Dharmonu Tulnatmak Adhyayan

Author(s): Bhaskar Gopalji Desai
Publisher: University Granthnirman Board
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032773/1

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dharmo tu la nA tma ka a vya ca na [COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGIONS] : lekhaka : Do. bhAskara gopALajI desAI philosophInA rIDara ane adhyakSa janarala ejyukezana senTara, tathA AcArya, pri. yuni. Arsa ane kaeNmarsa, ma. sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI, vaDodarA, yunivarsiTI graMtha nirmANa borDa-gujarAta rAjaya

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pustaka paricaya A pustakanI gUMthaNI traNa vibhAgamAM thaI che. prathama vibhAgamAM dharmanA sAmAnya svarUpanI carcA uparAMta vividha adhyayana paddhationI tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayananA vividha daSTibiMduonI vaijJAnika rIte chaNAvaTa karI dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsIonuM valaNa kevuM hovuM joIe, tenI carcA karI che. dhArmika satya tathA atihAsika dRSTie dharmanA badalAtAM svarUpanI rajUAta karavAmAM AvI che. bIjA vibhAgamAM jagatanA pravartamAna agiyAra dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA ApavAmAM AvI che. pratyeka dharmamAM kayA viSayonI rajUAta thaI che tene tema ja eka gatizIla baLa tarIke je te dharmano kevo ane keTale vikAsa thayo che ane anya dharmone anulakSIne vicAra karavAmAM Avyo che. trIjA vibhAgamAM dharma saMsthApaka vize, dharmanAM saMgaThaka baLA vize tema ja dharmanAM sthApanA samaya ane sthAna vizenI carcA uparAMta dharmomAM upadezAvela dharmabodha viSaya tulanA tathA dharmayugala tulanA paNa A vibhAgamAM hAtha dharAI che. pravartamAna dharmonI viziSTatAone anulakSIne, sAmyavAdane paNa dharma tarIke TheravI, dharmanA bhAvi vizeno khyAla apAyo che. vividha vidyAzAkhAnA tajajJonA sahakArayukta vicAra vinimayanA paripAka jevAM paMdara pariziSTo pustakanA upayogamAM sahAyarUpa thavA uparAMta enA mUlyamAM anekagaNo vadhAro kare che. A viSayakSetramAM vadhu kheDANa karavA IcchatA jijJAsu abhyAsIne A pustakamAMthI aneka kSetro maLaze.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGIONS] : lekhaka : che. bhArakara gopALajI desAI philosophInA rIDara ane adhyakSa janarala ejyukezana senTara, tathA AcArya, pri. yuni -ArTasa ane komarsa, ma. sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI, vaDodarA. yunivarsiTI graMtha nirmANa borDa gujarAta rAjya, amadAvAda-6,

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prakAzaka : zrI IzvarabhAI je. paTela adhyakSa yunivarsiTI graMthanirmANa borDa, gujarAta rAjya, amadAvAda (c) yunivarsiTI graMthanirmAbu , gujarAta rAjya, prathama AkRtti H 1973 nakala : 1000 * kiMmata : rU. ra3 = 00 "Published by the University Book Production Board, Gujarat State under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of production of Books and Literature in Regional Languages at the university level, of the Govt. of India in the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare (Department of Culture), New Delhi." mudraka : zrI. praphullabhAI sI. zAha (bhAgIdAra) zAha bradharsa prinTiMga presa, pAnakera nAkA, amadAvAda vikretA : mesarsa bAlagoviMda bukaselarsa, gAMdhIroDa, amadAvAda-1

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prakAzakanuM purovacana ucca keLavaNInuM mAdhyama mAtRbhASA bane e khvAhiza mUrtimaMta karavI hoya te yunivarsiTIe aneka vidyAzAkhAo mATe vipula graMthasAmagrI taiyAra karavI joIe. A sAmagrI aneka kakSAnA ane rasanA vidyArthIo ane abhyAsIone upayogI thAya te rIte nirmANa thAya te vidyAvyAsaMganuM uttama kArya hAtha dharI zakAya. yunivarsiTI keLavaNInuM sanAtana ceya yuvAna peDhImAM vidyAvyAsaMganI vRtti janmAvavAnuM che. A vRtti yuvAna vidyArthInA mAnasa jagatanuM eka AjIvana aMga bane tevI IcchA ApaNe saue sevavI joIe. A icchAne bara lAvavA mATe kendrIya sarakAre rAjya sarakAra dvArA hareka bhAratIya bhASA mATe cothI paMcavarSIya yojanA daramyAna sahAya karavAnI haiyAdhAraNa ApI bhautika paristhiti sarjI che. AvI bhautika sagavaDanA saMdarbhamAM uttama mAnaka graMthe gujarAtanI navI peDhIne caraNe dharavAne paDakAra yunivarsiTIonI vidyApravRtti sAthe saMkaLAyelA saunI samakSa paDele che. gujarAta sarakAre graMthanirmANanuM A kAma tvarAthI ane apekSita gheraNe thAya te hetusara yunivarsiTI graMthanirmANa borDanI racanA karI che. A beDa para gujarAtanI yunivarsiTIonA badhA kulapatio tema ja vidvAne, saMlagna sarakArI khAtAonA niyAmako vagere niyukta thayA che ane mAnaka graMthanI dhAraNuM pariNAmajanaka bane te mATe vidyAzAkhAvAra viSayavAra anubhavI vidvAna prAdhyApakonAM milana yojI emanI bhalAmaNa anusAra lekhana mATe prAdhyApakone notaryA che ane lakhANa sUkSma tathA dhyeyapUrNa bane te hetusara evA ja vidvAnane parAmarzaka tarIke nimaMtryA che. gujarAta rAjyanI yunivarsiTIomAM vinayana vidyAzAkhAnA vidyArthIone suyogya gujarAtI graMtho maLI rahe te hetuthI A yojanA anvaye taiyAra thayelA pustaka "dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana'ne prakAzita karatAM huM AnaMda anubhavuM chuM, e AnaMdamAM umero e vAte thAya che ke pustakanA lekhaka Do. bhAskara gopALajI

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4 desAI taviSayaka jJAtA che ane pitAnAM jJAna ane anubhavane lAbha vidyAthI one ApavAnuM emaNe svIkAryuM che. A prasa tathA beDanA sTAphe A graMtha A vidyAnA abhyAsIone jaladI prApta thAya te mATe je jahemata uThAvI che te badala sauno AbhAra mAnuM chuM. yunivarsiTI graMthanirmANa bairDa, gujarAta rAjya, amadAvAda-6 ' ' IzvarabhAI paTela nA adhyakSa :

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prastAvanA dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananuM lakhANa kArya hAtha dharyuM tyAre manamAM vasavaso hatuM ke e kAma kyAre pUruM karI zakaze. murabbI zrI IzvarabhAI paTela, adhyakSa, gujarAta rAjya graMtha nirmANa borDa, tathA verAvaLa kolejanA prinsIpAla zrI indubhAI trivedInI preraNAthI A kAma saraLa thaI zakyuM che. A kSetramAMnA ApaNI bhASAmAMnA prathama kArya tarIke saMtoSa Ape evuM A kAma thayuM che ema huM mAnuM chuM. paraMtu, A te mAtra prAraMbha che. gujarAtanA abhyAsIo je A kSetra kheDaze ane emAMthI navAM prakAzane bahAra Avaze te A kAryanI yathArthatA raheze. kheDANanA AvAM keTalAMka kSetre ullekha A pustakamAM maLaze. A pustakanI guMthaNa traNa vibhAgamAM karI che : vibhAga ekamAM sAmAnya svarUpanA keTalAka prazno upasthita karI enI samaja pAmavA prayAsa karyo che. A uparAMta, e vibhAgamAM vividha adhyayana paddhatio, tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha dRSTibiMduo tema ja tulanAtmaka abhyAsInuM valaNa kevA prakAranuM hovuM joIe tenI carcA karI, dhArmika satya tathA atihAsika dRSTie dharmanA badalAtA svarUpanI rajUAta karavAmAM AvI che. bIjA vibhAgamAM jagatanA pravartamAna agiyAra dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA ApavAmAM AvI che. pratyeka dharmamAM kyA muddAo carcAyA che, tema ja eka gatizIla baLa tarIke dharmane che ane keTale vikAsa thaye che ene, anya dharmone anulakSIne, e vibhAgamAM vicAra karavAmAM AvyuM che. trIjA vibhAgamAM dharma vizenA keTalAka sAmAnya praznonI carcA karavAmAM AvI che. dharmanA saMsthApaka vize, dharmanAM saMgaThaka baLo vize tema ja dharmanI sthApanA samaya vizenI carcA uparAMta dharmomAM upadezAvelA dharmabedha viSyanI tulanA tathA dharma yugala tulanA paNa A vibhAgamAM hAtha dharAI che. chevaTanA bhAgamAM pravartamAna dharmonI viziSTatAone anulakSIne, dharmanA bhAvi vizene khyAla ApavAne prayAsa karyo che.

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dharma vize tema ja ene lagatA vividha vize vize tathA dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsa vize ghaNA vicArakee lakhyuM che. e badhAne phALo A pustaka ghaDataramAM che e svIkArI emanuM, ane savizeSe evina barTa tathA robarTa hyumanuM RNa svIkAruM chuM.. A pustakamAM ApelA kAThAo, rekhAMkane tathA pustakasuci vagere jijJAsu abhyAsone sucaka ane sahAyarUpa thaze evI AzA rAkhuM chuM. pariziSTa taiyAra karAvavAmAM janarala ejyukezana seMTaranA ku nayanAbena desAI tathA zrI. padyumana dave ane zrI bhUpendra gAMdhIe tathA zrI nItina vyAse sahAya karI che emane huM AbhArI chuM. parAmarzaka zrI pri. AI. vI. trivedI tathA vaDodarA vizvavidyAlayanA itihAsa vibhAganA DaoN. esa. ke. desAI, Arkiyoleja vibhAganA vaDA pra. ramaNalAla ena. mahetA tathA bhUgoLa vibhAganA vaDA pro. jAnakI sAthe A aMge thayelI carcA vicAraNA phaLadAyI nIvaDI che, e mATe emane paNa huM AbhArI chuM. yunivarsiTI graMtha nirmANa borDa taraphathI A kAmagIrI mane soMpavAmAM AvI te mATe emanA kAryavAhakone tathA mArI yunivarsiTInA saMcAlakee A kArya hAtha dharavAnI rajA ApI e mATe te eone paNa huM AbhArI chuM. bhArata prakAzananA saMcAlakoe kuzaLatApUrvaka ane jhaDapabhera mudraNakArya saMbhALyuM e mATe emane huM AbhAra mAnuM chuM. A pustakane Amukha lakhavA mATe murabbI IzvarabhAI paTela, kulapati, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, ne huM atyaMta AbhArI chuM. vaDedarA, eprila, 1973. - bhAskara gopALajI desAI

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Amukha mAnava itihAsamAM mAnavajIvananA dhAraka ane preraka baLa tarIke tema ja samAjajIvananA cAlaka ane gatizIla baLa tarIke dharmane ravIkAra thayela che. paraMtu, prazna e thAya che ke e dharma kaye? dharma eTale zuM ? A mahattvano prazna Do. desAIe upasthita karyo che ane e kALanA pravAhamAM zAzvata mUlya tarIke dharmane rajU karI. enA vividha prakAre, ene vikAsakrama tema ja ene aMgenA anekavidha praznonI emaNe chaNAvaTa karI che. - dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM pratyeka dharmanI oLakha ane abhyAsa samAI jAya che e svIkArI che. desAIe pustakanA bIjA vibhAgamAM jagatanA vidyamAna dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA ApI che. AvI rajUAta kaI rIte thavI joIe enA mApadaMDa emaNe pote ja pustakanA pahelA vibhAgamAM vaijJAnika rIte upasAvyA che ane e AnaMdanI vAta che ke temanI, pratyeka dharmanI rajUAta e mApadaMDe pAra Utare che. koI paNa dharma tarapha pakSapAta na rAkhatAM. mAtra vaijJAnika daSTie ja, pratyeka dharmanA mahatvanA siddhAMtanI, mAnyatAonI, dharmagraMthanI, dharma saMpradAyanI, mItizAstranI emaNe karelI rajUAta prazaMsApAtra che. sahaja evI AzA rahe ke jevI ane jeTalI rajUAta emaNe hiMdudharmanI karI evI ja rajUAta badhA dharma vize teo karI zakata to vadhu sAruM thAta. pustakanA trIjA bhAgamAM Do. desAIe ghaNI maulika rajUAta karI che. itihAsa dRSTie dharmane avelekIne emaNe aneka prazno upasthita karyA che ane tenA uttare rajU karyA che. dharmanAM saMgaThaka baLa tarIke temaNe rajU karelAM baLe . uparAMta tIrthasthAna, tahevAra jevAM bIjAM paNa evAM baLone svIkArI zakAya. e vibhAgamAM dharmabodhane eka vidhya laIne vividha dharmomAM enuM kevuM Alekhana thayuM che enI samIkSA tema ja dharma-yugalenI tulanAmAM emaNe sUcavelA vicAro jijJAsu vAcakanI ekataraphe jijJAsA saMtoSe tevA che te bIjItaraphe jijJAsAne ora pradipta kare che. dharmanI viziSTatAonI samajaNa ApI sAmyavAdanI dharma tarIke karelI.

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rajUAta khAsa dhyAna kheMce che. e ja pramANe dharma samanvayanA vividha prayAsone AdhAre bhAvi dharmanA svarUpanI emanI rajUAta paNa vicAraNIya che. AkhuM pustaka vAMcatA evI spaSTa chApa UThe che ke lekhake eka abhyAsI tarIke A viSayanI sarasa mAvajata karI che. bhASA saraLa ane pathya rahI che. savizeSa AnaMdanI vAta to e che ke De. bhAskarabhAI desAI e A kSetramAM na kheDAyelA evAM keTalAMka kAryuM sUcana karyA che. dAkhalA tarIke, pitAne dharma choDIne mAnavI anya dharma zA mATe apanAve che (pA. 47), ItihAsanA kALa pravAhamAM amuka nizcita sadImAM ja vividha dharmomAM virodha kema jAgyA? (pA. 53), dharmane jIvaMta rAkhavAmAM maMdirone phALe keTale che (pA. 97), vyaktijIvana ane samAjajIvanamAM kyAM mULabhUta ta yajJabhAvanAnA utpatti ane svIkAra mATe kAraNabhUta che (pA. 105), eka ja dharmamAMthI vividha saMpradAyone uddabhava keva thaye ? (5. 119), sAmyavAdanA praNetA kAlaMmAsane vicAronA mULa jisasanA upadezamAM nathI ? (pA. 158), dharmapracAra ane prasAranAM dhArmika paribaLonuM sthAna zuM che ane ene phALo ke ane keTaluM che ? (pA. 166), dharma AdhArita daMtakathAo abhyAsanI dRSTie zuM sUcave che, (pA. 253), dharmone samanvayakArI svIkAra mAtra cIna pradezamAM ja kema anya bhaugolika pradezamAM AvuM kema nathI ? (pA. 291), dharmaudbhava-vikAsa-patana; dharmasudhAraNuM-punaH prasthApana-dharma nAza-dharma visarjananI prakriyAne abhyAsa (pA. 299-302). jijJAsu abhyAsIne kheDANanAM AvAM bIjAM kSetre paNa A pustakamAMthI maLaze. Do. desAIe pA. 310 para kahyuM che: "dharmasthApake vizenI A vicAraNAnI samApti eka prazna upasthita karIne karIzuM. dharmasthApake pikI jarathusta, mahAvIra, buddha, mahamada, jisasa vagere emanI uMmaranA trIzathI cAlIsa varSanA gALAmAM dharmasthApanAnA kAryamAM AgaLa vadhyA. zuM mAnavajIvanano A kALa, mane vaijJAnika daSTie, evo kahI zakAya khare, jemAM tejasvitA prakaTa thAya?" praznonI AvI rajUAta ullekhanIya e vAte che ke A pustaka ahIM prakaTa thAya che te ja samaye amerikAmAM A ja praznanA uttararUpa saMzodhanane ahevAla kilavelenDa yunivarsiTInA De. kena roja bahAra pADayo che. pustakamAM ApelAM cheThAo, rekhAMkana tema ja aMte Apela vividha pariziSTa pustakanA mUlyamAM anekagaNo vadhAro kare che. abhyAsu vAcakane tema ja sAmAnya

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vAcakane paNa emAMthI sUcaka sAmagrI prApta thaze. saMdarbhagraMtho tema ja paryAyasUci paNa upayogI nIvaDaze. pustakamAM dhArmika vidhi, dharmasaMjJAo tema ja dharmasthApatya vagereno ullekha maLe che kharA paraMtu enI viziSTa rajuAta jovA maLatI nathI. pustaknI maryAdAne lIdhe ema banyuM hoya e saMbhave. paraMtu dhArmika AcaraNa, dhArmika vyavahAra vagere jevAM kSenuM vadhu kheDANa thavuM jarUrI kharuM. gujarAtI bhASAmAM, A viSayanuM, AvuM prathama abhyAsapUrNa pustaka ApavA mATe De. bhAskarabhAI desAI abhinaMdanane pAtra che. emanI pAse AvA vadhu graMthanI AzA paNuM ApaNe rAkhIzuM. gujarAta yunivarsiTI IzvarabhAI paTela amadAvAda-9, 18--73 kulapati

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anukramaNikA vibhAga 1 : keTalAka prazno 11, zAzvata zuM ? 26 pas 13. ItihAsa daSTie dhamanuM badalAtuM rAma 14. dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio 15. dhamenA tulanAtmaka adhyayananA vividha daSTibiMduo 16. dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsanuM valaNa : - 17. dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanane vikAsa 18. dharmonuM vargIkaraNa vibhAga 2 pravartamAna dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA pravezaka ApaNI paddhati 21. hiMdudharma 3. sudhArAvAdI prayAso 4. Adhunika sudhArAvAdI prayAsa 5. hiMdudharmanuM hArda 6. hiMdudharmanA keTalAka siddhAMta 7. hiMdudharmazAstro 8. hiMdu nItizAstra 9. svarga ane narka 50. yajJa 11. hiMdudharma saMpradAyo saMdarbha graMthasUrca ja 2 e 100 102 103 105

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145 157 181 197, 11 2. jainadharma saMdarbha graMthasUthi 23. bauddhadharma saMdarbha graMthasUci 4 hiba dharma saMdarbha graMthasUci 5 khristI dharma saMdarbha graMthasuci 26 jarathustadharma saMdarbha graMthasUci 27 IslAma saMdarbha graMthasUci 8 zIkhadharma saMdarbha graMthasUci ra9 zioNodhama saMdarbha graMthasUci ra10. cInanA dharmo saMdarbha graMthasUci vibhAga 3 tulanAtmaka adhyayana 31. sAmAnya prazna 3ra dharmabedha viSaya tulanA 33. dharma-yugala tulanA 34 dharmanuM bhAvi 4. upasaMhAra saMdabha graMtha sUci 227 259 321

