / Aja sampradAyoM meM vivAda kA mUla muddA muni ke nagnatva kA hai / kyoMki se.40-50 varSa pUrva taka sampUrNa bhArata meM digambara muniyoM kI saMkhyA tIrthapravartaka prabhu mahAvIra nirvastra (acela) rahe, yaha bAta donoM ko mAnya dasa bhI nahIM thI / vastuta: sAdhanA evaM tapa-tyAga ke aise uccatama hai / AryikA (sAdhvI), zrAvaka aura zrAvikA kI savastratA (sacelatA) Adarza kabhI loka-vyavahArya nahIM rahe haiN| cAhe manuSya apanI suvidhAbhogI bhI donoM ko svIkArya hai / savastratA kI samarthaka zvetAmbara paramparA ke vRtti ke kAraNa ho athavA unakI avyavahAryatA ke kAraNa ho, unase nIce prAcIna AgamoM meM bhI muni kI acelatA kA na kevala samarthana hai apitu avazya utarA hai / zvetAmbara munivarga to Agamokta muni AdhAra ke zikhara acelakatva kI muktakaNTha se prazaMsA bhI kI gaI hai / jina aura se dhIre-dhIre kAphI nIce utara AyA hai kintu digambara muni bhI aneka jinakalpI arthAt jina ke samAna AcaraNa karanevAle muni nagna rahate the, bAtoM meM usa U~cAI para sthita nahIM raha sake, unheM bhI nIce utaranA par3A yaha bAta zve0 paramparA ko bhI mAnya hai / vastuta: jaba sAmpradAyika hai| durabhiniveza bar3hA to eka ora zvetAmbaroM ne jinakalpa (acelakatva) ke vastuta: yaha saba hameM yaha batAtA hai ki manidharma kI sAdhanA viccheda kI ghoSaNA kara dI to dUsarI ora digambaroM ne mUlabhUta Agama- ke kSetra meM kucha stara aura unake ArohaNa kA krama svIkAra karanA sAhitya ko hI amAnya kara diyaa| isa vivAda kA pariNAma yahA~ taka Avazyaka hai / muni kI nirvastratA kI poSaka digambara paramparA bhI ailaka huA ki zve0 sAhitya meM yaha kaha diyA gayA ki jinakalpI mukta nahIM kSullaka ke rUpa meM aise vargoM ko svIkAra karatI hai jo kevala savastratA hotA hai / vaha kevala svargagAmI hotA hai, jabaki digambara AcAryoM ne yaha ke atirikta anya AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane meM digambara muni ke kaha diyA ki yadi tIrthaMkara bhI savastra hogA to mukta nahIM hogaa| samAna hI hote haiM aura digambara samAja meM unakI munivat pratiSThA bhI hotI niSpakSapa se zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya Agama-sAhitya kA adhyayana hai| vivAda kA prazna mAtra itanA hai ki unheM ucca zreNI kA gRhastha mAnA karane para yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vastra-pAtra Adi upAdhiyoM kA jAye yA prAthamika zreNI kA muni / nirvastratA ke AtyAntika Agraha ke vikAsa kramazaH hI huA hai / AcArAMga muni ke lie mUlata: acelatA kAraNa digambara paramparA unheM muni mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hotI - kintu kA hI samarthana karatA hai / apavAda rUpa meM vaha lajjA-nivAraNArtha guhmAMga yadi taTastha bhAva se dekheM to unake lie 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga svayaM Dhakane ke lie eka kaTi vastra aura zIta sahana nahIM kara sakane para isa bAta ko sUcita karatA hai ki ve muniyoM ke varga ke sadasya haiN| zItakAla meM eka yA do atirikta vastra grahaNa karane kI anumati detA kSullaka zabda kA artha 'choTA' hai cUMki ve muni jIvana kI sAdhanA ke hai - unheM bhI grISmakAla meM tyAga dene kI bAta kahatA hai / isa prakAra prAthamika stara para haiM, ata: unheM kSullaka kahA jAtA hai / kSullaka zabda usameM muni ke lie adhikatama tIna aura sAdhvI ke lie adhikatama cAra choTA muni kA sUcaka hai, choTe gRhastha kA nahIM / zve0 mAnya Agama vastroM ko grahaNa karane kA hI vidhAna hai / AcArAMga aura samavAyAMga meM uttarAdhyayana meM eka kSullakAdhyayana nAma se jo adhyAya hai, vaha muni muni ko vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati tIna kAraNoM se dI gaI hai- AcAra ko hI abhivyakta karatA hai / isalie kSullaka muni hI hotA hai, 1.indriya vikAra, 2.lajjAzIlatA aura 3.parISaha (zIta) sahana karane gRhastha nahIM / zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne kSullaka kA artha bAlavaya kA muni meM asamarthatA / vastuta: mahAvIra ke saMgha meM dIkSita hue yuvA muniyoM ko kiyA hai, yaha ucita nahIM lagatA hai / usakA artha sAdhanA ke prAthamika indriyavikAra aura loka-lajjA ke nimitta prArambha meM adhovastra dhAraNa stara para sthita muni karanA adhika yukti-saMgata hai / aisA lagatA hai ki

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jaina ekatA kA prazna 585 mahAvIra ke saMgha meM nirvastra aura savastra donoM hI prakAra ke muni the| samarthaka padya mile haiM / yadyapi isa samasyA kA hala ina granthoM ke AdhAroM zvetAmbara Agama to jinakalpa aura sthavira kalpa ke nAma se do vibhAga para nahIM khojA jA sakatA kyoMki uttarAdhyayana ke eka apavAda ko svIkAra karate hI hai / digambara paramparA ko bhI yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti chor3akara zvetAmbara aura digambara sAhitya ke prAcInatama aMza prAya: isa nahIM hogI ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM digambara muniyoM ke atirikta ailaka sambandha meM spaSTarUpa se kucha bhI prakAza nahIM DAlate haiM jabaki sampradAya aura kSullaka bhI the / mAtra vastradhArI hone se ailaka aura kSullaka gRhastha bheda ke bAda racita paravartI sAhitya meM donoM apane pakSa kI puSTi karate nahIM kahe jA sakate / gRhastha to ghara meM nivAsa karatA hai / jisane ghara, haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA jisameM mallI kA strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM citraNa hai parivAra Adi kA parityAga kara diyA hai vaha to anagAra hai, pravrajita hai, tathA antakRtadazA jisameM aneka striyoM kI mukti ke ullekha haiM, vidvAnoM muni hai / ata: ailaka,kSullaka ye muniyoM ke varga haiM, gRhasthoM ke nhiiN| kI dRSTi meM saMgha-bheda ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiM / niSpakSa rUpa se yadi vicAra aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ne sAmAyika cAritra aura chedopasthApanIyacAritra kiyA jAye to bAta spaSTa hai ki baMdhana aura mukti kA prazna AtmA se kA jo bheda kiyA thA, usakA sambandha muniyoM ke do vargo se hogaa| sambandhita hai, na ki zarIra se / bandhana aura mukti donoM AtmA kI hotI jainetara sAhitya bhI isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM hai, zarIra kI nahIM / punaH zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAe~ isa viSaya meM hI nirgranthoM meM savastra aura nirvastra donoM varga thA / bauddha piTaka sAhitya bhI ekamata haiM ki AtmA svarUpata: na strI hai aura na purUSa / sAtha hI meM 'niggaMthA- eka sATakA' ke rUpa meM eka vastra dhAraNa karane vAle AtmA kA bandhana aura mukti rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya kI upasthiti aura nirgranthoM kA ullekha hai| AcArAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM muni ke vastroM ke anupasthiti para nirbhara hai- usakA strIparyAya aura puruSaparyAya se koI sIdhA prasaMga meM 'sAntarottara' zabda kA prayoga huA hai jo isa bAta kA pramANa sambandha nahIM hai / vastuta: jo bhI rAga-dveSa kI granthiyoM se mukta hoMge, jo hai ki kucha nirgrantha muni - eka adhovastra (kaTivastra) yA antaravAsaka vItarAga aura kSINa kaSAya hoMge aura jo nirveda arthAt strItva-puruSatva ke sAtha uttarIya rakhate the| zve0 paramparA dvArA 'sAntarottara' kA artha raMgIna kI vAsanA se rahita hoMge, vahI mukta hoNge| mukti kA nikaTatama kAraNa yA bahumUlya vastra karanA ucita nahIM / aisA lagatA hai ki jahA~ mahAvIra rAga-dveSa rUpI karma-bIja kA naSTa honA aura vItarAgatA kA prakaTa honA ke muni yA to nagna rahate the yA kaTivastra dhAraNa karate the, vahA~ pArzvanAtha hai| ata: yahI mAnanA upayukta hogA ki jo bhI vItarAga ho sakegA vahI kI paramparA ke sAdhU kaTivastra ke sAtha uttarIya bhI dhAraNa karate the| mukta hogA- yahA~ strI kA, savastra muni yA gRhastha kA yA anya paramparAoM AcArAMga kI vastra sambandhI yaha vyavasthA ailaka aura kSullaka kI vastra- ke veza dhAraNa karane vAlA kA rAga samApta hogA yA nahIM, isa vivAda maryAdAoM ke rUpa meM digambara samAja meM Aja bhI mAnya hai| meM par3anA na to ucita hai aura na Avazyaka hai - jo bhI vItarAga evaM ina saba carcAoM ke AdhAra para hama muni ke vastra sambandhI isa nirkaSAya ho sakegA vaha mukta ho sakegA - yadi strI paryAyadhArI AtmA vivAda ko isa prakAra hala kara sakate haiM ki prAcIna paramparA ke anurUpa ke kaSAya kSINa ho jAyeMge to vaha mukta ho jAyegI, yadi nahIM ho sakeMge muniyoM ke do varga hoM-eka nirvastra aura dUsarA savastra / digambara paramparA to nahIM ho skegii| isase bar3hakara yaha kahanA ki usake kaSAya samApta yaha Agraha chor3e ki vastradhArI muni nahIM hai aura zvetAmbara paramparA nirvastra hI nahIM hoMge, hameM koI ceSTA nahIM karanA cAhie / punaH zvetAmbara aura muniyoM kI AcAragata zreSThatA ko svIkAra kare / jahA~ taka muni AcAra digambara donoM paramparAe~ Aja yaha mAnatI haiM ki abhI 82 hajAra varSa taka ke dUsare niyamoM ke prazna haiM - yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara to isa bharatakSetra se koI mukta honevAlA nahIM hai / sAtha hI donoM ke donoM kI paramparAoM meM mUlabhUta Agamika mAnyatAoM se kAphI skhalana anusAra unnIsa hajAra varSa bAda jinazAsana kA viccheda ho jAnA hai - huA hai / Aja koI bhI pUrI taraha se Agama ke niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM arthAt donoM sampradAyoM ko bhI samApta ho jAnA hai / isakA artha yaha huA kara kara rahA hai / ata: niSpakSa vidvAn Agama grantha aura yugIna ki donoM sampradAyoM ke jIvanakAla meM yaha vivAdAspada ghaTanA ghaTita hI paristhitiyoM ko dRSTigata rakhakara vastra-pAtra sambandhI eka AcAra-saMhitA nahIM honA hai to phira usa sambandha meM vyartha vivAda kyoM kiyA jAye / kyA prastuta kare jise mAnya kara liyA jAye / itanA mAna lenA paryApta nahIM hai- jo bhI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uTha sakegA krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpI kaSAyoM ko jIta sakegA, strImukti kA prazna aura samAdhAna vahI mukti kA adhikArI hogaa| kahA bhI hai-kaSAyamukti muktikilareva / zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM kA dUsare vivAda kA muddA strImukti kA hai| jahA~ taka isa sambandha meM Agamika mAnyatA kA prazna kevalI kavalAhAra kA prazna aura samAdhAna hai zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya aura yApanIya saMgha kA sAhitya jo muni ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM vivAda kA tIsarA muddA digambaratva kA samarthaka hai, isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki strI aura kevalI ke AhAra-vihAra se sambandhita hai| isa sambandha meM vaijJAnika aura savastra kI mukti sambhava hai / yadyapi kundakundAcArya ke granthoM aura tattvArtha vyAvahArika dRSTi se zve0 paramparA kA mata adhika yuktisaMgata lagatA hai, kI digambara AcAyoM kI TIkAoM meM strImukti kA niSedha hai kintu kucha yadyapi kevalI yA sarvajJa ko alaukika vyaktitva se yukta mAna lene para vidvAnoM ke anusAra digambara grantha mUlAcAra aura dhavalA TIkA meM isake yaha bAta bhI tarkagamya lagatI hai ki usameM AhAra Adi kI pravRtti nahIM Jain Education Interational

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586 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 honI cAhie kyoMki AhAra, vacana Adi kI pravRttiyA~ icchApUrvaka hoNgii| pUrva dUsarI, tIsarI zatAbdI taka racita jaina grantha jina-pratimA aura kintu jo vItarAga haiM, anAsakta haiM, unakI koI icchA nahIM ho sktii| usake pUjana ke sambandha meM mauna hI haiM / digambara paramparA ke kundakunda vaha to zarIra se bhI nirapekSa hai, ata: usameM zarIra-rakSaNa kA bhI koI Adi ke AgamarUpa mAnya granthoM meM jina-pratimA sambandhI kvacit prayatna hogA aisA mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM hai / Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki nirdeza haiM, kintu ye sabhI IsA ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiM / zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya meM bhI kevala bhagavatI ke prasaMga jo prakSipta hI jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA kI prAcInatA ko siddha karane ke lie yaha lagatA hai, ko chor3a kara kahIM aisA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai jisameM kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI unakI candana kI eka kaivalya kI prApti ke pazcAt mahAvIra kahIM AhAra lene gaye hoM yA unake pratimA kA nirmANa huA thA, jisameM unheM rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM tapasyA liye AhAra lAyA gayA ho yA unhoMne AhAra grahaNa kiyA ho-yaha bAta karate hue aMkita kiyA gayA thA / cU~ki yaha pratimA unake jIvanakAla zvetAmbara paramparA ke lie bhI vicAraNIya avazya hai / Akhira aise meM hI nirmita huI thI, isalie ise jIvantasvAmI kI pratimA kahA gayA ullekha kyoM nahIM milte| hai| jIvantasvAmI kI pratimA kA ullekha saMghadAsagaNikRta vasudevahiNDI, yadyapi bhAvanAtmaka ekatA ke dRSTi se isa vivAda ko hala jinadAsakRta AvazyakacUrNi aura haribhadrasUri kI AvazyakavRtti meM hai, karanA ho to itanA mAna lenA paryApta hogA ki kevalI svata: AhAra para ye sabhI paravartI kAla arthAt IsA kI chaThI, sAtavIM aura AThavIM Adi kI prApti kI icchA yA prayatna nahIM karatA hai / vartamAna saMdarbho meM zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiM / unake kathana kI prAmANikatA ko kevala zraddhA isa bAta ko adhika mahattva denA isalie bhI ucita nahIM hai ki donoM ke ke AdhAra para hI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / jIvantasvAmI kI prApta anusAra agale 82000 varSa taka bharatakSetra meM koI kevalI nahIM hogaa| sabhI pratimAe~ purAtAttvika dRSTi se pA~cavIM, chaThI zatAbdI kI haiN| jIvantasvAmI kI pratimA ke sambandha meM DA0 mArutinandanaprasAda tivArI mUrtipUjAA kA prazna kA yaha niSkarSa draSTavya hai 'pA~cavIM, chaThI zatAbdI IsvI ke pahale jaina dharma ke sampradAyoM meM eka mukhya vivAdAspada prazna jIvantasvAmI ke sambandha meM hameM kisI prakAra kI aitihAsika sUcanA mUrtipUjA ke sambandha meM hai / digambara sampradAya ke tAraNapanthI aura prApta nahIM hotI hai|' isa prakAra koI bhI aisA sAhityika aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI mUrtipUjA kA virodha purAtAttvika sAkSya prApta nahIM hotA hai jisake AdhAra para mahAvIra ke pUrva karate haiM / mUrtipUjA ko lekara adhika mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha hai ki jainadharma athavA unake jIvanakAla meM jina-pratimA kI upasthiti ko siddha kiyA meM mUrtipUjA kA pracalana kaba se huaa| yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki aitihAsika jA ske| dRSTi se prAcInatama Agama AcarAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, yadyapi purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para nizcita rUpa se yaha uttarAdhyayana Adi meM mUrti yA mUrtipUjA ke sandarbha meM koI spaSTa ullekha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jina-pratimA kA nirmANa mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke nahIM pAye jAte haiM / antakRta Adi kucha paravartI AgamoM meM yakSa Adi lagabhaga Der3ha sau-do sau varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA pUrva kI tIsarI, cauthI kI pratimAoM aura unake pUjana kA ullekha to hai kintu jina-pratimA ke zatAbdI meM ho gayA thaa| sabase prAcIna upalabdha jina-pratimA lohanIpura pUjana kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / devalokoM meM zAzvata jina-pratimA kI hai jo paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| yaha pratimA lagabhaga IsA pUrva sambandhI ullekha tathA sUryAbhadeva aura draupadi ke dvArA jina-pratimA ke tIsarI zatAbdI kI hai / yadyapi mUrti kA zirobhAga anupalabdha hai kintu pUjana sambandhI ullekha bhagavatI evaM jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta hote haiM, mUrti kI digambaratA aura kAyotsarga mudra use jina-pratimA siddha karatI kintu vizAla Agama-sAhitya kI dRSTi se ye saba ullekha bhI atyalpa hai| mauryayugIna camakadAra Alepa ke atirikta usI sthala ke utkhanana hI kahe jA sakate haiN| dUsare vidvAnoM dvArA ina Agama granthoM kA racanAkAla se prApta mauryayugIna ITeM evaM eka rajata Ahata mudrA bhI mUrti ke AcArAMga Adi kI apekSA kAphI paravartI mAnA jAtA hai / jina-pratimA mauryakAlIna hone ke samarthaka sAkSya haiM / isI kAla kI kucha anya jinake pUjana ke sambandha meM vistRta nirdeza hameM uttarakAlIna racanAoM, pratimA evaM tatsambandhI hAthI-guMphA ke zilAlekha bhI upalabdha haiM / IsA Agamika niyuktiyoM, cUrNiyoM, bhASyoM, vRttiyoM aura TIkAoM meM hI pUrva dUsarI aura prathama zatAbdI kI to aneka jina-pratimAe~ aura upalabdha hote haiM / mahAvIra ke pUrva jina-pratimAoM ke astitva kA koI AyAgapaTa mathurA se prApta hue haiM jinase yaha spaSTa rUpa se siddha hotA sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSya bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / yadyapi har3appA hai ki jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA kA pracalana IsA se lagabhaga tIna sau varSa pUrva se prApta eka nagnapuruSa kI mRttikAmUrti ko jina-pratimA kahA jAtA hai prArambha ho gayA thaa| cAhe yaha bAta vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai ki mahAvIra kintu vaha jina-pratimA hai, yaha bAta vivAdaspada hI hai| mahAvIra kI ne jina-pratimA ke pUjana kA upadeza diyA thA yA nahIM ? kintu yaha jIvanacaryA ke sambandha meM AcArAMga, kalpasUtra Adi meM jo prAcInatama nirvivAda satya hai ki jainadharma meM jina-pratimA ke nirmANa aura pUjana kI ullekha upalabdha haiM usameM unake kisI jina-mandira meM jAne yA jinamUrti paramparA lagabhaga bAIsa sau, teIsa sau varSoM se nirantara calI A rahI hai| ke pUjana karane kA ullekha nahIM hai, yadyapi yakSAyatanoM aura yakSa-caityoM punaH jina-pratimAe~ aura jina-mandira jainadharma aura jaina saMskRti aura meM unake jAne aura vizrAma karane ke ullekha pracuratA se milate haiM / IsA itihAsa kI eka mahattvapUrNa dharohara haiM jise asvIkAra karane kA artha

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jaina ekatA kA prazna 587 apane itihAsa aura saMskRti ko hI asvIkAra karanA hogaa| patthara kA cumbana, hajarata muhammada ke pavitra bAla ke prati muslima yaha bhI eka aitihAsika tathya hai ki jainadharma kI zvetAmbara aura sampradAya kI AsthA, kabra-pUjA aura muharrama ye saba pratIkapUjA ke hI to digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM mUrtipUjA kA virodha solahavIM zatAbdI se rUpa haiN| adhika kyA mUrtipUjA ke virodhI jainadharma ke sthAnakavAsI, prArambha huaa| mUrtipUjA-virodhI yaha Andolana islAmadharma se prabhAvita terApaMthI aura tAraNapaMthI sampradAyoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke gharoM meM bhI apane hai / isa bAta kI puSTi isa bAta se bhI hotI hai ki jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA pUjya mAtA-pitAoM, dharma-gurUoM aura sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke citroM ko kA virodha karane vAle loMkAzAha aura tAraNa svAmI donoM hI muslima suvidhA se dekhA jA sakatA hai / sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA ke zAsakoM ke rAjyAdhikArI the| kintu yaha mAnanA bhI ki kevala musalamAnoM adhikAMza ghara aba apane AcAryoM ke citroM se maMDita haiM aura una citroM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA ke virodha prArambha huA pUrI taraha ke prati unake mana meM zraddhA aura Adara kA bhAva hai / lekhaka ne svayaM satya nahIM hogA / jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA ke virodha ke kucha Antarika aneka sthAnoM para sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI AcAryoM ke citroM ke samIpa kAraNa bhI the| mUrtipUjA ke nAma bar3hatA huA ADambara, hiMsA kA samarthana unake anuyAyiyoM ko dhUpa-dIpadAna karate dekhA hai / aneka sthAnakavAsI, aura jaTila karmakANDa bhI isa virodha meM sahAyaka bane haiN| terApaMthI aura tAraNapaMthI tIrthayAtrA karate hue AsAnI se dekhe jA sakate mUrtipUjA sambandhI jo vivAda Aja jaina sampradAyoM meM hai, haiN| yadyapi nirguNopAsanA yA bhAvArAdhanA eka ucca sthiti hai kintu mUrti usakA nirNaya yadi zAstra kI apekSA sAmAnya buddhi ke AdhAra para kareM kA pUrNa virodha samucita nahIM hai / mUrtiyoM aura citroM ke prati manuSya kA to kisI eka samanvayAtmaka niSkarSa para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai / usa AkarSaNa aura zraddhAbhAva svAbhAvika hai| sambandha meM usakI upayogitA ko hI AdhAra banAkara calanA hogaa| yaha sahI hai ki manuSyoM kI bhAvanAoM ke pavitrIkaraNa evaM niSpakSa zodhoM se yaha bAta spaSTarUpa se pramANita ho cukI hai ki jainadharma vItarAga ke guNoM kA smaraNa dilAne meM mUrti nimitta kAraNa avazya hai| meM mUrti aura mUrti-pUjA kA vikAsa kramikarUpa se huA hai / purAtAttvika vaha dhyAna kA Alambana hai tathA hamAre hRdayoM ko pavitra bhAvanAoM aura aura sAhityika sAkSya isake pramANa haiM / dUsare yaha bhI satya hai ki zraddhA se ApUrita karatI hai / ata: mUrti kA aikAntika virodha bhI ucita martipUjA ko lekara paravartIyuga meM jitane ADambara aura karmakANDa khar3e nahIM hai / yadyapi mUrti ko mUrtirUpa meM hI svIkAra karanA caahie| vaha kiye gaye haiM, unhoMne jainadharma kI mUlAtmA para kuThArAghAta kiyA hai| vItarAga-prabhu yA bhagavAn nahIM / mUrti bhagavAn hai-yaha mAnane ke kAraNa unhoMne eka sahaja evaM sarala sAdhanA paddhati ko jaTila banAyA hai| aneka andhavizvAsoM ko bar3hAvA milatA hai| mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM aneka mUrtipUjA ke sAtha jur3anevAle isa karmakANDa para brAhmaNa saMskRti aura camatkArika ghaTanAe~ pracalita haiM, ve cAhe eka bAra hamArI zraddhA ko bhaktimArga kA prabhAva hai / cakrezvarI, maNibhadra evaM yakSa-yakSI, bhairava Adi Andolita karatI hoM kintu jainadharma kI sAdhanA aura upAsanA se usakA kI pUjA evaM yajJa jaina-siddhAntoM kI mUlAtmA ke sAtha mela nahIM khAte koI sambandha nahIM hai ki jisakI ve pratimAe~ haiM, vaha to vItarAga hai - haiM / yadyapi jainoM kI AsthA ko dUsarI ora kendrita hotA dekhakara usakA isa camatkAra pradarzana Adi se koI sambandha nahIM hai| yadi yaha jainAcAyoM ko yaha saba karanA par3A thaa| kahA jAe ki jina zAsana ke rakSaka deva aisA karate haiM to ve una yaha nirvivAda tathya hai ki mAnava jAti ke itihAsa meM prArambha atizaya kSetroM kI pratimAoM jinheM lekara donoM pakSa na kevala jhagar3ate haiM, se hI mUrtiyoM aura pratikRtiyoM kA mahatva rahA hai| Adi-yuga ke zailacitra apitu usa pratimA ke sAtha bhI azobhanIya kRtya karate haiM sambandha meM aura guhAcitra isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki mAnavIya sabhyatA ke prArambha se koI aisA camatkAra kyoM nahIM dikhAte, jisase vivAda zAMta ho jAye ora hI pratikRtiyoM ke nirmANa ne manuSya ko AkarSita kiyA hai| pratIka pUjA sahI sthiti prakaTa ho jAye / kyA jina aura jinazAsana kI isa phajIhata kA itihAsa bahuta purAnA hai / vastuta: mAnavIya sabhyatA pratIkAtmaka ko dekhakara unheM tarasa nahIM AtA ? ata: mUrti ko camatkAra se nahIM, kalA ke sahAre hI vikasita huI hai| hamArI bhASA aura hamAre zabda-saMketa sAdhanA se jodd'eN| jinake AdhAra para hamAre dharmazAstra race gaye haiM, mAnavIya bhAvanAoM aura jahA~ taka zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM kI mUrtiyoM kI vicAroM kI abhivyakti kI pratIkAtmaka zailI haiN| cAhe hama vRkSoM kI bhinnatA ke samAdhAna kA prazna hai, yaha satya hai ki prArambha meM zvetAmbara jaina pUjA kareM, stUpoM kI pUjA kareM, cAhe zAstroM kI pUjA kareM yA mUrtiyoM kI bhI nagna mUrtiyoM kI hI pUjA karate haiM / mathurA kI digambara mUrtiyA~pUjA kareM, sabhI pratIka pUjA ke rUpa haiM / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki mAnava zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke dvArA hI pratiSThita thiiN| unake gaccha aura zAkhAoM apanI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti ke lie pratIkoM, citroM aura pratikRtiyoM ke nAma nandI aura kalpasUtra kI paTTAvaliyoM ke anurUpa hI haiM / vahA~ jo (mUrtiyoM) kA upayoga karatA rahA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha apane pUjyajanoM kaNha nAmaka jaina muni kI mUrti milI hai, kaTivastra ke cihna se yukta nahIM ke pratIka cihnoM aura unakI pratikRtiyoM ke prati prAcInakAla se hI zraddhA hai, ata: zvetAmbara aura digambara mUrtiyoM kI yaha bhinnatA saMghabheda ke bahuta aura sammAna kA bhAva rakhatA AyA hai| Adima jAtiyoM meM tathA hindU bAda kI ghaTanA hai / AbhUSaNa, alaMkaraNa aura sphaTika netra Adi kA dharma meM pratIkapUjA pracalita hai hI, kintu mUrtipUjA ke kaTTara virodhI prayoga aura bhI bAda meM huA hai / niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha islAma dharma meM bhI kisI rUpa meM pratIkapUjA pracalita hai / kAbe ke pavitra lagatA hai ki vItarAga pratimA para yaha aMga prazobhana ucita nahIM hai / mUrti

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588 aura mandira ke sAtha jo parigraha jur3atA jA rahA hai vaha yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| zvetAmbara muni zrI nyAyavijaya jI ne bhI isakA virodha kiyA thA / yahI saba vivAdoM kA mukhya kAraNa bana rahA hai| / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 ekatA kI dRSTi se yahI acchA vikalpa hogA ki padmAsana kI dhyAna mudrAyukta pratimAoM ko hI apanAyA jAe aura usa para kandorA, laMgoTa, sphaTika netra Adi kA upayoga na ho| yadyapi ise tabhI apanAnA hogA jabaki donoM sampradAya apanA vilInIkaraNa kara leM anyathA aisI mUrtiyoM ko lekara jaise vivAda Aja hai, vaise vivAda bAda meM bhI uTha khar3e hogeM / jahA~ taka mUrtipUjA sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna kA prazna hai, usameM bhI ADambara bAda meM hI bar3hA hai, ataH acchA yahI hogA ki digambara paramparA ke terApaMtha meM jo acita dravyoM se pUjA kA vidhAna hai use svIkAra kara liyA jAye / mUrti kI dravya pUjA meM hiMsA alpatama ho, yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| jina mandiroM meM yajJoM ko to tatkAla banda kara denA cAhie, yaha pUrNata: brAhmaNa saMskRti kA prabhAva hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, dravyapUjA kI apekSA bhAvapUjA para aura prabhu bhakti ke mAdhyama se prabhu ke guNoM ko jIvana meM utArane kA lakSya adhika rhe| jina-pratimA hamArI bhAvanAoM kI vizuddhi kA sAdhana hai aura eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM usakA sthAna hai| yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUrti aura usakI dravyapUjA kI AvazyakatA, sAdhanA aura jJAna prAthamika stara para usI prakAra hai, jisa prakAra varNamAlA kA arthabodha karAne ke lie prAthamika stara para citroM kI sahAyatA apekSita hai / mukhavastrikA ke prazna kA samanvaya meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM eka vivAda mukhavastrikA ko lekara bhI hai / sthAnakavAsI aura zvetAmbara terApaMthI DorA DAlakara use sadaiva hI mukhapara bA~dhe rahate haiM / mukhavastrikA kA vikAsa mahAvIra ke paravartI kAla huA hai| aisA koI bhI Thosa pramANa nahIM hai, jisase siddha ho ki mahAvIra ne mukhavastrikA rakhI thii| AcArAMga ke prAcInatama aMza prathama zrutaskandha meM mukhavastrikA kA ullekha nahIM hai / yadyapi lagabhaga do hajAra varSa pUrva se isakA prayoga zvetAmbara paramparA meM hotA rahA hai, aisA zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya se siddha hotA hai| tathApi DorA DAlakara bA~dhane ke sambandha meM Thosa aitihAsika pramANa 17-18 vIM ke pUrva ke nahIM mile haiN| mukhavatrikA ke upayoga kA mukhya uddezya to vAyukAyika jIvoM kI rakSA hai / DorA DAlakara usakA prayoga karanA mAtra eka suvidhA kI bAta hai| ekatA kI dRSTi se isa samasyA kA hala yahI ho sakatA hai - pravacana Adi ke prasaMgoM para use bAMdhA jAye, anya avasaroM para bAtacIta karate samaya usakA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka upayoga kiyA jAye / dayA dAna ke vivAda kA prazna zvetAmbara terApaMtha kA jaina samAja ke anya sampradAyoM se mukhya vivAda dayA dAna ke prazna ko lekara hai| yadyapi Aja yaha kahA jAtA hai ki AcArya bhikSu ne sthAnakavAsI samAja ke sAdhuoM meM AI AcAragata vikRtiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie krAnti kI thI, cAhe isa bAta meM AMzika satyatA bhI ho kintu mUla bAta to vicAragata bhinnatA kI thii| mUla prazna yahI thA ki loka-maMgala ke una kAryoM ko jinameM alpatama hiMsA kI bhI sambhAvanA ho, dharma ke antargata mAnA jAye athavA nahIM ? AcArya bhikSu ne aise kAryoM ko spaSTarUpa se dharma sAdhanA ke antargata nahIM mAnA thaa| cAhe unakI isa mAnyatA ke pIche nirapekSa ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA aura tatsambandhI sUtrakRtAMga Adi ke kucha Agamika pramANoM kA bala bhI ho, kintu yaha avadhAraNA manuSya kI jana kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM ke virodha meM jAtI hai aura loka vyavahAra meM jainadharma ko AlocanA kA viSaya banAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki terApaMtha paramparA ke vyavahAra kuzala AcArya tulasI ne isa vAstavikatA ko samajhA aura loka vyavahAra ke nAma para hI sahI, loka kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM ko apane dharma - loka meM protsAhita kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM kaTTara terApaMthiyoM ne unakI AlocanA bhI kI hai / kintu unhoMne sAhasapUrvaka yaha parivartana kiyA hai| rANAvAsa kI zikSA saMsthAe~ aura lAina kA Ayurvedika cikitsA kendra isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai| Aja koI bhI terApaMthI muni anya sampradAya ke muniyoM ko AhAra dene meM yA asaMyatI janoM kI sevA karanA pApa hai * aisA spaSTa udghoSa nahIM karatA hai| yaha eka zubha lakSaNa hai isake kAraNa terApaMtha aura dUsare jaina sampradAyoM ke bIca kI dUrI kama huI hai aura vaha jana sAdhAraNa meM AlocanA kA viSaya banane se bacA hai| vyavahAra ke kSetra meM sevA aura dAna kA mahattva hai, itanA to hameM mAnakara calanA hogA / -- hamArI ekatA kA svarUpa kyA ho ? ekatA kI bAta karanA sahaja hai kintu vaha ekatA kisa prakAra sambhava hogI, yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai| ekatA kA eka rUpa to vaha ho sakatA hai jisameM sabhI apane nAma rUpa khokara eka ho jAyeM arthAt sabhI sampradAya vilIna hokara jainadharma aura samAja kA eka hI rUpa astitva meM raheM / ekatA kA yaha svarUpa Adarza to ho sakatA hai isakI vyavahAryatA sandehAspada hai / Aja sampradAyoM kI jar3eM itanI gaharI jama cukI haiM ki unheM pUrI taraha ukhAr3a pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| sampradAyoM ke haiN| astitva ke sAtha hI logoM ke hita aura sammAna ke prazna jur3e hue bAhara se cAhe hama saba ekatA kI bAteM kareM kintu bhItara se koI bhI apane astitva aura ahaM ko vilIna karane ko taiyAra nahIM haiN| jaba bhI hameM apane hitoM yA astitva ke prati khatarA najara AtA hai, hama 'dharma khatare meM hai' kA nArA lagAnA prArambha kara dete haiN| jaba Aja hama eka mUrti yA mandira para se bhI apanA adhikAra chor3anA nahIM cAhate haiM, to kyA yaha sambhava hai ki hama apanI sampUrNa sAmAjika evaM dhArmika sampatti ko samarpita karane ko sahaja hI taiyAra ho jAe~ge / jaba sthAnakavAsI muni varga kI apanI banAI huI ekatA ko kAyama nahIM rakha sakA, to yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI sampradAyoM ke muni aura zrAvaka apanI-apanI .

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jaina ekatA kA prazna 589 dhAraNAoM ko tyAga kara eka sUtra meM ba~dha jAe~geM / kA eka nyAyAdhikaraNa (paMcAyata) banA diyA jAe aura sabhI vivAda use ___ jaina samAja meM aura vizeSarUpa se sthAnakavAsI samAja meM abhI supurda kara diye jAyeM / vaha vivAdoM ke tathyoM kI samIkSA karake anta meM bhI kucha aise AcArya evaM pramukha munigaNa haiM jo dUsare sampradAya ke jo nirNaya de, use mAnya kara liyA jAe / mUrti aura mandira sambandhI AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ke sAtha baiThane, pravacana dene, unase vicAra-carcA nirNayoM meM jaisA ki pUrva meM tIrthaMkara ke sampAdaka DaoN0 nemIcaMdajI ne karane meM apane samyaktva kI hAni samajhate haiM / hamArA ahaM eka pATa sUcita kiyA thA - purAtattvavidoM kI sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai| spaSTa se bhI santuSTa nahIM hotA-pATa para pATa lagAyA jAtA haiM jabaki kahIM evaM tathyAtmaka sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para jina vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa sambhava AryikAoM ko aura kahIM to sAmAnya muniyoM ko bhI unake sammukha bhUmi na ho, unake sambandha meM vibhAjana kI nIti apanA lI jAe / isa sambandha para baiThanA hotA haiM / aneka meM yaha lalaka hotI hai ki dUsare samAja ke meM yadi donoM sampradAya ke loga udAradRSTi kA paricaya deM, to yaha pratiSThita AcArya, vidvAn aura rAjanetA unake samIpa to AyeM kintu unheM asambhava nahIM hai / barAbarI kA Asana dene meM hama saMkoca kA anubhava karate haiM / aneka bAra (2) paraspara eka dUsare kI AlocanA, parcebAjI yA eka dUsare aisI ghaTanAe~ AlocanA kA viSaya banI haiM aura unhoMne pArasparika ke viruddha samAcAra patroM meM lekhana banda kara diyA jaae| vaimanasya kI khAI ko adhika caur3A kiyA hai| apane ko samyaktavI (3) vibhinna sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM ke pArasparika milana evaM apane ko saMyatI (sAdhu) aura dUsare ko asaMyatI (sAdhu), apane ko sAmUhika pravacanoM ke lie prayAsa kiye jAe~ / ve milana ke samaya eka zuddhAcArI aura dUsaroM ko zithilAcArI mAnanA yA kahanA bhI bhAvAtmakatA. dUsare ko samAna bhAva se Adara pradAna kreN| pravacana maMca para sabhI ko kI sabase bar3I bAdhA hai, ata: isa dRSTi ko sabase pahale chor3anA hogaa| barAbarI kA sthAna diyA jaae| muni AcAra meM taratamatA mahAvIra se lekara Aja taka rahI hai aura bhaviSya (4) mahAvIra jayantI, kSamApanA Adi paryoM ko sAmUhika rUpa meM bhI rheNgii| kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM yadi isa AdhAra para bhedabhAva se manAyA jAye / parva-tithiyoM, saMvatsarI Adi kI ekarUpatA kA prayatna kiyA jAegA, to sAmAjika ekatA khaNDita hogI / kyA eka hI kiyA jaaye| sampradAya ke sabhI sAdhu jJAna, tapasyA, sAdhanA Adi kI dRSTi se samAna (5) sarva sampradAyoM kI bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala yA jaina mahA hote haiM? yadi unameM taratamatA hote hue bhI unake prati samAna vyavahAra sabhA jaisI koI saMsthA ho jo pArasparika vivAdoM ko sulajhAne ke sAtha hotA hai, to phira anya sampradAyoM ke prati samAdara evaM samAnatA kA hI jaina samAja ke sAmAnya hitoM kI rakSA kA prayatna kareM tathA bhAvI vyavahAra kyoM nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yadyapi yaha prasannatA kA viSaya hai ekatA ke lie AdhArabhUmi prastuta kreN| ki Aja adhikAMza muniyoM meM pArasparika milana aura samAdara kI bhAvanA dUsare caraNa meM hameM vibhinna upasampradAyoM evaM gacchoM ke vilInIkaraNa bar3hI hai aura isake suphala bhI sAmane Aye haiM, purAnI kaTutA aura kA prayAsa karanA hogA -- arthAt sthAnakavAsI, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka evaM AlocanA-pratyAlocanA meM kamI huI hai, phira bhI abhI aise prayatnoM kI terApanthI apane AvAntara matabhedoM ko tyAgakara apanA saMgaThana taiyAra AvazyakatA hai jisase vividha sampradAya ke AcArya eka dUsare ke nikaTa kreN| isI caraNa meM digambara sampradAya bhI apane AvAntara bhedoM ko A sakeM tAki bhAvAtmaka ekatA kI dizA meM hama Age bar3ha sakeM / hamArI samApta kara ekarUpa ho jAyeM / yaha kArya duHsAdhya to nahIM hai, kintu ekarUpatA ke Adarza svarUpa kA prastutIkaraNa to hamane vivAdaspada zramasAdhya avazya hai| prabuddha muniyoM kI dekharekha meM niSpakSa vidvAnoM kI praznoM kI carcA karate hue kiyA hai, kintu unakI vyavahAryatA Aja aisI samiti banA dI jAye jo pratyeka sampradAya ke lie Agama aura kitanI hogI? yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai| ata: ekatA ke Adarza kI vartamAna paristhiti donoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara eka AcAra saMhitA prastuta ora bar3hane ke lie hameM kucha caraNa nizcita kara lene hoMgeM / prathama caraNa kareM / jaba dhIre-dhIre ina AvAntara sampradAyoM ke saMgaThana sudRr3ha ho jAyeM meM hameM ve kArya karane hogeM, jinase pArasparika kaTutA kama ko| isa to anta meM tIsare caraNa meM sarva sampradAyoM ke vilInIkaraNa ke lie sambandha meM nimna upAya karane hoMge jainadharma kA sarvamAnya svarUpa prastuta kiyA jAye aura cAroM sampradAya (1) mUrtiyoM, mandiroM aura tIrthoM athavA anya sampatti apane nAma rUpoM ko vilIna kara usa eka hI mahAsaMgha ke aMga bana sambandhI vivAda yathAzIghra nipaTA liye jaaeN| isake lie niSpakSa logoM jaayeN|

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NGS saptamakhaNDa paramparA aura itihAsa lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha DaoN0 ziva prasAda

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM caitasika stara para svatantra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlataH ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM (ID) se anuzAsita hai, to dUsarI ora pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA AdarzAtmA (Super Ego) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usaka nija svarUpa hai jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kI bhI pUrNa apekSA sambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca ke kara liyA hai| ata: vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jaina dharma aura bauddhadharma mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidika dhArA ke vikasita mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM bhI yajJa-yAga 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa- dene meM akSama hotA hai vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the, kintu vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paraparA ke ina aneka tattvoM ko mAnyatA paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi prApta ho cukI thii| IzAvAsyopaniSad sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramaza: preya aura ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, zreya kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM dhyAna aura mokSa kI jo avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve sabhI isa tathya hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yogakA pramANa haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM-unameM tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma vaidika hindU dharma eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA isI prakAra zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya apekSita hai| isI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se tapa mArga kA vikAsa huaa| kara liye gae haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka- inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekhanA hogA dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ata: usane ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ kAraNoM se huA hai, tathA kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya huA? aihika jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA udbhava vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai| yaha avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| svabhAvata: paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM evaM usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura vahA~ una para yAntrika niyamoM kA puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM Adhipatya hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa

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patakadhama 592 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA-1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti- pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM mArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna krm-maarg| meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTa nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM aadi| se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhayamatA kA rAga alaapaa| evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: nivartaka dharma unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri- unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atmake niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vaisagyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora gayA-1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatA kI jijJAsA jisakA nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa santuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana ge| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM hetu karma Avazyaka the kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA AvazyatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda ko agalI sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhI anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI manuSya aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattva ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA cetanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati vAsanA AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM virAga (tyAga) usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lge| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ dharma meM alaukika daivIya svarga mokSa (nirvANa) zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para sanyAsa adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karma-kANDa ke pravRtti nivRtti sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradeyoM kI dRSTi se pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, prarvataka dharma nivartaka dharma brAhmaNa saMsthA (purohita varga) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa varga manuSya alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvikA ko surakSita banAe rakhane ke liye eka ora samAja-jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko samarpaNamUlaka yajJamulaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDana malaka karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| bhakti-mArga karma-mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga viveka bhoga karma cintana prabhAta

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prarvataka dharma darzanika pradeya 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda kA samarthana IzvaravAdI 5. 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 7. zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala jIvana kA lakSya svarga / Izvara ke sAnnidhya kI prApti sAMskRtika prade 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI / 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karma kANDoM kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita varga) kA vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka pariNAmasvarUpa UMca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu usake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| unameM brAhmaNa saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMghoM kA vikAsa huA jisameM sabhI jAti aura varga ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjataMtra aura anyAya ke pratikAra ke hetu saMgharSa kI nIti ke samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka dharma janatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rahe / saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajha sakate haiM kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dasUre ke 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. nirvataka dharma 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta kA samarthana 7. 8. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA / niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi / vyssttivaadii| vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana phira bhI dRSTi puruSarthaparaka / Antarika vizuddhatA para bala / jIvana kA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI prApti / jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI pradhAnatA / 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI | 593 12. janatantra kA samarthana / 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI pradhAnatA / 15. zramaNa saMsthA kA vikaas| 16. samAdhimUlaka / prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA (nivartaka dharmaparamparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharmaparamparA ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharmaparamparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kI vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na manovaijJAnika manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yAjita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastutaH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvana zailI khojeM jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika sanyAsa se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartaka .

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594 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanIIzAvAsyopaniSad aura bhagavadgItA haiN| bhagavadgItA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alagamArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNa-dhArA meM alaga dekha leM kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddha dharma meM to pravartaka dhArA jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi jo jaina paramparA aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka- hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gaI haiN| meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindUdharma kI zaiva isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa dhArA aura sAMkhyayoga Adi kI paramparAe~ mUlata: nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avarUddha kara kabhI bhI haiM jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa- saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA thI jisameM dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha ko nahIM samajha jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna se usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke prabhAvita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM ko arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA meM samAdAra bhAva meM badala jAtA hai jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hotA hai| ata: hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI avadhAraNAe~ jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI granthoM meM anupalabdhaM thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparaoM se prabhAvita hokara hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka dUsarI paramparaoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata jisakA eka vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana hai| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti-pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA se hI hama usame zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNaparamparA ke haiM kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM, usameM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba unheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 595 zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra dAnoM dhArAe~ anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM jo ki prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika haiM ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa- dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya ki vaidika aura zramaNa-paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM matabheda haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa-paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina ora bauddha dharmoM unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA jAna lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora isakI tIsarI-cauthI-zatI kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho giiN| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka meM jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hindUevaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, pUrNata: shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaMkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana gii| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka rUpa meM sarasvatI aura dampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jainadharma meM hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma prvRtti-prdhaan| phira bhI loka-maMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha se hI nirmita hue haiN| tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki isa samanvaya kA prathama pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zabdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ataH kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara kI AvazkatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazkatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva

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596 kehI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga hai| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hindU prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se / bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI abhI taka hindU dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai? vastutaH hindU paramparA koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha abhitra vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda - anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda advaitavAda, pravRtti nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ataH hindU usI artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-pakSa ke anuyAyI haiM jisake aupaniSadika RSi unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika dhArA kisI eka hI mUla srota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSaki, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM Atma ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratisparddhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga uttarAdhyayana , Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kinta ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu unake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA videhanAmi bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra-paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| ( isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha I0pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkA, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya (veliDiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat RSi yA brAhmaNa RSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama strota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla strota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla strota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma ke RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM jinameM eka vardhamAna mahAvIra) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintana dhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA .

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 597 pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa-mArga mAna eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana liyA gayA hai| kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavata: mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| usI prakAra ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM hI dharma kI meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta Antarika pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa-paramparAoM mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma-paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan jaina dharma kA hindU dharma ko avadAna brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa, zraddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA aupaniSadika kAla .yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara meM cAra pramukha varga the- 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mavIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa kiyaa| prathama, kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrata hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra parAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyAvAda kA thaa| akriyAvAda unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye narasiMhapurANa (61/9/11) meM bhI Avazyaka niyukti (pRSTha, 95-97) paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke isa cintana meM hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura hindU-paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa. kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke dvArA inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyak-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak cAritra dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanAke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 598 usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para UMca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| Izvara se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhAraNAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAeM mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI punaH prANa-pratiSThA kI usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA yajJa kA nayA artha apekSita thaa| phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the| rUr3hivAda se mukti jaina dharma ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM jaise- pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAyoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kiiN| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina- paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai'|' jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta haiM, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa haiM, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cuke haiM unheM hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalataH na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM varan hindU paramparA ke mahAn grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai| jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastatu kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|"3 phalataH na kevala jainaparamparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivacena uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai / aMguttaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa, ye tIna agriyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana karane ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA cAhiye he brAhmaNa, ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhAMti sukha se kareM ye agniyA~ kauna sI haiM, AhrAnIyAni (AhanehayyariMga), gArhapatyAni (gahapataggi) aura dakSiNAgri (dkkhinnaayyggi)| mA~-bApa ko AhrAnIyAni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI cAhiye / patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura AdarzapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNabrAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA .

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 599 karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa, yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnI par3atI hai, kintu kiyA huA yjny| isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDI mAnyatAoM ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA use AdhyAtmika saMsparza kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka sahayoga karanA btaayaa|5 zramaNa-dhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa-paramparA ke aura vizeSa sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakA praann| yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agnirUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika-paramparA dharma-karmakarate haiM yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha kANDAtmaka adhika rahI haiM, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka dUsare se pUrNatayA jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone', 'phalane' Adi karmoM ko pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| ghRtAdi sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa cikanI vastu prajjvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha ko prApta huI (dhAraNA-dhyAna samAdhi rUpa) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA jaina-paramparA mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa- isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM paramparA kA hindU-paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kA virodha bhI parilakSita snAna Adi ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA jaina vicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna jo ki usa samaya dharma aura naitika ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM vastutaH vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana bhaktimArgI paramparA meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai| na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA huA, to zramaNa-paramparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| jaina samAja meM yakSapUjA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM yA hindU paramparA para bhI huaa| tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana (jina-mandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jinahI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prati mAsa sahasroM gAyoM pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna Adi ko kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA varan saMyama gRhastha kA mukhya karttavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| dhammapada liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM-jinapUjA, meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNAA gurusevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM dekara prati mAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM

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600 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 jinapUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita haiAgamoM sthAnAMga Adi meM jinapratimA evaM jinamandira (siddhAyatana) ke ullekha hai, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki rAjapraznIya meM sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA jinapratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU paramparA kA jainadharma para prabhAva hai| harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI vaiSNavo kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa stuti kA sthAna yA usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jinapUjA sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kA jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bane paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali" kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma devapUjA vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka "bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna" ( prathama khaNDa), pR0 379 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina paramparA meM pUjA- dravyoM kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA pATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva hai, unheM jina pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa , : IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt, ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha kiyA jAtA hai jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcita karatA hU~ dUsarI ora pUjAvidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agri aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika aMsagati to hai hI sambhavataH hindU dharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne sambodhaprakaraNa meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jinapratimA kI dravyapUjA, jinapratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha kiyA hai / 10 sAmAnyata: jaina paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai jinabhakti aura jinapUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA apazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai 'vande tadguNa labdhace' arthAt jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvataH samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI upalabdhi / isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlataH Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzataH to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN| yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti AyI satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ataH jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 601 gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva c| jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo apane upAsakoM tatsarva kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jineshvr||2|| ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka ho| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM . -visarjanapATha karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata isake sthAna meM brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiMto nahIM thA phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visrjnm| vikasita huI hai| pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva prmeshvr||1|| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM jnaardn| bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke yakSa-yakSiyoM yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me||2|| ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha maanaa| - isI prakAra paMcopacArapUjA, aSTadravyapUjA, yajJa kA vidhAna, jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA (yakSa- vinAyaka-yantra-sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke yakSI) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI- anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, agnikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, paMcorapacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA jisase pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna, satridhikaraNa, pUjana aura sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahRta hone lge| kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha vaidika paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| bhairava pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise padmAvatIkalpa Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina-pUjA aura pratiSThA 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina- sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA atithisaMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A bhairava, kI anukRti hI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizciya bhemiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya AyA, vaha mUlata: vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jinapUjA arpita kare, yaha kyA siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jainaevaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM jinheM brAhmaNa-paramparA paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra-vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM hindU rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa-paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya usakA saMskAroM ko jaina dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM bhI pUjA saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA- kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara sNvosstt| (saMnyAsagrahaNa) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi U~ hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH tthH| taiyAra kI gayI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vsstt| kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta U~ hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha jaH jaH jH| kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra ye mantraM jainadarzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiN| vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu vyavahAra meM ve Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM bhI hindU-paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM0 phUlacandajI ne "jJAnapITha ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata: spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke pUjAMjali" kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM meM samAnatA bhI dikhAI vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita hai| tulanA kIjiye adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi puujnm| prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva prmeshvr||1|| paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha

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602 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina-paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra hindu varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha prAya: samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA khar3e hue the kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya, bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA haiM-kArU aura akaaruu| punaH kArU ke bhI do bheda haiM-spRzya aura aspRshy| hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya- dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye-1. zAsaka (svAmI) rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM (AdipurANa, 16/184-186) / zUdroM ke evaM 2. zAsita (sevk)| usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa kArU aura akArU tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue-1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya aura vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja-vyavasthA sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya kiyaa| (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramaza: cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAta kSullakadIkSA solaha varNa bane jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/202) ke se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha saMyoga se utpanna tIna vrnn| AcArAMgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise thA kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-juMgita aura vyAdhAdi spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga karmasuMgati logoM ko dIkSA dene ko niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jainase jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to virUddha hI thA phira bhI hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jainadharma vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zUdra kA jalautpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM praveza hai| puna: anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| antara-varNa banobrAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa muni-dIkSA aura mokSa-prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khannA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgati jaisehuA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka cANDAla Adi aura karma-juMgita jaise-kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha vargoM meM paraspara anuloma kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU-paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM AyIM" jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA kyoMki AgamoM meM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU-paramparA harikezIbala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANkaloM ke muni hone aura kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN|

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sandarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. uttarAdhyayana, 25 / 27, 21. dhammapada, 401-403. zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 44. 8. aMguttaranikAya, suttanipAta udhRta bhagavAn buddha ( dharmAnanda 9. kausAmbI), pR0 26. yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jaina dharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gaMbhIratA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM meM isakA avadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| prastuta nibandha meM hama isa dharma paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| zramaNa paramparA vizva ke dharmoM kI mukhyataH semeTika dharma aura Arya dharma, aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura musalamAna Ate haiM jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jaina dharma kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke deza jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha dharma kanphUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM Arya dharmoM meM jahA~ hindU dharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma zramaNa paramparA ke dharma haiN| zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai| isa nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ne apanI tapa evaM yoga kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa zramaNa paramparA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu aupaniSadika aura sAMkhya yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM jo Aja bRhad hindU dharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAeM bhI thIM jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| 5. 6. 7. pArasparika sauhArda kI prAcIna sthiti prAkRta sAhitya meM RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) aura pAli sAhitya meM theragAthA aise grantha haiM jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati bhagavAna buddha (dharmAnanda kausAmbI), pR0, 236-239. gItA, 4 / 33, 26-28. jaina dharma kI paramparA, itihAsa ke jharokhe se uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 46. uttarAdhyayana, 9 / 40 dekhiye- gItA ( zA0 ) 4 / 26-27. dhammapada, 106. 10. sambodha prakaraNa, gurvAdhikAra 603 prAcIna kAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI ina RSiyoM meM pArasparika sauhArda thA / RSibhASita jo ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlipiTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, adhyAtmapradhAna zramaNadhArA ke isa pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke pUrva I0 pU0 lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirmantha, bauddha, aupaniSadika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke grantha theragAthA meM bhI zramaNa dhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAgrahI dRSTi se adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to RSibhAsita (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI RSi jaina paramparA ke haiM aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthAvara) bauddha paramparA ke haiN| jahA~ RSibhASita meM sAriputra, vAtsIputra ( vajjIputta) aura mahAkAzyapa bauddha paramparA ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika dhArA se sambandhita hai, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta), maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra beragAthA meM varddhamAna Adi jaina dhArA kI, to nArada Adi aupaniSadika dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidika dhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM 'huA kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidika dhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNa dhArA nivRttimArgI aura inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thaa| kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se to bhramaNa dhArA kA udbhava mAnava vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA adhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna thA jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| RSibhASita meM ina RSiyoM ko arhat kahanA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, prAcIna kAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA .

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604 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hI sUcaka hai| hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNata: mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna nirgrantha paramparA ho gayI thii| phira bhI itanA nicita hai ki pArthApatyoM kA eka bar3A bhAga lagabhaga I0pU0 sAtavIM-chaThI zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA thA jaba jana samAja ina sabhI zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, yoga-sAdhakoM evaM ne pArzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko thaa| pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai| AdhyAtmika evaM naitika sAdhanA se jor3atA thaa| phira bhI vaha kisI varga- kAlAntara meM RSabha,nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAgaitihAsika kAla ke vizeSa yA vyakti-vizeSa se baMdhA huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa yuga mahAn vyaktiyoM ko svIkAra karake nirgrantha paramparA ne apane astitva ko meM, dharma paramparAoM yA dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thaa| kramaza: ati prAcInakAla se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyaa| ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kI paramparA RSabha Adi tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna calI aura unakI alaga-alaga pahacAna banane lgii| isI krama meM nirgrantha vedoM evaM vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko rUpa se siddha hotA hai ki vAtarazanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM zramaNa pArthApatya-nirgrantha kahane lage, vahIM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa apane ko dhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI jisake pUrva puruSa RSabha the| phira bhI Aja jJAtraputrIya nirgrantha kahane lge| siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSu saMgha zAkya aitihAsika AdhAra para yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika putrIya zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAeM kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina pArzva aura mahAvIra kI ekIkRta paramparA nirgrantha ke nAma se jAnI paramparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMnyAsa jAne lgii| jaina dharma kA prAcIna nAma hameM nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA mArga ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| RSabha, hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda nami, ajita, ara, ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara anya astitva meM AyA hai| azoka (I0pU0 tRtIya zatAbdI), khArabela tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSya pUrNata: mauna (I0pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jaina dharma kA ullekha haiM aura unake prati hamArI AsthA kA AdhAra paravartI kAla ke Agama aura nirgrantha saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| anya kathA grantha hI haiN| meM bhI jIvizanA muniyoM pAsa itanA to pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA mahAvIra aura ajIvaka paramparA RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga Adi se jJAta hotA hai jaina dharma ke isa pUrva-itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUpa rekhA dene ki pahale nirgrantha dharma meM nami, bAhuka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa), ke pazcAt jaba hama puna: mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM to kalpaaMgirasa, bhAradvAja, nArada Adi RSiyoM ko bhI jo ki vastuta: usakI sUtra evaM bhagavatI meM kucha aise sUcanA sUtra milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra jJAtaputra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pArthApatyoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM ke sAtha ke samAna inheM bhI arhat kahA gayA thA kintu jaba nirgrantha sampradAya pArzva bhI nikaTa sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai| aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA to inheM pratyeka-buddha ke rUpa meM jainAgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA mahAvIra dIkSita hone ke dUsare varSa meM hI maMkhalI putra gozAlaka unake nikaTa se pRthak mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki I0pU0 pAMcavIM samparka meM AyA thA, kucha varSa donoM sAtha bhI rahe kintu niyativAda aura yA cauthI zatI meM nirgrantha saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra taka sImita ho gyaa| puruSArthavAda sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa donoM alaga-alaga ho gye| haramana yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prArambha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nimrantha paramparA meM paramparAe~ bhI pRthak-pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatIsUtra kI nagnatA Adi jo AcArya mArga kI kaThoratA hai, vaha gozAlaka kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa AjIvaka paramparA kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the kintu AjIvakoM kI eka paramparA thI jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the| phira bhI mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ pUrNata: aitihAsika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora sAdhanA ekIkRta nahIM ho skii| uttarAdhyayana meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM gaI yA AjIvaka ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM aaii| kyoMki isa tathya kA gautama aura pArthApatya paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke pazcAt gozAlaka milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| yadyapi Aja AjIvaka paramparA se jur3A thA yA vaha prArambha meM hI AjIvaka paramparA

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thaa| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa paramparA thI jisake zramaNa bhI jainoM kI digambara zAkhA ke samAna nagna rahate the| jaina aura AjIvaka donoM paramparAeM pratispardhI hokara bhI eka dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thIM, isa tathya kI puSTi hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM ke Savidha vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke zramaNoM se Upara aura AjIvaka paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AjIvakoM ke nirdhanya saMgha se jur3ane evaM alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nirbandha paramparA kI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| sAtha hI nirmanthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva donoM saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| vastradhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA, ve vastutaH savastra zramaNa hI hoNge| kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSu) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA gayA hai, phira bhI isa saMbaMdha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazkatA hai| nirgrandha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hue saMgha bheda mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha saMgha kI anya mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAtR kahe jAne vAle jAmAli se unakA vaicArika matabheda honA aura jAmAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha se alaga honA hai bhagavatI, Avazyaka niryukti aura paravartI granthoM meM isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| nirdhanya saMgha bheda kI isa ghaTanA ke atirikta hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM evaM zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgrantha saMgha ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahuMcatI hai| kintu piTaka sAhitya meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, isakI koI carcA nahIM hai| eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazna ko lekara huA hogA / zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke prathama uttarAdhikArI ko lekara matabheda hai| digambara paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama ko paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA sudharmA ko zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke dUsare grAma meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho sakatI hai| kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki bauddhoM ne jainoM ke vetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI paravartI vivAda ko piTakoM ke sampAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita huA hogA to vaha mahAvIra ke nagna rakhane vAle zramaNoM ke bIca huA hogA, kyoMki pArzvApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke nirdhanya saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura sabastra aise do varga avazya hI bana gaye hoMge aura mahAvIra bhramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ko sAmAyika cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra dhArI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha paramparA meM jinheM zveta uttara aura dakSiNa ke nirdhanya zramaNoM meM AdhAra bheda nirgrantha saMgha kI dharma prasAra yAtrA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha saMgha kA prabhAva kSetra bihAra evaM pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza hI thaa| kintu mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gyaa| phira bhI AgamoM aura niyuktiyoM kI racanA tathA tIrthakaroM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kAla taka uttara pradeza, hariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga taka hI nirgranthoM ke vihAra kI anumati thI / tIrthaMkaroM ke kalyANa kSetra bhI yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthaMkara haiM jinakA saMbaMdha zUrasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa sthala giranAra parvata mAnA gayA hai kintu AgamoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo nikaTatA varNita hai vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai| sambhavataH ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA sambandha bhI dvArikA se jor3A gayA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA meM khoja kreN| jo kucha aitihAsika sAkSya mile hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki nirgranya saMgha apane janma sthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane pracAra abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa bihAra evaM baMgAla se ur3IsA ke rAste tamilanADu gayA aura vahIM se usane zrIlaMkA aura svarNadeza (jAvA sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAeM kiiN| lagabhaga I0pU0 dUsarI zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirmanthoM ko zrIlaMkA se nikAla diyA gyaa| phalataH ve punaH tamilanADu meM A gye| tamilanADu meM lagabhaga I0pU0 prathama dvitIya zatI se brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina abhilekha milate haiM jo isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki nirgrantha saMgha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do, tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila pradeza meM pahu~ca cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu, candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karane dakSiNa gaye the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai kyoMki jo abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha lagabhaga chaThI sAtavIM zatI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve bhArata meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke pratinidhi haiN| yadyapi bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina paramparA kAlakrama meM vilupta ho gayI hai kintu sarAka jAti ke rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja bhI zeSa haiM 'sarAka' zabda zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja bhI isa jAti meM rAtri bhojana niSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| 605 dakSiNa meM gayA nirgrantha saMgha apane sAtha vipula prAkRta jaina sAhitya to nahIM le jA sakA kyoMki usa kAla taka jainAgama sAhitya .

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606 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kI pUrNa racanA hI nahIM ho pAI thii| vaha apane sAtha zruta paramparA se kucha isake atirikta mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukha dArzanaki vicAroM evaM mahAvIra ke kaThora AcAra mArga ko hI lekara calA vastrikA (muMha-patti) aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) ke aMkana upalabdha hote thA jise usane bahuta kAla taka surakSita rkhaa| Aja kI digambara paramparA haiN| pratilekhana ke aMkana digambara paramparA meM pracalita mayUra picchi aura kA pUrvaja yahI dakSiNI acela nirgrantha saMgha hai| isa sambandha anya kucha zve0 paramparA meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi mudde bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| mahAvIra ke apane yuga meM bhI spaSTa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNa bihAra hI thA jisakA kendra rAjagRha hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUra-piccha ke bane hote the yA anya kisI vastu thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pApityoM kA prabhAva kSetra uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara ke| digambara paramparA meM mAnya yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI uttara pradeza thA jisakA kendra zrAvastI thaa| mahAvIra ke acela nirgrantha saMgha ArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) aura usake guNoM kA to varNana aura pApitya santarottara (sacela) nirgrantha saMgha ke sammilana kI bhUmikA hai kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| bhI zrAvastI meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra isa prakAra IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlandA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kA jalavAyu uttara kI apekSA pracalana thaa| sAmAnyatayA muni nagna hI rahate the aura sAdhviyA~ sAr3I garma thA,ata: acelatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gaye nirgrantha saMgha ko pahanatI thiiN| muni vastra kA upayoga ucita avasara para zIta evaM lajjA. koI kaThinAI nahIM huI jabaki uttara ke nirgrantha saMgha meM kucha pApityoM nivAraNa hetu karate the| muniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane ke prabhAva se aura kucha ati zItala jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA kI paramparA nahIM thii| isI prakAra aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAvataH bhI dakSiNa hI pradarzita hai, na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM kI apekSA uttara ke nivAsI adhika suvidhAvAdI hote haiN| bauddha dharma meM ke anurUpa mukha para baMdhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara bhI buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mAMga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM Agama grantha bhI inhIM tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni ne hI kI thI jo uttarI tarAI kSetra ke the| bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM nirgranthoM ke jina 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve sambhavataH IsA kI ko eka zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA gayA hai yaha bhI yahI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gaye the| sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta nivAraNa hetu uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha kama se kama eka vastra to rakhane laga gayA thaa| mathurA meM IsvI san mahAvIra ke pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha meM hue saMghabheda prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI jaina zramaNoM kI jo mUrtiyAM upalabdha huI mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga haiM unameM sabhI meM zramaNoM ko eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai| vesAmAnyatayA pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa se hameM jo mahattvapUrNa sUcanAeM milatI haiM nagna rahate the kintu bhikSA yA jana samAja meM jAte samaya vaha vastra khaNDa ve nihnavoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke vibhinna, hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura ati zIta Adi kI gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM meM vibhakta hone se sambandhita haiN| sthiti meM use or3ha lete the| Avazyakaniyukti sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha karatI hai, inameM se jAmAli yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita hue aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya meM hue the, zeSa pA~ca ASAr3habhUti, the| AcArAMga se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve gRhI pAtra kA azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt upayoga kara late the kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA tyAga kara diyA aura 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue| ye nihnava kinhIM dArzanika praznoM pANipAtra ho gaye arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala para nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se matabheda rakhate the| kintu kA prayoga niSiddha hone se sambhavataH sarvaprathama nirgrantha saMgha meM zauca ke inake dvArA nirgrantha saMgha meM kisI navIna sampradAya kI utpatti huI ho, lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hogA kintu bhikSukoM kI bar3hatI huI aisI koI bhI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa kAla meM nirgrantha saMgha saMkhyA aura eka hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne meM gaNa aura zAkhA bheda bhI hue kintu ve kina dArzanika evaM AcAra ke kAraNa Age calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho gayA sambandhI matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi hogaa| isake atirikta bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI paricaryA ke lie meM vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko lekara bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI paramparA pracalita ho gaI hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA bheda hue hoNge| yadyapi kalpasUtra sthavirAvali meM hogii| mathurA meM IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI kI eka jaina zramaNa kI pratimA SaDulaka rohagupta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane kA ullekha huA hai| milI hai jo apane hAtha meM eka pAtra yukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana rohagupta trairAzika mata ke pravaktA eka nihnava mAne gaye haiN| ataH yaha (rajoharaNa) lie hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zve0 paramparA meM, spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM meM kucha mAnyatA bheda bhI rahe hoMge vizeSa rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA meM pracalita jholI ke kintu Aja hamAre pAsa yaha jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI pradarzita hai| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali tuMgIyAyana gotrI Arya yazobhadra ke

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 607 do ziSyoM mADharagotrI sambhUtivijaya aura prAcInagotrI bhadrabAha kA ullekha mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita haiN| muniyoM karatI hai| kalpasUtra meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, ve ke nAma, gaNa, zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke kalpasUtra kI eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapa gotrI godAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthavirAvali se milate haiN| isa prakAra ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti sthUlibhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM se prArambha hotI hai| godAsa se godAsagaNa ke sUcaka haiN| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI utpatti huI aura usakI cAra zAkhAeM tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, kI paramparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mathurA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA hai| pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsIkATikA nikalI haiN| isake pazcAt bhadrabAhu kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI, isa sambandha meM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali meM koI yApanIya yA boTika saMgha kA udbhava nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmoM se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAhu IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa kI ziSya paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita dakSiNa meM godAsa gaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ata: yaha mAnyatA huI, phalata: uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM samucita hI hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI meM baMTa gyaa| pApityoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi acelaka nirgrantha paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upadhi ___ zvetAmbara paramparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai jabaki digambara paramparA candragupta Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra-pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane hai ki ve apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne inake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke praziSya evaM para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| kalpasUtra meM varNita godAsa gaNa aura mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda mArga hai, utsarga mArga to usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI gaNoM, kuloM aura acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI isa acela paramparA zAkhAoM kA sambandha sthUlibhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI ko zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa) khaa| kiMtu Age calakara yaha paramparA prakAra dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara yApanIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha huii| gopAJcala meM vikasita hone kA sacela nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huaa| isa saMgha ke kAraNa yaha gopya saMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| SaTdarzanasamuccaya meM uttara balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, kI TIkA meM guNaratna ne gopya saMgha yA yApanIya saMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA vesavADivagaNa, uDDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the| ina gaNoM kI aneka hai| yApanIya saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara paramparA zAkhAeM evaM kula the| kalpUsatra kI sthavirAvali ina sabakA ullekha to ke samAna AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi karatI hai kintu isake aMtima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajrI zAkhA arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA jo ki use uttarAdhikAra kI AcArya paramparA dI gaI hai jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirmANa meM hI prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mukti saM0980) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhUta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| Agama sAhitya ke vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekhoM jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM kalpasUtra kI ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA sthavirAvali se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI thA kintu dUsarI ora vaha digambara paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA hai jo kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karate haiN| niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt the aura pAnItalabhojI (hAtha meM bhojana karane vAle) hote the| isake AcAryoM taka kI jo paTTAvalI upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai dUsare ne uttarAdhikAra meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAyeM lekara zaurasenI prAkRta meM aneka bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura grantha bnaaye| inameM kaSAyaprAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya mUlAcAra Adi prasiddha haiN| haiM, vaha paryApta paravartI haiN| ata: aitihAsika dRSTi se usakI prAmANikatA dakSiNa bhArata meM acela nirgrantha paramparA kA itihAsa IsvI san para prazna cihna lagAye jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa se IsA kI prathama kI tIsarI cauthI-zatI taka aMdhakAra meM hI hai| isa sambandha meM hameM na to evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahattvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha vizeSa sAhityika sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya hii| yadyapi saMgha meM hue, unheM samajhane ke lie arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmI lipi ke aneka guphA abhilekha tamilanADu kA zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA zilpa meM pAye jAte haiM kintu ve zramaNoM yA nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI jAnakArI nahIM dete| tamilanADu meM abhilekha yukta jo guphAyeM haiM, ve vastra khaNDa se apanI nagnatA chipAye hue haiN| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, sambhavata: nirgrantha ke samAdhi maraNa grahaNa karane ke sthala rahe hoNge| saMgama

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608 yuga ke tamila sAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne bhI tamila bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| tirukurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM tamila deza kA yaha nirmantha saMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3A, udhara uttara kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa meM gyaa| sacela zvetAmbara paramparA rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM pazcimI mahArASTra hotI huI uttara karnATaka pahu~cI to acela yApanIya paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya aura satapur3A ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI mahArASTra se hokara uttarI karnATaka pahu~cI / IsA kI pA~cavI zatI meM uttarI kanArTaka me mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke pA~ca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai (1) nirgrandha saMgha, (2) mUla saMgha, (3) yApanIya saMgha, (4) kUcakaM saMgha aura (5) zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha isI kAla meM pUrvottara bhArata meM vaTagohalI se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aneka kuloM evaM zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 nirgrandha paramparA kA sAhitya mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ataH Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA haiM aura na eka kAla kii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka hI Agama meM vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isa avadhi meM sarvaprathama I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI meM pATaliputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, sambhavataH isa vAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pAzcapatya paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazna isaliye mahattvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pArzvApatya paramparA lupta hone lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM samAnAntara vAcanAe~ huIM, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita hue| isake pazcAt vIra nirvANa 980 arthAt I0 san kI pA~cavI zatI meM ballabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma hai| phira bhI devarddhi ina AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra granthoM ko suvyavasthita kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jahA~ AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi prAcIna stara arthAt I0pU0 ke grantha haiM, vahIM samavAyAMga, vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I0sa0 kI pAMcavIM zatI ke haiN| sthAnAMga, aMtakRtadazA, jJAtA aura bhagavatI kA kucha aMza prAcIna (arthAt I0pU0 kA) hai, to kucha paryApta paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa meM sUrya prajJapti, rAjapraznIya, prajJApanA prAcIna haiN| upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI cheda sUtroM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM aneka grantha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko antima rUpa lagabhaga I0 san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM milA yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIM gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka mukhya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhI giiN| yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ prAcIna bhI haiN| isa kAla meM ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta svataMtra grantha bhI likhe gye| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM siddhasena, jinabhadragaNi, zivArya, baTTakera, kundakunda, akalaMka, samantabhadra, vidyAnanda, jinasena, svayambhU, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, abhayadeva Adi pramukha haiN| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha TIkAoM aura purANoM kA racanA kAla bhI yahI yuga hai| caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA udaya digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa bhI isI yuga arthAt IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI se hotA hai, yadyapi jina mandira aura jina pratimA ke nirmANa ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se to spaSTa rUpa se milane lagate haiN| zaka aura kuSANa yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, phira bhI IsA kI 5vIM zatI se 12vIM zatI ke bIca jaina zilpa apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni banavAsa ko chor3akara caityoM, jina mandiroM meM rahane lage the| kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane lage the| abhilekha se to vahAM taka sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, apitu muniyoM ke AhAra aura telamardana Adi ke liye bhI saMbhrAnta varga se dAna prApta kiye jAte the| isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gayA thaa| phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke dvArA jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM huA usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra vikasita ho rahA thA usakA virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM huA zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra ne isake virodha meM lekhanI calAI 'sambodha prakAraNa' meM unhoMne ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama viruddha AcAra kI khulakara alocanA kI, yahA~ taka ki unheM nara-pizAca taka kaha diyaa| caityavAsa kI isI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvarasUri jinacandrasUri Adi kharataragaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kii| IsvI san kI dazavIM zatAbdI meM kharataragaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa ke virodha meM huA thA jisakA prArambhika nAma suvihita mArga yA saMvigna pakSa thaa| digambara paramparA meM isa yuga meM dravir3a saMgha, mAthura saMgha, kASTA saMgha Adi kA udbhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, jinheM darzana-sAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gyaa| isa saMbaMdha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI 'premI' ne apane 'graMtha' jaina sAhitya .

Page #740
zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 609 aura itihAsa' meM caityavAsa aura banavAsa ke zIrSaka ke antargata vistRta prazAkhAeM bhI banIM, phira bhI lagabhaga 15vIM zatI taka jaina saMgha isI sthiti carcA kI hai| phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina kA zikAra rhaa| hai ki ina virodhoM ke bAvajUda jaina saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilAcAra se mukti pA skaa| madhyayuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra me jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM tantra aura bhakti mArga kA jaina dharma para prabhAva suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM vastuta: guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho, zravaNabelagola, AbU kA yuga pUre bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hrAsa aura lalita (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, raNakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai jaba khajurAho aura koNArka sthApatya kalA jo 9vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI ke bIca meM nirmita huI, ke maMdiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kiye gye| jina maMdira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte Aja bhI jaina samAja kA mastaka gaurava se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga hai jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM kI racanAeM bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM kathA ko gar3hakara dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI meM huii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUrI, hemacandra, kAla meM tantra aura vAma mArga kA pracAra huA, jisakI agni meM bauddha bhikSu maNibhadra, mallisena, jinaprabha Adi AcArya evaM digambara paramparA meM saMgha to pUrI taraha jala marA kintu jaina bhikSu saMgha bhI usakI lapaToM kI vidyAnandI, zAkaTAyana, prabhAcandra jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla jhulasa se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jaina dharma para bhI tantra kA prabhAva ke haiN| maMtra-taMtra ke sAtha cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina AcArya Age aayaa| hindU paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko prakArAMtara se yakSa, yakSI aaye| isa yuga ke bhaTTArakoM aura jaina yatiyoM meM sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka athavA zAsana deviyoM ke rUpa meM jaina devamaMDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara maMdiroM kA nirmANa to kiyA hI sAtha hI cikitsA ke mAdhyama se liyA gyaa| unakI kRpA yA unase laukika sukha-samRddhi prApta karane ke janasevA ke kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| liye aneka tAntrika vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina tIrthaMkara to vItarAga thA ata: vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA na duSToM kA vinAza, phalata: sudhAravAdI AMdolana evaM amUrtika sampradAyoM kA AvirbhAva jainoM ne yakSa-yakSiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI javAbadArI jaina paramparA meM eka parivartana kI lahara punaH solahavIM zatAbdI dekara apane ko yuga-vidyA ke sAtha samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra meM aayii| jaba adhyAtma pradhAna jainadharma kA zuddha karma-kANDa ke ghora bhakti mArga kA prabhAva bhI isa yuga meM jaina saMgha para pdd'aa| tantra mArga ke ADambara ke AvaraNa meM dhUmila ho rahA thA aura muslima zAsakoM ke saMyukta prabhAva se jina maMdiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra mUrtibhaMjaka svarUpa se mUrti pUjA ke prati AsthAeM vicalita ho rahI thIM, ke karmakANDa astitva meM aaye| vItarAga jina pratimA kI hindU paramparA tabhI musalamAnoM kI ADambara rahita sahaja dharma sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI kI SoDazopacAra pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI jAne lgii| na kevala bhAMti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| hindU dharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI vItarAga jinapratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susajjita kiyA gayA, apitu santoM ke AvirbhAva ke samAna hI jaina dharma meM bhI aise santoM kA AvirbhAva use phala-nevaidya Adi bhI arpita kiye jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI huA jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karmakANDa aura ADambara yukta pUjA-paddhati ki hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA paddhati ke vivekazUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA kA virodha kiyaa| phalataH jainadharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI tIrthaMkara yA siddha paramAtmA kA bhI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAne zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdurbhAva huaa| inameM zvetAmbara lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika AyA thA kintu paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM santa taraNatAraNa tathA digambara paramparA bhI isa se baca na skii| banArasIdAsa pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa janmanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa aura maMtra-taMtra kA praveza unameM bhI the kintu unakA sudhAravAdI AMdolana digambara paramparA se sambandhita thaa| ho gayA thaa| zramaNa paramparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI dharma vyavasthA kA lokAzAha ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha aura zUdra jala tyAga para ADambaroM kA virodha kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara loMkAgaccha ke bala diyA gyaa| nAma se prasiddha huii| isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka samartha meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA vikasita huI / jisakA punaH eka vibhAjana 18vIM jaina dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina paramparA meM sahagAmI zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI jIvana dRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka vyAkhyA anya dharma paramparAoM se jo prabhAva A gaye the, unase use mukta karane kA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa| koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, aisA jJAta nahIM hotaa| yadyapi digambara paramparAoM meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka paramparA ke sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara paramparA viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI aura sacitta dravyoM se jina-pratimA ke tapAgaccha, aMcalagaccha Adi astitva meM Aye aura unakI zAkhA- pUjana kA niSedha kiyA kintu tAraNasvAmI to banArasIdAsa se bhI eka

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610 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM mUrti-pUjA kA hI niSedha kara ko smaraNa rakhanA hai ki jaina zramaNoM kI suvidhAvAdI pravRtti jainadharma ke diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, inhoMne dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI punaH pratiSThA lie bhI utanI khataranAka siddha hogI, jaisI kabhI bauddha dharma ke lie huI kii| banArasIdAsa kI paramparA jahA~ digambara terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita thI ki vaha apanI mAtRbhUmi meM hI apanA astitva kho baiThA thaa| videza huI to tAraNa svAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma se yAtrA koI bar3A aparAdha nahIM hai| aparAdha hai jaina zramaNoM kI bar3hatI huI pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNapaMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke sthAna para zAstra suvidhAvAdI pravRtti evaM binA sAmudAyika nirNaya ke pUrva pracalita AcAra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra solahavIM evaM satrahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina vyavasthA kA ullNghn| Aja kA jaina zramaNa itanA suvidhAvAdI aura paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA bhogavAdI hotA jA rahA hai ki eka sAmAnya jaina gRhastha kI apekSA bhI aura amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA janma huaa| phira bhI purAnI paramparAeM usakA khAna-pAna aura sampUrNa jIvana zailI adhika suvidhAsampanna ho gayI yathAvata calatI rhiiN| punaH bIsavIM zatI meM gAMdhI jI ke gurutulya hai| eka zramaNa ke lie varSa meM hone vAlA kharca sAmAnya gRhastha se kaI zrImadrAjacandra ke kAraNa adhyAtma premiyoM kA eka nayA saMgha bnaa| yadyapi gunA adhika hotA hai| sadasya saMkhyA kI dRSTi se cAhe yaha saMgha prabhAvazAlI na ho kintu unakI Aja ke jaina zramaNa kI jIvana zailI itanI suvidhAbhogI ho adhyAtmaniSThA Aja isakI eka alaga pahacAna banAtI hai| isI prakAra gaI hai ki vaha jana-sAmAnya kI upekSA sampanna zreSThivarga ke AsapAsa zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM dIkSita kAnajI svAmI ne mahAn kendrita ho rahA hai aura usakI jIvana zailI use aura adhika suvidhAadhyAtmavAdI digambara saMta kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' jaise adhyAtma aura bhogI banA rahI hai- yadi vAhana prayoga sAmAnya ho gayA to jaina zramaNa jana'nizcayanaya pradhAna grantha ke adhyayana se digambara parAmparA meM isa zatAbdI sAdhAraNa aura grAmINa jaina parivAra se bilkula kaTa jaayegaa| vAhana suvidhA meM eka naye AMdolana ko janma diyaa| aura videza yAtrA ko yuga kI AvazyakatA mAnakara bhI usa sambandha meM kucha maryAdAe~ nizcita karanI hoNgii| videzayAtrA aura vAhana-prayoga kI navIna paramparA 1. caritravAn aura vidvAn zramaNa yA zramaNI hI AcArya aura saMgha kI Aja puna: jainadharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko lekara parivartana kI anumati se videza bheje jaayeN| yaha nirNaya pUrNata: AcArya aura saMgha bAta kahI jAtI haiN| paramparAgata AcAra vyavasthA ko nakAra kara zvetAmbara kI sarvocca samiti ke adhIna ho ki kisa zramaNa yA zramaNI ko jainamuniyoM evaM digambara bhaTTArakoM kA eka varga vAhana prayoga aura videza videza bhejA jaaye| yAtrA ko Aja Avazyaka mAnane lagA hai| yaha satya hai ki yugIna 2. jisa zramaNa yA zramaNI ko videza yAtrA ke lie bhejA jAye use usa parasthitiyoM ke badalane para kisI bhI jIvita dharma ke lie yaha Avazyaka deza kI bhASA aura jainazAstra tathA darzana kA samucita jJAna ho aura hotA hai ki vaha yugAnurUpa apanI jIvana-zailI meM parivartana kre| Aja unake jJAna kA pramANIkaraNa aura unakI jainadharma ke prati niSThA kA vijJAna aura takanIkI kA yuga hai| pragati ke kAraNa Aja dezoM ke bIca samyak mUlyAMkana ho| dUriyA~ simaTa gyiiN| Aja jaina parivAra bhI vizva ke pratyeka kone meM pahu~ca 3. videza yAtrA dharma saMskAra jAgRta karane ke lie ho na ki ghUmane-phirane cuke haiN| ata: unake saMskAroM ko jIvita rakhane aura vizva meM jainadharma kI ke lie| ataH prathamataH unhIM kSetroM meM yAtrA kI anumati ho jahA~ asmitA ko sthApita karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki jaina zramaNa varga jaina parivAroM kA nivAsa ho aura usa kSetra meM ve apane paramparAgata vizva ke dezoM kI yAtrA kara jainadharma kA prasAra kare, kintu isa hetu AcAra- niyamoM kA vAhana prayoga Adi ke apavAda ko chor3akara usI prakAra niyamoM meM kucha parivartana to lAnA hI hogaa| dharma prasAra ke lie jaina zramaNa pAlana kara skeN| deza-videza kI yAtrAe~ prAcInakAla se hI karate rhe| mahAvIra ke yuga meM 4. aparipakva vaya aura aparipakva vicAroM ke zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko jaina muniyoM ne yAtrA meM bAdhaka nadiyoM ko nAvoM se pAra karake apanI yAtrAe~ kisI bhI paristhiti meM videza yAtrA kI anumati na dI jaaye| kI thiiN| mAtra nadiyoM ko pAra karake hI nahIM, mahAsAgara ko jahAjoM se 5. jisa prakAra prAcInakAla meM bar3I nadiyoM ko naukA se pAra karane kI pAra karake bhI jaina muniyoM ne laMkA aura suvarNadvIpa taka kI yAtrAe~ kI varSa meM saMkhyA nirdhArita hotI thI, usI prakAra varSa meM eka yA do thIM, aise aitihAsika sAkSya upalabdha haiN| ata: Aja yadi videzoM meM jainadharma se adhika yAtrAoM kI anamuti na ho| jisa kSetra meM ve jAyeM, vahA~ ke prasAra ke lie koI jaina muni vAyuyAna se yAtrA kara letA hai to vaha rukakara saMskAra jAgaraNa kA kArya kareM, na ki bhramaNa-sukha ke lie koI bahuta bar3A aparAdha karatA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu jahAM yAtrAe~ karate rheN| pAda vihAra kI suvidhAe~ upalabdha haiM, vahA~ bhI vAhana prayoga to ucita 6. vAhana yAtrA ko apavAd mArga hI mAnA jAye aura usake lie samucita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| punaH hameM yaha bhI vicAra karanA hogA ki vaha videza prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA ho| yAtrA jainadharma kI garimA ko sthApita karatI hai yA use khaNDita karatI 7. deza meM bhI ApavAdika parasthitiyoM meM athavA kisI sudUra pradeza kI hai| videzoM meM jaina muni jainadharma kA gaurava tabhI sthApita kara sakatA hai yAtrA jJAna-sAdhanA athavA dharma ke prasAra ke lie Avazyaka hone para / jaba usakI apanI jIvanacaryA kaThora evaM saMyamaparaka ho| hameM isa tathya hI vAhana dvArA yAtrA kI anumati dI jaaye| binA anamuti ke vAhana

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prayoga sarvathA niSiddha hI mAnA jaaye| ke prabhAva se samaya-samaya para aneka parivartana hote rahe haiM aura inhIM __isa prakAra viziSTa niyaMtraNoM ke sAtha hI vAhana prayoga aura parivartanoM ke phalasvarUpa hI jainadharma ke vibhinna sampradAya astitva meM Aye videza yAtrA kI anumati apavAd mArga ke rUpa meM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| yadi hama unake isa aitihAsika pariprekSya ko taTastha dRSTi se samajhane hai| use sAmAnya niyama kabhI bhI nahIM banAyA jA sakatA kyoMki kA prayatna karegeM to vibhinna sampradAyoM ke prati galataphahamiyA~ dUra hoMgI bhUtakAla meM bhI vaha eka apavAda mArga hI thaa| isa prakAra AcAra mArga aura jaina dharma ke mUladhArA meM rahe hue ekatva kA darzana kara skegeN| meM yugAnurUpa parivartana to kiye jo sakate haiM parantu unakI apanI sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura eka dUsare ko sahI pariprekSya meM samajhane ke lie upayogitA honI cAhie aura unase jaina dharma ke zAzvata mUlyoM para koI isa aitihAsika dRSTikoNa kI Aja mahatI AvazyakatA hai| Aja hama ise AMca nahIM AnI caahie| apanAkara aneka pArasparika vivAdoM kA sahaja samAdhAna pA skegeN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM deza aura kAla jaina itihAsa : adhyayana vidhi evaM mUlasrota samagra evaM saMzleSaNAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA prabhAva ko samyak prakAra se samajhanA hogaa| bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa bhAratIya saMskRti ke samyak aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie yaha ko samajhane aura usake prAmANika lekhana ke lie eka samagra kintu Avazyaka hai ki usakI prakRti ko pUrI taraha se samajha liyA jaaye| sabase dezakAla sApekSa dRSTikoNa ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie jahA~ eka ora vizleSaNAtmaka vastuta: koI bhI vikasita saMskRti saMzliSTa saMskRti hI hotI hai kyoMki dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora eka samagra dRSTikoNa usake vikAsa meM aneka saMskRtiyoM kA avadAna hotA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti (Holistice-Approach) bhI Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya aitihAsika ko hindU, bauddha, jaina Adi cAradIvArI meM avaruddha karake kabhI bhI samyak adhyayana kA yaha durbhAgya rahA hai ki use vibhinna dharmoM aura paramparAoM rUpa se nahI samajhA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kA eka ghere meM Abaddha karake athavA usake vibhinna pakSoM ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA- zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, ThIka karake dekhane kA prayatna huA hai| apanI Alocaka aura vizleSaNAtmaka usI prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhane se dRSTi ke kAraNa hamane eka dUsare kI kamiyoM ko hI adhika dekhA hai| mAtra usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| adhyayana kI do dRSTiyA~ hotI haiM- yahI nahIM, eka paramparA meM dUsarI paramparA ke itihAsa ko aura usake jIvana vizleSaNAtmaka aura sNshlessnnaatmk| vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati tathyoM ko mUlyoM ko bhrAnta rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhatI hai, to saMzleSaNAtmaka vidhi use samagra bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa ke lekhana meM pahalI bhUla taba huI rupa se dekhatI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jaba dUsarI paramparAoM ko apanI paramparA se nimna dikhAne ke lie unheM Avazyaka hai ki isake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt hindU, bauddha aura jaina galata DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gyaa| pratyeka paramparA kI agalI pIr3hiyA~ dUsarI paramparAoM kA samanvita yA samagra rUpa meM adhyayana kiyA jaaye| jisa prakAra paramparA ke usa galata prastutIkaraNa ko hI Age bar3hAtI rhiiN| dUsare zabdoM eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM meM kaheM to bhAratIya saMskRti aura vizeSa rUpa se bhAratIya darzana meM pratyeka arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita pakSa ne dUsare pakSa kA vikRta citraNa hI prastuta kiyaa| madhyakAlIna dArzanika svarUpa ko tathA eka aMga kI kriyA ke dUsare aMga para hone vAle prabhAva graMthoM meM isa prakAra kA citraNa hameM pracuratA se upalabdha hotA hai| ko bhI samajhanA hotA hai| satya to yaha hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa ke zodha saubhAgya yA durbhAgya se jaba pAzcAtya itihAsakAra isa deza meM ke sandarbha meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya Aye aura yahA~ ke itihAsa kA adhyayana kiyA to unhoMne bhI apanI saMskRti kA samagra itihAsa prastuta hI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMskRti se bhAratIya saMskRti ko nimna siddha karane ke lie vikRta pakSa koI bhI dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahI hotI haiM, ko ubhAra kara isakI garimA ko dhUmila hI kiyaa| phira bhI pAzcAtya lekhakoM ve apane deza-kAla tathA apanI sahavartI anya paramparAoM se prabhAvita meM kucha aise avazya hue haiM jinhoMne isako samagra rUpa meM prastuta karane hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karatI hai| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha yA hindU kA prayatna kiyA aura eka ke Upara dUsarI paramparA ke prabhAva ko dekhane kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karanA hai kA bhI prayatna kiyaa| kintu unhoMne apane rAjanaitika svArthoM ke lie to unake dezakAla aura pariveza ko tathA unakI sahavartI paramparAoM ke bhAratIya saMskRti kI eka dhArA ko dUsarI dhArA ke virodha meM khar3A kara

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612 diyA aura isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti kI ekAtmatA ko khaNDita kiyA yadi hameM bhAratIya saMskRti kA prAmANika itihAsa prastuta karanA hai to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hamAre sAMskRtika itihAsa kA eka samanvita aura samagra dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para punarmUlyAMkana ho| ' jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 3 AtmaniSTha aura vastuniSTha adhyayana jaina dRSTikoNa kisI bhI vyAkhyA yA adhyayana ke do pakSa hote haiM1. AtmaniSTha aura 2. vastuniSTha AtmaniSTha vyAkhyA meM vyAkhyAtA kA apanA dRSTikoNa pradhAna hotA hai aura vaha apane dRSTikoNa ke anurUpa tathyoM ko vyAkhyAyita karatA hai jabaki vastuniSTha vyAkhyA meM tathya / ghaTanAkrama pradhAna hotA hai aura vyakti nirapekSa hokara use vyAkhyAyita karatA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki vyAkhyA vyAkhyAtA se pUrNataH nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatI hai| vyAkhyA meM tathya / ghaTanAkrama aura vyAkhyAtA vyakti donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| ataH koI bhI vyAkhyA ekAnta rUpa se AtmaniSTha yA vastuniSTha nahIM ho sakatI hai| usake AtmaniSTha aura vastuniSTha donoM hI pakSa hote haiN| aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki usakA adhyayana aura aitihAsika tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana vastuniSTha AdhAra para ho| dUsare zabdoM meM prAmANika itihAsa lekhana, adhyayana aura mUlyAMkana ke lie vastuniSTha yA tathyaparaka anAgrahI dRSTi Avazyaka hai, isameM kisI prakAra kA vaimatya nahIM hai| itihAsa lekhana, adhyayana evaM mUlyAMkana sabhI vyakti se saMbaMdhita hai aura vyakti cAhe kitanA hI taTastha aura anAgrahI kyoM na ho, phira bhI usameM kahIM na kahIM AtmaniSTha pakSa kA prabhAva to rahatA hI hai| aise vyakti to virala hI hote haiM jo nirapekSa aura taTastha hoN| dUsare, itihAsa lekhana ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA hai aura isa vyAkhyA meM AtmaniSTha pakSa kA pUrNa upekSA bhI saMbhava nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne apane anekAnta siddhAnta ke dvArA yaha sthApita kiyA thA ki pratyeka vastu, tathya aura ghaTanA apane Apa meM jaTila aura bahuAyAmI hotI hai, usakI vyAkhyA aneka dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para saMbhava hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tAjamahala kA nirmANa eka aitihAsika ghaTanA hai kintu tAjamahala nirmAtA ke caritra kI vyAkhyA vibhinna ruciyoM ke vyaktiyoM ke dvArA vibhinna prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai| kisI ke lie vaha kalA kA utkRSTa premI ho sakatA hai to kisI ke lie vaha preyasI ke prema meM ananya Asakta koI use atyanta vilAsI to koI use janazoSaka bhI kaha sakatA hai| isa prakAra eka tathya kI vyAkhyA bhinna-bhinna prakAra se ho sakatI hai| tathyoM kI jaTilatA eka satya tathya kI jaTilatA aura vyAkhyA sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNa kI saMbhAvanA ye do aise tathya haiM jina para aitihAsika mUlyAMkana nirbhara karatA hai| jise Aja 'hisTrIogrAphI' kahA jAtA hai vaha anya kucha nahIM apitu aitihAsika tathyoM kI vyAkhyA ke vibhinna siddhAtoM ke mUlyAMkana kA zAstra haiN| yaha mUlyAMkana vibhinna dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita hotA hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA anekAnta siddhAnta aitihAsika mUlyAMkana ke kSetra meM bhI pUrNataH lAgU hotA hai| hameM una dRSTikoNoM yA siddhAntoM kI sApekSatA ko samajhanA hai jisake AdhAra para aitihAsika mUlyAMkana hote haiN| jaba taka aitihAsika mUlyAMkana kA hArda nahIM samajha pAyeMge taba taka aitihAsika mUlyAMkana evaM aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra kisI eka dRSTikoNa para yA kisI eka siddhAnta para saMbhava nahI hai / itihAsa na to pUrNa vastuniSTha (Objective) ho sakatA hai na pUrNa AtmaniSTha Subjective) hI / jaba bhI hameM kisI itihAsa lekhaka kI kisI ghaTanAkrama kI vyAkhyA kA adhyayana karanA hotA hai to hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki usa vyakti kA dRSTikoNa kyA hai vaha kina pariveza aura paristhitiyoM meM usa vyAkhyA ko prastuta kara rahA hai / ( sahavartI paramparA ke prabhAva aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA yadi hama jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ko dekheM to hameM spaSTa rupa se yaha dikhAI detA hai ki kisa prakAra anya sahavartI dhArAoM ke prabhAva se usake aitihAsika caritroM meM paurANikatA yA alaukikatA kA praveza hotA gayA aura AcAra aura vicAra ke kSetra meM parivartana AtA gyaa| isakA sabase acchA udAharaNa svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana caritra hI hai| mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta saMbaMdhI sabase prAcIna ullekha AcArAMga ke prathama evaM dvitIya zruta skaMdha meM tathA usake bAda kalpasUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai| tatpazcAt niryukti, bhASya aura cUrNI sAhitya meM unake jIvana kA citraNa milatA hai inake bAda jaina purANoM aura caritrakAvyoM meM unake jIvanavRtta kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yadi hama una sabhI vivaraNoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanAtmaka dRSTi se unakA adhyayana kareM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana meM kisa prakAra kramazaH alaukikatAoM kA praveza hotA gyaa| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ke naveM adhyayana meM mahAvIra eka kaThora sAdhaka haiM jo kaThora jIvana carcA aura sAdhanA ke dvArA apanI jIvana yAtrA ko Age bar3hAte haiM, kintu AcArAMga ke dvitIya zruta skaMdha se prArambha hokara kalpasUtra aura paravartI mahAvIra caritoM meM alaukikatAoM kA praveza ho gyaa| ataH sAmAnya rUpa se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa aura vizeSa se jaina itihAsa jo hameM paurANika graMthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai, usake aitihAsika tathyoM kI khoja atyanta sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karanA hogaa| yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai ki samasta paurANika AkhyAna aitihAsika na hokara mAtra kAlpanika haiM dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki purANoM aura caritakAvyoM meM kAlpanika aMza itanA adhika hai ki usameM se aitihAsika tathyoM ko nikAla pAnA eka durUha kArya haiN| jo sthiti hindU purANoM kI hai vahI sthiti jaina purANoM aura carita graMthoM kI bhI hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina itihAsa ke lekhana ke lie hamAre pAsa jo AdhArabhUta sAmagrI hai vaha inhIM graMthoM meM nihita hai, kintu isa sAmagrI kA upayoga atyanta sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karanA hogaa| .

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jaina itihAsa adhyayana vidhi evaM mUlasrota jaina itihAsa ke adhyayana ke srota (a) jaina Agama, Agamika vyAkhyAoM evaM purANoM ke kathAnaka purANoM ke atirikta Agamika vyAkhyAoM vizeSataH niyukti, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI aneka aitihAsika kathAnaka saMkalita haiM kintu unameM bhI vahI kaThinAI hai jo jaina purANoM meM hai| aitihAsika kathAnaka aura kAlpanika kathAnaka donoM eka dUsare se itane mizrita ho gaye haiM, unheM alaga-alaga karane meM aneka kaThinAIyA~ hai satya to yaha hai ki eka hI kathAnaka meM aitihAsika aura kAlpanika donoM hI tattva samAhita haiM aura unheM eka dUsare se pRthak karanA eka jaTila samasyA hai| phira bhI unameM jo aitihAsika sAmagrI hai usakA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI racanA meM upayoga mahattvapUrNa evaM Avazyaka hai| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM adhikAMza kathAnaka vrata pAlana athavA usake bhaMga ke kAraNa hue (I) prabandha grantha duSpariNAmoM ko athavA kisI niyama ke saMbaMdha meM utpanna huI ApavAdika sthiti ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI diye gae haiN| aise kathAnakoM meM cANakya kathAnaka, bhadrabAhu kathA, kAlaka kathA, bhadrabAhu dvitIya aura vArAhamihira Adi ke kathAnaka aise haiM jinakA aitihAsika mahattva hai| maraNa vibhakti tathA bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI mUla kathAoM aura una kathAoM ko lekara bane bRhada ArAdhanA kathAkoza Adi kA bhAratIya itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattva hai| (ba) aitihAsika carita kAvya evaM sthavirAvaliyA~ isI prakAra paravartI kAla meM aneka aitihAsika carita kAvya bhI likhe gaye haiM, jaise- trizaSTizalAkA puruSa carita, kumArapAla carita, kumArapAlabhUpAla carita Adi jo atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| aise hI jaina AgamoM vizeSa rUpa se kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra ke prArambha meM jo sthavirAvaliyA~ dI gayI haiM vaha bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahattva kI hai| unameM diye gaye aneka AcAyoM ke nAma tathA unake gaNa, kula, zAkhA Adi ke ullekha mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM milane se unakA aitihAsika mahattva spaSTa hai| (sa) prandha prazastiyA~ aitihAsika adhyayana kI dRSTi se graMtha prazastiyoM kA bhI atyanta mahattva hotA hai| unameM lekhaka na kevala apanI guru paramparA kA ullekha karatA hai, apitu aneka sUcanAe~ bhI detA hai, jaise yaha graMtha kisake kAla meM, kisakI preraNA se aura kahA~ likhA gyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki graMtha prazastiyoM meM vistRta jIvana paricaya nahIM milatA kintu unameM saMketa rUpa meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, vaha itihAsa lekhana meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvahana karatI hai| (da) paTTAvaliyA~ jaina paramparA meM aneka paTTAvaliyA~ (guru-ziSya paramparA) bhI likhI gayI hai| unameM AcAyoM ke saMbaMdha meM ullekhita kucha camatkAroM ko chor3a deM to zeSa sUcanAe~ jaina saMgha ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa 613 aura upayogI kahI jA sakatI haiN| ina sthavirAvaliyoM aura paTTAvaliyoM meM na kevala AcArya paramparA kA nirdeza hotA hai, apitu usameM kucha kAlpanika bAtoM ko chor3akara aneka AcAyoM ke vyaktitva va kRtitva ke saMbaMdha meM mahattvapUrNa sUcanAeM milatI haiN| himavaMta sthavirAvalI aura nandIsaMgha paTTAvalI jinakI prAmANikatA ke saMbaMdha meM kucha praznacihna haiM phira bhI ve jainadharma ke itihAsa ko eka navIna dizA dene kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM Aja bhI zatAdhika aisI paTTAvaliyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM, jinake itihAsa lekhana mahattva ko hama nahIM nakAra skte| unakA aitihAsika dRSTi se mUlyAMkana Avazyaka hai| paTTAvaliyoM ke atirikta aneka prabaMdha bhI (12vIM se 15vIM zatI taka) likhe gaye jinameM kucha viziSTa jainAcAryoM ke kathAnaka saMkalita haiN| inameM hemacandra kRta pariziSTaparva, prabhAcandra kRta prabhAvakacarita, merutuMga kRta prabaMdhacintAmaNi, rAjazekhara kRta prabaMdhakoza Adi pramukha haiN| ina prabaMdhoM ke kathAnakoM meM bhI aneka sthaloM para AcAryoM ke carita meM alaukikatA kA mizraNa hai| Aja unakI satyatA kA hamAre pAsa koI AdhAra nahIM hai phira bhI ina prabandhoM meM aneka aitihAsika tathya nihita hai| (epha) caityaparipATiyA~ sthavirAvaliyoM, paTTAvaliyoM, prabaMdhoM ke atirikta jaina itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa vidyA caitya paripATiyoM yA yAtrA vivaraNa hai jinameM vibhinna tIrthoM ke nirdeza to haiM hI, unake saMbaMdha meM aneka aitihAsika satya bhI varNita haiN| marugurjara meM hameM saikar3oM caitya paripATiyA~ (16vIM se 19vIM zatI taka) upalabdha hotI haiM jinameM AcAryoM ne apane yAtrA vivaraNoM ko saMkalita kiyA hai| isI se milatI-julatI eka vidyA tIrthamAlAe~ haiN| yaha bhI caitya paripATI aura yAtrA vivaraNoM kA hI eka rUpa hai| isameM lekhaka vibhinna tIrthoM kA vivaraNa dete hue tIrtha ke adhinAyaka kI stuti karatA hai| yadyapi paravartI kAla kI tIrthamAlAoM meM mukhya rUpa se tIrthanAyaka kI pratimA ke saundarya varNana ko pramukhatA milI hai kintu prAcIna tIrthamAlAe~ mukhya rUpa se nagara, rAjA aura vahA~ ke sAMskRtika pariveza kA bhI vivaraNa dete haiM aura isa dRSTi se ve mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI prastuta karatI haiN| adhikAMza tIrthamAlAe~ 15vIM se 18 - 19vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kI haiM aura inakI bhASA mukhyataH maru-gurjara haiM kintu kucha tIrthamAlAe~ prAcIna bhI haiN| isI krama meM jainAcAryoM ne aneka nagara varNana bhI likhe haiM, jaisenagarakoTa kAMgaDA varNana nagara varNanoM saMbaMdhI ina racanAoM meM na kevala nagara kA nAma hai apitu unakI vizeSatAe~ tathA una nagaroM se saMbaMdhita usa kAla ke aneka aitihAsika varNana bhI nihita haiN| caitya paripATiyoM aura tIrthamAlAoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha hotI hai ki ve usa nagara yA tIrtha ke saMbaMdha meM pUrA vivaraNa detI haiN| .

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614 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 (jI) vijJapti patra prAkRta bhASA ke abhilekhoM meM ajamera se 32 mIla dUra bAralI eka anya vidhA jisameM itihAsa saMbaMdhI sAmagrI va nagara- (bar3alI) nAmaka sthAna se prApta eka jaina lekha jo eka pASANa stambha para varNana donoM hI hote haiM ve vijJapti patra kahe jAte haiN| vijJapti patra vastutaH 4 paktiyoM meM khudA haiM, sabase prAcIna batAyA gayA hai| isa lekha kI lipi eka prakAra ke vinati patra haiM jisameM kisI AcArya vizeSa se unake ko sva gaurI zaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ne azoka se pUrva kA mAnA hai| I0pU0 nagara meM cArtumAsa karane kA anurodha kiyA jAtA hai| ye patra itihAsa 3-2 zatI se jaina abhilekha bahutAyata se milate haiN| mAtra mathurA se hI ke sAtha hI sAtha kalA ke bhI anupama bhaMDAra hote haiN| isameM jahA~ eka lagabhaga I0pU0 2zatI se lekara 12vIM zatI taka ke 200 se bhI adhika ora AcArya kI prazaMsA aura mahattva kA varNana hotA hai, vahIM dUsarI abhilekha mile haiN| mathurA se prApta ye abhilekha prAkata, saMskRta mizrita ora usa nagara kI vizeSatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha nagara nivAsiyoM ke caritra prAkRta meM tathA saMskRta meM haiN| ina abhilekhoM kA vizeSa mahattva isalie kA bhI ullekha hotA hai| lagabhaga 15vIM zatI se prArambha hokara 16- bhI hai kyoMki inakI puSTi kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvaliyoM se 17vIM zatI taka aneka vijJapti patra Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| ye vijJApti bhI hotA hai| isase pUrva kaliMga nareza khAravela kA ur3IsA ke hAthI guMphA patra janmapatrI ke samAna lambe AkAra ke hote haiM jisameM nagara ke se prApta zilAlekha eka aisA abhilekha hai jo khAravela ke rAjanItika mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ke sundara citra bhI hote haiM, jisase inakA kalAtmaka kriyA-kalApoM para prakAza DAlane vAlA eka mAtra strota hai| yaha abhilekha mahattva bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| na kevala I0pU0 prathama-dvitIya zatI ke jaina saMgha ke itihAsa ko prastuta isa prakAra se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Agama, Agamika karatA hai, apitu khAravela ke rAjyakAla va usake pratyeka varSa ke kAryoM vyAkhyAyeM, svataMtra graMthoM kI prazastiyA~, dhArmika kathAnaka, carita graMtha, kA bhI vivaraNa detA hai| ata: yaha sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya itihAsa aura prabaMdha sAhitya, paTTAvaliyA~, sthavirAvaliyA~, caitya paripATiyA~, vizeSa rUpa se jaina itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa thAtI hai| tIrthamAlAe~, nagara varNana aura vijJapti patra Adi saba milakara sAmAnya paravartI abhilekha vizeSata: 5-6vIM zatI ke dakSiNa se prApta rUpa se bhAratIya itihAsa vizeSata: jaina itihAsa ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa abhilekhoM meM cAlukya-pulakezI dvitIya kA ravikIrti racita zilAlekha yogadAna pradAna karate haiN| (634 I0), hathuDI ke dhavala rASTrakUTa kA bIjApura lekha (997 I0) Adi pramukha haiN| dakSiNa se prApta abhilekhoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM (eca) abhilekha AcAryoM kI guru paramparA, kula, gaccha Adi kA vivaraNa to milatA hI ina sAhityika strotoM ke atirikta abhilekhIya strota bhI jaina hai sAtha hI abhilekha likhavAne vAle vyaktiyoM va rAjAoM ke saMbaMdha meM itihAsa ke mahattvapUrNa srota haiN| inameM parivartana-saMzodhana kI guMjAIza kama bhI sUcanA milatI hai| hone tathA prAya: samakAlIna ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hone se unakI anya pramukha abhilekha kakka kA ghaTiyAla prastara lekha prAmANikatA meM bhI sandeha kA avasara kama hotA hai| jaina abhilekha vibhinna (vi0saM0 918), kumArapAla kI baDanagara prazasti (vi0saM0 upAdAnoM para utkIrNa milate haiM jaise-zilA, stambha, guphA, dhAtu pratimA, 1208), vikramasiMha kachavAhA kA dUbakuNDa lekha (1088 I0), smAraka, zayyApaTTa, tAmrapaTTa Adi pr| ye abhilekha mukhyatayA do prakAra jayamaMgalasUri racita cAciMga-cAhamAna kA sundhA parvata abhilekha Adi ke haiM- 1. rAjanItika aura 2. dhaarmik| rAjanItika yA zAsana patroM ke haiM jinase dhArmika itihAsa ke sAtha hI sAtha rAjanItika va sAMskRtika rUpa meM jo abhilekha haiM ve prAyaH prazastiyoM ke rUpa meM haiM jisameM rAjAoM itihAsa bhI jJAta hotA hai| kI virUdAvaliyA~, sAmarika vijaya, vaMza paricaya Adi hotA hai| dhArmika isa prakAra jaina sAhityika va abhilekhIya donoM hI strotoM se abhilakhoM meM aneka jaina jAtiyoM ke sAmAjika itihAsa, jainAcAryoM ke mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki jaina saMgha, gaNa, gaccha Adi se saMbaMdhita ullekha hote haiN| vidvAnoM, racanAkAroM ne jaina itihAsa ke lie hameM mahattvapUrNa avadAna kiyA jaina abhilekhoM kI bhASA prAkRta, saMskRta, kannar3a mizrita hai, jisakA samyaka mUlyAMkana aura upayoga apekSita hai| hama itihAsavidoM saMskRta, kannar3a, tamila, gujarAtI aura purAnI hindI haiN| dakSiNa ke kucha se anurodha karate haiM ki ve apane adhyayana va bhAratIya itihAsa kI navIna lekha tamila meM tathA adhikAMza kannar3a mizrita saMskRta meM haiM jinameM aihola vyAkhyA ke lie ina srotoM kA bharapUra upayoga kareM tAki kucha navIna tathya prazasti, rASTrakUTa govinda kA manne se prApta lekha, amoghavarSa kA konnara sAmane A skeN| zilAlekha Adi mukhya haiN|

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jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya sAmAnyatayA Aja vidvatvarga aura jana-sAdhAraNa jaina dharma ke zabda ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiM yathA-yApanIya, jApanIya, yapanI, do pramukha sampradAyoM-zvetAmbara aura digambara se hI paricita haiM kintu ApanIya, yApuliya, Apuliya, jApuliya, jAvulIya, jAviliya, jAvaliya, usakA 'yApanIya' nAmaka eka anya mahattvapUrNa sampradAya bhI thA, jo I0 jAvaligeya, Adi Adi / sarvaprathama 'yApanIya' zabda kA prayoga hameM san kI dUsarI zatI se pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka (lagabhaga 1400 varSa) jaina Agama sAhitya aura pAlI tripiTaka sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai / jIvita rahA aura jisane na kevala aneka jina-mandira banavAye evaM prAkRta aura pAlI sAhitya meM 'yApanIya' zabda kA prayoga kuzala-kSema mUrtiyA~ sthApita kI, apitu jaina-sAhitya kSetra meM aura vizeSakara zaurasenI pUchane ke prasaMga meM hI huA hai / dUsaroM se kuzala-kSema pUchate samaya yaha jaina-sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI mahattvapUrNa avadAna pradAna kiyA / yaha pUchA jAtA thA ki ApakA 'yApanIya' kaisA hai (kiM yApanIyaM ?) / sampradAya Aja se 50 varSa pUrva taka jaina samAja ke lie pUrNata: ajJAta 'bhagavatI' nAmaka jaina Agama meM yApanIya kA prAkRta rUpa 'jAvanicca' banA huA thaa| saMyoga se vigata 50 varSoM kI zodhAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke prApta hotA hai / bhagavatI meM somila nAmaka brAhmaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra se kAraNa isa sampradAya ke kucha abhilekha evaM grantha prakAza meM Aye haiN| prazna karatA hai- he bhante ! ApakI yAtrA kaisI huI ? ApakA yApanIya phira bhI abhI taka isa sampradAya para cAra-pA~ca lekhoM ke atirikta koI kaisA hai ? ApakA svAsthya (avvAvaha) kaisA hai ? ApakA vihAra kaisA bhI vizeSa sAmagrI prakAzita nahIM huI hai| sarvaprathama pro0 e. ena upAdhye hai ?3 bhagavatI aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa prasaMga meM do prakAra se evaM paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI ne hI isa sambandha meM kucha lekha prakAzita yApanIyoM kI carcA huI hai - indriya yApanIya aura no-indriya yaapniiy| kiye the / kintu unake pazcAt isa dizA meM puna: udAsInatA A gaI indriya yApanIya kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki hai / prastuta lekha usI udAsInatA ko tor3ane kA eka prayAsa mAtra hai| merI zrotra Adi pA~coM indriyA~ vyAdhirahita evaM mere niyantraNa meM haiM / isI AzA hai jaina-vidyA ke vidvAn isa dizA meM sakriya hoNge| prakAra no-indriya yApanIya ko spaSTa karate hue unhoMne kahA thA ki mere Aja vizRGkhalita hote hue jaina samAja ke lie isa sampradAya krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha vicchinna yA nirmUla ho gaye haiM, aba ve kA jJAna aura bhI Avazyaka hai kyoMki isa sampradAya kI mAnyatAe~ Aja abhivyakta yA prakaTa nahIM hote haiM ? bhI jainadharma kI digambara aura zvetAmbara zAkhAoM ke bIca yojaka kar3I uparyukta carcA se spaSTa rUpa se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA bana sakatI haiM / durbhAgya se Aja bhI aneka jaina vidvAn aura munijana hai ki bhagavatIsUtra meM indriya aura mana kI niyantrita evaM zAnta sthiti yaha nahIM jAnate haiM ki eka aisA sampradAya jo zvetAmbara aura digambara ke ke artha meM hI yApanIya zabda kA prayoga huA hai / indriyoM kI vRttiyoM madhya eka yojaka kar3I ke rUpa meM vidyamAna thA evaM lagabhaga 1400 aura mana kI vAsanAoM kA zAnta evaM niyantrita honA hI yApanIya kI varSoM taka apane ko jIvita banAye rakhakara Aja se 600 varSa pUrva kAla kuzalatA kA sUcaka hai / vastuta: yaha manuSya ke mAnasika kuzala-kSema ke garbha meM aisA vilIna ho gayA ki Aja loga usakA nAma taka nahIM kA sUcaka hai / 'kiM javaNicca' kA artha hai ApakI manodazA kaisI hai ? jAnate haiN| Aja jaina dharma meM 'yApanIya' paramparA kA koI bhI anuyAyI ata: yApanIya zabda manodazA (Mood) yA mAnasika sthiti (Mental nahIM hai / yaha paramparA Aja mAtra itihAsa kI vastu banakara raha gayI hai state) kA sUcaka hai / isa zabda kA prayoga mana kI prasannatA ko jAnane kintu inake dvArA sthApita mandira evaM mUrtiyA~ tathA sRjita sAhitya ke lie prazna ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thaa| sahaja hI Aja hameM usakA smaraNa karA dete haiN| Aja jaba jaina dharma meM bauddha pAlI sAhitya meM bhI isa zabda kA prayoga isI artha meM bhI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRDhamUla hotA jA rahA hai, yApanIya saMgha ke huA hai / bhagavAna buddha kA apane grAma meM Agamana hone para bhRgu, itihAsa aura unakI mAnyatAoM kA bodha na kevala jaina saMgha meM samanvaya bhagavAna se pUchate haiM ki he bhikSu ! ApakA kSamA-bhAva kaisA hai ? kA sUtrapAta kara sakatA hai, varan TUTate hue jaina saMgha ko puna: ekatA kI ApakA yApanIya kaisA hai ? Apako AhAra Adi ke lAbha meM koI kar3I meM jor3a sakatA hai / vastuta: 'yApanIya' paramparA vaha setu hai jo kaThinAI to nahIM hai? pratyuttara meM bhagavAna buddha ne kahA, merA kSamA-bhAva zvetAmbara aura digambara ke bIca kI khAIM ko pATane meM Aja bhI (kSamanIya) acchA hai, merA yApanIya sundara hai / mujhe AhAra-lAbha meM koI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kara sakatA hai / agrima paMktiyoM meM hama aise kaThinAI nahIM hai / isa prakAra yahA~ bhI yApanIya zabda jIvana-yAtrA ke mahattvapUrNa aura samanvayavAdI sampradAya ke sandarbha meM gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi kuzala-kSema ke sandarbha meM hI prayukta huA hai| 'kicca yApanIya' kA artha se kucha vicAra karane kA prayatna kreNge| hai ApakI jIvana-yAtrA kaisI cala rahI hai ? isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jahA~ pAlI sAhitya meM 'yApanIya' yApanIya zabda kA artha zabda jIvana-yAtrA ke sAmAnya artha kA sUcaka hai| vahA~ jaina sAhitya meM bhASA evaM uccAraNa bheda ke AdhAra para Aja hameM 'yApanIya' vaha indriyoM evaM mana kI vRttiyoM yA manodazA kA sUcaka hai, bhagavatI

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616 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM 'indriya-yApanIya' aura 'no-indriya-yApanIya' ko pro0 ema0 e0 DhAkI yApanIya zabda ko mUla meM yAvanika spaSTa karate hue yahI batAyA gayA hai ki jisakI indriyA~ svastha aura mAnate haiM / unake anusAra sambhAvanA yaha hai ki mathurA meM zaka aura niyantraNa meM haiM tathA jisakA mana vAsanAoM ke Avega se rahita evaM kuSANoM ke kAla meM kucha yavana jaina muni bane hoM aura unakI paramparA zAnta ho cukA hai, aise niyantrita indriya aura manavAle vyakti kA yAvanika (yavana-ika) kahI jAtI ho / unake matAnusAra 'yAvanika' yApanIya kuzala hai / yadyapi yahA~ 'yApanIya' zabda indriya aura mana kI zabda Age cala kara yApanIya bana gayA hai / yaha satya hai ki yApanIya vRttiyoM kA sUcaka hai kintu apane mUla artha meM to yApanIya zabda vyakti paramparA kA vikAsa mathurA meM usI kAla meM huA hai, jaba zaka, hUNa kI 'jIvana-yAtrA' kA sUcaka hai / vyakti kI jIvanayAtrA ke kuzalakSema Adi ke rUpa meM yavana bhArata meM praviSTa ho cuke the aura mathurA unakA ko jAnane ke lie hI usa yuga meM yaha prazna kiyA jAtA thA ki ApakA kendra bana gayA thaa| phira bhI vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI dRSTi se yAvanika kA yApanIya kaisA hai ? bauddha paramparA meM isI artha meM yApanIya zabda kA yApanIya rUpa bananA yaha santoSajanaka vyAkhyA nahIM hai| prayoga hotA thA kintu jaina paramparA ne use eka AdhyAtmika artha pradAna saMskRta aura hindI zabda kozoM meM 'yApana' zabda kA eka kiyA thA / jJAtAdharmakathA evaM bhagavatI meM mahAvIra 'yAtrA' ko jJAna, artha parityAga karanA yA niSkAsita karanA bhI batAyA gayA hai| pro0 darzana aura cAritra kI sAdhanA se jor3A to 'yApanIya' ko indriya aura ApTe ne 'yApya' zabda kA artha nikAle jAne yogya, tiraskaraNIya yA mana kI vRttiyoM se / isa prakAra nirgrantha paramparA meM yApanIya zabda kA nIca bhI batAyA hai. isa AdhAra para yApanIya zabda kA artha nIca, eka nayA artha liyA gyaa| pro0 e. ena. upAdhye yahA~ apanA mata vyakta tiraskRta yA niSkAsita bhI hotA hai / ata: saMbhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI karate hue likhate haiM ki-"nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathA) meM 'indiya hai ki isa varga ko tiraskRta, niSkAsita yA parityakta mAnakara 'yApanIya' javaNijje' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isakA artha yApanIya na kahA gayA ho| hokara yamanIya hotA hai, jo yam (niyantraNa) dhAtu se banatA hai / isakI vastuta: prAcIna jaina AgamoM evaM pAlI tripiTaka meM yApanIya tulanA 'thavaNijja' zabda se kI jA sakatI hai jo sthApanIya zabda ke zabda jIvana-yAtrA ke artha meM hI prayukta hotA thA / 'ApakA yApanIya lie prayukta hotA hai / isa taraha 'javaNijja' kA sahI saMskRta rUpa kaisA hai' isakA artha hotA thA ki ApakI jIvana-yAtrA kisa prakAra cala yApanIya nahIM ho sktaa| ata: javaNijja' sAdhu ve haiM jo yama-yAma kA rahI hai / isa AdhAra para merA yaha mAnanA hai ki jinakI jIvana-yAtrA jIvana bitAte the / isa sandarbha meM pArzva prabhu ke caujjAma-cAturyAma dharma suvidhApUrvaka calatI ho ve yApanIya haiM / sambhavata: jisa prakAra uttara se yama-yAma kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai|"6 bhArata meM zvetAmbaroM ne isa paramparA ko apane sAmpradAyika durabhiniveza meM kintu pro0 e. ena. upAdhye kA 'javanicca' kA yamanIya artha 'boTika' arthAt bhraSTa yA patita kahA; usI prakAra dakSiNa meM digambara karanA ucita nahIM hai / yadi unhoMne vinayapiTaka kA uparyukta prasaMga dekhA paramparA ne bhI unheM suvidhAvAdI jIvana ke AdhAra para athavA unheM hotA jisameM 'yApanIya' zabda kA jIvanayAtrA ke kuzala-kSema jAnane ke tiraskRta mAnakara yApanIya kahA ho| sandarbha meM spaSTa prayoga hai, to sambhavata: ve isa prakAra kA artha nahIM isa prakAra hamane yahA~ yApanIya zabda kI sambhAvita vibhinna karate / yadi usa yuga meM isa zabda kA 'yamanIya' ke rUpa meM prayoga hotA vyAkhyAoM ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kintu Aja yaha batA to phira pAlI sAhitya meM yApanIya zabda kA spaSTa prayoga na milakara pAnA to kaThina hai ki ina vividha vikalpoM meM se kisa AdhAra para isa 'yamanIya' zabda kA hI prayoga milatA / ata: spaSTa hai ki mUla zabda varga ko yApanIya kahA gayA thA / 'yApanIya' hI hai, yamanIya nahIM hai / yadyapi AgamoM meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se yApanIya zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue use avazya hI mana aura boTika zabda kI vyAkhyA indriya kI niyaMtrita yA saMyamita dazA kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai| yApanIyoM ke lie zvetAmbara paramparAmeM lagabhaga 8vIM zatAbdI yApanIya zabda kI uparyukta vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta vidvAnoM taka 'boDiya' (boTika) zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / merI jAnakArI ne usakI anya vyAkhyAyeM bhI dene kA prayatna kiyA hai / pro0 tailaMga ke ke anusAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM sabase pahale haribhadra ke granthoM meM anusAra yApanIya zabda kA artha binA Thahare sadaiva vihAra karane vAlA yApanIya zabda kA prayoga huA hai / 12 phira bhI yApanIya aura boTika eka hai| sambhava hai ki jaba uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata meM caityavAsa arthAt hI haiM - aisA spaSTa ullekha kahIM nahIM milatA hai| haribhadra bhinna-bhinna mandiroM meM apanA maTha banAkara rahane kI pravRtti panapa rahI thI taba una prasaMgoM meM ina donoM zabdoM kI vyAkhyA to karate haiM kintu ye donoM zabda muniyoM ko jo caityavAsa kA virodha kara sadaiva vihAra karate the - paryAyavAcI haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha nahIM karate haiN| yApanIya kahA gayA ho / kintu isa vyAkhyA meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki 'boDiya' zabda kA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa boTika kiyA gayA hai| caityavAsa kA vikAsa paravartI hai, vaha IsA kI cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatI meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI zAntyAcArya kI TIkA meM boTika zabda kI vyAkhyA prArambha huA jaba ki yApanIya saMgha IsA kI dUsarI ke anta yA tIsarI karate hue kahA gayA hai - "boTikAzcAsau cAritravikalatayA muNDamAtratvena13 zatI ke prArambha meM astitva meM A cukA thaa| arthAt cAritrika vikalatA ke kAraNa mAtra muNDita boTika kahe jAte yApanAma

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jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya I hai kintu isa vyAkhyA se boTika zabda para koI vizeSa prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| mAtra boTikoM ke caritra ke sambandha meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| merI dRSTi meM prAkRta ke 'boDiya' ke sthAna para 'vADiya' zabda honA cAhie thA jisakA saMskRta rUpa vATika hogaa| 'vATika' zabda kA artha vATikA yA udyAna meM rahane vAlA hai / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM zivabhUti kI kathA se spaSTa hai ki boTika muni nagna rahate the, bhikSAdi prasaMga ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA grAma yA nagara meM praveza nahIM karate the aura ve nagara ke bAhara udyAnoM yA vATikAoM meM hI nivAsa karate the14 / ataH sambhAvanA yaha hai ki vATikA meM nivAsa ke kAraNa ve vADiya yA bADiya kahe jAte hogeM jo Age calakara 'boDiya' ho gyaa| hameM kalpasUtra meM vesavADiya (vaizyavATika) uDuvADiya (RtuvATika) Adi gaNoM ke ullekha milate haiN| jisa prakAra zvetapaTa prAkRta meM setapaTa> se apaDa> se aa sevar3A ho gayA, usI prakAra sambhavataH vATikA vADiyA bADiya boDiya ho gayA ho| Aja bhI mAlava pradeza meM udyAna ko bADI kahA jAtA hai| isI prasaMga meM mujhe mAlavI bolI meM prayukta 'boDA' zabda kA bhI smaraNa ho jAtA hai| gujarAtI evaM mAlavI meM kezarahita mastaka vAle vyakti ko 'boDA' kahA jAtA hai| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki luMcita keza hone se unheM 'boDiya' kahA gayA ho| zabdoM ke rUpa parivartana kI ye vyAkhyAeM maineM apanI buddhayanusAra karane kI ceSTA kI hai| bhASAzAstra ke vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa sambandha meM vizeSa prakAza DAleM / pro0 ema0 e0 DhAkI boTika kI merI isa vyAkhyA se sahamata nahIM hai / unakA kahanA hai ki 'boTavu' zabda Aja bhI gujarAtI meM bhraSTa yA apavitra ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai"| sambhavataH yaha dezIya zabda ho aura usa yuga meM bhI isI artha meM prayukta hotA ho / ataH zvetAmbaroM ne unheM sAmpradAyika abhinivezavaza 'boDiya' kahA hogaa| kyoMki zvetAmbara paramparA unake lie mithyAdRSTi, prabhUtatara visaMvAdI, sarvavisaMvAdI aura sarvApalApI jaise anAdarasUcaka zabdoM kA prayoga kara rahI thii| bhojapurI aura avadhI meM boranA yA bUr3anA zabda DUbane ke artha meM prayukta hote haiM / vyaJjanA se isakA artha bhI patita yA girA huA ho sakatA hai / 1 'boDiya' zabda kI ina vibhinna vyAkhyAoM meM mujhe pro0 DhAkI kI vyAkhyA adhika yuktisaMgata lagatI hai kyoMki isa vyAkhyA se yApanIya aura boTika zabda paryAyavAcI bhI bana jAte hai yadi yApanIya kA artha tiraskRta yA niSkAsita aura boTika kA artha bhraSTa yA patita hai, to donoM paryAyavAcI hI siddha hote haiN| kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ye donoM nAma unheM sAmpradAyika durabhiniveza ke vaza diye gaye haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne unheM boDiya (boTika = bhraSTa) kahA, vahIM digambaroM ne unheM yApanIya tiraskRta yA niSkAsita kahA inake lie boTika zabda kA prayoga kevala ztetAmbara paramparA ke Agamika vyAkhyA anyoM taka hI sImita rahA hai, ina granthoM ke atirikta isa zabda kA prayoga anyatra kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / 617 Age calakara isa varga ne svayaM apane lie 'yApanIya' zabda ko svIkAra kara liyA hogA kyoMki yApanIya zabda kI vyAkhyA prazasta artha meM bhI sambhava hai| abhilekhoM meM bhI ye apane ko 'yApanIya' ke rUpa meM hI aMkita karavAte the| yApanIya saMgha ko utpatti yApanIya sampradAya kaba utpanna huA ? yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA dharma saMgha kaba aura kisa prakAra vibhAjita hotA gayA isake prAcInatama ullekha hameM kalpasUtra" aura nandIsUtra" kI sthavirAvaliyoM meM milatA hai| ye sthavirAvaliyA~ spaSTa rUpa se hameM yaha batAtI haiM ki yadyapi mahAvIra kA dharmasaMgha vibhinna gaNoM meM vibhAjita huA aura ye gaNa zAkhAoM meM, zAkhAyeM kula meM aura kula sambhogoM meM vibhAjita hue phira bhI nandIsUtra aura kalpasUtra kI sthAvirAvaliyoM meM aisA koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai jisase mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ke yApanIya, zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM vibhAjita hone kI koI sUcanA milatI ho| ina donoM sthavirAvaliyoM meM bhI kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI apekSAkRta prAcIna hai, isameM do bAra parivardhana huA hai| antima parirvadhana vIra nirvANa samvat 980 arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI kA hai| nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvalI bhI isI kAla kI hai kintu donoM sthavirAvaliyA~ sthUlabhadra ke ziSyoM se alaga ho jAtI haiN| inameM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI kA sambandha vAcaka vaMza se jor3A jAtA hai| sambhavataH gaNadharavaMza saMgha vyavasthApaka AcAryoM kI paramparA (Administrative lineage) kA sUcaka hai jabaki vAcaka vaMza upAdhyAyoM yA vidyAguruoM kI paramparA kA sUcaka hai| vAcaka vaMza vidyAvaMza hai| yaha vidvAn jainAcAryoM ke nAmoM kA kAlakrama se saMkalana hai| kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvaliyA~ antima rUpa se devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa taka kI paramparA kA vIranirvANa se eka hajAra varSa taka arthAt I. pU. pA~cavIM zatI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI taka kA ullekha karatI haiM, phira bhI isameM sampradAya bheda kI kahIM carcA nahIM haiM, mAtra gaNabheda Adi kI carcA hai| I zvetAmbara paramparA ke upalabdha Agamika sAhitya sthAnAGga aura Avazyakaniyukti meM hameM sAta nir3ayoM kA ullekha milatA hai" (nihnava ve haiM jo saiddhAntika yA dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM matabheda rakhate haiM, kintu AcAra aura vaMza vahI rakhate haiM / ) ina sAta nihnavoM meM kahIM bhI boTika (boDiya) jinheM sAmAnyatayA digambara mAna liyA jAtA hai, kintu vastutaH jo yApanIya haiM, kA ullekha nahIM hai / boTika sampradAya kA sarvaprathama ullekha Avazyaka mUlabhASya kI gAthA 145 se 148 taka meM milatA hai| ye gAthAyeM haribhadra kI Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM niyukti gAthA 783 ke pazcAt saMkalita haiM / isa prakAra zvetAmbara Agamika sAhitya Avazyaka mUlabhASya kI racanA ke pUrva taka boTika, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparAoM ke sambandha meM hameM koI sUcanA nahIM .

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618 detA hai / Azcarya yaha hai ki strImukti evaM kevalIkavalAhAra kA niSedha karane vAlI digambara paramparA kA ullekha to vikrama kI AThavIM zatI ke pUrva kisI bhI zvetAmbara grantha meM nahIM milatA hai| sAhityika dRSTi se yApanIya sampradAya ke sambandha meM jo ullekha upalabdha hai ve lagabhaga IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI yA usake pazcAt ke haiN| yadyapi aisA lagatA hai ki isake pUrva bhI yaha sampradAya astitva meM to avazya hI A gayA thaa| jahA~ taka abhilekhIya sAkSyoM kA prazna hai, mathurA ke IsA kI prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI ke jo jaina abhilekha upalabdha haiM, inameM gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM ke ullekha milate haiN| ye samasta gaNa, kula, zAkhAyeM aura sambhoga kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI ke anusAra hI haiN| digambara sAhitya meM hameM ina gaNoM zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kA kiJcita bhI saMketa upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi mathurA se upalabdha una sabhI mUrtiyoM aura AyAgapaTToM (jinapara ye abhilekha aMkita haiM) meM tIrthaGkara ko nagna rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai kintu vahIM usI kAla meM kalpasUtra evaM AcArAGga (dvitIya zrutaskaMdha) meM ullikhita mahAvIra ke garbhaparivartana kI ghaTanA kA aMkana bhI upalabdha hotA hai14| sAtha hI una abhilekhoM meM kalpasUtra ke anurUpa gaNa, kula, zAkhA aura saMbhogoM ke ullekha yaha sUcita karate haiM ki ye sabhI abhilekha aura mUrtiyA~ digambara paramparA se sambaddha nahIM haiN| punaH mathurA ke prAcIna zilpa meM muni ke hAtha kI kalAI para laTakate hue vakha khaNDa kA aMkana bhI jisase ve apanI nagnatA ko chipAye hue haiM, isa zilpa ko digambara paramparA se pRthaka karatA hai" / punaH mathurA kA jaina zilpa yApanIya bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki yApanIya paramparA kI utpatti isase paravartI hai isameM Arga kRSNa (ajja kanha) kA jinake ziSya zivabhUti se Avazyaka mUlabhASya meM boTika yA yApanIya paramparA kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai, nAmollekha pUrvaka aMkana upalabdha hai| paM0 kailAzacandra jI zAstrI ne ise ardhasphAlaka sampradAya kA mAnA hai, kintu isa sampradAya ke astitva kA dazavIM zatI ke pUrva kA koI bhI sAhityika yA abhilekhIya sAkSya nahIM hai / paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke anusAra aisA koI sampradAya nahIM thaa| yaha mAtra saMghabheda ke pUrva kI sthita hai| satya to yaha hai ki yApanIyoM yA boTikoM ne Arya kRSNa ke usI vastrakhaNDa kA virodha karake acelaka paramparA ke punaH sthApana kA prayatna kiyA thaa| deza kAla ke pravAha meM jaina saMgha meM jo parivartana A rahe the usI kA virodha yApanIyoM yA boTikoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa bnaa| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 isa prakAra abhilekhIya aura sAhityika donoM hI pramANoM se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki IsA kI lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI taka cAhe mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha meM vibhinna gaNa, zAkhA, kula aura sambhoga astitva meM A gaye the, phira bhI zvetAmbara digambara yA yApanIya jaise vargoM kA spaSTa vibhAjana nahIM ho pAyA thA ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM zvetAmbara digambara evaM yApanIya sampradAya IsA kI tIsarI zatI yA usake pazcAt hI astitva meM Aye haiN| yadyapi isa saMgha bheda ke mUla kAraNa isake pUrva bhI bhItara-bhItara apanI jar3eM jamA cuke the| ke zvetAmbara paramparA meM matabheda aura saMghabheda sambandhI jo sUcanAyeM upalabdha haiM, unameM prathamataH sthAnAna evaM Avazyakaniyukti meM sAta nihavoM kI carcA hai| ye sAta nihava jAmAli, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila haiN| inameM prathama do mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM aura zeSa pA~ca unake nirvANa ke pazcAt 214 se 584 varSa ke bIca meM hue haiM 28 / kintu inameM boTika yA boDiya kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| hama Upara dekha cuke haiM ki boDiya (boTika) kA sarvaprathama ullekha AvazyakamUlabhASya meM hai| isake anusAra vIra nivArNa ke 609 varSa ke pazcAt rathavIrapura nagara ke dIpaka udyAna meM ajja kaNha ke ziSya zivabhUti dvArA boTika paramparA kI utpatti huI / AvazyakamUlabhASya Avazyakaniyukti evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke madhyakAla kI racanA hai upalabdha Avazyakaniyukti vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 584 varSa taka kI arthAt IsA kI prathama zatI kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha karatI hai, ataH usake pazcAt hI usakA racanA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya kA racanAkAla sAmAnyatayA IsA kI chaThIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa (zaka 531 ke pUrva ) mAnA jAtA hai" / ataH isa avadhi ke bIca hI boTika mata yA yApanIya paramparA kA prAdurbhAva huA hogA / AvazyakamUlabhASya meM jo vIra nirvANa ke 609 varSa bAda arthAt IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM isa sampradAya kI utpatti kA ullekha hai, vaha kisI sImA taka satya pratIta hotA hai| digambara paramparA meM jaina saMgha ke vibhAjana kI sUcanA dene vAlA koI prAcIna graMtha nahIM hai, mAtra I0 san 942 (vi0 saM0 199) meM devasena dvArA racita 'darzanasAra' hai| isa grantha ke anusAra vikrama kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa pazcAt saurASTra deza ke balabhI nagarI meM zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti huii| isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki zrIkalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara muni se vikrama saMvat 205 meM yApanIya saMgha utpanna huaa| cU~ki 'darzanasAra' AvazyakamUlabhASya kI apekSA paryApta paravartI hai ataH usake vivaraNoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karane meM vizeSa satarkatA kI AvazyakatA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki jaba AvazyakamUlabhASya aura darzanasAra donoM hI vi0 saM0 136 athavA 139 yA vIra nirvANa saMvat 606 yA 609 meM saMgha bheda kI ghaTanA kA ullekha karate haiM to eka dUsare se puSTi hone ke kAraNa isa tathya ko aprAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki vikrama samvat kI prathama zatI ke anta yA dvitIya zatAbdI ke prArambha meM jainoM meM spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ho gyaa| 'darzanasAra' meM isa saMgha bheda kI ghaTanA ke 70 varSa pazcAt yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti kA ullekha hai / AvazyakamUlabhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki zivabhUti ke ziSya kauDinya aura koTTavIra se yaha paramparA Age clii| ataH yaha mAnane meM vizeSa bAdhA nahIM AtI ki yahI boTika sampradAya jisakA ullekha AvazyakamUlabhASya meM milatA hai, IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke anta meM eka svatantra sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| yadyapi yaha prazna anirNIta hI hai ki usane pUrNa svataMtra hokara 'yApanIya' nAma kaba dhAraNa kiyA, kyoMki 'yApanIya' .

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jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya 619 zabda kA sabase prAcIna prayoga dakSiNa bhArata meM mRgezavarman ke IsA kI jinakalpa kA viccheda ho gayA / zivabhUti ne kahA-maiM jinakalpa kA pA~cavI zatAbdI ke eka abhilekha meM milatA hai36 / kintu uttara bhArata AcaraNa karU~gA, upadhi ke parigraha se kyA lAbha? kyoMki parigraha ke meM isase pUrva yaha sampradAya apanI jar3eM jamA cukA hogaa| saMbhAvanA yaha sadbhAva meM kaSAya, mUrchA Adi aneka doSa haiM / Agama meM bhI aparigraha hai ki isake pUrva zvetAmbara ise boTika kahane lage hoMge kintu yaha apane kA ullekha hai, jinendra bhI acela the ata: acelatA sundara hai| isa para Apako paMcastUpAnvaya prakaTa karatA rahA hogA kyoMki acelaka paramparA AcArya ne uttara diyA ki zarIra ke sadbhAva meM bhI kabhI-kabhI kaSAya, meM jisakA eka aMga yApanIya bhI hai, paramparA ke vibheda sUcaka zabdoM meM mUrchA Adi hote haiM taba to deha kA bhI parityAga kara denA cAhie, sabase prAcIna yahI hai / saMbhAvanA yahI hai ki isI paMcastUpAnvaya nAma ko Agama meM aparigraha kA jo upadeza diyA gayA hai usakA tAtparya yaha hai lekara yApanIyoM ne dakSiNa bhArata meM praveza kiyA hogA aura vahA~ inheM ki dhArmika upakaraNoM meM mUrchA nahIM rakhanA cAhie / jina bhI ekAnta zvetAmbaroM dvArA niSkAsita mAnakara digambara paramparA dvArA yApanIya nAma rUpa se acelaka nahIM haiM, kyoMki sabhI jina eka vastra lekara dIkSita diyA gayA hogaa| hote haiM / guru ke isa prakAra pratipAdita karane para bhI zivabhUti karmodaya ke kAraNa vastroM kA tyAga karake saMgha se pRthaka ho gyaa| use vandana yApanIya sampradAya kA jIvana-kAla karane hetu AI usakI bahana uttarA bhI usakA anusaraNa kara acela ho sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se hama spaSTa rUpa se isa gaI / kintu bhikSArtha nagara meM Ane para gaNikA ne use dekhA aura kahA niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki yApanIya sampradAya vikrama saMvat kI dvitIya ki isa prakAra loga hamase virakta ho jAyegeM yA hamAre prati AkarSita zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM astitva meM AyA kyoMki AvazyakamUlabhASya nahIM hoNge| usane uttarA ke ura meM vastra bAMdha diyaa| yadyapi usane vastra kI yApanIyoM kI utpatti vIra nirvANa saMvat 609 batAtA hai aura taba se apekSA nahIM kI, kitu zivabhUti ne kahA ki ise devatA kA diyA huA lekara vikrama saMvat kI 15vIM zatAbdI taka isakA astitva rahA / isa mAnakara grahaNa karo / zivabhUti ke do ziSya hue kauDinya aura koTyavIra / tathya kI kAgabAr3e se prApta zaka saMvat 316 arthAt vikrama saMvat ina ziSyoM se usakI pRthak paramparA Age bar3hI26 / 451 ke isa sampradAya ke antima abhilekha se puSTi hotI hai / isa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya evaM mathurA ke aMkana se jJAta abhilekha meM yApanIya saMgha ke AcAryoM- dharmakIrti aura nAgakIrti kA hotA hai ki AryakRSNa ke samaya meM muni nagnatA ko chipAne ke lie vastra ullekha hai / ata: aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha sampradAya lagabhaga 1300 khaNDa kA upayoga karate the38 / sambhavata: zivabhUti kA isI prazna para varSoM taka jIvita rhaa| Arya kRSNa se vivAda huA hogaa| isa kathA meM bhI matabheda kA mukhya kAraNa vastra evaM upadhi kA grahaNa hI mAnA gayA hai / kathAnaka ke anya yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti-kathA tathyoM meM kitanI prAmANikatA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai| yaha sambhava hai ki yApanIyoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara zivabhUti dvArA acelakatA ko grahaNa karane para unakI bahana evaM sambandhita donoM hI sampradAyoM meM kathAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM / zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra sAdhviyoM ne bhI acelakatva kA Agraha kiyA hogA kintu zivabhUti ne rathavIrapura nagara ke dIpaka nAmaka udyAna meM AryakRSNa nAmaka AcArya kA sAdhviyoM kI acelakatA ko ucita na samajhakara kahA ho ki jisa Agamana huA / usa nagara meM sahasramalla zivabhUti nivAsa karatA thaa| prakAra tIrthaMGgara devadUSya nAmaka vastra grahaNa karate haiM usI prakAra sAdhviyoM pratidina arddharAtri ke pazcAt ghara Ane ke kAraNa usakA apanI mAtA ko bhI devatA kA diyA huA mAnakara eka vastra grahaNa karanA cAhie / aura patnI se kalaha hotA thaa| eka bAra rAtri meM vilamba se Akara dvAra isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM boTikoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo khulavAne para usakI mAtA ne dvAra na kholate hue kahA isa samaya jahAM kathA milatI hai vaha sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se pUrNatayA mukta to nahIM dvAra khulA ho vahIM cale jaao| nirAza hokara nagara meM ghUmate samaya use hai- phira bhI itanI satyatA avazya hai ki boTika acelakatA ke prazna muniyoM kA nivAsa-dvAra dikhAI pdd'aa| usane andara jAkara muniyoM kA ko lekara tatkAlIna paramparA se alaga hue the tathA unhoMne sAdhviyoM ke vandana kiyA aura pravrajita hone kI AkAMkSA vyakta kii| pahale AcArya lie eka vastra rakhanA mAnya kiyA thA / kathAnaka kA zeSa bhAga sahamata nahIM hue parantu svayaM usake keza-luJcana kara lene para AcArya ne sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kI racanA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se isakI use muniliGga pradAna kiyA / eka bAra rathavIrapura Agamana para rAjA ne satyatA isa artha meM hai ki AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti kAlpanika vyakti use bahumUlya ratnakambala bheMTa kiyA / AcArya ne isake grahaNa karane para na hokara aitihAsika vyakti haiM kyoMki unakA ullekha kalpasUtra kI Apatti kI, unhoMne zivabhUti ko binA batAye hI ratnakambala kA Asana sthavirAvalI meM milatA hai| ajjakaNha (AryakRSNa) kA ullekha mathurA nirmita kara liyaa| isa kAraNa AcArya aura zivabhUti meM matabheda utpanna ke abhilekha meM bhI hai|9| ho gyaa| eka bAra AcArya dvArA jinakalpa kA varNana karate samaya usane digambara paramparA meM yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti ke sambandha meM do vartamAna meM jinakalpa kA AcaraNa na karane aura adhika upadhi (parigraha) kathAnaka upalabdha hote haiM / devasena (lagabhaga I0 san kI dasavIM rakhane kA kAraNa pUchA ? AcArya ne uttara diyA- jambU svAmI ke pazcAt zatAbdI) ke darzanasAra nAmaka grantha ke 29vIM gAthA ke anusAra zrI

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620 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara sAdhu ne vikrama kI mRtyu ke 205 varSa pazcAt dUsarI zatAbdI meM jainamuni vastrakhaNDa, picchi yA rajoharaNa evaM pAtra kalyANa nagara meM yApanIya saMgha prArambha kiyA / grantha meM isa sambandha meM dhAraNa karane lage the / ho sakatA hai chedasUtroM meM varNita 14 upakaraNa vistRta vivaraNa kA abhAva hai| __ pUrNa rUpa se pracalita na bhI ho pAye hoM kintu itanA avazya hai ki vastra yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti ke sambandha meM dUsarA kathAnaka khaNDa rakhakara nagnatA chipAne kA prayatna aura bhikSA pAtroM kA prayoga hone ratnanandI ke bhadrabAhucaritra (IsA kI lagabhaga 15vIM zatAbdI meM upalabdha lagA thaa| yaha vastrakhaNDa sambhavata: mukha vastrikA ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hotA hai. jAtA thA, use hAtha kI kalAI para DAlakara nagnatA ko chipA liyA karahATaka ke rAjA bhUpAla kI patnI nRkulAdevI ne rAjA se jAtA thA, vizeSa rUpa se jaba bhikSAdi hetu nagara meM jAnA hotA thaa| Agraha kiyA ki ve usake paitRka nagara jAkara vahA~ Aye hue AcAryoM zivabhUti kA AryakRSNa se isI prazna ko lekara vivAda huA hogaa| ko Ane hetu anunaya kareM / rAjA ne nRkulAdevI ke nirdezAnusAra apane jahA~ AvazyakamUlabhASya meM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti ke madhya gurumantrI buddhisAgara ko bhejakara una muniyoM se karahATaka padhArane kI prArthanA ziSya kA sambandha batAyA gayA hai, vahA~ kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM kii| rAjA ke AmantraNa ko svIkAra kara ve munigaNa karahATaka pdhaare| zivabhUti ko ajja dujjenta kaNha ke pahale dikhAyA gayA hai| phira bhI unake svAgata hetu jAne para rAjA ne dekhA ki ve sAdhu savastra haiM aura donoM kI samakAlikatA meM kahIM bAdhA nahIM AtI hai / vastuta: vivAda unake pAsa bhikSA-pAtra aura lAThI bhI hai / yaha dekhakara rAjA ne unheM donoM ke bIca huA thA isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM vApasa lauTA diyA / nRkulA devI ko jaba yaha jJAta huA to usane una bhI ratnakambala prasaGga ko lekara jo kathAnaka khar3A kiyA gayA hai vaha muniyoM se digambara mudrA meM picchi-kamaNDalu lekara padhArane kA Agraha mujhe prAmANika nahIM lagatA / vastuta: mahAvIra ke pazcAt unake saMgha meM kiyA aura unhoMne tadanurUpa digambara mudrA dhAraNa kara nagara praveza kiyaa| vastra-pAtra grahaNa karane kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai / kSullakoM aura isa prakAra ve sAdhu veSa se to digambara the kintu unake kriyA-kalApa sadojaliGga vAle vyaktiyoM athavA rAja parivAra se Aye vyaktiyoM ke zvetAmbaroM jaise the| yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti ke sambandha meM ratnanandI kA lie apavAdarUpa meM vastra rakhane kI anumati pahale se hI thI kintu jina yaha kathana pUrNataH prAmANika nahIM hai / yApanIyoM kI utpatti zvetAmbara kalpa kA viccheda mAnakara jaba yaha sAmAnya niyama banane lagA to paramparA se na hokara usa mUla dhArA se huI hai jo zvetAmbara paramparA kI zivabhUti ne isakA virodha kara acelatA ko hI utsarga mArga sthApita pUrvaja thI, jisase kAla-krama meM vartamAna zvetAmbara dhArA kA vikAsa huA karane kA prayatna kiyA / unake pUrva bhI AryarakSita ko apane pitA jo hai / vastuta: mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha meM jaba vastra-pAtra Adi meM vRddhi hone unake hI saMgha meM dIkSita ho gaye the, nagnatA dhAraNa karavAne hetu vizeSa lagI thI aura acelakatva-pratiSThA kSINa hone lagI, usase acelatA ke prayatna karanA par3A thA kyoMki ve apane parijanoM ke samakSa nagna nahIM pakSadhara yApanIya aura sacelatA ke pakSadhara zvetAmbara aisI do dhArAyeM rahanA cAhate the / yadyapi inhIM AryarakSita ne bhikSA pAtra ke atirikta nikliiN| punaH yApanIya sampradAya kA janma dakSiNa meM na hokara uttara varSAkAla meM mala-mUtra Adi ke lie eka atirikta pAtra rakhe jAne kI bhArata meM huA / yApanIyoM ne jaba dakSiNa bhArata meM praveza kiyA hogA taba anumati bhI dI thI / mahAvIra ke kAla se hI nirgrantha saMgha meM nagnatA kA ve zvetAmbara sAdhu kA veza lekara gaye the / yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai| ekAnta Agraha to nahIM thA kintu use apavAda ke rUpa meM to svIkRta unake kathana meM mAtra itanI hI satyatA ho sakatI hai ki yApanIyoM ke kiyA hI gayA thaa| kintu jaba jinakalpa ko vicchinna mAnakara acelatA AcAra-vicAra meM kucha bAteM zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna aura kucha bAteM ke apavAda ko hI utsarga mAnakara nagnatA ko chipAne ke lie vastradakSiNa meM upasthita digambara paramparA ke samAna thiiN| khaNDa rakhanA anivArya kiyA hogA to zivabhUti ko acelatA ko hI indranandI ke 'nItisAra' meM yadyapi yApanIyoM kI utpatti-kathA utsarga mArga ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke lie saMgharSa karanA pdd'aa| nahIM dI gaI hai kintu pA~ca prakAra ke jainAbhAsoM kI carcA karate hue usameM unhoMne jinakalpa ko vicchinna na mAnakara samartha ke lie acelatA aura unhoMne yApanIyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai - gopucchika zvetavAsA, pANItala bhojI honA Avazyaka mAnA / ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra-pAtra dravir3a, yApanIya aura ni:picchaka 2 / se unakA virodha nahIM thA / bhagavatIArAdhanA meM hameM unake isI dRSTikoNa indranandI ke uparyukta kathana se mAtra itanA hI phalita hotA hai kA samarthana milatA hai / yadyapi yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai ki unake ki yApanIya paramparA indranandI kI mUlasaMghIya digambara paramparA se bhinna dvArA acelakatva ke punarsthApana ke isa prayAsa se spaSTa rUpa se saMgha bheda thI, ve unheM jainAbhAsa mAnate the arthAt unakI dRSTi meM yApanIya jainadharma ho gayA thA kyoMki kalpasUtra kI paTTAvalI meM jo antima parivardhana ke sacce pratinidhi nahIM haiM / vastuta: yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti aura devarddhigaNi ke samaya pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM huA usakI pahalI gAthA meM svarUpa sambandhI jo kathAnaka milate haiM ve sabhI virodhiyoM dvArA prastuta gautama gotrIya phalgumitra, vaziSTha gotrIya dhanagiri, kotsa gotrIya zivabhUti haiM aura saMgha kI yathArtha sthiti se avagata nahIM karAte haiM / yApanIya saMgha aura kauzika gotrIya doSyanta yA durjayanta kRSNa kA nAmollekha hai / kI utpatti ke sambandha meM merA cintana isa prakAra hai -mathurA ke aGkanoM yahA~ vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki isameM zivabhUti ke pazcAt AryakRSNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki AryakRSNa ke samaya arthAt vikrama kI kA ullekha hai jabaki AvazyakamUlabhASya meM zivabhUti ko AryakRSNa

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jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya 621 kA ziSya batAyA gayA hai / sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki zivabhUti paramparA se matabheda ke jo ullekha milate haiM unase yahI phalita hotA hai aura AryakRSNa guru-ziSya na hokara guru bandhu ho / kintu isase ki unakA mukhya vivAda muni ke hI sacela aura acela hone ke sambandha zivabhUti aura AryakRSNa ke samakAlika hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI meM thA / strI-mukti aura kavalAhAra ke sambandha meM inakA koI matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hI hai ki upadhi ke prazna ko lekara zivabhUti aura nahIM thA / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM inheM AcArAGga Adi AgamoM ko AryakRSNa ke bIca yaha vivAda huA hogA aura zivabhUti ke ziSyoM svIkAra karane vAlA mAnA gayA hai|43 ye digambara paraMparA ke samAna na kauDinya aura koTyavIra se acelatA kI samarthaka yaha dhArA pRthak rUpa to strI-mukti aura kevalI-mukti kA niSedha karate the aura na jainAgamoM kA se pravAhita hone lgii| pUrNataH viccheda hI svIkAra karate the / mAtra yaha kahate the ki AgamoM meM jo vastra-pAtra ke ullekha haiM ve ApavAdika sthiti ke haiM / isa prakAra ye yApanIyoM kA utpatti-sthala strI-mukti aura kevalI-kavalAhAra kI virodhI aura AgamoM ko vicchinna yApanIyoM athavA boTikoM ke utpatti-sthala ko lekara zvetAmbara mAnane vAle digambara sampradAya se bhinna haiM / isa sambandha meM paM0 aura digambara paramparAe~ bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiM / zvetAmbaroM ke dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, pro0 DhAkI aura merA lekha draSTavya hai / anusAra unakI utpatti rathavIrapura nAmaka nagara meM huI, yaha nagara mathurA ke yadi hama boTikoM kI isa mAnyatA kI tulanA yApanIya paramparA samIpa uttara bhArata meM sthita thA28 / jabaki digambaroM ke anusAra inakA se karate haiM to donoM meM koI antara dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / yApanIyoM kA utpatti sthala dakSiNa bhArata meM uttara pazcimI karNATaka meM sthita karahATaka jo bhI sAhitya upalabdha hai, usase bhI spaSTa rUpa se yahI niSkarSa thA29 / isa prakAra zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra ve uttara meM aura digambaroM ke nikalatA hai ki yApanIya yadyapi muni kI acelatA para bala dete the anusAra dakSiNa meM utpanna hue / prazna yaha hai ki unameM se kauna satya hai| kintu dUsarI ora ve strI-mukti, anya tairthikoM (dUsarI dharma-paramparA) kI zve0 paramparA ke pakSa meM tathya yaha hai ki usameM isa vibhAjana ko mukti, kevalIkavalAhAra aura AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti se sambandhita kiyA hai - ina donoM ke ullekha kalpa, vyavahAra, maraNavibhakti, pratyAkhyAna Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM upalabdha hai / puna: AryakRSNa kI abhilekha ko svIkAra karate the| ve digambara paramparA ke samAna aMga Adi AgamoM sahita mUrti bhI mathurA se upalabdha hai jo vastrakhaNDa kalAI para DAlakara ke sarvathA viccheda kI bAta nahIM mAnate haiM, isa paramparA meM Age calakara apanI nagnatA chipAye hue haiM / astu, AvazyakamUlabhASya kA uttara jina svatantra granthoM aura unakI TIkAoM kA nirmANa huA unameM ardhamAgadhI bhArata meM unakI utpatti kA saMketa prAmANika hai| jahA~ taka ratnanandI ke Agama sAhitya kI saikar3oM gAthAyeM aura uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / ata: dakSiNa bhArata meM inakI utpatti ke ullekha kA prazna hai, vaha isalie upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para pUrNarUpeNa sunizcita hai ki yApanIya aura adhika prAmANika nahIM hai kyoMki prathama to vaha unakI utpatti 1200 boTika donoM sampradAya eka hI haiM / sambhavata: unheM 'boTika' zvetAmbaroM varSoM bAda jaba yaha sampradAya maraNAsanna sthiti meM thA taba likhA gayA - ne aura 'yApanIya' nAma digambaroM ne pradAna kiyA thA / kyoMki zvetAmbara jabaki AvazyakamUlabhASya unakI utpatti ke lagabhaga 200 varSa pazcAt granthoM ke atirikta unake liye kahIM bhI boTika nAma kA ullekha nahIM nirmita ho cukA thA / dUsare usa kathAnaka kI puSTi ke anya koI hai| usa samaya ve apane Apako kyA kahate the? yaha zodha kA viSaya sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya nahIM hai / dakSiNa bhArata meM unakI hai / yadyapi abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki pAMcavIM utpatti batAne kA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki yApanIyoM kA digambara paramparA zatAbdI se ve apane liye 'yApanIya' zabda kA prayoga karane lage the| se sAkSAtkAra dakSiNa bhArata meM hI huA thA / abhilekhoM meM sarvaprathama 'yApanIya' zabda kA sampradAya ke artha meM prayoga mRgezavarmana ke halsI ke abhilekha meM huA hai jo pAMcavIM zatI kA hai| kyA yApanIya aura boTika eka haiM ? ata: isake pazcAt inake lie yApanIya zabda prayoga hone lagA hogA jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM prAcIna zvetAmbara aura Avazyaka mUlabhASya meM prayukta boTika kevala zvetAmbara Agamika sAhitya meM yApanIya saMgha kA ullekha haribhadra ke pUrva upalabdha nahIM hotA vyAkhyA sAhitya taka hI sImita raha gayA / hai, usake pUrva hameM jo ullekha milatA hai, vaha boTikoM kA hI hai, ata: yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki boTika kauna the ? kyA yApanIya saMgha ke abhilekhIya sAkSya inakA yApanIyoM se koI sambandha thA ? inakI paramparA kyA thI ? yApanIya saMgha aura usake AcAryoM, bhaTTArakoM evaM upAsakoM ke boTikoM kI utpatti-kathA se hI yaha spaSTa hai ki inhoMne jinakalpa kA sambandha meM hameM jo sUcanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM, unake do AdhAra haiM- eka viccheda svIkAra nahIM kiyA thA aura vastra ko parigraha mAnakara muni ke sAhityika ullekha aura dUsare abhilekhIya sAkSya / ina sAhityika lie acelakatA kA hI pratipAdana kiyA / zivabhUti dvArA apanI bahana ullekhoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM bhI abhilekhIya sAkSya adhika uttarA ko vastra rakhane kI anumati denA yaha bhI sUcita karatA hai ki isa prAmANika kahe jA sakate haiM kyoMki prathama to ve samakAlika hote haiM, sampradAya meM sAdhviyA~ savastra rahatI thIM / isa sampradAya ke tatkAlIna dUsare inameM kisI prakAra ke parivartana kI sambhAvanA atyalpa hotI hai|

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622 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yApanIya sampradAya ke sambandha meM hameM aneka abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha bharaNa-poSaNa kA bhI ullekha hai| isase bhI yahI lagatA hai ki isa kAla hote haiM / ina abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para pro0 Adi nAtha taka yApanIya muni pUrNatayA maThAdhIza ho cuke the aura maThoM meM hI unake neminAtha upAdhye ne 'anekAnta varSa 28, kiraNa-1 meM yApanIya saMgha ke AhAra kI vyavasthA hotI thii| isake pazcAta yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita sambandha meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai / prastuta vivecana kA AdhAra unakA eka anya dAnapatra pUrvI cAlUkyavaMzIya 'ammarAja dvitIya' kA hai / vahI lekha hai kintu hamane ina abhilekhoM ke mudrita rUpoM ko dekhakara isane kaTakAbharaNa jinAlaya ke lie maliyapuNDI nAmaka grAma dAna meM apekSita sAmagrI ko jor3A bhI hai| diyA thaa| isa mandira ke adhikArI yApanIya saMgha 'koTimaDuvagaNa' yApanIya saMgha ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama abhilekha hameM nandigaccha ke gaNadhara sadRza munivara jinanandI ke praziSya munipuMgava 'kadambavaMzIya' mRgezavarman I0 san (475-490) kA prApta hotA hai| divAkara ke ziSya jinasadRza guNasamudra mahAtmA zrI mandira deva the / isa abhilekha meM yApanIya, nimrantha evaM kurcakoM ko bhUmidAna kA isase pUrva ke abhilekha meM jahA~ yApanIya nandIsaMgha aisA ullekha hai, ullekha milatA hai| isI kAla ke eka anya abhilekha (I0 san vahA~ isameM yApanIya saMgha nandIgaccha aisA ullekha hai|| 497 se 537 ke madhya) dAmakIrti, jayakIrti pratIhAra, nimittajJAna yApanIya saMgha se hI sambandhita I0 san 980 kA cAlukyavaMza pAragAmI AcArya bandhusena aura tapodhana zAstrAgama khinna kumAradatta kA bhI eka abhilekha milatA hai52 / isa abhilekha meM zAntivarmA dvArA nAmaka cAra yApanIya AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ke ullekha hai / isameM nirmita jaina mandira ke lie bhUmidAna kA ullekha hai, isameM yApanIya saMgha yApanIyoM ko tapasvI (yApanIyAstapasvinaH) tathA saddharmamArga meM sthita ke kANDUragaNa ke kucha sAdhuoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM yathA - bAhubalidevacandra, (saddharmamArgasthita) kahA gayA hai / AcAryoM ke lie 'sUri' zabda kA ravicandrasvAmI, arhanandI, zubhacandra, siddhAntadeva, maunideva aura prabhAcandradeva prayoga huA hai| ina donoM abhilekhoM se yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki Adi / isameM prabhAcandra ko zabda vidyAgamakamala, SaTtarkAkalaGka kahA rAjA ne mandira kI pUjA, surakSA aura dainika dekhabhAla ke sAtha-sAtha gayA hai| ye prabhAcandra - 'prameya kamalamArtaNDa' aura 'nyAyakumadacandra' ke aSTAhnikA mahotsava evaM yApanIya sAdhuoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie dAna kartA prabhAcandra se bhinna yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ke 'zabdAnuzAsana' diyA thA, isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa kAla taka yApanIya saMgha para 'nyAsa' ke kartA haiN| ke muniyoM ke AhAra ke lie koI svatantra vyavasthA hone lagI thI aura pro0 pI0 bI0 desAI ne apane grantha meM saudatti (belagA~va) ke bhikSAvRtti gauNa ho rahI thI anyathA unake bharaNa-poSaNa hetu dAna diye eka abhilekha kI carcA kI hai jisameM yApanIya saMgha ke kANDUragaNa ke jAne ke ullekha nahIM hote / isake pazcAt devagiri se kadambavaMza kI zubhacandra prathama, candrakIrti, zubhacandra dvitIya, nemicandra prathama, kumAra dUsarI zAkhA ke kRSNavarmA ke (I0 san 475-485) kAla kA kIrti, prabhAcandra aura nemicandra dvitIya ke ullekha haiM53 / isI prakAra abhilekha milatA hai, jisameM usake putra yuvarAja devavarmA dvArA triparvata yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita I0 san 1013 kA eka anya abhilekha ke Upara ke kucha kSetra arhanta bhagavAna ke caityAlaya kI marammata, pUjA 'belagA~va' kI ToDDAvasadI kI neminAtha kI pratimA kI pAdapITha para aura mahimA ke lie yApanIya saMgha ko diye jAne kA ullekha hai| isa milA hai, jise yApanIya saMgha ke pArisayya ne I0 san 1013 meM abhilekha ke pazcAt 300 varSoM taka hameM yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita nirmita karavAyA thaa| isI prakAra san 1020 I0 ke 'raDhvaga' lekha koI bhI abhilekha upalabdha nahIM hotA jo apane Apa meM eka vicAraNIya meM prakhyAta yApanIya saMgha ke 'putrAgavRkSamUlagaNa ke prasiddha upadezaka tathya hai / isake pazcAt I0 san 812 kA rASTrakUTa rAjA prabhUtavarSa kA AcArya kumArakIrti paNDitadeva ko 'huvinavAge' kI bhUmi ke dAna kA eka abhilekha prApta hotA hai / isa abhilekha meM yApanIya AcArya ullekha hai|5 I0 san 1028-29 ke hAsura ke abhilekha meM kuvilAcArya ke praziSya evaM vijayakIrti ke ziSya arkakIrti kA yApanIya saMgha ke guru jayakIrti ko supArI ke bAga aura kucha ghara mandira ullekha milatA hai / isa abhilekha meM yApanIya nandIsaMgha aura punnAgavRkSa ko dAna meM dene ke ullekha haiM / 56 'hulI' ke do abhilekha jo lagabhaga mUlagaNa evaM zrI kityAcAryAndaya kA bhI ullekha huA hai / isa I0 san 1044 ke haiM unameM yApanIya saMgha ke putrAgavRkSa mUlagaNa ke abhilekha meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki AcArya arkakIrti ne zani ke bAlacandradeva bhaTTAraka57 kA tathA dUsare meM rAmacandradeva kA ullekha hai / duSprabhAva se grasita puligila deza ke zAsaka vimalAditya kA upacAra isI prakAra I0 san 1045 ke mugada (maisUra) lekha meM bhI yApanIya saMgha kiyA thaa| isa abhilekha se anya phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki IsA kI ke kumudigaNa ke kucha AcAryoM ke ullekha milate haiM - zrI kIrti navIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM yApanIya AcArya na kevala maThAdhIza bana gaye goravaDi, prabhAzazAMka, nayavRttinAtha, ekavIra, mahAvIra, narendrakIrti the apitu ve vaidyaka aura yantra-mantra Adi kA kArya bhI karane lage the| nAgavikki, vRttIndra, niravadyakIrti, bhaTTAraka, mAdhavendu, bAlacandra, lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI ke eka anya abhilekha meM jo ki ciMgalapeTha, rAmacandra, municandra, ravikIrti, kumArakIrti, dAmanaMdi, vidyagovardhana, tamilanADU se prApta huA hai, yApanIya saMgha aura kumiligaNa ke mahAvIrAcArya dAmanandi vaDDAcArya Adi / yadyapi prophesara upAdhye ne ina nAmoM meM se ke ziSya amaramudalagurU kA ullekha hai jinhoMne dezavallabha nAmakA eka kucha ke sambandha meM kRtrimatA kI sambhAvanA vyakti kI hai kintu unakA jinamandira banavAyA thA / isa dAnapatra meM yApanIya saMgha ke sAdhuoM ke AdhAra kyA hai, yaha unhoMne apane lekha meM spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai|

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jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya 60 isI prakAra moraba jilA dhAravADa ke eka lekha meM yApanIya saMgha ke jaya kIrtideva ke ziSya nAgacandra ke samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha hai| isameM nAgacandra ke ziSya kanakazakti ko mantracUDAmaNi batAyA gayA hai / 6deg san 1096 meM tribhuvanamalla ke zAsanakAla meM yApanIya saMgha ke punnAgavRkSa mUlagaNa ke municandra traividya bhaTTAraka ke ziSya cArukIrti paMDita ko soviseTTi dvArA eka upavana dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai / 11 isa dAnapatra meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki ise municandra siddhAntadeva ke ziSya dAyiyayya ne lipibaddha kiyA thaa| dharmapurI jilA bIr3a, mahArASTra ke eka lekha meM yApanIya saMgha aura vandiyUra gaNa ke mahAvIra paMDita ko kucha nagaroM se vividhakaroM dvArA prApta Aya kA kucha bhAga bhagavAn kI pUjA aura sAdhuoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa hetu dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai|" isI prakAra 11 vIM zatAbdI ke eka anya abhilekha meM yApanIya saMgha kI mAilAyAnvaya evaM koreyagaNa ke devakIrti ko gandhavaMzI zivakumAra dvArA jaina mandira nirmita karavAne aura usakI vyavasthA hetu kumudavADa nAmaka grAma dAna meM dene kA ullekha hai / isa abhilekha meM devakIrti ke pUrvaja guruoM meM zubhakIrti, jinacandra, nAgacandra, guNakIrti Adi AcAryoM kA bhI ullekha hai / isI prakAra ballAla deva, gaNadharAditya ke samaya meM IsavI san 1908 meM mUlasaMgha punnAgavRkSa mUlagaNa kI AryikA rAtrimatI kanti kI ziSyA bammagavur3a dvArA mandira banavAne kA ullekha hai| yahA~ mUlasaMgha kA ullekha kucha prAnti utpanna karatA hai, yadyapi putrAgavRkSamUla gaNa ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha AryikA yApanIya saMgha se hI sambandhita thI kyoMki punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa yApanIya saMgha kA hI eka gaNa thA / 66 bailamoMgala jilA belagA~va se cAlukyavaMzI tribhuvana malladeva ke kAla kA abhilekha65 prApta hai isameM yApanIya saMgha mailAyAnvaya kAreya gaNa ke mUla bhaTTAraka aura jinadeva sUri kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha hai / isI prakAra vikramAditya SaSTha ke zAsana kAla kA hUli jilA belagA~va kA eka abhilekha hai jisameM yApanIya saMgha ke kaNDuragaNa ke bahubalI zubhacandra, maunideva, mAghanaMdi Adi AcAryoM kA ullekha hai| ekasambi jilA belagA~va se prApta eka abhilekha meM vijayAditya ke senApati kAlaNa dvArA nirmita neminAtha basati ke lie yApanIya saMgha punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa ke mahAmaNDalAcArya vijayakIrti ko bhUmidAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai| isa abhilekha meM ina vijayakIrti kI guruparamparA ke rUpa meM municandra vijayakIrti prathama kumArakIrti aura traividya vijayakIrti kA bhI ullekha huA hai| arsikere, maisUra ke eka abhilekha" meM yApanIya saMgha ke maDuvagaNa kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI gaI hai| isa mandira kI mUrti pratiSThA punnAgavRkSa - mUlagaNa aura saMgha ( yApanIya ke ziSya bhANakaselI) dvArA karAI gaI thii| pratiSThAcArya yApanIya saMgha ke maDuvagaNa ke kumArakIrti siddhAnta the / isa abhilekha meM yApanIya zabda ko miTAkara kASThAmukha zabda ko jor3ane kI ghaTanA kI sUcanA bhI sampAdaka se milatI hai| inake atirikta 12vIM zatAbdI meM lokApura jilA belagA~va ke eka 623 abhilekha meM ubhaya siddhAnta cakravartI yApanIya saMgha ke kaNDUMragaNa ke guru sakalendu saiddhAntika kA ullekha hai| isI kSetra ke manoli jilA belagA~va ke eka abhilekha meM yApanIya saMgha ke guru municandradeva ke ziSya pAlya kIrti ke samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha hai70 - ye pAlyakIrti sambhavataH suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pAlyakIrti zAkATAyana hI haiM, jinake dvArA likhita zabdAnumAna evaM usakI amoghavRtti prasiddha hai / inake dvArA likhita strI nirvANa aura kevalI mukti prakaraNa bhI zAkaTAyana-vyAkaraNa ke sAtha bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA prakAzita hue haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki ye yApanIya paramparA ke AcArya the / isI prakAra 13vIM zadI ke hukeri jilA belagAMva ke eka abhilekha meM traikIrti kA nAmollekha milatA hai| yApanIya saMgha kA antima abhilekha IsavI san 1394 kA kagavADa jilA belagA~va meM upalabdha huA hai| yaha abhilekha talaghara meM sthita bhagavAn neminAtha kI pIThikA para aMkita hai| isa para vApanIya saMgha aura punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa ke nemicandra, dharmakIrti aura nAgacandra kA ullekha huA I 2 yApanIya saMgha ke avAntara gaNa aura anvaya abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika AdhAroM se hameM yApanIya saMgha ke avAntara gaNoM aura anvayoM kI sUcanA milatI hai / indranaMdi ke nItisAra ke AdhAra para pro0 upAdhye likhate haiM ki yApanIyoM meM siMha, nandi sena aura devasaMgha Adi nAma se sabase pahale saMgha vyavasthA thI, bAda meM gaNa, gaccha Adi kI vyavasthA banIM |73 kintu abhilekhIya sUcanAoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki gaNa hI Age calakara saMgha meM parivartita ho gae / kadamba nareza ravivarmA ke halsI abhilekha meM yApanIya saMghebhyaH aisA bahuvacanAtmaka prayoga hai / 74 isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki yApanIya saMgha ke antargata bhI kucha saMgha yA gaNa the| yApanIya saMgha ke eka abhilekha meM 'yApanIya nandIsaMgha" aisA ullekha milatA hai / 75 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naMdi saMgha yApanIya paramparA kA hI eka saMgha thaa| kucha abhilekhoM meM yApanIyoM ke naMdigaccha kA bhI ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| digambara paramparA ke abhilekhoM meM gaccha zabda kA prayoga nahIM milatA, sAmAnyatayA unameM saMgha, gaNa aura anvaya ke prayoga pAye jAte haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke abhilekhoM meM gaNa, gaccha, zAkhA, kula aura saMbhoga ke prayoga hue haiN| yApanIya saMgha ke abhilekhoM meM bhI kevala uparyukta abhilekha meM gaccha zabda kA prayoga milA hai| yApanIyasaMgha ke jina gaNoM, anvayoM kA ullekha milA haiunameM punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa, kumili athavA kumudigaNa maDuvagaNa, kaNDUragaNa, yA kANUragaNa, bandiyUra gaNa, koreya gaNa kA ullekha pramukha rUpa se huA hai / 77 sAmAnyatayA yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita abhilekhoM meM anvayoM kA ullekha nahIM huA hai, kintu 11vIM zatAbdI ke kucha abhilekhoM meM koreyagaNa ke sAtha mailAyAnvaya athavA mailAnvaya ke ullekha milate haiN| ina gaNoM aura anvayoM kA avAntara bheda kina-kina saiddhAntika .

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624 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 matabhedoM para AdhArita the, isakI hameM koI prAmANika jAnakArI prApta aura prakAza, anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 244nahIM hotI hai / ina gaNoM aura anvayoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM eka 253. mahattvapUrNa carcA yaha hai ki kucha abhilekhoM meM yApanIya nandisaMgha aisA 2. e. ena. upAdhye : jaina sampradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura ullekha milA hai to kyA isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAya ki naMdisaMgha prakAza, anekAnta varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 246. yApanIya paramparA se sambandhita thA / puna: naMdisaMgha ke kucha abhilekhoM meM 3. jattA te bhaMte ? javaNijjaM (te bhaMte ?) avvAbAhaM (te bhatte ?)dravir3agaNa aura 'aruNAnvaya' ke bhI ullekha milate haiM to kyA hama yaha phAsuyavihAraM (te bhaMte ?)? mAne ki dravir3a gaNa aura aruNAnvaya kA sambandha bhI yApanIya saMgha se somilA ! jattA vi me, javaNija pi me, avvA vAhaM pi me, thA ? yadyapi itanA to nizcita hai ki 'darzanasAra' meM jina jainAbhAsoM kI phAsyavihAraM pi me bhagavaI (lADanUM), 10/206-207 carcA kI gaI hai, unameM yApanIya aura dravir3a donoM ko hI sammilita 4. kiM te bhaMte ! javaNijjaM ? kiyA gayA hai - isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki dravir3a saMgha meM striyoM somilA ! javaNijje duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA iMdiyajavaNijje ya, ko dIkSA dI jAtI thI isase yaha sambhAvanA to vyakti kI hI jA sakatI noiMdiyajavaNijje y|| hai ki dravir3a saMgha aura yApanIya saMgha donoM strI kI pravrajyA ke samarthaka se kiM taM iMdiyajavaNijje ? the aura ve mUlasaMghIya digambara paramparA jo strI kI dIkSA kA niSedha iMdiyajavaNijje-jaM me soiMdiya-cakkhidiya-ghANiMdiyakaratI thI, se bhinna the / isI kAraNa unako jainAbhAsa kahA gayA / jibhidiyaphAsiMdiyAI niruvahayAI vase vaTuMti, settaM sambhAvanA yahI hai ki donoM meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA thii| pro0 DhAkI __ iMdiyajavaNijje / / se kiM taM noidiyajavaNijje ? kI to mAnyatA hai ki dravir3a saMgha kA vikAsa yApanIya nandI saMgha se hI no iMdiyajavaNijje jaM me koha-mANa-mAyA-lobhA vocchiNNA no huA hogA / 79 udIreMti, settaM noiMdiyajavaNijje, settaM javaNijje / zvetAmbara srotoM se yaha jAnakArI bhI milatI hai ki yApanIya - bhagavaI (lADanUM), 10/208-210 paramparA gopya saMgha ke nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| haribhadra ke SaDdarzana- 5. AyasmaMtaM bhagu bhagavA etadavoca - "kacci, bhikkhu, khamanIyaM, samuccaya kI TIkA meM guNaratna likhate haiM ki nAgnya liMga aura pANipAtrIya kacci yApanIyaM, kacci piNDakena na kilamasI'' ti? khamanIyaM, digambara cAra prakAra ke haiM - bhagavA, yApanIyaM, bhagavA, na cAhaM, bhante piNDakena kilamAmI" (1) kASThA saMgha (2) mUlasaMgha, (3) mAthura saMgha aura (4) ti| gopya saMgha / ___ - mahAvaggo, 10-4-16 1. kASThA saMgha meM camarI gAya ke bAloM kI picchI rakhI jAtI 6. anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 246. hai| ise bhI darzanasAra meM jainAbhAsa kahA gayA hai| mUlasaMgha aura gopya 7. pUrvokta, anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 246 saMgha meM mayUra-picchI grahaNa kI jAtI hai / mAthura saMtra niSpicchika hai| 8. pro0 ema. e. DhAkI se vyaktigata carcA ke AdhAra para / inameM prathama tIna arthAt kASThA, mUla aura mAthura saMgha ke sAdhu bandara 9. a-kAlikA prasAda : bRhat hindI koza (jJAnamaMDala, vArANasI) karanevAle ko 'dharma vRddhi' kahate haiM tathA strI evaM savastra kI mukti ko vi. saM. 2009, pR. 1068 svIkAra nahIM karate / gopya saMgha ke muni vandana karane vAle ko 'dharma (ba) vAmana zivarAma ApTe : saMskRta-hindI koza (dillI - 1984) lAbha' kahate haiM tathA strI mukti aura kevalI mukti ko svIkAra karate haiN| pR. 834 yaha gopya saMgha yApanIya saMgha bhI kahA jAtA hai / 80 10. vAmana zivarAma ApTe-vahI, pR0 834 sandarbha 11. Avazyakaniyukti (harabhidrIyavRtti) meM upalabdha mUlabhASya gAthA, 1. a- Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 34 pR0215-16 b- H. Luders : E. IV,p338 12. 'strIgrahaNaM tAsAmapi tadbhava iva saMsArakSayo bhavati iti jJApanArtha c- nAthUrAma premI: jaina hitaiSI, XIII pa0 250-75 vacaH yathoktam yApanIyataMtre" - zrI lalitavistarA, pR0 57d- A. N. Upadhye : Journal of the University . 58, prakA0 RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthAna, ratalAma / of Bombay, 1956, I, VI pp 22ff; 13. uttarAdhyayana, zAntyAcArya kI TIkA, pR0, 181. e. nAthUrAma premI : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - dvitIya saMskaraNa, 14. Avazyaka TIkA (haribhadra kRta), pR. 323 bambaI 1956, pR0 56, 155, 521 15. a - therehito bhaddajasehiMto bhAraddAyasaguttehiMto ettha NaM uDuvADiyagaNa f. P.B. Desai : Jainism in South India, pp. 163- nAma gaNe niggae / kalpasUtra (prAkRtabhAratI, jayapura saMskaraNa) 66 aadi| sUtra, 213 / g. e. ena. upAdhye : jaina sampradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha (ba) therehito NaM kAmiDDhihiMto kuMDalisagottehiMto ettha NaM vesavADiyagaNe

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625 jaina dharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya yApanIya nAma gaNe niggaye / kalpasUtra, sUtra-214 28. sthAnAGga, 7/140-142 va saMgrahaNI gAthA 16. dekhiye boIM- hindI-gujarAtI koza (ahamadAbAda-1961) pR. 29. Avazyaka mUlabhASya, 145-148 348 - uddhRta Avazyaka niyukti haribhadrIya vRtti, pR. 215-216 17. (a) pro. ema. e. DhAkI se vyaktigata prApta sUcanA para AdhArita 30. Avazyaka niyukti 79-783 (ba) dekhiye boTa- hindI-gujarAtI koza, pR. 348 31. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA pR. 373 18. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 207-224 32. vahI, pR. 372 19. nandIsUtra (madhukara muni), gAthA, 25-50 33. jainasAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR. 372 20. paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha kalyANa vijayagaNi ke prArambhika adhyAya 34. vahI, pR. 272-273 21. (a) samaNassa NaM bhagavao mahAvIrassa titthasi satta pavayaNaNiNhagA 35. Avazyaka mUlabhASya gAthA, 145-148, uddhRta Avazyaka niyukti paNNattA, taM jahA-bahuratA, jIvapaesiyA, avattiyA, sAmuccheiyA, haribhadrIya vRtti dokiriyA, terAsiyA avaddhiyA / / 36. jaina zilAlekha saMgaha, bhAga 2, abhilekha saM 102-103 eesi NaM sattaNhaM pavayaNaNiNhagANaM sattaM mammAyariyA hutthA, taM 37. Avazyakaniyukti haribhadrIyavRtti, pRSTha 216-218 jahA- jamAlI, tIsagutte, AsADhe, Asamitte, gaMge, chalue, 38. Jain Stupas and other Antiquities of MathuragoTThAmAhile / etesi NaM sattaNha pavayaNaNiNhagANaM satta uppattiNagarA V.A. Smith, Plate No. 10,15,17, pp 24.25 hutthA, taM jahA - 39. (a) kalpasUtra / sthAnAGga, sattama, ThANaM 140-142, pRSTha saMkhyA, 753-754; (A) Jain Stupas and other Antiquities of (ba) bahuraya jamAlipaMbhavA jIvapaesasa ya tiisguttaao| Mathura- V.A. Smith, Plate No. 10,15,17, pp avvattA''sADhAo sAmuccheyA''samittAo // 779 / / 24.25 gaMgAo dokariyA chalugA terAsiyANa uppttii| 40. Annals of the B. O. R. I. XV-III. IV, pp. 198 ff, therA ya goTThamAtyi puTThamabaddhaM parUviMti // 780 // Poona, 1934; sAvatthI usanapura seyaviyA mihila ullugatIraM / dekheM anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa1, pR0 134 purimaMtaraMji dasapura ratavIrapuraM ca nagarAi / / 781 // 41. bhadrabAhucarita -kolhApura 1921, IV pR0 135-154 dekheM coddasa sothasa vAsA coddasavIsuttarAM ya doNNi sayA / anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1 / aTThAvIsA ya duve paMceva sayA u coyAlA // 782 / / 42. gopacchikAH zvetAvAsAH drAviDo yApanIyakAH / paMtha sayA tulasIyA chacceva sayA NvottarA hoti / ni: picchikazceti paMcaite jainAbhAsAH prakIrtitAH / / NANuppattIya duve uppaNNA Nitvue sesA // 783 / / dekheM-anekAnta, varSa 28 kiraNa. 1, pR0 246 22. chabbAsasayAI navuttarAI taiyA siddhigayassa vIrassa / 43. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 3054 to boDiyANa diTThI rahavIrapure samuppaNNA / / 44. paM0 becaradAsa dozI smRti grantha, sampAdaka : pro0 ema. e. DhAkA rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe ya / evaM pro0 sAgaramalajaina / pA. vi. zo0 saM0 se prakAzita, pR0 sivabhuissUvahiMmi ya pRcchA therANa kahaNA ya / / 68-73 UhAe paNNattaM boDiyasivabhUittarAhi imaM / 45. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha; bhAga-2, lekha kramAMka 99. micchAdasaNamiNamo rahavIrapure samuppaNNaM / / 46. vahI, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 99 boDiyasivabhUIo boDiyaliMgassa hoI uppattI / 47. vahI, bhAga2, lekha kramAMka 99,100 koDiNNa-koTTavIrA paraMparAphAsamuppaNNA / / 48. vahI, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 105 -Avazyaka mUlabhASya, 145-148, uddhRta-Avazyaka niyukti 49. vahI bhAga2, lekha kramAMka 124 haribhadrIyavRtti, pR0 215 50. vahI, bhAga 4, lekha kramAMka 70 23. paTTAvalI parAgasaMgraha, kalyANavijaya jI 51. vahI, bhAga2, lekha kramAMka 143 24. Jaina Stupas and Other Antiquities of India- 52. vahI, bhAga2, lekha kramAMka 160 V.A. Smith, Plate No. 10,15,17pp. 24,25 53. Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epi25. Ibid, pp.24-25. graphs- Desai P.B. p. 165. 26. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR0 385 54. dekheM -anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa1, pR0 247 27. (a) vahI, pR0 381 (ba) jainahitaiSI, bhAga 13, aMka 9-10.55. (a) Journal of the Bombay Historical Society,

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626 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 III, pp.102-200. 159,ff. (ba) anekAnta, varSa 28 kiraNa 1, pR0 248 69. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 5, lekhakramAMka 117. 56. (a) vahI, pR0 248 . 70. Jainism in South India, P.B. Desai, p. 404 (ba) South Indian Inscriptions XII No. 65, Ma- 71. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, saM0 bhAga 2, kramAMka 384. dras 1940. 72. jinavijaya (kannar3a) belagA~va julAI 1931 57. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 4, lekha kramAMka 130 73. anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 250. 58 vahI, 74. Epigraphia Indian X. No. 6, see Ibid., p. 247. 59 (a) anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 248 75. anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 244-45. (ba) South Indian Inscriptions, XII No. 65,Ma- 76. vahI, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 250. dras 1940. 77. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga lekha kramAMka / - (sa) jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 4, lekhakramAMka 131 78. Annals of the B.O.R.I. XV, pp. 198, Poona 60. vahI, bhAga 4, lekhakramAMka 143 1934, 61. vahI, 168 79. vyaktigata carcA ke AdhAra para / 62. vahI, bhAga 5, lekhakramAMka 69-70 80. digambarAH punarnAgnyaliGgAH pANipAtrAzca / te catardhA 63. I.A.XVIII. p. 309, Also see Jainism in South kASThAsaGghamUlasaGgha- mAthurasaGgha-gopyasaGgha-bhedAt / kASThAsaMghe India P.B. Desai, p. 115 camarIbAlai: picchikA, mUlasace mAyUrapicchai: picchikA, mAthurasaGgha 64. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 250 mUlato'pi picchikA nAdRtA, gopyA mAyUrapicchikA / AdyAstrayo'pi 65. Annual Report of South Indian Insciptions. saGghAvandhamAnA dharma vRddhi bhaNanti, strINAM muktiM kevalinAM bhukti 1951-52, No. 33,p- 12 See also. savrata-syApi sacIvarasya muktiM ca na manvate, gopyastu vandyamAnA anekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa 1, pR0 248 dharmalAbhaM bhaNanti, strINAM mukti kevalinAM bhakti ca manyante / 66. jaina zilAlekha sagraha, bhAga 4, lekhakramAMka 207 gopyA yApanIyA itypyucynte| 67. vahI, bhAga 4, lekhakramAMka 259. -SaDedarzanasamuccaya-haribhadrasUri, kArikA 44: 2 guNaratna TIkA 68. Journal of the Karnatak University, X, 1965,

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uccairnAgara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthAna kI pahacAna tattvArthasUtra ke praNetA umAsvAti ne tattvArtha bhASya kI antima unake dvArA bulandazahara kA U~cA nagara ke rUpa meM ullekha hone se muni prazasti meM apane ko uccai gara zAkhA kA kahA hai tathA apanA janma- kalyANavijayajI aura kApar3iyAjI ne tathA bAda meM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| prastuta Alekha kA mukhya uddezya uccai gara uccai gara zAkhA ko bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| yadyapi pro0 zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthala kA abhijJAna kApar3iyA ne apanA koI spaSTa abhimata nahIM diyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki (pahacAna) karAnA hai| uccai gara zAkhA kA ullekha na kevala tattvArtha- "isa zAkhA kA nAmakaraNa kisI nagara ke AdhAra para hI huA hogA kintu bhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai, apitu zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya kalpasUtra isakI pahacAna apekSAkRta kaThina hai kyoMki bahuta sAre aise grAma aura kI sthavirAvalI tathA mathurA ke bIsa abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| zahara haiM jinake anta meM 'nagara' nAma pAyA jAtA hai| ve Age bhI likhate kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra uccainAMgara zAkhA koTikagaNa kI eka haiM ki kaniMghama kA vizvAsa hai ki yaha U~cAnagara se sambandhita hogii|"7 zAkhA thI, mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM koTikagaNa kA tathA nau abhilekhoM cU~ki kaniMghama ne ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA ke 14veM khaNDa meM uccai gara zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai| koTikagaNa koTivarSa ke meM bulandazahara kA samIkaraNa U~cA nagara se kiyA thaa| isI AdhAra para nivAsI Arya susthita se nikalA thaa| koTivarSa kI pahacAna purAtattvavidoM muni kalyANavijayajI ne yaha likha diyA ki "U~cA nagarI zAkhA prAcIna ne uttara baMgAla ke dinAjapura se kI hai| isI koTikagaNa se Arya zAnti U~cA nagarI se prasiddha huI thii| U~cA nagarI ko Ajakala bulandazahara kahate zreNika se uccai gara zAkhA ke nikalane kA ullekha hai| kalpasUtra ke gaNa, haiN|"8 isa sambandha meM paM0sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai kikula aura zAkhAoM ke adhyayana karane para eka bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai "uccai gara' zAkhA kA prAkRta nAma 'uccAnAgara' milatA haiN| ki gaNoM kA aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha vyaktiyoM kI apekSA mukhyatayA yaha zAkhA kisI grAma yA zahara ke nAma para prasiddha huI hogI, yaha to sthAnoM yA nagaroM se adhika rahA hai| jaise- vAraNa gaNa vAraNAvarta se spaSTa dikhatA hai| parantu yaha grAma kauna sA thA, yaha nizcita karanA kaThina sambandhita thA, koTikagaNa koTivarSa se sambandhita thaa| yadyapi kucha gaNa hai| bhArata ke aneka bhAgoM meM 'nagara' nAma ke yA anta meM 'nagara' zabda vAle vyaktiyoM se bhI sambandhita the| zAkhAoM meM kauzambiyA, koDambAnI, aneka zahara tathA grAma haiN| 'bar3anagara' gujarAta kA purAnA tathA prasiddha nagara candranAgarI, mAdhyamikA, saurASTrikA, uccai gara Adi zAkhAeM mukhyatayA hai| bar3a kA artha moTA (vizAla) aura moTA kA artha kadAcit U~cA bhI nagaroM se sambandhita rahI haiN| kuloM kA sambandha mukhya rUpa se vyaktiyoM se hotA hai| lekina gujarAta meM bar3anagara nAma bhI pUrvadeza ke usa athavA usa jaise nAma ke zahara se liyA gayA hogA, aisI bhI vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai| isase uccanAgara zAkhA kA bar3anagara ke sAtha hI sambandha hai, yaha jora uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala U~ceharA (ma0pra) dekara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake atirikta jaba uccanAgara zAkhA utpanna prastuta Alekha meM mAtra hama uccai gara zAkhA ke sandarbha meM hI huI, usa kAla meM bar3anagara thA yA nahIM aura thA to use usake sAtha jainoM carcA kreNge| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki vaha ucairnAgara kahA~ sthita thA kA kitanA sambandha thA, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| uccanAgara zAkhA ke udbhava jisase yaha zAkhA nikalI thii| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI aura hIrAlAla ke samaya jainAcAryoM kA mukhya vihAra gaMgA-yamunA kI tarapha hone ke pramANa kApar3iyA ne kaniMghama ko AdhAra batAte hue isa uccai gara zAkhA kA milate haiN| ata: bar3anagara ke sAtha uccanAgara zAkhA ke sambandha kI kalpanA sambandha vartamAna bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| paM0 sabala nahIM rhtii| isa viSaya meM kaniMghama kA kahanA hai ki yaha bhaugolika sukhalAlajI ne bhI tattvArtha kI bhUmikA meM isI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| nAma uttara-pazcima prAnta ke Adhunika bulandazahara ke antargata 'uccanagara' kaniMghama likhate haiM ki "baraNa yA bAraNa yaha nAma hindU itihAsa meM ajJAta nAma ke kile ke sAtha mela khAtA hai|"9 hai| 'baraNa' ke cAra sikke bulandazahara se prApta hue haiN| musalamAna lekhakoM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki U~cAnagara zAkhA kA ne ise baraNa kahA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha vahI jagaha hogI aura isakA sambandha bulandazahara se tabhI jor3A jA sakatA hai jaba usakA astitva nAmakaraNa rAjA ahibaraNa ke nAma ke AdhAra para huA hogA jo ki tomara I0pU0 ke prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga rahA ho| mAtra yahI nahIM usa kAla vaMza se sambandhita thA aura jisane yaha kilA banAvAyA thA kintu usakI meM vaha U~cAnagara kahalAtA bhI ho| isa zatAbdI ke prAcIna 'baraNa' nAma tithi jJAta nahIM hai| yaha kilA bahuta purAnA hai aura eka U~ce TIle para kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu yaha bhI 9vIM-10vIM zatAbdI se pUrva banA huA hai jisake AdhAra para hinduoM dvArA yaha U~cA gA~va yA U~cA kA jJAta nahIM hotA hai| bAraNa (baraNa) nAma se kaba isakA nAma bulandazahara nagara kahA gayA hai aura musalamAnoM ne use bulandazahara kahA hai|"6 yadyapi huA, isake sambandha meM unhoMne apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| yaha hinduoM kaniMghama ne kahIM bhI isakA sambandha uccai gara zAkhA se nahIM batAyA kintu ke dvArA U~cAgA~va yA U~cAnagara kahA jAtA thA-mujhe to yaha bhI unakI rahA hai|

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628 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kalpanA hI pratIta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM ve koI bhI pramANa prastuta nahIM yaha stUpa I0pU0 dUsarI rI yA prathama zatI kA hai| itihAsakAroM ne ise zuMga kara sake haiN| baraNa nAma kA ullekha bhI muslima itihAsakAroM ne dasavIM kAla kA mAnA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa para 'vAcchiputa dhanabhUti sadI ke bAda hI kiyA hai| itihAsakAroM ne isa U~cAgAMva kile kA kA' ullekha hai|16 puna: abhilekhoM meM 'suganaMraje' aisA ullekha hone se sambandha tomara vaMza ke rAjA ahivaraNa se jor3A hai ata: isakI avasthiti zuMga kAla meM isakA honA sunizcita hai|17 ata: uccairnAgara zAkhA kA IsA ke pAMcavI-chaThI zatI se pUrva to siddha hI nahIM hotI hai| yahA~ se sthApanA kAla (lagabhaga I0pU0 prAthama zatI) aura isa nagara kA sattA kAla mile sikkoM para 'govitasabArANaye' aisA ullekha hai|11 svayaM kaniMghama ne samAna hI hai| ata: ise uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala mAnane meM kAla bhI yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki ina sikkoM kA sambandha vAraNAva yA kI dRSTi se koI bAdhA nahIM hai| ata: U~ceharA (uccakalpanagara) eka prAcIna bAraNAvata se rahA hogaa|12 vAraNAvarta kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI hai jahA~ nagara thA isameM aba koI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA hai| yaha nagara vaizAlI yA pANDavoM ne hastinApura se nikalakara vizrAma kiyA thA tathA jahA~ unheM jindA pATaliputra se vArANasI hokara bharUkaccha ko jAne vAle athavA zrAvastI jalAne ke lie kauravoM dvArA lAkSAgRha kA nirmANa karavAyA gayA thaa|13 se kauzAmbI hokara vidizA, ujjainI aura bharUkaccha jAne vAle mArga para bAraNAvA (bAraNAvata) meraTha se16 mIla aura bulandazahara (prAcIna nAma sthita thaa| isI prakAra vaizAlI-pATaliputra se padmAvatI (pavAyA), gopAdrI barana) se 50 mIla kI dUrI para hiMDonA aura kRSNA nadI ke saMgama para (gvAliyara) hotA huA mathurA jAne vAle mArga para bhI isakI avasthiti sthita hai| merI dRSTi meM bAraNAvata vahIM hai jahA~ se jainoM kA 'bAraNagaNa thii| usa samaya gaMgA aura yamunA ke dakSiNa se hokara jAne vAlA mArga hI nikalA thaa| bAraNagaNa kA ullekha bhI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM mathurA adhika pracalita thA kyoMki isameM bar3I nadiyA~ nahIM AtI thIM, mArga pahAr3I ke abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai|14 ata: bulandazahara (barana) yA hone se kIcar3a Adi bhI adhika nahIM hotA thaa| jaina sAdhu prAya: yahI bAraNAvata (bAraNAvarta) kA sambandha bAraNagaNa se ho sakatA hai, na ki mArga apanAte the| uccai garI zAkhA se jo ki koTikagaNa kI zAkhA thii| ata: hameM isa prAcIna yAtrA mArgoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara lenA caahie| uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara kI avasthiti eka pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM thii| yahA~ se kauzAmbI, bhI sthiti meM bulandazahara se nahIM ho sakatA hai| prayAga, vArANasI, pATaliputra, vidizA, mathurA Adi sabhI ora mArga jAte yaha satya hai ki uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara the| pATaliputra se gaMgA-yamunA Adi bar3I nadiyoM ko binA pAra kiye jo se hI ho sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM hamane isase milate-julate nAmoM kI prAcIna sthala mArga thA usake kendra nagara ke rUpa meM uccakalpanagara khoja prArambha kii| hameM U~cAhAra, U~caDIha, U~cIbastI, UcauliyA, (U~cAnagara) kI sthiti siddha hotI hai| yaha eka aisA mArga thA jisameM kahIM U~cAnA, U~ceharA Adi kucha nAma prApta hue|15 hameM isa nAmoM meM U~cAhArA bhI koI bar3I nadI nahIM AtI thI ata: sArtha nirApada samajhakara ise hI (u0pra0) aura U~ceharA (ma0pra0) ye do nAma adhika nikaTa pratIta hue| apanAte the| prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yaha nagara dhAtuoM ke mizraNa ke U~cAhAra kI sambhAvanA bhI isalie hameM ucita nahIM lagI ki usakI bartana hetu prasiddha rahA hai| Aja bhI vahA~ kA~se ke bartana sarvAdhika mAtrA prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| ata: hamane meM banate haiN| U~ceharA kA uccaira zabda se jo dhvani sAmya hai vaha bhI hameM U~ceharA ko hI apanI gaveSaNA kA viSaya banAnA ucita smjhaa| U~ceharA isI niSkarSa ke lie bAdhya karatA hai ki uccai gara zAkhA kI utpatti madhya pradeza ke satanA jile meM satanA sTezana se 11 ki0mI0 dakSiNa usI kSetra se huI thii| kI ora sthita hai| U~ceharA se 7 ki0mI0 uttara pUrva kI ora bharahuta kA prasiddha stUpa sthita hai, isase isa sthAna kI prAcInatA kA bhI patA umAsvAti kA janma sthAna nAgoda (ma0pra0) laga jAtA hai| vartamAna U~ceharA se lagabhaga do ki0mI0 kI dUrI para pahAr3a umAsvAti ne apanA janma sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| isa ke paThAra para yaha prAcIna nagara sthita thA, isI se isakA U~cAnagara sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra ke anumAna kiye haiN| cU~ki nAmakaraNa bhI siddha hotA hai| yahA~ ke nagara nivAsiyoM ne mujhe bhI batAyA umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kusumapura (paTanA) meM kI thii|18 ata: ki pahale yaha uccakalpanagarI kahA jAtA thA aura yahA~ se bahuta sI adhikAMza logoM ne umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI kSetra meM karane purAtAttvika sAmagrI bhI milatI thii| yahA~ se guptakAla arthAt IsA kI kA prayAsa kiyA hai| nyagrodha ko vaTa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para pAMcavIM zatI ke kaI mahArAjAoM ke kaI dAnapatra prApta hue| ina tAmra pahAr3apura ke nikaTa baTagohalI jahA~ se paMcastUpAnvaya kA eka tAmra lekha dAnapatroM meM uccakalpa (ucchakalpa) kA spaSTa ullekha hai, ye dAnapatra gupta milA hai, se bhI isakA samIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| merI dRSTi saM0156 se gupta saM0209 ke bIca ke haiN| (vistRta vivaraNa ke lie meM yaha dhAraNAeM samucita nahIM hai| uccairnAgara zAkhA jo U~ceharA se dekheM aitihAsika sthAnAvalI-vijendra kumAra mAthura, pR0 260-261) sambandhita thI, usameM umAsvAti ke dIkSita hone kA artha yahI hai ki ve isase isa nagara kI guptakAla meM to avasthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| punaH usake utpatti sthala ke nikaTa hI kahIM janme hoNge| uccainagara yA U~ceharA jisa prakAra vidizA ke samIpa sA~cI kA stUpa nirmita huA thA usI prakAra se mathurA jahA~ uccanAgarI zAkhA ke adhikatama ullekha prApta hue haiM, tathA isa uccainagara (U~ceharA) ke samIpa bharahuta kA stUpa nirmita huA thA aura paTanA jahA~ unhoMne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kI, vahAM se donoM lagabhaga 450

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uccai gara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthAna kI pahacAna 629 ki0mI0 kI samAna dUrI para avasthita haiM aura kisI jaina sAdhu ke dvArA kA janmasthala nAgoda (nyagrodha) hai aura usakI UcairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti vahA~ se eka mAha kI padayAtrA kara donoM sthaloM para AsAnI se pahu~cA jA sthala U~ceharA hI hai| sakatA hai| svayaM umAsvAti ne hI likhA hai ki ve vihAra (padayAtrA) karate saMdarbhahue kusumapura (paTanA) pahu~ce the-viharatApurave kusumanAmni 19 isase yahI 1. tattvArthabhASya, antima prazasti, zloka 3,5 lagatA thA ki nyagrodha (nAgoda) kusumapura (paTanA) ke samIpa nahIM thaa| DaoN0 2. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 218 hIrAlAla jaina ne saMgha vibhAjana sthala-rahavIrapura kI kalpanA dakSiNa meM 3. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka, 19, 20, 22, mahArASTra ke ahamadanagara jile ke rAhurI grAma se kI aura usI ke samIpa 23, 31, 35, 36, 50, 64, 71 sthita 'nidhoja' se kI kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai|20 prathama to vyAkaraNa 4. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 216 kI dRSTi se nyagrodha kA prAkRta rUpa nAgoda hotA hai, nidhoja nhiiN| dUsare 5. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI (le0 vijayendra kumAra mAthura), pR0 231 umAsvAti jisa uccai gara zAkhA ke the vaha zAkhA uttara bhArata kI thI, 6. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 14, p. 147 ata: unakA sambandha uttara bhArata se hI hai| ata: unakA janma sthala bhI 7. tattvArthAdhigamasUtram (dvitIyovibhAga), iNTroDaksana, hIrAlAla uttara bhArata meM hI hogaa| uccanAgarI zAkhA ke utpatti sthala U~ceharA se kApar3iyA, pR06 lagabhaga 30 ki0mI0 pazcima kI ora 'nigoda' nAmaka kasbA Aja bhI 8. paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha (muni kalyANa vijaya), pR0 37 hai| AjAdI ke pUrva yaha eka svatantra rAjya thA aura U~ceharA isI rAjya 9. tattvArthasUtra, (vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI), prakAzaka pArzvanAtha ke adhIna AtA thaa| nAgoda ke AsapAsa bhI jo prAcIna sAmagrI milI vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, pR0 4 . hai usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha bhI eka prAcIna nagara thaa| pro0 ke0DI0 10. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0608, 640 bAjapeyI ne nAgoda se 24 ki0mI0 dUra nacanA kuThAra ke purAtAttvika 11. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 14, p. 147 mahattva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai|21 nAgoda kI avasthiti pannA 12. vahI (ma0pra0), nacanA kuThAra aura U~ceharA ke madhya hai| ina kSetroM meM guptakAla 13. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0 843-44 ke pUrva zuMgakAla se pUrva 9vIM-10vIM zatI taka kI purAtAttvika sAmagrI 14. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 212 milatI hai| ata: isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| 15. U~ccha nAmaka anya nagaroM ke lie dekhie-The Ancient nAgoda nyagrodha kA hI prAkRta rUpa hai| ata: sambhAvanA yahI hai ki umAsvAti Geography of India, p. 204-205 kA janmasthala yahI nAgoda thA aura jisa uccanAgarI zAkhA meM ve dIkSita 16. bharahuta (DaoN0 ramAnAtha mizra), bhUmikA, pR0 18 hue ho, vaha bhI usI ke samIpa sthita U~ceharA (uccakalpa nagara) se utpanna 17. vahI, pR0 18-19 huI thii| tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti meM umAsvAti kI mAtA ko vAtsI kahA 18. tattvArthasUtra, pR0 5 gayA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vartamAna nAgoda aura U~ceharA 19. tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, svopajJa bhASya, antima prazasti, zloka 3 donoM hI prAcIna vatsa deza ke adhIna hI the| bharahata aura isa kSetra ke 20. digambara jaina siddhAnta darzana, prakA0 digambara jaina paMcAyata, bambaI, AsapAsa jo kalA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai vaha kauzambI arthAt disambara 1944 meM mudrita 'jaina itihAsa kA eka vilupta adhyAya' vatsadeza ke rAjAoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| U~ceharA vatsadeza ke dakSiNa nAmaka pro0 hIrAlAla jaina kA lekha, pR0 7 kA eka prasiddha nagara thaa| bharahuta ke stUpa ke nirmANa meM bhI vAtsI gotra 21. saMskRti sandhAna (sampA0 DaoN0 jhinakU yAdava) vAlyUma 3, 1990 ke logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna thA, aisA vahA~ se prApta abhilekhoM se . meM mudrita 'bundelakhaNDa kI sAMskRtika dharohara: nacanA' nAmaka pro0 pramANita hotA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa dvAra bAcchIputta dhanabhUti kRSNadatta bAjapeyI kA lekha pR0 31 kA ullekha hai| 22 ataH hama isI niSkarSa para paha~cate haiM ki umAsvAti 22. bharahuta, bhUmikA, pR0 18.

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zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza vAcanA sAmAnyatayA jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM evaM zodhakartAoM kI yaha spaSTa avadhAraNA hai ki mUlasaMgha aura mAthurasaMgha kA sambandha jainadharma kI digambara paramparA se hI hai, kyoMki jaina abhilekhoM evaM sAhityika strotoM meM mUlasaMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha sAmAnyatayA digambara paramparA ke sAtha hI pAye jAte haiN| saMyoga se lekhaka ko jainavidyA saMsthAna kI baiThaka meM lakhanaU jAne kA prasaMga AyA aura vahA~ use DaoN. zailendra kumAra rastogI Adi ke sahayoga se mathurA kI jaina mUrtiyoM ke saMgraha ko dekhane kA avasara milaa| vahA~ jaba usane mathurA se prApta IsA kI dasavIM - gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI padmAsana mudrA meM lagabhaga 5 phITa UMcI vizAlakAya lekhayukta tIna jina pratimAyeM dekhI, to use eka sukhada Azcarya huaa| ina tIna pratimAoM para zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha aura zvetAmbara mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha pAye jAte haiN| jo ki atyanta virala hai| isake pUrva taka lekhaka kI bhI yaha spaSTa avadhAraNA thI ki zve. paramparA meM kisI bhI kAla meM mUlasaMgha aura mAthurasaMgha kA astitva nahIM rahA hai| ataH usane dhyAnapUrvaka ina lekhoM kA adhyayana karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| sarvaprathama lakhanaU myUjiyama ke usa rikArDa ko dekhA gayA jisameM ina mUrtiyoM kA vivaraNa thaa| yaha rikArDa jIrNa-zIrNa evaM TaMkita rUpa meM upalabdha hai| rikArDa ko dekhane para jJAta huA ki usameM je. 143 krama kI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha abhilekha kI vAcanA bhI romana akSaroM meM dI gaI hai| isakA devanAgarI rUpAntaraNa isa prakAra hai saMvat 1036 kArtikazuklAekAdazyAM zrIzvetAmbaramUlasaMghena pazcima catu (zvI), kathaM zrIdevanirmitA pratimA pratisthApitA / zvetAmbara...... mAthura... devanimmitA pratisthApitA / tIsarI je. 145 krama kI mUrti para jo abhilekha aMkita hai usakI vAcanA nimnAnusAra hai saMvat 1134 zrIzvetAmbara zrImAthurasaMgha zrIdevateti jaba maiMne je. 143 kramAMka kI mUrti ke lekha ko svayaM dekhA to yaha pAyA ki usame utkIrNa zvetAmbara zabda bahuta hI spaSTa hai aura anya do pratimAoM meM bhI zvetAmbara zabda kI upasthiti hone se usake vAcana meM koI bhrAnti kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| 'mUla' zabda ke pazcAt kA saMghena zabda bhI spaSTa rUpa se par3hane meM AtA hai kintu madhya kA vaha zabda jise phyUrara dUsarI je. 144 krama kI pratimA ke nIce jo abhilekha hai usakA ne 'mUla' aura pro. bAjapeyI ne 'mAthura' par3A hai, spaSTa nahIM hai| jo abhilekha vAcana isa prakAra diyA gayA haikI pratilipi mujhe prApta hai aura jo smitha ke grantha meM prakAzita hai usameM prathama 'ma' to spaSTa hai kintu dUsarA akSara spaSTa nahIM hai, use 'la' 'lu' aura 'yu' ina tInoM rUpoM meM par3A jA sakatA hai| use 'mUla' mAnane meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki 'ma' ke sAtha 'U kI mAtrA' spaSTa nahIM hai| yadi hama use 'mAthura' par3hate haiM to 'ma' meM A kI mAtrA aura ra kA abhAva pAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA abhilekhoM meM kabhI-kabhI mAtrAoM ko utkIrNa karane meM asAvadhAniyAM ho jAtI haiN| yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki mAtrA kI sambhAvanA mAnakara jahAM phyUrara ke vAcana ke AdhAra para lakhanaU myUz2iyama ke upalabdha rikArDa meM 'mUla' mAnA gayA hai| vahIM pro. bAjapeyI ne 'U kI mAtrA ke abhAva ke kAraNa ise 'mUla' par3hane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyA aura anya pratimAoM meM 'mAthura' zabda kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para apanI vAcanA meM 'mAthura' zabda ko koSThakArntagata rakhakara mAthura pATha kI saMbhAvanA ko sUcita kiyaa| yaha satya hai ki isa pratimA ke lagabhaga 100 varSa pazcAt kI do pratimAoM vinirmitApratimAkRta isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina tInoM abhilekhoM meM se eka abhilekha meM zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha aura do abhilekhoM meM zvetAmbara mAthurasaMgha kA ullekha hai| vI.e. smitha ne apanI kRti 'di jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkyUTIja Apha mathurA meM inameM se do lekhayukta mUrtiyoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki phyUrara ke anusAra ye donoM mUrtiyA~ mathurA ke zvetAmbara saMgha ko samarpita thiiN| sva. pro. ke. DI. bAjapeyI ne bhI 'jaina zramaNa paramparA' nAmaka meM mAthura zabda kA spaSTa ullekha hone se unakA jhukAva mAthura zabda kI apane lekha meM jo kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura se prakAzita 'arhat vacana' patrikA ke janavarI 1992 ke aMka meM prakAzita huA hai, inameM se do abhilakhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake anusAra je0 143 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha kI vAcanA isa prakAra hai " saMvat 1038 kArtika zukla ekAdazyAM zrI zvetAmbara (mAthura ) saMghena pazcima... kAryA zrI devanimmita pratimA pratiSThApitA / " isI prakAra je. 145 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha kI unakI nimnAnusAra hai "saMvat 1134 zrI cetAmbara zrI mAthura saMghazrI devanirmita pratimA kAriteti / " pro. bAjapeyI kI je. 143 krama kI pratimA kI vAcanA phyUrara kI vAcanA se kvacit bhinna hai prathama to unhoMne saMvat ko 1036 ke sthAna para 1038 par3hA hai, dUsare mUlasaMghena ko (mAthura ) saMghena ke rUpa meM par3hA hai| yadyapi uparyukta donoM vAcanAoM 'zvetAmbara' evaM 'mAthurasaMgha' ke sambandha meM vAcanA kI dRSTi se kisI prakAra kA koI matabheda nahIM hai| mUlasaMghena pATha ke sambandha meM thor3e gambhIra adhyayana kI apekSA hai| sarvaprathama hama isI sambandha meM vistAra se carcA kreNge| .

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zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza 631 ora huA hai kintu mujhe jitanI Apatti 'mUla pATha' ko mAnane meM haiM usase devanirmita mAnane kI paramparA thii| sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara terahavIM adhika Apatti unake 'mAthura' pATha ko mAnane meM hai kyoMki 'mUla pATha' zatAbdI taka ke aneka zvetAmbara granthoM meM isa stUpa ko devanirmita kahA mAnane meM to kevala 'U' kI mAtrA kA abhAva pratIta hotA hai jabaki mAthura gayA hai| pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne jo yaha kalpanA kI hai ki ina mUrtiyoM pATha mAnane meM 'A' kI mAtrA ke abhAva ke sAtha-sAtha 'ra' kA bhI abhAva ko zrI devanirmita kahane kA abhiprAya zrI deva (jina) ke sammAna meM ina khaTakatA hai| isa sambandha meM adhika nizcitatA ke lie maiM DaoN. zailendra mUrtiyoM kA nirmita honA hai-vaha bhrAMta hai| unheM devanirmita stUpa sthala para kumAra rastogI se samparka kara rahA hU~ aura unake uttara kI pratIkSA hai| sAtha pratiSThita karane ke kAraNa devanirmita kahA gayA hai| hI svayaM bhI lakhanaU jAkara usa pratimA lekha kA adhika gambhIratA se zve. sAhityika srotoM se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki jinabhadra, adhyayana karane kA prayAsa karUMgA aura yadi koI spaSTa samAdhAna mila haribhadra, bappabhaTTi, vIrasUri Adi zvetAmbara muni mathurA Aye the| haribhadra sakA to pAThakoM ko sUcita kruuNgaa| ne yahA~ mahAnizItha Adi granthoM ke punarlekhana kA kArya tathA yahA~ ke stUpa mujhe du:kha ke sAtha sUcita karanA par3a rahA hai ki AdaraNIya aura mandiroM ke jIrNodvAra ke kArya karavAye the| 9vIM zatI meM bappabhaTTisari pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI kA svargavAsa ho gayA hai| phira bhI pAThakoM ko svayaM ke dvArA mathurA ke stUpa evaM mandiroM ke punarnirmANa ke ullekha suspaSTa haiN| jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie yaha sUcita kara denA Avazyaka samajhatA isa AdhAra para mathurA meM zve. saMgha evaM zve. mandira kI upasthiti nirvivAda hU~ ki yaha je. 143 krama kI pratimA lakhanaU myUjiyama ke praveza dvAra rUpa se siddha ho jAtI hai| se saMlagna prakoSTha ke madhya meM pradarzita hai| isakI UMcAI lagabhaga 5 phITa aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA zvetAmbaroM meM koI mUlasaMgha aura hai| je. 143 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha ke 'mUla' aura 'mAthura' zabda mAthura saMgha thA aura yadi thA to vaha kaba, kyoM aura kisa paristhiti meM ke vAcana ke isa vivAda ko chor3akara tInoM pratimAoM ke abhilekhoM ke astitva meM AyA? vAcana meM kisI bhrAMti kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| una sabhI pratimAoM meM zvetAmbara zabda spaSTa hai| mAthura zabda bhI anya pratimAoM para spaSTa hI hai, phira bhI mUlasaMgha aura zvetAmbara paramparA yahA~ isa sambandha meM uThane vAlI anya zaMkAoM para vicArakara lenA mathurA ke pratimA kramAMka je. 143 ke abhilekha ke phyUrara ke anupayukta nahIM hogaa| yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki inameM kahIM zvetAmbara vAcana ke atirikta abhI taka koI bhI aisA abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika zabda ko bAda meM to utkIrNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai? kintu yaha saMbhAvanA pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA sake ki nimna AdhAroM para nirasta ho jAtI hai: zvetAmbara paramparA meM kabhI mUla saMgha kA astitva rahA hai| jaisA ki hama 1. ye tInoM hI pratimAeM mathurA ke utkhanana ke pazcAt se pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki isa abhilekha vAcana ke sambandha meM bhI zAsanAdhIna rahI haiN| ata: unake lekhoM meM paravartI kAla meM kisI paramparA do mata haiM-phyUrara Adi kucha vidvAnoM ne use 'zrI zvetAmbara mUlasaMghena' par3hA dvArA parivartana kI saMbhAvanA svata: hI nirasta ho jAtI hai| punaH hai, jabaki pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne isake 'zrI zvetAmbara (mAthura) saMghena' 'zvetAmbara' mUla saMgha aura mAthura saMgha tInoM hI zabda abhilekhoM ke madhya hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| meM hone se unake paravartIkAla meM utkIrNa kiye jAne kI AzaMkA bhI sAmAnyatayA mUlasaMgha ke ullekha digambara paramparA ke sAtha samApta ho jAtI hai| hI pAye jAte haiN| Aja yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki mUlasaMgha kA sambandha 2. pratimAoM kI racanAzailI aura abhilekhoM kI lipi eka digambara paramparA ke kundakundAnvaya se rahA hai| kintu yadi abhilekhIya hI kAla kI hai| yadi lekha paravartI hote to unakI lipi meM svAbhAvika aura sAhityika sAkSyoM para vicAra karate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki mUlasaMgha rUpa se antara A jaataa| kA kundAkundAnvaya ke sAtha sarvaprathama ullekha doDDa kaNagAlu ke IsvI 3. ina pratimAoM ke zvetAmbara hone kI puSTi isa AdhAra para san 1044 ke lekha meM milatA hai| yadyapi isake pUrva bhI mUlasaMgha bhI ho jAtI hai ki pratimA krama je. 143 ke nIce pAdapITha para do muniyoM tathA kundakundAnvaya ke svataMtra ullekha to milate hai, kintu mUlasaMgha kA aMkana hai| unake pAsa morapicchI ke sthAna para zve. paramparA meM pracalita ke sAtha kundakundAnvaya kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| isase yahI phalita Una se nirmita rajoharaNa pradarzita hai| hotA hai ki lagabhaga IsA kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM kundakundAnvaya ne 4. utkhanana se yaha bhI siddha ho cukA hai ki mathurA ke stUpa mUlasaMgha ke sAtha apanA sambandha jor3A hai aura apane ko mUlasaMghIya ke pAsa hI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM ke alaga mandira the| kahanA prArambha kiyA hai| jahA~ digambara paramparA kA mandira pazcima kI ora thA, vahIM zvetAmbara mandira drAviDAnvaya (draviDa saMgha) jise indranandI ne jainAbhAsa kahA stUMpa ke nikaTa hI thaa| thA, bhI aGgaDi ke san 1040 ke abhilekha meM apane ko malasaMgha 5. ina tInoM pratimAoM ke zve. hone kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tInoM se jor3atI hai|5 hI pratimAoM meM zrI devanirmita zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zvetAmbara yahI sthiti yApanIya sampradAya ke gaNoM kI bhI hai| ve bhI sAhityika strotoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usameM mathurA ke stUpa ko gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se apane nAma ke sAtha mUlasaMgha zabda kA

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632 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prayoga karane lge| yApanIya punnAgavRkSa mUlagaNa ke san 1108 ke aisA lagatA hai ki dakSiNa meM inameM se nirgrantha saMgha prAcIna hai aura yApanIya, abhilekha meM '... zrImUlasaMghada po (pu) nAga vRkSamUla gaNada..' aisA kurcaka, zvetapaTa Adi saMgha paravartI haiM, phira bhI merI dRSTi meM nimrantha saMgha ullekha hai| isI prakAra yApanIya saMgha ke kANUra gaNa ke I. san ko mUlasaMgha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| dakSiNa bhArata kA yaha nirgrantha 1074 ke bandalike ke tathA I. san 1075 ke kuppaTU ke abhilekha mahAzramaNa saMgha bhadrabAhu (prathama) kI paramparA ke una acela zramaNoM kA saMgha meM 'zrI mUlasaMghAnvaya krANUraggaNa' aisA ullekha hai| isa saba se bhI thA jo IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM bihAra se ur3IsA ke rAste laMkA aura yahI phalita hotA hai ki isa kAla meM yApanIya bhI apane ko mUlasaMghIya tamila pradeza meM pahuMce the| usa samaya uttara bhArata meM jaina saMgha isI nAma kahane lage the| se jAnA jAtA thA aura usameM gaNa, zAkhA kA vibhAjana nahIM huA thA, yApanIya gaNoM ke sAtha mUlasaMgha ke ina ullekhoM ko dekhakara ata: ye zramaNa bhI apane ko isI 'nirgrantha' nAma se abhihita karate rhe| DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI Adi digambara vidvAna yaha kalpanA kara baiThe ki puna: unheM apane ko mUlasaMghI kahane kI koI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thI ye gaNa yApanIya saMgha se alaga hokara mUlasaMgha dvArA AtmasAta kara liye kyoMki vahAM taba unakA koI pratidvandvI bhI nahIM thaa| yaha nirgranthasaMgha gaye the| kintu unakI yaha avadhAraNA samucita nahIM hai kyoMki ina yApanIya, kUrcaka aura zvetapaTTa saMgha se pRthaka thA, yaha tathya bhI halsI aura abhilekhoM ke samakAlIna aura paravartI aneka aise abhilekha haiM jinameM devagiri ke abhilekhoM se siddha hai kyoMki inameM use inase pRthaka dikhalAyA ina gaNoM kA yApanIya saMgha ke gaNa ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha hai| satya to gayA hai aura taba taka isakA nirgrantha saMgha nAma supracalita thaa| puna: jaba yaha hai ki jaba kundakundAnvaya ne mUlasaMgha ke sAtha apanA sambandha jor3akara lagabhaga 100 varSa ke pazcAt ke abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha nirgranthasaMgha ke nAma anya saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa aura mithyAtvI ghoSita kiyA, (indranandikRta se hI suprasiddha hai to pUrva meM yaha apane ko 'mUlasaMgha' kahatA hogaa| yaha zrutAvatAra se isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai) to pratikriyA svarUpa dUsaroM kalpanA nirAdhAra hai| ne bhI apane ko mUlasaMghI kahanA prArambha kara diyaa| gyArahavIM zatI ke apane ko mUlasaMgha kahane kI AvazyakatA usI paramparA ko ho uttarArdha meM acela paramparA ke yApanIya, drAviDa Adi aneka saMgha apane sakatI hai jisameM koI vibhAjana huA ho, jo dUsare ko nirmUla yA nirAdhAra sAtha mUlasaMgha kA ullekha karane lage the jabaki indranandi ne ina sabhI ko batAnA cAhatI ho; yaha bAta paM0 nAthurAma jI premI ne bhI svIkAra kI hai| jainAbhAsa kahA thaa| yaha vibhAjana kI ghaTanA uttara bhArata meM taba ghaTita huI jaba lagabhaga IsA isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM apane ko kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha acela aura mUlasaMghI kahane kI eka hoDa lagI huI thii| yadi ina tathyoM ke prakAza meM sacela dhArA meM vibhakta huaa| sAtha hI usakI acela dhArA ko apane liye hama mathurA ke ukta zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha kA ullekha karane vAle abhilekha eka naye nAma kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| usa samaya taka uttara bhArata para vicAra kareM to yaha pAte hai ki ukta abhilekha bhI acela paramparA ke kA nimrantha saMgha aneka guNoM, zAkhAoM aura kuloM meM vibhakta thA- yaha vividha sampradAyoM ke sAtha mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hone ke lagabhaga 60 varSa tathya mathurA ke aneka abhilekhoM se aura kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI se pUrva kA hai arthAt usI kAla kA hai| ataH sambhava hai ki usa yuga ke vividha siddha hai| ata: sambhAvanA yahI hai ki uttara bhArata kI isa acela dhArA acela paramparAoM ke samAna hI sacelaparamparA bhI apane ko mUlasaMgha se ne apanI pahacAna ke liye 'mUlagaNa' nAma cunA ho kyoMki isa dhArA ko jor3atI ho| boTika aura yApanIya-ye donoM hI nAma dUsaroM ke dvArA hI diye gaye haiM, mUlasaMgha prArambha meM kisa praramparA se sambaddha thA aura kaba dUsarI jahA~ zvetAmbaroM arthAt uttara bhArata kI sacela dhArA ne unheM boTika kahA, paramparAoM ne usase apanA sambandha jor3anA prArambha kiyA-ise samajhane ke vahIM digambaroM arthAt dakSiNa bhArata kI nirgrantha acela dhArA ne unheM liye hameM sarvaprathama mUlasaMgha ke itihAsa ko jAnanA hogaa| sarvaprathama hameM yApanIya khaa| DaoN gulAba canda caudharI ne jo yaha kalpanA kI ki dakSiNa dakSiNa bhArata meM noNamaMgala kI tAmrapaTTiAkAoM para 'mUlasaMghAnuSThitAya' evaM meM nirgrantha saMgha kI sthApanA bhadrabAhu dvitIya kI, mujhe nirAdhAra pratIta hotI 'mUlasaMghenAnuSThitAya' aise ullekha milate haiN| ye donoM tAmrapaTTikAyeM hai10| dakSiNa bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha to bhadrabAhu prathama kI paramparA kA kramaza: lagabhaga IsvI san 370 aura I. san 425 kI mAnI jAtI pratinidhi hai- cAhe bhadrabAhu prathama dakSiNa gaye hoM yA nahIM gaye hoM kintu haiN| kintu inameM nirgrantha, kUrcaka, yApanIya yA zvetapaTa Adi ke nAmoM kA unakI paramparA IsA pU0 tIsarI zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMca cukI thI, ullekha nahIM hone se prathama dRSTi meM yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki isa mUlasaMgha isake aneka pramANa bhI haiN| bhadrabAhu prathama ke pazcAt lagabhaga dvitIya zatI kA sambandha unameM se kisa dhArA se thaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke devagiri aura meM eka Arya bhadra hue haiM jo niyuktiyoM ke kartA the aura sambhavataH ye uttara halsI ke abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA kI pAMcavI bhArata ke acela pakSa ke samarthaka rahe the, unake nAma se bhadrAnvaya pracalita zatI ke uttarArdha meM dakSiNa bhArata meM nirgrantha, yApanIya, kUrcaka aura zvetapaTa huI jisakA ullekha udayagiri (vidizA) meM milatA hai11| merI dRSTi meM mahAzramaNa saMgha kA astitva thaa| kintu mUlasaMgha kA ullekha to hameM IsA mUlagaNa bhadrAnvaya, Aryakula Adi kA sambandha isI uttara bhArata kI acela kI caturthazatI ke uttarArdha meM mila jAtA hai ata: abhilekhIya AdhAra para dhArA se hai jo Age calakara yApanIya nAma se prasiddha huii| dakSiNa meM pahuMcane mUlasaMgha kA astitva yApanIya, kUrcaka Adi nAmoM ke pUrva kA hai| mujhe para yaha dhArA apane ko mUlagaNa yA mUlasaMgha kahane lgii| yaha Age calakara

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zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha eka vimarza 633 zrI vRkSamUla gaNa, putrAgavRkSamUlagaNa, kanakopalasambhUtavRkSamUlagaNa Adi se prApta pUrva meM ullekhita tIna abhilekhoM ko chor3akara anyatra kahIM bhI zve0 mAthura saMgha kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, lekina uparokta tInoM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha mAnane ke lie vivaza haiM ki gyArahavIMbArahavIM zatAbdI meM zve0 mAthurasaMgha kA astitva thA / yadyapi yaha bAta bha hai ki yaha mAthurasaMgha zvetAmbara muniyoM kA koI saMgaThana na hokara mathurA ke zvetAmbara zrAvakoM kA eka saMgaThana thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki zve0 mAthura saMgha ke abhilekha mathurA se anyatra kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hue| yadi zvetAmbara mAthura saMgha muniyoM kA koI saMgaThana hotA to isakA ullekha mathurA se anyatra abhilekhoM aura sAhityika srotoM se milanA cAhie thA / punaH ina tInoM abhilekhoM meM muni aura AcArya ke nAmoM ke ullekha kA abhAva yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha zrAvakoM kA saMgha thaa| aneka gaNoM meM vibhakta huI, phira bhI sabane apane sAtha mUlagaNa zabda kAyama rkhaa| jaba ina vibhinna mUla gaNoM ko koI eka saMyukta nAma dene kA prazna AyA to unheM mUlasaMgha kahA gyaa| kaI gaNoM dvArA paravartIkAla meM saMgha nAma dhAraNa karane ke aneka pramANa abhilekhoM meM upalabdha haiN| punaH yApanIya granthoM ke sAtha lagA huA 'mUla' vizeSaNa-jaise mUlAcAra, mUlArAdhanA Adi bhI isI tathya kA sUcaka hai ki 'mUlasaMgha' zabda kA sambandha yApanIyoM se rahA hai| ataH noNamaMgala kI tAmrapaTTikAoM meM ullekhita mUlasaMgha yApanIya paramparA kA hI pUrva rUpa hai| uttara bhArata ke nirmanya saMgha kI yaha dhArA jaba pahale dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMcI to mUlasaMgha ke nAma se abhihita huI aura usake lagabhaga 100 varSa pakSAt ise yApanIya nAma milaa| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki use yApanIya nAma milate hI abhilekhoM se mUlasaMgha nAma lupta ho jAtA hai aura lagabhaga cAra sau pacAsa varSoM taka hameM mUlasaMgha kA kahIM koI bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| noNamaMgala kI I0 san 425 kI tAmra paTTikAoM ke pazcAt konnUra ke I0 san 860 ke abhilekha meM punaH mUlasaMgha kA ullekha dezIyagaNa ke sAtha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki isa abhilekha meM mUlasaMgha ke sAtha dezIyagaNa aura pustakaMgaccha kA ullekha hai kintu kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pahale yaha lekha tAmrapaTTikA para thA bAda meM 12vIM zatI meM isameM kucha aMza jor3akara patthara para aMkita karavAyA gayA isa jur3e hue aMza meM hI kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha hai| isake do sau varSa pazcAt se yApanIyagaNa aura drAvir3a Adi anya gaNa sabhI apane ko mUlasaMghIya kahate pratIta hote haiN| itanA nizcita hai ki mUlasaMgha ke sAtha kundakundAnvaya sambandha bhI paravartI kAla meM jur3A hai yadyapi kundakundAnvaya kA sarvaprathama abhilekhIya ullekha I0 san 797 aura 802 meM milatA hai12, kintu ina donoM lekhoM meM pustakagaccha aura mUlasaMgha kA ullekha nahIM hai| Azcarya hai ki sAhityika strotoM meM to dazavIM zatI ke pUrva mUlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| vastutaH kundakunda zuddha AcAra ke pratipAdaka evaM prabhAvazAlI AcArya the aura mUlasaMgha mahAvIra kI prAcIna mUladhArA kA sUcaka thA, ataH paravartIkAla meM sabhI acela paramparAoM ne usase apanA sambandha jor3anA ucita smjhaa| mAtra uttara bhArata kA kASThAsaMgha aura usakA mAthuragaccha aisA thA jisane apane ko mUlasaMgha evaM kundakundAnvaya se jor3ane kA kabhI prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki kASThAsaMgha mukhyataH uttara bhArata se sambaddha thA aura isa kSetra meM 12-13vIM zatI taka kundakundAnvaya kA prabhAva adhika nahIM thaa| vastutaH mUlasaMgha mAtra eka nAma thA jisakA upayoga 9 10vIM zatI se dakSiNa bhArata kI acela paramparA kI sabhI zAkhAyeM karane lagI thiiN| zAyada uttara bhArata kI sacela paramparA bhI apanI maulikatA sUcita karane hetu isa virud kA prayoga karane lagI ho / jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM mAthurasaMgha nAmaka eka muni saMgha thA aura usakI utpatti vikrama saMvat 953 meM AcArya rAmasena se mAnI jAtI hai| mAthurasaMgha kA sAhityika ullekha indranaMdI ke zrutAvatAra aura devasena ke darzanasAra meM milatA hai| indranandI ne isa saMgha kI gaNanA jainAbhAsoM meM kI hai aura niScicchika ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| devasena ne bhI darzanasAra meM ise niScicchika batAyA hai| yadyapi isakI utpatti vikrama saM0953 meM batAI gaI hai kintu usakA sarvaprathama sAhityika ullekha amitagati ke subhASitaratnasaMdoha meM milatA hai jo ki muMja ke zAsana kAla meM (vikrama 1050) meM likhA gyaa| subhASitaratnasaMdoha ke atirikta vardhamAnanIti, dharmaparIkSA, paMcasaMgraha, tattvabhAvanA, upAsakAcAra Adi bhI inakI kRtiyAM hai| abhilekhIya strotoM kI dRSTi se isa saMgha kA sarvaprathama ullekha vikrama saM. 1966 meM ayurnA ke abhilekha meM milatA hai| dUsarA abhilekhIya ullekha 1226 ke bijoliyA ke mandira kA hai, isake bAda ke aneka abhilekha isa saMgha ke milate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki apanI utpatti ke kucha hI varSa bAda yaha saMgha kASThAsaMgha kA eka aMga bana gayA aura paravartI ullekha kASThAsaMgha kI eka zAkhA mAthuragaccha ke rUpa meM milate haiN| yadi hama kAla kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yaha pAte haiM ki zve. mAthurasaMgha aura digambara mAthurasaMgha kI utpatti lagabhaga samakAlIna hai| kyoMki ve0 mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha bhI 11-12vIM zatAbdI meM hI milate haiN| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM kharatara, tapA, acala Adi mahattvapUrNa gacchoM kA udbhava kAla bhI yahI hai, phira bhI ina gacchoM meM mAthura saMgha kA spaSTa abhAva hone se hama isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki mAthura saMgha ve0 jaina muniyoM kA sagaThana na hokara mathurA nivAsI zve0 zrAvakoM kA eka saMgaThana thaa| Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki ina abhilekhoM meM zve0 mAthurasaMgha kA ullekha hote hue bhI kahIM kisI muni yA AryA kA nAmollekha nahIM hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki zve0 mAthurasaMgha mathurA ke zrAvakoM kAhI eka saMgaThana thA / zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI nagara ke nAma ke sAtha saMgha zabda jor3akara usa nagara ke zrAvakoM ko usameM samAhita kiyA jAtA hai| ataH niSkarSa yahI hai ki ve0 mAthurasaMgha mathurA ke AvakoM kA saMgha thA mAthura saMgha mAthurasaMgha bhI mukhyataH digambara paramparA kA hI saMgha hai mathurA aura usakA muni paramparA athavA unake gacchoM se koI sambandha nahIM thaa| .

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634 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 " " 207 / isa lekha ke aMta meM maiM vidvAnoM se apekSA karU~gA ki zvetAmbara 4. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2, maNikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA mAthura saMgha ke sambandha meM yadi unheM koI jAnakArI ho to mujhe avagata samiti, saM0 45, hIrAbAga, bambaI 4, pra0saM0 1952 karAyeM tAki hama isa lekha ko aura adhika pramANa purassara banA skeN| lekhakramAMka 180 / saMdarbha 5. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 178 / 1. (a) saM0 pro0 DhAkI, pro0 sAgaramala jaina, aispekTsa Ava 6. vahI, " " 250 / jainAlAjI, khaNDa-2, (paM0 becaradAsa smRti grantha) hindI vibhAga, 7. vahI, jainasAhitya meM stUpa- pro0 sAgaramala, pR0 137-8 / 8. vahI, bhAga 3, bhUmikA, pR0 26 va 32 / (ba) vividhatIrthakalpa- jinaprabhasUri, mathurApurI klp| 9. jaina zilAlekha saM, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 90 va 94 / 2. arhat vacana, varSa 4, aMka 1, janavarI 92, pR0 10 10. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, bhUmikA, pR0 23 / 3. (a) vividhatIrthakalpa- jinaprabhasUri, mathurApurI klp| 11. vahI, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 791 / (ba) prabhAvakacarita, prabhAcandra, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, pR0 saM0 12. vahI, lekhakramAMka 122 evaM 123 (manne kA taamrptr)| 13, kalakattA, pra0saM0 1940, pR0 88-111 / Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana bhAratIya saMskRti zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRtiyoM kA hai| sAtha hI mohanajodar3o ke utkhanan se vRSabha yukta dhyAna mudrA meM yogiyoM samanvita rUpa hai| jahA~ zramaNa saMskRti tapa-tyAga evaM dhyAna sAdhanA kI sIleM isa tathya kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla ke pUrva pradhAna rahI hai, vahA~ brAhmaNa saMskRti yajJa-yAga mUlaka evaM karmakANDAtmaka bhI bhArata meM zramaNa dhArA kA na kevala astitva thA, apitu vahI eka mAtra rahI hai| hama zramaNa saMskRti ko AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttiparaka arthAt pramukha dhArA thii| kyoMki mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM kahIM saMnyAsamUlaka bhI kaha sakate haiM, jabaki brAhmaNa saMskRti ko sAmAjika bhI yajJavedI upalabdha nahIM huI hai, isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki bhArata evaM pravRttimUlaka kahA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke mUla meM tapa evaM dhyAna pradhAna Aheta paramparA kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla AdhAra to mAnava-prakRti meM nihita vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga se hI rahA hai| aura yoga (saMyama) ke tattva hI haiM jinakI svatantra carcA hamane apane yadi hama jaina dharma ke prAcIna nAmoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM grantha 'jaina, bauddha evaM gItA kA sAdhanA mArga' kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| to yaha suspaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM yaha Arhata dharma ke nAma se hI prasiddha yahA~ para ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke vikAsa ke mUla upAdAnoM evaM unake rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA pUrva rUpa Arhata dharma thaa| krama tathA vaiziSTaya kI carcA meM na jAkara unake aitihAsika astitva jJAtavya hai ki jaina-zabda mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa pazcAt ko hI apanI vivecanA kA mUla AdhAra bnaayeNge| hI kabhI astitva meM AyA hai| sAtavIM zatI se pUrva hameM kahIM bhI jaina bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke liye prAcInatama zabda kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, yadyapi isakI apekSA 'jina' va 'jinasAhityika strota ke rUpa meM veda aura prAcInatama purAtAtvika strota ke rUpa dhamma' ke ullekha prAcIna haiN| kintu arhat, zramaNa, jina Adi zabda bauddhoM meM mohanajodar3o evaM har3appA ke avazeSa hI hamAre AdhAra haiN| saMyoga se evaM anya zramaNa dhArAoM meM bhI sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita rahe haiN| ata: jaina ina donoM hI AdhAroM yA sAkSyoM se bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA ke ati prAcIna paramparA kI unase pRthakatA kI dRSTi se pArzva ke kAla meM yaha dharma nirgranthadharma kAla meM bhI upasthita hone ke saMketa milate haiN| Rgveda bhAratIya sAhitya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| jaina AgamoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki I.pU. kA prAcInatama grantha hai| yadyapi isakI ati prAcInatA ke aneka dAve kiye pAcavIM zatI meM zramaNa dhArA mukhya rUpa se 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIM-1. jAte haiM aura mImAMsaka darzanadhArA ke vidvAna to ise anAdi aura nirgrantha, 2. zAkya, 3. tApasa 4. gairUka aura 5. aajiivkr| vastuta: apauruSeya bhI mAnate haiM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsvI pUrva 1500 jaba zramaNa dhArA vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjita hone lagI to jaina dhArA ke varSa pahale yaha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa lie pahale 'nirgrantha' aura bAda meM 'jJAtaputrIya zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga hone prAcInatama grantha meM hameM zramaNa saMskRti ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha lgaa| na kevala pAlI tripiTaka evaM jaina AgamoM meM apitu azoka (I.pU.hote haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI ina zramaNa aura brAhmaNa 3 zatI) ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI jainadharma kA ullekha nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa dhArAoM kA nirdeza kramaza: Arhata aura bArhata dhArAoM ke rUpa meM milatA meM hI milatA hai| .

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Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka vimarza 635 vastutaH pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM pracalita dharma se pUrva huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vaidika vidvAnoM ne ina RcAoM meM prayukta arhan sampUrNa zramaNa dhArA Arhata paramparA ke rUpa meM hI ullekhita hotI thI aura zabda ko pUjanIya ke artha meM agni, rUdra Adi vaidika devatAoM ke isameM na kevala jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi paramparAeM sammilita thIM, vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki eka vizeSaNa apitu aupaniSadika-RSi paramparA aura sAMkhya-yoga kI darzanadhArA evaM ke rUpa meM arhan yA arhat zabda kA artha pUjanIya hotA hai, kintu Rgveda sAdhanA-paramparA bhI isI meM samAhita thii| yaha alaga bAta hai ki meM arhan ke atirikta arhanta zabda kA spaSTa svatantra prayoga yaha batAtA aupaniSadika dhArA evaM sAMkhya-yoga paramparA ke bRhad hindUdharma meM samAhita hai ki vastuta: vaha eka saMjJA pada bhI hai aura arhanta deva kA vAcI hai| kara liye jAne evaM bauddha tathA AjIvaka paramparAoM ke kramaza: isa deza isa sandarbha meM nimna RcAe~ vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiMse niSkAsita athavA mRtapAya: ho jAne para jaina paramparA ko puna: pUrva madhyuga arhaviSibharSi sAyakAni dhanvAhanniSkaM yajataM vizvarUpama meM Arhata dharma nAma prApta ho gyaa| kintu yahA~ hama jisa Aheta paramparA arhannidaM dayase vizvamambaM na vA ojIyo rudr-tvdsti|| kI carcA kara rahe haiM, vaha eka prAcIna evaM vyApaka paramparA hai| RSibhASita (2.33.10) nAmaka jaina grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, uddAlaka, prastuta RcA ko rUdra sUkta ke antargata hone ke kAraNa vaidika aMgirasa, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA arhat RSi ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne yahA~ arhan zabda ko rUdra kA eka vizeSaNa mAnakara isakA rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI sAriputra, mahAkAzyapa Adi bauddha zramaNoM artha isa prakAra kiyA haievaM maMkhalIgozAla, saMjaya Adi anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM kA he rUdra! yogya tU bANoM aura dhanuSa ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya bhI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| bauddha paramparA meM buddha ke tU, pUjA ke yogya aura aneka rUpoM vAle sone ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya sAtha-sAtha arhat avasthA ko prApta anya zramaNoM ko arhat kahA jAtA tU isa sAre vistRta jagat kI rakSA karatA hai| he rUdra, tujhase adhika tejasvI thaa| baddha ke liye arhat vizeSaNa supracalita thA, yathA-namotassa bhagavato aura koI nahIM hai| arahato smmaasNbuddhss| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa dhArA apane jaina dRSTi meM isa RcA ko nimna prakAra se bhI vyAkhyAyita kiyA samagra rUpa meM Arhata paramparA ke nAma se hI jAnI jAtI thii| vaidika sAhitya jA sakatA haimeM aura vizeSa rUpa se Rgveda meM Ahata va bArhata dhArAoM kA ullekha he arhan! tU (saMyama rUpI) zastroM (dhanuSa-bANa) ko dhAraNa karatA bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai| Arhata dharma vastuta: vahA~ nivRttipradhAna hai? aura sAMsArika jIvoM meM prANa rUpa svarNa kA tyAga kara detA hai? nizcaya sampUrNa zramaNadhArA kA hI vAcaka haiN| Ahata zabda se hI yaha bhI spaSTa hI tujhase adhika balavAna aura kaThora aura koI nahIM hai| he arhan! tU ho jAtA hai ki Arhata- arhatoM ke upAsaka the aura arhat avasthA vizva kI arthAt saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI mAtRvat dayA karatA hai| ko prApta karanA hI apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnate the| bauddha granthoM meM prastuta prasaMga meM arhan kI byAja rUpa se stuti kI gayI hai| buddha ke pUrva vajjiyoM ke apane arhatoM evaM caityoM kI upasthiti ke yahA~ zastra dhAraNa karane kA tAtparya karma zatruoM yA viSaya vAsanAoM ko nirdeza haiN| ArhatoM se bhinna vaidika paramparA Rgvaidika kAla meM bArhata parAjita karane ke lie saMyama rUpI zastroM ko dhAraNa karane se hai| jaina paramparA nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| meM 'arihaMta' zabda kI vyAkhyA zatru kA nAza karane vAlA, isa rUpa meM Rgveda ke dazam maNDala ke 85 veM sUkta kI caturtha RcA meM kI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM sAdhaka ko apanI vAsanAoM se yuddha karane kA spaSTa rUpa se bArhata zabda kA ullekha huA hai| vaha RcA isa prakAra hai- nirdeza diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra byAja rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki AcchadvidhAnairgupito bAhataiH soma rkssitH| jahA~ sArA saMsAra svarNa ke pIche bhAgatA hai, vahIM, tU isakA tyAga karatA prAvNAmicchRNvan tiSThAsi na te azrAnti paarthivH|| hai| yahA~ yajataM zabda tyAga kA vAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ata: tujhase (Rgveda 10.185.14) adhika kaThora va samartha kauna ho sakatA hai? prastuta prasaMga meM 'arhan dayase arthAt he soma! tU gupta vidhi vidhAnoM se rakSita bArhata gaNoM vizvamamba' zabda adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM arhan ko vizva ke sabhI se saMrakSita hai| tU (somalatA ke) pIsane vAle pattharoM kA zabda sunatA hI prANiyoM kI dayA karane vAlA tathA mAtRvat kahA gayA hai, jo jaina paramparA rahatA hai| tujhe pRthvI kA koI bhI sAmAnya jana nahIM khA sktaa| kA mUla AdhAra hai| isI prakAra paMcama maNDala ke bAvanaveM sUkta kI pA~cavIM bRhitI veda ko kahate haiM aura isa bRhatI ke upAsaka bArhata RcA bhI mahattvapUrNa haikahe jAte the| isa prakAra vedoM meM varNita somapAna evaM yajJa-yAga meM niSThA arhanto ye sudAnavo naro asaamishvsH| rakhane vAle aura use hI apanI dharma sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnane vAle loga pra yajJaM yajJiyebhyo divo arcA mruddhyH|| hI bArhata the| inake viparIta dhyAna aura tapa sAdhanA ko pramukha mAnane vAle (Rgveda 5.52.5) vyakti Arhata nAma se jAne jAte the| vaidika sAhitya meM hameM spaSTa rUpa sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA ke anasAra isa RcA kA artha isa se arhat ko mAnane vAle ina ArhatoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| Rgveda meM prakAra haiarhan aura arhanta zabdoM kA prayoga nau RcAoM meM dasa se adhika bAra jo pUjya, dAnazUra, sampUrNa bala se yukta tathA tejasvI dyautamAna

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636 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 netA hai, una pUjya vIra-marUtoM ke lie yajJa karo aura unakI pUjA kro| tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA vAcI mAnate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM ne RSabhadeva kI carcA hama prastuta RcA kI bhI jaina dRSTi se nimna vyAkhyA kara ke sandarbha meM Rgveda, yajurveda, atharvaveda Adi kI aneka RcAe~ prastuta sakate haiM bhI kI haiM aura unakA jaina saMskRti anusArI artha karane kA bhI prayatna jo dAnavIra, tejasvI, sampUrNa vIrya se yukta, nara zreSTha kiyA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiMne bhI eka aisA hI prayatna kiyA hai| kintu arhanta haiM, ve yAjJikoM ke lie yajana ke aura marutoM ke lie arcanA aisA dAvA maiM nahI karatA hU~ ki yahI eka mAtra vikalpa hai| merA kathya mAtra ke viSaya haiN| yaha hai ki una RcAoM ke aneka sambhAvita arthoM meM yaha bhI eka artha isI prakAra se arhan zabda vAcI anya RcAoM kI bhI jaina ho sakatA hai, isase adhika sunizcita rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| vaidika RcAoM kI vyAkhyAoM ke hai| Rgveda meM prayukta zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM hameM paryApta satarkatA evaM sAtha kaThinAI yaha hai ki unakI zabdAnusArI sarala vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM sAvadhAnI baratanI hogI, kyoMki jahA~ taka vaidika RcAoM kA prazna hai hotI hai, lakSaNA pradhAna vyAkhyA hI karanI hotI hai| ata: unheM aneka unakA artha karanA eka kaThina kArya hai| adhika kyA kaheM, sAyaNa jaise draSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhASyakAroM ne bhI Rgveda ke 10 veM maNDala ke 106 veM sUkta ke gyAraha Rgveda meM na kevala sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa paramparA aura vizeSa mantroM kI vyAkhyA karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, rUpa se jaina paramparA se sambandhita arhana, arhanta, vrAtya, vAtarazanAmuni, kucha anya mantroM ke sambandha meM spaSTa likhA hai ki ina mantroM se kucha bhI zramaNa Adi zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, apitu usameM Arhata paramparA artha bodha nahIM hotA hai| kaThinAI yaha hai ki sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bhASyoM ke upAsya vRSabha kA bhI zatAdhika bAra ullekha huA hai| mujhe Rgveda meM aura Rgveda ke racanA kAla meM paryApta antara hai| jo grantha IsA se 1500 vRSabha vAcI 112 RcAe~ upalabdha huI haiN| sambhavata: kucha aura RcAe~ varSa pUrva kabhI banA ho, usakA IsA kI 15 vIM zatI meM artha karanA kaThina bhI mila sakatI haiN| yadyapi yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina samasta RcAoM kArya hai kyoMki isameM na kevala bhASA kI kaThinAI hotI hai, apitu zabdoM meM prayukta 'bRSabha' zabda RSabhadeva kA hI vAcI hai| phira bhI kucha RcAe~ ke rUr3ha artha bhI paryApta rUpa se badala cuke hote haiN| vastuta: vaidika RcAoM to avazya hI RSabhadeva se sambandhita mAnI sakatI haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, ko unake bhaugolika va sAmAjika pariprekSya meM samajhe binA unakA jo pro. jImara, pro. vIrapAkSa vADiyara Adi kucha jainetara vidvAna bhI isa mata artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha RcAoM meM prakaTa mUla bhAvoM ke kitanA nikaTa ke pratipAdaka haiM ki Rgveda meM jainoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se hogA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| skandasvAmI, sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bAda sambandhita nirdeza upalabdha hote haiN1deg| Arhata dhArA ke Adi puruSa ke rUpa svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne vaidika mantroM kI apanI dRSTi se vyAkhyA meM RSabha kA nAma sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta rahA hai, kyoMki hindU purANoM karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadi hama sAyaNa aura dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM evaM bauddha granthoM se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| jainoM ne unheM apanA Adi ko dekheM, to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAyaNa evaM dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM tIrthakara mAnA hai| itanA sunizcita hai ki RSabhadeva bhAratIya saMskRti kI meM bahuta antara hai| Rgveda meM jina-jina RcAoM meM vRSabha zabda AyA nivRttipradhAna dhArA ke prathama puruSa haiN| hindU paramparA meM jo avatAroM kI hai, ve sabhI RcAe~ aisI haiM ki unheM aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita carcA hai, usameM RSabha kA krama 8vA~ hai, kintu yadi mAnavIya rUpa meM avatAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to lagatA hai ki ve hI prathama mAnavAvatAra the| yadyapi mUla samasyA to yaha hai ki vaidika RcAoM kA zabdika artha RSabha kI avatAra rUpa meM svIkRti hameM sarvaprathama purANa sAhitya meM grahaNa kareM yA lAkSaNika arth| jahA~ taka vRSabha sambandhI RcAoM ke artha vizeSata: bhAgavata purANa meM milatI hai jo ki paravartI grantha hai| kintu itanA kA prazna hai, maiM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA hU~ ki unakA zabdAnusArI artha nizcita hai ki zrImadbhAgavata meM zraSabha kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa hai, karane para na to jaina mantavya kI puSTi hotI hai aura na AryasamAja ke mantavyoM vaha unheM nivRttipradhAna zramaNa saMskRti kA Adi puruSa siddha karatA hai11|| kI puSTi hogI, na hI unase kisI viziSTa dArzanika cintana kA avabodha zrImadbhAgavata purANa ke atirikta liMgapurANa, zivapuraNa, AgneyapurANa, hotA hai| yadyapi vaidika mantroM ke artha ke lie sarvaprathama yAska ne eka brahmAMDapurANa, viSNupurANa, kUrmapurANa, varAhapurANa aura skandha purANa meM prayatna kiyA thA kintu usake nirukta meM hI yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita bhI RSabha kA ullekha eka dharma pravartaka ke rUpa meM huA hai,12 yadyapi hai ki usa samaya bhI kotsa Adi AcArya aise the, jo mAnate the ki vedoM prastuta nibandha meM hama Rgveda meM upalabdha vRSabha vAcI RcAoM kI hI carcA ke mantra nirarthaka haiN18| yadyapi hama isa mata se sahamata nahIM ho skte| taka apane ko sImita kreNge| vastuta: vaidika mantra eka sahaja svAbhAvika mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI Rgveda meM 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga kina-kina sandarbho meM huA abhivyakti haiM kintu aisA mAnane para vedoM ke prati jisa Adara bhAva yA hai, yaha abhI bhI eka gahana zodha kA viSaya hai| jahA~ eka ora adhikAMza unakI mahattA kI bAta hai vaha kSINa ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki svAmI vaidika vidvAna va bhASyakAra Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha (RSabha) zabda kA artha dayAnanda Adi ne vedoM meM rahasyAtmakatA va lAkSaNikatA ko pramukha mAnA baila13, balavAna14, uttam zreSTha 15 varSA karane vAlA16, kAmanAoM kI aura usI AdhAra para mantroM kI vyAkhyAyeM kii| ata: sabase prathama yaha pUrti karane vAlA17 Adi karate haiM, vahIM jaina vidvAna use apane prathama vicAraNIya hai ki kyA veda mantroM kI vyAkhyA unheM rahasyAtmaka va lAkSaNika

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Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka vimarza 637 mAnakara kI jAya athavA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi hama Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha jA sakate haiN| dayAnanda ne usakI lAkSaNikatA ko spaSTa karate hue-Izvara zabda ko RSabhadeva ke artha me grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM, to hamAre mata kI kA prakAza phailA hai aisA bhAvArtha kiyA hai| lekina yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna puSTi rahasyAtmaka evaM lAkSaNika vyAkhyAyoM dvArA hI sambhava hai| zabdAnusArI rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya cintana meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA eka paravartI sAmAnya artha kI dRSTi se aisI puSTi sambhava nahIM hai| vikAsa hai| Rta kI avadhAraNA prAcIna hai aura usakA artha satya yA sabase pahale hama isI prazna para vicAra kareM ki kyA vaidika vyavasthA hai| RcAoM kA lAkSaNika va rahasyAtmaka artha kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha bhI prastuta prasaMga meM isa RcA ko vRSabha se sambandhita mAnate haiM spaSTa hai ki aneka vaidika RcAe~ va mantra apane zabdAnusArI artha meM bahuta to isakA artha isa prakAra hogA-jisa prakAra taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha hI sAdhAraNa se lagate haiM jabaki unakA lAkSaNika artha atyanta hI gambhIra gau samUha ke bIca apanI dhvani se suzobhita hotA hai, usI prakAra RSabha hotA hai| vaidika RcAe~ lAkSaNika va rahasyAtmaka artha kI vAcaka haiM yaha ke kevala jJAna se utpanna samyak vANI se satya kI sabhA suzobhita hotI samajhane ke lie pahale hameM aupaniSadika sAhitya para bhI isa dRSTi se hai| vaha (RSabhadeva) samavasaraNa meM Upara AsIna hokara jisa vANI kA vicAra karanA hogA kyoMki aneka upaniSad vedoM meM samAhita haiN| udghoSa karate haiM, vaha apane tIvra rava zabda dhvani ke dvArA isa samasta loka zvetAzvataropaniSad meM nimna zloka pAyA jAtA hai ko vyApta karatI hai| isa prakAra uparyukta RcA kA jaina dRSTi se jo lAkSaNika ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahvI prajAH sRjyamAnAM sruupaaH| artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| isI prasaMga ajohyeko juSamANo'nuzete jahAtyenAM bhuktbhogaamjo'nyH|| meM Rgveda ke caturtha maNDala ke 58 veM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA, jo vRSabha yadi hama zvetAzvataropaniSad ke isa zloka kA zabdAnusArI yaha se sambandhita hai, ke artha para bhI vicAra kreN| yaha RcA isa prakAra haiartha karate haiM ki eka kAle, lAla va sapheda raMga kI bakarI hai, jo apane catvAri zRGagA trayo asya pAdA dve zIrSe saptahastAso asy| samAna hI saMtAna ko janma detI hai| eka bakarA usakA bhoga kara rahA hai, tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo mAM A vivesh|| jabaki dUsare ne usakA bhoga karake parityAga kara diyA hai| isa artha kI (4.58.3) dRSTi se yaha zloka eka sAmAnya pazu kI prAkRtika sthiti kA citraNa isa RcA kA zabdAnusArI sAmAnya artha isa prakAra haimAtra hai, lekina hama isake pUrvApara sambandha ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA isa vRSabha athavA deva ke cAra sIMga, tIna paira, do sira aura hai ki aupaniSadika RSi kA yaha kathana kevala eka pazu kA citraNa nahIM isake sAta hAtha haiN| yaha vRSabha yA balavAna deva tIna sthAnoM para baMdhA huA hai, apita eka rUpaka hai, jisake lAkSaNika artha ke AdhAra para vaha prakRti zabda karatA hai, yaha mahAna deva manuSyoM meM praviSTa haiM 21 / isa zabdAnusArI kI triguNAtmakatA ke sAtha usake dvArA sRSTa padArthoM ke triguNAtmaka svarUpa artha ke AdhAra para- na to isameM vRSabha (baila) kA yathArtha prAkRtika svarUpa ko spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai| yaha tathya isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki vedoM kI kA citraNa hai- yaha kahA jA sakatA hai aura na kisI anya artha kA spaSTa RcAe~ evaM aupaniSadika zloka mAtra sAmAnya artha ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| bodha hotA hai| ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se isake lAkSaNika artha kI ora unameM aneka sthAnoM para rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se dArzanika rahasyoM ke udghATana jAnA hotA hai| kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM hama Rgveda kI hI dasaveM maNDala dayAnanda sarasvatI isakA lAkSaNika artha isa prakAra karate haiMkI eka RcA lete haiM he manuSyoM! jo bar3A sevA aura Adara karane yogya svaprakAza Rtasya hi sadaso dhItiradyautsaM gArTeyo vRSabho gobhirAnaTa svarUpa aura saba ko sukha dene vAlA maraNadharma vAle manuSya Adi ko saba udatiSThattaviSeNA raveNa mahAnti citsaM vivyAcA rjaaNsi|| prakAra se vyApta hotA hai aura jo sukhoM ko varSAne vAlA tIna zraddhA, puruSArtha (10.111.2) aura yogAbhyAsa se baMdhA huA vistRta upadeza detA hai| isa dharma se yukta isa RcA ke zAbdika artha ke anusAra isake dvitIya caraNa nitya aura naimittika paramAtmA ke bodha ke do unnati aura mokSa rUpa zira kA artha hogA taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha raMbhAtA huA gauoM ke sAtha sthAnApanna tIna arthAt karma, upAsanA aura jJAna rUpa calane yogya paira aura milatA hai, kintu mAtra itanA artha karane para RcA kA bhAva spaSTa nahI cAra veda zrRgoM ke sadRza Apa logoM ko jAnane yogya haiM aura isa dharma hotA hai| isake pUrva Rtasya hI sadaso dhItiradyautsaM isa pUrvacaraNa ko bhI vyavahAra ke pA~ca jJAnendriya vA pA~ca karmendriya anta:karaNa aura AtmA lenA hotA hai| isa caraNa kA artha bhI sAyaNa aura dayAnanda ne alaga- ye sAta hAthoM ke sadRza vartamAna haiM, aura ukta tIna prakAra se badhA~ huA alaga DhaMga se kiyA hai, kintu ve artha bhI lAkSaNika hI haiN| jahA~ dayAnanda vyavahAra bhI jAnane yogya hai 22 / kintu yadi isa uparyukta RcA kA artha 'Rtasya hI sadasodhItiradyauta' kA artha Rta kI sabhA kI dhAraNA zakti jaina dRSTi se kareM to tIna yogoM arthAt mana, vacana va kAya se baddha yA prakAzita ho rahI hai- aisA artha karate hai19, vahIM sAyaNa bhASya para yukta RSabha deva ne yaha udghoSaNA kI ki mahAdeva arthAt paramAtmA mRtyoM AdhArita hokara sAtavelakara isakA artha jala sthAna kA arthAt antarikSa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, usake ananta catuSTaya rUpa arthAt ananta jJAna, kA dhAraka yaha indra prakAzatA hai, aisA artha karate haiM20, kintu ye donoM ananta darzana, ananta sukha va ananta vIrya aise cAra zraGga haiM aura samyaka hI artha na to pUrNata: zabdAnusArI haiM aura na pUrNata: lAkSaNika hI kahe darzana, jJAna va cAritra rUpa tIna pAda haiN| usa paramAtmA ke jJAna upayoga

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638 va darzana upayoga aise do zIrSa haiM tathA pA~ca indriyAM, mana va buddhi aise sAta hAtha haiN| zRGga AtmA ke sarvottama dazA ke sUcaka hai jo sAdhanA kI pUrNatA para ananta catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM aura pAda usa sAdhanA mArga ke sUcaka haiM jisake mAdhyama se usa sarvottama Atma avasthA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sapta hasta jJAna prApta ke sAta sAdhanoM ko sUcita karate haiN| RSabha ko tridhAbaddha kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha mana-vacana evaM kAya yogoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM hai| baddha kA artha saMyata yA niyantrita karane para mana, vacana, va kAya se saMgata aisA artha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 isa prakAra se hama dekhate haiM ki yahAM jaina dRSTi se kiyA lAkSaNika artha utanA hI samIcIna hai, jitanA svAmI dayAnanda kA lAkSaNika artha itanA avazya satya hai ki isa RcA kA koI bhI zabdAnusArI artha isake artha ko abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH hameM mAnanA hogA ki vaidika RcAoM ke artha ko samajhane ke lie inakI lAkSaNikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA anya koI vikalpa nahIM hai| sAyaNa Adi vedoM ke bhASyakAroM ne sAmAnya rUpa meM 'vRSabha' zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI hai aura usake prasaMgAnusAra balavAna, zreSTha, varSA karane vAlA, kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA aisA artha kiyA hai| ve vRSabha ko indra, agni, rUdra Adi vaidika devatAoM kA eka vizeSaNa mAnate haiM evaM isI rUpa meM use vyAkhyAyita bhI karate haiM cAhe vRSabha kA artha balavAna yA zreSTha kareM athavA use varSA karane vAlA yA kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA kaheM, vaha eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI gRhIta hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM vRSabha zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| svayaM jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM huA hai| bauddha grantha dhammapada ke anta meM eka gAthA meM vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa huA hai vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra haiusabhaM pavaraM vIraM mahesiM vijitaavinN| meM ajaM nahAtakaM buddhaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / (dhammapada, 26.1.40) ataH isa sambandha meM koI Apatti nahIM kI jA sakatI hai ki vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM ho sakatA, kintu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vRSabha zabda sarvatra vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI prayukta hotA hai| 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga sAhitya ke kSetra meM vizeSaNa pada va saMjJA pada donoM rUpoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM hI aneka aise sthala haiM jahA~ vaidika vidvAnoM ne 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| jaise 1. tvaM agne vRSabha : (1/31/5) 2. vRSabha: indro (1/33 / 10) 3. tvaM agne indro vRSabha: (2/1/3) haiM, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA 'vRSabha' zabda ko sadaiva hI eka vizeSaNa mAnA jAya / yaha ThIka hai ki indra varSA kA devatA hai use zreSTha yA balavAna mAnA gayA hai| ataH usakA vizeSaNa vRSabha ho sakatA hai kintu isake viparIta indra zabda ko bhI vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM RSabha Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke lie jinendra vizeSaNa prasiddha hI hai / atharvaveda (9.9.7) meM indrasya rUpaM RSabho kahakara donoM ko paryAyavAcI banA diyA gayA hai| indra kA artha aizvarya kA dhAraka aisA bhI hotA hai| isa rUpa meM vaha vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI bana sakatA hai| jisa prakAra vRSabha ko indra, agni, rudra, bRhaspati Adi kA vizeSaNa mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra vyAkhyA ko parivartita karake indra, rudra, agni aura bRhaspati ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ vRSabha Apa indra yA jinendra haiM-aisI vyAkhyA bhI bahuta asaMgata nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai kucha jaina vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA bhI hai ki vedoM meM 'jAta - vedasa' zabda jo agni ke lie prayukta huA hai vaha janma se trijJAna sampanna jyoti svarUpa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke lie hI hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki "ratnadharakta", "vizvavedasa", "jAtavedasa" Adi zabda jo vedoM meM agni ke vizeSaNa haiM ve ratnatraya se yukta vizva tattvoM ke jJAtA sarvajJa RSabha ke lie bhI prayukta ho sakate haiM / itanA nizcita hai ki ye zabda sAmAnya prAkRtika agni ke vizeSaNa to nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| cAhe unheM agnideva kA vAcI mAnA jAya yA RSabhadeva kA, ve kisI daivIya zakti ke hI vizeSaNa ho sakate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki agni deva ke rUpa meM RSabha kI stuti kA eka mAtra hetu yahI dRSTigata hotA hai RSabhadeva sthUla va sUkSma zarIra se parinivRtta hokara siddha, buddha va mukta hue usa samaya unake parama prazAnta ko AtmasAta karane vAlI agni hI tatkAlIna janamAnasa ke lie smRti kA viSaya raha gayI aura janatA agni darzana se hI apane ArAdhya deva kA smaraNa karane lgii| (devendramunI zAstrI: RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pR.43) jaina vidvAnoM ke isa cintana meM kitanI sArthakatA hai yaha eka svatantra carcA kA viSaya hai, yahA~ meM usameM utaranA nahIM cAhatA hU~, kintu yaha batAnA cAhatA hU~ ki vizeSaNa evaM vizeSya ke rUpa meM prayukta donoM zabdoM meM yadi saMjJA rUpa meM prayukta hone kI sAmarthya hai to unameM kise vizeSaNa aura kise vizeSya mAnA jAya yaha vyAkhyAkAra kI apanI-apanI dRSTi para hI AdhArita hogaa| sAtha hI donoM ko paryAyavAcI bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM rudra kI stuti ke sandarbha meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| svayaM Rgveda meM hI eka ora rudra ko ugra evaM zastroM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA kahA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora use vizva prANiyoM ke prati dayAvAna aura mAtRvat bhI kahA gayA hai (2/33/1) / isa RcA kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| eka hI vyakti kaThora va komala donoM ho sakatA hai| RSabha ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki ye tapa kI kaThora sAdhanA karate the| 4. vRSabhaM.... indraM (3/47/5) isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka sandarbha upasthita kie jA sakate ataH vaha rudra bhI the| vaidika sAhitya meM rudra, sarva, pAzupati, Iza, mahezvara, .

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Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka vimarza 639 ziva, zaMkara Adi paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jaina dRSTi se inheM sAtavIM RcA (7.55.7) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sahastra zrRGga vAlA vRSabha vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA gayA hai| ata: kise kisakA vizeSaNa mAnA samudra se Upara aayaa| yadyapi vaidika vidvAn isa RcA kI vyAkhyA meM vRSabha jAya, yaha nirdhAraNa sahaja nahIM hai| Rgveda meM jo rudra kI stuti hai usameM kA artha sUrya karate haiM, ve vRSabha kA sUrya artha isa AdhAra para lagAte haiM 5 bAra vRSabha zabda kA aura 3 bAra arhan zabda kA ullekha huA hai| mAtra ki vRSabha zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai jo varSA kA kAraNa hotA hai, itanA hI nahIM, rudra ko arhan zabda se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| itanA vaha vRSabha hai| kyoMki sUrya vRSTi kA kAraNa hai, ata: vRSabha kA eka artha to nizcita hai ki arhan vizeSaNa RSabhadeva ke lie hI adhika samIcIna sUrya bhI ho sakatA hai| sahasra zrRGga kA artha bhI ve sUrya kI hajAroM kiraNoM hai kyoMki yaha mAnya tathya hai ki unake dvArA pravartita dharma Arhata dharma hai| se karate haiM, kintu jaina dRSTi se isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA ata: Rgveda meM rudra kI jo stuti prApta hotI hai usameM yadi rudra ko vRSabha hai ki jJAna rUpI sahastroM kiraNoM se maNDita RSabhadeva samudrataTa para aaye| mAnA jAya to vaha vRSabha kI stuti ke rUpa meM bhI vyAkhyAyita ho sakatI isI RcA kI agalI paMkti kA zabdArtha isa prakAra hai- usa kI sahAyatA hai| yadyapi maiM ise eka sambhAvita vyAkhyA se adhika nahIM mAnatA huuN| isa se hama manuSyoM ko sulA dete haiM, kintu sUrya kI sahAyatA se manuSyoM ko sambandha meM pUrNa sunizcitatA kA dAvA karanA mithyA hogaa| kaise sulAyA jA sakatA hai yaha bAta sAmAnya buddhi kI samajha meM nahIM aatii| Rgveda meM vRSabha zabda kA bRhaspati ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI phira bhI sahastra zrRGga kI vyAkhyA to lAkSaNika dRSTi se hI karanA hogaa| mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI yahI samasyA hai| hama bRhaspati ko bhI vRSabha kA vRSabha zabda baila kA vAcI bhI hai aura Rgveda meM baila ke kriyAkalApoM vizeSaNa banA sakate haiM kyoMki RSabha ko paramajJAnI mAnA gayA hai| isa kI agni, indra Adi se tulanA bhI kI gaI hai jaise 8veM maNDala meM zizAno prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vRSabha zabda indra, agni, rudra athavA bRhaspati vRSabho yathAgniH zrRGga davidhvata, (8.68.13) meM hama dekhate haiM ki agni kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya yA ina zabdoM ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya, kI tulanA vRSabha se kI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jaise vRSabha apane isa samasyA kA samyak samAdhAna itanA hI ho sakatA hai ki ina vyAkhyAoM sIgoM se prahAra karate samaya apane sira ko hilAtA hai usI prakAra agni meM dRSTibheda hI pramukha hai| donoM vyAkhyAoM meM kisI ko bhI hama pUrNataH bhI apanI jvAlAoM ko hilAtA hai| asaMgata nahIM kaha skte| kintu yadi jaina dRSTi se vicAra kareM to hameM mAnanA isI prakAra kI anya RcAyeM bhI haiM- vRSabho na tigmazrRMgo'nta!theSu hogA ki rudra, indra, agni Adi RSabha ke vizeSaNa haiN| roruvata- (10.86.15) tIkSNa sIMga vAle vRSabha ke samAna jo apane Rgveda meM hameM eka sabase mahattvapUrNa sUcanA yaha milatI hai ki samUha meM zabda karatA hai| isakA jaina dRSTi se lAkSaNika artha yaha bhI ho aneka sandarbho meM vRSabha kA eka vizeSaNa marutvAn AyA hai (vRSabhoM sakatA hai ki tIkSNa prajJA vAle RSabha deva apane samUha arthAt caturvidha marutvAn (2.33.6)) / jaina paramparA meM RSabha ko marudevI kA putra mAnA saMgha yA pariSada meM upadeza dete haiM aura he indra! tuma bhI una para maMthana gayA hai, ata: unake sAtha yaha vizeSaNa samucita pratIta hotA hai| yA cintana kro| jJAtavya hai isa RcA meM 'na' zabda samAnatA yA tulanA Rgveda meM vRSabha sambandhI RcAoM kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM kA vAcI hai| isI prakAra 'AzuH zisAno vRSabho na' (10.103.1) meM yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM unakI lAkSaNika vyAkhyA ke atirikta bhI tulanA hai| anya koI vikalpa nahIM rahatA hai| isa prakAra Rgveda meM vRSabha zabda tulanA kI dRSTi se baila ke Rgveda ke caturtha maNDala ke aTThAvanaveM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA artha meM bhI aneka sthaloM meM prayukta huA hai| meM vRSabha ko cAra sIgoM, tIna pAdA yA pAvoM, do zIrSa, sAta hasta evaM uparyukta samasta carcAoM ke AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para tIna prakAra se baddha kahA gayA hai| yaha RcA spaSTa rUpa se RSabha ko samarpita pahucate haiM ki Rgveda meM jina-jina sthAnoM para vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isameM RSabha ko mRtyoM meM upasthita yA praviSTha mahAdeva kahA gayA hai| hai una sabhI sthaloM kI vyAkhyA vRSabha ko 'RSabha' mAnakara nahIM kI jA isa RcA kI kaThinAI yaha hai ki ise kisI bhI sthiti meM apane sakatI hai| mAtra kucha sthala haiM jahA~ para Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha kI vyAkhyA zabdAnusArI sahaja artha dvArA vyAkhyAyita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki RSabha ke sandarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| inameM bhI sampUrNa RcA ko na to vRSabha ke cAra sIMga hote haiM, na tIna pAda, na do zira hote haiM, na vyAkhyAyita karane ke liye lAkSaNika artha kA hI grahaNa karanA hogaa| hI sAta hAtha hote haiM, cAhe hama kisI bhI paramparA kI dRSTi se isa RcA adhika se adhika hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Rgvaidika kAla meM vRSabha kI vyAkhyA kareM, lAkSaNika rUpa. meM hI karanA hogaa| aisI sthiti meM isa eka upAsya yA stutya RSi ke rUpa meM gRhIta the| RcA ko jahA~ dayAnanda sarasvatI Adi vaidika paramparA ke viddhAnoM ne hindU puna: Rgveda meM vRSabha kA rudra, indra, agni Adi ke sAtha jo paramparAnusAra vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayatna kiyA, vahI jaina vidvAnoM ne samIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha itanA avazya batAtA hai ki yaha samIkaraNa ise jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| jaba sahaja zabdAnusArI artha saMbhava paravartI kAla meM pracalita rhaa| 6ThI zatI se lekara 10vIM zatI ke jaina nahIM hai taba lAkSaNika artha ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa bhI zeSa nahIM sAhitya meM jahA~ RSabha kI stuti yA usake paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA ullekha hai unameM RSabha kI stuti isI rUpa meM kI gyii| RSabha ke ziva, paramezvara, isI prakAra Rgveda ke 7veM maNDala ke paccAvanaveM sUkta kI zaMkara, vidhAtA Adi nAmoM kI carcA hameM jaina paramparA ke prasiddha bhaktAmara rhtaa|

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640 stotra meM bhI milatI hai| Rgveda meM upalabdha kucha RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se RSabhadeva ke prasaMga meM vyAkhyA karane kA hamane prayatna kiyA hai| vidvAnoM se yaha apekSA hai ki ve ina RcAoM ke artha ko dekheM aura nizcita kareM ki isa prayAsa kI kitanI sArthakatA hai| yadyapi maiM svayaM isa tathya se sahamata hU~ ki ina RcAoM kA yahI eka mAtra artha hai aisA dAvA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM kucha RcAoM kA jaina dRSTiparaka artha prastuta hai| merI vyastatAoM ke kAraNa vRSabhavAcI sabhI 112 RcAoM kA artha to nahIM kara pAyA hU~, mAtra dRSTi-bodha ke liye kucha RcAoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta hai| isa vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina RcAoM ke jo vibhinna lAkSaNika artha sambhava haiM unameM eka artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai| isase adhika merA koI dAvA nahIM hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 RSabha vAcI Rgvaidika RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyA asRgramindra te giraH prati tvAmudahAsata / ajoSA vRSabhaM patima | (1.9.4) he indra ! (ajoSA ) jinhoMne strI kA tyAga kara diyA hai, una RSabha (patim) svAmI ke prati ApakI jo aneka prakAra kI vANI (stuti) hai, vaha ApakI (bhAvanAoM) ko uttamatA pUrvaka abhivyakta karatI hai| ( jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM indra hI sarvaprathama jina kI stuti karatA hai zakrastava (namotguNaM) kA pATha jainoM meM sarva prasiddha hai) tvamagne vRSabhaH puSTivardhana udyatace bhavasi zravAyyaH / ya AhutiM pari vedA vaSaTkRtimekAyugne viza avivAsasi / / ( 1.31.5) he jyotisvarUpa vRSabha ! Apa puSTi karane vAle haiM jo loga homa karane ke lie tatpara haiM unake lie svayaM Akara Apa sunane yogya haiM arthAt unheM AhUta hokara Apake vicAroM ko jAnanA cAhie Apa kA upadeza jAnane yogya hai kyoMki usake AdhAra para uttama kriyAyeM kI jA sakatI haiN| Apa ekA arthAt carama zarIrI haiM aura tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama yA agra haiM aura prajA Apa meM hI nivAsa karatI hai arthAt Apa kI hI AjJA kA anusaraNa karatI hai| (jJAtavya hai - vaidika dRSTi se agni ke liye ekAyu evaM agra vizeSaNa kA prayoga utanA samIcIna nahIM hai jitanA bha tIrthaMkara ke sAtha hai| unheM kA kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jinakA yahI antima jIvana hai| dUsare prathama tIrthakara hone se unake sAtha agra vizeSaNa bhI upayukta hai na ye divaH pRthivyA antamApurna mAyAbhirdhanadAM paryabhUvana / yujaM vajraM vRSabhazcakra indro nijyotiSA tamaso gA aduksst|| ( 1.33.10) he svAmI (bhadeva ! na to svarga ke aura na pRthvI ke vAsI mAyA aura dhanAdi (parigraha) se paribhUta hone ke kAraNa ApakI maryAdA (ApakI yogyatA) ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| he vRSabha ! Apa samAdhiyukta (yuja), atikaThora sAdhaka, vrajamaya zarIra ke dhAraka aura indroM ke bhI cakravartI haiM- jJAna ke dvArA andhakAra (ajJAna) kA nAza karake gA arthAt prajA ko sukhoM se pUrNa kiijiye| A carSANiprA vRSabho janAnAM rAjA kRSTInAM puruhUta indraH / stutaH zravasyannavasopa mahigyuktA harI vRSaNA yAhyarvAGa / / (1.177.1) bahutoM meM prasiddha tathA bahutoM ke dvArA saMstuta, sabake usa vicakSaNa buddhi mahAna RSabhadeva kI isa prakAra stuti kI jAtI hai| vaha stutya hokara hameM vIratA, godhana evaM vidyA pradAna kreN| hama usa tejasvI (jJAna) dAtA ko jAne yA prApta kreN| tvamagne indro vRSabhaH satAmasi tvaM viSNururugAyo namasyaH / tvaM brahmA rayividbrahmaNasyate tvaM vidhartaH sacase puranyyA / / (2.1.3) he jyoti svarUpa jinendra RSabha ! Apa satpuruSoM ke bIca praNAma karane yogya haiN| Apa hI viSNu haiM aura Apa hI brahmA haiM tathA Apa hI vibhinna prakAra kI buddhiyoM se yukta medhAvI hai| jisa sapta kiraNoM vAle vRSabha ne sAta sindhuoM ko bahAyA aura nirmala AtmA para car3he hue karmamala ko naSTa kara diyaa| ve bajrabAhu indra arthAt jinendra Apa hI haiN| anAnudo vRSabho dodhato vadho gambhIra RSvo asamaSTakAvyaH / racodaH zranathano vIlitaspRthurindraH suyajJaH uSasaH svarjanata / (2.21.4) dAna dene meM jinake Age koI nahIM nikala sakA aise saMsAra arthAt janma-maraNako kSINa karane vAle, karma zatruoM ko mArane vAle asAdhAraNa, kuzala, dRr3ha agoM vAle, uttama karma karane vAle RSabha ne suyajJa rUpI ahiMsA dharma kA prakAzana kiyaa| anAnudo vRSabho jagmirAhavaM niSTaptA zatruM pRtanAsu sAsahiH / asi satya RNayA brahmaNaspata ugrasya ciddamitA vIluharSiNaH / 1 (2.23.11) 1 he jJAna ke svAmI vRSabha! tumhAre jaisA dUsarA dAtA nahIM hai| tuma Atma zatruoM ko tapAne vAle, unakA parAbhava karane vAle karma rUpI RNa ko dUra karane vAle, uttama harSa dene vAle kaThora sAdhaka va satya ke prakAzaka ho| unmA mamanda vRSabho marutvAntvakSIyasA vayasA nAdhamAnama / ghRNIva cchAyAmaraNa azIyA''vivAseyaM rudrasya sugnama | (2.33.6) marutvAn arthAt marudevI ke putra RSabha hama (bhikSuoM) ko tejasvI anna se tRpta kre| jisa prakAra dhUpa se pIDita vyakti chAyA kA Azraya letA hai usI prakAra maiM bhI pApa rahita hokara kaThora sAdhaka vRSabha ke sukha ko prApta kara va unakI sevA karU arthAt nirvANa lAbha prApta karU~ / .

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Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM: eka vimarza pradIdhitirvizvavArA jigAti hotAramilaH prathamaM yajadhyai | acchA namobhirvRSabhaM vandadhyai sa devAnyadiSito yajIyAn / / (3.4.3) samagra saMsAra ke dvArA vareNya tathA prakAza ko karane vAlI buddhi sabase prathama pUjA karane ke lie jyoti svarUpa RSabha ke pAsa jAtI hai| usa RSabha kI vandanA karane ke lie hama namaskAra karate hue usake pAsa jaayeN| hamAre dvArA prerita hokara vaha bhI pUjanIya devoM kI pUjA kreN| aSAho agne vRSabho hiMdIhi puro vizvAH saubhagA sajigIvAn / yajJasya netA prathamasya pAyojAtavedo bRhataH supraNIte / / (3.15.4) he aparAjita aura tejasvI ma! Apa sabhI aizvaryazAlI nagaroM meM dharma yukta karmoM kA prakAza kiijie| he sarvajJa! Apa ahiMsA dharma ke uttama rIti se nirNAyaka hue, Apa hI tyAga mArga ke prathama netA haiN| (jJAtavya hai ki yahAM yajJa zabda ko tyAga mArga ke artha meM grahIta kiyA gayA hai|) marutvantaM vRSabhaM vAvRdhAnamakavAriM divyaM zAsamindrama | vizrvAsAhamavase nUtanAyograM sahodAmiha tvaM huvema / / (3.47.5) marutvAn, vikAsamAna, avarNanIya divya zAsaka, sabhI (karma) 'zatruoM ko harAne vAle vIra RSabha ko hama Atma-rakSaNa ke lie yahA~ AmaMtrita karate haiN| sadyo ha jAto vRSabhaH kanInaH prabhartubhAvadanyasaH sutasya / sAdhoH piba pratikAmaM yathA te rasAziraH prathamaM somyasya / / (3.48.9) ne utpanna hote hI mahAbalavAna, sundara va taruNa una vRSabha atradAna karane vAloM kA tatkAla rakSaNa kiyaa| he jinendra RSabha samatA rasa ke andara milAye mizraNa kA Apa sarvaprathama pAna kreN| patirbhava vRtrahantsUnRtAnAM girAM vizvAyurvRSabho vayodhAH / A no gahi sakhyebhiH zivebhirmahAnmahIbhirUtibhiH srnnyn|| (3.39.18) mahA~ ugro vAvRdhe vIryAya samAcakre kAvyena / vRSabhaH indro bhago vAjadA asya gAvaH prajAyante dakSiNA asyapUrvIH / (3.36.5) prajA aura dAna pUrvakAla se hI prasiddha hai| (jJAtavya hai ki RSabha prathama zAsaka the aura unhoMne apanI prajA ko samyak jIvana zailI sikhAyI thI tathA dIkSA ke pUrva vipula dAna diyA thaa| isI dRSTi se yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki unakI prajA (gAva) evaM dAna pUrva se hI prasiddha hai| asUta pUrvo vRSabho jyAyAnimA asya zuruSaH santi pUrvIH / divo napAtA vidathasya dhIbhiH kSatraM rAjAnA pradivo dadhAthe / / 641 se yukta hue| jisa prakAra varSA karane vAlA megha (vRSabha) pRthvI kI pyAsa bujhAtA hai usI prakAra ve pUrvoM ke jJAna ke dvArA janatA kI pyAsa ko bujhA haiN| he vRSabha ! Apa rAjA aura kSatriya haiM tathA AtmA kA patana nahIM hone dete haiN| yadanyAsu vRSabho roravIti so anyasminyUtha ni dadhAti retaH / sa hi kSapAvAntsa bhagaH sa rAjA mahadevAnAmasuratvamekama / (3.55.17) jisa prakAra vRSabha anya yUthoM meM jAkara DakAratA hai aura anya yUthoM meM jAkara apane vIrya ko sthApita karatA hai / usI prakAra RSabhadeva bhI anya dArzanika samUha meM jAkara apanI vANI kA prakAza karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta kA sthApana karate haiN| ve RSabha karmoM kA kSapana karane vAle athavA saMyamI athavA jinakA pramAda naSTa ho aise apramatta bhagavAna, rAjA, devoM aura asuroM meM mahAn haiN| catvAri zRMGga trayo asya pAdA dve zIrSe sapta hastAso asya / tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo martyAM A viveza / / (4.58.3) ve RSabha deva ananta catuSTaya rUpI cAra zrRGgo se tathA samyak jJAna, darzana evaM cAritrarUpI tIna pAdoM se yukta haiN| jJAnopayoga va darzanopayoga aise do siroM, pA~ca indriyoM, mana evaM buddhi aise sAtha se yukta haiN| ve tIna yogoM se baddha hokara mRtyoM meM nivAsa karate haiN| ve mahAdeva RSabha apanI vANI kA prakAzana karate haiN| sandarbha 1. 2. 3. 5. (3.38.5) una zreSTha RSabhadeva ne pUrvo ko utpanna kiyA athavA ve pUrva jJAna 6. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhana mArga, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 1982, pR. bhUmikA pR. 6-10 niggaMdha sakka tAvasa geruya AjIva paMcahA samaNA-piNDaniryukti, 445, niryuktisaMgraha saM. vijaya jinedra sUrIzvara, zrI harSa puSpAmRta jaina grantha mAlA, lAkhAbAbala; jAmanagara / (a) niggaMtha dhammammi imA samAhI, subagaDo, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADa~nU, 2 / 6 / 42 - (ba) nigaNTho nATaputo -- dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANa suttasubhadhaparivvAjakavatthuna, 3 / 23 / 86 (sa) nirgaThesu pi me kaTe ime vivApaTA hohati jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha bhAga - 2, lekha kramAMka - 1 isibhAsiyAI sutAI prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988 dekheM- bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR.19-20 (sAmAnyatayA sampUrNa bhUmikA hI draSTavya hai). " jJAtavya hai ki Rgveda 10 / 8504 meM bArhata zabda to milatA hai kintu Arhata zabda nahIM milatA hai, yadyapi arhan evaM 'arhanto' zabda milate haiM, kintu brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM Adi meM Arhata aura bArhata donoM zabda milate haiN| dekheM-- sutaM metaM bhante-vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni - .

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642 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sUtra 2. abbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni tAni sakkAronti garuM karontimAnenti tvaM vRSabhaH puSTivardhana- vRSabha = valiSTa 1.31.5. puujenti| 15. dekheM- RSabha evaM bRSabha zabda- saMskRta hindI koza, vAmana ..vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAAvaraNagutti, susaMvihitA zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI 1984, pRSTha kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM AgaccheyyaM AgatA ca 224 evaM 973 arahanto vijite phAsu vihreyyu|-diighnikaay mahAparinivvANasuttaM, 16. vRSabhaH = varSA karane vAlA 5.58.3 3 / 1 / 4 (nAlandA devanAgarI pAli sirIja) jJAtavya hai ki svAmI dayAnanda ne indra ke sAtha prayukta vRSabha zabda dekheM- saMskRta-hindI koza - bRhat (vi.) strI. tI, bRhatI napuM. ko indra kA vizeSaNa mAnakara usakA artha varSA karane vAlA kiyA 1 veda 2 sAmaveda kA maMtra, 3 brahma (saM. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, hai| dekheM- 5.43.13, 5.58.6ba motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI-7 dvi. saM. 1984, pR. 720) 17. vRSabha: bRhaspati-kAmanAoM ke varSaka bRhaspati- 10.92.90. dekheM- devo deyAna, yjtvignrrhn| Rgveda, 1.94.1, vRSabha: prajAM varSatIti vAti bRhatireta iti vA tada vaSakarmA varSaNAda 2.3.1, 3, 2.33.10, 5.7 5.52.5, 5.87.5, vRssbhH| 7.18.22, 10.99.7. -niruktam (yAskamaharSi prakAzitaM) 9.22.1. vaidika padAnukrama-koSa, prathamakhaNDa: vizvezvarAnanda vaidika 18. anarthakA hi mantrAH - nirukta, adhyAya 1, khaNDa 15, pAda 5, zodhasaMsthAna, hoziyAra pura, 1976, pR. 518. juddhArihaM khalu dullbh| - AcArAMga, 1.1.5.3 -khemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa, mumbayyAM saMvat 1982. imeNa ceva jujjhAhi, ki te jujjheNa bajjhao- AcArAMga, 19. Rgveda bhASAbhASya - dayAnanda sarasvatI - dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI 1.1.5.3 dillI-5 10. (A) Radha Krishnan-Indian philosophy (Ist edi- dekheM- Rgveda, 10.111.2 kA bhaassy| tion) Vol.1, p. 287. 20. Rgveda kA subodha bhASya, padmabhUSaNa DaoN. zrI pAda dAmodara (B) Indian Antiquary, Vol. IX, Page 163. satavalekara, svAdhyAya maNDala pAraDI - jilA balasADha, 1985 11. barhiSi tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAn paramarSibhiH nAbheH priya dekheM-Rgveda, 10.111.2 kA bhaassy| cikIrSayA tadavarodhAya ne marudevyAM dharmAn darzayitu kAmo 21. vahI, dekheM-Rgveda, 4.58.3. vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrdhvamandhinAM zuklayA tnvaavtaar|- 22.. Rgveda bhASA bhASya, dayAnanda sarasvatI, dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI zrImadbhAgavata, 5.3.20 dillI-5 dekheM- (a) liMgapurANa, 48.19-23. dekheM - Rgveda, 4.58.3 (ba) zivapurANa, 52.85. bhaktAmarastotra (mAnatuMga), 23, 24, 25 (sa) AgneyapurANa, 10.11-12. tvAmAmananti munayaH paramaM pumAMsa - (da) brahmANDapurANa, 14.53. mAdityavarNamamalaM tamasaH parastAt (i) viSNupurANa-dvitIyAMza a. 1.26-27. tvAmeva samyagupalabhya jayanti mRtyu (epha) kUrmapurANa, 41.37-38. nAnyaH zivaH zivapadasya munIndra ! pnthaaH||23|| (jI) varAhapurANa, a. 74. tvAmavyayaM vibhumacintyamasaMkhyamAdyaM (eca) skandhapurANa, adhyAya 37. brahmANamIzvaramanantamanaGgaketuma (AI) mArkaNDeyapurANa, adhyAya 50 / 39-41. yogIzvaraM viditayogamanekamekaM dekheM-ahiMsAvANI - tIrthaMkara bha. RSabhadeva, vizeSAMka varSa 7 jJAnasvarUpamamalaM pravadanti sntH||24|| aMka 1-2. buddhastvameva vibudhArcitabuddhibodhAt maruputra RSabha - zrI rAjArAma jaina, pR.87-92. tvaM zaGkaro'si bhuvanatrayazaGkaratvAt 13. vRSabha yathA zRMge zizAna:davidhvat- vRSabha = baila 8.60.13, dhAtAsi dhIra zivamArgavidhervidhAnAd 6.16.47, 7.19.1. vyaktaM tvameva bhagavan purussottmaa'si||25|| 14. vRSabhaH = indraH vajaM yujaM- vRSabha = balavAna 1.33.10. nainatara gandhoM meM RSabha hetu dekhe jaina rUpana(Psher).50-62 12. . For Private &Personal Use Only

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jaina paramparA meM bAhubali prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke putra bharata aura bAhubali ke udAtta ki bhAI apanI rAjyalakSmI ko vApasa sambhAlo aura dIkSA mata lo| jIvana vRtta jainadharma kI donoM hI paramparAoM meM samAdRta rahe haiN| phira bhI kintu bAhubali usake Agraha ko asvIkAra kara dete haiM aura vaha apekSAkRtarUpa se digambara paramparA meM bAhubali ke prati vizeSa AdarabhAva khinnamanA ayodhyA ko lauTa jAtA hai| usakA Adarza anAsakta karmayoga dekhA jAtA hai / sahasrAbdI pUrva dakSiNa meM zravaNabelagola meM sthApita kA Adarza hai / bAhara to vaha kaivalya lAbha ke kucha samaya pUrva taka gommaTezvara bAhubali kI advitIya vizAla pratimA isa bAta kA spaSTa apane sAMsArika dAyitvoM ke nirvAha meM lagA huA hai kintu usakI pramANa hai ki digambara paramparA meM bAhubali ko kitanA gauravapUrNa sthAna sAdhanA andara hI andara calatI rahatI hai / kalpasUtra kI kucha TIkAoM prApta rahA hai| Aja bhI na kevala aneka digambara jaina tIrthoM evaM mandiroM meM to bharata kI isa anAsakta jIvana dRSTi ko eka kathA ke dvArA spaSTa meM bAhubali kI pratimAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM, apitu ve tIrthaMkaroM kI bhI kiyA gayA hai| pratimAoM ke samAna hI pUjita bhI haiM, yaha saba unake prati usa paramparA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke samavazaraNa meM eka svarNakAra bharata ke meM, jo bahumAna aura zraddhA hai, usI kA pratIka hai / jabaki zvetAmbara bhAvI janma ke sambandha meM jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai / RSabhadeva bharata kI paramparA ke tIrthoM evaM mandiroM meM bAhubali kI pratimAoM kA prAya: abhAva isI jIvana meM mukti kI ghoSaNA karate haiM / kintu svarNakAra kA mana hI dekhA jAtA hai / yadyapi AbU ke vimalavasahi mandira meM, zatrujaya Azvasta nahIM hotA hai, vaha RSabhadeva ke nirNaya ko pakSapAtapUrNa mAnatA (pAlItAnA) ke AdinAtha mandira meM aura kumbhAriyA ke zAMtinAtha hai / bharata use apanI niSkAma jIvana dRSTi ko samajhAne ke lie eka mandira meM bAhubali kI adhovastra yukta 11-12vIM zatAbdI kI kucha ghaTanAcakra khar3A karate haiM / svarNakAra ko RSabhadeva aura cakravartI bharata pratimAe~ haiM / isI prakAra jaisalamera ke RSabhadeva jI ke mandira meM bhI kI nindA ke abhiyoga meM mRtyudaMDa diyA jAtA hai / usa daMDa se bacane bharata aura bAhubali kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM samvat 1436 kI mUrtiyA~ kA eka hI upAya hai, vaha yaha ki svarNakAra tela se pUrNa bhare hue kaTore haiM (dekhiye jaina lekha saMgraha,bhAga 3, pRSTha 94) phira bhI ve jina pratimA ko lekara ayodhyA kA paribhramaNa kare; zarta yaha hai ki rAste meM tela kI ke samAna pUjita nahIM haiM / isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA tapa-tyAga aura eka bhI bUMda na gire, yadi eka bhI bUMda girI to sAtha calane vAle sainika sAdhanA ke anupama Adarza bAhubali ke prati AdarabhAva rakhate hue bhI vahIM usakA sira dhar3a se alaga kara degeM / kintu yadi vaha eka bhI bUMda unheM vaha gaurava nahIM de sakI, jaisAki unheM digambara paramparA meM prApta hai| binA girAye rAjabhavana meM lauTa AegA, to usakA mRtyudaNDa nirasta kara isase viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA kA jhukAva niSkAma karmayogI bharata ke diyA jaaegaa| prati adhika dekhA jAtA hai / zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bharata ke jIvana caritra bharata usa dina ayodhyA ko vizeSa rUpa se sajAte haiM / aneka ko kAphI ubhArA hai| Akhira aisA kyoM huA? hamArI dRSTi meM isakA caurAhoM para nATaka Adi kA Ayojana karavAte haiM / jaba vaha lauTakara eka manovaijJAnika kAraNa hai| pahu~catA hai to bharata usase pUchate haiM- bhAI, Aja nagara meM kahA~ kyA dekhA? pratyuttara meM svarNakAra kahatA hai - yadyapi maiM nagara paribhramaNa kara bharata aura bAhubali, do bhinna jIvana dRSTiyA~ rahA thA, kintu mujhe to mauta hI dikhAI de rahI thI ata: saba kucha dRSTi vastuta: bharata aura bAhubali ke jIvana-vRtta do bhinna jIvana ke samakSa rahate hue bhI anadekhA hI rahA / usake isa pratyuttara ke AdhAra dRSTiyoM para sthita haiM / bharata kA Adarza niSkAma karmayoga kA Adarza hai, para bharata usake sAmane apanI jIvana-dRSTi ko spaSTa karate haiN| ve kahate usakA jIvana eka anAsakta karmayogI kA jIvana hai, jo jala meM rahe hue haiM ki jisa prakAra tU eka jIvana kI mRtyu ke bhaya se nagara paribhramaNa kamala ke samAna alipta bhAva se saMsAra meM rahakara apane sAMsArika karate hae usake AkarSaNoM ke prati pUrNa udAsIna rahA, vaise hI maiM bhI dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karatA hai / bAhya dRSTikoNa se dekhane para to vaha anaMta jIvanoM kI mRtyu kA draSTA hokara, saMsAra ke vyavahAra karate hue bhI AkaNTha bhogoM meM DUbA huA hai, apane cakravartitva ke pada kI rakSA ke usake prati udAsIna huuN| bharata bAhara se saMsAra meM hote hue bhI antarmana lie vaha bhAI se bhI yuddha ThAna baiThatA hai, yahI nahIM usa para cakra bhI se usase vaise hI alipta haiM, jaise kamala kA patra jala meM rahate hue bhI calA detA hai / kintu bhItara se vaha utanA hI anAsakta aura vinamra bhI usase alipta rahatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki ve ArisA bhavana meM hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bAhabali Adi sabhI bhAiyoM ke dIkSita hone para kaivalya prApta kara lete haiM / kaivalya kI upalabdhi ke liye ve na to koI usakA mana pazcAttApa aura antarvedanA se bhara jAtA hai / use apane kRtya kaThora sAdhanA karate haiM aura na gRhastha jIvana kA tyAga karate haiM / jo para AtmaglAni hotI hai aura choTe bhAiyoM ke caraNoM meM usakA mastaka bhaMgAra ke lie ArisA bhavana meM paha~catA hai, vahI kaivalya kI jyoti se vinamra bhAva se zraddhApUrvaka jhuka jAtA hai / vimalasUri ke paumacariu ke jagamagAtA huA zramaNa ke rUpa meM vahA~ se bAhara nikalatA hai| bharata kA anusAra to dIkSA lene ko udyata bAhubali se vaha yahA~ taka kaha detA hai zrAmaNya kaivalya kA pariNAma hai, kaivalya kI sAdhanA nahIM / unakA

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644 jIvana pravRtti meM bhI nivRtti kA jIvana hai unake lie bAhya padArtha nahIM, mUrcchA hI vAstavika parigraha hai| cUMki yaha bAta zvetAmbara paramparA ke anukUla thI ataH use bharata kA jIvanAdarza adhika anukUla lagA yahI kAraNa thA ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bharata ke jIvana caritra para apanI kalama ko adhika calAyA hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 isake viparIta bAhubali kI jIvana-dRSTi bhinna hai, ve pUre mana se rAjA haiM / rAjA kA gaurava unake mana meM hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki ve bar3e bhAI kI adhInatA ke prastAva ko ThukarAkara yuddha ke liye taiyAra ho jAte haiM aura bar3e bhAI kA rAjalipsA ke mada meM yuddha kI naitikatA ko bhaMga kara choTe bhAI ke vadha ke lie udyata ho jAnA hI unake virAga kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai / ve zramaNa bana jAte haiM, phira bhI unake mana se 'rAjA kA gaurava' samApta nahIM hotA hai| bharata kI bhUmi para khar3e rahane yA choTe bhAiyoM ke namana karane ke prazna unake mana ko kacoTate rahate haiM / yadyapi bAhubali ne yuddha bhI jItA hai aura apanA gaurava bhI akSuNNa rakhA, phira bhI bhItara ke yuddha meM unheM sahaja vijaya nahIM milatI hai| unakA jIvana kaThora nivRtti pradhAna sAdhanA kA jIvana hai dhyAna aura kAyotsarga kI sAdhanA kA aisA koI dUsarA udAharaNa dekha pAnA kaThina hai / jisake zarIra ko latAoM ne AcchAdita kara liyA ho, cIMTiyoM ne jisa para apane valmIka banA liye hoM, phira bhI jo dhyAna meM acala aura akampa hai, kitanI kaThora sAdhanA hai / bAhubali kA jIvana nivRttiparaka kaThoratama sAdhanA kA uccatama Adarza hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki kaThora sAdhanA ke Adarza ke prati zraddhAnvita digambara paramparA meM bAhubali ke prati apekSAkRta adhika bahumAna dekhA jAtA hai kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bAhubali ke prati yA digambara paramparA meM bharata ke prati Adara bhAva nahIM rahA hai| yaha to mAtra apekSAkRta vizeSa rujhAna kI bAta hai| vaise to donoM paramparAoM meM donoM ke hI prati samAdara bhAva hai| phira bhI hameM itanA to svIkAra karanA hI hogA ki donoM kI sAdhanA paddhati bhinna-bhinna hai / yadi zAstrIya bhASA meM kahanA ho to jahA~ bharata nizcaya pradhAna sAdhanA ke pratIka hai vahIM bAhubali vyavahAra pradhAna sAdhanA ke pratIka haiN| bharata kI sAdhanA kI yAtrA nizcaya se vyavahAra kI ora hai, to bAhubali kI sAdhanA kI yAtrA vyavahAra se nizcaya kI ora hai| jaina sAhitya meM bAhubali kI kathA kA vikAsa zvetAmbara parampara ke AgamagraMthoM meM sthAnAMgasUtra meM bAhubali ke zarIra kI U~cAI ke sambandha meM tathA samavAyAMga meM bAhubali kI AyuSya ke sambandha meM ullekha avazya upalabdha haiM, kintu ve unake jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM koI vistRta jAnakArI pradAna nahIM karate haiN| jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM bharata kI SaTkhaNDa vijaya yAtrA kA vistAra se varNana hai tathA kalpUsatra meM RSabhadeva kA jIvana caritra diyA gayA hai, kintu unameM bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA kA sampUrNa Agama sAhitya bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM mauna hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya kI TIkAoM meM Avazyaka niryukti, AvazyakabhASya, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, Avazyaka cUrNi nizItha cUrNi kalpasUtravRtti, AcArAMga TIkA aura sthAnAMga TIkA meM bahubali kA jIvanavRtta ullikhita hai / kathA - sAhitya meM vimalasUri ke paumacariu meM, saMghadAsamaNi kRta vasudevahiNDi meM zIlAMka ke caupanna mahApurivariya meM evaM hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkA puruSa- caritra meM bhI bAhubali kA jIvanavRtta savistAra se ullikhita hai| isake atirikta bharata cakravartI para likhe gaye bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti meM tathA zatruMjayamAhAtmya Adi granthoM meM bAhubali ke sambandha meM ullekha prApta hai| jinaratna koza ke anusAra bAhubali para do svatantra graMtha 'bAhubali caritra' ke nAma se bhI prApta haiM, jinameM eka ke lekhaka bhaTTAraka cArukIrti haiM jo ki digambara paraMparA ke haiN| dUsare ke lekhaka ajJAta haiM, jo ki saMbhavata: zvetAmbara paramparA ke ho sakate haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA meM puNyakuzalagaNi kI bharata bAhubali mahAkAvya nAmaka eka atyanta sundara tathA mahattvapUrNa kRti hai, yaha saMskRta bhASA meM hai| isake atirikta zAlibhadrasUri kA bharatabAhubali rAsa (13vIM zatAbdI) evaM amIRSijI kA bhArata bAhubali caukhaliyA, samakAlIna AcArya tulasI kA bharatamukti kAvya kramazaH prAcIna gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI evaM hindI meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI pramukha racanAe~ haiM, jinameM bAhubali kA jIvanavRtta ullikhita hai / digambara paramparA ke Agama-sthAnIya sAhitya meM kundakunda ke bhAva pAhur3a meM bAhubali ko mAna kaSAya thA, mAtra itanA ullekha hai / isake atirikta digambara paramparA ke Agamika sAhitya meM bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta kA ullekha hameM prApta nahIM huA hai, yadyapi digambara paramparA kA paurANika sAhitya vistAra se bAhubali kI yazogAthA gAtA hai| hariSeNa ke padmapurANa, svayambhU ke paumacariu, jinasena ke AdipurANa, raviSeNa ke padmapurANa, putrATasaMghIya jinasena ke harivaMza purANa Adi meM bAhubali kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| bAhubali kI kathA, samAnatA aura antara bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta meM jina ullekhanIya prasaMgoM kA citraNa zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne kiyA hai, ve do haiM - eka bharata aura bAhubali ke yuddha kA prasaMga aura dUsarA bAhubali kI sAdhanA aura kaivalya lAbha kA prasaMga bharata ne dUta ke dvArA apane bhAiyoM ko apanI adhInatA ko svIkAra karane kA sandeza bhejaa| zeSa bhAI bharata ke isa anyAya ke sambandha meM yogya nirNaya prApta karane pitA RSabhadeva ke pAsa pahu~cate haiM aura anta meM unake upadeza ko sunakara prabuddha ho, dIkSita ho jAte haiN| kintu bAhubali spaSTarUpa se bharata ko cunautI dekara yuddha ke lie tatpara ho jAte haiN| bAhubali ne bharata ke suvega nAmaka dUta ko jo tarka, pratyuttara diye haiM, ve bahuta hI sacoTa, yuktisaMgata evaM mahatvapUrNa haiN| isa sambandha meM AvazyakacUrNi caupanna mahApurisanyariyaM tathA ziSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra ke prasaMga nizcaya hI paThanIya haiN| vaha kaha uThatA hai, kyA bhAI bharata kI bhUkha abhI zAMta nahIM huI hai? apane laghubhrAtAoM " .