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pariziSTa 1. sAmAnya samaya koSTaka 2. hiMdudharma samaya koSTaka 3. hibradharma samaya keSTaka 4. jApAna dharma tavArIkha 5. khristI dharma samaya koSTaka 6. IslAmadharma samaya koSTaka 7. zIkhadharma samaya koSTaka 8. dharma sthaLAMtara-prasAra kaTho 9. bauddhadharma prasAra rekhAMkana 10. khristI dharma prasAra rekhAMkta 11. IslAmadharma prasAra rekhAMkana 12. dharmasaMjJA rekhAMkta 13. dharma prArthanA-sthAna rekhAMkana 14. paryAyasaci gUjarAtI-aMgrejI aMgrajI-gUjarAtI 5. zabdasUci zuddhipatraka 445-448 448-45450-451. 451-453 453-455 456-458 458 -459 460-467 467 : 1-2 467 : 3-4 467:5-6 467: 7-8 467 : 9-10-11-12 468-478 468-433, 474-478 479-516

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vibhAga-1 pravezaka : keTalAka prazno

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1.1 zAzvata zuM ? - satata rIte palaTAtA rahelA samagra saMjogomAM, palaTAtA rahelA mAnavIne sadAye kALano koI eka sAthI khare ? palaTAtA rahelA mAnavanA jIvana-pravAhamAM koI eka aMganuM sAtatya che kharuM ? palaTAtI jIvanakramanI ghaTamALamAM mAnavIne kadIye sAtha na choDanAra kaI saMgAthI khare ? A badhA praznone vicAra karIe tyAre e badhAyane uttara je eka zabdamAM ApavAnuM hoya, to ema kahI zakAya ke te che dharma, satata vahetA kALa-pravAhamAM keTalAya yuge vahI gayA, keTalAye rAjya astitvamAM AvyAM ane nAbUda thayAM, keTalIye saMskRti vikasI ane karamAI ane e badhA palaTAtA kramamAM eka sAtatya rahyuM kALanuM, ane bIjuM sAtatya rahyuM sAmAnya svarUpe mAnavanuM. e sAmAnya mAnavane, ke, viziSTa rUpe astitva dharAvatA vyaktigata mAnavane sadAkALane sAthI rahyo che dharma AthI jeTalo parANe mAnava-ItihAsa che, eTale ja purANe dharmane paNa itihAsa che. ane - jema mAnava samAja ane mAnava pite kALAnukrame palaTAtA rahyA che tema dharma paNa palaTAte rahyo che. Ama bAhya dRSTie palaTAtA mAnavane palaTAte dharma koIpaNa prakAranA sAtatya vinAne ane tethI satvahIna lage ema bane, paraMtu evI mAnyatA svIkArya nathI. dharmanI sarvazIlatA enI gatizIlatA sAthe susaMgata hoI zake che. dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ApaNane A bAbatanI patIti karAve che.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayanA mAnava ane dharma anAdi kALathI ekameka sAthe otaprota thayelA hoI e bane viSe mahattvanI thoDI vigata meLavavI Avazyaka bane che khAsa karIne dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatA pahelAM. utkrAMtivAde ApaNane e batAvyuM che ke Ajano mAnava utkrAMtinA kayAM kyAM sopAne vaTAvI Ajane tabakake Avyo che. e sopAnanuM tAtparya bIjA abhyAsa-viSayo mATe bhale game te hoya paNa ApaNuM abhyAsa-viSya mATe enuM tAtparya e che ke mAnava eka viziSTa prakAranuM astitva che. samagra sRSTinA mukAbale mAnava astitvane vicAra karIe tyAre ApaNane e raspaSTa thAya che ke mAnava astitva sRSTinA uccatara ratare che. sRSTinA vividha viSaya vibhAgo A rIti vicArI zakAya ? ka. padArthagata khavanaspatijagata ga. prANI jagata gha. mAnavajagata mAnava eTale ? sRSTikramanI A goThavaNIthI e siddha thaze ke padArthajagata karatAM vanaspati-- jagatane krama UMce che, e baMne karatAM prANIjagatane krama Uge che ane e badhAye karatAM mAnavajagatane krama khAsa UMce che. gati, sabhAnatA, samaja ane takane AdhAre tathA enA Adhipatya anusAra A krama-ThavaNa prApta thaI che. ema kahevAyuM che ke samagra sRSTimAM mAnava karatAM kaMI mahAna nathI, ane mAnavamAM enA mana karatAM kaMI mahAna nathI. A kathananI yathArthatAnI tapAsa e ApaNuM kSetra bahAranI vAta che. paraMtu emAMthI keTalAka prazno upasthita thAya che. zuM sRSTimAM kharekhara mAnavI zreSTha che ? mAnavIne eTaluM AdhipatyabharyuM sthAna ApavuM ucita che? mAnavamAM raheluM mana zuM kharekhara zreSTha che ?" mAnavanuM athANuM karatAM enAmAM koI viziSTa prakAranAM aMgenuM darzana prApta

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zAzvata zuM ? thaI zake ema nathI ? mAnava sivAya anya koI astitva ke baLa sRSTinA zreSTha sthAne birAjamAna thAya evuM na bane ? mAnave pitAnA samagratama svarUpane -anulakSIne sRSTizreSThatAnuM rathAna kadIye prApta karyuM che kharuM? mAnavI je 'tayukta prANI tarIke oLakhAya che te haMmezA ke kadIye takane upayoga kare che khare? zuM mAnavamAM tarkazakti e ja viziSTa ane mahAna che? mAnavI eka evA viziSTa prakAranuM astitva che ke jemAM padArthajagata, -vanaspatijagata ane prANI jagatanA aMzenAM astitva uparAMta mAnavajIvananAM viziSTa aMgene paNa samAveza thAya che. mAnavIne deha padArtha jagata sAthenuM enuM tAdAmya spaSTa kare che. krame krame thato vikAsa enuM vanaspatijagata sAthenuM tAdAmya Ape che. sabhAnatA, svayaMsaMcAlita gati ane anubhava dvArA zikSaNanA aMzo enuM prANIjagata sAthenuM tAdAmya jAhera kare che. paraMtu mAnavamAM A badhAM aMgo hovA chatAM bIjAM keTalAMka aMge paNa che, savizeSa te enAmAM eka agocara, adRSTa-A badhAM aMgone saMkalita kare evI eka saMkalanazakti che. tarkazAstra bhale takane mAnavanA viziSTha guNadharma tarIke Alekhe, chatAM takamAtrathI mAnavajIvana paryApta nathI. mAnavajIvananuM hArda tarka nathI, paraMtu anubhUti che. e anubhUti taryAdhIna nathI paraMtu aMtaHkaraNadhIna che. Ama, mAnavanI aMdara eka aMtaryAmI ke mahAna mAnava thAna dharAve che. jenuM sRSTinA zreSThanI sAthe sAtatya che. ane e sAtatya pAmavA mATe tarka eka sAdhana nathI, kavacita avarodhaka bane che. mAnavajIvananAM vividha aMgo paNa enI prAptimAM sAdhana svarUpe nahi paraMtu bahudhA vinA svarUpe ja anubhavAya che; ane ethI aMtaHkaraNa mAnava, mAnavInAM bAhya varUpI aMgo para prAdhAnya prApta karI, anubhUtinA mArge AgaLa vadhI, suSTizreSTha sAthe tAdAbhyanI prApti arthe prayatnazIla rahe che. mAnavamAM rahela A AdhyAtmika aMza keTalIkavAra devI aMza tarIke paNa prakaTe che. mAnavanA A uccatama aMzane prApta karavAne mATe tarkanA aMzathI AgaLa vadhavuM mAtra pUratuM nathI, e aMza prApta karI zakAya e mATe te vacagALe prApta thatA naitika aMzane svIkAra karavo jarUrI bane che mAnavanA jaTila astitva svarUpane ApaNe nIcenA koThA parathI kaMIka khyAla pAmI zakIe ?

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhyAtmiktA devatva, naitiktA | " " aMtaryAmI tarkabuddhi | sabhAnatA deha padArtha che Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke mAnavanuM samagra astitva jaTilA ravarUpanuM che, ane emAM vividha aMgone samAveza thAya che. A vividha aMgonA vividha aMzanI zakyatAne pariNAme vividha prakAranA mAnavanuM astitva che.. jIvana e rIte AkAra le che-enuM jIvanakArya e rIte apAya che-enAM jIvanamUlya e rIte ravIkArAya che-enuM jIvana dhyeya e rIte nirNata thAya che. AthI ja mAnavasamAjamAM aneka prakAranI vividhatAnAM darzana thAya che. AmAM chatAM pratyeka vyaktimAM badhAM ja aMge astitva dharAve che ane vyaktinuM astitva hoya tyAM sudhI pratyeka aMga vatteoche aMze astitvamAna che ja , dharma eTale? mAnava vizenI thoDI mahattvanI bAbatenI vicAraNA ApaNe karI. have dhama agenI mahattvanI thoDI bAbatonI vicAraNA karIzuM. zarUAtamAM e spaSTa karavuM jarUrI. che ke dharmanuM svarUpa samajAvavAne ahIMyAM ApaNe prayAsa nathI. anyatra ApaNe e prazna hAtha dharIzuM. dharma aMgenI thoDI mahatvanI vigata meLavavA mATe ApaNe vividha dharmo tarapha eka daSTi karIzuM. pratyeka dharma, dharma vize kevo khyAla dharAve che tenA AdhAre ApaNe dharma aMge kaMIka khyAla meLavI zakIzuM. hiMdu

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zAzvata zuM? dharma anusAra "dharma" zabda "dhara"mAMthI prApti thAya che. "dhara" eTale ekamekane sAthe bAMdhavA. Ama dharma eTale je ekane bIjAnI sAthe sAMkaLe athavA bAMdhe che. A eka, ane bIjuM koNa ? eka mAnava ane bIjA mAnavane sAMkaLavAnI vAta che ke eka mAnava ane bIjA Izvarane sAMkaLavAnI vAta che. hiMdudharmanA vikasela svarUpamAM "vahma satya, AtmA vahma na bhava:prabaMdhAya che. ethI brahma ane jIvane saMlagna kare te dharma. khristI dharma anusAra dharma mATe vaparAtA zabda "Religion" be leTina zabdo "Re" ane "Legere" ke "Ligare mAMthI UtarI Avyo che. A be zabdone artha "pharI pAchA sAMkaLavA" ema thAya che. khristI dharma anusAra mAnava e IzvaranuM sarjana che ane ethI mAnava mAnavane sAMkaLavAnuM tema ja badhAye mAnane pitA Izvara sAthe sAMkaLavAnuM dharmanuM kArya che. dharmanI vyAkhyA ApatA eka jaina sAdhu kahe che ke jagatanA duHkhamAMthI je mANasone bahAra kADhe ane temane haMmezane mATe parama AnaMdanI avasthA arpe te dharma. muslimadharmane mATe vaparAtA zabda "islAma" khUba ja sUcaka che. A zabda salAma'mAMthI prApta thAya che, ane ene artha thAya che "zAMti". Ama IslAma eTale Izvarane zAMtimaya svIkAra. keTalIka veLA dharmane mATe "majahaba" zabda paNa vaparAya che. "majahaba" eTale "mA"- majahaba eTale caritramaya jIvanane mArga, AnaMdanI prAptino bhAga ane prabhuprAptine mAga. zidharmamAM "zinTa" zabdane artha jApAnI bhASAmAM "kAmI-no-mIcI" thAya che. "kAma" eTale eka Agha-AdhyAtmika tattvanA taNakhArUpe astitva dharAvatA AdhyAtmika aMze. kAmI--mIcI eTale AdhyAtmika tane mAga je devI mAge che te-athavA Izvarane mAge che te. A ja pramANe cInanA lAojhe dharmane "tAo" tarIke oLakhAvAya che. tAo ne artha thAya che "mAga.' vividha dharmomAM dharma vize vaparAyela zabdo dvArA dharmane je mahatvapUrNa khyAla ApaNane prApta thAya che te dharmane eka bhAgarUpe sUcave che. eka eve mArga je mAtra avelekavAne nathI, paraMtu AcaravAne che. dharma eka e mArga che jenA dvArA vyaktionI vividhatA chatAM temanAmAM otapranatA pAmI

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana zakAya che, ane jenA dvArA pratyeka vyakti vyakti tarIke athavA te vyaktisamUha samUha tarIke daivItattva sAthe ekarUpatA prApta karI zake che. dharma eka evo mAga che je jIvananI nIrasatA dUra karI jIvananA rasanuM pAna karAve che. jIvana jhaMjhAvAtanI azAMtimAMthI zAMtine mArge laI jAya che. mRtyune bhaya ane tenuM duHkha dUra karIne amaratvanI AzA Ape che. aMdhakArane dUra karI prakAza pAthare che. dharma eka e mAga che je mAnavajIvananAM vividha aMgone yogya rIte goThavI Urva aMganI prApti sahaja banAve che. jethI mAnava pitAnI nigna avasthA tyAgI uccatama avasthAnI prAptinA prayAsamAM prayatnazIla bane che. mAnava jyAre pitAnI uccatama avasthA prApta kare che tyAre e daivItattvanI samIpa Ave chetyAre e saMbhavataH pite ja Izvaramaya, satyamaya, AnaMdamaya, saccidAnaMda svarUpa bane che. mAnava jyAre A avasthA prApta kare che tyAre kadAca ene prabhuprApti mATenA koI mArganI jarUriyAta na rahe ane ethI e kakSAe vyakti mATe saMbhavataH kaI dharma na rahe. paraMtu jyAM sudhI mAnavI sAmAnya svarUpane mAnavI che ane enI dRSTi kaMIka vadhu uccatara ane UrdhvagAmI tarapha tathA ene prayAsa te prApta karavAno che ane utthAna sAdhavAne che, jyAM sudhI enI jhaMkhanA asatyamAMthI satyamAM javAnI, mRtyumAMthI amaratvamAM javAnI ane aMdhakAramAMthI prakAzamAM javAno che; tyAM sudhI enI A jhaMkhanA keNu saMpaze e prazna mahattvanuM banI rahe che. dharmanA mahattvanAM zeDAM aMgenI vividha dharmoe "dharma" zabdanA ApelA khyAlane AdhAre prApta thatI mAhitI anusAra ema kahI zakAya ke mAnavanI A jhaMkhanA saMtoSavAnI zakti dharma pAse che. e arthamAM ke "dharma" eka mArga cIdhe che, eka dizA sUcave che, eka aMgulInirdeza kare che, eka AzA ape che. kadAca AthI ja mAnava ane dharma sadAkALathI ekameka sAthe otaprota thayelA che, ane ethI ja jyAM sudhI mAnavanuM astitva haze tyAM sudhI dharmanuM astitva paNa raheze ja.

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1.ra. dhArmika satya pratyeka dharma eka prakAranuM satya Ape che. keTalAka dharmo Izvara pAsethI lAdhelA satyanI rajUAta kare che, bIjA keTalAka satyanI khojamAM svaprayatna lAdhelA jJAnanI rajUAta kare che. dhArmika satyamAM IzvaranuM svarUpa, mAnavajIvanuM svarUpa ane jIva-IzvaranA saMbaMdhane samAveza thAya che. ahIMyAM prazna e upasthita thAya che ke AvuM dhArmika satya zI rIte prApta thAya che? enuM svarUpa zuM che ? Adhunika samAjamAM e svIkArAyuM che ke dhArmika satyanI prApti keTalAka nizcita mArgoe prApta thAya che. dharmazAstromAM Avo svIkAra te kyAreya thayuM che, paraMtu Adhunika vicArake paNa have A vAtane svIkAra karatA thayA che. dhArmika satyanI jhAMkhI mAtra tevA ja puruSane thAya che je dharma tarapha vaLe che. paraMtu enI sAthe ja divya cetanAne sahakAra paNa anivArya che. Ama divya cetanA ke Izvara, dharmamArge satyanI khojamAM AgaLa vadhatA mAnavIne, satyanAM darzana karAve che; athavA te enI samakSa satyane pratyakSa kare che. Ama, dhArmika satyanI prAptinA be mukhya mArgo gaNAvI zakAya--eka, bAhya jagatanA ravarUpa para manana karavAthI; ane bIju, pitAnA aMtarAtmAnI khoja karavAthI. je dhArmika satya dharmapravartakane ke payagaMbarane prApta thAya che e vividha rUpe rajU karAya che. jJAnane pratyeka prayatna mahAvana che ane koIpaNa satyajJAnamAM dhArmika tAtparya samAyeluM che. A arthamAM koI eka prajA ke kaI eka dharmanA

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharmazAstro dvArA ja dhArmika satya prApta thAya che ema kahI zakAya nahi. dhArmika satya game tyAMthI prApta thayuM hoya to te evuM che ke satyanI khojamAM pravRtta evA pratyeka mAnavIne emAMthI preraNA ane baLa maLe che. paraMtu, satyanuM pratyeka aMga dareka mAnavIne samAna rIte asara kare che ema nathI. vividha prakAranAM dharmazAstro e vAtanI sAkSI pUre che ke pitAnI prakRti anusAra mAnavIne kyAM te sAhityika svarUpanuM dhArmika satya athavA te rahasyamaya. vANI athavA te tAttvika ciMtana athavA te naitika saccAI asarakAraka lAge che. paraMtu jeTale aMze ApaNe ema kahIe ke dhArmika satya Izvare bakSela che teTale aMze eka prazna upasthita thAya che ke dhArmika jJAna kharekhara Izvare bakSela che ema zI rIte mAnI zakAya ? bIje eka prazna e paNa upasthita thAya che ke sarva sRSTinA sarjanahAra je eka ja Izvara hoya te e Izvara judA judA dharmasthApaka ane payagaMbarone judI judI vANImAM dhArmika satya kema rajU kare che ? AmAMne chelle prazna ApaNe prathama hAtha dharIe. Izvara mAnavI sAthe je bhASAmAM bole che e bhASA sAthe jyAM sudhI pratyeka vyaktine pratyakSa saMparka na thAya tyAM sudhI jANI zakAya nahi kAraNa ke e bhASA koI laukika bhASA nathI, kaI saMjJAnI bhASA nathI, koI vaninI bhASA nathI--e bhASA te aMtaranI bhASA che, ane te ja vyakti e sAMbhaLI zake, jenuM aMtara eTaluM zuddha, pavitra ane nirmaLa heya. Izvarane Adeza pitAnA hRdayamAM je rIte prApta thAya athavA jhilAya tenI rajUAta bhASAsvarUpe thAya che, ane evI rajUAtamAM e saMbhavita che ke enA kaI deSa praveze. dhArmika jJAnamAM ke dharma praNAlImAM taphAvata hoI zake. paraMtu jene ApaNe dhArmika satya kahIe chIe emAM, pravartamAna vividha dharmone anulakSIne, kyA taphAvate che, te zuM ApaNe kahI zakIe ? zuM badhA ja dharmo jIvananA eka aMtima zubha dhyeyanI rajUAta karatA nathI ? zuM pratyeka dharma A dhyeyasiddhinI zakyatA che ema svIkAratA nathI? sRSTimAM kaMIka tattva che ema pratyeka dharma ravIkArate nathI? A ekamatI svIkAra dhArmika satya samajAve che. AvA satyanuM jJAna vividha rIte ane vividha prakAre rajU karavAmAM Ave e saMbhave che, ane e ja pramANe dhyeyanI prAptine mATenA mArgo mATenA taphAvata saMbhavI zake che. uccatara naitika mUlyanA svIkAramAM samAnatA hovA chatAM viziSTa prakAranA naitika vyavahAramAM taphAvatanI saMbhAvanA hoI zake.