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jaina paramparA meM bAhubali 645 ke rAjya ko chInakara bhI use santoSa nahIM huA hai ? bhAI bharata ko kaha yaha prastAva prastuta karate haiM / digambara paramparA meM jinasena ke AdipurANa denA ki maiM usI pitA kI santAna hU~, jisakA vaha hai / vyaMgma aura meM tathA svayambhU ke paumacariu meM ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva mantrIgaNa tArkikatA dAnoM hI dRSTiyoM se ina prasaMgoM meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA racanA rakhate haiM, kintu raviSeNa ke padmapurANa meM svayaM bAhubali hI yaha prastAva kauzala advitIya hai / suvega ko rAjya sabhA se bAhara nikalate hue prastuta karate haiN| dekhakara nAgarika kisa taraha kAnA-phasI karate haiM isakA citraNa nizcaya bharata kA dRSTiyuddha, jalayuddha Adi meM parAjita honA, apanI hI romAMcaka hai| .. parAjaya se lajjita evaM du:khI hokara Aveza meM bAhubali para cakra calA zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM saMghadAsagaNi ne vasudevahiNDi meM, jinadAsagaNi denA, cakra kA vApasa ho jAnA, bharata ke isa akRtya ko dekhakara ne AvazyakacUrNi meM, AcArya zIlAMka ne caupannamahApurisa cariyaM meM bAhubali ko vairAgya ho jAnA aura yuddhabhUmi meM svayaM hI dIkSA lekara aura hemacaMdra ne triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM senA ke paraspara yuddha kA vana-prAMtara meM dhyAnastha ho jAnA, aisI sAmAnya ghaTanAeM haiM, jinakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / yadyapi vimalasUri ke paumacariya meM, zAlibhadrasUri varNana zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne samAna rUpa se kiyA ke bharatezvara bAhubali rAsa meM evaM puNyakuzalagaNi ke bharata bAhubali hai| kAvya meM senA ke paraspara yuddha kA ullekha hai / digambara paramparA meM bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM jisa prazna para zvetAmbara AdipurANa ke kartA-jinasena ne bhI senAoM ke yuddha kA ullekha nahIM evaM digaMbara paramparA meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai, vaha hai bAhubali ke kiyA, kintu punnATasaMghIya jinasena ke harivaMza purANa meM raviSeNa ke sAdhanAkAla meM mAna kI upasthiti aura brAhmI aura sundarI ke udbodhana padmapurANa meM senAoM ke madhya yuddha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra donoM hI se usakI nivRtti / zvetAmbara paramparA meM vimalasUri ke paumacariu ke paramparAoM meM donoM hI prakAra ke ullekha prApta haiM, yadyapi prAcIna evaM atirikta vasudevahiNDi, Avazyaka niyukti, Avazyaka bhASya, madhya kAla ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM vimalasUri ke apavAda vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, kalpasUtra TIkA, caupannamahApurisacariyaM, chor3akara gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI taka senAoM ke paraspara yuddha kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, bharatezvara bAhubali rAsa, bharatezvara bAhubalivRtti, ullekha nahIM hai / isake viparIta digambara paramparA meM AdipurANa ke kartA bharata bAhubali mahAkAvya evaM paravartI sabhI rAjasthAnI evaM hindI meM jinasena ko chor3akara 11-12vIM zatAbdI taka ke zeSa sabhI AcAryoM racita bharata-bAhubali ke jIvana caritroM meM yaha bAta samAna rUpa se ne senAoM ke paraspara yuddha kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ svIkAra kI gaI hai ki bAhubali dIkSA lekara dhyAnastha ho gaye aura yaha madhyakAla ke zvetAmbara lekhaka bharata aura bAhubali ke madhya ahiMsaka nizcaya kara liyA ki kaivalya prApta kiye binA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke yuddha kA ullekha karate haiM, vahA~ madhyakAla ke digaMbara lekhaka donoM kI samavazaraNa meM nahIM jAU~gA / asarvajJa dazA meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke senAoM ke yuddha kA bhI ullekha karate haiM / hiMsaka yuddha se virata hone samavazaraNa meM jAne meM bAhubali kI kaThinAI yaha thI ki unheM apane se ke lie vibhinna racanAkAroM ne vividha vikalpa diye haiM - kahIM bAhubali pUrva dIkSita choTe bhAiyoM ko bhI praNAma karanA hogaa| aura aisA karanA svayaM ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva karate haiM to kahIM mantrIgaNa aura kahIM unheM apanI pratiSThA ke anukUla nahIM laga rahA thA / isa samasyA ke devagaNa evaM indra ahiMsaka yuddha ke rUpa meM dRSTi yuddha, bAhuyuddha Adi kA samAdhAna kA rAstA yahI thA ki sarvajJatA yA vItarAga dazA ko prApta prastAva karate haiM / ata: isa sambandha meM kisI eka paramparA kI koI karake hI RSabhadeva ke samavazaraNa meM pahu~cA jAe, tAki choTe bhAiyoM viziSTa avadhAraNA ho, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / AvazyakacUrNi ko vandana karane kA prazna hI upasthita na ho| sabhI zvetAmbara AcAryoM tathA caupanna mahApurisa cariyaM meM bAhubali svayaM ahiMsaka yuddha kA ne sAdhanAkAla meM na kevala bAhubali meM mAna kI upasthita ko svIkAra prastAva prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - 'kiM aNavarAhiNA logeNa mArieNa? kiyA, apitu sabhI ne isa ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki bhagavAn tuma ahaM duyagA jujjhaamo|' niraparAdha logoM ko mArane kA kyA aucitya RSabhadeva kI preraNA se brAhmI aura sundarI bAhubali ko udbodhita karane hai ? tuma aura maiM donoM hI paraspara yuddha kareM / vimalasUri ke paumacariu hetu jAtI haiM aura jAkara kahatI haiM- he bhAI, hAthI para se nIce utaro, meM bhI yuddha meM hiMsA ke dRzya ko dekhakara bAhubali kaha uThatA hai- hAthI para car3he hue kevala jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai / eka rAjasthAnI kavi 'cakkaharo kiM vaheNa loyassa? doNhapi hou jujhaM / ' he cakravartI ! ne ise nimna zabdoM meM bA~dhA hai - logoM kA vadha karane se kyA lAbha ? kyoM na hama donoM hI lar3a leM? vIrA mhArA gaja thakI utaro, isa prakAra bAhubali ke dvArA svayaM ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva prastuta gaja caDhyA kevala nahIM hosI re / karavA kara usakI garimA ko U~cA uThAyA gayA / yadyapi hemacandra ke unake isa udbodhana ko sunakara bAhubali kA viveka jAgRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM devatA donoM senAoM ke saMgrAma se janahAni hotA hai, ve vicAra karate haiM, nizcaya hI maiM ahaMkAra rUpI hAthI para savAra kI kalpanA kara donoM ke pArasparika ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva lekara hU~ / pahale janma lene mAtra se koI bar3A nahIM ho jAtA hai, mere donoM ke pAsa jAte haiM aura donoM hI use svIkAra kara lete haiM / isI laghubhrAtAoM ne adhyAtma kI sAdhanA meM mujhase pahale kadama rakhA hai, prakAra bharatezvara bAhubali rAsa aura bharatezvara bAhubalivRtti meM devagaNa hI nizcaya hI unakA viveka mujhase pahale prabuddha huA hai, ata: ve vandanIya

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646 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haiM, mujhe jAkara unheM praNAma karanA cAhie / yaha vicAra karate hue, jaise meM kI gayI hai / digambara paramparA ke anusAra jahA~ zalya nivRtti bharata hI bAhubali laghubhrAtAoM ke vaMdana hetu jAne ke liye apane caraNa uThAte ke dvArA kI gaI kSamA yAcanA yA pUjA se hotI hai / vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA haiM, kaivalya prakaTa ho jAtA hai| meM zalya kI nivRtti apanI saMsAra pakSa kI bahanoM tathA bhagavAn RSabhadeva sabhI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bAhubali ke jIvanavRtta meM isa ghaTanA kI pradhAna AryikA brAhmI aura sundarI ke udbodhana se hotI hai| kisI kA ullekha avazya kiyA hai| isa sambandha se unameM koI matabheda nahIM AryikA dvArA zramaNa sAdhaka ke udbodhana kI do pramukha ghaTanAe~ zvetAmbara dekhA jAtA hai jabaki digambara AcAryoM meM isa ghaTanA ke sambandha meM bhI sAhitya meM hameM upalabdha hotI haiM / eka brAhmI aura sundarI ke dvArA matabheda dekhA jAtA hai / prathama to isa prazna para hI ki bAhubali ko bAhubali kA udbodhana aura dUsarA rAjImatI ke dvArA rathanemi kA udbodhana / sAdhanAkAla meM zalya thA, ve ekamata nahIM haiM / jinasena ne AdipurANa jabaki digambara paramparA meM AryikAoM ke dvArA zramaNoM ke udbodhana ke meM aura raviSeNa ne padmapurANa meM zalya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai; jabaki prasaGgoM kA abhAva sA hI hai / yadyapi zrI lakSmIcanda jaina ne 'antardvandvoM kundakunda ne bhAva pAhuDa meM evaM svayambhU ne paumacariu meM zalya kA ke pAra' nAmaka pustaka meM yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki bharata bhagavAn ullekha kiyA hai / bAhubali meM kaSAya thA, isa tathya kA digambara RSabhadeva se bAhubali meM zalya kI upasthiti ko jAnakara svayaM ayodhyA paramparA meM prAcInatama ullekha AcArya kundakunda ke grantha 'bhAva pAhuDa' Ate haiM aura vahA~ se brAhmI evaM sundarI ko lekara bAhubali ke samIpa kI gAthA 44 meM milatA hai| kintu yaha 'mAna' kaSAya kisa bAta kA jAte haiM, bAhubali kI pUjA karate haiM aura donoM bahaneM bAhubali ko thA, isakA spaSTIkaraNa usameM nahIM hai / dUsare jina digambara AcAryoM ne udbodhita karatI haiM ki 'bhAI hAthI se nIce utaro', kintu zrI lakSmIcanda zalya kI upasthiti kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve bhI isa ghaTanA ko zvetAmbara jI ke isa kathana kA AdhAra digambara paramparA kA kauna sA grantha hai, mujhe AcAryoM se nitAMta bhinna rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM - bharata bhagavAn jJAta nhiiN| punaH unhoMne bhI brAhmI aura sundarI ko zrAvikA ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva se pUchate hai ki bAhubali ko kaivalya prApti kyoM nahIM huI? prastuta kiyA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM ye sAdhvI ke rUpa meM bhagavAn uttara dete haiM ki usake mana meM yaha kaSAya hai ki bharata kI dharatI bAhubali ko udbodhita karatI haiN| para huuN| bharata svayaM bAhubali ke pAsa jAkara kahate haiM ki dharatI tumhArI isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki hai maiM to tumhArA kiMkara hU~ (paumacariu-svayambhU 4/14) / bharata ke ina bAhubali ke isa kathAnaka ko donoM hI paramparAoM ne apanI-apanI vacanoM ko sunakara bAhubali ko kevala jJAna ho jAtA hai / kucha digambara dhAraNAoM ke anurUpa mor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| phira bhI bAhubali kI AcAryoM ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki bharata ne jAkara jaise hI romAMcakArI kaThora sAdhanA kA, jo citraNa donoM paramparA ke AcAryoM ne bAhubali kI pUjA kI, unakA zalya dUra ho gayA aura unheM kevala jJAna kiyA hai, vaha nizcaya hI hameM mahApuruSa ke prati zraddhAvanata banA detA hai| prApta ho gayA / zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne to spaSTarUpa se bAhubali meM mAna jo antara aura bAhya donoM yuddhoM meM aparAjeya rahA ho / aisA vyaktitva yA ahaMkAra kI upasthiti batAyI hai kintu digambara AcAryoM ne bharata kI nizcaya hI mahAn hai / bAhubali sarvatobhAvena aparAjeya siddha hue haiN| dharatI para hone ke jisa zalya kA ullekha kiyA hai use yA to hIna bhAva eka ora cakravartI samrAT ko parAjita kara ve aparAjeya bane haiM, to (zalyaglAni) mAnanA hogA yA bharata ke prati Akroza mAnanA hogA / isa dUsarI ora svayaM prabuddha ho ekAkI sAdhanA ke dvArA karma zatruoM ko prakAra donoM ne zalya kI vyAkhyA bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM kI hai| parAjita kara unhoMne apanI aparAjeyatA ko siddha kiyA hai / zalya kI nivRtti kI vyAkhyA bhI donoM paramparAoM meM bhinna rUpa

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zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM jahA~ kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta kA paryApta kA nirAkaraNa batAyA gayA hai / yaha bAta suspaSTa hai ki yaha rAmakathA kA rUpa se ullekha haA hai, vahA~ rAma ke sambandha meM mAtra unake evaM unake upadezAtmaka jaina saMskaraNa hai aura isaliye isameM yathAsambhava hiMsA, mAtA-pitA ke nAmollekha se adhika kucha nahIM milatA hai / samavAyAMga ghRNA, vyabhicAra Adi duSpravRttiyoM ko na ubhAra kara sadpravRttiyoM ko hI ke 54 veM samavAya meM to 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva aura ubhArA gayA hai / isameM varNa vyavasthA para bhI bala nahIM diyA hai| yahA~ 9 vAsudeva, ye 54 uttamapuruSa hote haiM, itanA mAtra ullekha hai, vahA~ zambUka-vadha kA kAraNa zUdra kA tapasyA karanA nahIM hai / candrahAsa khaDga inake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / yadyapi samavAyAMga ke hI 158 veM kI siddhi ke liye bAMsoM ke jhuramuTa meM sAdhanArata zambUka lakSmaNa ke sUtra meM baladevoM aura vAsudevoM ke vartamAna bhava ke nAma, pUrva bhava ke dvArA anajAna meM hI mArA jAtA hai / lakSmaNa usa pUjita khaDga ko uThAte nAma, vAsudevoM ke nidAna-kAraNa aura nidAna nagaroM ke nAma aura unake haiM aura parIkSA hetu bA~soM ke jhuramuTa para calA dete haiM, jisase zambUka mAtA-pitAoM ke nAma Adi kA ullekha hai / yahA~ AThaveM baladeva kA mArA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM zambUka vadha kI nAma padma (pauma), AThaveM vAsudeva kA nAma nArAyaNa aura inake pitA kA kathA varNa-vidveSa kA khulA udAharaNa hai, vahA~ paumacariya kA zambUka vadha nAma dazaratha (dasaraha) batAyA gayA hai; isI AdhAra para hama inakA anajAna meM huI eka ghaTanA hai / puna: kavi ne rAma ke caritra ko udAtta sambandha rAma-lakSmaNa se jor3a sakate haiM / isameM lakSmaNa kI mAtA ko banAye rakhane hetu zambUka aura rAvaNa kA vadha rAma ke dvArA na karavAkara kekaI aura rAma kI mAtA ko aparAjitA kahA gayA hai| lakSmaNa ke dvArA karavAyA hai| bAli ke prakaraNa ko bhI dUsare hI rUpa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA kA prathama svatantra graMtha, vimalasUri prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bAli sugrIva ko rAjya dekara saMnyAsa le lete haiN| kA paumacariya hai / granthakAra ne vIra-nirvANa samvat 530 (I0 san 4 dUsarA koI vidyAdhara sugrIva kA rUpa banAkara usake rAjya evaM anta:pura yA 64) meM isakI racanA karane kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa prakAra lekhaka para kabjA kara letA hai / sugrIva rAma kI sahAyatA kI apekSA karatA hai ke svayaM ke nirdeza ke anusAra yaha prathama zatAbdI kA grantha hai / yadyapi aura rAma usakI sahAyatA kara usa nakalI sugrIva kA vadha karate haiN| jaikobI, pro0 dhruva, paM0 paramAnanda zAstrI Adi kucha vidvAn ise paravartI yahA~ bhI sugrIva ke kathAnaka meM se bhrAtR-droha evaM bhrAtR-patnI se vivAha mAnate haiM, phira bhI ise IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM mAnA kI ghaTanA ko haTAkara usake caritra ko udAtta banAyA gayA hai / isI jA sakatA hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke bAda rAmakathA ke svatantra grantha ke prakAra kaikeyI bharata hetu rAjya kI mAMga rAma ke prati vidveSa ke kAraNa rUpa meM isakA sthAna prathama hai / vastuta: yaha rAma-kathA kA jaina saMskaraNa nahIM, apitu bharata ko vairAgya lene se rokane ke liye karatI hai| rAma bhI hai / grantha kI anta:sAkSiyoM se siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara paramparA pitA kI AjJA se nahIM apitu svecchA se hI vana ko cala dete haiM tAki kI racanA hai, isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki isameM jaina-muni ve bharata ko rAjya pAne meM bAdhaka nahIM rahe / isa prakAra kaikeyI ke ke liye 'siyambara' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / sambhavata: zvetAmbara zabda vyaktitva ko bhI U~cA uThAyA gayA hai / na kevala yahI apitu sItAharaNa ke prayoga kA yaha prAcInatama ullekha hai| graMtha kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prakaraNa meM bhI mRgacarma hetu svarNa mRga mArane ke sItA ke Agraha kI hai, jo zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agametara granthoM kI bhASA rahI hai / digambara ghaTanA ko sthAna na dekara rAma evaM sItA ke caritra ko nirdoSa aura paramparA ke granthoM kA praNayana zaurasenI prAkRta meM huA hai / sabase ahiMsAmaya banAyA gayA hai / rAvaNa ke caritra ko udAtta banAne hetu yaha ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki granthakAra ke samakSa vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke batAyA gayA hai ki usane kisI muni ke samakSa yaha pratijJA le rakhI thI sAtha samavAyAMga kA vaha mUlapATha bhI rahA hogA jisameM lakSmaNa (nArAyaNa) ki maiM kisI parastrI kA usakI svIkRti ke binA zIla bhaMga nahIM kruuNgaa| kI mAtA ko kekaI batAyA gayA thaa| lekhaka ke sAmane mUla prazna yaha isaliye vaha sItA ko samajhA kara sahamata karane kA prayatna karatA hai, thA ki Agama kI prAmANikatA ko surakSita rakhate hue, vAlmIki ke balaprayoga nahIM karatA hai / mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke doSa dikhAkara sAmiSa bhojana sAtha kisa prakAra samanvaya kiyA jAye / yahA~ usane eka anokhI sUjha se jana-mAnasa ko virata karanA bhI jainadharma kI mAnyatAoM ke prasAra kA se kAma liyA, vaha likhatA hai ki lakSmaNa kI mAtA kA pitRgRha kA hI eka prayatna hai / grantha meM vAnaroM evaM rAkSasoM ko vidyAdharavaMza ke mAnava nAma to kaikeyI thA, kintu vivAha ke pazcAta dazaratha ne usakA nAma batAyA gayA hai, kintu yaha bhI siddha kiyA gayA hai ki ve kalA-kauzala parivartana kara use 'sumitrA' nAma diyA / paumacariya meM bharata kI mAtA ko aura takanIka meM sAdhAraNa manuSyoM se bahuta bar3he-car3he the / ve pAda'kegaI' kahA gayA hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bhinna isa graMtha kI racanA vihArI na hokara vimAnoM meM vicaraNa karate the / isa prakAra isa graMtha meM kA mukhya uddezya kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti na hokara, kathA ke mAdhyama se vimalasUri ne apane yuga meM pracalita rAmakathA ko adhika yukti saMgata dharmopadeza denA hai / grantha ke prArambha meM zreNikaciMtA nAmaka dUsare uddezaka aura dhArmika banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| meM isakA uddezya rAmakathA meM AI asaMgatiyoM tathA kapola-kalpanAoM vimalasUri ke paumacariya ke bAda rAmakathA kA eka vivaraNa hameM

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648 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 saMghadAsa gaNI (chaThI zatAbdI) kI vasudevahiMDI meM milatA hai| vasudevahiMDI se bhI prakAzana ho cukA hai / hemacandra sAmAnyatayA to vimalasUri kI kI rAmakathA kucha prasaMgoM ke saMdarbha meM paumacariya kI rAmakathA se bhinna rAmakathA kA hI anusaraNa karate haiM, kintu unhoMne sItA ke vanavAsa kA hai aura vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke nikaTa hai / isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kAraNa, sItA ke dvArA rAvaNa kA citra banAnA batAyA hai| yadyapi unhoMne isameM sItA ko rAvaNa aura mandodarI kI putrI batAyA gayA hai, jise eka isa prasaMga ke zeSa sAre kathAnaka meM paumacariya kA hI anusaraNa kiyA peTI meM banda kara janaka ke udyAna meM gar3avA diyA gayA thA, jahA~ se hala hai, phira bhI sautiyADAha ke kAraNa rAma kI anya patniyoM ne sItA se calAte samaya janaka ko usakI prApti huI thii| isa prakAra yahA~ sItA kI rAvaNa kA citra banavAkara, usake sambandha meM lokApavAda prasArita kiyA, kathA ko tarkasaMgata banAte hue bhI usakA sAmya bhUmi se utpanna hone kI aisA manovaijJAnika AdhAra bhI prastuta kara diyA hai / isa prasaMga meM bhadrezvara dhAraNA ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki saMghadAsagaNI sUri kI kahAvalI kA anusaraNa karate haiM / caudahavIM zatAbdI meM dhanezvara ne rAmakathA ko kucha bhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| adhikAMza zvetAmbara ne zatrujaya mAhAtmya meM bhI rAmakathA kA vivaraNa diyA hai / solahavIM lekhakoM ne vimalasUri kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM digambara zatAbdI meM devavijaya gaNI ne rAmacaritra para saMskRta meM eka svatantra graMtha paramparA meM padmapurANa ke racayitA ravisena (7vIM zatAbdI) aura apabhraMza likhA hai / isI prakAra megha vijaya (17vIM zatAbdI) ne laghutriSaSTi meM bhI paumacariu ke racayitA yApanIyasvayambhU ne bhI vimalasUri kA hI pUrI rAmakathA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA hai / ina graMthoM ke atirikta jinaratna taraha anukaraNa kiyA hai / padmapurANa to paumacariya kA hI vikasita siddhAMta koSa meM aura bhI kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke dvArA racita rAmakathA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa mAtra hai / yadyapi unhoMne use digambara paramparA ke sambandhI graMthoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / ina prAkRta aura saMskRta kI anurUpa DhAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / rAmakathAoM ke atirikta apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI meM bhI zvetAmbara AThavIM zatAbdI meM harabhidra ne apane dhUrtAkhyAna meM aura navIM AcAryoM ne rAmakathA sambandhI sAhitya likhA hai / isa sambandha meM abhI zatAbdI meM zIlAGkAcArya ne apane graMtha 'caupannamahApurisacariya' meM ati bhI vyApaka sarvekSaNa aura zodha kI AvazyakatA hai| saMkSepa meM rAmakathA ko prastuta kiyA hai / bhadrezvara (11vIM zatAbdI) kI solahavIM zatAbdI meM upakezagaccha ke vAcaka vinaya samudra ne kahAvalI meM bhI rAmakathA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| tInoM hI rAjasthAnI meM padmacarita likhA thA / samprati sthAnakavAsI jaina muni granthakAra kathA vivecana meM vimalasUri kI paramparA kA pAlana karate haiN| zuklacaMdajI ne bhI 'zukla jaina rAmAyaNa' ke nAma se hindI padya meM yadyapi bhadrezvarasUri ne sItA ke dvArA sapatniyoM ke Agraha para rAvaNa ke paira rAmakathA likhI hai / saMskRta, apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI hanumAna kA citra banAne kA ullekha kiyA / ye tInoM hI racanAe~ prAkRta bhASA meM caritra, aMjanA sundarI caritra aura sItA caritra ke rUpa meM anekoM khaNDa haiN| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hemacandra ne apane grantha yogazAstra kI svopajJavRtti kAvya bhI upalabdha haiM / samprati AcArya tulasI ke dvArA racita agniparIkSA meM tathA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM saMskRta bhASA meM rAmakathA ko prastuta to bahucarcita hai hii| isa prakAra rAmakathA ke vikAsa meM zvetAmbara jaina kiyA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM varNita rAmakathA kA svatantra rUpa AcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra sAmAnyatayA jaina lekhakoM ne apanI kAla gaNanA ko zaka saMvat 4. vIra jina ke mukti prApta karane ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha se samIkRta karake yaha mAnA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| pA~ca mAha pazcAt zaka rAjA huaa| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vartamAna isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama kI "dhavalA" TIkA meM bhI meM bhI mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika jaina mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane varSoM ke pazcAt zaka (zAlivAhana zaka) lekhakoM meM digambara paramparA ke paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra evaM zvetAmbara nRpa huA, isa sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai11. paramparA ke muni zrI kalyANa vijayajI Adi ne bhI vIranirvANa I.pU. 1. vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt 527 varSa meM mAnA hai| lagabhaga 7vIM zatI se kucha apavAdoM ke sAtha isa 2. vIranirvANa ke 14793 varSa pazcAt tithi ko mAnyatA prApta hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "titthogAlI'4 3. vIranirvANa ke 7995 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt nAmaka prakIrNaka meM aura digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "tiloyapaNNatti"5 zvetAmbara paramparA meM AgamoM kI devarddhi kI antimavAcanA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane samaya pazcAt huI, isa sambandha meM varSa evaM 5 mAha ke pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| ye donoM grantha IsA kI 6- spaSTatayA do matoM kA ullekha milatA hai-prathama mata use vIranirvANa ke 7vIM zatI meM nirmita hue haiN| isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM mahAvIra ke 980 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA mata use 993 varSa pazcAt nirvANakAla ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake unake antara ko spaSTa mAnatA hai|12 kiyA gayA ho- yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM candragupta maurya ke rAjyArohaNakAla ko lagabhaga 6-7vIM zatI se hI mahAvIranirvANa zaka pUrva 605 meM huA thA, lekara bhI do mAnyatAyeM pAyI jAtI haiN| prathama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke yaha eka sAmAnya avadhAraNA rahI hai| isake pUrva kalpUsatra kI sthavirAvalI anusAra ve vIranirvANa saMvat 215 meM rAjyAsIna hue 13 jabaki dUsarI aura nandIsUtra kI vAcaka vaMzAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA kA ullekha hemacandra kI mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt to hai kintu inameM AcAryoM ke kAlakrama kI koI carcA nahIM hai| ata: inake rAjyAsIna hue|14 hemacandra dvArA prastuta yaha dUsarI mAnyatA mahAvIra ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA I.pU. 527 meM nirvANa prApta karane kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai|15 isa hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha to ullekha milatA hai ki aba vIranirvANa ke 980 vivecana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kA nivArNa tithi ke varSa vAcanAntara se 993 varSa vyatIta ho cuke hai|6 isase itanA hI phalita sambandha meM prAcInakAla meM bhI vivAda thaa| hotA hai ki vIranirvANa ke 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt devarddhikSamAzramaNa cU~ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcIna Antarika ne prastuta grantha kI yaha antima vAcanA prastuta kii| isI prakAra sthAnAMga, sAkSya sabala nahIM the, ata: pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra bhagavatIsUtra aura Avazyakaniyukti meM nihnavoM ke ullekhoM ke sAtha ve para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA, mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla aura nirvANa se kitane samaya pazcAt hue haiM- yaha pariNAmasvarUpa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM aneka naye mata nirdeza prApta hotA hai| yahI kucha aise sUtra haiM jinakI bAhya sunizcita samaya bhI prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM vAle sAkSyoM se tulanA karake hI hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para vicAra ke mata isa prakAra haiMkara sakate haiN| 1. haramana jakobI16 I.pU. 477- inhoMne hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke prazna ko lekara prArambha se mata- ke usa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA hai ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke vaibhinya rahe haiN| digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya tiloyapaNNatti meM yadyapi 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna huA aura isI AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAsa pazcAt tithi nizcita kii| zaka nRpa huA, kintu usameM isa sambandha meM nimna cAra matAntaroM kA bhI 2. je. zArapenTiyara17 I.pU. 467- inhoMne bhI hemacandra ko AdhAra ullekha milatA hai|10 banAyA hai aura candragupta maurya ke 155 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 1. vIra jinendra ke mukti prApta hone ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka 3.paM. e. zAntirAja zAstrI18 I.pU. 663- inhoMne zaka saMvat ko vikrama nRpa huaa| saMvat mAnA hai aura vikrama saM. ke 605 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 2. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 9785 varSa pazcAt 4.pro. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla19- inhoMne apane lekha AiDenTIphikezana zaka nRpa huaa| Apha kalkI meM mAtra do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI 3. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 14793 varSa pazcAt nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA hai| zaka nRpa huaa| 5. esa. vhI. vaikTezvara20 I.pU. 437- inakI mAnyatA ananda

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650 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vikrama saMvat para AdhArita hai| yaha vikrama saMvat ke 90 varSa bAda varSa pazcAt huA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki "dIghanikAya" ke isa prasaMga meM jahA~ pracalita huA thaa| nirgrantha jJAtRpUtra Adi chahoM tIrthaMkaroM ko ardhavayagata kahA gayA, vahA~ gautama 6. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra21 I.pU. 528- inhoMne aneka tarko buddha kI vaya ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai|29 ke AdhAra para paramparAgata mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyaa| kintu uparokta tathya ke viparIta "dIghanikAya" meM yaha bhI sUcanA 7. muni zrI kalyANavijaya22 I.pU. 528- inhoMne bhI paramparAgata milatI hai ki mahAvIra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirvANa ko prApta ho mAnyatA kI puSTi karate hue usakI asaMgati ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa gaye the| "dIghanikAya" ke ve ullekha nimnAnusAra haiMkiyA hai| aisA maiMne sunA-eka samaya bhagavAn zAkya (deza) meM vedhanjA 8. pro. pI.eca.ela igaramoNTa 23 I.pU. 252- inake tarka kA AdhAra nAmaka zAkyoM ke Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the| jaina paramparA meM tiSyagupta kI saMghabheda kI ghaTanA kA jo mahAvIra ke usa samaya nigaNTha nAtaputta (=tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) kI pAvA meM jIvanakAla meM unake kaivalya ke 16veM varSa meM ghaTita huI, bauddha saMgha meM hAla hI meM mRtyu huI thii| unake marane para nigaNThoM meM phUTa ho gaI thI, tiSyarakSitA dvArA bodhi vRkSa ko sukhAne tathA saMghabheda kI ghaTanA se jo do pakSa ho gaye the, lar3AI cala rahI thI, kalaha ho rahA thaa| ve loga ekaazoka ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI samIkRta kara lenA hai| dasUre ko vacana-rUpI vANoM se bedhate hue vivAda karate the-"tuma isa 9. vI.e. smitha 24 I.pU.527- inhoMne sAmAnyatayA pracalita dharmavinaya (dharma) ko nahIM jAnate, maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tuma avadhAraNa ko mAnya kara liyA hai| bhalA isa dharmavinaya ko kyA jAnoge? tuma mithyA pratipanna ho (tumhArA 10. pro. ke. Ara. nAramana25 lagabhaga I.pU. 400- bhagavAna samajhanA galata hai), maiM samyak -pratipanna huuN| merA kahanA sArthaka hai aura mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu jaina sAhityika strotoM tumhArA kahanA nirrthk| jo (bAta) pahale kahanI cAhiye thI vaha tumane pIche ke sAtha-sAtha hameM anuzrutiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para bhI vicAra kahI aura jo pIche kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pahale kii| tumhArA vAda karanA hogaa| pUrvokta mAnyatAoM meM kauna sI mAnyatA prAmANika hai, isakA binA vicAra kA ulTA hai| tumane vAda ropA, tuma nigraha-sthAna meM A gye| nizcaya karane ke liye hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA anusaraNa kareMge aura isa AkSepa se bacane ke liye yatna karo, yadi zakti hai to ise suljhaao| yathAsambhava abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko prAthamikatA deNge| mAno nigaNThoM meM yuddha (badha) ho rahA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika vyaktiyoM meM bhagavAna buddha, nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zveta-vastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI bimbasAra, zreNika aura ajAtazatru kuNika ke nAma suparicita haiN| jaina nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta (ThIka se na kahe gaye), duSpravedita (ThIka se srotoM kI apekSA inake sambandha meM bauddha srota hameM adhika jAnakArI pradA na sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye), a-nairyANika (pAra na lagAne vAle), ankarate haiN| jaina srotoM ke adhyayana se bhI inakI samakAlikatA para koI upazama-saMvartanika (na-zAntigAmI), a-samyak -saMbuddha-pravedita (kisI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya buddha ke jIvana vRttAnta buddha dvArA na sAkSAt kiyA gayA), pratiSThA (nIva)-rahita bhinna-stUpa, ke sambandha meM prAya: mauna haiM, kintu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra Azrayarahita dharma meM anyamanaska ho khina aura virakta ho rahe the|30 aura buddha kI samakAlika upasthiti ke aneka sandarbha haiN| kintu yahA~ hama isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora tripiTaka sAhitya unameM se kevala do prasaMgoM kI carcA kreNge| prathama prasaMga meM dIghanikAya kA meM mahAvIra ko adher3avaya kA kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora buddha ke vaha ullekha AtA hai jisameM ajAtazatru apane samaya ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM jIvanakAla meM unake svargavAsa kI sUcanA bhI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki se milatA hai| isa prasaMga meM ajAtazatru kA mahAmAtya nirgrantha jJAtRputra ke donoM bAteM eka sAtha satya siddha nahIM ho sktii| muni kalyANavijaya jI sambandha meM kahatA hai-"he deva! ye nirgrantha jJAtRputra saMgha aura gaNa ke svAmI Adi ne buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI avadhAraNA haiM, gaNa ke AcArya haiM, jJAna, yazasvI tIrthaMkara haiM, bahuta se logoM ke ko bhrAnta batAyA hai, unhoMne mahAvIra ke kAlakavalita hone kI ghaTanA ko zraddhAspada aura sajjana mAnya haiN| ye cirapravrajita eva ardhagatavaya (adher3a) unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara, unakI mRtyu kA pravAda mAnA hai| jaina haiN|26 tAtparya yaha hai ki ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya mahAvIra AgamoM meM bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki unake nirvANa ke lagabhaga 16 lagabhaga 50 varSa ke rahe hoMge kyoMki unakA nirvANa ajAtazatru kuNika ke varSa pUrva unakI mRtyu kA pravAda phaila gayA thA jise sunakara aneka jaina rAjya ke 22veM varSa meM mAnA jAtA hai| unakI sarva Ayu 72 varSa meM se 22 zramaNa bhI azrupAta karane lage the| cU~ki isa pravAda ke sAtha mahAvIra ke varSa kama karane para usa samaya ve 50 varSa ke the-yaha siddha ho jAtA hai|27 pUrva ziSya maMkhalIgozAla aura mahAvIra evaM unake anya zramaNa ziSyoM jahA~ taka buddha kA prazna hai ve ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 8veM varSa meM ke bIca hue kaTu-vivAda kI ghaTanA jur3I huI thii| ata: dIghanikAya kA nirvANa ko prApta hue, aisI bauddha lekhakoM kI mAnyatA hai|28 isa AdhAra prastuta prasaMga ina donoM ghaTanAoM kA eka mizrita rUpa hai| ata: buddha ke para do tathya phalita hote haiM- prathama mahAvIra jaba 50 varSa ke the, taba buddha jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke dIghanikAya ke ullekha ko unakI (80-8) 72 varSa ke the arthAt buddha, mahAvIra se umra meM 22 varSa bar3e the| vAstavika mRtyu kA ullekha na mAnakara gozAlaka ke dvArA vivAda ke pazcAt dUsare yaha ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa, buddha ke nirvANa ke (22-8=14) 14 pheMkI gaI tejolezyA se utpanna dAha jvAra janya tIvra bImArI ke phalasvarUpa

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra phaile unakI mRtyu ke pravAda kA ullekha mAnanA hogaa| cU~ki buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatrukuNika ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa 31 meM huA, ataH mahAvIra kA nirvANa 22veM varSa meM 32 huA hogaa| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke 14 varSa bAda huaa| isaliye buddha kI nirvANa kI tithi kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko prabhAvita avazya kregaa| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA jainastrotoM evaM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNa kareMge aura phira yaha dekheMge ki isa AdhAra para buddha kI nirvANa tithi kyA hogI ? mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra kI mahApadmananda evaM candragupta maurya se, AcArya suhasti kI samprati se, Arya maMkSu (maMgU), Arya nandila, Arca nAgahasti, AryavRddha evaM Arya kRSNa kI abhilekhoM meM ullekhita unake kAla se tathA Arya devarddhikSamAzramaNa kI vallabhI ke rAjA dhruvasena se samakAlInatA kisI prakAra bAdhita nahIM ho| itihAsavid sAmAnyatayA isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki candragupta kA rAjyasattAkAla I.pU. 297 taka rahA hai| 33 ataH vahI sattAkAla bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kA bhI honA caahiye| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki candragupta ne nandoM se sattA hastagata kI thI aura antima nanda ke mantrI zakaDAla kA putra sthUlIbhadra thaa| ataH sthUlIbhadra ko candragupta maurya kA kaniSTha samasAmayika aura bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA variSTha samasAmayika honA cAhiye cAhe yaha kathana pUrNataH vizvasanIya mAnA jAye yA nahIM mAnA jAye ki candragupta maurya ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kI thI phira bhI jaina anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke samasAmayika the| sthUlIbhadra ke vairAgya kA mukhya kAraNa usake pitA ke prati nandavaMza ke antima zAsaka mahApadyananda kA durvyavahAra aura unakI ghRNita hatyA mAnI jA sakatI hai / 34 punaH sthUlIbhadra bhadrabAhu se nahIM, apitu sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita hue the| pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke samaya vAcanA pramukha bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra na hokara sambhUtivijaya rahe haiM- kyoMki usa vAcanA meM hI sthUlIbhadra ko bhadrabAhu se pUrva granthoM kA adhyayana karAne kA nizcaya kiyA gayA thA ata: prathama vAcanA nanda zAsana kehI antima caraNa meM kabhI huI hai| isa prathama vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat mAnA jAtA hai| yadi hama eka bAra donoM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko satya mAnakara yaha mAneM ki AcArya bhadrabAhu vIranirvANa saM. 156 se 170 taka AcArya rahe 35 aura candragupta maurya vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna huA to donoM kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| isa mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 45 varSa pUrva hI bhadrabAhu svargavAsI ho cuke the| isa AdhAra para sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke laghu sama-sAmayika bhI nahIM raha jAte haiN| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt hI rAjyAsIna huA / himavanta sthAvirAvalI 35 evaM AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva 7 meM bhI yahI tithi mAnI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI 651 candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| lagabhaga sabhI paTTAvaliyA~ bhadrabAhu ke AcAryatvakAla kA samaya vIranirvANa 156170 mAnatI haiN| 38 digambara paramparA meM bhI tIna kevalI aura pA~ca / zrutakevali kA kula samaya 162 varSa mAnA gayA hai / bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevali ye ataH digambara paramparAnusAra bhI unakA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 162 mAnanA hogaa| 19 isa prakAra donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha ho jAtI hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha karane hetu sambhUtivijaya kA AcAryatvakAla 8 varSa ke sthAna para 60 varSa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra unhoMne eka ora mahAvIra kA nirvANa samaya I.pU. 527 mAnakara bhI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI samasAmayikatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / 40. 'kintu isa sandarbha meM ATha kA sATha mAna lenA unakI apanI kalpanA hai, isakA prAmANika AdhAra upalabdha nahIM hai| 41 sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM hI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa mAnatI haiN| punaH tityogAlI meM bhI vahIM nirdiSTa hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 170 meM caudaha pUrvo ke jJAna kA viccheda (kSaya) prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu hI antima 14 pUrvadhara the- unake bAda koI bhI 14 pUrvadhara nahIM huaa| ataH bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 162 hI siddha hotA hai aura isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nanda evaM candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 410 tathA I.pU. 467 mAnA jAye / anya abhI vikalpoM meM bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nandarAjA aura candragupta maurya se samakAlikatA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI hai| "tityogAlI paitrayaM" meM bhI sthUlIbhadra aura nandarAjA kI samakAlikatA varNita hai| 42 ataH ina AdhAroM para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pU. 467 hI adhika yukti saMgata lagatA hai| punaH Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA kI samakAlInatA bhI jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai / itihAsakAroM ne samprati kA samaya I.pU. 231221 mAnA hai| 43 jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya suhasti kA yuga pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saM. 245 - 291 taka rahA hai| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 ko AdhAra banAkara gaNanA kareM to yaha mAnanA hogA ki Arya suhasti I.pU. 282 meM yuga pradhAna AcArya bane aura I.pU. 236 meM svargavAsI ho gye| isa prakAra vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 meM mAnane para Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA meM kisI bhI rUpa meM samakAlInatA nahIM banatI hai kintu yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to Arya suhasti kA kAla 467 - 245 I.pU. 222 se prArambha hotA hai| isase samakAlikatA to bana jAtI hai- yadyapi AcArya ke AcAryatvakAla meM samprati kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 1 varSa hI rahatA hai| kintu Arya suhasti kA samparka samprati se usake yauvarAjya kAla meM, jaba vaha avanti kA zAsaka thA, taba huA thA aura sambhava hai ki taba Arya suhasti saMgha ke yuga pradhAna AcArya na hokara bhI prabhAvazAlI muni rahe hoN| jJAtavya hai ki .

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652 Arya suhasti sthUlIbhadra se dIkSita hue the| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra sthUlabhadra kI dIkSA vIranirvANa saM. 146 meM huI thI aura svargavAsa vIranirvANa 215 meM huA thaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke 9 varSa pUrva antima nanda rAjA (nava nanda) ke rAjyakAla meM ve dIkSita ho cuke the| yadi paTTAvalI ke anusAra Arya suhasti kI sarva Ayu 100 varSa aura dIkSA Ayu 30 varSa mAneM to ve vIranirvANa saM. 221 arthAt I.pU. 246 (vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para) meM dIkSita hue haiN| isase Arya suhasti kI sammati se samakAlikatA to siddha ho jAtI hai kintu unheM sthUlIbhadra kA hasta dIkSita mAnane meM 6 varSa kA antara AtA hai kyoMki unake dIkSita hone ke 6 varSa pUrva hI vIranirvANa se 215 meM sthUlIbhadra kA svargavAsa ho cukA thaa| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki suhasti 30 varSa kI Ayu ke sthAna para 23 - 24 varSa meM hI dIkSita ho gaye hoN| phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki paTTAvaliyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para Arya suhasti aura samprati kI samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 para hI sambhava hai usake pUrva I. pUrva 527 meM athavA usake pazcAt kI kisI bhI tithi ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa mAnane para yaha samakAlInatA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 isa prakAra bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI mahApadmananda aura candragupta maurya se tathA Arya suhastI ko samprati se samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para siddha kI jA sakatI hai| anya sabhI vikalpoM meM inakI samakAlikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnanA adhika yuktasaMgata hogaa| aba hama kucha abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa samaya para vicAra kareMge mathurA ke abhilekho 44 meM ullekhita pA~ca nAmoM meM se nandisUtra sthavirAvalI 45 ke Arya maMgu, Arya nandila aura Arya hasti (hasta hasti)- ye tIna nAma tathA kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI 46 ke Arya kRSNa aura Arya vRddha ye do nAma milate haiN| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya maMgu kA yuga-pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saMvat 451 se 470 taka mAnA gayA hai| 47 vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 16 se I0 san 3 taka aura vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 76 se I.pU. 57 AtA hai| jabaki abhilekhIya AdhAra para inakA kAla zaka saM. 52 (huviSka varSa 52) arthAt I. san 130 AtA hai48 arthAt inake paTTAvalI aura abhilekha ke kAla meM vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara AtA hai aura vIranirvANa I. pa 467 mAnane para bhI lagabhaga 127 varSa kA antara to banA hI rahatA hai| aneka paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya maMgu kA ullekha bhI nahIM hai| ataH unake kAla ke sambandha meM paTTAvalIgata avadhAraNA prAmANika nahIM hai| punaH Arya maMgu kA nAma mAtra nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai aura yaha sthavirAvalI bhI guru-ziSya paramparA kI sUcaka nahIM hai| ataH bIca meM kucha nAma chUTane kI sambhAvanA hai jisakI puSTi svayaM muni kalyANavijayajI ne bhI kI hai| 49 isa prakAra Arya maMgu ke abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki isa AdhAra para I.pU. 527 kI paramparAgata mAnyatA I.pU. 467 kI vidvanmAnya mAnyatA donoM hI satya siddha nahIM hotI hai| abhilekha evaM paTTAvalI kA samIkaraNa karane para isase vIranirvANa I.pU. 360 ke lagabhaga phalita hotA hai| isa anizcitatA kA kAraNa Arya maMga ke kAla ko lekara vividha bhrAntiyoM kI upasthiti hai| ( jahA~ taka Arya nandila kA prazna hai, hameM unake nAma kA ullekha bhI nandisUtra meM milatA hai| nandisUtra meM unakA ullekha Arya maMgu ke pazcAt aura Arya nAgahasti ke pUrva milatA hai| 5deg mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM nandika nandila) kA eka abhilekha zaka saMvat 32 kA hai| dUsare zaka saM. 93 ke lekha meM nAma spaSTa nahIM hai, mAtra "ndi" milA hai / 51 Arya nandila kA ullekha prabandhakoza evaM kucha prAcIna paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI hai kintu kahIM para bhI unake samaya kA ullekha nahIM hone se isa abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai| aba hama nAgahasti kI ora Ate haiM- sAmAnyatayA sabhI paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 584 meM mAnA gayA hai Arya vajra ke pazcAt 13 varSa Arya rakSita, 20 varSaM puSyamitra aura 3 varSa vajrasena yugapradhAna rahe arthAt voranirvANa saM. 620 meM vajrasena kA svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI vicArazreNI meM isake bAda Arya nirvANa 621 se 690 taka yugapradhAna rhe| 52 yadi mathurA abhilekha ke hastahasti hI nAgahasti hoM to mAghahasti ke guru ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha zaka saM. 54 ke abhilekha meM milatA hai arthAt ve I.san 132 ke pUrva hue haiN| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to unakA yuga pradhAna kAla I. san 154-223 AtA hai| abhilekha unake ziSya ko I. san 132 meM hone kI sUcanA detA hai yadyapi yaha mAnakara santoSa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yuga pradhAna hone ke 22 varSa pUrva unhoMne kisI ko dIkSita kiyA hogaa| yadyapi inakI sarvAyu 100 varSa mAnane para taba unakI Ayu mAtra 11 varSa hogI aura aisI sthiti meM unake upadeza se kisI kA dIkSita honA aura usa dIkSita ziSya ke dvArA mUrti pratiSThA honA asambhava sA lagatA hai| kintu yadi hama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vIranirvANa ko zaka saMvat 605 pUrva yA I. pU. 527 mAnate haiM to paTTAvalIgata ullekhoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| isa AdhAra para unakA yuga pradhAna kAla zaka saM. 16 se zaka saM. 85 ke bIca AtA hai aura aisI sthiti meM zaka saM. 54 meM unake kisI ziSya ke upadeza se mUrti pratiSThA honA sambhava hai| yadyapi 69 varSa taka unakA yuga pradhAnakAla mAnanA sAmAnya buddhi se yukti saMgata nahIM lagatA hai| ataH nAgahasti sambandhI yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya paTTAvalI kI sUcanA ko satya mAnane para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane ke pakSa meM jAtA hai / puna: mathurA ke eka abhilekhayukta aMkana meM AryakRSNa kA nAma sahita aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 95 kA hai| 13 yadi hama AryakRSNa kA samIkaraNa kalpasUtra sthAvirAvalI meM zivabhUti ke bAda ullikhita AryakRSNa se karate haiM54 to paTTAvaliyoM evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke AdhAra para inakA sata samaya vIranirvANa saM. 609 .

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra 653 ke Asa-pAsa nizcita hotA hai55 kyoMki inhIM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti nirvANa kAla ko I.pU. 467 mAnane kI hI puSTi karate haiN| aisI sthiti ke vastra sambandhI vivAda ke pariNAmasvarUpa boTika nihnava kI utpatti huI meM buddha nirvANa I.pU. 482. jise adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnya thI aura isa vivAda kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat 609 sunizcita hai| kiyA hai, mAnanA hogA aura tabhI yaha siddha hogA ki buddha ke nirvANa ke vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para usa abhilekha kAla kA 609- lagabhaga 15 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa huaa| 467=142 I. AtA hai| yaha abhilekhayukta aMkana 95+ 78=173I. kA hai| cUMki aMkana meM AryakRSNa ko eka ArAdhya ke rUpa meM aMkita sandarbha karavAyA gayA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakI hI ziSya paramparA ke kisI 1. (a) NivvANe vIra jiNe chavvAsasadesu pNcvrisesu| paNamAsesu Arya arha dvArA I.san 173 meM yaha aMkana unake svargavAsa ke 20- gadesu saMjAdo sagaNio ahvaa||-tiloypnnnntti, 4/1499. 25 varSa bAda hI huA hogaa| isa prakAra yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya vIranirvANa (ba) paMca ya mAsA paMca ya vAsA chacceva hoMti vaassyaa| saMvat I.pU. 467 mAnane para hI anya sAhityika ullekhoM se saMgati rakha pariNivvuassaarihato so uNNaNNo sago raayaa||-titthogaalii sakatA hai, anya kisI vikalpa se isakI saMgati baiThAnA sambhava nahIM hai| painnaya, 623 mathurA abhilekhoM meM eka nAma AryavRddhahasti kA bhI milatA 2. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada hai| inake do abhilekha milate haiN| eka abhilekha zaka saM.60 (huviSka prakAza, zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 26-44, varSa 60) aura dUsarA zaka saM. 79 kA hai|56 IsvI san kI dRSTi se 45-46 ye donoM abhilekha I.san 138 aura I.san 157 ke haiN| yadi ye vRddhahasti 3. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, hI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke AryavRddha aura paTTAvaliyoM ke vRddhadeva hoM prakAzaka ka.vi. zAstra samiti, jAlau (mAravAr3a), pR. 159 to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vIranirvANa 695 meM koraMTaka meM pratiSThA 4. titthogAlI painnayaM (gAthA 623), paiNNayasuttAI, saM. muni karavAI thii|57 yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU 467 mAnate haiM to yaha kAla puSyavijaya, prakAzaka zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 695-467-218 I. AtA hai| ata: vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnatA 400036 para isa abhilekhIya sAkSya aura paTTAvalIgata mAnyatA kA samIkaraNa ThIka 5. tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina baiTha jAtA hai| paTTAvalI meM vRddha kA krama 25vA~ hai| pratyeka AcArya kA saMskRtirakSaka saMgha zolApura, ausata sattA kAla 25 varSa mAnane para inakA samaya vIranirvANa I.pU. mAnane 6. kalpasUtra, 147, pR. 145, anuvAdaka mANikamuni, prakAzakapara bhI abhilekha se vIranirvANa 625 AyegA aura taba 625- sobhAgamala harakAvata, ajamera 467=158 saMgati baiTha jaayegii| 7. ThANaM (sthAnAMga), aguMsuttAANi bhAga 1, AcArya tulasI, antima sAkSya jisa para mAhavIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa jainavizvabhAratI, lADanUM 7/141 kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha hai mahArAja dhruvasena ke abhilekha aura unakA 8... bhagavaI, 9/222-229 (aMgasuttANi bhAga 2-AcArya tulasI, kaal| paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke pazcAt jainavizvabhAratI lADanUM) sarvaprathama kalpasUtrakI sabhA ke samakSa vAcanA Anandapura (baDanagara) meM 9. Avazyakaniyukti, 778-783 (niyuktisaMgraha-saM. vijayajinasena mahArAja dhruvasena ke putra-maraNa ke duHkha ko kama karane ke liye kI gyii| sUrIzvara, harSapuSpAmRta, jainagranthamAlA, lAkhA bAkhala, saurASTra, yaha kAla vIranirvANa saM. 980 yA 993 mAnA jAtA hai|58 dhruvasena ke 1989) aneka abhilekha upalabdha haiN| dhruvasena prathama kA kAla I.saM. 525 se 10. tiloyapaNNati, 4/1496-1499 550 taka mAnA jAtA hai|59 yadi yaha ghaTanA unake rAjyArohaNa ke dvitIya 11. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa-4 bhAga-1, pustaka varSa I. san 526 kI ho to mahAvIra kA nirvANa 993-526=469 9 pR0 132-133 I.pU. siddha hotA hai| 12. kalpasUtra (maNikamuni, ajamera), sUtra 147, pR0 145 isa prakAra ina pA~ca abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM tIna to aise avazya 13. titthogAlIpainnayaM (paiNNayasuttAI), 621 / / haiM jinase mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pa. 467 siddha hotA hai| jabaki do aise 14. evaM ca zrI mahAvIra muktairvarSazate, paMca paMcAzadadhike cndrgupto'bhvntrpH|| haiM jinase vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| eka abhilekha pariziSTaparva, hemacandra, sarga, 8/339 (jainadharma prasAraka saMsthA kA inase koI saMgati nahIM hai| ye asaMgatiyA~ isalie bhI hai ki paTTAvaliyoM bhAvanagara) meM AcAryoM kA jo kAla diyA gayA hai usakI prAmANikatA sandigdha hai 15. jJAtavya hai candugupta maurya ko vIranirvANa saM0 215 meM rAjyAsIna aura Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para isa mAnakara hI vIranirvANa I0pU0 527 meM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu asaMgati ko samApta kiyA jA ske| phira bhI isa vivecanA meM hama yaha use vIranirvANa 155 meM rAjyAsIna mAnane para vIranirvANa I0pU0 pAte haiM ki adhikAMza sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya mahAvIra ke 467 mAnanA hogaa| 16. Jacobi, V. Harman--Buddhas und Mahaviras Nirvana

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653 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 und die politische Entwicklung Magadhas Zu Jerier Zeit 39. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa-4, pustaka- 9 557. 17. Charpentier Jarl Uttaradhyayanasutra, Introduction p.13.16. 18. anekAnta, varSa 4 kiraNa 10, zAstrI e zAntirAja-- bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa samvat kI samAlocanA 19. Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVI, 1917, July 1917, Page 151 152, Swati Publications, Delhi, 1985. 20. The Journal of the royal Asiatic Society, 1917, Vankteshvara, S.V.-- The Date of Vardhamana, p. 122 - 130. 21. mukhtAra jugalakizora "jainasAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada 42 - prakAza", zrI vIrazAsana pR0 26-56 43. -- 44 22. muni kalyANavijaya vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA prakAzaka ka0vi0 zAstra samiti jAlaura, vi0sa0 1987 23. Eggermont, P. H.L. -- "The Year of Mahavira's Decease". 24. Smith, V.A. - The Jaina Stupa nad other Antiquities of Mathura, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1969, p. 14. 34. Norman, K.R.--Observations on the Dates of the Jina and the Buddh. 26. dIghanikAya, sAmaphalamutaM 2/1/7 27. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA, pR04-5 28. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa aura jainakAlagaNanA, pR0 1 29. dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasuttaM, 2/2/8 30. dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasutaM 6/1/1 -- 35. vividhagacchIya paTTAvalIsaMgraha (prathama bhAga ) jinavijaya jI 36. vIranirvANa samvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA muni kalyANavijaya, pR0178 37. pariziSTa parva hemacandra, 8/339 , 38. (a) paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha muni kalyANavijayajI pR0132,133 40. (a) muni kalyANavijaya paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha, pR0 52 munijI dvArA kiye gaye anya parivartanoM ke liye dekheM pR0 49 (ba) vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha prathamabhAga sampAdaka-jinavijaya, siMghI jaina zAstra zikSA pIr3a, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, prathama bhAga pRSTha 17 41. 45. 46. 47. 39. vahI, 51. jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 41, 67 32. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA pR05 52. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA, 33. (a) Majumbar, R. C. Ancient India, p. 108 jAlaura, pR0 106 TippaNI (ba) DaoN0 ramAzaMkara tripAThI prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa pR0 139 34. tityogAlI painnayaM, 78 (paiNNaya suttAI, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, 53. V.A Smith. The Jian Stupa and other Antiquities of Matura, p. 24 bambaI) 54. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAthA bhAga) gAyA 1 55. vizeSAvazyakabhASya 56. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 56, 59 57. muni jinavijaya, vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha, prathama bhAga, 48. 49. 50 (ba) muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa, saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR0 137 jJAtavya hai ki munijI dvArA eka ora sambhUti vijaya ke kAla ko ATha varSa se sATha varSa karanA aura dUsarI ora mauryoM ke itihAsa sammata 108 varSa ke kAla ko eka sau sATha varSa karanA kevala apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi kA prayAsa hai| titvogAlIpaitrayaM paiNNa suttaaii| 793, 794 DaoN0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR0 139 / (a) jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 kramAMka 41. 54,55,56,59,632 (ba) AryakRSNa (kaNha) ke liye dekheM- V. A. Smith-Thejain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, P.24 nandIsUtra rathavirAvalI, 27, 28, 29 kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAtha bhAga) gAthA 1 evaM 4 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, jAlaura, pR0 122, AdhAra- yugapradhAna pttttaavliyaaN| jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 54 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, jAlaura, pR0 121 evaM 131 50. nandIsUtra sthAvirAvalI, 27, 28 evaM 29 pR017 58. kalpasUtra (saM mANikamuni, ajamera) 147 59. gujarAta no rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa grantha 3, bI0 je0 insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda-9, pR0 40 .

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tArkika ziromaNi AcArya siddhasena "divAkara' siddhasena divAkara jaina darzana ke zIrSastha vidvAn rahe haiN| jaina niSkarSa meM siddhasena ko 5vIM zatAbdI kA AcArya mAnA hai, vahA~ maiM isa darzana ke kSetra meM anekAntavAda kI tArkika sthApanA karane vAle ve prathama kAla sImA ko lagabhaga 100 varSa pahale vikrama kI caturtha sadI meM le puruSa haiN| jaina darzana ke Adha tArkika hone ke sAtha-sAtha ve bhAratIya darzana jAne ke pakSa meM hU~ jisakI carcA maiM yahA~ karanA cAhU~gA / ke Adya saMgrAhaka aura samIkSaka bhI haiN| unhoMne apanI kRtiyoM meM vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM kI tArkika samIkSA bhI prastuta kI hai / aise mahAn siddhasena kA kAla dArzanika ke jIvana vRtta aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM terahavIM-caudahavIM unake sattA kAla ke sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAla jI ne evaM DaoN0 zatAbdI meM racita prabandhoM ke atirikta anyatra mAtra sAMketika sUcanAe~ hI zrIprakAza pANDeya ne vistRta carcA kI hai| ataH hama to yahA~ kevala milatI haiM / yadyapi unake astitva ke sandarbha meM hameM aneka prAcIna granthoM saMkSipta carcA kreNge| prabhAvakacarita meM siddhasena kI guru paramparA kI meM saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI se jaina granthoM meM unake vistRta carcA huI hai| usake anusAra siddhasena Arya skandila ke praziSya aura unakI kRtiyoM ke sandarbha hameM upalabdha hone lagate haiN| phira bhI unake aura vRddhavAdI ke ziSya the| Arya skandila ko mAthurI vAcanA kA praNetA jIvanavRtta aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI kA abhAva hI mAnA jAtA hai| yaha vAcanA vIra nirvANa 840 meM huI thii| paramparAgata hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake jIvanavRtta, sattAkAla, paramparA tathA kRtiyoM mAnyatA ke AdhAra para Arya skandila kA samaya vikrama kI caturtha ko lekara aneka vivAda Aja bhI pracalita haiN| yadyapi pUrva meM paM0 zatAbdI (840-470=370) ke uttarArdha ke lagabhaga AtA hai| kintu sukhalAla jI, pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye, paM0 jugala kizora jI mukhtAra yadi hama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI pramANa purassara avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para Adi vidvAnoM ne unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva ke sandarbha meM prakAza DAlane vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat 410 varSa pUrva mAneM to skandila kA samaya kA prayatna kiyA hai kintu ina vidvAnoM kI paraspara virodhI sthApanAoM ke vikrama kI cauthI zatI kA uttarArdha aura pA~cavI kA pUrvArdha (840kAraNa vivAda adhika gaharAtA hI gyaa| maiMne apane grantha 'jaina dharma kA 410=430) siddha hogaa| kabhI-kabhI praziSya apane praguru ke samakAlika yApanIya sampradAya' meM unakI paramparA aura sampradAya ke sambandha meM bhI hotA hai isa AdhAra para siddhasena divAkara kA kAla bhI vikrama kI paryApta rUpa se vicAra karane kA prayatna kiyA hai kintu unake samagra cauthI zatAbdI kA uttarArdha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| prabandhoM meM siddhasena vyaktvi aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM Aja taka kI navIna khojoM ke ko vikramAditya kA samakAlIna bhI mAnA gayA hai| yadi candragupta dvitIya pariNAmasvarUpa jo kucha naye tathya sAmane Aye haiM, unheM dRSTi meM rakhakara ko vikramAditya mAna liyA jAya to siddhasena caturtha zatI ke siddha hote DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ne sidvasena divAkara ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai unakI sabhA meM kAlidAsa, kSapaNaka Adi nau ratna ke sandarbha meM aba taka jo kucha likhA gayA thA usakA Alor3ana aura the aura yadi kSapaNaka siddhasena hI the to siddhasena kA kAla vikrama kI vilor3ana karake hI eka kRti kA praNayana kiyA hai / unakI yaha kRti caturtha zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki candragupta dvitIya mAtra upalabdha sUcanAoM kA saMgraha hI nahIM hai apitu unake tArkika cintana kA kAla bhI vikrama kI cartutha zatAbdI kA uttarArdha siddha hotA hai| puna: kA pariNAma hai / yadyapi anake sthaloM para maiM unake niSkarSoM se sahamata mallavAdI ne siddhasena divAkara ke sanmatitarka para TIkA likhI thI, nahIM hU~ phira bhI unhoMne jisa tArkikatA ke sAtha apane pakSa ko prastuta aisA nirdeza AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA hai| prabandhoM ke mallavAdI kA kAla kiyA hai vaha nizcaya hI zlAghanIya hai / prastuta nibandha meM maiM unhIM tathyoM vIra nirvANa saMvat 884 (884-470=414) ke AsapAsa mAnA para prakAza DAlU~gA, jinapara yA to unhoMne koI carcA nahIM kI hai yA jAtA hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha jinake sambandha meM maiM unake niSkarSoM se sahamata nahIM huuN| meM sanmatisUtra para TIkA likhI jA cukI thI / ataH siddhasena vikrama vastuta: siddhasena ke sandarbha meM pramukha rUpa se tIna aisI bAteM rahIM kI cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM hue hoNge| punaH vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI hai jinapara vidvAnoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai meM pUjyapAda devanandI ne jainendra vyAkaraNa meM siddhasena ke mata kA (1) unakA sattA kAla ullekha kiyA hai| pUjyapAda devanandI kA kAla vikrama kI pA~cavI-chaThI (2) unakI paramparA aura zatI mAnA gayA hai| isase bhI ve vikrama saMvat kI pAMcavI-chaThI zatAbdI (3) nyAyAvatAra evaM kucha dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikAoM ke kRtitva kA ke pUrva hue haiM, yaha to sunizcita ho jAtA hai| prazna / mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM do abhilekha aise haiM jinameM Arya ___ yadyapi unake sattAkAla ke sandarbha meM mere mantavya evaM DaoN0 vRddhahasti kA ullekha hai / saMyoga se ina donoM abhilekhoM meM kAla bhI pANDeya ke mantavya meM adhika dUrI nahIM haiM phira bhI jahA~ unhoMne apane diyA huA hai / ye abhilekha huviSka ke kAla ke haiM / inameM se prathama meM

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tArkika ziromaNI AcArya siddhasena 'divAkara' 655 varSa 60 kA aura dvitIya meM varSa 79 kA ullekha hai| yadi hama ise zaka Adi kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne unheM yApanIya paramparA kA AcArya siddha saMvat mAneM to tadnusAra dUsare abhilekha kA kAla lagabhaga vikrama saMvat karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| pro0 upAdhye ne jo tarka diye unheM spaSTa 215 hogaa| yadi ye lekha unakI yuvAvasthA ke hoM to AcArya vRddhahasti karate hue tathA apanI ora se kucha anya tarkoM ko prastuta karate hue kA kAla vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha taka mAnA jA sakatA DaoN0 kusuma paToriyA ne bhI unheM yApanIya paramparA kA siddha kiyA hai| hai| isa dRSTi se bhI siddhasena kA kAla vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke prastuta sandarbha meM hama ina vidvAnoM ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA karate hue uttarArdha se cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke bIca mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha nizcaya karane kA prayatna kareMge ki vastuta: siddhasena kI vAstavika isa samagra carcA se itanA nizcita hotA hai ki siddhasena divAkara paramparA kyA thii| ke kAla kI sImA rekhA vikrama saMvat kI tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se lekara vikrama saMvat kI paMcama zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke bIca hI kahIM nizcita kyA siddhasena digambara haiM ? hogii| paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 becaradAsa jI ne unakA kAla caturtha-paMcama samantabhadra kI kRti ke rUpa meM mAnya ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra zatAbdI nizcita kiyA hai| pro0 DhAkI ne bhI unheM pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke meM prApta nyAyAvatAra kI jisa samAna kArikA ko lekara yaha vivAda hai uttarArdha meM mAnA hai, kintu isa mAnyatA ko uparyukta abhilekhoM ke ki yaha kArikA siddhasena ne samantabhadra se lI hai, isa sambandha meM prathama Aloka meM tathA candragupta dvitIya se samakAlikatA kI dRSTi se thor3A to yahI nizcita nahIM hai ki ratnakaraNDaka samantabhadra kI kRti hai yA nhiiN| pIche lAyA jA sakatA hai| yadi Arya vRddhahasti hI vRddhavAdI haiM aura dasare yaha ki yaha kArikA donoM granthoM meM apane yogya sthAna para hai ata: siddhasena unake ziSya haiM to siddhasenakA kAla vikrama kI tRtIya zatI ise siddhasena se samantabhadra ne liyA hai yA samantabhadra se siddhasena ne liyA ke uttarArdha se caturtha zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke bIca hI mAnanA hogaa| kucha hai, yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| tIsare, yadi samantabhadra bhI lagabhaga 5vIM prabandhoM meM unheM Arya dharma kA ziSya bhI kahA gayA hai / Arya dharma kA zatI ke AcArya haiM aura nyAyAvatAra ko siddhasena kI kRti mAnane meM ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai / ve Arya vRddha ke bAda tIsare krama bAdhA nahIM hai, to yaha bhI sambhava hai, samantabhadra ne ise siddhasena se liyA para ullikhita haiN| isI sthavirAvalI meM eka Arya dharma devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa ho / samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA meM bhI sanmatitarka ko kucha gAthAe~ ke pUrva bhI ullekhita haiM / yadi hama siddhasena ke sanmatiprakaraNa aura apane saMskata rUpa meM milatI haiN| tattvArthasatra ki tulanA kareM to dono meM kucha samAnatA parilakSita hotI hai| paM0 jagalakizora jI makhtAra ne sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena vizeSa rUpa se tattvArtha sUtra meM anekAnta dRSTi ko vyAkhyAyita karane ke ko digambara paramparA kA AcArya siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai tathApi lie 'arpita' aura 'anarpita' jaise zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / ina zabdoM makhtAra jI unheM digambara paramparA kA AcArya hone ke sambandha meM koI kA prayoga sanmatitarka (1/42) meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| merI dRSTi meM bhI AdhArabhata pramANa prastuta nahIM kara pAye haiN| unake tarka mukhyata: do siddhasena umAsvAti se kiMcita paravartI haiM aura unakA kAla vikrama kI bAtoM para sthita haiN| - prathamataH siddhasena ke granthoM se yaha phalita nahIM. caturtha zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| hotA ki ve strImukti, kevalIbhukti aura savastramukti Adi ke samarthaka the / dUsare yaha ki siddhasena athavA unake grantha sanmatisUtra kA ullekha siddhasena divAkara kI paramparA jinasena, hariSeNa, vIraSeNa Adi digambara AcAryoM ne kiyA hai- isa jahA~ taka unakI paramparA kA prazna hai DaoN0 pANDeya ne apanI AdhAra para unake digambara paramparA ke hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta karate kRti meM isakI vistRta carcA nahIM kI hai / sambhavata: DaoN0 pANDeya ne haiN| yadi AdaraNIya mukhtAra jI unake granthoM meM strImukti, kevalIbhukti unakI paramparA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa ullekha yaha jAnakara nahIM kiyA ho yA savastramukti kA samarthana nahIM hone ke niSedhAtmaka tarka ke AdhAra para ki isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane grantha jaina dharma kA yApanIya unheM digambara mAnate haiM, to phira isI prakAra ke niSedhAtmaka tarka ke sampradAya meM kI hai| __ AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unake granthoM meM strImukti, siddhasena divAkara ke sampradAya ke viSaya meM vibhinna dRSTikoNa kevalIbhakti aura savastramukti kA khaNDana nahIM hai, ata: ve zvetAmbara parilakSita hote haiM / jinabhadra, haribhadra Adi se prArambha karake paM0 paramparA ke AcArya haiN| sukhalAla jI, paM0 becaradAsa jI Adi sabhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke punaH mukhtAra jI yaha mAna lete haiM ki raviSeNa aura pannATasaMghIya vidvAn ekamata se unheM apane sampradAya kA svIkAra karate haiN| isake jinasena digambara paramparA ke haiM, yaha bhI unakI bhrAMti hai / raviSaNa viparIta SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA evaM jinasena ke harivaMza tathA yApanIya paramparA ke haiM ata: unake paradAdA gurU ke sAtha meM siddhasena raviSeNa ke padyapurANa meM siddhasena kA ullekha hone se paM0 jugala divAkara kA ullekha mAneM to bhI ve yApanIya siddha hoMge, digambara to kizora mukhtAra jaise digambara paramparA ke kucha vidvAn unheM apanI kisI bhI sthiti meM siddha nahIM hogeN| AdaraNIya mukhtArajI ne eka yaha paramparA kA AcArya siddha karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| kintu digambara vicitra tarka diyA hai ki zvetAmbara prabandhoM meM siddhasena ke sanmatisUtra kA paramparA se unakI kucha bhinnatAoM ko dekhakara pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye ullekha nahIM hai, isalie prabandhoM meM ullikhita siddhasena anya koI

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656 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 siddhasena haiM, ve sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena nahIM haiM / kintu mukhtArajI kA ullekha karatI haiM / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke grantha yaha bhI ullekha ye kaise bhUla jAte haiM ki prabandha granthoM ke likhe jAne ke pA~ca sau varSa karate haiM ki kucha praznoM ko lekara unakA zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM se matabheda pUrva haribhadra ke paMcavastu tathA jinabhadra kI nizIthacUrNi meM sanmatisUtra aura thA, kintu isase yaha to siddha nahIM hotA hai ki ve kisI anya paramparA usake kartA ke rUpa meM siddhasena ke ullekha upasthita haiM / jaba prabandhoM ke AcArya the / yadyapi siddhasena zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sAhitya ko se prAcIna zvetAmbara granthoM meM sanmatisUtra ke kartA ke rUpa meM siddhasena kA svIkAra karate the kintu ve AgamoM ko yugAnurUpa tarka purassaratA bhI ullekha hai, to phira yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki prabandhoM meM jo pradAna karanA cAhate the / isalie unhoMne sanmatisUtra meM AgamabhIrU siddhasena kA ullekha hai vaha sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena kA na hokara AcAryoM para kaTAkSa kiyA tathA AgamoM meM upalabdha asaMgatiyoM kA kucha dvAtriMzikAoM aura nyAyAvatAra ke kartA kisI anya siddhasena kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai| paravartI prabandhoM meM unakI kRti sanmatisUtra kA hai / punaH zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne yadyapi siddhasena ke abhedavAda kA khaNDana ullekha nahIM hone kA spaSTa kAraNa yaha hai ki sanmatisUtra meM zvetAmbara kiyA hai, kintu kisI ne bhI unheM apane se bhinna paramparA yA sampradAya Agama mAnya kramavAda kA khaNDana hai aura madhyayugIna sampradAyagata kA nahIM batAyA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke vidvAn unheM matabhinnatA ke mAnyatAoM se jur3e hue zvetAmbarAcArya yaha nahIM cAhate the ki unake bAvajUda apanI hI paramparA kA AcArya prAcIna kAla se mAnate A rahe sanmatisUtra kA saMgha meM vyApaka adhyayana ho / ataH jAnabUjhakara unhoMne haiN| zvetAmbara granthoM meM unheM daNDita karane kI jo kathA pracalita hai, vaha usakI upekSA kii| bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki ve sacela dhArA meM hI dIkSita hue the, kyoMki paM0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra ne sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena kisI AcArya ko daNDa dene kA adhikAra apanI hI paramparA ke vyakti ko digambara siddha karane ke uddezya se yaha mata bhI pratipAdita kiyA hai ko hotA hai- anya paramparA ke vyakti ko nahIM / ata: siddhasena digambara ki sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena, katipaya dvAtriMzikAoM ke kartA paramparA ke AcArya the, yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM siddha nahIM hotA hai| siddhasena aura nyAyAvatAra ke kartA siddhasena- ye tInoM alaga-alaga kevala yApanIya granthoM aura unakI TIkAoM meM siddhasena kA vyakti haiN| unakI dRSTi meM sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena divAkara ullekha hone se itanA hI siddha hotA hai ki siddhasena yApanIya paramparA digambara haiM- zeSa donoM zvetAmbara haiN| kintu yaha unakA durAgraha mAtra haimeM mAnya rahe haiN| punaH zvetAmbara dhArA ke kucha bAtoM meM apanI mata-bhinnatA ve yaha batA pAne meM pUrNata: asamartha rahe haiM ki Akhira ye donoM siddhasena rakhane ke kAraNa unako yApanIya yA digambara paramparA meM Adara milanA kauna haiM? siddhasena ke jina granthoM meM digambara mAnyatA kA poSaNa nahIM asvAbhAvika bhI nahIM hai / jo bhI hamAre virodhI kA Alocaka hotA hai, hotA ho, unheM anya kisI siddhasena kI kRti kahakara chuTakArA pA lenA vaha hamAre lie AdaraNIya hotA hai, yaha eka manovaijJAnika satya hai| ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA / unheM yaha batAnA cAhie ki Akhira ye kucha zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM kA virodha karane ke kAraNa siddhasena yApanIya dvAtriMzikAyeM kauna se siddhasena kI kRti haiM aura kyoM inheM anya siddhasena aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM AdaraNIya rahe haiM, kintu isakA artha kI kRti mAnA jAnA cAhie ? mAtra zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM kA ullekha yaha nahIM hai ki ve digambara yA yApanIya haiM / yaha to usI lokokti ke hone se unheM siddhasena kI kRti hone se nakAra denA to yuktisaMgata nahIM AdhAra para huA hai ki zatru kA zatru mitra hotA hai / kisI bhI digambara hai| yaha to tabhI sambhava hai jaba anya suspaSTa AdhAroM para yaha siddha ho paramparA ke grantha meM siddhasena ke jIvanavRtta kA ullekha na hone se tathA cukA ho ki sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena digambara haiN| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA meM unake jIvanavRtta kA savistAra ullekha hone se tathA pratibhA samAnatA ke AdhAra para paM0 sukhalAla jI ina dvAtriMzikAoM ko zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA unheM kucha kAla ke lie saMgha se niSkAsita kiye sanmatisUtrakAra siddhasena kI hI kRtiyA~ mAnate haiN|2| zvetAmbara paramparA meM jAne ke vivaraNoM se yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve digambara yA yApanIya siddhasena divAkara, siddhasenagaNi aura siddharSi kA ullekha milatA hai, paramparA ke AcArya nahIM the / matabhedoM ke bAvajUda zvetAmbaroM ne sadaiva hI kintu inameM siddhasena divAkara ko hI sanmatisUtra,stutiyoM (dvAtriMzikAoM) unheM apanI paramparA kA AcArya mAnA hai| digambara AcAryoM ne unheM 'dveSya- aura nyAyAvatAra kA kartA mAnA gayA haiM / siddhasenagaNi tattvArthAdhigamabhASya sitapaTa' to kahA, kintu apanI paramparA kA kabhI nahIM mAnA / eka bhI kI vRtti ke kartA haiM aura siddharSi-siddhasena ke grantha nyAyAvatAra ke aisA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai jisameM sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena ko TIkAkAra haiM / siddhasenagaNi aura siddharSi ko kahIM bhI dvAtriMzikAoM aura digambara paramparA kA kahA gayA ho / jabaki zvetAmbara bhaNDAroM meM nyAyAvatAra kA kartA nahIM kahA gayA hai / siddharSi nyAyAvatAra ke upalabdha unakI kRtiyoM kI pratilipiyoM meM unheM zvetAmbarAcArya kahA TIkAkAra haiM, na ki krtaa| gayA hai| puna: Aja taka eka bhI aisA pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai ki kisI zvetAmbara paramparA ke sAhitya meM chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara bhI yApanIya yA digambara AcArya ke dvArA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM koI grantha madhyakAla taka siddhasena ke aneka ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| punaH likhA gayA ho / yApanIya aura digambara AcAryoM ne jo kucha bhI prAkRta siddhasena kI kucha dvAtriMzikAyeM spaSTa rUpa se mahAvIra ke vivAha Adi meM likhA hai vaha saba zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI likhA hai, jabaki sanmatisUtra zvetAmbara mAnyatA evaM Agama granthoM kI svIkRti aura Agamika sandarbho spaSTata: mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| sanmatisUtra kA mahArASTrI

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tArkika ziromaNI AcArya siddhasena 'divAkara' 657 prAkRta meM likhA jAnA hI isa bAta kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai ki siddhasena apanI paramparA kA mAnate hue hI unake isa virodha kA nirdeza kiyA hai, yApanIya yA digambara nahIM haiN| ve yA to zvetAmbara haiM yA phira uttara bhArata kabhI unheM bhinna paramparA kA nahIM kahA hai / dUsare, yadi hama sanmatisUtra kI usa nirgrantha dhArA ke sadasya haiM, jisase zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve AgamoM ke AdhAra para hI apane mata vikasita hue haiN| kintu ve digambara to kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM haiN| kI puSTi karate the| unhoMne Agama mAnyatA ke antarvirodha ko spaSTa karate siddhasena kA sanmatisUtra eka dArzanika grantha hai aura usa kAla hue siddha kiyA hai ki abhedavAda bhI Agamika dhAraNA ke anukUla hai| taka strI-mukti aura kevalI-bhukti jaise prazna utpanna hI nahIM hue the| ve spaSTarUpa se kahate haiM ki Agama ke anusAra kevalajJAna sAdi aura ataH sanmatisUtra meM na to inakA samarthana hai aura na khaNDana hI / isa ananta hai, to phira kramavAda sambhava nahIM hotA hai kyoMki kevala kAla meM uttarabhArata meM AcAra aura vicAra ke kSetra meM jaina saMgha meM vibhinna jJAnopayoga samApta hone para hI kevala darzanopayoga ho sakatA hai / ve mAnyatAe~ janma le cukI thIM, kintu abhI sAmpradAyika dhruvIkaraNa likhate haiM ki sUtra kI AzAtanA se Darane vAle ko isa Agama vacana zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya Adi rUpoM meM nahIM ho pAyA thaa| yaha vaha para bhI vicAra karanA caahie| vastuta: abhedavAda ke mAdhyama se ve, unheM yuga thA jaba jaina paramparA meM tArkika cintana prArambha ho cukA thA aura Agama meM jo antarvirodha parilakSita ho rahA thA, usakA hI samAdhana kara dhArmika evaM Agamika mAnyatAoM ko lekara matabheda panapa rahe the| rahe the| ve AgamoM kI tArkika asaMgatiyoM ko dUra karanA cAhate the aura siddhasena kA Agamika mAnyatAoM ko tArkikatA pradAna karane kA prayatna unakA yaha abhedavAda bhI usI Agamika mAnyatA kI tArkika niSpatti hai bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai / usa yuga meM zvetAmbara, digambara aura jisake anusAra kevalajJAna sAdi kintu ananta hai| ve yahI siddha karate yApanIya aise sampradAya astitva meM nahIM A pAye the / zvetAmbara evaM haiM ki kramavAda bhI Agamika mAnyatA ke virodha meM hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke sambandha meM spaSTa nAma nirdeza ke sAtha jo sarvaprathama (3) pro0 upAdhye kA yaha kathana satya hai ki siddhasena divAkara ullekha upalabdha hote haiM, ve larAbhaga I0 san 475 tadanusAra vikrama kA kevalI ke jJAna aura darzana ke abhedavAda kA siddhAnta digambara saM0 532 ke lagabhaga arthAt vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI pUrvArdha ke haiN| paramparA ke yugapadvAda ke adhika samIpa hai / hameM yaha mAnane meM bhI koI ata: siddhasena ko kisI sampradAya vizeSa se nahIM jor3A jA sakatA Apatti nahIM hai ki siddhasena ke abhedavAda kA janma kramavAda aura kyoMki usa yuga taka na to sampradAyoM kA nAmakaraNa huA thA aura na hI yugapadvAda ke antarvirodha ko dUra karane hetu hI huA hai kintu yadi ve astitva meM Aye the| mAtra gaNa, kula, zAkhA Adi kA hI pracalana siddhasena divAkara digambara yA yApanIya hote to unheM sIdhe rUpa meM thA aura yaha spaSTa hai ki siddhasena vidyAdhara zAkhA (kula) ke the| yugapadvAda ke siddhAnta ko mAnya kara lenA thA, abhedavAda ke sthApanA kI kyA AvazyakatA thI? vastuta: abhedavAda ke mAdhyama se ve eka ora kyA siddhasena yApanIya haiM ? kevalajJAna ke sAdi-ananta hone ke Agamika vacana kI tArkika siddhi pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye ne siddhasena ke yApanIya hone ke sandarbha karanA cAhate the, vahIM dUsarI ora kramavAda aura yugapadvAda kI virodhI meM jo tarka diye haiM13, yahA~ unakI samIkSA kara lenA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM avadhAraNAoM ko samanyava bhI karanA cAhate the| unakA kramavAda aura hogaa| yugapadvAda ke bIca samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se yaha sUcita (1) unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki siddhasena divAkara ke lie karatA hai ki ve digambara yA yApanIya nahIM the| yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA AcArya haribhadra ne zrutakevalI vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai aura zrutakevalI jA sakatA hai ki yadi siddhasena ne kramavAda kI zvetAmbara aura yugapadvAda yApanIya AcAryoM kA vizeSaNa rahA hai / ata: siddhasena yApanIya haiN| isa kI digambara mAnyatAoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai, to unakA kAla sampradAyoM sandarbha meM hamArA kahanA yaha hai ki zrutakevalI vizeSaNa na kevala yApanIya ke astitva ke bAda honA cAhie / isa sambandha meM hama yaha spaSTa kara paramparA ke AcAryoM kA apitu zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna AcAryoM kA denA cAhate hai ki ina vibhinna mAnyatAoM kA vikAsa pahale huA hai aura bhI vizeSaNa rahA hai| yadi zrutakevalI vizeSaNa zvetAmbara aura yApanIya bAda meM sAmpradAyika dhruvIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM kisI sampradAya vizeSa ne donoM hI paramparAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai to phira yaha nirNaya kara lenA ki kisI mAnyatA vizeSa ko apanAyA hai| pahale mAnyatAe~ astitva meM siddhasena yApanIya haiM ucita nahIM hogaa| AyIM aura bAda meM sampradAya bane / yugapadvAda bhI mUla meM digambara mAnyatA (2) AdaraNIya upAdhye jI kA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki sanmatisUtra nahIM hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki bAda meM digambara paramparA ne use mAnya kA zvetAmbara AgamoM se kucha bAtoM meM virodha hai / upAdhye jI ke isa kathana rakhA hai| yugapadvAda kA sarvaprathama nirdeza zvetAmbara kahe jAne vAle umAsvAti meM itanI satyatA avazya hai ki sanmatisUtra kI abhedavAdI mAnyatA kA ke tattvArthadhigamabhASya meM hai5 / siddhasena ke samakSa kramavAda aura zvetAmbara AgamoM se virodha hai / merI dRSTi se yahI eka aisA kAraNa rahA yugapadvAda donoM upasthita the / cUMki zvetAmbaroM ne Agama mAnya kie the hai ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne apane prabandhoM meM unake sanmatitarka kA isalie unhoMne Agamika kramavAda ko mAnya kiyA / digambaroM ko ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| lekina mAtra isase ve na to Agama virodhI siddha Agama mAnya nahIM the ata: unhoMne tArkika yugapadvAda ko prazraya diyA / hote haiM aura na yApanIya hI / sarvaprathama to zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne unheM ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki kramavAda evaM yugapadvAda kI ye mAnyatAe~ sAmpradAyika

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658 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dhruvIkaraNa ke pUrva kI haiM / isa prakAra yugapadvAda aura abhedavAda kI hama cAhe unake gaNa (vaMza) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM yA kAla kI nikaTatA ke AdhAra para siddhasena ko kisI sampradAya vizeSa kA siddha dRSTi se vicAra kareM siddhasena digambara, zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / anyathA phira to tattvArthabhASyakAra ko bhI ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva hI ho cuke the| ve uttara bhArata kI nirgrantha digambara mAnanA hogA, kintu koI bhI tattvArthabhASya kI sAmagrI ke AdhAra dhArA meM hue haiM jo Age calakara zvetAmbara aura yApanIya ke rUpa meM para use digambara mAnane ko sahamata nahIM hogaa| vibhAjita huii| yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM siddhasena kA AdarapUrvaka (4) puna: AdaraNIya upAdhye jI kA yaha kahanA ki eka ullekha unheM apanI pUrvaja dhArA ke eka vidvAn AcArya hone ke kAraNa dvAtriMzikA meM mahAvIra ke vivAhita hone kA saMketa cAhe siddhasena hI hai / vastuta: siddhasena ko zvetAmbara yA yApanIya siddha karane ke prayatna divAkara ko digambara ghoSita nahIM karatA ho, kintu unheM yApanIya mAnane isalie nirarthaka hai ki pUrvaja dhArA meM hone ke kAraNa kvacit matabhedoM meM isase bAdhA nahIM AtI hai, kyoMki yApanIyoM ko bhI kalpasUtra to mAnya ke hote hue bhI ve donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se grAhya rahe haiM / zvetAmbara thA hI / kintu kalpasUtra ko mAnya karane ke kAraNa ve zvetAmbara bhI to aura yApanIya donoM ko yaha adhikAra hai ki ve unheM apanI paramparA ko mAne jA sakate hai / ata: yaha tarka unake yApanIya hone kA sabala tarka batAe~ kintu unheM sAmpradAyika artha meM zvetAmbara yA yApanIya nahIM kahA nahIM hai / kalpasUtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM ke pUrva kA grantha hai aura donoM jA sakatA hai / ve donoM ke hI pUrvaja haiN| ko mAnya hai| ata: kalpasUtra ko mAnya karane se ve donoM ke pUrvaja bhI (5) pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye ne unheM karnATakIya brAhmaNa batAkara siddha hote haiN| karnATaka meM yApanIya paramparA kA prabhAva hone se unako yApanIya paramparA AcArya siddhasena ke kula aura vaMza sambandhI vivaraNa bhI unakI se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai / kintu uttara-pazcima karnATaka meM upalabdha paramparA nirdhAraNa meM sahayogI siddha ho sakate haiM / prabhAvakacaritra aura pA~cavI, chaThI zatAbdI ke abhilekhoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki uttara bhArata prabandhakoza meM unheM vidyAdhara gaccha kA batAyA gayA hai / ata: hameM ke zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNasaMgha kA bhI usa kSetra meM utanA hI mAna thA jitanA sarvaprathama isI sambandha meM vicAra karanA hogA / digambara paramparA ne sena nirgrantha saMgha aura yApanIyoM kA thA / uttara bhArata ke ye AcArya bhI uttara nAmAnta ke kAraNa unakoM senasaMgha kA mAna liyA hai / yadyapi yApanIya aura karnATaka taka kI yAtrAyeM karate the / siddhasena yadi dakSiNa bhAratIya digambara granthoM meM jahA~ unakA ullekha huA hai vahA~ unake gaNa yA saMgha brAhmaNa bhI rahe hoM to isase yaha phalita nahIM hotA hai ki ve yApanIya the| kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Arya uttara bhArata kI nimrantha dhArA, jisase zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM kA vikAsa susthita ke pA~ca pramukha ziSyoM meM sthavira vidyAdhara gopAla eka pramukha huA hai, kA bhI vihAra dakSiNa meM pratiSThAnapura arthAt uttara pazcimI ziSya the| unhIM se vidyAdhara zAkhA nikalI / yaha vidyAdhara zAkhA koTika karnATaka taka nirbAdha rUpa se hotA rahA hai / ata: siddhasena kA gaNa kI eka zAkhA thii| hamArI dRSTi meM AcArya siddhasena isI vidyAdhara karnATakIya brAhmaNa honA unake yApanIya hone kA prabala pramANa nahIM mAnA zAkhA meM hue haiM / paravartI kAla meM gaccha nAma pracalita hone ke kAraNa jA sakatA hai| hI prabandhoM meM ise vidyAdhara gaccha kahA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM itanA mAnanA hI paryApta hai ki siddhasena koTika kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM siddhasena ke gurU Arya vRddha kA bhI gaNa kI usa vidyAdhara zAkhA meM hue the jo ki zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM ullekha milatA hai / isa AdhAra para yadi hama vicAra kareM to Arya vRddha kI pUrvaja hai| kA kAla devardhigaNi se cAra pIr3hI pUrva hone ke kAraNa unase lagabhaga (6) punaH kundakunda ke granthoM aura vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra kI jo 120 varSa pUrva rahA hogA arthAt ve vIra nirvANa samvat 860 meM hue sanmatisUtra se nikaTatA hai, usakA kAraNa yaha nahIM hai ki siddhasena hoNge| isa AdhAra para unakI Arya skaMdila se nikaTatA bhI siddha ho dakSiNa bharata ke vaTTakera yA kundakunda se prabhAvita haiM / apitu sthiti jAtI hai, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA kA kAla vIra nirvANa saM0 840 mAnA isake ThIka viparIta hai / vaTTakera aura kundakunda donoM hI ne prAcIna jAtA hai, isa prakAra unakA kAla vikrama kI cauthI zatAbdI nirdhArita Agamika dhArA aura siddhasena kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / kundakunda ke granthoM hotA hai / merI dRSTi meM AcArya siddhasena inhIM Arya vRddha ke ziSya rahe meM trasa-sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa, caturvidha mokSamArga kI kalpanA Adi para hoNge| abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para Arya vRddha koTika gaNa kI vrajI zAkhA Agamika dhArA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai, cAhe yaha yApanIyoM ke mAdhyama se hI ke the / vidyAdhara zAkhA bhI isI koTika gaNa kI eka zAkhA thI / gaNa una taka pahu~cA ho| mUlAcAra kA to nirmANa hI Agamika dhArA ke kI dRSTi se to Arya vRddha aura siddhasena eka hI gaNa ke siddha hote haiM, niyukti aura prakIrNaka sAhitya ke AdhAra para huA hai| usa para siddhasena kintu zAkhA kA antara avazya vicAraNIya hai / sambhavata: Arya vRddha kA prabhAva honA bhI asvAbhAvida nahIM hai| AcArya jaTila ke varAMgacarita siddhasena ke vidyAgurU hoM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki AcArya siddhasena meM bhI sanmati kI aneka gAthAe~ apane saMskRta rUpAntara meM prastuta haiN| kA sambandha usI koTikagaNa se hai jo zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM hI yaha saba isI bAta kA pramANa hai ki ye sabhI apane pUrvavartI-AcArya paramparAoM kA pUrvaja hai| jJAtavya hai ki umAsvAti bhI isI koTika gaNa siddhasena se prabhAvita haiN| kI uccanAgarI zAkhA meM hue the| pro0 upAdhye kA yaha mAnanA ki mahAvIra kA sanmatinAma karnATaka

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tArkika ziromaNI AcArya siddhasena 'divAkara' 659 meM ati prasiddha hai aura siddhasena ne isI AdhAra para apane grantha kA nAma yaha dAna diyA gayA thaa| yadi divAkara mandiradeva ke guru haiM to ve siddhasena sanmati diyA hogA, ata: siddhasena yApanIya haiM, mujhe samucita nahIM divAkara na hokara anya koI divAkara haiM kyoMki isa abhilekha ke lagatA hai| zvetAmbara- sAhitya meM bhI mahAvIra ke sanmati vizeSaNa kA anusAra mandiradeva kA kAla IsvI san 942 arthAt vi0saM0 999 ullekha milatA hai, jaise sanmati se yukta hone se zramaNa kahe gae haiN| hai| inake guru inase 50 varSa pUrva bhI mAne jAyeM to ve dasavIM zatAbdI isa prakAra pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye ne siddhasena ke yApanIya hone ke jo- uttarArdha meM hI siddha hoMge jabaki siddhasena divAkara to kisI sthiti meM jo pramANa diye haiM ve sabala pratIta nahIM hote haiN| pA~cavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| ata: ye divAkara siddhasena nahIM ho sakate suzrI kusuma paToriyA ne jugala kizora mukhtAra evaM pro0 upAdhye haiN| donoM ke kAla meM lagabhaga 600 varSa kA antara hai| yadi isameM ke tarkoM ke sAtha-sAtha siddhasena ko yApanIya siddha karane ke lie apane ullekhita divAkara ko mandiradeva kA sAkSAta guru na mAnakara paramparA guru bhI kucha tarka prastuta kiye haiM / ve likhatI haiM ki sanmatisUtra kA zvetAmbara mAne to isase unakA yApanIya honA siddha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki paramparA granthoM meM bhI AdarapUrvaka ullekha hai / jItakalpacUrNi meM sanmatisUtra ko guru ke rUpa meM to gautama Adi gaNadharoM evaM bhadrabAhu Adi prAcIna siddhivinizcaya ke samAna prabhAvaka grantha kahA gayA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA AcAryoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / anta meM siddha yahI hotA hai meM siddhivinizcaya ko zivasvAmika kI kRti kahA gayA hai / zAkaTAyana ki siddhasena divAkara yApanIya na hokara yApanIyoM ke pUrvaja the| vyAkaraNa meM bhI zivArya ke siddhivinizcaya kA ullekha hai / yadi eka kSaNa ke lie mAna bhI liyA jAye ki ye zivasvAmi bhagavatIArAdhanA siddhasena zvetAmbaroM ke pUrvaja AcArya haiMke kartA zivArya hI haiM to bhI isase itanA hI phalita hogA ki kucha siddhasena ko pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke sabhI zvetAmbara AcAryoM yApanIya kRtiyAM zvetAmbaroM ko mAnya thIM, kintu isase siddhasena kA ne apanI paramparA kA mAnA hai / anekazaH zvetAmbara granthoM meM zvetAmbara yApanIyatva siddha nahIM hotA hai| AcArya ke rUpa meM unakA spaSTa nirdeza bhI hai, aura yaha bhI nirdeza hai ki punaH sanmatisUtra meM arddhamAgadhI Agama ke uddharaNa bhI yahI siddha ve kucha praznoM para Agamika dhArA se matabheda rakhate haiN| phira bhI, kahIM karate haiM ki ve usa Agamika paramparA ke anusaraNakartA haiM jisake bhI unheM apanI paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| ata: sabhI sAdhaka uttarAdhikArI zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM hai / yaha bAta hama pUrva meM hI pramANoM kI samIkSA ke AdhAra para yahI phalita hotA hai ki ve usa uttara pratipAdita kara cuke haiM ki AgamoM ke antarvirodha ko dUra karane ke lie bhAratIya nirgantha dhArA ke vidyAdhara kula meM hue haiM, jise zvetAmbara AcArya hI unhoMne apane abhedavAda kI sthApanA kI thii| suzrI kusuma paToriyA ne apanI paramparA kA mAnate haiM ata: ve zvetAmbaroM ke pUrvaja AcArya haiN| vistAra se sanmatisUtra meM unake Agamika anusaraNa kI carcA hai| yahA~ hama usa vistAra meM na jAkara kevala itanA hI kahanA paryApta samajhate hai siddhasena divAkara kI kRtiyA~ ki siddhasena usa Agamika dhArA meM hI hue haiM jisakA anusaraNa zvetAmbara vartamAna meM AcArya siddhasena kI jo kRtiyA~ mAnI jAtI haiM, ve aura yApanIya donoM ne kiyA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki donoM hI unheM sabhI siddhasena divAkara kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiM kyoMki jaina paramparA meM apanI-apanI paramparA kA kahate haiN| siddhasena nAmaka kaI AcArya ho gaye haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa eka siddhasena Age ve punaH yaha spaSTa karatI haiM ki guNa aura paryAya ke sandarbha kI kRtiyA~ dUsare siddhasena ke nAma para car3ha gayI haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhI unhoMne AgamoM kA spaSTa anusaraNa kiyA hai aura pramANarUpa meM meM jItakalpacUrNi aura tattvArthAdhigamasUtra kI TIkA siddhasena divAkara kI Agama vacana uddhRta kiye haiM / yaha bhI unheM Agamika dhArA kA siddha kRti na hokara siddhasenagaNi kI kRtiyA~ haiM jo lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI karatA hai| zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM dhArAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama ko meM hue haiN| isI prakAra zakrastava nAmaka eka kRti siddharSi kI hai jise pramANa mAnatI haiM / siddhasena ke sammukha jo Agama the ve devarddhi vAcanA bhramavaza siddhasena divAkara kI kRti mAna liyA jAtA hai / pravacanasAroddhAra ke na hokara mAthurI vAcanA ke rahe hoMge kyoMki devarddhi nizcita hI siddhasena kI vRtti jo terahavIM zatAbdI meM hue candragaccha siddhasena sUri kI kRti se paravartI haiN| hai, isI prakAra kalyANamandira stotra ko prabandhakoza meM siddhasena divAkara suzrI paToriyA ne madanUra jilA nellaura ke eka abhilekha6 kA kI kRti mAna liyA gayA hai kintu yaha bhI saMzayAspada hI hai / siddhasena ullekha karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki koTimuDuvagaNa meM mukhya puSyAhanandi divAkara kI nimna tIna kRtiyA~ hI vartamAna meM upalabdha haiMgaccha meM gaNadhara ke sadRza jinanandI munIzvara hue haiN| unake ziSya pRthvI (1) sanmatisUtra para vikhyAta kevalajJAna nidhi ke dhAraka svayaM jinendra ke sadRza divAkara (2) dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA nAma ke muni hue / yaha satya hai ki yaha koTimaDuvagaNa yApanIya hai / (3) nyAyAvatAra kintu isa abhilekha meM ullekhita 'divAkara' siddhasena divAkara haiM, yaha inameM bhI 'sanmatisUtra' athavA 'sanmati-prakaraNa' nirvivAda rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai kyoMki isameM ina divAkara ke ziSya zrImaMdira devamuni siddhasena divAkara kI kRti hai aisA sabhI zvetAmbara evaM digambara vidvAnoM kA ullekha hai jinake dvArA adhiSThita kaMTakAbharaNa nAmaka jinAlaya ko ne mAnA hai / yaha ardhamAgadhI prabhAvita mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita hai| isa

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660 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kRti kA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita honA do tathyoM ko spaSTa kara detA hai- prazna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / mukhya rUpa se una stutiyoM ko prathama to yaha ki yaha pazcimI yA pazcimottara bhArata meM racI gayI hai| isase jinameM mahAvIra ke vivAha kA saMketa hai, digambara vidvAna, kisI anya yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki siddhasena divAkara kA vicaraNa kSetra mukhyataH siddhasena kI kRti mAnate haiM / kintu kevala apanI paramparA kA samarthana pazcimI bhArata thaa| prabandhoM meM unake avantikA, bhRgukaccha tathA pratiSThAnapura na hone se unheM anya siddhasena kI kRti kaha denA ucita nahIM hai / jAne ke ullekha isI tathya ko puSTa karate haiM / dvitIya yaha ki siddhasena upalabdha bAIsa battIsiyoM meM antima battIsI nyAyAvatAra ke nAma se jAnI divAkara kA sambandha pazcimottara bhArata kI usa nirgrantha paramparA se rahA hai jAtI hai / yaha battIsI siddhasena kI kRti hai yA nahIM? isa prazna ko lekara jo zvetAmbaroM evaM yApanIyoM kI pUrvaja thI / siddhasena ne isa kRti meM bhI vidvAnoM meM bhI matabheda hai, ata: isa para thor3I gaharAI se carcA kreN| mukhyata: jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta siddhAnta anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI hai / yaha grantha 166 yA 167 prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha tathA tIna nyAyAvatAra kA kRtitva kANDoM meM vibhakta hai| nyAyAvatAra, sanmatisUtra ke kartA siddhasena kI kRti hai yA nahIM, prathama kANDa meM anekAntavAda, nayavAda aura saptabhaMgI kI carcA yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai| isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara vidvAn bhI mataikya hai| anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se isameM anya darzanoM kI nahIM rakhate haiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 becaradAsa jI evaM paM0 dalasukha ekAntavAdI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gayI hai aura unakI aikAntika mAlavaNiyA ne nyAyAvatAra ko siddhasena kI kRti mAnA hai, kintu mAnyatAoM kA nirasana karate hue anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI gayI hai| ema0e0 DhAkI Adi kucha zvetAmbara vidvAn unase matabheda rakhate hue use saptabhaMgI kA ullekha jainadarzana meM prathama bAra isI grantha meM milatA hai| siddharSi kI kRti mAnate haiN| DaoN0 zrI prakAza pANDeya ne apanI kRti grantha ke dUsare kANDa meM kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna ke utpatti-krama ke siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva' meM isa prazna kI vistRta prazna ko lekara kramavAda aura yugapadvAda kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karate samIkSA kI hai tathA pro0 DhAkI ke mata kA samarthana karate hue nyAyAvatAra hue anta meM abhedavAda kI apanI mAnyatA ko prastuta kiyA hai| tIsare ko siddhasena divAkara kI kRti na mAnate hue ise siddharSi kI kRti mAnA kANDa meM siddhasena ne zraddhA aura tarka kI aikAntika mAnyatAoM kA hai| kintu kucha tArkika AdhAroM para merI vyaktigata mAnyatA yaha hai ki nirAkaraNa karate hue anekAnta kI dRSTi se unakI sImAoM kA ullekha nyAyAvatAra bhI siddhasena kI kRti hai| prathama to yaha hai ki nyAyAvatAra kiyA hai / isI prakAra isa kANDa meM kAraNa ke sambandha meM kAla, bhI eka dvitriMzikA hai aura siddhasena ne stutiyoM ke rUpa meM dvitriMzikAe~ svabhAva, niyati, puruSArtha Adi kI aikAntika avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA hI likhI haiN| unake paravartI AcArya harabhidra ne aSTaka, SoDazaka aura karate hue anekAntika dRSTi se unake bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyA hai| viziMkAyeM to likhI kintu dvAtriMzikA nahIM likhI / dUsare, nyAyAvatAra anta meM yaha batAyA hai ki zAstra ke artha ko samajhane ke lie kisa meM Agama yuga ke pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama -ina tIna pramANoM kI prakAra dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva Adi vibhinna apekSAoM kA vicAra karanA hI carcA huI hai, darzanayuga meM vikasita jaina paramparA meM mAnya smRti, cAhie / AcArya siddhasena kA kathana hai ki kevala zabdoM ke artha ko pratyabhijJA aura tarka kI pramANa ke rUpa meM mUla grantha meM koI carcA nahIM jAna lene se sUtra kA Azaya nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| hai jabaki paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara evaM digambara AcArya evaM nyAyAvatAra sanmati tarka ke atirikta dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA ko bhI siddhasena ke TIkAkAra siddharSi svayaM bhI ina pramANoM kI carcA karate haiM / yadi divAkara kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| vastutaH dvAtriMzad-dvAtriMzikA battIsa- siddharSi svayaM hI isake kartA hote to kama se kama eka kArikA banAkara battIsa padyoM kI battIsa kRtiyoM kA saMgraha hai| ina battIsiyoM meM kucha ina tInoM pramANoM kA ullekha to mUlagrantha meM avazya karate / punaH battIsiyA~ siddhasena ke jainadharma meM dIkSita hone ke pUrva racI gayI pratIta siddharSi kI TIkA meM koI bhI aise lakSaNa nahIM milate haiM, jisase vaha hotI haiM, jaise- veda bttiisii| vartamAna meM battIsa battIsiyoM meM se mAtra bAIsa svopajJa siddha hotI hai / isa kRti meM kahIM bhI uttama puruSa ke prayoga nahIM battIsiyA~ upalabdha haiM, nyAyAvatAra bhI usakA hI aMga hai| AThavIM, milate / yadi vaha unakI svopajJa TIkA hotI to isameM uttama puruSa ke gyArahavIM, pandrahavIM aura unnIsavIM battIsiyoM meM battIsa se kama padya haiN| kucha to prayoga milate / bAIsa battIsiyoM meM kula 704 padya hone cAhie kintu 695 padya hI pratyakSa kI paribhASA meM prayukta 'abhrAnta' pada tathA samantabhadra ke upalabdha hote haiN| ina battIsiyoM meM prathama pA~ca, gyArahavIM aura ikkIsavIM ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra ke jisa zloka ko lekara yaha zaMkA kI jAtI ye sAta stutyAtmaka haiM / chaThI aura AThavIM battIsI samIkSAtmaka hai| zeSa hai ki nyAyAvatAra siddhasena divAkara kI kRti nahIM hai- anyathA ve teraha stutiyA~ stutirUpa na hokara dArzanaki vivecana yA varNanAtmaka haiN| dharmakIrti aura samantabhadra ke paravartI siddha hoNge| prathama to yahI nizcita dArzanika stutiyoM meM bhI gyArahavIM stuti meM nyAya darzana kI, terahavIM meM nahIM hai ki ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra samantabhadra kI kRti hai yA nahIM / sAMkhya darzana kI, caudahavIM meM vaizeSika darzana kI aura pandrahavIM meM bauddhoM usameM jahA~ taka 'abhrAnta' pada kA prazna hai- pro0 TUcI ke anusAra yaha ke zUnyavAda kI samIkSA hai| dharmakIrti ke pUrva bhI bauddha nyAya meM pracalita thaa| anuzIlana karane para upalabdha sabhI battIsiyA~ siddhasena kI kRti hai yA nahIM ? isa asaMga ke guru maitreya kI kRtiyoM meM evaM svayaM asaMga kI kRti abhidharma

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tArkika ziromaNI AcArya siddhasena 'divAkara' samuccaya meM pratyakSa kI paribhASA meM 'abhrAnta' pada kA prayoga huA hai kiye hoN| abhidharma samuccaya meM asaMga svayaM likhate haiM pratyakSaM sva satprakAzAbhrAnto' the|" jJAtavya hai ki asaMGga vasubandhu ke bar3e bhAI the aura inakA kAla lagabhaga tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI hai| ataH siddhasena divAkara kI kRti nyAyAvatAra meM abhrAnta pada ko dekhakara use na to paravartI mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki vaha dharmakIrti se paravartI kisI anya siddhasena kI kRti hai| yadi bauddha nyAya meM abhrAnta pada kA ullekha tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI ke granthoM meM upalabdha hai to phira nyAyAvatAra (caturdhazatI) meM abhrAnta pada ke prayoga ko asvAbhAvika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0 pANDeya ne bhI apanI isa kRti meM isa tathya ko svIkAra kara liyA hai phira bhI ve nyAyAvatAra ko siddhasena kI kRti mAnane meM saMkoca kara rahe haiM? unakA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki nyAyAvatAra kI anumAna pramANa kI paribhASA para digambara vidvAn pAtra kesarI kA prabhAva hai| unake anusAra nyAyAvatAra kI 22vIM kArikA kA pAtra kesarI kI trilakSaNa kadarthana kI kArikA se AMzika sAmya hai, lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA kI pAtra kesI (7vIM zatI) kA prabhAva nyAyAvatAra para hai mujhe tarkasaMgata nahIM jAna par3atA, kyoMki isake viparIta yaha bhI to mAnA jA sakatA hai ki siddhasena divAkara kA hI anusaraNa pAtra kesarI ne kiyA hai| tIsare, jaba nyAyAvatAra ke vArtika meM zAntisUri spaSTa rUpa se 'siddhasenArka sUtritam' (nyAyAvatArasUtra vArtika, 1/1) aisA spaSTa ullekha karate haiM to phira yaha saMdeha kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ki nyAyAvatAra ke kartA siddhasena divAkara padavI vAle siddhasena nahIM haiN| yadi nyAyAvatAra siddharSi kI kRti hotI to vArtikakAra zAntyAcArya jo unase lagabhaga do sau varSa pazcAta hue haiM, yaha ullekha avazya karate unake dvArA siddhasena / ke lie 'arka' vizeSaNa kA prayoga yahI siddha karatA hai ki nyAyAvatAra ke kartA anya koI siddhasena na hokara siddhasena divAkara hI haiN| kyoMki arka kA matalaba spaSTa rUpa se divAkara (sUrya) hI hai / punaH, nyAyAvatAra kI kArikAoM kI samantabhadra kI kArikAoM meM samarUpatA dikhAI dene para bhI nyAyAvatAra ko siddhasena divAkarakRta mAnane para bAdhA nahIM AtI, kyoMki samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA Adi kRtiyoM meM siddhasena ke sanmatitarka kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| inameM na kevala bhAvagata samAnatA hai, apitu prAkRta aura saMskRta ke zabda rUpoM ko chor3akara bhASAgata bhI samAnatA hai aura yaha nizcita hai ki siddhasena divAkara samantabhadra se pUrvavartI haiN| ataH siddhasena kI kRtiyoM kI samantabhadra kI kRtiyoM meM samarUpatA dikhAI dene ke AdhAra para yaha anumAna kara lenA ucita nahIM hogA ki nyAyAvatAra siddhasena divAkara kI kRti nahIM hai| samantabhadra ne jaba siddhasena ke sanmatitarka se AptamImAMsA meM aneka zlokoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai to yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unhoMne ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra (jisakA samantabhadrakRta honA bhI vivAdAspada hai) meM bhI siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra se kucha zloka abhigRhIta 661 punaH, jaba nyAyAvatAra kA dUsarA va cauthA pUrA kA pUrA zloka yAkanIsUnu haribhadra ke aSTakaprakaraNa aura SaDdarzanasamuccya meM pAyA jAtA hai to phira nyAyAvatAra ko haribhadra ke bAda hone vAle siddharSi kI kRti kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? isase yaha spaSTa hai ki nyAyAvatAra kI racanA harabhidra se pUrva ho cukI thI, phira ise siddharSi kI kRti kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? ataH DaoN0 pANDeya aura pro0 DAkI kA yaha mAnanA ki nyAyAvatAra mUla siddharSi kI kRti hai kisI bhI dRSTi se tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| apane pakSa ke bacAva meM DaoN0 pANDeya kA yaha tarka ki ye zloka siddhasena ko lupta pramANa dvAtriMzikA ke hoM, adhika vajanadAra nahIM lagatA hai / jaba nyAyAvatAra ke ye zloka spaSTa rUpa se harabhidra ke aSTakaprakaraNa aura Saddarzanasamuccaya se mila rahe hoM to phira drAvir3I prANayAma ke dvArA yaha kalpanA karanA ki ve kisI lupta pramANadvAtrizikA ke zloka hoMge, yuktisaMgata nahIM hai jaba siddhasena ke isa nyAyAvatAra meM abhI 32 zloka haiM to phira sambhava yaha bhI hai ki isakA hI apara nAma pramANadvAtriMzikA ho ? punaH jaba haribhadra ke dvArA nyAyAvatAra para vRtti likhe jAne para spaSTa sUcanAyeM prApta ho rahI haiM to phira yaha kalpanA karanA ki ve haribhadra prathama na hokara koI dUsare haribhadra hoMge mujhe ucita nahIM lgtaa| jaba yAkinIsUnu haribhadra nyAyAvatAra kI kArikA apane granthoM meM uddhRta kara rahe haiM to yaha mAnane meM kyA bAdhA hai ki vRttikAra bhI ve hI hoM ? " nyAyAvatAra kI viSaya vastu se yaha spaSTa hai ki vaha jaina pramANa zAstra kI Adha racanA hai| usameM akalaMka ke kAla meM vikasita tIna pramANoM yathA smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka kA rUha kA upalabdha nahIM honA tathA Agamika tIna pramANoM kI sUcanA prApta honA yahI pramANita karatA hai ki vaha akalaMka (8vIM zatI) se pUrva kA grantha hai| siddharSi kA kAla akalaMka se paravartI hai aura unhoMne apane nyAyAvatAra kI vRtti meM spaSTataH ina pramANoM kI carcA kI hai jabaki AThavIM zatI taka ke kisI zvetAmbara AcArya meM inakI carcA nahIM hai, yahA~ taka ki haribhadra bhI ina pramANoM kI carcA nahIM karate haiM- pUrvavartI zvetAmbarAcArya Agamika tIna pramANoM pratyakSa anumAna aura zabda kI carcA karate haiN| ataH yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki nyAyAvatAra, Agamika tIna pramANoM kA hI ullekha karane ke kAraNa siddhasena divAkara kI hI kRti hai| yadi kahIM siddharSi kI kRti hotI to nizcaya hI mUla kArikA meM inakI carcA honI thI / punaH DaoN0 pANDeya kA yaha kathana kI svopajJavRtti meM katipaya viSaya bindu aise milate haiM jinakA ullekha mUla meM nahIM hai parantu bhASya yA vRtti meM hotA hai kintu maiM DaoN0 pANDeya ke isa tarka se sahamata nahIM hU~ kyoMki yadi nyAyAvatAra siddharSi kI vRtti hotI to ve kama se kama yaha tarka nahIM dete ki isa nyAyAvatAra prakaraNa meM anumAna se Uha ko pRthaka karake nahIM dikhAyA gayA kyoMki yaha prakaraNa saMkSipta ruci ke jIvoM ke anugraha ke lie likhA gyaa| isa prasaMga meM yadi siddharSi ne svayaM hI mUlagrantha likhA hotA to avazya yaha likhate ki maiMne yaha prakaraNa saMkSipta ruci vAle .

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662 logoM ke lie bnaayaa| siddharSi ne kahIM bhI isa tathya kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai ki mUlagrantha mere dvArA banAyA gayA hai| ataH yaha kalpanA karanA nirAdhAra hai ki mUla nyAyAvatAra siddharSi kI kRti hai aura usa para unhoMne svopajJavRtti likhI hai / yaha satya hai ki usa yuga meM svopajJa TIkA yA vRtti likhe jAne kI pravRtti pracalana meM thI kintu isa siddharSi kI vRtti se kahIM bhI phalita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha svopajJa hai punaH svopajJavRtti meM mUla meM varNita viSayoM kA hI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, usameM naye viSaya nahIM aate| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tattvAryasUtra mUla meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kI koI carcA nahIM hai to usake svopajJa bhASya meM kisI bhI sthAna meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kI carcA nahI kI gayI kintu anya AcAryoM ke dvArA jaba usa para TIkAyeM likhI gayIM to unhoMne vistAra se guNasthAna siddhAnta kI carcA kii| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki nyAyAvatAra kI mUla kArikAyeM siddharSi kI kRti nahIM haiN| yadi mUlakArikAe~ bhI siddharSi kI kRti hotIM to unameM naigamAdi nayoM evaM smRti, pratyabhijJA tarka Adi pramANoM kI kahIM koI carcA avazya honI thii| 2 naye vivecana ke sandarbha meM DaoN0 pANDeya kA yaha tarka bhI samIcIna nahIM hai ki "yadi siddharSi siddhasena ke grantha para vRtti likhe hote to jo siddhasena ko abhISTa nahIM hai yA to usakA ullekha nahIM karate yA ullekha karate bhI to yaha kahakara ki mUlakAra ise nahIM mAnatA / " yahA~ unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki TIkAkAroM ke dvArA apanI navIna mAnyatA ko prastuta karate samaya kahIM bhI yaha likhane kI pravRtti nahIM rahI ki ve Avazyaka rUpa se jo mUlagranthakAra kA maMtavya nahIM hai usakA ullekha kareM siddharSi kI nyAyAvatAra vRtti meM nayoM kI jo carcA hai vaha kisI mUla kArikA kI vyAkhyA na ho karake eka pariziSTa ke rUpa meM kI gayI carcA hI hai kyoMki mUla grantha kI 29vIM kArikA meM mAtra 'na' zabda AyA hai usameM kahIM bhI naya kitane haiM yaha ullekha nahIM hai, yaha TIkAkAra kI apanI vyAkhyA hai aura TIkAkAra ke lie yaha bAdhyatA nahIM hotI hai ki vaha una viSayoM kI carcA na kare jo mUla meM nahIM hai| itanA nizcita hai ki yadi siddharSi kI vRtti svopajJa hotI to ve mUla meM kahIM na kahIM nayoM kI carcA krte| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki mUla andhakAra aura vRttikAra donoM alaga-alaga vyakti hai| TIkA meM navIna navIna viSayoM kA samAveza yahI siddha karatA hai ki nyAyAvatAra kI siddharSi kI vRtti svopajJa nahIM hai / jahA~ taka DaoN0 pANDeya ke isa tarka kA prazna hai ki vRttikAra ne mUlagranthakAra kA nirdeza prArambha meM kyoM nahIM kiyA, isa sambandha meM merA uttara yaha hai ki jaina paramparA meM aise aneka udAharaNa haiM jahA~ vRttikAra mUlamandhakAra se bhinna hote hue bhI mUlagranthakAra kA nirdeza nahIM karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM kahIM bhI yaha nirdeza nahIM hai ki vaha umAsvAti ke mUla grantha para TIkA likha rahA hai| ye loga prAyaH kevala grantha kA nirdeza karake hI saMtoSa kara lete the, granthakAra kA nAma batAnA Avazyaka nahIM samajhate the kyoMki vaha janasAmAnya meM jJAta hI hotA thaa| va jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 ataH yaha mAnanA ki nyAyAvatAra siddhasena divAkara kI kRti na hokara siddharSi kI kRti hai aura usa para likhI gayI nyAyAvatAra vRtti svopajJa hai, ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| nyAyAvatAra siddhasena kI kRti hai, isakA sabase mahatvapUrNa pramANa to yaha hai ki mallavAdI ne apane grantha nayacakra meM spaSTa rUpa se siddhasena ko nyAyAvatAra kA kartA kahA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki pratilipikAroM ke pramAda ke kAraNa hI kahIM nyAyAvatAra kI jagaha nayAvatAra ho gayA hai / pratilipiyoM meM aisI bhUleM sAmAnyatayA ho hI jAtI haiN| jahA~ taka siddhasena kI una stutiyoM kA prasaMga hai jinameM mahAvIra ke vivAha Adi ke saMketa haiM, digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha avadhAraNA yaha kisI anya siddhasena kI kRti hai ucita nahIM hai| kevala apanI paramparA se samarthita na hone ke kAraNa kisI anya siddhasena kI kRti kaheM, yaha ucita nahIM hai| sandarbha 1. -sanmati prakaraNa- sampAdaka, paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI, jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, prastAvanA, pRSTha 6 se 16 / a. daMsaNagAhI daMsaNaNANapyabhAvamaNi satyANi siddhiviNicchayasaMmatimAdi gehaMto asaMtharamANe jaM akappiyaM paDisevati jayaNAte tattha so suddho aprAyazcitI bhavatItyarthaH / nizIthacUrNi bhAga 1, pRSTha 162 / daMsaNappabhAvagANa satyANa sammadiyAdisutaNANe ya jo visArado sikiyattatho tti vRttaM bhavati / 3 vahI bhAga 3, pRSTha 202 / ba. Ayariya siddhaseNeNa sammaI e paiTThi ajaseNaM / dUsamaNisAdivAgara kappattaNao tadakkheNaM / paMcavastu (haribhadra), 1048 sa. zrIdazAzrutaskandha mUla, niyukti, cUrNisaha pR0 16 (zrImaNivijaya granthamAlA naM0 14, saM0 2011) (yahA~ siddhasena ko guru se bhinna artha karane vAlA bhAva-abhinaya kA doSI batAyA gayA hai)| da. pUrvAcArya viraciteSu sanmati - nayAvatArAdiSu . - dvAdazAraM nayacakram (mallavAdi) bhAvanagarasyA zrI AtmAnanda sabhA, 1988, tRtIya vibhAga, pR0 886 / 3 a. aNeNa sammaisutteNasaha kathamidaM vakkhANaM Na virujjhde| (jJAtavya hai ki isake pUrva sanmatisUtra kI gAthA 6 uddhRta hai-dhavalA, TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama 1/1/1 pustaka, 1, pRSTha 16 / jagatprasiddha bodhasya, vRSabhasyeva nistuSAH / bodhyati satAM buddhiM siddhasenasya sUktayaH / / -harivaMzapurANa (jinasena) 1/30 / .

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tArkika ziromaNI AcArya siddhasena 'divAkara' 663 sa siddhaseno'bhaya bhInasenako guru parau tau jinshaaNtissnnkau| kizora mukhtAra, pRSTha 580-582 / -vhii,66/29| 7. dekheM - prabhAvakacaritta-prabhAcandra-siMghI jaina granthamAlA, pR054sa. pravAdikariyUthAnAM kesarI nykesrH| 61 / prabandhakoza (caturviMzatiprabandha), rAjazekharasUri-siMghI jaina siddhasena kavi/yadvikalpanakharAGkuraH / / jJAnapITha, pR0 15-21 / -AdipurANa (jinasena), 1/42 / prabandha cintAmaNi, merutuMga, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, pR0 7-9 da. AsIdindragRrurdivAkarayatiH ziSyo'sya caahnmuniH| 8. prabhAvakacarita-vRddhavAdisUricaritam,pR0 107-120 / tasmAllakSmaNasena sanmuniradaH ziSyo ravistu smRtaH / 'anekajanmAntarabhagnamAna: ssaro yazodApriya yatparaste'-paMcama -padyacarita (raviSeNa), 123/167 / dvAtriMzikA, 36 / jJAtavya hai ki harivaMzapurANa ke anta meM punnATasaMghIya jinasena kI 10. - sanmatisUtra, 2/4, 2/7, 3/46 / . apanI guruparamparA meM ullikhita siddhasena tathA raviSeNa dvArA 11. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizad prakAza- paM0 jugala kizora padyacarita ke anta meM apanI guru paramparA meM ullikhita divAkara ma apanA guru paramparA ma ullAkhata divAkara mukhtAra, pR0 527-528 / yati- ye donoM siddhasena divAkara se bhinna haiN| yadyapi harivaMza ke 12. sanmatiprakaraNa-sampAdaka paM0 sukhalAla jI evaM becaradAsa jI, prArambha meM tathA AdipurANa ke prArambha meM pUrvAcAryoM kA smaraNa karate jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, pR0 36-37 / hae jina siddhasena kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve siddhasena divAkara 13. Siddhasena's Nyayavatar and other works. A.N. hI haiN| Upadhye-Introduction- pp. xiii to zviii. i. - jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizad prakAza, jugala kizora 14. suttAsAyaNabhIrUhi taM ca daTThavvayaM hoii| mukhtAra, pRSTha500-585 / saMtammi kevale daMsaNammi NANassa saMbhavo nntthi|| pha. dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM sanmatisatra kI kitanI gAthAyeM kahA~ suttammi ceva sAI-apajjavasiyaM ti kevalaM vuttN| uddhRta huI, isakA vivaraNa paM0 sukhalAla jI ne sanmatiprakaraNa kevalaNANammi ya daMsaNassa tamhA snnihnnaaii|| kI apanI bhUmikA meM kiyA hai| dekheM-sanmatiprakaraNa 'bhUmikA', ___ -sanmatiprakaraNa, 2/7-8 / pRSTha 58 15. sambhinna jJAnadarzanasya tu bhagavataH kevalino yugapat sarvabhAva grAhake ja. isI prakAra jaTila ke varAMgacarita meM bhI sanmatitarka kI aneka nirapekSe kevalajJAne kevaladarzane ca nusamayamapayogo bhavati / gAthAeM apane saMskRta rUpAntara meM pAyI jAtI haiM / isakA vivaraNa - tattvArthabhASya, 1/31 / maiMne isI grantha ke isI adhyAya se varAMgacaritra ke prasaMga meM kiyA 16. kalpasUtra / 17. jaina zilAlokha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 143 / 4. Siddhasena's Nyayavatara and other works. A.N. 18. The Date and authorship of Nyayavatara-M.A. Upadhye, Jaina, Sahitya Vikas Mandal, Bombay. 'In- Dhaky. 'Nirgrantha' Edited by M.A. Dhaky & troduction, pp.XIV-XVII Jitendra Shah, Sharadaben Chimanbhai Educational 5. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya- DaoN0 kusuma paToriyA, vIra sevA Research Centre, Ahmedabad-4. maMdira TrasTa prakAzana, vArANasI-1988, pR0 143/148 / ra 19. abhidharmasamuccaya, vizvabhAratI zAMtiniketana 1950, sAMkathya 1 6. dekheM- jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizad prakAza, paM0 jugala pariccheda, pR0 105 / darzane cAnusamakavArthabhASya

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra AcArya haribhadra jainadharma ke prakhara pratibhAsampanna evaM bahuzruta ghRNA evaM vidveSa kI una viSama paristhitiyoM meM bhI samabhAva, satyaniSThA, AcArya mAne jAte haiM / unhoMne apanI lekhanI ke dvArA vipula evaM udAratA, samanvayazIlatA aura sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyA / yahA~ yaha bahuAyAmI sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai / unhoMne darzana, dharma, yoga, avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki samanvayazIlatA aura udAratA ke guNa unheM AcAra, upadeza, vyaMgya aura carita-kAvya Adi vividha vidhAoM ke jaina darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi ke rUpa meM virAsata meM mile the, phira bhI granthoM kI racanA kI hai / maulika sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha unakA TIkA unhoMne apane jIvana-vyavahAra aura sAhitya-sRjana meM ina guNoM ko jisa sAhitya bhI vipula hai / jaina dharma meM yoga sambandhI sAhitya ke to ve Adi zAlInatA ke sAtha AtmasAt kiyA thA vaise udAharaNa svayaM jaina-paramparA praNetA haiN| isI prakAra Agamika granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA karane meM bhI virala hI haiN| vAle jaina-paramparA meM ve prathama TIkAkAra bhI haiM / unake pUrva taka AgamoM AcArya haribhadra kA avadAna dharma-darzana, sAhitya aura samAja para jo niyukti aura bhASya likhe gaye the ve mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM hI ke kSetra meM kitanA mahattvapUrNa hai isakI carcA karane ke pUrva yaha Avazyaka the / bhASyoM para Agamika vyavasthA ke rUpa meM jo cUrNiyA~ likhI gayI hai ki hama unake jIvanavRtta aura yugIna pariveza ke sambandha meM kucha thIM ve bhI saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita bhASA meM likhI gayIM / vizuddha saMskRta vistAra se carcA kara leN| bhASA meM Agamika granthoM kI TIkA lekhana kA sUtrapAta to haribhadra ne hI kiyA / bhASA kI dRSTi se unake grantha saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM jIvanavRtta meM milate haiM / anuzruti to yaha hai ki unhoMne 1444 granthoM kI racanA yadyapi AcArya haribhadra ne udAra dRSTi se vipula sAhitya kA kI thI kintu vartamAna meM hameM unake nAma car3he para hue lagabhaga 75 grantha sRjana kiyA, kintu apane sambandha meM jAnakArI dene ke sambandha meM ve upalabdha hote haiM / yadyapi vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki inameM se kucha anudAra yA saMkocI hI rhe| prAcIna kAla ke anya AcAryoM ke samAna grantha vastuta: yAkinIsUnu haribhadra kI kRti na hokara kinhIM dUsare haribhadra hI unhoMne bhI apane sambandha meM svayaM kahIM kucha nahIM likhaa| unhoMne granthanAmaka AcAryoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM / paMDita sukhalAlajI ne inameM se lagabhaga prazastiyoM meM jo kucha saMketa die haiM unase mAtra itanA hI jJAta hotA hai 45 granthoM ko to nirvivAda rUpa se unakI kRti svIkAra kiyA hai kyoMki ki ve jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara zAkhA ke 'vidyAdhara kula' se sambandhita inameM 'bhava-viraha' aise upanAma kA prayoga upalabdha hai| inameM bhI yadi hama the| inheM mahattarA yAkinI nAmaka sAdhvI kI preraNA se jainadharma kA bodha aSTaka-prakaraNa ke pratyeka aSTaka ko, SoDazakaprakaraNa ke pratyeka SoDazaka prApta huA thA, ata: unhoMne apanI aneka racanAoM meM apane Apako ko, viMzikAoM meM pratyeka viMzikA ko tathA paJcAzaka meM pratyeka 'yAkinIsUnu' ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, sAtha hI apane granthoM meM apane paJcAzaka ko svatantra grantha mAna leM to yaha saMkhyA lagabhaga 200 ke upamAna 'bhavaviraha' kA saMketa kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM udyotanasUri ne samIpa pahu~ca jAtI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki AcArya haribhadra eka bhI inakA isI upanAma ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA hai| jina granthoM meM inhoMne prakhara pratibhA ke dhanI AcArya the aura sAhitya kI pratyeka vidhA ko apane isa 'bhavaviraha' upanAma kA saMketa kiyA hai ve grantha nimna haiM - unhoMne apanI racanAoM se samRddha kiyA thA / aSTaka, SoDazaka, paJcAzaka, dharmabindu, lalitavistarA, pratibhAzAlI aura vidvAn honA vastuta: tabhI sArthaka hotA hai zAstravArtAsamuccaya, paJcavastuTIkA, anekAntajayapatAkA, yogabindu, jaba vyakti meM satyaniSThA aura sahiSNutA ho / AcArya haribhadra usa yuga saMsAradAvAnalastuti, upadezapada, dharmasaMgrahaNI aura smbodh-prkrnn| ke vicAraka haiM jaba bhAratIya cintana meM aura vizeSakara darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra ke sambandha meM unake ina granthoM se isase adhika yA vizeSa sUcanA vAk-chala aura khaNDana-maNDana kI pravRtti balavatI bana gayI thii| pratyeka upalabdha nahIM hotii| dArzanika svapakSa ke maNDana evaM parapakSa ke khaNDana meM hI apanA AcArya haribhadra ke jIvana ke viSaya meM ullekha karane vAlA buddhikauzala mAna rahA thA / mAtra yahI nahIM, darzana ke sAtha-sAtha dharma ke sabase prAcIna grantha bhadrezvara kI kahAvalI hai / isa grantha meM unake janmakSetra meM bhI pArasparika vidveSa aura ghRNA apanI carama sImA para pahuMca cukI sthAna kA nAma baMbhapunI ullikhita hai kintu anya granthoM meM unakA thii| svayaM AcArya haribhadra ko bhI isa vidveSa bhAvanA ke kAraNa apane janmasthAna cittaur3a (citrakUTa) mAnA gayA hai / sambhAvanA hai ki brahmapurI do ziSyoM kI bali denI par3I thii| haribhadra kI mahAnatA aura dharma evaM cittaur3a kA koI upanagara yA kasbA rahA hogA / kahAvalI ke anusAra darzana ke kSetra meM unake avadAna kA samyak mUlyAMkana to unake yuga kI inake pitA kA nAma zaMkara bhaTTa aura mAtA kA nAma gaMgA thA / paM0 ina viSama paristhitiyoM ke pariprekSya meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / AcArya sukhalAla jI kA kathana hai ki pitA ke nAma ke sAtha bhaTTa zabda sUcita haribhadra kI mahAnatA to isI meM nihita hai ki unhoMne zuSka vAgjAla tathA karatA hai ki ve jAti se brAhmaNa the| brahmapurI meM unakA nivAsa bhI unake

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samadI AcArya haribhadra 665 brAhmaNa hone ke anumAna kI puSTi karatA hai / gaNadharasArdhazataka aura anya bhavaviraha kA icchuka kahate hoM / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki apane priya ziSyoM granthoM meM unheM spaSTarUpa se brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| dharma aura darzana kI anya ke viraha kI smRti meM unhoMne yaha upanAma dhAraNa kiyA ho| paM0 paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM unake jJAna gAmbhIrya se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI sukhalAlajI ne isa sambandha meM nimna tIna ghaTanAoM kA saMketa kiyA haihai ki unakA janma aura zikSA-dIkSA brAhmaNa kula meM hI huI hogii| (1) dharmasvIkAra kA prasaMga (2) ziSyoM ke viyoga kA prasaMga kahA yaha jAtA hai ki unheM apane pANDitya para garva thA aura aura (3) yAcakoM ko diye jAne vAle AzIrvAda kA prasaMga tathA unake apanI vidvattA ke isa abhimAna meM Akara hI unhoMne yaha pratijJA kara lI dvArA bhavavirahasUri ciraMjIvI ho kahe jAne kA prsNg| isa tIsare prasaMga thI ki jisakA kahA huA samajha nahI pAU~gA usI kA ziSya ho jaauuNgaa| kA nirdeza kahAvalI meM hai| jaina anuzrutiyoM meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki eka bAra ve jaba rAtri meM apane ghara lauTa rahe the taba unhoMne eka vRddhA sAdhvI ke mukha se prAkRta kI nimna haribhadra kA samaya gAthA sunI jisakA artha ve nahIM samajha ske| haribhadra ke samaya ke sambandha meM aneka avadhAraNAe~ pracalita cakkIdagaM haripaNagaM paNagaM cakkI kesavo cakkI / haiN| aMcalagacchIya AcArya merutuMga ne 'vicAra zreNI' meM haribhadra ke kesava cakkI kesava du cakkI kesI a cakkI a / / svargavAsa ke sandarbha meM nimna prAcIna gAthA ko uddhata kiyA hai - - Avazyakaniyukti, 421 paMcasae paNasIe vikkama kAlAu jhatti asthimao / apanI jijJAsuvRtti ke kAraNa ve usa gAthA kA artha jAnane ke haribhadrasUrI bhaviyANaM disau kallANaM / / lie sAdhvIjI ke pAsa gaye / sAdhvIjI ne unheM apane guru AcArya ukta gAthA ke anusAra haribhadra kA svargavAsa vi0 saM0585 jinadattasari ke pAsa bheja diyA / AcArya jinadattasari ne unheM dharma ke do meM huaa| isI gAthA ke AdhAra para pradyumnasUri ne apane vicArasAraprakaraNa' bheda batAe - (1) sakAmadharma aura (2) niSkAmadharma / sAtha hI yaha bhI evaM samayasundaragaNi ne svasaMgRhIta 'gAthAsahasrI' meM haribhadra kA svargavAsa batAyA ki niSkAma yA nispRha dharma kA pAlana karane vAlA hI 'bhavaviraha' vi0 saM0 585 meM mAnA hai / isI AdhAra para muni zrIkalyANavijayajI arthAta mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki prAkRta bhASA aura ne 'dharma-saMgrahaNI' kI apanI saMskRta prastAvanA meM haribhadra kA sattA-samaya usakI vipula sAhitya-sampadA ne AcArya haribhadra ko jaina dharma ke prati vi0 saM0 kI chaThI zatAbdI sthApita kiyA hai| AkarSita kiyA ho aura AcArya dvArA yaha batAe jAne para ki jaina sAhitya kulamaNDanasUri ne 'vicAraamRtasaMgraha' meM aura dharmasAgara upAdhyAya ke talasparzI adhyayana ke liye jaine muni kI dIkSA apekSita hai, ataH ne tapAgacchagurvAvalI meM vIra-nirvANa-saMvat 1055 meM haribhadra kA samaya ve usameM dIkSita ho gae / vastuta: eka rAjapurohita ke ghara meM janma lene nirUpita kiyA hai - ke kAraNa ve saMskRta vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, veda, upaniSad, dharmazAstra, paNapannadasasaehiM harisUri Asi tattha puSvakaI / darzana aura jyotiSa ke jJAtA to the hI, jaina paramparA se jur3ane para unhoMne paramparAgata dhAraNA ke anusAra vI0ni0 ke 470 varSa pazcAta jaina sAhitya kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyA / mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne apane vi0 saM0 kA prArambha mAnane se (470+585 = 1055) yaha tithi isa adhyayana ko pUrva adhyayana se paripRSTa aura samanvita bhI kiyaa| unake pUrvokta gAthA ke anurUpa hI vi0 saM0 585 meM haribhadra kA svargavAsa grantha yogasamuccaya, yogadRSTi, zAstravArtAsamuccaya Adi isa bAta kA nirUpita karatI hai| spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne apanI pArivArika paramparA se prApta jJAna aura . AcArya haribhadra kA svargavAsa vi0 saM0 kI chaThI zatAbdI ke jaina paramparA meM dIkSita hokara arjita kie jJAna ko eka dUsare kA pUraka uttarArdha meM huA, isakA samarthana nimna do pramANa karate haiM - banAkara hI ina granthoM kI racanA kI hai / haribhadra ko jainadharma kI ora (1) tapAgaccha gurvAvalI meM munisundarasUri ne haribhadrasUri ko AkarSita karane vAlI jaina sAdhvI mahattarA yAkinI thI, ata: apanA dharma- mAnadevasUri dvitIya kA mitra batAyA hai jinakA samaya vikrama kI chaThI RNa cukAne ke liye unhoMne apane ko mahattarA yAkinIsUna arthAta zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / ata: yaha ullekha pUrva gAthokta samaya se apanI yAkinI kA dharmapatra ghoSita kiyaa| unhoMne apanI racanAoM meM anekazaH saMgati rakhatA hai| apane sAtha isa vizeSaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai / haribhadra ke upanAma ke (2) isa gAthokta samaya ke pakSa meM dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa rUpa meM dUsarA vizeSaNa 'bhavaviraha' hai / unhoMne apanI aneka racanAoM sAkSya haribhadra kA 'dhUrtAkhyAna' hai jisakI carcA muni jinavijayajI ne meM isa upanAma kA nirdeza kiyA hai / vivecya grantha paJcAzaka ke anta meM 'haribhadrasUri kA samaya nirNaya' (pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1988) hameM 'bhavaviraha' zabda milatA hai / apane nAma ke sAtha yaha bhavaviraha meM nahIM kI thI / sambhavata: unheM nizIthacUrNi meM dhUrtAkhyAna kA ullekha vizeSaNa lagAne kA kyA kAraNa rahA hogA, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai, phira sambandhI yaha tathya jJAta nahIM thA / yaha tathya mujhe 'dhUrtAkhyAna' meM mUlabhI isa vizeSaNa kA sambandha unake jIvana kI tIna ghaTanAoM se jor3A srota kI khoja karate samaya upalabdha huA hai| dhUrtAkhyAna ke samIkSAtmaka jAtA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinadatta ne unheM bhavaviraha arthAt mokSa prApta adhyayana meM prophesara e0 ena0 upAdhye ne haribhadra ke prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna karane kI preraNA dI, ata: sambhava hai unakI smRti meM ve apane ko kA saMghatilaka ke saMskRta dhUrtAkhyAna para aura ajJAtakRta marugurjara meM

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666 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nibaddha dhUrtAkhyAna para prabhAva kI carcA kI hai / isa prakAra unhoMne (mahAbhArata) aura rAmAyaNa kA ullekha karate haiM / haribhadra ne to eka sthAna dhUrtAkhyAna ko haribhadra kI maulika racanA mAnA hai| yadi dhUrtAkhyAna kI para viSNupurANa, mahAbhArata ke araNyaparva aura arthazAstra kA bhI ullekha kathA kA nibandhana haribhadra ne svayaM apanI svaprasUta kalpanA se kiyA hai kiyA hai, ata: nizcita hI yaha AkhyAna inakI racanA ke bAda hI racA to ve nizcita hI nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNi ke lekhana-kAla se gayA hogaa| upalabdha AgamoM meM anuyogadvAra mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa pUrvavartI haiN| kyoMki ina donoM granthoM meM yaha kathA upalabdha hai| bhASya meM kA ullekha karatA hai / anuyogadvAra kI viSayavastu ke avalokana se isa kathA kA sandarbha nimna rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai - aisA lagatA hai ki apane antima rUpa meM vaha lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI sasaelAsADha-mUladeva, khaNDA ya juNNaujjANe / kI racanA hai / dhUrtAkhyAna meM 'bhArata' nAma AtA hai, 'mahAbhArata' nhiiN| sAmasthaNe ko bhattaM, akkhAta jo Na saddahati / / ata: itanA nizcita hai ki dhUrtAkhyAna ke kathAnaka ke Adyasrota kI corabhayA gAvIo, poTTalae baMdhiUNa ANemi / pUrva sImA IsA kI cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatI se Age nahIM jA sktii| tilaairUDhakuhADe, vaNagaya malaNA ya tellodA / / punaH nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNI meM ullekha hone se dhUrtAkhyAna vaNagayapATaNa kuMDiya, chammAsa hatthilaggaNaM pucche / ke Adyasrota kI apara-antima sImA chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAt rAyarayaga mo vAde, jahi pecchai te ime vatthA / / nahIM ho sakatI / ina granthoM kA racanAkAla IsA kI sAtavIM zatI kA bhASya kI uparyukta gAthAoM se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki uttarArdha ho sakatA hai / ata: dhUrtAkhyAna kA Adyasrota IsA kI pA~cavIM bhASyakAra ko sampUrNa kathAnaka jo ki cUrNi aura haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna se sAtavIM zatI ke bIca kA hai / meM hai, pUrI taraha jJAta hai, ve mRSAvAda ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM ise prastuta karate yadyapi pramANAbhAva meM nizcitarUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai, kintu haiM / ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki sandarbha dene vAlA grantha usa AkhyAna kA eka kalpanA yaha bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki haribhadra kI guru-paramparA jinabhadra Adyasrota nahIM ho sktaa| bhASyoM meM jisa prakAra Agamika anya AkhyAna aura jinadAsa kI ho, Age kahIM bhrAntivaza jinabhadra kA jinabhaTa aura sandarbha rUpa meM Aye haiM, usI prakAra yaha AkhyAna bhI AyA hai| ata: yaha jinadAsa kA jinadatta ho gayA ho, kyoMki 'I' aura 'TTa' ke lekhana meM aura nizcita hai ki yaha AkhyAna bhASya se pUrvavartI hai / cUrNi to svayaM bhASya para 'ta' aura 'sa' ke lekhana meM hastapratoM meM bahuta hI kama antara rahatA hai / punaH TIkA hai aura usameM unhIM bhASya gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM lagabhaga tIna haribhadra jaise pratibhAzAlI ziSya kA guru bhI pratibhAzAlI honA cAhie, jaba pRSThoM meM yaha AkhyAna AyA hai, ata: yaha bhI nizcita hai ki cUrNi bhI isa ki haribhadra ke pUrva jinabhaTTa aura jinadatta ke hone ke anyatra koI saMketa nahIM AkhyAna kA mUlasrota nahIM hai / puna: cUrNi ke isa AkhyAna ke anta meM spaSTa milate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki dhUrtAkhyAna haribhadra kI yuvAvasthA kI racanA ho likhA hai- "sesaM dhuttavakhANagAhANusAreNa" (pR0105)| ata: nizIthabhASya aura usakA upayoga unake gurubandhu siddhasena kSamAzramaNa (chaThI zatI) ne aura cUrNi isa AkhyAna ke Adi srota nahIM mAne jA sakate / kintu hameM apane nizIthabhASya meM tathA unake guru jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne nizIthacUrNi nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNi se pUrva racita kisI aise grantha kI koI meM kiyA ho / dhUrtAkhyAna ko dekhane se spaSTa rUpa se yaha lagatA hai ki yaha jAnakArI nahIM hai jisameM yaha AkhyAna AyA ho| haribhadra ke yuvAkAla kI racanA hai kyoMki usameM unakI jo vyaMgyAtmaka zailI jaba taka anya kisI Adisrota ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI hai, vaha unake paravartI granthoM meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| haribhadra jinabhadra evaM nahIM hai, taba taka haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna ko lekhaka kI svakalpanAprasUta jinadAsa kI paramparA meM hue ho, yaha mAtra merI kalpanA nahIM hai / DaoN0 harmana maulika racanA kyoM nahIM mAnA jAye ! kintu aisA mAnane para bhASyakAra jaikobI aura anya kucha vidvAnoM ne bhI haribhadra ke guru kA nAma jinabhadra mAnA aura cUrNikAra, ina donoM se hI haribhadra ko pUrvavartI mAnanA hogA aura isa hai / yadyapi muni zrI jinavijayI ne ise unakI bhrAnti hI mAnA hai / sambandha meM vidvAnoM kI jo abhI taka avadhAraNA banI huI hai vaha khaNDita vAstavikatA jo bhI ho, kintu yadi hama dhUrtAkhyAna ko haribhadra kI maulika ho jAyegI / yadyapi upalabdha sabhI paTTAvaliyoM tathA unake grantha laghukSetrasamAsa racanA mAnate haiM to unheM jinabhadra (lagabhaga zaka saMvat 530) aura siddhasena kI vRtti meM haribhadra kA svargavAsa vIra-nirvANa saMvat 1055 yA vikrama kSamAzramaNa (lagabhaga zaka saMvat 550) tathA unake ziSya jinadAsagaNi saMvat 585 tathA tadanurUpa IsvI san 529 meM mAnA jAtA hai / kintu mahattara (zaka saMvat 598 yA vi0 saM0733) ke pUrvavartI yA kama se kama paTTAvaliyoM meM unheM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA jinabhadra evaM jinadAsa samakAlika to mAnanA hI hogaa| kA pUrvavartI bhI mAnA gayA hai / aba hamAre sAmane do hI vikalpa haiM yA yadi hama haribhadra ko siddhasena kSamAzramaNa evaM jinadAsagaNi mahattara to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra haribhadra ko jinabhadra aura jinadAsa ke pUrva kA pUrvavartI mAnate haiM taba to unakA samaya vikrama saMvat 585 mAnA jA mAnakara unakI kRtiyoM para vizeSarUpa se jinadAsa mahattara para haribhadra kA sakatA hai / muni jayasundara vijayajI zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI bhUmikA meM ukta prabhAva siddha kareM yA phira dhUrtAkhyAna ke mUlasrota ko anya kisI pUrvavartI tithi kA samarthana karate hue likhate haiM - prAcIna aneka granthakAroM ne zrI racanA yA loka-paramparA meM khojeM / yaha to spaSTa hai ki dhUrtAkhyAna cAhe haribhadrasUri ko 585 vi0 saM0 meM honA batAyA hai / itanA hI nahIM, kintu vaha nizIthacUrNi kA ho yA haribhadra kA, spaSTa hI paurANika yuga ke pUrva zrI haribhadrasUri ne svayaM bhI apane samaya kA ullekha saMvat tithi-vAra-mAsa kI racanA nahIM hai| kyoMki ve donoM hI sAmAnyatayA zruti, purANa, bhArata aura nakSatra ke sAtha laghukSetrasamAsa kI vRtti meM kiyA hai, jisa vRtti ke

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 667 tADapatrIya jaisalamera kI prati kA paricaya muni zrI puNyavijaya sampAdita haribhadra ke granthoM meM milate haiM / inameM sabase pUrvavartI jinabhadra kA sattA'jaisalamera kalekzana' pRSTha 68 meM isa prakAra prApya hai : "kramAMka 196, samaya bhI zaka saMvat 530 arthAt vikrama saMvat 665 ke lagabhaga jambU dvIpakSetrasamAsavRtti, patra 26, bhASA, prAkRta-saMskRta, kartA : haribhadra hai| ata: haribhadra ke svargavAsa kA samaya vikrama saMvat 585 kisI AcArya, pratilipi le0 saM0 anumAnata: 14vIM zatAbdI / " bhI sthiti meM prAmANika siddha nahIM hotaa| isa prati ke anta meM isa prakAra kA ullekha milatA hai - haribhadra ko jinabhadragaNi, siddhasenagaNi aura jinadAsamahattara iti kSetrasamAsavRttiH samAptA / kA samakAlika mAnane para pUrvokta gAthA ke vi0 saM0 585 ko zaka viracitA zrI haribhadrAcAryaiH ||ch|| saMvat mAnanA hogA aura isa AdhAra para haribhadra kA samaya IsA kI sAtavIM laghukSetrasamAsasya vRttireSA samAsataH / zatAbdI kA uttarArdha siddha hotA hai / haribhadra kI kRti dazavakAlikavRtti racitAbudhabodhArthaM zrI haribhadrasUribhiH / / 1 / / meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI aneka gAthAoM kA ullekha yahI spaSTa karatA paJcAzitikavarSe vikramato vajrati zuklapaJcamyAm / hai ki haribhadra kA sattA-samaya vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke pazcAt hI hogA / zukrasya zukravAre zasye puSye ca nakSatre / / 2 / / bhASya kA racanAkAla zaka saMvat 531 yA usake kucha pUrva kA hai / ata: ThIka isI prakAra kA ullekha ahamadAbAda, saMvegI upAzraya ke yadi uparyukta gAthA ke 585 ko zaka saMvat mAna liyA jAya to donoM hastalikhita bhaNDAra kI sambhavataH pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM likhI huI kSetra meM saMgati baiTha sakatI hai / punaH haribhadra kI kRtiyoM meM nandIcUrNi se bhI kucha pATha avatarita hue haiM / nandIcUrNi ke kartA jinadAsagaNimahattara ne dUsarI gAthA meM spaSTa zabdoM meM zrI haribhadrasUri ne laghukSetramAsa usakA racanA kAla zaka saMvat 598 batAyA hai / ata: haribhadra kA sattavRtti kA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 (5) 85, puSyanakSatra zukra (jyeSTha) mAsa, samaya zaka saMvat 598 tadanusAra I0 san 676 ke bAda hI ho sakatA zukravAra-zuklapaJcamI batAyA hai / yadyapi yahA~ vi0 saM0 85 kA ullekha hai| yadi hama haribhadra ke kAla sambandhI pUrvokta gAthA ke vikrama saMvat hai / tathApi jina vAra-tithi-mAsa-nakSatra kA yaha ullekha hai unase vi0 ko zaka saMvat mAnakara unakA kAla IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha saM0 585 kA hI mela baiThatA hai / ahamadAbAda vedhazAlA ke prAcIna evaM AThavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAneM to nandIcUrNi ke avataraNoM kI jyotiSa vibhAga ke adhyakSa zrI himmatarAma jAnI ne jyotiSa aura gaNita saMgati baiThAne meM mAtra 20-25 varSa kA hI antara raha jAtA hai / ata: ke AdhAra para jA~ca karake yaha batAyA hai ki uparyukta gAthA meM jina vAra- itanA nizcita hai ki haribhadra kA kAla vikrama kI sAtavIM/AThavIM athavA tithi ityAdi kA ullekha hai, vaha vi0 saM0 585 ke anusAra bilakula IsvI san kI AThavIM zatAbdI hI siddha hogaa| ThIka hai, jyotiSazAstra ke gaNitAnusAra prAmANika hai| isase haribhadra kI kRtiyoM meM ullikhita kumArila, bhartRhari, isa prakAra zrI haribhadrasUri mahArAja ne svayaM hI apane samaya kI dharmakIrti, vRddhadharmottara Adi se unakI samakAlikatA mAnane meM bhI koI atyanta prAmANika sUcanA de rakhI hai, taba usase bar3hakara aura kyA pramANa bAdhA nahIM AtI / haribhadra ne jinabhadra aura jinadAsa ke jo ullekha kiye ho sakatA hai jo unake isa samaya kI siddhi meM bAdhA DAla sake ? zaMkA haiM aura haribhadra kI kRtiyoM meM inake jo avataraNa milate haiM unameM bhI isa ho sakatI hai ki 'yaha gAthA kisI anya ne prakSipta kI hogI' kintu vaha tithi ko mAnane para koI bAdhA nahIM AtI / ataH vidvAnoM ko jinavijayajI ThIka nahIM, kyoMki prakSepa karane vAlA kevala saMvat kA ullekha kara ke nirNaya ko mAnya karanA hogA / sakatA hai kintu usake sAtha prAmANika vAra-tithi Adi kA ullekha nahIM punaH yadi hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki nizIthacUrNi meM ullikhita kara sakatA / hA~, yadi dharmakIrti Adi kA samaya isa samaya meM bAdhA prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna kisI pUrvAcArya kI kRti thI aura usake AdhAra para hI utpanna kara rahA ho to dharmakIrti Adi ke samayollekha ke AdhAra para zrI haribhadra ne apane prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna kI racanA kI to aisI sthiti meM haribhadrasUri ko vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI se khIMcakara AThavIM zatAbdI ke haribhadra ke samaya ko nizIthacUrNi ke racanAkAla IsvI san 676 se Age uttarArdha meM le jAne kI apekSA ucita yaha hai ki zrI haribhadrasUri ke isa lAyA jA sakatA hai / muni zrI jinavijayajI ne aneka Antara aura bAhya atyanta prAmANika samaya-ullekha ke bala se dharmakIrti Adi ko hI chaThI sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para apane grantha 'haribhadrasUri kA samaya nirNaya' meM haribhadra zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha yA uttarArdha meM le jAyA jAya / ke samaya ko I0 san 700-770 sthApita kiyA hai| yadi pUrvokta gAthA - kintu muni zrIjayasundaravijayajI kI uparyukta sUcanA ke ke anusAra haribhadra kA samaya vikrama saM0 585 mAnate haiM to jinavijayajI anusAra jambUdvIpa kSetra samAsavRtti kA racanAkAla hai / puna: isameM mAtra dvArA nirdhArita samaya aura gAthokta samaya meM lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara 85 kA ullekha hai, 585 kA nahIM / itsiMga Adi kA samaya to raha jAtA hai / jo ucita nahIM lagatA hai / ata: ise zaka saMvat mAnanA sunizcita hai / puna: samasyA na kevala dharmakIrti Adi ke samaya kI hai, ucita hogaa| isI krama meM muni dhanavijayajI ne 'caturthastutinirNayazaMkoddhAra' apitu jaina-paramparA ke sunizcita samayavAle jinabhadra, siddhasenakSamAzramaNa meM 'ratnasaMcayaprakaraNa' kI nimna gAthA kA ullekha kiyA hai - evaM jinadAsagaNi mahattara kI bhI hai- inameM se koI bhI vikrama saMvat paNapaNNabArasasae haribhaddosUri Asi puvvakAe / 585 se pUrvavartI nahIM hai jabaki inake nAmollekha sahita granthAvataraNa isa gAthA ke AdhAra para haribhadra kA samaya vIra nirvANa saMvat

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668 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 . 1255 arthAt vi0 saM0 785 yA IsavI san 728 AtA hai / isa haribhadra, akalaMka aura siddharSi se pUrvavartI haiM / akalaMka kA samaya gAthA meM unake svargavAsa kA ullekha nahIM hai, ata: ise unakA sattA- vidvAnoM ne I0 san 720-780 sthApita kiyA hai / ata: haribhadra yA samaya mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi ukta gAthA kI puSTi hetu hameM anya koI to akalaMka ke pUrvavartI yA variSTha samakAlIna hI siddha hote hai / ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| yadi hama isI prasaMga meM vIra nirvANa saMvat nivANa savat ke sambandha meM calI A rahI 60 varSa kI bhUla ko saMzodhita kara vIra-nirvANa haribhadra kA vyaktitva ko vi0 pU0410 yA I0 pU0 467 mAnate haiM jaisA ki maiMne apane eka haribhadra kA vyaktitva aneka saguNoM kI pU~jIbhUta bhAsvara pratibhA nibandha (dekheM : sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1) meM siddha kiyA hai, to aisI hai| udAratA, sahiSNutA, samadarzitA aise sadguNa haiM jo unake vyaktiva ko sthiti meM haribhadra kA svargavAsa kAla 1255-467= 788 I0 siddha ho mahanIyatA pradAna karate haiN| unakA jIvana samabhAva kI sAdhanA ko samarpita jAtA hai aura yaha kAla jinavijayajI dvArA nirdhArita haribhadra ke sattA- hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vidyA ke bala para unhoMne dharma aura darzana ke kSetra samaya IsvI san 700 se 770 ke adhika nikaTa hai| meM nae vivAda khar3e karane ke sthAna para unake madhya samanvaya sAdhane kA haribhadra ke uparyukta samaya-nirNaya ke sambandha meM eka anya puruSArtha kiyA hai / unake lie vidyA vivAdAya' na hokara pakSa-vyAmoha mahattvapUrNa samasyA khar3I hotI hai siddharSikRta upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA ke se Upara uThakara satyAnveSaNa karane hetu hai / haribhadra pakSAgrahI na hokara usa ullekha se jisameM siddharSi ne haribhadra ko apanA dharmabodhakara guru kahA satyAgrahI haiM, ata: unhoMne madhusaMcayI bhramara kI taraha vividha dhArmika aura hai| unhoMne yaha kathA vi0 saM0 962 meM jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI, guruvAra dArzanika paramparAoM se bahuta kucha liyA hai aura use jaina paramparA kI ke dina pUrNa kI thI / siddharSi ke dvArA likhe gaye isa tithi ke anusAra anekAnta dRSTi se samanvita bhI kiyA hai / yadi unake vyaktitva kI yaha kAla 906 I0 siddha hotA hai tathA usameM batAe gae vAra, nakSatra mahAnatA ko samajhanA hai to vividha kSetroM meM unake avadAnoM kA mUlyAMkana Adi bhI jyotiSa kI gaNanA se siddha hote haiM / siddharSi upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA karanA hogA aura unake avadAna kA vaha mUlyAMkana hI unake vyaktitva meM haribhadra ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki unhoMne (haribhadra ne) anAgata arthAt kA mUlyAkaMna hogA / bhaviSya meM hone vAle mujhako jAnakara hI mere liye caityavaMdanasUtra kA Azraya lekara 'lalitavistarA-vRtti' kI racanA kii| yadyapi kucha jaina dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kA avadAna kathAnakoM meM siddharSi aura haribhadra ke pArasparika sambandha ko siddha kiyA dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kA avadAna kyA hai ? yaha gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki siddharSi haribhadra ke hastadIkSita ziSya samajhane ke lie isa carcA ko hama nimna binduoM meM vibhAjita kara rahe haiMthe, kintu siddharSi kA yaha kathana ki 'bhaviSya meM hone vAle mujhako (1) dArzanika evaM dhArmika paramparAoM kA niSpakSa prstutiikrnn| jAnakara ............' yahI siddha karatA hai ki AcArya haribhadra unake (2) anya darzanoM kI samIkSA meM bhI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga tathA paramparA-guru the, sAkSAt guru nhiiN| anya dharmoM evaM darzanoM ke pravartakoM ke prati bahumAnavRtti / svayaM siddharSi ne bhI haribhadra ko kAlavyavahita arthAt pUrvakAla (3) zuSka dArzanika samAlocanAoM ke sthAna para una avadhAraNAoM meM hone vAle tathA upane ko anAgata arthAt bhaviSya meM hone vAlA kahA ke sAra-tattva aura mUla udezyoM ko samajhane kA prayatna / hai| ata: donoM ke bIca kAla kA paryApta antara honA cAhie / yadyapi (4) anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM nihita satyoM ko evaM yaha satya hai ki siddharSi ko unake grantha lalitavistarA ke adhyayana se inakI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue jaina dRSTi ke sAtha unake samanvaya jina dharma meM sthiratA huI thI, isalie unhoMne haribhadra ko dharmabodha pradAtA kA prayatna / guru kahA, sAkSAt guru nahIM kahA / muni jinavijayajI ne bhI haribhadra ko (5) anya dArzanika paramparAoM ke granthoM kA niSpakSa adhyayana siddharSi kA sAkSAt guru nahIM mAnA hai| ___ karake una para vyAkhyA aura TIkA kA praNayana karanA / kuvalayamAlA' ke kartA udyotanasUri ne apane isa grantha meM jo (6) udAra aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi rakhate hue paurANika zaka saMvat 699 arthAt I0 san 777 meM nirmita hai, haribhadra evaM andhavizvAsoM kA nirbhIka rUpa se khaNDana karanA / unakI kRti "samarAiccakahA' tathA unake bhavaviraha nAma kA ullekha (7) darzana aura dharma ke kSetra meM AsthA yA zraddhA kI apekSA kiyA hai / ata: haribhadra I0 san 777 ke pUrva hue haiM, isameM koI vivAda tarka evaM yukti para adhika bala; kintu zarta yaha ki tarka aura yukti nahIM raha jAtA hai| kA prayoga apane mata kI puSTi ke lie nahIM, apitu satya kI khoja haribhadra, siddharSi aura akalaMka ke pUrvavartI haiM, isa sambandha meM ke lie ho| eka anya pramANa yaha hai ki siddharSi ne nyAyAvatAra kI TIkA meM akalaMka (8) dharma sAdhanA ko karmakANDa ke sthAna para caritra kI dvArA mAnya smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka- ina tIna pramANoM kI carcA kI nirmalatA ke sAtha jor3ane kA prayatna / hai / akalaMka ke pUrva jainadarzana meM ina tIna pramANoM kI carcA anupasthita (9) mukti ke sambandha meM eka udAra aura vyApaka dRSTikoNa / hai / haribhadra ne bhI kahIM ina tIna pramANoM kI carcA nahIM kI hai / ata: (10) upAsya ke nAma-bheda ko gauNa mAnakara usake guNoM

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 669 para bala / dArzanikoM ne anekAnta dRSTi ke prabhAva ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM vaicArika udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai, phira bhI ye sabhI vicAraka itanA to mAnate hI anya dArzanika evaM dhArmika paramparAoM kA niSpakSa prastutIkaraNa haiM ki anya darzana aikAntika dRSTi kA Azraya lene ke kAraNa mithyA jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM ke vicArakoM ke darzana evaM darzana haiM jabaki jaina darzana anekAnta-dRSTi apanAne ke kAraNa samyagdarzana dhamopadeza ke prastutIkaraNa kA prathama prayAsa hameM RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI haiM / vastuta: vaicArika samanvayazIlatA aura dhArmika udAratA kI jisa lagabhaga I0 pU03 zatI) meM parilakSita hotA hai / isa graMtha meM anya U~cAI kA sparza haribhadra ne apanI kRtiyoM meM kiyA hai vaisA unake pUrvavartI dhArmika aura dArzanika paramparAoM ke pravartakoM, yathA-nArada, asitadevala, jaina evaM jainetara dArzanikoM meM hameM parilakSita nahIM hotA / yadyapi haribhadra yAjJavalkya, sAriputra Adi ko arhat RSi kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai ke paravartI jaina dArzanikoM meM hemacandra, yazovijaya, Anandaghana Adi aura unake vicAroM ko niSpakSa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / nizcaya hI anya dharmoM aura darzanoM ke prati samabhAva aura udAratA kA paricaya dete haiM, vaicArika udAratA evaM anya paramparAoM ke prati samAdara bhAva kA yaha ati kintu unakI yaha udAratA una para haribhadra ke prabhAva ko hI sUcita karatI prAcIna kAla kA anyatama aura merI dRSTi meM ekamAtra udAharaNa hai| anya hai| udArahaNa ke rUpa meM hemacandra apane mahAdeva-stotra (44) meM nimna paramparAoM ke prati aisA samAdara bhAva vaidika aura bauddha paramparA ke prAcIna zloka prastuta karate haiM - sAhitya meM hameM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA / svayaM jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha bhava-bIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAkSayamupAgatA yasya / udAra dRSTi adhika kAla taka jIvita nahIM raha skii| pariNAmasvarUpa yaha brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai / / mahAn grantha jo kabhI aMga sAhitya kA eka bhAga thA, vahA~ se alagakara vastuta: 2500 varSa ke sudIrgha jaina itihAsa meM aisA koI bhI paripArzva meM DAla diyA gyaa| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi Agama-granthoM samanvayavAdI udAracetA vyaktitva nahIM hai, jise haribhadra ke samatulya kahA meM tatkAlIna anya paramparAoM ke vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, kintu unameM anya jA sake / yadyapi haribhadra ke pUrvavartI aura paravartI aneka AcAryoM ne jaina darzanoM aura paramparAoM ke prati vaha udAratA aura zAlInatA parilakSita nahIM darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa udAratA kA hotI, jo RSibhASita meM thI / sUtrakRtAMga anya dArzanika aura dhArmika paricaya avazya diyA hai phira bhI unakI sRjanadharmitA usa stara kI nahIM mAnyatAoM kA vivaraNa to detA hai kintu unheM mithyA, anArya yA asaMgata hai jisa stara kI haribhadra kI hai| unakI kRtiyoM meM do-cAra gAthAoM yA kahakara unakI AlocanA bhI karatA hai / bhagavatI meM vizeSa rUpa meM maMkhali- zlokoM meM udAratA ke cAhe saMketa mila jAyeM kintu aise kitane haiM gozAlaka ke prasaMga meM to jaina paramparA sAmAnya ziSTatA kA bhI ullaMghana kara jinhoMne samanvayAtmaka aura udAra dRSTi ke AdhAra para SaDdarzanasamuccaya, detI hai / RSibhASita meM jisa maMkhali-gozAlaka ko arhat RSi ke rUpa meM zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura yogadRSTisamuccaya jaisI mahAn kRtiyoM kA praNayana sambodhita kiyA gayA thA, bhagavatI meM usI kA azobhanIya citra prastuta kiyA kiyA hoN| gayA hai| yahA~ yaha carcA maiM kevala isalie kara rahA hU~ ki hama haribhadra kI anya dArzanika aura dhArmika paramparAoM kA adhyayana mukhyata: udAradRSTi kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakeM aura yaha jAna sakeM ki na kevala do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai - eka to una paramparAoM kI AlocanA karane jaina paramparA meM, apitu samagra bhAratIya darzana meM unakA avadAna kitanA kI dRSTi se aura dUsarA unakA yathArtha paricaya pAne aura unameM nihita satya mahAn hai| ko samajhane kI dRSTi se / AlocanA evaM samIkSA kI dRSTi se likhe gae ___ jaina dArzanikoM meM sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara ne apane granthoM meM granthoM meM bhI AlocanA ke ziSTa aura aziSTa aise do rUpa milate haiN| anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / unhoMne battIsa sAtha hI jaba granthakartA kA mukhya uddezya AlocanA karanA hotA hai, to dvAtriMzikAe~ likhI haiM, unameM navIM meM vedavAda, dazavIM meM yogavidyA, vaha anya paramparAoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM nyAya nahIM karatA hai aura unakI bArahavIM meM nyAyadarzana, terahavIM meM sAMkhyadarzana, caudahavIM meM vaizeSikadarzana, avadhAraNAoM ko bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta karatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM pandrahavIM meM bauddhadarzana aura solahavIM meM niyativAda kI carcA hai, kintu syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda ke AlocakoM ne kabhI unheM samyak rUpa se prastuta siddhasena ne yaha vivaraNa samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se hI prastuta kiyA hai / ve karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi haribhadra ne bhI apanI kucha kRtiyoM aneka prasaMgoM meM ina avadhAraNAoM ke prati cuTIle vyaMgya bhI kasate haiN| meM anya darzanoM evaM dharmoM kI samIkSA kI hai / apane grantha dhUrtAkhyAna meM vastuta: dArzanikoM meM anya darzanoM ke jAnane aura unakA vivaraNa prastuta ve dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM panapa rahe andhavizvAsoM kA sacoTa khaNDana karane kI jo pravRtti vikasita huI thI usakA mUla AdhAra virodhI matoM bhI karate haiM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ve na to apane virodhI ke kA nirAkaraNa karanA hI thaa| siddhasena bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiM / sAtha vicAroM ko bhrAnta rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura na unake sambandha meM aziSTa hI paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki siddhasena kI kRtiyoM bhASA kA prayoga hI karate haiN| meM anya darzanoM kA jo vivaraNa upalabdha hai vaha bhI pATha-bhraSTatA aura vyAkhyA ke abhAva ke kAraNa adhika prAmANika nahIM hai / yadyapi siddhasena darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA aura usameM haribhadra kA sthAna divAkara, samantabhadra, jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi haribhadra ke pUrvavartI yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke samagra itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha

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670 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 darzanoM ke siddhAnta ko eka hI grantha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahA~ haribhadra karane ke kSetra meM hue prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI binA kisI khaNDana-maNDana ke nirapekSa bhAva se tatkAlIna vividha darzanoM ko ve prathama vyakti haiM jinhoMne sabhI pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ko prastuta karate haiM, vahA~ vaidika paramparA ke ina donoM kI mUlabhUta zailI niSpakSa rUpa se eka hI grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai / haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya khaNDanaparaka hI hai / ata: ina donoM granthoM meM anya dArzanika matoM ke kI koTi kA aura usase prAcIna darzana saMgrAhaka koI anya grantha hameM prastutIkaraNa meM vaha niSppakSatA aura udAratA parilakSita nahIM hotI, jo prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM hai| haribhadra ke pUrva taka jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM hI paramparAoM isake pazcAt vaidika paramparA ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM ke kisI bhI AcArya ne apane kAla ke sabhI darzanoM kA niSpakSa paricaya dene madhusUdana sarasvatI ke 'prasthAna-bheda' kA krama AtA hai / madhusUdana kI dRSTi se kisI bhI grantha kI racanA nahIM kI thii| unake granthoM meM apane sarasvatI ne darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa Astika aura nAstika ke rUpa meM kiyA virodhI matoM kA prastutIkaraNa mAtra unake khaNDana kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| hai| nAstika-avaidika darzanoM meM ve cha: prasthAnoM kA ullekha karate haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva siddhasena divAkara aura samantabhadra ne isameM bauddha darzana ke cAra sampradAya tathA cArvAka aura jainoM kA samAveza anya darzanoM ke vivaraNa to prastuta kiye haiM kintu unakI dRSTi bhI huA hai / Astika-vaidika darzanoM meM-nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, khaNDanaparaka hI hai / vividha darzanoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane kI dRSTi pUrvamImAMsA aura uttaramImAMsA kA samAveza huA hai / inhoMne pAzupata se mallavAdI kA nayacakra mahattvapUrNa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai kintu darzana evaM vaiSNava darzana kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / paM0 dalasukhabhAI usakA mukhya uddezya bhI pratyeka darzana kI apUrNatA ko sUcita karate hue mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra prasthAna-bheda ke lekhaka kI eka vizeSatA anakAntavAda kI sthApanA karanA hai / paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke avazya hai jo use pUrva ullikhita vaidika paramparA ke anya darzanazabdoM meM nayacakra kI kalpanA ke pIche AcArya kA Azaya yaha hai ki koI saMgrAhaka granthoM se alaga karatI hai, vaha yaha ki isa grantha meM vaidika darzanoM bhI mata apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM hai / jisa prakAra usa mata kI sthApanA ke pArasparika virodha kA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA hai ki ina dalIloM se ho sakatI hai usI prakAra usakA utthApana bhI virodhI matoM kI prasthAnoM ke prastotA sabhI muni bhrAnta to nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve sarvajJa dalIloM se ho sakatA hai| sthApanA aura utthApana kA yaha cakra calatA the| cU~ki bAhya viSayoM meM lage hue manuSyoM kA parama puruSArtha meM pravaSTi rahatA hai / ataeva anekAntavAda meM ye mata yadi apanA ucita sthAna prApta honA kaThina hotA hai, ataeva nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie ina kareM, tabhI ucita hai anyathA nhiiN|' nayacakra kI mUladRSTi bhI svapakSa muniyoM ne darzana prasthAnoM ke bheda kiye haiN| isa prakAra prasthAna-bheda meM arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana kI hI hai / isa yatkiJcit udAratA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai kintu yaha udAratA kevala prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka niSpakSa bhAva se koI bhI vaidika paramparA ke Astika darzanoM ke sandarbha meM hI hai, nAstikoM kA darzana-saMgrAhaka grantha nahIM likhA gayA / nirAkaraNa karanA to sarvadarzanakaumudIkAra ko bhI iSTa hI hai / isa prakAra jainetara paramparAoM ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM AcArya zaMkara darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM haribhadra kI jo niSpakSa aura udAra dRSTi hai vaha hameM viracita mAne jAne vAle 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' kA ullekha kiyA jA anya paramparAoM meM racita darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM nahIM milatI hai / yadyapi sakatA hai / yadyapi yaha kRti mAdhavAcArya ke sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI apekSA vartamAna meM bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle prAcIna hai, phira bhI isake Adya zaMkarAcArya dvArA viracita hone meM sandeha aneka grantha likhe jA rahe haiM kintu unameM bhI lekhaka kahIM na kahIM apane hai / isa grantha meM bhI pUrvadarzana kA uttaradarzana ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue iSTa darzana ko hI antima satya ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA pratIta hotA hai| anta meM advaita vedAnta kI sthApanA kI gayI hai / ata: kisI sImA haribhadra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM likhe gae darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM taka isakI zailI ko nayacakra kI zailI ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai meM ajJAtakartRka 'sarvasiddhAntapravezaka' kA sthAna AtA hai kintu itanA nizcita kintu jahA~ nayacakra, antima mata kA bhI prathama mata se khaNDana hai ki yaha grantha kisI jaina AcArya dvArA praNIta hai, kyoMki isake maMgalAcaraNa karavAkara kisI bhI eka darzana ko antima satya nahIM mAnatA hai, vahA~ meM 'sarvabhAva praNetAraM praNipatya jinezvaraM' aisA ullekha hai| paM0 sukhalAla 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' vedAnta ko ekamAtra aura antima satya svIkAra saMghavI ke anusAra prastuta grantha kI pratipAdana zailI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya karatA hai / ata: yaha eka darzanasaMgrAhaka grantha hokara bhI niSpakSa dRSTi kA hI anusaraNa karatI hai / antara mAtra yaha hai ki jahA~ haribhadra kA grantha kA pratipAdaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya padya meM hai vahA~ sarvasiddhAntapravezaka gadya meM hai / sAtha hI yaha grantha haribhadra ke kI jo vizeSatA hai vaha isameM nahIM hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI apekSA kucha vistUta bhI hai| jainatara paramparAoM meM darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna jaina paramparA ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna jIvadevasUri mAdhavAcArya (I0 1350?) ke 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kA AtA hai / kintu ke ziSya AcArya jinadattasUri (vikrama 1265) ke 'vivekavilAsa' kA 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI mUlabhUta dRSTi bhI yahI hai ki vedAnta hI ekamAtra AtA hai / isa grantha ke aSTama ullAsa meM SaDdarzanavicAra nAmaka prakaraNa samyagdarzana hai / 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' aura 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' donoM kI hai, jisameM jaina, mImAMsaka, bauddha, sAMkhya, zaiva aura nAstika- ina cha:

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darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra isa grantha kI eka vizeSatA to yaha hai ki isameM nyAyavaizeSikoM kA samAveza zaivadarzana meM kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM isakA kAraNa lekhaka ke dvArA haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA anusaraNa karanA hI hai, kyoMki usameM bhI nyAyadarzana ke devatA ke rUpa meM ziva kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai samadarzI AcArya haribhadra - 'akSapAdamate devaH sRSTisaMhArakRcchivaH' / / 13 / / yaha grantha bhI haribhadra ke Sahadarzanasamuccaya ke samAna kevala paricayAtmaka aura niSpakSa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai aura AkAra meM mAtra 66 zloka pramANa haiM / jaina paramparA meM darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM tIsarA krama rAjazekhara (vikrama 1405) ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA AtA hai| isa grantha meM jaina, sAMkhya, jaiminIya, yoga, vaizeSika aura saugata (bauddha) ina chaH darzanoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke samAna hI isa grantha meM bhI ina sabhI ko Astika kahA gayA hai aura anta meM nAstika ke rUpa meM cArvAka darzana kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura rAjazekhara ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM eka mukhya antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki darzanoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM jahA~ haribhadra jainadarzana ko cauthA sthAna dete haiM vahA~ rAjazekhara jainadarzana ko prathama sthAna dete haiN| paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra sambhavataH isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki rAjazekhara apane samakAlIna dArzanikoM ke abhinivezayukta prabhAva se apane ko dUra nahIM rakha sake / - paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI sUcanA ke anusAra rAjazekhara ke kAla kA hI eka anya darzana saMgrAhaka grantha AcArya merutuMgakRta 'SaDdarzananirNaya' hai| isa grantha meM merutuMga ne jaina, bauddha, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, nyAya aura vaizeSika ina chaH darzanoM kI mImAMsA kI hai kintu isa kRti meM haribhadra jaisI udAratA nahIM hai| yaha mukhyatayA jainamata kI sthApanA aura anya matoM ke khaNDana ke liye likhA gayA hai| isako ekamAtra vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM mahAbhArata, smRti, purANa Adi ke AdhAra para jainamata kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI prastAvanA meM isa bAta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki somatilakasUrikRta 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI vRtti ke anta meM ajJAtakRta eka kRti mudrita hai| isameM bhI jaina, nyAya, bauddha, vaizeSika, jaiminIya, sAMkhya aura cArvAka aise sAta darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA gayA hai kintu anta meM anya darzanoM ko durnaya kI koTi meM rakhakara jainadarzana ko ucca zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra isakA lekhaka bhI apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se dUra nahIM rakha skaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA meM bhAratIya itihAsa meM haribhadra hI ekamAtra aise vyakti haiM jinhoMne niSpakSa bhAva se aura pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha apane grantha meM anya darzanoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isa kSetra meM ve abhI taka advitIya haiN| 671 samIkSA meM ziSTabhASA kA prayoga aura anya dharmapravartakoM ke prati bahumAna 1 darzana ke kSetra meM apanI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi tathA virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke khaNDana ke prayatna atyanta prAcInakAla se hote rahe haiN| pratyeka darzana apane mantavyoM kI puSTi ke liye anya dArzanika matoM kI samAlocanA karatA hai| svapakSa kA maNDana tathA parapakSa kA khaNDana- yaha dArzanikoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti rahI hai| haribhadra bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiN| phira bhI unakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki anya dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA meM ve sadaiva hI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM tathA virodhI darzanoM ke pravartakoM ke lie bhI bahumAna pradarzita karate haiN| dArzanika samIkSAoM ke kSetra meM eka yuga aisA rahA hai jisameM anya dArzanika paramparAoM ko na kevala bhraSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unake pravartakoM kA upahAsa bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina aura jainetara donoM hI paramparAe~ isa pravRtti se apane ko mukta nahIM rakha sakIM jaina paramparA ke siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra Adi diggaja dArzanika bhI jaba anya dArzanika paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate haiM to na kevala una paramparAoM kI mAnyatAoM ke prati, apitu unake pravartakoM ke prati bhI cuTIle vyaMgya kasa dete haiN| haribhadra svayaM bhI apane lekhana ke prArambhika kAla meM isa pravRtti ke apavAda nahIM rahe haiN| jaina AgamoM kI TIkA meM aura dhUrtAkhyAna jaise granthoM kI racanA meM ve svayaM bhI isa prakAra ke cuTIle vyaMgya kasate haiM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki vidvattA kI praur3hatA ke sAtha haribhadra meM dhIre-dhIre yaha pravRtti lupta ho jAtI hai aura apane paravartI granthoM meM ve anya paramparAoM aura unake pravartakoM ke prati atyanta ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM tathA unake prati bahumAna sUcita karate haiN| isake kucha udAharaNa hameM unake grantha 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| apane anya zAstravArtAsamuccaya' ke prArambha meM hI andha-racanA kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue ve likhate haiM yaM zrutvA sarvazAstreSu prAyastattvavinizcayaH / jAyate dveSazamanaH svargasiddhisukhAvahaH / / 3 arthAt isakA adhyayana karane se anya darzanoM ke prati dveSa buddhi samApta hokara tattva kA bodha ho jAtA hai / isa grantha meM ve kapila ko divya puruSa evaM mahAmuni ke rUpa meM sUcita karate haiM kapilo divyo hi sa mahAmuniH (zAstravArtAsamuccaya 237) isI prakAra ve buddha ko bhI arhat mahAmuniH suvaidya Adi vizeSaNoM se abhihita karate haiM yato buddho mahAmuniH suvaidyavat (vahI, 465-466) yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora anya dArzanika apane virodhI dArzanikoM kA khulakara parihAsa karate haiM nyAyadarzana ke praNetA maharSi gautama ko gAya kA bachar3A yA baila aura maharSi kaNAda ko ullU kahate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora haribhadra apane virodhiyoM ke lie mahAmuni aura arhat jaise sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate haiN| 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM yadyapi anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI spaSTa samAlocanA hai kintu sampUrNa grantha meM aisA koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA jahA~ haribhadra ne ziSTatA kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kiyA ho| isa .

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672 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prakAra haribhadra ne anya paramparAoM ke prati jisa ziSTatA aura AdarabhAva haiN| ve likhate haiM ki "satya nyAya kI dRSTi se prakRti karma-prakRti hI kA paricaya diyA hai, vaha hameM jaina aura jainetara kisI bhI paramparA ke anya hai aura isa rUpa meM prakRtivAda bhI ucita hai kyoMki usake vaktA kapila granthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotii| ___ divya-puruSa aura mahAmuni haiM / 16 haribhadra ne anya darzanoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAt unameM nihita 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM haribhadra ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, sAratattva yA satya ko samajhane kA jo prayAsa kiyA, vaha bhI atyanta hI vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI bhI samIkSA kI hai kintu ve ina dhAraNAoM mahattvapUrNa hai aura unake udAracetA vyaktitva ko ujAgara karatA hai| meM nihita satya ko bhI dekhane kA prayatna karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki yadyapi haribhadra cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA karate hue usake bhUta svabhAvavAda mahAmuni aura arhat buddha uddezyahIna hokara kisI siddhAnta kA upadeza nahIM kA khaNDana karate haiM aura usake sthAna para karmavAda kI sthApanA karate karate / unhoMne kSaNikavAda kA upedaza padArtha ke prati hamArI Asakti ke haiM / kintu siddhAnta meM karma ke jo do rUpa-dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma mAne nivAraNa ke liye hI diyA hai kyoMki jaba vastu kA anitya aura vinAzazIla gae haiM usameM eka ora bhAvakarma ke sthAna ko svIkAra nahIM karane ke svarUpa samajha meM A jAtA hai to usake prati Asakti gaharI nahIM hotii| isI kAraNa jahA~ ve cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora ve prakAra vijJAnavAda kA upadeza bhI bAhya padArthoM ke prati tRSNA ko samApta dravyakarma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue cArvAka ke bhUta svabhAvavAda karane ke lie hI hai / yadi saba kucha citta ke vikalpa haiM aura bAhya rUpa kI sArthakatA ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki bhautika tattvoM satya nahIM hai to unake prati tRSNA utpanna hI nahIM hogii| isI prakAra kucha kA prabhAva bhI caitanya para par3atA hai / 11 pa0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI likhate sAdhakoM kI manobhUmikA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara saMsAra kI nissAratA kA bodha haiM ki haribhadra ne donoM pakSoM arthAt bauddha evaM mImAMsakoM ke anusAra karAne ke lie zUnyavAda kA upadeza diyA hai| isa prakAra haribhadra kI dRSTi karmavAda ke prasaMga meM cittavAsanA kI pramukhatA ko tathA cArvAkoM ke meM bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda-ina tInoM siddhAntoM anusAra bhautika tattva kI pramukhatA ko eka-eka pakSa ke rUpa meM kA mUla uddezya yahI hai ki vyakti kI jagat ke prati utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA parasparapUraka evaM satya mAnakara kahA ki jaina karmavAda meM cArvAka aura kA prahANa ho| mImAMsaka tathA bauddhoM ke mantavyoM kA samela huA hai / 12 / advaitavAda kI samIkSA karate hue haribhadra spaSTa rUpa se yaha isI prakAra 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM haribhadra yadyapi nyAya- batAte haiM ki sAmAnya kI dRSTi se to advaita kI avadhAraNA bhI satya vaizeSika darzanoM dvArA mAnya IzvaravAda evaM jagata-kartRtvavAda kI avadhAraNaoM hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki viSamatA ke nivAraNa kI samIkSA karate haiM, kintu jahA~ cArvAkoM, bauddhoM aura anya jaina AcAryoM ke lie aura samabhAva kI sthApanA ke lie advaita kI bhUmikA bhI ne ina avadhAraNAoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai, vahA~ haribhadra inakI bhI Avazyaka hai|8 advaita parAyepana kI bhAvanA kA niSedha karatA hai, isa sArthakatA ko svIkAra karate haiM / haribhadra ne IzvaravAda kI avadhAraNA meM prakAra dveSa kA upazamana karatA hai / ata: vaha bhI asatya nahIM kahA bhI kucha mahattvapUrNa tathyoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to yaha jA sakatA / isI prakAra advaita vedAnta ke jJAna mArga ko bhI ve ki manuSya meM kaSTa ke samaya svAbhAvika rUpa se kisI aisI zakti ke prati samIcIna hI svIkAra karate haiM / 19 zraddhA aura prapatti kI bhAvanA hotI hai jisake dvArA vaha apane meM uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anya dArzanika AtmavizvAsa jAgRta kara sake / paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI likhate haiM ki avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA kA unakA prayatna samIkSA ke liye na hokara una mAnava mana kI prapatti yA zaraNAgati kI yaha bhAvanA mUla meM asatya to dArzanika paramparAoM kI satyatA ke mUlyAMkana ke liye hI hai| svayaM nahIM kahI jA sakatI / unakI isa apekSA ko Thesa na pahu~ce tathA tarka unhoMne 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' ke prAkkathana meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki va buddhivAda ke sAtha IzvaravAdI avadhAraNA kA samanvaya bhI ho, isalie prastuta grantha kA uddezya anya paramparAoM ke prati dveSa kA upazamana karanA unhoMne (haribhadra ne) Izvara-kartRtvavAda kI avadhAraNA ko apane DhaMga se aura satya kA bodha karanA hai / uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / 13 haribhadra kahate haiM ki jo vyakti unhoMne ImAnadArI se pratyeka dArzanika mAnyatA ke mUlabhUta uddezyoM ko AdhyAtmika nirmalatA ke phalasvarUpa apane vikAsa kI uccatama bhUmikA samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura isa prakAra ve Alocaka ke sthAna para ko prApta huA ho vaha asAdhAraNa AtmA hai aura vahI Izvara yA siddha puruSa satya ke gaveSaka hI adhika pratIta hote haiN| hai / usa Adarza svarUpa ko prApta karane ke kAraNa kartA tathA bhakti kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa upAsya hai| isake sAtha hI haribhadra yaha bhI mAnate anya darzanoM ke gambhIra adhyetA evaM niSpakSa vyAkhyAkAra haiM ki pratyeka jIva tattvata: apane zuddha rUpa meM paramAtmA aura apane bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM apane se itara paramparAoM ke gambhIra bhaviSya kA nirmAtA hai aura isa dRSTi se yadi vicAra kareM to vaha 'Izvara' adhyayana kI pravRtti prArambha meM hameM dRSTigata nahIM hotI hai / bAdarAyaNa, bhI hai aura 'kartA bhI hai / isa prakAra Izvara-kartRtvavAda bhI samIcIna hI jaimini Adi diggaja vidvAn bhI jaba darzanoM kI samAlocanA karate haiM to siddha hotA hai / 5 haribhadra sAMkhyoM ke prakRtivAda kI bhI samIkSA karate haiM, aisA lagatA hai ki ve dUsare darzanoM ko apane satahI jJAna ke AdhAra para kintu ve prakRti ko jaina paramparA meM svIkRta karmaprakRti ke rUpa meM dekhate bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta karake unakA khaNDana kara dete haiM / yaha satya hai ki

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 673 anaikAntika evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa anya darzanoM ke gambhIra ke samarthaka haiM kintu andhavizvAsoM evaM mithyA mAnyatAoM ke ve kaThora adhyayana kI paramparA kA vikAsa sarvaprathama jaina dArzanikoM ne hI kiyA samIkSaka bhI / hai| aisA lagatA hai ki haribhadra ne samAlocya pratyeka darzana kA ImAnadArIpUrvaka gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thA, kyoMki isake binA ve na to una darzanoM meM tarka yA buddhivAda kA samarthana nihita satyoM ko samajhA sakate the, na unakI svastha samIkSA hI kara haribhadra meM yadyapi eka dhArmika kI zraddhA hai kintu ve zraddhA ko sakate the aura na unakA jaina mantavyoM ke sAtha samanvaya kara sakate the| tarka-virodhI nahIM mAnate haiN| unake lie tarkarahita zraddhA upAdeya nahIM hai| haribhadra anya darzanoM ke adhyayana taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, apitu unhoMne ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki na to mahAvIra ke prati merA koI rAga hai unake kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM para taTastha bhAva se TIkAe~ bhI likhIM / diGnAga aura na kapila Adi ke prati koI dveSa hI hai - ke 'nyAyapraveza' para unakI TIkA mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai / pataJjali ke pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / 'yogasUtra' kA unakA adhyayana bhI kAphI gambhIra pratIta hotA hai kyoMki yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kAryaH parigrahaH / / unhoMne usI ke AdhAra para evaM navIna dRSTikoNa se yogadRSTisamuccaya, - lokatattvanirNaya, 38 yogabindu, yogaviMzikA Adi granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isa prakAra haribhadra unake kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki satya ke gaveSaka aura - jaina aura jainetara paramparAoM ke eka ImAnadAra adhyetA evaM vyAkhyAkAra sAdhanA ke pathika ko pUrvAgrahoM se yukta hokara vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI bhI haiM / jisa prakAra prazastapAda ne darzana granthoM kI TIkA likhate samaya samIkSA karanI cAhie aura unameM jo bhI yukti saMgata lage use svIkAra tad-tad darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA anusaraNa karate hue taTastha bhAra rakhA, karanA cAhie / yadyapi isake sAtha hI ve buddhivAda se panapane vAle doSoM usI prakAra haribhadra ne bhI itara paramparAoM kA vivecana karate samaya taTastha ke prati bhI saceSTa haiN| ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki yukti aura tarka bhAva rakhA hai| kA upayoga kevala apanI mAnyatAoM kI puSTi ke lie hI nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye, apitu satya kI khoja ke lie kiyA jAnA cAhieandhavizvAsoM kA nirbhIka rUpa se khaNDana AgrahI vata ninISati yuktiM tatra yatra tasya matirniviSTA / yadyapi haribhadra anya dhArmika evaM dArzanika paramparAoM ke prati niSpakSapAtasya tu yuktiryatra tatra tasya matireti nivezam / / eka udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTikoNa ko lekara calate haiM, kintu isakA AgrahI vyakti apanI yukti (tarka) kA bhI prayoga vahIM karatA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki ve unake atarkasaMgata andhavizvAsoM ko prazraya dete hai jise vaha siddha athavA khaNDita karanA cAhatA hai, jabaki anAgrahI yA haiN| eka ora ve anya paramparAoM ke prati AdarabhAva rakhate hue unameM niSpakSa vyakti jo use yuktisaMgata lagatA hai, use svIkAra karatA hai / isa nihita satyoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, to dUsarI ora unameM pala rahe prakAra haribhadra na kevala yukti yA tarka ke samarthaka haiM kintu ve yaha bhI andhavizvAsoM kA nirbhIka rUpa se khaNDana bhI karate haiM / isa dRSTi se unakI spaSTa karate haiM ki tarka yA yukti kA prayoga apanI mAnyatAoM kI puSTi do racanAe~ bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiM- (1) dhUrtAkhyAna aura yA apane virodhI mAnyatAoM ke khaNDana ke liye na karake satya kI (2) dvijavadanacapeTikA / 'dhUrtAkhyAna' meM unhoMne paurANika paramparAoM meM gaveSaNA ke liye karanA cAhie aura jahA~ bhI satya parilakSita ho use pala rahe andhavizvAsoM kA sacoTa nirasana kiyA hai| haribhadra ne dhUrtAkhyAna meM svIkAra karanA cAhie / isa prakAra ve zuSka tArkika na hokara satyaniSTha vaidika paramparA meM vikasita isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki brahmA ke mukha tArkika haiN| se brAhmaNa, bAhu se kSatriya, peTa se vaizya tathA paira se zUdra utpanna hue haiN| isI prakAra kucha paurANika mAnyatAoM yathA-zaMkara ke dvArA apanI jaTAoM karmakANDa ke sthAna para sadAcAra para bala meM gaMgA ko samA lenA, vAyu ke dvArA hanumAna kA janma, sUrya ke dvArA kuntI haribhadra kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne dharma sAdhanA ko se karNa kA janma, hanumAna ke dvArA pUre parvata ko uThA lAnA, vAnaroM ke dvArA karmakANDa ke sthAna para AdhyAtmika pavitratA aura cAritrika nirmalatA ke setu bA~dhanA, zrIkRSNa ke dvArA govardhana parvata dhAraNa karanA, gaNeza kA pArvatI sAtha jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA ke aMgoM ke zarIra ke maila se utpanna honA, pArvatI kA himAlaya kI putrI honA Adi ke rUpa meM darzana (zraddhA), jJAna aura cAritra (zIla) ko svIkAra kiyA aneka paurANika mAnyatAoM kA vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM nirasana kiyA hai| gayA hai| haribhadra bhI dharma-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM ina tInoM kA sthAna svIkAra karate haribhadra dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathA ke mAdhyama se kucha kAlpanika bAteM prastuta karate haiM kintu ve yaha mAnate haiM ki na to zraddhA ko andhazraddhA bananA cAhie, na haiM aura phira kahate haiM ki yadi purANoM meM kahI gayI uparyukta bAteM satya haiM jJAna ko kutarka Azrita honA cAhie aura na AcAra ko kevala bAhyakarmakANDoM to ye satya kyoM nahIM ho sakatIM / isa prakAra dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve vyaMgyAtmaka taka sImita rakhanA cAhie / ve kahate haiM ki 'jina' para merI zraddhA kA kAraNa kintu ziSTa zailI meM paurANika mithyA-vizvAsoM kI samIkSA karate haiM / isI rAga-bhAva nahIM hai, apitu unake upadeza kI yuktisaMgatatA hai| isa prakAra ve prakAra dvijavadanacapeTikA meM bhI unhoMne brAhmaNa paramparA meM pala rahI mithyA- zraddhA ke sAtha buddhi ko jor3ate haiM, kintu nirA tarka bhI unheM iSTa nahIM hai| dhAraNAoM evaM varNa-vyavasthA kA sacoTa khaNDana kiyA hai / haribhadra satya ve kahate haiM ki tarka kA vAgjAla vastuta: eka vikRti hai jo hamArI zraddhA

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674 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 evaM mAnasika zAnti ko bhaMga karane vAlA hai| vaha jJAna kA abhimAna yogyatA ke AdhAra para hai| jisa prakAra vaidya alaga-alaga vyaktiyoM ko utpanna karane ke kAraNa bhAva-zatru hai| isalie mukti ke icchuka ko tarka unakI prakRti kI bhinnatA aura roga kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para alagake vAgjAla se apane ko mukta rakhanA cAhie / 21 vastuta: ve samyagjJAna alaga auSadhi pradAna karatA hai, usI prakAra mahAtmAjana bhI saMsArarUpI aura tarka meM eka antara sthApita karate haiN| tarka kevala vikalpoM kA vyAdhi haraNa karane hetu sAdhakoM kI prakRti ke anurUpa sAdhanA kI bhinnasRjana karatA hai, ata: unakI dRSTi meM nirI tArkikatA AdhyAtmika bhinna vidhiyA~ batAte haiM / 25 ve puna: kahate haiM ki RSiyoM ke upadeza kI vikAsa meM bAdhaka hI hai| 'zAstra- vArtAsamuccaya' meM unhoMne dharma ke do bhinnatA, upAsakoM kI prakRtigata bhinnatA athavA dezakAlagata bhinnatA ke vibhAga kiye haiM- eka saMjJAna-yoga aura dUsarA puNya-lakSaNa / 22 jJAnayoga AdhAra para hokara tattvata: eka hI hotI hai / 26 vastuta: viSaya-vAsanAoM vastutaH zAzvata satyoM kI aparokSAnubhUti hai aura isa prakAra vaha tArkika se AkrAnta logoM ke dvArA RSiyoM kI sAdhanAgata vividhatA ke AdhAra jJAna se bhinna hai| haribhadra ke anusAra andhazraddhA se mukta hone ke lie para svayaM dharma-sAdhanA kI upAdeyatA para koI praznacihna lagAnA anucita tarka evaM yukti ko satya kA gaveSaka honA cAhie, na ki khaNDana- hI hai| vastuta: haribhadra kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki dharma-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM bAhya maNDanAtmaka / khaNDana-maNDanAtmaka tarka yA yukti sAdhanA ke kSetra meM AcAragata bhinnatA yA upAsya kI nAmagata bhinnatA bahuta mahattvapUrNa nahIM upayogI nahIM hai, isa tathya kI vistRta carcA unhoMne apane grantha hai| mahattvapUrNa yaha hai ki vyakti apane jIvana meM vAsanAoM kA kitanA yogadRSTisamuccaya meM kI hai / 23 isI prakAra dhArmika AcAra ko bhI ve zamana kara sakA hai, usakI kaSAyeM kitanI zAnta huI haiM aura usake zuSka karmakANDa se pRthak rakhanA cAhate haiN| yadyapi haribhadra ne karmakANDaparaka jIvana meM samabhAva aura anAsakti kitanI sadhI hai| grantha likhe haiM, kintu paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne pratiSThAkalpa Adi ko haribhadra dvArA racita mAnane meM sandeha vyakta kiyA hai| haribhadra ke samasta mokSa ke sambandha meM udAra dRSTikoNa upadezAtmaka sAhitya, zrAvaka evaM muni-AcAra se sambandhita sAhitya haribhadra anya dharmAcAryoM ke samAna yaha abhiniveza nahIM rakhate ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki ve dhArmika jIvana ke lie sadAcAra para haiM ki mukti kevala hamArI sAdhanA-paddhati yA hamAre dharma se hI hogii| hI adhika bala dete haiN| unhoMne apane granthoM meM AcAra sambandhI jina bAtoM unakI dRSTi meM mukti kevala hamAre dharma meM hai- aisI avadhAraNA hI bhrAnta kA nirdeza kiyA hai ve bhI mukhyatayA vyakti kI cAritrika nirmalatA aura hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kaSAyoM ke upazamana ke nimitta hI haiN| jIvana meM kaSAyeM upazAnta hoM, nAsAmbaratve na sitAmbaratve, na tarkavAde na ca tttvvaade| samabhAva sadhe yahI unakI dRSTi meM sAdhanA kA mukhya uddezya hai| dharma ke na pakSasevAzrayena mukti, kaSAya mukti kila muktirev|| nAma para panapane vAle thothe karmakANDa evaM chadya jIvana kI unhoMne khulakara arthAt mukti na to sapheda vastra pahanane se hotI hai, na digambara nindA kI hai aura muniveza meM aihikatA kA poSaNa karane vAloM ko Ar3e rahane se, tArkika vAda-vivAda aura tattvacarcA se bhI mukti prApta nahIM ho hAthoM liyA hai, unakI dRSTi meM dharma sAdhanA kA artha hai sktii| kisI eka siddhAnta vizeSa meM AsthA rakhane yA kisI vyakti adhyAtma bhAvanA dhyAnaM samatA vRttisaMkSayaH / vizeSa kI sevA karane se bhI mukti asambhava hai| mukti to vastuta: kaSAyoM mokSeNa yojanAdyoga eSa zreSTho yathottaram / / arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha se mukta hone meM hai / ve spaSTa rUpa - yogabindu, 31 se isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki mukti kA AdhAra koI dharma, sAdhanAgata vividhatA meM ekatA kA darzana sampradAya athavA vizeSa vezabhUSA nahIM hai / vastuta: jo vyakti samabhAva dharma sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upalabdha vividhatAoM kA bhI unhoMne kI sAdhanA karegA, vItarAga dazA ko prApta karegA, vaha mukta hogaa| unake samyak samAdhAna khojA hai| jisa prakAra 'gItA' meM vividha devoM kI zabdoM meMupAsanA ko yuktisaMgata siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra seyaMbaroya AsaMbaro ya buddho ya ahava aNNo vA / haribhadra ne bhI sAdhanAgata vividhatAoM ke bIca eka samanvaya sthApita samabhAvabhAvi appA lahai mukkhaM na saMdeho / / karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra rAjA ke vibhinna arthAt jo bhI samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA vaha nizcita hI mokSa sevaka apane AcAra aura vyavahAra meM alaga-alaga hokara bhI rAjA ke ko prApta karegA, phira cAhe vaha zvetAmbara ho yA digambara ho, bauddha ho sevaka haiM- usI prakAra sarvajJoM dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-paddhatiyA~ bAhyataH yA anya kisI dharma ko mAnane vAlA ho| bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI tattvataH eka hI haiN| sarvajJoM kI dezanA meM nAma Adi kA bheda hotA hai, tattvata: bheda nahIM hotA hai / 24 sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upAsya kA nAma-bheda mahattvapUrNa nahIM haribhadra kI dRSTi meM AcAragata aura sAdhanAgata jo bhinnatA hai haribhadra kI dRSTi meM ArAdhya ke nAma-bhedoM ko lekara dharma ke vaha mukhya rUpa se do AdhAroM para hai| eka sAdhakoM kI rucigata vibhinnatA ke kSetra meM vivAda karanA ucita nahIM hai| lokatattvanirNaya meM ve kahate haiMAdhAra para aura dUsarI nAmoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra pr| ve spaSTa rUpa se yasya anikhilAzca doSA na santi sarve guNAzca vidyante / kahate haiM ki RSiyoM ke upadeza meM jo bhinnatA hai vaha upAsakoM kI brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai / /

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 675 vastuta: jisake sabhI doSa vinaSTa ho cuke haiM aura jinameM sabhI se carcA kI thI, aba maiM unakI krAntidharmitA kI carcA karanA caahuuNgaa| guNa vidyamAna haiM phira use cAhe brahmA kahA jAye, cAhe viSNu, cAhe jina kahA jAya, usameM bheda nhiiN| sabhI, dharma aura darzanoM meM usa paramatattva yA krAntadarzI haribhadra paramasattA ko rAga-dveSa, tRSNA aura Asakti se rahita viSaya-vAsanAoM haribhadra ke dharma-darzana ke krAntikArI tattva vaise to unake sabhI se Upara uThI huI pUrNaprajJa tathA parama kAruNika mAnA gayA hai, kintu granthoM meM kahIM na kahIM dikhAI dete haiM, phira bhI zAstravArtAsamuccaya, hamArI dRSTi usa paramatattva ke mUlabhUta svarUpa para na hokara nAmoM para TikI dhUrtAkhyAna aura sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve vizeSarUpa se parilakSita hote haiN| hotI hai aura isI ke AdhAra para hama vivAda karate haiM / jaba ki yaha nAmoM jahA~ zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve dUsaroM kI kamiyoM ko kA bheda apane Apa meM koI artha nahIM rakhatA hai / yogadRSTisamuccaya meM ujAgara karate haiM vahIM sambodhaprakaraNa meM apane pakSa kI samIkSA karate hue ve likhate haiM ki usakI kamiyoM kA bhI nirbhIka rUpa se citraNa karate haiN| sadAzivaH paraM brahma siddhAtmA tathateti ca / haribhadra apane yuga ke dharma-sampradAyoM meM upasthita antara aura zabdestad ucyate'nvarthAd eka evaivamAdibhiH / / bAhya ke dvaita ko ujAgara karate hue kahate haiM, "loga dharma-mArga kI bAteM arthAt sadAziva, pabrahma, siddhAtmA, tathAgata Adi nAmoM meM karate haiM, kintu sabhI to usa dharma-mArga se rahita haiM27 / " mAtra bAharI kevala zabda bheda haiM, unakA artha to eka hI hai| vastuta: yaha nAmoM kA vivAda kriyAkANDa dharma nahIM hai / dharma to vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ paramAtma-tattva kI tabhI taka rahatA hai jaba taka hama usa AdhyAtmika sattA kI anubhUti nahIM gaveSaNA ho / dUsare zabdoM meM, jahA~ AtmAnubhUti ho, 'sva' ko jAnane aura kara pAte haiM / vyakti jaba vItarAga, vItatRSNA yA anAsakti kI bhUmikA pAne kA prayAsa ho / jahA~ paramAtma-tattva ko jAnane aura pAne kA prayAsa kA sparza karatA hai taba usake sAmane nAmoM kA yaha vivAda nirarthaka ho nahIM hai vahA~ dharma-mArga nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM- jisameM paramAtma-tattva kI jAtA hai| vastuta: ArAdhya ke nAmoM kI bhinnatA bhASAgata bhinnatA hai, mArgaNA hai, paramAtmA kI khoja aura prApti hai, vahI dharma-mArga mukhya-mArga svarUpagata bhinnatA nhiiN| jo ina nAmoM ke vivAdoM meM ulajhatA hai, vaha hai28 / Age ve punaH dharma ke marma ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM- jahA~ anubhUti se vaMcita ho jAtA hai / ve kahate haiM ki jo usa paramatattva kI viSaya-vAsanAoM kA tyAga ho; krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobharUpI kaSAyoM anubhUti kara letA hai usake liye yaha zabdagata samasta vivAda nirarthaka se nivRtti ho; vahI dharma-mArga hai / jisa dharma-mArga yA sAdhanA-patha meM ho jAte haiN| isakA abhAva hai vaha to (haribhadra kI dRSTi meM) nAma kA dharma hai29| vastutaH isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki udAracetA, samanvayazIla aura dharma ke nAma para jo kucha huA hai aura ho rahA hai usake sambandha meM haribhadra satyaniSTha AcAryoM meM haribhadra ke samatulya kisI anya AcArya ko khoja kI yaha pIr3A marmAntaka hai| jahA~ viSaya-vAsanAoM kA poSaNa hotA ho, jahA~ pAnA kaThina hai| apanI ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya dArzanikoM ghRNA-dveSa aura ahaMkAra ke tattva apanI muTThI meM dharma ko daboce hue hoM, use ke itihAsa meM ve advitIya aura anupama haiM / dharma kahanA dharma kI viDambanA hai / haribhadra kI dRSTi meM vaha dharma nahIM apit / dharma ke nAma para dharma kA AvaraNa DAle hue kucha anya arthAt adharma hI krAntadarzI samAlocaka : jaina paramparA ke sandarbha meM hai| viSaya-vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM arthAt krodhAdi duSpravRttiyoM ke tyAga ke haribhadra ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM yaha ukti adhika sArthaka atirikta dharma kA anya koI rUpa ho hI nahIM sakatA hai| una sabhI logoM hai - 'kusumoM se adhika komala aura vajra se adhika kaThora / ' unake cintana kI, jo dharma ke nAma para apanI vAsanAoM aura ahaMkAra ke poSaNa kA meM eka ora udAratA hai, samanvayazIlatA hai, apane pratipakSI ke satya ko prayatna karate haiM aura mokSa ko apane adhikAra kI vastu mAnakara yaha kahate samajhane aura svIkAra karane kA vinamra prayAsa hai to dUsarI ora asatya aura haiM ki mokSa kevala hamAre dharma-mArga kA AcaraNa karane se hogA, samIkSA karate anAcAra ke prati tIvra Akroza bhI hai / durAgraha aura durAcAra phira cAhe vaha hue haribhadra yahA~ taka kaha dete haiM ki dharma-mArga kisI eka sampradAya kI apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho yA apane virodhI ke, unakI samAlocanA kA bapautI nahIM hai, jo bhI samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA vaha mukta hogA, vaha cAhe viSaya bane binA nahIM rahatA hai / ve udAra haiM, kintu satyAgrahI bhI / ve zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya koI30 / vastuta: usa yuga meM samanvayazIla haiM, kintu samAlocaka bhI / vastuta: eka satya-draSTA meM ye donoM jaba sAmpradAyika durabhiniveza Aja kI bhA~ti hI apane carama sImA para the, tattva svAbhAvika rUpa se hI upasthita hote haiM / jaba vaha satya kI khoja karatA yaha kahanA na kevala haribhadra kI udAratA kI sadAzayatA kA pratIka hai, hai to eka ora satya ko, cAhe phira vaha usake apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho apitu unake eka krAntadarzI AcArya hone kA pramANa bhI hai / unhoMne jainayA usake pratipakSI meM, vaha sadAzayatApUrvaka use svIkAra karatA hai, kintu paramparA ke nikSepa ke siddhAnta ko AdhAra banAkara dharma ko bhI cAra bhAgoM dUsarI ora asatya ko, cAhe phira vaha usake apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho yA meM vibhAjita kara diyA. usake pratipakSI meM, vaha sAhasapUrvaka use nakAratA hai / haribhadra ke vyaktitva kA yahI satyAgrahI svarUpa unakI udAratA aura krAntikAritA kA utsa (1) nAmadharma - dharma kA vaha rUpa jo dharma kahalAtA hai| kintu hai| pUrva meM maine haribhadra ke udAra aura samanvayazIla pakSa kI vizeSa rUpa jisameM dhArmikatA kA koI lakSaNa nahIM hai| vaha dharmatattva se rahita mAtra

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676 nAma kA dharma hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 (2) sthApanAdharma jina kriyAkANDoM ko dharma mAna liyA jAtA hai, hai, ve ' vastutaH dharma nahIM dhArmikatA ke paricAyaka bAhya rUpa mAtra haiN| pUjA, tApa Adi dharma ke pratIka haiM, kintu bhAvanA ke abhAva meM ve vastutaH dharma nahIM haiN| bhAvanArahita mAtra kriyAkANDa sthApanA dharma hai / - (3) dravyadharma ve AcAra-paramparAe~ jo kabhI dharma thIM yA dhArmika samajhI jAtI thIM, kintu vartamAna sandarbha meM dharma nahIM haiM / satvazUnya aprAsaMgika banI dharma-paramparAe~ hI dravyadharma haiN| (4) bhAvadharma jo vastutaH dharma hai vahI bhAva dharma hai| yathAsamabhAva kI sAdhanA viSayakaSAya se nivRtti Adi bhAvadharma haiN| haribhadra dharma ke ina cAra rUpoM meM bhAvadharma ko hI pradhAna mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra takrAdi ke saMyoga, manthana kI prakriyA aura agri dvArA paritApana ke phalasvarUpa dUdha rUpI AtmA ghRta rUpa paramAtmatattva ko prApta hotA hai / 32 ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki yaha jo bhAgavata dharma hai, vahI vizuddhi kA hetu hai / yadyapi haribhadra ke isa kathana kA yaha Azaya bhI nahIM lenA cAhie ki haribhadra karmakANDa ke pUrNataH virodhI haiN| unhoMne svayaM hI sambodhaprakaraNa kI lagabhaga 50-60 gAvAoM meM AtmazuddhiH nimitta jinapUjA aura usameM hone vAlI AzAtanAoM kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai| mAtra unakA pratipAdya yaha hai ki ina karmakANDoM kA mUlya bhAvanA-zuddhi ke AdhAra para hI nirdhArita hotA hai| yadi dhArmika jIvana meM vAsanA aura kaSAyoM kA zamana aura Atmavizuddhi nahIM hotI hai to karmakANDa kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jAtA hai / vastutaH haribhadra sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke AdhAra para hI sAdhana kA mUlyAMkana karate haiN| ve una vicArakoM meM se haiM jinheM dharma ke marma kI pahacAna hai, ataH ve dharma ke nAma para DhoMga, ADambara aura lokaiSaNA kI pUrti ke prayatnoM ko koI sthAna nahIM denA cAhate haiN| yahI unakI krAntadharmitA hai| " 273) / vastutaH yahA~ haribhadra ne mandira nirmANa pratiSThA, pUjA Adi kAryoM meM ulajhane para muni varga kA jo patana ho sakatA thA, usakA pUrvAnumAna kara liyA thaa| yati saMsthA ke vikAsa se unakA yaha anumAna satya hI siddha huA / isa sambandha meM unhoMne jo kucha likhA usameM eka aura unake yuga ke samAja ke prati unakI Atma-pIr3A mukhara ho rahI hai - to dUsarI ora usameM eka dharmakrAnti kA svara bhI sunAI de rahA hai| jinadravya ko apanI vAsanA pUrti kA sAdhana banAne vAle una zrAvakoM evaM tathAkathita zramaNoM ko lalakArate hue ve kahate haiM jo zrAvaka jinapravacana aura jJAna-darzana guNoM kI prabhAvanA aura vRddhi karane vAle jinadravya kA jinAzA ke viparIta upayoga karate haiM, dohana karate haiM athavA bhakSaNa karate haiM, ve kramazaH bhavasamudra meM bhramaNa karane vAle, durgati meM jAne vAle aura ananta saMsArI hote haiM / 35 isI prakAra jo sAdhu jinadravya kA bhojana karatA hai vaha prAyazcit kA pAtra hai / 36 vastutaH yaha saba isa tathya kabhI sUcaka hai ki usa yuga meM dharma sAdhanA kA mAdhyama na rahakara vAsanApUrti kA mAdhyama bana rahA thaa| ataH haribhadra jaise prabuddha AcArya ke liye usake prati saMgharSa karanA Avazyaka ho gayA / sambodhaprakaraNa meM haribhadra ne apane yuga ke jaina sAdhuoM kA jo citraNa kiyA hai vaha eka ora jaina dharma meM sAdhu-jIvana ke nAma para jo kucha ho rahA thA usake prati haribhadra kI pIr3A ko pradarzita karatA hai to dUsarI ora yaha bhI batAtA hai ki haribhadra tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke mUka darzaka aura taTastha samIkSaka hI nahIM the, apitu unake mana meM sAmAjika aura dhArmika krAnti kI eka tIvra AkAMkSA bhI thii| ve apanI samAlocanA ke dvArA janasamAja meM eka parivartana lAnA cAhate the / / tatkAlIna tathAkathita bhramaNoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra para kaTAkSa karate hue ve likhate haiM ki jina-pravacana meM pArzvastha avasanna, kuzIla, saMsakta aura yathAchanda (svecchAcArI)- ye pA~coM avandanIya haiN| yadyapi ye loga jaina muni kA veza dhAraNa karate haiM, kintu inameM munitva kA lakSaNa nahIM hai| muni veza dhAraNa karake hai| muni veza dhAraNa karake bhI kyA-kyA duSkarma karate the, isakA sajIva citraNa to ve apane grantha sambodhaprakaraNa ke dvitIya adhikAra meM 'kuguru gurvvAbhAsa pArzvastha Adi svarUpa' ke arntagata 171 gAthAoM meM vistAra se haribhadra ke yuga meM jaina paramparA meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa ho karate haiN| isa saMkSipta nibandha meM una sabakI samagra carcA evaM vyAkhyA karanA cukA thaa| apane Apako bhramaNa aura tyAgI kahane vAlA munivarga to sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI haribhadra kI kaThora samAlocaka dRSTi kA paricaya jinapUjA aura mandira nirmANa ke nAma para na kevala parigraha kA saMcaya kara dene ke liye kucha vivaraNa denA bhI Avazyaka hai| ve likhate haiM, ye munirahA thA, apitu jinadravya (jina pratimA ko samarpita dravya) kA apanI vezadhArI tathAkathita bhramaNa AvAsa dene vAle kA yA rAjA ke yahA~ kA bhojana viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM upayoga bhI kara rahA thaa| jina pratimA aura karate haiM, binA kAraNa hI apane liye lAe gae bhojana ko svIkAra karate jina mandira tathAkathita bhramaNoM kI dhyAna bhUmi yA sAdhanA bhUmi na banakara haiM, bhikSAcaryA nahIM karate haiM, Avazyaka karma arthAt pratikramaNa Adi zramaNabhoga-bhUmi bana rahe the| haribhadra jaise krAMtidarzI AcArya ke liye yaha saba jIvana ke anivArya kartavya kA pAlana nahIM karate haiM kautuka karma, bhUta-karma, dekha pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH unhoMne isake virodha meM apanI kalama bhaviSya phala evaM nimitta zAstra ke mAdhyama se dhana saMcaya karate haiM, ye ghRtacalAne kA nirNaya liyaa| ve likhate haiM dravya pUjA to gRhasthoM ke liye makkhana Adi vikRtiyoM ko saMcita karake khAte haiM, sUrya pramANa bhojI hote hai, muni ke lie to kevala bhAva-pUjA hai jo kevala muni vezadhArI haiM, haiM arthAt sUryodaya se sUryAsta taka aneka bAra khAte rahate haiM, na to 1 muni-AcAra kA pAlana nahIM karate haiM, unake lie dravya pUjA jina pravacana kI nindA kA kAraNa hone se ucita nahIM hai (sambodhaprakaraNa, 1/ / - sAdhUsamUha ( maNDalI) meM baiThakara bhojana karate haiM aura na kezaluMcana karate haiN| 20 phira ye karate kyA haiM? haribhadra likhate haiM ki ve savArI meM ghUmate haiM, .

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 677 akAraNa kaTi vastra bA~dhate haiM aura sArI rAta nizceSTa hokara sote rahate haiN| are, devadravya ke bhakSaNa meM tatpara, unmArga ke pakSadhara aura sAdhujanoM na to Ate-jAte samaya pramArjana karate haiM, na apanI upadhi (sAmagrI) kA ko dUSita karane vAle ina vezadhAriyoM ko saMgha mata kho| are, ina adharma prati-lekhana karate haiM aura na svAdhyAya hI karate haiM / aneSaNIya puSpa, aura anIti ke poSaka, anAcAra kA sevana karane vAle aura sAdhutA ke phUla aura peya grahaNa karate haiN| bhoja-samArohoM meM jAkara sarasa AhAra coroM ko saMgha mata kaho / jo aise (durAcAriyoM ke samUha) ko rAga yA grahaNa karate haiM / jina-pratimA kA rakSaNa evaM kraya-vikraya karate haiN| dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara bhI saMgha kahatA hai use bhI cheda-prAyazcitta hotA hai uccATana Adi karma karate haiN| nitya dina meM do bAra bhojana karate haiM tathA / 43 haribhadra punaH kahate haiM - jinAjJA kA apalApa karane vAle ina muni lavaMga, tAmbUla aura dUdha Adi vikRtiyoM kA sevana karate haiM / vipula vezadhAriyoM ke saMgha meM rahane kI apekSA to garbhavAsa aura narakavAsa kahIM mAtrA meM dukUla Adi vastra, bistara, jUte, vAhana Adi rakhate haiM / striyoM adhika zreyaskara hai / / 4 / / ke samakSa gIta gAte haiM / AryikAoM ke dvArA lAyI sAmagrI lete haiN| haribhadra kI yaha zabdAvalI isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki dharma loka-pratiSThA ke lie muNDana karavAte haiM tathA mukhavastrikA evaM rajoharaNa ke nAma para adharma kA poSaNa karane vAle apane hI sahavargiyoM ke prati unake dhAraNa karate haiM / caityoM meM nivAsa karate haiM, (dravya) pUjA Adi kArya mana meM kitanA vidroha evaM Akroza hai| ve tatkAlIna jaina-saMgha ko spaSTa Arambha karavAte haiM, jina-mandira banavAte haiM, hiraNya-suvarNa rakhate haiM, cetAvanI dete haiM ki aise logoM ko prazraya mata do, unakA Adara-satkAra mata nIca kuloM ko dravya dekara unase ziSya grahaNa karate haiM / mRtaka-kRtya karo, anyathA dharma kA yarthAtha svarUpa dhUmila ho jaaegaa| ve kahate haiM ki nimitta jina-pUjA karavAte haiM, mRtaka ke nimitta jina-dAna (car3hAvA) yadi Ama aura nIma kI jar3oM kA samAgama ho jAya to nIma kA kucha nahIM karavAte haiM / dhana-prApti ke liye gRhasthoM ke samakSa aMga-sUtra Adi kA bigar3egA, kintu usake saMsarga meM Ama kA avazya vinAza ho jaaegaa| pravacana karate haiN| apane hInAcArI mRta guru ke nimitta nadikarma, balikarma vastuta: haribhadra kI yaha krAntadarzitA yarthAtha hI hai, kyoMki durAcAriyoM ke Adi karate haiM / pATha-mahotsava racAte haiM / vyAkhyAna meM mahilAoM se sAnnidhya meM cAritrika patana kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai / ve svayaM kahate haiM, apanA guNagAna karavAte haiM / yati kevala striyoM ke sammukha aura jo jisakI mitratA karatA hai, tatkAla vaisA ho jAtA hai / tila jisa phala AryikAe~ kevala puruSoM ke sammukha vyAkhyAna karatI haiM / isa prakAra meM DAla diye jAte haiM usI kI gandha ke ho jAte haiM / 46 haribhadra isa mAdhyama jina-AjJA kA apalApa kara mAtra apanI vAsanAoM kA poSaNa karate haiN| se samAja ko una logoM ko satarka rahane kA nirdeza dete haiM jo dharma kA ye vyAkhyAna karake gRhasthoM se dhana kI yAcanA karate haiM / ye to jJAna ke nakAba DAle adharma meM jIte haiM kyoMki aise loga durAcAriyoM kI apekSA bhI vikretA haiM / aise AryikAoM ke sAtha rahane aura bhojana karane vAle bhI samAja ke liye adhika khataranAka haiN| AcArya aise logoM para kaTAkSa dravya saMgrAhaka, unmArga ke pakSadhara mithyAtvaparAyaNa na to muni kahe jA karate hue kahate haiM- jisa prakAra kulavadhU kA vezyA ke ghara jAnA niSiddha sakate haiM aura na AcArya hI / aise logoM kA vandana karane se na to hai, usI prakAra suzrAvaka ke liye hInAcArI yati kA sAnidhya niSiddha hai| kIrti hotI hai aura na nirjarA hI, isake viparIta zarIra ko mAtra kaSTa aura durAcArI agItArtha ke vacana sunane kI apekSA to dRSTi viSa sarpa kA karmabandhana hotA hai / 39 sAnnidhya yA halAhala viSa kA pAna kahIM adhika acchA hai (kyoMki ye vastuta: jisa prakAra gandagI meM girI huI mAlA ko koI bhI dhAraNa to eka jIvana kA vinAza karate haiM, jabaki durAcArI kA sAnnidhya to nahIM karatA hai, vaise hI ye bhI apUjya haiN| haribhadra aise vezadhAriyoM ko janma-janmAntara kA vinAza kara detA hai)|47 phaTakArate hue kahate haiM - yadi mahApUjanIya yati (muni) veza dhAraNa karake phira bhI aisA lagatA hai ki isa krAntadarzI AcArya kI bAta zuddha caritra kA pAlana tumhAre lie zakya nahIM hai to phira gRhastha veza kyoM anasunI ho rahI thI kyoMki zithilAcAriyoM ke apane tarka the / ve logoM nahIM dhAraNa kara lete ho? are, gRhasthaveza meM kucha pratiSThA to milegI, ke sammukha kahate the ki sAmagrI (zarIra-sAmarthya) kA abhAva hai| vakra kintu muni-veza dhAraNa karake yadi usake anurUpa AcaraNa nahIM karoge to jar3oM kA kAla hai| duSamA kAla meM vidhi mArga ke anurUpa AcaraNa kaThina ulTe nindA ke hI pAtra bnoge| yaha una jaise sAhasI AcArya kA kArya hai| yadi kaThora AcAra kI bAta kaheMge to koI muni vrata dhAraNa nahIM ho sakatA hai jo apane sahavargiyoM ko itane spaSTa rUpa meM kucha kaha ske| karegA / tIrthoccheda aura siddhAnta ke pravartana kA prazna hai, hama kyA kareM / jaisA ki maiMne pUrva pRSThoM meM carcA kI hai, haribhadra to itane udAra haiM ki ve unake ina tarkoM se prabhAvita ho mUrkha jana-sAdhAraNa kaha rahA thA ki kucha bhI apanI virodhI darzana-paramparA ke AcAryoM ko bhI mahAmuni, suvaidya jaise uttama ho veza to tIrthaGkara praNIta hai, ata: vandanIya hai| haribhadra bhArI mana meM se vizeSaNoM se sambodhita karate haiM, kintu ve utane hI kaThora honA bhI jAnate mAtra yahI kahate haiM ki maiM apane sira kI pIr3A kisase khuuN||9| haiM, vizeSa rUpa se unake prati jo dhArmikatA kA AvaraNa DAlakara bhI kintu yaha to pratyeka krAntikArI kI niyati hotI hai| prathama adhArmika haiM / aise logoM ke prati yaha krAntikArI AcArya kahatA hai - kSaNa meM janasAdhAraNa bhI usake sAtha nahIM hotA hai / ata: haribhadra kA isa aise duzzIla, sAdha-pizAcoM ko jo bhaktipUrvaka vandana namaskAra pIr3A se gujaranA unake krAntikArI hone kA hI pramANa hai / sambhavata: karatA hai, kyA vaha mahApApa nahIM hai ?42 are ! ina sukhazIla svacchandAcArI, jaina-paramparA meM yaha prathama avasara thA, jaba jaina samAja ke tathAkathita mokSa-mArga ke bairI, AjJAbhraSTa sAdhuoM ko saMyati arthAt muni mata kaho) muni varga ko itanA spaSTa zabdoM meM kisI AcArya ne latAr3A ho| ve svayaM

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678 1 duHkhI mana se kahate haiM - he prabhu ! jaMgala meM nivAsa aura daridra kA sAtha acchA hai, are vyAdhi aura mRtyu bhI zreSTha hai, kintu ina kuzIloM kA sAnnidhya acchA nahIM hai / are / (anya paramparA ke) hInAcArI kA sAtha bhI acchA ho sakatA hai, kintu ina kuzIloM kA sAtha to bilkula hI acchA nahIM hai / kyoMki hInAcArI to alpa nAza karatA hai kintu ye to zIlarUpI nidhi kA sarvanAza hI kara dete haiN| vastutaH isa kathana ke pIche AcArya kI eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi hai| kyoMki jaba hama kisI ko itara paramparA kA mAna lete haiM to usakI kamiyoM ko kamiyoM ke rUpa meM hI jAnate haiM ataH usake samparka ke kAraNa saMgha meM utanI vikRti nahIM AtI hai, jitanI jaina muni kA veza dhAraNa kara durAcAra kA sevana karane vAle ke samparka se / kyoMki usake samparka se usa para zraddhA hone para vyakti kA aura saMgha kA jIvana patita bana jaaegaa| yadi sadbhAgya se azraddhA huI to vaha jina pravacana ke prati azraddhA ko janma degA (kyoMki sAmAnyajana to zAstra nahIM varan usa zAstra ke anugAmI kA jIvana dekhatA hai), phalata: ubhayato sarvanAza kA kAraNa hogI, ataH AcArya haribhadra bArabAra jina zAsana- rasikoM ko nirdeza dete haiM aise jina zAsana ke kalaMka zithilAcAriyoM aura durAcAriyoM kI to chAyA se bhI dUra raho, kyoMki ye tumhAre jIvana cArizvala aura zraddhA sabhI ko caupaTa kara deNge| haribhadra ko jina - zAsana ke vinAza kA khatarA dUsaroM se nahIM, apane hI logoM se adhika lgaa| kahA bhI hai jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 isa ghara ko Aga laga gaI ghara ke cirAga se / vastutaH eka krAntadarzI AcArya ke rUpa meM haribhadra kA mukhya uddezya thA jaina saMgha meM unake yuga meM jo vikRtiyAM A gayI thIM, unheM dUra karanA / ataH unhoMne apane hI pakSa kI kamiyoM ko adhika gambhIratA se dekhaa| jo sacce artha meM samAja sudhAraka hotA hai, jo sAmAjika jIvana meM parivartana lAnA cAhatA hai, vaha pramukha rUpa se apanI hI kamiyoM ko khojatA hai / haribhadra ne isa rUpa meM sambodhaprakaraNa meM eka krAntikArI kI bhUmikA nibhAI hai| krAntikArI ke do kArya hote haiM, eka to samAja meM pracalita vikRta mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karanA aura unheM samApta karanA, kintu mAtra itane se usakA kArya pUrA nahIM hotA hai| usakA dUsarA kArya hotA hai sat mAnyatAoM ko pratiSThita yA punaH pratiSThita karanA / hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya haribhadra ne donoM bAtoM ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhA hai / / unhoMne apane grantha sambodhaprakaraNa meM deva, guru, dharma, zrAvaka Adi kA samyak svarUpa kaisA honA cAhie, isakI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| haribhadra ne jahA~ vezadhAriyoM kI samIkSA kI hai, vahIM Agamokta dRSTi se guru kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI vistRta vivecanA bhI kI hai| hama usake vistAra meM na jAkara saMkSepa meM yaha kaheMge ki haribhadra kI dRSTi meM jo pA~ca mahAvratoM pA~ca samitiyoM, tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana meM tatpara hai jo jitendriya, saMyamI, pariSahajayI, zuddha AcaraNa karane vAlA aura satya mArga ko batAne vAlA hai, vahI suguru hai111 1 abhiniveza vikasita ho gayA thaa| kulaguru kI vaidika avadhAraNA kI bhA~ti pratyeka guru ke Asa-pAsa eka varga ekatrita ho rahA thA jo unheM apanA guru mAnatA thA tathA anya ko guru rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karatA thA / zrAvakoM kA eka vizeSa samUha eka vizeSa AcArya ko apanA guru mAnatA thA, jaisA ki Aja bhI dekhA jAtA hai / haribhadra ne isa paramparA meM sAmpradAyikatA ke durabhiniveza ke bIja dekha liye the unheM yaha spaSTa laga rahA thA ki isase sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRr3ha hoNge| samAja vibhinna choTe-choTe vargoM meM baMTa jaaegaa| isake vikAsa kA dUsarA mukhya khatarA yaha thA ki guNapUjaka jaina dharma vyaktipUjaka bana jAyegA aura vaiyaktika rAgAtmakatA ke kAraNa cAritrika doSoM ke bAvajUda eka vizeSa varga kI, eka vizeSa AcArya kI isa paramparA se rAgAtmakatA jur3I rahegI / yugadraSTA isa AcArya ne sAmAjika vikRti ko samajhA aura spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza diyA zrAvaka kA koI apanA aura parAyA guru nahIM hotA hai, jinAjJA ke pAlana meM nista sabhI usake guru haiM / 52 kAza, haribhadra ke dvArA kathita isa satya ko hama Aja bhI samajha sakeM to samAja kI TUTI huI kar3iyoM ko punaH jor3A jA sakatA hai| kAntadarzI samAlocaka anya paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM : pUrva meM hamane jaina paramparA meM vyApta andhavizvAsoM evaM dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI Atma prabaMcanAoM ke prati haribhadra ke krAntikArI avadAna kI carcA sambodhaprakaraNa ke AdhAra para kI hai| aba maiM anya paramparAoM meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI haribhadra dvArA kI gaI ziSTa samIkSA ko prastuta karUMgA / / haribhadra kI kAntadarzI dRSTi jahA~ eka ora anya dharma evaM darzanoM meM nihita satya ko svIkAra karatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unakI ayuktisaMgata kapolakalpanAoM kI vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM samIkSA bhI karatI hai| isa sambandha meM unakA dhUrtAkhyAna nAmaka grantha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| isa grantha kI racanA kA mukhya uddezya bhArata (mahAbhArata), rAmAyaNa aura purANoM kI kAlpanika aura ayuktisaMgata avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA karanA hai / yaha samIkSA vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM hai| dharma ke sambandha meM kucha mithyA vizvAsa yugoM se rahe haiM, phira bhI purANa yuga meM jisa prakAra mithyA kalpanAe~ prastuta kI gaIM - ve bhAratIya manISA ke divAliyepana kI sUcaka sI lagatI hai| isa paurANika prabhAva se hI jaina paramparA meM bhI mahAvIra ke garbha parivartana, unake a~gUThe ko davAne mAtra se meru kampana jaisI kucha cAmatkArika ghaTanAe~ pracalita huii| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM bhI cakravartIIM, vAsudeva Adi kI rAniyoM kI saMkhyA evaM unakI senA kI saMkhyA, tIrthaharoM ke zarIra pramANa evaM Ayu Adi ke vivaraNa sahaja vizvasanIya to nahIM lagate haiM, kintu tArkika asaMgati se yukta nahIM haiN| sambhavataH yaha saba bhI paurANika paramparA kA prabhAva thA jise jaina paramparA ko apane mahApuruSoM kI alaukikatA ko batAne hetu svIkAra karanA par3A thA, phira bhI yaha mAnanA hogA ki jaina paramparA meM aisI kapolakalpanAe~ apekSAkRta bahuta hI kama haiN| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke garbhaharibhadra ke yuga meM guru ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA vaiyaktika parivartana kI ghaTanA, jo mukhyataH brAhmaNa kI apekSA kSatriya ko zreSThatA - - .

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 679 sthApita karane hetu gar3hI gaI thI, ke atirikta, sabhI paryApta paravartI kAla zarIra ko pahAr3a ke samAna mAnanA, rAvaNa dvArA apane siroM ko kATakara kI haiM aura paurANika yuga kI hI dena haiM aura inameM kapola-kAlpanikatA mahAdeva ko arpaNa karanA aura unakA punaH jur3a jAnA, balarAma kA mAyA kA puTa bhI adhika nahIM hai / garbha-parivartana kI ghaTanA chor3akara, jise dvArA garbha-parivartana, bAlaka zrI kRSNa ke peTa meM samagra vizva kA samA Aja vijJAna ne sambhava banA diyA hai, avizvasanIya aura aprAkRtika rUpa jAnA, agastya dvArA samudra-pAna aura jahna ke dvArA gaMgApAna karanA, kRSNa se janma lene kA jaina paramparA meM eka bhI AkhyAna nahIM hai, jabaki purANoM dvArA govardhana uThA lenA Adi purANoM meM varNita aneka ghaTanAeM yA to meM aise hajAra se adhika AkhyAna haiM / jaina-paramparA sadaiva tarkapradhAna rahI una mahAn puruSoM ke vyaktitva ko dhUmila karatI haiM yA Atma-virodhI haiM hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra kI garbha-parivartana kI ghaTanA ko bhI athavA phira avizvasanIya haiM / yadyapi yaha vicAraNIya hai ki mahAvIra ke usake eka varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA / garbha-parivartana kI ghaTanA, jo ki nizcita hI haribhadra ke pUrva pUrNata: mAnya haribhadra ke granthoM kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ho cukI thI, ko svIkAra karake bhI haribhadra balarAma ke garbha-parivartana ko ye eka aise AcArya haiM jo yukti ko pradhAnatA dete haiN| unakA spaSTa kathana kaise avizvasanIya kaha sakate hai / yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNaya hai ki haribhadra hai ki mahAvIra ne hameM koI dhana nahIM diyA hai aura kapila Adi RSiyoM ne dhUrtAkhyAna meM eka dhUrta dvArA apane jIvana meM ghaTita avizvasanIya hamAre dhana kA apaharaNa nahIM kiyA hai, ata: hamArA na to mahAvIra ke prati ghaTanAoM kA ullekha karavAkara phira dUsare dhUrta se yaha kahalavA dete haiM rAga hai aura na kapila Adi RSiyoM ke prati dveSa / jisakI bhI bAta ki yadi bhArata (mahAbhArata), rAmAyaNa Adi meM ghaTita uparyukta ghaTanAeM yuktisaMgata ho use grahaNa karanA cAhiye / 53 isa prakAra haribhadra tarka ko hI satya haiM, to phira yaha bhI satya ho sakatA hai| zraddhA kA AdhAra mAnakara calate haiM / jaina-paramparA ke anya AcAryoM ke haribhadra dvArA vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM racita isa grantha kA uddezya to samAna ve bhI zraddhA ke viSaya deva, guru aura dharma ke yarthAtha svarUpa ke nirNaya mAtra itanA hI hai ki dharma ke nAma para palane vAle andhavizvAsoM ko naSTa kiyA ke lie kramaza: vItarAgatA, sadAcAra aura ahiMsA ko kasauTI mAnakara calate jAya aura paurANika kathAoM meM deva yA mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya vyaktitvoM haiM aura tarka yA yukti se jo ina kasauTiyoM para kharA utaratA hai, use svIkAra ke caritra ko anaitika rUpa meM prastuta karake usakI Ar3a meM jo purohita varga karane kI bAta kahate haiM / jisa prakAra sambodhaprakaraNa meM mukhya rUpa se guru apanI duzcaritratA kA poSaNa karanA cAhatA thA, usakA pardAphAza kiyA ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate haiM usI prakAra dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve parokSata: deva yA jAya / usa yuga kA purohita prathama to ina mahApuruSoM ke caritroM ko anaitika ArAdhya ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate pratIta hote haiM / ve yaha nahIM kahate haiM rUpa meM prastuta kara aura usake AdhAra para yaha kahakara ki yadi kRSNa gopiyoM ki brahmA, viSNu evaM mahAdeva hamAre ArAdhya nahIM haiM / ve to svayaM hI ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kara sakate haiM, vivAhitA rAdhA ke sAtha apanA prema-prasaMga kahate haiM jisameM koI bhI doSa nahIM hai aura jo samasta guNoM se yukta hai calA sakate haiM, yadi indra maharSi gautama kI patnI ke sAtha chala se vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho yA mahAdeva ho, use maiM praNAma karatA hU~54 / sambhoga kara sakatA hai to phira hamAre dvArA yaha saba karanA durAcAra kaise unakA kahanA mAtra yaha hai ki paurANikoM ne kapola-kalpanAoM ke AdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai ? vastuta: jisa prakAra sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve apanI 'para unake caritra evaM vyaktitva ko jisa atarkasaMgata evaM bhraSTa rUpa meM paramparA ke zramaNa vezadhArI duzcaritra kuguruoM ko phaTakArate haiM, usI prastuta kiyA hai usase na kevala unakA vyaktitva dhUmila hotA hai, apitu prakAra dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve brAhmaNa paramparA ke tathAkathita dharma ke ThekedAroM ve jana-sAdharaNa kI azraddhA kA kAraNa banate haiM / ko latAr3ate haiN| phira bhI haribhadra kI phaTakArane kI donoM zailiyoM meM bahuta dhUrtAkhyAna ke mAdhyama se haribhadra aise atarkasaMgata andhavizvAsoM bar3A antara hai / sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve sIdhe phaTakArate haiM jaba ki se jana-sAdhAraNa ko mukta karanA cAhate haiM, jinameM unake ArAdhya aura dhUrtAkhyAna meM vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM / isameM haribhadra kI eka manovaijJAnika upAsya devoM ko caritrahIna ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / udAharaNa dRSTi chipI huI hai / hameM jaba apane ghara ke kisI sadasya ko kucha kahanA ke rUpa meM candra, sUrya, indra, vAyu, agni aura dharma kA kumArI evaM bAda hotA hai to parokSa rUpa meM tathA sabhya zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hai / meM pANDu patnI kuntI se yauna sambandha sthApita kara putra utpanna karanA, gautama haribhadra dhUrtAkhyAna meM isa dUsarI vyaMgyaparaka ziSTa zailI kA prayoga karate RSi kI patnI ahilyA se indra dvArA anaitika rUpa meM yauna-sambandha sthApita haiM aura anya paramparA ke deva aura guru para sIdhA AkSepa nahIM karate haiN| karanA, lokavyApI viSNu kA kAmI-janoM ke samAna gopiyoM ke lie udvigna dUsare dhUrtAkhyAna, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, yogadRSTisamuccaya, honA Adi kathAnaka ina devoM kI garimA ko khaNDita karate haiM / isI prakAra lokatattvanirNaya, sAvayapaNNatti Adi se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hanumAna kA apanI pU~cha se laMkA ko ghera lenA athavA pUre parvata ko uThA ArAdhya yA upAsya ke nAma ke sambandha meM haribhadra ke mana meM koI Agraha lAnA, sUrya aura agni ke sAtha sambhoga karake kuntI kA na jalanA, gaMgA nahIM hai, mAtra Agraha hai to isa bAta kA ki usakA caritra nirdoSa aura kA ziva kI jaTA meM samA jAnA, droNAcArya kA droNa se, karNa kA kAna niSkalaMka ho / dhUrtAkhyAna meM unhoMne una sabakI samAlocanA kI hai jo se, kIcaka kA bA~sa kI nalI se evaM rakta kuNDalin kA raktabindu se janma apanI vAsanAoM kI puSTi ke nimitta apane upAsya ke caritra ko dhUmila lenA, aNDe se jagat kI utpatti, zivaliMga kA viSNu dvArA anta na karate haiM / hama yaha acchI taraha jAnate haiM ki kRSNa ke caritra meM rAdhA pAnA, kintu usI liMga kA pArvatI kI yoni meM samA jAnA, jaTAyu ke aura gopiyoM ko DAla kara hamAre purohita varga ne kyA-kyA nahIM kiyA ?

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680 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 haribhadra isa sambandha meM sIdhe to kucha nahIM kahate haiM, mAtra eka likabahuTIkA / 21. devendranarakendraprakaraNa / 22. dvijavadanacapeTA / prazna cihna chor3a dete haiM ki sarAga aura sazastra deva meM devatva (upAsya) 23. dharmabindu / 24. dharmalAbhasiddhi / 25. dharmasaMgrahaNI / kI garimA kahA~ taka Thahara pAyegI / anya paramparAoM ke deva aura guru 26. dharmasAramUlaTIkA / 27. dhUrtAkhyAna / 28. naMdIvRtti / 29. nyAyake sambandha meM unakI saumya evaM vyaMgyAtmaka zailI jahA~ pAThaka ko pradezasUtravRtti / 30. nyaayvinishcy| 31. nyAyAmRtataraMgiNI / cintana ke lie vivaza kara detI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha unake 32. nyAyAvatAravRtti / 33. pNcnigrnthii| 34. paMcaliMgI / krAntikArI, sAhasI vyaktitva ko prastuta kara detI hai / haribhadra sambodhaprakaraNa 35. paMcavastusaTIka / 36. paMcasaMgraha / 37. paMcasUtravRtti / meM spaSTa kahate haiM ki rAgI-deva, durAcArI-guru aura dUsaroM ko pIr3A 38. paMcasthAnaka / 39. paMcAzaka / 40. paralokasiddhi / 41. piNddniyuktivRtti| pahu~cAne vAlI pravRttiyoM ko dharma mAnanA, dharma sAdhanA ke samyak svarupa 42. prajJApanApradezavyAkhyA / 43. pratiSThAkalpa / 44. bRhanmithyAtvamaMthana ko vikRta karanA hai / ata: hameM ina mithyA vizvAsoM se Upara uThanA 45. munipaticaritra 46. yatidinakRtya / 47. yazodharacarita / hogA / isa prakAra haribhadra janamAnasa ko andhavizvAsoM se mukta karAne kA 48. yogdRssttismuccy| 49. yogabindu / 50. yogazataka / prayAsa kara apane krAntadazI hone kA pramANa prastuta karate haiN| 51. lagnazuddhi / 52. lokatattvanirNaya / 53. lokabindu / vastuta: haribhadra ke vyaktitva meM eka ora udAratA aura 54. viMzativiMzikA / 55. vIrastava / 56. vIrAMgadakathA / samabhAva ke sadguNa haiM to dUsarI ora satyaniSThA aura spaSTavAditA bhI hai| 57. vedabAhyatAnirAkaraNa / 58. vyavahArakalpa / 59. zAstraunakA vyaktitva aneka sadguNoM kA eka pU~jIbhUta svarupa hai / ve pUrvAgraha yA vArtAsamuccayasaTIka / 60. zrAvakaprajJaptivRtti / 61. zrAvakadharmataMtra / pakSAgraha se mukta haiM, phira bhI unameM satyAgraha hai jo unakI kRtiyoM meM spaSTataH 62. SaDdarzanasamuccaya / 63. SoDazaka / 64. samakita pacAsI / 65. parilakSita hotA hai| saMgrahaNIvRtti / 66. saMmattasittirI / 67. saMbodhasittarI / 68. smraaicckhaa| AcArya haribhrada kI racanA dharmitA apUrva hai, unhoMne dharma, darzana 69. sarvajJasiddhiprakaraNasaTIka / 70. syaadvaadkucodyprihaar| yoga, kathA sAhitya sabhI pakSoM para apanI lekhanI calAI / unakI kintu inameM kucha grantha aise bhI jinheM 'bhavavirahAMka' samadarzI racanAoM ko 3 bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI kRti hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / Age hama unhIM 1. AgamagranthoM evaM pUrvAcAryoM kI kRtiyoM para TIkAeM. kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya de rahe haiM jo nizcita rUpa se samadarzI evaM AcArya haribhadra AgamoM ke prathama saMskRta TIkAkAra haiM / unakI TIkAeM bhava-virahAMka se sUcita yakinIsUnu haribhadra dvArA praNIta haiM / adhika vyavasthita aura tArkikatA liye huye haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAe~ 2. svaracita grantha evaM svopajJa TIkAe~ - AcArya ne jaina jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA hai, haribhadra jaina AgamoM kI darzana aura samakAlIna anya darzanoM kA gahana adhyayana karake unheM saMskRta meM vyAkhyA likhane vAle prathama AcArya haiM / AgamoM kI vyAkhyA atyanta spaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / ina granthoM meM sAMkhya yoga, nyAya- ke sandarbha meM unake nimna grantha upalabdha haiM - vaizeSika, advaita, cArvAka, bauddha, jaina Adi darzanoM kA prastutIkaraNa evaM (1) dazavaikAlika vRtti, (2) Avazyaka laghuvRtti, (3) samyaka samAlocanA kI hai| jaina yoga ke to ve Adi praNetA the, unakA anuyogadvAra vRtti, (4) nandI vRtti, (5) jIvAbhigamasUtra laghuvRtti (6) yoga viSayaka jJAna mAtra saiddhAntika nahIM thA / isake sAtha hI unhoMne caityavandanasUtra vRtti (lalitavistarA) aura (7) prajJApanApradeza vyAkhyA / anekAntajayapatAkA nAmaka kliSTa nyAya grantha kI bhI racanA kii| inake atirikta Avazyaka sUtra bRhatvRtti aura piNDaniyukti 3. kathA-sAhitya - AcArya ne loka pracalita kathAoM ke vRtti ke lekhaka bhI AcArya haribhadra mAne jAte haiM, kintu vartamAna meM mAdhyama se dharma-pracAra ko eka nayA rUpa diyA hai / unhoMne vyakti aura Avazyaka vRtti anupalabdha hai / jo piNDaniyukti TIkA milatI hai usakI samAja kI vikRtiyoM para prahAra kara unameM sudhAra lAne kA prayAsa kiyA utthAnikA meM yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki isa grantha kA prArambha to haribhadra ne hai / samarAiccakahA, dhUrtAkhyAna aura anya laghu kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA thA, kintu ve ise apane jIvana-kAla meM pUrNa nahIM kara pAe, unhoMne unhoMne apane yuga kI saMskRti kA spaSTa evaM sajIva citrAMkana kiyA hai| sthApanAdoSa taka kI vRtti likhI thI, usake Age kisI vIrAcArya ne likhii| AcArya haribhadra viracita grantha-sacI nimna hai - __ AcArya haribhadra dvArA viracita vyAkhyA granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya 1. anuyogadvAra vRtti / 2. anekAntajayapatAkA / isa prakAra hai - 3. anekAntaghaTTa / 4. anekAntavAdapraveza / 5. aSTaka / 1. dazavaikAlika vRtti - yaha vRtti ziSyabodhinI yA bRhadvRtti 6. AvazyakaniyuktilaghuTIkA / 7. AvazyakaniyuktibahuTIkA / ke nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI hai / vastuta: yaha vRtti dazavaikAlika sUtra kI 8. upadezapada / 9. kathAkoza / 10. karmastavavRtti / 11. kulk| apekSA usa para bhadrabAhuviracita niyukti para hai / isameM AcArya ne 12. kSetrasamAsavRtti / 13. caturviMzatistuti / 14. caityvNdnbhaassy| dazavaikAlika zabda kA artha, grantha ke prArambha meM maMgala kI AvazyakatA 15. caityavandanavRtti / 16. jIvAbhigamalaghuvRtti / 17. jnyaanpNckvivrnn| aura usakI vyutpatti ko spaSTa karane ke sAtha hI dazavaikAlika kI racanA 18. jJAnadivyaprakaraNa / 19. dazavaikAlika-avacUri / 20 dazavaikA- kyoM kI gaI ise spaSTa karate hue sayyaMbhava aura unake putra manaka ke pUrNa

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 681 kathAnaka kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| prathama adhyAya kI TIkA meM AcArya zAsana meM utpanna cAra anuyogoM kA vibhAjana karane vAle AryarakSita se ne tapa ke prakAroM kI carcA karate hue dhyAna ke cAroM prakAroM kA sundara sambaddha gAthAoM kA varNana hai / caturviMzatistava aura vaMdanA nAmaka vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / isa prathama adhyAya kI TIkA meM pratijJA, hetu, dvitIya aura tRtIya Avazyaka kA niyukti ke anusAra vyAkhyAna kara udAharaNa Adi anumAna ke vibhinna avayavoM evaM hetvAbhAsoM kI bhI carcA pratikramaNa nAmaka caturtha Avazyaka kI vyAkhyA meM dhyAna para vizeSa ke atirikta unhoMne isameM nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| prakAza DAlA gayA hai / sAtha hI sAta prakAra ke bhayasthAnoM sambandhI dUsare adhyayana kI vRtti meM tIna yoga, tIna karaNa, cAra saMjJA, aticAroM kI AlocanA kI gAthA uddhRta kI gaI hai / paJcama Avazyaka pA~ca indriya, pA~ca sthAvarakAya, dasa prakAra kA zramaNa dharma aura 18000 ke rUpa meM kAyotsarga kA vivaraNa dekara paMcavidhakAya ke utsarga kI zIlAMgoM kA bhI nirdeza milatA hai / sAtha hI isameM rathanemi aura rAjImatI tathA SaSTha Avazyaka meM pratyAkhyAna kI carcA karate hue vRttikAra ne ke uttarAdhyayana meM Ae hue kathAnaka kA bhI ullekha hai / tRtIya ziSyahitA nAmaka Avazyaka TIkA sampanna kI hai| AcArya haribhadra adhyayana kI vRtti meM mahat aura kSullaka zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karane kI yaha vRtti 22,000 zloka pramANa hai| ke sAtha hI jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra ko 3. anuyogadvAra vRtti- yaha TIkA anuyogadvAra cUrNi kI zailI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai tathA kathAoM ke cAra prakAroM ko udAharaNa sahita para likhI gayI hai jo ki nandIvRtti ke bAda kI kRti hai / isameM samajhAyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyayana kI vRtti meM paJcamahAvrata aura 'Avazyaka' zabda kA nipekSa-paddhati se vicAra kara nAmAdi AvazyakoM rAtribhojana-vivaraNa kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha jIva ke svarUpa para bhI kA svarUpa batAte hue nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva kA svarUpa spaSTa dArzanika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isameM bhASyagata aneka gAthAe~ kiyA gayA hai / zruta kA nikSepa-paddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| skandha, bhI uddhRta gayI haiN| isI prakAra paMcama adhyayana kI vRtti meM 18 sthANu upakrama Adi ke vivecana ke bAda AnupUrvI ko vistAra se pratipAdita arthAt vrata-SaTka, kAya-SaTka, akalpya bhojana-varjana, gRhabhAjanavarjana, kiyA hai / isake bAda dvinAma, trinAma, caturnAma, paJcanAma, SaTanAma, paryaMkavarjana, niSidhyAvarjana, snAnavarjana aura zobhAvarjana kA ullekha huA saptanAma, aSTanAma, navanAma aura dazanAma kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| hai / SaSTha adhyayana meM kSullakAcAra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| saptama pramANa kA vivecana karate hue vividha aMguloM ke svarUpa kA varNana tathA adhyayana kI vRtti meM bhASA kI zuddhi-azuddhi kA vicAra hai / aSTama samaya ke vivecana meM palyopama kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / adhyayana kI vRtti meM AcAra-praNidhi kI prakriyA evaM phala kA pratipAdana zarIra paJcaka ke pazcAt bhAvapramANa meM pratyakSa, anumAna, aupamya, Agama, hai| navama adhyayana kI vRtti meM vinaya ke prakAra aura vinaya ke phala tathA darzana cAritra, naya aura saMkhyA kA vyAkhyAna hai / naya para puna: vicAra avinaya se hone vAlI hAniyoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| dazama adhyayana karate hue jJAnanaya aura kriyAnaya kA svarUpa nirUpita karate hue jJAna kI vRtti bhikSu ke svarUpa kI carcA karatI hai / dazavaikAlika vRtti ke aMta aura kriyA donoM kI eka sAtha upayogitA ko siddha kiyA gayA hai / meM AcArya ne apane ko mahattarA yAkinI kA dharmaputra kahA hai| 4. nandI vRtti - yaha vRtti nandIcUrNi kA hI rUpAntara hai| isameM 2. Avazyaka vRtti - yaha vRtti Avazyaka niyukti para prAya: unhIM viSayoM ke vyAkhyAna haiM jo nandIcUrNi meM haiM / isameM prArambha AdhArita hai / AcArya haribhadra ne isameM Avazyaka sUtroM kA padAnusaraNa meM nandI ke zabdArtha, nikSepa Adi evaM usake bAda jina, vIra aura saMgha na karate hue svatantra rIti se niyukti-gAthAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| kI stuti kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hue tIrthaGkarAvalikA, gaNadharAvalikA niyukti kI prathama gAthA kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya ne pA~ca prakAra aura sthavirAvalikA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| nandI vRtti meM jJAna ke ke jJAna kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA hai / isI prakAra mati, zruta, avadhi, adhyayana kI yogyatA-ayogyatA para vicAra karate hue likhA hai ki ayogya mana:paryaya aura kevala kI bhI bheda-prabhedapUrvaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| ko jJAna-dAna se vastuta: akalyANa hI hotA hai / isake bAda tIna prakAra kI sAmAyika niyukti kI vyAkhyA meM pravacana kI utpatti ke prasaMga para parSada kA vyAkhyAna, jJAna ke bheda-prabheda, svarUpa, viSaya Adi kA vivecana prakAza DAlate hue batAyA hai ki kucha puruSa svabhAva se hI aise hote haiM, kiyA gayA hai| kevala-jJAna aura kevala-darzana ke kramika upayoga Adi kA jinheM vItarAga kI vANI arucikara lagatI hai, isameM pravacanoM kA koI pratipAdana karate hue yugapavAda ke samarthaka siddhasena Adi kA, kramikatva doSa nahIM hai / doSa to una sunane vAloM kA hai| sAtha hI sAmAyika ke ke samarthaka jinabhadragaNi Adi kA tathA abhedavAda ke samarthaka vRddhAcAryoM uddeza, nirdeza, nirgama, kSetra Adi teIsa dvAroM kA vivecana karate hue kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM varNita siddhasena, siddhasena divAkara sAmAyika ke nirgama dvAra ke prasaMga meM kulakaroM kI utpatti,unake pUrvabhava, se bhinna haiM, kyoMki siddhasena divAkara tRtIya mata abhedavAda ke pravartaka Ayu kA varNana tathA nAbhikulakara ke yahA~ bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA janma, haiN| dvitIya mata kramikatva ke samarthaka jinabhadra Adi ko siddhAntavAdI tIrthaGkara nAma, gotrakarma baMdhana ke kAraNoM para prakAza DAlate hue anya kahA gayA hai / anta meM zruta ke zravaNa aura vyAkhyAna kI vidhi batAte AkhyAnoM kI bhA~ti prAkRta meM dhana nAmaka sArthavAha kA AkhyAna diyA hue AcArya ne nandyadhyayana vivaraNa sampanna kiyA hai| gayA hai / RSabhadeva ke pAraNe kA ullekha karate hue vistRta vivecana 5. jIvAbhigamasUtra laghuvRtti - isa vRtti ke aparanAma ke rUpa hetu 'vasudevahiMDI' kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke meM 'pradezavRtti' kA ullekha milatA hai| isakA granthAna 1192 gAthAe~

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 682 hai kintu vRtti anupalabdha hai| jIvAbhigamasUtra para AcArya malayagiri kRta ekamAtra vRtti upalabdha hai jisameM aneka grantha aura granthakAroM kA nAmollekha bhI kiyA gayA hai| usameM haribhadrakRta tattvArtha TIkA kA ullekha hai, parantu jIvAbhigama para unakI kisI vRtti kA ullekha nahIM hai / / 6. caityavandanasUtra vRtti (lalitavistarA ) caityavandana ke - sUtroM para haribhadra ne lalitavistarA nAma se eka vistRta vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai| yaha kRti bauddha paramparA ke lalitavistara kI zailI meM prAkRta mizrita saMskRta meM racI gayI hai| yaha graMtha caityavandana ke anuSThAna meM prayukta hone vAle prANAtipAtadaNDakasUtra (namotthuNaM), caityastava (arihaMta ceIyANaM), caturviMzatistava ( logassa), zrutastava (pukkharavara), siddhastava (siddhArNabuddhA), praNidhAna sUtra (jaya-vIvarAya) Adi ke vivecana ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai| mukhyataH to yaha prantha arahanta paramAtmA kI stutirUpa hI hai, parantu AcArya haribhadra ne isameM arihanta paramAtmA ke viziSTa guNoM kA paricaya dete hue anya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke pariprekSya meM tarkapUrNa samIkSA bhI kI hai / isI prasaMga meM isa grantha meM sarvaprathama yApanIya mAnyatA ke AdhAra para strImukti kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| 7. prajJApanA- pradeza vyAkhyA isa TIkA ke prArambha meM jainapravacana kI mahimA ke bAda maMgala kI mahimA kA vizeSa vivecana karate hue Avazyaka TIkA kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| bhavya aura abhavya kA vivecana karane ke bAda prathama pada kI vyAkhyA meM prajJApanA ke viSaya, kartRtva Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jIva prajJApanA aura ajIva prajJApanA kA varNana karate hue ekendriyAdi jIvoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya pada kI vyAkhyA meM pRthvIkAya, apkAya, agnikAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya tathA dvIndriyAdi ke sthAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya pada kI vyAkhyA meM kAyAdyalpa - bahutva, Ayurbandha kA alpabahutva, veda, lezyA, indriya Adi dRSTiyoM se jIva vicAra, loka sambandhI alpa-bahutva, pudgalAlpabahutva, dravyAlpabahutva avagADAlpa-bahutva Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| caturtha pada meM nArakoM kI sthiti tathA paJcama pada kI vyAkhyA meM nArakaparyAya, avagAha, SaTsthAnaka, karmasthiti aura jIvaparyAya kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| SaSTha aura saptama pada meM nAraka sambandhI virahakAla kA varNana hai| aSTama pada meM saMjJA kA svarUpa batAyA hai| navama pada meM vividha yoniyoM evaM dazama pada meM ratnaprabhA Adi pRthviyoM kA carama aura acarama kI dRSTi se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| gyArahaveM pada meM bhASA ke svarUpa ke sAtha hI strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka ke lakSaNoM ko batAyA gayA hai| bArahaveM pada meM audArikAdi zarIra ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA varNana tathA terahaveM pada kI vyAkhyA meM jIva aura ajIva ke vividha pariNAmoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| Age ke padoM kI vyAkhyA meM kaSAya, indriya, yoga lezyA, kAya sthiti, antaH kriyA, avagAhanA, saMsthAnAdi kriyA karma prakRti, karma-bandha, AhAra pariNAma, upayoga, pazyatA, saMjJA, saMyama, avadhi pravicAra, vedanA aura samudghAta kA vizeSa varNana kiyA gayA hai| tIsaveM pada meM upayoga aura pazyatA kI bhedarekhA spaSTa karate hue sAkAra upayoga ke ATha prakAra aura sAkAra pazyatA ke chaH prakAra batAe gae haiM 1 AcArya haribhadra kI svataMtra kRtiyA~ SoDazaka isa kRti meM eka-eka viSayoM ko lekara 16-16 padyoM meM AcArya haribhadra ne 16 SoDazakoM kI racanA kI hai| ye 16 SoDazaka isa prakAra haiM- (1) dharmaparIkSASoDazaka, (2) saddharmadezanASoDaSaka, (3) dharmalakSaNaSoDazaka (4) dharmaliMgaSoDazaka, (5) lokottaratattvaprAptiSoDazaka, (6) jinamaMdira nirmANaSoDazaka, (7) jinabimbaSoDazaka (8) pratiSThASoDazaka, (9) pUjAsvarUpaSoDazaka, (10) pUjAphalaSoDazaka, (11) zrutajJAnaliGgaghoDazaka, (12) dIkSAdhikAriyoDazaka, (13) guruvinayaSoDazaka, (14) yogabheda SoDazaka, (15) dhyeyasvarUpaSoDazaka (16) samarasaghoDazaka inameM apane-apane nAma ke anurUpa viSayoM kI carcA hai| / viMzativiMzikA viMzativiMzikA nAmaka AcArya haribhadra kI yaha kRti 20-20 prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha hai| ye viMzikAe~ nimnalikhita haiM-prathama adhikAra viMzikA meM 20 viMzikAoM ke viSaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya viMzikA meM loka ke anAdi svarUpa kA vivecana hai| tRtIya viMzikA meM kula, nIti aura lokadharma kA vivecana hai| caturtha viMzikA kA viSaya caramaparivarta hai| pA~cavIM viMzikA meM zuddha dharma kI upalabdhi kaise hotI hai, isakA vivecana hai| chaThIM viMzikA meM saddharma kA evaM sAtavIM viMzikA meM dAna kA vivecana hai| AThavIM viMzikA meM pUjA-vidhAna kI carcA hai| navIM viMzikA meM zrAvakadharma, dazavIM viMzikA meM zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM evaM gyArahavIM viMzikA meM munidharma kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / bArahavIM viMzikA bhikSA-viMzikA hai| isame muni ke bhikSA sambandhI doSoM kA vivecana hai / terahavIM, zikSA-viMzikA hai| isameM dhArmika jIvana ke liye yogya zikSAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiN| caudahavIM antarAyazuddhi viMziMkA meM zikSA ke sandarbha meM hone vAle antarAyoM kA vivecana hai| jJAtavya hai ki isa viMzikA meM mAtra chaH gAthAeM hI milatI haiM, zeSa gAthAe~ kisI bhI hastaprati meM nahIM milatI haiN| pandrahavIM AlocanA-viMzikA hai| solahavIM viMzikA prAyazcittaviMzikA hai| isameM vibhinna prAyazcittoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai| satrahavIM viMzikA yogavidhAna viMzikA hai| usameM yoga ke svarupa kA vivecana hai / aTThArahavIM kevalajJAna viMzikA meM kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa hai| unnIsavIM siddhavibhakti-viMzikA meM siddhoM kA svarUpa varNita hai| bIsavIM siddhasukha-viMzikA hai jisameM siddhoM ke sukha kA vivecana hai / isa prakAra ina bIsa viMzikAoM meM jainadharma aura sAdhanA se sambandhita vividha viSayoM kA vivecana hai / yogaviMzikA yaha prAkRta meM nibaddha mAtra 20 gAthAoM kI eka laghu racanA hai| isameM jaina paramparA meM pracalita mana, vacana aura kAya-rUpa pravRtti vAlI paribhASA ke sthAna para mokSa se jor3ane vAle dharma vyApAra ko yoga kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI isameM yoga kA adhikArI kauna ho sakatA hai, isakI .

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 683 bhI carcA kI gaI hai| yogaviMzikA meM yoga ke nimna pA~ca bhedoM kA varNana yoga kA adhikArI mAnA hai / yoga kA prabhAva, yoga kI bhUmikA ke hai- (1) sthAna, (2) urNa, (3) artha, (4) Alambana, (5) anaalmbn| rUpa meM pUrvasevA,pA~ca prakAra ke anuSThAna, samyaktava-prApti kA vivecana, yoga ke ina pA~ca bhedoM kA varNana isase pUrva kisI bhI jaina-grantha meM nahIM virati, mokSa, AtmA kA svarUpa, kArya kI siddhi meM samabhAva, miltaa| ata: yaha AcArya kI apanI maulika kalpanA hai / kRti ke kAlAdi ke pA~ca kAraNoM kA balAbala, mahezvaravAdI evaM puruSAdvaitavAdI anta meM icchA, prakRti, sthiratA aura siddhi -ina cAra yogAMgoM aura ke matoM kA nirasana Adi ke sAtha hI haribhadra ne 'guru' kI vistAra kRti, bhakti, vacana aura asaGga-ina cAra anuSThAnoM kA bhI varNana kiyA se vyAkhyA kI hai| gayA hai / isake atirikta isameM caityavandana kI kriyA kA bhI ullekha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM se prathama cAra kA pataJjali ke anusAra samprajJAta-asamprajJAta ke rUpa meM nirdeza, sarvadeva namaskAra kI udAravRtti ke viSaya meM 'cArisaMjIvanI', nyAya gopendraM aura yogazataka kAlAtItaM ke mantavya aura kAlAtIta kI anupalabdha kRti meM se sAta yaha 101 prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha AcArya haribhadra kI yoga avataraNa, Adi bhI isa grantha ke mukhya pratipAdya haiM / punaH isameM jIva sambandhI racanA hai / graMtha ke prArambha meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi se ke bhedoM ke antargat apunarbandhaka samyaka dRSTi yA bhinna graMthI, dezavirati yoga kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, usake pazcAt AdhyAtmika aura sarva-virati kI carcA kI gaI hai| yogAdhikAra prApti ke sandarbha meM vikAsa ke upAyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai / grantha ke uttarArddha meM citta pUrvasevA ke rUpa meM vividha AcAra-vicAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| ko sthira karane ke liye apanI vRttiyoM ke prati sajaga hone yA unakA avalokana karane kI bAta kahI gaI hai / anta meM yoga se prApta AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI carcA karate hue adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna, samatA aura vRtti-saMkSaya- ina pA~ca bhedoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| labdhiyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| sAtha hI inakI pataJjali anumodita samprajJAta aura asamprajJAta samAdhi yogadRSTisamuccaya se tulanA bhI kI gaI hai| isameM vividha prakAra ke yaugika anuSThAnoM kI yogadRSTisamuccaya jaina yoga kI eka mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| bhI carcA hai jo isa bAta ko sUcita karate haiM ki sAdhaka yoga-sAdhanA AcArya haribhadra ne ise 227 saMskRta padyoM meM nibaddha kiyA hai / isameM kisa uddezya se kara rahA hai / yaugika anuSThAna pA~ca haiM- (1) viSAnuSThAna, sarvaprathama yoga kI tIna bhUmikAoM kA nirdeza hai: (1) dRSTiyoga, (2) garAnuSThAna, (3) anAnuSThAna, (4) taddhetu-anuSThAna, (5) amRtAnuSThAna / (2) icchAyoga aura (3) saamrthyyog| inameM pahale tIna 'asad anuSThAna' haiM tathA antima ke do anuSThAna dRSTiyoga meM sarvaprathama mitrA, tArA, balA, dIpA, sthirA, kAntA, 'sadanuSThAna' hai| prabhA aura parA- ina ATha dRSTiyoM kA vistRta varNana hai| saMsArI jIva kI sadyogacintAmaNi' se prArambha hone vAlI isa vRtti kA zloka acaramAvartakAlIna avasthA ko 'ogha-dRSTi' aura caramAvartakAlIna avasthA pariNAma 3620 hai / yogabindu ke spaSTIkaraNa ke liye yaha vRtti ko yoga-dRSTiyoM ke prasaMga meM hI jaina-paramparA sammata caudaha guNasthAnoM kI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| bhI yojanA kara lI hai / isake pazcAt unhoMne icchAyoga, zAstrayoga aura sAmarthyayoga kI carcA kI hai / grantha ke anta meM unhoMne yoga adhikArI ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya rUpa meM gotrayogI, kulayogI, pravRttacakrayogI aura siddhayogI- ina cAra SaDdarzanasamuccaya AcArya haribhadra kI lokavizruta dArzanika prakAra ke yogiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| racanA hai| mUla kRti mAtra 87 saMskRta zlokoM meM nibaddha hai| isameM AcArya haribhadra ne isa grantha para 100 padya pramANa vRtti bhI AcArya haribhadra ne cArvAka, bauddha, nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, jaina aura likhI hai, jo 1175 zloka parimANa hai| jaimini (mImAMsA darzana) ina cha: darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA, unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra saMkSepa meM vivecana kiyA hai / jJAtavya hai ki darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM yogabindu meM yaha eka aisI kRti hai jo ina bhinna-bhinna darzanoM kA khaNDana-maNDana haribhadrasUri kI yaha kRti anuSTupa chanda ke 527 saMskRta padyoM se Upara uThakara apane yathArtha svarUpa meM prastuta karatI hai / isa kRti ke meM nibaddha hai| isa kRti meM unhoMne jaina yoga ke vistRta vivecana ke sAtha- sandarbha meM vizeSa vivecana hama haribhadra ke vyaktitva kI carcA karate samaya sAtha anya paramparAsammata yogoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka kara cuke haiN| vivecana bhI kiyA hai / isameM yoga adhikAriyoM kI carcA karate hue unake do prakAra nirUpita kiye gae haiM - (1) caramAvRtavRtti, (2) acaramAvRta- zAstravArtAsamuccaya AvRta vRtti / isameM caramAvRtavRtti ko hI mokSa kA adhikarI mAnA gayA jahA~ SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM vibhinna darzanoM kA yathArtha prastutIkaraNa hai / yoga ke adhikArI-anadhikArI kA nirdeza karate samaya moha meM hai, vahA~ zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM vividha bhAratIya darzanoM kI samIkSA Abaddha saMsArI jIboM ko 'bhavAbhinandI' kahA hai aura cAritrI jIvoM ko prastuta kI gayI hai / SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI apekSA yaha eka vistRta kRti

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684 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 hai| AcArya haribhadra ne ise 702 saMskRta zlokoM meM nibaddha kiyA hai| vahA~ anekAntavAdapraveza sAmAnya vyakti hetu anekAntavAda ko bodhagamya yaha kRti ATha stabakoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama stabaka meM sAmAnya upadeza banAne ke liye likhA gayA hai / yaha grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai / ke pazcAt cArvAka mata kI samIkSA kI gayI hai / dvitIya stabaka meM bhI isakI viSaya-vastu anekAntajayapatAkA ke samAna hI hai / cArvAka mata kI samIkSA ke sAtha-sAtha ekAnta-svabhAvavAdI Adi matoM kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| isa grantha ke tIsare stabaka meM AcArya haribhadra nyAyapraveza TIkA ne Izvara-kartRtva kI samIkSA kI hai| caturtha stabaka meM vizeSa rUpa se sAMkhya haribhadra ne svatantra dArzanika granthoM ke praNayana ke sAtha-sAtha anya mata kI aura prasaMgAntara se bauddhoM ke vizeSavAda aura kSaNikavAda kA khaNDana paramparA ke dArzanika granthoM para bhI TIkAe~ likhIM haiN| inameM bauddha dArzanika kiyA gayA hai| paJcam stabaka bauddhoM ke hI vijJAnavAda kI samIkSA prastuta diGnAga ke nyAya-praveza para unakI TIkA bahuta hI prasiddha hai / isa grantha karatA hai / SaSTha stabaka meM bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI vistAra se samIkSA kI meM nyAya-sambandhI bauddha mantavya ko hI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / yaha grantha gayI hai / saptama stabaka meM haribhadra ne vastu kI anantadharmAtmakatA aura haribhadra kI vyApaka aura udAra dRSTi kA paricaya detA hai| isa grantha ke syAdvAda kI prasthApanA kI hai| sAtha hI isa stabaka ke anta meM vedAnta kI mAdhyama se jaina paramparA meM bhI bauddhoM ke nyAya-sambandhI mantavyoM ke adhyayana samIkSA bhI kI gayI hai / aSTam stabaka meM mokSa evaM mokSa-mArga kA vivecana kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA hai| hai| isI krama meM isa stabaka meM prasaMgAntara se sarvajJatA ko siddha kiyA hai| isake sAtha hI isa stabaka meM zabdArtha ke svarUpa para bhI vistAra se carcA dharmasaMgrahaNI upalabdha hotI hai / isa grantha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM nyAya-vaizeSika, yaha haribhadra kA dArzanika grantha hai / 1296 gAthAoM meM nibaddha sAMkhya, bauddha Adi darzanoM kI samIkSA hote hue bhI unake prasthApakoM ke prati isa grantha meM dharma ke svarUpa kA nikSepoM dvArA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / vizeSa Adara-bhAva prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura unake dvArA pratipAdita malayagiri dvArA isa para saMskRta TIkA likhI gayI hai / isameM AtmA ke siddhAntoM kA jaina dRSTi ke sAtha sundara samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha anAdi anidhanatva,amUrttatva, pariNAmitva jJAyaka-svarUpa, kartRtva-bhoktRtva meM hama vizeSa carcA haribhadra ke vyaktitva evaM avadAna kI carcA ke prasaMga meM aura sarvajJa-siddhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kara cuke haiM, ata: yahA~ ise hama yahIM virAma dete haiN| lokatattvanirNaya anekAntajayapatAkA lokatattvanirNaya meM haribhadra ne apanI udAra dRSTi kA paricaya diyA jaina darzana kA kendrIya siddhAnta anekAntavAda hai / isa siddhAnta hai / isa grantha meM jagat-sarjaka-saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM mAne gae IzvaravAda ke prastutIkaraNa hetu AcArya haribhadra ne saMskRta bhASA meM isa grantha kI kI samIkSA tathA loka-svarUpa kI tAttvikatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| racanA kii| cU~ki isa grantha meM anekAntavAda ko anya dArzanika siddhAntoM isameM dharma ke mArga para calane vAle pAtra evaM apAtra kA vicAra karate hue para vijaya prApta karane vAlA dikhAyA gayA hai, ata: isI AdhAra para supAtra ko hI upadeza dene ke vicAra kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| isakA nAmakaraNa anekAntajayapatAkA kiyA gayA hai / isa grantha meM cha: adhikAra haiM- prathama adhikAra meM anekAntadRSTi se vastu ke sad-asad darzanasaptatikA svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhikAra meM vastu ke nityatva isa prakaraNa meM samyaktavayukta zrAvakadharma kA 120 gAthAoM meM aura anityatva kI samIkSA karate hue use nityAnitya batAyA gayA hai| upadeza saMgRhIta hai / isa grantha para zrI mAnadevasUri kI TIkA hai| tRtIya adhikAra meM vastu kA sAmAnya athavA vizeSa mAnane vAle dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA karate hue anta meM vastu ko sAmanya- brahmasiddhisamuccaya vizeSAtmaka siddha karake anekAntadRSTi kI puSTi kI gayI hai| Age caturtha AcArya haribhadra dvArA racita isa saMskRta grantha meM kula 423 padya adhikAra meM vastu ke abhilApya aura anabhilApya matoM kI samIkSA karate hI upalabdha haiM / Adya pada meM mahAvIra ko namaskAra kara brahmAdi ke svarUpa hae use vAcyAvAcya nirUpati kiyA gayA hai| agale adhikAroM meM bauddhoM ko batAne kI pratijJA kI hai / isa grantha meM sarvadharmoM kA samanvaya kiyA ke yogAcAra darzana kI samIkSA evaM mukti sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI gayA hai / yaha grantha apUrNa pratIta hotA hai / samIkSA kI gayI hai / isa prakAra isa kRti meM anekAnta dRSTi se paraspara virodhI matoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| sambodhaprakaraNa 1590 padyoM kI yaha prAkRta racanA bAraha adhikAroM meM vibhakta anekAntavAdapraveza hai| isameM guru, kuguru, samyaktva evaM deva kA svarUpa, zrAvakadharma aura jahA~ anekAntajayapatAkA prabuddha dArzanikoM ke samakSa anekAntavAda pratimAe~, vrata, AlocanA tathA mithyAtva Adi kA varNana hai / isameM ke gAmbhIrya ko samIkSAtmaka zailI meM prastuta karane hetu likhI gayI hai, haribhadra ke yuga meM jaina muni saMgha meM Aye hue cAritrika patana kA sajIva

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 685 citraNa hai jisakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kI thii| yadyapi aneka granthoM meM isakA ullekha dharmabinduprakaraNa milatA hai, parantu isakI Aja taka koI prati upalabdha nahIM huI hai / nAma 542 sUtroM meM nibaddha yaha grantha cAra adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM sAmya ke kAraNa aneka bAra haribhadrakRta isa prAkRta kRti (sAvayapaNNatti) zrAvaka aura zramaNa-dharma kI vivecanA kI gayI hai / zrAvaka banane ke pUrva ko tattvArthasUtra ke racayitA umAsvAti kI racanA mAna liyA jAtA hai, jIvana ko pavitra aura nirmala banAne vAle pUrva mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa guNoM kintu yaha eka bhrAnti hI hai / paJcAzaka kI abhayadevasUri kRta vRtti kI vivecanA kI gayI hai / isa para municandrasUri ne TIkA likhI hai| meM aura lAvaNyasUri kRta dravya saptati meM ise haribhadra kI kRti mAnA gayA hai| isa kRti meM sAvaga (zrAvaka) zabda kA artha, samyaktva kA svarUpa upadezapada navatattva, aSTakarma, zrAvaka ke 12 vrata aura zrAvaka samAcArI kA __isa grantha meM kula 1040 gAthAe~ haiM / isa para municandrasUri vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| ne sukhabodhinI TIkA likhI hai| AcArya ne dharmakathAnuyoga ke mAdhyama isa para svayaM AcArya haribhadra kI digpradA nAma kI svopajJa se isa kRti meM manda buddhi vAloM ke prabodha ke lie jaina dharma ke saMskRta TIkA bhI hai| isameM ahiMsANuvrata aura sAmAyikavrata kI carcA upadezoM ko sarala laukika kathAoM ke rUpa meM saMgRhIta kiyA hai| karate hue AcArya ne aneka mahattvapUrNa praznoM kA uttara diyA hai / TIkA mAnava paryAya kI durlabhatA evaM buddhi camatkAra ko prakaTa karane ke meM jIva kI nityAnityatA Adi dArzanika viSayoM kI bhI gambhIra carcA liye kaI kathAnakoM kA granthana kiyA hai / manuSya-janma kI durlabhatA upalabdha hotI hai| ko collaka, pAzaka, dhAnya, dyUta, ratna, svapana, cakrayUpa Adi jaina AcAra sambandhI granthoM meM paJcavastuka tathA zrAvakaprajJapti ke dRSTAntoM ke dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| atirikta aSTakaprakaraNa, SoDazakaprakaraNa, viMzikAe~ aura paJcAzakaprakaraNa bhI AcArya haribhadra kI mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ haiM / paMcavastuka (paMcavatyuga) AcArya haribhadra kI yaha kRti prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai / isameM aSTakaprakaraNa 1714 padya haiM jo nimna pA~ca adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiM isa grantha meM 8-8 zlokoM meM racita nimnalikhita 32 1. pravrajyAvidhi ke antargata 228 padya haiM / isameM dIkSAsambandhI prakaraNa haiM - vidhi-vidhAna diye gae haiN| (1) mahAdevASTaka, (2) snAnASTaka, (3) pUjASTaka, 2. nityakriyA sambandhI adhikAra meM 381 padya haiM / yaha (4) agnikArikASTaka, (5) trividhabhikSASTaka, (6) sarvasampamunijIvana ke dainandina pratyayoM sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna kI carcA karatA hai| karibhikSASTaka,(7) pracchannabhojASTaka, (8) pratyAkhyAnASTaka, (9) jJAnASTaka, 3. mahAvratAropaNa vidhi ke antargata 321 padya haiM / isameM bar3I (10) vairAgyASTaka (11) tapASTaka, (12) vAdASTaka, (13) dharmavAdASTaka, dIkSA arthAt mahAvratAropaNa vidhi kA vivecana huA hai, sAtha hI isameM (14) ekAntanityavAdakhaNDanASTaka, (15) ekAntakSaNikavAda-khaNDanASTaka, sthavirakalpa, jinakalpa aura unase sambandhita upadhi Adi ke sambandha meM (16) nityAnityavAdapakSamaMDanASTaka, (17) mAMsabhakSaNa-dUSaNASTaka, bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| (18) mAMsabhakSaNamatadUSaNASTaka (19) madyapAnadUSaNASTaka (20) maithunadUSANASTaka, caturtha adhikAra meM 434 gAthAe~ hai| inameM AcArya-pada sthApanA, (21) sUkSmabuddhiparikSaNASTaka, (22) bhAvazuddhivicArASTaka, gaNa-anujJA, ziSyoM ke adhyayana Adi sambandhI vidhi-vidhAnoM kI carcA (23) jinamatamAlinya niSedhASTaka, (24) puNyAnubandhipuNyASTaka, karate hue pUjA-stavana Adi sambandhI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA nirdeza isameM (25) puNyAnubandhipuNyaphalASTaka, (26) tirthakRtadAnASTaka, milatA haiM / paJcama adhikAra meM sallekhanA sambandhI vidhAna diye gae haiN| (27) dAnazaMkAparihArASTaka, (28) rAjyAdidAnadoSaparihArASTaka, isameM 350 gAthAe~ hai| (29) sAmAyikASTaka, (30) kevalajJanASTaka, (31) tIrthaMkaradezanASTaka, isa kRti kI 550 zloka parimANa ziSyahitA nAmaka (32) mokSasvarUpASTaka / ina sabhI aSTakoM meM apane nAma ke anurUpa svopajJa TIkA bhI milatI hai / vastutaH yaha grantha vizeSa rUpa se jaina viSayoM kI carcA hai| muni-AcAra se sambandhita hai aura isa vidhA kA yaha eka Akara grantha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| dhUrtAkhyAna yaha eka vyaMgyapradhAna racanA hai / isameM vaidika purANoM meM varNita zrAvakaprajJapti (sAvayapatti ) asambhava aura avizvasanIya bAtoM kA pratyAkhyAna pA~ca dhUrtoM kI kathAoM 405 prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha yaha racanA zrAvakAcAra ke ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai / lAkSaNika zailI kI yaha advitIya racanA hai| sambandha meM AcArya haribhadra kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| aisA mAnA jAtA rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM pAI jAne vAlI kathAoM kI hai ki isake pUrva AcArya umAsvAti ne bhI isI nAma kI eka kRti aprAkRtika, avaijJAnika, abauddhika mAnyatAoM tathA pravRttiyoM kA kathA .

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686 ke mAdhyama se nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vyaMgya aura sujhAvoM ke mAdhyama se asambhava aura managaDhanta bAtoM ko tyAgane kA saMketa diyA gayA hai| khaDDapanA ke caritra aura bauddhika vikAsa dvArA nArI ko vijaya dilAkara madhyakAlIna nArI ke caritra ko udghATita kiyA gayA hai| dhyAnazatakavRtti pUrva RSipraNIta dhyAnazataka grantha kA gambhIra viSaya- Arta, raudra, dharma, zukla- ina cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM kA sugama vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| dhyAna kA yaha eka advitIya grantha hai / yatidinakRtya isa grantha meM mukhyatayA sAdhu ke dainika AcAra evaM kriyAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / SaDAvazyaka ke vibhinna AvazyakoM ko sAdhu ko apane dainika jIvana meM pAlana karanA cAhie, isakI vizad vivecanA isa grantha meM kI gayI hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 paJcAzaka (paMcAsaga 1 AcArya haribhadrasUri kI yaha kRti jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita hai / isameM unnIsa paJcAMzaka haiM jisameM dUsare meM 44 aura sattarahaveM meM 52 tathA zeSa meM 50-50 padma hai vIragaNi ke ziSya zrI candrasUri ke ziSya yazodeva ne pahale paJcAzaka para jaina mahArASTrI meM vi. saM0 1972 meM eka cUrNi likhI thI jisameM prArambha meM tIna padya aura anta meM prazasti ke cAra padya haiM, zeSa grantha gadya meM hai, jisameM samyaktva ke prakAra, usake yatanA, abhiyoga aura dRSTAnta ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya bhava kI durlabhatA Adi anyAnya viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAmAcArI viSaya kA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai / maNDanAtmaka zailI meM racita hone ke kAraNa isameM 'tulAdaNDa nyAya' kA ullekha bhI hai Avazyaka cUrNi ke dezavirati meM jisa taraha navapayapayaraNa meM nau dvAroM kA pratipAdana hai, usI prakAra yahA~ para bhI nau dvAroM kA ullekha hai| 1. zrAvakadharmavidhi 2. jinadIkSAvidhi 3. caityavandanavidhi 4. pUjAvidhi 5. pratyAkhyAnavidhi 6. stavanavidhi 7. jinabhavananirmANavidhi 8. jinabimbapratiSThAvidhi 9. yAtrAvidhi 10. upAsakapratimAvidhi paMcAzakoM meM jaina AcAra aura vidhi-vidhAna ke sambandha meM aneka gambhIra praznoM ko upasthita karake unake samAdhAna prastuta kiye gaye haiN| nimna unnIsa paMcAzaka upalabdha hote haiN| 2. 11. sAdhudharmavidhi 12. sAdhusAmAcArI vidhi 13. piNDavidhAnavidhi 14. zIlAGgavidhAnavidhi 15. AlocanAvidhi 16. prAyazcittavidhi 17. kalpavidhi 18. bhikSupratimAkalpavidhi 19. tapavidhi uparokta paMcAzaka apane-apane viSaya ko gambhIratA se kintu saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiN| ina sabhI paMcAzakoM kA mUla pratipAdya zrAvaka evaM muni AcAra se sambandhita haiM aura yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM zrAvaka aura muni ke lie karaNIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA svarUpa usa yuga meM kaisA thA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya haribhadra bahuAyAmI vyaktitva ke dhanI eka viziSTa pratibhAsampanna AcArya rahe haiM / unake dvArA kI gaI sAhitya sevA na kevala jaina sAhitya apitu sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai| haribhadra ne jo udAtta dRSTi, asAmpradAyika vRtti aura nirbhayatA apanI kRtiyoM meM pradarzita kI hai, vaisI unake pUrvavartI athavA uttaravartI kisI bhI jaina jainetara vidvAn ne zAyada hI pradarzita kI ho / unhoMne anya darzanoM ke vivecana kI eka svastha paramparA sthApita kI tathA dArzanika aura yoga- paramparA meM vicAra evaM vartana kI jo abhinava dazA udghATita ko vaha vizeSakara Aja ke yuga ke asAmpradAyika evaM tulanAtmaka aitihAsika adhyayana ke kSetra meM adhika vyavahArya hai| sandarbha 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Avazyaka TIkA kI antima prazasti meM unhoMne likhA hai"samAptA ceyaM ziSyahitA nAma AvazyakaTIkA / kRti: sitAmbarAcAryajinabhaTa- nigadAnusAriNo vidyAdharakulatilakAcAryajinadattaziSyasya dharmato yAkinI mahattarAsUnoralpamaterAcArya haribhadrasya / jAiNimayahariAe raiyA eeu dhammaputteNa / haribhaddAyarieNaM bhavavirahaM icchAmANeNa || - upadezapada kI antima prazasti ciraM jIvau bhavavirahasUri tti / kahAvalI, patra 301a samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, paM0 sukhalAlajI, pR0 40 SaDdarzanasamuccaya, sampAdaka DaoN0 mahendrakumAra, prastAvanA, pR0 14 / vahI, prastAvanA, pR0 19 / samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR0 43 / 8. vahI, pR0 47 / 9. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, sampAdaka DaoN0 mahendrakumAra, prastAvanA, pR0 14 / 10. vahI, pR0 19 / .

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samadarzI AcArya haribhadra 687 11. karmaNo bhautikatvena yadvaitadapi sAmpratam / - vahI, 1/4 uttarArdha AtmanovyatiriktaM tat citrabhAvaM yato matam / / 29. jattha ya visaya-kasAyaccAgo maggo havijja No aNNo / zaktirUpaM tadanye tu sUrayaH sampracakSate / - vahI, 1/5 pUrvArdha anye tu vAsanArUpaM vicitraphaladaM matam / / 30. seyambaro ya Asambaro ya baddho ya ahava aNNo vA / / - zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 95-96 samabhAvabhAvi apyA lahai mukkhaM na saMdeho / / 12. samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR0 53-54 / - vahI, 1/3 13. vahI, pR0 55 / 31. nAmAi cauppabheo bhnnio| - vahI, 1/5 14. tatazcezvara kartRttvavAdo'yaM yulpate param / (vyAkhyA lekhaka kI apanI hai / ) samyagnyAyAvirodhena yathA''huH shuddhbuddhtH|| 32. takkAi joya karaNA khoraM payauM ghayaM jahA hujjA / IzvaraH paramAtmaiva taduktavratasevanAt / / ___ -vahI, 1/7 33. bhAvagayaM taM maggo tassa visuddhIi heuNo bhnniyaa| yato muktistatastasyAH kartA syAdguNabhAvataH / / - vahI, 1/11 pUrvArddha tadanAsevanAdeva yatsaMsAro'pi tattvataH / 34. tammi ya paDhame sudde sabbANi tayaNasArANi / - vahI, 1/10 tene tasyApi kartRtvaM kalpyAnaM na duSyati / / 35. vahI, 1/99-104 - zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 203-205 36. vahI, 1/108 15. paramaizvaryayuktatvAnmata: Atmaiva cezvaraH / 37. vahI, 2/10, 13, 32, 33, 34. sa ca kati nirdoSaH kartavAdo vyavasthitaH // 38. vahI, 2/34-36, 42, 46, 49-50 2/52, 56-74 vahI, 207 88-92 16. prakRtiM cApi satryAyAtkarmaprakRtimeva hi / / 39. vahI, 2/20 evaM prakRtivAdo'pi vijJeyaH satya eva hi / 40. jaha asui ThANaMpaDiyA caMpakamAlA na kIrate sIse / kapiloktatvatazcaiva divyo hi sa mahAmuniH / / pAsasthAiThANe vaTTamANA iha apujjA / / - vahI, 2/22 . vahI, 232-237 41. jaDa cariuM no sakko saddha jailiMga mhvpuuytttthii| 17. anye tvbhiddhtyevmetdaasthaanivRttye|| to gihiliMga giNhe no liMgI pUyaNArihao / / kSaNika sarvameveti buddhanoktaM na tattvataH / / ___ -vahI, 1/275 vijJAnamAtramapyevaM brAhyasaMganivRttaye / 42. eyArisANa dussIlayANa sAhupisAyANa matti pUvvaM / vineyAn kAMzcidAzritya yadvA taddezanA'rhataH / / je vaMdaNanamaMsAi kuvvaMti na mahApAvA ? - vahI, 464-465 __-vahI, 1/114 18. anye vyAkhyAnayantyevaM samabhAvaprasiddhaye / suhasIlAo sacchaMdacAriNo veriNo sivapahassa / advaitadezanA zAstre nirdiSTiA na tu tattvataH / / vahI, 550 ANAbhaTTAo bahujaNAo mA bhaNaha saMvRtti / / 19. jJAnayogAdato muktiriti samyag vyavasthitam / devAi davvabhakkhaNatapparA taha umaggapakkhakarA / tantrAntarAnurodhena gItaM cetthaM na doSakRt // vahI, 579 sAhu jaNANapaosaM kAriNaM mAbhaNaMha saMghaM / / 20. yaM zrutvA sarvazAstreSu prAyastattvavinizcayaH / jahamma anII aNAyAra seviNo dhammanIiM pddikuulaa| jAyate dveSazamanaH svargasiddhisukhAvahaH / / vahI, 21. sAhupabhii cauro vi bahuyA avi mA bhaNaha saMghaM / yogadRSTisamuccaya, 87 evaM 88 asaMghaM saMgha je bhaNita rAgeNa ahava doseNa / 22. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 20 cheo vA muhattaM pacchittaM jAyae tesiM / / 23. yogadRSTisamuccaya, 86-101 / -vahI, 1/119-121, 123 24. vahI, 107-109 / 44. gabbhapaveso vi varaM bhaddavaro narayavAsa pAso vi / 25. citrA tu dezanaiteSAM syAd vineyAnuguNyataH / mA jiNa ANA lovakare vasaNaM nAma saMghe ve / / __yasmAdete mahAtmAno bhvvyaadhibhissgvraaH|| - vahI,134 - vahI, 2/132 26. yadvA tattannAyapekSA tatkAlAdiniyogataH / 45. vahI, 2/103 RSibhyo dezanA citrA tanmUlaiSA'pi tattvataH / / - vahI, 138 46. vahI, 2/104 27. maggo maggo loe bhaNaMti, savve maggaNA rahiyA / 47. vesAgihesu gamaNaM jahA nisiddhaM sukula bahuyANaM / -sambodhaprakaraNa, 1/4 pUrvArdha taha hINAyAra jai jaNa saMga saDDANa paDisiddhaM / / 28. paramappa maggaNA jattha tammaggo mukkha magguti / / paraM diTThi viso sappo varaM halAhalaM visaM /

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hoNAyAra agIyattha vayaNapasaMgaM khu No bhado // vahI, zrAvaka - dharmAdhikAra, 2, 3 2/77-78 48. vahI, 49. bAlA baMyati evaM veso titvakarANa esovi / namaNijjo dhiddhi aho sirasUlaM kassa pukkarimoM // 50. varaM vAhI varaM maccU varaM dAridasaMgamo / varaM araNNevAso ya mA kulIlANa saMgamo // hoNAyAro vi varaM mA kusIlaeNa saMgamo bhaddaM / jamhA hINo appa nAsai savvaM hu sIla nihiM // vahI, 2 / 76 AcArya hemacandra bhAratIya manISArUpI AkAza ke eka dedIpyamAna nakSatra haiN| vidyopAsaka zvetAmbara jaina AcAryoM meM bahuvidha aura vipula sAhityasvaSTA ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra ke bAda yadi koI mahattvapUrNa nAma hai to vaha AcArya hemacandra kA hI hai jisa prakAra AcArya haribhadra ne vividha bhASAoM meM jaina vidyA kI vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA thA, usI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra gujarAta kI vidvat paramparA ke pratibhAzAlI aura prabhAvazAlI jaina AcArya hai| unake sAhitya meM jo bahuvidhatA hai vaha unake vyaktitva evaM unake jJAna kI bahuvidhatA kI paricAyikA hai| kAvya, chanda, vyAkaraNa, koza, kathA, darzana, adhyAtma aura yoga-sAdhanA Adi sabhI pakSoM ko AcArya hemacandra ne apanI sRjanadharmitA meM sameTa liyA hai| dharmasApekSa aura dharmanirapekSa donoM hI prakAra ke sAhitya ke sRjana meM unake vyaktitva kI samAnatA kA anya koI nahIM milatA hai| jisa mor3havaNika jAti ne samprati yuga meM gA~dhI jaise mahAn vyakti ko janma diyA usI mor3avaNika jAti ne AcArya hemacandra ko bhI janma diyA thaa| AcArya hemacandra kA janma gujarAta ke dhandhukA nagara meM zreSThi cAciga tathA mAtA pAhiNI ko kukSi se I0 san 1088 meM huA thaa| jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke pitA zaiva aura mAtA jainadharma kI anuyAyI thiiN| Aja bhI gujarAta kI isa mor3avaNika jAti meM vaiSNava aura jaina donoM dharmoM ke anuyAyI pAe jAte haiN| ataH hemacandra ke pitA cAciMga ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA pAhiNI ke jainadharmAvalambI hone meM koI virodha nahIM hai kyoMki prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratavarSa meM aise aneka parivAra rahe haiM jinake sadasya bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyI hote the| sambhavataH pitA ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA ke jainadharmAvalambI hone ke kAraNa hI hemacandra ke jIvana vahI, 2/101-102 51. vistAra ke lie dekheM sambodhaprakaraNa gurusvruupaadhikaar| isameM 375 gAthAoM meM suguru kA svarUpa varNita hai| 52. no appaNa parAyA guruNo kaiyA vi huMti saGkANaM / jiNa vayaNa rayaNanihiNo savve te vanniyA guruNo // -vahI, gurusvarUpAdhikara AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 53. lokatattvanirNaya, 32-33 54. yogadRSTisamuccaya 129 / 55. jinaratnakoza, haridAmodara velaMkara, bhaMDArakara ArieNTala risarca insTIcyUTa, pUnA 1944, pR0 144 3 meM dhArmika samanvayazIlatA ke bIja adhika vikasita ho ske| dUsare zabdoM meM dharmasamanvaya kI jIvanadRSTi to unheM apane pArivArika pariveza se hI milI thii| AcArya devacandra jo ki AcArya hemacandra ke dIkSAguru the, svayaM bhI prabhAvazAlI AcArya the| unhoMne bAlaka caMgadeva (hemacandra ke janma kA nAma) kI pratibhA ko samajha liyA thA, isaliye unhoMne unakI mAtA se unheM bAlyakAla meM hI prApta kara liyaa| AcArya hemacandra ko unakI alpa bAlyAvasthA meM hI guru dvArA dIkSA pradAna kara dI gaI aura vidhivata rUpa se unheM dharma, darzana aura sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAyA gyaa| vastutaH hemacandra kI pratibhA aura devacandra ke prayatna ne bAlaka ke vyaktitva ko eka mahanIyatA pradAna kii| hemacandra kA vyaktitva bhI unake sAhitya kI bhA~ti bahu-AyAmI thaa| ve kuzala rAjanItijJa, mahAn dharmaprabhAvaka, lokakalyANakartA evaM apratima vidvAn sabhI kucha the| unake mahAn vyaktitva ke sabhI pakSoM ko ujAgara kara pAnA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI maiM kucha mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna avazya kruuNgaa| hemacandra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA - yaha satya hai ki AcArya hemacandra kI jainadharma ke prati ananya niSThA thI kintu sAtha hI ve anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNu bhI the| unheM yaha guNa apane parivAra se hI virAsata meM milA thaa| jaisA ki sAmAnya vizvAsa hai, hemacandra kI mAtA jaina aura pitA zaiva the| eka hI parivAra meM vibhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM kI upasthiti usa parivAra kI sahiSNuvRtti kI hI paricAyaka hotI hai| AcArya kI isa kulagata sahiSNuvRti ko jainadharma ke anekAntavAda kI udAra dRSTi se aura adhika bala milaa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki anya jaina AcAryoM ke samAna hemacandra ne bhI 'anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA' nAmaka samIkSAtmaka grantha likhA aura usameM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI kii| kintu isase yaha anumAna nahIM lagAnA cAhiye ki .