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dhArmika satya AthI vividha dharmomAM rahelA taphAvatane kAraNe ja dhArmika satya zakaya nathI ema kahevuM e te sAgaramAM TIpAne na oLakhavA barAbara che, athavA te. je dhArmika satya Izvara-dIdhela heya te e Izvara-dIdhela ja che ema zI: rIte kahI zakAya ? eka to e satya evuM hovuM joIe je prakRtinA satyathI virodhI na hoya. bIjuM, e satya mAnavane vadhu pavitra banAvI IzvaranI samIpa lAvavAmAM mArgadarzaka hoya. | trIjuM, dhArmika prazno ane mUMjhavaNone emAM ukela prApta hoya. e evuM satya heya je dvArA mAnavIone naitika ane AdhyAtmika jIvana jIvavAnI preraNA maLe ane emanuM samagra jIvana zAMti ane sukhAkArIthI sabhara bane. ' ' je dhArmika satya A svarUpanuM na hatuM te mAnavasamAje eno anAdara karIne ene kayAranuMya tarachoDavuM hota. paraMtu dhArmika satya AjaparyaMta svIkAratuM rahyuM che ane e ja ene daivatvano purAvo che.

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11.3 ItihAsa daSTie dharmanuM badalAtuM svarUpa dharmanuM mAnavajIvanamAM sthAna ane kArya zuM che e mahattvane prazna che. mAnavajIvananuM evuM kayuM kArya che je tattvajJAna, vijJAna ke kaLA ke anya koI vidyA paripUrNa na karI zake ane je mAtra dharmathI ja thaI zake? A praznane uttara meLavavA mATe mAnavI je dhArmika vikAsanA tabakkAomAMthI pasAra thaye che te daramyAna dharmanA saMsargamAM rahI mAnavIe zuM prApta karyuM che ethI jANI zakAya. mAnavanA dIrdhakALanA dharmakheDANane pariNAme je prApti thaI che te Ama rajU karI zakAya: eka, mAnavI eka evI sattA ke sattAo zodhI zako che jenuM vizvamAM Adhipatya che ane jenA dvArA ane jenI madadathI pitAnI keIpaNa viSama jarUriyAtone pUrI pADI zakAya. bIjuM, A sarvasattAdhIza sattA sAthe e eka prakArane asarakAraka saMbaMdha bAMdhe che jethI pitAnI jarUriyAta e che ke vadhu aMze prApta karI zake. Ama, mAnavInI dhArmika lAgaNI anusAranuM vItatva eka evI sattA che ane mAnavane AtmA e mAnavajIvanamAM rahelo eka evo pAyo che je A jarUriyAta pUrI karavAne mATe prayatnazIla bane che. ApaNe upara rajU karelA praznone A eka sAmAnya uttara .

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itihAsa daSTie dharmanuM badalAtuM svarUpa 13 A praznano uttara vadhu spaSTa rIte prApta thaI zake e mATe Adima jAtinA mAnavIne dharma ane susaMskRta mAnavInA dharma vacceno taphAvata samajavo jarUrI che. Adima jAtine mAnavI ghaNI rIte nabaLo che. jJAnanA kSetramAM hajI te eNe pApA pagalI paNa mAMDI nathI, te pachI prakRtinA mArgonA nizcita jJAnanI AzA to enI pAse kema ja rAkhI zakAya? enuM jIvana paNa viSamatAothI bharapUra che AthI Adima mAnavInA dharmamAM je devato svIkArAyAM che te enAM jIvananI jarUriyAtane anulakSone svIkArAyAM che. potAnA jIvanakramane avarodhaka evAM baLono eNe sAmano karavAnuM che. e baLonuM jJAna ene nathI. emano sAmano karavAnI enI pAse zakti nathI. ethI enI pAse e baLone rIjhavIne manAvI laI jItI levA sivAya bIjo koI Aro nathI. paraMtu jema jema jJAnano vikAsa thato gayo ane vijJAnanI pragati thatI. gaI tema tema Adima mAnave svIkArelA devInuM mahAtya ghaTavA mAMDayuM ane daivItattvanuM sthAna prAkRtika zaktinA vicAre lIdhuM. paraMtu enI sAthe e zaktine nAthI zakAya ema che ema paNa e mAna thaze. eka bAju vijJAnane vikAsa thayo ane tenI sAthe sAthe mAnavasaMskRti paNa palaTAvA lAgI. AvA susaMskRta mAnavasamAjanI mukhya jarUriyAta zI hoI zake ? e jarUriyAta samajavAne mATe susaMskRta samAjanA sAmAnya citrathI paricita thavuM jarUrI che. susaMskRta mAnavI nimna kakSAnAM kudaratI baLone devasthAne besADatuM nathI, tema ja emanI sAthe kaI prakArane bhAvAtmaka saMbaMdha sthApavAne aharniza prayatnazIla che ema paNa nathI. kharI rIte te eka mAnavajUtha bIjA mAnavajUthanI sAthe satata saMgharSamAM che ane potAnA AtmarakSaNanI tema ja bIjA para potAnuM varcarava sthApavAnI peravImAM racyuM rahe che. A saMdharSa jAti-jAti vacce ja nahi, rASTra-rASTra vacce ja nahi, mAtra garIba ane tavaMgara vacce nahi, zAsaka ane AmaprajA samudAya vacce nahi; paraMtu vyaktinI pitAnI aMdara paNa Avo saMgharSa cAlyA ja karato hoya che. pratyeka vyakti eka alpajIva tarIke svAtha ane varasanAM hitenI prAptine mATe prayatnazIla rahe che ane enI sAthe ja janasamudAyanA hitArthe kArya karavA paNa tatpara rahe che. pratyeka mAnava-vyakti svahita ane parahitanA uMbare evI rIte khaDI che ke enuM aDadhuM aMga svahita pakSe ane aDadhuM parahita pakSe che. A saMgharSamAM ghaNIye veLA vyakti pote alopa ane adazya thAya che ane kayAM te vyaktinA nimnatama ravAthI hetuonuM sAmra ya jAme che, athavA te parahitane IjAro sevatAM jUtha vyaktine

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14 * * dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sadaMtara gulAmInI avasthAmAM sthApe che. bemAMthI ekeyamAM vyaktine pitAne mAnava tarIke, ane khAsa karIne UrdhvagAmI mAnava tarIke, uddhAra thato nathI. : AvI pravartamAna susaMskRta samAjanI paristhitimAM mAnavanI jarUriyAta be prakAranI heI zake? eka, vyaktijIvana ke samAjajIvananuM dhyeya saMgharSa hoI zake nahi. AthI saMgharSane mITAvavAnI che. A siddhi kaI alaukika zakti zodhIne tenA dvArA meLavI zakAya--emanI madadathI A saMgharSanA ukelane mArga lAdhe tema ja enI prAptimAM emanA taraphathI baLa maLe. bIja, mAnavamAM rahelI jijJAsAvRttinA saMtoSane mATe pratyeka tabakake mAnavI kaMIka uttama tava, daivI tattva, parama tatvanI khojamAM maMDayo rahe che. AvI khejane pariNAme kayAM te pratyeka mAnavI pitAnA AtmAnI gatizIla ektA zakaya banAve athavA te mAnava-mAnava vacce samajaNapUrvakanA ranehathI eka prakAranuM sAmaMjasya sarje athavA sRSTimAM rahelA parama tavanI sAthe tAdAmya prApta karavAnuM zakya banAve. susaMrakata mAnavI AmAMnI eka ke vadhAre zakayatAone mArge jema jema AgaLa vadhe tema tema ene siddhine khyAla thAya ane mAtra tRNuonA saMteSathI prApta thatA AnaMda karatA savizeSa prakArane saMtoSa ane AnaMda anubhavI zake. - Ama, AMtaramana ane bAhyamanI vaccenA saMgharSanuM samanvayIkaraNa, vyakti-jIva ane samAjajIvonI vaccenA saMdharSane uccheda ane sAmaMjasyanI sthApanA tathA vizvanA alaukika tattanI sAthe vyaktinI ekarUpatA; kaI viziSTha vidyA saMskRta samAjamAM pitAnuM abhyAsakSetra banAve che ? vijJAna, kaLA, tatvajJAna, rAjakAraNa vagere AmAMnA eka ke vadhAre aMgathI saMbaMdhita hoya teye enI zodhane pitAnuM, kSetra banAvatA nathI ane AmAM ja Adhunika saMskRta samAjamAM dharmanA phALAne khyAla prApta thAya che. dharma mAnavanI pUrNatAnI prAptinuM kArya pitAne zire le che. dharmanI sahAya vinA mAnavI susaMskRta samAjamAM saMpUrNa mAnavI bhAgye ja banI zake. ahIMyAM eka vAtano ullekha karI levo jarUrI che. pratyeka dharmane IzvaravAda je svarUpe prApta che tene te ja svarUpe Adhunika susaMskRta samAja na svIkAre e samajI -zakAya ema che. kAraNa ke IzvaravAdane keIpaNa mata Adima mAnavInI ane

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itihAsa dRSTie dharmanuM badalAtuM svarUpa 15 Adhunika mAnavInI jarUriyAtamAM mahattvano taphAvata karatuM nathI. te pachI prazna e UThe che ke saMskRta samAjamAM dharma pitAne viziSTa phALo zI rIte ApI zake? e enuM kArya zI rIte ATope? je jarUriyAta ene pUrI pADavAnI che e zI. rIte pUrI karI zake ? A praznanA uttara pAmavAne mATe saMskRta samAjamAM pravartamAna dharmonAM samAna to tarapha eka najara pheMkavI jarUrI bane che. prathama, ema kahI zakAya ke pratyeka dharma pitAnI rIte eka Adarza jue che, ane ene siddha karavA mATe mArga paNa Ape che. eTaluM ja nahi, pratyeka dharma jIvana jIvavAne mATenA mahattvanA nItiniyamo paNa Ape che. dhameM Apela nIti jIvananA A AdezonuM mAnavajIvanamAM samajapUrvaka pAlana karavAmAM Ave to vyaktinA pitAnA saMgharSo dUra thAya, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu vyakita ane samAja vaccenA saMgharSo paNa dUra thAya ane eka bhrAtRsamAjanuM sarjana thaI zake. bIju, Adima jAtinA dharmamAM svIkArAyela Adima daivItattvane pratyeka pravartamAna dharma asvIkAra kare che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu e eka evA daivItatvane svIkAra kare che, je sarvoparI che, sarvasattAdhI che ane sarvavyApaka che. vadhumAM e sarvoparI sattA bhayakAraka che, anyAyI che ke ghAtakI che evo bhAva paNa sadaMtarapaNe nAbUda thayo che. ethI UlaTuM e parama tattvanI prApti zakaya che, ane kayAM te enI sAthe ekarUpatA zakya che athavA te enI dayA ane kRpAthI mAnavasamAjanA uddhAranI zakyatA che e svIkArAyuM che. AvuM vItattva eka taraphe naitika pUrNatA Ape che to bIjI tarapha tAtvika ekatva paNa pUruM pADe che. trIjuM, dareka pravartamAna dharma IzvaraprAptine eka nizcita mArga sUcave che tathA tenI prAptimAM kayA avarodhaka baLo che ene paNa khyAla ApIne ene sAmano zI rIte karI zakAya e paNa sUcave che. A mArga, enAM sopAno tathA enAM avarodhaka baLo ane tenA sAmanAnA prakAra vize vividha dharmomAM bhinnatA hoI zake. cothuM, pravartamAna dharmone abhyAsa, saMrakRta samAje je eka preraNAdAyI dazya joyuM che ane paricaya karAve che. pratyeka dharma evA keTalAya daiva puruSano ullekha kare che, jemanI vANImAM, jemanA jIvanamAM, jemanAM kAryomAM sarva prakAranA saMgharSane abhAva hoya ane eka prakAranuM samagra samanvayakArI astitva heya. jagatanA AvA daiva puruSomAM mahAvIra, kaphyuziyasa, buddha, jisasa, nAnaka, mahamada vagereno samAveza karI zakAya. A badhA ja mahAnubhAvoe saMskRta mAnavasamAja mATe

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka ene mArga cIMpe che je akhatyAra karavAthI mAnavI sarva saMgharSone miTAvI pragatimaya jIvananI AzA rAkhI zake. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke Adhunika samAjanA dharmanuM svarUpa ane kArya Adima jAtinA dharma svarUpa ane kArya karatAM bhinna che. keTalAka vicArake dharmanA A badalAtA svarUpane traNa mukhya tabakkAomAM vahecIne samajAvavA prayAsa kare che. emanA matAnusAra dharmane prathama tabakko Adima che. A dRSTie vicAravAmAM AvatA dharmanA palaTAtA svarUpane nIce pramANe rajU karI zakAya. UNIVERSAL RELIGION Monotheism Pantheism Henotheism Monarchianism Polytheism NATIONAL RELIGION Polydaemonism Fetishism Spiritism Animisin Living Spirits Mana TRIBAL RELIGION . . " .. . .

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itihAsa daSTie dharmanuM badalAtuM svarUpa 17 dharmanA vikAsanI ane tenA palaTAtA svarUpanI AvI rajUAta vize eka praznanI chaNAvaTa karavI jarUrI che. koIpaNa dharmane sArvatrika ke rASTrIya ke Adima kyA AdhAre kahI zakAya ? je mAtra dharmanA bhaugolika viratAra tarIke AdhAra levAmAM Ave athavA to janasamudAyanI jAtine AdhAra tarIke levAmAM Ave to zuM e vAjabI AdhAra tarIke lekhI zakAya ? dharmane mAtra bhaugolika vistAra ke dharma-anuyAyIonuM jAti prakAranuM vagIkaraNa dharmane A rIte avelekavA mATe yogya nathI. eno vAjabI AdhAra te pratyeka dharmamAM kyAM to ane aMgo samAviSTa karavAmAM AvyAM che, ane eno kevI mAvajata thaI che enA AdhAre thaI zake. ApaNe upara rajU karelI vicAraNA parathI e spaSTa thaze ke pratyeka pravartamAna dharma Adhunika saMskRta samAjanI jarUriyAto pUrI pADavAne mATe kaTibaddha che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu eka janasamudAyamAM upasthita thayela dharma, bIjA janasamudAyane paNa svIkArya bane che. A daSTie vicAratAM ema kahI zakAya ke pratyeka dharmamAM samAviSTa to vyakti ke jUtha svarUpanAM nahi, pradeza ke bhASA ravarUpanAM nahi paraMtu sanAtana ane sArvatrika svarUpamAM che ethI koI eka ja dharmane, ke vadhAre dharmone sArvatrika lekhavA, ane ene mukAbale, bIjA dharmone rASTrIya ke Adima gaNavA e barAbara nathI. bIjI dRSTie vicArIe te pratyeka pravartamAna dharmamAM paNa Adima ane rASTrIya dharmanA aMze astitvamAna nathI ja ema kema kahI zakAya ? e aMgenA subhaga parivartananI prakriyA pratyeka dharmamAM cAlI rahI che. je mahattvanuM che te AvAM taranA astitvanuM nahi paraMtu e tonA parivartananA prayAsanuM. Ama, pratyeka pravartamAna dharma parivartanazIla che ane pragatinA paMthe che.

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1.4 dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio mAnavajIvanamAM dharmanuM mahattvanuM sthAna che. tethI vividha rasavRttivALA mAnae dharmane abhyAsa hAtha dharyo che. dharmanA thayelA AvA abhyAsamAM kaI eka ke vadhAre paddhatione Azare levAmAM AvyuM che. ahIMyAM ApaNe dharmanA abhyAsanI vividha paddhatione Acho khyAla meLavavA prayatna karIe. 1. aitihAsika paddhati : ApaNe e joyuM ke dharma mAnava jeTaluM ja purANo che. paraMtu ApaNI samakSa e prazna saheje upasthita thAya ke kALanA vahetA pravAhamAM dharmanuM svarUpa ane prakAra eka sarakhA ja rahyA che ke palaTAtA rahyA che ? kALanA kramanA kyA tabakake dharmanI utpatti thaI che ? vividha pradezamAM dharmanI utpatti eka ja kALe thaI che kharI ? je dharmanI utpatti pradezAnusAra vividha samaye thaI hoya te ema zA mATe? kALanA pravAhamAM dharmanI pragati kaI rIte thaI che ? e pragati ekadhArI rahI che? dharma, gatizIla baLa kadIye banyuM che kharuM ? kayAM, kyAre ane kevI rIte? vyakti ane samAjanA parivatanamAM dharmane zuM phALo che ? e parivartana dharma dvArA kevI rIte nIpajyuM che? dharmane aitihAsika abhyAsa, A ane AvA aneka prazno hAtha dhare che ane ene uttara ApavAno prayAsa kare che. samaya e eka nizcita hakIkata che, ane ethI ene anulakSIne bIjI keTalIye palaTAtI paristhitinI samaja prApta karI che. pAchaLa Apela pariziSTa

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dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio 19 uparathI e khyAla AvI zakaze ke I. sa. pUrve 650 thI 550 sudhImAM, eTale ke e eka sadInA gALAmAM, jagatanA pravartatA agiyAra dharmomAMthI, cha jeTalA "dharmo astitvamAM AvyA. A eka etihAsika hakIktanI samaja atihAsika paddhati ApaNane ApI zake. AvI ja rIte pratyeka dharmamAM kALAnukrame UpajelA vividha saMpradAya pa -kyAM etihAsika paribaLone pariNAme nIpajyAM enI samaja aitihAsika paddhati ApaNane ApI zake dharmanA ItihAsa vize lakhAyelAM vividha pustake bahudhA atihAsika paddhatine svIkAra karI tene upayoga kare che. 2. tAtvika paddhati : sAmAnya rIte ema kahevAya che ke tatvajJAna e vijJAnane pAme che. eka arthamAM dharma ane tattvajJAnanuM dhyeya samAna che. dharma Izvarane svIkAra karIne, -enI prAptinA prayAsamAM prayatnazIla rahe che. IzvaranA svIkArane dharmane AdhAra savizeSa aMtaH anubhUti ke zraddhA che keIpaNa abhyAsa-viSaya je kAMI svIkArI le che enI cakAsaNI karavAnuM kArya tattvadarzana kare che, ane e tattanA svarUpanI sAthe je te abhyAse svIkArela satya ke hakIkata keTale aMze susaMgata che tenI cakAsaNI karI tavadarzana te abhyAsakSetrane tenuM yogya sthAna darzAve che. jJAnaprApti tatvajJAnane mahad hetu che. ethI dharmanA IzvaranuM jJAna prApta karavAno prayAsa tara jJAna kare eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu dharmamAM rajU thayela anya viSya aMgenI paNa e cakAsaNI kare che. mukti, aniSTa, prabhuprApti, amaratva, karmabaMdhana, pApa ane sA, narka ane svarga jevA vividha vicAre aMgenI tAvika dRSTie AlecavAnuM kArya paNa tattvajJAna svIkAre che. Ama karIne -tatvajJAna dharmane eka majabUta ane vizALa pAye pUrA pADe che. je dharmanI racanA A pAyA para thayelI hoya e dharma teTale aMze tattvajJAnane AviSkAra pAme che. dharmanA vividha khyAlanI AvI tAtvika samAlocanA karavAne tAtvika paddhatino Azaya hoya che. eTale vadhu aMze AvI AlocanAmAMthI je dharma bahAra Ave teTale aMze te dharma tArika daSTie vadhu svIkArya banI zake. dharmanA tattvajJAna aMge lakhAyelAM vividha puratamAM mukhyatve A tAttvika paddhatino upayoga thayeluM jovA maLe che.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3 mane vaijJAnika paddhati . eka abhyAsa viSaya tarIke tattvajJAnathI chUTA paDyA pachI ja, manovijJAne vikAsanI haraNaphALa bharI che. mane vijJAnane abhyAsa-viSaya mAnava che--mAnavanuM mana chemAnavanI vartaNUka che. paraMtu ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema mAnava ane dharma ekabIjA sAthe eTalA te otaprota thayelA che ke ekamekane ekabIjAthI alaga karavA kaThita che. AthI ja manovaijJAnikanI daSTie dharmane mAnava-cetanAnA aSaNanA eka yA bIjA aMga para AdhArita karyo che. mAnavacetanAnA manovijJAne ApelA aMge te, vicAra (Cognition), kriyA (Conation) ane lAgaNI ( Affection). " cetanAnA A pratyeka aMgane prAdhAnya ApIne te eka aMga sAthe ja dharmane sAMkaLavAno prayatna thayeluM jovA maLe che. : mAnava-cetanA eka lagAtAra prakriyA che. e prakriyAmAM kavacita vicAra AgaLa tarI Ave che, to kayAreka kriyA prAdhAnya bhogave che, ane vaLI kayAreka samagra cetanAne dara lAgaNanA kabajAmAM jovA maLe che. paraMtu ApaNe jyAre samagra mAnava-cetanAne vicAra karIe tyAre e samajavuM khUba jarUrI che ke cetanA eka agAdha sAgara jevI che, ane sAgaramAM jema vividha prakAranAM jAo hoI zake tema cetanAmAM paNa vicAra, kriyA ane lAgaNInA taraMga haI zake.. sAgaranA eka mejAne ApaNe bIjA mejAthI chUTuM pADI zakIe, paraMtu emAMnA koIpaNa mojAne sAgarathI juduM pADI zakIe nahi. sAgaranA vAsthaLa para eka mojuM ghaDIbhara laherAya che, paraMtu bIjI ja kSaNe e mojAnuM jaLa pharI pAchuM sAgaranA jaLanI sAthe ekarUpa banI jAya che. Ama cetanAnAM vividha aMge ravIkAravA chatAM te pite ja pUrNa che, evuM svIkArI zakAya nahi. ane chatAMye dharmane cetanAnA AvA eka aMga sAthe sAMkaLI tene samajAvavAno prayAsa thayo che. - A paddhatine upaga dharmanA manovijJAnanAM pustakamAM thayelo jovA maLe che. manovaijJAnika paddhatine dharmanA abhyAsanI eka paddhati tarIke vicAra, karIe tyAre sIgamana kriAIDe manovijJAnane je dizApalTo karyo che ane ene pariNAme je navIna vijJAnika paddhati prApta thaI che. tene ullekha karavo paNa vAjabI raheze. . . . : : : phoIDanA purogAmIoe mAnava cetanAne prAdhAnya ApyuM, IDe acetanane

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dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio 21 (Unconscious) prAdhAnya ApyuM. acetanane samajAvatA emaNe hima-parvatano dAkhale Apyo ane jaNAvyuM ke hima-parvatane 78 aMza bhAga sAgaranAM -jaLanI nIce che ane mAtra 18 aMza bhAga ja upara dekhA de che. Ama, mAnavanuM cetana je dRSTigocara thAya che te kharekhara alpa che-1/8 aMza che ane mAnavanuM acetana 78 aMza jeTaluM che. phroIDe te AgaLa vadhI ema paNa jaNAvyuM che ke dharma, sAhitya ane kalA e te evAM mAnava-prajane che je dvArA, mAnava acetanamAM dabAvelI vRttio je suSuptapaNe paDelI che, ane jene cetanAnA stara para AvavAmAM -vyaktine pitAne ahaM ane samAjanuM baMdhAraNa avadhe che, te suSupta acetana vRttio A badhAM prajane dvArA bahAra Ave che. phrAIDe Alekhela dharmanuM varUpa e judA abhyAsano viSaya che. 4. samAjazAstrIya paddhati - mAnava eka sAmAjika prANI che, e svIkArAyela che. samUhajIvana e prANIjagatanI eka vizeSatA che, ane chatAM prANajagatanA samUhajIvananuM svarUpa 'mAnavajIvananAM samUhajIvananA svarUpa karatAM bhinna che. mAnavanuM samUhajIvana keTalAMka paribaLo para AdhArita che. A paribaLomAMnuM eka mahattvapUrNa paribaLa dharma che. -samAjane dhAraNa karavAnI zakti dharmamAM ja che-je te samaye dharmamAM e kauvata che ke kema e alaga prazna che. dharma ane samAja vacce eka ghaniSTha prakArane ( saMbaMdha che ane ethI samAja dharmane ane dharma samAjane ghaDI zake che tema ja upalaTAvI paNa zake che. ke samAjanA eka aMga tarIke dharmanuM zuM sthAna rahyuM che, samAja-parivartanamAM dharmane zuM phALo rahyo che, dhArmika vyavahAranI sAmAjika jIvana upara zI asara thaI che, dhArmika vyaktinuM samAjamAM kevuM, keTaluM ane kayAre Adhipatya rahyuM che, dharmaparivartananI prakriyA kyAMthI, kevI rIte ane kayAre UpajI che e ane evA bIjA aneka viSayonuM saMzodhana samAjazAstrIya paddhati dvArA thAya che. te samAjane ghaDanAra, ene gati ApanAra ane enuM parivartana karanAra eka zAlaka baLa tarIke dharmanuM zuM sthAna che ane ene ze phALe che e mahattavane ' viSaya che. kyA prakAranI samAjavyavasthAmAM dharma otaprota thaI zake ane kyA prakAranI samAja racanAmAM dharmane mATe bhayasthAne che ane te kevA prakAranA che e 5Na eka agatyane prazna che. samAja kadIye dharmavihIna samAja tarIke astitva

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. dharAvI zake ke kema, e paNa eka vicAraNAne prazna che. samAjazAstrIya paddhati dvArA dharmanA hakIkAtmaka adhyayanathI maLelI mAhitI A vividha praznonA ukelamAM sAre prakAza pAthare. ema che. 5. cAritrya paddhatiH vizvanA agiyAra pravartamAna dharmomAMthI, hiMdudharma ane zidhama sivAyanA bAkInA nava dharmasthApakee ApelA dharmo che. dhamaMrathApakanA cAritranA abhyAsathI. temaNe ApelA ane prabodhelA dharmanuM svarUpa samajavuM saraLa bane che. kAruNyanI mUrti samA buddha, sanehanA sAgarasamA jisasa, ke samanvaya daSTi dharAvatAM nAnakanAM vyakti emaNe sthApelA dharmanA svarUpane mahada aMze darzana karAve che. A uparAMta dhArmika anubhava ane Izvara anubhUti vizenAM vividha lakhANo paNa prApta che. emAMthI paNa dharmanA svarUpa vize tema ja Izvaranubhava vize kaMIka jANI zakAya. A paddhatinI viziSTa khAmI e che ke jene izvara-sAkSAtkAra thayuM che te pite kaMI lakhatA nathI, ane jeo kaMIka lakhe che emAMnA ghaNAne Izvara-sAkSAtkAra bhAgye ja thayo hoya che. ghaNI vakhata AvAM cAri bIjAo dvArA lakhAyelA hoya che. lekhaka je prazaMsAmAM paDe te nAnI siddhione moTuM svarUpa Ape ane vAmaNuM Alekhe ane dezane pahADa jevaDA cItare. vyaktie pitAnuM cAritra AlekhyuM hoya emAM paNa keTalIka vAra vyakti potAne mATe vadhAre kaDaka AlocanA kare che ane keTalAka kissAomAM vyakti AtmazlAghAmAM sarI paDe che. A maryAdAone khyAla rAkhIne A paddhati dvArA prApta thayela mAhitIne upayogI karavAmAM harakta nathI. 6. rasamImAMsA paddhati : dharmane Izvara mAtra satya ravarUpe ja nahi paraMtu zubha ravarUpe ane suMdara, svarUpe paNa pratyakSa thAya che. ethI vizeSa, dhArmika anubhavomAM Izvara sakhA 1. "mevamAtAthapitA tvameva, tvameva dhaMdhusavA tvameva tvameva vidyA draviNam tvameva, tvameva sarvam mama deva devaa||"'

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3 dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio tarIke, mitra tarIke, priyatama tarIke, bALavarUpe ema vividha svarUpe dRSTigocara thAya che dharmanA Izvarane Avo AviSkAra sAhityanAM vividha ravarUpamAM AlekhAyele jovA maLe che. uparAMta citrakaLAnA vividha namUnAomAM, sthApatya kalAnI aneka kArIgIrImAM, nRtyanI vividha mudrAmAM, saMgItanA vividha svaramAM paNa AvA anubhavone vAcA maLe che. devamaMdiranuM sthApatya, enA dIvAlacitro, enI chatanuM kotarakAma ane devadevIonI AkRtio vagere paNa AvA anubhavono izAre ApatA hoya che. rasamImAMsA zAstrIya paddhatithI AvI aneka bAbatone abhyAsa karI emAMthI je khyAla Upaje ane dharma aMgenI je kaMI samaja prApta thAya tenAthI dharmane abhyAsa samRddha banavAnI pUrI saMbhAvanA che. 7, nItizAstrIya paddhati : vizvamAM vasatA mAnavanA zakya sarva saMbaMdhone nIcenA prakAro dvArA AvarI laI zakAya : 1. mAnavane anya mA sAtheno saMbaMdha 2 mAnavane samAja saMsthAo sAthe saMbaMdha 3. mAnavane prakRti sAtheno saMbaMdha 4. mAnavane pitAnI sAtheno saMbaMdha 5. mAnavane Izvara sAthe saMbaMdha A badhA saMbaMdhamAM nItizAstra mukhyatve karIne mAnavane anya mAnavo sAthenA saMbaMdhanA kSetranI carcA kare che. mANasa IzvaraprAptine paMthe pagaraNa mAMDe e pahelAM eNe enI pitAnI sAthe saMbaMdha tema ja ene anya mAnavIo sAthe saMbaMdha sa pUrNapaNe paripUrNa ane pavitra banAvavo jarUrI che. te ja mAnavI sAcA arthamAM nitika che, je pitAnI jAta pratye tema ja anya mAnavIo pratye saccAIpUrvaka vaphAdArIthI varte che. AthI ja sAmAnyapaNe ema kahevAyuM che ke naitikatA e dhArmikatAnuM pUrva sopAna che. adhArmika mAnavI naitika hevAnI saMbhAvanA che, paraMtu anaitika mAnavI dhArmika hovAnI saMbhAvanA nathI. je vyakti IzvaranA astitvano svIkAra karatI nathI te adhArmika hoI zake. paraMtu je te vyakti pitAnI sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM ane pitAnA anya vyaktio sAthenA 2. "mere to ridhara gopara dUsarA na vo" meM te oDhI lIdhe cuDale tAre re hari, nathI re najara mArI bIjAnA bhaNuM."

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMbaMdhamAM satya hoya te e naitika che. paraMtu ethI UlaTuM, je vyakti pitAnI jAta sAthe susaMgata nathI ane je anya vyaktio tarapha paNa asatya che e Izvara tarapha satya kaI rIte thaI zake ? enI sAthe susaMgata zI rIte banI zake ? kAraNa ke pratyeka sAcI dhArmika vyakti IzvaranA aMzane potAnAmAM ja sAkSAtkAra kare che ema nahi paraMtu samAjanA pratyeka jIvamAM ane prakRtinI dareka vastumAM IzvaranA svarUpanuM darzana kare che. je vyakti IzvaranA aMza sAthe susaMgata na thaI zake te samagra Izvara sAthe kaI rIte susaMgata thaI zake ? pratyeka dharma eka nItizAstra Ape che ane e nItizAstranA AdhAre te dharmanI AMkaNI karavI zakya che. nItizAstrIya paddhati dvArA prApta thatI dharmanI samaja te dharma vize vizeSa sUjha Ape che. 8, tulanAtmaka paddhati : ApaNe AgaLa e joyuM ke dharma eka mArga che-vyaktinA utthAnane mAga-vyaktinA utkarSane mArga-vyakti ane IzvaranA saMlagnane mArga. vyakti mAnava maTI mahAmAnava bane, mahAmAnava maTI deva bane ane devamAMthI mahAdeva bane e dharmane mArga che. mAnavanI mahAdeva banavAnI jhaMkhanA ene eka yA bIjA dharma tarapha vaLagelo rAkhe che. jIvanamAMthI jyAre badhuMye dUra thatuM jAya ane mAnavane kaI sahAre na rahe tyAre dharma ene sahAro bane che, ane ethI mAnavI dharmane vaLageluM rahe che. ethI ja dharma mAnavInA jIvanamAM otaprota thayele che. na kadAcita AthI ja mAnava ane mAnavasamUhane vividha prakAranA dharmo prApta thayA che. bhaugolika pradeza ane itihAsanA kALakramanI dRSTie UpajelA vividha dharmo mAnavInI kaI mULabhUta jarUriyAtomAMthI upasthita thayA ane te jarUriyAtone je te dharma keTale aMze paripUrNa karI zakyo e mahattvane prazna che. jIva, jagata ane Izvara ane tenA svarUpa ane saMbaMdha vize je te dharmane zo khyAla che ? mAnavanuM aMtima lakSya zuM hoI zake ? mukti svarUpa kevuM che? maraNottara avasthA zI che ? svarga ane narkanA khyAle kevA che? karma ane phaLanA saMbaMdhe kaI rIte prajAvA che? jIvanamAM aniSTanuM sthAna zuM che ? duHkhanuM kAraNa karyuM che ? AnaMdaprAptine mAga karyo che ? vagere prazno pratyeka dharma upasthita kare che, ane enA uttara ApavAne prayAsa kare che. ghaNI veLA prazno samAna hovA chatAM uttare vividha svarUpanA hoya che. keTalIka veLA samAna

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dharmanA adhyayananI paddhatio praznanA samAna uttara hovA chatAM uttaromAM vaividhya hoya che. A badhAne khyAla pAmavAne mATe dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayananI paddhati uttama che. ApaNA dharmanA adhyayanamAM mukhyatve karIne ApaNe A paddhatino upayoga karIzuM. A paddhatino upayoga karI zakAya e mATe e samajavuM jarUrI che ke tulanA tyAre ja zakya che, jyAre je aMge vacce tulanA karavAnI che enI pUrvasamaja prApta hoya. AthI A paddhatino upayoga karI zakIe te pahelAM pratyeka dharmanA mahattvanAM aMgonI samaja prApta karI levI jarUrI thaI paDaze. vaLI e paNa seMdhavuM jarUrI che ke tulanAtmaka paddhatinA upayoganI sAthe sAthe AgaLa sUcavelI vividha paddhatiomAM eka yA vadhAre upayoga karavo paNa Avazyaka banI rahe che. dharmonA adhyayana mATe tulanAtmaka paddhatino upayoga karatI veLA je dRSTibiMdu apanAvavAmAM Ave che te mahatvanuM bane che. kharI paddhati apanAvyA chatAM, daSTibiMdu khoTuM hoya te emAMthI svIkAryuM pariNAma nIpajI zake nahi..

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1.5 dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha daSTibiMduo mAnavanA dhArmika jIvananI vividha AzAone sparzatA praznonI carcA judA judA dharmo kare che. e vividha maMtavyane tulanAtmaka paddhati anusArane abhyAsa. karI zakAya. paraMtu AvuM adhyayana karatI veLA abhyAsI kayuM dRSTibiMdu apanAve che, enA upara ghaNo AdhAra rahe che. dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM vividha daSTibiMduo apanAvavAmAM AvyA che. ApaNuM adhyayanamAM ApaNe kevuM dRSTibiMdu apanAvavuM joIe e nakkI karI zakIe e mATe A vividha dRSTibiMduonI samIkSA karavI jarUrI che. 1, badhA dharmone nakAra : pitAnA puratakamAM nApha kahe che, "jema vizvamAM aneka dharmo che tema vizvamAM aneka prakAranI gAMTho paNa che. huM dharmane saMzonA samUha tarIke oLakhuM chuM, ane ethI ApaNI saMbhavita zaktionA saMpUrNa vikAsamAM dharma eka avarodhaka che."3 A dRSTibiMdunI vadhu samaja meLavavA mATe ApaNe ema kahI zakIe ke A e dRSTibiMdu che jemAM pratyeka dharmane eka balA tarIke, eka avarodhaka tarIke AlekhavAmAM Ave che, ane ethI karIne pratyeka dharmane dhikkAra karI tene 3. nApha ophesa, e janarala hisTarI opha rilijiyansa, pA. 3

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha dRSTibiMduo 27asvIkAra karavAmAM Ave che. AvA aravIkAra mATe keTalIka veLA nIcenAM kAraNe rajU karavAmAM Ave che? . dharma vahema (Superstition) para AdhArita che. 4. dharma rUDhi (Tradition) para AdhArita che. 1. dharma ajJAna ( Ignorance) para AdhArita che. gha dharma asahiSNutA (Intolerance) para AdhArita che. ' ahIMyAM je cAra muddAone dharmanA AdhAra tarIke athavA te pAyA tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA che e keTale aMze satya che enI vicAraNA karavI joIe. 4. vahemamaya aMdhavidhAsabharI mAnyatA aMdhamAnyatA (Superstition) eTale zuM atArkika svIkAra ? tarahita svIkAra? anubhava nirapekSa ravIkAra ? ApaNe keTalIye mAnyatAo evI che jeno. svIkAra ApaNe tarkapUrvaka ke anubhavanA AdhAre ja karIe chIe evuM nathI. IzvaranA astitvanI mAnyatA, mAnavadehamAM rahelA kANuonI mAnyatA, pRthvInA peTALanA rata, avakAzanA vividha staro vagere aMge ApaNe evI ghaNI mAnyatAo svIkArIe chIe jene AdhAra pratyakSa anubhava nathI, tema ja tArkika vyApAra paNa nathI. ethI, aMdhamAnyatAno artha ema ghaTAvI zakAya ke tenuM pitAnuM mULa prasthApana tarka ke anubhava AdhArita nathI ? jene ApaNe aMdhamAnyatAo tarIke oLakhAvIe chIe te zuM kharekhara takadhIna ke anubhava AdhArita nathI ? hiMdudharmamAM AlekhAyela puSpaka vimAna, sudarzana cakra ke trizaMku jevA khyAlane eka samaye aMdhamAnyatAo tarIke AlekhavAmAM AvatA. paraMtu Adhunika vijJAna jyAre A vicArone hakIkta tarIke prasthApe tyAre ApaNe ema mAnavA prerAIe chIe ke bhUtakALamAM jemaNe A vicAra rajU karyA hoya temaNe tarkabuddhi ane anubhava dRSTine AdhAre ja ema karyuM haze. A vicArono svIkAra kyA AdhArathI prApta thaye e ApaNe na jANI zakIe, tethI ja mAtra zuM ApaNe A vicArono anAdara kare ? asvIkAra karavo? ane jo ApaNe teno svIkAra karIe te zuM e aMdhazraddhA kahevAya ? kharI rIte te, je koIpaNa maMtavyane mATe ApaNu pAse virodhI AdhAra nathI, ene ema kahIne InkAra karavo ke ene AdhAra ApaNe jANatA nathI, e sAcI rIte te avaijJAnika valaNa che. bahu bahu te ApaNe eTaluM kahI zakIe ke maMtavyanA svIkArane AdhAra prApta na thavAne