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689 hemacandra meM dhArmika udAratA nahIM thii| vastuta: hemacandra jisa yuga meM hue andhavizvAsoM kA poSaNa na ho| isa sandarbha meM ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM the, vaha yuga dArzanika vAda-vivAda kA yuga thaa| ata: hemacandra kI yaha ki jisa dharma meM deva yA upAsya rAgadveSa se yukta hoM, dharmagurU abrahmacArI vivazatA thI ki ve apanI paramparA kI rakSA ke liye anya darzanoM kI hoM aura dharma meM karuNA va dayA ke bhAvoM kA abhAva ho, aisA dharma vastutaH mAnyatAoM kA tArkika samIkSA kara parapakSa kA khaNDana aura svapakSa kA adharma hI hai| upAsya ke sambandha meM hemacandra ko nAmoM kA koI Agraha maNDana kreN| kintu yadi hemacandra kI 'mahAdevastotra' Adi racanAoM evaM nahIM, cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina, kintu upAsya hone unake vyAvahArika jIvana ko dekheM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki unake ke liye ve eka zarta avazya rakha dete haiM, vaha yaha ki use rAga-dveSa se jIvana meM aura vyavahAra meM dhArmika udAratA vidyamAna thii| kumArapAla ke mukta honA caahiye| ve svayaM kahate haiM ki- . pUrva ve jayasiMha siddharAja ke samparka meM the kintu unake jIvanavRtta se hameM bhvbiijaaNkurjnnraagdyaakssymupaagtaasy| aisA koI saMketa-sUtra nahIM milatA ki unhoMne kabhI bhI siddharAja ko brahmA vA viSNurvA haro vA jino vA nmstsmai||4|| jainadharma kA anuyAyI banAne kA prayatna kiyA ho| mAtra yahI nahIM, jayasiMha isI prakAra gurU ke sandarbha meM bhI unakA kahanA hai ki use siddharAja ke darabAra meM rahate hue bhI unhoMne kabhI kisI anya paramparA ke brahmacArI yA caritravAna honA caahiye| ve likhate haiM kividvAn kI upekSA yA avamAnanA kI ho, aisA bhI koI ullekha nahIM sarvAbhilASiNaH sarva bho jinaH sprigrhH| miltaa| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM jayasiMha siddharAja ke darabAra meM unake abrahmacAriNo mithyopadezAH guravo na tu||5 digambara jaina AcArya ke sAtha hue vAda-vivAda kA ullekha avazya hai arthAt jo AkAMkSA se yukta ho, bhojyAbhojya ke viveka se rahita parantu usameM bhI mukhya vAdI ke rUpa meM hemacandra na hokara bRhadgacchIya ho, parigraha sahita aura abrahmacArI tathA mithyA upadeza dene vAlA ho, vAdidevasUri hI the| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra se prabhAvita hokara vaha guru nahIM ho sktaa| ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jo hiMsA aura kumArapAla ne jainadharmAnuyAyI banakara jainadharma kI praryApta prabhAvanA kI, parigraha meM AkaNTha DUbA ho, vaha dUsaroM ko kaise tAra sakatA hai| jo svayaM kintu kumArapAla ke dharma-parivartana yA unako jaina banAne meM hemacandra kA dIna ho vaha dUsaroM ko dhanADhya kaise banA sakatA hai|6 arthAt caritravAna, kitanA hAtha thA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| vastuta: hemacandra ke dvArA na kevala niSparigrahI aura brahmacArI vyakti hI guru yogya ho sakatA hai| dharma ke svarUpa kumArapAla kI jIva-rakSA huI thI apitu use rAjya bhI milA thaa| yaha to ke sambandha meM bhI hemacandra kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha AcArya ke prati usakI atyadhika niSThA hI thI jisane use jainadharma kI mAnate haiM ki jisa sAdhanAmArga meM dayA evaM karuNA kA abhAva ho, jo ora AkarSita kiyaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra ne usake mAdhyama se viSayAkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ko hI jIvana kA lakSya mAnatA ho, jisameM saMyama ahiMsA aura naitika mUlyoM kA prasAra karavAyA aura jainadharma kI prabhAvanA kA abhAva ho, vaha dharma nahIM ho sktaa| hiMsAdi se kaluSita dharma, dharma bhI karavAI kintu kabhI bhI unhoMne rAjA meM dhArmika kaTTaratA kA bIja nahIM na hokara saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hI hotA hai| boyaa| kumArapAla sampUrNa jIvana meM zaivoM ke prati bhI utanA hI udAra rahA, isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ko svIkAra karate hue jitanA vaha jainoM ke prati thaa| yadi hemacandra cAhate to use zaivadharma se bhI itanA avazya mAnate haiM ki dharma ke nAma para adharma kA poSaNa nahIM pUrNataH vimukha kara sakate the, para unhoMne kabhI aisA nahIM kiyA balki honA caahiye| unakI dRSTi meM dharma kA artha koI viziSTa karmakANDa na hokara use sadaiva hI zaivadharmAnuyAyiyoM ke sAtha udAra dRSTikoNa rakhane kA Adeza karuNA aura lokamaMgala se yukta sadAcAra kA sAmAnya Adarza hI hai| ve diyaa| yadi hemacandra meM dhArmika saMkIrNatA hotI to ve kumArapAla dvArA spaSTataH kahate haiM ki saMyama, zIla, aura dayA se rahita dharma manuSya ke somanAtha mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karA kara usakI pratiSThA meM svayaM bhAga kyoM bauddhika divAliyepana kA hI sUcaka hai| ve Atma-pIr3A ke sAtha udghoSa lete? athavA svayaM mahAdevastotra kI racanA kara rAjA ke sAtha svayaM karate haiM ki yaha bar3e kheda kI bAta hai ki jisake mUla meM kSamA, zIla bhI mahAdeva kI stuti kaise kara sakate the? unake dvArA racita aura dayA hai, aise kalyANakArI dharma ko chor3akara mandabuddhi loga hiMsA mahAdevastotra isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ve dhArmika udAratA ke samarthaka ko bhI dharma mAnate haiN| the| stotra meM unhoMne ziva, mahezvara, mahAdeva Adi zabdoM kI sundara aura isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika udAratA ke kaTTara samarthaka hote hue sampradAya nirapekSa vyAkhyA karate hue anta meM yahI kahA hai ki saMsAra bhI dharma ke nAma para AyI huI vikRtiyoM aura caritrahInatA kI samIkSA rUpI bIja ke aMkuroM ko utpanna karane vAle rAga aura dveSa jisake samApta karate haiN| ho gae hoM unheM maiM namaskAra karatA hU~, cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, mahAdeva hoM athavA jina hoN|3 sarvadharmasamabhAva kyoM? hemacandra kI dRSTi meM sarvadharmasamabhAva kI AvazyakatA kyoM dhArmika sahiSNutA kA artha mithyA-vizvAsoM kA poSaNa nahIM hai, isakA nirdeza paM0 becaradAsajI ne apane 'hemacandrAcArya'9 nAmaka yadyapi hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI ve grantha meM kiyA hai| jayasiMha siddharAja kI sabhA meM hemacandra ne isa sandarbha meM satarka haiM ki dharma ke nAma para mithyAdhAraNAoM aura sarvadharmasamabhAva ke viSaya meM jo vicAra prastuta kiye the, ve paM0

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690 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 becaradAsajI ke zabdoM meM nimnalikhita haiM gujarAta aura usake sImAvartI pradeza meM eka vizeSa vAtAvaraNa nirmita kara "hemacandra kahate haiM ki prajA meM yadi vyApaka deza-prema aura diyaa| usa samaya ke gujarAta kI sthiti kA kucha citraNa hameM hemacandra zUravIratA ho kintu yadi dhArmika udAratA na ho to deza kI janatA khatare ke mahAvIracarita meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "rAjA ke hiMsA meM hI hogI, yaha nizcita hI samajhanA caahiye| dhArmika udAratA ke abhAva aura zikAraniSedha kA prabhAva yahA~ taka huA ki asaMskArI kuloM meM janma meM prema saMkucita ho jAtA hai aura zUravIratA eka unmattatA kA rUpa le lene vAle vyaktiyoM ne bhI khaTamala aura jUM jaise sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA letI hai| aise unmatta loga khUna kI nadiyoM ko bahAne meM bhI nahIM cUkate banda kara dii| zikAra banda ho jAne se jIva-jantu jaMgaloM meM usI nirbhayatA aura deza ujAr3a ho jAtA hai| somanAtha ke pavitra devAlaya kA naSTa honA se ghUmane lage, jaise gauzAlA meM gaayeN| rAjya meM madirApAna isa prakAra banda isakA jvalanta pramANa hai| dakSiNa meM dharma ke nAma para jo saMgharSa huA unameM ho gayA ki kumbhAroM ko madyabhANDa banAnA bhI banda karanA pdd'aa| madyapAna hajAroM logoM kI jAne gyiiN| yaha havA aba gujarAta kI ora bahane lagI ke kAraNa jo loga atyanta daridra ho gae the, ve isakA tyAga kara phira hai kintu hameM vicAranA cAhiye ki yadi gujarAta meM isa dharmAndhatA kA praveza se dhanI ho ge| sampUrNa rAjya meM dyUtakrIr3A kA nAmonizAna hI samApta ho gayA to hamArI janatA aura rAjya ko vinaSTa hone meM koI samaya nahIM ho gyaa|"1deg isa prakAra hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga kara gujarAta lgegaa| Age ve puna: kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra gujarAta ke mahArAjya ke meM vyasanamukta saMskArI jIvana kI jo krAnti kI thI, usake tattva Aja vibhinna deza apanI vibhinna bhASAoM, vezabhUSAoM aura vyavasAyoM ko karate taka gujarAta ke janajIvana meM kisI sImA taka surakSita haiN| vastuta: yaha hae sabhI mahArAjA siddharAja kI AjJA ke vazIbhUta hokara kArya karate haiM, hemacandra ke vyaktitva kI mahAnatA hI thI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa eka usI prakAra cAhe hamAre dhArmika kriyAkalApa bhinna hoM phira bhI unameM viveka- sampUrNa rAjya meM saMskAra krAnti ho skii| dRSTi rakhakara sabhI ko eka paramAtmA kI AjJA ke anukUla rahanA caahiye| isI meM deza aura prajA kA kalyANa hai| yadi hama sahiSNuvRtti se na rahakara, striyoM aura vidhavAoM ke saMrakSaka hemacandra dharma ke nAma para yaha vivAda kareMge ki yaha dharma jhUThA hai aura yaha dharma yadyapi hemacandra ne apane 'yogazAstra' meM pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM ke saccA hai, yaha dharma nayA hai yaha dharma purAnA hai, to hama sabakA hI nAza samAna hI brahmacarya ke sAdhaka ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthira rakhane ke liye hogaa| Aja hama jisa dharma kA AcaraNa kara rahe haiM, vaha koI zuddha dharma nArI-nindA kI hai| ve kahate haiM ki striyoM meM svabhAva se hI caMcalatA, na hokara zaddha dharma ko prApta karane ke liye yogyatAbheda ke AdhAra para nirdayatA aura kuzIlatA ke doSa hote haiN| eka bAra samudra kI thAha pAyI banAe gae bhinna-bhinna sAmpradAyika baMdhAraNa mAtra haiN| hameM yaha dhyAna rahe jA sakatI hai kintu svabhAva se kuTila, duzcaritra kAminiyoM ke svabhAva ki zastroM ke AdhAra para lar3A gayA yuddha to kabhI samApta ho jAtA hai, kI thAha pAnA kaThina hai|11 kintu isake AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki parantu zAstroM ke AdhAra para hone vAle saMgharSa kabhI samApta nahI hote, ata: hemacandra strI jAti ke mAtra Alocaka the; galata hogaa| hemacandra ne nArI dharma ke nAma para ahiMsA Adi pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana ho, santoM kA samAgama jAti kI pratiSThA aura kalyANa ke liye jo mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA usake ho, brAhmaNa, zramaNa aura mAtA-pitA kI sevA ho, yadi jIvana meM hama kAraNa ve yugoM taka yAda kiye jaayeNge| unhoMne kumArapAla ko upadeza dekara itanA hI pA sakeM to hamArI bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogii|" vidhavA aura nissantAna stritayoM kI sampatti ko rAjyasAta kiye jAne kI hemacandra kI carcA meM dhArmika udAratA aura anudAratA ke svarUpa krUra-prathA ko sampUrNa rAjya meM sadaiva ke liye banda karavAyA aura isa mAdhyama aura unake pariNAmoM kA jo mahattvapUrNa ullekha hai vaha Aja bhI utanA se na kevala nArI-jAti ko sampatti kA adhikAra dilavAyA, 12 apitu hI prAsaMgika hai jitanA ki kabhI hemacandra ke samaya meM rahA hogaa| unakI sAmAjika jIvana meM pratiSThA bhI kI aura anekAneka vidhavAoM ko saMkaTamaya jIvana se ubAra diyaa| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki hemacandra hemacandra aura gujarAta kI sadAcAra-krAnti ne nArI ko usakI khoI haI pratiSThA pradAna kii| hemacandra ne siddharAja aura kumArapAla ko apane prabhAva meM lekara gujarAta meM jo mahAn sadAcAra krAnti kI, vaha unake jIvana kI eka prajArakSaka hemacandra mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai aura jisase Aja taka bhI gujarAta kA janajIvana hemacandra kI dRSTi meM rAjA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kartavya apanI prabhAvita hai| hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga janasAdhAraNa ko ahiMsA prajA ke sukha-duHkha kA dhyAna rakhanA hai| hemacandra rAjaguru hokara aura sadAcAra kI ora prerita karane ke lie kiyaa| kumArapAla ko prabhAvita janasAdhAraNa ke nikaTa samparka meM the| eka samaya ve apane kisI ati kara unhoMne isa bAta kA vizeSa prayatna kiyA ki janasAdhAraNa meM se nirdhana bhakta ke yahA~ bhikSArtha gae aura vahA~ se sUkhI roTI aura moTA kharadurA hiMsakavRtti aura kusaMskAra samApta hoN| unhoMne zikAra aura pazu bali ke kapar3A bhikSA meM prApta kiyaa| vahI moTI roTI khAkara aura moTA vastra dhAraNa niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha madyapAna niSedha, dyUtakrIr3A-niSedha ke Adeza bhI rAjA kara ve rAjadarabAra meM phuNce| kumArapAla ne jaba unheM anyamanaska, moTA se pArita kraaye| AcArya ne na kevala isa sambandha meM rAjyAdeza nikalavAe, kapar3A pahane darabAra meM dekhA, to jijJAsA prakaTa kI, ki mujhase kyA koI apitu jana-jana ko rAjyAdezoM ke pAlana hetu prerita bhI kiyA aura sampUrNa galatI ho gaI hai? AcArya hemacandra ne kahA-"hama to muni haiM, hamAre liye

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa to sukhI roTI aura moTA kapar3A hI ucita hai| kintu jisa rAjA ke rAjya meM prajA ko itanA kaSTamaya jIvana bitAnA hotA hai, vaha rAjA apane prajAdharma kA pAlaka to nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aisA rAjA narakesarI hone ke sthAna para narakezvarI hI hotA hai| eka ora apAra svarNa rAzi aura dUsarI ora tana Dhakane kA kapar3A aura khAne ke liye sUkhI roTI kA abhAva, yaha rAjA ke liye ucita nahIM hai|" kahA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke isa upadeza se prabhAvita ho rAjA ne Adeza diyA ki nagara meM jo bhI atyanta garIba loga hai, unako rAjya kI ora se vastra aura khAdya sAmagrI pradAna kI jaaye| 13 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra yadyapi svayaM eka muni kA jIvana jIte the kintu lokamaMgala aura lokalyANa ke liye tathA nirdhana janatA ke kaSTa dUra karane ke liye ve sadA tatpara rahate the aura isake liye rAjadarabAra meM bhI apane prabhAva kA prayoga karate the| samAjazAstrI hemacandra svayaM muni hote hue bhI hemacandra pArivArika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI suvyavasthA ke liye sajaga the| ve eka aise AcArya the jo janasAdhAraNa ke sAmAjika jIvana ke utthAna ko bhI dharmAcArya kA Avazyaka karttavya mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM dhArmika hone kI Avazyaka zarta yaha bhI thI ki vyakti eka sabhya samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM jInA siikhe| eka acchA nAgarika honA dhArmika jIvana meM praveza karane kI Avazyaka bhUmikA hai| apane grantha 'yogazAstra' meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki zrAvakadharma kA anusaraNa karane ke pUrva vyakti eka acche nAgarika kA jIvana jInA siikhe| unhoMne aise 35 guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai jinakA pAlana eka acche nAgarika ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se vAMchanIya hai| ve likhate haiM ki "1. nyAyapUrvaka dhana-sampatti ko arjita karane vAlA 2 sAmAnya ziSTAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 3. samAna kula aura zIla vAlI anya gotra kI kanyA se vivAha karane vAlA, 4. pApabhIru, 5. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 6. nindA kA tyAgI, 7. aise makAna meM nivAsa karane vAlA jo na to adhika khulA ho na ati gupta, 8. sadAcArI vyaktiyoM ke satsaMga meM rahane vAlA, 9. mAtA-pitA kI sevA karane vAlA, 10. azAnta tathA upadrava yukta satsaMga sthAna ko tyAga dene vAlA, 11. nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti na karane vAlA, 12. Aya ke anusAra vyaya karane vAlA, 13. sAmAjika pratiSThA evaM samRddhi ke anusAra vastra dhAraNa karane vAlA, 14. buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta, 15. sadaiva dharmopadeza kA zravaNa karane vAlA, 16. ajIrNa ke samaya bhojana kA tyAga karane vAlA, 17. bhojana ke avasara para svAsthyaprada bhojana karane vAlA, 18. dharma, artha aura kAma ina tInoM vargoM kA paraspara virodha-rahita bhAva se sevana karane vAlA, 19. yathAzakti atithi, sAdhu evaM dIna-duHkhiyoM ko sevA karane vAlA, 20 mithyA AgrahoM se sadA dUra rahane vAlA 21. guNoM kA pakSapAtI, 22 niSiddha dezAcAra aura kAlAcAra kA tyAgI, 23. apane balAbala kA samyak jJAna ". 691 karane vAlA aura apane balAbala kA vicAra kara kArya karane vAlA, 24. vrata, niyama meM sthira, jJAnI evaM vRddha janoM kA pUjaka, 25. apane AzritoM kA pAlana-poSaNa karane vAlA 26. dIrghadarzI, 27 vizeSajJa, 28. kRtajJa, 29. lokapriya 30 lajjAvAna, 31. dayAlu, 32. zAntasvabhAvI, 33. paropakAra karane meM tatpara, 34. kAmakrodhAdi antaraMga zatruoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA aura 35. apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA vyakti ho gRhastha dharma ke pAlana karane yogya hai| .. 14 vastutaH isa samagra carcA meM AcArya hemacandra ne eka yogya nAgarika ke sAre karttavyoM aura dAyitvoM kA saMketa kara diyA hai aura isa prakAra eka aisI jIvanazailI kA nirdeza kiyA hai jisake AdhAra para sAmaMjasya aura zAntipUrNa samAja kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki AcArya hemacandra sAmAjika aura pArivArika jIvana kI upekSA karake nahIM calate, varan ve use utanA hI mahattva dete haiM jitanA Avazyaka hai aura ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki dhArmika hone ke liye eka acchA nAgarika honA Avazyaka hai| hemacandra kI sAhitya sAdhanA 15 hemacandra ne gujarAta ko aura bhAratIya saMskRti ko jo mahattvapUrNa avadAna diyA hai, vaha mukhyarUpa se unakI sAhityika pratibhA ke kAraNa hI hai| inhoMne apanI sAhityika pratibhA ke bala para hI vividha vidyAoM meM grantha kI racanA kii| jahA~ eka ora unhoMne abhidhAna - cintAmaNi, anekArthasaMgraha, nighaMTukoSa aura dezInAmamAlA jaise zabdakoSoM kI racanA kI, vahIM dUsarI ora siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana, liGgAnuzAsana, dhAtupArAyaNa jaise vyAkaraNa grantha bhI race koza aura vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana jaise alaMkAra grantha aura chandonuzAsana jaise chandazAstra ke grantha kI racanA bhI kii| vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina saiddhAntika granthoM meM unhoMne saMskRta bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke upekSita vyAkaraNa kI bhI carcA kii| ina siddhAntoM ke prAyogika pakSa ke liye unhoMne saMskRta prAkRta meM dvayAzraya jaise mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| hemacandra mAtra sAhitya ke hI vidvAn nahIM the apitu dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM bhI unakI gati nirbAdha thii| darzana ke kSetra meM unhoMne anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, ayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA aura pramANamImAMsA jaise praur3a grantha race to dharma ke kSetra meM yogazAstra jaise sAdhanApradhAna grantha kI bhI racanA kii| kathA sAhitya meM unake dvArA racita triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita kA apanA viziSTa mahatva hai| hemacandra ne sAhitya, kAvya, dharma aura darzana jisa kisI vidhA ko apanAyA, use eka pUrNatA pradAna kii| unakI isa vipula sAhityasarjanA kA hI pariNAma thA ki unheM kalikAlasarvajJa kI upAdhi pradAna kI gyii| - sAhitya ke kSetra meM hemacandra ke avadAna ko samajhane ke liye unake dvArA racita granthoM kA kiMcit mUlyAMkana karanA hogaa| yadyapi hemacandra ke pUrva vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA apanA mahattva thA, usa para aneka vRttiyA~ aura bhASya likhe gae, phira bhI vaha vidyArthiyoM ke .

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692 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 liye durbodha hI thaa| vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana kI naI, sahaja evaM bodhagamya jAne ke uddezya kA patA calA to, na kevala ve pATaNa se prasthAna kara praNAlI ko janma dene kA zreya hemacandra ko hai| vaha hemacandra kA hI prabhAva gae apitu unhoMne apane ziSya ko adhyAtma sAdhanA se vimukha ho thA ki paravartIkAla meM brAhmaNa paramparA meM isI paddhati ko AdhAra banAkara lokaiSaNA meM par3ane kA ulAhanA bhI diyA aura kahA ki laukika pratiSThA grantha liye gae aura pANini ke aSTAdhyAyI kI praNAlI paThana-pAThana se arjita karane kI apekSA pAralaukika pratiSThA ke liye bhI kucha prayatna kro| dhIre-dhIre upekSita ho gyii| hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kI eka vizeSatA to jainadharma kI aisI prabhAvanA bhI jisake kAraNa tumhArA apanA AdhyAtmika yaha hai ki AcArya ne svayaM usakI vRtti meM katipaya zikSA-sUtroM ko uddhRta vikAsa hI kuMThita ho jAya tumhAre liye kisa kAma kI? kahA jAtA hai kiyA hai| unake vyAkaraNa kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM saMskRta ki guru ke isa ulAhane se hemacandra ko apanI mithyA mahattvAkAMkSA kA ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa bhI diye gae haiN| vyAkaraNa ke samAna bodha huA aura ve antarmukha ho adhyAtma sAdhanA kI ora prerita hue|16 hI unake kozagrantha, kAvyAnuzAsana aura chandAnuzAsana jaise sAhityika ve yaha vicAra karane lage ki maiMne lokaiSaNA meM par3akara na kevala apane siddhAnta-grantha bhI apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita aura Apako sAdhanA se vimukha kiyA apitu guru kI sAdhanA meM bhI vighna ddaalaa| pariziSTa parva ke rUpa meM unhoMne jainadharma kI paurANika aura aitihAsika pazcAtApa kI yaha pIr3A hemacandra kI AtmA ko barAbara kacoTatI rahI jo sAmagrI kA jo saMkalana kiyA hai, vaha bhI nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki hemacandra mAtra sAhityakAra yA rAjaguru hI nahIM unakI yoga zAstra, pramANamImAMsA Adi sabhI kRtiyoM kA mUlyAMkana sambhava the apitu AdhyAtmika sAdhaka bhI the| nahIM hai, kintu paravartI sAhityakAroM dvArA kiyA gayA unakA anukaraNa isa vastuta: hemacandra kA vyaktitva itanA vyApaka aura mahAna hai ki bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki unakI pratibhA se na kevala unakA ziSyamaNDala use samagrata: zabdoM kI sImA meM bA~dha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, apitu paravartI jaina yA jainetara vidvAn bhI prabhAvita hue| muni zrI usa yuga meM rahakara unhoMne jo kucha socA aura kahA thA vaha Aja bhI puNyavijayajI ne hemacandra kI samagra kRtiyoM kA jo zloka-parimANa diyA prAsaMgika hai| kAza! hama unake mahAn vyaktitva se preraNA lekara hiMsA, hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki unhoMne do lAkha zloka-parimANa sAhitya vaimanasya aura saMgharSa kI vartamAna trAsadI se bhArata ko bacA skte| kI racanA kI hai jo unakI sRjanadharmitA ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatI hai| sAdhaka hemacandra sandarbha hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki eka mahAn sAhityakAra aura 1. hemacandrAcArya (paM0 becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI), pR0 123. prabhAvazAlI rAjaguru hote hue bhI mUlata: hemacandra eka AdhyAtmika sAdhaka 2. AcArya hemacandra (vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara), pR0 191. the| yadyapi hemacandra kA adhikAMza jIvana sAhitya-sRjana ke sAtha-sAtha 3. dekheM : mahAdevastotra (AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara), pR0 1-16 gujarAta meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra tathA vahA~ kI rAjanIti meM apane prabhAva mahAdevastotra, pR0 44. ko yathAvat banAye rakhane meM bItA, kintu kAlAntara meM guru se ulAhanA yogazAstra, 2/9. pAkarahemacandra kI prasupta adhyAtmaniSThA puna: jAgrat ho gaI thii| kumArapAla 6. vahI, 2/10. ne jaba hemacandra se apanI kIrti ko amara karane kA upAya pUchA to unhoMne 7. vahI, 2/13. do upAya batAe- 1. somanAtha ke mandira kA jIrNodvAra aura 2. samasta 8. vahI, 1/40. deza ko RNamukta karake vikramAditya ke samAna apanA saMvat claanaa| 9. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 53-56. kumArapAla ko dUsarA upAya adhika upayukta lagA kintu samasta deza ko 10. dekheM : mahAvIracaritra (hemacandra), 65-75 (kumArapAla ke sambandha RNamukta karane ke liye jitane dhana kI AvazyakatA thI, utanA usake meM mahAvIra kI bhaviSyavANI). pAsa nahIM thA, ata: usane guru hemacandra se dhana-prApti kA upAya puuchaa| 11. yogazAstra, 2/84-85. isa samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu yaha upAya socA gayA ki hemacandra ke guru 12. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 77. devacandrasUri ko pATana bula vAyA jAe aura unheM jo svarNasiddhi vidyA prApta 13. vahI, pR0 101-104. hai usake dvArA apAra svarNarAzi prApta karake samasta prajA ko RNamukta 14. yogazAstra, 1/47-56. kiyA jaae| rAjA, apane priya ziSya hemacandra aura pATana ke zrAvakoM ke 15. dekheM : AcArya hemacandra (vi0bhA0 musalagAMvakara), adhyAya 7. Agraha para devacandrasUri pATaNa Ae kintu jaba unheM apane pATaNa bulAe 16. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 13-178. 5. vAgA -

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jaTAsiMhanandi kA varAGgacarita aura usakI paramparA jaTAsiMhanandi aura unake varAGgacarita ke digambara paramparA se phira bhI sarvaprathama putrATasaMghIya jinasena ke dvArA jaTAsiMhanandi kA bhinna yApanIya athavA kUrcaka saMgha se sambandhita hone ke kucha pramANa AdarapUrvaka ullekha yaha batAtA hai ki ve sambhavata: yApanIya paramparA se upalabdha hote haiM / yadyapi zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ke anusAra varAGgacarita sambandhita rahe hoN| kyoMki punnATasaMgha kA vikAsa yApanIya punnAgavRkSa meM aisA koI bhI antaraGga sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisase jaTAsiMhanandi mUlagaNa se hI huA hai / 15 punaH zvetAmbara AcArya udyotanasUri ne yApanIya aura unake grantha ko yApanIya kahA jA sake, kintu merI dRSTi meM zrImatI AcArya raviSeNa aura unake grantha padmacarita ke sAtha-sAtha jaTAsiMhanandi kusuma paToriyA kA yaha kathana samucita nahIM hai / sambhavata: unhoMne mUla ke varAGga-carita kA ullekha kiyA hai / isase aisI kalpanA kI jA grantha ko dekhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA aura dvitIyaka srotoM se upalabdha sakatI hai ki donoM eka hI paramparA ke aura samakAlika rahe hoNge| punaH sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para aisA mAnasa banA liyaa| zvetAmbara aura yApanIya meM eka-dUsare ke granthoM ke adhyayana kI paramparA ___ maiMne yathAsambhava mUla grantha ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura rahI hai / yApanIya AcArya prAcIna zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke granthoM ko par3hate usameM mujhe aise aneka tattva mile haiM jinake AdhAra para varAGgacarita aura the| jaTAsiMhanandi ke dvArA prakIrNakoM, Avazyakaniyukti tathA siddhasena usake kartA jaTila muni yA jaTAsiMhanandi ko digambara paramparA se itara ke sanmati tarka aura vimalasUri ke paumacariya kA anusaraNa yahI yApanIya athavA kUrcaka paramparA se sambaddha mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa batAtA hai ki ve yApanIya sampradAya se sambandhita rahe hoMge / kyoMki vivecana meM sarvaprathama to maiM zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ke dvArA prastuta una yApanIyoM dvArA ina granthoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana evaM anusaraNa kiyA bAhya sAkSyoM kI carcA karUMgA jinake AdhAra para jaTAsiMhanandi ke jAtA thA, isake aneka pramANa die jA sakate haiM / yaha ho sakatA hai yApanIya hone kI saMbhAvanA ko puSTa kiyA jAtA hai / usake pazcAt mUla ki jaTAsiMhanandi yApanIya na hokara kUrcaka sampradAya se sambandhita rahe grantha meM mujhe digambara mAnyatAoM se bhinna jo tathya upalabdha hue haiM, unakI hoM aura yaha kUrcaka sampradAya bhI yApanIyoM kI bhAMti zvetAmbaroM ke ati carcA karake yaha dikhAne kA prayatna karUMgA ki jaTAsiMhanandi yApanIya nikaTa rahA ho / yadyapi isa sambandha meM vistRta gaveSaNA abhI apekSita athavA kUrcaka paramparA meM se kisI eka se sambaddha rahe hoNge| hai| jaTAsiMhanandi yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita the yA kUrcaka saMgha 2. jaTAsiMhanandi yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha rahe haiM, isa se sambandhita the, isa sambandha meM to abhI aura bhI sUkSma adhyayana kI sambandha meM jo bAhya sAkSya upalabdha haiM unameM prathama yaha hai ki kannar3a kavi AvazyakatA hai kintu itanA nizcita hai ki ve digambara paramparA se bhinna janna ne jaTAsiMhanandi ko 'kANUragaNa' kA batAyA hai| aneka abhilekhoM anya kisI paramparA se sambandhita haiM kyoMki unakI aneka mAnyatAeM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki yaha kANUragaNa prArambha meM yApanIya paramparA kA vartamAna digambara paramparA ke virodha meM jAtI haiM / Aie, ina tathyoM kI eka gaNa thA / isa gaNa kA sarvaprathama ullekha saudaMtI ke I0 san samIkSA kareM - dasavIM zatI (988) ke eka abhilekha meM milatA hai / isa abhilekha 1. jinasena prathama (putrATasaMghIya) ne apane harivaMzapurANa (I0 meM gaNa ke sAtha yApanIya saMgha kA bhI spaSTa nirdeSa hai / 16 yaha sambhava san 783) meM, jinasena dvitIya (paMcastUpAnvayI) ne apane Adi purANa hai ki isa gaNa kA astitva isake pUrva sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM bhI rahA meM, udyotanasUri (zve0 AcArya) ne apanI kuvalayamAlA (I0san 778) ho / DaoN0 upAdhye janna ke isa abhilekha ko zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhate meM, rAcamalla ne apane kannar3a gadya grantha triSaSThizalAkApuruSa (I0 san haiN| unakI isa zaMkA ke do kAraNa haiM- eka to yaha ki gaNoM kI utpatti 974-84) meM, dhavala kavi ne apabhraMza bhASA meM racita apane harivaMza aura itihAsa ke viSaya meM paryApta jAnakArI kA abhAva hai, dUsare meM, jaTilamuni athavA unake varAMgacarita kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake jaTAsiMhanandi jana ke samakAlIna bhI nahIM haiN|7| yaha satya hai ki donoM atirikta bhI pampa ne apane Adi purANa (I0 san 941) meM, nayanasena meM lagabhaga pAMca sau varSa kA antarAla hai kintu mAtra kAlabheda ke kAraNa ne apane dharmAmRta (I0 san 1112) meM aura pArzvapaMDita ne pArzvapurANa janna kA kathana bhrAMta ho, hama DaoN0 upAdhye ke isa mantavya se sahamata (I0 san 1205) meM, janna ne apane anantanAtha purANa (I0 san nahIM haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki yApanIya paramparA ke kANUra Adi kucha gaNoM 1209) meM,deg guNavarga dvitIya ne apane puSpadaMtapurANa (I0 san 1230)19 kA ullekha Age calakara mUlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya ke sAtha bhI meM, kamala bhavana ne zAMtinAtha purANa (I0 san 1233)22 meM aura huA hai kintu isase unakA mUla meM yApanIya honA apramANita nahIM ho mahAbala kavi ne apane neminAtha purANa (I0 san 1254) meM,13 jaataa| kANUragaNa ke hI 12vIM zatAbdI taka ke abhilekhoM meM yApanIya jaTAsiMhanandi kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMgha ke ullekha upalabdha hote hai (dekheM- jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga ina sabhI ullekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi 5, lekha kramAMka 1-7) / isake atirikta svayaM DaoN0 upAdhye ne 12 vIM yApanIya, zvetAmbara aura digambara tInoM hI paramparAoM meM mAnya rahe haiN| zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke kucha zilAlekhoM meM kANUragaNa ke siMhanandi ke

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694 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 3/53 3/69 ullekha ko svIkAra kiyA hai|9| yadyapi ina lekhoM meM kANUragaNa ke ina sambaddha nahIM rahe haiM / yadi ve pA~cavI zatI ke pazcAt hue haiM to nizcita hI siMhanandi ko kahIM mUlasaMgha aura kahIM kundakundAnvaya kA batAyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara haiM aura yadi usake pUrva hue haiM to adhika se adhika zvetAmbara aura lekina smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yaha lekha usa samaya kA hai jaba yApanIya yApanIya paramparA kI pUrvaja uttarabhAratIya nirgrantha dhArA se sambaddha rahe haiN| gaNa bhI apane ko mUlasaMgha se jor3ane lage the| puna: ina lekhoM meM siMhanandi unake 'sanmati tarka' meM kramavAda ke sAtha-sAtha yugapavAda kI samIkSA, kA kANUragaNa ke AdhAcArya ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / unakI paramparA meM Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa, kRti kA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM honA Adi prabhAcandra, guNacandra, mAghanandi, prabhAcandra, anantavIrya, municandra, prabhAcaMda tathya isa saMbhAvanA ko puSTa karate haiM / varAGgacarita ke 26 veM sarga ke aneka Adi kA ullekha hai- yaha lekha to bahuta samaya pazcAt likhA gayA hai / punaH zloka 'sanmati tarka' ke prathama aura tRtIya kANDa kI gAthAoM kA saMskRta ina lekhoM meM bhI prArambha meM jaTAsiMhanandi AcArya kA ullekha hai, vahAM na to rUpAMtaraNa mAtra lagate haiM - mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hai aura na kundakundAnvaya kA / vahAM mAtra kANUragaNa kA dekheM - ullekha hai| yaha kANUragaNa prArambha meM yApanIya gaNa thA / ata: siddha hai ki varAGgacarita sanmati tarka varAGgacarita sanmati tarka jaTAsiMhanandi kANUragaNa ke AdhAcArya rahe hoMge / ina zilAlekhoM meM 26/52 1/6 26/65 1/52 siMhanandi ko gaMga vaMza kA samuddhAraka kahA gayA hai| yadi gaMga vaMza kA prArambha 26/53 26/69 3/47 I0 san caturtha zatI mAnA jAtA hai to gaMgavaMza ke saMsthApaka siMhanandi 26/54 1/11 26/70 3/54 jaTAsiMhanandi se bhinna hone cAhie / puna: kANUragaNa kA astitva bhI I0 / 26/55 1/12 26/71 3/55 san kI 7 vIM-8 vIM zatI ke pUrva jJAta nahIM hotA hai / sambhAvanA yahI hai 26/57 1/17 26/72 ki jaTAsiMhanandi kANUragaNa ke AdyAcArya rahe hoM aura unakA gaMga vaMza para 26/58 1/18 26/78 adhika prabhAva rahA ho / ata: Age calakara unheM gaMgavaMza kA uddhAraka mAna 26/60 1221 26/90 3/69 liyA gayA ho tathA gaMgavaMza ke uddhAra kI kathA unase jor3a dI gaI ho| 26/61 1/25 26/99 3/67 3. janna ne anantanAtha purANa meM na kevala jaTAsiMhanandi kA 26/62 1/23-24 26/100 3/68 ullekha kiyA hai apitu unake sAtha-sAtha hI kANUragaNa ke indranandi AcArya 26/63 1/25 kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / hama chedapiNDa zAstra kI paramparA kI carcA karate 26/64 samaya aneka pramANoM se yaha siddha kara cuke haiM ki jaTAsiMhanandi ke varAGgacaritakAra jaTAsiMhanandi dvArA siddhasena kA yaha anusaraNa samakAlIna yA unase kiMcit paravartI ye indranandi rahe haiM jinakA ullekha isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki ve siddhasena se nikaTa rUpa se jur3e hue haiN| zAkaTAyana Adi aneka yApanIya AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| janna ne jaTAsiMhanandi siddhasena kA prabhAva zvetAmbaroM ke sAtha-sAtha yApanIyoM aura yApanIyoM ke aura indranandi donoM ko kANUragaNa kA batAyA hai / isase unake kathana meM kAraNa punnATasaMghIya AcAryoM evaM paMcastUpAnvaya ke AcAryoM para bhI dekhA avizvasanIyatA jaisI koI bAta nahIM lagatI hai| jAtA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi usa yApanIya athavA 4. koppala meM upalabdha (purAnI kannar3a meM) eka lekha bhI upalabdha kUrcaka paramparA se sambandhita rahe hoMge jo aneka bAtoM meM zvetAmbaroM kI hotA hai jisake anusAra jaTAsiMhanandi ke caraNa-cihnoM ko cAvvaya ne Agamika paramparA ke nikaTa thii| yadi siddhasena zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM banavAyA thA22 / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi kA samAdhimaraNa ke pUrvaja AcArya haiM to yApanIya AcAryoM ke dvArA unakA anusaraNa saMbhava sambhavata: koppala meM huA ho / puna: DaoN0 upAdhye ne gaNabheda nAmaka hai| aprakAzita kannar3a graMtha ke AdhAra para yaha bhI mAna liyA hai ki koppala yA 7. varAGgacirata meM, aneka saMdarbho meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM kopana yApanIyoM kI mukhya pITha thI23 / ata: koppala/kopana se sambandhita niyuktiyoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to usameM kahA gayA hone ke kAraNa jaTAsiMhanandi ke yApanIya hone kI sambhAvanA adhika prabala hai - "varAGgamuni ne alpakAla meM hI AcArAMga aura aneka prakIrNakoM kA pratIta hotI hai| samyak adhyayana karake kramapUrvaka aMgoM evaM pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyaa25| 5. yApanIya paramparA meM muni ke lie 'yati' kA prayoga adhika isa prasaMga meM prakIrNakoM kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai / viSayavastu kI dRSTi pracalita rahA hai / yApanIya AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ko 'yatigrAmAgraNI' se to isake aneka sargoM meM AgamoM kA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| vizeSa kahA gayA hai / hama dekhate haiM ki jaTAsiMhanandi ke isa varAGgacarita meM bhI rUpa se svarga, naraka, karmasiddhAMta Adi sambandhI vivaraNa meM uttarAdhyayana muni ke lie yati zabda kA prayoga bahutAyata se huA hai / granthakAra sUtra kA anusaraNa huA hai / jaTAsiMhanandi ne caturtha sarga meM jo karma kI yaha pravRtti usake yApanIya hone kA saMketa karatI hai| siddhAMta kA vivaraNa diyA hai usake aneka zloka apane prAkRta rUpa meM 6. varAGgacarita meM siddhasena ke "sanmati tarka" kA bahuta uttarAdhyayana ke tIsaveM karma prakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM yathAvat milate haiM - adhika anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| aneka AdhAroM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki uttarAdhyayana varAGgacarita sanmati tarka ke kartA siddhasena kisI bhI sthiti meM digambara paramparA-se 30/2-3 4/2-3

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jaTAsiMhanandi kA varAGgacarita aura usakI paramparA 695 30/5-6 4/24-25 ye tIna gAthAeM AturapratyAkhyAna se sIdhe varAGgacarita meM gaIM 30/8-9 4/25-26-27 yA mUlAcAra ke mAdhyama se varAGgacarita meM gaI yaha eka alaga prazna hai| 30/10-11 4/28-29 mUlAcAra yApanIya grantha hai| ata: yadi ye gAthAeM mUlAcAra se bhI lI gaI 30/12 4/33 (AMzika) hoM to bhI jaTAsiMhanandi aura unake grantha varAGgacarita ke yApanIya hone kI 30/13 4/35 (AMzika) hI puSTi hotI hai / yadyapi kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI ye gAthAeM pAyI jAtI 30/15 4/37 haiM, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kundakunda ne bhI ye gAthAeM mUlacAra se hI yadyapi sampUrNa vivaraNa kI dRSTi se varAGgacarita kA karma siddhAnta lI hoMgI / aura puna: mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna kI lI gaI sabhI sambandhI vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA vikasita pratIta hotA hai / isI gAthAyeM samAhita kara lI gaI haiM, ataH antatogatvA to ye gAthAyeM Atara prakAra kI samAnatA svarga-naraka ke vivaraNa meM dekhI jAtI hai| uttarAdhyayana lI meM 36 veM adhyayana kI gAthA kramAMka 204 se 216 taka varAGgacarita ke Avazyakaniyukti kI bhI nimna do gAthAeM varAGgacarita meM naveM sarga ke zloka 1-12 taka kiMcit zAbdika parivartana ke sAtha saMskRta rUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi bhI AgamoM hayaM nANaM kiyAhINaM, hayA annANao kiyA / ke anurUpa bAraha devalokoM kI carcA karate haiN| pAsaMto paMgulo daDDo ghAvamANo a aMghao / / 1 / / isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya kI bhI aneka gAthAe~ varAGgacarita meM apane saMskRta rUpAMtaraNa ke sAtha pAyI jAtI haiM / dekheM - saMyogasiddhii phalaM vayaMti, na hu ekacakkeNa raho payAi / aMgho ya paMgUya vaNe samiccA, te saMpauttA nagaraM paviTThA / / 2 / / daMsaNabhaTTho bhaTTho, na hu bhaTTho hoi caraNapabmaTTho / dasaNamaNupattassa u pariyaDaNaM natthi saMsAre / / 65 / / / tulanIya - dasaNabhaTTho bhaTTho, daMsaNabhaTThassa natthi nivvANaM / / kriyAhInaM ca yajjJAnaM na tu siddhiM prayacchati / sijjhaMti caraNarahiyA, daMsaNarahiyA na sijhaMti / / 66 / / parizyanyathA paMgu mugdho dagdho davAgninA / / 99 / / - bhktprijnyaa| tau yathA saMprayuktau tu davAgnimadhigacchataH / tulanIya . tathA jJAnacaritrAbhyAM saMsArAnmucyate pumAn / / 101 / / darzanAdmaSTa evAnubhraSTa ityabhidhIyate / -varAGgagacarita, sarga 26 na hi cAritravibhraSTo bhraSTa ityucyate budhaiH / / 16 / / Agama, prakIrNaka aura niyukti sAhitya kA yaha anusaraNa mahatA tapasA yukto mithyAvRSTirasaMyataH / jaTAsiMhanandi aura unake graMtha ko digambaretara yApanIya yA kUrcaka tasya sarvajJasaMdRSTyA saMsAro'nanta ucyate / / 97 / / sampradAya kA siddha karatA hai| -varAGgacarita, sarga 26 8. jaTAsiMhanandi ne na kevala siddhasena kA anusaraNa kiyA hai isI prakAra varAGgacarita ke nimna zloka Atura pratyAkhyAna meM pAe apitu unhoMne vimalasUri ke paumacariya kA bhI anusaraNa kiyA hai / cAhe jAte haiN| yaha anusaraNa unhoMne sIdhe rUpa se kiyA ho yA raviSeNa ke padmacarita ke ekastu meM zAzvatikaH sa AtmA sadRSTisajjJAnaguNairUpetaH / mAdhyama se kiyA ho kintu itanA satya hai ki una para yaha prabhAva AyA zeSAzca meM bAhAtamAzca bhAvAH saMyogasallakSaNalakSitAste / / 101 / / hai / varAGgacarita meM zrAvaka ke vratoM kI jo vivecanA upalabdha hotI hai vaha saMyogato doSamavApa jIvaH parasparaM naikavidhAnubandhi / na to pUrNataH zvetAmbara paramparA ke upAsakadazA ke nikaTa hai aura na tasmAdvisaMyogamato durantamAjIvitAMtAdahamutsRjAmi // 102 pUrNata: digambara paramparA dvArA mAnya tattvArtha ke pUjyapAd devanandI ke sarveSu bhUteSu manaH samaM me vairaM na me kenacidasti kiMcit / sarvArthasiddhi ke mUlapATha ke nikaTa hai / apitu vaha vimalasUri ke AzAM punaH klezasahastramUlAM hitvA samAdhi laghu saMprapadye / / 103 // paupacariya ke nikaTa hai / paumacariya ke samAna hI isameM bhI dezAvakAsika - varAGgacarita, sarga 31 / vrata kA antarbhAva divrata meM mAnakara usa rikta sthAna kI pUrti ke lie tulanIya salekhanA ko bArahavA~ zikSAvrata mAnA gayA hai| kundakunda ne bhI isa ego me sAsao apyA naann-dsnnsNjuo| paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kintu kundakunda vimalasUri se to sesA me bahirA bhAvA savye saMjogalakkhaNA / / 27 // nizcita hI paravartI haiM aura sambhavataH jaTAsiMhanandi se bhI / ata: unake saMjogamUlA jIveNaM patta dukkhaparaMparA / dvArA kiyA gayA yaha anusaraNa asvAbhAvika bhI nahIM hai / smaraNa rahe ki tamhA saMjogasambandha savvaM bhAveNa vosire / / 28 / / kundakunda ne trasa-sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa, caturvidha mokSamArga Adi ke sambandha sammaM mai savvabhUesa ve majjha na keNaI / meM bhI Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki vimalasari AsAo vosiritsANaM samAhiM paDivajjae / / 22 / / ke paumacariya kA anusaraNa raviSeNa, svayaMbhU Adi aneka yApanIya - Atura pratyAkhyAna AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| ata: jaTAsiMhanandi ke yApanIya hone kI saMbhAvanA

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696 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prabala pratIta hotI hai| mAtra eka bAra digambara zabda kA prayoga milA hai| samAnyatayA 'vizIrNavastrA' 9. jaTAsiMhanandi ne varAGgacarita ke naveM sarga meM kalpavAsI devoM zabda kA prayoga huA hai / eka sthala para avazya muniyoM ko nirastrabhUSA' ke prakAroM kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai vaha digambara paramparA se bhinna kahA gayA hai kintu nirastrabhUSA kA artha sAja-sajjA se rahita hotA hai, hai| vaimAnika devoM ke bheda ko lekara zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA meM nagna nhiiN| - ye kucha aise tathya haiM jina para varAGgacarita kI paramparA kA spaSTa rUpa se matabheda hai / jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vaimAnika devoM meM 12 nirdhAraNa karate samaya gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / maiM cAhUMgA vibhAga mAnatI hai vahA~ digambara paramparA unake16 vibhAga mAnatI hai / isa ki Age Ane vAle vidvAn sampUrNa grantha gambhIratApUrvaka AloDana karake saMdarbha meM jaTAsiMhanandi spaSTa rUpa se zvetAmbara yA Agamika paramparA ke isa samasyA para vicAra kreN| nikaTa haiM / ve naveM sarga ke dvitIya zloka meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate sAdhviyoM ke prasaMga meM carcA karate samaya unheM jIrNa-zIrNa vastroM haiM ki kalpavAsI devoM ke bAraha bheda haiN| puna: isI sarga ke sAtaveM zloka ko dhAraNa karane vAlI athavA vizIrNa vastroM se AvRtta deha vAlI kahA se naveM zloka taka uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke samAna una 12 devalokoM ke nAma gayA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki varAGgacaritakAra jaTAsiMhanandi bhI ginAte haiN| yahA~ ve spaSTa rUpa se na kevala digambara paramparA se bhinna ko strI dIkSA aura savastra dIkSA mAnya thI / jabaki kundakunda strI dIkSA hote haiM balki kisI sImA taka yApanIyoM se bhinna pratIta hote haiM / yadyapi kA sarvathA niSedha karate hai| smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yApanIyoM meM prArambha meM AgamoM kA anusaraNa karate 11. varAGgacarita meM striyoM kI dIkSA kA spaSTa ullekha hai| hue 12 bheda mAnane kI pravRtti rahI hogI kintu bAda meM digambara paramparA usameM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM hai ki strI ko upacAra se mahAvrata hote yA anya kisI prabhAva se unameM 16 bheda mAnane kI paramparA vikasita huI haiM jaisA ki digambara paramparA mAnatI hai / isa grantha meM unheM tapodhanA, hogii| tattvArthasUtra ke sarvArthasiddhi mAnya-pATha meM tathA tiloyapaNNatti meM amita-prabhAvI, gaNAgraNI, saMyamanAyikA jaise sammAnita padoM se abhihita ina donoM hI paramparAoM ke bIja dekhe jAte haiM / tattvArthasUtra kA sarvArthasiddhi kiyA gayA hai| sAdhvI varga ke prati aisA AdarabhAva koI zvetAmbara yA mAnya yApanIya pATha jahAM devoM ke prakAroM kI carcA karatA hai vahAM vaha 12 yApanIya AcArya hI prastuta kara sakatA hai / ata: itanA nizcita hai ki kA nirdeza karatA hai kintu jahA~ vaha unake nAmoM kA vivaraNa prastuta jaTAsiMhanandi kA varAGgacarita kundakunda kI usa digambara paramparA kA karatA hai to vahAM 16 nAma prastuta karatA hai| yativRSabha kI tiloyapaNNatti grantha nahIM ho sakatA jo striyoM kI dIkSA kA niSedha karatI ho yA unake meM bhI 12 aura 16 donoM prakAra kI mAnyatAeM hone ke spaSTa ullekha upacAra se hI mahAvrata kahe gaye haiM, aisA mAnatI ho / kundakunda ne pAye jAte haiN| isase spaSTa lagatA hai ki prArambha meM Agamika mAnyatA sUtraprAbhRta gAthA kramAMka 25 meM evaM liGgaprAbhRta gAthA kramAMka 20 meM strI kA anusaraNa karate hue yApanIyoM meM aura yadi jaTAsiMhanandi kUrcaka haiM dIkSA kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai| to kUrcakoM meM bhI kalpavAsI devoM ke 12 prakAra mAnane kI paramparA rahI 12. varAGgacarita meM zramaNoM aura AryikAoM ko vastradAna kI hogii| Age yApanIyoM meM 16 devalokoM kI mAnyatA kisI anya paramparA carcA hai / yaha tathya digambara paramparA ke viparIta hai| usameM likhA hai ki ke prabhAva se AyI hogii| "vaha nRpati muni puGgavoM ko AhAradAna, zramaNoM aura AryikAoM ko vastra 10. varAGgacarita meM varAMgakumAra kI dIkSA kA vivaraNa dete hue aura annadAna tathA daridroM ko yAcita dAna (kimicchadAnaM ) dekara kRtArtha likhA gayA hai ki -'zramaNa aura AryikAoM ke samIpa jAkara tathA unakA huaa|" yahA~ prazna upasthita hotA hai ki mUla zloka meM jahA~ muni vinayopacAra (vandana) karake vairAgyayukta varAMgakumAra ne ekAMta meM jA puGgavoM ke lie AhAradAna kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai vahA~ zramaNa aura sundara AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga kiyA tathA guNa, zIla, tapa evaM prabuddha tattva AryikAoM ke lie vastra aura anna (AhAra) ke dAna kA prayoga huA hai| rUpI samyak zreSTha AbhUSaNa tathA zveta zubhra vastroM ko grahaNa karake ve saMbhavata: yahA~ acela muniyoM ke lie hI 'munipuGgava' zabda kA prayoga jinendra dvArA pratipAdita mArga meM agrasara hue| dIkSita hote samaya mAtra huA hai aura sacela munike lie 'zramaNa' / bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM usakI AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga karanA tathA zveta zubhra vastroM ko grahaNa karanA digambara aparAjita TIkA se yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM apavAda mArga paramparA ke virodha meM jAtA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi meM muni ke lie vastra-pAtra grahaNa karane kA nirdeza hai| digambara paramparA se bhinna kisI anya paramparA kA anusaraNa karane vAle vastrAdi ke saMdarbha meM uparokta sabhI tathyoM ko dRSTigata rakhate hue the| yApanIyoM meM apavAda mArga meM dIkSita hote samaya rAjA Adi kA nagna yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi aura unakA varAGgacarita bhI honA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA thA / cUMki varAMgakumAra rAjA the ata: sambhava yApanIya/kUrcaka paramparA se sambaddha rahA hai| hai ki unheM savastra hI dIkSita hote dikhAyA gayA ho / yApanIya grantha bhagavatI 13. varNa-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM bhI varAGgacarita ke kartA jaTAsiMhanandi ArAdhanA evaM usakI aparAjitA TIkA meM hameM nirdeza milate haiM ki rAjA kA dRSTikoNa Agamika dhArA ke anurUpa ati udAra hai / unhoMne varAGgacarita Adi kulIna puruSoM ke dIkSita hote samaya yA saMthArA grahaNa karate samaya ke paccIsaveM sarga meM janmanA AdhAra para varNa vyavasthA kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA apavAda liMga (savastra) rakha sakate haiN| puna: varAGgacarita meM hameM muni kI hai| ve kahate haiM ki varNa vyavasthA karma-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI nizcita hotI caryA ke prasaMga meM hemanta kAla meM zIta-pariSaha sahate samaya muni ke lie hai isase anya rUpa meM nhiiN| jAtimAtra se koI vipra nahIM hotA, apitu

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jJAna, zIla Adi se brAhmaNa hotA hai| jJAna se rahita brAhmaNa bhI nikRSTa hai kintu jJAnI zUdra bhI vedAdhyayana kara sakatA hai / vyAsa, vasiSTha, kamaTha, kaNTha, droNa, parAzara Adi ne apanI sAdhanA aura sadAcAra se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta kiyA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki varNavyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM varAGgacaritakAra kA dRSTikoNa uttarAdhyayana Adi Agamika dhArA ke nikaTa hai| punaH isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandi usa digambara paramparA ke nahIM haiM to zUdra jala-tyAga aura zUdramukti-niSedha karatI hai| isase jaTAsiMhanandi aura unake grantha varAGgacarita ke yApanIya athavA kUrcaka hone kI puSTi hotI hai / saMdarbha 1. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya; DaoN0 kusuma paToriyA pR0, 157 158 / 2. varAMganeya sarvAMgairvarAGgacaritArthavAk / kasya notpAdayedgADhamanurAgaM svagocaram / / 5. jaTAsiMhanandi kA varAGgacarita aura usakI paramparA - 3. kAvyAnucintane yasya jaTAH pracalavRttayaH / arthAsmAnuvadantIva jaTAcAryaH sa no'vatAt // Adi purANa (jinasena), 1/50 4. jehiM kae ramaNijje varaMga-paumANa cariyavitthAre / kaha va Na salAhaNijje te kaiNo jaDiya - raviseNo // harivaMzapurANa (jinasena), 1/34-35 - - - kuvalayamAlA, aidanaya zrotRvaeNvoM jaTAsiMhanaMdyAcAryara vRttaM uddhRta varAGgacarita, bhUmikA, pR0 11 6. muNimahaseNu suloyaNu jeNa paumacariu muNiraviseNeNa / jiNaseNeNa harivaMsu pavittu jaDilamuNiNA varaMgacatittu // harivaMza, uddhRta varAGgacarita, bhUmikA, pR0 10 7. Aryanuta- gRdhrapiMchA -cArya jaTAcArya vizrutazrutakIrtyAcArya / purassaramappA-cArya paramparaya~ kuDuga bhavyotsavamaM // - AdipurANa, 1/12 - 8. varyalokottamarbhAvisuvaoNDanadhanatyunnatakaoNDakuMdAcAryacaritraratnAkararadhikaguNarsajjaTAsiMhanaMdyAcArya zrIkUrcibhaTTArakaruditayazarmikkapepigaeN lokAzcaryarniSkarmaraeNmmaM pAraeNmADi ga~ saMsArakAMtAradiMdaM // dharmAmRta, 1 / 13 9. vidirapodara taoNlaeNyaeNnaeN tU gidADAbidijinamunipa - jaTAcAryara dhairyad pa~pu geldudu pasargadalurkeyenanisi na~gedumirge sogayisidaM / pArzvapurANa, 1/14 10. vaMdyar jaTAsiMhaNaMdyAcAryAdIMdraNadyAcAryAdiramuniparAkANUrNaNaMdyapRthiviyaoNlagaeNllaM // - anantanAtha purANa, 1/17 11. naDaeNvaliyol tannaM samaM baDa~dAruM naDadarilla gaDamaterdeSu / DiyaM naDeduvo padalike yaeNDeMga jaTAsiMhaNaMdi munipuMgavanA / / 697 pArzva puSpadaMta- purANa, 1/29 12. kAryavidarhadvalyAcAryajaTAsiMhanaMdinAmoddAmAcAryavaragRdhrapiMchAcAryara caraNAraviMdavRMdastotraM / / zAMtinAthapurANa, 1/19 13. dhairyaparagRdhra piMchAcAryara jaTAsiMhanaMdi jagatIkhyAtAcAryara prabhAvamatyAzcaryamadaM pAgalUvaDabjajajaMgamasAdhyaM // - neminAthapurANa, 1/14 14. harivazaM (jinasena), 1/35 15. jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, pro0 sAgaramala jaina 16............yApanIya saMgha pratItakaNDUrgaNAvidha 1 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka, 160 17. varAGgacarita, bhUmikA (aMgrejI), pR0, 16 18. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2, lekha kramAMka 267, 277,299 - 19. vahI bhAga - 2, lekhakramAMka, 267, 271, 299 (jJAtavya hai ki kANUragaNa ko mUlasaMgha, kundakundAnvaya aura meSa - pASANa gaccha se jor3ane vAle ye lekha na kevala paravartI haiM apitu inameM ekarUpatA bhI nahIM hai / ) 20. varAGgacarita, saM. e0 ena0 upAdhye, bhUmikA (aMgrejI), pR0 16 para uddhRta- vaMdyarjaTAsiMhaNadyAcAryadIMdrAMdyAcAryAdi muni parA kANUrNaNaM................. | -annatanAtha purANa, 1/17 21. jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, pro0 sAgaramala jaina, pR0145 146 / 22. varAGgacarita, saM0 e0 ena upAdhye, bhUmikA (aMgrejI), pR017 | 23. yApanIya para kucha aura prakAza, e0 ena0 upAdhye, anekAMta, vIra nirvANa vizeSAMka, 1975 / 24. tINAM (3/7), yatIndra (3/43), yatipatinA (5/113), yati (5 / 114), yatinA (8/68), vIracaryA yatayo- babhUvuH (30/ 61), yatiprati (30 / 99), yati: (31/21) / 25. AcAramAdau samadhItya dhImAnprakIrNakAdhyAyamanekabhedam / aGgAni pUrvAMzca yathAnupUrvyAmalyairahobhiH samamadhyagISTa // - varAGgacarita, 31/18 26. sthUlAmahiMsAmapi satyavAkyamacoratAdArarativrataM ca / bhogopabhogArthaparipramANamanvarthadigdezanivRttitAM ca // sAmAyikaM proSadhapAtradAnaM sallekhanAM jIvitasaMzaye ca / gRhasthadharmasya hi sAra eSaH saMkSepataste'bhinigadyate sma // - vahI, 22 / 29-30 tulanIya : paJca ya aNuvvayAI. tiNNeva guNavvayAi bhaNiyAI / sikkhAvayANi etto, cattAri jiNovaiTThANi // / 112 / / thUlayaraM pANivahaM, mUsAvAyaM adattadANaM ca / parajuvaINa nivittI, saMtosavayaM ca paJcamayaM // 113 // disividisANa ya niyamo, aNatthadaNDastha vajjaNaM ceva / uvabhogaparImANaM, tiNNeva guNavvayA aie / / 114 / /

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698 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sAmAiyaM ca uvavAsaposaho ati hiMsavibhAgo ya / 33. Avasadhe vA appAugge jo vA maTTio hirimaM / antesamAhimaraNaM, sikkhAsu vayAiM cattAri / / 115 / / micchajaNe sajaNe vA tassa hojja avavAdiyaM liMgaM / / 78 / / - paumacariya, uddezaka 14 / Age isakI TIkA dekheM- 'apavAdikaliMga'-saleca liMga' bhagavatI 27. paMcevaNuvvAyAiM guNavvayAI havaMti taha tiNNi / ArAdhanA yAnI aparAjita TIkA, pR0 114 sikkhAvaya cattAri ya saMjamacaraNaM ca sAyAraM / / 34. hemantakAle dhRtibaddhakakSA digambarA hyabhravakAzayogAH / / thUle tasakAyavahe thUle mose adattathUle ya / - varAGgacarita, 30/32 pariharo paramahilA pariggahAraMbha parimANaM / / 35. nirastabhUSAH kRtakezalocA: / -vahI, 30/2 disividisimANa paDhama aNatthadaMDassa vajjaNaM vidiyaM / 36. vizIrNavastrAvRtagAtrayaSTayastA: kASThamAtrapratimA babhUvuH / bhogopabhogaparimA, iyameva guNavvayA tiNNi / - vahI, 31/13 sAmAiyaM ca paDhamaM vidiyaM ca taheva posahaM bhaNiyaM / 37. (a) itthIsu Na pAvayA bhaNiyA- sUtraprAbhRta, 25 taiyaM ca atihipujjaM cauttha sallehaNA aMte / / (ba) daMsaNaNAMNa caritte mahilAvaggammi dehi vi viisttttho| - carittapAhuDa, gAthA 23-26 pAsattha vi hu NiyaTTho bhAva viNaTTho Na so samaNo / 28. daza prakArA bhavanAdhipAnAM te vyantarAstvaSTavidhA bhavanti / - liMgapAhuDa, 20 jyotirgaNAzcApi dazArdhabhedA dviSaTprakArAH khalu kalpavAsAH / / 38. (a) narendrapatnyaH zrutizIlabhUSA .......pratipannadIkSAstadA babhUvuH - varAGgacarita, 9/2 paripUrNakAmAH // 31/1 / / dIkSAdhirAjyazriyamabhyupetA .... // 31/2 / / 29. sIdharmakalpaH prathamopadiSTa aizAnakalpazca punardvitIyaH / (ba) naravaravanitA micya sAdhvIzamupayayuH svapurANi bhUmipAlAH // 29/99 // sanatkumAro dyutimAMstRtIyo mAhendrakalpazca caturtha uktaH / / (sa) vratAni zIlAnyamRtopamAni ........31/4 / / brAhyaM punaH paJcamamAhurAstei lAntavaM SaSThamudAharanti / (da) mahendrapatnyaH zramaNatvamApya ........... // 31/113 / / sa saptamaH zukra iti praruDhaH kalpa: sahasrAra itoiSTamastu / / 39. tapodhanAnAmamitaprabhAvA gaNAgraNI saMyamanAyakA sA / yamAnataM tantravamaM vadanti sa prANato yo dazamastu varNyaH / -varAGgacarita, 31/6 ekAdazaM tvAraNamAmananti tamAraNaM dvAdazamacyutAntam / / 40. AhAradAnaM munipuGgavebhyo, vastrAnnadAnaM zramaNAryikAbhyaH / - varAGgacarita, 9/7-8-9 kimicchadAnaM khalu durgatebhyo datvAkRtArthoM nRpatirbabhUva / / 30. dazASTapaJcadvAdazavikalpA: kalpopapannaparyantAH / ___ -vahI, 23/92 -tattvArthasUtra (vivecaka- paM0 phUlacaMdrazAstrI) 4/3, pR0 118 41. (a) ..... ApavAdika liMga sacelaliMga ..... / dekheM - 4/19 meM 16 kalpoM kA nirdeza hai / - bhagavatI ArAdhanA, TIkA, pR0 114 31. vArasa kappA keI keI solasa vadaMti AiriyA / / 115 // (ba) cattArijaNAM bhattaM uvakappeti ......... / sohmmiisaannsnnkkumaarmaahiNdbmhlNtvyaa| cattArijaNA rakkhanti daviyamavakappiyaM tayaM tehiM / mahasukkasahassArA ANadapANadayaAraNaccudayA // 120 / / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 661 evaM 663 - tiloyapaNNattI, AThavAM adhikAra / 42. kriyAvizeSAdravyavahAramAtrAddayAbhirakSAkRSizilpabhedAt / 32. tato hi gatvA zramaNArjikAnAM samIpamabhyetya kRtApacArA: / ziSTAzca varNAzcaturo vadanti na cAnyathA varNacatuSTayaM syAt / / viviktadeze vigatAnurAgA jahurvarAGgayoM vara bhUSaNAni / / 93 // - varAGgacarita, 25/11 guNAMzca zIlAni tapAMsi caiva prabuddhatattvAH sitshubhrvstraaH| 43. jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTaH zUdrA'pi vedAdhyayanaM karoti / / 42 / / saMgRhya samyAvarabhUSaNAni jinendramArgAbhiratA babhUvaH / / 94 / / vidyAkriyAcAruguNaiH prahINo na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa viprH| - varAGgacarita 29,93,94 jJAnena zIlena guNena yuktaM taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti // 43 / / vyAso vasiSThaH kamaThazca kaNThaH zaktyud droNaparAzarau ca / AcAravantastapasAbhiyuktA brahmatvamAyuH pratisaMpadAbhiH / / 44 / / - vahI, sarga 25 / 77 . 1

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jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA samagra bhAratIya paramparAoM meM 'tIrtha' kI avadhAraNA ko mahattva- dravyatIrtha to mAtra bAhyamala arthAt zarIra kI zuddhi karate haiM athavA ve pUrNa sthAna prApta hai phira bhI jaina paramparA meM tIrtha ko jo mahattva diyA kevala nadI, samudra Adi ke pAra pahu~cAte haiM, ata: ve vAstavika tIrtha gayA hai vaha viziSTa hI hai, kyoMki usameM dharma ko hI tIrtha kahA gayA hai nahIM haiM / vAstavika tIrtha to vaha hai jo jIva ko saMsAra-samudra se usa aura dharma-pravartaka tathA upAsanA evaM sAdhanA ke Adarza ko tIrthaGkara kahA pAra mokSarUpI taTa para pahuMcAtA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM na kevala gayA hai| anya dharma paramparAoM meM jo sthAna Izvara kA hai, vahI jaina paramparA laukika tIrthasthaloM (dravyatIrtha)kI apekSA AdhyAtmika tIrtha (bhAvatIrtha) meM tIrthaGkara ko / vaha dharmarUpI tIrtha kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAtA hai / dUsare kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai, apitu nadiyoM ke jala meM snAna aura usakA zabdoM meM jo tIrtha arthAt dharma-mArga kI sthApanA karatA hai, vahI tIrthaGkara pAna athavA unameM avagAhana mAtra se saMsAra se mukti mAna lene kI dhAraNA hai| isa prakAra jainadharma meM tIrtha evaM tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNAe~ paraspara jur3I kA khaNDana bhI kiyA gayA hai| bhASyakAra kahatA hai ki "dAha kI zAnti, huI haiM aura ve jainadharma kI prANa haiN| tRSA kA nAza ityAdi kAraNoM se gaMgA Adi ke jala ko zarIra ke lie upakArI hone se tIrtha mAnate ho to anya khAdya, peya evaM zarIra-zuddhi jainadharma meM tIrtha kA sAmAnya artha karane vAle dravya ityAdi bhI zarIra ke upakArI hone ke kAraNa tIrtha mAne jainAcAryoM ne tIrtha kI avadhAraNA para vistAra se prakAza DAlA jAyeMge kintu inheM koI bhI tIrtharUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karatA hai" / hai| tIrtha zabda kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai - vAstava meM to tIrtha vaha hai jo hamAre AtmA ke mala ko dhokara hameM tIryate aneneti tIrtha: arthAt jisake dvArA pAra huA jAtA hai vaha tIrtha saMsAra-sAgara se pAra karAtA hai / jaina paramparA kI tIrtha kI yaha kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra sAmAnya artha meM nadI, samudra Adi ke ve taTa adhyAtmaparaka vyAkhyA hameM vaidika paramparA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| usameM jinase pAra jAne kI yAtrA prArambha kI jAtI thI tIrtha kahalAte the; isa kahA gayA hai- satya tIrtha hai, kSamA aura indriya-nigraha bhI tIrtha hai| samasta artha meM jainAgama jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM mAgadha tIrtha, varadAma tIrtha aura prabhAsa prANiyoM ke prati dayAbhAva, citta kI saralatA, dAna, santoSa, brahmacarya kA tIrtha kA ullekha milatA hai / pAlana, priyavacana, jJAna, dhairya aura puNya karma - ye sabhI tIrtha haiN|" tIrtha kA lAkSaNika artha dravyatIrtha aura bhAvatIrtha lAkSaNika dRSTi se jainAcAryoM ne tIrtha zabda kA artha liyA - jainoM ne tIrtha ke jaMgamatIrtha aura sthAvaratIrtha aise do vibhAga bhI jo saMsAra samudra se pAra karAtA hai, vaha tIrtha hai aura aise tIrtha kI sthApanA kiye haiN| inheM kramaza: cetanatIrtha aura jar3atIrtha athavA bhAvatIrtha aura karane vAlA tIrthaGkara hai / saMkSepa meM mokSa-mArga ko hI tIrtha kahA gayA hai| dravyatIrtha bhI kaha sakate haiM / vastuta: nadI, sarovara Adi to jar3a yA dravya Avazyakaniyukti meM zrutadharma, sAdhanA-mArga, prAvacana, pravacana aura tIrtha haiM, jabaki zrutavihita mArga para calane vAlA saMgha bhAvatIrtha hai aura tIrtha- ina pAMcoM ko paryAyavAcI batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA vahI vAstavika tIrtha hai| usameM sAdhujana pAra karAne vAle haiM, jJAnAdi hai ki jaina paramparA meM tIrtha zabda kevala taTa athavA pavitra yA pUjya sthala ratnatraya naukA-rUpa tairane ke sAdhana haiM aura saMsAra-samudra hI pAra karane kI ke artha meM prayukta na hokara eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| tIrtha se vastu hai / jina jJAna-darzana-cAritra Adi dvArA ajJAnAdi sAMsArika bhAvoM jainoM kA tAtparya mAtra kisI pavitra sthala taka hI sImita nahIM hai / ve se pAra huA jAtA hai, ve hI bhAvatIrtha haiM / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi to samagra dharmamArga aura dharma-sAdhakoM ke samUha ko hI tIrtha-rUpa meM mala haiM, inako jo nizcaya hI dUra karatA hai vahI vAstava meM tIrtha hai / vyAkhyAyita karate haiM / jinake dvArA krodhAdi kI agni ko zAnta kiyA jAtA hai vahI saMgha vastutaH tIrtha hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prAcIna jaina paramparA meM . tIrtha kA AdhyAtmika artha Atmazuddhi kI sAdhanA aura jisa saMgha meM sthita hokara yaha sAdhanA kI jainoM ne tIrtha ke laukika aura vyutpattiparaka artha se Upara jA sakatI hai, vaha saMgha hI vAstavika tIrtha mAnA gayA hai| uThakara use AdhyAtmika artha pradAna kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM cANDAlakulotpanna harakezI nAmaka mahAn nirgrantha sAdhaka se jaba yaha pUchA 'tIrtha' ke cAra prakAra gayA ki ApakA sarovara kauna-sA hai ? ApakA zAntitIrtha kauna-sA hai? vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM cAra prakAra ke tIrthoM kA ullekha hai, to usake pratyuttara meM unhoMne kahA ki dharma hI merA sarovara hai aura brahmacarya nAma-tIrtha, sthApanAtIrtha, dravyatIrtha aura bhAvatIrtha / jinheM tIrtha nAma diyA hI zAnti-tIrtha hai jisameM snAna karake AtmA nirmala aura vizuddha ho gayA hai ve nAmatIrtha haiM / ve vizeSa sthala jinheM tIrtha mAna liyA gayA hai, jAtI hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki saritA Adi ve sthApanAtIrtha haiM / anya paramparAoM meM pavitra mAne gaye nadI, sarovara

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 / Adi athavA jinendradeva ke garbha, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya prApti evaM nahIM thI, jitanI ki zaiva sampradAya kI - nirvANa ke sthala dravyatIrtha haiM, jabaki mokSamArga aura usakI sAdhanA karane vAlA caturvidhasaMgha bhAvatIrtha hai| isa prakAra jainadharma meM sarvaprathama to jinopadiSTa dharma, usa dharma kA pAlana karane vAle sAdhu-sAdhvI zrAvaka aura zrAvikArUpa caturvidhasaMgha ko hI tIrtha aura usake saMsthApaka ko torthaGkara kahA gayA hai| yadyapi paravartI kAla meM pavitra sthala bhI dravyatIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiye gaye haiN| , 700 tIrtha zabda dharmasaMgha ke artha meM T prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM 'tIrtha' zabda kA prayoga dharma-saMgha ke artha meM hotA rahA hai| pratyeka dharmasaMgha yA dhArmika sAdhakoM kA varga tIrtha kahalAtA thA, isI AdhAra para apanI paramparA se bhinna logoM ko tairthika yA anyatairthika kahA jAtA thaa| jaina sAhitya meM / bauddha Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM ko tairthika yA anya tairthika ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai" bauddha grantha dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta meM bhI nirdhanya zAtRputra mahAvIra ke atirikta maMkhaligozAlaka ajitakezakambala, pUrNakAzyapa, pakudhakAtyAyana Adi ko bhI titvakara (tIrthaMkara) kahA gayA hai"| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki unake sAdhakoM kA varga bhI tIrtha ke nAma se abhihita hotA thaa| jaina paramparA meM to jainasaMgha yA jaina sAdhakoM ke samudAya ke lie tIrtha zabda kA prayoga prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna yuga taka yathAvat pracalita hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahA hai ki he bhagavan ! ApakA yaha tIrthaM sarvodaya arthAt sabakA kalyANa karane vAlA hai / 15 mahAvIra kA dharmasaMgha sadaiva hI tIrtha ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA rahA hai / sAdhanA kI sukaratA aura duSkaratA ke AdhAra para tIrthoM kA vargIkaraNa vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM sAdhanA paddhati ke sukara yA duSkara hone ke AdhAra para bhI ina saMgharUpI tIrthoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhASyakAra ne cAra prakAra ke tIrthoM kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki1. sarvaprathama kucha tIrtha (taTa) aise hote haiM jinameM praveza bhI sukhakara hotA hai aura jahA~ se pAra karanA bhI sukhakara hotA hai; isI prakAra kucha tIrtha yA sAdhaka saMgha aise hote haiM, jinameM praveza bhI sukhada hotA hai aura sAdhanA bhI sukhada hotI hai| aise tIrtha kA udAharaNa dete hue bhASyakAra ne zaivamata kA ullekha kiyA hai, kyoMki zaiva sampradAya meM praveza aura sAdhanA donoM hI sukhakara mAne gaye haiM / 2. dUsare varga meM ve tIrthaM (taTa) Ate haiM jinameM praveza to sukharUpa ho kintu jahA~ se pAra honA duSkara yA kaThina ho| isI prakAra kucha dharmasaMghoM meM praveza to sukhada hotA hai kintu sAdhanA kaThina hotI hai| aise saMgha kA udAharaNa bauddha saMgha ke rUpa meM diyA gayA hai| bauddha saMgha meM praveza to sulabhatApUrvaka sambhava thA, kintu sAdhanA utanI sukharUpa 3. tIsare varga meM aise tIrtha kA ullekha huA hai jisameM praveza to kaThina hai kintu sAdhanA sukara hai| bhASyakAra ne isa sandarbha meM jainoM ke hI acela sampradAya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa saMgha meM acelakatA anivArya thI, ataH isa tIrtha ko praveza kI dRSTi se duSkara, kintu anupAlana kI dRSTi se sukara mAnA gayA hai| 4. granthakAra ne cauthe varga meM usa tIrtha kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM praveza aura sAdhanA donoM duSkara hai aura svayaM isa rUpa meM apane hI sampradAya kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha vargIkaraNa kitanA samucita hai| yaha vivAda kA viSaya ho sakatA hai kintu itanA nizcita hai ki sAdhanAmArga kI sukaratA yA duSkaratA ke AdhAra para jaina paramparA meM vividha prakAra ke tIrthoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai aura sAdhanA mArga ko hI tIrtha ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM tIrtha se tAtparya mukhya rUpa se pavitra sthala kI apekSA sAdhanA vidhi se liyA gayA hai aura jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpa mokSamArga ko hI bhAvatIrtha kahA gayA hai, kyoMki ye sAdhaka ke viSaya kaSAyarUpI mala ko dUra karake samAdhi rUpI AtmazAnti ko prApta karavAne meM samartha hai| prakArAntara se sAdhakoM ke varga ko bhI tIrtha kahA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM tIrtha kI vyAkhyA karate / hue spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki caturvidha zramaNasaMgha hI tIrtha hai|" zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka aura zrAvikAyeM isa caturvidha zramaNAsaMgha ke cAra aMga haiN| isa prakAra yaha sunizcita hai ki prAcIna jaina granthoM meM tIrtha zabda ko saMsAra samudra se pAra karAne vAle sAdhana ke rUpa meM grahIta karake trividha sAdhanA mArga aura usakA anupAlana karane vAle caturvidha zramaNa saMgha ko hI vAstavika tIrtha mAnA gayA hai| , - nizcayatIrtha aura vyavahAratIrtha : / jainoM kI digambara paramparA meM tIrtha kA vibhAjana nizcayatIrtha aura vyavahAratIrtha ke rUpa meM huA hai| nizcayatIrtha ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama to AtmA ke zuddha buddha svabhAva ko hI nizcayatIrtha kahA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki paMcamahAvratoM se yukta samyaktva se vizuddha, pAMca indriyoM se saMyata nirapekSa AtmA hI aisA tIrtha hai jisameM dIkSA aura zikSA rUpa snAna karake pavitra huA jAtA hai / " punaH nirdoSa samyaktva, kSamA Adi dharma, nirmalasaMyama, uttama tapa aura yarthAthajJAna- ye saba bhI kaSAyabhAva se rahita aura zAntabhAva se yukta hone para nizcayatIrthaM mAne gaye haiN| isI prakAra mUlAcAra meM zrutadharma ko tIrthaM kahA gayA hai, " kyoMki vaha jJAna ke mAdhyama se AtmA ko pavitra banAtA hai| sAmAnya niSkarSa yaha hai ki ve sabhI sAdhana jo AtmA ke viSaya kaSAyarUpI mala ko dUra kara use saMsAra samudra se pAra utArane meM sahAyaka hote haiM yA pavitra banAte haiM, ve nizcayatIrtha hai| yadyapi bodhapAhuDa kI TIkA (lagabhaga 11vIM zatI) meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se ullekha milatA hai ki 'jo nizcayatIrtha kI prApti kA kAraNa hai aise jagat-prasiddha muktajIvoM ke caraNakamaloM se saMsparzita urjayaMta, ' .

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jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA 701 zatruJjaya, pAvAgiri Adi tIrtha haiM aura karmakSaya kA kAraNa hone se ve dhArmika kRtya mAnA jAtA hai / isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrtha sthala vyavahAratIrtha bhI vandanIya mAne gaye haiM / 19 isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM ko apane Apa meM pavitra nahIM mAnA gayA, apitu yaha mAnA gayA ki bhI sAdhanAmArga aura Atmavizuddhi ke kAraNoM ko nizcayatIrtha aura tIrthaMkara athavA anya tyAgI-tapasvI mahApuruSoM ke jIvana se sambandhita paMcakalyANaka bhUmiyoM ko vyavahAra tIrtha mAnA gayA hai / mUlAcAra meM bhI hone ke kAraNa ve sthala pavitra bane haiN| jainoM ke anusAra koI bhI sthala yaha kahA gayA hai ki dAhopazamana, tRSAnAza aura mala kI zuddhi ye-tIna apane Apa meM pavitra yA apavitra nahIM hotA, apitu vaha kisI mahApuruSa kArya jo karate haiM ve dravyatIrtha haiM 'kintu jo jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se se sambaddha hokara yA unakA sAnnidhya pAkara pavitra mAnA jAne lagatA hai, yukta jinadeva haiM ve bhAvatIrtha haiM' yaha bhAvatIrtha hI nizcayatIrtha hai| kalyANa yathA - kalyANaka bhUmiyA~; jo tIrthaGkara ke garbha janma, dIkSA kaivalya yA bhUmi to vyavahAratIrtha hai20 / isa prakAra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI nirvANasthala hone se pavitra mAnI jAtI hai / bauddha paramparA meM bhI buddha ke paramparAoM meM pradhAnatA to bhAvatIrtha yA nizcayatIrtha ko hI dI gaI hai, jIvana se sambandhita sthaloM ko pavitra mAnA gayA haiN| kintu Atmavizuddhi ke hetu yA preraka hone ke kAraNa dravyatIrthoM yA hindU aura jaina paramparA meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha ha ki vyavahAratIrthoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / smaraNa rahe ki anya dharma jahA~ hindU paramparA meM pramukhatayA nadI-sarovara Adi ko tIrtha rUpa meM paramparAoM meM jo tIrtha kI avadhAraNA upalabdha hai, usakI tulanA jainoM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vahIM jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA kisI nagara ke dravyatIrtha se kI jA sakatI hai|' athavA parvata ko hI tIrthasthala ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| yaha antara bhI mUlata: to kisI sthala ko svataH pavitra mAnanA yA kisI prasiddha jaina paramparA meM tIrtha zabda kA artha-vikAsa mahApuruSa ke kAraNa pavitra mAnanA - isI tathya para AdhArita hai / punaH zramaNa-paramparA meM prArambha meM tIrtha kI isa avadhAraNA ko eka isa antara kA eka prasiddha kAraNa yaha bhI hai- jahA~ hindU paramparA meM AdhyAtmika artha pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| vizeSAvazyakabhASya jaise prAcIna bAhya-zauca (snAnAdi, zArIrika zuddhi) kI pradhAnatA thI, vahIM jaina Agamika vyAkhyA-granthoM meM bhI vaidika paramparA meM mAnya nadI, sarovara paramparA meM tapa aura tyAga dvArA Atmazuddhi kI pradhAnatA thI, snAnAdi to Adi sthaloM ko tIrtha mAnane kI avadhAraNA kA khaNDana kiyA gayA aura vayaM hI mAne gaye the| ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA usake sthAna para ratnatraya se yukta sAdhanAmArga arthAt usa sAdhanA meM cala meM nadI-sarovara tIrtha rUpa meM vikasita hue, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM sAdhanArahe sAdhaka ke saMgha ko tIrtha ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai / yahI sthala ke rUpa meM vana-parvata Adi tIrthoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hue / yadyapi dRSTikoNa acela paramparA ke grantha mUlAcAra meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai, jisakA ApavAdika rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM bhI kailAza Adi parvatoM ko tIrtha ullekha pUrva meM hama kara cuke haiN| mAnA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM zatrujaya nadI Adi ko pavitra yA tIrtha kintu paravartI kAla meM jaina paramparA meM tIrtha sambandhI avadhAraNA ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, kintu yaha ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva meM parivartana huA aura dravya tIrtha arthAt pavitra sthaloM ko bhI tIrthamAnA kA pariNAma thA / puna: hindU paramparA meM jina parvatIya sthaloM jaise kailAza gyaa| sarvaprathama tIrthaGkaroM ke garbha, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya aura nirvANa se Adi ko tIrtha rUpa meM mAnA gayA unake pIche bhI kisI deva kA nivAsa sambandhita sthaloM ko pUjya mAnakara unheM tIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA sthAna yA usakI sAdhanAsthalI honA hI ekamAtra kAraNa thA, kintu yaha gayA / Age calakara tIrthaGkaroM ke jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM se nivRttimArgI paramparA kA hI prabhAva thA / dUsarI ora hindU paramparA ke sambandhita sthala hI nahIM apitu gaNadhara evaM pramukha muniyoM ke nirvANasthala prabhAva se jainoM meM bhI yaha avadhAraNa banI ki yadi zatrujaya nadI meM snAna aura unake jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA se jur3e hue sthala bhI tIrtha ke nahIM kiyA to mAnava jIvana hI nirarthaka ho gayA / rUpa me svIkAra kiye gaye / isase bhI Age calakara ve sthala bhI, jahA~ 'satarUMjI nadI nahAyo nahIM, to gayo minakha jamAro haar'| kalAtmaka mandira bane yA jahA~ kI pratimAe~ camatkArapUrNa mAnI gayIM, tIrtha kahe gye| tIrtha aura tIrthayAtrA pUrva vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA meM 'tIrtha' zabda ke hindU aura jainatIrtha kI avadhAraNAoM meM maulika antara artha kA aitihAsika vikAsa-krama hai| sarvaprathama jaina dharma meM gaMgA Adi yaha satya hai ki kAlAntara meM jainoM ne hindU paramparA ke samAna laukika tIrthoM kI yAtrA tathA vahA~ snAna, pUjana Adi ko dharma sAdhanA hI kucha sthaloM ko pavitra aura pUjya mAnakara unakI pUjA aura yAtrA ko kI dRSTi se anAvazyaka mAnA gayA aura tIrtha zabda ko AdhyAtmika artha mahattva diyA, kintu phira bhI donoM avadhAraNAoM meM mUlabhUta antara hai| pradAna kara AdhyAtmika sAdhanA mArga ko tathA usa sAdhanA kA anupAlana hindu paramparA nadI, sarovara Adi ko svata: pavitra mAnatI hai, jaise- karane vAle sAdhakoM ke saMgha ko hI tIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| gaMgA / yaha nadI kisI RSi-muni Adi ke jIvana kI kisI ghaTanA se kintu kAlAntara meM jaina paramparA meM bhI tIrthaGkaroM kI kalyANaka bhUmiyoM sambandhita hone ke kAraNa nahIM, apitu svataH hI pavitra hai / aise pavitra ko pavitra sthAnoM ke rUpa meM mAnya karake tIrtha kI laukika avadhAraNA sthala para snAna, pUjA-arcanA, dAna-puNya evaM yAtrA Adi karane ko eka kA vikAsa huA / I0pU0 meM racita ati prAcIna jaina-AgamoM jaise

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702 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 AcArAMga Adi meM hameM jaina tIrthasthaloM kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai kI janma kalyANaka Adi bhUmiyoM ke atirikta uttarApatha meM dharmacakra, yadyapi unameM hindU paramparA ke tIrthasthaloM para hone vAle mahotsavoM tathA mathurA meM devanirmitastUpa aura kauzala kI jIvantasvAmI kI pratimA ko yAtrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| parantu AdhyAtmamArgI jaina paramparA muni pUjya batAyA gayA hai / 27 isI prakAra ve sthala, jahAM kalAtmaka evaM bhavya ke lie ina tIrthameloM aura yAtrAoM meM bhAga lene kA bhI niSedha karatI mandiroM kA nirmANa huA athavA kisI jina-pratimA ko camatkArI mAna thI / IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke madhya nirmita liyA gayA, tIrtha rUpa meM mAnya hue| uttarApatha, mathurA aura kozala Adi paravartI Agamika sAhitya meM bhI yadyapi jaina tIrthasthaloM aura tIrthayAtrAoM kI tIrtha rUpa meM prasiddhi isI kAraNa thii| hamArI dRSTi se sambhavataH Age ke spaSTa saMketa to nahIM milate, phira bhI inameM tIrthaGkaroM kI kalyANakabhUmiyoM, calakara tIrthoM kA jo vibhAjana kalyANaka kSetra, siddhakSetra aura atizayakSetra vizeSa rUpa se janma evaM nirvANasthaloM kI carcA hai22 / sAtha hI tIrthaGkaroM ke rUpa meM huA, usakA bhI yahI kAraNa thaa| kI citA-bhasma evaM asthiyoM ko kSIrasamudrAdi meM pravAhita karane tathA tIrtha kSetra ke prakAra - jaina paramparA meM tIrtha sthaloM kA devaloka meM unake rakhe jAne ke ullekha ina AgamoM meM haiM / unameM vargIkaraNa mukhya rUpa se tIna vargoM meM kiyA jAtA hai - asthiyoM evaM citA-bhasma para caitya aura stUpa ke nirmANa ke ullekha bhI 1. kalyANakakSetra, 2. nirvANakSetra aura 3. atizayakSetra / milate haiM / jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM RSabha ke nirvANasthala para stUpa banAne kA 1.kalyANaka kSetra- jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA pratyeka ullekha hai23 / isa kAla ke Agama granthoM meM hameM devaloka evaM tIrthaMkara ke pAMca kalyANaka mAne gaye haiN| kalyANaka zabda kA tAtparya nandIzvaradvIpa meM nirmita caitya Adi ke ullekhoM ke sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI tIrthaMkara ke jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA se sambandhita pavitra dina se hai| varNana milatA hai ki parva-tithiyoM meM devatA nandIzvaradvIpa jAkara mahotsava jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke garbha-praveza, janma, dIkSA (abhiniSkramaNa), Adi manAte haiN|4 / yadyapi isa kAla ke AgamoM meM arihaMtoM ke stUpoM kaivalya (bodhiprApti) aura nirvANa divasoM ko kalyANa divasa ke rUpa evaM caityoM ke ullekha to haiM kintu una pavitra sthaloM para manuSyoM dvArA meM mAnA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara ke jIvana kI ye mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAe~ jisa nagara Ayojita hone vAle mahotsavoM aura unakI tIrtha-yAtrAoM para jAne kA yA sthala para ghaTita hotI haiM use kalyANaka bhUmi kahA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM koI ullekha nahIM hai / vidvAnoM se merI apekSA hai ki yadi unheM isa taraha kI ina kalyANaka bhUmiyoM kA eka saMkSipta vivaraNa nimna prakAra haikA koI ullekha mile to ve sUcita kreN| 2. nirvANakSetra- nirvANakSetra ko sAmanyatayA siddhakSetra bhI yadyapi lohAnIpura aura mathurA meM upalabdha jina-mUrtiyoM, AyAgapaTToM, kahA jAtA hai / jisa sthala se kisI muni ko nirvANa prApta hotA hai, stUpAMkanoM tathA pUjA ke nimitta kamala lekara prasthAna Adi ke aMkanoM vaha sthala siddhakSetra yA nirvANasthala ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / sAmAnya se yaha to nizcita ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA meM caityoM ke nirmANa aura mAnyatA to yaha hai ki isa bhUmaNDala para aisI koI bhI jagaha nahIM hai jahA~ jina pratimA ke pUjana kI paramparA I0pU0 kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM bhI se koI na koI muni siddhi ko prApta na huA ho / ata: vyAvahArika dRSTi pracalita thii| kintu tIrtha aura tIrthayAtrA sambandhI ullekhoM kA AcArAMga, se to samasta bhUmaNDala hI siddhakSetra yA nirvANakSetra hai / phira bhI uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika jaise isa kAla ke prAcIna AgamoM meM sAmAnyatayA jahA~ se aneka suprasiddha muniyoM ne nirvANa prApta kiyA ho, abhAva hamAre sAmane eka prazna cihna to avazya hI upasthita karatA hai| use nirvANa kSetra kahA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM zatrujaya, pAvAgiri, tIrtha aura tIrthayAtrA sambandhI samasta ullekha niyukti, bhASya tuMgIgiri) siddhavarakUTa, cUlagiri, rezandagiri, sonAgiri Adi siddhakSetra aura cUrNi sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM / AcArAMga niyukti meM aSTApada, mAne jAte haiN| siddhakSetroM kI viziSTa mAnyatA to digambara paramparA meM Urjayanta, gajAgrapada, dharmacakra aura ahicchatrA ko vandana kiyA gayA pracalita hai, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI zatrujayatIrtha siddhakSetra hI hai| hai / 25 isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki niyukti kAla meM tIrthasthaloM ke darzana, 3. atizayakSetra- ve sthala, jo na to kisI tIrthaGkara kI vandana evaM yAtrA kI avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se bana cukI thI aura ise puNya kalyANaka-bhUmi haiM, na kisI muni kI sAdhanA yA nirvANa-bhUmi haiM kintu kArya mAnA jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ kI jina-mUrtiyA~ camatkArI haiM athavA jahA~ ke mandira bhavya haiM, ve tIrthaGkaroM kI kalyANaka bhUmiyoM kI yAtrA karane se darzana kI vizuddhi atizaya kSetra kahe jAte hai / Aja jaina paramparA meM adhikAMza tIrtha hotI hai arthAt vyakti kI zraddhA puSTa hotI hai| atizayakSetra ke rUpa meM hI mAne jAte hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AbU, isa prakAra jainoM meM tIrthaGkaroM kI kalyANaka-bhUmiyoM kI tIrtharUpa raNakapura, jaisalamera, zravaNabelagolA Adi isI rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / hameM meM svIkAra kara unakI yAtrA ke spaSTa ullekha sarvaprathama lagabhaga chaThI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainoM ke kucha tIrtha na kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI zatI se milane lagate haiM / yadyapi isake pUrva bhI yaha paramparA pracalita mUrtiyoM ke cAmatkArika hone ke kAraNa, apitu usa tIrtha ke adhiSThAyaka to avazya hI rahI hogii| isa kAla meM kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ke atirikta devoM kI camatkAritA ke kAraNa bhI prasiddhi una tIrthoM ke adhiSThAyaka ve sthala, jo mandira aura mUrtikalA ke kAraNa prasiddha ho gaye the, unheM devoM ke kAraNa hI huI hai| isI prakAra hummaca kI prasiddhi pArzva kI yakSI bhI tIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA aura unakI yAtrA evaM vandana ko padmAvatI kI mUrti ke cAmatkArika hone ke AdhAra para hI hai| bhI bodhilAbha aura nirjarA kA kAraNa mAnA gyaa| nizIthacUrNi meM tIrthaGkaroM ina tIna prakAra ke tIrthoM ke atirikta kucha tIrtha aise bhI haiM jo

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isa kalpanA para AdhArita hai ki yahA~ para kisI samaya tIrthaGkara kA padArpaNa huA thA yA unakI dharmasabhA (samavasaraNa) huI thii| isake sAthasAtha Aja kucha jaina AcAryoM ke jIvana se sambandhita sthaloM para guru maMdiroM kA nirmANa kara unheM bhI tIrtha rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai / tIrtha yAtrA jaina paramparA meM tIrthayAtrAoM kA pracalana kaba se huA, yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai, kyoMki cUrNisAhitya ke pUrva AgamoM meM tIrtha sthaloM kI yAtrA karane kA spaSTa ullekha kahI nahIM milatA hai| sarvaprathama nizIthacUrNi meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthakaroM kI kalyANakabhUmiyoM kI yAtrA karatA huA jIva darzana vizuddhi ko prApta karatA hai " isI prakAra vyavahArabhASya aura vyavahAra cUrNi meM yaha ullekha hai ki jo muni aSTamI aura caturdazI ko apane nagara ke samasta caityoM aura upAyoM meM Thahare hue muniyoM ko vandana nahIM karatA hai to vaha mAsalaghu prAyazcitta kA doSI hotA hai| tIthayAtrA kA ullekha mahAnizIthasUtra meM bhI milatA hai / isa grantha kA racanA kAla vivAdAspada hai / haribhadra evaM jinadAsagaNi dvArA isake uddhAra kI kathA to svayaM grantha meM hI varNita hai / nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kI sUcI meM mahAnizItha kA ullekha anupalabdha hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki isakA racanA kAla chaThI se AThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya hI huA hogaa| isa AdhAra para bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM tIrtha yAtrAoM ko isI kAlAvadhi meM vizeSa mahattva prApta huA hogA / mahAnizItha meM ullekha hai ki 'he bhagavan yadi Apa AjJA deM to hama candraprabha svAmI ko vandana kara aura dharmacakra kI tIrthayAtrA kara vApasa aayeN|" "30 jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA jinayAtrA ke sandarbha meM haribhadra ke paMcAzaka meM viziSTa vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| haribhadra ne naveM paMcAzaka meM jinayAtrA ke vidhi-vidhAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, kintu anya ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki vastutaH yaha vivaraNa dUrastha tIrthoM meM jAkara yAtrA karane kI apekSA apane nagara meM hI jina pratimA kI zobhA yAtrA se sambandhita hai| isameM yAtrA ke kartavyoM evaM uddezyoM kA nirdeza hai| unake anusAra jinayAtrA meM jinadharma kI prabhAvanA ke hetu yathAzakti dAna, tapa, zarIra-saMskAra, ucita gIta-vAdina, stuti Adi karanA cAhie" tIrtha yAtrAoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM jo chaha-rI pAlaka saMgha yAtrA kI jo pravRtti pracalita hai, usake pUrva-bIja bhI haribhadra ke isa vivaraNa meM dikhAI dete haiN| Aja bhI tIrthayAtrA meM ina chaha bAtoM kA pAlana acchA mAnA jAtA hai I 1. dina meM ekabAra bhojana karanA (ekAhArI) 2. bhUmizayana (bhU- AdhArI) 3. paidala calanA (pAdacArI) 4. zuddha zraddhA rakhanA (zraddhAcArI) 5. sarvasacitta kA tyAga (sacita parihArI) 6. brahmacarya kA pAlana ( brahmacArI) 703 tIrthoM ke mahattva evaM yAtrAoM sambandhI vivaraNa hameM mukhya rUpa se paravartI kAla ke granthoM meM hI milate haiN| sarvaprathama 'sArAvalI' nAmaka prakIrNaka meM zatruMjaya 'puNDarIka tIrtha' kI utpatti kathA, usakA mahattva evaM usakI yAtrA tathA vahAM kiye gaye tapa, pUjA, dAna Adi ke phala vizeSa rUpa se ullikhita haiM / 32 - isake atirikta vividhatIrtha -kalpa (13vIM zatI) aura tIrtha mAlAyeM bhI jo ki 12vIM 13vIM zatAbdI se lekara paravartI kAla meM paryApta rUpa se racI gayI; tIrthoM kI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI pradAna karatI haiM / jaina sAhitya meM tIrthayAtrA saMghoM ke nikAle jAne sambandhI vivaraNa bhI 13vIM zatI ke pazcAt racita aneka tIrthamAlAoM evaM abhilekhoM meM yatra-tatra mila jAte haiM, jinakI carcA Age kI gayI hai| tIrthayAtrA kA uddezya na kevala dharma sAdhanA hai, balki isakA vyAvahArika uddezya bhI hai, jisakA saMketa nizIthacUrNi meM milatA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jo eka grAma kA nivAsI ho jAtA hai aura anya grAma-nagaroM ko nahIM dekhatA vaha kUpamaMDUka hotA hai| isake viparIta jo bhramaNazIla hotA hai vaha aneka prakAra ke grAma-nagara, sanniveza, janapada, rAjadhAnI Adi meM vicaraNa kara vyavahAra kuzala ho jAtA hai tathA nadI, guhA, tAlAba, parvata Adi ko dekhakara cakSu sukha ko bhI prApta karatA hai| sAtha hI tIrthaMkaroM kI kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ko dekhakara darzana- vizuddhi bhI prApta karatA hai / punaH anya sAdhuoM ke samAgama kA bhI lAbha letA hai aura unakI samAcArI se bhI paricita ho jAtA hai| paraspara dAnAdi dvArA vividha prakAra ke ghRta, dadhi, gur3a, kSIra Adi nAnA vyaJjanoM kA rasa bhI le letA hai / " nizIthacUrNi ke uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcArya tIrthayAtrA kI AdhyAtmika mUlyavattA ke sAtha-sAtha usakI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA bhI svIkArate the / tIrthaviSayaka zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya tIrthaviSayaka sAhitya meM kucha kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ke ullekha samavAyAMga, jJAtA aura paryUSaNAkalpa meM haiN| kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ke atirikta anya tIrthakSetroM ke jo ullekha upalabdha hote haiM unameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM sabase pahale mahAnizItha aura nizIthacUrNi meM hameM mathurA, uttarApakSa aura campA ke ullekha milate haiN| nizIthacUrNi vyavahArabhASya, vyavahAracUrNi Adi meM bhI nAmollekha ke atirikta ina tIrthoM ke sandarbha meM vizeSa koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI; mAtra yaha batAyA gayA hai ki stUpoM ke lie, uttarApatha dharmacakra ke lie aura campA jIvantasvAmI kI pratimA ke lie prasiddha the / tIrtha sambandhI viziSTa sAhitya meM titthogAliya prakIrNaka, sArAvalI prakIrNaka ke nAma mahattvapUrNa mAne jA sakate haiN| kintu titthogAliya prakIrNaka meM tIrthasthaloM kA vivaraNa na hokara ke sAdhu sAdhvI zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha tIrtha kI vibhinna kAloM meM vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM dvArA jo sthApanA kI gaI, usake ullekha milate haiM, usameM jainasaMgharUpI tIrtha ke bhUta aura bhaviSya ke sambandha meM kucha sUcanAe~ .

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704 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 ullekha hai / 24 prastuta kI gaI haiN| usameM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda AgamoM kA viccheda kisa prakAra se hogA ? kauna kauna pramukha AcArya aura rAjA Adi hogeM, isake ullekha haiN| isa prakIrNaka meM zvetAmbara paramparA ko amAnya aise Agama Adi ke uccheda ke ullekha bhI haiN| yaha prakIrNaka mukhyataH mahArASTrI prAkRta meM upalabdha hotA hai, kintu isa para zaurasenI kA prabhAva bhI parilakSita hotA hai / isakA racanAkAla nizcita karanA to kaThina hai phira bhI yaha lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA honA cAhie, aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / tIrthaM sambandhI vistRta vivaraNa kI dRSTi se Agamika aura prAkRta bhASA ke granthoM meM 'sArAvalI' ko mukhya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isameM mukhyarUpa se zaMtrujaya aparanAma puNDarIka nAma kaise par3A ? ye do bAteM mukhya rUpa se vivecita haiM aura isa sambandha meM kathA bhI dI gaI hai| yaha sampUrNa grantha lagabhaga 116 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huA hai| yadyapi yaha graMtha prAkRta bhASA meM likhA gayA hai, kintu bhASA para apabhraMza ke prabhAva ko dekhate hue ise paravartI hI mAnA jaayegaa| isakA kAla dazavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hogA / isa prakIrNaka meM isa tIrtha para dAna, tapa, sAdhanA Adi ke vizeSaphala kI carcA huI hai| anya ke anusAra puNDarIka tIrtha kI mahimA aura kathA atimukta nAmaka RSi ne nArada ko sunAyI, jise sunakara usane dIkSita hokara kevalajJAna aura siddhi ko prApta kiyA / kathAnusAra RSabhadeva ke pautra puNDarIka ke nirvANa ke kAraNa yaha tIrtha puNDarIkagiri ke nAma se pracalita huaa| isa tIrtha para nami, vinami Adi do karor3a kevalI siddha hue haiN| rAma, bharata Adi tathA paMcapANDavoM evaM pradyumna, zAmba Adi kRSNa ke putroM ke isI parvata se siddha hone kI kathA bhI pracalita hai| isa prakAra yaha prakIrNaka pazcima bhArata ke sarvavizruta jaina tIrtha kI mahimA kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai / zvetAmbara paraMparA ke prAcIna Agamika sAhitya meM isake atirikta anya koI tIrtha sambandhI svatantra racanA hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai / isake pazcAt tIrtha sambandhI sAhitya meM prAcInatama jo racanA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha bappabhaTTisUri kI paramparA ke yazodevasUri ke gaccha ke siddhasenasUri kA sakalatIrthastotra hai / yaha racanA I0 san 1067 arthAt gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha kI hai| isa racanA meM sammetazikhara, zatruJjaya, Urjayanta, arbuda, cittaur3a, jAlapura (jAlaura) raNathambhaura, gopAlagiri (gvAliyara) mathurA, rAjagRha, campA, pAvA, ayodhyA, kAmpilya, bhaddilapura zaurIpura, aMgaiyA (aMgAdikA), kannauja, zrAvastI, vArANasI, rAjapura, kuNDanI, gajapura, talavAr3a, devarADa, khaDila, DiNDUvAna (DiNDavAnA), narAna, harSapura (SaTTaudese) nAgapura (nAgaura-sAmbharadeza), pallI, saNDera, nANaka, koraNTa, bhinnamAla, (gurjara deza), Ahar3a (mevAr3a deza) upakesanagara (kirADaue) jayapura (marudeza) satyapura (sAcaura), guhuyarAya, pazcima ballI, dhArAprada, bAyaNa, jalihara, nagara, kher3a, moDera, anahillavAr3a (caDDAvalli), stambhanapura, kayaMvAsa, bharukaccha (saurASTra), kuMkana, kalikuNDa, mAnakher3a (dakSiNa bhArata) dhArA, ujjainI (mAlavA) Adi tIrthoM kA sambhavataH samagra jaina tIrthoM kA nAmollekha karane vAlI upalaka racanAoM meM yaha prAcInatama racanA hai / yadyapi isameM dakSiNa ke una digambara jaina tIrthoM ke ullekha nahIM hai jo ki isa kAla meM astitvavAn the| isa racanA ke pazcAt hamAre sAmane tIrtha samabandhI vivaraNa dene vAlI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa evaM vistRta racanA vividhatIrthakalpa hai, isa grantha meM dakSiNa ke kucha digambara tIrthoM ko chor3akara parva, uttara, pazcima aura madhya bhArata ke lagabhaga sabhI tIrthoM kA vistRta evaM vyApaka varNana upalabdha hotA haiM, yaha I0 san 1332 kI racanA hai zvetAmbara paramparA kI tIrtha sambandhI racanAoM meM isakA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna mAnA jA sakatA 1 hai * isameM jo varNana upalabdha hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki adhikAMza tIrthasthaloM kA ullekha kavi ne svayaM dekhakara kiyA hai / yaha kRti apabhraMza mizrita prAkRta aura saMskRta meM nirmita hai| isameM jina tIrthoM kA ullekha hai ve nimna haiM zatruMjaya, raivatakagiri, stambhanatIrtha, ahicchatrA arbuda (Abu), azvAvabodha (bhar3auca), vaibhAragiri (rAjagiri), kauzAmbI, ayodhyA, apApA (pAcA) kalikuNDa, hastinApura, satyapura (sAcaura), aSTApada (kailAza), mithilA, ratnavAhapura, pratiSThAnapattana (paiThana), kAmpilya, aNahilapura, pATana, zaMkhapura, nAsikayapura (nAsika), harikaMkhInagara, avatidezastha abhinandanadeva, campA, pATaliputra, zrAvastI, vArANasI, koTizilA, kokAvasati, DhiMpurI, aMtarikSapArzvanAtha, phalavarddhipArzvanAtha, (phalaudhI), AmarakuNDa, (hanamakoNDa - AMdhrapradeza) Adi / ina graMthoM ke pakSAt zvetAmbara paramparA meM aneka tIrthamAlAyeM evaM caityaparipATiyoM likhI gaI jo ki tIrtha sambandhI sAhitya kI mahattvapUrNa aMga haiN| ina tIrthamAlAoM aura caityaparipATiyoM kI saMkhyA zatAdhika hai| aura ye gyArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara satrahavIM aThAravIM zatAbdI taka nirmita hotI rahI haiN| ina tIrthamAlAoM tathA caityaparipATiyoM meM kucha to aisI haiM jo kisI tIrtha viziSTa se hI sambandhita haiM aura kucha aisI haiM jo sabhI tIrthoM kA ullekha karatI haiM / aitihAsika dRSTi se ina caitya paripATiyoM kA apanA mahattva hai, kyoMki ye apane-apane kAla meM jaina tIrthoM kI sthiti kA samyak vivaraNa prastuta kara detI haiN| ina caityaparipATiyoM meM na kevala tIrthakSetroM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai, apitu yahA~ kisa-kisa mandira meM kitanI pASANa aura dhAtu kI jina pratimAe~ rakhI gayI haiM, isakA bhI vivaraNa upalabdha ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kaTukamati lAthAzAha dvArA viracita sUratacaityaparipATI meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki isa nagara ke gopIpurA kSetra meM kula 75 jinamaMdira, 5 vizAla jina maMdira tathA 1325 jinabimba the| sampUrNa sUrata nagara meM 10 vizAla jinamandira, 235 derAsara (gRhacaitya), 3garbhagRha, 3978 jina pratimAe~ thIM / isake atirikta siddhacakra, kamalacaumukha, paMcatIrthI, caubIsI Adi ko milAne para 10041 jinapratimAe~ usa nagara meM thIM, aisA ullekha hai| yaha vivaraNa 1739 kA hai| isa para se hama anumAna kara sakate haiM ki ina racanAoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana kI dRSTi se kitanA mahattva hai| sampUrNa caityaparipATiyoM athavA tIrthamAlAoM kA .

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jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA 705 ullekha apane Apa meM eka svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai / ata: hama una bhagavatIArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra haiM / kintu inameM tIrtha zabda kA tAtparya sabakI carcA na karake mAtra unakI eka saMkSipta sUcI prastuta kara rahe haiM- dharmatIrtha yA caturvidhasaMgha rUpI tIrtha se hI hai / digambara paramparA meM racanA racanAkAra racanAtithi tIrthakSetroM kA varNana karane vAle granthoM meM tiloyapaNNattI ko prAcInatama sakalatIrthastotra siddhasenasUri vi0saM01123 mAnA jA sakatA hai / tiloyapaNNattI meM mukhya rUpa se tIrthaGkaroM kI aSTottarItIrthamAlA mahendrasUri vi0saM0 1241 kalyANaka-bhUmiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / kintu isake atirikta usameM kalpapradIpa aparanAma kSetramaMgala kI carcA karate hue pAvA, UrjayaMta aura campA ke nAmoM kA vividhatIrthakalpa jinaprabhasUri vi0saM01389 ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 25 isI prakAra tiloyapaNNattI meM rAjagRha kA tIrthayAtrAstavana vinayaprabha upAdhyAya paMcazailanagara ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai aura usameM pAMcoM zailoM kA vi0saM014vIM zatI yathArtha aura vistRta vivecana bhI hai / samantabhadra ne svayambhUstotra meM aSTottarItIrthamAlA muniprabhasUri vi0saM0 15vIM zatI UrjayaMta kA vizeSa vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / digambara paramparA meM isake tIrthamAlA meghakRta vi0saM0 16vIM zatI pazcAt tIrthoM kA vivecana karane vAle granthoM ke rUpa meM dazabhaktipATha pUrvadezIyacaityaparipATI haMsasoma vi0saM0 1565 prasiddha haiN| inameM saMskRtanirvANabhakti aura prAkRtanirvANakANDa mahattvapUrNa sammetazikha tIrthamAlA vijayasAgara vi0saM0 1717 haiN| sAmAnyatayA saMskRtanirvANabhakti ke kartA "pUjyapAda" aura prAkRtabhaktiyoM zrI pArzvanAtha nAmamAlA meghavijaya upAdhyAya ni0sa0 ke kartA "kuMdakuMda" ko mAnA jAtA hai / paMDita nAthUrAma jI premI ne ina 1721 nirvANabhaktiyoM ke sambandha meM itanA hI kahA hai ki, jaba taka ina donoM tIrthamAlA zIlavijaya vi0saM0 1748 racanAoM ke racayitA kA nAma mAlUma na ho taba taka itanA hI kahA jA tIrthamAlA saubhAgya vijaya vi0saM0 1750 sakatA hai ki ye nizcaya hI AzAdhara se pahale kI (aba se lagabhaga 700 zatruJjayatIrthaparipATI devacandra vi0saM0 1769 varSa pahale, kI haiM / prAkRta bhakti meM narmadA nadI ke taTa para sthita sUratacaityaparipATI ghAlAsAha vi0saM0 1793 siddhavarakUTa, bar3avAnI nagara ke dakSiNa bhAga meM cUlagiri tathA pAvAgiri tIrthamAlA jJAnavimalasUri vi0saM0 1795 Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai kintu ye sabhI tIrthakSetra purAtAttvika dRSTi sammetazikharatIrthamAlA jayavijaya se navIM-dasavIM se pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiM / isalie ina bhaktiyoM kA giranAra tIrtha ratnasiMhasUriziSya racanAkAla aura inheM jina AcAryoM se sambandhita kiyA jAtA hai vaha caityaparipATI munimahimA saMdigdha bana jAtA hai / nirvANakANDa meM aSTApada, campA, UrjayaMta, pAvA, pArzvanAtha caityaparipATI kalyANasAgara sammedagiri, gajapaMtha, tArApura, pAvagiri, zatruJjaya, tuMgIgiri, savanagiri, zAzvatatIrthamAlA vAcanAcArya merukIrti siddhavarakUTa, cUlagiri, bar3avAnI, droNagiri, meDhagiri, kuMthugiri, koTazilA, jaisalameracaityaparipATI jinasukhasUri risiMdagiri, nAgadraha , maMgalapura, AzAramya, podanapura, hastinApura, - zatruJjayacaityaparipATI .... vArANasI, mathurA, ahichatrA, jambUvana, argaladeza, NivaDakuMDalI, sirapura, - zatruJjayatIrthayAtrArAsa vinIta kuzala holagiri, gommaTadeva Adi tIrthoM ke ullekha haiM / isa nirvANabhakti meM Aye hue cUlagiri, pAvagiri, gommaTadeva, sirapura Adi ke ullekha aise AdinAtha rAsa kavilAvaNyasamaya haiM, jo isa kRti ko paryApta paravartI siddha kara dete haiM / gommaTadeva (zravaNabelagolA) kI bAhubalI kI mUrti kA nirmANa I0 san 983 meM pArzvanAthasaMkhyAstavana ratnakuzala -- huA / ata: yaha kRti usake pUrva ko nahIM mAnI jA sakatI aura isake kartA bhI kuMdakuMda nahIM mAne jA skte| kAvItIrthavarNana kavi dIpavijaya vi0saM0 1886 pA~cavIM se dazavIM zatAbdI ke bIca hae anya digambara AcAryoM tIrtharAja caityaparipATIstavana sAdhucandrasUri ... kI kRtiyoM meM kuMdakuMda ke pazcAt pUjyapAda kA krama AtA hai / pUjyapAda pUrvadezacaityaparipATI jinavardhanasUri --- ne nirvANabhakti meM nimna sthaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai - maMDapAMcalacaityaparipATI khemarAja kuNDapura, jRmbhikAgrAma, vaibhAraparvata, pAvAnagara, kailAzaparvata, yaha sUcI 'prAcInatIrthamAlAsaMgraha' sampAdaka-vijayadharmasUrijI ke AdhAra UrjayaMta, pAvApura, sammedaparvata, zatruJjayaparvata, droNImata, sahyAcala para dI gaI hai| aadi| raviSeNa ne 'padmacarita' meM nimna tIrthasthaloM kI carcA kI hai digambara paramparA kA tIrthaviSayaka sAhitya kailAza-parvata, sammedaparvata, vaMzagiri, megharava, ayodhyA, kAmpilya, digambara paramparA meM prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, ratnapura, zrAvastI, campA, kAkandI, kauzAmbI, candrapurI, bhadrikA, mithilA,

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706 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 " vArANasI, siMhapura, hastinApura, rAjagRha, nirvANagiri aadi| se prakAzita / digambara paramparA ke tIrtha sambandhI zeSa pramukha tIrthavandanAoM kI 3. bhArata ke prAcIna jainatIrtha - DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina, jaina saMskRti sUcI isa prakAra hai - saMsodhana maNDala, vArANasI-5 / racanA racanAkara samaya 4. bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, 1,2,3,4,5, (sacitra) zAsanacatustriMzikA madanakIrti 12vIM-13vIM zatI -zrI balabhadra jaina nirvANakANDa prakA0 bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha kSetra kameTI, bambaI / tIrthavandanA 5. tIrthadarzana, bhAga 1 evaM 2 jIrAvalA pArzvanAthastavana udayakIrti prakAzaka-zrI mahAvIra jaina kalyANa saMgha, madrAsa 600007 pArzvanAthastotra padmanaMdi 14 vIM zatI isake atirikta pRthak-pRthak tIrthoM para bhI kaI mahattvapUrNa grantha bhI mANikyasvAmIvinati zrutasAgara 15 vIM zatI upalabdha haiN| mAMgItuMgIgIta abhayacanda tIrthavandanA guNakIrti saMdarbha tIrthavandanA megharAja 1. (a) abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2242 jambUdvIpajayamAlA tIrthajayamAlA (ba) sthAnAMga ttiikaa| sumatisAgara 16 vIM zatI 2. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3/57,59,62 (sampA0 madhukara muni) jambUsvAmicarita rAjamalla 3. suyadhammatitthamaggo pAvayaNaM pavayaNaM ca egaTThA / sarvatIrtha vandanA jJAnasAgara 16vIM-17vIM zatI sutta taMtaM gaMtho pADho satthaM pavayaNaM ca egaTThA / / zrIpurapArzvanAthavinatI lakSmaNa 17vIM zatI -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1378 puSpAMjalijayamAlA somasena 4. ke te harae ? ke ya te santititthe ? tIrthajayamAlA jayasAgara kahiMsi NahAo va rayaM jahAsi ? tIrthavandanA cimaNA paMDita dhamme haraye baMbhe santititthe jinasena aNAvile attapasannalese / sarvatrailokyajinAlaya jayamAlA vizvabhUSaNa 17vIM zatI jahiMsi pahAo vimalo visuddho susIibhUo pajahAmi dosaM // balibhadra aSTaka merucandra -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12/45-46 balibhadra aSTaka gaMgAdAsa 5. dehAitArayaM jaM bajjhamalAvaNayaNAimettaM ca / muktAgiri jayamAlA dhanajI NegaMtANaccaMtiphalaM ca to davvatitthaM taM / / rAmaTeka chaMda makaraMda 17vIM-18vIM zatI iha tAraNAiphalayaMti NhANa-pANA-'vagAhaNaIhiM / padmAvatI stotra topakari 18vIM zatI bhavatArayaMti keI taM no jIvovaghAyAo / / SaTatIrtha vandanA devendrakIrti - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1028-1029 jinasAgara dehovagAri vA teNa titthamiha dAhanAsaNAIhiM / muktAgiri AratI rAghava 18vIM-19vIM zatI . maha-majja-maMsa-vessAdao vi to titthamAvannaM / / akRtrima caityAlayajayamAlA paM0 dilasukha 19vIM zatI - vahI, 1031 pArzvanAtha jayamAlA brahma harSa 7. satyaM tIrthaM kSamA tIrthaM tIrthamindriyanigrahaH / tIrthavandanA kavIndrasevaka " sarvabhUtadayAtIrthaM sarvatrArjavameva ca // noTa : ukta tAlikA DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara dvArA saMpAdita dAnaM tIrthaM damastIrthaM saMtoSastIrthamucyate / tIrthavandanasaMgraha ke AdhAra para prastuta kI gayI hai / brahmacarya paraM tIrthaM tIrthaM ca priyavAditA / / tIrthanAmapi tattIrthaM vizuddhimanasa: parA / Adhunika kAla ke jaina tIrtha-viSayaka granthaH - zabdakalpadruma - 'tIrtha', pR0 626 1- jaina tIrthono itihAsa (gujarAtI), muni zrI nyAyavijaya jI 8. bhAve titthaM saMgho suyavihiyaM tArao tahiM sAhU / - zrI cAritra smAraka granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda 1949 I0 nANAitiyaM taraNaM tariyavyaM bhavasamuddo yaM // 2- jainatIrthasarvasaMgraha, bhAga-1, (khaNDa 1-2), bhAga-2 paM0 ambAlAla - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1032 pI0 zAha, Ananda jI kalyANa jI kI per3hI, jhaverIvAr3a, ahamadAbAda 9. jaM nANa-dasaNa-caritabhAvao tavvivakkhabhAvAo /

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bhava bhAvao ya tAre teNaM taM bhAvao tityaM // taha koha loha kammamayadAha taNhA malAvaNayaNAI / egateNajvaMtaM ca kuNai ya suddhiM bhavocAo / / dAhobasamAisu vA jaM tisu thiyamahava daMsagAIsu / to tityaM saMgho cciya ubhayaM va visesaNavisestaM // koharigadAhasramaNAdao va te caiva jassa tiSNatthA / hoI tiyatvaM tityaM tamatthavado phalattho'yaM // vahI, 1033 2036 10. nAmaM ThavaNA - titthaM, davvatityaM ceva bhAvatitthaM ca / abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2242 11. 'paratitviyA' sUtrakRtAMga, 12612 12. evaM cutte, anataro rAjAmacco rAjAnaM mAgadhaM ajAtasattu vedehiputtaM etadavoca- 'ayaM deva, pUraNo kassapo saGghI ceva gaNI va gaNAcariyo ca, nAto, yasassI, titthakaro, sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rattannU, cirapabbajito, addhagato vayoanuppatto / dIghanikAya (sAmaJyaphala) 2 / 2 13. sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva // - 14. ahava suhottArUttAraNAi davve cavvihaM tityaM / evaM ciya bhAvammivi tatvAimayaM sarakkhANaM // jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA " - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 1040-41 (bhASyakAra ne isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM cAra prakAra ke tIrthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ) 15. tityaM bhaMte titthaM titthagare tityaM ? goyamA ! arahA tAva NiyamA titthagare, tityaM puNa cAuvvaNAiNe samaNasaMghe / taM jahA - samaNA, samaNIo, sAvayA, sAviyAo ya - yuktyanuzAsana, 61 - bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 20, udde08, 16. vayasaMmattavisuddhe paMcedivasaMjade NirAvekkho / hAe u muNI titthedikkhAsikkhA suNhANeNa // ' - 17. vahI, TIkA 26 / 91 / 21 18. sudhammo ettha puNa titthaM / mUlAcAra, 557 19. 'tajjagatprasiddhaM nizcayatIrthaprAptikAraNaM ***** bodhapAhuDa, mU0 26-27 muktamunipAdaspRSTaM tIrthaMurjayantazatruJjayalATadezapAvAgiri / vahIM, 20. duvihaM ca hoi titthaM NAdavvaM davvabhAvasaMjuttaM / edesiM donhaM pi ya patteya parUvaNA hodi / -mUlAcAra, 560 21. se bhikkhu vA bhikkhu vA thUbha mahesu vA cetiya mahesu vA taDAga mahesu vA daha mahesu vA AI mahesu vA saramahesu vA ..... No paDigAjjA AcArAMga, 2 / 1 / 2 / 24 (lADanUM) 22. (a) samavAyAMga prakIrNaka samavAya, 225 / 1 (ba) Avazyakaniryukti, 382-84 23. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2 / 111 (lADanUM) 24. (a) jambUdvIpaprajJapti (jambuddIvapaNNatti), 2 / 114-22 (ba) Avazyakaniryukti, 45 (sa) samavAyAMga, 35/3 25. aTThAvaya ujjite gavaggapae dhammacakke ya / pAsarahAvatanagaM camaruppAyaM ca vaMdAmi 26. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, pR0 24 27. uttarAvahe dhammacakkaM, mahura e devaNimmiya thUbho kosalAe va jiyaMtapaDimA titthakarANa vA jnmbhuumiio| nizIvacUrNi bhAga 3, pR0 79 28. vahI bhAga 3 pR0 24 29. nissakaDamanissakaDe ceie savvahiM thuI tinni / velaMba ceiANi va nAuM rakkikkika Avavi,' 'aTThamIcaudasI suMceiya savavANi sAhuNo sabbe bandeyavyA niyamA avasesa tihIsu jahasati // ' eesa aTThamImAdIsu cehayAI sAhUNo vA je aNaNAe basahIe ThiAte na vaMdati mAsa lahu // 30. -vyavahAracUrNi uddhRta jainatIrthono itihAsa, bhUmikA, pR0 10 jahannayA goyamA te sAhuNo se AyariyaM bhaNati jahA-NaM jai bhayavaM tume ANAvehi tANaM amhehiM titvayattaM kari (2) yA caMdappahasAmiyaM baMdi (3) yA dhammacakkaM gaMtUNamAgacchAmo // -mahAnizItha uddhRta, vahI, pR0 10 zrI paMcAzaka prakaraNam haribhadrasUri jinayAtrA paMcAzaka pR0 248-63 abhayadevasUri kI TIkA sahita prakAzaka- RSabhadeva kezarImala the, saMsthA, ratalAma) zve, 32. paiNNayasuttAIsArAvalI paiNNaya, pR0 350-60 bambaI 31. 707 33. AcArAMganiyukti patra 18 " 400036 ahAva tassa bhAvaM NAUNa bhaNejjA- 'so vatthavyo egagAmaNivAsI kUvamaMDukko iva Na gAmaNagarAdI pecchati / amhe puNa aNiyatavAsI, tumaM pi amhehiM samANaM hiMDato NANAvidha-gAma- nagarAgara satrivesarAyahANiM jANavade va pecchato abhidhANakusalo bhavissasi tahA sara vAvivapiNi-gadi kUva taDAga kANaNujjANa kaMdaradari - kuhara - pavvate ya NANAviha rukkhasobhie pecchaMto cakkhusuhaM pAvihisi tirayakarANa va tilogapUiyANa jammaNa-NikkhaNavihAra- kevaluppAda - nivvANabhUmIo ya pecchaMto daMsaNasuddhiM kAhisi 'tahA aNNoSNa sAhusamAgameNa va sAmAyArikusalo bhavissasi, savvApuvve ya caie vaMdaMto bohilAbhaM nijjittehisi, aNNoNNasuya dANAbhigamasasu saMjamAviruddha vividha vaMjaNovaveyamaNyaM ghaya-gula-dadhi-kSIramAdiyaM ca vigativaribhogaM pAvihisi / / 2716 / - nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, pR0 24, prakAzaka- sanmatijJAnapITha, AgarA , .

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34. sammeyasela-settuJja-ujjite abbuyaMmi cittauDe / jAlaure raNathaMbhe gopAlagirimi vaMdAmi / / 19 / / siripAsanAhasahiyaM rammaM sirinimmayaM mahAthUbhaM / kAlikAle vi suyitthaM mahurAnayarIu (e) vaMdAmi // 20 // rAyagiha-campa-pAvA-aujjha-kaMpillaTThaNapuresu / bhaddilapuri-sorIyapuri-aGgaiyA-kannaujjesu // 21 // sAvatthi-duggAmAisu vANArasIpamuhapuvvadesaMmi / kammaga-sirohamAisu bhayANadesaMmi vaMdAmi / / 22 / / rAjaura-kuNDaNIsu ya vaMde gajjaura paMca ya sayAI / talavADa devarAu ruuttadesaMmi vaMdAmi // 23 // khaMDila-DiMDUANaya narANa-harasaura khaTTaUdese / nAgauramuvvidaMtisu saMbharidesaMmi vedemi // 24 // pallI saMDeraya-nANaesu koriTa-bhinnamAllelesu / vaMde gujjaradese AhADAIsu mevADe / / 25 / / uvaesa-kirADamae vi jayapurAIsu marumi vaMdAmi / saccaura-guDarAyasu pacchimadesaMmi vaMdAmi // 26 // thArAuddaya-vAyaDa-jAlIhara-nagara-kheDa-moDhere / aNahillavADanayare vaDDAvallIyaM baMbhANe // 27 // nihayakalikAlamahiyaM sAyasataM sayalavAithaMbhaNae / thaMbhaNapure kayavAsaM pAsaM vaMdAmi bhattIe // 28 // kacche bharuyacchaMmi ya soraTTha-marahaTTha-kuMkaNa-thalIsu / kalikuNDa-mANakheDe dakSi (kkhi) NadesaMmi vaMdAmi / / 29 / / dhArA-ujjeNIsu ya mAlavadesaMmi vaMdAmi / vaMdAmi maNuyavihie jiNabhavaNe savvadesesu // 30 // bharahayi (mmi) maNuyavihiyA mahiyA mohArimahiyamAhappA / sirisiddhaseNasUrIhiM saMthuyA sivasuhaM deMtu // 31 // Discriptive Catalogue of Mss in the Jaina Bhandars at Pattan-G.O.S. 73, Baroda, 1937, p. 56 35. tiloyapaNNatti, 1/21-24 azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI prAkRta-vidyA, aMka janavarI-mArca 1997 (pR. 97) meM karatI jA rahI thii| azoka ke abhilekha mUlata: magadha sAmrAjya kI kendrIya bholAzaMkara vyAsa ke vyAkhyAna ke samAcAroM ke sandarbha meM sampAdaka DA0 bhASA meM likhe gaye the| phira bhI yaha samajhA gayA ki dUrastha pradezoM kI sudIpa jaina ne unheM uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke janatA ke lie yaha prazAsana aura pracAra kI bhASA thor3I aparicita thii| prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate haiN| kintu isalie azoka ne isa bAta kI vyavasthA kI thI ki abhilekhoM ke pAThoM pro. vyAsajI kA yaha kathana bhrAmaka hai aura isakA koI bhI Thosa kA vibhinna prAntoM meM AvazyakatAnusAra thor3A bahuta lipyantara aura bhASAzAstrIya AdhAra nahIM hai| bhASAntara kara diyA jaay| yahI kAraNa hai ki abhilekhoM ke vibhinna azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM saMskaraNoM meM pATha-bheda pAyA jAtA hai| pATha-bheda isa tathya kA sUcaka hai adhikRta vidvAn evaM adhyetA DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne apane grantha ki bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhinna boliyAM thIM, jinakI apanI 'azoka ke abhilekha' meM gahana samIkSA kI hai| unhoMne azoka ke vizeSatAeM thiiN| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM vibhinna boliyoM ke zabda-rUpa abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko cAra vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai-1 pazcimottarI (paizAca- dekhane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki madhyabhAratIya bhASA hI isa samaya kI gAndhAra),2 madhyabhAratIya,3 pazcimI mahArASTra,4 dakSiNAvarta (aandhrkrnaattk)| sArvadezika bhASA thI, mUlataH isI meM azoka ke abhilekha prastuta hue azoka kI bhASA ke sandarbha meM vaha likhate haiM- mahAbhArata ke bAda kA the| ise mAgadha athavA mAgadhI bhASA bhI kaha sakate haiN| parantu yaha nATakoM bhAratIya itihAsa magadha sAmrAjya kA itihAsa hai| isalie zatAbdiyoM se evaM vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI se bhinna hai| jahA~ mAgadhI prAkRta meM kevala tAlavya uttarabhArata meM eka sArvadezika bhASA kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| yaha bhASA 'za' kA prayoga hotA hai vahAM azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kevala dantya 'sa' vaidika bhASA se udbhUta laukika saMskRta se milatI-julatI thI aura usake kA prayoga hotA hai| (dekheM- azoka ke abhilekha-DA~0 rAjabalI pANDeya, samAnAntara pracalita ho rahI thii| azoka ne apane prazAsana aura dharma prasAra pR0 22-23) ke lie isI bhASA ko apanAyA, kintu isameM sandeha nahIM ki isa bhASA isase do tathya phalita hote haiM, prathama to yaha ki azoka ke kA kendra magadha thA, jo madhya-deza (thAnesara aura kajaMgala kI pahAr3iyoM abhilekhoM kI bhASA nATakoM aura vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI prAkRta se bhinna ke bIca kA deza) ke pUrva bhAga meM sthita thaa| isalie mAgadhI bhASA kI hai aura usameM anya boliyoM ke zabda rUpa nihita haiN| isalie hama ise isameM pradhAnatA thI, parantu sArvajanika bhASA hone ke kAraNa dUsare pradezoM ardhamAgadhI bhI kaha sakate hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara AgamoM meM upalabdha kI dhvaniyoM aura kahIM-kahIM zabdoM aura muhAvaroM ko bhI yaha AtmasAta ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA yaha kiMcit bhinna hai phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki

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azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI 709 yaha digambara AgamoM kI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta kadApi nahIM yaha ghoSaNA nahIM kI hai ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai| digambara AgamoM kI zaurasenI ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne jA sakate haiM- hai| vastuta: vaha mAgadhI aura anya prAdezika boliyoM ke zabda-rUpoM se madhyavartI ta ke sthAna para da kA prayoga- aura dantya 'na' ke sthAna para mUrdhanya mizrita eka aisI bhASA hai, jisakI sarvAdhika nikaTatA jaina-AgamoM kI 'Na' kA pryog| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM madhyavartI ta ke sthAna para da ardhamAgadhI se hai| use zaurasenI kahakara jo bhrAnti phailAI jA rahI hai vaha kA prayoga kahIM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM saMskRta 'bhavati' suniyojita SaDyaMtra hai| vastutaH digambara Agamatulya granthoM kI jisa bhASA kA bhavadi' yA 'hodi' rUpa milatA hai jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM ko parizuddha zaurasenI kahA jA rahA hai vaha na to vyAkaraNa-sammata zaurasenI eka sthAna para bhI 'hodi' rUpa nahIM pAyA jaataa| sarvatra hI 'hoti' rUpa pAyA hai aura na nATakoM kI zaurasenI hai, apitu ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura jAtA hai, jo ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra 'pitR' zabda kA piti' mahArASTrI kI aisI khicar3I hai, jisameM inake mizraNa ke anupAta bhI pratyeka yA 'pitu' rUpa milatA hai jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai, zaurasenI kI grantha aura usake pratyeka saMskaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna haiN| isakI vistRta carcA dRSTi se to usakA 'pidu' rUpa honA thaa| isI prakAra 'AtmA' zabda kA maiMne apane lekha 'jaina AgamoM kI mUlabhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI' meM kI zaurasenI prAkRta meM meM 'AdA' rUpa banatA hai| jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM hai| zaurasenI kA sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM taba taka janma hI nahIM huA meM kahIM bhI 'AdA' rUpa nahIM milA hai| sarvatra atne, atnA yahI rUpa milate thaa| nATakoM evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM kI bhASA haiN| isI prakAra 'hita' kA zaurasenI rUpa 'hida' na milakara sarvatra hI 'hita' to usake tIna-cAra sau varSa bAda astitva meM AI hai| vastuta: dehalI, zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| isI prakAra jahA~ zaurasenI dantya 'na' ke prayoga mathurA evaM AgarA ke samIpavartI usa pradeza meM jise zaurasenI kA janmasthala ke sthAna para mUrdhanya 'Na' kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai vahAM azoka ke kahA jAtA hai, azoka ke jo bhI abhilekha upalabdha haiM, unameM zaurasenI madhyabhAratIya samasta abhilekhoM meM mUrdhanya 'Na' kA pUrNata: abhAva hai aura ke lakSaNoM yathA 'ta' kA 'da', 'na' kA 'Na' Adi kA pUrNa abhAva hai| mAtra sarvatra dantya 'na' kA prayoga huA hai, pazcimI abhilekhoM meM bhI mUrdhanya 'Na' yahIM nahIM usameM 'lAjA' (rAjA) jaisA mAgadhI kA zabda-rUpa hI spaSTataH kA yadA-kadA hI prayoga huA hai, kintu sarvatra nhiiN| puna: yaha mUrdhanya 'Na' pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM bhI zaurasenI ke kA prayoga to mahArASTrI prAkRta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM vyAkaraNa sammata lakSaNoM kA abhAva hai| unameM ardhamAgadhI ke ve zabdakI bhASA ke bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se jo bhI adhyayana hue haiM unameM jahA~ taka rUpa, jo zaurasenI meM bhI pAye jAte haiM dekhakara yaha kaha denA ki azoka merI jAnakArI hai, kisI eka bhI vidvAn ne unakI bhASA ko zaurasenI prAkRta ke abhilekha zaurasenI meM haiM, eka bhrAmaka pracAra hai| vastutaH azoka ke nahIM kahA hai| yadi usameM eka do zaurasenI zabda rUpa jo anya prAkRtoM abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya prabhAvoM se yukta mAgadhI hai| use ardhamAgadhI yathA ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI meM bhI kAmana' mila jAte haiM to usakI bhASA to mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| ko zaurasenI to kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isIlie zAyada pro0 pAThakoM ko svayaM nirNaya karane ke lie hama pariziSTa ke rUpa meM dehalIbholAzaMkara jI vyAsa ko bhI dabI jabAna se yaha kahanA par3A ki zaurasenI ToparA ke azoka ke abhilekhoM ke mUlapATha de rahe haiN| prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate dehalI-ToparA stambha haiN| sambhavata: isameM itanA saMzodhana apekSita hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke prathama abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha) kucha prAcIna zabda-rUpa giranAra ke zilAlekha meM milate hai| kintu yaha (dharma pAlana se ihaloka tathA paralokakI prApti) bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki yaha zabda rUpa prAcIna ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI meM bhI milate haiM, ata: mAtra do-cAra zabda-rUpa mila jAne se azoka ke devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsatiabhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| kyoMki unameM vasa abhisitena me iyaM dhaMmalipi likhApitA (2) zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM vAle zabda rUpa nahIM milate haiN| usake Age hidatapAlate dusaMpaTipAdaye aMnata agAyA dhamakAmatAyA samAdaraNIya bholAzaMkara jI vyAsa ko uddhRta karate hue DA0 sudIpa jaina agAya palIkhAyA agAya susUyAyA agena bhayena ne likhA hai ki isake bAda parizuddha zaurasenI bhASA kaSAyapAhuDasutta, agana usAhenA (3) esa cu kho mama anusathiyA dhaMmA-' SaTkhaNDAgamasutta, kundakunda sAhitya evaM dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi meM , pekhA dhamakAmatA cA suve suve vaDitA vaDIsati cevA (4) prayukta milatI hai| isakA artha to yaha huA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM pulisA pi ca me ukasA cA gevayA cA majhimA cA anuvidhIyaMtI kI mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI se hI digambara jaina sAhitya kI parizuddha saMpaTipAdayaMti cA alaM capalaM samAdapayitave (5) hememA aMtazaurasenI vikasita huI hai| maiM yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se yaha jAnanA cAhU~gA ki mahAmAtA pi(6) esa hi vidhi yA iyaM dhamena pAlanA dhamena vidhAne kyA azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM digambara jaina sAhitya ko 10. dhaMmena sakhiyanA dhamena gotI ti (7) tathAkathita parizuddha zaurasenI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI athavA / dvitIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha) vyAkaraNa-sammata zaurasenI kA koI bhI viziSTa lakSaNa upalabdha hotA hai, (dharma kI kalpanA) jahAM taka merI jAnakArI hai| Ajataka kisI bhI bhASAzAstra ke vidvAn ne devAnaMpiye piyaTami lAja my ci

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vahukayAne etAye me 710 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 2. hevaM AhA (1) dhaMme sAdhU kiyaM cu dhame ti (2) apAsinave me Avuti 16. baMdhanabadhAnaM munisAnaM tIlitadaMDAnaM patavadhAnaM tini divasAni me dayA dAne socaye (3) cakhudAne pi me bahuvidhe dine (4) dupada- 17. yote dine (12) nAtikA va kAni nijhapayisaMti jIvitAye tAnaM catupadesa pakhivAlicalesa vividhe me anugahe kaTe A pAna- 18. nAsaMtaM vA nijhapayitA vA naM dAhaMti pAlatikaM upavAsaM va dAkhinAye (5) aMnAni pi ca me bahUni kayAnAni kaTAni (6) kachaMti (13) 19. ichA hi me hevaM niludhasi pi kAlasi pAlataM AlAdhayevU ti aThAye iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA hevaM anupaTipajaMtu cilaM (14) janasa ca thitikA ca hotU tIti (7) ye ca hevaM saMpaTipajIsati se sukaTaM 20. var3hati vividhe dhaMmacalane saMyame dAnasavibhAge ti (15) kachatI ti| paMcama abhilekha (dakSiNAbhimukha) tRtIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha) (jIvoM ko abhayadAna) (AtmanirIkSaNa) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) saDuvIsativasadevAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) kayAnaM meva dekhati 2. abhisitena me imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni kaTAni seyathA iyaM me suke sAlikA alune cakavAke haMse naMdImukhe gelATe kayAne kaTe ti (2) no mina pApaM dekhati iyaM me pApe kaTe ti jatUkA aMbAkapIlikA dalI anaThikamache vedaveyake iyaM vA Asinave gaMgA pupuTake saMkujamache kaphaTasayake paMnasase simale 3. nAmAti (3) dupaTivekhe cu kho esA (4) hevaM cu kho esa dekhiye 6. saMDake okapiMDe palasate setakapote gAmakapote (5) imAni save catupade ye paTibhAgaM no eti na ca khAdiyatI (2) AsinavagAmIni nAma atha caMDiye niThaliye kodhe mAne isyA 8. elakA cA sakUlI cA gabhinI vA pAyamInA va avadhiya pa take kAlanena va hakaM mA palibhasayisaM (6) esa bADha dekhiye (7) 9. pi ca kAni AsaMmAsike (3) vadhikakaTe no kaTaviye (4) iyaM me tuse sajIve hidatikAye iyamana me pAlatikAye 10. no jhApetaviye (5) dAve anaThAye vA vihisAye vA no caturtha abhilekha (pazcimAbhimukha) jhApetaviye (6) (rAjukoM ke adhikAra aura kartavya) 11. jIvena jIve no pusitaviye (7) tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu tisAyaM devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsativasa punamAsiyaM 2. abhisitena me iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (2) lajUkA me 12. tiMni divasAni cAvudasaM paMnaDasaM paTipadAye dhuvAye cA bahUsu pAnasatasahasesu janasi AyatA (3) tesaM ye abhihAle vA 13. anuposathaM mache avadhiye no pi viketaviye (8) etAni yevA daMDe vA atapatiye me kaTe kiMti lajUkA asvatha abhItA divasAni 5. kaMmAni paveyevU janasa jAnapadasA hitasukhaM upadahevU 14. nAgavanasi kevaTabhogasi yAni aMnAni pi jIvanikAyAni 6. anugahinevu ca (4) sukhIyanaM dukhIyanaM jAnisaMti dhaMmayutena ca 15. na haMtaviyAni (9) aThamIpakhAye cAvudasAye paMnaDasAye tisAye viyovadisaMti janaM jAnapadaM kiMti hidataM ca pAlataM ca 16. punAvasune tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu sudivasAye gone no nIlakhitaviye AlAdhayevU ti (5) lajUkA pi laghaMti paTicalitave 17. ajake eDake sUkale e vA pi aMne nIlakhiyati no (6) pulisAni pi me nIlakhitaviye (10) chaMdanAni paTicalisaMti (7) te pi ca kAni viyovadisaMti 18. tisAye punAvasune cAtuMmAsiye cAtuMmAsi pakhAye asvasA gonasA yena maM lajUkA 19. lakhane no kaTaviye (11) yAvasaDuvIsativasa abhisitena me caghaMti AlAdhayitave (8) athA hi paja viyatAye dhAtiye nisijitu 20. aMtalikAye paMnavIsati baMdhanamokhAni kaTAni (12) asvathe hoti viyata dhAti caghati me pajaM sukhaM palihaTave SaSTha abhilekha (apUrvAbhimukha) 12. hevaM mamA lajUkA kaTA jAnapadasa hitasukhAye (9) yena ete abhItA (dharmavRddhi : dharma ke prati anurAga) 13. asvatha saMtaM avimanA kaMmAni pavatayevU ti etena me lajUkAnaM devAnaMpaye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) duvADasa 14. abhihAle va daMDe vA atapatiye kaTe (10) ichitaviye hi 2. vasa abhisitena me dhamaliTi likhApitA lokasA esA kiMti hitasukhAye se taM apahaTA taM taM dhaMmavaDhi pApo vA (?) 15. viyohAlasamatA ca siya daMDasamatA cA (11) ava ite pi ca 4. hevaM lokasA hitasukheti paTivekhAmi atha iyaM CM G etAye sAta 11.

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azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI 711 ory i 5. nAtisu hevaM patiyAsanesu hevaM apakaTesu 15. esa kaTe (22) devAnaMpiye piyadasi hevaM AhA (23) kima kAni sukhaM avahAmI ti tatha ca vidahAmi (3) he me vA dhaMmamahAmAtA pi me te bahuvidhesu aThesu Anugahikesu viyApaTAse 7. savanikAyesu paTivekhAmi (4) sava pAsaMDA pi me pUjitA pavajItAnaM ceva gihithAnaM ca sa...Desu" pi ca viyApaTAse (24) vividhAya pUjAyA (5) e cu iyaM atanA pacUpagamane saMghaThasi pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti hemeva bAbhanesu se me mokhyamate (6) saDuvisati vasa abhisitena me AjIvikesu pi me kaTe 10. iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (7) 16. ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti nigaMThesa pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti saptama abhilekha (a) pUrvAbhimukha nAnApAsaMDesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti paTivisiThaM tesu (dharmapracAra siMhAvalokana) tesu te ....mAtA (25) dhaMmamahAmAtA cu me etesu ceva viyApaTA devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (1) ye atikaMtaM sabesu ca pAsaMDesu (26) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA aMtalaM lAjAne husu hevaM ichisu kathaM jane (27) dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA no cu jane anulupAyA dhaMmavaDiyA 17. ete ca aMne ca bahukA mukhA dAna-visagasi viyApaTAse mama ce vaDitha (2) etaM devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (3) esa va devinaM c| savasi ca me olodhanasi te bahuvidhena A (kA) lena tAni tAni tuThAyatanAni paTI (pAdayaMti) hida eva disAsu huthA (4) atikaMtaM ca aMtalaM hevaM ichisa lAjAne kathaM jane c| dAlakAnAM pi ca me ktte| aMnAnaM ca devi- kumAlAnaM ime dAna anulupAyA dhamavaDiyA vaDheyA ti no ca jane anulupAya visagesu viyApaTA hohaMti ti 7. dhaMmavaDiyA vaDithA (5) se kinasu jane anupaTipajeyA (6) 18. dhaMmApadAnaThAye dhaMmAnupaTipatiye (28) esa hi dhamApadAne kinasu jane anulupAyA dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA ti (7) kinasu kAni dhaMmapaTIpati ca yA iyaM dayA dAne sace socave ca madave sAdhave abhyUnAmayehaM dhaMmavaDiyA ti (4) etaM devAnaMpiye pidadasi lAjA ca lokasa hevaM vaDisati ti (29) devAnaMpiye pa....sAlAjA hevaM hevaM AhA (30) yAni hi kAnici mamiyA sAdhavAni kaTAni taM AhA (9) esa me huthA (10) dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApayAmi loke anUpaTopaMne taM ca anuvidhiyaMti (31) tena vaDitA ca dhaMmAnusathini 19. vaDisaMti ca mAtApitusu sususAyA gulusu sususAyA vayomahAlakAnaM anusAsAmi (11) etaM jane sutu anupaTIpajIsati abhyunamisati anupaTIpatiyA bAbhanasamanesu kapanavalAkesu Ava dAsabhaTakesu dhamavaDiyA ca vADaM vaDisati (12) etAye me aThAye saMpaTIpatiyA (32) devAnaMpiya ....yadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (33) dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApitAni dhaMmAnusathini vividhAni AnApitAni munisAnaM cu yA iyaM dhaMmavaDi vaDitA duvehi yeva AkAlehi ya ......sA pi bahune janasi AyatA e te paliyo vadisaMti dhaMmaniyamena ca nijhatiyA ca (34) pipa vithalisaMti pi (13) lajUkA pi bahukesu pAnasahasesu 20. tata cu lahu se dhamaniyame nijhatiyA va bhuye (35) dhamaniyame cu AyatA te pi me AnapitA hevaM ca hevaM ca paliyovadAtha kho esa ye me iyaM kaTe imAni ca imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni janaM dhaMmayutaM (14) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (15) (36) anAni pi cu bahukaM .....dhamaniyamAni yAni me kaTAni etameva me anuvekhamAne dhaMmarthabhAni kaTAni dhaMmamahAmAtA kaTA dhaMma (37) nijhatiyA va cu bhuve munisAnaM dhaMmavaDi vaDitA avihiMsAye .....kaTe (16) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (17) bhutAnaM magesu pi me nigohAni lopApitAni chAyopagAni hosaMti 21. anAlaMbhAye pAnAnaM (38), se etAye athAye iyaM kaTe pasumunisAnaM aMpAvaDikyA lopApitA (17) aDakAsikyAni pi putApapotike caMdamasulipike hotu ti tathA ca anupaTIpajaMtu ti me udupAnAni (39) hevaM hi anupaTIpajaMtaM hidata pAlate Aladhe hoti (40) 14. khAnApApitAni nisiDayA ca kAlApitA (18) ApAnAni me satavisativasAbhisitena me iyaM dhaMmalibi likhApApitA ti (41) bahukAni tata tata kAlApitAni paTIbhogAye pasumunisAnaM (19) etaM devAnaMpiye AhA (42) iyaM la ..... esa paTIbhoge nAma (20) vividhAyA hi sukhApanAyA 22. dhaMmalibi ata athi silArthabhAni vA silA phalakAni vA tata pulimehi pilAjIhi mamayA ca sukhayiteloke (21) imaM cu dhamAnu kaTaviyA ena esa cilaThitike siyA (43) paTIpatI anupaTIpajaMtu ti etadathA me

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jainAgama-dharma meM stUpa jainAgamoM meM stUpa evaM stUpa-maha kA sarvaprathama ullekha hameM hotA thA, to yaha caitya-stUpa kahalAtA thaa| vAcaspatyam meM mukharahita AcArAMga satra ke dvitIya zruta-skandha (AyAracUlA) ke tRtIya evaM caturtha chatrAkAra ke yakSAyatanoM ke liya caitya zabda kA bha adhyayanoM meM milatA hai| AcArAMga ke pazcAt aMga AgamoM me sthAnAMgare isa smRti-cihna meM mRtAtmA (vyantara) kA nivAsa mAnakara pUjA jAtA thaa| aura praznavyAkaraNa meM; upAMga sAhitya meM jIvAbhigama, jambUdvIpa isa prakAra viziSTa mRta vyakti ke smAraka/smRti-cihna pUjA-sthaloM ke rUpa prajJapti; puna: vyAkhyAsAhitya meM hameM Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi", meM parivartita ho gaye aura pUjanIya mAne jAne lge| pahale jahA~ vyakti ke vyavahAracUrNi tathA AcArAMga, sthAnAMga Adi AgamoM kI TIkAoM meM zava ko jalAyA jAtA hogA, vahA~ caityavRkSa aura caityastUpa banate hoNge| stUpa, caityastUpa evaM stUpamaha kA ullekha milatA hai| AcArAMga meM svatantra Age calakara vyakti ke kisI zArIrika avazeSa arthAt asthi, rAkha rUpa se stUpa zabda kA prayoga na hokara 'caityakRta stUpa' (thUbhaM, vA Adi para caitya yA stUpa banAye jAne lge| phira mAtra unheM pUjane ke lie ceiyakaDaM)-isa rUpa meM prayoga huA hai| yahA~ ceiyakarDa zabda ke artha ko yatra-tatra unake nAma para caitya yA stUpa bne| mUrtikalA kA vikAsa hone spaSTa kara lenA hogaa| ceiyakaDaM zabda bhI do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai- para caitya yakSAyatana aura siddhAyatana arthAt yakSa-mandira yA jina-mandira ceiya + kddN| pro0 DhAkI kA kahanA hai ki kaDaM zabda prAkRta kUDa yA ke rUpa meM vikasita hue| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta kUTa kA sUcaka hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-Dhera (Heap), vizeSa caitya zabda jina-mandira ke artha meM bhI prayukta hone lagA thA aura caityAlaya, rUpa se chatrAkAra AkRti kA ddher| isa prakAra ve "ceiyakarDa" kA artha caityagRha Adi jina-mandira ke paryAyavAcI mAne jAne lge| karate haiM-kUTAkAra yA chatrAkAra caitya tathA thUbha ko isakA paryAyavAcI mAnate kintu jahA~ taka AcArAMga meM prayukta caityakRta-stUpa ke artha kA haiN| kintu merI dRSTi meM 'ceiyakaDaM' zabda thUbha (stUpa) kA vizeSaNa hai, prazna hai, usameM usakA artha hai-kisI kI smRti meM usake citA-sthala paryAyavAcI nhiiN| ceiyakaDaM thUbha (caityIkRta stUpa) kA tAtparya hai-citA para athavA usake zArIrika avazeSoM para nirmita miTTI, IMToM yA pattharoM yA zArIrika avazeSoM para nirmita stUpa athavA citA yA zArIrika avazeSoM kI chatrAkAra aakRti| prArambha meM stUpa kisI ke citA-sthala athavA asthi se sambandhita stuup| stUpa sambhavata: ve stUpa jo citA-sthala para banAye Adi zArIrika avazeSoM para nirmita IMTa yA pattharoM kI chatrAkAra AkRti jAte the athavA jinameM kisI vyakti ke zArIrika avazeSa rakha diye jAte hotA thaa| caitya-stUpa ke sAtha-sAtha caitya-vRkSoM kA bhI hameM AcArAMga meM the, caityIkRta stUpa kahalAte the| yahA~ kaDaM zabda kUTa kA vAcaka nahIM apitu ullekha milatA hai| prathama to kisI vyakti ke dAha-sthala yA samAdhi-sthala kRta kA vAcaka hai| bhagavatI meM kaDaM zabda kRta kA vAcaka hai1deg| puna: kaDaM para usakI smRti meM vRkSAropaNa kara diyA jAtA hogA aura vahI vRkSa kA kUTa karane para 'rukkhaM vA ceiyakaDaM' kA ThIka artha nahIM baitthegaa| "rukkhaM caityavRkSa kahalAtA hogaa| yadyapi Age calakara jaina paramparA meM vaha vRkSa vA ceiyakaDaM" kA artha hai-citA-sthala yA asthi Adi ke Upara ropA bhI caityavRkSa kahalAne lagA, jisake nIce kisI tIrthaMkara ko kevala jJAna gayA vRkss| ceiyakaDaM kA artha pUjanIya bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| pro0 utpanna hotA thaa| kramaza: ina caitya-vRkSoM evaM caityastUpoM kI zraddhAvAn umAkAMta zAha 11 ne yaha artha kiyA bhI hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha paravartI sAmAnyajanoM ke dvArA pUjA kI jAne lgii| AcArAMga meM jina caitya-stUpoM artha-vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| ata: jaina sAhitya meM stUpa zabda ke artha- kA ullekha hai, ve caitya-stUpa jaina paramparA yA jainadharma sambandhita haiMvikAsa ko samajhane ke lie caitya zabda ke artha-vikAsa ko samajhanA aisA kahanA kaThina hai, kyoMki usameM AkAra, toraNa, talagRha, prAsAda, hogaa| saMskRta kozoM meM caitya zabda ke pattharoM kA Dhera, smAraka, samAdhi- vRkSagRha, parvata Adi kI carcA ke sandarbha meM hI caitya-vRkSa aura caityaprastara, yajJamaNDala, dhArmika pUjA kA sthAna, vedI, devamUrti sthApita karane stUpoM kA ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI jainamuni ko stUpa Adi ko ucakakA sthAna, devAlaya, bauddha aura jaina mandira Adi aneka artha diye gaye ucaka kara dekhane tathA stUpamaha arthAt stUpa-pUjA ke mahotsavoM evaM meloM haiN12| kintu ye vibhinna artha caitya zabda ke artha-vikAsa kI prakriyA ke meM jAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai|15 smaraNIya hai ki yadi AcArAMga ke pariNAma haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha ke racanAkAla taka bhI jaina stUpa hote to aisA sAmAnya yAjJavalkyasmRti meM zmazAna-sImA meM sthita puNya-sthAna ke rUpa niSedha to nahIM hI kiyA jaataa| mAtra yaha kahA jAtA ki anya tIrthakoM meM bhI caitya zabda kA ullekha huA hai|13 prAcIna jainAgamoM meM bhI citA- ke stUpa evaM stUpamaha meM nahIM jAnA caahie| isase yahI jJAta hotA hai ki sthala para nirmita smAraka ko caitya kahA gayA hai| kinhIM viziSTa vyaktiyoM AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke racanAkAla taka jainetara paramparAoM meM ke citAsthala para unakI smRti hetu cabUtarA banA diyA jAtA thA, jo caitya sAmAnya rUpa se stUpa nirmita hone lage the| sambhavata: AcArAMga ke dvitIya kahalAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI cabUtare ke sAtha-sAtha vahA~ vRkSAropaNa kara diyA zrutaskandha kA racanAkAla IsA pUrva kI dvitIya yA tRtIya zatAbdI rahA jAtA thA, jise caityavRkSa kahA jAtA thaa| yadi yaha smRti-cihna chatrAkAra hogaa| kyoMki isake bAda mathurA meM jaina stUpa milate haiN| aMga sAhitya meM

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jainAgama-dharma meM stUpa 713. puna: hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM nandIzvara dvIpa ke varNana prasaMga meM caityastUpa aura ke ullekha to upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, kintu arihaMta caitya kA ullekha caityavRkSa kA ullekha milatA hai| mathurA meM, AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha avazya milatA hai|19 yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM stUpikA (thUbhiA) kA ke anusAra, mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa kA citraNa bhI milatA hai, ata: mathurA ullekha avazya hai|20 itanA nizcita hai ki ina AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA stUpa AcArAMga kA paravartI hai| usameM varNita caityastUpa aura caityavRkSa taka jaina paramparA meM jina-pratimAoM aura jina-mandiroM kA vikAsa ho cukA jaina paramparA se sambandhita haiM, sAtha hI usa samaya taka na kevala caityastUpa thaa| puna: dasaveM aMga-Agama praznavyAkaraNa meM stUpa zabda kA ullekha banane lage the, apitu usa para jinamUrtiyoM kI sthApanA hone laga gayI milatA hai, kintu usameM ullikhita stUpa jaina paramparA kA stUpa nahIM hai| thii| sthAnAMgasUtra meM jaina caityastUpoM kA nimna ullekha prApta hotA hai- sambhavata: yahA~ hI hameM svatantra rUpa se stUpa zabda milatA hai, kyoMki isake 'nandIzvaradvIpa ke ThIka madhya meM cAroM dizAoM meM cAra aJjana parvata haiN| ve pUrva sarvatra caitya-stUpa (ceiya-thUbha) zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| jJAtavya aJjana parvata nIce dasa hajAra yojana vistRta haiM, kintu kramaza: unakA UparI hai ki praznavyAkaraNa kA vartamAna meM upalabdha saMskaraNa AgamoM ke bhAga eka hajAra yojana cauDA hai| una aJjana parvatoM ke Upara atyanta samatala lekhanakAla ke bAda sambhavata: 7vIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| jainadharma meM aura ramaNIya bhUmi-bhAga hai| usa sama-bhUmi-bhAga ke madhya meM cAroM hI aJjana paravartIkAla meM stUpa-paramparA puna: lupta hone lagI thii| jainadharma meM na to parvatoM para cAra siddhAyatana arthAt jina-mandira haiN| pratyeka jina-mandira prArambha meM stUpa-nirmANa aura stUpa-pUjA kI paramparA thI aura na paravartI kI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra dvAra haiN| ina cAroM dvAroM ke Age cAra mukhamaNDapa kAla meM hI vaha jIvita rhii| mujhe to aisA lagatA hai ki IsA pUrva kI haiN| una mukhamaNDapoM ke Age cAra prekSAgRha yA raMgazAlA maNDapa haiN| punaH dvitIya evaM prathama zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka bauddhauna prekSAgRhoM ke Age maNipIThikAe~ haiN| una maNipIThikAoM para caityastUpa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI jaina-paramparA meM stUpa-nirmANa aura stUpa haiN| pratyeka caityastUpa para cAroM dizAoM meM cAra maNipIThikAe~ haiM aura una . pUjA kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI hogI, jo bauddhoM ke patana kAla arthAt cAra maNipIThikAoM para cAra jina-pratimAe~ haiN| vaha saba ratnamaya, sAtavI-AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt punaH lupta ho gaI, kyoMki hameM AThavIM saparyaMkAsana (padmAsana) kI mudrA meM avasthita haiN| puna: caityastUpoM ke Age zatAbdI ke pazcAt kI jaina racanAoM meM kevala una Agama granthoM kI caityavRkSa haiN| una caityavRkSoM ke Age maNipIThikAoM para mahendradhvaja haiN| TIkAoM tathA mathurA evaM vaizAlI ke aitihAsika vivaraNa dene vAle granthoM una mahendradhvajoM ke Age puSkariNiyA~ haiM aura una puSkariNiyoM ke Age ko chor3akara, jinameM stUpa zabda AyA hai, kahIM bhI jina-stUpoM kA ullekha vanakhaNDa haiN|16 isa saba varNana se aisA lagatA hai ki sthAnAMga ke nahIM milatA hai| racanAkAla taka suvyavasthita rUpa se mandiroM ke nirmANa kI kalA kA bhI 14vIM zatAbdI taka ke jaina sAhitya meM mathurA meM jaina stupoM vikAsa ho cukA thA aura una mandiroM meM caitya-stUpa banAye jAte the ora ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha haiN| upAGga sAhitya meM jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM una caitya-stUpoM para pIThikAe~ sthApita karake jina-pratimAe~ bhI sthApita hameM tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara aura viziSTa muniyoM kI citAoM para caityastUpa banAne kI gaI thiiN| paravartI kAla meM bauddha paramparA meM bhI hameM stUpoM kI cAroM ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| aise ullekha Avazyakaniyukti meM bhI upalabdha dizAoM meM buddha-pratimAeM hone ke ullekha milate haiN| sthAnAMga eka saMgraha haiN21| jambUdvIpaprajJapti aura Avazyakaniyukti nizcita hI AgamoM ke grantha hai aura unameM IsA pUrva se lekara IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka kI lekhanakAla arthAt IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ina sabase sAmagrI saMkalita hai| prastuta sandarbha kisa kAla kA hai yaha kahanA to kaThina hamArI usa mAnyatA kI puSTi hotI hai, jisake anusAra IsA pUrva kI dvitIya hai, kintu itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha lagabhaga IsA kI prathama evaM prathama zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI prathama pA~ca zatAbdiyoM meM hI jaina zatAbdI kA hogA, kyoMki taba taka jina-mandira aura jina-stUpa banane paramparA meM stUpa-nirmANa aura stUpa-pUjA kI paramparA rahI aura bAda meM vaha lage the| usameM varNita stUpa jaina parampara se sambandhita hai| yadyapi yaha kramaza: vilupta hotI gii| yadyapi caitya-stambhoM evaM caraNa-cihnoM ke nirmANa vicAraNIya hai ki mathurA ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hameM kisI bhI jaina- kI paramparA vartamAna yuga taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| isa AdhAra para stUpa ke purAtAttvika avazeSa nahIM mile haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi se vizvasanIya hama yaha niSkarSa bhI nikAla sakate haiM ki caitya-stUpoM ke nirmANa aura jaina-stUpoM ke sAhityika ullekha bhI nagaNya haiN| unakI pUjA kI paramparA jainoM kI apanI maulika paramparA nahIM thI, apitu samavAyAMga evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM hameM caityastUpa ke sthAna para vaha laukika paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| vastutaH stUpa-nirmANa aura stUpa-pUjA caityastambha kA ullekha milatA hai, sAtha hI ina stambhoM meM jina-asthiyoM kI paramparA mahAvIra aura buddha se pUrvavartI eka lokaparamparA rahI hai jisakA ko rakhe jAne kA bhI ullekha hai|17 ata: caitya-stambha caitya-stUpa kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha donoM para pdd'aa| sambhavata: pahale bauddhoM ne use hI eka vikasita rUpa hai| jaina paramparA meM caityastUpoM kI apekSA caitya- apanAyA aura bAda meM jainoM ne| jainAgama sAhitya meM mujhe kisI bhI stambha bane, jo Age calakara mAnastambha ke rUpa meM badala gye| AdipurANa aitihAsika jaina stUpa kA ullekha dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| jaina sAhitya meM meM mAnastambha kA spaSTa ullekha hai|28 jainadharma kI digambara paramparA meM Aja jina stUpoM kA ullekha hai, unameM vyavahAracUrNi meM ullikhita mathurA evaM bhI mandiroM ke Age mAnastambha banAne kA pracalana hai| zeSa aMga-AgamoM AvazyakacUrNi meM ullikhita vaizAlI ke stUpa ko chor3akara deva-loka meM bhagavatI sUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA aura upAsakadazAMga meM hameM caitya-stUpoM (svarga), nandIzvaradvIpa evaM aSTApada (kailAzaparvata) Adi para nirmita stUpoM

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714 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke hI ullekha haiM, jinakI aitihAsikatA saMdigdha hI hai| mathurA ke (kSapaNaka) isa kArya ko karane meM samartha hai| saMgha unake pAsa gyaa| kSapaNaka aitihAsika stUpa kA prAcInatama ullekha vyavahAracUrNi meM aura vyavahArasUtra se kahA ki kAyotsarga kara devI ko Akampita karo arthAt bulaao| kI malayagiri kI TIkA22 meM milatA hai| isa stUpa ke sambandha meM paravartI unhoMne kAyotsarga kara devI ko bulaayaa| devI ne Akara kahA- "batAiye digambara aura zvetAmbara sAhitya meM anyatra bhI ullekha milate haiN| maiM kyA karU~?" taba muni ne kahA- "jisase saMgha kI jaya ho vaisA kro|" AvazyakacUrNi meM vaizAlI ke munisuvratasvAmI ke stUpa kA ullekha hai|23 devI ne vyaMgyapUrvaka kahA- "aba mujha asaMyati se bhI tumhArA kArya hogaa| isa samagra carcA se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jaina sAhitya tuma rAjA ke pAsa jAkara kaho ki yadi yaha stUpa bauddhoM kA hogA to isake meM jo stUpa-sambandhI vivaraNa upalabdha haiM, unameM aitihAsika dRSTi se mathurA zikhara para rakta-patAkA hogI aura yadi yaha hamArA arthAt jainoM kA hogA aura vaizAlI ke prasaMga hI mahattvapUrNa haiM aura usameM bhI vaizAlI ke sambandha to zukla-patAkA dikhAyI degii|" usa samaya rAjA ke kucha vizvAsI puruSoM meM koI purAtAttvika pramANa nahIM mile haiN| jaina dharma meM stUpa-nirmANa aura ne stUpa para rakta-patAkA lagavA dii| taba devI ne rAtri ko use zveta-patAkA stUpa-pUjA ke purAtAttvika pramANa abhI taka to kevala mathurA se upalabdha kara diyaa| prAta:kAla stUpa para zukla-patAkA dikhAyI dene se jaina saMgha hue hai|24 vaizAlI ke stUpa ko munisuvrata kA stUpa kahA gayA hai| mathurA vijayI ho gyaa|26 mathurA ke deva-nirmita stUpa kA yaha saMketa kiMcit ke stUpa ke pAsa se upalabdha eka pAda-pITha ke lekha ko pro0ke0DI0 rUpAntara ke sAtha digambara paramparA meM hariSeNa ke bRhadkathAkoza ke vAjapeyI ne arhat munisuvrata par3hA hai|25 kahIM aisA to nahIM ki vairakumAra ke AkhyAna meM27 tathA somadevasUri ke yazastilakacampU ke AvazyakacUrNikAra ne bhramavaza use vaizAlI meM sthita kaha diyA ho| SaSTha AzvAsa meM brajakumAra kI kathA meM 28 milatA hai| puna: caudahavIM zatAbdI purAtattva kI dRSTi se mathurA meM na kevala jaina stUpa ke avazeSa meM jinaprabhasUri ne bhI vividhatIrthakalpa ke mathurApurIkalpa meM isakA ullekha upalabdha hue haiM, apitu aneka AyAgapaToM para bhI stUpoM kA aMkana aura kiyA hai 29 / bauddhoM se hue vivAda kA bhI kiMcit rUpAntara ke sAtha sabhI stUpa pUjA ke dRzya upalabdha hote haiN| eka zilAkhaNDa meM to AsapAsa ne ullekha kiyA hai| jina-pratimAoM kA aura bIca meM stUpa kA aMkana hai| eka anya AyAgapaTa isa kathA se tIna spaSTa niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiN| prathama para puruSoM ko stUpa kI pUjA karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| mathurA se to usa stUpa ko deva-nirmita kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usake nirmAtA upalabdha stUpa-aMkana se yukta aneka AyAgapaToM para zilAlekha bhI haiN| ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM ko spaSTa rUpa se kucha jJAta nahIM thA, dUsare usake isa sabase itanA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa kAla meM jainoM meM stUpa-nirmANa svAmitva ko lekara jaina aura bauddha-saMgha meM koI vivAda huA thA, tIsare aura stUpa-pUjA kI paramparA rahI hai| stUpa ke AsapAsa jina-pratimA se yaha ki jainoM meM stUpapUjA prArambha ho cukI thii| yaha bhI nizcita hai ki paravartI yukta zilAkhaNDa isakA sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa hai, kintu mathurA meM jo sAhitya meM usa stUpa kA jainastUpa ke rUpa meM hI ullekha huA hai| ata: bhI stUpa aura stUpoM ke aMkana sahita AyAgapaTa mile haiM, ve sabhI IsA isa vivAda ke pazcAt yaha stUpa jainoM ke adhikAra meM rahA-isa bAta se pUrva dUsarI zatI se lekara IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka ke hI haiN| IsA bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke bAda se na to stUpa milate haiM aura na stUpoM kyA usa stUpa kA nirmANa mUlata: jaina stUpa ke rUpa meM huA thA athavA.. ke aMkana se yukta AyAgapaTa hii| isa sambandha meM pro0 umAkAMta zAha kI vaha mUlata: eka bauddha paramparA kA stUpa thA aura paravartI kAla meM vaha jainoM pustaka 'Art and Architecturer, ke adhyAya chaThA aura dasavAM vizeSa ke adhikAra meM calA gyaa| rUpa se draSTavya haiN| ina purAtAttvika pramANoM se bhI merI isa mAnyatA kI ise mUlata: bauddha paramparA kA stUpa hone ke pakSa meM nimna tarka puSTi hotI hai ki IsA kI. tIsarI aura cauthI zatAbdI ke bAda jainoM meM diye jA sakate haiM-sarvaprathama to yaha ki jaina paramparA ke AcArAMga jaise stUpa-pUjA kI praNAlI lupta hone lagI thii| . prAcInatama aMga-Agama sAhitya meM jaina stUpoM ke nirmANa aura usakI pUjA vyavahAracUrNi aura vyavahArasUtra kI malayagiri TIkA meM mathurA ke ullekha nahIM milate haiM, apitu stUpapUjA kA niSedha hI hai| yadyapi kucha ke devanirmita stUpa ke nirmANa kI kathA evaM usake svAmitva ko lekara paravartI AgamoM-sthAnAMga, jIvAbhigama, aupapAtika evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti jainoM aura bauddhoM ke vivAda kI sUcanA milatI hai| malayagiri likhate haiM meM jaina-paramparA me stUpanirmANa aura stUpapUjA ke saMketa milane lagate haiM, ki mathurA nagarI meM koI kSapaka-jaina muni kaThina tapasyA karatA thA, usakI kintu ye saba IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kI yA usake pazcAt kI racanAe~ tapasyA se prabhAvita ho eka devI aayii| usakI vandanA kara vaha bolI haiN| dUsare yadi jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se stUpa-nirmANa evaM stUpaki mere yogya kyA kArya hai? isa para jaina muni ne kahA-asaMyati se * pUjA kI paddhati hotI to phira mathurA ke atirikta anyatra bhI jaina stUpa merA kyA kArya honA? devI ko yaha bAta bahuta aprItikara lagI aura usane upalabdha hone cAhiye the, kintu mathurA ke atirikta kahIM bhI jaina stUpoM kahA ki mujhase tumhArA kArya hogA, taba usane eka sarvaratnamaya stUpa nirmita ke purAtAttvika avazeSa upalabdha nahIM hote|30 jabaki bauddha paramparA meM kiyaa| kucha raktapaTa arthAt bauddha bhikSu upasthita hokara kahane lage yaha mathurA ke atirikta anyatra bhI bauddha stUpa aura unake avazeSa milate haiN| hamArA stUpa hai| cha: mAsa taka yaha vivAda calatA rhaa| saMgha ne vicAra kiyA . eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi jaina dharma meM stUpa-nirmANa evaM ki isa kArya ko karane meM kauna samartha hai| kisI ne kahA ki amuka muni stUpa-pUjA kI paramparA thI to phira vaha ekadama vilupta kaise ho gayI? :

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jainAgama-dharma meM stUpa 715 -jAvAna yaha satya hai ki yahA~ bauddha paramparA meM buddha ke bAda zatAbdiyoM taka "sAhukaDe ti vA, kallANe ti vaa"| pratIkapUjA ke rUpa meM stUpa-pUjA pracalita rahI aura buddha kI mUrtiyA~ bAda -vahI, 4/21 meM banane lgiiN| jabaki jaina paramparA meM IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI se jina- (ga). se bhikkhU vA bhikkhuNI vA..... thUbha-mahesu vA, cetiya-mahesu mUrtiyA~ banane laga gayI thiiN| ata: jainoM meM stUpa banAne kI pravRtti Age vA.....tahappagAraM asaNaM va pANaM vA....No pddigaahejjaa| adhika vikasita nahIM ho skii| kintu jaina paramparA meM stUpa-pUjA evaM -vahI, 1/24 // stUpa-nirmANa kI paramparA thI, isake bhI aneka pramANa upalabdha haiN| prathama 2. .......tAsi NaM maNipeDhiyANaM uvariM cattAri-cattAri ceiyathUbhA to jainadharma ke yApanIyasaMgha kI eka zAkhA kA nAma paMcastUpAnvaya thaa| pnnnnttaa|| sambhava hai mathurA ke paMcastUpoM kI upAsanA ke kAraNa isakA yaha nAma par3A -thAnAMga, 4/339 / ho| matharA yApanIya saMgha kA kendra rahA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki 3. (ka).citi-vedi-khAtiya-ArAma-vihAra-thUbha.....ya aTThAe puDhaviM jainoM meM stUpapUjA kI paddhati thii| mathurA ke eka zilAkhaNDa ke bIca me hiMsaMti mNdbuddhiyaa| stUpa kA aMkana hai aura usake AsapAsa jina-pratimAe~ haiM, isase bhI hama -praznavyAkaraNa, 1/14 / isI nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki jainoM meM kucha kAla taka stUpa-nirmANa aura 4. taheva mahiMdajjhayA cetiyarukkho cetiyathabhe paccatthimillA maNipeDhiyA stUpa-pUjA pracalita thii| vaizAlI meM munisuvrata svAmI ke stUpa kA jinnpddimaa| sAhityika saMketa hai| -jIvAbhigama, 3/2/142 / yaha tarka ki mathurA kA stUpa mUlataH bauddha stUpa thA aura 5. .....khippAmeva bho devANuppiA titthagaraciigaM jAvaaNagAraciigaM paravartIkAla meM bauddhoM ke nirbala hone se usa para jainoM ne adhikAra kara ca khIrodageNaM NivAveha, tae NaM te mehakamArA devA titthagaraciigaM liyA, yuktisaMgata nahIM lagatA, kyoMki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI jAva NivvAveMti, tae NaM se sakke deviMde devarAyA bhagavao se hI isake jaina-stUpa ke rUpa meM ullekha milane lagate haiM aura usa kAla titthagarassa uvarillaM dAhiNaM sakahaM geNhai......tae NaM se sakke taka mathurA ke bauddha nirbala nahIM hue the, apitu zaktizAlI evaM prabhAvazAlI vayAsI savvarayaNAmae mahaimahAlae tao ceiathUbhe kreh| bane hue the| puna: mathurA se upalabdha AyAgapaToM para madhya meM jina-pratimA . -jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2/33 / aura usake Asa-pAsa aSTamAMgalika cihnoM ke sAtha stUpa kA bhI aMkana 6. nivvANaM ciigAI jiNassa ikkhAga sesayANaM c| milatA hai| isase yaha bAta puSTa ho jAtI hai ki jainoM meM stUpanirmANa aura sakahA thUbha jiNahare jAyaga tennaahiaggitti|| stUpapUjA kI paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yApanIya nAmaka prasiddha jaina -Avazyaka niyukti, 45 / / saMgha kI eka zAkhA kA nAma bhI paMcastUpAnvaya hai| yadi ye pramANa nahIM 7. (ka). taeNaM se sakke bahave bhavaNapati jAva vemANiyA evaM milate to nizcita hI ise mUlata: bauddha stUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA vayAsIkhippAmeva bho tao ceia-thUbhe kreh| thaa| maiMne yahA~ pakSa-vipakSa kI sambhAvanAoM ko prastuta karane kA prayatna -Avazyaka cUrNi, RSabhanirvANa prakaraNa, pR0223| kiyA hai, vidvAnoM ko kisI yogya niSkarSa para pahu~cane kA prayatna karanA (kha). thUbhANaM egaM titthagarassa va sesANaM egUNassa bhAuya syss| caahie| phira bhI isa samagra adhyayana se maiM isa niSkarSa para avazya pahu~cA -Avazyaka cUrNi, aSTapada caitya prakaraNa, pR0227/ hU~ ki jaina dharma meM stUpanirmANa evaM stUpapUjA kI paddhati jainetara paramparAoM 8. (ka), emeva ya sAhUNaM, vaagrnnnimittcchndkhmaadii| se vizeSa rUpa se bauddha-paramparA ke prabhAva se hI vikasita huI, puna: vaha biiyaM gilANato me, addhANe ceva thUbhe y||| caraNa-caukI(pagaliyA jI), caitya-stambha aura jina-mandiroM ke vikAsa (kha). mahurA khamagA ya, vaNadevaya AuTTa aannvijjtti| ke sAtha dhIre-dhIre vilupta ho gaI hai| kiM mama asaMjatIe, appattiya hohitI kjj|| thUbha vi u ghaNa bhicchU vivAya chammAsa saMgho ko stto| sandarbha khamagussaggA kaMpaNa khiMsaNa sukkA kaya pddaagaa|| * 'bauddha stUpa para Ayojita antarrASTrIya saMgoSThI (saMgoSThI -vyavahAra cUrNi, paMcama uddezaka, 26, 27, 28 / (prA0bhA0saM0 evaM pu0 vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, 9. pro0 madhusUdana DhAkI se vyaktigata carcA ke AdhAra para unakA yaha vArANasI) meM paThita nibndh| mata prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (ka). se bhikkhU vA bhikkhuNI vA gAmANugAma duijjamANe......rukkhaM 10. "kaDamANe kaDe" - bhagavatI satra, 1/1/1 / vA ceiya-karDa, thUbhaM vA ceiykddN......nno.......nnijjhaaejjaa| 11. "In both the above-mentioned cases, namely, cetita-AcArAMga (dvitIya zrutaskandha-AyAracUlA), 3/47/ thubha and the cetitarukkha, the sense of a funeral (kha). se bhikkhU vA bhikkhuNI vA jahA vegaiyAI rUvAI.....rukkhaM relic is not fully warranted." vA ceiya-kaDaM......No....sukaDe ti vA, suTThakaDe ti vA, ---Studies in Jain Art, U.P. Shah, P. 53. mANa Ara (dvitIya zrutaskamAI.............rukkhaM

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716 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 25. 12. saMskRta hindI koza-vAmana zivarAma ApTe, pRSTha 327/ -jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2/33, pR0 157-158 / 13. nayeyurete sImAnaM sthlaanggaartussdrumaiH|| (ba) Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 435 / setuvalmIkanimnAsthicaityAdyairupalakSitAm // 151 // (mUla ke lie dekhie isI lekha kA pR0132 kA sandarbha kramAMka 6) / caityazmazAnasImAsu puNyasthAne suraalye| 22. dekheM-isI lekha kA pR0 132 kA sandarbha kramAMka 1 // jAtadrumANAM dviguNo damo vRkSe ca vizrute / / 228 / / 23. vesAlie NagarIe NagaraNAbhIe muNisuvvayasAmissa thuubho| -yAjJavalkyasmRti, vyvhaaraadhyaay| -AvazyakacUrNi (pAriNAmika buddhi prakaraNa) pR0 537 14. vAcaspatyayam, pRSTha 2966 / 24. An inscription (Luders, List No. 47) dated 79 (A.D. 15. (a). AcArAMga (dvitIya-zrutaskandha-AyAracUlA) 1/24, 3/ 157) or (A.D. 127), on the pedestal of a missing 47; 4/21 (inake mUlapAThoM ke lie dekheM isI lekha kA sandarbha image mentions the installation of an image of Arhat Nandiavarta at the so-called Vodva Stupa built by kramAMka 1) the gods (devanirmita). (ba). se bhikkhU vA bhikkhuNI vA.....maDayathUbhiyAsu vA, -Jaina Art and Architecture, A. Ghosh, Vol. I.P. 53. maDayaceiesa vA......No uccArapAsavaNaM vosirejjaa| Sri Mahavira Commemoration, Vol. I. Agra, PP. -vahI, 10/23 / 189-190. tesi NaM aMjaNagapavvayANaM uvari bahusamaramaNijjA bhUmibhAgA 26. mathurAyAM nagaryAM ko'pi kSapaka AtApayati, yasyAtApanAM dRSTvA pnnnnttaa| tesiNaM bahusamaramaNijjANaM bhUmi-bhAgANaM bahumajjhadesabhAge devatA AdRtA tamAgatya vanditvA brUte, yanmayA kartavyaM cattAri siddhAyataNA paNNattA tnmmaajnyaapyedbhvaaniti| evamukte sA kSapakeNa bhaNyate, kiM mama tesi NaM dArANaM purao cattAri muhamaMDavA pnnnnttaa| kAryamasaMyatyA bhaviSyati, tatastasyA devatAyA apriitikmbhuut| tesi NaM muhamaMDavANaM purao cattAri pecchAgharamaMDavA pnnnnttaa| aprItivatyA ca tayoktamavazyaM tava mayA kArya bhaviSyati, tato tesiNaM pecchAgharamaMDavANaM purao cattAri maNipeDhiyAo pnnnnttaao| devatAyA sarvaratnamayaH stUpo nirmitaH, tatra bhikSavo raktapaTA tAsi NaM maNipeDhiyANaM uvariM cattAri-cattAri ceiyathUbhA pnnnnttaa| upasthitA; ayamasmadIya: stUpa; taiH samaM saGghasya SaNmAsAn vivAdo tesi NaM ceiyathUbhANaM uvariM cattAri maNipeDhiyAo pnnnnttaao| jAtaH, tataH saGgho brUte-ko nAmAtrArthe zaktaH, kenApi kathitaM tAsiNaM maNipeDhiyANaM uvariM cattAri jiNapaDimAo savvarayaNAmaIo yathAmukaH kSapakaH, tataH saGghana sa bhaNyate-kSapaka! kAyotsargeNa saMpaliyaMkaNisaNNAo thUbhAbhimuhAo ciTuMti, taM jahA-risabhA, devatAmAkampaya, tata: kSapakasya kAyotsargakaraNaM devatAyA Akampanam vaddhamANA, caMdANaNA, vaarisennaa| sA AgatA brUte-saMdizata kiM karomi, kSapakeNa bhaNitA-tathA kurUta -sthAnAMga, 4/339 / yathA saGghasya jayo bhavati, tato devatAyA kSapakasya khiMsanA kRtA, 17. sohamme kappe suhammAe sabhAe mANavae ceiyakkhaMbhe heTThA uvariM ca yathA etanmayA asaMyatyA api kAryajAtaM evaM khiMsitvA sA brUteaddhaterasa-addhaterasa joyaNANi vajjettA majjhe paNatIsa joyaNesu yUyaM rAjJaH samIpaM gatvA brUta, yadi raktapaTAnAM stUpa: tata: kalye vairAmaesu golavaTTasamuggaesu jiNa-sakahAo pnnnnttaao| patAkA dRzyatAM, athAsmAkaM tarhi zuklA patAkA, rAjA pratipannamevaM -samavAyAMga, 35/5 / bhavatu, tato rAjJA pratyayikarapuruSaiH stUpo rakSApita: rAtrau devatAyA 18. maanstmbhmhaacaitydrumsiddhaarthpaadpaan| zuklA patAkA kRtA, prabhAte dRSTA stUpe zuklA patAkA, jitaM prekSamANo vyatIyAya stuupaaNshcaarcitpuujitaan|| sngken| -AdipurANa, 41/20 / -vyavahAracUrNi, malayagiri TIkA-paJcama uddezaka, pR0 8 / 19. (a). NaNastha arihaMsa vA arihaMta ceiyANi vA aNagAre vA 27 vairakamArakathA gANa vA aNagAra vA 27. vairakumArakathAnakam-bRhatkathAkoza (hariSeNa) bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bhAviyappaNo NIsAe u8 uppayati jAva sohammo kppo| bambaI, 1942 I0, pU0 22-271 -bhagavatI sUtra, 3/2 / 28. yazastilakacampU, anu0 va prakAzaka-sundaralAla zAstrI, vaaraannsii| (ba). arahaMtaceiyAI vaMdittae vA namaMsittae vaa| brajakumArakathA-pR0270, SaSTha aashvaas| -upAsakadasAMga, 1/45 / 29. vividhtiirthklp-mthuraapuriiklp| 20 (a). ujjlmnniknngrynnthuubhiy.....| 30. pro0 TI0vI0jI0 zAstrI ne gantUra jile ke amarAvatI se karIba 7 (ba) mnniknnthuubhiyaae| kilomITara dUra baDDamANa gA~va meM IsA pUrva tRtIya zatAbdI (236 I0 -jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/18 1/89 / pU0) kA jainastUpa khoja nikAlA hai| yahIM bhadrabAhu ke ziSya godAsa21. (a) mahaimahAlae tao ceiathUbhe kareha, evaM bhagavao titthagarassa jinakA nAma kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM hai-ke ullekha se yukta zilAlekha ciigAe, egaM gaNaharassa, egaM avasesANaM aNagArANaM ciigaae| bhI milA hai| di0 jaina mahAsamiti buleTina, mArca 1985

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma bhAratIya itihAsa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke pratiSThApakoM meM jina samrAToM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM samrATa azoka evaM harSa ke bAda samrATa akabara kA nAma AtA hai| bhAratIya muslima zAsakoM meM jo sAmAnyatayA dhArmika dRSTi se kaTTaratAvAdI rahe haiM, akabara hI eka mAtra aisA vyaktitva hai, jo siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se apekSAkRta rUpa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka rahA hai, cAhe yaha usane apane rAjanaitika uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu hI kiyA ho| yaha satya hai ki vaha anya dharma va paramparAoM ke AcArya, santoM aura vidvAnoM ko apane darabAra meM sammAnapUrvaka sthAna detA thaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratAvAdI dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka kaTTara muslima ulemA bhI usake Alocaka evaM virodhI rahe haiM, phira bhI akabara ne unakI paravAha na karake apane prazAsana meM anya dharma-paramparA ke logoM ko samucita sthAna diyA aura unakI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyaa| akabara meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dRSTi kina kAraNoM se vikasita huI, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai? isa sambandha meM itihAsakAroM evaM samAlocakoM ke mantavya alaga-alaga hai| kucha yaha mAnate haiM ki akabara ne apanI nItiyoM meM jisa dhArmika udAratA kA paricaya diyA usakA kAraNa usakI rAjanaitika mahattvAkAMkSA hI thii| vaha apane prazAsana meM jisa amana va zAnti kI apekSA rakhatA thA, vaha dhArmika kaTTaratA meM sambhava na hokara dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke dvArA hI sambhava thii| apanI sambhava thI apanI isa udAravAdI dRSTi ke AdhAra para vaha bhAratIya janamAnasa ko vizeSa rUpa se hindU jana-mAnasa ko prabhAvita karanA cAhatA thA aura yaha dikhAnA cAhatA ki vaha eka muslima zAsaka hokara bhI hinduoM kA hitacintaka hai ataH vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki usakI yaha dhArmika sadbhAva va sahiSNutA / kI nIti vastutaH usakI rAjanItika mahattvAkAMkSA kA hI pariNAma hai, kyoMki apane prazAsana ke prArambha aura anta meM vaha eka kaTTara muslima zAsaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai, jabaki usakA madhyakAla dhArmika udAratA kA paricAyaka hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki akabara kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kI nIti usakI prazAsanika AvazyakatA thI, kyoMki yadi svabhAvataH ina siddhAntoM meM usakI AsthA hotI to jisa jajiyA kara ko usane samApta kiyA thA, use hI apane susthApita hone bAda punaH lAgU nahIM krtaa| dUsarA dRSTikoNa yaha bhI hai ki akabara vastutaH eka udAra dRSTikoNasampanna vyakti thA, kyoMki usane apane jIvana ke AdhAra para yaha pAyA thA ki hindU evaM muslima donoM hI dharmoM ke kaTTaratAvAdI loga vastuta: jana-mAnasa ko gumarAha karate haiM aura sAmAjika zAnti ko bhaMga karate haiM phatehapura sIkarI meM banAe gae ibAdataqhAne meM ye dhArmika loga kisa prakAra se apane sthAna Adi ko lekara Apasa meM lar3ate the, isa sabako dekhakara sambhava hai use dharmAndhatA se vitRSNA utpanna ho gayI ho aura usane dhArmika 717 sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dizA meM apane prayatna prArambha kiye hoN| jIvana ke antima kAla meM usameM jo kucha dhArmika kaTTaratA ke lakSaNa pratIta hote haiM, unakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jIvana kI antima avasthA meM paraloka ke bhaya ke kAraNa dharma ke prati eka vizeSa lagAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| antima kAla meM usakI dhArmika kaTTaratA sambhavataH isI kA pariNAma thii| usake mana meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva vikasita huA usakA kAraNa kyA thA, isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki vaha jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA thaa| jaina dharma apane prArambhika kAla se hI anekAntavAda kA samarthaka rahA hai aura usakA siddhAnta dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki akabara hIravijaya, samayasundara, vijayasena, bhAnucandra Adi aneka jaina AcAryoM aura muniyoM ke samparka meM rahA hai| jaina dharma meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kA vikAsa jo anekAnta ke siddhAnta para huA hai usakI samasta carcA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, kintu usake AdhAra para yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki akabara ke jIvana meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva ke evaM pazubadha aura mAMsAhAra ko kama karane sambandhI jisa dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa huA, vaha AcAyoM ke samparka kA hI pariNAma thaa| akabara se jina jaina AcAryoM kA vizeSa rUpa se sambandha rahA hai unameM hIravijaya sUri, vijayasena sUri, bhAnucandra upAdhyAya, upAdhyAya zAnticandra upAdhyAya samayasundara, upAdhyAya siddhicaMdra, jinacaMdrasUri nandavijaya, jayasoma, mahopAdhyAya sAdhukIrti Adi mukhya haiN| ataH akabara meM pazu vadha, mAMsAhAra-niSedha tathA dhArmika sahiSNutA kI jo pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai usakA eka kAraNa usa para ina jaina santoM kA prabhAva bhI hai| akabara ne jaina santoM ko jo faramAna pradAna kiye the, unase bhI ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| akabara ke dvArA jaina AcAyoM ke jArI faramAnoM meM mukhya faramAna aura unakI viSayavastu nimnalikhita hai AcArya hIravijaya sUri ko akabara dvArA pradatta prathama pharamAna meM yaha nirdeza hai ki paryuSaNa ke 12 dinoM meM una kSetroM meM jahA~ jaina jAti nivAsa karatI hai, koI bhI jIva na mArA jaay| miti 7 jamAdulasAnI, hijarI san 192 / (dekheM- nInA jaina, mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, pR0161-162) " dUsarA faramAna bhI hIravijaya sUri ko diyA gyaa| isameM siddhAcala (zatruMjaya), girinAra, tAraMgA, kezariyAjI, AbU ( sabhI gujarAta), rAjagiri, sammeda zikhara Adi jaina tIrtha kSetroM meM pahAr3oM para tathA mandira ke Asa-pAsa koI bhI jIva na mArA jaay| isa ullekha ke sAtha yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi pazu-hiMsA kA niSedha islAma ke viruddha lagatA hai, phira bhI paramezvara ko pahacAnane vAle manuSyoM kA kAyadA hai ki kisI ke dharma meM dakhala na deN| ye arja merI naz2ara meM durusta mAlUma .

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718 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pdd'ii| tArIkha 7 mAha uradI behesta mutAbika raviula avala vahI, san kintu yaha nizcita hai ki usakI jo bhI anubhUti thI, vaha jaina darzana ke 37 julusii| yaha ilAhI saMvat 35 mutAbika 28vIM muharrama, san 999 anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla thii| yaha bhI nizcaya hai ki AcAryoM ne hiz2arI kA hai| (dekheM-vahI, pR0163-164) usakI isa anubhUti ko apane anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla batAkara horavijaya ko diye gae tIsare faramAna meM vizeSa rUpa se dhArmika use puSTa kiyA hogA aura pariNAmasvarUpa akabara para unakI isa udArasahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI bAta kahI gayI hai| (vahI, pR0165-166) vRtti kA prabhAva huA hogaa| cauthA faramAna akabara dvArA vijayasena sUri ko pradAna kiyA akabara para jaina sAdhuoM kA prabhAva isaliye bhI adhika par3A gayA thaa| ye hIravijaya ke ziSya the| isa faramAna meM yaha likhA hai ki kyoMki ve ni:spRha aura aparigrahI the, unhoMne rAjA se apanI sukha-suvidhA hara mahIne meM kucha dina gAya, baila, bhaiMsa Adi ko nahIM khAnA aura use ke lie kabhI kucha nahIM mA~gA, jaba bhI bAdazAha ne unase kucha mA~gane ucita evaM farja mAnanA tathA pakSiyoM ko na mAranA tathA unheM pijar3e meM kI bAta kahI to unhoMne sadaiva hI sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke saMrakSaNa kaida na krnaa| jaina maMdiroM evaM upAzrayoM para koI kabjA na kare tathA jIrNa tathA pazu-hiMsA va mAMsAhAra ke niSedha ke faramAna hI maaNge| mandiroM ko banavAne para unheM koI bhI vyakti na roke| isa taraha yaha bhI isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki akabara, jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ nirdeza hai ki varSA Adi honA yA na honA Izvara ke adhIna hai, isakA doSa taka mug2ala-samrAToM kI jo udAra nIti rahI hai usake mUla meM inake jaina sAdhuoM para denA mUrkhatA hai| jainoM ko apane dharma ke anusAra apanI darabAroM meM upasthita aura ina samrAToM ke dvArA AdRta jaina AcAryoM kA dhArmika kriyAeM karane denA caahie| tArIkha, zaharyura, mahInA ilAhI, san bhI mahattvapUrNa hAtha hai| 46 mutAbika tArIkha 25 mahInA saphana, hijarI san 1010 / (vahI, hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM pR0167-168) ke prabhAva ke atirikta aise anya tathya bhI the jinakA prabhAva akabara kI akabara kA pA~cavA~ faramAna jinacandra sUri ko diyA gayA hai| udAravAdI nIti para rahA hogaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratA kA eka kAraNa AcArya jinacandra sUri ne 'paryuSaNa ke bAraha dinoM meM hiMsA na ho', aisA yaha bhI thA ki usake pitA ko aura svayaM use bhI apanI sattA ke lie Adeza prApta kiyA thaa| usameM pUrva bAraha dinoM ke atirikta ASAr3ha zukla hinduoM kI apekSA muslimoM se hI adhika saMgharSa karanA par3A thA aura kI navamIM se pUrNamAsI taka bhI kisI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM kI jAya, aisA akabara ne yaha samajha liyA thA ki bhArata para zAsana karane meM usake mukhya nirdeza hai-tArIkha 31 khuradAda ilAhI, san 49 (vahI, pR0 171) pratispardhI hindU na hokara musalamAna hI haiN| dUsare yaha ki usane hinduoM akabara dvArA jaina sAdhuoM kA sammAna karane tathA unheM faramAna para zAsana karane hetu unakA sahayoga prApta karanA Avazyaka samajhA thaa| dene kI jo paramparA prArambha huI thI, usakI vizeSatA yaha thI ki usakI isa prakAra rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ne bhI use dhArmika udAratA kI nIti agalI pIr3hI meM bhI na kevala sAdhuoM ko unake darabAra meM sthAna milA svIkAra karane hetu vivaza kiyA thaa| apitu unheM zahajAdoM kI zikSA kA dAyitva bhI diyA gyaa| akabara ke anta meM, jaisA ki spaSTa hai, akabara meM dhArmika udAratA kA pazcAt jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ ne bhI isI prakAra ke amArI arthAt pazu- eka kramika vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| prArambha meM vaha eka niSThAvAna hiMsA-niSedha ke faramAna diye| akabara ke mana meM mAMsAhAra evaM pazuhiMsA- musalamAna hI rahA hai| cAhe vaha kaTTara dharmAndha na rahA ho phira bhI usake niSedha ke lie jo vicAra vikasita hue the, unake pIche ina jainAcAryoM prArambhika jIvana meM usakI islAma ke prati niSThA adhika thI, kintu kA prabhAva rahA hai, isa tathya se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| rAjapUta rAjAoM se mile sahayoga evaM rAjapUta kanyAoM se vivAha ke akabara meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kI bhAvanA kA pariNAmasvarUpa usameM dhArmika udAratA kA prAdurbhAva huaa| usane apanI vikAsa huA usakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usane svayaM apanI anubhUti rAniyoM ko apanI-apanI dhArmika niSThAoM evaM vidhiyoM ke anusAra ke AdhAra para yaha jAna liyA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai aura upAsanA kI anumati dI thii| dhIre-dhIre phakIroM evaM sAdhuoM ke satsaMga caramasatya ko jAna lenA mAnava ke vaza kI bAta nhiiN| phatehapura sIkarI se bhI usameM eka AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa huA aura usane ke ibAdataqhAne meM vaha vibhinna dharmoM ke vidvAn AcAryoM kI bAteM sunatA yuddhabandiyoM ko musalamAna banAne aura gulAma banAne kI prathA ko samApta thA aura anya dharmoM ke prati kI gayI unakI samAlocanA para dhyAna bhI kiyaa| sarvaprathama usane san 1563 meM tIrthayAtriyoM para se kara tathA usake detA thA, isase use yaha jJAna ho gayA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai| bAda jajiyA kara samApta kara diyA, sAtha hI gaira musalamAnoM ko apane kisI bhI dharma-paramparA dvArA apanI pUrNatA kA evaM apane ko ekamAtra satya dhArmika sthaloM ko nirmita karavAne kI chUTa dI aura unheM ucca-padoM para hone kA dAvA karanA nirarthaka hai| yaha vahI dRSTi thI jo ki anekAnta kI adhiSThita kiyaa| ye aise tathya haiM jo batAte haiM ki akabara meM jisa dhArmika tattva vicAraNA meM jaina-AcAryoM ne prastuta kI thI aura jise unhoMne darzana udAratA kA vikAsa huA thA, vaha eka kramika vikAsa thaa| isa kramika paramparA kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| cAhe akabara meM yaha udAra yA anekAntika vikAsa se yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki vaha paristhitiyoM evaM vyaktiyoM dRSTi jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva se AyI ho yA dharmAcAryoM ke pArasparika se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| ata: jainAcAryoM ke dvArA bhI usakA prabhAvita vAda-vivAda aura samIkSA ke kAraNa, jinakA samrATa svayaM sAkSI hotA thA, honA svAbhAvika hai| ata: akabara ke jIvana meM jo udAratA evaM ahiMsaka

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khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 719 vRtti kA vikAsa huA usakA bahuta kucha zreya jainAcAryoM ko bhI hai| pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillI, 1962. sandarbha-grantha dI mug2ala empAyara, AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, zivalAla eNDa kampanI, mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, ku. nInA jaina, kAzInAtha sarApha, AgarA, 1967. vijayadharma sUri, samAdhi mandira, zivapurI, 1991. / sUrIzvara ane samrATa, munirAja vidyAvijaya jI, yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, maNidhArI zrI jinacandra sUri abhinandana grantha, agaracanda nAhaTA va bha~vara bhAvanagara, saM0 1979. lAla nAhaTA, maNidhArI jinacandra sUri aSTama zatAbdI samAroha samiti, jagadguru hIra, mumukSu bhavyAnanda, vijayazrI jJAna mandira, ghANerAva, dillI, san 1971. mAravAr3a, saMvat 2008. akabara dI greTa, vi0e0 smitha, oNksaphorDa aiTa dI kleraNDana presa. jaina zAsana dIpAvalI no khAsa aMka, hIravijaya sUri oNra dI jainsa aiTa 1919. dI korTa oNpha akabara, cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI, harSacanda bhUrAbhAI, banArasa dI rilIjiyasa paoNlisI oNfa dI mug2ala empararsa, zrI rAma zarmA, eziyA siTI, saMvat 2438. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi khajurAho kI mandira evaM mUrtikalA ko jainoM kA pradeya kyA hai? jainAcAryoM ne ina paristhitiyoM meM buddhimattA se kAma liyA, isa carcA ke pUrva hameM usa yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kara lenA unhoMne yugIna paristhitiyoM se eka aisA sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA, jisake hogA / khajurAho ke mandiroM kA nirmANakAla IsvI san kI navIM zatI kAraNa unakI svatantra pahacAna bhI banI rahI aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI ke uttarArdha se bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke madhya hai / yaha kAlAvadhi eka usa yuga kI mukhya dhArA se unakA virodha bhI nahIM rahA / unhoMne apane ora jaina sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa kA svarNayuga hai kintu dUsarI vItarAgatA evaM nivRtti ke Adarza ko surakSita rakhate hue bhI hindU deva ora yaha jainoM ke astitva ke lie saMkaTa kA kAla bhI hai| maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko, unakI upAsanA paddhati aura guptakAla ke prArambha se pravRttimArgI brAhmaNa paramparA kA punaH karmakANDa ko, yahA~ taka ki tantra ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anurUpa abhyudaya ho rahA thaa| jana-sAdhAraNa tapa-tyAga pradhAna nIrasa vairAgyavAdI rUpAntarita karake svIkRta kara liyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM hindU samAja vyavasthA paramparA se vimukha ho rahA thA, use eka aise dharma kI talAza thI jo usakI ke varNAzrama siddhAnta aura unakI saMskAra paddhati kA bhI jainIkaraNa karake mano-daihika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha mukti kA koI mArga prazasta kara unheM AtmasAt kara liyaa| sAtha hI apanI ora se sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva sake / manuSya kI isI AkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie hindUdharma meM vaiSNava, kA paricaya dekara apane ko nAmazeSa hone se bacA liyA / hama prastuta zaiva, zAkta aura kaula sampradAyoM kA tathA bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna sampradAya Alekha meM khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtikalA ke prakAza meM inhIM tathyoM kA udaya huaa| inhoMne tapa-tyAga pradhAna vairAgyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko nakArA ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kreNge| aura phalata: jana-sAdharaNa ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bane / nivRttimArgI zramaNa khajurAho ke hindU aura jaina paramparA ke mandiroM kA nirmANa paramparAoM ke lie aba astitva kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gayA thaa| unake samakAlIna hai, yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kisI lie do hI vikalpa zeSa the yA to ve tapa-tyAga ke kaThora nivRttimArgI sImA taka sadbhAva aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA thii| kintu jaina mandira AdarzoM se nIce utarakara yuga kI mA~ga ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya sthApita samUha kA hindU mandira samUha se paryApta dUrI para honA, isa tathya kA sUcaka kareM yA phira unake virodha meM khar3e hokara apane astitva ko hI nAmazeSa hai ki jaina mandiroM ke lie sthala-cayana meM jainAcAryoM ne buddhimattA aura hone deN| dUra-dRSTi kA paricaya diyA tAki saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlA jA ske| bauddhoM kA hInayAna sampradAya, jainoM kA yApanIya sampradAya, jJAtavya hai ki khajurAho kA jaina mandira samUha hindU mandira samUha se lagabhaga AjIvaka Adi dUsare kucha anya zramaNa sampradAya apane kaThora nivRttimArgI 2 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai / yaha satya hai ki mandira nirmANa AdarzoM se samajhautA na karane ke kAraNa nAmazeSa ho gye| bauddhoM kA dUsarA meM donoM paramparAoM meM eka sAtvika pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI rahI tabhI varga jo mahAyAna ke rAste yAtrA karatA huA vajrayAna ke rUpa meM vikasita to donoM paramparAoM meM kalA ke utkRSTa namUne sAkAra ho sake kintu huA thA, yadyapi yugIna paristhitiyoM se samajhautA aura samanvaya kara rahA jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the ki saMgharSa kA koI avasara nahIM diyA thA, kintu vaha yuga ke pravAha ke sAtha itanA baha gayA ki vaha vAma mArga jAye kyoMki jahA~ hindU mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjyAzraya se ho rahA thA, vahA~ meM aura usameM upAsya bheda ke atirikta anya koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa vaNik varga kara rahA thA / ata: itanI sajagatA isa kAraNa eka ora usane apanI svatantra pahacAna kho dI tathA dUsarI Avazyaka thI ki rAjakIya koSa evaM bahujana samAja ke saMgharSa ke avasara ora vAsanA kI pUrti ke paMka meM AkaNTha DUba jAne se jana-sAdhAraNa kI alpatama hoM aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jaba donoM ke nirmANasthala paryApta zraddhA se bhI vaMcita ho gayA aura antataH apanA astitva nahIM bacA skaa| dUrI para sthita hoN|

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720 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mandira evaM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se donoM paramparAoM ke mandiroM ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI jaina deva maNDala kA aMga banA liyA gayA thaa| meM paryApta samAnatA hai kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM ne apanI rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, balarAma Adi vAsudeva aura baladeva ke rUpa meM paramparA ke vaiziSTya kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai / samanvayazIlatA ke prayatnoM zalAkA puruSa tathA sarasvatI, kAlI, mahAkAlI Adi 16 vidyA-deviyoM ke bAvajUda unhoMne apane vaiziSTya aura asmitA ko khoyA nahIM hai| ke rUpa meM athavA jinoM kI yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya ho cukI thIM, isI khajurAho ke mandira jisa kAla meM nirmita hue taba vAmamArga aura tantra kA prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla, indra Adi bhI jainoM ke deva maNDala meM pUrA prabhAva thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana pratiSThita ho cuke the aura inakI pUjA-kI upAsanA bhI hone lagI thii| pUrI svatantratA ke sAtha pradarzita kiye gaye, prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika phira bhI jainAcAryoM kI viziSTatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne vItarAga kI zreSThatA maithuna ke aneka dRzya khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa haiM / yadyapi jaina aura garimA ko yathAvata surakSita rakhA aura inheM jinazAsana ke sahAyaka mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM para bhI aise kucha aMkana haiM kintu unakI mAtrA devI-devatA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA / hindU mandiroM kI apekSA atyalpa hai / isakA artha hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI khujarAho ke mandira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM yadi hama isa sambandha meM paryApta sajaga rahe hoMge ki kAmavAsanA kA yaha uddAma aMkana tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to merI jAnakArI ke anusAra yahA~ ke unake nivRttimArgI dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai / isalie kisI bhI hindU mandira meM jina pratimA kA koI bhI aMkana upalabdha nahIM unhoMne aise dRzyoM ke aMkana kI khulI chUTa nahIM dii| khajurAho ke jaina hotA hai, jabaki jaina mandiroM meM na kevala una devI-devatAoM kA jo jaina mandiroM meM kAmukatA ke azlIla aMkana ke do-cAra phalaka milate haiN| devamaNDala ke sadasya mAna liye gaye haiM, apitu isake atirikta bhI hindU unake sambandha meM do hI vikalpa ho sakate haiM yA to ve jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi devI-devatAoM ke aMkana haiM-- yaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka se ojhala rahe yA phira unheM usa tAntrika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para svIkAra hai| jabaki hindU mandiroM meM dazAvatAra ke kucha phalakoM meM yuddha ke aMkana kara liyA gayA ki aise aMkanoM ke hone para mandira para bijalI nahIM giratI ke atirikta jaina aura bauddha deva maNDala athavA jina aura buddha ke aMkana hai aura vaha surakSita rahatA hai| kyoMki khajurAho ke atirikta dakSiNa ke kA abhAva kisI anya sthiti kA sUcaka hai / maiM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa kucha digambara jaina mandiroM meM aura rAjasthAna ke tAraMgA aura rANakapura ke ora avazya AkarSita kanA cAhU~gA ki ve yaha dekheM ki yaha samanvaya yA zve. jaina mandiroM meM aise aMkana pAye jAte haiM / jahA~ taka kAma sambandhI sahiSNutA kI bAta khajurAho ke mandira aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se eka azlIla aMkanoM kA prazna hai isa sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne yuga kI pakSIya hai yA ubhayapakSIya hai| mA~ga ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karake use svIkRta pradAna kara dI thii| isI praMsaga meM khajurAho ke hindU mandiroM meM digambara jaina zramaNoM jina mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zAlabhaMjikAoM (apsarAoM) ke aura kA jo aMkana hai vaha bhI punarvicAra kI apekSA rakhatA hai| DaoN0 lakSmIkAMta vyAloM ke utkIrNa hone kI sUcanA jainAgama rAjapraznIya meM bhI upalabdha tripAThI ne 'bhAratI' varSa 1959-60 ke aMka 3 meM apane lekha "The hai | isakA tAtparya hai ki khajurAho meM utkIrNa apsarA mUrtiyA~ jaina Agama Erotic Scenes of Khajuraho and theirProbable explasammata haiM / AcArya jinasena ne isake eka zatAbdI pUrva hI rati aura nation" meM isa sambandha meM bhI eka prazna upasthita kiyA hai| khajurAho kAmadeva kA mUrtiyoM ke aMkana evaM mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko AkarSaka jagadambI mandira meM eka digambara jaina zramaNa ko do kAmuka striyoM se ghirA banAne kI svIkRti de dI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM huA dikhAyA gayA hai| lakSmaNa mandira ke dakSiNa bhitti meM digambara jaina ko vezyA ke samAna honA cAhie / jisa prakAra vezyA meM logoM ko zramaNa ko pazupAzaka mudrA meM eka strI se sambhogarata batAyA gayA, mAtra AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai, usI prakAra mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM yahI nahIM usakI pAda-pITha para "zrI sAdhu nandikSapaNaka" aisA lekha bhI meM bhI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya honA utkIrNa hai| isI prakAra jagadambI mandira kI dakSiNa bhitti para kSapaNaka caahiye| jana-sAdharaNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie aise (digambara jaina muni) ko utthiga-liMga dikhAyA gayA hai, usake samakSa khar3A aMkanoM kI svIkRti unake yugabodha aura sAmaMjasya kI dRSTi kA hI huA bhAgavata saMnyAsI eka hAtha se usakA liMga pakar3e hue hai, dUsarA pariNAma thaa| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki azlIla kAmuka aMkanoM ke hAtha mArane kI mudrA meM hai, jabaki kSapaNaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3A hai / prazna " prati jainoM kA rUkha anudAra hI rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise kucha phalakoM yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anya aMkanoM kA uddezya kyA thA? DaoN0 tripAThI ko naSTa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| ne ise jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA aura samAja meM unake prati Akroza jainAcAryoM kI sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA dUsarA kI bhAvanA mAnA hai| unake zabdoM meM "The Penis erectus of the udAharaNa khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devI- Kshapanakais suggestiveofhis licentious character and devatAoM kA aMkana hai| ina mandiroM meM rAma, kRSNa, balarAma, viSNu tathA lack of control over senses which appears to have been sarasvatI. lakSmI, kAlI, mahAkAlI. jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyA~. aSTa in the rootof all these Conflicts and opposition" (Bharti, . dikpAla, navagraha Adi ko pracUratA se utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi 1959-60 No. 3, Page 100) yaha jJAtavya hai ki inameM se anekoM ko khajurAho ke mandiroM ke nirmANa kintu maiM yahA~ DaoN0 tripAThI ke niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM huuN| merI

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khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 721 dRSTi meM isakA uddezya jaina zramaNoM kI samAja meM jo pratiSThA thI use nIce samIkSA bhI kI hai, kintu, isake bAvajUda khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM girAnA thaa| pro0 tripAThI ne jaina zramaNoM kI viSya-lampaTatA ke apane hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devoM kA sapatnIka aMkana kyA jainAcAryoM kI niSkarSa kI puSTi ke lie "prabodhacandrodaya" kA sAkSya bhI prastuta kiyA udAra bhAvanA kA paricAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ? jisameM jaina kSapaNaka (muni) ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA hai vastuta: sAmanyatayA jaina zramaNa na to AcAra meM itane patita dUra caraNa praNAmaH kRtasatkAraM bhojanaM ca miSTam / the jaisA ki unheM aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura na ve asahiSNa hI the| yadi IrSyAmalaM na kArya RSiNAM dArAn ramaNamANAnAm / / 4 ve cAritrika dRSTi se itane patita hote to phira vAsavacandra mahArAjA dhaMga arthAt, RSiyoM kI dUra se caraNa vaMdanA karanI cAhie, unheM sammAna pUrvaka kI dRSTi meM sammAnita kaise hote ? khajurAho ke abhilekha unake janamiSTa bhojana karavAnA cAhie aura yadi ve strI se ramaNa bhI kareM to bhI samAja para vyApaka prabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| koI bhI viSaya lampaTa IrSyA nahIM karanA caahie| zramaNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA kA kendra nahIM bana sakatA hai / yadi jaina pro0 tripAThI kA yaha pramANa isalie lacara ho jAtA hai ki yaha zramaNa bhI viSaya-lampaTatA meM vajrayAnI bauddha zramaNoM evaM kApalikoM kA bhI virodhI pakSa ne hI prastuta kiyA hai / prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kA mukhya anusaraNa karate to kAlAntara meM nAma zeSa ho jaate| jaina zramaNoM para samAja uddezya hI jaina-bauddha zramaNoM ko patita tathA kApalika (kaula) mata kI kA pUrA niyantraNa rahatA thA / duzcaritra zramaNoM ko saMgha se bahiSkRta karane ora AkarSita hotA dikhAnA hai / vastuta: ye samasta prayAsa jaina zramaNoM kA vidhAna thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI yathAvat hai / khajurAho ke jagadambI kI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko Thesa pahuMcAne ke nimitta hI the| yaha satya hai Adi mandiroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha mAtra IrSyAvaza unake ki isa yuga meM jaina zramaNa apane nivRttimArgI kaThora saMyama aura deha titIkSA caritra-hanana kA prayAsa thA / yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ke ucca Adarza se nIce utare the| saMgha rakSA ke nimitta ve vanavAsI se ye aMkana sAmAnya hindU paramparA ke jainoM ke prati anudAra dRSTikoNa ke caityavAsI (maThavAsI) bane the| tantra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se jana-sAdhAraNa paricAyaka nahIM haiM / kyoMki sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati sadaiva hI jainadharma se vimukha na ho jAye -- isalie unhoMne bhI tantra cikitsA evaM udAra aura sahiSNu rahA hai| yadi sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati anudAra lalita kalAoM ko apanI paramparA ke anurUpa DhAla kara svIkAra kara hotA to unakA astitva samApta ho gayA hotaa| yaha anadAra dRSTi kevala liyA thaa| kintu vaiyaktika apavAdoM ko chor3akara, jo hara yuga aura hara kauloM aura kApalikoM kI hI thI, kyoMki inake liye jaina zramaNoM kI sampradAya meM rahe haiM, unhoMne vAmamArgI AcAra-vidhi ko kabhI mAnyatA nahIM caritraniSThA IrSyA kA viSaya thI / aitihAsika AdhAroM para bhI kauloM aura dI / jaina zramaNa paramparA vAsanApUrti kI svachandatA ke usa stara para kabhI kApalikoM ke asahiSNu aura anudAra hone ke aneka pramANa hameM upalabdha nahIM utarI, jaisA ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM use aMkita kiyA gayA hai| hote hai| ina donoM paramparAoM kA prabhAva khajurAho kI kalA para dekhA jAtA vastuta: isa prakAra ke aMkanoM kA kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA cAritrika patana hai| jaina zramaNoM ke sandarbha meM ye aMkana isI prabhAva ke paricAyaka haiN| nahIM hai, apitu dhArmika vidveSa aura asahiSNutA kI bhAvanA hai / svayaM sAmAnya hindU paramparA aura jaina paramparA meM sambandha madhura aura sauhArdapUrNa pro0 tripAThI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM - hI the| The existence of these temples of different faiths puna: jagadambI mandira ke usa phalaka kI jisameM kSapaNaka apane at one site has generally,upto now, been taken indicative of virodhI ke Akroza kI sthiti meM bhI hAtha jor3e hue haiM, vyAkhyA jaina zramaNa an atmosphere of religious toleration and amity enabling kI sahanazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhI kI jA sakatI hai| anekAMta peaceful co-existence. This long established notion in the aura ahiMsA ke pariveza meM pale jaina zramaNoM ke lie samanvayazIlatA aura light of proposed interpretation of erotic secnes requires sahiSNutA ke saMskAra svAbhAvika haiM aura inakA prabhAva khajurAho ke jaina modification. There are even certain sculptures on the mandiroM kI kalA para spaSTa rUpa dekhA jAtA hai| temples of khajuraho, which clearly reveal the existence of sandarbha religious rivalary and conflict at the time (Ibid, p.99-100) 1. dAraceDIo ya sAlabhaMjiyAo ya bAlarUvae ya lomahatyeNaM pamajjaI kintu vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA isa prakAra ke vidveSa - rAjapraznIya (madhukaramuni), 200 pUrNa aMkana jaina mandiroM meM hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke prati bhI haiM ? jahA~ taka 2. harivaMzapurANa, 29/2-5 merA jJAna hai khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM eka apavAda ko chor3akara prAyaH 3. (a) AdipurANa, 6/181 aise aMkanoM kA abhAva hai aura yadi aisA hai to vaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra (ba) khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, ratneza varmA, pR. 56 se 62 aura sahiSNa dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isI 4. prabodhacandrodaya, aMka 3/6 yuga ke katipaya jainAcAryoM ne dharma-parIkSA jaise granthoM ke mAdhyama se 5. (a) puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 sapatnIka sarAga devoM para vyaMgya prastuta kiye haiM aura deva mUr3hatA, gurU mUr3hatA (ba) dhUrtAkhyAna, haribhadra aura dharma mUr3hatA ke rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI (sa) yazastilakacampU (hanDikI), pR. 249-253

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English Section Articles by Dr. Sagarmal Jain Editor Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh VASE

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Jaina Literature From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D. 1 Jaina Literature of Early Period the canonical literature belongs to this period, though Ancient Indian Literature was composed their final editing and writing on palm-leaves belong mainly in three languages, i.e., Samskrta, Pali and to c. 5th A. D. Among Svetambara canons, except the Praksta. Out of these three Pali is nothing but a shade Nandisatra and the later edition of Prasnavyakarana, of Praksta language. As a literary language, Prakrta, most works were composed before the c. 3rd A. D. being a group of various local dialects as Magadhi, No doubt, some interpolations and changes did take Pali, Paisaci, Sauraseni, Maharastri, was never place therein at the time of Valabhi Council yet they developed as a single language but as a group of are clearly traceable. It would be a great mistake if on languages. Various types of Apabhramsa were also account of these interpolations and changes the whole developed from Prakrta. Its various shades developed of the Agamas are regarded as posterior. Although according to their different places and time. If we most of the works of this period contain the religious consider these three main languages from religious preachings with some popular parables and stories as point of view, all the Vedic religious literature is well as religious code of conduct, certain works deal found in Samsketa while the Jaina canonical and with Jaina cosmology, metaphysics, Karma philosoBuddhist literature is in Praksta and Pali, respecti- phy and theory of knowledge also. The list of canonively. So far as the Jaina religious literature of early cal literature is, for the first time, found in Nandisatra period is concerned, it was mainly written in Prakrta (c. 5th A. D.). If we accept Nandisutra as a work of known as Prakrta canons. Jainas started writing from c. 5th A. D., all the works referred to ir. Nandisatra c. 3rd 4th A. D. in Samskrta but notably these belong to a date prior to it. But they all were not Samskrta works are based on Prakita works whether composed in a single spur of moment. All the as an independent or in the form of commentaries. canonical works, it seems are composed in during So far as the Jaina literature (of early period) c. 5th B. C. to c. 4th-5th A. D., i.e., within one prior to c. 3rd A. D. is concerned, barring few of the thousand years. The works mentioned in the Nandiearly philosophical and literary treatises, it is mainly sutra are the following: confined to the canonical literature only. Majority of

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI Agama Angapravista Angabahya Other than Avasyaka 1. Acaranga 2. Satrakrtanga 3. Sthananga 4. Samavayanga 5. Vyakhyaprajnapti 6. Jnatadharmakatha 7. Upasakadasanga 8. Antakrddasanga 9. Anuttaraupapatikadasanga 10. Prasnavyakarana 11. Vipakasutra 12. Dsstivada Avasyaka 1. Samayika 2. Caturvimsatistava 3. Vandana 4. Pratikramana 5. Kayotsarga 6. Pratyakhyana Kalika Uttaradhyayana Dasasrutaskandha Kalpa Vyavahara Nisitha Mahanisitha Rsibhasita Jambudvipaprajnapti Dvipasagaraprajnapti Candraprajnapti Ksullikavimanapravibhakti Mohallika Vimanapravibhakti Angaculika Vaggaculika Vivahaculika Arunopapata Varunopapata Garunopapata Dharanopapata Vaisramanopapata Velandharopapata Devendropapata Utthanasruta Samutthanasruta Nagaparijnapanika Narakavalika Kalpika Kalpavatamsika Puspita Puspaculika Vrsnidasa Utkalika Dasavaikalika Kalpikakalpika Cullakalpasruta Mahakalpasruta Aupapatika Rajaprasniya Jivabhigama Prajnapana Mahaprajnapana Pramadapramada Nandisutra Anuyogadvara Devendrastava Tandulavaicarika Candravedhyaka Suryaprajnapti Paurusimandala Mandalapravesa Vidyacarana Viniscaya Ganividya Dhyanavibhakti Maranavibhakti Atmavisodhi Vitaragasruta Samlekhanasruta Viharakalpa Caranavidhi Aturpratyakhyana Mahapratyakhyana

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Jaina Literature (From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D. ] - din inox o o Unfortunately, all the above mentioned intact. We find that earlier subject matter of works are not available, today. Some of them are lost. Prasnavyakarana has been completely changed. Out of twelve Anga Agamas, the 7th chapter of Similarly, partial changes as well as some additions Acararga ( Mahaparijna ) and the major portion of are also noted in the subject matter of JnatadharmaDrstivada are said to be extinct. So far as the subject- katha, Antakyddasanga, Anuttraupapatika and Vipakamatter of 7th chapter of Acaranga is concerned, in sutra. Among the secondary canons ( Anga-bahya my opinion, it was mainly related to the Jinakalpa oragamas ) following works, known as Kalika and strict code of conduct of naked monks. When the Utkalika, respectively were also lost in due course of followers of this strict code of conduct disappeared time. The details of such canons are as under: gradually, no serious efforts were made to restore it Kalikasutra not available presently -- and finally it got lost. Likewise, the twelfth Anga 1. Ksullikavimanapravibhakti Drstivada, said to be containing five parts ( i ) Pari Mahallikavimanapravibhakti karma, (ii) Sutra, (iii) Purvagata, (iv) Anuyoga Angaculika and ( v ) Calika, seems to have dealt mainly with the Vaggaculika philosophical doctrines of other schools of thought Vivahaculika including the Parsva tradition. Purvagata, the third Arunotapada part of Drstivada, exclusively, dealt with the doctrines Varunotapada of Parsva tradition, later on accepted as the doctrines 8. Garunotapada of Mahavira. All these works were preserved only 9. Dharanotapada through oral tradition, because, Jaina monks and nuns 10. Vaisramanotapada were strictly prohobited to write on palm-leaves, 11. Velandarotapada those days. That study and preservation of the Jaina 12. Devendrotapada literature, written on palm-leaves were prohibited due 13. Utthanasruta to the strict observance of non-violence. They were of 14. Samutthanasruta the opinion that in the process of writing, studying 15. Nagaprajnaptipanika. and preserving the palm-leaf works, the injury to the Jivas was inevitable. That is why, they made no Utkalikasutra not available presently efforts to restore them in written form. This was the 1. Kalpikakalpika reason behind the loss of Destivada as well as some 2. Calakalpika other agamas. In my opinion, Drstivada, in particular, 3. Mahaprajnapana became extinct, because of following factors - 4. Pramadapramada firstly, its contents were not fully in accordance with 5. Paurusimandala Mahavira's tradition and were mostly related with 6. Mandala Pravesa philosophical discussions of other traditions and 7. Vidyacarana Viniscaya schools, hence unable to arouse interest in Jaina 8. Dhyanavibhakti monks. Secondly, the concepts, accepted by 9. Vitaraga Sruta Mahavira's tradition, were included in other Agamic 10. Viharakalpa texts also, hence Jaina monks did not make any effort 11. Caranavidhi. to preserve the Purva literature. Thirdly, due to the About the subject-matter of these Kalika and oral tradition, other Anga agamas could not remain Utkalikasutras, not extant today, it is very difficult to

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4 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI comment upon. Their subject-matter can be inferred on the basis of their titles only. One Angasutra, i. e., Drstivada, 15 Kalikasutra and 11 Utkalikasutras, thus, the number of extinct or not available texts, comes to be 27, in total. Except these 27, all the 51 texts are available. At present six Avasyakas being counted as one, the number finally becomes 46. It is not possible here to deliberate on the corresponding authorship, date and subject-matter of each and every text of this list in this article, so I shall discuss, in short, only few important works in their chronological order. Primary Canons (Angas) Acaranga is considered as the oldest of all the works of the early period. According to the scholars, the first part of Acaranga belongs to the c. 5th-4th B. C. This part contains the original preachings of Lord Mahavira. It deals with the spiritual preachings alongwith the basic principles of non-violence and ethical code of conduct, prescribed for Jania monks and nuns. Its last chapter depicts a real picture of the ascetic life of Lord Mahavira. The 7th chapter of the first part is supposed to be lost after the composition of its Niryukti, i. e., c. 2nd-3rd A. D. The second part of Acaranga is known as Ayaracula - an appendix. It mainly deals with the detailed rules and regulations or the code of conduct of Jaina monks and nuns alongwith some of the events of the life of Mahavira. Modern scholars opine that the second part of Acaranga was composed during the c. 2nd-1st B. C. Another improtant canonical work of this era is Sutrakrtanga dating c. 4th-3rd B. C. This work is also full of spiritual and moral preachings but its peculiarity lies in the presentaion of different philosophical views prevalent in that particular era. Like Acaranga, it also comprises two parts ( Srutaskandhas). Scholars are of the opinion that the second part of Sutrakrtanga is some what posterior to the first. The third important work in chronological order of the Jaina canonical literature is Isibhasiyaim (Rsibhasitam ). All the scholars of Prakrta and Jainology: Western and Indian, consider it of c. 4th-3rd B. C. It marks the catholicity of early Jaina thinkers. It contains the ethical preachings as well as philosophical views of forty-five thinkers. Out of these Narada, Asitadevala, Angirasa, Parasara, Aruns, Narayana, Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka, Vidura etc. definitely belong to Upanisadic tradition. Similarly, Sariputta, Vajjiputta, Mahakasyapa etc. belong to Buddhist tradition while Parsva and Vardhamana belong to the Jaina tradition. A few others are of other independent Sramanic tradition, not extant today. This work shows that in the early period the Upanisadic and other Sramanic traditions were tolerant as well as respectful to each other. Uttaradhyayana and Dasavaikalika are other important works of this early phase. Uttaradhyayana contains thirty-six chapters, mainly dealing with the religious preachings as well as some metaphysical doctrines of Jainism. Some chapters of this text are regarded as the later additions by the scholars but in no way they are later than the c. 2nd or 1st B. C. The next work Dasavaikalika, next work Dasavaikalika, composed by Arya Sayyambhava (c. 5th-4th B. C. ) mainly deals with the ethical code of conduct of Jania monks and nuns alongwith the spiritual discourses and preachings. However, we can not deny the possibility of the interpolations to the some extent in its final editing. The other works dealing with the ethical code of conduct are Nisitha, Dasasrutaskandha (Ayaradasa ), Vyavahara and Kalpa, all composed by Arya Bhadrabahu inc. 3rd B. C. These works, not only deal with the code of conduct but with transgressions and atonements also. Against general belief, that all the Angas are composed by the Ganadharas, direct disciples of Lord Mahavira, some opine that except Acaranga and Satrakrtanga, all the Angas are composed later on. In

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Jaina Literature (From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D.) my opinion, it is very difficult to assign any particular were incorporated in Sthananga. Same is the case date or authorship to these extant works because of with Anuttaropapatikadasanga. Its early edition concontaining different levels of the development of tained life-stories of only ten persons who attained Jaina thought, occurred through different ages. Sarvarthasiddhi Vimana and were supposed to attain After Acaranga and Sutrakrtanga, next two liberation in their next births. Of Jaina canon PrasnaAngas in successive order are Sthanarga and Sama vyakaranadasa, unfortunately, the earlier contents are vayanga. They may be considered as encyclopaedia totally extinct. It seems that the present subject-matter of early Jaina thoughts and beliefs, mainly based on of this work was incorporated in aroundc. 7th A.D. Its on the numbers more or less similar to Anguttaranikaya extant edition deals with five asravas, viz., violence, of Buddhist tradition. Both these works provide more untruthfulness, theft, unchastity and possessiveness information about the Jaina order and development of alongwith five samvaras, viz., truthfulness, nonJaina thoughts of the later period, i.e., c. 3rd 4th A.D. stealing, chastity and non-possession. Last available The next in the list is Bhagavati (Vyakhyaprajnapti) work of Anga canon is Vipakadasa, dealing with mainly dealing with different aspects of Jaina philo fruits of merit and demerits. sophy. According to a group of scholars, this Secondary Canons (Upanga ) voluminous work, was composed at different phases The first work of the secondary canons is and not at one time. Evidently, it has references to the Aupapatika, dealing with the episode of Suryabhalater works like Prajnapana, Anuyogadvara, etc. be- deva. It also depicts a beautiful picture of ancient art longing to c. 1st-4th A. D. and side by side, depicts and architecture. On the basis of this depiction, various earlier original concepts, witnessing change scholars date this work not earlier thanc. 1st-2nd A.D. in the process of development of Jaina thoughts. The The next work of this category is Rajaprasniya which, next work of early period is Jnatadharmakatha. so far its subject matter is concerned, is more similar Second part of this work is considerably later than the to the Buddhist Pali canon - Paseniyasutta. The third first. The first contains mainly stories preached by and the fourth, Jivabhigama and Prajnapana, respecLord Mahavira to his disciples. Its 19 chapters, refer- tively, deal with the Jaina metaphysics in general and red to in Avasyaka-sutra, are undoubtedly, com- the concepts of jiva and ajiva in particular. The posed in the early period. The next among Anga authorship of Prajnapana is attributed to Arya Syama canons is Upasakadasanga, considered as the first (c. Ist A.D.). Out of these twelve secondary canowork related to the code of conduct of lay devotees nical works only Prajnapana's authorship is known. (Sravakas ). It comprises life-sketches of ten promi- About the authorship of other works, we are still in nent lay followers of Lord Mahavira. Not having any dark. The fifth one is Jambudvipaprajnapti, mainly trace of any later work, it belongs to the early period. dealing with Jaina Geography in addition to the lifeAntakyddasanga deals with the life-stories and ascetic history of Rsabhadeva. The subject matter of next life of the persons, attaining their salvation in the last two works, Suryaprajnapti and Candraprajnapti are span of their life. According to Sthananga, it has only related with Jaina cosmology in general and Jaina ten chapters dealing with life-stories of 10 persons. astronomy in particular. Scholars date thesec. 2nd-1st But present volume contains life-stories of 93 persons. B.C. Other five works of this bunch are very short and It clearly shows that not at the time of Valabhi Vacana rather of less important. alone but even after that some additional matters Besides Anga & Upanga canonical literature,

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI Candrakavedhyaka, Tandulavaicarika, Aturpratya- 1. Avasyakaniryukti, khyana, Mahapratyakhyana, Maranavibhakti, mainly 2. Dasavaikalikaniryukti, concerned with the Jaina Sadhana, are known as 3. Uttaradhyayananiryukti, Prakimakas, in general and Samadhimarana in 4. Acaranganiryukti, particular. All these works are, undoubtedly earlier to 5. Sutrakitanganiryukti, the c. 4th-5th A.D. 6. Dasasrutaskandhaniryukti, Among the non-canonical works of this 7. Kalpaniryukti and period, very few in number are extant, namely 8. Vyavaharaniryukti. Tattvartha-sutra and its auto-commentary (c. 3rd 4th Apart from these, two more Niryuktis - Ogha A. D.), Paumacariya of Vimalasuri (c. 2nd-5th and Pinda are also available, but considered to be the A. D.) and Digambar works composed in Sauraseni part of Avasyakaniryukti and Dasavaikalikaniryukti, Praksta like Kasayapahuda of Gunadhara (c. 4th A. respectively, hence, not independent works. We also D. ) and Satkhandagama of Puspadanta Bhutabali have a mention of two more Niryuktis on Surya( about c. 5th A. D.). Apart from these, the works of prajnapti and Rsibhasita, but they are extinct now. Kundakunda, Samantabhadra and Siddhasena To conclude, we can say that more than Divakara may also be considered as the works of hundred works could be considered to belong to this early period. Scholars differ on the exact date of com early period but about thirty of them are now extinct. position of these works, except that of Tattvarthasutra. They date these in between c. 2nd-5th A. D. Jaina Literature of this period The evolution and changes occurred in Jaina Among non-canonical literature, the first thought and practice during c. 3rd-10th A. D. is traceNiryuktis, ten in number, are of great importance. able through its literature. For literature is the mirror These ( Niryuktis ) mainly explain the meaning of of the cultural development of any society. The prime Jaina technical terms from the various stand-points period of the composition of literary works of Jainism alongwith the brief account of the subject matter of corresponds to c. 3rd-10th A. D. Almost all the imthat particular Agama. Scholars widely differ about portant works of Jainism were finally composed and the time and authorship of Niryuktis except that of edited in this period. The literature, which emerged in Govindaniryukti. Some are of the opinion that these this period, may be divided into five categories : Niryuktis are composed by Bhadrabahu-I (c. 3rd B. C.) while others consider these to be composed by 1. Agamas and their commentaries. Bhadrabahu-II, the brother of Varahamihira (c. 6th 2. Philosophical works. A. D.). But in my humble opinion, as external and 3. Works related to the Jaina religious pracinternal evidences show it was neither of Bhadra tices. bahu-I or of Bhadrabahu-II. But, Aryabhadra of c. 4. Jaina epics and other narrative literature. 2nd-3rd A. D., in all probability, was the author of 5. Secular Literature of Jainas. these Niryuktis. I have given various reasons in 1. Agamas and their Commentaries support of this view in my independent article As I have already mentioned that except published in Sagara Jaina Vidyabharati (Parsvanatha Nandisatra and present edition of Prasnavyakarana, Vidyapitha, Varanasi, 1994 ). Presently, we have most of the Agamas were composed before c. 3rd A. only the following Niryuktis : D. but their final editing had been done only in the

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Jaina Literature [ From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D. ] c. 5th A. D. At the time of this final editing, interpolation of many later developed philosophical concepts and informations regarding the Jaina order creaped into these. The Nandisutra, the agamic work composed during this period, deals with the Jaina theory of five-fold knowledge as well as contains its later developments which took place inc. 4th-5th A. D. Similarly, the drastic changes in the original subjectmatter of Prasnavyakarana and partial changes in Antakrddala and Anuttaraupapatikadasa also occurred during this period. Almost all the Prakrta and some of the early Samskrta commentaries on the Jaina Agamas were written in this period, in form of Niryuktis (c. 3rd-4th A. D.), Bhasyas (c. 6th A. D.) and Carnis (c. 7th A. D. ). This period is of great literary importance because majority of the Agamic works were finally edited and some of them were even composed also in this period. Besides these Niryuktis, Oghaniryukti and Pindaniryukti are also available but Oghaniryukti is considered as the part of Avasyakaniryukti and Pindaniryukti as the part of Dasa vaikalikaniryukti, hence they are not independent works. Though, Niryuktis on Suryaprajnapti and Rsibhasita are referred to in Avasyakaniryukti (Verse 85) but at present these two are not available. The Nisithaniryukti, considered to be the part of Acaranganiryukti is mixed with its Bhasya. All these Niryuktis are written in Prakrta verses and deal very precisely with the contents of the respective Agamas. After Niryukti, Bhasyas onagamic texts were composed in c. 5th-6th A. D. The Bhasyas are more exhaustive and elaborate than those of Niryuktis. They were also composed in Prakrta verses. Bhasyas are quite prolific in their contents referring to various concepts of Jaina philosophy and the code of the conduct for monks and nuns with their exceptions and punishments. 7 Among Bhasya, Visesavasyakabhasya is the most important. It is the first work of Svetambara tradition, dealing with the problems of Jaina philosophy with minute details. The concept of five-fold knowledge has been discussed elaborately with a critical approach herein. Among various proofs given for the existence of soul, one bears similarity to that of Rene Descartes (c. 16th A. D. ), a Western philosopher, proving the existence of soul through doubt itself. In Visesavasyakabhasya, various contrary views of Jaina acaryas are mentioned and reviewed alongwith the views of some rebellious Jaina thinkers, i.e., Nihnavas. It also deals with the differences of Svetambara and Digambara traditions regarding the successiveness and simultaneity of Kevalajana and Kevaladarsana as well as the problem of nacked-ness of the monk with full details. Other Bhasyas mainly deal with the ethical code of conduct of ascetics with their exceptions and the conditions in which these exceptions could be followed alongwith their atonements. The Bhasyas, dealing with the code of conduct of monks are-Dasavaikalikabhasya, Uttaradhyayanabhasya, Brhatkalpabhasya, Vyavaharabhasya, Nisitha bhasya and Jitakalpabhasya. Some of the Bhasyas also contain some informations of historical importance. As the authors of the Bhasya, we have only two names Jinabhadragani and Sanghadasagani. Jinabhadragani is the author of Visesavasyakabhasya while Sanghadasagani is the author of Brhatkalpa, Vyavahara and Nisithabhasya. Of these two Sanghadasagani is supposed to be senior to Jinabhadra, because Jinabhadra, in his work Visesanavati has referred the Vasudevahindi, a work authored by Sanghadasagani. The period of Jinabhadra, is undoubtedly, the latter half of the c. 6th A. D. As Sanghadasagani was senior to Jinabhadragani, it leaves no room for doubt that he must have flourished in second half of the c. 6th A.D. All these bhasyas are of considerable length; composed in Prakrta verses and deal with

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8 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI their subjects exhaustively. We find a rich cultural data and some informations about the cultural history of India in the Bhasyas. Next, the Curnis, unlike the Niryuktis and Bhasyas are written in prose. Niryuktis and Bhasyas are written in Prakrta only, while the Curnis in Prakrta mixed with Samskrta. Among Cumis Avasyaka, Dasavaikalika, Uttaradhyayana, Sutrakrtanga, Anuyogadvara, Nandi and Nisitha, are the most important. All these Curnis were written by Jinadasagani Mahattara. In Nandicurni it is clearly mentioned that this work was completed in Saka Samvat 598 corresponding to 676 A. D. It is, therefore, concluded that most of the important Curnis were written in c. 7th A. D. Some Curnis viz., Dasavaikalika of Agastyasimha and Curnisutras on Kasayapahudasutta are the earlier among the Curni literature. Among whole of the commentary literature Camis hold an important place because first, they deal with the various subjects and are directly concerned with social and cultural heritage of Jainism. Secondly, they supply so many informations about the Jaina History pertaining c. 1st-6th A. D. Curnis were succeeded by Samskrta commentaries, written on different Agamic texts, known as Vrttis or Vivaranas. Among Samskrta commentators Haribhadrasuri is the earliest, flourished in the middle of the c. 8th A. D. He wrote commentaries on Avasyaka, Dasavaikalika, Jivabhigama, Prajnapana, Nandi, Anuyogadvara and Pindaniryukti. Silankacarya, flourished in the c. 9th A. D. believed to have written several commentaries on Agamas but unfortunately at present only two commentaries on Acaranga and Sutrakrtanga, are available. After Silanka, Abhayadevasuri and Santisuri are the prominent names among commentators. Abhayadevasuri has commented on nine of eleven Angas except Acaranga and Sutrakrtanga, hence called Navangi vrttikara. Santisuri has written a commentary on Uttaradhyayanasutra. Both of these later Samskrta commentators flourished, during c. 10th-11th A. D. This trend of commentary-writing is still current in Svetambara tradition. In Digambara tradition, Kasayapahudasutta and Satkhandagama are considered as equivalent to agamas. These works are written in c. 4th-5th A. D. On Kasayapahudasutta first commentary was written by Yativrsabha in the form of Carni-sutras inc. 6th A. D. After that inc. 9th A. D. Virasena wrote two commentaries Jayadhavala and Dhavala on Kasayapahuda and Satkhandagama, respectively. Mahadhavala is a commentary on the one part of Satkhandagama, written by his disciple Jinasena. These commentaries mainly deal with Jaina philosophy in general and Karma theory in particular. 2. Important Philosophical Works of this Period Among the Jaina philosophical works composed between c. 3rd-10th A.D., the Tattvarthasutra, with its auto-commentary by Umasvati, is the pioneer one and may be considered as the first systematic work on Jaina philosophy. Composed inc. 3rd A. D., it also has the credit of being the first Samskrta work of Jaina literature, written in the style of other Sutragranthas of Indian philosophy. The especiality of this work is that it is equally respected as well as accepted by both the sects of Jainism -- Svetambara and Digambara. It encompasses ten chapters dealing with Jaina metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. Its first chapter deals mainly with Jaina theory of knowledge, Naya and Niksepa, second with Jiva (living substance), third and fourth with hells and heavens, fifth with Jaina metaphysics, sixth to ninth chapters with Jaina doctrine of Karma and Jaina sadhana or ethical code of conduct of house-holders and monks, respectively. Finally, the tenth one deals with the concept of liberation (moksa). Notably, the concept of Gunasthana and Saptabhanginaya ( Seven-fold

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Jaina Literature [ From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D. ] judgement) are totally absent in it. This shows that these concepts came into existence later during c. 5th6th A.D. After Tattvarthastra, Acarya Siddhasena Divakara's Sanmatitarka is the next critical and important work, composed in c. 4th A. D. in Prakrta verses. It explains critically the concept of dravya (substance), guna (properties), paryaya (modes) and their mutual relationship on the basis of the Jaina theory of Naya, Niksepa and Anekantavada (nonabsolutism). It is the first work in which one-sided views of other philosophers are critically examined to establish Jaina theory of Anekantavada. Some of the Dvatrimsaka-dvatrimsikas, of the same author, also, critically examine the philosophical views of other Indian schools under the pretext of praising the Jina. Even if the refutation of the philosophical views of other schools of Indian philosophy is found in the canonical works also, they are neither critical nor systematic in their approach. Siddhasena for the first time, critically examined the views of other Indian philosophies, showing their logical inconsistencies. So far as the works on Jaina epistemology are concerned, Nyayavatara of Siddhasena may be considered the first work on Jaina logic. This work provides the base to understand the later gradual developments in Jaina logic, particularly the contribution of Akalanka and Vidyanandi in this regard. 9 Anekantavada. Aptamimamsa is an important work which establishes the concepts of Jainism after a critical evaluation of those of the other schools of Indian philosophy. Another important work of this age is Dvadasaranayacakra, authored by Mallavadi inc. 5th A. D., aiming to establish Jaina theory of Anekantavada by pointing out inconsistencies in the thoughts of other schools of Indian philosophy. The style of this work is somewhat different from that of Sanmatitarka and Aptamimamsa, as these two later works are composed in verses and deal with their subject-matter in a precise manner. Nayacakra is composed in prose and deals with its subject-matter exhaustively. The distinguishing feature of Dvadasaranayacakra is that it critically examines the views of one philosophical school through the arguments of its opponent. In this way it makes a circle (cakra) in which the last school of thought is refuted or critically examined by the first one. On the basis of these three important works, this age is known as "The Age of Critical Presentation of Anekantavada". Besides 'Anekantajayapataka' and 'Anekantavadapravesa' of Haribhadra (c. 8th A. D.) also deal with the same subject-matter, but in a different manner. Visesavasyakabhasya, of Jinabhadragani Ksamasramana, is one of the important work of this age. In Svetambara tradition it is the first work which deals with various problems of Jaina philosophy in detail and with minute observation. In Digambara Tradition also the Tattvarthasutra is considered as the first systematic work on Jaina philosophy. The oldest available commentary on Tattvarthasutra in Digambara tradition is Pujyapada Deva-nandi's Sarvarthasiddhi which is next to Svopajna-bhasya ( autocommentary of Umasvati). It is composed in the first half of c. 6th A. D. Among the writers of the Digambara sect, who wrote independent philosophical treatises, Samantabhadra (c. 5th A. D.) occupies an important place. His Aptamimamsa is a noted scholarly presentation. It immitates Sanmatitarka of Siddhasena, in style but differs in language. Sanmatitarka is in Prakrta verses, while Aptamimamsa is in Samskrta verses. It also critically evaluates the one-sided views of other philosophies. These two works namely, Sanmatitarka and Aptamimamsa, may be considered as the prime During c. 8th A. D. two more commentaries works for the exposition of Jaina theory of were produced namely Akalanka's Tattvarthavarttika

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10 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI and Vidyanandi's slokavarttika which are of great systems of Indian philosophy. In Sastravartaimportance. Both of these works not only propound samuccaya, he has paid more respect and veneration the Jaina philosophy but also critically evaluate and to the other schools of thought. It was Haribhadra estimate the other philosophical systems. Like other who for the first time started the cult of commentary works, these commentaries also discuss the points of writing in Samskrta which was developed by Silanka dispute between Svetambara and Digambara sects, (c. 9th A. D.) and Abhayadevasuri ( latter part ofc. such as the concept of women's liberation ( stri- 11th A. D. ). These commentaries not only explain mukti ), the taking of food by omniscients ( kevali- the facts about the different agamic topics but also bhukti ) etc. At the same time in Svetambara tradition critically examine the philosophical concepts. too, two commentaries on Tattvarthasutra, namely During this period a number of spiritualistic Tattvarthadhigamasutra and Tattvarthasutravarttika treatises appeared. Kundakunda added distinct idea to by Siddhasenagani (c. 7th ) and Haribhadra (c. 8th ) Jaina spirituality through his voluminous literature. respectively, were brought out. According to Digambaras, his period is supposed to The composition of independent works on be c. 1st A. D., mainly based on the evidence of Jaina doctrine of Karma starts with c. 4th A. D. In Markara Abhilekha which has already been proved as Digambara tradition the independent works on Jaina fake inscription. According to new researches his pedoctrine of Karma composed duringc. 4th-10th A. D. riod has been established as c. 6th A. D. (See - Asare Mahakarma-prakiti-prabhita (Satakhandasastra ) pects of Jainology, Vol. III, ed. by Prof. M. A. Dhaky by Puspadanta Bhutabali (C. 4th A. D.), Kasayapra- & Prof. S. M. Jain, P. V., 1991, p. 8). He has contribbhita by Gunadhara (c. 4th A. D.), Kasayaprabhita uted a lot to the field of Jaina philosophy, by writing Curni by Yativrsabha (c. 6th A. D. ), Dhavala Tika his distinguished works as Samayasara, Pravacanaand Jayadhavala Tika by Virasena (c. 9th A. D.) and sara, Niyamasara etc. Gommatasara by Nemicandra Siddhantacakravarti 3. Works on Religious Practices and Ethics (c. 10th A. D.). Similarly, in Svetambara tradition The literature related to Jaina religious pracKarmapraksti by Sivasarmasuri ( c. 5th A. D.), tices may be divided into following five categories : Pracina-Satkarmagrantha, Sataka and Saptatika by (i) Hymns composed in the praise of Sivasarmasuri and Pancasangraha are the noted trea- Tirtharkaras. tises composed during this age. All these works (ii) Works related to the modes of worship, present detailed description of Jaina Philosophy in rituals and religious ceremonies. general and Jaina doctrine of Karma in particular. (iii) Works concerned with religious preachHaribhadrasuri composed more than eightyings. works on different aspects of Jaina philosophy and (iv) Works composed on Jaina Sadhana and religion. He developed a Jaina system of Yoga on the Yoga. basis of Patanjali's Yoga and established some new (v) Works related to the Code of Conduct of concepts of Jaina Yoga. Haribhadra was a prolific Monks and Nuns as well as house-holders. writer who has written on every aspect of Jaina phi- Under the first category Dvatrimsikas of losophy and religion. His Saddarsanasamuccaya and Siddhasena Divakara (c. 4th A. D.) hold an important Sastravarasamuccaya are two important works place. He has written 32 Dvatrimsikas out of which which describe comparatively the thoughts of other seven - first five, 11th and 21st are composed in the

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Jaina Literature From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D.] praise of different Tirthankaras. Many of these Dva- works of this category. trimsikas, apart from praising the Tirtharkaras, The third category of religious literature incritically examine the theories of other philosophical cludes the works such as Kundakunda's Astasystems. The next important work of this eulogical pahuda, Pujyapada Devanandi's Istopadesa and literature is Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra. It Dharmadasagani's Upadesamala composed in consists of 143 slokas written in praise of twenty-four Praksta, Samskrta and Praksta, respectively. However, Tirtharikaras. Kundukunda's Dasabhakti is also an the authorship of Upadesamala is a matter of dispute. important work dealing with ten-fold laksanas of Above mentioned both the works lucidly record the dharma. Another most popular and well-received preachings of religious doctrines. Haribhadra has also work, respected equally by both the sects -- contributed some works such as Upadesapada, Svetambara and Digambara, is Manatunga's Dharmabinduprakarana, Upadesaprakarana and Bhaktamarastotra (c. 6th A.D. ) composed in the Sambodhaprakarana to this theme. praise of first Tirtharikara Rsabhadeva. The fourth category related to Jaina sadhana The second category encompasses the work and Yoga, abounds in its literature. Prasamaratirelated to Jaina modes of worship and rituals. The prakarana by Umasvati (c. 3rd 4th A. D. ) may be first work of this category was Pajaprakarana by regarded as the first work of this category. Pujyapada Umasvati but unfortunately it is not available. Simi- Devanandi's Samadhitantra (c. 6th A. D. ) also belarly, in Digambara tradition some more treatises longs to the same category. On Jaina Yoga Harirelated to this theme viz. Arhatpratistha and Jina- bhadra contributed a lot by writing several books on bhiseka, both authored by Pujyapada Devanandi (c. Jaina yoga. Yogavimsika, Yogasataka, Yogabindu, 6th A. D.), are also not available today. A few works Yogadrstisamuccaya and Dhyanasataka are some of on Jaina modes of worship were also composed but his important works on Jaina yoga. - presently except some of Pancasakas and other works The fifth category comprises the works comby Haribhadra, none of these are available. Among nong posed on Jaina ethics and code of conduct for Jaina ninteen Pancasakas only following are related to this monks and nuns. It is the category to which several theme : works have been contributed by the Acaryas of both (i) Diksavidhi the sects - Svetambara and Digambara. In Svetambara (ii) Caityavandanavidhi tradition, apart from commentaries (Bhasyas and (iii) Pujavidhi Curnis ) written on Jaina Agamas on this very theme, (iv) Jinabhavana-nirmana-vidhi some independent works were also composed, parti(v)Pratistha-vidhi and cularly dealing with the ethical code of conduct of (vi)Jinayatra-vidhi. Jaina ascetics and lay-followers. Among these works, Haribhadra has discussed the subjects in his Umasvati's 'Sravakaprajnapti' may be regarded as the Sodasakas also. Some Sodasakas such as Pratistha- first, but unfortunately it is also not available. In vidhi, Pujaphala and Diksadhikara may be regarded Digambara tradition, Mulacara and Bhagavatias related to this theme. Pancasakas are composed in Aradhana, are the important works elaborately dealPraksta, while Sodasakas in Samskrta. Haribhadra's ing with the code of conduct of Jaina monks and nuns. Caityavandana alongwith its auto-commentary Caitya In my opinion, Mulacara and Bhagavativandana-bhasya and Pratisthakalpa are the noted Aradhana basically belong to Yapaniya tradition and

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI not to Digambara. I have proved this on the basis of between c. 12th-14th A. D. multiple internal as well as external evidences in my In the first category Caupannamahapurusabook Jaina Dharma ka Yapaniya Sampradaya. In cariam of silankacarya (c. 9th A. D. ) depicts the life Digambara tradition Ratnakarandasravakacara of of 54 out of 63 Salakapurusas, leaving out 9 PratiSamantabhadra (c. 6th A. D.) is regarded as the first vasudevas, in Praksta. Containing 10,800 verses, it work composed on the ethical code of conduct for deals with 19 characters out of 54, exhaustively, Jaina house-holders, however, its authorship is also a while the remaining characters have been described matter of dispute. In svetambara tradition after only in few pages. It belongs to Svetambara tradition. 'Uvasagadasao', the seventh anga of Jaina canons, In Digambara tradition, Jinasena and his pupil Guna'Savayapannatti' by Haribhadra is the first available bhadra (c. 9th A. D.) also composed Mahapurana or work, dealing with the code of conduct for Jaina lay- Trisasticaritra in Samskrta. It is divided in two partsdevotees. Some independent works dealing with the Adipurana and Uttarapurana, describing the life of 63 atonement (Prayascitta ) were also written in this great personalities of Jainism. On the same theme period among which Jinabhadra's 'Jitakalpa' stands as Puspadanta also composed one of the greatest work the most important work. Later on, on the basis of of Apabhramsa language, namely TrisastimahapurusaJitakalpa, Indranandi's Chedapindasastra and Cheda- gunalankaru (laterc. 10th A. D.). Puspadanta carries sastra by unknown writer were composed in Yapaniya to perfection the possibility of Apabhramsa as a tradition. Especiality of these two works lies in the vehicle of poetry. fact that they not only prescribe the laws of the atone Second type includes many Kathas, akhyanas ment for Jaina monks and nuns but for the male and and Caritas in Samsksta, Praksta and Apabhramsa. It female lay-devotees also. deals mainly with the biographies of individual 4. Jaina Narrative Literature Tirtharkaras and other celebrated personalities of Jaina narrative literature of this period is gene- their times. The first and foremost work of the correrally divided into five categories, viz. (i) biographies sponding period is certainly Paumacariya, of Vimalaof the 63 illustrious personalities (Salakapurusas ) suri (c. 2nd-5th A.D.) of Naila or Nagila Kula, described together in one book, (ii) life-stories of which deals with the life-stories of Laksmana and these religious great personalities described indepen- Ravana. It is a pioneer work of Jainas on Ramakatha. dently in a work, (iii) religious tales in romantic It has considerable impact on one work of Ravisena's form, (iv) semi-historical prabandhas and (v) com- Padmacarita ( c. 7th A. D.) in Samskrta and Svayapilation of stories in the form of kathakosas. mbhu's Paumacariu ( c. 8th A. D.) in However, main objective of the narratives Apabhraisa. There is also another version of Jaina was religious exhortation meant for the masses. It Ramakatha represented by Gunabhadra ( 898 A. D.) may be noted that most of the literature of this form, in Uttarapurana and followed by some other excluding canonical texts belong to this period, i.e.,c. Digambara writers of (c. 10th A. D. ). Some other 3rd-10th A. D. Though some prominent works of the works of this category are Parsvabhyudaya by Jinanarrative literature such as Trisastisalakapurusa of sena (c. 9th A. D. ), Harivamsapurana by other Hemacandra, semi-historical prabandhas - Jinasena (c. 9th A. D.). Vardhamanacarita by Asaga, Prabhavakacarita, Prabandha-cintamani, Akhyanaka- Neminirvanamahakavya by Vagbhatta, Candramanikosa, Prabandhakusa, etc., have been composed prabhacarita by Virasena and some Kannada works

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Jaina Literature [ From Earliest Time to c. 10th A. D. ] such as Adipurana by Pumpa and Santipurana by Ponna (c. 10th A. D.) may also be included in this category. It is also to be noted that stories of Rama and Krsna are well recognised in Jaina tradition and Jaina writers composed so many independent works on the life of these two great personalities, accordingly. The third typs marks an interesting phase in Indian literature, in which religious tales are presented in a romantic form. The Tarangalola of Padaliptasuri in Prakrta is lost but its epitome in Samskrta Tarangavati indicates that it might have possessed engrossing literary qualities. Then there is the Vasudevahindi of Sanghadasagani (c. 6th A. D.). Vasudevahindi is probably the Maharastri version of Gunadhya's famous Brhatkatha, written in Satavahana period. Vasudeva, the father of the Krsna, the romantic hero of this novel, evidently remind us of Naravahanadatta, the Hero of Gunadhya. Next there is Samaraiccakaha of Haribhadra in Prakrta described by author as religious story, i. e., Dharmakatha. The fortune of the hero Samaraditya is traced through his 9 previous births. The underlying principle of these narratives is the doctrine of Karma. Haribhadra's Dhurtakhyana in Prakrta is also one of the important works of Jaina literature. It shows through this imaginary tale how skilfully the incredible legends of Hindu Mythology could be ridiculed. Next, Kuvalayamala (Maharastri Prakrta) by Svetambara acarya Udyotanasuri, composed in 799 A. D. shows author's thorough acquaintance with works of previous writers by referring to them. He has beautifully described the corrupt city life. Upamitibhavaprapancakatha is composed in Samskrta in 906 A.D. by Siddharsi. The work of Siddharsi is an elaborate and extensive allegory. It is a narrative consisting of series of birth stories, i. e., the hero of all the stories is the same person in different births. Acarya proposes to explain the mundane carrier of the soul (Jiva) under the name of samsari jiva from the lowest stage of existence to the final liberation. The conversion of the cruel king Marudatta to Jainism is the theme of this work. No literature representing the fourth type, i. e., semi-historical prabandhas has been written in corresponding period. All these prabandhas are written after c. 12th A. D. 13 The last type is represented by the compilation of stories or Kathakosas. The stories contained in these works have got a definite moral purpose to be propogated and as such teachers and preachers could use them independently without any specific context, throughout there discourses. Many of the Kathakosas are of anonymous composition. The well known work of this type is Dharmopadesamala of Jaisimhastri ( 867 A. D.) composed in Prakrta. The work has auto-commentary and has 156 stories. Brhatkathakosa, composed in 931 A. D. by Harisena, is also one of the important works of Yapaniya tradition of Jainism. It is very informative Jaina text of early medieval period. 5. The Secular Literature of Jainas As defined, being a realistic system with a high spiritualistic bias, the basic texts of Jainism deal with the phenomena of the spiritual kingdom as well as physical universe. Jaina Acaryas introduced various learnings aiming at the developement of personalities and character, preservation of its cultural heritage, shoulder the responsibilities of the ascetic and house-holders in society and performance of religious duties. These aims are achieved by learning such subjects as could strike the balance between the spiritual as well as worldly life. The earlier Jaina canons mention different subjects dealing with worldly phenomena. Sutrakrtanga, Bhagavati, Samavayanga, Nandisutra, Prajnapana, Jambudvipaprajnapti, Candra and Suryaprajnapti describe various aspects of biology, grammar, chanda, nirukta, jyotisa, geography, astronomy

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14 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI etc., but in Agamas these different subjects are intermingled. Realising necessities of some independent works regarding worldly phenomena, Jaina acaryas composed some secular literature dealing with the physical phenomena. As the result, by the beginning of c. 3rd A. D. several independent works were composed on various subjects such as Astronomy, Astrology, Geography, Mathematics, Biology, Arts and Architecture, Linguistic and Medicinal discipline, i. e., Ayurveda, etc. It would be in the fitness of the things to record some of the details about such works, viz. Lokavibhaga of Sarvanandi (c. 6th A. D.) and Tiloyapannatti of Yati-vrsabha composed in Prakrta, are two important works on Astronomy and Geogra phy. Some more works like Umasvati's Jambudvipasamasa and Ksetravicara (c. 3rd A. D.) and Brhatksetrasamasa of Jinabhadragani Ksamasramana (c. 7th A. D.) also dealt with Geography and some aspects of Jaina cosmology. Among these works, Ksetravicara is not available today. Jivasamasa and Jivavicara as well as Tandulavaicarika are the works dealing with Jaina Biology. Pujyapada Devanandi (c. 6th A. D.) had composed a treatise named Vaidyakasastra dealing with Ayurvedic medicines, but this work is also not available. Jyotisakarandaka is a Prakimaka which deals with Jaina Astrology. In the field of grammar, Jainendra Vyakarana or Endravyakarana of Indranandi (c. 6th A. D. ), Sakatayana Vyakarana alongwith its auto-commentary, Amoghavrtti of Palyakirti Sakatayana (c. 9th A. D.) and Svayambhu Vyakarana of Tribhuvana Svayambhu (c. 8th A. D.) are regarded as important works of this category. The literary evolution of Jainas, particularly in Prakrta, which took place during c. 5th B.C.-10th A. D. shows that the Jaina acaryas were versatile genius. They composed various treatises on different subjects but mainly on philosophical and religious topics.

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Origin and Development of Jainism Jainism is one of the oldest living religions of supremacy of human being over gods, equality of all the world. It has a rich spiritual, cultural and literary beings, opposition to the supremacy of Brahmins and heritage to its credit. Indian religious quest has two to animal sacrifices and emphasis on moral values main streams - Vedic ( Brahmanic ) and sramanic. were some of the fundamental tendencies of Among the living world religions Jainism, as well as sramanic tradition. We also find that some of the Buddhism, belong to the sramanic trend of Indian above mentioned tendencies such as renunciation and culture. There were some other Sramanic religions emancipation were totally absent from the earlier also but they either like Ajivikas, disappeared in the form of Vedic religion. These concepts were course of time or like Sarkhya-Yoga and other contributed by the Sramanas to Indian culture in ascetic systems of Hindu religions, became part and general and Hinduism in particular. parcel of great Hindu religion by adopting some Antiquity of Jaina Tradition tenets of Vedic religion. The antiquity of Jainism goes back to the preSramanic tradition is spiritualistic and historic period of Indian culture. In support of this soteriological in its very nature. It lays special view Prof. H. Zimmer observes, "there is truth in the emphasis on renunciation of worldly belongings and Jaina idea that their religion goes back to remote enjoyments and on emancipation from worldly exist- antiquity, the antiquity in question being that of the ence, i.e., the cycle of birth and death. It may be Pre-Aryan" (Philosophies of India, p. 60 ). We find accepted without any contradiction that these very references to Vratyas and Arhatas in Rgveda and ideas of emancipation (moksa/mukti/nirvana/ Atharvaveda, the oldest texts of the Indian literature. kaivalya ) and renunciation ( tyaga/samyama These Vratyas and Arhatas of Vedic period are the vairagya ) have been cultivated by the Sramanas. ancestors of Jainas. They are also known as Asceticism is the fundamental concept of Sramanic Sramanas in Upanisadic period. Alongwith the tradition. It is on this ground that the religions of references of Vratyas, Arhatas and Sramanas in Sramanic tradition such as Jainism and Buddhism Vedas and Upanisadas, we find mention there of differ from the early Vedic religion. The early Vedic some Jaina Tirtharkaras such as Rsabha, Ajita and religion was against asceticism and emphasized the Aristanemi. It conclusively prooves that Jainism, in material welfare of the individual and the society. its oldest form as Vratya or Arhata tradition, was The Vedic seers in their hymns were praising the prevalent at the time of the composition of Vedas worldly existence and praying for their own health hence its antiquity goes back to pre-Vedic period, and wealth as well as of their fellow beings, while the i.e., at least three to five thousand years before Sramanas were condemning this worldly existence Christian era. Secondly, in Mohen-jo-daro and and propounding the theory that this worldly Harappa some seals of meditating Yogis have been existence is full of suffering and the ultimate end of found, which show that the tradition of performing human life is to get rid of the cycle of birth and death. meditation and Yoga-sadhana was present much Austerity, renunciation, emancipation, atheism, the prior in Indian Culture to the arrival of Aryans and

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI their Yajna rituals because no Yana-vedi is found in read in Buddhist canons, the name of some Jaina these excavations. At that time present Jainism was Tirtharkaras such as Rsabha, Padma, Candraprabha, known as a Vratya-dharma or Arhat-dharma. Puspadanta, Vimala, Dharma, Nami, Aristanemi and Later on, in the Upanisadic period (c. 800 B. Mahavira also occur in Buddhist literature in the form C.) the Vratyas, Arhatas and Sramanas were divided of previous Buddhas, Bodhisattvas or Pratyekainto various religious schools. At that time (c.800 B. buddhas. Theragatha also mentions the Vaddhamana C. to 500 A. D. ). Jainism was known as Nirgratha- Thera. According to its earlier commentary, Attadharma. In Buddhist Pali Tripitaka and the ancient katha, he was Licchaviputra. In my humble opinion, Jaina canons as well as in the pillar-edicts of Asoka he was not else than Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th the religion of Lord Parsva and the Mahavira is Jaina Tirtharikara. Thus, it can be said with a degree mentioned in the name of Nirgrantha Dharma. of certainty that all the Jaina Tirtharikaras are not Historicity of Lord Parsva, the 23rd Tirtharkara, is legendary characters. Though, it may be true that now well established and accepted by all the scholars. some legendary characteristics might have crept into According to Jaina tradition the predecessor of Lord the life-stories of Jaina Tirthankaras presented in Parsva is Aristanemi. He is supposed to be the real Jaina Puranas, their very existence can not be challencousin of Lord Krsna. Thus, the historicity of ged. Whether we accept the historicity of Jaina Aristanemi can also be established on the basis of the 'Tirthankara or not, it is beyond doubt that the Jaina historicity of Lord Krsna. If we hold Lord Krsna to be ideas of renunciation, austerity, penance, self-mortia historic person, then Aristanemi is also historical. fication, non-violence, celebacy, meditation etc. were We find his name not only in Vedas but in prevalent in the pre Vedic period. Sri Ramchandra Upanisadas and Hindu Puranas also. Some scholars observes that, "Upanisads represent the Brahmanical furnish an inscriptional evidence to prove the spiritual thought: As seen later, the Brahmanas did historicity of Aristanemi ( Neminatha ). There is not accept spiritualism truthfully. They borrowed found a Copper deed of gift of a Babilonian King spiritual thoughts from their Pre-Aryan adversaries, Nebuchandrazar ( 1140 B. C. ) at Prabhaspattan in now friends, in a perverted manner.... The Sramanic Gujrat. It, as per reading of Dr. Prananath (T.O.I., dt. culture was ascetic, atheistic, pluralistic and March 19, 1935), indicates that the King must have 'realistic' in content.* This comes out clearest from a come to Mount Revata to pay homage to Lord consideration of the earliest faith of the Jainas -- one Neminatha. Though the reading is not accepted by all of the oldest living surviving sects of the Munis. The the scholars yet we cannot reject it as totally false. pre-Upanisadic materialistic ( Pravrtti-Dharmic ) Vedic Lord Nami of Mithila, the 21st Tirthankara of Jainas, thought later evolved pseudo-spiritual thought (Nivittiis also accepted as a Rsi in Upanisadic and Hindu Dharmic ) mainly through the influences of the MuniPauranic tradition. So far as the historicity of Lord sramana culture, in pre-Buddhistic times, within its Rsabha is concerned, it is a well established fact that fold ( Ramchandra Jain -- The Most Ancient Aryan not only his name but his life-story and teachings also Society, pp. 48-49 ). It is this semi-materialistic and occur in Bhagavat and some other Puranas. semi-spiritualistic thought which gave birth to a new According to Prof. Dalasukh Malvania, who is well- form of religion, which is known as Hinduism. Yajna-Vedi has been identified in some Indus * Cf.: The editor's "Studies in the Origin of Buddhism." Valley sites such as Kalibangam. (Editor) (Editor)

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Origin and Development of Jainism Hinduism is nothing but an assimilation of Vedic and sramanic traditions. Jainism & Hinduism However, these two distinct trends ( Brahmanic ) as well as sramanic have been prevalent in Indian Culture from its earliest days. But our culture, being a composite one, a water-tight compartment among its different shades is not feasible at all. We cannot understand Indian Culture completely without understanding its these two two different constituents, Viz., Sramanic and Vedic, developed later on in the form of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. So one thing must be clear in our mind, that studies and researches in the field of Indology are not possible in isolation. In fact, Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism are so inter- mingled and mutually influenced by each other that to have a proper understanding of one, the under- standing of other is essential. No doubt, these different trends are distinguishable but, at the same time, we must realize that they are not separable. Though on the basis of some peculiarities in theory and practice we can distinguish them yet it is very difficult to make a complete separation, because none of these trends remained uninfluenced by one another. The earlier sramanic trend and its later shades such as Jainism and Buddhism had influenced the Vedic tradition, which later on developed in the form of Hinduism. The concepts of tapas or austerity, asceticism, liberation, meditation, equanimity and non-violence, which were earlier absent in Vedas, came into existence in Hinduism through Sramanic influence. The Upanisadas and the Gita have evolved some new spiritualistic definitions of Vedic rituals and they are the representatives of the dialogue which had taken place in Sramanic and Vedic traditions. The Upanisadic trend of Hinduism is not a pure form of Vedic religion. It incorporates in itself the various Sramanic tenets and gives a new dimension to Vedic religion. Thus, we can say that Hinduism is an intermingled state of Vedic and sramanic traditions. The voice, raised by our ancient Upanisadic Rsis and Munis as well as sramanas against ritualistic emphasis of Vedic tradition and worldly outlook of caste-ridden Brahminism, became stronger in Jainism and Buddhism along with the other minor Sramanic sects. Thus, the Upanisadic trend as well as Jainism and Buddhism provided a resort to those fed up with up with Vedic ritualism and the worldly outlook tov Not only Jainism and Buddhism but some other sects and schools of Indian thought such as Ajivikas and Sarkhyas also adopted more or less a similar attitude towards Vedic ritualism. However, Jainism and Buddhism are more candid and forthcoming in their opposition towards Vedic ritualism. They reject outrightly the animal-sacrifice in Yajnas, birth-based caste-system and the infallibility of the Vedas. In the form of Mahavira and Buddha, the most prominent rationalist preachers, we find the real crusaders, whose tirade against caste-ridden and ritualistic Brahminism, crippled with its inner inadequacies, gave a severe jolt to it. Jainism and Buddhism have come forward to sweep away the long accumulated excrescences grown on Indian culture in the form of rituals, casteism and superstitions. But we shall be mistaken if we presume that in their attempt to clear off the dirt of Vedic ritualism, Jainism and Buddhism remained intact. They were also influenced by Vedic rituals considerably. Afterc. 3rd or 4th A.D., ritualism in the new form of Tantrika rituals crept into Jainism and Buddhism and became part and parcel of their religious practices and mode of worship. With the impact of Hindu Tantrism, Jainas adopted various Hindu deities and their mode of worship with some variations, suited to their religious temperament but were alien to it ( Jainism ) in its pure form. Jaina

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18 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI concept of Sasanadevatas or Yaksa-Yaksis is nothing but a Jaina version of Hindu deities. As I have pointed out earlier, the influence has been reciprocal. This can be discerned from the fact that on the one side Hinduism, accepted Rsabha and Buddha as incarna- tion of God, while, on the other, Jainism included Rama and Krsna in its list of Salakapurusas, great personalities. A number of Hindu gods and goddesses are accepted as consorts of Tirthankaras such as Kali, Mahakali, Cakresvari, Ambika, Padmavati, Siddhika and some others as independent deities such as Sarasvati and Laksmi. It is to be noted that the Jainas have included Rama and Krsna in their list of sixty- three great personalities before c. 3rd A.D. because a mention of Krsna in the early canonical text is found. Not only this, an epic on the story of Rama was composed in Jaina tradition by Vimalasuri in between c. Ist-5th A. D. Similarly the image of Jaina Sarasvati (c. 2nd A. D.) is also found at Kankali Tila, Mathura. Thus, evidently various Hindu dieties were included in Jainism before c. 3rd A. D. The moot point, I intend to come to, is that different religious traditions of our great Indian culture have exchanged various concepts from one another. It is the duty of the scholars to study and highlight this mutual impact which is the need of the hour and thus, to bridge the gulf that exists between different religious systems due to the ignorance of their interactions and that of history of mutual impacts. Though it is true that sramanic tradition in general and Jainism and Buddhism in particular have some distinct features, discriminating them from the early Vedic or Brahmanic tradition yet they are not alien faiths. They are the children of the same soil and they come forward with a bold reformative spirit. It would be a great mistake if we consider that Jainism and Buddhism, are a mere revolt against Brahminism or faiths alien to Hinduism. The Western scholars have committed a blunder in high-lighting this view and laid the foundation of enmity and disintegration in this great Indian culture. But, in reality, it was not a revolt but a reformer's crusade. In fact, Vedic and Sramanic traditions are not rival traditions as some of the Western and Indian scholars wrongly constitute, they are complementary to each other. These two represent the two aspects of human existence - physical as well as spiritual. There has been a deliberate effort to creat a gulf between Jainism and Buddhism on the one hand and Hinduism on the other, by Western Scholars. Unfortunately, some Indian scholars, even Jaina scholars have supported their point of view, but in my humble opinion this is a false step taken in a wrong direction. It is true that Sramanic and Vedic traditions have divergent views on certain religious and philosophical issues, their ideals of living also differ considerably, but this does not mean that they are rivals or enemies of each other. As reason and passion, sreya and preya, inspite of being different in their very nature, are the components of the same human personality, so is the case with sramanic and Vedic traditions. Though inheriting distinct features, they are the components of one whole Indian culture. Jainism and Buddhism are not rivals to Hinduism, but what they preach to the Indian society may be termed as an advanced stage in the field of spirituality as compared to Vedic ritualism. If the Upanisadic trend, inspite of taking a divergent stand from Vedic ritualism, is considered as part and parcel of Hinduism and an advance towards spirituality, what is difficulty in measuring Jainism and Buddhism with the same yardstick ? If Upanisadic tradition is considered as an advancement from Vedic ritualism to spiritualism, then we have to accept that Buddhism and Jainism have also followed same path with a more enthusiastic spirit. They stand for the upliftment of the weaker section of Indian society and redemption from priesthood and ritualism. They preach the religion of common man, based on

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Origin and Development of Jainism external rituals. the firm footing of moral virtues, instead of on some evidence that the stream of Indian spiritualism is one at its source. We may not have a proper understanding of the various trends if we treat them in isolation. Acaranga, Sutrakrtanga and Rsibhasita may be understood in a better way only in the light of Upanisadas and vice-a-versa. Similarly the Suttanipata, Dhammapada, Theragatha and other works of Pali canon may only be studied properly in the light of Prakrta Jaina canons and the Upanisadas. Jainism and Buddhism Today, scholars working in the field of Jainology need a new approach to reinterpret the relationship of Jainism with Hinduism, particularly its Upanisadic trend, in the light of ancient Jaina texts of c. 4th and 3rd B. C. such as Acaranga, Sutrakrtanga and Isibhasiyaim. I am sure that an impartial and careful study of these texts will remove the misconception that Jainism and Hinduism are rival religions. In Acaranga, a number of passages bearing affinity with Upanisadas, in their words and style as well as in essence are found. Acaranga mentions Sramana and Brahmana simultaneously, not as rivals, as considered later on. In Sutrakrtanga (c. 4th B.C.), we find a mention of some Upanisadic Rsis such as Videhanami, Bahuka, Asitadevala, Dvaipayana, Parasara and others. They are accepted by Jainas as the Rsis of their own tradition though they followed different codes of conduct. Sutrakrtanga, addresses them as great ascetics and great men, who attained the ultimate goal of life, i.e., liberation. Isibhasiyaim (Rsibhasita ), considered formerly as the part of Jaina canon, also mentions the teachings of Narada, Asitadevala, Angirasa, Parasara, Arun, Narayana, Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka, Vidura and many other Upanisadic Rsis, depiced as Arhat Rsis. These references of the Jaina canonical works not only prove the open-mindedness of Jainism, but also that the stream of Indian spiritualism is one at its source, irrespective of divisions later on into Upanisadic, Buddhist, Jaina, Ajivika and other rivulets. The work Rsibhasita is a clear testimony to the assimilative and tolerant nature of Indian thought in general and Jaina thought in particular. Today, the society, deeply bogged into communal separatism and strife, such great works are our torch bearers. Thus, the position accorded to the Upanisadic Rsis in early ascred texts of Jainism is a clear 19 As already mentioned Jainism and Buddhism, both belong to the same Sramanic tradition of Indian culture. Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainas and Gautama, the Buddha, are contemporaries, flourished in the c. 6th and 5th B. C., at a time when the simple natured worshipper of early Vedic religion became caste-ridden and ritualistic. Western thinkers regard both of them as the rebel children of Hinduism but they are really, the reformers. They provide a spiritual meaning to the Vedic rituals and challenge the infallibility of the Vedas and undercut the indisputable superiority of the Brahmanas. Both, being atheistic in nature hence, do not accept the concept of God as a creator and controller of the world. They establish the supre-macy of man instead of the God and other deities and declare that man himself is the maker of his own destiny. It is the man alone and none else who can attain even Godhood through his moral life and spiritual practices. For both of them every living being is capable of attaining Nirvana, i.e., Godhood or Buddhahood. Both of them rejected the concept of grace of God. For them, solely our own self, is responsible for misfortune as well as sufferings. Thus, they both accept the supremacy of self and law of karma. Moral code, preached by Buddha and Mahavira, in general sense is also similar. To get rid of the cycle of birth and death, i.e., from worldly sufferings, is the common end of Buddhism, Jainism and the Upanisadic thinkers. Both, Buddhism

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20 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI and Jainism preach five silas or mahavratas, with Inspite of similarity in their mission, Buddhonly one difference, that is, in place of non-possession ism flourished more on others' soils than on its native of Mahavira, Buddha preaches non-consumption of land and established itself as a world religion, while intoxicative drugs. Jainism could never had a firm-footing on the foreign The major differences between these two soil. It remained firmly rooted in India through all the sister religions from the view-point of metaphysics periods of Indian history, while Buddhism, after c. and ethical code are following: 9th-10th A. D. was totally uprooted from its own land (a) First, while the Upanisadic thinkers of origin. Why did these two religions meet the contemplate one eternal and immutable reality behind diametrically opposite fates ? There were many the world of phenomena and plurality, the Buddha reasons behind it. To name a few, Buddhism in its found everything impermanent and changing and thus early days found such royal patrons as emperor substanceless Nihsvabhava and sorrowful. Mahavira Asoka and Kaniska, fired with the missionary zeal of synthesised both the above extreme views, he saw no spreading it outside India and had the territory of their contradiction between permanence and change. For empire across the Indian borders. Though Jainis him being and becoming both are the aspects of also in its early days found some royal patrons as the same reality. He defined reality as origination, Candragupta Maurya, Samprati and Kharavela, yet decay and permanence. Lord Mahavira never they did not try for the expansion of Jainism on believed in absolute permanence or total cessation. foreign soil. Moreover, the Jaina monks did not (b) Secondly, the philosophical approach of choose to go outside India, because it was very Buddhism towards other philosophical doctrines was difficult for them to observe their strict code of negative, while that of Jainism was positive. Lord conduct outside the country and they did not like to be Buddha preached that one should not fall in or accept flexible in their code of conduct. Another most any of the drstis. i. e., philosophical view-point, important reason was that the Buddha had recomwhether it is of eternalism or of ninilism, because mended the middle-path and remained flexible being one-sided, none of them represent a right view throughout his life, in prescribing the moral code for point. But Mahavira said that both the doctrines are his monks and nuns. This middle-path and flexibility, partially true, if they are viewed from different made Buddhism more adaptable to the foreign soil. angles; so one should not discard one's opponent's But due to the same reasons Buddhism was so view, as totally false. For Jainas different opposite adapted by Hinduism that it could not retain its views may be acceptable from different angles. To independent entity in India. First of all the middleMahavira nothing was absolutely true or false, hence, path of Buddha was not very far from the teachings of he remained positive in his approach all the time. the Gita. Not only this, Mahayana an offshoot of Again, while Buddhism laid stress only on the chang Buddhism had very little to mark it out from the ing aspect of reality, Jainism gave due consideration original stock of Hinduism. Secondly, the Buddha to the changing as well as the eternal aspect of reality. himself was accepted as the ninth incarnation of (c) Regarding moral and religious practices, ng moral and religious practices Visnu. Thirdly, flexibility in moral code made the life Jainism advocates rigorous and strict austerities, of Buddhist monks so luxurious and even corrupt that while Buddha condemns this rigorous outlook and in India they could not retain the respect of common recommends a middle path. men. Jainism, on the other hand, throughout, had a

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Origin and Development of Jainism leaning towards extremism and remained strict and mostly inflexible in its moral code. That is why, Jaina monks could not go and propagate Jainism across the boundaries of India. Fourthly, owing to its strict code of conduct even for a house-holder it was not easily adaptable in foreign countries. However, it helped in retaining the faith of the common men and its own entity in India. Thus, the extremism of Jaina religion while on the one hand prevented its expansion in India and abroad, but on the other hand, it proved to be the sole cause of its survival in India. It was because of the strict austerities associated with Jain- ism that it remained a closed set, little understood beyond its adherents. Even the unusual absorbing power of Hinduism could not absorb it. This speaks of its originality, capable of withstanding the chall- enge of Hinduism. Last but not least among the causes of the extinction of Buddhism from the Indian soil was that Buddhism never tried to develop the order of laymen and lay-women. By the word 'order they mean the order of monks and nuns. But Jainism always laid stress on the four-fold order of monks, nuns, laymen and lay-women and that was why it did not lose its identity. Thus, the two parallel religions, having their origin against the same socio-religious back-ground and beginning their journeys together, drifted wide apart and had altogether a different history. Buddhism almost vanished in India, but prospered in China, Japan, Srilanka and many other countries; Jainism remained in India, neither expanding nor suffering from further shrinking.

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion (c. 3rd-10th A. D.) The Western scholars often remark that the tions, changes and developments took place in Jaina Indian philosophies and religions are not dynamic but thoughts and practices. Jainas were proud of the rigostatic. But this remark is not tenable when we study rous and austere life-styles of their monks. But in the any Indian Philosophy or religious tradition from post Nirvana era of Mahavira some relaxations and historical point of view. We notice a sequence of exception creeped into the code of conduct of Jaina changes and developments in their thoughts and monks. Not only the junior monks, i. e., Ksullakas, practices. This is true with regard to Jainism as well keeping three, two or one cloth alongwith a bowl but as other schools of Indian philosophy. the senior monks, having accepted nudity also started Though the basic tenets such as non-violence, keeping one woolen blanket to save themselves from self-control etc. of Jainism, in thought and practice, the extreme cold of northern region and also a bowl remained the same throughout the ages yet their for accepting the alms, particularly some liquids, explanations and their applications were modified in necessary in the old age. Thus, the code of Jinakalpa conformity with time and circumstances by Jaina and Sthavirakalpa along with samayik-caritra Tirthankaras and Acaryas. Even in the earlier times, (juni (junior monk-hood ) and Chedopasthapaniyacaritra every successive Tirthankara made reforms and ( senior monk-hood ) came into existence, which, changes in the religious practices and ethical code of later on, after c. 2nd A. D. divided Jainism into conduct as per the need of his age. As regards the Schism such as Digambara, Svetambara and Yapaniya, code of conduct of monks and nuns, 23rd chapter of with their own Codes of Conduct. Uttaradhyayana, Avasyakaniryukti ( verses 1258- It was the first phase of major changes in the 1262 ) and some other commentaries on Jaina canons Jaina code of conduct, particularly the one for Jaina clearly maintain that the religious code of Mahavira monks and nuns. The second phase is known as and his predecessor Lord Parava and other Caityavasa, i. e., the temple based living of monks. Tirthankaras were different. It was found that where. With the advent of idol worship and the acquisition of as Lord Aristanemi laid more stress to avoid the great wealth in the name of these temples and deities violence and cruelity towards animal kingdom in by the community, the ceremonial-ritualistic aspect social rituals such as marriage ceremonies etc. Lord of religion became dominating and the monks started Parsva opposed the violence in the name of religious taking interest in external and pompous modes of austerities ( practices ). Lord Mahavira discovered religious practices. There also developed a special the root cause of violence in the will for the accumu- group of administrator clergies. Thus, the Bhattarakas lation of wealth and lust for worldly enjoyment hence in the Digambara sect and the Yatis in Svetambara laid much stress on celebacy and non-possession and sect, started living under luxurious conditions, prescribed a new religious code of conduct. Not only became managers of the temples and temple associain the earlier period but in the above said period, i. e., ted properties and assumed control over the templecorresponding c. 3rd-10th A.D. also, several revolu- rituals as well as over certain part of community

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion living in a certain province. In their time, the code of conduct of monks and nuns remained confined into the books only and did not appear in the practical life. Against this situation a revolution was worked out, in Digambara tradition by Kundakunda (c. 6th A. D. ) and in svetambara tradition by Haribhadra (c. 8th A. D. ). But this revolution failed to reap any fruit and remained ineffective and the institution of Bhattarakas and Yatis thrived in the later centuries also. Its only credit was that the tradi- tion of the real ascetics, following the rigorous path of Mahavira, could be saved for some centuries. Again in Svetambara tradition, a great revolution took place in the c. 10th A. D. under the leadership of Jinesvara- suri against the temple based living of the monks, i.e., Caityavasa and administrator clergies. Due to this revolution Kharataragaccha came into existence in the c. 10-11th A. D. This revolutionary and reforma- tive spirit continued in Jaina community in the later centuries also and owing to that sub-sects Tapa- gaccha (c. 12th A. D. ), Lorikagaccha (c. 15th A.D.), Sthanakavasi (c. 16th A. D.) and Terapanthi (c. 18th A. D. ) came into existence in Svetambara tradition. Similarly, in Digambara tradition also Banarasimata Digambara Terapantha (c. 16th A. D. ) and Tarana- pantha a non-idol worshipper sect, came forward with their reformative outlook. In fact, it is due to the impact of Hindu devotionalism and Tantrism that the ritualistic idol-worship started in Jainism and it is that due to the Muslim impact non-idol worship sects such as Lorkagaccha, Sthanakavasi, Terapantha and Taranapantha took birth in Jainism. This shows that in practice Jainism is not a static but a dynamic religion. So far as the changes in the Jaina thought are concerned, Jaina scholars divided their history of philosophical development in three ages which are as under: (i) The Agama Age (c. Sth B. C.-3rd A.D.). (ii) The age of critical presentation of Anekantavada (c. 4th-6th A. D.). (iii) The age of systematization of Jaina philosophy (c. 7th-10th A. D.). This nomenclature underlies the tendencies, dominating the particular era. However, this division is only a tentative one. No water tight compartment in the division of ages is possible. The tendencies of one age can be traced in other ages also. For example, Agamic age terminates with c. 3rd A. D. but the final editing as well as the composition of some Agamic texts continued up to the c. 5th A. D. Not only this but the date of composition of commentaries on Agamas extends up to the c. 11th A. D. Similar is the case with the age of critical presentation of Anekantavada; as seeds of Anekanta can be traced in Agamas such as Bhagavatisutra etc. but its critical presentation continued not only upto Haribhadra (c. 8th A. D.) but upto Yasovijaya and Vimaldas (c. 17th A. D.). Similarly the age of philosophical systematization commences from c. 7th A. D. but the actual effort in this direction starts from the composition of Tattvarthasutra and its auto-commentary by Umasvati long before during the c. 3rd A. D. and continued upto the period of Yasovijaya, i. e., the c. 17th A. D. Thus, it is very difficult to divide these ages strictly into a particular framework of time. The Age of Agamas Most of the Agamic literature was composed during c. 5th B. C.-3rd A. D. but some of Agamic texts like Nandisutra and the present edition of Prasnavyakarana were composed in c. 5th-6th A. D. In the most important councils (Vacanas ), which were held at Mathura and Valabhi inc. 4th-5th A. D. respectively, for editing and rewriting of these Agamas, some new additions and alterations were also made and that is why some of the Agamas contain some informations and conceptions, developed later in c. 4th-5th, in Jaina philosophy. The Agamas are mainly concerned with the Jain Education Interational

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24 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI religious code of conduct and moral preaching. Pt. Akalanka's Rajavarttika and Vidyanandi's slokaDalasukha Malvania rightly observes that Anga varttika are the two works, regarded as main contriAgama deals with moral code of conduct ( Carita- butions in Digambara tradition. Both these works crinuyoga ) rather than metaphysics (Dravyanuyoga ). tically elaborate the contents of Tattvartha. Through, So far as the subject matter of Agamas is concerned these works we can assume that, the differ-ences this position remains the same upto the period of between Digambara and Svetambara became more Niryuktis (c. 3rd-Sth A. D. ), Bhasyas (c. 6th A. D.) prominent in this era and the disputes on the problems and even Curnis (c. 7th A. D.). Some scattered seeds of 'Stri-mukti', 'Kevali-bhukti' and simultaneousness of philosophical discussions maay no doubt be seen and succesiveness of Jnanopayoga and Darsanopain some of the Agamas and their commentaries; but yoga of Kevali came into prominence. Along with Visesavasyakabhasya, mainly a work full of philoso- these internal disputes of Jaina sects, logical refutaphical discussions, is an exception. tion of other schools of thought, is also the main Age of Critical Presentation of Anekantavada characteristic of this age. All the important philoso phical works, composed in this particular era, critically Similar is the case with the second era, i. e., evaluate the views of other schools of thoughts and the age of critical presentation of Anekantavada. So try to establish Jaina view of non-absolutism, based far as Anekantavada is concerned, it can be traced in on their theory of Anekantavada, as most logical and Agamas as a mere conception. Its critical presenta true. tion as a Jaina doctrine was introduced with the works of Siddhasena Divakara and Samantabhadra inc. 4th- The Main Objective of Early Jainism The 5th, respectively. The treatises, composed by them, Before discussing the early metaphysics and mainly for critical presentation of Anekantavada also epistemology of Jainas it would be proper to discuss worked as a base for the age of philosophical syste- the main objective of early Jainism and its attitude matization. towards life, which is to get rid of the cycle of birth and death and thus, to emancipate man from sufferSiddhasena Divakara's Sanmatitarka and Dva ings. It tries to track down sufferings to their very trimsikas is regarded as the first book of critical root. The famous Jaina text of an early period Uttaraphilosophy. The concept of Pancajnana ( Five-fold dhyayanasutra says: knowledge ) is, for the first time, critically analysed kamanugiddhippabhavam khu dukkham in its subtle form in the said composition. It embraces savvassa logassa sadevagassa. other different contemporary views prevalent in Jaina jam kaiyam manasiyam ca kinci tradition. The author dives deep in evaluating the tassa antagam gacchai viyarago. ( 32.19) established concepts in Jainism rather than peeping That is the root of all physical as well as outside in different systems. mental sufferings of everybody, including the gods, is In the works attributed to this age, particular- the desire for enjoyment. Only a dispassionate attily in commentaries on Tattvarthasutra, the first extant tude can put an end to them. It is true that materialism commentary, after the auto-commentary of Uma- seeks to eliminate sufferings, through the fulfilment svati, is Sarvarthasiddhi of Pujyapada ( first half of of human desires, but it cannot eradicate the prime the c. 6th A. D. ). It not only depicts the concept of cause from which the stream of suffering wells up. Gunasthana but rather describes it with more details. Materialism does not have at its disposal an effective

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 25 means for quenching the thirst of a man permanently. life. Spirituality consists in realising these higher Not only this, its attempts at the temporary appease- values of life. ment of a yearning, have the opposite effect of flaring Jaina spirituality teaches us that happiness or it up like the fire fed by an oblation of butter. It is unhappiness is centred in the soul and not in worldly clearly noted in the Uttaradhyayana : objects. Pleasure and pain are self-created. They are suvanna-rupassa u pavvayabhave subjective in nature also. They do not depend totally siya hu kelasasama asamkhaya. on the objects, but depend also on the attitude of a narassa luddhassa na tehim kinci person towards them. The Uttaradhyayanasutra iccha u agasasama anantiya. (9.48 ) (20.37 ) mentions: That is even if an infinite number of gold and appa katta vikatta ya, duhana ya suhana ya silver mountains, each as large as the Kailasa, are appa mittamamittam ca, duppatthiyasupatthio. conjured up, they would not lead to the final extin That the self (atma ) is both the doer and the ction of human desires, because desires are infinite enjoyer of happiness and misery. It is its own friend like space. Not only Jainism but all spiritual tradi- when it acts righteously and foe when it acts unrighttions unanimously hold that the root cause of sorrow eously. An unconquered self is its own enemy, unis attachment, lust or a sense of mineness. The ful- conquered passions and sense organs of the self are filment of desires is not the means of ending them. its own enemy. Oh monk ! having conquered them, I Though a materialistic perspective can bring material move righteously. prosperity, it cannot make us free from attachments In another Jaina text of the early periodAuraand yearnings. Our materialistic outlook can be com- paccakkhanam (c. 3rd A. D. ) it is mentioned : pared to our attempt of chopping the branches off ego me sasado appa, nanadamsanasamjuo while watering the roots of a tree. In the above men sesa me bahira bhava, savve samjogalakkhana. tioned gatha, it is clearly pointed out that desires are samjogamula jivenam, patta dukkhaparampara endless just as space ( Akasa ) and it is very difficult tamha samjogasambandhar, savvablavena vosire. to fulfil all of them. If mankind is to be freed from (26.27) selfishness, violence, exploitation, corruption and The soul endowed with knowledge and peraffliction stemming from them, it is necessary to out ception alone is permanent, all other objects are alien grow materialistic outlook and to develop an attitude, to self. All the serious miseries, suffered by self, are which may be described as spiritual. the result of individual's sense of 'intne' or attachThe word Adhyatma, the Samskrta equiva- ment towards the alien objects and so it is imperative lent of spirituality derived from adhi+atma, implies to abandon completely the sense of 'inine' with regard the superiority and sublimity of Atman, the soul to the external objects. In short, according to Jainism force. In the oldest Jaina text Acaranga, the word not identifying oneself with the objects not belonging ajjhatthavisohi, connotes, inner purity of the self, to the soul, is the starting point of spiritual practice which is the ultimate goal of Jaina-Sadhana. Accor- (sadhana ). Non-alignment with material object is the ding to Jainism, the realisation of physical amenities pre-requisite for self-realisation, the main objective or creature comforts is not the ultimate aim of life. of early Jainism. According to it, renouncement of There are some higher ideals of life which are over attachment is the same as the emergence of a balanand above the mere biological and economic needs of ced view of even-sightedness ( samadrstita ).

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26 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI The reason, as to why Jainism regards abandonment of 'sense of mine' or of attachment as the only means for self-realisation, is that so long as there is attachment in a man, his attention is fixed not on self or soul, but on not-self, i.e., material objects. Materialism thrives on this object-oriented attitude or indulgence in the not-self. According to the Jaina philosophers, the identification with the not-self and regarding worldly object as a source of happiness or unhappiness, are the hallmarks of materialism. This is considered as a wrong view-point. The right viewpoint regards the self as of supreme value and aims at the realisation of its quiddity or its ideal unconditioned state of pure knower, which is free from attachment and passions. It is mentioned in Samayasara (209): evar sammaithi appanam munadi janagasahavam. that the self, possessed of a right view-point, realises the pure soul as knowledge. Thus according to Jainism the right view-point regards self as pure knower (suddha drasta) and distinct from not-self. This detached attitude only can free one from one's mental as well as physical sufferings. Cause of Bondage and Suffering of the Self Jainism maintains that the attachment (Raga) and delusion (Moha) obscure our spiritual nature and are responsible for our worldly existence and suffering. The most intense vasana is hrdaya granthi, which is a deep attachment towards senseobjects and worldly desires. The oldest nomenclature of Jaina sect is Niggantha-dhamma. The word Niggantha means the one who has unknotted his hrdayagranthi, i.e., the 'mine'-complex. It means, in other words, one who has eradicated ones attachments and passions. The word, 'Jaina', also conveys the same meaning; a true Jaina is one who has conquered one's passions. According to Lord Mahavira, "to remain attached to sensuous objects is to remain in the whirl" (Acaranga, 1.1.5). The attachment towards sensuous objects is the root of our worldly existence (Acaranga, 1.2.1). Further, it is also mentioned in the Acaranga, 1.3.1, "only he who knows the nature of the sensuous objects is possessed of self, knowledge, scripture, Law (dhamma) and Truth (bambha )." The five senses together with anger, pride, delusion and desire are difficult to be conquered, but when the self is conquered, all these are completely conquered (Uttaradhyayana, 9.36). Just as the female crane is produced from the egg and the egg from the crane, in the same way desire is produced by delusion and delusion by desire (Uttaradhyayana, 32.6). Attachment and hatred are the seeds of karma and delusion is the source of attachment and hatred. Karma is the root of birth and death. This cycle of birth and death is the sole cause of misery. Misery is gone in the case of a man who has no delusion, while delusion is gone in the case of a man who has no desire; desire is gone in the case of a man who has no greed, while greed is gone in the case of a man who has no attachment" (Uttaradhyayana, 32.8). According to the Tattvarthasutra 8.1, a famous Jaina text, perverse attitude (mithya-darsana ), non-abstinence (avirati ), spiritual inertia (pramada ), passions (kasaya) and activity (Yoga) these five are the conditions of bondage. We can say that mithyadarsana (perverse attitude), mithya-jana (perverse knowledge) and mithya-caritra (immoral conduct) are also responsible for our worldly exis-tence or bondage. But perversity of knowledge and conduct depends upon the perversity of attitude. Thus, the perversity of attitude, which is due to darsana-moha is one of the important factors of bondage. Nonabstinence, spiritual inertia and passions are due to the presence of perverse attitude. Though activities of mind, body and speech known as Yoga are considered the cause of bondage yet these, in theirselves re incapable of bondage unless by perverse attitude and passions. They are only the cause of Asrava (in

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion flux of karmic matter ), not the cause of bondage power for its fruition. Bondage is possible only through the Yoga in The Karmas are of eight types -- (i) jnanaassociation with perverse attitude and passions. The varana : knowledge obscuring, (ii) Darsanavarana : perverse attitude (mithya-darsana ) and the passions perception obscuring, (iii) Vedaniya : feeling produ( Kasayas ) are mutually cause and effect of each cing, (iv) Mohaniya : deluding, (v) Ayu : age deterother just as the egg and the hen or the seed and the mining, (vi) Nama : body or personality determintree. We can not fix the priority of one over the other, ing, ( vii ) Gotra : status determining and (viii) passions are due to the perverse attitude and perverse Antaraya : obstructive (Tattvarthasutra, 8.5). attitude is due to the passions. Among these eight types of karma, JnanaEarly Jaina Doctrine of Karma/Bondage varana, darsanavarana, mohaniya and antaraya -- According to Jaina philosophy every activity these four are considered as destructive karma or of mind, speech and body is followed by the influx of ghati karma, because they obscure the natural facula finer type of atoms, which are technically known as ties of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite karma-vargana-pudgala. In the presence of passions, bliss and infinite power, respectively. The other this influx (asrava ) of karmic matter cause bondage, four - vedaniya, ayu, nama and gotra are called which is of four types - 1. Kind (praksti ), 2. quantity aghati or non-destructive karma. They are only res(pradesa ), 3. duration ( sthiti ) and 4. intensity ponsible for bodily existence of present life and in(anubhaga) (Tattvarthasutra, 8.4). The activities of capable of continuing the cycle of birth and death. It mind, body and speech, technically known as yogas, is only due to the deluding karma (mohaniya karma) determine the prakti and the pradesa of karmic- that the cycle of birth and death continues. This matter while the passions determine the dura-tion deluding karma is responsibile for perversity of attisthiti ) and the intensity (anubhaga -mild or intense tude and the passions. The emancipation of soul is power of fruition ) of the Karma. Karma, in Jainism is only possible when the perversity of attitude is desthe binding principle. It binds the soul with the body troyed and passions are overcome. hence responsibile for our wordly existence. Karma The Uttaradhyayanasutra says that just as a has the same place in Jainism, as unseen potency tree with its root dried up, does not grow even though ( adrsta ) in Nyaya, Prakrti in Sankhya, Maya in it is watered, similarly actions ( Karma ) do not grow Vedanta, Vasana in Buddhism, Sakti in Saivism and up when delusion (moha oravidya ) is destroyed (28. Pasa ( trap ) in sakta school. Karma is something mething 2017 30). One devoid of a right attitude (darsana ) cannot foreign which veils the natural faculties of infinite have right knowledge (nana ) and there can not be knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and rectitude of will (carana-guna ) without right knowinfinite power. It is also responsible for our pleasant ledge (jnana ). One devoid of the rectitude of will and unpleasant experiences and worldly existence. cannot have emancipation from evil will and one According to Vidyanandi, two functions of the Karma devoid of emancipation from evil will ( induced by are to obscure the natural faculties of soul and to karma ) cannot attain final emancipation ( 32.9). defile the soul. Jainism also believes in the same modus operandi of karma. According to it karma The Ultimate End : Moksa itself is compe-tent to produce its fruit in due course The attainment of emancipation or mukti is of time and there is no need of God or other external the pivot on which all the ethico-religious philoso

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28 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI phies of India revolve. Jainism maintains that the liberation the perfect and purified state of the soul, is the only and ultimate goal of every individual. Mukti does not mean in Jainism, the losing of one's own identity. The self retains its identity even in the state of liberation. In Acaranga, the nature of Paramatma (the immaculate soul) is described as that which is beyond the grasp of logic and intellect. He is one and alone. He is harmless. He is neither long nor short, nor a circle nor a triangle, nor a quadrilateral nor a sphere. He is neither black nor blue, nor red, nor yellow, nor white. He is neither pungent nor bitter, nor astringent, nor sour, nor sweet. He is neither hard nor soft, neither heavy nor light, neither cold nor hot, neither greasy nor dry. He is not subject to birth and decay. He is free from attachment. He is simileless. He baffles all terminology. There is no word to describe. He is neither sound nor form, nor odour, nor taste, nor touch. (Ayaro Ed. Yuvacarya Mahaprajna, J. V. B., Ladnun, 1981, pp. 262-266.) In the Niyamasara ( 181 ), 'Being' (astitva), the pure existence is considered to be one of the qualities of a liberated soul. Moksa, according to Jainism, means a complete perfection and purification of soul. In the state of liberation there is neither pain nor pleasure, nor any obstruction, nor any annoyance, nor delusion, nor any anxiety. A liberated soul is really free from all sorts of impurities and from the cycle of birth and death (Niyamasara, 178-180). In liberation the soul realises the ananta-catustaya, i.e., infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinte bliss. and infinite power. This ananta-catustaya is the inherent nature of the soul. Jainism believes that every individual soul has the potentialities of Godhood and the soul can attain to it. By shedding away all the karmic particles of four destructive karmas (ghatikarma ), the soul attains Arhathood, which is the state of vitaraga-dasa or jivana-mukti. So long as the four non-destructive karmas, i.e., Nama, Gotra, Ayusya and Vedaniya, are not exhausted the soul of Arhat remains in a highly refined physical body and preaches truth to the world. Shedding physical and karmic body, when these four non-destructive karmas are exhausted the soul of Arhat goes upto the topmost of the universe - abode of liberated soul known as siddhasila, remains there eternally and enjoys perfect knowledge, perfect power, perfect perception and perfect bliss (Niyamasara, 181-182). Thus, emancipation, according to Jainism, is nothing but realisation of one's own real nature. Jaina Sadhana in Early Period In the earliest Jaina agamas, particularly in Acaranga and Uttaradhyayana, we have a mention of Triyama, Caturyama and Pancayama. Though Acaranga mentions Triyama, it does not give any detail about it. Its commentator Silanka had derived the meaning of three-fold path of liberation, i.e., Right faith, Right knowledge and Right conduct. But in my opinion this derivation of Silanka is hardly in accordance with its real meaning. Triyama refers to the three vows - Non-violence, Truth and Non-possession. Jaina tradition is very firm in maintaining that Lord Parsva, the twenty-third Tirthankara had preached Caturyama - Non-violence, Truthfulness, Nonstealing and Non-possesiveness. Mahavira added one more yama celebacy as an independent vow in the Caturyama of Parsva and thus, introduced Pancayama. Formerly, it was taken for granted that woman is also a possession and no one can enjoy her without having her in his own possession. But Mahavira took it as an independent vow. In some of the canonical works we also have a five-fold path of liberation but in a different way as Right faith, Right knowledge, Right conduct, Right penance and Right efforts. In Uttaradhyayana as well as in the works of Kundakunda the four-fold path of liberation, i.e., Right faith, Right knowledge, Right conduct and Right pen

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion ance are mentioned. Here Right effort has been Jaina scripture. merged into Right penance. Similarly, later on merg So far as Samyak-Caritra ( Right conduct ) is ing the Right penance into Right conduct, Umasvati concerned, the meaning of the term remains the same prescribed the three-fold path of liberation in his throughout the ages. It encompasses the observance Tattvarthasutra (c. 3rd A. D. ). Acaranga has also of five great vows (mahavratas ), five vigilances mentioned the three-fold path in a different form, (samitis ), three controls (guptis ) and ten dharmas. namely non-violence (niksiptadanda ), wisdom This right conduct is exclusively prescribed for the (prajna ) and ecstasy (samadhi ) which is more like monks and nuns. Similarly, five minor vows ( anuthe three-fold path of prajna, sila ( supplementary vratas ), three guna-vratas and foursiksavratas as well vow) and samadhi of Buddhism. Satrakstanga and as eleven Pratimas are prescribed as a right-conduct some other canonical works also mention two-fold for the house-holders (Sravakas ). According to both path of liberation, i.e., vidya ( wisdom ) and carana the sects -- Svetambara and Digambara, the code of ( conduct ) ( Vijjacarana pamokkho ). We see that conduct of Jaina monks and nuns was very rigorous at there are different views about the path of liberation the time of Mahavira (c. 6th B. C.) but with the pasbut Jainas never accepted single path either of knowl- sage of time, coming to the period of Bhadrabahu-I, edge or devotion or action. They believe that neither c. 3rd B.C.) it became lenient. By this period various knowledge, nor faith nor conduct alone can be regar- exceptions in the five great vows as well as in other ded as a means of salvation. But all the three com- rules and regulations of Jaina monks and nuns has bined together make an integrated path of liberation been accepted. This lenient tendency is clearly visible which is a peculiarity of Jainism. In this integration in the Chedasutras of Bhadrabahu-I in the form of we have a reflection of its non-absolutistic approach atonements of the various exceptions and transgresAnekantavada, the central doctrine of Jainism. sions in the code of conduct. This liberalism in the Now, if we take each constituent of the three- code of conduct culminates in c. 6th-7th. In Bhasyas fold path, separately, Right faith (Samyak Darsana ) and Curnis of Chedasutras, one can find ample comes first. In earliest canonical works such as examples of this liberalism. It is quite difficult to Acaranga and Sutrakitanga, the term Darsana is used mention all those changes which took place in the either in the sense of self-realisation or right vision Jaina code of conduct during the period of c. 3rd (right attitude ). As 'faith' it is used for the first time B.C.-3rd A. D., because of two reasons -- firstly, in Uttaradhyayana, and there it means nine catego- some of the exceptions mentioned in Bhasyas (c. 6th ries (Tattvas ). The same meaning is retained in A.D.) and Curnis (c. 7th A. D.) might have come in Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra while defining Samyak- practice after c. 3rd A. D. A period which is beyond Darsana. But after c. 3rd 4th the meaning is also the purview of this article and secondly, it is imposchanged and Samyak-Darsana is defined as faith, sible to include, all the changes that occurred, in the 'Jina' as a Deva ( Ideal ), Nirgrantha as a Guru frame of this brief article. Here we can only refer the ( Teacher) and non-violence as a Dharma. scholars to see these Chedasutras and their commenSimilarly, the term Samyak-jnana ( Right taries. knowlege ) is used in the sense of discriminative The major changes which took place during knowledge of self and not-self in the earlier canons. above period are regarding the use of clothes and begBut later on the term is used as the knowledge of ging bowls by Jaina monks. On the basis of the fig

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30 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI ures of Jaina monks and nuns inscribed on the pedestals of Jina-images of Mathura (c. 1st B. C.-2nd A. D.) it can be easily inferred that by that time the use of clothes and begging bowls was in vogue, though the ideal state of nudity was intact. The fig- ures of monks found at Mathura are almost nude but are depicted having a folded large piece of cloth, on their left arm, may be a woolen blanket, and which seems to be instrumental in hiding their nudity. Simi- larly, there are certain figures of Jaina monks, having begging bowls in their hands. These figures clearly show that in these centuries, i. e., c. 2nd B. C.-3rd A. D., the use of woolen blanket and begging bowls was common atleast among the Jaina monks and nuns of North India. But in South India, practice of nudity re- mained intact in that period. The Cause of Schism and Caityavasa Remarkably, it was this use of blanket and begging bowls, along with certain other exceptions in the code of conduct which led to the schism in Jainas into Svetambara, Digambara and Yapaniya. Accord ing to Avasyakamula-bhasya, the controversy regard- ing the use of clothes and begging bowl was raised first time after 606 years of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira, i. e.,c. 1st-2nd A. D. However, on the basis of facts, narrated above, it can be concluded that liberalism in the rigorous code of conduct of Jaina monks and nuns caused the schism into Svetambara, Digambara and Caityavosa, i. e., living in temples or Mathas in Jaina order. This tendency of living in the temples of Jaina monks and nuns further caused the deterioration in their strict code of conduct and various exceptions were accepted into general rules. This liberalism, later on, also gave birth to the various Tantrika Sadhanas in Jainism. Though on the basis of the code of conduct, particularly the use of clothes and bowls, the first sectarian division took place inc. 1st-2nd A. D. But prior to that, we have also trace of another type of differences in Jaina order particularly pertaining to doctrines, started in the life-time of Lord Mahavira itself. In Jaina tradition, the persons, having doctrinal differences with the tradition of Mahavira, are called as Nihnavas. These Nihnavas were seven in number. Avasyakaniryukti ( Verse 778-783 ) and Uttaradhyayananiryukti ( Verse 165-178 ) mention the following Nihnavas and their basic differences from the traditional Jainism along with time and place of their origin. The names of Nihnavas and their details are as under: No. Time of Origination Name of Nihnavas Their particular theory on which they differed from Mahavira's tradition Place of Origination Sravasti Jamali Tisyagupta Rsabhapur Bahuratavada (An action, in the process of 14 years after Mahacompletion, can't be called completed, it is vira's enlightenment. uncompleted. Jiva-pradesavada (Any one pradesa of the soul 16 years after Mahacan be called as Jiva. vira's enlightenment Avyaktavada ( difficult to say who is who). 214 years after Maha vira's Nirvana. Samucchinnavada ( All the objects are transient 220 years after Mahaand get destroyed just after their origination.) | vira's Nirvana. Dvikriyavada (possibility of having two 228 years after Maha- experiences simultaneously.) vira's Nirvana. Asadhabhuti Svetambika Asvamitra Mithila Dhanagupta Ulukatira

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion No. Time of Origination Name of Nihnavas Their particular theory on which they differed from Mahavira's tradition Place of Origination Rohagupta Antaranjia 544 years after Mahavira's Nirvana. Trairasikavada or no-Jivavada (three categories in world - living beings, non-living beings, neither living nor non-non-living beings. Abaddhikavada (Karma-particles only touch the soul - pradesas. Dasapur Gosthamahila 544 years after Mahavira's Nirvana. Apart from these, some divisions took place both. Except some issues on the ethical code of in the Jaina order only due to administrative needs. In conduct in which he makes some additions later on, Kalpasutrasthaviravali, the Jaina order is said to be Mahavira accepts the metaphysics and epistemology divided in various Ganas, Kulas and Sakhas. This of Parsva as it is. The reference of Jnanapravada, the type of division was based neither on any theoretical fifth one of fourteen Purvas (the literature belonging differences nor on the Code of Con-duct. This to the tradition of Mahavira's predecessor Lord division of Gana, Kula and sakha was based on the Parsva ) also proves that befure Mahavira there was a hierarchy of the spiritual teachers or on the basis of concept of Pancajnanavada assigned to Nirgrantha the group of the monks belonging to a particular tradition of Parsva and was later developed in region. The final division of the Jaina church such as Mahavira's tradition. Acaranga and Sutrakstanga, the Svetambara, Digambara and Yapaniya came into oldest extant Jaina literature, do not bear any mark of existence in the c. 4th-5th A. D. as we do not find any the discussion over the theory of knowledge, whereas literary or epigraphic evidence for these sectarian Uttaradhyayana, Sthananga, Samavayanga. divisions dated pre-c. 4th-5th A. D. Bhagavati, Anuyogadvara and Nandisutra, elaboratDevelopment of Jaina Theory of Knowledge ely discuss the gradual development of the concep The development of Jaina theory of five-fold tion of Pancajnanavada. It suggests that although the knowledge extends over a long period of 2600 years. theory of five-fold knowledge ( Pancajnanavada ) The tradition of Mahavira's predecessor Parsvanatha was derived from Parsva's tradition, it was later on (c. 800 B. C.) bears clear marks of Pancajnana or developed by Mahavira. five-fold knowledge, a preliminary conception of Pt. Dalasukha Malvania, in his well-known Jaina epistemology. In Rajaprasniyasutra ( 165 ) book 'Agama Yuga ka Jaina Darsana' has mentioned Arya Kesi, a follower of Parsva tradition, called him- three stages of the development of Pascajnanavada self believer of the theory of five-fold knowledge and based on the chronology of Jaina Agamas. At the explained the same to King Paesi. Uttaradhyayana first stage knowledge was divided into five types -- also the same refers. It is remarkable that there is not Mati ( the knowledge obtained through the sensemuch difference between Parsva and Mahavira, so far organs ( indriya ), quasi-sense-organs ( anindriya), as their Metaphysics and Epistemology are concerned. and mind ( mana ), Sruta ( scriptural knowledge ); Had there been any difference on these issues, it Avadhi ( clairvoyance ); Manah-paryaya (telepathy would have been definitely mentioned in Bhagavati or knowledge of others' mind ) and Kevala ( perfect and Uttaradhyayana, both pointing out the differences knowledge comprehending all substances and their regarding ethical code of conduct the traditions of modifications or omniscience ). The description of

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI five-fold knowledge, found in Bhagavatisutra, is in vacaka, respectively. Regarding the authorship of accordance with this first stage. The Sthananga and Anuyogadvarasutra scholars have different opinions Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra (c. 3rd A.D.) refer the as to whether Aryaraksita himself is the author or second stage where the knowledge is divided into two some one else. So far as the question of Aryaraksita is main heads -- (i) Pratyaksa ( direct knowledge concerned it is a fact that he for the first time transincorporating sensory and scriptural knowledge ) and lated the Jaina technical terms by Anuyoga-vidhi. It (ii) Paroksa ( indirect knowledge which incorpora- is the text of philosophical method. In the beginning, tes the three extra-sensory knowledge ). Umasvati Anuyogadvarasutra mentions that mati, avadhi, also supports this two-fold division. At this stage, it manah-paryaya and kevala -- these four types of was supposed that apart from the cognition depend- knowledge depend on experience only. They can not ing on the soul alone ( Atmasapeksa Jnana ), the be preached where as srutajnana can be studied and cognition depending on sense-organs and quasi- preached. At this third stage of development Anusense-organs ( indriya-anindriya sapeksa ), depend- yogadvara gives importance to the four-fold division. ing on the intellect ( buddhi sapeksa ) and the cog- In this third stage of development particularly based nition depending on the Agamas, should be consi- on Nandi and Anuyogadvara, the cognition dependdered as Indirect knowledge ( Paroksa Jnana ). It ing on sense-organs, even being considered transcenbecame a special feature of Jaina Epistemology dently as indirect ( paroksa ), was also included in because others were considering it as a direct know- direct knowledge (pratyaksa ) following the concept ledge (pratyaksa ). The development of this second of other traditions and it was designated as samstage was very essential as it was to pave the way of vyavaharika pratyaksa ( perception according to the synthesis between the theory of knowledge (Jnana- common usage or ordinary perception ). vada ) and validity of knowledge. At this stage, the In my opinion, primarily empirical sensual knowledge (Jnana ) itself was considered as an cognition was included in darsana and contemplative instrument of valid knowledge (pramana ) and was matiinana was confined only to the deliberative inteldivided into Direct knowledge (pratyaksa ) and lectual knowledge ( vimarsatmaka jnana ). This disIndirect knowledge (paroksa ). tinction was also recommended in later period. Four The third stage of the development is repre- early classifications of matijnana, i.e., avagraha, iha, sented by Nandisutra (c. 5th A. D.). In the whole of avaya and dharana are also considered as deliberthe Agamas, Nandisutra is the only composition ative knowledge but when sensory cognition was which thoroughly deals with the theory of five-fold included in matijnana, the question arose as to how knowledge. In Nandisutra another development is the knowledge, originated from sense-organs, would also visible where the sense-cognition is included in be regarded as indirect knowledge. Consequently, it pratyaksa, following the common tradition. The was accepted as samvyavaharika pratyaksa (percepsecond work, dealing with the conception of five-fold tion according to common usage ) following the other knowledge is Anuyogadvarasutra (c. 2nd ). Anu- philosophical traditions. yogadvara is earlier than Nandisutra because former To synthesize the first stage of five-fold does not include sense cognition in Direct knowledge knowledge with two-fold classification of pramana - as the latter does. It is believed that Anuyogadvara and pratyaksa and paroksa of second stage, a third stage Nandisutra are compiled by Aryaraksita and Deva- was introduced. An attempt was also made to The

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 33 correlate the Jaina concept of pratyaksa (direct change in later periods also. Similarly the scriptural knowledge ) with the concept of perception knowledge also continued to be considered as indirect (pratyaksa ) of other philosophical traditions. (paroksa ). But among the two classes of matijnana - Akalanka (c. 8th A. D.) who contributed a indriyajanya matijnana (originated from senses ) and manojanya mati-jnana (originated from mind ), the parallel system of Jaina logic based on the Agamic sense originated matijnana was considered asparoksa conception and some later Acaryas classified the from the transcendental ( paramarthika ) point of pratyaksa into two parts, i.e., sasvyavaharika view and pratyaksa from the point of view of pratyaksa (perception according to common usage ) common usage ( samvyavaharika ). The other tradiand paramarthika pratyaksa transcendental percep tions were considering sense originated matijnana as tion ). Its brief reference can be traced in Nandisatra pratyaksa. When discussions over Pramanasastra and a detailed one in Jinabhadra's Visesavasyaka ( science of valid cognition ) started, the matijnana, bhasya (c. 700 A. D.). Akalanka etc. have followed originated from mind, was further divided in different the same two-fold concept of pratyaksa. classes and got assimilated with different Pramanas. So it is clear that the conception of five-fold After Nandisutra the development of this conception knowledge is quite old but its gradual development of the five-fold knowledge is found in Visesavasyakatook place only during the c. 3rd-7th A. D. Because bhasya where not only its different classifications are Tattvarthasutra and its auto-commentary, both donot mentioned but the doubts regarding the very concept refer these two types of pratyaksa - samvyavaharika and the solutions are also discussed. This era witnesand paramarthika. By that period mati-jnana was sed intensive discussions over the relationship of considered as paroksa. The hypothesis of these two darsana and jnana as well as srutajnana and matitypes of pratyaksa - samvyavaharika and paramar- jnana. thika came into existence after c. 3rd 4th A. D. in the The development of the conception of fiveperiod of Nandisutra (c. 5th A. D. ) as the above fold knowledge continued during thec. 3rd-7th A. D. division was clearly mentioned in this text. but it got interrupted after the c. 7th A. D. and discus sions over Pramanavada ( science of valid cognition) Bhagavatisutra refers to Nandisatra and started. This is noteworthy that Pramanavada in Anuyogadvara for the details about the Jaina theory Jainism was the result of the impact of other philosoof knowledge. It concludes that this portion was phical traditions. incorporated in Bhagavati at the time of Valabhi Vacana (c. 5th A. D. ). Sthananga's classification of Jaina Concept of Pramana knowledge as pratyaksa and paroksa, also is contem- The theory of five-fold knowledge, originally porary to Tattvarthasutra (c. 4th A. D.). In the above belonged to Jainas but the case is different with the mentioned scriptures avadhijnana ( clairvoyance ), theory of Pramana. This latter conception is borromanah-paryaya-jnana (telepathy or knowledge of wed by Jainas from other philosophical traditions. others' mind ) and kevalajnana (perfect knowledge The concept of Pramana in Jaina philosophy came comprehending all the substance and their modes, into existence in c. 3rd 4th A. D. and continued to i.e., Omniscience ), all being beyond the range of our develop upto the c. 13th A. D. senses are considered as transcendental perception or Jaina Acaryas, first of all accepted the conself perception. This conception did not undergo any cept of Pramana as it was prevalent in other philoso

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34 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI phical traditions, particularly in Nyaya and Sankhya school, but in due course of time they got it associated with their concept of five-fold knowledge. Thus, whatever development of Jaina theory of Pramana is seen in Jainism, is the result of its synthesis with Palica januvada. While classifying the Pramana some new concepts came into existence. They are undoubtedly unique contributions of Jaina philosophy. For instance, Smrti (memory), Pratyabhijna (recognition) and Tarka (Induction) were for the first time considered as Pramana. We shall now see as to how the development of Pramanavada took place in Jaina agamas. Jaina agamas refer three and four types of Pramana accepted by Sankhya and Naiyayikas, respectively. Sthananga clearly mentions three types of Vyavasaya (determinate cognition), i.e., Pratyaksa (perception), Pratyika and Anugamika (inference ) whereas Bhagavati mentions four types of Vyavasaya, i.e., Pratyaksa, Anumana, Upamana (comparison) and Agama (verbal testimony). Similarly, in Sthananga four types of pramanas called Hetu are mentioned. In this way Sthananga mentions both, threefold and four-fold classification of Pramana in the form of Vyavasaya and Hetu, respectively. Anuyogadvarasutra not only clearly mentions four types of Pramana but also elaborately discusses each of them. The details about the four Pramanas given by Anuyogadvarasutra is very much similar to that of Nyaya school. As I have stated earlier, Bhagavati refers to the Anuyogadvara for more details about the Pramanas. It indicates that at the time of Valabhi council (c. 5th A. D. ) the concept of four types of Pramana had already been accepted by Jaina philosophers but when Pramanavada got synthesized with the conception of five-fold knowledge, the Upamana (comparison) had no place in it. Later, Siddhasena Divakara in his Nyayavatara and Haribhadrasuri in his Anekantajayapataka mentioned only three types of Pramanas. Umasvati (c. 3rd-4th A. D.) for the first time declared five-fold knowledge as Pramana and divided it into two classes Pratyaksa and Paroksa. Later on, Nandisutra divided Pratyaksa in two sub-classes Samvyavaharika and Paramarthika, including sensory perception into the first one andAvadhi, Manah-paryaya and Kevala into the second, respectively. The four Agamic divisions of Matijana-Avagraha (the cognition of an object as such without a further positing of the appropriate name, class, ctc.); Iha (the thought process that is undertaken with a view to specifically ascertain the general object that has been grasped by avagraha ); Avaya ( when further attentiveness to final ascertainment takes place regarding the particular feature grasped at the stage of Tha) and Dharana (the constant stream of the ascertainment, the impression left behind it and the memory made possible by this impression, all these operations or the form of matijina are called dharana) were accepted as the two classes of sensory perception. The indirect knowledge (Paroksa-jfana) enumerated the cognition originated from mind (manasajanya jina) and Verbal testimony ( Srutajnana) with a view that Inference (Anumana) etc. are the forms of Manasajanya-jnana. Thus, the attempt to synthesize the concept of Pramana with the theory of five-fold knowledge in the true sense begins from the period of Umasvati. Acarya Umasvati maintains that these five types of cognition (knowledge) are five pramanas and divides these five cognition into two Pramanas direct and indirect. Pt. Malvania has observed that the first attempt of this synthesis was made in Anuyogadvarasutra, the only text accommodating Naiyayika's four-fold division of Pramana into knowledge. But this attempt not being in accordance with the Jaina view, the later scholars tried to solve this problem and ultimately succeeded in doing so. They discussed the

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 35 concept of Pramanas on the base of five-fold (perception ), Anumana ( inference ) and Agama knowledge of Jaina Agamas. According to Nyaya- (verbal testimony ), refers to the old Sankhya System. sastra, the cognition originated from Mind (manasa. While mention of four pramanas including Upamana janya jnana ) is of two types --- Pratyaksa and (comparison ) belongs to Naiyayikas. It clearly shows Paroksa. The knowledge originated from mind which that by the end of c. 5th A. D. the concept of Pramana experiences pleasure and pain, is Direct knowledge as an independent concept was not developed in (pratyaksa) whereas the inference ( anumana ) and Jainism. The first work which elaborately deals with comparison (upamana ) are Indirect forms of know- the Pramanasastra is Siddhasena's Nyayavatara. The ledge (paroksa ). So having considered sensory-per- period of Siddhasena Divakara is fixed as c. 4th-5th ception of Matijnana as Samvyavaharika Pratyaksa A. D. Nyayavatara mentions three Agamic divisions (perception according to common usage ), cognition of Pramana, i.e., perception, inference and verbal based on intellect ( Bauddhika Jnana ) as inference testimony (Agama ). Though Siddhasena has expre( anumana ) and verbal testimony ( Srutajnana ) as ssed briefly the Jaina opinion on the Nyaya-sastra of Agama pramana. Jainas synthesized the conception Sankhya and Nyaya but he has followed mostly the of five-fold knowledge with the Pramanasastra of the old tradition, accepted by Jaina Agamas. At some other schools of Indian philosophy. In Anuyoga- places he has only revised the definitions of Pramana dvarasutra, Pratyaksa is divided in two heads, i. e., of other schools on the basis of Jaina theory of Non(1) perception originated from sense-organs (indriya- absolutism (Anekantavada ). janya ) and ( 2 ) perception originated from quasi Nyayavatara clearly follows the Agamic trasense-organs ( no-indriya ). Quasi-sense originated dition, as far as the description of Pramara is concerperception included avadhi, manah-paryaya and ned. It, no where, mentions the later developed conkevalajnana. This concept of knowledge carries the cept of Smsti ( memory), Pratyabhijna ( recognition ) same meaning as the one, conveyed by the transcen and Tarka ( indirect proof : tarka is not by itself, a dental knowledge in other philosophical traditions. source of valid knowledge, though it is valuable in The distinction between ordinary perception (Laukika suggesting hypothesis which leads indirectly to right Pratyaksa ) and Transcendental perception (Alaukika knowledge ) as Pramana. This proves that NyayaPratyaksa ) of Vaisesikas is accepted by the Jainas vatara is undoubtedly an ancient text compiled by under the name of Samvyavaharika and Paramar Siddhasena Divakara. After Nyayavatara, the literary thika Pratyaksa and was synthesized later on with their works which discuss the concept of Pramana are conception of five-fold knowledge (pancajnanavada). Pujyapada's Sarvarthasiddhi (c. 6th A. D. ) of According to Pt. Dalasukha Malvania the Digambara tradition, Siddhasenagani's commentary Agamic period (c. 5th A. D. ) has no trace of any on Tattvartha-bhasya (c. 7th A. D.) and Haribhadra's independent discussion over Pramana. Till that period Anekantajayapataka (c. 8th A. D.) of Svetambara Jainacaryas have collected the opinions of other philo- tradition. In these works there is no trace of Pramana sophical schools in their treatises. In the correspon- like Smoti etc. This concept is discussed for the first ding period a number of traditions on the types of time in the works of Akalanka ( c. 8th A. D.) and Pramana were prevalent. Jaina Agamas refer tradi- Siddharsi's commentary on Nyayavatara (c. 9th A. tions of three and four types of Pramanas. The D.) of Digambara and Svetambara traditions, respecmention of three types of Pramanas - Pratyaksa tively. The independent development of Jaina Nyaya

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36 Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI commences from the period of Akalanka, who for the first time expounded Smrti, Pratyabhijna and Tarka as independent Pramanas. The Jaina theory of Nyaya was given a new direction in the c. 8th A. D. Akalanka not only established Smrti, Pratyabhija and Tarka as independent Pramana but also revised the definitions or meanings of Perception, Inference and Agama, given by Siddhasena and Samantabhadra. In his definition of Pramana, he introduced a new term avisamvadi in place of svapara-avabhasaka. Most probably, this characteristic of changing definitions was borrowed from the Buddhist tradition. It was an especiality of Akalanka that he logically evaluated even the pre-established conceptions, hence rightly called the father of Jaina Nyaya. His works Laghiyastraya, Nyayaviniscaya, Siddhiviniscaya and Pramanasangraha are related to the Jaina Nyaya. Pramanasangraha is the Akalanka's last work in which matured Jaina Nyaya, especially Pramana-sastra, is elaborately discussed. Though in his earlier works he mentioned Smrti, Pratyabhijna and Tarka as Pramana yet as independent Pramanas, these are established only in this work. As such from the point of view of the history of Jaina Pramanasastra this is a valuable work giving new dimension to the concept of pramana. In the history of Indian logic the Jaina logicians, in the c. 8th A. D., for the first time accepted memory (Smrti), recognition ( Pratyabhijna) and induction (Tarka) as a Pramana. This is Jaina's special contribution to the field of Indian Pramanasastra. Not even a single tradition of Indian logic accepts memory (smrti) as an independent Pramana. Only Vedanta-paribhasa, a work of c. 16th A. D., mentions Smrti as Pramana. Though Naiyayikas had accepted recognition (pratyabhijna) as a kind of perception (pratyaksa pramana) yet neither they regarded it as an independent Pramana nor accepted Smrti as its cause (hetu ). Jainas maintained, in case Smrti is not Pramana, how recognition (Pratyabhija) can be accepted as Pramana because in absence of memory (Smrti). Pratyabhijita is not possible. If memory (Smrti) is not Pramana, Pratyabhijna also a combination of past memory and present perception can not be considered as Pramanna, because Pratyabhij is based on Smrti. Similarly, Jainas established Tarka as independent pramana because in the absence of Tarka Pramana, Vyapti (universal relation) is not possible and without Vyapti, inference (Anumana) is quite impossible. To solve this problem Naiyayikas accepted Samanya Laksana Pratyasatti (generic nature of individuals). Jainas accepted Tarka Pramana at the place of Naiyayika's Samanya Laksana Pratyasatti which is more extensive than that and may be called Inductive leap agamana ). Jainas maintained induction (agamana) and deduction (nigamana ) of Western Logic and introduced them in the name of Tarka and Anumana as an independent Pramana, respectively. An independent Tarka Pramana was needed because acquisition of Samanya (generality) through perception is not possible and without Samanya, Vyapti is not possible. Similarly in absence of Vyapti, Inference (anumana) is impossible. Since in Jainism, Samanya Laksana Pratyasatti is no where mentioned as a kind of perception, Jainas established Tarka as independent Pramana to solve the problem of Vyapti. As Pratyabhijna was needed for Tarka and Smrti for Pratyabhijna, Jainas accepted all these three as independent Pramana It was Akalanka (c. 8th A. D.) who for the first time referred these three types of independent Pramana in Digambara tradition. Before Akalanka, his predecessors Samantabhadra (c. 5th A. D.) and Pujyapada (c. 6th A. D.) do not make any mention of it. In Svetambara tradition, Siddhasena Divakara (c. 4th A. D. ), Jinabhadra (c. 6th A. D. ), Siddhasena Gani (c. 7th A. D.) and Haribhadra (c. 8th A. D.)