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gharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNe ApaNe ene asvIkAra karIe chIe. paraMtu tethI eno inkAra karavAne ApaNe pAtra TharatA nathI, tema ja je kaI eno ravIkAra kare, ema mAnIne ke A eka evuM maMtavya che jene AdhAre jANI zakAyo nathI, paraMtu e AdhAra kaIka divasa avazya jANI ja zakAze, tene aMdhazraddhALu tarIke oLakhAvA ke tenI mAnyatAne aMdha mAnyatA tarIke oLakhAvavI e kevI rIte vAjabI TheravI zakAya ? jyAre ApaNe koI eka mAnyatAne aMdha mAnyatA tarIke oLakhAvIe - tyAre garbhita rIte ApaNe e sUcavavA prayatna karIe chIe ke ApaNuM potAnuM maMtavya vaijJAnika che-ene tarkane AdhAra che-vaijJAnika vicAra paddhati anusAra te prApta karAyela che, ane jene ApaNe aMdhamAnyatA tarIke oLakhAvIe chIe te avaijJAnika che. uparanI carcAne AdhAre kayuM valaNa vadhu vaijJAnika ane kahyuM - avaijJAnika che ene nirNaya dareka vyakti pitAne mATe karI zake ema che. -ha. rUDhigata mAnyatA : koIpaNa eka praNAlI lAMbA kALa sudhI TakI rahe tyAre te rUDhinuM sthAna pAme che. ahIMyAM e mahatvanA praznonI vicAraNuM rajU karavI. jarUrI che. eka, praNAlI kevI rIte prasthApita thaI che? bIju, praNAlI lAMbe vakhata sudhI kema TakI che ? vyavahAranI keTalIka praNAlIone bAda karatAM ema kahI zakAya ke pratyeka praNAlI sabaLa vicAraNuM para AdhArita thayelI che, ane je koI praNAlI sabaLa vicAraNA para AdhArita nathI e alpajIvI bane che. je praNAlI dIrdhakALa sudhI TakI rahI che te prabaLa vicAraNA para prasthApita thaI hovAnI sAbitI ApavA uparAMta bIjI eka anubhavajanya sAbitI paNa Ape che ke peDhI dara peDhI. vyAvahArika upayogitAnI daSTie anubhavajanya rIte e praNAlI vyaktine ane samAjane upakAraka rahI che ane tethI vyakti ane samAja ene svIkAra karatA AvyA che. AthI evuM banavA saMbhava che ke prabaLa vicAraNA para AdhArita kaI eka rUDhi kALAnukrame vyavahAramAM jaLavAI rahI hoya ane jeo ene svIkAra karatA hoya teo enA vicAraNAyukta AdhArane na oLakhe. rUDhi pite sArI ke kharAba, ane tethI svIkArya ke asvIkArya hoI zake nahi. je :rUDhine tArkika AdhAra pAmI zakAtuM nathI ane je rUDhine svIkAra eka prakAranI -sthagitatAnuM nirmANa kare che, mAnavajIvana ane samAjajIvanane eka dudha mAratA khAbociyA samAna banAve che, e rUDhine sAmane samajI zakAya ema che.

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha dRSTibiMduo 29: thAya che ke zuM dharma kharekhara AvI sthagita rUDhio para ja nirbhara che kharo ? vikasatA dharmane abhyAsu, dharmanA itihAsano abhyAsu ane palaTAtAM dhArmika valaNono abhyAsI A praznano uttara ApavAne vadhu suyogya che. ApaNe anyatra kahyuM che tema dharma te eka gatizIla pravAha che ane sthagitatA kadIye dharmanuM ravarUpa banI zake nahi. dharmane itihAsa enA vikAsanI sAkSI pUre che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu e ema paNa sUcave che ke dharmamAM jyAM jyAM ane jayAre jyAre sthagitatA dazyamAna thaI, tyAM tyAM ane tyAre tyAre, kayAM te dharmanA anuyAyIonI aMdara ja, athavA to dharma bahAranAM baLoe, e sthagitatAne AMcake Apyo che, ene dUra karI che ane dharmamAM kayAM te navA saMpradAye saMcAra karyo che athavA te navIna dharmanuM sarjana thayuM che. ema kahevuM ke dharma rUDhi para AdhArita che eTale dharmanuM hAda barAbara na samajavA barAbara che. ja, ajJAna : dharmanA avIkAra mATe keTalIka veLA evuM kAraNa ApavAmAM Ave che ke dharma ajJAna para AdhArita che. paraMtu ahIMyAM e prazna uThAvI zakAya ke dharmane AdhAra ajJAna che ke anya kaMIka ? enuM jJAna ApaNane kaI rIte prApta thAya che? jo dharma kharekhara ajJAna para AdhArita hoya te jJAnanA vikAsanI sAthe, paraMtu dharmanuM astitva e vAtanI sAkSI pUre che ke dharma mAtra ajJAna para AdhArita nathI. te pachI prazna e upasthita thAya che ke dharma zAnA para AdhArita che? jo koI viziSTa prakAranuM jJAna, dharmane pAye hoya te e jJAna karyuM ? e nAna kaI rIte prApta thaI zake ? e jJAna cakAsaNuM pAtra kharuM ? evI cakAsaNIne pariNAme e jJAnanA ravIkAra vize zuM kahI zakAya ? dharmanI jJAnamImAMsA mATe - A badhA prazno mahatvanA che. ahIMyAM ApaNe eTaluM nedhIe ke sAmAnyapaNe vIkArAyela jJAnaprAptinA be mArgo, eka indriya AdhArita pratyakSa anubhava jJAna ane bIju tarka AdhArita anumAna jJAna, sivAya paNa jJAnaprAptinA bIjA mArge jJAnamImAMsA svIkAre che. dharmane pAye evA alaukika anubhavajanya pratyakSa jJAna para AdhArita che ane enA svIkArane AdhAra bahudhA taka nahi paraMtu zraddhA che. AthI zuM ApaNe ema kahI,

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30 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -zakIe kharA ke alaukika prakArane pratyakSa anubhava e jJAna nathI paNa ajJAna che ? tema "ja, zraddhA para AdhArita kAIpaNa jJAnane svIkAra e ajJAna che ? ApaNuM keTaluMya jJAna A baMne prakAramAM vaheMcAyeluM che ane ema chatAM ApaNe ene jJAna tarIke, svIkAra karI laIe chIe. dA. ta., kaMIka aghaTita nIpajavAnuM che enA jJAna pravAsa rada karyA pachI, pravAsa rada karavAnI yathArthatA samajAya che; athavA te saMgItanA sUramAM - bebhAna banIne nRtya karanAra nRtyakArane AnaMda alaukika prakArano eTalA mATe che ke e kaI eka nizcita Indriya para AdhArita nathI. e ja pramANe ApaNe - jyAre koI eka vAhanamAM beThaka laIe chIe tyAre ApaNane zraddhA che ke vAhana calAvavAnI AvaData ane mArganA niyame tathA enA saMcAlana mATenI saMjJAonI mAhitI vAhanacAlakane che. ApaNe jyAre koI DaoNkaTara ke vakIlanI pAse ApaNI phariyAda mATe jaIe chIe tyAre ApaNuM emanA jJAna vizenuM jJAna nahi paNa ApaNI emanA paranI zraddhA ja ApaNane emanI pAse javA prere che. Ama anubhava ane take mAnavajIvananAM mahatvanAM cAlaka baLo hovA chatAM, alaukika pratyakSAnubhava ane zraddhAne ApaNe ApaNuM jIvana vyavahAramAMthI sadaMtara dezavaTo daI zakIe nahi; ane ethI ja enA upara AdhArita koIpaNa jJAna ke : ravIkArane ApaNe ajJAna tarIke mUlavI zakIe nahi. AthI, je vicArake ajJAnane dharmanA pAyA tarIke Alekhe che teo saMbhavata: emanA dharma mATenA pUrvagrahane kAraNe ema karatA hoya ema banI zake, ane pUrvagraha para AdhArita koIpaNa jJAna sAcI rIte ajJAna che. AthI pUrvagrahabharI rIte ema kahevuM ke, "dharma ajJAna para AdhArita che" e pote ja ajJAnayukta che. 1. asahiSNutA : dharma asahiSNutA para AdhArita che, evI rajUAta keTalAka vicAra kare che. dhArmika mAnyatAo keTalIka veLA evuM ja svarUpa dhAraNa kare che ke jethI - bIjA dharmonI mAnyatAo pratye e dharma-anuyAyIo asahiSNu bane. jagatanA - ItihAsamAM eka dharmanA anuyAyIo bIjA dharmanA anuyAyIo sAthe saMgharSamAM AvyAna, tema ja eka ja dharmanA vividha saMpradAyanAM anuyAyI-juthe ekamekanA saMgharSamAM AvyAnA dAkhalAo neMdhAyelA che. paraMtu koIkavAra banatA AvA banAva, asahiSNutA dharmane AdhAra che ema sUcavavA pUratA che? mAtra thoDA avalokelA prasaMga parathI sArvatrika varUpanuM tAraNa daravuM tarkabaddha che kharuM? dhArmika sahiSNutAnA prasaMge zuM kadIye anubhavavAmAM AvyA ja nathI? -asahiSNutA e mAtra dharma-anubhava ane dharma anuyAyIo pUratAM ja maryAdita che?

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha dRSTibiMduo 31 A badhA praznone ApaNe vicAra karIe tyAre ApaNane e samajAze ke ItihAsane pAne noMdhAyela dhArmika asahiSNutAnI sAme dharma samabhAva, dharmamilana tema ja eka ja sthaLe ane samaye vividha dharmonA sumeLabharyA sahaastitvane paNa aneka prasaMge paNa itihAsanA pAne neMdhAyA che. A prakAranA anubhavanI sAme AMkhamIMcAmaNa karI dhArmika asahiSNutAnA prasaMgone prAdhAnya ApI ema kahevuM ke dharmane pAye asahiSNutA che e tArkika lAgatuM nathI. vaLI, asahipazutA e dharmakSetra sAthe ja saMkaLAyela che ema nathI. asahiSNutA mAnavasvabhAvamAM kaMDArAyela che--dharma mAnyatA ke dharma AcaraNanA bhedone kAraNe nahi. vaLI eka ja kuTuMbanA samAnadhamI anuyAyIomAM paNa asahiSNutA jovAmAM AvatI ja nathI ema zuM ApaNe kahI zakIzuM ? be nirIzvaravAdI adhArmika mAnavAmAM asahiSNutAne saMpUrNapaNe abhAva che ema ApaNe kadIye kahI zakIzuM kharA? vyaktigata jIvana, kauTuMbika jIvana, sAmAjika, rAjakIya ane Arthika jIvananAM kSetromAM eka yA bIjA prakAre asahiSNutAnuM astitva hoya te pachI mAtra dhArmika jIvanamAM ja enA astitvane, dhArmika jIvananA AdhAra tarIke kaI rIte rajU karI zakAya ? kayAM te ApaNe ema kahevuM joIe ke mAnavajIvananA je je kSetramAM asahiSNutA che te te kSetrane AdhAra tenA para che, athavA te ApaNe e niSkarSa para pahoMcavuM joIe ke asahiSNutA mAnavasvabhAvanuM sahaja aMga che ane ethI mAnavajIvananA pratyeka aMgamAM e eka yA bIjA varUpe daSTigocara thAya che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke dharmane pAyo na to aMdha mAnyatA che, na te rUDhi che, na te ajJAna ke asahiSNutA che. dharmane pAyo samajavA mATe dharmanA talasparzI adhyayananI jarUra che; ane dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharmane arka samajAvavAmAM sahAyabhUta thAya ema che. koIpaNa dharmamAM, upara darzAvela cAramAMthI eka yA vadhAre aMge avelekavAmAM Ave tyAre enI viziSTa samajaNa pAmavI jarUrI banI rahe che. e khUba ja spaSTa rIte noMdhavuM joIe ke A cAreyane dharmanA pAyA tarIke svIkArI zakAya nahi ane chatAM kaIka dharmamAM kayAreka AvA aMge jevAM maLI rahe kharAM. paraMtu tyAre e aMgone vadhu abhyAsa ApaNane je te dharmamAM enA sthAna aMgenI vadhu samaja ApI zakaze. 2. khristI dharma sivAyanA dharmone nakAra: jagatamAM sauthI vistAra pAmela dharma khristI dharma che. vistAranI dRSTie tema ja anyAyIonA saMkhyAbaLanI dRSTie khristI dharmanuM sthAna vividha dharmomAM

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, dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prathama che. ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM tema khristI dharmanAM keTalAMka maMtavyo viziSTa prakAranAM paNa che. paraMtu eTalAthI ja ema kahevuM ke e sivAyanA bIjA badhA ja dharmone nakAra karavo joIe, e keTale aMze vAjabI che tenI vicAraNA karavI joIe : A matanuM pratipAdana karatAM berala kahe che, "pratyeka dRSTie khristI dharma 'uttama che. ema te kadIye na ja mAnI zakAya ke beTA dharmo, sAcA dharma prati derI jaze. khristI dharma saMpUrNa dharma che ane emAM koI doSa nathI." berale rajU karela kathana je vaijJAnika paddhatio hAtha dharela dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananuM pariNAma hoya te enI vicAraNA emaNe rajU karelA evA mahatvanA mUddAone AdhAre karI zakAya. paraMtu bIjA dharmone khoTA tarIke svIkAravA, khristIdharmane saMpUrNa tarIke svIkAre, ane jemane teo beTA dharmo tarIke oLakhAze che, teo kadIye pUrNatA pAmI nahi zake ema kahevuM e ghaNuM sabaLa AdhAranI apekSA rAkhe che. AvA AdhAranA abhAvane lIdhe beralanuM maMtavya ekataraphI ane pUrvagrahayukta lAge e sahaja che. pratyeka dhamane pitAnA dhama. mATe eka viziSTa prakArane pakSapAta hoya e kadAca samajI zakAya, paraMtu jyAre e bIjA dharmo tarapha ghaNA kare tyAre te samajI zakAya nahi, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu svIkArI zakAya paNa nahi. 3. bAibala AdhArita dha sivAyanA dharmone nakAra: eka dharmagraMtha tarIke bAIbalane phelA bIjA dharma graMtho karatAM ghaNe vizALa che. lagabhaga pratyeka dharmagraMthane e dA hoya che ke temAM IzvaranAM Adezo ane vacanAmRta saMgrahAyelAM che. pratyeka dharmane pitAno dharmagraMtha che. dareka dharmanA anuyAyIo pitAnA dharmagraMthane sarvazreSTha tarIke Alekhe e samajI zakAya ema che. paraMtu tethI ja mAtra, dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM tene ravIkAra karI zakAya nahi. | bAIbala para AdhArita dharmo vAjabI che ane bIjA dharmo bAlyAvasthAmAM che e matanI rajUAta A zabdamAM thayelI che : "hibradharma ane khristIdharma sivAyanA bIjA badhA ja dharmo bAlyakALamAM che. mAtra bAIbala para AdhArita dharmo ja naitiktAnA pAyA para racAyela che." 4. berala, rilijiyansa opha dhI varlDa, pA. 4. 5. nona-biblikala sIsTamasa epha rilijiyana e sIjhiyama. pA. 199-200 .

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha daSTibiMduo 33 ahIM ApaNe je praznanI vicAraNA karavAnI che te e ke zuM hibradharma ane khristI dharma sivAyanA bIja dharmo kharekhara bAlyAvasthAmAM che ? koIpaNa dharmanI bAlyAvasthA ke prauDhAvasthA kayA AdhAre nirNata karI zakAya ? zuM ema kahevuM kharekhara sAcuM che ke bAIbala para AdhArita dharmo ja naitikatAnA pAyA para racAyelA che ane bIjA dharmo nahi? pariziSTamAM darzAvela dharma-utpatti-kALadarzana parathI e joI zakAze ke samayanA krama anusAra hibradharma ke khristI dharma karatAM bIjA dharmo vadhu prauDha che. A dRSTie hiMdudharma, jainadharma, bauddhadharma, kaphakyuziyanadharma, zinTo dharma ane tAodharmane teo bAlyakALamAM che ema kaI rIte kahI zakAya ? je te dharmamAM vyakti, Izvara ane jagata saMbaMdhI thayelI vicAraNa, ane temAM sUcavAyela vividha mArgonI AlocanAne AdhAre, kadAcita dharmanI moTI che tethI te jJAnamAM paNa moTI ja che ema svIkArI levAya nahi. evI zakyatA che kharI ke uMmare zraDha evI vyakti jJAnanI dRSTie bAlyakALamAM hoya, ane uMmaranI daSTie nAnI evI vyakti jJAnanI daSTie prauDha hoya paraMtu AmAM ApaNe be judA judA siddhAMtanI vAta karIe chIe. samayanA vaheNamAM prathama upasthita thayelA evA dharmo, te pachIthI upasthita thayelA dharmo karatAM kaI rIte bAlyakALamAM che e samajAvavuM jarUrI bane che. e thaI zake e mATe dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karavuM jarUrI bane che. paraMtu evuM paNa bane ke AvA tulanAtmaka adhyayanane pariNAme ApaNe koI eka cokkasa maMtavya na paNa ApI zakIe. je vyakti jJAnamAM prauDha che te anubhavamAM prauDha na paNa hoya. Ama vaya, jJAna ane anubhavanA vividha AdhAre keIkamAM ekane ane anyamAM bIjAne proDha tarIke ApaNe jema svIkArIe chIe tema, kadAcita dharmonI bAbatamAM paNa bane. vaLI, keTalIka veLA evuM paNa banavA saMbhava che ke eka ja dharma graMtha para AdhArita hovA chatAM be alaga dharmo ke dharmasaMpradAya, dharmagraMthanI rajUAta ane enuM arthaghaTana judI judI rIte kare. A saMjogomAM virodhAbhAsI arthaghaTana ApatA dharmo ke dharmasaMpradAyanI arasaparasanI prauDhatA zI rIte sthApI zakAya ? dharmagraMthane ja dharmane AdhAra banAvI devAthI, e na svIkAranAra dharma dharma 3

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34 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana anuyAyIo, bIje dharma ke bIje saMpradAya kevI rIte sthApe che enA aneka dAkhalAo dharmanA itihAsamAM mojUda che. , 4. pitAnA dharma sivAyanA anya dharmone nakAra : vyakti pote je dharmamAM janmI hoya ane je dharmamAM e UcharI hoya e dharmane e vyakti mamatvapUrvaka svIkAre e samajI zakAya. e dhamamamatva keTalIka veLA dharmaghelachAmAM pariNamatuM jovA maLe che. evA anuyAyIo ja A matanA puraskartA banI zake. lagabhaga pratyeka dharmamAMthI AvA ghelachAbharyA anuyAyIo maLI rahe. dharmamamatvane kAraNe eka prakAranuM dRSTi-aMdhatva prApta thAya che ane emAMthI vicArazUnyatA pariName che. bIjA dharma tarapha dRSTi na karavAnI ane bIjA dharmone abhyAsa na karavAnI, tema ja emAM paNa kaMI samajavAnuM che evo svIkAra na karavAnI vRtti AvA dharma-anuyAyIomAM savizeSa pramANamAM jovAmAM Ave che. e te sahaja che ke cAra dIvAlamAM goMdhAyelA chavanI sRSTi eTalI ja nAnI heya. dharmane eka baMdhiyAra khAciyA tarIke anubhavanAra vyakti bIjA dharmonAM sArAM tane na jANI zake e te ThIka, paraMtu enI AvI vRtti pitAnA dharmanAM ja saMpUrNa tattvonI jANakArImAM ene bAdhArUpa nIvaDe che. AvI vyaktio pitAnA dharmane paNa vivekapUrvaka abhyAsa karatA nathI, te bIjAnA dharmonA abhyAsanI te vAta ja kayAM karavI ? AvI vyaktio ja dharmasamabhAva keLavavAnI dizAmAM avarodhaka baLo tarIke kAma karatI hoya che. vividha dharmonA adhyayana vinA koI paNa eka athavA vadhAre dharmone nakAra kare e avaijJAnika ane pUrvagrahayukta che. 5. sarva dharmomAMthI sArAM tane savIkAra : AgaLa karelI carcAomAMthI e spaSTa thaze ke koI paNa eka dharmane nakAra karavAne mATe yogya ane sabaLa kAraNonI rajUAta thaI zakI nathI. dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana je te dharmamAM rahelAM sArAM tema ja mAThAM aMgonI samaja ApI zake ane AvA vividha aMgone tulanAtmaka dRSTie abhyAsa karI zake. paraMtu, vividha dharmonAM sArAM tane je te dharmamAMthI svIkArI, vividha dharmomAMthI AvI rIte prApta thayela sArAM tatvonA samUhane ekatrita karI, eka na dharma upajAvI zakAya kharo? kaI paNa eka dharmanuM sAruM tava e ja dhamanAM vividha tane mukAbale ane vividha tanI pazcAdabhUmAM ja sArA tarIke ravIkA

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananAM vividha daSTibiMduo rAyela nathI ? evuM na bane ke koI eka dhamanuM eka sAru tava, bIjA dharmanA keI eka sArA tattva sAthe saMpUrNapaNe susaMgata na hoya? AvA susaMgatatAnA abhAvanA kissAmAM sArAM tanuM ekatrIkaraNa kaI rIte karI zakAya ? ane Ama chatAM, mAnava-itihAsamAM eka yA bIjA svarUpe AvA prayatna thayelA jovA maLe che. AmAMne eka mahattvane prayatna te-thiyosophI, e 1 pravakatA zrImatI enI besanTa kahe che: "A vizvamAM pratyeka dharmo eka zreya siddha karavAnuM che, keIpaNa eka rASTrane apAyela dharma je kaI eka nizcita saMskRtimAM prasAra pAmavAne che te dharma te rASTra ane te saMskRtine sAMpaDe che." pratyeka dharma rASTrane ane tenI saMskRtine sAnukULa che e kathananI vizeSa carcA dharmanA samAjazAstramAM thayelI je maLe che. keTale aMze je te dharma je te rASTra ane saMskRtine sAnukULa che enI tapAsa palaTAtA rASTrIya svarUpa ane badalAtI saMskRtinA saMdarbhamAM thavI jarUrI che. samAja pite ja gatizIla hoya, parivartanazIla hoya, te enA eka cAlaka baLa tarIke dharma paNa parivartanazIla he joIe. dharma samAjane ke samAja dharmane kevI rIte ane keTale aMze badale che e vistRta abhyAsano viSaya che ane dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananA kSetranI bahAra che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vividha -daSTibiMduthI karI zakAya ema che. AvA pratyeka dRSTibiMdunI maryAdAone ApaNe ullekha karyo che. A vividha dRSTibiMduonA abhyAsamAMthI, dharmanI tulanAtmaka abhyAsIe kevuM valaNa apanAvavuM joIe evI samaja prApta thAya che. ja. phera greTa rilijiyansa, pA. 7

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' 1.6 ' dharmonA tulanAtmaka abhyAsInuM valaNa tulanA tyAre ja zakya bane che jyAre tulanAnAM vividha aMgenI mAhitI prApta thayelI hoya. eTaluM ja nahi, paNa je aMgenI tulanA karavAmAM Ave emAM kaMIka aMzanI samAnatA hovI paNa jarUrI bane che. jyAM sudhI ApaNe pratyeka dharmane . svataMtra abhyAsa na karIe, enAM vividha aMgenI mAhitI prApta na karIe.. kALanA saMdarbhamAM enI utpatti ane vikAsane khyAla na meLavIe, enA bhaugolika sthaLa-prasAraNanI sAmagrI ekatrita na karIe, TUMkamAM. pratyeka dharma aMge, te dharmanAM vividha aMgone abhyAsa na karIe tyAM sudhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana zI rIte zakya bane ? AthI ja A graMthanA bIjA vibhAgamAM ApaNe pratyeka dharmane, tenAM vividha aMgone anulakSIne tulanAtmaka abhyAsa hAtha dharavAne prayatna karIzuM. paraMtu dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayananI daSTie e prazna mahatvanuM che ke pratyeka dharmane Avo abhyAsa hAtha dharatI veLA abhyAsInI daSTi kaMI hevI joIe ? enuM valaNa kevuM hovuM joIe ? e te sahaja rIte samajAze ke tulanAtmaka abhyAsI koI paNa dharmane abhyAsa te dharmanA anuyAyI kare che te rIte nahi, ja kare potAnA dharmane paNa nahi. sAmAnyapaNe ema paNa kahI ja zakAya ke pratyeka dharmanA adhyayanamAM abhyAsI vaijJAnika dRSTibiMdu ane vaijJAnika valaNa. apanAve. AnI spaSTatA mATe nIce varNavela thaDA muddAo tapAsIe.

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menA tulanAtmaka abhyAsInuM valaNa 1. jaDavAdane tyAga : koI paNa dharmane abhyAsa karatI veLA dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsIe koIpaNa prakAranA jaDavAdane (Dogmatism) tilAMjali ApavI joIe. pitAnA manasapaTa para daDha thayelI mAnyatAone eNe koI paNa dharmanI egya rajUAtamAM vacce AvavA devI joIe nahi. dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananA upara rajU thayelAM vividha daSTibiMduomAMthI bIjuM, trIju ane cothuM daSTibiMdu AvuM jaDavAdI valaNa apanAvatA hoI emane ravIkAra thaI zake nahi. 2. pUrvagrahane tyAga : pitAnA anubhavane AdhAre mAnavI keTalAka pUrvagraho bAMdhI le che. AvA pUrvagrahonuM phalaka khUba ja vistRta che ane te dharmane paNa AvarI le che. dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanAra abhyAsI pite koI dharmane anuyAyI hoya athavA te adhArmika hoya toye eka yA aneka dharmo mATe ke tenAM eka ke vadhu ta thA aMgo mATe ene koI prakArane pUrvagraha hoI zake. paraMtu pite jyAre dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanakAryamAM parovAya tyAre eNe AvA sarva pUrvagrahanI uparavaTa javuM jarUrI bane che. hi, sahuthI samabhAva : kaI paNa dharmanI rajUAMta karatI vakhate ke enI samIkSA karatI veLA tulanAtmaka abhyAsInI daSTi sahRdayI ane samabhAvI hovI joIe. dharmanA svarUpanA vyApaka khyAla para AdhArita evI, dharmanI rajUAta ane samIkSA hovI joIe. pitAne arucikara hoya enI paNa samabhAvI rajUAta thAya ane pitAne asvIkArya heya evA maMtavyanI paNa je te dharmanI daSTie sabaLa rajUAta thAya, e mATe eNe prayatnazIla rahevuM paDe. dharmanI sabaLa rajUAta karyA pachI enI je kaMI samAlocanA karavAnI hoya e sahadayatAthI niSpakSabhAve e jarUra kare. 4. sahAnubhUtibharyuM valaNa A tulanAtmaka abhyAsIe je te dharmanA je te aMgane bacAva karavAne che evuM nathI, paraMtu je kaIka samIkSA e kare te sahAnubhUtipUrvakanI hovI joIe.... e arthamAM ke je samayamAM ane je saMdarbhamAM, je maMtavya raju thayuM hoya tene anulakSIne samAlocanA thAya e icchanIya che. ' ' .

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. nyAyI valaNaH e ja rIte pitAnI samIkSAmAM tulanAtmaka abhyAsIe nyAyI thavAnI paNa jarUra che. evuM te na ja banavuM joIe ke kaI eka dharmanA koI eka aMganI samAlocanA eka prakAre, ane bIjA dharmanA samAna aMganI samAlocanA anya prakAre thAya. enI nyAyattimAM sArAnarasAnA viveksI kAbeliyatane samAveza thAya ja che. pratyeka dharmamAM sAruM tattva karyuM e kahevAne e zaktimAna hovo joIe. e sAruM tattva e rIte kyA AdhAre svIkArAyuM che enI tArkika samaja ApavAne mATe e zaktizALI hovo joIe. Ama, dharmane tulanAtmaka abhyAsa karanAra abhyAsInI javAbadArI viziSTa prakAranI che. dharmanuM svarUpa zuM che ? ene AdhAra kayo che ? enuM dhyeya kevuM che ? vagere aMgene khyAla ApIne pratyeka dharmanI rajUAta ane samIkSA karatI vakhate je te dharmane nyAya karavAnuM che, eTaluM ja nahi paNa vAcakane paNa yogya nyAya ApavAne che ane pitAne paNa nyAya karavAno che. pitAnI aMtagata. maryAdAone kAraNe e abhyAsI kadAcita kaI eka dharmanAM sArAM aMga tAravavAmAM kAmayAba na bane toye, ene hAthe te dharmanAM sArAM aMganI nabaLI ane ayogya. rajuAta te na ja thavI ghaTe. Ama, tulanAtmaka abhyAsI eka dharmane bIjA dharma sAthe sAMkaLanAra pula samAna che. enuM kAryakSetra koI eka dharmanA anuyAyInI dhArmika daSTinuM phalaka vistAravAnuM che. enuM kartavya dharmane samajavAnI eka evI dRSTi ApavAnuM che je vaDe dharmanA sAmAnya svarUpanA saMdarbhamAM je te dharmaanuyAyI, dharmasamabhAva keLavI zake, ane A badhAthIye vizeSa te tulanAtmaka abhyAsIe dharma kayAM, kyAre ane kevI rIte cAlakabaLa tarIke rahyo che, ke avarodhaka baLa tarIke banyo che, ane vyaktigata jIvana ane samAjajIvananA AdhAra tarIke, preraNAbaLa tarIke ane cAlAkabaLa tarIke enuM bhAvi zuM che enuM dizAsUcana karavAnuM che. dharmone tulanAtmaka abhyAsI je pratyeka dharmanA adhyayanamAM vizALa dRSTi rAkhI vaijJAnika paddhatie enI mulavaNuM kare, ane ene mArgadarzaka je muddAonI upara carcA karI che tenuM pAlana kare, e vividha dharmanI samagrapaNe tema ja koI paNa be ke vadhAre dharmonAM samAna aMgenI tulanA kare che enuM kArya e yathAyogya pUrNa kare evI AzA rAkhI zakraya.

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1.7 dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanane vikAsa judI judI prajAnA dharmonA abhyAsane rasa ghaNA purANuM kALathI jovAmAM Ave che ane jagatanI saMskRta prajAmAM e rasanAM darzana avAranavAra thatAM ja rahe che. purANuM grIka lekane Avo rasa hatuM evo ullekha hIreDeTasanAM lakhANamAM maLe che. mAuma khalIphAnA samayamAM bagadAdamAM dharmonI pArlAmeMTa bolAvavAmAM AvI hatI ema masUdI kahe che. pitAnA darabAramAM vividha dharmanA pratinidhione akabare AmaMtyA hatA e paNa jANItuM che. jagatanA dharmonI pArlameMTa 1893mAM zikAgomAM bharAI hatI. 1909mAM kalakattAmAM sarvadharmapariSada yojAI hatI. AvI eka sarvadharma pArlAmenTa 1971mAM kerALAmAM paNa maLI. pitA sivAyanA anya dharmone samajavAne mATe, e jANavAne mATe A sArAM sAdhana che enI nA nahi, paraMtu A prayAsone dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayananI samakakSa mUkI zakAya nahi. lagabhaga eka sadI pUrve mekasamUlaranA netRtva heThaLa dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayananI Adhunika samayamAM zarUAta thaIemanuM pustaka "tulanAtmaka daMtakathA' 1856mAM prasiddha thayuM ane 1870mAM emanuM bIjuM pustaka "dharmanA vijJAnane 7. jorDana, kapereTiva rilijiyana ina jenesisa enDa grotha. 8. kapereTiva mAyatholojI,

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana praveza prasiddha thayuM. A pachI 1878mAM emanAM bhASaNono eka graMtha prasiddha thayo.10 cima vAca 1 sUcave che tema dharmanAM tulanAtmaka adhyayanane A prathama tabakko keTalIka viziSTatAo rajU kare che. anya dharmone sahRdayatApUrvaka samajAvavAne saccAI pUrvakano umaMga ane tAtvika vicAraNAne rasa emAM joI zakAya che. A tabakeka dhArmika anubhavonA AviSkAranA vividha prakAromAMthI daMtakathAe mukhya dhyAna doryuM. A samaya daramyAna, Izvara-vidyA pAchaLa haDaselAI ane bhASA, itihAsa ane tatvajJAnanA abhyAsano lagabhaga khIcaDo thayo. jena 2 sUcave che tema dharmanA abhyAsane vikasAvavAne mATe ane ene dharmanA tattvajJAna tathA khAsa karIne Izvara-vidyAthI svataMtra karavAne mATe dharma-vijJAnano (Science of Religion) zabdaprayoga karavAmAM Avyo ane e ja pramANe dharmanA ItihAsakAre paNa saMzodhananI eka navI AzAspada paddhati zodhyAno AnaMda mANavA lAgyA. samAMtaranI zodha zarU thaI. Ane pariNAme judA judA dharmonAM dharmazAstromAM je vividha jAtio, rASTro ane lekanI dhArmika rUDhio sacavAyelI hatI tenA mULa tarIke upayoga karavA lAgyA. AnA pariNAme ja pUrvanA pavitra pustakanA13 prakAzananI pravRtti hAtha dharAI.. bIjo tabakko : - tulanAtmaka adhyayanane bIjo tabakko TIle Apela gIphaMDa leyarasathI zarU che. tyAra pachI enI pustakarUpe14 prasiddhi thaI. TIlenuM mahattvanuM pradAna e che ke eka vikAsakramane mArga mAtra dharmanA ItihAsamAM ja nahi paraMtu janasaMgItamAM, samAjazAstramAM ane mane vijJAnamAM paNa teo zodhI zakyA. bhaviSyamAM A traNeya abhyAsaviSayoe dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM mahattavane phALo Apyo. TIle pachI TeIlara, DaheIma ane vaDa dharmanA abhyAsane vikAsAtmaka siddhAMta anusare che ane ema karIne TIlee sUcavela mArga kheDIne ene vadhu samRddha banAve che. 9. InaTroDakazana Tu dhI sAyansa oNpha rilijiyana. 10. orijIna enDa grotha opha rilijiyana ejha ilasTreTeDa bAyarilijiyansa opha InDiyA. 11. dhI kapereTiva sTaDI opha rilijiyansa, pA. 3. : 12. kapereTiva rilijiyana, pA. 7 13. sekeDa bukasa opha dhI isTa. : : 14. elimeMTasa opha dhI sAyansa opha rilijiyana.

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dhamenA tulanAtmaka adhyayanano vikAsa 41 ( A bIjA tabakakAnI viziSTatA e che ke emAM eka prakAranuM vyavahArAtmaka valaNa avalokavAmAM Ave che ane bhASAzAstrIya tema ja etihAsika valaNa akhatyAra thAya che. samIkSAnuM sthAna varNana le che. svIkArAyela AdarzI (Norms) tathA mUlya (Values )ne aitihAsika rIte, manovaijJAnika rIte ane samAjazAstrIya rIte samajAvavAmAM Ave che. A dRSTie pravartamAna ane bhUtakAlIna mAnavadharmonI jamAM mahattvapUrNa siddhi prApta thAya che. enI sAthe ja eka prakAranI viziSTatA (Specialization ) vikase che ane paralakSitA (Objectivity ) mATeno Agraha sevavAmAM Ave che. mULane ke ugama (Origin) abhyAsa mahatvapUrNa bane che ane emAM savizeSa rasa jAgRta thAya che. - dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsanA prathama tabakkAno doSa je vigate tarapha bedarakAra che. pahelA tabakkAnA abhyAsIo samAMtaranI zodhamAM racyA rahI kaMIka navIna ze dhyAne AnaMda mANatA hatA, te bIjA tabakakAnA saMzodhaka asamAnatAne lakSamAM lIdhA vinA samAnatA para vadhu bhAra mUkatA hatA. triIjo tabakko : ogaNIsamI sadInA aMtamAM ane vIsamI sadInA prAraMbhamAM tattvajJAna ane Ivara-vidyA, je tAMtrika jJAnamImAMsAmAM athavA to atihAsika saMzodhanamAM phUkhyA hatA te, TaTAra thavA lAgyA. uberavega ane barga sonA netRtva heThaLa A abhyAsanA trIjA tabakkAnI zarUAta thaI. kethalika vicAradhArAmAM hyugala ane kelara tathA praTeTa vicAradhArAmAM saDarablema, bArtha ane oTo A prakriyAnA saha5thI anyA. e ja rIte amerikAmAM viliyama jemsa paNa A mAga lIdho. A tabakkAnI khAsiyata traNa che : eka, vadhu paDatA vibhAgIkaraNa tathA speziyAlisTezananAM dUSaNone dUra karavA tathA eka samanvayakArI tathA saMpUrNa daSTibiMdu keLavI e dUSaNone dUra karavAnI IcchA. be, dhArmika anubhavanA svarUpanI khUba UMDANapUrvakanI khejanI IcchA, traNa, jJAnamImAMsaka tathA tattvasvarUpanA praznonI tapAsa. vyavahAravAdI bhAvanAnA ati prAdhAnyanI sAme keTalAkane virodha hovA chatAM aneka saMzodhako ema mAne che ke atyAra sudhI prApta thayelAM prayatnapUrvakanAM pariNAmone saMgrahI rAkhavA joIe. dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanane pAyo atihAsika, tAvika tema ja samAlecanAtmaka abhyAsa para ja racAyelo hovo joIe. vAca mAne che ke A trIjA

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2 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana tabakkAnuM mahattvapUrNa kArya ruDolpha TonuM che. 5 paramatattvanA paralakSI ravarUpa upara teo khUba bhAra mUke che, ane ema karIne dhamabhrAMtiyukta svalakSI siddhAMtane pachADe che. e ja pramANe vaoNna hyugala16. ane veba paNa evuM ja kArya kare che. tArkika saMzodhananA mUlyane anAdara karyA vinA ja dharmamAMnA atArkika tavA para bhAra mUkIne vadhu paDatA buddhivAda ane tarkavAdane dUra karavAmAM AvyA che. Ama karavAmAM e saMbhavita che ke je samAna che tene nAza thAya te je bhinna che, nizcita che ane ekAMgI che e avalokana bahAra nahi rahe e paNa seMdhavuM joIe. Ane pariNAme dharmanA itihAsakAro koI paNa bAhya svarUpanI ekamayatAke samAnatAna kare e nipanna che. dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayananA vikAsanA atre rajU karelA traNeya tabakkAomAM yuropa, amerikA ane eziyAnA saMzodhake e AMtararASTrIya sahakAra Apyo che enI savizeSa neMdha levI joIe. AvI AMtararASTrIyatAnA purAvA tarIke chellA pacAza varSamAM AMtararASTrIya kakSAe jAyela dharmanA itihAsanI pariSado che. 15. eTe, AIDiyA epha dhI helI. 16. esejha enDa esijha ena philosophI opha rilijiyansa. 17. rilijiyasa ekasapiriyansa.