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 37 mention nothing about these three independent c. 12th A.D. It was Yasovijaya who followed the style Pramanas. In Svetambara tradition, as per my know- of Navyanyaya and for the first time composed ledge, only Siddharsi (c. 9th A. D. ), in his commen- Tarkabhasa and Nyayabindu in Navyanyaya style, in tary of Nyayavatara has mentioned the validity of the latter part of c. 17th A.D. In Digambara tradition, these three independent Pramanas. Saptabhangitarangani was written by Vimaladas Thus, in Digambara tradition from c. 8th A.D. D " following the same style. and in Svetambara tradition by the end of c. 9th A.D. Thus, we can conclude that it is only from c. memory (smrti ), recognition ( pratyabhijna) and 3rd A. D.-12th A. D. when Jaina logic made its proinduction (tarka ) were established as independent gress and opened a new vistas for its further developPramana. Earliest works on Jaina logic were in brief ment. and mainly concerned with the Jaina concept of Development of the Theory of Non-absolutism Pramana. Works on Jaina logic, composed later on (Anekantavada ) and Syadvada were a healthy review of the conceptions of Pramana Non-violence in practice, non-absolutistic prevalent in other philosophical traditions. Patra- approach in thought and conditional predication or svami's Trilaksanakadarthana was the first one to qualified assertion (Syalvada ) in speech are the refute the Hetulaksana of Dinnaga. Vidyanandi pillars upon which the splendid palace of Jainism is (c. 9th A. D.) wrote Pramanapariksa to evaluate the erected. Theory of non-absolutism (Anekantavada ) characteristics of Pramana, their divisions and sub- is the central philosophy of Jainism. So far as the divisions, prevalent in other philosophical traditions. historical development of this theory of AnekantaIn this period some more works pertaining to Jaina vada is concerned, its historical development can be logic (Pramanasastra ) had been composed but seem divided into three phases. Its first phase begins with to be destroyed. In Digambara tradition, Prabha- the preachings of Mahavira, i. e., c. 6th B. C. and is candra's Nyayakumudacandra and Prameyakamala- extended upto the composition of Umasvati's martanda are two of some prominent works Tattvarthasutra (first half of the c. 4th A. D. ). It was composed in c. 10th 11th A. D. Both of the works are the period of origination of Anekantavada. Basically, the commentaries on Akalanka's Laghiyastrayi and in the non-violent and tolerant attitude of Mahavira helSvetambara tradition, Vadidevasuri's Pramananaya- ped much in the development of the non-absolutistic tattvaloka and its commentary Syadvadaratnakara (c. principle of Anekantavada. InSutrakitanga, he clearly 11th A. D. ) are well known works on Jaina logic. opines, "one who praises one's own view-point and After that Hemcandra's Pramana-mimamsa (c. 12th discards other's view as a false-one and thus, distorts A.D.) is an important work which mainly deals with the truth will remain confined to the cycle of birth and the concept of pramana though it is incomplete. The death." development of Navya-nyaya ( Neo-logistic system) It follows that Mahavira preached the utterbegins with the entry of Gangesh Upadhyaya in the most carefulness regarding one's speech. In his field of Indian Nyaya in c. 13th A. D. But for four opinion speech should be unassaulting as well as true. centuries the Jaina logicians were unacquainted with He warned his disciple monks against making unwarthis new literary genre and continued to follow the ranted categorical assertions or negations. He instrucstyle of Vadidevasuri. Thus, the development of Jaina ted them to make only a conditional statement Logic ( Nyayasastra ) remained interrupted after (Vibhajjavaya Vagareija ). It is the Vibhajjavada

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI from which the theory of non-absolutism (Anekanta- vada. Though the theory of Vibhajjavada was comvada ) emerged. Sutrakrtanga, in its first chapter mon to both - Jainism and Buddhism but so far as records various contemporary one-sided doctrines Buddhist approach to the metaphysical doctrine is regarding the nature of soul and creation of the concerned, it was a negative one, while Mahavira's universe. Mahavira's approach to all these doctrines was a positive one. Lord Buddha maintained that is non-absolutistic or relative. In every case, whether whether it is eternalism or nihilism, none of these can it was the problem of eternalism (sasvatavada ) and be regarded as true because any one-sided approach nihilism (Ucchedavada ) about the soul or that of neither represents a right vision regarding Reality nor finiteness and infiniteness of the world or that iden- it explains our practical problems of sorrow and tity and difference of body and soul or also that of sufferings. That is why he kept mum while answering monism and pluralism, Mahavira's approach was the questions related to the metaphysics. It is due to this never absolutistc but relativistic. It was firmly negative approach that Buddha's theory of Nihilism maintained in Jaina canons that the nature of reality is came into existence later on in Buddhism. On the complex and multi-dimensional as well as confluence other hand, Mahavira's approach towards these oneof many self-contradictory attributes, so it can be sided views was positive. He tried to synthesize these approached and explained from various angles or different views on the basis of his theory of view-points. It is believed that Tirtharikara Mahavira Anekantavada. while explaining the reality uttered first sentence as The synthesis is found for the first time in tripod (tripadi ), i.e., Uppannei, Vigamei, Dhuvei Va. Bhagavatisutra, wherein, on the basis of two main Accordingly in Jainism Reality / 'Sat' is defined as divisions of Nayas - substantial standpoint (Dravyapossessing origination, decay and permanence rthika Naya ) and modal standpoint (Paryayarthika (Utpadavyayadhrauvyayuktam sat : Tattvartha, 5.29). Naya ) as well as Niscaya Naya, Vyavahara Naya and This three-fold nature of Reality is the base of the different Niksepas ( Positing) and Gateways of inJaina theory of Non-absolutism. On the one hand, the vestigations (Anuvogadvaras such as -- Substance nature of Reality is complex, i. e., a synthesis of (dravya ), space (desa ), time (kala ), mode (bhava ), opposites : identity and difference, permanence and name (nama), symbol (sthapana ), potentiality change, oneness and manyness and so on, and on the (dravya ), actuality ( bhava ) etc. He has synthesised other hand scope of our experience, knowledge and the various opposite view-points. So it is clear that in even expression is limited and relative, so we can not the first phase, i. e., before c. 3rd A. D. Vibhaljavada know the Reality as a whole from any particular angle. of Lord Mahavira was fully developed in the positive Our every knowledge about the Reality will always and synthesising theory of Anekantavada along with be partial and relative only and in that position our its subsidiary doctrines such as the doctrine of expression or statement about the Reality will be standpoint (Navavada ) etc. Thus, along with the orialways relative and not categorical (arpita narpite gination of Anekantavada, the doctrines of Naya, siddhe : Tattvartha, 5). In canonical age we have an Niksepa and Anuyogadvara came into existence. account of only this much discussion about The second phase of the development of NonAnekantavada. absolutism / Anekantavada began with Siddhasena Thus, in the first phase of its development, Divakara's Sanmatitarka (c. 4th A. D. ), continue till this theory was evolved from the theory of Vibhaija- the Haribhadra's works such as Saddarsana

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 39 samuccaya, Sastravartasamuccaya (c. 8th A. D. ) etc. Mallavadi are some what different in their names and This second phase has three main characteristics -- presentation. Though the author showed the relationfirstly, apart from the Agamic Nayas, i. e., ship between the traditional seven Nayas and his Dravyarthika (Substantial ) and Paryayarthika twelve Nayas [ See : Malvania D., Agama Yuga ka (modal ) or Niscaya ( Ideal ) and Vyavahara ( pra- Jaina Darsana, p. 312. ) though doctrine of Anuyogactical view-point ), the doctrine of Seven-fold Nayas, dvaras ( gateways of the investigation ) can be traced i.e., Naigama ( considering both the general and in some of the Agamas of later period as Bhagavati, particular properties of the thing ), Sangraha (consi- Samavayanga, Prajnapana and Anuyogadvarasutra dering general properties of an object ), Vyavahara yet the number of these gateways of investigation (considering specific properties of an object ), never remained constant. In Tattvarthasutra, it was Rjusutra ( confined only to the present mode of an only eight while in Dhavala tika of Satkhandagama object), Sabda (treating with synonyms ), Samabhi- its numbers were increased upto eighty. This doctrine rudha ( taking into cosideration only etymological of gateways of investigation is nothing but viewing, meaning of word. According to this Naya, even word understanding and explaining the nature of the things has a different meaning and Evambhuta Naya with their multiple facets or aspects and thus it can ( denoting object in its actual state of performing its also be considered as a development of Vibhajyavada natural function ) was developed. Though the Agamic and Anekantavada. Here, it is noteworthy that this Nayas remained in vogue till the Kundakunda's increase in the number of the Nayas (view-points ) or period (c. 6th A. D.). the Anuyogadvaras was well received by later Jaina thinkers because the earlier Acaryas kept the door It is to be noted that in earlieragamas such as open in this regard. Siddhasena Divakara clearly Acaranga, Sutrakstanga, Uttaradhyayana etc., this mentions in his work Sanmatitarka ( second half of concept of seven-fold view-point (Nayas ) is absent. thec. 4th A. D.) that number of view-points can be as Only in Anuyogadvarasutra and Nandisutra this much as the way of linguistic expressions. (Sanmaticoncept of seven-fold view-point is found but these tarka, 3/47) are the works of thec. 2nd-4th A.D. In Samavayanga, it is an interpolation. Secondly, in Tattvarthasutra Doctrine of Seven-fold Predication (Saptabhangi) (first half of c. 4th A. D.) the number of basic view The second main characteristic of this second points are five. The Samabhirudha and Evambhuta phase of the development of Anekantavada, is the are accepted as sub-types of Sabdanaya. Siddhasena doctrine of seven-fold predications or the seven ways Divakara ( c. 4th A. D. ) in his Sanmatitarka has of expressions (Saptabhangi ). The concept, regardaccepted six Nayas, he does not mention Naigama ing the ways of expressions, dates back to the Vedic Naya. Thus, we may conclude that the number of period. The two forms of expressions / predications - Nayas, as seven, was finalised later on but prior to the affirmation and negation, are accepted by all. These end of c. 5th A. D. Only with one exception of two depend on existence or non-existence. By negaMallavadi (c. 5th ), who mentions twelve Nayas in ting both the existence and non-existence, we have a his work 'Dvasaranayacakra', development in the third way of expression Avyaktavyata, i.e., inexpresnumber of Nayas became stagnant because of the sibility. By accepting the both a fourth way of expresdevelopment of the doctrine of Anuyogadvaras, i. e., sion was emerged, comprising both affirmation and the gateways of investigation. These twelve Nayas of negation. These four ways of expression are well

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40 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI accepted in Upanisadas and Buddhism. So far as Jain- cations Jaina acaryas put a qualifying mark before ism is concerned it is in the Bhagavatisutra where for each of the predication / statement, so that the affirthe first time these different ways of expressions mation or negation or even in-expressibility of predi(Bhangas ) are found. In Bhagavatisutra (975) while cation may not be taken as absolute. This qualifying dealing with the concept of Hell, Heaven and abode mark is the word 'Syat' (RIC), which being put of Siddhas, Lord Mahavira mentioned only three before every predication, removes the every possiways of expression, i. e., affirmation, negation and in- bility of uncertainity and indefiniteness of the prediexpressibility but while dealing with the aggregates cation and make the predication conditional as well of the different numbers of atom, he mentioned more as relative. The seven-fold conditional predications than twenty-three ways of expressions. Pt. Dalsukha are as follows: Malvania is right when he says that of course we have 1. Conditional affirmation ( PTC 3a) seven predications or Saptabhangi in Bhagavati 2. Conditional negation (RICH ) sutra, but in my humble opinion these different ways 3. Conditional inexpressibility ( RICE 37972) of expressions (Bhangas ) do not represent the doc 4. Conditional affirmation and negation retrine of seven-fold predications rather it is only a prior spectively (PITE 3a z titaa) state. Here, these ways of expressions are framed on 5. Conditional affirmation and inexpressibilthe number of atoms in aggregates. Secondly, this ity ( RT 3 7 379mai a) discussion may be a later interpolation because in 6. Conditional negation and inexpressibility Tattvarthasutra and its auto-commentary, this concept ( Rua ia o 370mai 7 ) of seven-fold predication is absent. Thirdly, it is also 7. Conditional affirmation, negation and inclear that neither in Bhagavatisutra nor in the expressibility (syAt asti ca nAsti ca avaktavyaM ca) Tattvarthasutra and it's auto-commentary, the theory It is noteworthy that for Jainas inexpressiof seven-fold predication is systematically presented bility (anirvacaniyata or avyaktavyata ) does not dein its logical form, with number of predications as note absolute inexpressibility as Vedanta means. It is seven and only seven. For the first time in Siddhasena only conditional inexpressibility because simultaDivakara's Sanmatitarka, this theory of seven-fold neous affirmation and negation are not possible in our predication is logically presented. After that in Apta- linguistic expressions. mimamsa of Samantabhadra (c. 5th ), Sarvartha- The Jaina doctrines of non-absolutism, considdhi of Pujyapada (c. 6th ), Pancastikaya ( 14 ) and ditional predication and view-points yielded good Pravacanasara ( 2/23 ) of Kundakunda (c. 6th A. D.) results particularly in that age of philosophical dispuand some other later works of this period this doctrine tation as well as religious and social conflicts. of seven-fold conditional predication has been discu- Though the Jaina thinkers made optical estimation of ssed in detail. In general, there are only three types of the philosophical assumptions of other schools of our linguistic expression - affirmation, negation and thought yet they paid proper respect to them and acceinexpressibility. On the basis of these three funda- pted their Truth value on the basis of different Nayas. mental ways of linguistic expressions and their com- In this regard the views of Siddhasena Divakara and binations mathematically only seven predications are Haribhadra are commendable. Siddhasena tried to possible neither more nor less. In order to show the establish the truth value of other schools of thought conditionality or relativity of these seven-fold predi- on different view-points. He said Sankhya school is

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion true from substantial view-point, while Buddhist view is true from the view-point which is confined to only present mode of an object (Rjusutra Naya ). He further remarks that all schools of thought are true when they are understood from their own standpoint and so far as they do not reject the truth- value of others. A non-absolutist does not divide them into the category of true and false. The same spirit is also followed by Haribhadra in his works such as Sastravartasamuccaya and Saddarsana- samuccaya. It is only Haribhadra, who in his Sad- darsanasamuccaya, presented all the six schools of thought in their true spirit and without condemning them. No other work in the history of Indian philo- sophy has been written till date in such a noble spirit. In this period, Jaina acaryas tried to syn-thesize the different conflicting views and thus tried to establish harmony and peace in the society. Historical Development of Jaina Metaphysics Astikaya The doctrine of pancastikaya which refers to the five constituents of the universe is regarded as the most original theory of Jainism. There is, of course, no mention of pancastikaya in Acaranga, but it is found in the Parsva chapter of Rsibhasita (c. 4th B. C. ). This shows that this concept belongs to the tradition of Parava (c. 8th B. C.). In the tradition of Mahavira, however, we find its first reference in Bhagavatisutra (aboutc. Ist B. C.). In Jaina philosophy the word astikaya means the substance which exists ( asti ) with an extension in the space, i.e., constituent component ( kaya ). In Jaina philosophy jiva, dharma, adharma, akasa and pudgala -- these five are regarded as astikayas from the very ancient times, and there is no change in this concept, even today. They can be translated as the living beings (jiva ), Space (akasa ), Medium of motion and rest (dharma-adharma taken together ) and Matter (pudgala ). Among these five astikayas, three of them - dharma, adharma and akasa are thought of as unitary and remaining two - jiva and pudgala as infinite in number. From the c. 3rd-10th A. D. there is no major change in the concept execpt that, with the development of the concept of saddravya (the six-fold theory of substance ), time (kala ) was also accepted as an unextended substance (anastikaya ). The debate whether time can be regarded as an independent substance or not begins with the c. 3rd 4th A. D. or even before the composition of Tattvarthasutra; and the difference of opinion in this regard continues upto the time of Visesavasyakabhasya (c. 7th A. D. ). Some of the Jaina philosophers regarded time as an independent substance while the others did not. But subsequently Digambara and Svetambara both the traditions synthesized the concept of astikaya and dravya and both of them agreed to accept time asanastikaya, i.e., an independent unextended substance. The idea of Pancastikaya is, distinctly, an original concept of the Jainas. We do not find it in any other ancient philosophical system, except that in the ancient times astikaya has a broad and general meaning, denoting anything that exists ( asti ); but in due course of time there developed a distinction between astikaya and anastikaya and the former was taken to be an extended substance in space. Technically speaking astikaya is a multi-spatial substance (bahupradesi-dravya ), i.e., a substance which is extended in space. Pancastikaya The Jaina concept of Saddravya ( theory of six substances ) has developed from this very idea of pancastikaya by adding time as an independent substance in the earlier concept of pascastikaya. The concept of Saddravya came into existence during the c. 1st-2nd A. D. Thus the concept of pancastikaya is definitely a very old concept because we find its reference in the Parsva chapter of Isibhasiyaim, one Jain Education Interational

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI of the oldest scriptures. Till the period of Acaranga move his hands. Thus, the concept of dharma and and the first Srutaskandha of Sutrakitanga we donot adharma as the respective medium of motion and rest, find any reference to this concept so far as the seems to be a later concept. This idea has arrived by Mahavira's tradition is concerned. Thus, we can say the time of the composition of Tattvarthasutra ( i.e. in that the concept basically belongs to Parsva tradition. the second half of the c. 3rd or first half of the When the followers of Parsva were included in the c. fourth ). The allusions made in Bhagavati and other Mahavira's order, their concept of pancastikaya, along scriptures clearly show that the meanings of with some other concepts, was also accepted in the dharmastikaya and adharmastikaya in those days Mahavira's tradition. Bhagavatisutra for the first time were identical to the meaning of the terms dharma mentions that the world is made of dharma, adharma, and adharma as pious and sinful respectively. Thus, akasa, jiva and pudgala. Isibhasiyaim only refers to the concept of dharma andadharma as the medium of the five astikayas but has not mentioned their names. motion and rest, respectively, seems to be a latter Even, if the names were decided, we find no descri- concept, but this idea has arrived by the time of the ption as to their exact nature and function. Further, composition of Tattvarthasutra (i.e., c. 3rd A.D.). In the meaning that we understand of the pancastikaya, Uttaradhyayana, chapter 28th also dharma and today, is gradually ascribed to them in due course of adharma are mentioned as the medium of motion and time. We find atleast two references in the Bhagavati- rest respectively, but according to scholars this sutra which clarify that the dharma-astikaya and the chapter is a later addition of thec. Ist or 2nd A. D. adharma-astikaya at that time did not mean media of Seven Categories motion and rest, respectively. In the 20th sataka of In Sutrakstanga (2 / 5-765-782 ) we find two Bhagavatisutra, it is mentioned that abstinence from categories of being (asti ) and not-being (nasti ). The the eighteen places of sin and observance of the five elements which are classified under being category vigilances (samitis ) alongwith three controls (guptis ) are - loka (universe ), aloka ( space beyond is dharmastikaya, while indulging in the eighteen universe ) jiva ( the living-being ), dharma, adharma, places of sin and not following the five vigilances bandha, moksa, punya, papa, asrava, samvara, (samitis ) and the three controls (guptis ) is, called vedana, nirjara, kriya, akriya, krodha, mana, lobha, adharmastikaya. In the 16th sataka of Bhagavati prema, dvesa, caturanta, samsara, deva, devi, siddhi, sitra, the question is raised whether a deity (deva ) asiddhi, siddhanijasthana, aadhu, asadhu and kalyana. standing at the end of the universe (unoccupied space) can move his hands outside the universe ( aloka ) ? This detailed list is abridged in the second The answer given to this question is not only negative part ( srutaskandha ) of Sutrakrtanga. Here we find but is also explanatory. It says that as the movement the mention of jiva-ajiva, punya-papa, asravaof Jiva and Ajiva is possible only through matter samvara, vedana-nirjara, kriya-adhikarana, bandha (pudgala ) and as there is complete absence ofjivas and moksa. It is an earlier stage, as Pt. Dalsukha and the pudgalas in the aloka, the movement of the Malvania observes, the concept of nine-fold elements hands of the diety is impossible there. If dharma- is developed from this very list after deleting vedana, dravya was considered as a medium of motion, at that kriya and adhikarana from it. This is alluded, in time the answer would have been in different way, Samavayanga and Uttaradhyayana, approximately c. i.e., due to the absence of dharma-dravya he can not 2nd or 3rd A. D. Out of these nine-fold elements

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion Umasvati presents, the concept of seven elements (tattvas) including punya and papa underasrava, in the c. 3rd-4th. We find discussions of the seven-fold or nine-fold categories (tattva ) in the later composed scriptures of both the Svetambara and the Digambara traditions. This shows that the concept of seven categories (tattva) has also its origin in Sutrakrtanga and has taken final shape in due course of time and got finalised in c. 3rd or 4th A. D. During the c. 7th10th A.D. these ideas had properly conceptualised as it is described in details with their various classes and sub-classes. We find that at the root of the formulation of the concepts of seven or nine-fold categories, six-fold substances and the six-fold jivanikaya, is the basic idea of Pancastikaya. The Jaina thinkers, of course, have developed the concept of six substances by synthesizing their conception of Palicastikaya and the idea of substance as it is found in the other philosophical systems. In the following pages we will try to see as to how it has worked out. Substance What is known as substance is the fundamental constituent of the universe. The sat, of the ancient Indian philosophical traditions, has taken the form of dravya (substance) later on. As a matter of fact, the philosophical traditions which regard the ultimate reality as one and unchangeable have adopted the world 'Sat' and those which consider the reality as many and changeable have used the word substance (dravya ), instead of 'sat. In the systems of Indian thought like Nyaya and Vaisesika etc. the use of the word substance (dravya ) or padartha remains in vogue. So far as the Jaina philosophy is concerned though we find the term dravya in Acaranga yet the word is not used in any technical sense. In Uttaradhyayana, the word 'dravya' is mentioned for the first time. That particular chapter of Uttaradhyayana, where in dravya is discussed, is reg 43 arded as relatively later, ofc. 2nd or 3rd A. D., by the scholars. There we find that not only the word dravya (substance) is used, but the mutual relation among the substance, attributes and modes are also discussed. Substance is defined as substratum of attributes (gunanam savo davvo ). In my opinion, this definition of substance, given in Uttaradhyayana, seems to be influenced by the Nyaya-Vaisesika school. Pujyapada Devanandi defined substance as an aggregate of attributes in his commentary on Tattvarthasutra, known as Sarvarthasiddhi (c. 5th or 6th A. D.). This definition seems to be influenced by the Buddhist Skandhavada. In favour of this view Pujyapada has quoted 'gunnanam samuo davvo' from the scriptures. This shows that this concept should have been prior to the c. 6th. Both the definition of substance as 'substratum of attributes' and 'aggregate of attributes' should have been in my opinion, prevalent before the c. 3rd. By synthesizing these two views through Jaina theory of Anekantavada (non-absolutism) the substance is defined for the first time, as that which possesses attributes and modes in Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra. Six-substances (Saddravya ) We have already stated that the concept of saddravya (six substances) has been developed from the idea of pancastikaya. By adding 'time' as an independent substance in pancastikaya, the concept of six substances (saddravya ) is formulated. Though from c. 2nd-7th A. D., 'Time' was always a matter of discussion whether it is an independent substance or not (as it is indicated in several works from Tattvarthasutra to Vilesaavasyakabhasya ), yet finally it was accepted as an independent substance. It was c. 7th A. D. when both the Svetambara and Digambara traditions agreed to accept the idea of saddravya and no change occurred in the theory afterwards. The six substances are now classified into the following three main divisions --astikaya-anastikaya, jiva ( living ),

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI ajiva ( non-living ) and murta-amurta. In the first jivastikaya, one of the kayas in pancastikaya. The six classification - dharma, adharma, akasa, jiva and kinds ofjivastikaya are -- earth (prthvikaya ), water pudgala - these five are regarded as astikaya and (apkaya ), air (vayukaya ), fire ( tejas-kaya ), 'Time' as anastikaya ( unextended substance ). In the vegitation ( vanaspatikaya ) and mobile beings second classification dharma, adharma, akasa, pud- (trasakaya ). The use of the word kaya (body) for gala and kala are regarded as Ajiva ( Non-living earth etc. is found since remote past. In Palitripitaka beings ) and the Jiva is considered as living being. In Ajitakesa-kambali, calls prthvi, ap, tejas and vayu - the last classification jiva, dharma, adharma, akasa the four bhutas as kaya but Pakudhakaccayana adds and kala are regarded as amurta (abstract) and three more to the list, i.e., happiness ( sukha ), pudgala ( matter ) as murta (concrete ). We have sufferings (duhkha) and the living being (jiva ) and already stated that the development of the concept of make them seven in number. The Jainas position is a substance in the Jaina philosophy is almost influen- little different. First they regard the five - jiva, ced by the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy. Jainacaryas dharma, adharma, akasa and pudgala as kaya have synthesised the Vaisesika idea of substance with (astikaya ) and then include prthvi, ap, tejas, vayu, their own concept of pancastikaya. As such while in vanaspati and trasa , six in all, under jivanikaya. Thus, Vaisesika there are nine substances, the Jainas, by there are two concepts -- pancastikaya and sadjivaadding time to pancastikaya have made them six in nikaya and both of them have been prevalent in all. Jiva, akasa and kala remained common in both. Jainism in thec. 4th-3rd B. C. in their crude form, but Pithvi, ap, tejas and marut - the four, out of the five were developed and systematised in c. 3rd-5th A. D. mahabhutas which are regarded as substances in the Distinct references of sadjivanikaya are avaiVasesika are not recognised by the Jainas as indepen lable in the first chapter of Acaranga and in Sutradent substances. They are only considered as varie krtanga also. It is accepted by all the scholars that all ties of jiva-dravya. The Jainas have also not accepted these scriptures are of the c. 4th B. C. and are conte'dik' and 'mana' as independent substances, instead mporary to the older part of Pali Tripitaka and earlier they have included three others - dharma, adharma Upanisadas. It is likely that these concepts might and pudgala in their scheme of substances. It may have belonged to Mahavira. also be noted that while the other traditions have treated prthvi, ap, vayu and agni as jada (non The concept of pancastikaya basically belongs living ), the Jainas regard them as living. Thus, the to the Parsva tradition. It is recoginsed in the tradition Jaina concept of six substances (saddravya ) seems to of the Mahavira also while interpreting the world. be quite original. We can only find its partial simi- There is a reference in the Bhagavati sutra to the effect larity with other traditions. The main reason behind that Mahavira has accepted the Parsva ideas that the this is that the Jainas have developed their idea of six universe is made of Pascastikaya. substances ( saddravya ) on the line of their own I do not agree with Pt. Malvania's opinion that theory of pancastikaya. the concept of pancastikaya is a later developed Sadjivanikaya concept. It is true, of course, that in the earlier works Along with pancastikaya, we also find the of Mahavira's tradition there is mention of only sadconcept of sadjivanikaya ( six-fold living beings ) in jivanikaya and not of pancastikaya. But when the Jaina canons. This concept has developed from Parsva tradition merged with that of the Mahavira,

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 45 the philosophical ideas of the former also got their which they transmigrate from one Yoni to another and way in the latter. As such, the idea of pancastikaya the manner in which they take their food etc. A type was basically of Parsva tradition, so it could find its of jivas are called anasyuta there. From this, we can place in Bhagavatisutra after its merging in conclude that the idea of anantakaya ( infinite jiva in Mahavira's tradition. one body ) and pratyekakaya (Onejiva in one body) The Jainas regard, not only vegetation and came into existence in c. 3rd 4th. The decision as to other living beings but even earth, water, fire and air which of the creatures (jivas ) are to be included in too, as living beings. This is a very typical Jaina con- the two, three or the four sensedjiva, respectively is pt. In the other systems, such as Nyava-Vaisesika also finalised afterwards. In Bhagavati, it takes the se four elements are considered as maha - form of jiva-ajiva division, however, the concept has bhutas and as such jada (unconscious, inanimate ). fully developed by the time of Prajapana because Among the mahabhutas, akasa (space) is the only there we have detailed discussions on indriya, ahara, element, regarded as non-living (ajiva ) in both the paryapti etc. traditions (Jainism as well as Nyaya-Vaisesika ). After the c. 3rd an important change occurred That is why akasa is included in pancastikaya but has in the classification of mobile and immobile being no place in sadjivanikaya in which only the other (trasa and sthavara ). Right from Acaranga to four, viz., earth, water, fire and air are included. The Tattvarthasutra, earth, water and vegetation are Jaina thinkers accept not only the life as dependent on regarded as immobile (sthavara ) and fire, air and the earth, water and the like but also as living too. That is two, three, four and five-sensed living creatures as why the abstinence from violence towards earth, mobile (trasa). The last chapter of Uttaradhvavana. water, air, fire and vegetation is so prominently pres- Kundakunda's Pancastikayasara and Umasvati's cribed in the Jaina Sadhana, parti-cularly for the Tattvarthasutra confirm it. Afterwards not only earth, Muni's. The subtleness and the extre-me that we find water and vegetation but all the one-sensed beings are in the observance of non-violence (Ahimsa ) in the regarded as immobile. However, due to the moveJainism have their roots in the idea of sadjivanikaya. ment seen in fire and air it becomes difficult to regard If we regard earth etc. under the category of the living them as immobile. The root cause of the problem was beings, it is but natural to abstain from their violence. that in those days the two or more sensed beings were The conception ofsadjivanikaya in Jainism is called trasa, hence it was thought that other than two the oldest one. It is accepted as such from its origin to or more sensed beings all the one sensed beings are date. It is difficult to say that it has undergone any considered as sthavara ( immobile ). This shows the fundamental change between c. 3rd-10th except that change which had taken place in the c. 5th-6th in the some important issues regarding their classification trasa-sthavara classification, approximately. After have been raised and some detailed informations that in both the Svetambara and Digambara sects, the about their body, their way of taking food, their concept of pancasthavara has found firm footings. It language, their classes, sub-classes etc. are depicted is noteworthy here that when air and fire are regarded in Prajnapana and Jivajivabhigama. According to Pt. as trasa, there is the use of the term udara (urala ) for Malvania there is a description in the second chapter trasa. In the beginning the criterion of classification of Sutrakitanga, known as Aharaparijna, regarding of trasa-sthavara is made from the point of view of the yonis in which jivas take the birth and the way in moveability of things, and as air and fire are

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI moveable in nature they are thought of as trasa. The Jivasthana, Marganasthana, Gunasthana have also moveable nature of vayu is so apparent that it is developed. Wherever these topics have been discuscalled trasa, first of all out of five one sensed beings. sed in the Arga-Agamas such as Bhagavati etc. the By minute observations, it is seen that fire too has a reference has been made to Anga-bahya Agamas tendency of gradual expansion through fuel so it is (External authorities such as Prajnapana etc. It also included into trasa (mobile). But the move-ment confirms that these theories are developed after the of water is regarded as possible only due to the low c. 2nd. First they are discussed in the Anga-bahya level of the earth so movement is not its own nature. Agamas and afterwards at the time of Valabhi-vacana Therefore, water, like the vegetation is also taken as they are included in Arga-agamas with the note that sthavara ( immobile ). As the movement in air and for detailed discussions relevant Ariga-bahya scripfire is inherent so these two are considered as trasa tures are to be seen. and other as stha varas. Further when the two or more Jaina Theory of Gunasthana and its Developement sensed jivas are recognised as immobile (sthavara) The doctrine of fourteen stages of spiritual the problem of reconciling this view with agamic development (Gunasthana ) is one of the most popustatements arose. In the Svetambara schools this lar theories of Jainism. Except Samavayanga, none of reconciliation is marked as the basis of the distin- the canonical work refers to this theory. Scholars are ction of labdhi and gati. From the standpoint of the of the strong opinion that the reference relating to labdhi, air and fire are viewed as immobile (sthavara ) Gunasthana found in Samavayanga is an interpolabut viewed from the angle of movement (gati ) they tion incorporated at the time of second Valabhi remain mobile (trasa ). In the Dhavala commentary Council (c. 5th A. D. ). The Niryuktis are also silent of Digambara tradition (c. 10th ) the problem is about this theory, except the present edition of solved differently. It is said that the basis of calling Avasakaniryukti wherein, two gathas mention the air and fire as sthavara, is not their movement but names of these fourteen Gunasthanas. This is remarktheir Nama-karma origin. Jayasenacarya, the comm able that till the time of Haribhadra's commentary on entator of pancastikaya of Kundakunda, solves the Avasyaka Niryukti, these two gathas were not problem by making a distinction between niscaya- tinction between niscaya- accepted as Nirvukti pathas as in his con accepted as Niryukti gathas as in his commentary, he naya and vyavahara-naya. According to him, the has clearly mentioned that these gathas has been earth, water and vegetation are included into panca quoted by him from the Sangrahani-sutra. sthavara because of their Nama-karma origin, but air It seems that till the c. 4th A. D. the concept and fire classification under pancasthavars are only of these fourteen stages of spiritual development has from the practical point of view ( vyavahara ). From not come into existence. Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra niscayanaya they are trasa as they actually appear to throwing light on almost every aspect of Jaina philobe mobile. All these excercises really are worthwhile sophy and religion including various stages of attempts to reconcile the differences, cropped of spiritual development does not mention the fourteen during respective contentions of the ancient and the Gunasthanas as such. The same is the case with its later scriptures. auto-commentary. Though in the ninth chapter of the So far as the question of different classifica- Tattvarthasutra the author has mentioned four, seven tions of jivas are concerned they are crystalised and ten stages of spiritual development, yet he does during the c. 3rd-10th. In that period the concepts of not make any mention of these fourteen stages in it.

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion Thus, we may conclude that the theory of the fourteen false attitudes like the taste of curd mixed with sugar, stages of spiritual development was not prevalent at which is neither sweet nor sour. This is the stage of the time of compilation of Tattvarthasutra, otherwise, doubt. In this stage soul accepts neither the perverse Umasvati would have mentioned it. attitude nor the right one. It remains in dilemma. These evidences show that the theory of 4. The fourth stage is aviratasamyagdrsti, a fourteen Gunasthanas came into existence after stage of right attitude without right conduct. Though Tattvarthasutra, i.e., c. 4th A. D. For the first time, in this scheme of Gunasthana it is considered to be this theory was introduced along with all its details, in the fourth stage, but in reality it is the first stage in the Puspadanta and Bhutabali's Satkhandagama (c. 5th upward journey of the soul towards its spiritual A. D.). After that it is discussed in Pujyapada's heights. It is the stage in which the soul gets the glimSarvarthasiddhi ( c. 6th A. D.) and Tattvartha- pse of truth for the first time. At this stage the self bhasya-tika of Siddhsenagani (c. 7th-8th ) in detail, knows right as a right and wrong as a wrong but due however, its pre-concept in the form of ten stages was to the lack of spiritual strength, inspite of the knowalready present in Acaranganiryukti ( 22-23 ) and ledge and the will, he cannot abstain himself from the Tattvarthasutra ( 9/47 ). From these ten stages of wrong path of immorality. spiritual development the theory of fourteen Guna 5. The fifth stage is known as desavirata sthana was conceptualised in c. 5th A. D. samyagdrsti. This is the stage of right attitude with These fourteen stages are as follows: partial observance and partial non-observance of 1. The first stage is called mithyadrsti, i.e., moral code. A house-holder, who possesses right perversity of attitude. It is the lowest stage from vision and observes five anuvratas, three gunavratas where the spiritual journey of soul starts. It is consi- and four siksavratas, comes in this category. In this dered as a stage of spiritual development only be- stage one knows what is right and also tries to praccause in this very state the efforts for the attainment tise it, but one cannot have full control over one's of the right vision are made. The process of granthi- passions. At this stage there is only partial expression bheda occurs at the end of this stage. At this stage the of the energy of self-control. After attaining the soul, is in the grip of extreme passions ( ananta- fourth stage, if one develops spiritual strength and has nubhandhi kasaya ). control over the second set of four passions, i.e. 2. The second stage is known as sasvadana- apratyakhyani-kasaya-catuska, one is able to attain samyagdrsti, i.e., to have a momentary taste of the this stage. right vision. This is an intermediate stage and it 6. In spiritual journey of the soul, the sixth occurs when soul falls from the right attitude towards stage is called pramatta-samyata-gunasthana. It is the false attitude. This stage is called sasvadana the stage in which the self observes right conduct samyagdrsti because in this stage soul has a taste of fully. He observes five mahavratas and other rules of right attitude or right version just as a person after moral conduct of a monk, yet he has an attachment eating delicious dishes vomits and has a taste of those towards his body and due to this attachement the dishes in that state of vomiting. spiritual inertia is still there. This is the stage of self3. The third stage is technically known as control with spiritual inertia. At the end of this stage samyag-mithyadrsti. It is mixed stage of the right and the aspirant tries to subside or annihilate the third set

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI of four passions and spiritual inertia and climbs the 9. The ninth stage is named as anivittikarana, seventh ladder. because the process of anivittikarana operates in this 7. The seventh stage is the stage of self- stage. It is also known as badara-sampardya gunacontrol and self awareness alongwith freedom from sthana, because in this stage there is occasional possispiritual inertia, which is technically known as bility of the soul being effected by gross passions apramatta-samyata-gunasthana. At this stage the self (badara-samparaya ), although it has a power of conhas full control over his passions and observes the trol over them. At this stage, out of nine sub-passions, moral code without any negligence. This stage can be three types of sexual instinct subside and only six d by overcoming the nine types of pramadas or instincts and subtle greed remain, but due to the unawareness and the three sets of four types of presence of sub-passions and subtle greed, a fear of passions. From this stage there are two ways open for attack by gross passions remain. At the end of this the upward spiritual journey of the soul. They are stage struggle for spiritual progress comes to an end technically known as upasama-sreni and ksapaka- and the soul climbs the tenth ladder. sreni. Upasama-sreni is the path of suppression or 10. This stage is named as suksmasamparayasubsidence while the Kasapaka-sreni is the path of gunasthana, because at this stage only the subtle form annihilation. The person, who climbs the ladder of of greed remains. This greed can be interpreted as the spiritual progress by suppressing his passions, is subconscious attachment of the soul with the body. bound to fall from spiritual heights but the person When this subtle attachment alongwith remaining who climbs up the ladder of spiritual heights through sub-passions is subsided or annihilated, the soul the annihilation of his passions ultimately attains ascends to the next stage. The soul, who has made his nirvana or emancipation. spiritual progress through the ladder of subsidence 8. The eighth stage of spiritual development (upasama-sreni) ascends to the eleventh gunasthana is called apurvakarana. In this stage self attains a and the soul, which take up the ladder of annihilation and special purification and spiritual strength, and thus (ksapaka-sreni ), climbs directly to the twelfth stage. becomes capable of reducing the duration and the 11. This stage is known as upasantamohaniyaintensity of the previously bonded karmas. At this gunasthana; because in this stage deluding karma stage soul performs the four processes of the karma - remains in the subsided form. It is the highest stage sthitighata ( destruction of the duration of karmas ), for those who ascend through the ladder of subsirasaghata ( destruction of the intensity of karmas ), dence or suppression. But ultimately the suppressed guna-sarikramana transformation of the quality of passions arise and disturb the tranquility of mind. The karmic matter ) and apurva-sthitibandha ( bondage soul invariably descends from this stage either to the of an unprecedented kind of duration ). This total sixth, fifth or fourth or even first stage. This is process is technically known as apurva-karana. In noteworthy that Jainism does not advocate the this stage the soul for the first time experiences the process of suppression of the passions for the spiritual spiritual bliss and tranquility and emotional disturb- progress. This view of Jainism is further supported by ances do not effect it much. At this stage the three sets the modern psychologists such as Freud etc. of four passions alongwith anger and pride of the 12. The twelfth stage in the spiritual developfourth set disappear, only subtle deceit and greed ment of the soul is called ksinamoha-gunasthana. In alongwith nine sub-passions (instincts ) remain. this stage deluding karma, which is the main obstruc

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion tion in the spiritual progress, is completely destroyed. At the end of this stage the rest three ghati-karma, jaanavarana, darsanavarapa and antaraya are also destroyed and the soul ascends to the thirteenth stage. 13. This stage is known as sayogi-kevaligunasthana. In this stage soul attains the four infinites, i.e., infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss, infinite power and thus becomes omniscient. It is the highest stage of spiritual development. It is the stage of jivana-mukti of other systems of Indian philosophy. Only due to the existence of four non-destructive karmas, i.e., ayu (age), nama, gotra and vedaniya, soul remains in the body till the span of age determining karma is not exhausted. 14. This stage is named as ayogikevali-gunasthana, because in this stage the omniscient soul controls its activities of mind, body and speech and thus prepares itself for the final emancipation. In this stage the remaining four non-destructive karmas are destroyed and the soul, after leaving the body, proceeds for its heavenly abode at the top of the universe and lives their for time-infinite. Three Stages of Spiritual Quest There are two classifications of spiritual quest in Jainism - Theory of fourteen gunasthanas already discussed and the theory of three stages of spiritual developments. This second classification is based on Upanisadic classification of the soul. The Upanisadas have two, three and four-fold classification of the soul. In two-fold classification, the soul is of two kinds antahprajnana and bahisprajnana (Mandukyopanisad, 7) and in four-fold classification, four stages of the soul, are: (i) sleeping state, (ii) dreaming state, (iii) awakened state and (iv) transcendental state (Mandukyopanisad, 2/12). Similarly, in Jainism spiritual quest has been summarised in three stages (i) the extrovert self (bahiratma), (ii) the introvert self (antaratma) and 49 (iii) transcendental self (paramatma ). It is clear that in Jainism these three stages of spiritual quest are a later developed concept, because neither the canonical works nor the earlier works of Jaina philosophy of Umasvati, Siddhasena Divakara etc. refer it. In Digamabara tradition, for the first time we have a mention of these classification in Acarya Kundakunda's Moksaprabhrta (4) then in the Pujyapada's Samadhitantra (4), Svamikumara's Kartikeyanupreksa (192) and Yogindu's Paramatmaprakasa (13). In Svetambara tradition, Haribhadra has mentioned these three states of spiritual quest in his work: These three stages are as under: 1. The extrovert self (bahiratma): Possesses perverse attitude hence consequently does not discriminates soul from body, regards the external thing as mine and takes keen interest in the worldly enjoyment. 2. The introvert self (antaratma): The self, which possessess the right attitude and therefore, clearly distinguishes the soul from the body and the other external belongings is called an introvert self. It does not take interest in the worldly enjoyments, but meditates on one's own real nature and regards external belongings as alien to it. This has been further subdivided into three states (i) lower, (ii) middle and (iii) higher. The soul belonging to fourth stage of gunasthana is called lower introvert self. The soul belonging to the fifth or the sixth stage of gunasthana is called middle introvert self and the soul belonging to the seventh to twelfth gunasthana is called higher introvert self. 3. The transcendental self (paramatma): The self, completely free from all sorts of impurities and passions such as aversion, attachment, pride, anger, deceit, greed, sexual desire and other sub-passions. According to Jaina tradition this type of self possesses four infinities, i.e., infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinte power. There are

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50 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI two categories of transcendental Self-(i) Arhatas caritra ), (three jewels of Jainism ) which are equally and (ii) Siddhas. recognised and well received in both of the sects of Three-fold Path of Liberation Jainism - Svetambara and Digamabara alongwith their sub-sects. The Jaina theory of bondage and liberation of the soul is unique in Indian philosophy. Jainism holds Inc. 4th-5th the meaning of the constituents that jiva is bound by its own karmas. With every of this three-fold path was reinterpreted. For example activity mental or physical and, however, subtle that the term darsana used in Acaranga, connoting the may be, the karma particles veils the soul and this is meaning as 'to see' or 'to observe' got its new interprethe bondage of the jiva. Thus, the cause of the tation in Uttaradhyayana as 'to believe' or 'to have bondage of the jiva is its own passionate activity of faith' in categories ( tattvas ), Tattvarthasutra also mind, body and speech. As the cause of the bondage supports this meaning. Later on, this meaning of is the union of karma-matter with the soul, the libera samyak-darsana was replaced by the meaning as to tion means the separation or complete annihilation of have faith in Arhanta as a 'Deva', i.e., the object of these karma -particles, Jainism prescribes three-fold worship, Nirgrantha as a teacher ( guru ) and religion path for attainment of liberation. This three-fold as non-violence or being benevolent to others. This concept witnessed gradual changes in it between meaning is still in vouge. c. 3rd-10th A. D. Acaranga for the first time in its 6th Similarly, the meaning of samyak-jnana or chapter, mentions triyama, but as this term is used right knowledge also got some new interpretation. In there vaguely, it is quite difficult to derive any definite the earlier times Jaina thinkers held that the right meaning from it. That is why the commentators knowledge consists in knowing the things in its real explained it in different ways. Some explained it as nature alongwith its infinite facets. This right knowthree yamas, i.e., non-violence, truth and non- ledge is classified into five types in earlier Agamas possession, while some took it as Right knowledge, as - ( i ) Matijnana -- the knowledge obtained Right faith and Right conduct. In my opinion, this through five senses and the mind. It includes both term connotes the meaning of non-violence (nikhitta- sense perception as well as rational and inferential danda ), reasonableness (prajna) and composure or knowledge, (ii) Srutajnana- the knowledge acquired equanimity of mind. Apart from this three-fold con- through language or through symbols and expresscept we find mention of four-fold path of liberation in ions or scriptural knowledge, (iii) Avadhijnana -- Uttaradhyayana and Kundakunda's Pancastikaya. extra-sensory perception akin to clairvoyance, (iv) This four-fold path includes - Right attitude, Right Manahparyayajnana - reading the thought-waves of knowledge. Right conduct and Right penance. In others mind and (v) Kevalajnana - perfect knowSamavayanga and Sthananga, we find different out- ledge. The detailed description about the developlook as the both of the works mention two-fold, three- ment of these types of knowledge has already been fold, four-fold and five-fold path of liberation. Thus, discussed in the present article under the heading of till the canonical age the number of constituents of 'Jaina Theory of Knowledge'. the path of liberation was not fixed. For the first time Later on, Right knowledge was considered as in the Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra it was fixed as the knowledge of the seven categories (tattvas ), i.e., three-right knowledge (samyak-jnana ), right faith jiva ( living subtance), ajiva (non-living substance), (samyak-darsana ) and right conduct ( samyak asrava ( influx of karmic matter), samvara ( stoppage

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion of the influx of the karmic matter), nirjara (stoppage of the accumulated karmic matter) and Moksa (complete annihilation of the karma and to remain in one's pure nature). But after thec. 3rd A. D. the meaning of right knowledge changed and it was held that right knowledge consisted in the discrimination between the self and not-self. The right knowledge is the knowledge of the pure self but the pure self can be known only through the reference to not-self. Thus, knowing the nature of the not-self and differentiating it from the self is called the science of discrimination (bheda-vijana) and this science of discrimination constitutes the real meaning of right knowledge. Kundakunda (c. 6th A. D.) has made an exhaustive study of the science of discrimination in Samayasara (207-210). He says anger, deceit etc. are due to the power of fruition of the karmic matter, hence not the real nature of the self. The self is the pure knower. In Istopadesa (33) of Pujyapada Devanandi (c. 6th A. D.) it is mentioned that right knowledge is that in which a clear distinction between the self and not-self is made. Amrtacandra also followed the same meaning of right knowledge in his works. He says 'he who is liberated (siddha) has become so, through discrimination of self from not-self and who is in bondage, is so due to its absence (Samayasarakalasa, 132). Thus, in Jainism during c. 6th-10th A. D., the right knowledge is equated with this science of discrimination of self and not-self which as a right knowledge was well accepted in Jainism as well as in Gita, Sankhya-Yoga system and Sankara-Vedanta also. In Jainism right conduct has been described from two points of view real and practical. In the earlier agamas from real point of view right conduct is considered in which the soul is completely free from passions and perversities. It is the state of equanimity of mind. In Jainism, it is maintained that conduct is dharma, dharma is equanimity and equanimity means the state of self which is free from the 51 vectors of attachment and aversion. From practical point of view right conduct means the adoption of such rules of disciplines as prescribed by the Jinas. thinkers on the basis of its two aspects -- external and Later on, right conduct is considered by Jaina internal. These two aspects are technically called dravya and bhava respectively. In Jainism external rightness of an action is to be decided in relation with other living beings. In other words, external rightness of an action depends upon its outer social results. If an action results in the well being of others or cultivates social good from the practical or extrinsic viewpoint, it is called good or right. But the intrinsic purity or righteousness of an action depends on the intention or motive of the doer. It is purity of intention or motive and not the external result, that makes an action intrinsically good or bad. In earlier times extrinsic aspect was more important for Jainas. In Sutrakrtanga the Buddhist view is criticised on the basis that they neglect the external aspect of an action. Later on, stress was given on intrinsic aspect by Jaina themselves. It is considered that an action is wrong if it is actuated by a bad intention, may it lead to the happiness of others. But we must be aware of the fact that Jainism being an integral philosophy does not hold any one-sided view, it gives due importance to the intention as well as the consequences of an action. It adds due imporatnce to the social aspects of morality. Jainas do not believe in the dualism of thought and action. For them a right action is the proof of mental purity and the mental purity is the basis for the righteousness of an action. This outlook about the righteousness of the conduct remained unchanged in the later times also. One should be aware of the fact that the general code of conduct for an house-holder as well as for monks and nuns remained the same from the earliest time to the c. 10th but with the passage of time some changes occurred in the interpretation of such rules.

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52 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI In fact, the canonical works have mere skel- were accepted in earlier code of conduct. Secondly, ton of rules and regulations of conduct, it is only in this period is considered very important as most of the Bhasya (c. 6th A. D.) and Carnis (c. 7th A.D.). the Jaina sects emerged in this period during c. 4thJaina thinkers tried to robe this skelton. They gave not 5th A. D. This period is known as the period of only the various interpretations to the rules and regu- Schism in Jaina history. Three important Jainalations for the monks and nuns as well as for the lay Sects - Digambara, Svetambara and Yapaniya have followers, according to their time and circumstances, their origin in this period. This is also to be noted that but discussed in detail their exceptions and atone- before c. 2nd 3rd A. D., the code of conduct of Jaina ments also. In the earlier times, it was maintained that ascetics was very rigorous but from the c. 3rd 4th instead of breaking the rules prescribed for self- many exceptions-relaxations were accepted in their control, it is better to accept the Samadhimarana, but earlier code of conduct. in those centuries it was maintained that one should The distinguished feature of this age was that protect one's self by all means. A monk or a nun who by this period Jaina ascetics started living in the protected his life by accepting or resorting to the temples and mathas instead of living in outskirts of exception was not considered the guilty of breaking the cities and secluded places. Not only this but insthe rules if his mind was pure. In Oghaniryukti ( 47- tead of following the vow of non-possession, in its 48 ), it is said that for the proper following of the path true spirit, Jaina monks became the owner of these of liberaton, protection of body is essential. Thus, in temples, mathas and the properties donated to the these centuries accepting the exceptions was favoured. temples. It was only this period when tradition of So far as the developments or the changes in Caityavasa, i.e., living in the Jina temples or mathas the ethical code of conduct of monks and nuns are started. Due to the tendency of Caityavasa Jaina concerned, the period from c. 3rd-10th A. D. must be monks became liberal to some extent in their code of considered of much importance on the two grounds. conduct. They started leading luxurious life ins-tead Firstly, in the c. 4th-5th A. D. a major diversion took of rigorous one. Inspite of these drawbacks of this place in the code of conduct of Jaina monks and nuns. period one thing is very remarkable that most of the Before this said period Jaina sadhana meant self- important Jaina literature was composed as well as purification, hence exclusively individualistic, but by written in this period. It is noteworthy that in this these centuries, instead of self-purification, stress was period (c. 4th-5th A. D.) writing of the Jaina canons laid on the propagation as well as survival of Jainism as well as other works on palm-leaves was started. in the society. As a result, instead of individual, Jaina The Bhattarakas and Yatis made better efforts to preorder ( sangha ) became more important. It was main- serve the treasure trove of Jaina literature. They offertained that at any cost, the image of Jaina order (Jaina ed the medical services not only to Jaina society but society as a whole ) should not be damaged and for to the other people also. Thus, inspite of, some weakthis purpose external behaviour was considered of ness in following the religious code of conduct of much imporatnce than that of internal purification. A Jaina monks, they got favour of Jaina society at large slogan had been given that an action though pure, if due to their benevolent services to the society. against the general will, should not be followed. Not Development of the Concept of Tirthankara only this, but to maintain the dignity of Jaina sangha and Bhakti Movement in Jainism and propogation of Jaina religion various exceptions The concept of Tirtharikara is the pivot,

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion around which the whole Jaina religion revolves. In Jainism, Tirthankara is regarded as the founder of religion as well as the object of worship. Generally, the Jaina concept of Tirthankara resembles that of incarnation (avataravada) of Hinduism. Both carry the same object as they are propounders of religion but there is a fundamental difference in both of the concepts. According to Gita, the purpose behind the incarnation of God is to propound religion and to destroy the wicked while in Jainism Tirthankara is only regarded as propounder of religion, not the destroyer of wickeds. Not only this, the second fundamental difference between avatara and Tirthankara is that, in former the supreme power or God descends on earth to reincarnate himself in different forms in different ages and in this way, He is the one and only person who reincarnates himself from time to time, on the contrary, in Jainism every Tirthankara is a differ-ent person (Soul) and on account of his special personal efforts (sadhana) made in previous births, attains the supreme position. Though, it is very difficult to say that in this entire hypothesis of twenty-four Tirthankaras and twenty-four Avataras, who has taken to what extent from whom but it is fact that in the process of development of their concepts both have influenced each other. The word Tirthankara is being used from time immemorial. It mainly connotes the meaning as one who eastablishes four-fold order (caturvidha sangha). According to the old Buddhist literature, such as, Dighanikaya and Suttanipata (at the time of Buddha and Mahavira) there were flourished several persons who declared themselves as Tirthankaras. Dighanikaya mentions the Jnataputra Mahavira as one of the six Buddha's contemporaneous Tirthankaras. Though, it seems quite amazing because the first Srutaskandha of Acaranga and Sutrakrtanga, elaborately describing the life of Mahavira, do not call him as Tirthankara. It shows that these agamic texts are 53 more older than that of Dighanikaya. In the whole Jainagamic literature, the word 'Tirthankara' is used for the first time in Uttaradhyayana and in second part of Acaranga. Words like Arhat, Jina, Buddha are frequently used in excessive form in the old Agamas, the synonyms of Tirthankara. Presently, the word Tirthankara has become a specific term of Jaina tradition. Chronologically, the concept of Tirthankara came into existence betweenc. 3rd-1st B. C. So far as the fully developed concept of Tirthankara is concerned, the first complete list of Tirthankaras is found in the appendix of the Samavayanga which was incorporated at the time of Valabhi council, i.e., c. 5th A.D. Among Jaina agamas the first part of Acaranga, considered as the oldest extant Jaina text (c. 5th B. C.), mentions the ascetic life of Mahavira only. Sutrakrtanga which describes some special features of Mahavira's life only hints about Parsva's tradition. Rsibhasita mentions Parsva and Vardhamana (Mahavira) as Arhat Rsi. The second part of Acaranga, for the first time describes Mahavira as Tirthankara alongwith some details of his parents, mentioning them as Parsvapatya. Uttaradhyayana clearly mentions some of the life-incidents of Tirthankara's like Aristanemi, Pariva and Mahavira, whereas it indicates only the name of Rsabha, Santi, Kunthu and Ara. Similarly, the Namipavajja, the 9th chapter of Uttaradhyayana, elaborately describes the facts about Nami but it does not mention Nami as Tirthankara. Even in Kalpasitra, there are some details about the life of Mahavira, Parkva, Aristanemi and Rsabha out of twenty-four Tirthankaras. Remaining names of second to twenty first Tirthankaras, seem to be incorporated in the list of Tirthankaras, later on in c. 4th-5th A. D. In Digambara tradition earliest description about 24 Tirthankaras is found for the first time in Tiloyapappatti, which is supposed to be composed after c. 5th A. D. So far as iconographical

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54 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI evidences are concerned only images of the four the development of devotionalism and ceremonial Tirtharkaras - Mahavira, Parsva, Aristanemi and performances in Jainism, started fromc. 3rd 4th A. D. Rsabha -- are found during c. 3rd B. C.-1st A. D. In this period, the Hindu system of ceremonial The images of other Tirthankaras are of later period, perfomance and worship was adopted in Jainism with i.e., after c. 2nd 3rd A. D. This suggests that the minor changes. Starting from the period of Lord concept of 24 Tirtharkaras came into existence only Parsva and Mahavira upto the c. 2nd A. D., the after c. 3rd. With the development of the concept of sramanic tradition in gene-ral and Jainism in Tirthankaras the system of their worship ( Puja- particular joined hands in the development of new paddhati ) also came into prominence. spiritualistic Hinduism, through condemning all sorts Jainism emerged as an ascetic religion. Initia- of ceremonial as well as sacri-ficial performances lly, it laid more stress on austerity and meditation. In alongwith Vedic sacerdotalism, but Jainism itself the beginning all sorts of ceremonial or sacrificial started imitating blindly the Hindu rituals in c. 3rdperformances (karmakanda ) were totally absent in it. 4th, and thus a variety of ceremonial offerings came It was only a religion of self-purification. In Agamas into existence in the Jaina religious practices. This there are no traces of ceremonial performances or any blind adoption of Hindu practices occured not only in system of idol worship or religious adoration, asking Svetambara and Yapaniya tradi-tion of Northern for the grace of God. In Jaina tradition, for the first India but in the Digambara sect of South India also. time the six essential duties ( sadavasyakas ), i.e., As a result, not only the Vaisnava system of worship practice for equanimity ( Samayika ), praising twenty and ceremonies started in the Jaina temples but four Tirtharkaras (Caturvimeati stavanapaving sacrificial offerings and ladles became prevalent. carvas (vandan). atonement of blemi. Due to these influences of Hindu caste system and shed activities (pratikramana ), mortification (kayo- untouchability also paved their way in Jainism. Jaina tsarga ) and taking some vow (pratyakhyana ) were lay-devotees started wearing brahmanical sacred introduced. thread (yajnopavita ) and perforining sacrifices and sacrificial ladles. Acaraya Jinasena (c. 8th A. D.) Most probably, inc. 2nd-3rd B. C., these six had adopted all the Hindu sanctifying rites essentials ( sadavasyakas) got ordained and esta ( samskaras ), with some modifications in his work blished. Archaeological evidences emphatically show that in Jaina tradition, making of the Jaina images was started in c. 3rd 4th B.C., but no evidence Following blindly, the Hindu mantras of found about the modes of worshipping these idols, worshipping, Jaina lay devotees started invoking and particularly in ancient Agamas. For the first time, departing the Tirtharkaras in their Puja ceremonies, Rayapaseniyasutta mentions the rituals of worshipp- while according to the Jaina philosophy the Tirthaing of Jina-image. A comparative study proves that it rikaras neither come nor depart after final emancipawas only an adoption of Hindu method of worshipp- tion, as well as they may not be adored as the object of ing their dieties. Though, some of the portions of worship for the worldly attainment, as they are free Rayapaseniyasutta are undoubtedly old, but the from all types of attachment and aversion (vitaraga ). portion which deals with the art of temple building But a lay-devotee always remains in search of such a and rituals relating to the worship is still older and diety who can save him from worldly calamities and belongs to the c. 3rd 4th A. D. To me, it appears that help him in worldly attainments. For this purpose Adipurana.

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 55 Jaina acaryas accepted several Hindu godesses like images was prevalent in c. 4th B. C. The earliest Kali, Mahakali, Padmavati, Ambika, Siddhayika, etc. Jaina image, found from Lohanipur, Patna, belongs to as demi-goddesses ( Yaksis ). They accepted various Mauryan period (c. 3rd B. C.). Several Jaina images rituals and incantations for worshipping these alongwith epigraphs have been found from Mathura goddesses. Thus, in between c. 5th-8th A. D. several and remains of Jaina temples from Kankalitila. Hindu gods and godesses became part and parcel of Among those, the earliest images date from c. 2nd B. Jaina deities. The special feature of this age was that C.-2nd A. D. Many of these images are found with performing arts like Dance, Music etc., which were dated epigraphs of Kusana period, i. e., c. 1st-2nd A. strongly opposed in earlier agamas, such as Uttara- D. So far as the literary evidences are concerned, we dhyayana strongly expounds all sorts of dances as for the first time, find in Rayapaseniyasutta, the vexation and songs as lamentation, are cropped in details of temple architecture and the rituals related to Jaina system of worship, gradually. This description idol-worship. The Rayapaseniyasutta is undoubtedly of fine arts in Rayapaseniya, as a part of Jaina way of an early work, and its portion dealing with temple worship was incorporated in about the c. 5th A. D. at architecture and various performing arts, by no means, the time of Valabhi-vacana. This depicts a complete can be of later period than c. 3rd A. D., because its picture of gradual development of fine arts like various incarnations (avataras ) tally with the archaSculpture, Dance, Music, Drama etc. in Jaina tradi- eological remains of c. 1st-2nd of Kankalitila, tion. When the Tantrism and Vamamarga came in- Mathura. vogue in c. 5th-6th A. D., Jainism could not save it Though the development of various secular self from the impact of these traditions. Being ano arts and sciences was a movement, independent of ascetic and spiritual religion, Jainism was not much any religious tradition, yet it may be noted that religiaffected with Vamamarga but Tantrism and ceremo ous traditions not only contributed in their developnial performances of Hinduism definitely left their ment, but also decided the direction of development. impact on it. Jainas believe that various arts and sciences were Development of Various Arts & Architecture in developed by Lord Rsabha, the first Tirtharikara. In Jainism in Early Period Jaina canonical literature 64 arts of women and 72 Archaeological evidences emphatically show arts of men are mentioned. We have a general that in Jaina tradition the making of Jaina images reference to these arts / sciences in Satrakrtanga, strated in c. 4th-3rd B. C. Though, on the basis of Jnatadharmakatha, Antakyddasa, Samavayanga, Harappan Teracotas and seals some Jaina scholars Anuttaraupapatikadasa, Rayapaseniyasutta, opine that tradition of making Jaina images is as old Jambudvipaprajnapti, etc. Though in these canonical as the Harappan culture, yet it is very difficult to works we do not find any details about these yet on prove these teracotas and seals as of Jaina origin. the basis of these works and their commentaries Dr. Later, in the Kharvela epigraphs (c. 2nd B. C. ) it is N. L. Jain, in his book ( Scientific Contents in Praksta clearly mentioned that Nandas (c. 4th B. C.) had Canons, P. V., Varanasi, 1996 ) has presented the taken away the Jaina images from Orissa to Patna following list of various arts and sciences prevalent in which is enough to prove that the making of Jaina c. 2nd-3nd A. D.

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56 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI Different Types of Learning Arts and Sciences in Various Canons 2 3 4 5 RPAKT GDK ANU JDP 72 72 72 72 72 legal FI||||||>>>>> ||||||||| 1 **** 1 SK Number of Learnings 64 1. Terrestriology (Storms ) 2. Meterology 3. Dreamology 4. Astrology 5. Science of Limbal Movement 6. Science of notes (birds ) 7. Palmistry 8. Science of Distinctive marks in body 9. Science of Women Studies 10. Science of Men Studies 11. Science of Horses (Training & Management) 12. Science of Elephants ( Training & Management) 13. Science of Cows and Oxen 14. Science of Sheep 15. Science of Poultry 16. Science of Portridge 17. Science of Quails 18. Science of Young Quails 19. Science of Royal Wheels 20. Science of Royal Umbrella 21. Science of Royal Sceptre 22. Science of Swords 23. Gemology (Precious Stones) 24. Science of Coinage, Cowries or Special Gems 25. Science of Shieldings 26. Science of Prosperity 27. Science of Fiascos 28. Science of Natural or Acquired Conception 29. Science of Stimulation 30. Atharva-vedic Incantation 31. Science of Jugglery/Magic 32. Science of Oblation with Fire 33. Archery 34. Science of Moon 1333XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX III|||||| +3888811111*8*81||||||| >I|||>>>> >|||||||| ||||||||*****|||| | ||||||||*****||||!1138881|||||| ||||||||199931 |||||19911|||||||l | 1 ||

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 1 2 3 4 5 6 |||||||||||||| 35. Science of Sun 36. Science of Venus 37. Science of Jupiter 38. Meteorology 39. Science of Glow of Horizon 40. Science of Notes of Animals 41. Science of Notes of Special Birds 42. Prognostics of Dust-falls 43. Prognostics of Hair-falls 44. Prognostics of Meat-falls 45. Prognostics of Blood-falls 46. Science of Goblins 47. Science of Semi-goblins 48. Science of Sleeping 49. Science of Unlocking 50. Candalic Learning/Psychotherapy 51. Shabari ( Kiratana ) Language 52. Dravida ( Tamila ) Language 53. Kalingi (Oriya ) Language 54. Gauri (A specific cardiolic) Language 55. Gandhari Language 56. Science of Descending 57. Science of Ascending 58. Science of Yawning 59. Science of Sustainance 60. Science of Embracing/Clinging 61. Science of Dispeptisation 62. Science of Surgery and Medicine 63. Demonology/De-demonology 64. Science of Invisibility/Disappearance 65. Art of Writing 66. Mathematics 67. Dramatics 68. Vocal Music 69. Instrumental Music 70. Science of Musical Notes, Phonetics 71. Science of Percussion Instruments 72. Science of Orchestra ||**************************** ********|||||||||||||||| 13333333|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 133433381|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ********||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 1333333||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||

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Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI 2 3 73. Art of Gambling 74. Special type of Gambling Art of Speech 75. Art of Playing by Dice 76. Art of Playing by Special Dice 77. Art of Quick Poetics/Guarding City 78. Water Purification/Ceramics 79. Food Science/Agriculture 80. Art of Soft/Medicated Drinks 81. Textiles and Fabrication 82. Cosmetics and Perfumery 83. Science of Bed-dressing 84. Art of Composing Arya-metrics 85. Art of Riddlery Poetics 86. Magadhan Language Poetics 87. Art of Comp. Non-samskrta 32 Letter Poetics 88. Art of Comp. Gitika-meter Poetics 89. Art of Comp. Anustup-meter Poetics 90. Chemistry of Silver 91. Chemistry of Gold 92. Art of Goldsmithy 93. Women Cosmetisation 94. Building/Architectural Engineering 95. Town Planning 96. Construction of Army Barracks 97. Science of Measures 98. Astrology/Medicine/Military Science : Counter movement of Army Art 99. Military Science : Arraying of Army 100. Cyclic Arraying of Army 101. Garudic Arraying of Army 102. Wedge Arraying 103. General Fighting 104. Wrestling 105. Intense Fighting 106. Sight Fighting/Stick Fighting 107. Fist Fighting/Boxing/Pugilistic Fighting 108. Hand-to-Hand Fighting 139. Creeperlike Fighting |||||||||||||||||||||||||| <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 3333333333 133333333333333333333333 n> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > < ||||||||||| XIX<<<<<<<<

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Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion 1 2 3 4 5 110. Art of Divnie Arrows/Transformation 111. Art of Swordsmanship 112. Silver Digest ( Pak) 113. Gold Digest ( Pak ) 114. Metal Digest 115. Jewel-Gem Digest 116. Rope Tricks 117. Circular Play-tricks/Playing with Fabrics 118. Special Type of Gambling ( Nalika-khela ) 119. Art of Piercing Leaves 120. Art of Drilling Hard Earth 121. Art of Animation/Inanimation 122. Science of Omens/Omenology 123. Sc. of Dramatic Dressing/Painting 124. Science of Planet Rahu 125. Planetology 126. Town Planning 127. Army Barracking 128. Horses Training 129. Elephant Training 130. Knowledge of Special Learning 131. Science of Incarnation 132. Science of Knowing Secrets 133. Science of Direct Knowing About Objects 134. Planetory Motion/Science of Military Movements 135. Chemistry of Perfumes 136. Art of Flowering/Tasting of Foods/ Art of Wax-technique 137. Counter Arraying of Army 138. Art of Home Construction 139. Powder Technology 140. Art of Inanimation 141. Agriculture 142. Science of Architecture Total ||||||||||||||||||||||||| 11111! |||||||||||||13333333333333 ||||||||||541134431143331 PIII|||||||131 || 1834 ||||||||||*31*3*3 illisesta ||||||||||1313933311131110 || ||||113 133813 || 111331K | SI<<<< || 11:58 1 11 72 72 72 72

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60 Aspects of Jainology : Volume VI Conclusion dvaras and doctrine of Syadvada and Saptabhangi To conclude, I would like to mention here have developed gradually in due course of time. some of the specialities of early Jainism. Though Barring the concept of Saptabhangi, fourteen Gunaearly Jainism was much rigorous in its code of sthanas and six types of Pramanas, all other concepts conduct yet on the other hand it was very liberal in its of Jaina metaphysics and epistemology took their approach. The earliest Jaina canonical works, Sutra- shape before c. 2nd-3rd A. D. It is the Tattvarthakitanga and Rsibhasita not only incorporate the sutra of Umasvati and its auto-commentary (c. 3rd preachings of the various sages of Upanisadic, A.D.) in which Jaina philosophy for the first time, Buddhists and some other Sramanic traditions, but was presented in a systematic form. But it was not the call them Arhat, Rsis, as acceptable to their own last stage of the development of the Jaina philosophy, tradition. Furthermore, Sutrakrtanga, propounding since various new definitions and details about these this liberalism, says "One who praises one's own concepts were formulated even after this period views as true and condemns others view as false dis- which I would like to discuss in the second volume of torts the truth and remains confind to the cycle of this project. In developing their own philosophical birth and death." It was the non-violent, liberal and system, Jaina thinkers while on the one hand, have assimilating approach of early Jaina thinkers which accomodated various philosophical concepts of other gave birth to the non-absolutism (Anekantavada ), contemporary Indian schools, on the other hand they the fundamental principle of Jaina philosophy. On the synthesised the various contradictory theories of basis of this principle early Jaina thinkers built their Indian schools of thought in such a way that the conphilosophical structure and developed their meta- tradictions are completely dissolved in the non-abphysical and epistemological theories in which they solutistic broader perspective. It is the most important tried to reconcile beautifully the rival views of Indian contribution of early Jaina thinkers to the Indian philosophy. Whether it was the question of philosophy. metaphysical theories or the epistemological prob But in the process of adopting the thoughts lems of Philosophy, they always tried for the recon and practices of other Indian systems, particularly ciliation of the opposite conflicting views. Hinduism, caste-system, untouchability, wearing of Though, some of the basic concepts of Jaina sacred thread and various other rituals also creeped Philosophy such as Pancastikayavada, eight types of their way in Jainism. As a result spiritualistic Jainism karmagranthi and five-fold knowledge were prevalent became ritualistic. Though it was a later development even before the times of Lord Mahavira or of Lord (c. 6th-7th A. D. ) yet, it no doubt had given some Parsva, but the concepts such as three-fold nature of scratches to the ideal spiritualistic image of Jainism. reality, six substances, two-fold and seven-fold divi- It was necessary, perhaps, for the survival of Jainism sion of Nayas, four-fold Niksepas, different Anuyoga- in the middle centuries of Indian history.

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Brahmanic and Sramanic Cultures : A Comparative Study We cannot appreciate Indian culture completely without understanding its different constituents. i.e. Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. So, one thing must be clear in our mind that studies and researches in the field of Indology are not possible in isolation. In fact, Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism are so intermingled and mutually influenced that to have a proper comprehension of one, the understanding of the others is essential. However, two distinct trends have been pre dominating in Indian culture from its earliest days, known as Brahmanic and Sramanic. No doubt, these two trends are distinguishable but at the same time we must be aware of the fact they are not separable. Though on the basis of some peculiarities in theory, we can distinguish them yet in practice, it is very difficult to divaricate them because neither of the two remained uninfluenced by the other. The earlier Sramanic trends and its later phases, Jainism and Buddhism, were influenced by the Vedic tradition and vice a versa. The concept of tapas or austerity, asceticism, liberation, meditation, equanimity and non-violence, earlier absent in the Vedas, came into existence in Hinduism through Sramanic influence. The Upanisadas and the Gita evolved some new spiritual definitions of Vedic rituals. Both are the representatives of the dialogue taken place in Sramanic and Vedic traditions. The Upanisadic trend of Hinduism is not a pure form of Vedic religion. It incorporated in itself various Sarmanic tenets which gave a new dimension to Vedic religion. Thus, we can say that our Hinduism is an intermingling of Vedic and Sramanic traditions. The vioce raised by our ancient Upanisadic Rsis, Munis and Sramanas against the ritualistic and worldly outlook of caste-ridden Brahminism, became more strong in the form of Jainism and Buddhism along with other minor Sramanic sects. Infact, the Upanisa- dic trend as well as Jainism and Buddhism provided refuge to those fed up with Vedic ritualism and the worldly outlook on life. Not only Jainism and Buddhism but some other sects and schools of Indian thought such as Ajivakas and Samkhyas also adopted more or less the same course towards Vedic ritualism. However, Jainism and Buddhism were more candid and vehement in their opposition towards Vedic ritualism. They outrightly rejected animal sacrifices in yajnas, the birth-based caste-system and the infallibility of the Vedas. In Mahavira and Buddha, the most prominent preachers (exponents), we find the real crusaders; whose tirade, against caste-ridden and ritualistic Brahminism, touching a low water-mark and crumbling under its inner inadequacies, gave a severe jolt to it. Jainism and Buddhism came forward to sweep away the long accumu-lated excrescence, grown on Indian culture in the form of rituals, casteism, and superstitions. But we shall be mistaken if we presume that in their attempt to clear away the dirt of Vedic ritualism, Jainism and Buddhism remained untouched. They were also considerably influenced by Vedic rituals. Ritualism, in the new form of Tantric practices, crept into Jainism and Buddhism and became part and parcel of their religious practices and mode of worship. With the impact of Hindu Tantricism, Jainas adopted various Hindu deities and their mode of worship with some changes, which were suited to their religious temperament but were alien to Jainism in its original form. The Jaina concept of Sasana Devata or Yaksa-Yaksis is nothing but a Jaina version of Hindu deities. As I have pointed out earlier, the influence has been reciprocal. This can be demonstrated by the fact that on one side Hinduism accepted Rsabha and Buddha as incarnation of God while on the other Jainism included Rama and Krsna in its list of Salaka Purusas. A number of Hindu Gods and Goddesses were accepted as consorts of Tirthankaras such as Sarasvati, Laksmi, Kali, Mahakali, Cakresvari, Ambika, Padmavati and Siddhika. The moot point I intend to make is that different religious traditions of our great Indian culture have borrowed various concepts from one another and that it is the duty to study and highlight this mutual impact, which is the need of the hour, and thus bridge the gulf existing between different religious systems. Though it is true that the Sramanic tradition, in general and Jainism and Buddhism, in particular have some distinct features discriminating them from the Vedic or Brahmanic tradition, yet they are not foreigners. They are the children of the same soil who came forward with a spitit of reform. It is sometimes mistakenly thought that Jainism and Buddhism were a revolt against Bramhanism. Western scholars in particular maintain this notion. But here I would like to say that it was not revolt but reform. In fact. Vedic

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62 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI and Sramanic traditions are not rival traditions as some Western and Indian scholars think. There seems to have been a deliberate effort to create a gulf between Jainism and Buddhism on the one hand and Hinduism on the other, by Western scholars. Unfortunately some Indian scholars, even Jaina scholars, also supported their views but in my humble opinion this was a step in the worng direction. It is true that sramanic and Vedic taditions have divergent views on certain religious and philosophical issues; their ideals of living also differ considerably. But this does not mean that they are rivals or enemies of each other. As passions and reason, sreya and preya, in spite of being different in their very nature, are the components of human personality, so is the case with Sramanic and Vedic tradi- tions. Though inheriting distinct features, they are the components of one whole Indian culture. Jainism and Buddhism were not rivals to Hinduism, but what they preached to the Indian society was an advance stage in the field of spirituality compared to Vedic ritualism. If the Upanisadic trend, in spite of taking a divergent stand from Vedic ritualism, is considered part and parcel of Hinduism, what is the difficulty in measuring Jainism and Buddhism with the same yardstick? Again if Samkhyas and Mimamsakas, Advaitists and Dvaitists, in spite of having different philosophies and pathways, belong to the Hinduism, why not Jainism and Buddhism? If the Upanisa- dic tradition is considered an advance from Vedic ritualism to spirituality, then we have to admit that Buddhism and Jainism have also followed the same path with a more enthusiatic spirit. They worked for the betterment of weaker sections of Indian society and redemption from priesthood and ritualism. They preached the religion of common men, founded on the firm footing of moral virtues rathor on some external rituals. Today, researchers in the field of Jainology need a new approach to reinterpret the relationship between Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism -- particularly the Upanisadic trend -- in the light of ancient Jaina texts such as Acararga, Sutrakstarga, and ISibhasiyaim. I am confidant that an impartial and careful study of these texts will remove the misconception that Jainism and Hinduism are rival religions. In Acaranga we find a number of passages similar to those of the Upanisada in word, style as well as in essence. Acaranga mentions Sramana and Brahmana simultaneously. This proves that for the preacher of Acaranga, Sramana and Brahmana are not rival traditions as they were considered later on. In Sutrakstariga we find mention of some Upanisadic Rsis such as Videhanami, Bahuk, Asitadevala, Dvaipayana, and Parasara. They were accepted as the Rsis of their own traditions though they followed a different code of conduct. Sutrakrtanga addresses them as great ascetics and great men (maha-purusa) who attained the ultimate gole of life, i.e. liberation. Rsibhasita, considered as the part of a Jaina canon, also mentions the teachings of Narada, Asitadevala, Angiras, Parasara, Aruna, Narayana, Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka, Vidura, and others. They have been called Arhat Rsis. Its writing in the Jaina tradition is sign of the tolerance and openness of Jainism on the one hand. On the other hand it shows that the stream of Indian spirituality is one at its source. irrespective of their division later into the Upanisa-dic, Buddhist, Jaina, Ajivaka and other rivulets. This work is a clear proof of the assimilative and tolerant nature of Indian thought. Today, when we are deeply bogged down in communal separatism and strife, this great work could be an enlightening guide. Thus, the position, these Upanisadic Rsis held in early books of Jainism, is clear evidence that the stream of Indian spirituality is one at its source. We cannot have a proper understanding of these trends if we treat them in isolation. Acararga. Sutrakstanga and Rsibhasita may be understood in a better way only in the light of the Upanisad as and vice a versa. Similarly, the Suttanipata, Dhammapada, Thergatha, and other works of the Pali canon may be properly studied only in the light of the Praksta Jaina canons and the Upanisadas.

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Samatva Yoga: The Fundamental Teaching of Jainism and Gita Ours is the age of tremendous growth of knowledge and scientific discoveries. Paradoxically, at the same time, we can call it also the age of anxiety and mental tension. Our traditional values and beliefs have been eroded by this growth of scientific knowledge. We know more about the atom than the values needed for a meaningful and peaceful life. We are living in a state of chaos. Our life is full of anxiety, excitement, emotional disorder and value-conflicts. In this age of anxiety American people alone are lavishly draining out more than 10 billion dollars per annum on wine and other alcoholic drugs. Today, what is needed for man is the mental peace and the capacity for complete integration with his own personality and with his social environment. This can only be achieved through the practice of samatva, i.e. mental equanimity or calm disposition. The theory of samatva yoga has been preached in India more than two thousand years ago by Lord Mahavira and Lord Krsna. Concept of Samatva in General The concept of samatva is the cardinal one of Jainism and Gita. It pivots the ethics of Jainism and Gita. In English, we can term it as excellent blend of equality, equilibrium, harmony, integration and rightness. But none of these terms depict the true meaning of the word samatva and the exact sense in which it is used in the context of Indian philosophy, hence better to use it without translating it into English. The word samatva has different meanings in different contexts. Sometimes it means a balanced state of mind, undisturbed by all kinds of sorrows and emotional excitements, pleasures and pains and achievements and disappointments. Sometimes it refers to the quality of a personality, completely free from the vectors of aversion and attachment, or that with mental equilibrium (am or f). The word samatva also denotes the feeling of equality with the fellow-beings (39 g) Loosely speaking, it also conveys the meaning of social equality and social integration. Ethically, the term sam or samkyak suggests rightness (). We must be aware of the fact that in all its different imports the term samatva is associated with some kind of mental psychological state, having some impact on our social and individual adjustment. Concept of Samatva in Jainism In a Jaina text Vyakhyaprajnaptisutra there is a conversation between Lord Mahavira and Gautama. Gautama asks Mahavira: "What is the nature of soul?" Mahavira answers, "The nature of soul is samatva (zAISC)" Gautama again asks, "What is the ultimate end of soul?", Mahavira replies; "The ultimate end of soul is also samatva ( AyAe sAmAissa aTThe). This view, the real nature of soul is samatva, is further supported by Acarya Kundakunda. In his famous work Samayasara he deals with the nature of soul. Probably, he is the only Jaina Acarya who used the word samaya or Samayasara instead of Atman or Jiva. The Acarya has purposely used this word for Atman. So far as I know, no commentator of Samayasara has raised the question as to why Kundakunda and used the word samaya for Jiva or soul. I think the word 'samaya' may be a Prakrt version of Samskrt word :: which means one who has the quality of samatva. Further, the word Samayasara may also be defined in the similar fashion. It can be concluded, therefore, that one who possesses samatva as his essential nature is called samayasara (samatvaM yasya sAraM tat samayasAraM ). acarya Kundakunda also equated the word 'samaya'with svabhava or essential nature. He used the words sva-samaya and para-samaya. Sva-samaya means inner characteristics and para-samaya means resultant characteristics. Sva-samaya has been explained as an ultimate end. In this way, according to Kundakunda too, the nature and ultimate end of soul is samatva. Further more, according to the Jaina Ethics the way through which this ultimate end can be achieved is also samatva, known in Prakrit as samaiya (1) or samahi (f). In this way, the three basic presuppositions of Jaina Ethics, the moral agent (), the ultimte end (E) and the path through which this ultimate end can be achieved (f), are equated with the term samatva. In Jaina ethics end and means are not external to the moral agent, but part and parcel of his own nature and potentially present in him. Someone may ask : "What is the difference between a siddha and a sadhaka"? My humble answer to this question is that the difference between those two is not qualitative but quantitative in nature. It is a difference between capability and actuality. By means of sadhana, we

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64 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI can exhibit only what is potentially present in us. That is the whole process of sadhana is the transforming of capability into actuality. According to the Jaina tradition, if samatva is not our real intrinsic nature, we cannot achieve it by means of sadhana, because sadhana is nothing but a practice of samatva. The three-fold path, of right knowledge, right belief and right conduct, depends entirely on the concept of samatva for its rightness. The three-fold path is only an application of samat va to the three aspects of our conscious activities, i.e. knowing, feeling and willing. According to the Jain Ethics, samatva should be a directive principle of the activities of knowing, feeling and willing Concept of Samatva in Gita The Ethics of Gita also is solely based on the concept of samatva. The words sama and samatva and their various forms occur in Gita more than hundred times. The Gita cntains many references, suggesting that the real nature of God is sama and so on. The Gita equates sam with Brahman, the ultimate reality. Acarya Sankara explained this by showing an identity between sam and Brahman, while Ramanuja and others interpret that the sam is the quality of Brahman. But for our present purpose it hardly makes any difference. The Gita mentiones that the God the amsi (3izit) of which, we are amsa (3131), exists in the heart of every individual as a quality of samatva. Not only this but the way through which we can realise that ultimate reality of God is also samatva-yoga. In this way, the three basic presuppositions of the Ethics of Gita- the moral agent, the ultimate end and the path through which this ultimate end can be achieved, are also equated with the term samatva. How can we reconcile the views of jnana-yoga, karmayoga and bhakti-yoga without any common element? My humble suggestion is that only with the concept of samatva we can reconcile these different view-points, because samatva is a common reconciling factor. Though the question why samatva-yoga is to be considered as the main theme of Gita?'is still un-answered, I would like to submit some arguments in support of my view that the Gita is a treatise of samatva-yoga. (1) In the Gita the term yoga has been used at many places and in different contexts, we have only two definitions of yoga in the whole of Gita. The first one is 'Samatvam yoga ucyatel (auca u soud) and the second one is 'yogah Karmasu Kausalam' (yogaH karmasu kauzalam). But the second one cannot be considered as a categorical definition of yoga it is only a conditional or a relative definition, because the term Karmasu shows a condition. It only tells us that with reference to certain activity (DH), the skill ful performance is to be called yoga. But this is not the case with the first one. It may be considered a categorical definition of yoga. it simply states that mental equilibrium is to be called yoga. (2) Secondly, in the 6th chapter of Gita Lord Krsna told Arjuna 'Thou must be a yogi because a yogi is superior to janin, karmin and tapasvin'; The question is what type of yoga does Krsna want to teach Arjuna? It can neither be a jnana-yoga nor a karma-yoga for the simple reason that here yogi is considered superior to jnanin and karmin. I think here Krsna is asking Arjuna to practise samatva yoga which is the supreme yoga. (3) Thirdly, the concepts of jnana, karma and bhakti interit their value by samatva only. It is the 'samatva' which gives them value and validity. Without samatva they are like a cheque or a paper currency, having no intrinsic value of its own. In the absence of samatva, jnana can be a mere knowledge of scriptures but not jnana-yoga, and the same is true with karma and bhakti also. (4) Fourthly, jnana, karma and bhakti are the mere means for realization of ultimate end, namely, God. But samatva is not only a means but an end itself. It is not for some thing else which stands outside of it. I think according to the Gita the sam, the brahman and God are one. Thus, we can say that the concept of samatva is the sole basis of the ethics of the Gita. Gita as a treatise of samatva yoga A question may be asked why samatva-yoga is to be considered as the fundamental concept of Gita. Among the commentators of Gita, there is a serious controversy; whet- her it is a treatise of jnana-yoga or bhakti-yoga or karma yoga. Among these commentators, Sankara is the supporter of jnana-yoga. To him the knowledge alone can lead us to the realization of ultimate reality, the Brahman, While Ramanuja and others held the view that it is only Bhakti through which we can realise God. Tilaka and Gandhi supported a third view that fundamental teaching of Gita is, neither jnana-yoga nor bhakti-yoga but karma-yoga. Dr. Radhakrsnan and some others have tried to bring out harmony among these divergent views. But I think the basis on which we can reconcile these views is still missing. Organic Basis of Samatva Yoga What is the justification in saying that our essential

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Samatva Yoga : The Fundamental Teaching of Jainism and Gita 65 way, we can say that the concept of samatva has a sound basis for its justification in our organic and psychological nature. nature and our aim of life is samatva, or that samatva should be the directive principle of our life? What is the ground for its justification? To answer these questions, first of all we must understand the human nature. By human nature I mean his organic and psychological make-up. What do we mean by a living organism? By living organism we mean an organism that has a power to maintain its physiological equilibrium. In Biology, this process has been known as Homeosytasis, which is considered as an important quality of a living organism. The second essential quality of a living organism is its capacity of adjustment with the environment. Whenever a livng organism fails to maintain its physiological equilibrium and adjust itself with its environment it tends towards death. Death is nothing but failure of this process. It follows where there is life, there are efforts to avoid unequilibrium to maintain equilibrium. Psychological basis of Samatva Nobody wants to live in a state of mental tension. We like no tension but relaxation, no anxiety but satisfaction. This shows that our psychological nature is working for a mental peace or a mental equilibrium. Freud accepts that there is a conflict between our Id and Super ego but at the same time he agrees that our ego or conscious level is always working to maintain an equilibrium or for the adjustment between these two poles of our personality. It is a fact that there are mental states such as emotional excitements, passions, and frustrations, but we cannot say that they are our intrinsic nature because they do not exist for their own sake; they exist for satisfaction or expression. Secondly, they owe their existence to some other external factors. An important process of our personality is the process of adjustment and adjustment is nothing but a process of restoring peace, harmony and integration. In this Samatva as a Directive Principle of Living Some one may remark that the Darwinian theory of evolution goes against the concept of samatva. Darwin presented a theory of the evolution of life, in which he suggested that 'Struggle' for existence is the basic principle of living. Apparently, it is true that there is a struggle for existence in our world and nobody can deny this fact. But . due to certain reasons, we cannot call this as directive principle of life. To the question; "Why is it so?" my. humble answer is that first of all this theory is selfcontradictory because its basic concept is subsisting on others, that is, 'living by killing'. Secondly, it is opposed to the basic human nature and even animal nature to some extent. Struggle is not our inner nature (FHTA AHU) but it is only a resultant one. It is imposed on us by external factors. Whenever we have to struggle we do it out of necessity and not out of nature, and what is done in compulsion cannot be a guiding principle of our life, for it does not emanate from our inner nature. Thirdly, it goes against the judgements of our factulty of reasoning and the concept of natural law. If nobody has right to take my life, then on the ground of the same reasoning I have no right to take another's life. The theory of 'live on others', is against the simple rule that all living beings or human beings are potentially equal. According to Lord Krsna the concept of equality and union of all living being (31TH HOT) can give us a right directive principle of living with fellow-beings and according to Lord Mahavira the directive principle of living is not 'live on others', but 'live with others' or 'live for others' (PRETIUUET 11-14-earf ).

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Jaina Concept of Peace Peace : The Need of our Age We are living in the age of science and technology. The advancement in our scientific knowledge has removed our religious superstitions and false dogmas. But unfortunately and surprisingly, side by side, it has also shaken our mutual faith and faith in moral virtues as well as religio-spiritual values. The old social and spiritual values of life, acting as binding on humanity and based on religious beliefs, had been made irrelevant by scientific knowledge and logical thinking. Till date, we have been unable to formulate or evolve a new value structure, so necessary for meaningful and peaceful living in society, based on our seientific and logical outlook. We are living in a state of total chaos. Infact, the present age is the age of transition, old values have become irrelevant, and new ones have not been yet established. We have more knowledge and faith in atomic structure and power than the values needed for meaningful and peaceful life. Today, we strongly rely on the atomnic power as our true rescuer and discard the religio-spiritual values as mere superstitions. Mr. D.R. Mehta rightly observed, "In the present day world with religion getting separated from daily life and spreading commercialisation killing (violence) has increased manyfold and sensitivity to (others) life whether animal or human has declined in proportion". For us human being is either a complicated machine or at least a developed animal, governed by his instincts and endowed with some faculties of mechanical reasoning. Thus, we have developed a totally materialistic and selfish outlook. The advancement in all the walks of life and knowle- dge could not sublimate our animal and selfish nature. The animal instinct lying within us is still forceful and is dominating our individual and social behaviour and due to this our life is full of excitements, emotional disorders and mental tensions. The more advanced a nation, more stronger the grip of these evils of our age over it. The single most specific feature by which our age may be characterised is that of tension. Now a days not only the individuals, but the total human race is living in tension. Though outwardly we are pleading for peace and non-violence yet by heart we still have strong faith in the law of the jungle, i.e. the dictum-- "might is right'. We are living for the satisfaction of our animal nature only, though we talk of higher social and spiritual values. This duality or the gulf between our thought and action is the sole factor disturbing our inner as well as outer peace. Once the faith in higher values or even in our fellow beings is shaken and we start seeing each and every person or a community or a nation with the eyes of doubt, definitely, it is the sign of disturbed mentality. Because of materialisitc and mechanical outlook our faculty of faith has been destroyed and when the mutual faith and faith in higher values of co-operation and co-existence is destroyed, doubts take pace. The doubt causes fear, fear gives birth to violence and violence triggers violence. The present violence is the result of our materialistic attitude and doubting nature. The most valuable thing, human race has lost in the present age, is none other than peace. Science and technology has given us all the amenities of life. Though due to the speedy advancement in science and technology, nowadays, life on earth is so luxurious and pleasant as it was never before yet because of the selfish and materialistic outlook and doubting nature of man, which we have developed today, no body is happy and cheerful. We are living in tension all the times and deprived of, even a pleasant sound sleep. The people, materially more affluent having all the amenities of life, are more in the grip of tensions. Medical as well as psychological survey reports of advance nations confirm this fact. Tendency to consume alcoholic and sedative drugs is increasing day by day. It also supports the fact that we have lost our mental peace at the cost of this material advancement. Not only this, we have also been deprived of our natural way of living. S. Bothara maintains "What unfortunately has happened, is that the intoxication of ambition and success has made us forget even the natural discipline, which we, inherited from the animal kingdom". Because of the development of mental faculties we have not only denied to accept social or religious checkpost but we also have denied natural checks. Now our life-cart has only accelerator, no break. Our amibitions and desires have no limits. They always remain unfulfilled and these unfulfilled desires create frustrations. These frustrations or resentments are the cause of our mental tensions. Due to the light legged means of transportation, physical distances are no bars to meet the peoples of different nations, cultures and religions and thus, our world is shrinking. But unluckily and disdainfully because of the materialistic and selfish outlook, the distance of our hearts is increasing day by day.

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Jaina Concept of Peace 67 Instead of developing mutual love, faith and co-operation we are spreading hatred, doubt and hostility and thus deprived of peace, mental as well as environmental, the first and foremost condition of human living. Rabindra Nath Tagore rightly observes, "For man to come near to one another and yet to continue to ignore the claims of humanity is a sure process of suicide". Meaning of Peace in Jainism The term peace has various connotations. It can be defined in different ways from different angles. Intrinsically peace means a state of tranquility of mind. It is the state in which self rests in its own nature, undisturbed by external factors. Peace means soul devoid of passions and desires. Acaranga, mentions that an aspirant who has attained peace has no desire. Peace means cessation of all desires. Sutraktarga equates it with Niravanai.e., the emancipation from all desires, in other word, it is the state of self- contentment or total subjectivity i.e. the state of pure Seer. Acaranga maintains one who is aware of peace will not fall in the grip of passions. While defining peace, Saint Thomas Aquinas has rightly maintained the same view. He says, "peace implies two things first our self should not be disturbed by external factors and secondly, our desires should find rest in one i.e. the self"6. This inner peace can also be explained from negative and positive view-points. Negatively, it is the state of the cessation of all the passions and desires. It is the freedom from the vectors of attachment and aversion. Positively, it is the state of bliss and self contentment. But we must remember that these positive and negative aspects of inner peace are interdependent on each other, they are like the two sides of the same coin and they can not exist without each other. We can only distinguish them but not divide them. The inner peace is not mere and abstract idea, but it is something, which is whole and concrete. It represents our infinite self. Now we turn to the external peace. While the inner peace is the peace of our self, external peace is the peace of society. We can also define it as environmental peace. In Jainism, the Prakrt word 'santi' -- Samskrta equivalent Ksanti, also means forgiveness. In Sutrakstanga, among ten virtues the first and foremost is forgiveness, the basic need for social peace. It is the state of cessation of wars and hostilities, among individuals, individuals and society, different social groups and nations, on the earth. So far as this outer peace or the peace of the society is concerned it can also be defined in both ways negatively as well as positively. Defined, negatively it is the state of cessation of wars and hostilities. Positively and it is the state of harmonious living of individuals as well as societies and nations. It is the state of social co-operation and co-existance. But we must be aware of the fact that the real external peace is more than non-war. It is a vital peace. It is the state, free from mutual doubts and fears. So far as the doubts and apprehensions against each other exist, inspite of the absence of actual war, really. It is not the state of peace. Because where there is fear, the war exists. In modern world we term it as cold war. War is war, whether it is cold or actual, it disturbs the peace of society. Real external peace is only possible, when our hearts are free from doubts and fear and each and every individual has firm faith not only in the dictum 'Live and Let live'. but 'Live for other.' According to Jaina Philosopher Umasvati, "By nature living beings are made for other, (Parasparopagrahojivanam)". So long as our hearts are full of doubts and fear and we do not have full control on our selfish animal instincts as well as firm belief in mutual co-operation and co-existence, real social peace on earth will not be possible. Real peace dawns only if our hearts are full of universal love, which is something different from mere attachment, beacuse, for Jainas attachment is always linked with aversion. But universal love is based on the concept of equality of all beings and firm faith in the doctrine that by nature living beings are made for each other. We must also be aware of the fact that this external or environmental peace depends on the mental peace of individuals, since. our external behaviour is only an expression of our inner will and attitude towards life. Thus, we can say that the various aspects of peace are not mutually exclusive but inclusive. The peace of society or in other words the environmental peace is disturbed, when the inner peace of the individual is disturbed and vice versa. In my humble opinion hostilities and wars are the expressions and outcomes of sick mentality. It is the agressive and selfish outlook of an individual or a society that gives birth to confrontations among individual, individual and society as well as among different social or religious groups and nations. At the root of all types of confrontations and wars, which disturb our environmental peace, there lies the feeling of discontentment as well as will for power, possession and hoarding. Thus social disturbances, conflict and confrontations are only symptoms of our mental tensions or sick

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68 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI revolves. In English the term 'Samaiya' connotes various meanings such as equanimity, tranquility, equality, harmony and reghteousness, in different contexts. Sometimes it means a balanced state of mind undisturbed by any kind of emotional excitement, plasure or pain, achievement and disappointment, sometimes it refers to the personality, completely free from the vectors of aversion and attachment, i.e. a dispassionate personality. These are the instrinsic definitions of 'Samata or Santi'. But when this word is used extrinsically it means the feeling of equality with all the living beings and thus it conveys social equality and social harmony. mentality. In fact, the peace of society depends on the psychology or mental make-up of its members, but it is also true that our attitude towards life and behavioural pattern is shaped by our social environment and social training. The behavioural pattern and mentality of the members of non- violent society will surely be different from that of a violent society. While on the one side social norms, ideals and conditions affect the mental make-up and behavioural pattern of the individual, on the other side there are also individuals, who shape the social norms, ideals and conditions. Though, it is correct that in many cases disturbed social conditions and environmental factors may be responsible for vitiating our mental peace, yet they can not disturb the persons, strong spiritually. According to Jainism spiritually developed soul remains unaffected at his mental level by external factors. But on the other hand disturbed mental state necessarily affects our social and environmental peace. Thus, for Jainas the inner peace of the soul is the cause and that of the society is the effect. Modem tension theory also supports this view. A book namely 'Tensions that causes Wars' tells us that 'economic inequalities, insecurities and frustrations create groups and national conflicts', but for Jainas economic inequalities and feeling of insecurities can not disturb those persons, who are self- contented and free from doubts and fears. So far as the frustrations are concerned they are generated by our ambitions and resentments and can be controlled only by extinction of desires. Therefore, we must try first to retain inner peace or the peace of soul. In Jaina texts, we find certain references about the importance and nature of peace. In Sutrakrtanga, it is said that "as the earth is the abode for all living beings so the peace is the abode for all the enlightened beings of past, present and future". These souls having attained the spiritual heights always rest in peace and preaches for peace. For Jainas peace means the tranquility or calmness of mind and so they equated the term peace (santi) with the term equanimity or samata. For them peace rests on mental equanimity and social equality. When mental equanimity is disturbed inner peace is disturbed and when social equlity is disturbed external or social peace is disturbed. Jainism as a religion is nothing but a practice for mental equanimity and social equality. For the same, they use particular Prakrta word 'samaiya' (samata), the principal concept of the Jainism. It is the pivot around which the whole Jainism Peace as the Ultimate Goal of Life According to the Jaina thinkers, the ultimate goal of life is to attain peace or tranquility, our essential nature. In Acarangasutra, one of the earliest Jaina canonical texts, we find two definitions of religion, one as 'tranquility' and other as non-violence. Lord Mahavira mentions "Worthy people preached religion as tranquility or equanimity". This tranquility or peace of mind is considered as the core of religious practice, because it is the real nature of living beings, including human beings. In an another Jaina text known as Bhagavatisutra, there is a conversation between Lord Mahavira and Gautama. Gautama asked Mahavira "What is the nature of self and Mahavira answered 'O Gautama' the nature of self is tranquility i.e. peace. Gautama again asked 'O, Lord what is the ultimate goal of self, Mahavira answered 'O, Gautama, the ultimate goal of self is also to attain tranquility or peace"!! In Sutrakstanga, the term peace is equated with emancipation!2. Thus, for Jainas peace, being an essential naturesva-svabhava of self, it is considered as ultimate goal of life. In Jainism, religion is nothing but a practice for the realisation of one's own essential nature or Sva-svabhava which is nothing but the state of tranquility or peace of mind. This enjoying of one's own essential nature means to remain constant in Saksibhava i.e. to remain undisturbed by external factors. It is the state of pure subjectivity which is technically known in Jainism as Samayika. In this state, the mind is completely free from constant flickerings, excitements and emotional disorders. To get freedom form mental tensions, the vibhavas or impure states of mind, is the precondition for enjoying spiritual happiness which is also a positive aspect of inner peace. Nobody wants to live in a state of mental tensions, every one would like not tension but relaxation, not anxiety but contentment. This

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Jaina Concept of Peace shows that our real nature is working in us for tranquility or mental peace. Religion is nothing but a way of achieving this inner peace. According to Jainism, the duty of a religious order is to explain the means by which man can achieve this peace : inner as well as external. In Jainism, the method of achieving mental peace is called as Samayika, the first and foremost duty among six essential duties of monks and house-holders. Now the question arises how this tranquility (Samata) can be attained? According to the Jaina view-point, it can be attained through the practice of 'non-attachment'. For attachment is the sole cause of disturbing our inner peace or tranquility. Non-Possession to reslove economic inequality The attachment gives birth to desire for possession, occupation and hoarding, which is nothing but an expression of one's greedy attitude. It is told in Jaina scriptures that greediness is the root of all sins. It is the destroyer of all the good qualities. Anger, pride, deceit etc. all are the offshoots of attachment or mineness or greed. Violence, which disturbs our social and environmental peace, is due to the will for possession. In Sutrakrtanga, it is mentioned that those having possession of whatever sort, great or small, living or non-living, can not get rid or sufferings and conflicts (1/1/2). Possession and hoarding lead to economic inequality, which cause wars, Thus, to achieve peace and the norm of non-violence in social life, the prime need is to restrict the will for possession mental as well as physical also, that is why Mahavira propounded the vow of complete non-possession for the monks and nuns, while for laity, he propounded the vow of limitation of possession (Parigraha Parimana) and vow of control over consumption (Bhogopabhoga Parimana). Jainism holds that if we want to establish peace on the earth then economic inequality and vast differences in the mode of consumptions should be atleast minimised. Among the causes of wars and conflicts, which disturb our social peace, the will for possession is the prime, because it causes economic disbalance. Due to economic disbalance or inequality, classes of poor and rich came into existence and resulted in class conflicts. According to Jainas, it is only through the self-imposed limitation of possession and simple living, we can restore peace and prosperity on the earth. Attachment, the cause of mental tensions As I have already mentioned that the most burning problem of our age is the problem of mental tensions. The nations, claiming to be more civilised and economically more advanced, are much more in the grip of mental tension. The main objective of Jainism is to emancipate man from his sufferings and mental tensions. First of all, we must know the cause of these mental tensions. For Jainism, the basic human sufferings are not physical, but mental. These mental sufferings or tensions are due to our attachment towards worldly object. It is the attachment, which is fully responsible for them. The famous Jaina text Uttaradhyayana-sutra mentions "The root of all sufferings- physical as well as mental, of every body including gods, is attachmnent towards the objects of worldly enjoyment. It is the attachment, which is the root cause of mental tension. Only a detached attitude towards the objects of worldly enjoyment can free mankind from mental tension"'). According to Lord Mahavira to remain attached to sensuous object is to remain in the whirl. He says "Misery is gone in the case of a man who has no delusion, while delusion is gone in the case of a man who has no desire; desire is gone in the case of a man who has no attachment". The efforts made to satisfy the human desires through material objects can be likened to the chopping off the branches while watering the roots. Thus, we can conclude that the lust for and the attachment towards the objects of worldly pleasure is the sole cause of human sufferings and conflicts. If mankind is to be freed from mental tensions, it is necessary to grow a detached outlook in life. Jainism believes that lesser will be the attachment, the greater will be the mental peace. It is only when attachment is vanished, the human mind will be free from mental tensions and emotional disorders. Non-Violence as means to establish peace Tranquility is a personal or inner experience of peace. When it is applied in the social life or it is practised outwardly, it becomes non-violence. Non-violence is a social or outer expression of this inner peace. In Acaranga, Lord Mahavira remarks, "The worthy men of the past, present and the future all say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus; all breathing, existing, living and sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, not abused, nor tormented. This is the pure, eternal and unchangeable law or the tenet of religion". In orther words, non-violence is the eternal and pure form of religion. In Jainism, non-violence is the pivot round which its whole ethics revolves. For Jainas, violence represents all the vices and non-violence represents all the virtues. Non-violence is not a single virtue but it is a group

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Aspects of Jainology Volume VI of virtues. In Prasnavyakaranasutra the term non-violence is equated with sixty virtuous qualities, just as peace, harmony, welfare, trust, fearlessness, etc". Thus, non- violence is a wider term, which comprehends all the good qualities and virtues. Non-violence is nothing but to treat all living beings as equal. The concept of equality is the core of the theory of non-violence. The observance of non-violence is to honour each and every form of life. Jainism does not discriminate human beings on the basis of their caste, creed and colour. According to Jaina point of view, all the barriers of caste, creed and colour are artificial. All the huamn beings have equal right to lead a peaceful life. Though violence is unavoidable yet it can not be the directive principle of our living. Because it goes against the judgements of our faculty of reasoning and the concept of natural law. If I think that nobody has any right to take my life then on the same ground of reasoning I have also no right to take another's life. The principle, live on others or 'living by killing' is self-contradictory. The principle of equality propounds that every one has the right to live. The directive principle of living is not 'Living on other' or 'Living by killing' but 'Living with other' or 'Live for others (Parasparopagrahojivanam)". Though, in our worldly life, complete non-violence is not possible yet our motto should be 'Lesser killing is better Living'. Not struggle but co- operation is the law of life. I need other's co-operation for my very existence and so I should also co-operate in other's living. Further, we must be aware of the fact that in Jainism non-violence is not merely a negative concept i.e. not to kill; but it has positive side also i.e. service to mankind. Once a question was asked to Mahavira, 'O Lord, one person is rendering his services to the needy ones while other is offering Puja to you, of these two, who is the real follower because hs is following my teachings". The concept of non-violence and the regard for life is accepted by almost all the religions of the world. But Jainism observes it minutely. Jainism prohibits not only killing of human beings and animals but of the vegetable kingdom also. Harming the plants, polluting water and air are also the act of violence or hissa. Because they disturb ecological balance or peace. Its basic principle is that the life, in whatever form it may be, should be respected. We have no right to take another's life. Schweitzer remarks "To maintain, assist or enhance life is good. To destroy, harm or hinder is evil". He further says. "A day may come when reverence for all life will win universal recognition "20. "The Dasavaikalika mentions that every one wants to live and not to die, as we do, for this simple reason, Niggan thas prohibit violence". It can be said that the Jaina concept of non-violence is extremist and non practical, but we cannot challenge its relevance for human society. Though Jainsim sets its goal as the ideal of total non-violence, external as well as internal, yet the realisation of this ideal in practical life is by no means easy. Non-violence is a spiritual ideal, fully realisable only in the spiritual plane. The real life of an individual is a physio-spiritual complex; at this level complete non-violence is not possible. According to Jaina thinkers the violence is of four kinds : (i) deliberate (samkalpi) or aggressive violence i.e. intentional killing (ii) protective violence i.e. the violence which takes place in saving the life of one's own or his fellow being or in order to make peace and ensure justice in the society (iii) occupational i.e. violence which takes place in doing agriculture or in running the factories and industries (iv) and violence, which is involved in performing the daily routine work of house-holder such as bathing, cooking, walking etc. A person can proceed towards the fulness of non-violent life to the extent as he rises above the physical level. The first form of violence, which is deliberate, is to be shunned by all, because it relates to our mental proclivities. So far as the thoughts are concerned, a man is his own master, so it is obligatory for all to be non-violent in this sphere. External circumstance can influence our mind at this level, but they cannot govern us. From the behavioural point of view, deliberate violence is aggressive. It is neither necessary for self-defence nor for the living. So all can avoid it. The other forms of violence, i.e. protective and occupational are inevitable, so far as man is living on a physical level. But this does not mean that the ideal of non-violence is not practicable and so it is not necessary for human race. The second form of violence is defensive which takes place in the activity of defence. It becomes necessary for the security of one's own life, the life of his fellow beings and the protection of property. External circumstances may compel a person to resort to be violent or to conter attack in defence of his own life or that of his companions or for the protection of his belongings. As those, who are attached to the physical world and has a social obligation to protect others life and property, are unable to dispense with this defensive violence. A person living in family is unable to keep away completely from this type of violence, because

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Jaina Concept of Peace he is committed to the security of family members and does not stand on violence but on non-violence, not on their belongings. In the same way the persons, who are in claiming our rights but on accepting the rights of others as government can not get rid of it. For they are the custodians our duty. Thus, the non-violence, is an inevitable principle of human rights and national property, Prof. Murty also for the existence of human society. At present we are living maintains. "Aggressive and unjust wars have been in an age of nuclear weapons due to which the very existence condemned by Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina scriptures and of human race is in danger. Lord Mahavira has said in moralists, but they had to admit that defensive and just Acararga that there are weapons superior to eact other, but wars may have to be undertaken without giving up maitrinothing is superior to non-violence?). Only the observance (friendliness) an karuna (compassion) for pepole of both of non-violence, can save the human race. Mutual credibility the sides"22 and the belief in the equality of all beings, can alone restore It is true that in our times Gandhi planned a non- peace and harmony in human society. Peace can be violent method of opposition and applied it successfully. established and prosperity can be protected on the earth But it is not possible for all to oppose non-violently with through non-violence and mutual faith-only. success. Only a man, unattached to his body and material objects and with heart free from malice, can protect his Regard for others ideologies and faith rights non-violently. Again, such efforts can bear fruits Fanaticism or intolerance is the another curse of our only in a civilized and cultured human society. A non- age. Jainism, since its inception, believes in and preaches violent opposition may be fruitful only if ranged against an for peace, harmony and tolerance. It has been tolerant and enemy, having a human heart. Its success becomes dubitable respectful towards other faiths and religious ideologies if it has to deal with an enemy having no faith in human throughout its history of existence. In Jainism, one hardly values and is bent upon serving his selfish motives by comes across with instances of religious conficts involving, violent means. violence and bloodshed. Atmost one meets with instances As far as occupational violence and the violence, of disputations and strongly worded debates concerning taking place in routine-activities of the life, is concerned ideological disagreements. The Jaina men of learning, while everyone cannot shake it off. For, so long as a person has opposing the different ideologies and religious stand-points, to earn his livelihood and to seek fulfilment of his physical paid full regard to them and accepted that the opponents' needs, deliberate violence of vegitable kingdom is unavoi- convictions may also be valid from a certain stand-point. dable. In Jainism, intentional violence to mobile animals Among the causes, generating fanaticism and by a house-holder has been forbidden even when it becomes intolerance, the blind faith is the prime one. It results from necessary for the maintenance of life and occupation. So passionate attachment, hence is uncritical or 'unexamining far as the violence takes place in defensive activites and outlook. It causes perverse attitude. In Jainism, various wars, Jainas hold, that it should be minimised as for as it types of attachment are enumerated; among them darsanais possible and innocent persons should not be killed at any moha/drstiraga (blind faith), due to its very disposition, has cost. Jaina thinkers suggested various methods for non- been reackoned "Paramount". In point of fact, it is consideviolent wars and to minimise the violence in even just red central in religious intolerance. It leads one's attitude wars. The war, fought between Bharata and Bahubali was towards a strong bias for one's own and against other's an example of non-violent war. religion. Non-attachment is, therefore, considered as a preThough some or other form of violence is inevitable condition for the right attitude or perception. A perverse, in our life yet we should not conclude that the observance hence defiled attitude renders it impossible to view the of non-violence is of no use in the present. Just as violence things rightly, just as a person wearing coloured glasses or is inevitable for living, non-violence is also inevitable for suffering from jaundice is unable to see the true colour of the very existence of human race. So far as the existence of objects as they are. "Attachment and hatred are the two human society is concerned it depends on mutual great enemies of philosophical thinking. Truth can reveal co-operation, sacrifice of one's interest for that of his fellow- itself to an impartial thinker" 24 beings and regard for others' life. If above mentioned One who is unbiased and impartial can perceive the elements are essential for our social life, how can we say truth in his opponent's ideologies and faiths and thus, can that non-violence is not necessary for human life. Society possess deference to them. Intense attachment unfailingly

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72 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI generates blind faith in religious leaders, dogmas, doctrines and rituals and consequently religious intolerance and fanaticism came into existence. Jainism holds that the slightest even pious attachment, towards the prophet, the path, and the scripture is also an hindrance to a seeker of truth and an aspirant of perfection. Attachment, be it pious or impious, cannot go without aversion or repulsion. Attachment results in blind faith and superstition and repulsion consequences into intolerant conduct. The Jainas, therefore, laid stress on the elimination of attachment, the root cause of bias and intolerance. Though, in Jainism, right faith plays an important role-- it is one of its three "jewels" - it is the blind faith, which causes intolerance. Jainism, therefore, does not support blind faith. Jaina thinkers maintain that the right faith should be followed by right knowledge. The faith seconded by right knowledge or truthful reasoning cannot be blind one. According to Jaina thinkers, reason and faith are complementary and actually there is no contention between the two. Faith without reason, as the Jaina thinkers aver, is blind and reason without faith is unstendy or vacilliating. They hold that the religious codes and rituals should be critically analysed. In the Uttaradhyayanasutra, Gautama, the chief disciple of Mahavira strongly supports this views before Kesi, the pontiff of the church of Jina Parsva. Said he, "The differences in the Law must be critically evaluated through the faculty of reasoning. It is the reason which can ascertain the truth of Law"25 If one maintains that religion has to be solely based on faith and there is no place for reason in it, then he will unfailingly develop an outlook that only his prophet is the only saviour of mankind; his mode of worship is the only way of experiencing the bliss and the Laws or Commands of his scripture are only the right one hence he is unable to make a critical estimate of his religious prescriptions. While one who maintains that the reason also plays an important role in the religious life, will critically evaluate the pros and cons of religious prescriptions, rituals and dogmas. An 'attached' or biased person believes in the dictum 'Mine is true'. Acarya Haribhadra says, "I possess no bias for Lord Mahavira and no prejudice against Kapila and other saints and thinkers; whosoever is rational and logical ought to be accepted."26 Thus, when religion tends to be rational, there will hardly be any room for intolerance. One who is thoroughly rational in religious matters, certainly, would not be rigid and intolerant. absolutism. An extremist or absolutist holds that whatsoever he propounds is correct and what others say is false, while a relativist is of the view that he and his opponent, both may be correct if viewed from two different angles hence a relativist adopts a tolerant outlook towards other faiths and ideologies. It is the doctrine of Anekantavada or nonabsolutism of the Jainas, the concept of religious tolerance is based upon. For the Jainas non-violence is the essence of religion from which the concept of non-absolutism Syadvad emanates. Absolutism represents "violence of thought", for, it negates the truth-value of its opponent's view and thus, hurts the feeling of others. A non-violent search for truth finds non-absolutism. Non-absolutism of the Jainas forbids the individual to be dogmatic and one-sided in approach. It pleads for a broader outlook and an open mindedness, which alone can resolve the conflicts that emerge from differences in ideologies and faiths. Non-absolutism regard the views of the opponent also as true. Remarks Siddhasena Divakara (C. 5th A.D.) "All schools of thought are valid when they are understood from their own stand-point and in so far as they do not discard the truth-value of others. The knower of non-absolutism does not divide them into the category of true and false. They become false only when they reject the truth-value of other."27 It was this broader outlook of non-absolutism which made Jainas tolerant. While expounding this tolerant outlook of the Jainas, Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (C. 17th A.D.) mentioned "A true non-absolutist does not disdain to any faith and he treats all the faiths equally like a father to his sons. For, a nonabsolutist does not have any prejudice and biased outlook in his mind. A true believer of syadvada is that who pays equal regards to all the faiths. To remain impartial to the various faiths is the essence of being religious. A little knowledge which induces a person to be impartial is more worthwhile than the unilateral vast knowledge of scriptures."28 Jainas believe in the unity of world religions, but unity, according to them, does not imply omnivorous unity in which all lose their entity and identity, They believe in the unity in which all the alien faiths will conjoin each other to form an organic whole, without loosing their own independent existence. In other words, it believes in a harmonious co-existence or a liberal synthesis in which though all the organs have their individual existence, yet work for a common goal i.e. the peace of mankind. To Dogmaticism and fanaticism are the born children of eradicate the religious conflicts and violence from the world,

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Jaina Concept of Peace some may give a slogan, "one world religion", but it is neither possible nor practicable, so far as the diversities in human thoughts are in existence. In the Niyamasara it is said that there are different persons, their different activities or karmas and different levels or capacities, so one should not engage himself in hot discussions, neither with other sects nor within one's own sect."29 Haribhadra remarks that the diversity in the teaching of the sages is due to that in the levels of their disciples or in stand-points adopted by the sages or in the period of time when they preached, or it is only an apparent diversity. Just as a physician prescribes medicine according to the nature of patient, the illness and the climate, so is the case of diversity of religious teachings. So far as diversity in time, place, levels and understanding of disciples is inevitable, vividity in religious ideologies and practices is essential. The only way to remove the religious conflicts is to develop a tolerant outlook and to establish harmony among them. Thus, Jaina theory of Anekantavada prevents us from being dogmatic and one-sided in our approach. It preaches us a broader outlook and open mindedness, more essential in solving the conflicts owing to the differences in ideologies and faiths. Prof. T.G. Kalghatgi rightly observes "The spirit of Anekanta is very much necessary in society, specially in the present day, when conflicting ideologies are trying to assert supremacy aggressively, Anekanta brings the spirit of intellectual and social tolerance." For the present day society what is awfully needed is the virtue of tolerance. This virtue of tolerance i.e. regard for other's ideologies and faiths is maintained 'Jainism from its earlier time by these days. Mahavira mentions in Sutrakstanga those, who praise their own faiths and ideologies and blame that of their opponents and thus distort the truth, will remain confined to the cycle of birth and death." Jaina philosophers all the time maintain that all the view points are true in respect of what they have themselves to say, but they are false in so far as they refute totally other's view-points. Jaina saints also tried to maintain the harmony in different religious-faiths and to avoid religious conflicts. That is why Jainism can survive through the ages. The basic problems of the present society are mental tensions, poverty, violence, fundamentalism and the conflicts of ideologies and faiths. Jainism try to solve these problems of mankind through three basic tenets of nonattachment (Aparigraha), non-violence (Ahimasa) and nonabsolutism (Anekanta). If mankind collectively observes these three principles, peace and harmony can certainly be established in the world. Reference 1. Bothara, Surendra, Ahimsa:, The Science of Peace, Foreword, D.R. Mehata, p. XVII. 2. Ibid, p. 46. 3. David, C.W., The Voice of Humanity, p. 1. 4. Acarang (Ayaro), Jaina Visva Bharati Ladnun, 1/7/149. 5. Ibid, 214/96. 6. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IX, p. 700. 7. Umasvati, Tattvarthasutra, 5/21. 8. See, K.S. Murty, The Quest for Peace, p. 157. 9. Sutrakrtanga(Suyagado), Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/ 11/36. 10. Acaranga (Ayaro). Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/8/3. 11. Bhagavatisutra (Bhagavai) Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/9. 12. Satrakstanga (Suyagado) Jain, Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/11/11 13. Uttaradhyayanasutra, ed. by Sadhvi Chandana, 32/19. 14. Ibid, 32/7-8. 15. Dasvaikaliksutra (Dasavealiyam) Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 5/37. 16. Acaranga (Ayaro), Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/4/1. 17. Prasnavyakaranasutra, Agama Prakasana Samiti Byavara, 2.1.21. 18. Umasvati, Tattvarthasutra, 5/21. 19. Avasyakavrtti, Ratlam, pp. 661-662. 20. See, Schweitzer, An Anthology, ed. C.R. Joy, pp. 248-83 Quoted by K.S. Murty, The Quest for Peace, p. 42. 21. Dasvaikalikasutra (Ladanun), 6/10. 22. K.S. Murty, The Quest for Peace; Prologue, p.XXI. 23. Acaranga (Ayaro) Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanun, 1/3/4. 24. Tatia, N.M., Studies in Jaina Philosophy, P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi, p 22. 25. Uttradhyayanasutra, Sanmati Jnanapitha Agra, 23/25 26. Haribhadra, Lokatattva Nirnaya, Jaina Grantha Prakashaka Sabha Ahmedabad, Verse 38. 27. Siddhasena, Sanmatiprakarna (Jnanodaya Trust, Ahmeda bad), 1/28 28. Yasovijava, Adhyatmopanisat (Jainadharma Prakasaka Sabha, Bhavanagar) 29. Kundkunda Niyamasara, 155 (The Central Jaina Publishing House, Lucknow). 30. Haribhadra, Yogadrsti Samuccaya, 133 (L.D. Institute, Ahmedabad). 31. Vaisali Institute Research Bulletin, No. 4, p. 31. 32. Sutrakrtanga, (Suyagado), Jaina Visva Bharati, 1/1/2/25

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Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths : A Jaina Perspective Among the most burning problems, the world is facing today, religious fundamentalism and intolerance is the most crucial. The miraculous advancement in science and technology provided us light-legged means of transportation and communication. As a result physical distances have no bars to meet the peoples of different nations, cultures and religions. Our world is shrinking but disdainfully the distances of our hearts are widening day by day. Instead of developing mutual love, cooperation and faith, we are spreading hatred and hostility and thus ignoring the values of harmonious living and co-existence. The blind and mad race of nuclear weapons is a clear indication that the human race is proceeding towards its formidable funeral procession. Rabindranath Tagore rightly observed "For man to come near to one another and yet to ignore the claims of humanity is the sure process of suicide."' In the present circumstances, the only way out left for the survival of mankind is to develop a firm belief in mutual cooperation and co-existence. Religious harmony and fellowship of faiths is the first and foremost need of our age. peace and happiness for the individual and to establish harmony within human socicty. However, as is known from history, countless wars have been fought in the name of the religion. The religion thus remains accused for the inestimable amount of bloodshed of mankind. Of course, it is not of the so-colled men of religion responsible for this horrible consequences. At present religion as such is largely shoved into the background or at best used in the service of political ideologies. If one belives that only his faith, his mode of worship and his political ideologies are the right means for securing peace and happiness for mankind, he cannot be tolerant to the view-points of his opponents. The immediacy, therefore, is to develop tolerance to and friendship for others. It is the only approach by which we can generate peace and harmony inside human society. Can religion as a category, of which Jainism is a part, meet with this challenge of our times? Before this question can be answered we must make a distinction between a true and a false religion. Because a true religion never supports violence, intolerance and fanatical outlook and it cannot per se be made responsible for the ignominious acts committed in the name of religion by such religious leaders who want to serve their vested interest. The barbarity committed in the past and perpetrated in the present in the name of religion is due very largely to the intolerance and fanaticism of the so-called religious leaders and their ignorant followers. The only way of freeing oneself from this sordid situation is to comprehend the true nature, indeed, to grasp the "essence of religion and to develop tolerance toward and respect for other's ideologies and faiths. For the Jainas, a true religion consists in the practice of equanimity and its foundation is the observance of nonviolence. In the Acarargasutra, the earliest Jaina text (c. late 4th cent. B.C.), we come across these two definitions of religion: Equanimity is the essence of religion, while the observance of non-violence is its external exposition or a social aspect of religion. The Acaranga mentions that practising of non-violence is the true and eternal religion. Jainism, since its inception, believes in and preaches for peace, harmony and tolerance. It has been tolerant and respectful toward, other faiths and religious ideologies throughout its history of existence. In Jainism one hardly Humanity as a Binding Force Undoubtedly we belong to different faiths, religions and cultures. Our modes of worship as well as way of tiving also differ to some extent. There is also no denying the fact that our philosophical approaches and viewpoints are divergent but among these diversities there is a common thread of unity which binds all of us, and it is nothing except humanity. We all belong to the same human race. Unfortunately, at present, humanity as such is largely shoved into the background and differences of caste, colour and creed have become more important for us. We have forgotten our essential unity and are conflicting on the basis of these apparent diversities. But we must bear in our mind that it is only humanity which can conjoin the people of different faiths, cultures and nationalities. Jaina acaryas declared the human race as one (ega manussa jai)". The difference of caste, culture and creed are not only superficial but mostly the creation of man. What is True Religion The ultimate end in view of all religions is to ensure

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Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths : A Jaina Perspective 75 comes across instances of religious conflicts involving violence and bloodshed. At most one meets with instance; of disputations and strongly worded debates concerning ideological disagreements. The Jaina men of learning while opposing the different ideologies and religious standpoints, fully paid regard to them and accepted that the opponents' convictions may also be valid from a cretain standpoint. Humanity as a true form of religion First of all we are human being and then anything else i.e. Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, Sikkhas, Jainas and the like. To be a real human being is a pre-condition for being a real Hindu etc. Our prime duty is to be a human in its real sense. This spirit is echoed in one of the earlier Jaina text Uttaradhyayana wherein Lord Mahavira has laid down four conditions for a true religious being. viz-1. Humanity 2. true faith 3. control over senses and 4. efforts for self-purification. Thus, we see that among these four conditions of a religious being, humanity occupies the first an the foremost position. In Jainism religion is defined as a true nature of thing (Vatthu Sahavo Dhammo) and in the light of the above definition it can be said that humanity is the true religion of mankind. For, it is its essential nature. As a human being if we fail to behave like a human being, we have no right to call ourselves a religious being or even a human being. Bertrand Russell, the eminent philosopher and scientist of our age, suggests "I appeal as a human being to the human beings that remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so the way lies open to a new paradise. If you cannot, nothing lies before you but universal death". And thus, I want to emphasize that humanity is our first and the foremost religion. Fellowship means Unity in Diversity Jaina thinkers assert that unity implies diversity. For them unity and diversity are the two facets of the same reality. Reality itself is unity in diversity. Absolute unity i.e. monism and absolute diversity i.e. pluralism, both of the theories are not agreeable to Jainas. According to them from the generic view point reality is one, but when viewed from modal view-point, it is many. Once a question was asked to Lord Mahavira, O Lord! whether you are one or many. To this Mahavira replied," From substantial view point I am one, but if viewed from changing conditions of mind and body I am different each moment and thus many." This view is further elaborated by Acarya Mallisena. He says "whatsoever is one, is also many?." Really, unity in diversity is the law of nature. Nature everywhere is one, but there is diversity in it, as the natural phenomena differ from each other, so is the case with human beings also. Though all the human beings have some common characteristics and features yet every individual-being differs from others and has some specific qualities. It is also true about religions. All the religions have some common characteristics sharing with others as well as specific qualities of their own. Universal virtues such as nonviolence, friendliness, service to the needy, truthfulness, honesty, control over senses, etc. are commonly shared by all the religions of the world. Unfortunately, at present, these common universal virtues which are the essence of religious practices have been shoved into the background and external rituals, which are divergent in their nature, have become more important. Thus, we have forgotten the essential unity of all the religions and are stressing their diversities. I am emphasizing the essential unity of all the religions, this does not mean that I am the supporter of one world religion or undermining the specialities and diversities of them. What I intend to say is that the absolute unity and absolute diversity, both are illusory concepts and fellowship of faith means unity in diversity. What is Humanity? The question may be raised what we mean by the term humanity? The simple answer is, humanity is nothing but the presence of self-awreness reasonableness and selfcontrol. These three qualities are accepted as distinguishing features between a human being and animal being by all the humanist thinkers of our age. These three basic qualities are comprehended in Jaina concept of three jewels, i.e. Samyak-Darsana (right vision), Samyak-Jnana cright knowledge) and Samyak-caritra (right conduct), respectively which also constitute the path of liberation. The presence of these three makes a being a perfect human being. Co-operation as Essential Nature of Living Beings For Jainas co-operation and co-existence are the essential nature of living beings. Darwin's dictum-'struggle for existence and the Indian saying- Jivojivasya bhojanam, that is 'life thrives on life' are not acceptable to them. They maintain that it is not the struggle but the mutual co-operation is the law of life. Umasvati (4th century A.D.) in his work Tattvarthasutra clearly maintains that mutual

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Aspects of Jainology Volume VI co-operation is the nature of living beings (parasparopa- graho Jivanam)'. Living beings originate, develop and exist with the co-operation of other living beings. So is the case with the human society also, its existence also depends on mutual co-operation, sacrifice of one's own interest in the interest of other fellow beings and regard for other's life, ideology, faith and necessities. If we think that other's services are essential for our existence and living, then we should also co-operate in others living. If we consider taking the help of others in our living as our right, then on the same ground of logic it is our honest duty to help others in their living. The principle of equality of all beings means that every one has a right to live just as myself and therefore one should not have any right to take other's life. Thus, for Jainas the directive principle of living is not "living on other's or "living by killing', but 'living with others' or 'living for others'. They proclaim that co-operation and co-existence are the essential nature of living beings. If it is so, then we must accept that religious tolerance and fellowship of faiths are such principles as should be followed at the bottom of our hearts. Equal Regard to all Religions According to Jainas equal regard to different faiths and religions should be the base of religious harmony and fellowship of faiths. Jaina thinker Acarya Siddhasena Divakara remarks "just as emerald and other jewels of rare quality and of excellent kind do not acquire the designation of a necklace of jewels and find their position on the chest of human beings so is the case with different religions and faiths. Whatever excellent qualities and virtues they possess unless they are catenated in the common thread of fellowship and have equal regard for others, they can not find their due place in human hearts and can be charged for spreading hostility and hatred in mankindlo." Therefore, one thing we must bear in our mind that if we consider other religions or faiths as inferior to ours or false, real harmony will not be possible. We have to give equal regard to all the faiths and religions. Every religion or mode of worship has its origination in a particular social and cultural background and has its utility and truth value accordingly. As the different parts of body have their own position and utility in their organic whole and work for its common good, so is the case with different religions. Their common goal is to resolve the tensions and conflicts and make life on earth peaceful. For this common goal each and every one has to proceed in his own way according to his own position. Every faith, if working for that particular common goal has equal right to exist and work, and should be given equal regard. According to Jainacarya Siddhasena Divakara (4th Century A.D.) the divergent view points/faiths may be charged as false only when they negate the truth value of others and claim themselves exclusively true. But if they accept the truth value of others also, they attain reghteousness. He further says, 'Every view-point or faith in its own sphere is right but if all of them arrogate to themselves the whole truth and disregard the views of their rivals, they do not attain right-view, for all the viewpoints are right in their own respective spheres but if they encroach upon the province of other view points and try to refute them, they are wrong''. For Jainas rightness of particular faith or viewpoint depends on the acceptance of rightness of other. Siddhasena further maintains that one who abvocates the view of synoptic characer of truth never discriminates the different faith as right or wrong and thus pays all of them equal regard!2. Today, when fundamentalism is posing a serious threat to communal harmony and equilibrium, unity One World Religion : A Myth In order to eradicate the conficts and stop violence in the name of religion from the world some may give a slogan of one world religion but it is neither feasible nor practicable. So far as the diversities in thoughts and habits, in cultural background and intellectual levels of the human beings are in existence, the varieties in religious ideologies and practices are essential. Jaina pontiff Haribhadra rightly maintains that the diversity in the teachings of the Sages is due to diversity in the levels of their disciples or the diversity in the standpoints adopted by the Sages themselves or the diversities in place and time i.e.ethinic circumstances in which they preached or it is only apparent diversity. Just as a physician prescribes different medicines according to the condition of patients, his illness and the climatic conditions, so is the case with the diversity in religious preachings also'. Therefore, unity, as well as diviersity both are equally essential for the fellowship of faiths and we should not undermine any one of them. Just as the beauty of a garden consists in the variety of flowers, fruits and plants, in the same way the beauty of the garden of religions depends of the variety of thoughts, ideals and modes of worship.