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1.8 dhanuM vargIkaraNa vagIkaraNanI prakriyA samAna tatvanA avalokana para ane e AdhAre samUhIkaraNa para AdhArita che. AthI koIpaNa viSayanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsIne vagIkaraNanI prakriyA ghaNI upayogI bane che. dharmonuM vargIkaraNa paNa tulanAtmaka adhyayana mATe upayogI thaI paDe ema che. TalIka veLA vagIkaraNanuM daSTibiMdu ane ene mULa AdhAra pote ja eTalA nabaLA hoya che, jethI vagIkaraNanI enI prakriyAmAMthI mahavanuM kaMI na nIpaje. Ane AdhAra thayeluM vargIkaraNa koIka ravIkArya AdhAra para vaijJAnika rIte thayeluM che ke aravIkArya AdhAra para avaijJAnika rIte thayeluM che enA para che. dharmana" prApta vigakaraNane ApaNe be meTA vibhAgamAM vahecI zakIe. a. avaijJAnika vargIkaraNa: 1. sAcA-kheTAM anusAranuM vargIkaraNa. 2. praNetA anusAranuM vargIkaraNa. 1. astitva-binaastitva anusAranuM vagIkaraNa 2. IzvarasvarUpa AdhArita vargIkaraNa

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. 3. prasAra AdhArita vagIkaraNa 4. utpattipradeza AdhArita vagIkaraNa 5. utpattikALa AdhArita vagIkaraNa 6. anuyAyI-saMkhyA AdhArita vagIkaraNa che. ItihAsakALa AdhArita vagIkaraNa 3. avaijJAnika vagIkaraNa: 1, sAcA-kheTA anusAranuM vagIkaraNa: keTalAka vicAraka dharmonuM vagIkaraNa be prakAramAM kare che. eka prakAramAM teo sAcA dharmane ane bIjAmAM khoTA dharmono samAveza kare che. paraMtu ahIMyAM prazna e upasthita thAya che ke keIpaNa dharma sAco che ke beTo ene nirNaya zI rIte thaI zake ? evA sthAyI tArkika AdhAre prApya che kharAM, jene anulakSIne ekane sAcA tarIke ane bIjAne beTA tarIke mUlavI zakAya ? koI eka nizcita muddA para eka dharmanuM maMtavya sAcuM che ane bIjAnuM maMtavya - kheTuM che ema sApekSa rIte kahI zakAya kharuM; paraMtu koI eka ke vadhAre dharmo ke dhamaMjUthane sAcA tarIke ane bIjA sarvane khoTA tarIke ghaTAvavAmAM vyaktinI aMgata mAnyatAo sivAyane tArkika rIte vaijJAnika e koI AdhAra prApta thato nathI. dharmanA pratyeka anuyAyIne potAno dharma sAro lAge e sahaja ane ravAbhAvika che. je vividha dRSTibiMduo anusAra dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hAtha dharAya che temAM paNa ApaNe joyuM ke bIjAM, trIjAM, ane cethA maMtavya anusAra eka dharma dharma-jUtha ke svadharmane sArA tarIke svIkArI anya dharmone beTA tarIke rajU karavAmAM Ave che. Ama dharmonuM A vargIkaraNa vyaktigata gamA-aNagamA ke vyaktigata pUrvagraha ane maMtavya para AdhArita che, ethI dharmanuM A vargIkaraNa svIkArI - zakAya nahi. - 2, praNetA anusAranuM vagIkaraNa : - prabhu arpela ja che ! :' - mAnava apela

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dharmonuM vargIkaraNa - A vagIkaraNa anusAra dharmone be mukhya vibhAgamAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyA che-- eka vargane Izvaraprerita athavA Izvare Apela dharma tarIke ane bIjA vargane mAnavaprerita ke mAnave Apela dharma tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. - dharmanA itihAsane anulakSIne prabhunA payagaMbara dvArA je dharmo meLavAyAM, IzvaranAM vacana para AdhArita je dharmo prApta thayA ene Izvaraprerita athavA revealed dharmo tarIke oLakhAvavAne A vagIkaraNa prayAsa kare che. ane je dharmo prasthApakanA IzvaranAM sAkSAtkAra ke vacano upara nahi, paraMtu satyanA ke dhArmika jJAnanA AdhAra para sthapAyA ene mAnavaprerita ke mAnavaarpita dharmo tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. hibradharma, khristIdharma, muslima dharma vagereno samAveza prathama vargamAM, ane bauddhadharma, jainadharma vagereno samAveza bIjA vargamAM karavAmAM Ave che. - payagaMbarane saMbhaLAyela IzvaravANI e Izvaravacana ja che, ane dharmaprasthApakane prApta thayela satyanI ke jJAnanI jhAMkhI Izvara dIdhela nathI ema kaI rIte kahI zakAya ? dharma pite eka evI prakriyA che jemAM, ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema, mAnavIno prayAsa nigna ratara parathI Urva ratara para javAmAM raheluM che. pratyeka mAnavamAM eka evA AdhyAtmika aMzano AvirbhAva che je vikasavAne mATe ane samagra mAnavajIvanane adhyAtmasabhara karavA mATe zaktizALI che. ema kema na bane ke payagaMbarane tema ja prasthApakane lAdhela jJAna pitAnAmAM ja alaukika vIAdhyAtmika aMzanuM pariNAma hoya ? jo ApaNe ema svIkArIe ke pratyeka mAnavamAM pazuaMza ane devaaMza baMne samAyelAM che, te ApaNe ema paNa. ravIkAravuM ja rahyuM ke dharma prasthApaka jyAre dharma prabodhe che tyAre e prabodha enAmAM samAyela pazuaMzanuM nahi paraMtu daivIaMzanuM ja pariNAma che. A praznane ApaNe bIjI eka rIte paNa joIe. je dharma mAtra Izvara arpita ja hoya te ApaNe ema ravIkAravuM ja rahyuM ke Izvare Apela dharma sadAkALane mATe ekasamAna, sthagita che. zuM vizvanA kaI paNa pravartamAna dhamane mATe ema kahI zakAze kharuM ke e dharma sadAye sthagita che? dharmane itihAsa e vAtanI sAkSI pUre che ke pratyeka dharmamAM vividha parivartane thayAM che ane thatAM rahe che. A eka etihAsika hakIkta che ane ethI ene inkAra karI zakAya ema nathI. je koI dharma parivartananuM baLa gumAvI sthagitapaNe rahyo e kALAnukrame dharma tarIke arata thaye. Ama, aitihAsika daSTie jotAM ApaNane e spaSTapaNe samajAze ke dharma-parivartananuM baLa mAnavaprerita ke mAnavaarpita che. dharmanuM

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana mULa bhale IzvaranAM vacanamAM hoya to te dharmanuM Adhunika ravarUpa mAnava preraNAnuM pariNAma che. sAcI rIte te dareka dharmamAM Izvaraprerita aMza che tema ja mAnavaprerita aMza paNa che ja. lagabhaga pratyeka dharmamAM, dharmaAcaraNa ane dharmavyavahAra mAnavaprerita che. dA. ta., hibradharmamAM daza AdezanI bahAra je kaMika dharmaAcaraNa rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che ke dharmavyavahAra sUcavAyo che, e prabhunA daza AdezamAMthI ja meLavAyo hoya te paNa e mAnavaarpela aMza che enI nA keNa kahI zake ? Ama, ApaNe e svIkAravuM rahyuM ke je dharmo Izvara dIdhela kahevAya che emAM parivartanane aMza mAnavaapela che ane je dharmo mAnavaarpita kahevAya che, temAM dharmapravaktAne daivIaMza pratyakSa thAya che--mAtra teo pite vinayapUrvaka pitAnA e aMzane dAvo karatA nathI. ane kadAca AthI ja e dharmanA anuyAyIoe e dharmapravartakane IzvararathAne sthApyA che. pratyeka dharmamAM daivIaMza tathA mAnavaaMza otaprota thayelAM che ema kahevuM vadhu vAjabI raheze. 2. vaijJAnika vagIkaraNa: 1. astitva-binaastiva anusAranuM vagIkaraNa: dharmonA itihAsanA koI paNa pustaka upara najara pheravatA e jANI zakAze ke keTalAya dharmo kALakramamAM pragaTa thayA, keTalAka samaya astitvamAM rahyA, ane kALanA vaheNamAM vilIna paNa thayA. A etihAsika satyane rajU karavAne A vagIkaraNane prayatna che. jagatanA astitvamAna dharmomAM jagatanA agiyAra dharmone samAveza thAya che. hiMdudharma, hibradharma, kaziyanadharma, tAdharma, jarathustadharma, zidhama, bauddhadharma, janadharma, khristI dharma, islAmadharma ane zIkhadharma. ane jagatanA vilIna thaI gayelA dharmomAM mukhyatve karIne AphrikAmAM Ijiptane purANo dharma, amerikAmAM paru ane mekisakone purANe dharma, eziyAmAMnA mIthara, menI, bebilena vagere dharmo ane yuropanA grIka, roma, TayuTana ane skenDIviyAnA purANA dharmone samAveza thAya che. dhArmikatA mAnavajIvanamAM otaprota thayelI hovA chatAM tene AvirbhAva je te eka dharmanA svIkAra dvArA thAya che. ethI dhArmiktA anitya sevA chatAM dharma nitya hoya e saMbhavI zake. AthI ja to mAnavInI dhArmikatAne je dharma dvArA

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dharmonuM vargIkaraNa 7 vadhu vAcA maLavAnI saMbhAvanA hoya e dharmamAM joDAvAnI mAnavInI vRtti rahI che. janma prApta thayela dharmane choDIne bIjA dharmane svecchApUrvaka aMgIkAra karavAnI manetti pAchaLa A ja kAraNa hovAnI saMbhAvanA che. paraMtu mAnavI eka pravartamAna dharmamAM ja hovA chatAM te choDIne bIjA pravartamAna dharma aMgIkAra kare evA aneka dAkhalAo jovA maLe che. enAM kAraNenuM saMzodhana thavuM jarUrI che. AmAMthI je mahattvane prazna upasthita thAya che te e ke je dharma eka veLA astitvamAM AvyuM, anuyAyIoe svIkAryo, te dharma kALAnukrame pRthvInA paTa parathI vilIna kema tha? evA dharmomAM evAM kayAM baLo hatAM jene pariNAme e dharmo vilIna thayA ? e pratyeka dharmane atitvakALa keTale rahyo ? e samaya maryAdA karatAM vadhu samayathI astitva dharAvatA pravartamAna dharmomAM evAM koIka vilInakArI to che ke kema ? pravartamAna dharmonA astitvanAM mukhya baLa kyAM ? A badhAye prazno vicAraNA mAge che. koIpaNa eka dharmanA itihAsa para dRSTi nAkhatAM ApaNane e samajAze ke te dharmanA vikAsano mArga haMmezAM ja saraLa ane sIdho rahyo nathI. dharmanI pragati, enA vikAsa ane vistAramAM aneka AMdhI ane tophAne, taDakA ane chAMyaDA ane avarodhaka baLo upasthita thayAM che. dharmanI pragati ekasarakhI urvagAmI rahI nathI. dharma pate eka gahana mahAsAgara samo hovA chatAM eno gatizIla vega kadIka ekAda jharaNAnuM ke kadIka ekAda khAbociyAnuM ke kadIka ekAda virATa nadInuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che, ane ekaMdare te dharmanuM astitva TakI rahe che je vividha avarodhone sAmane karI, enuM mULa svarUpa hAMsala karI, gatizIla rIte vaze jAya che. dharmanI unnati, paDakAra, sudhAraNuM, pragati e eka lagAtAra krama pratyeka dharmamAM jovA maLe che. A prakriyA pite agatyanI che ane vicAraNA mAgI le che. ApaNA have pachInA abhyAsamAM ApaNe astitva dharAvatA agiyAra dharmone anulakSIne carcA karIzuM. ra risvarUpa AdhArita vagIkaraNa: dharma mAM nirUpAyelAM IzvaranA svarUpane anulakSone dharmonuM vargIkaraNa A rIte karavAmAM AvyuM che. dharma ekezvaravAdI anekezvaravAdI nirIzvaravAdI

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana che. A eka nirALo prazna che ane enI carcA karavAnuM A sthAna nathI. 'upara rajU karela Izvara-svarUpanA daSTibiMduthI meLavAyela traNa vibhAgone sAmAnya khyAla meLavavo jarUrI che. e meLavatI veLA ApaNe eTaluM noMdhI levuM jarUrI che ke prANIvAdathI ('Animism) ekezvaravAda sudhInuM dharma prayANa kayA kayA tabakkAmAMthI ane keTalI kakSAe thayuM che ene sAmAnya khyAla vAMcake dharmanA tatvajJAnanA abhyAsamAMthI meLavyo che ema ravIkArIne ApaNe cAlI zakIe. ekezvaravAdI dharmomAM hiMdudharma, jarathuratadharma, tAo dharma, khristI dharma, ilAmadharma ane zito gharmane samAveza thAya che. ane nirIzvaravAdI dharmomAM jainadharma tathA bauddhadharmano samAveza thAya che. je te vibhAgamAM samAvela dharmamAM IzvaranuM svarUpa zuM che enI vistRta carcA ApaNe dharmanA vyaktigata adhyayanamAM tema ja vividha dharmonA Izvara aMgenA maMtavyanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM hAtha dharIzuM. sAmAnyapaNe dharmomAMnA IzvaranA svarUpane AdhAre je vargIkaraNa apAya che te ja ahIMyAM rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che. A vargIkaraNamAMthI bIjA paNa keTalAka mahatvanA prazno upasthita thAya che. 'nirIzvaravAdI dharmane nAstika kahI zakAya ? ane kevaravAdI dharma ekezvarane khyAla kadIye Apato nathI ? ekezvaravAdI dharma enA uddagamathI Aja sudhI haMmezAM dareka tabakke ekezvaravAdI ja rahyo che kharo ? ekezvaravAdI dharmajUthamAM samAviSTa thayela dharmonA eka Izvara vizenA khyAle sarakhA che kharA? emanA IzvaranA 'eka'nA khyAla zuM samAna che ? . A badhA praznonI carcA jema jema ApaNe ApaNA adhyayanamAM AgaLa vadhatA jaIzuM tema tema hAtha dharavAmAM Avaze. ahIMyAM ApaNe eka bAbata neMdhI laIe. jene ApaNe nirIzvaravAdI dharmanA vargamAM samAvyA che e jaina ane bauddha dharmoe prayAsa karyo che. bIjA keTalAka prazno paNa vicAraNA mAge che. IzvaranA svarUpanA A traNa khyAlamAMthI koI eka vavAre caDhiyAta ane tethI svIkArya che ema kahI zakAya kharuM? anezvaravAdI dharmamAM Izvara bahutvanA svIkAranI sAthe emAM dhArmika sahiSNutAnI vadhu zakyatA che kharI? nirIzvaravAdI vicAradhArAmAM Izvarane saMpUrNapaNe - nakAra karavAnuM kauvata che kharuM ? .

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanano vikAsa 3. prasAra AdhArita vagIkaraNa: dharmanA prasAranA viSayane be rIte vicArI zakAya eka, enA siddhAMtanA prasArane AdhAre ane bIju enA anuyAyIonA vistaraNane AdhAre. dharmanA vikAsanA praznane samajAvatA gelavI18 jevA vicArakoe dharmane jAtidharma (Tribal Religion ), 21027447" (National Religion ) zya Cabana dharma (Universal Religion) tarIke Alekhela che. Aje aritatva dharAvatA dharmo paikInA koIne paNa jAtidharma tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya ema nathI. keTalAka evA dharmo jarUra che je kaI rASTradharmanI bhaugolika hada pUratAM ja maryAdita hoya ane bIna evA dharmo che jeno vistAra eka karatAM vadhAre rASTronI bhUmi para vistare che. ApaNe ahIMyAM je prazna vicAravAnuM che te mukhyatve karIne e che ke koI paNa eka ke vadhAre dharmane, enA bhUmi vistaraNa mAtra uparathI vizvadharma tarIke rasIkArI zakIzuM ? zuM pratyeka dharmamAM vizvasvanAM aMge aMtaHbhUta nathI? je dharmonA siddhAMtane anulakSIne A viSayanI vicAraNA karavAmAM Ave te emAM kahevuM paDe ke kayAM te jagatanA badhA ja dharmo vizvadharma che athavA te eke dharma vizvadharma nathI. oM bhaugolika vistAra, dharmanuM vizvasvarUpa nirNata karavA, lakSamAM laI zakAya nahi. kAraNa ke dharmanA bhaugolika vistArane AdhAra anivAryapaNe enA prabodhelA siddhAMtanI mahattA para AdhArita nathI, paraMtu dharma viratArano AdhAra keTalIka veLA adhArmika evAM aMgone AbhArI hoya che--jemake vyApAra, rAjakIya sattAne vistAra, kudaratI adhIne kAraNe athavA te anya kAraNosara prajAnA keTalAka bhAgonuM sthAnAMtara. pratyeka dharmanI carcA karatI veLA A bAbatone lakSamAM rAkhIne je te dharmane ke, keTale ane kyAre vistAra thayo ene khyAla ApaNe pAmI zakIzuM. paraMtu ATaluM ja nahi, keTalIka veLA te dharmaprasAranI vividha rItio paNa ajamAvavAmAM Ave che. samajayukta parivartana, (Pursuasion ) dhAkadhamakIyukta dabANa (Persecution), vaTalAva (Prosylytesation) ane lAlaca (Temptation) jevI rasamone AmAM samAveza thAya che. kayA dharmoe 8 philosepha opha rilijiyana praka. 2, pA. 88-15ra

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50. dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana AmAMnI kayI ane keTalI rasameno upayoga kayAre kayAre karyo che ene citAra je te dharmanA niSpakSabhAve AlekhAyela itihAsamAMthI prApta thaI zake ema che. 4. utpattipradeza AdhArita vagakaraNa: kayA bhaugolika pradezamAM karyo dhama utpanna thayo che enuM jJAna prApta karavA mATe je vargIkaraNa ApavAmAM Ave che e A pramANe che: dharma utpattisthAna dakSiNa eziyA pUrva eziyA pazcima eziyA 1. hiMdudharma 1. kaphaziyanadharma- 1. hibradharma 2. jainadharma 2. tAo dharma 2. jarathustadharma 3. bauddhadharma 3. zidharma 3. khristI dharma 4. zIkhadharma 4. islAma dharma pRthvInA bIjA khaMDamAM nahi paraMtu mAtra eziyAkhaMDamAM ja dharmanI utpatti kema thaI ? Aje pRthvIne ekeya khaMDa e nathI jyAM kaIne kaI dharma pravartata na hoya. pRthvInA eka khaMDamAMthI pRthvIne bIjA khaMDamAM dharmane prasAra kevI rIte thaze ? eka ja khaMDanA eka ja bhAgamAM utpanna thayelA dharmo vacce koI viziSTa prakAranuM sAmya ke koI viziSTa prakArane bheda che kharo ? je bhaugolika keMdramAM dharmanI utpatti thaI che e bhaugolika pradezanI paristhitinI dharma para kaMIka asara che kharI ? A ane AvA aneka prazna upasthita thAya che ane ene ukela zodhavA mATe dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayana tarapha vaLavuM paDe che. duniyAne itihAsa ApaNane e samajAve che ke sarva saMskRtiono strota prathama eziyAmAM-pUrvamAM pragaTayAM ane pachI vizvanA bIjA bhAgamAM prasaryo. pratyeka prajAnI saMskRtinA ghaDataramAM jema tenA dharmo phALo Ape che, tema tenA dharmanuM svarUpa, te prajAe apanAvela saMskRtie nakkI karyuM che. AthI ja kadAca pratyeka dharmanuM hAI eka samAna hovA chatAM dharmavyavahAramAM taphAvata che ane e taphAvata dharma rIti, nIti, anya AcaraNo ane vyavahAramAM daSTigocara thAya che.