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Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths : A Jaina Perspective of world religions is not only essential but the only way out to protect the human race. Jainas, too believe in the unity of world religions but unity according to them does not imply omnivorous unity in which all lose their entity and identity. They believe in that type of unity where in all the alien faiths will conjoin each other to form an organic whole without losing their own independent existence and given equal regard. In other words they believe in a harmonious existence and work for a common goal i.e. the welfare of mankind. The only way to remove the religious conflicts and violence from the earth is to develop a tolerant outlook and to establish harmony among various religions. Now we shall discuss the causes of intolerance and devices suggested for the development of a tolerant outlook and religious harmony by the Jainas. True Meaning of Religion So for as the leading causes responsible for the growth of fundamentalism and intolerant outlook are concerned, in my humble opinion, the lack of the true knowledge and understanding of the real nature and purpose of religion is prime. By religion generally we mean to have some uncritcal beliefs in supernatural powers and performance of certain rituals as prescribed in our religious texts, but it is not the true and whole purpose of religion. Haribhadra in his work 'Sambodha Prakarana'(1/1) clearly remarks that the people talk about the path i.e. religion but they do not know that what is the path or religion in its true sense. In the famous Jaina text, Kartikeyanupreksa (478), dharma (religion) is defined as the real nature of the things. If it is so, then quesition arises what is the real nature of huaman being? In a Jaina text known as Bhagavatisutra (1/9), it is clearly mentioned that the nature and ultimate end of the soul is equanimity. Lord Mahavira has given two definitions of religion. In Acarangasutra (1/8/4) he says "worthy people preach that the religion is mental equanimity" Equanimity is considered as the core or essence of religion, because it is the real nature or essence of all the living beings, including human beings also. Equanimity is the state in which consciousness is completely free from constant flickering, excitements and emotional disorders and mind becomes pacific. Haribhadra says whether a person is a Svetambara or a Digambara or a Bauddha or belongs to any other religion, whosoever attains equanimity of mind, will attain the liberation (Sambodha Prakama, 1/2). Thus, the attainment as equanimity or relaxation from tensions is the essence of religions. Secondly, when we talk of social or behavioural aspect of religion, it is nothing but the observance of non-violence. In Acaranga, (1/4/1) Lord Mahavira propounds, "The worthy men of the past, present and the future will say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, all breathing, existing, living and sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented" This is the pure, eternal and unchangeable law or the tenet of religion. Acarya Haribhadra maintains that performance of rituals is only the external form of religion. In its real sense religion means the eradication of passions and lust for material enjoyments as well as the realization of one's own real nature. Thus, for Jainas the true nature and purpose of religion is to attain equanimity and peace in individual as well as in social life. Whatsoever disturbs equanimity and social peace and spreads hostility and violence is not a true form of religion, instead it is Saitana in the cloak of religion. But now-a-days, the essence of religion has been shoved into background and dogmatism, uncritical faith and performance of certain rituals have got precedence. Thus, we have forgotten the end or essence of religion and stuck to the means only. For us it has become more crucial point that while performing prayer, our face should be in the east or in the west, but we have forgotten the purpose of prayer itself. The religion aims at having control over our passions, but unfortunately we are nourishing our passions in the name of religion. Actually, we are fighting for the decoration of the corpse of religion and not caring for its soul. If we want to maintain religious harmony and ensure peace on the earth, we must always remain aware of the end and essence of the religion, instead of external practices and rituals. The English word religion is derived form the root "religio' wihch means 'to unite'. On the basis of its etymological meaning we can say that whatsoever divides the mankind, instead of uniting it, cannot be a true form of religion. We must be aware of the fact that a religion in its true sense never supports violence, intolerance and fanatical outlook. A true form of religion is one which establishes harmony instead of hostility, affection and kindness instead of hatred. Blind Faith - the Root of Intolerance Among the causes that generate fanaticism and intolerance, blind faith is the principal; it results from passionate attachment hence uncritical or "unexamining"

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78 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI outlook. Attachment (Murcha) according to the Jainas is the cause of bondage. It causes perverse attitude. In Jainism various types of Attachments are enumerated. Among them darsana-moha/drstiraga (blind faith), due to its very nature has been reckoned "paramount". In point of fact, it is considered as a central element in religious intolerance. It leads one's attitude towards a strong bias for one's own and against other's religion. Non-attachment is, therefore, considered as precondition for the right attitude or perception. A perverse, hence defiled attitude renders it impossible to view the things rightly just as a person wear- ing coloured glasses or suffering from jaundice is unable to see the true colour of objects as they are. Attachment and aversion are the two great enemies of philosophical thinking. Truth can reveal itself to an impartial thinker"]3. Non- attachment, as Jainas hold, is not only essential it is imperative in the search of truth. One who is unbiased and impartial can perceive the truth of his opponents's ideologies and faiths and thus can possess deference to them. Intense attachment unfailingly generates blind faith in religious leaders, dogmas, docrtines and rituals and consequently religious intolerance and fanaticism come into existence. The religions which lay more emphasis on faith than reason are narrower and fandamentalist. While the religions according due importance to reason also are more concilia- tory and harmonious. It is the reason or critical outlook which acts as check-post in religious faiths and rituals. Jainism holds that the uncritical outlook and even pious attachment towards the prophet, the path and the scripture is also an hindrance to a seeker of truth and aspirant of perfection. Attachment results in blind faith and superstition and repulsion consequences into intolerant conduct. The real bondage, as Jainas confirm, is the bondage due to attachment. A person who is in the grip of attachment cannot get rid of imperfection. Gautam, a chief disciple of Lord Mahavira, failed to attain omniscience in the life time of Mahavira on account of his pious attachment towards Mahavira. Same was the case with Ananda, the chief disciple of Lord Buddha, who could not attain arhathood in the life- time of his "Sasta". Once Gautam asked Mahavira : "Why am I not able to attain the perfect knowledge, while my pupils have reached the goal. "Lord answered: "Oh, Gautam, it is your pious attachment towards me which obstructs you in getting perfect knowledge and emancipation"!4. The Jainas therefore laid stress on the elimination of attachment, the root cause of bias and intolerance. Reason - The Check-Post of Blind Faith In Jainism right faith, one of its three 'Jewels', plays an important role in emancipation of the soul. On the contrary, the blind faith causes intolerance. Jainism therefore does not support blind faith. Jaina thinkers maintain that the right faith should be followed by right knowledge. The faith followed by right knowledge or truthful reason cannot be blind one. According to Jaina thinkers, reason and faith are complementary and actually there is no contention between the two. Faith without reason, as the Jaina thinkers aver, is blind and reason without faith is unsteady or vacillating. They hold that the religious codes and rituals should be critically analysed!". In the Uttaradhyayanasutra, Gautam, the chief disciple of Mahavira, strongly supports this view before Kesi, the pontiff of the church of Jaina Parsva. He said : "the difference in the Law must be critically evaluated through the faculty of reasoning. It is the reason which can ascertain the truth of Law"16. If one maintains that religion has to be solely based on faith and there is no place for reason in it, then he will unfailingly develop an outlook that only his prophet, religion and scriptures are true and other's prophets, religions and scriptures are false. He will also firmly believe that his prophet is only savior of mankind; his mode of worship is the only way of experiencing the bliss and the laws or commands of his scripture are the only right ones and thus he remains unable to make critical estimate of his religious prescriptions. While one who maintains that reason also plays an important role in the religious life, will critically evaluate the pros and cons of religious prescriptions, rituals and dogmas. An "attached" or biased person believes in the dictum 'Mine is true'. while the "detached" or unbiased person believes in the dictum 'Truth is mine.' Gunaratnasuri (early 15th cent. A.D.) in his commentary on the saddarsanasamuccaya of Haribhadrasuri (c. 3rd quarter of the 8th cent. A.D.) has quoted a verse, which explains : "a biased person tries to justify whatever he has already accepted, while an unprejudiced person accepts what he feels logically justified"7. Jainism supports 'rational thinking'. Supporting the rational outlook in religious matters Acarya Haribhadra syas : "I possess no bias for Lord Mahavira and no prejudice against Kapila and other saints and thinkers. Whosoever is rational and logical ought to be accepted 8". While describing the right faith Amrtacanda (c.early 10th cent. A.D.) condemns three types of idols namely superstitions relating deities, path and

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Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths: A Jaina Perspective scriptures1. Thus when religion tends to be rational there will hardly be any room for intolerance. One who is thoroughly rational in religious matters, certainly would not be rigid and intolerant. Non-Absolutism - the Philosophical Basis of Tolerance Dogmatism and fanaticism are the born children of absolutism. An extremist or absolutist holds that whatsoever he propounds is correct and what others say is false, while a relativist is of the view that he and his opponent both may be correct, if viewed from two different angles and thus a relativist adopts a tolerant outlook towards other faiths and ideologies. It is the doctrine of 'Anekantavada' or nonabsolutism of the Jainas on which the concept of religious tolerance is based. For the Jainas non-violence is the essence of religion from which the concept of non-absolutism emanates. Absolutism represents 'violence of thought', for, it negates the truth-value of its opponent's view and thus hurts the feeling of others. A non-violent search for truth finds non-absolutism. Jaina thinkers are of the view that reality is a complex one.20 It has many facetes, various attributes and various modes. It can be viewed and understood from different angles and thus various judgments may be made about it. Even two contradictory statements about an object may hold true. Since we are finite beings, we can know or experience only a few facets of reality at one time. The reality in its completeness cannot be grasped by us. Only a universal-observer-Sarvajna can comprehend it completely. Yet even for an Omniscient it is impossible to know is and to explain it without a standpoint or viewpoint". This premise can be understood form the following example. -- Take it for granted that every one of us has a camera to clic a snap of a tree. We can have hundreds of photographs but still we find most portion of the tree photographically remains uncovered, and what is more, the photographs differ from each other unless they are taken from the same angle. So is the case with diversified human understanding and knowledge. We only can have a partial and relative view of reality. It is impossible for us to know and describe reality without an angle or viewpoint. While every angle or viewpoint can claim that it gives a true picture of reality but each one only gives a partial and relative picture of reality. On the basis of partial and relative knowledge of reality one can claim no right to discard the views of his opponents as totally false. According to Jaina thinkers the truth-value of opponents must be accepted and respected. 79 Non-absolutism of the Jainas refuse to allow the individual to be dogmatic and one-sided in approach. It pleads for a broader outlook and open mindedness, which alone can resolve the conflicts that emerge from differences in ideologies and faiths. Satkari Mookerjee rightly observes that Jainas do not believe in the extremist a priori logic of the absolutists. Pragmatically considered, this logical attitude breeds dogmatism and if carried a step further, engenders fanaticism, the worst passion of human heart22. For non-absolutism the views of the opponent are also true. As Siddhasena Divakara (5th Cent. A.D.) remarks "All schools of thought are valid when they are understood from their own standpoint and so far as they do not discard the truth-value of others. Hemcandra was a Jaina saint; he composed his works in the praise of Siva. This liberalism is also maintained by later saints who composed their works in Hindi or Gujarati like Anandaghana and many other, till these days. In a Hindi couplet J.K. Mukhtar says : buddha Vira jina Harihara Brahma ya usako svadhina kaho/ bhakti bhava se prerita ho, yaha citta usi me lina raho // Door of Liberation - Open to All Jainism holds that the followers of other sects can also achieve emancipation or perfection, if they are able to destroy attachment and aversion. The gateway of salvation is open to all. They do not believe in the narrow outlook that "only the follower of Jainism can achieve emancipation, others will not". In Uttaradhyayana there is a reference to anyaliga-siddhasi.e. the emancipated souls of other sects" The only reason for the attainment of perfection or emancipation,. according to Jainas, is to shun the vectors of attachment and aversion. Haribhadra, taunch advocate of religious tolerance remarks: "One, who maintains equanimity of mind will certainly get emancipation whether he may be a Svetambara or Digambara or Buddhist or any one else. It is this broad outlook of the Jainas which makes them tolerant to the non-violence of thought. About the means of liberation, the Jainas are also broadminded. They do not believe that their mode of worship or their religious practice is the only one that represents the way to reach the goal of emancipation. For them, not the external modes of worship, but the right attitude and mentality are the things that makes religious practices fruitful. The Acaranga-sutra mentions that the practices which are considered to be the cause of bondage

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Aspects of Jainology Volume VI may be the cause of liberation also.29 It is the intrinsic he says, "I venerate all those who are free from all vices and purity not the external practices which makes the person filled with all virtues, be they Brahma, Visnu, Siva or ibhadra propounds that neither one who Jaina"31. This is further supported by various Jaina thinkers remains without clothes nor one who is white clad, neither of medieval period as Akalanka, Yogindu, Manatunga, a logician nor a metaphysician, nor a devotee of personal Hemcandra and many others. While worshiping Lord Siva cult will get liberation unless he overcomes his passions26. the Jaina pontiff Hemcandra says: "I worship those who If we accept the existence of the diversity of modes of have destroyed attachment and aversion, the seeds of birth worship according to the time, place and level of aspirants and death, be they Bramha, Visnu Siva of Jina">2. This and lay stress on the intrinsic purity in religious matters liberalism of the Jainas on the methods of worship can be then certainly we cannot condemn religious practices of a supported by the legends of the previous lives of Mahavira. non-absolutist. They become false only when they reject It is said that Mahavira in his previous existences was the truth-value of others27. It was this broader outlook of many times ordinated as a monk of other sects where he non-absolutism which made Jainas tolerant. practised austerities and attained heaven. While expounding this tolerant outlook of the Jainas, As for scriptures, the Jainas outlook is liberal. They Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (17th cent. A.D.) maintains a true firmly believe that a false scripture (Mithya-Sruta) may be non-absolutist does not disdain any faith but treats all the a true scripture (Samyak-Sruta) for a person of right faiths equally as a father does to his sons. For, a non- attitude; and true scripture may tum false for a person of absolutist does not have any prejudiced and biased outlook. perverse attitude. It is not the scripture but the attitude of A true believer of 'Syadvada' (non-absolutism) is one who the follower which makes is true or false. It is the vision of pays equal regard to all the faiths. To remain impartial to the interpreter and practitioners that counts. In the Nandisutra the various faiths is the essence of being religious. A little this standpoint is clearly explained". Thus we can say that knowledge which induces a person to be impartial is the Jainas are neither rigid nor narrowminded in this regard. more worth while than the unilateral vast knowledge of scriptures28 References of Religious Tolerance in Jaina Works References to religious tolerance are abundant in Jaina Non-personalism - A Keystone for Tolerance history. Jaina thinkers have consistently shown deference Jainism opposes the person-cult (person-worship) for to other ideologies and faiths. In the Sutrakstanga the it makes the mind biased and intolerant. For the Jainas, the second earliest Jaina work (c. 2nd cent. B.C.), it is observed object of veneration and worship is not a person but that those who praise their own faith and views and discared perfectness i.e. the eradication of attachment and aversion. those of their opponents, possess malice against them hence The Jainas worship the quality or merit of the person not ramain confined to the cycle of birth and death. In another the person. In the sacred namaskara-mantra of the Jainas famous Jaina work of the same period, the Isibhasiyaim, veneration is paid to the spiritual-posts such as arhat, siddha, the teaching of the forty five renowned saints of Sramanic acarya and not the individuals like Mahavira, Rsabha orand Brahmanic, schools of thought such as Narda, anybody else. In the fifth pada we find that the veneration Bharadvaja, Mankhali-Gosala and many others have been is paid to all the saints of the world. The words 'loye' and presented with due regards". They are remembered as Savva' demonstrate the geneosity and broader outlook of Arhatcsi and their teachings are regarded as an Agama. In the Jainas 29. It is not person but his spiritual attitude which the history of world religions there is hardly any example is to be worshipped. Difference in name, according to the in which the teachings of the religious teachers of the Jainas, is immaterial since every name at its best connotes opponent sects were included in one's own scriptures with the same spiritual perfection. Haribhadra in the Yogadrsti- due esteem and honour. Evidently, it indicates the samuccaya remarks that 'the ultimate truth transcends all latitudinarian and unprejudiced outlook of the earliest Jaina states of worldly existence, called nirvana and is essentially thinkers. We also have a reference to religious tolerance in and necessarily 'single" even if it be designated by different the Vyakhyaprajnapti, one of the early works of the Jainas, names like Sadasiva, Parabrahman, Siddhatma, Tathagata, when an old friend of Gautama, who was initiated in some etc." Not only in the general sense but etymologically also other religious sect, came to visit him. Mahavira commanded they convey the same meaning. In the Lokatattva-nirnaya Gautama to welcome him and Gautama did sok. Accroding

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Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths: A Jaina Perspective to Uttaradhyayana, when Gautama, the chief disciple of Mahavira and Kesi, a prominent pontiff of Parsvanatha's sect met at Kosambi, both paid due regard to each other and discussed the various problems dispassionately and in gentle and friendly manner about the differences of both the sects Haribhadra has not only maintained this latitudinarian outlook of earlier Jainacaryas, but lent new dimension to it. He was born in the age when the intellectuals of the India were engaged in hair-splitting philosophical discussions and in relentless criticism of one other. Though he also critically evaluated the other philosophical and religious systems, his outlook was fully liberal and attempted to see the truth of his opponent's logic also. In the Sastravarta-samuccaya which is one of the foremost works illustrating Haribhadra's liberal outlook, it is mentioned that the great saint, venerable Lord Buddha preached the doctine of Momentariness (Ksanikavada), Non-existence of soul (Anatmavada), Idealism (Vijnanavada) and Nothingness (Sunyavada) with a particular intention to vanish the mineness and desire for worldly objects and keeping in view the different levels of mental development of his followers, like a good physician who prescribes the medicine according to the disease and nature of the patient. He has the same liberal and regardful attitude towards Samkhya and Nyaya schools of Bhrahmanical philosophy. He maintains that naturalism (Prakrtivada) of Samkhya and Isvara kartrtvavada of the Nyaya school is also true and justified, if viewed from certain standpoint3 Further, the epithets such as the great saint (mahamuni), the venerable (arhat), the good physician (Suvaidya) used by him for Buddha and for Kapila shows his generosity and deference to other religious leaders. Haribhadra's crusade against sectarianism is unique and admirable in the history of world-religions. Alongwith these literary evidences there are some epigraphical evidences of religious tolerance of the Jainas also. Some Jaina acaryas such as Ramkirti and Jaymangalasuri wrote the hymns in the praise of Tokalji and goddess Camunda Jaina kings such as Kumarpala, Visnuvardhan and others constructed the temples of Siva and Visnu along with the temple of Jina'. Finally, I would like to mention that Jainism has a sound philosophical foundation for religious tolerance and throughout the age, it practically never indulged in aggressive wars in the name of religion nor did they invoke divine sanction for cruelities against the people of alien 81 faiths. They have always believed in religious harmony. and fellowship of faiths. Though generally Jainas do classify religions in the heretic (mithya-drsti) and non-heretic (samyak-drsti) yet, mithya-drsti, according to them, is one who possesses onesided view and considers others as totally false, while samyak-drsti is the one who is unprejudiced and sees the truth in his opponents views also. It is interesting to note here that Jainism calls itself a union of heretic views (micchadamsana-samuh). Siddhasena (5th cent. A.D.) mentions "Be glorious the teachings of Jina which are the union of all the heretic views i.e. the organic synthesis of one-sided and partial views, essence of spiritual nectar and easily graspable to the aspirants of emancipation Anandaghana, a mystic Jaina saint of the 17th cont. A.D. remarks that just as ocean includes all the rivers so does Jainism all other faiths. Further, he beautifully expounds that all the six heretic schools are the organs of Jina and one who worships Jina also worships them Historically we also find that various deities of other sects are adopted in Jainism and worshipped by the Jainas. Acarya Somadeva in his work Yasastilak-campu remarks that where there is no distortion from right faith and accepted vows, one follow the tradition prevailing in the country.** As we have already said that Jainas believe in the unity of world religions, but unity, according to them, does not imply omnivorous unity in which all the alien faiths will conjoin each other to form a organic whole without loosing their own independent existence. In other words it believes in a harmonious co-existence or a liberal synthesis in which all the organs have their individual existence, but work for a common goal i.e. the peace of mankind. To eradicate the religious conflicts and violence from the world, some may give a slogan of "one world religion" but it is neither possible nor practicable so far as the diversities in human thoughts are in existence. In the Niyamasara it is said that there are different persons, their different activities or karmas and different levels or capacities, so one should not engage himself in hot discussions neither with other sects nor one's own sect.4EUR Haribhadra remarks that the diversity in the teachings of the sages is due to the diversity in the levels of their disciples or the diversity in standpoints adopted by the Sages or the diversity in the period of time when they preached, or it is only an apparent diversity. Just as a physician prescribes medicine according to the nature of patent, its illness and the climate so is the case of diversity

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82 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI of religious teachings." So far as diversity in time, place, levels and understanding of disciples is inevitable, variety in religious conflicts is to develop a tolerant outlook and to establish harmony among them. At last I would like to conclude my paper by quoting a beautiful verse of religious tolence of Acarya Amitagati -- Sattvesu maitrim gunisu pramodam Klistesu jivesu krpaparatvam Madhyasthyabhavm viparita verttau Sada mamatma vidahatudeva." Oh Lord ! I should be friendly to all the creatures of world and feel delight in meeting the virtuous people. I should always be helpful to those who are in miserable conditions and tolerant to my opponents. References : 1. David C.V. The Voice of Humanity, (Manikachand Depot. Ujjain) p.1. 2. ekka manussa Jai-Gatha (comp. Acarya Mahaprajna, Jaina Visva Bharati. Ladnun, 1993, 1/26. Uttaradhyayanasutra, (Sadhvi Candana, Sanmati Jnanpeeth, Agra), 3/1. Kartikeyanupreksa (ed. by A.N. Upadhye, Shrimad Rajchan- dra Ashram, Agas 1960,- 478. 5. David C.V. The Voice of Humanity. Tatrvarthasutra (Umasvati), Pt. Sukhlalji, P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5, 1/1/1. 7. Bhagavati sutra, 18/10. Tattvarthsutra (Umasvati) 5/21. 9. Yogadrstisamuccaya, Haribhadra, L.D. Institute of Indology. Ahmedabad, 1970, 133. 10. Sanmtitarka, (Siddhasena Divakara, ed. Pt. Sukhlalji Sang havi, Jaina Svetaber Education Board, Bombay, 1939. 11. Ibid. 1/28 12. Ibid. 1/28. 13. N.M. Tatia, Studies in Jaina Philosophy, P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi, 1958, p.22. 14. (a) Bhagavati-Abhayadeva's Vitti, Rishabhadeva Kesari mal, Ratlam, 1937, 14/7. p. 1188. (b) Mukkhamagga pavannanam sineho vajjasimkhala vire jivamtae jao Goyamar jam na kevali-Quoted in Abhidhana Rajendra, vol. II p. 959 and Kalpasutra Tika Vinayavijay, 127, p. 120. 15. panna samikkhae dhammam / tattam tatta vinicchayam // -- Uttaradhyayana, 23/25, Sanmati Jnanapitha, Agra, 1972. 16. Agrahibata ninisati yuktim yatra tatra matirasya nivista/ paksapatarahitasya tu yuktiryatra tatra matireti nivesam // Quoted in Saddarsanasamuccaya'- Gunaratna krta tika, ed. Mahendra Kumar Jain, Bhartiya Jnanapitha, Delhi, 2nd ed., 1981, p. 461. 17. Paksapato na me vire, na dvesah kapiladisu Yuktima dvacanam yasya, tasya karya parigrahah-LokatattvanirnayaHaribhadra, Jain Granth Prakasaka Sabha, Ahmedabad, Vikram, 1964, verse 38. 18. Loke sastrabhase samayabhase ca devatabhase / nityamap tattvarucina kaitavya-mamudhadrstitvam/26 -- Purusartha-Siddhyupaya-Amartacandra, The Central Jaina Publishing House, Ajitasram, Lucknow, 1933. 19. Anantadharmatmakameva tattvam.. /22 Anyayogavyavacchedadvatrimsika, Hemacandra. 20. Natthi nayahimvihumam suttam attho ya Jinavayekimci - Avasyaka Niryukti, 544. -- Visesavasyaka Bhasya, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, 1968, 2748. 21. Prof. Satkari Mookerjee, Foundation of World Peace, Ahimsa and Anekanta, Vaisali Institute Research Bulletin No. 1, p. 229. 22. Niyayavayanijjasacca, savvanaya paraviyalane mohal Te una na ditthasamao vidhayai sacca va aliye va // -- Sanmati Prakarana, Siddhasena, Jnanodaya Trust, Ahmedabad 1963. 23. Yasya sarvatra samata nayesu tanayesviva/ Tasyanekantavadasya kya nyunadhikasemusi // Ten a syadvadamalambya sarvadarsanatulyatam/ Moksoddesavi (dvi) sesena yah pasyati sa Sastravit //70/1 Madhyasthyameva sastrartho yena taccaru siddhyati/ Sa eva dharmavadah syadanyadbalisavalganam //71/1 Madhyasthyasahitam hyekapadajnanamapi prama / Sastrakotih vrthaivanya tatha coktam mahatamana //7311 --Adhyatmopanisat-Yosovijaya, Sri Jainadharmarprasaraka Sabha Bhavanagara, 1st Ed., Vikram, 1965. 24. Namo Arahamtanam/mamo siddhanam/namo Ayariyanam Namo Uvajjhayanam/namo loye savva sahunam/ Vyakhya prajnapti, Mahavira Jaina Vidhyalaya, Bombay. Samachim coiya samana kei sapakkhaditthio vamenti, settam Micchasuyam. Vrti-etani bharatadini sastrani mithyadrsteh Mithyatvaparigrhitani bhavanti, tato Viparitabhinivesaveddhihetutvam mithyasrutam etanyeva Ca bharatadini sastrani samyagdrsteh Samyakivaparigrhitani bhavanti-Nandisutra, 72, p. 30, Sri. Mahavira, Jaina Vidhyalaya, Bombay, 1st ed. 1968. 34. Sayam sayam passarsanta garaharta param vayam/ Je utatthd visusasti, samsaram te viussiya // -- Sotrakrtanga, 1/1/2/23. 35. Devandradena Arahata isina buiyam/ --Isibhasiyaim, 1/1, See also the names of its various chapters, edited by Dr. Walther Schubring, L.D. Instt. of Indology, Ahmedabad, 1974

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The Solution of World Problems : A Jaina Perspective 36. He khamdaya! sagayam, Khamdaya! Susagayam - Bhaga vati, 2/1. 37. Kesikumara samane goyamam dissama gayam/ Padiruvam padivattim samman sampadivajjai // -- Uttaradhyayana sutra, Sanmati Jnanpitha, Agra, 1st ed. 23/16. 38. Sastravartasamuccya, L.D. Instt. Ahmedabad, 1969.6/464 65, 67. 39. Ibid. 3/207 and 3/237. 40. Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, vol. III, Introduction by G.C. Chaudhari. See also epigraphs of above mentioned book vol. I, II and III, No. 181, 249, 315, 332, 333, 356, 507, 649, 710. 41. Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, vol. III, Introduction by G.C. Chaudhari. See also epigraphs of above mentioned book, vol. I, II and III, No. 181, 249, 315, 332, 333, 356, 507,649, 710. 42. Sanmatitarka Prakarana, 3/69, Joanodaya Trust, Ahmeda bad, 1963 43. Namijinastavan --Anandaghana Granthavali, Sri Jaina Sreya skara Manal, Mahesana (1957). 44. Yasastilaka-compa Somadevasuri, p. 373, Nimaya sagar, Press, Bombay. 45. NiyamasaraKundakunda, 155, The Central Jaina Publish ing House, Lucknow, 1931, 46. Yogadrstisamuccaya (Haribhadra), L.D. Instt., Ahmedabad, 1970. 47. Samayika Patha 1-Amitagati. Published in Samayikasutra, Sanmati Jnanapitha, Agra. The Solution of World Problems : A Jaina Perspective We all are human beings first hence the problems, humanity is facing today, are our own. In fact, we, ourselves are solely responsible for their creation and naturaly have to bear their consequences also. Become our earnest duty to ponder over their roots and causes, to suggest their solutions and to make honest efforts for their eradication. Problem of Mental Tension and its Solution The growth of scientific knowledge and outlook has reverly jolted our superstitions and false dogmas. But unfortunately, it has shaken our faith in spritual and human values also. Today, we have more knowledge of and faith in the atom and atomic power than the values needed for meaningful and peaceful life. We rely more on atomic weapons as our true rescuer than on our fellow-beings. The advancement in science and technology has provided us amenities for a pleasant living. Today the life on earth has become pleasant and luxurious as it was never before. Yet because of the selfish and materialistic outlook, nobody is happy and satisfied. This advancement, in all walks of life and knowledge, could not sublimate our animal and selfish nature. The animal instinct lying within us is still dominating our individual and social behaviour. What, unfortunately has happened is that the intoxication of ambition and success made us more greedy and egoistic. Our ambitions and desires have no limits. They always remain unfulfilled and the create frustration. Frustration and resentments give birth to mental tensions. These days, the people and nations, more affluent materially having all the amenities of life, are more in the grip of tensions. Medical as well as psychological reports of advanced nations confirm this fact. This shows that the cause of our tensions is not scarcity of the object of necessities, but the endless desires and the lust for worldly enjoyment. Among the most burning problems, the world facing today, that once of mental tension is the prime one. We are living in tension all the time and even a pleasant sound sleephas become a dream. The single and most salient feature by which our age may be characterised is that of tensions. As a matter of fact, all the problems, we are facing today are created by us hence, their consequences are also to be borne by us. The main object of Jainism is to emancipate man from his sufferings i.e. mental tensions and thus to attain

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84 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI equanimity or tranquility. First of all, we must know the causes of these mental tensions. To Jainism, the basic human sufferings are not physical but mental. These mental sufferings or tensions are due to our attachment towards worldly objects. It is the attachment, fully responsible for them. The famous Jaina text Uttaradhyayana-sutra mentions: "The root of all sufferings: physical as well as mental, of every body including gods, is attachment which is the root cause of mental tension'. Only a detached attitude towards the objects of worldly enjoyment can free mankind from mental tension. According to Lord Mahavira, to remain attached to sensuous objects is to remain in the whirl. Says he: "Misery is gone in the case of a man who has no delusion, while delusion is gone in the case of a man who has no desire; desire is gone in the case of a man who has no greed while greed is gone in the case of a man who has no attachment."2 The efforts, made to satisfy the human desires through material objects, may be likened to the chopping off the branches while watering the roots. He further remarks that uncountable mountains of gold and silver like Kailasa can not satisfy the desires of human beings because desires are endless like sky3. Thus, the lust for and the attachment towards the objects of worldly pleasure is the sole cause of human tensions. If mankind is to be freed from mental tensions, it is necessary to grow a detached outlook in life. Jainism believes that the lesser the attachment, the greater will be the mental peace. It is only when attachment vanishes, the human mind becomes free from mental tensions and emotional disorders and attains equanimity, the ultimate goal of all our religious practices and pursuits". The Problem of Survival of Human Race and Disarmament The second important problem, the world is facing today, is the problem of the survival of human race itself. Due to the tremendous advancement in war technology and nuclear weapons, the whole human race is standing on the verge of annihilation. Now it is not the question of survival of any one religion, culture or nation, but of the whole humanity. Today, we have guided missiles but unfortunately, unguided men. The madness, of one nation or even an individual, may lead to the destruction of the whole humanity. Because of the advancement in scientific knowledge and outlook our faculty of faith has been destroyed. When mutual faith and faith in higher values of co-operation and co-existence is destroyed, doubts take place. Doubts cause fear, fear produces the sense of insecurity which results in accumulation of weapons. This mad race for accumulation of weapons, is likely to lead to the total annihilation of human race from this planet. Thus, the problem of survival of mankind is related to the question of disarmament. To meet this aim first of all we will have to develop mutual faith or trust and thus remove the sense of fear and insecurity, the sole cause of armament-race, and then to check the mad race for weapons. Let us think what means have been suggested by the Jainas to solve the problem of human survival and to check the mad race for weapons. For Jainas, it is the sense of insecurity which causes fear and vice a versa. Insecurity results in the accumulation of weapons. So it is our prime duty to develop the sence of security among fellow beings. In Sotrakrtanga. it is clearly mentioned that there is nothing higher than the sense of security which a human being can give to others. The virtue of fearlessness is supreme. It is two-fold (1) one should not fear from others and (2) one should not cause fear to others. A real Jaina saint is one who is free from fear and enmity. When the fear vanishes and enmity dissolves there is no need for armaments. Thus, the sense of security and accumulation of arm and weapons are related to each other. Though, arms and weapons are considered as means of security yet these, instead of giving security, generate fear and a sense of insecurity in the opposite party hence a mad race for accumulation of superior weapons starts. Lord Mahavira had seen this truth centuries before that there is no end to this mad race for weapons. In Acaranga (C. 4th B.C.) he proclaimed "atthi sattham parenaparam natthi asattham parenaparam "i.e. there are weapons superior to each other, but nothing is superior to asastra i.e. disarmament or non-violence'. It is the selfish and aggressive outlook of an individual or a society that gives birth to war and violence. They are the expressions and outcome of our sick mentality. It is through firm faith in mutual credibility and non-violence that humanity can get rid of this mad race for nuclear weapons and thus can solve the problem of its survival. The Problem of War and Violence At the root of all types of wars and violences there lies the feeling of discontentment as well as the will for power and possession. According to Sutrakrtanga, the root of violence is attachment or will for possession. A book namely "Tension that causes war" tells us that economic inequalities, insecurities and frustrations create group

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The Solution of World Problems: A Jaina Perspective conflicts. It is true that in the old days the cause of war was only will for power and possession, whether it was the possession of women or land or money. But now-a-days economic inequality, over population, sense of insecurity and unequal treatment on the basis of caste, creed and colour may be added to the causes of wars. Jaina thinkers have all the time condemned war and violence. In Uttaradhyayana, it is said "If you want to fight, fight against your passions. It is much better to fight with one's own passionate self than to fight with others. If some one is to be conquered, it is no other than your own self. One who has got victory over one's own self is greater than the one who conquers thousand and thousand of warriors". Jianas aim at complete eradication of war and violence from the earth, it is not possible as long as we are attached to and have possession for any thing-living or non-living, small or great. There are persons and nations who believe in the dictum 'might is right'. Though aggressive and unjust, war and violence is not acceptable to Jainas, they agree to the point that all those, attached to physical world and having a social obligation to protect others life and property, are unable to dispense with defensive war and violence. Jainas accept that perfect non-violence is possible only on spiritual plane by a spiritual being, completely free from attachment and aversion and having full faith in the immortality of soul and thus remaining undisturbed by the fear of death and sense of insecurity. The problem of war and violence is mainly concerned with worldly beings. They cannot dispense with defensive and occupational violence. But what is expected of them is to minimize the violence at its lowest. Ignorant and innocent persons should not be killed in wars at any cost. Jaina thinkers have suggested various methods and means for non-violent wars and for reducing violence even in just and defensive wars. They suggested two measures. First the war should be fought without weapons and in the refereeship of some one. The war, fought between Bharat and Bahubali, is an example of such a non-violent war. In our times Gandhiji also planned a non-violent method of opposition and applied it successfully. But it is not possible for all to oppose nonviolently. Only a man, detached even to his body and his heart free from malice, can protect his right non-violently. In addition to this, such efforts can bear fruits only when raised against one with human heart. Its success becomes dubitable when it has to deal with some one without faith in human values and wants to serve his selfish motives. Jainism permits only a house-holder and not a monk to 85 protect his rights through violent means in exceptional cases. But the fact remains that violence for Jainas is an evil and it cannot be justified as a virtue in any case.10 Problem of Disintegration of Human Society The disintegration of human race is also one of the basic problems, humanity is facing today, Really, the human race is one and it is us who have erected the barriers of caste, creed, colour nationalities etc. and thus disintegrated the human race. We must be aware of the fact that our unity is natural while these divisions are artificial and man made. Due to these artificial man made divisions, we all are standing in opposition to one another. Instead of establishing harmony and mutal love, we are spreading hatred and hostility in the name of these man-made artificial divisions of caste, creed and colour. The pity is that we have become thirsty of the blood of our own fellow beings. It is a well known fact that countless wars have been fought on account of these man-made artificial divisions. Not only this, we are claiming the superiority of our own caste, creed and culture over others and thus throwing one class against the other. Now, not only in India but all over the world classconflicts are becoming furious day by day and thus disturbing the peace and harmony of human society. Jainism, form its inception, accepts the oneness of human race and oppose these man made divisions of caste and creed. Lord Mahavira declared that' human race is one". He further says that there is nothing like inferiority and superiority among them. All men are equal in their potentiality. None is superior and inferior as such. It is not the class but the purification of self or a good conduct that makes one superior". It is only through the concept of equality and unity of mankind, which Jainism preached from the very beginning, that we can eradicate the problem of disintergration and class-conflict. It is mutual faith and co-operation which can help us in this regard. Jaina acaryas hold that it is not the mutual conflict but mutual cooperation which is the law of living. In his work Tattvartha sutra, Umasvati maintains that mutual co-operation is the essential nature of human being13. It is only through mutual faith, co-operation and unity that we can pave the way to prosperity and peace of mankind. Jainas believe in the unity of mankind, but unity, for them doesn't mean absolute unity. By unity they mean an organic-whole, in which every organ has its individual existence but works for a common goal. i.e. human good. For them unity means, 'unity in diversity'. They maintain that every race, every

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86 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI religion and every culture has full right to exist, with all its peculiarities, but at the same time, it is its pious duty to work for the welfare of the whole humanity and be prepared to sacrifice its own interest in the larger interest of the humanity. In the Jaina text Sthanangasutra we have the mention of Gramadharma, Nagaradharma, Rastraharma etc. referring to one's duty towards one's village, city and nation that has to be fulfilled. Jainas, it is a means for welfare of human society and not for one's own enjoyment. The accumulation of wealth in itself is not an evil but it is the attachment towards its hording and lust for its enjoyment which makes it an evil. If we want to save the humanity from class-conflicts, we will have to accept self-imposed limitation on our possessions and modes of consumption. That is why Lord Mahavira has propounded the vow of complete nonpossession for monks and nuns and vow of limitation of possession for laities. Secondly, to have a check on our luxurious life and modes of consumption he prescribed the vow of limitation in consumption. The property and wealth should be used for the welfare of humanity and to serve the needy, so he prescribed the vow of charity. In Jainism the vow of charity is named as Atithi samvibhaga. It shows that charity is not an obligation towards the monks and weaker sections of society but through charity we give them what is their right. In Jainism it is the pious duty of a house-holder to fix a limit to his possessions as well as for his consumption and to use his extra money for the service of mankind. It is through the observation of these vows that we can restore peace and harmony in human society and eradicate economic inequality and class conflicts. Problem of Economic inequality and Consumer Culture Economic inequality and vast differences in the mode of consumption are the two curses of our age. These disturb our social harmony and cause class-conflicts and wars. Among the causes of economic inequality, the will for possession, occupation or hoarding are the prime. Accumulation of wealth on the one side and the lust, for worldly enjoyment on the other, are jointly responsible for the emergence of present-day materialistic consumer culture. A tremendous advancement of the means of worldly enjoyment and the amenities of life has made us crazy for them. Even at the cost of health and wealth we are madly chasing them. The vast differences in material possession as well as in the modes of consumption have divided the human race into two categories of 'Haves' and 'Have nots' At the dawn of human history also, undoubtedly, these classes were existent but never before the vices of jealousy and hatred were as alarming as these are today. In the past, generally these classes were co-operative to eace other while at present they are in conflicting mood. Not only disproportionate distribution of wealth, but luxurious life led by affluent people these days, is the main cause for jealousy and hatred in the hearts of the poor. Though wealth plays an important role in our life and considered as one of the four purusarthas i.e. the pursuits of life yet if cannot be maintained as the sole end of life. Jainas, all the time, consider wealth as a means to lead a life and not a destination, Uttaradhyayanasutra rightly observed, "that no one who is unaware of treasure of one's own protect one-self by walth". But it does not mean that Jaina acaryas do not realise the importance of wealth in life. Acarya Amrtacandra maintains that the property or wealth commits violence. Jainas accept the utility of wealth; the only thing they want to say that wealth is always a means and it should not be considered as an end. Not doubt wealth is considered as a means by materialist and spiritualist as well, the only difference is that for materialist it is a means to lead a luxurious life while for spiritualist, as well as Problem of Conflicts in Ideologies and Faiths Jainism holds that reality is complex. It can be looked at and understood from various view-points or angles. For example, we can have hundreds of photographs of tree from different angles. Though all of them give a true picture of form a certain angle yet they differ from each other. Not only his but neither each of them, nor the whole of them can give us a complete picture of that tree. They individually as well as joinly will give only a partial picture of the tree. So is the case with human knowledge and understanding also, we can have only a partial and relative picture of reality. We can know and describe the reality only from a certain angle or view-point. Though every angle or view-point can claim that it gives a true picture of reality yet it gives only a partial and relative picture of reality. In fact, we cannot challenge its validity or truth-value, but at the same time we must not forget that it is only a partial truth or one-sided view. One who knows only partial truth or has a one-sided picture of reality, has no right to discard the views of his opponents as totally false. We must accept that the views of our opponents also may be true from some other angles. The Jaina theory of

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The Solution of World Problems : A Jaina Perspective 87 Anekantavada emphasises that all the approaches to economic inequality, political subjugation and class understand the reality give partial but true picture of reality, conflicts not only today but from its remote past. Though and due to their truth-value from a certain angle, we should some of these have assumed an alarming proportion today, have regard for other's ideologies and faiths. The Anekanta- yet, no doubt, the most crucial problem of our age is, for vada forbids to be dogmatic and one-sided in our approach. coming generation would be, that of ecological disbalance. It preaches us a broader outlook and open mindedness Only a half century back we could not even think of it. But more essential to solve the conflicts taking place due to the today, every one is aware of the fact that ecological disbaldifferences in ideologies and faiths. Prof. T.G. Kalghatgiance is directly related to the very survival of human race. rightly observes, "The spirit of Anekanta is very much It indicates lack of equilibrium or disbalance of nature and necessary in society, specially in the present days, when pollution of air, water, etc. It is concerned not only with conflicting ideologies are trying to assert supermacy human beings and their environment, but animal life and aggressively. Anekanta bring the spirit of intellectual and plant-life as well. social tolerance". Jainism presents various solution of this ecological For the present-day society what is awfully needed is problem through its theory of non-violence. Jainas hold the virtue of tolerance. This virtue of tolerance i.e. regard that not only human and animal being but earth, water, air for others ideologies and faiths has been maintained in fire and vegetable kingdom are also sentient and living Jainism form the very beginning. Mahavira mentions in beings. For Jainas to nollute, to disturb, to hurt and to the Sutrakstanga, those who praise their own faiths and destroy them means commit the violence against them ideologies and blame those of their opponents and thus which is a sinful act. It is their firm belief that earth, water. distort the truth will remain confined to the cycle of birth air, fire and vegetable pave the way for the protection of and death'. Jaina philosophers have maintained that all the ecological balance. Their every religious activity starts judgments are true by their own view-points, but they are with seeking forgiveness and repentance for disturbing or false so far as they refute other's view-points totally. Here hurting earth, water, air and vegetation. Jainacaryas had I would like to quote verses from works of Haribhadra made various resrictions of the use of water, air and green (C.8th A.D.) and Hemcandra (C. 12th A.D.), which are the vegetables, not only for monks and nuns but for laities best examples of religious tolerance in Jainism. In also. Jainas have laid more emphasis on the protection of Lokatattvanimaya Haribhadra says: "I bear no bias towards wild-life and plants. According to them hunting is one of Lord Mahavira and no disregard to the Kapila and other the seven serious offences or vices. It is prohibited for saints and thinkers, whatsoever is rational and logical ought every Jaina, whether a monk or a laity. Prohibitions for to be accepted. Hemacandra in his Mahadeostotra says" hunting and meat-eating are the fundamental conditions "I bow to all those who have overcome attachment and for being a Jaina. The similarity between plant-life and hatred, which are the cause of worldly existence, be they human life is beautifully explained in Acarangasutra. To Brahma, Visnu, Siva or Jina". Thus, Jaina saints have tried hurt the plant life is as sinful act as to hurt human life. In all the times to maintain harmony in different religious- Jainism monks are not allowed to eat raw-vegetables and faiths and tried to avoid religious conflicts. to drink unboiled water. They cannot enter the river or tank The basic problems of present society are mental for bathing. Not only this, there are restrictions for monks tensions, violence and conflicts of ideologies and faiths. on crossing the river on their way of tours. These rules are Jainism had tried to solve these problems of mankind invogue and observed even today. The Jaina monks and through the three basic tenets of non-attachment or non- nuns are allowed to drink only boiled water or lifeless possessiveness (aprigraha), non-violence (ahimsa) and non- water. They can eat only ripe fruits, if their seeds are taken absolutism (Anekanta). If mankind observes these three out. Not only monks, but in Jaina community some houseprinciples, peace and harmony can certainly be established holders are also observing these rules. Monks and nuns of in the world. some of the Jaina sects place a peace of cloth on their mouths to check the air pollution. Jaina monks are not Problem of the Preservation of Ecological Equilibrium allowed to pluck even a leaf or a flower from a tree. Not The world has been facing a number of problems such only this, while walking they always remain conscious that as mental tensions, war and violence, ideological conflicts, no insect or greenery is trampled under their feet. They use

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88 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI very soft brushes to avoid the violence of smallest living beings. In short, Jaina monks and nuns are over conscious about the pollution of air, water, etc. So far as Jaina house-holders are concerned they take such vows as to use a limited and little quantity of water and vegetables for their daily use. For a Jaina water is more precious than ghee or butter. To cut forest or to dry the tanks or ponds are considered very serious offence for an house-holder. As per rule, Jaina house-holders are not permitted to run such type of large scale industries which pollute air and water and lead to the violence of plant-life and animal-kingdom. The industries which produce smoke in large quantity are also prohibited by Jainacaryas. These types of industries are termed as 'maharambha' or greatest sin and larger violence. It is considered as one of the causes for hellish life. Thus, Jainas take into consideration not only the violence of small creatures but even earth, water, air, etc. also. The fifteen types of industries and bussiness prohbited for the house-holder are mainly concerned with, ecological disbalance, pollution of environment and violence of living beings. Jainacaryas permitted agriculture for house-holders, but the use of pesticides in the agriculture is not agreeable to them, because it not only kills the insects but pollutes the atmostpheres as well as our food items also. To use pesticides in agriculture is against their theory of non-violence. Thus, we can conclude that Jainas were well aware of the problem of ecological disbalance and they made certain restrictions to avoid the same and to maintain ecological equilibrium, for it is based on their supreme principle of non-violence. References 1. Uttaradhyayana, (Byavar) 32/29. 2. Ibid., 32/8. 3. Ibid., 9/48. 4. Acarariga, (Byavar) 1/8/4. 5. Sutrakstanga, (Byavar) 1/6/23. 6. Uttaradhyayana, 6/6. 7. Acaranga, 1/3/4 8. Satraksitanga, 1/1/1/1. 9. Uttaradhyayana, 9/34. 10. Jain Journal, Vol. 22, July 1987, No. 1, pp. 16-17. 11. Ekka Manussa Jai ? Gatha, 1/26. (Compiled by Yuvacaraya Maha Prajna, Jaina Visva Bharti, Ladnun) 12. Acaranga, 1/2/3/75. 13. Tattvarthasutra, (P.V. Varanasi) 5/21. 14. Sthanangasutra, 10/35. 15. Uttaradhyayan, 4/5. 16. Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin, No. 4. p. 31. 17. Sutrakrtanga, 1/1/2/23. 18. Lokatattvanimaya (Haribhadra), 38 19. Mahadevastrotra (Hemacandra). 44.

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The Concept of Non-Violence in Jainism The concept of non-violence has been preached by almost all the religions of the world. All the thinkers of humanity and the founders of religious orders universally accepted it as a core principle of human conduct and cardinal religious virtues. In Indian religions in general and Jainism in particular non-violence is considered as a supreme moral virtue (Ahimsa paramo dharmah). In Acaranga, a canonical Jaina Text of 4th cent. B.C., Lord Mahavira declares that "All the worthy men of the past, the present and the future say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, that all the breathing, existing, living and sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented. This is the pure, eternal and unchangeable law or the tenet of religion." 'Bhaktaparijna' also mentions the superiority of non-violence over all other virtues. It says "just as in the world there is nothing higher than mountain Meru and nothing extended than the sky, so also (in the world) there is nothing excellent and universal than the virtue of non-violence.2 In Prasnavyakaranasutra, non-violence is considered as a shelter to all the living beings. In it Ahimsa is equated with sixty virtuous qualities such as peace, harmony, welfare trust, fearlessness etc.3 For Jainas non-violence is a wider term comprehending all the virtues. It is not a single virtue but a group of virtues. Acarya Amrtacandra in his famous work Purusarthasiddhupaya maintains that "all moral practices such as truthfulness etc. are included in Ahimsa (non-violence), similarly all the vices are comprehended in Himsa (violence) because virtues do not vitiate the real nature of self while vices do vitiate. Thus, in Jainism nonviolence represents all the virtues and violence all the vices. The same view is also propounded in the famous Hindu work Mahabharata. It says 'As the foot-prints of all smaller animals are encompassed in the footprint of an elephant in the same way all the virtues (dharmas) are included in Ahimsa (non-violence). Further it maintains that there is nothing higher than the virtue of non-violences because it comprehends all the virtues" Lord Buddha in Dhammapada also remarks enmity is never appeased by enmity, but only by non-enmity- it is an eternal law.? In other words it is not the violence, but non-violence that can be accepted as an universal law of human conduct. Not only in indigenous religions, but in the Sematic religions also non-violence is accepted as religious virtues. 'Thou shall not kill'8 is one of the ten commandments, which is perscribed by prophet Moses. In the Holy Bible Jesus Christ also said 'Love thy enemy'.? In Islam the supreme being (Allah) is called the Beneficent (Al-Rahman) and the Merciful (Al-Raheem). These injuctions of the great prophets and law givers of the world show that it is the doctrine of non-violence which can only be a universal law of an advanced human society. 12 This universal acceptance of the ideal of non-violence does not mean that the ideal has been practised by all the religions of the world, in the same spirit and by all the means. In Vedic religion we have the injunction such as "Consider all the creatures of the world as your friend"10 or "see all the beings as your ownself"," yet in practice we find that; in early Vedic religion there are sanctions for not only animal sacrifices but for the human sacrifices also. In Vedas, we have the prayers to the deities for the total destruction of the enemy and victory over it.12 This shows that the primitive religion and early Vedic religion also were not very much cooped with the doctrines of nonviolence. It is also true in the case of Judaism and Islam. Though in Judaism 'thou Shalt not kill' is accepted as one of the ten commandments, but for the Jews people, this injunction only means not to kill the people of their own group and faith. Similarly in Islam, the ideal of non-violence is confined to the follower of their own faith. In it we have the sanction for Jehada. Both of these Sematic religions also have sanction for animal sacrifices. Thus, we can say that in early Vedic religion, Judaism and Islam alongwith the other primitive form religions of the world, the concept of non-violence is only confined to the non-violence towards the people of one's own group and faith. In the history of Sematic religion." Christianity for the first time totally condemned the human killing. Lord Jesus Christ bestowed his compassion on all the human beings, though in Christianity, we do not have any sanction for animal sacrifices in the name of religion, but for the sake of human food animal killing is allowed in it. In the history of indigenous religions Vaisnavism, Jainism and Buddhism, condemned all the violence towards the animal-kingdom. Though in Buddhist countries meat-eating is a common

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90 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI of Jina, there will be unintentional violence of one sensed being of earth, water etc. and there may occur unintentional violence of two or more sensed beings. But they never said that violence done in the name of religion is not violence at all, as Vedic scriptures propound. They say that it is a violence, done for the sake of the greater good of the individual and society. It is a little demerit conducive to greater merit. If in a situation violence is inevitable, Jaina thinkers advice to opt the lesser violence for the greater good. Intentional violence of immobile one-sensed living beings for lively-hood and in religious performances is permitted to house holders only. practice yet we must be aware of the fact that this does not have any religious sanction on the part of Buddhism. Vaisnavism prohibit the violence towards the vegetable kingdom. It is in Jainism for the first time that the violence towards the vegetable kingdom as well as other subtle being of the water, earth, air and fire is totally shunned off. A Jaina monk neither can eat raw vegetables, nor can accept the meal which is prepared for him. He can drink only boiled water or water which is completely lifeless. He observes non-violence by all the nine means, i.e. (1-3) not to do violence through mind, body and speech, (4-6) not to order for violence through mind, body and speech and (7- 9) not to recommend violence through mind, body and speech.' So far as the conduct of house-holder is considered, he has been prohibited only from the intentional violence of mobilie beings. In Pali tripitaka, Buddha himself prohibited the meateating to the monks, if it is seen, known or heard that the animal was killed for them. Though, Buddha allowed his monks to accept invitations for meals i.e. to accept the meals which is prepared for them. Buddha also not prohibited his monks from eating raw vegetable and drinking the water of well or river. All this shows a development in the meaning of the term non-violence. This development did not take place in a chronological order, but through the cultural and rational development of human society. The development in the meaning of the term non-violence is three dimensional : (1) to refrain from the violence of human beings, to vegetable kingdom and life existing in the finest particles of earth, water, air and fire (2) to refrain from the external act to the internal will of violence i.e. from outward violence to inward violence and (3) to refrain from the violence of other self to the violence of one's own self. Rational Foundation of Non-Violence Mackenzi, an eminent Western scholar, believes that the ideal of non-violence is an outcome of fear. But Indian thinkers in general and Jainas in particular never accepted this view. For them the basis of non-violence is the concept of equality of all beings. They based this ideal not on the emotional basis but on the firm footings of reason. The Dasavaikalika, a Jaina canonical text of 3rd century B.C. mentions that every one wants to live and not to die. For this simple reason Nigganthas prohibit the violence. It is also mentioned that Just as pain is not dear to oneself, having known this regarding all other beings, one should treat all the beings equally and should keep sympathy with all of them on the simple basis of equality. The simplest rule of our behaviour towards the others is 'whatever you desire for yourself and whatever you do not desire for yourself, desire that or do not desire that for others. This experience of likeness of all beings and the regard for the right of all to live are the basement for the practice of non-violence. It is not only in Jainism, but in Buddhism and Hinduism also non-violence is supported on the rational ground of equality of all beings. In Dhamampada Lord Buddha also remarks 'All men tremble at torture and love life and fear death, remember that you are like unto them, so do not kill nor cause slaughter.20 In Isopanisad it is declared "For a man who realises this truth, all beings need, become the self; when one thus sees unity, what delusion and what sorrow can one have". This idea of the Isopanisad (6 & 7) is echoed thus, in the Gita : "The man whose self has been integrated by yoga sees the Self in all beings and all beings in the Self : he sees the same everywhere". Sarvatra samadarsinah. "One who sees, by analogy with oneself, the same everywhere, whether it is pleasure or pain, is the best yogi, Religious sanction for violence and Jaina view-point The acceptance for the 'inevitability of violence in the social and individual life is something different from giving it a religious sanction. Though Jaina thinkers accept that complete non-violence as they consider it, is not possible in this worldly life. Yet neither they gave the religious sanction to the violence nor they degraded this ideal of non-violence by saying it as impracticable. Even if some sort of violence is permitted to the house-holders and in some cases to monks in the Jaina scriptures such as Nisithacurnil5 etc., they never say that this type of violence is not violence at all. For example, in building the temple

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The Concept of Non-Violence in Jainism Atm'aupamyena samam pasyati. (Gita, vi.29,32) Our classical commentators have rightly brought out the implication of this. By analogy with oneself (atmaupamya) when one realizes that what is good or bad for oneself must be so for others, one would always do only what is good for others. He would be engaged in the welfare of all beings (Sarvabhutahita), hating none, and with friendliness and compassion for all. Non-violence is nothing but to treat all living being as equal. The concept of equality is the core of the theory of non-violence. The observance of non-violence is to honour each and every form of life. According to Jaina point of view, all the beings have equal right to lead a peaceful life. Though violence is unavoidable yet it can not be the directive principle of our living, because it goes against the judgements of our faculty of reasoning. If I think that nobody has any right to take my life on the same ground, I have also no right to take another's life. The principle, 'live on others' or 'living by killing' is self-contradictory. The principle of equality propounds that every one has the right to live. The directive principle of living is not 'Living on others' or 'Living by killing' but 'Living with others', or Live for others (Parasparopagrahojivanam)," Though in our worldly life complete non-violence is not possible yet our motto should be 'Lesser violence is better Living'. It is not the struggle but co-operation is the law of life. I need other's co-operation for my very existence and so I should also co-operate in other's living. The meaning of Non-violence The term non-violence (Ahimsa) has various connotations. Generally it means not to kill, slain or hurt any living being. Ahimsa means abstention or refraining from himsa. Himsa means violence, injury, harm, deprivation, mutilation, disfigurement and causing pain and suffering to others. In Tattvarthasutra the term violence is defined as to hurt the vitalities of a living being through the operation of intense passion infected activity of mind, body and speech. This definition of himsa covers two aspects external and internal. In Jainism, violence is considered of two types -- Dravyahimsa and Bhavahimsa.22 The act of harming or hurting is Dravyahimsa i.e. external violence and the intention to hurt or to kill is Bhavahimsa i.e. internal violence. There is a causal relation between Dravyahimsa and Bhavahimsa. Generally, Dravyahimsa caused by entertaining impure or passionate thought activities such as anger, pride, deceit, greed, sorrow, fear, 91 sex-desire etc. An outer act of hurting others vitalities if proeceded by impure thought activity i.e, ill-will then it really becomes an act of violence. On the basis of dravya and bhava himsa we have four alternatives of violence (1) both intention and act of killing (2) only there is an intention of killing, not the act of killing. (3) act of killing minus intention of killing and (4) neither the act of killing and nor the will,23 though apparently it seems an act of hurting. In Jainism, violence not only involves the killing or causing harms to other beings but it is also related to our ownself. To hurt the vitalities of other beings is called parahimsa, i.e. violence of others while to entertain impure thought activity or ill-will is the violence towards our ownself. Impure thought activity or ill-will injures the real nature of this soul by disturbing its equanimity. The evil thought activity vitiates the purity and equanimity of the soul hence called sva-himsa i.e. violence of our ownself. This violence of our ownself is more than the violence of others, because the later may only be possible when former had taken place. Generally, we cannot kill or cause harm to others without impure thought activity or ill-will i.e. the violence towards others implies the violence of our ownself. Bhaktaparijna mentions "killing of other beings is killing one's ownself and compassion for others is the compassion for one's ownself." Thus, will is the mother of activity. Illwill causes sinful activity. The violence towards others can only be committed after committing violence towards one's ownself. Acaranga says, "he who ignores or negates other beings, ignores or negates one's ownself. He whom you wish to kill or control or on whom you wish to inflict suffering is yourself."24 We can not kill or harm other without killing our ownselfie. without vitiating our equanimity, the real nature of ourself. It is the attachment and hatred which make violence possible. In the state of equanimity i.e. non-attachment and non-hatred commission of violence is an impossibility. Thus, passions necessarily lead to the violence of our ownself as well as to otherselves. Acarya Amrtacandra in his famous work Purusarthasiddhyupaya mentions "The absence of attachment and other passions is non-violence, while presence of these is violence. This is the essence of Jaina scriptures. There will be no violence even if vitalities are injured when a person is not moved by any kind of passions and is careful in his activity. But if one acts carelessly moved by the influence of passions, there is certainly a violence whether a living being is killed or not. Because a passionate person first

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92 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI injures his ownself through the self. It does not matter whether there is subsequently an injury is caused to another being or not."25 The will to injure and act of injuring, both constitute violence, but of these two, first is more vital, so far as the principle of bondage is concerned. Thus, in Jainism every activity of mind, body and speech infatuated with passions and carelessness is called violence and absense of violence is non-violence. Positive aspect of Non-violence Further, we must be aware of the fact that in Jainism non-violence is not merely a negative concept i.e. not to kill; but it has positive meaning also as compassion and service to living beings. Once a question was asked to Mahavira 'O Lord, one person is rendering his services to the needy persons while other is offering puja to you, of these two who is your real follower, Mahavira answered 'first one is the real follower of mine, because he is following my teaching 26 Non-violence and War Just as peace and non-violence are synonyms so are the war and violence. There can be no war without violence. One who is engaged in war is definitely engaged in violence. Though agressive and unjust wars have been condemned by all the religions yet defensive wars are considered as moral and just. Judiasm, Islam, Christianity and Hinduism all support those wars which are fought for a religious and just cause. Islam considers Jehad as a religious duty. In Hinduism Bhagavadgita also supports war for the sake of just cause. Now, we shall consider the position of Jainas in this regard. Jaina thinkers advocate non-resistance towards all the force whether used justly or unjustly. Jaina monks are totally prohibited for any resistance which involves violence. For Jainas, war is always immoral act, for it is always waged due to our attachment and involve violence: external as well as internal. In Jaina canons it is said "what is the use of fighting with others. If one wants to fight he should fight with himself because it is your passionate self which is to be conquered. One who conquers his ownself conquers four passions and five senses and ultimately conquers all the enemies.27 All wars have their origin in passions and attachment and so generally speaking are all unjust. Jaina monks are not permitted to violent resistance even for the protection of their own life, but as an exceptional case if the very existence of Jaina order is in danger, they are permitted even for the violent resistence. In Jaina canons we have the example of Acarya Kalaka, who engaged himself in warfare against the king of Avanti for the rescue of his nun sister Sarasvati.27 But all that resistances of that nature are considered as an exception. So far as ....... as an moral act. So far as the house-holders are concerned, they are allowed to involve in such wars, fought for the just cause. But it should be noted here that the war fought for the just cause must be a defensive one and not an offensive one. The aggressive wars faught by Jaina kings were never considered by Jaina thinkers as moral act. It was Jainism that gave the idea of wars where in violence was not involved. This spirit may will be understood by the story of Bharat and Bahubali; Bharat who wanted to be a Cakravarti King attacked Bahubali who accept his sovereignty. Both were engaged in war, refused to when they were suggested for a non-violent method of war, both of them agreed to. In our age Mahatma Gandhi had demonstrated the way of passive resistance i.e. Satyagraha. Jainism sets its goal as the ideal of complete nonviolence external as well as internal : The realisation of this ideal in the practical life is by no means easy. Non-violence is a spiritual ideal, fully realisable only in the spiritual plane. The real life of an individual is a physio-spiritual complex; at this level complete non-violence is not possible. According to Jaina thinkers the violence is of four kinds (i) deliberate (Samkalpi) or aggressive violence i.e. intentional killing (ii) protective violence i.e. the violence which takes place in saving the life of one's own or his fellow being or in order to make peace and ensure justice in the society (iii) Occupational i.e. violence taking place in doing agriculture or in running the factories and industries (iv) violence, is involved in performing the daily routine of a house-holder such as bathing, cooking, walking etc. The first form of violence must be shunned by all, because it relates to our mental proclivities. So far as the thoughts are concerned, a man is his own master. So it is obligatory for all to be non-violent in this sphere. From the behavioural point of view, deliberate violence is aggressive. It is neither necessary for self-defence nor for the living. The Second form of violence is defensive taking place in the activity of defence. It becomes necessary for the security of one's life. External circumstances may compel a person to be a violent or to counter attack in defence of his own life or that of his companions or for the protection of his belongings. A person living in family is unable to

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The Role of Parents, Teachers and Society in Instilling Culture Values keep away completely from this type of violence because he is committed to the security of family members and their belongings. It will not be possible for him to resist not-violently with success. Only a man, unattached to his body and material objects, his heart free from malice, can protect his rights non-violently. A non-violent opposition only may be fruitful against an enemy with human heart. So far as occupational violence is concerned everyone cannot shake it off. For so long as a person has to earn his livelihood and to seek fulfilment of his physical needs, deliberate violence of vegetable kingdom is unavoidable. In Jainism intentional violence to mobile animals by a house-holder has been forbidden even when it becomes necessary for the maintenance of life and occupation. Undoubtedly one or other form of violence is inevitable in our life, but on this basis we can not take deision that the observance of non-violence is of no use in the present. Just as violence is inevitable in the world for living, non The Role of Parents, Teachers and Society in Instilling Culture Values Meaning of Culture Values When we talk about instilling culture-values in our children, we should be clear about one thing: What do we mean by culture-values? What kind of values do we want to teach? Do we want to continue the present hypocritical double standard in the name of culture and tradition? Are we not keeping alive a culture, devoid of any real values, a mere pomp and show, where in the gap between saying and doing is too wide and deep to cover it? Do we want our children to make outward claims of religion, morality, good conduct and behaviour at places of worship, temples, churches and social gatherings while in the work place and at home, to be involved in deception, intrigue and immoral behaviour? I am saying this because perhaps we have the same expectations from our children. Today, we want our youngsters to become successful businessmen, officers or politicians. But whether a person having good character and doing what he thinks and says, may be successful presently in any field? These days, curruption is so widespread in politics, administration and business, it seems violence is also inevitable for the very existence of human race. So far as the existence of human society is concerned it depends on mutual co-operation, sacrifice of ones interest in the interest of his fellow-beings and regard for other's life. If above mentioned, elements are essential for our social life, how can we say that non-violence is not necessary for human life. Society does not stand on violence but on non-violence, not on fulfilment of self-interest but on sacrifice of self-interest, not accepting our own rights but in accepting the rights of others as our duty. Thus, we can say that the non-violence is an inevitable principle of the existence, for human society. At present we are living in age of nuclear weapons and due to this the existence of human race is in danger. At present it is only the observance of non-violence, which can save the human race. It is mutual credibility and the belief in the equality of human beings which can restore peace and harmony in human society. 93 that no one with good character and morals can be successful. Even in the field of so-called religion, the success of such a person is doubtful pecause there too fundamentalist monks, sectarianism, the blind pursuit of name and fame are so strong that the difference between words and deeds is clearly visible. Our so-called 'good', yoga teachers and masters of religious establishments are clear examples of this dualism. Thus, we need to be clear what we mean by building the character of our youngsters. Do we want a 'successful' person or a truthful and honest one? It seems that in our heart of hearts, we want our youngsters to be successful but seemingly truthful and honest. It is a bitter fact that while talking about a wellcultured child, we do not mean more than formal courtesy, etiquette and blindly following old traditions. Does instilling culture-values imply adopting the modern Western culture of materialism and lavish luxurious living without good conduct and morality? To this end, now-a-days, not only in the prosperous high class but even in the middle class, people have the desire to send their

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94 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI children to convents. Though the children in convent schools learn outward formality and etiquette, they are largely poor in moral and spirutual values. Alternatively, in the name of culture and tradition, do we want to instill sectarianism, religious fanaticism, prejudice and/or lifeless ritualism in our children? Many people who talk of character building have such hollow objectives. They expect their children to have blind faith in religious concepts and traditions. Thus, before discussing the problems of instilling culture and tradition in our youngsters, we should define what we mean by a cultured person. Does it mean one who is successful in the present atmosphere? Does it mean one who is Westernized in attitude and conduct? Does it mean a child who is religiously attached to traditional rituals? Or do we want our youngsters to have spiritual outlook and to have faith in humanitarian values? In my view, when we think beyond our personal interests and religious prejudices and set aside indulgence towards our child, we will clearly see that, in reality, a cultured person is one who has good intentions and immaculate conduct. In fact, culture means good character. Culture means moving away from animal instincts and imbibing human values. Culture can be instilled in children by teaching them such qualities as self-control, rational outlook and co-operation. Let us now consider how we can accomplish our goal. unfortunate that this thinking is dominant not only in the field of education but also among the parents and administrators. Today, parents want their children to study the subjects leading to prosperity and authority. We want our son to become a doctor, an engineer or a government officer not because he will become more useful to the society but because he will have authority and weath. This blind pursuit of power and wealth has polluted our outlook towards education. This materialistic outlook is not producing good educated human beings but it is breeding the devil' in us. Our education is turning out everything but a human being. But can an education, not breeding human values and not making man a man be called education? Today, education is related to bread and not to character. Today, the significance of education is not building a good character but producing a clever diplomat. The government is under this delusion. Our (Indian) government thinks that teaching of ethics is against the ideal of secularism, but does secularism imply immorality and unethical conduct? The teaching of ethics has been discarded in the name of secularism. We may print the motto sa vidya ya vimuktaye (education is, that leads to liberation). But our present system of education is not concerned with it. Moral and spiritual values do not have any place in today's education although the commissions recently set up by the government have stressed the urgent need for the teaching of morals and ethics in their reports. Today's educators and students, both are slaves of money. On the one hand, the teacher teaches not because he is interested in developing the character of his students but because he gets his salary. On the other hand, the government, the parents and students do not consider him to be a GURU (master) but a servant. When GURU is reduced to the status of a servant, then the expectations of instilling culture values are invain. These days the GURU-student relationship is business like - a bargain. In our ancient scriptures, education has been described as the nectar of life but today it has been reduced to the status of means of earning the livelihood. We have forgotten the basic goal of education. In the words of the famous Urdu poet Firaq: Sabhi kuch to ho raha hai is a tarakki ke jamane men Magar kya gajab hai ki adami insan nahin hota (Everything is happening in this age of progress but the tragedy is that man is not becoming a human being.) Today's education is turning out doctors, engineers, Avoid Certain Fallacies about Education: It is unfortunate that most of us do not understand the purpose of education. Neither gaurdians nor teachers politicians nor society understands the real motive behind what is being taught. Most of us have forgotten that an important purpose of education is instilling-culture values. There seems to be a chaos in the field of education and consequently people merely link education to livelihood. Materialistic thinking limits the purpose of education to prepare an individual to earn his livelhood. However, if the goal of education is just earning bread, what is the difference between man and animal? It is said : Ahar nidra bhayamaithunam ca samanyametad pasubhih naranam (Eating, sleeping, fear and sex, these four instincts are common between men and animals.) It is a fact that bread comes first but it is not the ultimate goal of life. So why, only earning the bread is being considered the goal and the end of education? It is

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The Role of Parents, Teachers and Society in Instilling Culture Values lawyers, etc. but to some extent, it is not producing good human beings. Unless education instills moral and spiritual values in a child, it can not produce human beings. Our primary responsibility is to make man a man, to instill culture values in our youngsters. The famous American thinker Tufts writes: Thus, according to Tufts, the purpose and end of education is to sow the seeds of good character and good values in a human being. Since the independence of India, the commissions, set up to study and suggest reforms of education, headed by the famour philosopher, Dr. Radhakrishnan, the famous scientist, Dr. D.S. Kothari, and the famous educationist, Dr. Mudaliyar, all came to the conclusion that education must relate to human values. As long as this is not done, as long as education does not sow the seeds of good character traits, instead of good human beings, our colleges and universities will continue to turn out people with undersirable attitude and tendencies. Education is for character building, by character children may not come in the way of their indulgence or building and of character building. they may not pick up the undesirable habits and conduct of their parents. In this context the couplet written by an Urdu poet seems to be appropriate: Tifl men boo aai kyaa ma baap ke itwaar ki Doodh to dabbe ka hai taaleem hai sarkar ki (How can an offspring adopt the faith of the parents? He is the given canned milk and (British) government's education.) We can not depend on others to instill our culture and traditions in our children. If parents want their children to imbibe the sound and health, features of our ancient Indian culture, they will have to lead a clean life of self-control and self-sacrifice. They will have to be immaculate in their livelihood and behaviour. The Role of Parents and Guardians in Character Building: It is true that family is the first school for a child where the seeds of culture values are sown. A child spends about 18 out of 24 hours with the family members. Thus, naturally he or she is most influenced by the character of his family members. Now the question arises: Are today's parents in a position to teach good character to their children through their actions? If the parents are busy in the pursuit of their own interests and material pleasures, then it seems impossible for children to learn good values. Many parents of high class, affluent families lead a luxurious life, greatly influenced by materialism of modern culture. It is rather difficult to imagine that their children will keep away from materialism. On the contrary, it is seen that such youngsters develop many undersirable habits and behaviour. First, such families are adopting non-vegetarianism and using intoxicating drinks, thus moving away from good, healthy, clean diet. Secondly, their untamed desires have put a question mark on the purity of their character. Thirdly, because of the greed for money, the reliability and simplicity of their lives is being eroded. It is evident that such atmosphere is not conducive to the building of good character of children. If the parents spend much of their time in offices, parties and clubs, and the children are left in the care of servants and baby-sitters, they lose intimacy with their children. Thus, how can their children be expected to learn culture values? This also applies to the children of working parents. In many cases, the character traits developed by such children are of the servants and babysitters and not of the parents. Many people send their youngsters to Western-style boarding schools so that their 95 What should Parents and Guardians Do? 1. Parents and guardians should have an immaculate, cultured and ethical conduct so that they produce a good influence on the youngsters. Parents and guardians should watch the kind of company their children keep. Peer pressure has tremendous effect on youngsters. 3. We should select the schools carefully. We should respect the teachers and teach our youngsters to do the same. 4. We should select the boarding schools and dormitories carefully for our youngsters. 5. As far as possible, the children should not be left in the custody of servants and baby-sitters. We should spend as much time with our children as possible. 6. We should provide good literature for reading and should try to keep our children away from 'dirty' books, films and records. 2. 7. We would educate our children about our values with the medium of moral stories and the life stories of great men. 8. We should take our children to meet with noble. educated and cultured personalities.

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Equanimity and Meditation (Samayika and Dhyana) Samayika is the principal concept of Jainism. It is the first and foremost among six essential duties of a monk as well as of a house-holder. Praksta term Samaiya is translated into English in various ways such as observance of equanimity, viewing all the living beings as one's own self, conception of equality, harmonious state of one's behaviour, integration of personality as well as righteousness of the activities of mind, body and speech. Acarya Kundakunda also used the term samahi (samadhi), in the sense of samayika where it means a tensionless state of consciousness or a state of self-absorption'. In its general sense the word samayika means a particular religious practice through which one can attain equanimity of mind. It is an end as well as means in itself. As a means it is a practice for attaining equanimity while as an end it is the state in which self is completely free from the flickerings of alternative desires and wishes, excitements and emotional disorders. It is the state of self-absorption or resting in one's own self. In Avasyakaniryukti, it is mentioned that the samayika is nothing but one's own self in its pure form". Thus, from transcendental point of view, samayika means realisation of our own self in its real nature. It is the state in which one is completely free from attachment and aversion. In the same work Arya Bhadra also mentions various synoyms of samayika'. According to him equanimity, equality, righte- ousness, state of self-absorption, purity, peace, welfare and happiness are the different names of samayika. In Anuyogadvarasutra, Avasyakaniryukti and Kudakunda's Niyamasara', samayika is explained in various ways. It is said that one who by giving up the movement of uttering words, realised himself with non-attachment, is said to have supreme equanimity? He, who detached from all injurious or unpious actions, observes three-fold control of body, mind and speech and restrains his senses, is said to have attained equanimity. One who behaves equally as one's own self towards all living beings mobile and immobile, is said to have equanimity. Further, it is said that one who observes self-control, vows and austerities, one in whom attachment and aversion do not cause any disturbance or tension and one who always refrains from indulgence, sorrow and ennui, is said to have attained equanimity or samayika! This practice of equanimity is equated with religion it self. In Acararga, it is said that all the worthy people preach religion as equanimity'. Thus, for Jainas, the observance of religious life is nothing but the practice for the attainment of equanimity. According to them, it is the essence of all types of religious activities and they all, are prescribed only to attain it. Not only in Jainism but in Hinduism also, we find various references in support of equanimity. Gita defines yoga as equanimity. Similarly, in Bhagvati it is said that the observance of equanimity is the worship of lord!). The whole frame-work of Jaina sadhana has been built on the foundation of samayika i.e. the practice for equanimity. All the religious tenets are made for it. Acarya Haribhadra maintains that one who observes the equanimity or samabhava will surely attain the emancipation, whether he belongs to Svetambara sect or Digambara sect, whether he is Bauddha or the follower of any other religion. It is said in Jaina religious texts that one who observes hard penances and austerities such as eating once in a month or two as well as one who makes the donations of crores of golden coins every day, can not attain emancipation unless he attains equanimity. It is only through the attainment of equanimity of mind that one can get emancipation or liberation. Acarya Kundakunda says "what is the use of residing in forest, mortification of body, observance of various fasts, study of scriptures and keeping silence etc. to a saint, who is devoid of equanimity" (Niyamasara, 124). Now we come to the next question how one can attain this equanimity of mind. Mere verbal syaing that I shall observe the equanimity of mind and refrain from all types of injurious activities does not have any meaning unless we seriously practise it in our own life. For this, first of all, one should know what are the causes which disturb our equanimity of mind and then make a n endeavour to eradicate them. It is very easy to say that one should observe the equanimity of mind, but in practice it is very diffcult to attain it. As our mental faculty is always in grip of attachment and aversion, what so ever we think or do, is always motivated by either attachment or aversion. Because the vectors of attachment and aversion are solely responsible for the disturbance of mental equanimity so the practice to attain equanimity depends on the eradication of attachment and aversion. So long as we do not eradicate the attachment and aversion, we are unable to attain equanimity.

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Equanimity and Meditation (Samayika and Dhyana) Now, our attention turns to the eradication or attachment and aversion. How we can get rid of these two enemies of equanimity. Attachment is another name of mineness and this mineness can only be uprooted through the contemplation of ektva bhavana and anyatva bhavana i.e. nothing is mine except my own self. In Aurapaccakhana, it is clearly mentioned that if we want to conquer the mineness we must have to contemplate on the transitory nature of worldly things as well as of our own body. Only he who perceives that the death is coming nearer and nearer every moment, can see the things in their right perspective. samyagdarsana is nothing but to have a proper under- standing of the worldly things. One, who perceives one's own death and transitory nature of things, can never be attached to them. When mineness disappears, otherness also disppears. For these two are the relative terms and without onc, other also loses its meaning and when the idea of mineness as well as otherness dissolves, attachment and aversion disappears and equanimity dawns. There is only one way to attain the equanimity of mind and that is through the contemplation of real nature of one's own self as well as of worldly things. One can eradicate the vectors of attachment and aversion and thus attain cquanimity. And it is through self-awareness that one can be steady and firm in the state of equanimity or self-absorption. Equanimity needs proper understaning of real nature of one's own self as well as of others. In Niyamasara, it is said that one, who meditates in one's own real nature with non-attached thought, activity and realises his self through righteous and pure concentration, can attain the supreme equanimity. One, who always practises the dharma dhyana (righteous meditation) and sukla dhyana meditation of pure-form or real nature) can attain the equanimity. Thus, samayika is closely related to meditation, without meditation and self-awareness no one can attain the equanimity of mind. Kundakunda further maintanins that one who is absorbed in righteous and pure meditation is the antaratma or sadhaka and one who is devoid of such contemplation or meditation is called bahiratma. The realisation of self is only possible through equanimity and equanimity is possible only through the meditation of one's own real nature (Niyamasara, 15, 147). At last, I would like to conclude my paper by quoting a beautiful verse of Samayika-patha of Acarya Amitagati Sattvesu maitrim gunisu pramodam klistesu jivesua krpaparatvam. Madhyasthyabhavam Viparita vittau Sada mamatma vidadatudeva. Oh Lord! I should be friendly to all the creatures of world and feel delight in meeting the virtuous people. I should always be helpful to those who are in miserable conditions and tolerant to my opponents." References 1. Amgasuttani-1, Jaina Visva Bharti, Ladanun, 1974. 2. Acaranga Curni, Jinadasa Gani.R.K.S.S. Ratlam, 1941 3. Acaranga tika (1st Srutaskandha), Siddhacakra Sahitya Pracaraka Samiti, Surat, 1934. 4. Ayaro-Comment., ed. & trans. by Acarya Mahaprajna, Jaina Canonical Text Series, Jaina Visva Bharati, Ladnun, 1981. 5. Bhagavatisutra-Tika, Agamodaya Samiti, Bombay, 1918. 6. Jaina Sutras, Hermann Jacobi, (S.B.E.S. Vo. XXII, pt. I), M.L.B.D., Delhi, Rep. ed. 1964. 7. Mahavira-Carita-Mimamsa (Guj.) Pt. 1, Pt. D.D. Malavania, Ramesh Malavania, 8, Opera Society, Ahmedabad, 7, 1992. 8. Niryukti-Samgraha- ed. Vijayanemisuri, Harsa Puspamrta Jaina Granthamala (189), Lakhabaval, Santipuri, Maharastra, 1989. 9. Satrakrtanga-Tika, pt. 1, Agamodaya Samiti, Bombay, 1919. 10. Sthananga-Tika, Seth Maneklal Cunni lal, Ahmedabad, 1937. 11. Vyavaharabhasya Tika, Vakil Kesavalal Premchand, 1926.

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The Concept of Vibhajjavada and its Impact on Philosophical and Religious Tolerance in Buddhism and Jainism Buddhism and Jainism both belong to the same Sramanic tradition of Indian Culture, Gautama, the Buddha and Vardhamana, the Mahavira were contemporaries. The philosophical awakening was the main feature of their age. The various religio-philosophical problems and questions were put before the religious leaders and thinkers and they were expected to answer and to solve these. The various answers were given to the same problem by different thinkers, and owing to this difference of opinions on the philosophical problems, the various philosophical schools emerged in that age. According to the Pali Tripitaka there were sixty two schools or sixty two different views held by different teachers on the nature of man and world, and according to Prakrta Agamas there were three hundred sixty schools. Each one of them was claiming that his view was the only right view (samyagdrsti) and other's views were false views (mithya- drsti). But according to Buddha and Mahavira all of them have one sided picture of the reality or the phenomenon which is a complicated one. Both of them found that these various philosophical and religious schools and sects were conflicting with each other without understanding the problem itself and cling to onesidedness. This onesidedness, is due to the absence of analytic approach towards the pro- blems and improper method of answering the questions. If philosophical questions are answered catregorically or absolutely they present only onesided picture of the fact or phenomenon and thus create a false notion. According to the Jaina thinkers the onesidedness (ekanta) and the claim that my view is the only right-view (agraha) are considered as false notions (mithyatva). For Buddha and Mahavira both, the true method of answering the philosophical questions is the method of analysis. Only an analytic approach towards the philosophi- cal problems can give us a right vision. Both of them suggested that the philosophical questions should be answered after analysing them. This method of analysis was called as vibhajjavada in both the canons. Buddha and Mahavira both claimed themselves as vibhajjavadins. In Buddhist order at the time of Asoka only the Vibhajjavadins were considered as the true followers of Buddha. In Anguttarnikaya it is mentioned that there are four methods of answering a question -- (i) answer to a question en-toto i.e. absolutely (ekamsavada). (ii) answer to a question after analysing it into various parts (vibhajjavada), (iii) answer to a question by raising a new question and (iv) to keep silence.' Buddha and Mahavira both preferred the second method i.e. vibhajjavada, though Buddha sometimes used the first, third and fourth methods also. It is mentioned in the texts that Buddha himself claimed as Vibhajjavadin. Prof. S.Dutt in his book "The Buddha and Five After Centuries' says "perhaps the word Vibhajjavadin originally meant one whose method was to divide a matter posited into its component parts and deal with each part separately in his answer and not with the whole matter in en-toto fashion." This method of vibhajjavada i.e. the method of analysis is well illustrated in Subha-sutta of the Majjhimanikaya. Subha asked Lord Buddha, 'whether a busy life of a man of the world is to be preferred or a monk's reposeful life?' Buddha answered - 'the busy life may be a failure or success and so too the life of repose.' Similarly in the Jaina text Bagavatisutra, Jayanti asked Mahavira whether sleeping is good or awakening is good ? Lord answered that for a sinner sleeping is good and for a saint awakening is good. This analytic approach towards the problems shows that the relative answer is the proper method to deal with the problems, whether they are philosophical, religious, ethical or the problems of everyday life. Absolute or categorical answer explains only one aspect or the part of the problem and other aspects of the problem remain unexplained. Thus, we can say that analytic approach towards the problems gives us broader outlook to understand them and we are more nearer to the truth. It is due to vibhajjavada, an analytic approach, the theory of anekantavada, in Jainism and sunyavada in Buddhism came into existence. The positive analytic approach of Lord Mahavira gave birth to anekantavada and sydvada and the negative analytic approach of Lord Buddha later on gave birth to sunyavada. Both are, in fact, the ofshools of vibhajjavada, or analytic method. Here I am not going into the details that how the theories of anekantavada and sunyavada emerged from vibhajjavada. It is a matter of an independent paper. Here my submission is that this method of analytic approach towards the philosophical, ethical and other problems, has given a

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The Concept of Vibhajjavada and its Impact on Philosophical and Religious Tolerance in Buddhism and Jainism 99 This broader perspective to understand the things. Buddha and Mahavira, both condemned onesided narrow outlook. For both, it is the main cause of religious as well as philosophical quarrels leading to intolerence. It is said, "one, who sees only one aspect of the reality is ignorant, a real scholar sees hundreds of aspects of it."2 "The person who possesses only onesided view quarrel with each other."' In Suttanipata Lord Buddha says, "He, who does not acknowledge an opponent's doctrine (dhamma), is a fool, a beast, a person of poor understanding. All those who abide by their own views, are fools with a very poor understanding". 4 "One who is firm in his own view and holds that his opponent is a fool; thus he himself brings on strife calling his opponent a fool and impure." Further, Buddha says "There are two results of a dispute, first it is incomplete (picture of the truth) and secondly it is not enough to bring about tranquility. Having seen this, let no one dispute understanding khema (i.e. peace). It is the place where there is no dispute."6 "Those who maintain their own dhamma as perfect and other's dhamma as wretched, say that their own views (opinions) are the truth and so having disagreed, they dispute. One becomes low by the condem- nation of the others. There will be no one distinguished amongst the dhammas if they condemn other's views." Here I have mentioned only a few passages of Lord Buddha in support of religious tolerance. For further details in this regard, the study Culla-viyuha and Maha-viyuha-suttas (i.e. chapter 50 and 51) of Suttanipata, is suggested where these points are further elaborated. Jainism believes in the theory of anekantavada which means that the views, the ideologies and the faiths of others should be respected. Mahavira like Buddha mentions in Sutrakstanga. "Those who praise their own faiths and ideologies and blame that of their opponents and thus distort the truth, will remain confined to the cycle of birth and death." It is further maintained that "all the nayas (view-points) are true in respect of what they have themselves to say, but they are false in so far as they refute totally other nayas (i.e. the view points of the opponents). Those, who take different view points (nayas) together and thus grasp all the aspects of a thing (fact or phenomenon) have a right understanding, just as those who with eyes, are able to grasp an elephant as a whole and not like the blindmen, who take one particular part of an elephant as a whole elephant." It is this broader outlook which can establish harmony among the apparently conflicting views of various religions. This broader outlook for religious tolerance is maintained in Buddhism till the period of Asoka, because we find so many evidences about religious tolerance and religious co-existence from the inscriptions of Asoka. But I do not know, whether this outlook of religious tolerance and harmony was further maintained or not by Buddhism in India. I request the scholars of Buddhism to enlighten us in this regard. Though it is true that Buddhism has shown this broader outlook every where outside India and remained there co-existing with the earlier religions of those countries. So far as Jainism is concerned this religious tolerance and harmony is maintained by the later Jaina Acaryas also. In one famous Jaina text of 3rd B.C. namely Isibhasiyaim the views of different teachers of Sramanic and Brahmanic trends like Narada, Bharadvaja, Gautama Buddha, Marikhali Gosala and many others, have been presented with regards. They are called as Arhat Rsis and their preachings are regarded as Agamas. I would like to conclude my paper by quoting these two beautiful verses of religious tolerance of Haribhadra (C. 8th A.D.) and Hemacandra (C. 12th A.D.) respectively. Haribhadra says -- na me paksapato vire na dveso kapiladisu / yuktimadvacanam yasya tasya karya parigraha // I have no bias towards Lord Mahavira and no disregard to Kapila and other saints and thinkers. Whatsoever is rational and logical ought to be accepted. Hemacandra says -- bhava bijankurajanana ragadyaksayamupagata yasya brahma va visnurva haro va jino-va namastasmaih// I bow all those who have overcome the attachment and hatred which are the cause of worldly existence, be they Brahma, Visnu, Siva or Jina. Reference 1. Anguttarnikaya, Vol. II, p. 47. 2. Theragatha, 1/106. 3. Udana, 6/4. 4. parassa ve dhammamananujanam balo mago hoti nihina panno sabbe bala sunihina panna sabbevime ditthi parivvasana -Suttanipata, 50/3(880) sakayane capi datthaham vadano kamettha balo ti para daheyya sayameva so methagamavaheyya param vadam balamasuddha dhammam -- Suttanipala 50W 161893)

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100 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI 6. appam hi etam na alam samaya dube vivadassa phalani brumi evam pi disva na vivadiyetha khemami passam abibada bhumim -- Suttanipata 51/2(896) 7. sakam hi dhammam paripunna mahu annassa dhammassa pana hinamahu evam pi viggataha vivadiyanti sakam sakam sammuti mahu saccam parassa ce vambhayitena hino na koci dhammesu visesi assa puthu hi annassa vadanti dhammant nihinato samhi davvaham badana --Suttanipata, 51/10-11(904-905) 8. sayam sayam pasamsamta garahamta param vayam je u tattha viusamti samsare te viussiya -- Sutrakrtanga, 1/1/2/23. 9. See, Samanasuttam, 728, 730 and 731.

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The Teachings of Arhat Parsva And The Distinctness of His Sect Among the Nirgrantha Tirthankaras, the historicity of Arhat Parsva as well as of Jina Vardhamana Mahavira has been fully established. Inscriptional and literary evidences play an important role in establishing the historicity of a person. The earliest inscription relating to Parsva, of the 2nd or 3rd century A.D.,' has been found from the Kankali Tila, Mathura. It is inscribed on an image of Parsva, installed by Ghosaka, a disciple of Gani Aggahiniya of the Sthaniyakula of the Kottiya-gana, a sub-order of friars and nuns also noticed in the hagiological list (earlier part, c. A.D. 100) of the Paryusana-kalpa (compiled c. A.D. 503/516). Though uninscribed, a more than life size sculpture of Parsva (upper part mutilated)3 and a tiny figure of Parsva as the central focus of an ayagapatta, both stylistically datable to the period of the Saka king Sodas (c. early 2nd cent. A.D.), prove that Arhat Parsva was venerated in, and arguably before, that period. A metal image of Parsva in the Prince of Wales Museum, variously dated between the 2nd-1st cent. B.C. to c. 2nd cent. A.D., is one more early piece in evidence. The inscriptional as well as the literary references to the Nirgranthas, however, are met with from c. third century B.C. The term "Niggantha" is mentioned in the inscription of Maurya Asoka and is fairly frequently met with in the Pali Tripitaka' (usually, of course, in hateful and denegatory terms) though this cannot be taken as a conclusive evidence for the earlier church of Parsva because the term Niggantha by then also had included the sect of Mahavira. In point of fact, the Pali canon confounded a few views and teachings of these two historical Tirthankaras. As demonstrated in the early days of the Nirgranthic researches by Jacobi, in the Tripitaka it is said that Niggantha Nataputta (Mahavira) preached caturyama-samvara, while in point of fact the preacher of the caturyama-dharma was Arhat Parsva and not Mahavira according to the Ardhamagadhi canon of the Nirgranthas themselves." Mahavira preached five-fold great vows (panca-mahavratas) and not the caturyama-samvara. What we today can know about the teachings of Arhat Parsva and the distinctness of his sect from that of Jina Vardhamana is only through the available Ardhamagadhi canon preserved in the Northern Church of Mahavira, because the ancient church of Parsva was later progressively absorbed in the former and the records and texts relating to its hagiology and history are long lost. Nirgranthologists like Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi and others were of the opinion that the Purva literature (so often mentioned in the canonical literature from the late Kusana period onward) had belonged to Parsva's tradition."" At present, however, no texts of that category of specification exists. Today, in so far as our knowledge of Parsva's teachings and traditions goes, we are dependent on the canonical literature of Mahavira's tradition, and, to a very small extent, on the Pali canon of the Buddhists as well. In the Ardhamagadhi canon, the Isibhasiyain (Rsibhasitani1 the Acaranga," the second book, the Sutrakrtanga." the Vyakhyaprajdapti," the Jnatadharmakatha," the Uttaradhyayana and the Raja-Pradesiya," the Narakavalika." and the Sthananga" reveal some significant references to Parsva, his teachings as well as traditions. In the Uttaradhyayana, the Samavayanga," the Avasyakaniryukti, the Visesavasyakabhasya of Jinabhadragani ksamasra-mana," the Avasyakacum and in the Paryusana-kalpa" as well as in the Mulacara of the Yapaniya Church there are references to some distinctive (and hence distinguishing) features of the sects of Parsva and Mahavira. 23 On Parsva's life and the history of his times and of his sect, scanty material is traceable in these works; yet it is significant that they contain sufficient material pertaining to the ethical teachings and philosophical doctrines of Parsva. They also firmly point toward the distinctness of Parsva's sectarial tradition from that of Vardhamana.27 The Teachings of Parsva in Isibhasiyain The earliest and authentic version of Parsva's philosophy and teachings is encountered in the Isibhasiain (Rsibhasitani)," a text compiled c. 1st cent. B.C. but often containing material that goes back to c. 4th century B.C., some even perhaps earlier. In a separate article,29 I had suggested that the Isibhasiyain, in terms of some of its content, is earlier than the whole of Pali as well as the Ardhamagadhi canonical literature excepting of corse the first book of the Acaranga. M.A. Dhaky opines that this text belongs to Parsva's tradition. I, however, hold a different view. In my opinion the text, in earlier times, might have

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102 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI been composed in Parsva's tradition as an independent text, but later on it was assimilated in the Prasnavya- karanasutra, considered to be one of the ten Dasa texts as well as the tenth work among the 11 Anga-books of Mahavira's tradition. The Isibhasiyain has an independent chapter on Parsva's doctrines and teachings. The authenticity of the Parsva's view presented in this chapter cannot be doubted for various reasons. First, the Isibhasiyain contains the teachings not only of Parsva but also of Arhat Vardhamana of the Nirgrantha Church, Mankhali Gosala of the Ajivaka sect; Vajjiyaputta, Mahakassapa, Indranaga and Sariputta of the Buddhist Church, and Yajnavalkya, Asita-Devala, and Uddalaka-Aruni of the Vedic tradition. When we compare the views of the aforesaid saints mentioned in the Isibhasiyain with the texts of their own traditions, we notice general similarity between them, which by and large proves the authenticity of the content of the Isibhasiyain. If the author of the work in presenting had remained faithful to the original teachings of the rsis or teachers of the other sects, we must conciude that he also was faithfully presenting the views of Parsva. Second, we find that the teachings of Parsva presented in the Isibhasiyain corresponds to that which is stated of Parsva's church in other canonical works like the Sutrakrtanga, the Uttaradhyayana, and the Vyakhyaprajnapti. Third, the authenticity as well as high antiquity of the Parsva-chapter in the Isibhasiyain can also be supported on the ground that this chapter is represented by its two separate versions. It is said that the second version of this book originally was found in the text named Gati-vyakarana i.e. the Prasnavyakarana. The reference thus runs: farurientait affo JO FITI 5H 3uut aa 5HT bIo pADho dissati The views of these two versions of the same chapter fully correspond to each other with slight difference in content and to an extent in language, a few details figuring more in one than in the other. Thus, at a very early date, two versions (vacanas) of the same subject had existed. This chapter contains philosophical as well as ethical views of Arhat Parsva. First of all, in this text, the views of Parsva about the nature of the world are stated. To explain the nature of the world the following five questions were raised: (1) What is the nature of the world (loka)? (2) What are the different planes of the world? (3) To whom the world belongs? (4) What does one mean by (the term) "world"? (5) What is the meaning of the term loka? Answering these five questions Arhat Parsva said: (1) The world consists of the animate beings and the inanimate objects. (2) There are four different planes of the world: (i) Material (dravya) (ii) Spatial (ksetra) (iii) Temporal (kala) (iv) Existential (bhava) (3) World inheres in selfhood. It exists by itself. In the perspective of commandeering position the world belongs to animate beings but in the perspective of its constitution, it belongs to both animate and the inanimate. As for the existence of the world, it is eternal, with neither the beginning nor the end but is ever changing and (thus) dynamic in nature. (5) While explaining the meaning of the term loka, it is said that this world is called loka, because, it is known or experienced or recognized. (The Sanskrit term lokayata means to be known or to be recognized.) To explain the nature of motion the following four questions have been raised: (a) What is motion or gati? (b) Who meets this motion? (c) What are the different forms of motion? (d) Why is it called gati, motion? Answering these questions about the motion Arhat Parsva said: (a) Any motion or change in existence in animate and in the inanimate beings is called gati. (b) Animate and inanimate (substances) encounter motion or change. This change is of four types: substantial, spatial, temporal and existential. (c) The existence of movement or change is also perennial with no beginning or end. (d) It is called gati because it has motion. About the karma philosophy and the moral teachings of Arhat Parsva, it is thus recorded: 1. their inherent (abstract) nature, while the matter has a downward motion by its intrinsic nature (inertia). The animate beings reap the fruits of their deeds according to their (good or bad) karmas or activities, while the changes in inanimate substances take place due to their dynamic nature.

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The Teachings of Arhat Parava And The Distinctness of His Sect 103 The animate beings are activity-oriented, the inanimate substances are change-oriented or dynamic in nature. The animate beings have two types of experience, of pain and pleasure. Only those who can get rid of violence and other evils including wrong viewpoint will have the feeling of bliss. A Nirgrantha, who eats only inanimate things, will meet emancipation and thus will end the transmigratory cycle. In the second version of this chapter the following additional concepts are also mentioned: (1) The motion is of two types: (i) self-motivated and (ii) generated by external factors. (2) Whatsoever a person experiences, it is due to his own, and not due to other's deeds. (3) Those who observe the caturyama(the fourfold ethical code beginning with non-violence and ending with non-possession) will be free from the eight-fold karmas and will not be reborn in the four yonis or generic categories. The essence of the doctrines and ethical teachings of Parsva as embodied and expositioned in the Isibhasiyain may be thus summarized: (i) The world is eternal with no creator behind it. (ii) Permanence in change is the essential nature of the world. World is dynamic in disposition. It consists of the five astikayas, existentialities. (iii) Substances are of two kinds, animate and inanimate. (iv) The animate possesses an upward motion; the inanimate (by law of gravity), downward motion. (v) The motion is of two kinds: (a) self-motivated and (b) directed by external factors. (vi) The gati or transmigratory motion of animate beings is due to their own karmas, while the motion of matter is due to its own dynamic nature and inertia. (vii) The karmas are of eight types. (viii) Evil and non-restraint activities consequence in pain and in the cycle of births and deaths. (ix) Those who indulge in passions and violence cannot achieve the eternal peace and bliss. (x) Liberation can be achieved through the observance of four yamas, self-restraints. followers of Parsva and not by Parsva himself. It is in the Isibhasiyain alone that the original version of Parsva's teachings is directly and implicitly present. Elsewhere we meet with Parsva's views by proxy, through the discussions between the followers of Parsva and that of Mahavira or in a few instances by Mahavira hemself. In the Sutrakrtanga," for instance, is incorporated a conversation between Gautama and Udaka-Pedhalaputra, the follower of Parsva, on the nature and language of the pratyakhyana-vow of non-violence. In this long discussion Udaka-Pedhalaputra stressed on a technical point that, while taking the vow of non-violence, one must frame it in the language that "I shall not kill the being, who is presently in mobile-form (trasa-bhuta) instead of saying 'I shall not kill any mobile being." Similarly, in the Vyakhyaprajnapti" some observations relating to the difference in minutiae about the nature and meaning of the terms samayika, the pratyakhyana, the samvara, the viveka and the vyutsarga have been made during the discussion of Kalasyavaisyaputra, the follower of Parsva and some sthaviras of the Mahavira's following. In the Vyakhyaprajnaptio we come across a very interesting and pinpointed discussion between the layfollowers of Mahavira and the sramanas of Parsva's tradition on the outcome of restraint and penance. It had been questioned: If the outcome of restraint is to stop the influx of fresh karmas and of penance to liberate the soul from the karmic bondage, then why the souls are bom as devas in the celestial regions? To this question different answers were given by the sramanas of the Parsva's church. At last Kasyapa said it is due to the adherence to pious deeds such as penance and restraint that the souls are born as devas in celestial quarters. In the Uttaradhyayana we also come across an interesting dialogue between Gautama and Kesi on aspects relating to the monastic disciplines and spiritual practices; as a result, some distinctive features of Parsva's teachings surface. Teachings of Parsva in other Canonical Works In the Sutrakrtanga, the Uttaradhyayana, and the Vyakhyaprajnapti, we find some explanation of, or minute observations on, what is broadly stated in the Isibhasiyain. In these texts the views of Parsva are presented by the Distinctness of Parsva's Sect Parsva as well as Mahavira belonged to the Nirgrantha section of the Sramanic traditions which had several similarities in doctrines, philosophy, and religious practices. So far as the philosophical aspect of their teachings is concerned, the traditions of Parsva and Mahavira have much in common. Scholars of Nirgranthology like Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi and others are of the opinion that the Mahavira's sect has considerably borrowed from that of

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104 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI If we Parsva in the field of metaphysics and karma philosophy. The concepts, such as the world is eternal as well as dynamic, that it exists by itself and has no creator, are common to both traditions. The concept of permanence in change as the nature of Reality, which is the foundational tenet of the later Nirgrantha doctrine of anekantavada or non-absolutism is also met with in its embryonic form in, and in point of fact is central to, the teachings of Parava as well as Mahavira. Similarly, the concept of the five astikayas and the eight-fold karmas are found in the philosophy of Parsva as well as Mahavira. We encounter brief references to these concepts in the Parsva-chapter of the Isibhaiyain and more detailed ones in the standard canonical works of Mahavira's tradition. Similarly, the concepts of asrava, samvara, nirjara, samayika, pratyakhyana and pausadha are also common to both traditions, though there were some differences in the minutiae of these concepts and observances. The difference in opinion about the nature of pratyakhyana between Gautama and Udaka Pedhalaputra in the Sutrakstanga has been earlier noticed. Similarly, the differences in terms of detail on the practices are noticed in the relevant dialogues in the Vyakhyaprajnapti and in the Uttaradhyayana also. However, these differences were related mostly to the code of conduct and not to the doctrines, philosophy, and principles of ethics as such. The distinctness of Parsva's sect lies in its code of conduct, and not in dogma or philosophy, since it somewhat differed from that of Mahavira. We shall notice and discuss at this point the distinctive features of the Parsva's tradition. (1) Parsva propounded caturyama-dharma, while Mahavira preached the pancayama-dharma or the five mahavratas. According to the Ardhamagadhi canon, Mahavira added celibacy as an independent vow to the caturyama-dharma of Parsva. The Sutrakrtanga mentions that Mahavira prohibited having woman, and eating during night hours.37 The question arises: Why did Mahavira add celibacy as an independent vow? The answer to this question can be read in the Sutrakrtanga. In the times of Parsva, woman was considered a property or possession and it was taken for granted that prohibition of possession implied the prohibition of sexual relationship, for no one can enjoy the woman without having her. But, as the Sutraktarga informs, in the time of Mahavira, there were some pasattha (wayward) sramanas, who believed that the prohibition of possession did not imply for include) the prohibition of sexual enjoyment. "If any woman invited or offered herself for enjoyment to a sramana, then the fulfillment of her sexual desire was no sin, just as the squeezing of a blister or boil (causes relief) for some time (and hasno dangerous consequences); so it is with the enjoyment of) attractive (woman). How could, then, there be sin due to that ?" 38 From this stanza it follows that some sramanas were interpreting the concept of non-possession in their own way. It only meant that, for the one who takes the vow of non-possession cannot have a wife or woman. So it became necessary for Mahavira explicitly to add celibacy as an independent vow and to lay considerable stress on the observance of this vow. If we contemplate this question historically, we notice that the ancient Vedic rsis used to marry and had progenies. After that state in life, on the one hand is followed the concept of vanaprastha, in which a rsi did have a wife but observed celibacy; on the other hand, as informed by the Nirgrantha canonical literature, there were sramanas who were of the view that to enjoy a woman without possessing or getting her married was no sin: which is why Mahavira included in the fold a separate, clear, definite and uncompromising vow of celibacy. In Parsva's tradition, repentance was not accepted as an essential daily duty. Only when a monk committed sin or transgression of his vows may he repent. But Mahavira made repentance an obligatory daily-duty. A monk must repent every morning and evening whether he committed a sin and violated his vows or not. In the Sutrakrtanga" and in the Vyakhyaprajnaptito as well as in other canonical works of Mahavira's discipline it is known as pratikramanadharma. One more difference in monastic practice was that Parsva did not lay stress on nudity; he rather allowed one or two apparels for his monks (who thus were sacelaka), while stressed on nudity and so Mahavira's tradition was known as acela-dharma. Though the medieval commentator of the Uttaradhyayana holds that Parsva allowed his sramanas to wear expensive or coloured robe, '' we possess no early textual support for such an assumption. These three were the main features distinguishing the monastic code of conduct of Parsva and that of Mahavira. Along with these three major differences, there also were some minor differences which are found in the concepts of the ten kalpas or planes of asceticism. For instance, in Parsva's tradition a monk could accept the invitation for food and also could take food prepared for him; but

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The Teachings of Arhat Parsva And The Distinctness of His Sect 105 Mahavira forbade this practice. Parsva allowed his monks to accept the meals prepared for the king; Mahavira prohibited it. In Mahavira's tradition it was vital for a friar (or nun) to move from one place to another, except during the rainy season: Also, an ascetic, he had said, must not stay at one place for more than a month. But, according to Parsva's tradition, a friar could stay at one place as long as he wished. In short, to keep on wandering was essential in Mahavira's but was optional in Parsva's disciplinary code. Again, Mahavira had stressed that an ascetic must stay on at one place during the four months of the rainy season; in Parsva's tradition this practice was also optional. According to Mahavira an aspirant to friarhood must be initiated probationally. After this testing period, if he is proven eligible, then he may be allowed to be ordinated second time and his seniority was fixed accordingly in the Order or Samgha. These are some of the distinctive features of Parsva's philosophy, teachings, and monastic discipline as can be traced out from the early literature. The belief that all Jinas teach the same code of conduct, and that the ascetics of the Parsva's Order had become wayward by Mahavira's time receives no support from the evidence locked in the earlier canonical books. NOTES AND REFERENCES See Epigraphia Indica, Vol. X. Appendix. A list of Brahmi Inscriptions S.N. 110, p. 20. Kalpasutra 216. In the various inscriptions of Kankali Tila, Mathura, we have two readings about this kula of the Kottiyagana: (1) Thaniya-kula (2) Sthaniya-kula. While in the Kalpasutra we have a third reading, Vanijja-kula. 3. Preserved in the Government Museum, Lucknow 4. This date is after the recent researches by Gritli v. Mitterwallner. CE U.P. Shah, Studies in Jaina Art, Varanasi 1955, plate 1, fig. 3. 6. Me Kate ime viyapata hohonti ti niganthesu Pi -- Inscription No. 7, line 16, Delhi-Topara Inscription. 7. See G.P. Malalasekere, Dictionary of Pali-Proper names, Vol. II, London 1974, pp. 61-65. 8. Hermann Jacobi, Jaina Sutras, Part II, (S.B.E. Vol. XLV), Introduction, p. xxi. 9. (A) Cauijname niyanthe-Isibhasiyain, 31. (B) Caujjamo ya jo dhammo jo imo pamoasikkio. Uttaradhyayana 23/12. 10. See P. Sukhalal, Cara Tirthankara (Hindi), (sec. edn.), Varanasi 1989, pp. 141-43, See also "Introduction", the Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, p. xliv. 11. Isibhasiyain, 31. 12. Acaranga II, 15/25. 13. SutrakTtanga II. 7/8. 14. Vyakhyaprajnapti 1/9/21-24: 2/5/95; 5/9/254-255. 15. Jnatadharma-katha 2/3/1-6. 16. Uttaradhyayana 23. 18. Narakavalika (Niryavaliya-sutra) 3/1. 19. Sthanarga 9/61. 20. Uttaradhyayana 23/12-13; see also commentary of Santyacarya for these verses. 21. Samavayanga 8/8, 9/4, 16/4, 38/1, 100/4. 22. Auasyaka-niryukti 238 and 1241-1243. 23. Visesavasyaka-bhasya. 24. Avasyaka-curni. 25. Paryusana-kalpa (Kalpa-sutra) 148-156. 26. Mulacara. 27. See Arhat Parsva. 28. Isibhastyain, 31. 29. See Sagarmal Jain, Rishihhasit : A Study, Jaipur 1988. 30. Isibhastyain, 31. 31. Sutrakstanga II, Chapter 7th. 32. Vyakhyaprajnapti 10.9.33. Ibid, 2.5. 33. 34. Uttaradhyayana 23. 35. See Cara Tirtharikara for detailed discussion 36. Uttaradhyayana 23/12. 37. Se variya ithi saraihhattam-Sutrakrtanga 1/6/28. 38. Ibid., 1/3/4/9-10. 39. Ibid., 2/7/81. 40. Vyakhyaprajnapti 1/9/123. See also Avasyaka-niryukti 1241. 41. Uttaradhyayana 23/12. See also santacarya's tika on the above verses. 42. See (a) Avasyaka-niryukti, 1241-1243. (b) Brhat-Kalpa sutra-bhasya, 6359-6366.

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Reconsidering the Date of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira The Jaina writers usually, after equating their dating with the Saka era, have concluded that after a period of 605 years and 5 months of the Nirvana of Mahavira, Saka became king. (Tiloypannatti 4 : 1499; Painnayasuttain :I part : 1984 - Titthogalipainnayam : (623). On the basis of this postulate, even today, the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira is held to be 527 B.C. Among the modern Jaina writers, Pt. Jugal Kishore Mukhtar (1956: 26-56), of the Digambara sect, and Muni Sri Kalyana Vijaya (1966 : 159), of the Svetambara sect, have also held 527 B.C. to be the year of the Vira Nirvana. From about the 7th century A.D., with a few exceptions, this date has gained recognition, In the Svetambara tradition for the first time in the Prakraka entitled "Titthogali,' (painnayasuttaim : I part : 1984 : Titthogali 623) and in the Digambara tradition, for the first time in Tiloyapannatti (4 : 1499), it is clearly mentioned that 605 years and 5 months after the Nirvana of Mahavira, Saka became king. Both the texts were composed between 600 and 700 A.D. To the best of my knowledge, none of the earlier texts ever showed the difference between the Nirvana of Mahavira and the Saka era. But this much is definite that from about 600-700 A.D., it has been a common notion that the Nirvana of Mahavira took place in the year 605 before Saka. Prior to it, in the Sthaviravali of Kalpasutra and in the Vacaka genealogy of the Nandisutra, the reference to the hierarchy of Mahavira is found, but there is no mention of the chronology of the Acaryas : therefore, it is difficult to fix a date of the Nirvana of Mahavira on the basis of these texts. In the Kalpasutra (Sutra-147, p. 145) only this much is mentioned that now 980 years (according to another version 993 years) have passed since the Vira Nirvana. This fact makes only this much clear that after 980 or 993 years of Vira Nirvana, Acarya Devarddhigani Ksamasramana finally edited this last exposition of the present Canon. Similarly, in Sthananga (7 : 41), Bhagavatisutra (9:222-229) and Avasyaka Niryukti (778783), alongwith the reference to Nihnavas, a reference to after how much time of Mahavira's life-time and his Nirvana were they prevalent is found. Here only there are some clues by comparing which with the external evidences of definite date, we can contemplate the date of Nirvana of Mahavira. There have been differences of opinion from the very beginning on the date of Nirvana of Mahavira. Although, it has been clearly stated in Tiloyapannatti,' a book recognised by the Digambara sect, that 605 years and 5 months after the Nirvana of Mahavira, Saka became the king, there are four different statements found in this book, which are as follows: i. 461 years after Vira Jinendra attained salvation, Saka became the king. ii. 9785 years after Vira Bhagavan attained salvation, Saka became the king. iii. 14793 years after Vira Bhagavan attained salvation, Saka became the king. iv. 605 years and 5 months after Vira Jina attained salvation, Saka became the king. Besides this, in Dhavala; (4:1:44: p. 132-133)", a commentary on Satkhandagama, there are three different statements as to after how many years of the Nirvana of Mahavira, Saka (Salivahana Saka) became the king : i. 605 years and 5 months after Vira Nirvana. ii. 14793 years after Vira Nirvana. iii. 7995 years and 5 months after Vira Nirvana. In Svetambara tradition there are two clear opinions as to how much time after the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira Devarddhi's last assembly on Agama was held. According to the first opinion, it was composed 980 years after the Vira Nirvana, whereas according to the second it was composed 993 years after the event. It is significant also to note that in the Svtambara tradition, there are two opinions regarding the date of Chandragupta Maurya's accession to the throne. According to the first, he ascended the throne in the year 215 of the Vira Nirvana. However, in Titthogali Painnaya only this much has been mentioned that (after Vira Nirvana) the region of the Mauryas started 60 years after the Palakas and 155 years after the Nandas (Painnayasuttaim I part: 1984, Titthogali Painnayar : 621), whereas according to the second opinion of Hemacandra (Parisista Parva : 8 339), he ascended the throne 155 years after Vira Nirvana. Similarly, in Laghuposalik Pattavali (p. 37) it is written that 155 years after Vira Nirvana Candragupta Maurya ascended the throne. Also, in Nagapuriya Tapagaccha cvent.

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Reconsidering the Date of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira 107 Pattavali (p. 48) it is written that 155 years after the Vira Nirvana Candragupta became the king, (Virat 155 varse Candraguptonrpah). According to this pastavali, the reign of Mauryan dynasty ended after 278 years of Vira Nirvana. Now the period of 189 B.C. as the end of the Mauryan dynasty can be justified only when the Vira Nirvana is accepted as to be 467 B.C. It is worth mentioning here, that the historians have accepted 187 B.C. to be the date of accession to the throne of Pusyamitra. This second theory, presented by Hemacandra, is a hindrance in ascertaining the year 527 B.C. to be the year of the Nirvana of Mahavira. It is clear from these discussions that there has been a controversy regarding the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira even in ancient times. Since the old internal evidences regarding the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira were not strong, the Western scholars on the basis of the external evidences alone, tried to ascertain the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira; and as a result many new theories came into light regarding the same. The following are the opinions of different scholars regarding the date of Mahavira's Nirvana : 1. Hermann Jacobio (It is to be noted that initially Hermann Jacobi accepted the traditional date 527 B.C., but later on he chaged his opinion), 476 B.C. He has accepted the reference found in the Parisista Parva of Hemacandra to be authentic which says that 155 years after the Vira Nirvana Candragupta Maurya ascended the throne, and he ascertained the date of Mahavira's Nirvana on the basis of this reference only. 2. J. Charpentier", 467 B.C., He followed the opinion of Hemacandra and ascertained that the date of Nirvana of Mahavira as to be 155 Years before Chandragupta Maurya. 3. Pandit A. Shanti Raja Shastri", 663 B.C., He considered the Saka Era to be the Vikrama Era and establish the date of Nirvana of Mahavira as to be 605 years before the Vikrama Era. 4. Prof. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal.', 546 B.C., He has mentioned only the two traditions in his article "Identification of Kalki". He has not ascertained the date of Mahavira's Nirvana. But at some other places he has considered 546 B.C. to be the date of Mahavira's Nirvana, adding 18 years between Vikarma's birth and his accession to the throne (470+18) he fixes the date of Mahavira's Nirvana as 488 years before Vikrama. 5. S.V. Venkateswara.', 437 B.C., His assumption is based on the Anand Vikram Era. This Era came into vogue 90 years after the Vikrama Era. 6. Pandit Jugal Kishor Ji Mukhtar.14, 528 B.C. On the basis of various arguments, he has confirmed the traditional theory. 7. Muni Sri Kalyana Vijaya.'S, 528 B.C., While confirming the traditional theory, he has tried to remove the inconsistencies of the theory. 8. Prof. P.H.L. Eggermont.", 252 B.C., The basis of his argument is equating the incident of Samghabheda of Tisyagupta in the Jaina tradition, which took place during the life time of Mahavira in 16th year of his emancipation. With the incident of Samghabheda and the act of drying up of the Bodhi tree by Tisyaraksita in the Buddha Sangha, which took place during the reign of Asoka. 9. V.A. Smith", 527 B.C., He has followed the generally accepted theory. 10. Prof. K.R. Norman's, About 400 B.C., Considering Bhadrabahu to be Chandragupta's contemporary, he fixed the period of 5 earlier Acaryas as 75 years, at an average of 15 years each, and thus fixed the date of Mahavira's Nirvana as 320+75 = 395 B.C. In order to determine the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira, along with the Jaina literary sources we must also take into account the legendary and epigraphical evidence. We would follow the comparative method to decide which of the above-mentioned assumptions is authentic, and will give priority to the epigraphical evidences, as for as possinble. Among the contemporaries of Lord Mahavira, the names of Lord Buddha, Bimbisara-Srenika and Ajatasatru are well-known. The Buddhist sources give more information abourt them than the Jaina sources. The study of Jaina sources also does not give rise to any doubt about their contemporaneity The Jaina Agamas are mostly silent about Buddha's Life-history, but there are ample references to the contemporary presence of Mahavira and Buddha in the Bauddha Tripitaka literature. Here we shall take only two of the references. In the first reference there is a mention of the event of Dighanikaya (Samnnaphalasutta: 2:1:7) in which Ajatasatru meets many of his contemporary religious heads. In this reference, the chief minister of Ajatasatru talks abour Nirgrantha Jnatsputra like this: "Master, this Nirgranta Jnatiputra, is the master of the sect as well as the monastery, teacher of the sect, a scholar, and a renowned Tirtharkara, he is admired by many and respectable gentleman. He has been a long wandering mendicant (Parivrajaka) and is middle-aged". It can be derived from this statement that at the time of

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108 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI Ajatasatru's accession to the throne Mahavira's age must be about 50 years, because his Nirvana is supposed to have taken place in the 22nd year of Ajatasatru Kunika's rule. By deducting 22 years from his total age of 72 years, it is proved that at that time he was 50 years old (see Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana, pp. 4-5). So far as Buddha's case is concerned, he attained his Nirvana in the 8th year of Ajatasatru's accession to the throne. This is the hypothesis of Buddhist writers. This hypothesis given rise to two facts. Firstly, when Mahavira was 50 years old, Buddha was 72 (80-8), i.e. Buddha was 22 years older than Mahavira. Secondly, Mahavira's Nirvana took place 14 years after Buddha's Nirvana (22-8-14). It is worth mentioning here, that in the reference occuring in the Dighanikaya (Samannaphalasutta : 2:2 : 8), where Nirgrantha Jnat,putra and other five Tirthankaras have been called middle-aged, there is no mention of Gautama Buddha's age, but he must be 72 at that time because this event took place during the rule of Ajatasatru Kunika and Buddha's Nirvana took place in the 8th year of the rule of Ajatasatru. But contrary to the above-mentioned fact one finds another information in the Dighanikaya that Mahavira has attained Nirvana during Buddha's life-time. The reference from the Dighanikaya is as follows (Pasadikasutta : 6:1 : 1)20 "I heard this once that the Lord was residing in a palace built in the mango orchard of the Sakyas known as Vedhanna in sakya (country). At that time Nigantha Nataputta (Tirthankara Mahavira) had recently died at Pava. A rift was created among the Niganthas after his death. They were divided into two groups and were fighting by using arrows of bitter words at one another - "you don't know this Dharmavinaya (=Dharma), I know it. How can you know this Dharmavinaya? you are wrong in ascertaining, (your understanding is wrong), I am rightly ascertained. My understandint is correct. My words are maningful and yours are meaningless. The things you should have told first you told in the end and vice-versa. Your contention is mindless and topsyturvy. You presented your theory and withdrew. You try to save yourself from this allegation and if your have power, try to save yourself from this allegation and if you have power, try to resolve it. As if a war (-slaughtering) was going on among the Nigarthas." The house-holder disciples of the Nigantha Nataputta, wearing white dresses, also were getting indifferent, distressed and alienated from the Dharma of Nigantha which was not expressed properly (durakhyata), not properly investigated (duspravedita), unable to redeem (anairyaika), unable to give peace (ana-upasama-Sarvartanika), not verified by any enlightened (a-Samyak. Sambuddhapravedita) without foundation = a different stupa and without a shelter." Thus, we see that in the Tripitaka literature, on the one hand where Mahavira has been described as middleaged, on the otherhand, there is an information about the death of Mahavira during the life-time of Buddha. Since, according to the sources based on Jaina literature, Mahavira died at the age of 72, it is certain that both the facts cannot be true at the same time. Muni Kalyana Vijaya ji (Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana, 1987, p. 12) has called the theory of Mahavira Nirvana during the life-time of Buddha as a mistaken concept. He maintains that the incident of Mahavira's demise is not a reference to his real death, but to a hearsay. It is alos clearly mentioned in Jaina Agamic texts that 16 years before his Nirvana, rumour of his death had spread, hearing which many Jaina Sarmanas started shedding tears. Since the incident of the bitterargument between Makkhaligosala, a former disciple of Mahavira, and his other Sramana disciples was linked with this rumour, the present reference from the Dighanikaya about the dath of Mahavira during the life time of Buddha is not to be taken as that of his real death, rather it indicated to the rumour of his death by burning fever caused by Tejolesya, hurled upon him by agitated and acutely jealous Makkhaligosala after dispute. Buddha's Nirvana must have taken place one year and few months after the rumour abour Mahavira's death, therefore, Buddha must have attained Nirvana 14 years, 5 months and 15 days before Mahavira's Nirvana. Since Buddha's Nirvana took place in the 8th year of Ajatasatru Kunika's accession to the throne, Mahavira's Nirvana must have taken place in the 22nd year of his accession. Vira Nirvana must have taken place in the 22nd year of his accession (Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana, p. 4). Therefore, it is certain that Mahavira's Nirvana took place 14 years after the Nirvana of Buddha. The fixation of the date of Buddha's Nirvana would definitely influence the date of Mahavira's Nirvana. First of all we shall fix the date of Mahavira on the basis of the Jaina sources and inscriptions and then we will find out what should be the date of Buddha's Nirvana and whether it is supported by the other sources.

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Reconsidering the Date of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira 109 While determining the date of Nirvana of Mahavira, we would have to keep in our mind that the contemporaneity of Acarya Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra with Mahapadma Nanda and Chandragupta Maurya; of Acarya Suhasti with Samprati; of Arya Manksu (Mangu), Arya Nandila, Arya Nagahasti, Arya Viddha and Arya Krsna with the period mentioned in their inscriptions and of Arya Devarddhigani ksamasramana with king Dhruvasena of Valabhi, is not disturbed in any way. The historians have unanimously agreed that Chandragupta ruled from 317 B.C. to 297 B.C. (Majumdar : 1952 : p. 168; Tripathi : 1968 p. 139)., Therefore the same should be the period of Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra also. It is an undisputed fact that Chandragupta had wrested power from the Nandas and that Sthulibhadra was the son of Sakdala, the minister of the last Nanda. Therefore, Sthulibhadra must be the younger contemporary and Bhadrabahu the older contemporary of Chandragupta. This statement that Chandragupta Maurya was initiated into Jaina religion, may or may not be accepted as authentic, still on the basis of the Jaina legends one must accept that both Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra were contemporary of Chandragupta. The main reason behind Sthulibhadra's renunciation could be Mahapadma Nanda's (the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty) misbehaviour with his father and ultimately his merciless assassination (Titthogalipainnayan: 787: Painnayasuttaim I part: 1984). Moreover, Sthulibhadra was initiated by Sambhutivijaya and not by Bhadrabahu. At the time of first assembly on composition of Agama held at Pataliputra, instead of Bhadrabahu or Sthulibhadra, Sambhutivijaya was the head, because only in that particular assembly it was decided that Bhadrabahu will make Sthulibhadra to study the Purva- texts. Therefore, it seems that the first assembly was held any time during the last phase of the Nanda rule. The period of the first assembly can be accepted as before 155 years of the Vira Nirvana era. If we accept that both the traditional notions are correct and that Acarya Bhadrabahu remained Acarya from Vira Nirvana Samvat 157 to 170 and that Chandragupta Maurya was enthroned in 215 V.N., then the contemporaneity of the two is not proved. It concludes that Bhadrabahu had already died 45 years before Chandragupta Maurya's accession. On this basis Sthulibhadra does not even remain the junior contemporary of Chandragupta Maurya. Therefore we have to accept that Chandragupta Maurya was on throne 155 years after Vira Nirvana. This date has been accepted by Himvanta Sthaviravah (Muni Kalyana Vijaya: Vikram Tra 1987:p. 178)22 and Parisista Parva (8 : 339) of Acarya Hemacandra also. On this basis only the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra with Chandragupta Maurya can be also proved. Almost all the Pattavaliss accept the period of Bhadrabahu as an Acarya to be 156-170 V.S. (Pattavali Paraga Samgraha, p. 166; Vividhagacchiya Pattavali Sarngraha : I part: 1961: pp. 15, 37, 48). In Digambara tradition also the total period of the three Kevalis and the five Srutakevalis has been accepted as 162 years. Since Bhadrabahu was the last Srutakevali, according to the Digambara tradition his year of demise must be the year 162 of the Vira Nirvana Samvat. Thus, despite the fact that there is a difference of 8 years regarding the period of demise of Bhadrabahu as accepted by the two traditions, the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya is fully justified. Muni Shri Kalyana Vijaya (Sri Pattavali Paraga Samgraha: 1966:52; Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana : p. 137)23, in order to prove the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, accepted the period of Sambhutivijaya as an Acarya to be 60 years in place of 8 years. In this way, while accepting the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira as 527 B.C., he has tried to establish the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya. But it is only his imagination (ViraNirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana-p. 137 & Pattavali Paraga Samgraha - p. 52); there is no authentic proof available. All the Svetambara Pattavalis accept the date of the demise of Bhadrabahu to be the year 170 V.N.S. Also, in Titthogali it has been indicated that the decay of the knowledge of the fourteen Purvas started in the year 170 V.N.S. Bhadrabahu was only the last of the 14 Purvadharas. Thus, according to both of the traditions - Svetambara and Digambara, the date of demise of Bhadrabahu stands as 170 and 162 of V.N.S. respectively. On the basis of this fact, the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra with the last Nanda and Chandragupta Maurya can be proved only if the date of Nirvana of Mahavira is accepted as 410 years before V.S. or in the year 467 B.C. The other alternatives do not prove the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra with the last king of the Nanda dynasty and Chandragupta Maurya. In Titthogali Painnayam (783-794) also the contemporaneity of Sthulibhadra and the king Nanda has been described. Thus on the basis of these facts it appears more logical to accept the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira as 467 B.C. Himvanta Sthaviravalt also mentions that Chandragupta was enthro- in 155 years after the l'ha

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110 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI Nirvana and that Vikramarka lived 410 years after the Vira Nirvana (see Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala-Ganana, p. 177). This also confirms the theory of accepting the date of Mahavira's Nirvana to be 467 B.C. Again, in the Jaina tradition the contemporaneity of Arya Suhasti and the king Samprati is unanimously accepted. The historians have acknowledged the period of Samprati to be 231-221 B.C. (Tripathi : 1986: p. 139)2 Accroding to the Jaina Patlavalis, the period of Arya Suhasti as Yuga Pradhana Acarya was 245-291 V.N.S. If we base our calculation on the assumption that Vira Nirvana took place in 527 B.C., we will have to accept that Arya Suhasti became the Yuga Pradhana Acarya in 282 B.C. and died in 236 B.C. In this way, if we consider 527 B.C. to be the year of Vira Nirvana, then, in no way, the contemporaneity of Arya Suhasti and the king Samprati could be established. But, if we accept 467 B.C. to be the year of Vira Nirvana, then the period of Arya Suhasti as an Acarya starts from 222 B.C. (467-245=222). On this basis the contemporaneity is established, but the reign of Samprati extends to only one year during the Acaryaship of Arya Suhasti. But Arya Suhasti had come in contact with Samprati when he was a prince and the ruler of Avanti, and may be at that time Arya Suhasti was an influential Muni inspite of not being a Yuga Pradhana Acarya of the Samgha. It is remarkable that Arya Suhasti was initiated by Sthulibhadra. According to the Pattavalis, Sthulibhadra was initiated in 146 V.N.S. and died in 215 V.N.S. It can be derived from this fact that 9 years before Chandragupta Maurya's accession, and during the last Nanda king (Nava Nanda), Arya Sthulibhadra had already been initiated. If, according to the Pattavalis, the total life of Arya Suhasti is considered to be 100 years and his age at the time of initiation to be 30 years, then he must have been initiated in 221 V.N.S. i.e. 246 B.C. (assuming the date of Vira Nirvana in 467 B.C.) It does prove the contemporaneity of Arya Suhasti with Samprati, but then, there is a difference of 6 years, if he is accepted to have been initiated by Sthulibhadra himself because 6 years before he got initiated, in 215 V.N.S., Sthulibhadra has already died. It is also possible that Suhasti may have got initiated at the age of 23 or 24, and not at the age of 30. Even then, it is certain that on the basis of the references made in Pattavalis, the contemporaneity of Arya Suhasti and Samprati is possible only by accepting the date of Vira Nirvana as 467 B.C. This contemporaneity is not possible if the date of the Mahavira Nirvana is accepted as 527 B.C. or any other later date. Thus, by accepting the date of the Vira Nirvana as 467 B.C. the contemporaneity of Bhadrabahu and Sthulibhadra with Mahapadma Nanda and Chandragupta Maurya and that of Arya Suhasti with Samprati can be proved. All other alternatives fail to prove their contemporaneity. Therefore, in my opinion, it will be more appropriate and logical to accept 467 B.C. as the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira. Now we shall consider the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira also on the basis of some of the inscriptions. Out of five names - Arya Mangu, Arya Nandil, Arya Nagahasti, Arya Krsna and Arya Vyddha, mentioned in Mathura inscriptions (see Jaina Silalekha Samgraha, articles 41, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 63) first three are found in Nandisutra Sthaviravali (Gatha: 27-29) and remaining four names are found in Kalpasutra. According to the Pattavalis, the period of Arya Mangu as a Yugapradhana Acarya is considered to be in between 451 and 470 V.N.S. (Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Gariana, p. 112). On acceptiong the date of the Vira Nirvana Sarvat aur Jaina Kala Garana, p. 112). On accepting the date of the Vira Nirvana as 467 B.C. his period extends from 16 B.C. to 3 A.D. and if it is 527 B.C. his period extends from 76 B.C. to 57 B.C. Whereas, on the basis of the inscriptions (Jaina Silalekha Samgraha article No. 54) his period stands as Saka Samvat 52 (Haviska year 52), i.e. 130 A.D. In other words, while considering the period of Arya Mangu as indicated by Pattavalis and inscriptions there is a difference of 200 years if the date of Vira Nirvana is accepted as 527 B.C. and if it is 467 B.C. there is a difference of 127 years. In several Pattavalis, even the name of Arya Mangu, is not mentioned. Therefore, the theories, concerning his period, based on the Patlavalis are not authentic. Moreover, the only one Pattavali called Nandisutra Sthaviravali, which mentions Arya Mangu, does not indicate the teacher-taught (Guru-fisya) tradition. Therefore, there are chances of the omission of certain names which has been confirmed by Muni Kalyana Vijayaji himself (Vira Nirvana samvat aur Jaina kala Ganana, pp. 121 & 131). Thus it is not possible to establish the date of the Mahavira's Nirvana on the basis of the inscriptional evidences related to Arya Mangu, because on this basis neither the traditional belief in the date of Mahavira's Nirvana as 527 B.C. nor the scholars' opinion, as 467 B.C., could be proved correct. On equating the Pattavalis with the inscriptions, the date of Vira Nirvana falls around 360 B.C. The reason of this uncertainty is the presence of various wrong conceptions regarding the period

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Reconsidering the Date of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira of Arya Mangu. So far as Arya Nandil is concerned, we find the reference to his name also in the Nandisutra. In the Nandisutra Sthaviravali (Gatha, 27-29), his name appears before Arya Nagahasti and after Arya Mangu. There is an inscription of Nandika (Nandil) of the Saka Samvat 32 in the inscriptions of Mathura (see Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, article No. 41); in another inscription of the Saka Samvat 93, the name is not clear, only 'Nadi is mentioned there. (see Jaina Silalekha Samgraha, article No. 67). Arya Nandil is referred to also in the Prabandhakosa and in some ancient Pattavalis, but since at no place there is any reference to his period, it is not possible to establish the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira on the basis fo this inscriptional evidence. Now let us consider Nagahasti. Usually in all the Pattavalis, the date of the demise of Arya Vajra, has been considered as 584 V.N.S. After Arya Vajra, Arya Raksita remained the Yuga Pradhana Acarya for 13 years, Pusyamitra for 20 years and Vajrasena for 3 years, ie Vajrasena died in the year 620 V.N.S. In Merutunga's Vicarasreni, the period of Arya Nagahasti as the Yuga Pradhana has been accepted as continuing for 69 years, i.e. Nagahasti was the Yuga Pradhana from 621 to 690 V.N.S. (Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana, p. 106 note). If Hastahasti of the Mathura inscription is Nagahasti, then he is also referred to as the guru of Maghahasti in the inscription of the Saka Samvat 54, which establishes him of before 131 A.D. It we accept the date of the Vira Nirvana as 467 B.C., then the period of his Yuga Pradhanaship extends between 154 and 223 A.D. According to the inscriptions he had a disciple in 132 A.D. yet one can be content by assuming that he must have initiated some one 22 years before being a Yuga Pradhana. If we accept his life-span to be 100 years, he must have been 11 years old when he is supposed to have initiated Maghahasti. It seems almost impossible to believe that he was able to initiate somebody by his sermons at the age of 11 and that such an underage disciple was able to perform the Murti-Pratistha. But if, on the basis of the traditional concept, we accept the Vira Nirvana year to be before 605 of the Saka Era or 52 B.C., then the references made in the Pattavalis tally the inscriptional evidences. On this basis his tenure of Yuga Pradhanaship extends from 16 to 85 of the Saka Era, Maghahasti, one of his disciples was able to perform the Murti-Pratistha by his sermons. Although common sense would hardly accept it as logical that his Yuga Pradhanaship extended for 69 years, yet because of 111 the fact that it considers the information given in the Pattavalis to be correct, this inscriptional evidence about Nagahasti supports the date of Vira Nirvana as 527 B.C. Again, in one of the inscriptional sketches of Mathura, Arya Krsna with that Arya Krsna mentioned after Sivabhuti in Kalpasutra Sthaviravali (last part 4:1), then his period on the basis of the Pattavalis and Visesavasyakabhasya (Gatha: 2552-2553), could be established around 609. V.N.S., because as a result of the dispute over clothes between the same Arya Krsna and Sivabhuti the Botika, Nihnava came into extistence. The period of this dispute is fixed as 609 V.N.S. If we accept the Vira Nirvana year to be 467, then the period of Arya Krsna is supposed to be as 609-467-142 A.D. This inscriptional sketch belongs to 95+78-173 A.D. Since Arya Krsna has been figured as a deity, it is natural that 20-25 years after his death, in 173 A.D., this sketch must have been made by some Arya Arha, one of his follower disciples. In this way, this inscriptional evidence can maintain compatibility with other literary reference only when 467 B.C. is established as the year of the Vira Nirvana. It is not possible to reconcile it with any other alternatives. In the Mathura inscriptions (Jaina Silalekha Samgraha: article no. 56 & 59), the name of Arya Vrddhahasti is related with two inscriptions. One is from Saka Era 60 (Huviska year 60) and the other from 79 of the same. According to th Christian era, these inscriptions belong to 138 and 157 A.D. respectively. If he is the Arya Vrddha of the Kalpasutra Sthaviravall and the Vrddhadeva of the Pattavalis (Vividha Gacchiya Patavali Samgraha: p. 17), then according to the Patavalis, he was led to perform Murti Pratistha in Karnataka in the year 695 V.N.S. If we accept 467 B.C. to be the year of the Vira Nirvana, then this period can be fixed at 695-467-228 A.D. whereas the inscriptional evidences are from 138 and 157 A.D. But, if according to the traditional concept the date of the Vira Nirvana is accepted as 527 B.C. then his period is to be fixed at 695-527-168 A.D. Therefore, on accepting 527 B.C. to be the Vira Nirvana year, the equation between this inscriptional evidence and the Pattavali based evidence is found to the matching well. On assuming 25 years to be the average period of tenure of each Acarya, his period should be around 625 V.N.S. because Vrddha occupies the 25th place in Pattavali. Thus his time can be fixed as 625467-158 A.D. which also proves the 467 B.C. as the period of Vira Nirvana.

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112 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI The last evidence, on the basis of which the date of Mahavira's Nirvana can be established is king Dhruvasena's inscriptions and his period. According to the poupular belief, after the Valabhi assembly, first time Kalpasutra was recited before a congregation at Anandpur (Vadanagar) in order to console the grieved King Dhruvasena on his son's death (Srikalpasutra : 147 pp. 145, Vinaya Vijaya : Commentary : p. 15-16). The period of Valabhi assembly is fixed as 980-993 V.N.S. There are several inscriptions of Dhruvasena available. The priod of Dhruvasena the first, is said to be from 525 to 550 A.D. (Parikh, Rasikalal : 1974 :40). If this event is related to the second year of his accession i.e. 526 A.D., then it is proved that Mahavira's Nirvana must have taken place in 993-526=467 B.C. Thus atleast three of the six inscriptional evidences prove that the Nirvana of Mahavira took place in 467 B.C. Whereas the two evidences may prove 527 B.C. as the period of Vira Nirvana. But the dates based on the Pattavali could be incorrect; therefore, they cannot be an obstacle in determining the date of the Vira Nirvana as 467 B.C. One of these inscriptions is not helpful in fixing the date. These discrepancies are there also because the authenticity of the periods of the Acaryas given in the Pattavali is doubtful and today, we have no grounds to remove these discrepancies. Still we derive from this discussion, that most of the textual and inscriptional evidences confirm the date of Mahavira's Nirvana as 467 B.C. In that case, one will have to accept the date of the Nirvana as 467 B.C. In that case, one will have to accept the date of the Nirvana of Buddha to be 483 B.C., which has been accepted by most of the western scholars, and only then it will be proved that about 15 years (14 years and 5 months) after the Nirvana of Buddha the Nirvana of Mahavira took place. savathi usabhapuram seyaviya mihilam ullugatiram. purimantaranji dasapura rahavirapuram ca nagaraim (781) coddasa solasa vasa cauddasavisuttara ya donni saya. atthavisa ya duve panceva saya u coyala. (782) panca saya calasiya chacceva saya navottara hoti. nanupattiya duve uppanna vinavveue sesa. (783) 3. Virajine siddhigade causadaigisatthivasaparimane. kalammi adikkante uppanno ettha sakarao. (461) ahava vire siddhe sahassanavakammi sagasayabbhahie. panasidimmi yatide panamase (Y. 9785, M5) sakanio jado. 1497. pathantaram. coddasasahassasagasayatenaudivasakalavicchede. (19793) viresarasiddhido uppanno ahava. 1498. pathantaram. nivvane virajine chavasasadesu pancavarisesu. panamasesu (Y. 605, M.5) gadesu sanjado saganio ahava. 1499. pathartaram. Tiloyapannatti - section 4, 1496 - 1499. 4. avanidesu pancamasahiyapancuttarachassadavasani havanti aiso virajinindanivvanagaddivasado java sagakalassa adi hodi tavadiyakalo. kudo? (605) edamhi kale saganarindakalammi pakkhitte vaddamanajinanivvudakalagamanado. vuttam ca-panca ya masa pancaya vasa shacceva hoti vasasaya, sagakalena ya sahiya thaveyavvo tado rasi (41) anne ke vi airiya soddasasahassa - sattasad - tinaudivasesu jinanivvanadinado aikkantesu saganarinduppattim bhananti (14793) vuttam ca-gutti-payattha-bhayaim coddasarayanai samaikantaim. parinivvude jininde to rajja saganaribdassa. (42) anne ke vi airiya evam bhananti. tam jaha-sattasahassa navasaya pancanaudivarisesu pancamasahiesu vaddhmanajinanivvudadinado aikkartesu saganarindarajjuppatti jado ti, ettha gahasattasahassa navasada pancanaudi sampancamasa ya. aikanta vasanam jaiya taiya saguppatti : (43) (1995) edesu tisu ekkena hodavvam na tinnamuvadesana saccattam, annonnavirohado tado janiya vattavvam. --Dhavala tika saman vita Satkhandagama, Khanda 4, Bhaga 1, Pustak 9, p. 132-133 (section 4/1/44) 5. samanassa bhagavao Mahavirassa Java savvadukkhapa hinassa navavasa sayaim vikantaim dasamassa vasasayassa ayam asiime samvacchare kale gacchai, Notes: 1. a. Nivvane Vira jine chavvasasadesu pancavarisesun. Panamasesu gadesum sarjado saganio ahava. b. panca ya masa panca ya vasa shacceva hontivasasaya parinivvuassarihato so uppanno sago rama. Titthogali Painnayam, 623 2. bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchadugatiga abaddhiya ceva. satte-e ninhaga khalu titthami u vaddhamanassa, (778) bahuraya jamalipabhava jivapaesa ya tisaguttao avvatta asadhao samuccheya samittao. (779). gangao dokiriya shaluga terasiyana uppatti. theraya gotthamahila putthamabaddham paruvinti. (780)

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Reconsidering the Date of the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira 113 vayanantare puna ayam tenaue sam vacchare kalar gacchai iha disai. Sri Kalpasutra 147, p. 145. 6. palagaranno sathi panapannasayam viyana nandanam maruyanam arthasayam tisa puna pusamitanam, --Titthogali painnayam (Painnaya Suttaim) 621 When 60 pakaja + 155 Nandavansa = 215 years had passed, the rule of the Maurya dynasty began. 7. a. evem ca Srimahavira mulervarsasate, pancapanca sadadhike candragupto abhavannspana. -- Parisistaparva-Hemacandra, sarga 8/339. b. Laghuposalika pattavali, Nagapuriyatapagaccha pattavali (ed. Jinvijaya 1961) and Himavanta Theravali also acknowledge that Chandragupta Maurya ascended to the throne 155 years after the Vira Nirvana. 8. It is remarkable that the year of the Vira Nirvana may be accepted as 527 B.C. only when Chandra Gupta Maurya's accession is accepted to have taken place in the year 215 of the Vira Nirvana era. It the date of his accession is accepted to be the year 155 of the Vira Nirvana, then we should accept 467 B.C. to be the date of the Vira Nirvana. Jacobi, H., Parisistaparva : year 1891 : P. introduction p. 5; He considers the reference of the Parisistaparva of Hemacandra to be authentic according to which 155 years after the Vira Nirvana, Chandragupta Maurya's accession took place, and on this only basis he determined the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira. 10. Charpentier, 1992: 13-16; He also based, his arguments ofn Hemacandra and considered that the Nirvana of Mahavira took place 155 years before Chandragupta Maurya. 11. Shastri, A. Shantiraj : Anekanta 1941, Vol. 4, No. 10; He considered the Saka Samvat to be the Vikram Samvat and accepted that 605 years before the Vikram Samvat Mahavira attained Nirvana. 12. Jayaswal, 1917 : 151-152; In his article entitled "The Historical Position of Kalki and his Identification with Yasodharman', he has mentioned only two traditions. He made no mention of the date of the Nirvana of Mahavira. 13. Venkateshwar, 1917, p. 122-130; His opinion is based on the Anand Vikram Samvat. This was is vague 10 years after the Vikram Samvat. 14. Mukhtar : 1956 : p. 26-56; On the basis of various arguments he confirmed the traditon accepted theory. 15. Muni Kalyana Vijaya : Vikrama Samvat aur Jaina Kalaganana, 1987 : p. 149; while confirming the traditional accepted theory, he also tried to remove its inconsistencies. 16. Eggermont, P.H.L. He has given his arguments equating the very event of schism by Tisyagupta which took place during the 16th year of the attainment of Lord Mahavira with the event of drying the Bodhi tree by Tisyagupta and event of schism in Buddha Order during the reign of Asoka. 17. Smith : 1969 : 141 He accepted the common popular theory. 18. Narman, K.R. "Observation on the Dates of the Jina and Buddha" in Bechert, H. The Dating of the Historical Buddha, a Pt. I. p. 300-312 Gottingen. 19. ajjataropikho rajamacco rajana magadham ajatasatt um vedehiputtam etadavoca "ayam, deva, nigantho nataputto sanghi ceva gani ca ganacariyo ca, fiato, yasassi, titthakaro, sadhusammato bahujanassa, rattannu, cirapabbajito, addhagato, vayoanuppatto. Digha nikaya, Samannaphalasutta, 2/17. 20. evam me sutam. ekam samayam bhagava sakkesu viharati vedhanna nama sakya tesa ambavane pasade. tena kho pana samayena nigantho nataputto pavayam adhunakalankato hoti. tassa kalankiriyaya bhinna niganthy dyedhikajata bhandanajata kalahajata vivadapanna annamanna mukhasattihi vitudanta viharanti." na tvar imam dhammavinayam ajanasi, aham imam dhammavinayam ajanami, kim tvalm imam dhammavinayam ajanissasi? micchapatipanno tvamasi, ahamasmi sammapatipanno. Sahitan me, asahitar te. purevacaniyam paccha avaca pacchavacaniyam pure avacca. Adhicinnam te viparavattam aropito te vado. niggahito tvamasi. cara vadappamokkhaya. nibbethehi va sace pashosi'ti. vadho yeva kho mannya niganthesu nataputtiyesu vattati. ye pi niganthassa nataputtassa savaka gihi odatavasana te pi niganthesu nataputtiyesu nibbinnarupa virattarupa pativanarupa-yatha tam durakkhate dhammavinaye duppavedite aniyyanike anupasamasarvattanike asammasambuddha-ppavedite bhinnathupe appatisarane. 21. It is noteworthy that almost all the Swetambara Patlavalis mention the ame period. 22. It is noteworthy that the original Ms. of the Himavant asthaviravali is not available after its Gujarati translation; its Gujarati translation by Pnadit Hiralal Hansraj of Jamnagar, is the only base, It shows that

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Kunika and Udayi ruled for 60 years after the Nirvana of Mahavira and the Nandas ruled for 94 years there after, and accordingly Chandragupta Maurya's accession is said to be in 155 V.N.S. 23. Vikram Samvat 1987 : 137; Note that Muniji's effort to accept the period of Maurya to be 160 instea of 108, considering "muriyanamasthasayam" as "muriyanam satthasayam". is not a historical fact. 24. It should be noted that Muniji's effort to extend Sambhutivijaya;s period from 8 year to 60-years, and changing 108 year period of the Mauryas (this fact is supporte by history) to 160. years is nothing but an effort to confirm his own hypothesis. References : 1. Bhagavati (Angasuttani, Vol. 2) Ed. Muni Nathmal, Jaina Visva Bharati, Ladnun, V.S. 2031 9 : 222-229. Charpentier Jarl, The Uttaradhyayana Sotra, Introduction, Archives D'Etudes Orientales, Publiees Par J.-A. Lundelle, Vol. 18, Uppsala, 1922. 3. Eggermont, P.H.L., "The Year of Mahavira's decease". Bechert, H., The Dating of the Historical Buddha, pt. I, pp. 138-51, Gottingen. 4. Dhavalatika Samanvita Satkhandagam, Ed. Hiralal Jain, Sitabarai Luxmichandra Jaina Sahityoddharaka Fund. Amaravati, 1949.4: 1:44: 132-133. 5. Dighanikaya, vol. I, III, Ed. Bhikshu Jagadish Kashyap, Bihar Govt. Publication Board, Ist. Edition, Nalanda, 1958. 6. Hemacandra, Parisistaparva, Ed. Tilak Vijaya, Jaina Dharma Prasaraka Sabha, Bhavanagar, V.S. 1968. 7. Himavanta Sthaviravali, Gujarati Trans. by Pt. Hiralal Hansraj, referred to Muni Kalyana Vijaya, Vira Nirvana Samvat aur Jaina Kala Ganana, v.s. 1987. 8. Jacobi, V. Hermann, Buddha's and Mahavira's Nirvana and D. Palitesch Vitiklung Magadhas, Jur Jener Jait - 557. 9. Jaina Silalekha Samgraha (II part) Compiler Vijay Murti Pandit, Manikachand Digambar Granghamala Samiti, Bombay-4, 1952. 10. Jaiswal, Kashiprasad, Indian Antiquary, Part XL VI, 1917 reprint (1985), Svati Publication. Delhi, p. 145-153. 11. Kalpasutra, Sri Subodhikanamni Kalpasutra Tika, Ed. Vinaya, Jamnagar, 1939. I. 12. Majumdar, R.C. Ancient India, Motilal Banarasi Dass, Varanasi, 1952. 13. Mukhtar, Jugal Kishore, Jaina Sahitya aur Itihasa para Visad Prasna, Shri Vira Sasan Samgha, Calcutta, 1965. 14. Muni Kalyan Vijaya, Vira Nirvana Samvat Aur Jaina Kala Ganana, K.V. Shastra Samgraha Samiti, Jalore, V.S. 1987. 15. Nandisutra (Sthaviravali), Ed. Madhukar Muni, Shri Agm Prakashan Samiti, Beawar, (Rajasthan). 16. Niryukti Sangraha, Ed. Vijayasen Surishvara. Harshapuspa mrit Jain Granthamala, Lakhabavala, Saurashtra, 1989. 17. Norman KR. "Observation on the Dates of the Jaina and Buddha" in Bechert, H. The Dating of the Historical Buddha Pt. I, p. 300-312, Gottingen. 18. Painnaya Suttaim (Prathamobhaga), Ed. Muni Punya Vijaya, Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya, Bombay 1984. 19. Parikha, Rasikalal Chotelal, Gujarat no Rajakiya aura Sanskritika Itihas, Vol. 2, B.J. Institue, Ahmedabad - 9. 20. Prabandhakosa, Ed. Jina Vijayaji, Singhi Jaina Granthamala, Shantiniketan, 1935. 21. Shastri, A. Shantiraja, "Bhagavan Mahavira ke Nirvana ki Samalocana," Anekanta, Varsa - 4 Kiran - 10. 22. Smith, V.A., The Jaina Stupa & other Antiquities of Mathura, Indological Book House, Delhi. 23. Sri Kalpasutra, Ed. Manika Muni, Sobhagamal Harakavata, Ajamer, V.S. 1973. 24. Sri Pattavaliparaga Samgraha, Ed. Muni Kalyan Vijaya, K.V. Shastra Samgraha Samiti, Jalore, 1966. 25. Thanam (Sthananga) (Angasuttani)Part I, III, Ed. Vachana Pramukha Acharya Tulasi, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun, V.S. 2031. 26. The Historical Position of Kaliki and his Identification with Yasodharman, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVI, July 1971, Swati Publication, Delhi 1985. 27. Tiloyapannatti, Ed. Prof. Hiralal Jain and A.N. Upadhya, Jaina Sanskriti Sanrakshaka Sangha, Solapur 1951. 28. Titthogalipainnaya (Painnayasuttaim). Ed. Muni Punya Vijaya, Mahavira Jaina Mahavidyalaya, Bombay 1984. 29. Tripathi, Ramashankara. 'Pracina Bharata Ka Itihas. 'Motilal Banarasi Dass, Delhi, 1968. 30. Uttaradhyayana, Ed. Charpentier. Archives D. Itds Orientals, Vol. 18, Upasala 1922. 31. Venkateshwara, S.V., The Date of Vardhaman,' Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1917. 32. Visesavasyakabhasya. Trans, Shah Chunnilal, Agamodaya Samiti, Bombay. 33. Vividha Gachhiya Pattavali Samgraha, part I, Ed. Muni Jina Vijayaji, Singhi Jaina Series - 53. Publ., J.H. Dave, Director, Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, Bombay - 7, 1961,

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Prof. K.S. Murty's Philosophy of Peace and Non-violence Prof. K.S. Murty is one of the leading Indian Philosophers of our age. For him Philosophy is not the mere abstract thinking about the Ultimate Reality but an honest effort to solve the actual problems of humanity. That is why his work, 'The Quest for Peace' attracts philosophers, as well politicians and sociologists. Here, I would like to confine my observations about Prof. Murty's Philosophy to his work, "The Quest for Peace'. This work is a testimony that his philosophy is related to the concrete and practical life and the actual perennial problems of human society. In this outstanding work he has not only presented the Hindu ideals dealing with the problem of war and peace but also critically analysed the causes of war, disturbing our social peace and the possibility for peace and non-violence. In the process, he critically evaluated the various theories pertaining to war and examined the various philosophies dealing with the concept of non-violence. In addition, at the end of his work, there is an epilogue where in he has suggested the awakening of world consciousness as a way out to get rid of the burning problem of war and violence. Prof. K.S. Murty as a Realist In this epilogue, he firmly maintains that it is only through the awakening of world consciousness that peace and prosperity can be restored on our globe. The most notable thing about Prof. K.S. Murty's 'Philosophy of Peace'. is that in his examinations and evaluations he always remains a realist or a practical philosopher. Though he speaks of ideals yet he always keep them on the concrete foundation of actualities of human life. For him, human being is always human being, living with all its animal instincts. He observes, 'Men according to Hindu thinkers are not all sweet, reasonable and potentially saintly. There are some men with divine temperament while others with demonic temperament. In the present age i.e. Kaliyuga, the latter preponderates. Utopian dreams, where all men will lead blissful lives, consider all mankind as one family mutually and unselfishly helping each other, are silly. (P. 31-32) He further maintains. "There is, says Hinduism, an element of evil in human nature, Rajas (activistic tendency) and Tamas (inertia) are not wholly absent in any man; in some they predominate to such an extent that tranquility and goodness-Sattva- are never successful in overcoming them." (P. 33) So far as I understand the philosophy of Prof. K.S. Murty, he opines that the ideals or the norms of the society can not be built, putting aside the actualities of our lives. He never sees the Utopian dreams. Being a realist or actualist he always tries to see the practical-side of the problem. For him philosophy is some thing real or concrete and not mere abstract thinking. It is connected with our day to day problems. The philosophy unable to solve the riddle of our actual life is of no use and only a tool of intellect. He says, "so a social organisation which forgets this (actualities of human nature) and gives up altogether the use of force for maintaining order and enforcing law, based on righteousness, will end in chaos." (P. 32) Thus, we can conclude that Prof. K.S. Murty, about social ideals and norms, always remains a realist, having a deep under-standing of actual human nature. An Evaluation of K.S. Murty's Views about NonViolence With regard to the problems of war and peace or force and non-violence, Prof. Murty admits that the complete eradication of force, violence and wars from the earth is not possible at all. He maintains that so far as injustice and crime exist on the earth, use of force, violence and even war is inevitable. He supports his view by quoating a Chinese sage Mo-Ti, "A sin cannot be controlled except by punishment and not to punish such a terrible criminal is a sin" (P. 15). As long as we are living in the society, it is our prime and foremost duty to maintain social justice. Says, Prof. K.S. Murty, "Otherwise the strong will oppress the weak and society will be like the world of fish- the big ones eating the small. Danda (Punishment), therefore, is necessary (Page 32). For him social justice is primary and peace or non-violence is secondary. He does not advocate that type of peace or non-violence, which distorts the social justice. Says, he, "absolute tolerance of all wrongs done to oneself is not a virtue (P. 33). He further maintains 'Asceticism and celibacy may be good things but they cannot be so for all men. Science, painting and philosophy are good things but they are also not for all men. Similarly, conquest of anger by non-anger, of unrighteousness by righteousness, of evil by love, may be good things, but all are not capable of

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116 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI practising them. And it is also important to remember, the Hindu thinkers urge that such behaviour cannot be successful in dealing with all men." (P. 33) Thus, for him one should meet evil with justice and so the tolerance of an evil is not moral at all. 'The Peace, which is achieved on the cost of injustice is not good. Says he, the doctrine of noninjury must be reconciled with the necessity to punish those who deserve it and such a punishment may itself be in tune with the spirit of the doctrine. According to Prof. K.S. Murty, one should not tolerate injustice for the sake of non-violence or disturbance of social peace. Aggressive and unjust wars have been condemned by all the Indian thinkers and they hold that just and defensive wars should be undertaken. Those who disturb social peace and do injustice with our fellow being for the sake of their selfish motive, should be punished. But, he holds, this must be done without giving up maitri (friendliness) and karuna (compassion) (See Prologue Page XXI). Just and defensive wars should be undertaken as a sense of duty and at that time our hearts should be free from malice or ill-will. One should not harbour hatred even towards one's opponent or enemy. So far as Prof. K.S. Murty's view on the above said matter is concerned, it is in confirmity with the ancient thinkers of India. He is throughly correct when he comments, "If reverence for life, taken as an absolute value, were stronger than it is, war would decrease very much in frequency and number." (P. 44) But I am not intune with Prof. Murty when he says "Non-injury unless motivated by compassion becomes a superstition and compassion may sometimes lead us to commit injuries to living beings (Page 44)". I am of this view that non-injury or nonviolence does not emanate from compassion which is an emotional aspect of our being, but it follows from the faculty of reasoning as a sense of duty. Non-violence should be observed as a sense duty or obligation and not mere as a feeling of compassion. Compassion always has a sense of attachment as its root. Whatsoever is motivated by attachment or mineness is always immoral. If once we accept non-violence as an absolute ethical value based on our faculty of reasoning, we have no right to say that "war is not always immoral" and "Ahimsa does not sum up morality" - as Prof. Murty holds. Though I agree with Prof. K.S. Murty that in our worldly life complete non-violence is not possible, it does not mean that complete non-violence is mere a superstition as he maintains. Those, who are attached to worldly possessions or even to worldly life and have a social obligation to protect other's life and property, are unable to dispense with defenesive violence. But it must be remembered that violence is always violence and it can never be an ethical virtue. Inevitablity of violence in worldly life does not make it ethical or moral. There are certain things in the world which are inevitable or necessary for our life, notwithstanding we can not say all of them as moral. I differ with Prof. Murty's view when he concludes, 'It seems to be silly to admit that all life is equally worthy of reverence (P. 44). In my humble opinion to be worthy of reverence is something different from to be observed perfectly. We cannot challenge the intrinsic value of noninjury or non-violence on the basis of its un-practicability in worldly life. Perfect non-violence, however, is not possible yet it does not mean that it is totally impossible in this world. Those, who are completely detached, even to their body, can observe it perfectly. Prof. Murty's pragmatic equation of morality with practicability and immorality with immpracticability is not very desirable because then morality will lead to selfishness. May be a situation one has to choose between the two violences - Major and Minor instead of violence and nonviolence. In such a situation Jaina Acaryas suggest one should select a minor violence instead of a major one. Prof. K.S. Murty also observes, though man has the obligation to help all living beings, clearly this is impossible and selection had to be made as to whom he should help and whom he may have to injure... when a human life is endangered by disease-carrying germs it seems to be ethically right to preserve it at the cost of the lives of these germs by administration of antibiotics. The use of ratpoision, germicides and disinfectants like DDT to preserve human life seems morally right because human life is qualitatively more valuable than animal life." (P. 44) But in this statement of Prof. Murty I find the usage of some words as objectionable. My first objection is about his use of word 'ethically or morally right'. Here we must be clear in our mind that our selection between two evils or violences does not make a lesser one ethically or morally right. Violence is an evil and it cannot be morally or ethically right in any case. In our worldly life for the sake of our individual interest or even in the interest of human society, in certain situations we have to make a selection between two evils or vices; but on account of our selection, Vices will never be regarded a virtue. Secondly, the human life may be valuable but not in all the cases, so to say, in a desert, a life of a plant is more valuable than human being. Punishments are prescribed for those human beings who

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Prof. K.S. Murty's Philosophy of Peace and Non-violence 117 hurt animal life or even plants, in our scriptures as well as civil codes of various nations. Now a days, we have already accepted that the use of germicides and hurting of plant life is not good for ecological balance. Prof. K.S. Murty's Concept of Peace The concept of peace has two main aspects, internal as well as external. The internal aspect is known as mental peace or tranquility, it is related mainly to the individuals and that too particularly to their mental state. While the external aspect of peace is known as social-peace and is related to the society mental peace depends on the cessation of conflicts which takes place between our passionate self i.e. Id and ideal-self i.e. super ego. So far as the external or social peace is concerned, it depends on our harmonious living as a member of society. It is the state of cessation of conflicts and wars between individual and society and among different religious and social groups as well as nations. While dealing with the concept of Peace, in his famous work. "The Quest for Peace' Prof. K.S. Murty, has emphasi- sed the social or external aspect of peace, but it does not mean that he underestimated the inner peace. He remarks "Not to have hatred towards any one and to harbour no enmity towards any living being, are cardinal virtues, based on the great truth that it is Atman that is inundate in all beings. Nirvaira is achieved not by cessation of all reaction to evil, but by making the mind and will, pure. Such purity, according to the Gita, is achieved when one gains inner poise, non-attachment and abandonment of concem with the fruits of actions". (P. 21) He further says "to have no mamata (sense of mine) and ... equanimity in action is the way of obtaining man's highest end."(P. 21) We must also remember the fact that the external or social peace depends on the inner or mental peace of the members of the society. Society without individuals is something abstract, it is the individual who makes society concrete or real. That is why the inner peace of the individuals is a pre-condition for social peace. A disturbed mind disturbs social peace. In the introduction of Prof. K.S. Murty's book - "The Quest for Peace' our former Prime Minister and an enlightened stateman Dr. P.V. Narasimharao rightly observes "The Peace and equality should be both inner and outer. There could be no peace outside unless there is inner peace. By inner peace, I do not necessarily mean the individual state of mind attained by sadhana, what I mean is that the minds of all men should reach a state where they are free from fear, free from mistrust, free from the urge for self-aggrandisement and exploitation. Today there is an all-pervading war psychosis, because wars begin in the minds of men, and these minds disrupt peace. The same minds need to be oriented to promote peace and this can be done only by a peace-psychosis. (P. XXIX) Thus, we can conclude that the peace, inner as well as outer, both are worthy to achieve, but stress should be given on inner peace. For inner peace is the cause and outer peace is an effect. But the position of Prof. K.S. Murty is some what different in this regard. While examining the various theories of the causes of wars, his approach is also realistic. Though he agrees with spiritualists that all wars have their beginning in our minds but at the same time he holds a realistic position and maintains that working of human mind depends on external situations. In the beginning of sixth chapter of this bookThe Quest for Peace, says, he, "The Unesco constitution says war begins in the mind of men." In as much as all human activity begins in men's minds- for after all without an idea and a will nothing begins-that is an obvious truism. But in so far as men's minds are moulded by their social and cultural environment and by the traditions of their political institutions, we have to seek for the causes of war at the deeper level. You cannot change the working of men's minds, when their civilisation, social organisation and political institutions force them to think and act in certain ways (P. 142)." Thus for him, it is not only men's minds, which are solely responsible for wars and conflicts, but environmental situations also play an important role as a cause of wars and conflicts. In the sixth chapter of his work, he deals with various theories about the cause of wars and also makes a critical estimate of them. He is not in tune with the various psychological theories which generally hold that war is rooted in human nature. He is also not in agreement with those economists, who hold that population pressures and economic conditions are the sole causes of wars. He does not fully support the tension theory which holds that frustrations create wars. Says he "To conclude whatever the case was in ancient times, modern warfare among great states does not seem to be mainly the effect of tensions either in leaders or in peoples" (P. 161). But to a certain extent he is in tune with Dewey and accepts war as a social

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118 Aspects of Jainology Volume VI institution or social pattern. peace a possibility." (P. 199) For the cultivation of peace consciousness among peoples, and to make efforts for A way out to Peace permanent world peace he suggested to constitute a At last he opines that war and violence can not be putR espublica-Litteraria. It is the duty of the intellectuals to to an end without a fundamental alteration in social and work hard for the awakening of peace consciousness cultural structure. It is only through awakening of peace because, says he peace cannot be brought about by fine consciousness we can change social and cultural pattern phrases and nice lectures but by hard work and sacrifice and get rid of wars. He observes "Without informed public (P. 214). opinion and good faith a new world order cannot arise and Peace demands the sacrifice of selfish interests and without coming into existence of a unity of outlook and a narrow outlooks as its price. It is only through the community of interests among all men (without national consciousness of 'world family' we can establish peace and and class differences). There can be no world peace (P.182). secure prosperity on the earth. Prof. K.S. Murty propounds three principles, namely (a) ayaM nijaH paro vetti gaNanA laghucetasAm, Homonoia-Human brotherhood, (b) Tolerance and (c) udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuttumbkm| Universal Ethics as the bases of peace. Says he, "If a consistant world view could be evolved in consonance Reference with (if not based upon) these three concepts, through the All the references, in this article are from Prof. K.S. co-operative efforts of the intellectuals of all cultures and Murty's book "The Quest for Peace', Ajanta Publications, if they take pains to make it fashionable among all peoples Jawahar Nagar, Delhi, 1986, page numbers are given in a universal culture may evolve and make permanent world bracket after the quotations.

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