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500 kadharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanano vikAsa na, utpattikALa AdhArita vagIkaraNa: - etihAsika kALakramanI daSTie jagatanA pravartamAna dharmo kayA kALe utpanna thayA tenI tavArikha nIce pramANe cheH hiMdudharma Azare 2000 Isa pU hibradharma 1500 zito dharma jarathustadharma tAodharma 104 jainadharma bauddhadharma 560 kanphayuziyanadharma 551 khristI dharma ilAmadharma 570 zIkhadharma 1479 uparanA koThA parathI e joI zakAze ke Azare pAMtrIsa varSanA gALAmAM mAnavajAtane judA judA agiyAra dharmo prApta thayA che. koIpaNa be dharmo vacce gALo ekasarakhe nathI. I. sa. pUrve 660 thI 551 sudhI, eTale lagabhaga so varSanA gALAmAM vizvanA cha jeTalA dharmonI utpatti thaI che. A eka ja sadImAM Ama kema banyuM haze ? vaLI, A cha dharmo dakSiNa eziyA, pUrva eziyA ane pazcima eziyAmAM aritatva pAmyA. emAMye dakSiNa eziyA ane pazcima eziyAmAM te anya dharmonuM. aritatva hovA chatAM A dharmo astitvamAM AvyA. Ama kema thayuM? A praznone javAba dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana keTale aMze Ape che e ApaNe jema AgaLa vadhatA jaIzuM tema mAlUma paDatuM jaze. 6. anuyAyI saMkhyA AdhArita vagIkaraNa: pratyeka dharmanA anuyAyIonI aMdAjI saMkhyAne AMkaDo meLavavAnuM kaThina che. Azare 1951 pahelAM je anuyAyI saMkhyAne AMkaDo prApta hato te nIce mujaba che. 19, 19. hyuma, varlDasa lIvIMga rilijiyansa, pA. 14.

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dhama 0 430 160 0 1 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka azcaya anuyAyI-saMkhyA (lAkhamAM) 1. khristI dharma 5570 2. kanphayuziyanadharma 2500 3. IslAmadharma 2300 4. hiMdudharma 2170 5 bauddhadharma 1 370 6. tAo dharma 7. zidharma 8. hibradharma 110 9. zIkhadharma 10. jaina dharma 10. 11. jarathustadharma uparanA koThA parathI ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke sauthI vizeSa anuyAyIsaMkhyA dharAvate dharma khristI dharma che. kALanA kramamAM khristI dharmanI AgaLa AThajudA judA dharmonI utpatti thaI ane kALAnukrame khristI dharmanuM sthAna navamuM che. Ama chatAM enuM saMkhyAbaLa ATaluM moTuM hovAnuM kAraNa zuM? ema kahevuM ke khristI dharmane vistAra vizeSa che ethI enI anuyAyI- saMkhyA paNa vizeSa che. e A praznano uttara nathI. je khriratIdharmane phelAvo vizeSa che, te te kevI rIte thaye e prazna vicAraNuM mAgI le che vaLI, A koThA uparathI ApaNe e paNa joI zakIzuM ke jagatanA keTalAka dharmonA anuyAyIonuM saMkhyAbaLa khUba ja alpa che. Ama kema? keIpaNa dharmanA siddhAMtonI tAttvikatA te dharmanI anuyAyI-saMkhyAne AdhAre thaI na zake e samajavuM sahela che. Ama chatAM, je pratyeka dharmanI dara pAMca ke daza varSanA gALAnA samayanI palaTAtI anuyAyInI saMkhyAnA AMkaDA jo prApta thaI zake te A dizAmAM saMzodhana thaI zakavAnI saMbhavitatA rahe che. koIpaNa eka dharma mATenI anuyAyI saMkhyA satata vadhatI ja rahetI hoya, keI eka dharmanI anuyAyIsaMkhyA satata ghaTatI ja rahetI hoya, athavA kaI eka dharmanI anuyAyI saMkhyA vadhatI-ghaTatI rahetI hoya te ene AnuSaMgika bIjAM aMgonI ane paristhitinI mojaNI karavAthI, saMbhavataH dharmanA siddhAMtanI tAttvikatA aMge tema ja tenA vyavahAramAM thatA viniyoga aMge, kaMIka jJAna prApta karI zakAya. paraMtu jyAM sudhI

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dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanano vikAsa 53 A keI AdhAra prApta na thAya tyAM sudhI A dvArA ApaNe mATe aNakhulyuM che e rIte ja AgaLa vadhavuM rahyuM. 7. itihAsakALa AdhArita vargIkaraNa : utpattikALa AdhArita dharmonuM vargIkaraNa ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. ahIMyAM ApaNe dharmonuM ItihAsakALa AdhArita vagIkaraNa joIe. koIpaNa dharmane "utpattikALa lagabhaga nizcita che. paraMtu je te dharmanI utpatti pachI itihAsanA kALapravAhamAM je te dharmanA kevA palaTA thayA che, enA svarUpamAM kevuM parivartana thayuM che, emAMthI kyA navA dharmo nIpajyA che, emAM kayA ane kevA prakAranA saMpradAyo upasthita thayA che, e AdhAre dharmonuM vargIkaraNa karavAmAM Ave, te lagabhaga pratyeka dharma mATe ema kahI zakAya ke tenuM utpattikALanuM mULa svarUpa ane tenuM palaTAyeluM parivartanazIla svarUpa alaga che. pratyeka dharma eka evI prakriyAmAMthI pasAra thAya che jemAM udabodhAyela dharmanI sAme haLa ke pracaMDa virodha uThAvavAmAM Ave che, ane virodha jo ati pracaMDa hoya che emAMthI eka navo dharma nIpaje che. jainadharma ane bauddhadharmanI utpatti hiMdudharma sAmenA pracaMDa virodhamAMthI thayelI che. e ja pramANe hibradharma sAmenA pracaMDa virodhamAMthI khristI dharmanI utpatti thayelI che. paraMtu jyAre mULa dharma ke parivartanazIla dharmanI sAme baLa haLavA prakAra hoya te emAMthI ja e dharmanI aMdara bIje dharma-saMpradAya upasthita thAya che. A rIte hiMdudharmanI aMdara zivamArga ane viSNumArganA be mukhya saMpradAyo upasthita thayA. zivamArga saMpradAyanA vaLI vividha saMpradAye te upasthita thayA ane e ja pramANe vaiSNava saMpradAyanA paNa aneka phAMTAo paDyA. lagabhaga pratyeka dharmane mATe A sAcuM che ane Aje vizvane ekeya dharma evo nathI jemAM be ke tethI vadhAre saMpradAye na heya. itihAsanA kALapravAhamAM zuM amuka eka nizcita sadImAM ja vividha dharmomAM A prakAranA virodha jAgyA che ? e mATenA kyAM atihAsika kAraNo saMbhavI zake? je je te dharmanI sAme virodha, itihAsakALamAM samUhagata rIte koI eka cokkasa samayamaryAdAmAM nahi, paraMtu jude jude samaye thaye heya te e judA jula samayanuM etihAsika mUlyAMkana ekasarakhuM che kharuM ?

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vibhAga 2 pravartamAna dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA

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pravezaka ApaNe AgaLa joyuM ke dharmanI tulanAtmaka adhyayananI pUrvataiyArIrUpe amuka mAnasika valaNa akhatyAra karavA uparAMta pratyeka dharmanI jANakArI paNa Avazyaka che. ahIMyAM A vibhAgamAM ApaNo prayAsa pratyeka dharma aMge, banI zake eTalI mAhitI prApta karavAno raheze. koIpaNa dharmanA mUlyAMkananI dRSTie dharmanA utpattikALanA svarUpanA khyAla karatAM tenA vikasela svarUpane khyAla kare agatyano bane che. AthI pratyeka dharmanuM svarUpa yogya rIte pAmI zakAya ane tenA siddhAti, rUDhi tathA vyavahAra aMge mUlyAMkana thaI zake e mATe ApaNe pratyeka dharmanA atihAsika vikAsanI rajUAta karavA prayAsa karIzuM. A uparAMta ApaNe vibhAga ekamAM upasthita karelA keTalAka prazno aMge ullekha paNa je te dharmanI rajUAta veLA karavAne prayAsa karIzuM. jethI trIjA vibhAgamAM e prazno aMgenI, vividha dharmone anulakSIne tulanAtmaka samIkSA thaI zake. A uparAMta je te dharmanI carcA karatI vakhate dharmanA mahatvanAM aMge jevAM ke Izvarane khyAla, mAnava-jIvanuM svarUpa, sRSTinuM svarUpa, jIvAtmAnuM aMtima lakSya, jIvanennatinA mArgo, nIti ane AcAra, pApa ane puNya, svarga ane narka, mukti ane zikSA, martatva ane amaratva, vyakti svAtaMtrya ane aniSTa, jIva ane Izvarane saMbaMdha, Izvara ane sRSTine saMbaMdha, karma ane nyAya, yajJa ane kriyAkAMDa, samAjavyavarathA ane vyakti-jIvanavyavasthA, pApa ane prAyazcitta, dharmavyavasthA, dharmasaMpradAya, avatAra vagere vividha praznone AvaravAnA raheze.

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58 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A vibhAgamAM ApaNe vizvanA pravartamAna nIcenA agiyAra dharmonI rajUAta karIzuM 1. hiMdudharma 7. bauddhadharma 2. hibradharma 8. zioNdharma 3. jarathustadharma 9. khristI dharma 4. kanphayuziyana dharma 10. IslAmadharma 5. tAo dharma 11. zIkha dharma 6. janadharma A uparAMta jagatanA vilIna thayelA dharmone saMkSipta khyAla ApavAne paNa prayAsa karIzuM. ApaNI paddhati A vibhAgamAM pravartamAna dharmonI rajUAta karatI veLA niSpakSa rIte pratyeka dharmanI rajUAta karavAne ApaNe prayAsa raheze. pratyeka dharmane vize upalabdha sarva mAhitI ApavAnuM zakya nathI tema ja jarUrI paNa nathI. je dharma sAthe A pustakane vAMcakavarga vadhu paricita hovAno saMbhava che emane lakSamAM rAkhIne hiMdudharmanI vistRta vicAraNA eka namUnArUpe karIzuM. hiMdudharmanI ethIye vizeSa vicAraNuM ghaNuya lekhakoe karI che. ApaNe prayAsa te. hiMdudharmanAM vividha aMgone sAMkaLIne enI eka namUnArUpa vistRta rajUAta karavAnuM che. pratyeka dharmanI AvI rajuAta, pustakanI kada-maryAdAmAM rahIne karavI zakaya nathI. jo ke pratyeka dharmane mATe AvI ane ethIye vistRta rajUAta zakaya che. ApaNe AgaLa e kheMcyuM che ke dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana thaI zake enI eka pUrvazarata pratyeka dharma vizenI jANakArI che. AvI jANakArI prApta karavAne A vibhAgane prayAsa che. Ama chatAM, pratyeka dharmanAM vividha aMgenI rajUAta karatI vakhate anya dharmonA evAM samAna ke viparIta aMgone ullekha paNa karIzuM.. paraMtu A vibhAgamAM AvA ulekhathI vizeSa pAmI zakAya nahi chatAM, A pachInA trIjA vibhAgamAM je tulanAtmaka vicAraNA hAtha dharavAnI che enAM sUcana ane pUrvataiyArI AvA ullekhamAM thaI rahe che. AthI, A vibhAgamAM hiMdudharmanI vistRta rajUAta karyA pachI, anya dharmonI rajUAta vakhate, saMbhavita tulanAne khyAla pAmI zakAze, tema ja e mATenuM dRSTibiMdu paNa prApta thaze. A vibhAganI agatya emAM rahelI che.

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hiMdudharma 1, sAmAnya : hiMdudharmane uparachalle abhyAsa karanArA keTalAka avelekanakAre hiMdudharmane aMdhamAnyatAo, virodhAbhAsa ane pUrvagrahanA zaMbhumeLA tarIke varNave che. emanI AvI mAnyatAnuM eka kAraNa e che ke hiMdudharma koIpaNa eka avatAra ke payagaMbaranI vANI para AdhArita nathI. pratyeka dharmanI jema hiMdudharma paNa. savizeSe sadAya vahetA pravAha je rahyo che. koI avatAra ke payagaMbaranAM vacana para AdhArita na hovAne kAraNe emAM aneka vyaktioe saMta tarIke, daSTA tarIke, sudhAraka tarIke, vicAraka tarIke, tattvajJa tarIke phALo Apyo che. emane A phALe, mAtra bauddhika stare maLe che ema nathI, paraMtu e emanA naitika ane dhArmika anubhavo para paNa AdhArita che. AvA vividha anubhave, je sAhitya kRtiomAM kaMDArAyela paDayA che te, badhA ja hiMdudharmanA AdhAra samA che. AmAM nIcenAno samAveza karI zakAya ? vede, brAhmaNo, upaniSada, smRti, gItA, purANo ane darzana. Ama chatAM, keTalAka mAtra veda AdhArita dharmane hiMdudharma tarIke oLakhAve che ane enA ravarUpanI spaSTatAne mATe ene "vaidikadharma" evuM nAma Ape che. keTalAka vicArake veda,. upaniSada ane bhagavadgItAne hiMdudharmanA AdhAra tarIke ravIkAre che ane e traNene

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prasthAnatrayI tarIke oLakhAve che. hiMdudharmanA vikasela svarUpanA khyAla mujaba eka sAmAnya mata eve pravarte che ke upara darzAvelI badhI ja kRtio hiMdudharmanA AdhAra samAna che. 2. etihAsika : raveda (I. sa. pUrve 2000) : vedano artha thAya che jJAna. AvA cAra veda svIkArAyA che. 1. RgvadaH AmAM vividha RcAo athavA prArthanAo ApavAmAM Avela che. 2. yajurvedaH A vedamAM keTalIka pavitra rItio rajU karavAmAM AvI che. 3. sAmaveda : A veda mukhyatve kAvyamaya che. 4. atharvavedaH A vedamAM mukhyatve karIne jAdunAM vividha sUtre rajU thayela che. sarva vedamAM RvedanuM sthAna mahattvanuM che. e veda sauthI purANo che eTalA mATe ja nahi, paraMtu emAM eka viziSTa prakArane dharma AlekhAya che e mATe. RvedanI RcAo peDhI-darapeDhI pasAra thatI rahI che. A vedanA dharmamAM mukhyatve karIne sRSTi athavA prakRti-pUjAno samAveza thAya che. sUrya, caMdra, AkAza, vAyu, pRthvI, agni, AtmA vagere jevAM 76 dravyonI A vedamAM prArthanA karavAmAM AvI che. A ja vedamAM indrane varasAdanA deva tarIke ane varuNane AkAzanA deva tarIke rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. gAyatrI maMtra damAM apAyela che. A kALanA dharmanuM svarUpa mukhyatve prakRti-pUjAnuM rahyuM che. . brAhmaNe (I. sa. pU. 1000-800) : A kALamAM yajJanI bhAvanAne vikAsa thayo ane brAhmaNoe yone ghaNuM mahatva ApyuM. A kALanA dharmanuM mukhya svarUpa yajJAtmaka rahyuM che. ema kahI zakAya ke A kALamAM hiMdudharma mukhyatve karIne rUDhigata dharmanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karI rahyo hato. bAhyAcArane vizeSa mahatva apAyuM ane AMtarika zuddhi vize durlakSa sevAyuM. dharma je vyaktinuM hArda hovuM joIe, teNe bAhyAcAranuM sthAna lIdhuM. , upaniSada (I. sa. pU. 800-600) : upaniSadomAM prabaMdhAyela hiMdudharmanuM svarUpa brAhmaNomAM apAyela enA 1. OM bhUrbhuvaH svaH OM tatsaviturvareNyam bhargo devasya dhImahI dhIyoyonaH grothAt ( veda, 362-10 ) . . . .

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hiMdudharma 61 varUpathI juduM che. veda ane brAhmaNomAM brahmane artha prArthanAzabda ke zuddha jJAna tarIke ghaTAvavAmAM AvatuM, paraMtu upaniSadamAM brahmane artha "sta " tarIke ghaTAvavAmAM Avyo che. AthI A kALanA hiMdudharmanuM svarUpa mukhyatve karIne tAtvika rahyuM che. AnA eka sAdA udAharaNa tarIke upaniSadanA be mahAna vAkayone ullekha karI zakAya. guru ziSyane kahe che "tata vAn -tuM te che." A "tuM" ane "te 'nuM mAtra astitva rajU kare che eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu "te be' vaccenI ekarUpatA pradarzita kare che. uparAMta, te baMnenuM sAcuM svarUpa zuM che te jANavAno ziSyane IzAro karI e dizAmAM enA pagaraNa maMDAvo Ape che. pitAnA abhyAsa, ciMtana ane anubhavane AdhAre ziSya e baMne padano saMpUrNa artha samaje che ane jyAre te gurupadanI dhArmika anubhUti meLave che tyAre ziSya kahe che : "bahuM trahmAstra--huM brahma chuM.' - jJAna ane anubhavanI prApti mATenuM dizAsUcana e gurunuM kartavya, ane sUcavAyelI dizAmAM AgaLa vadhI anubhavayukta jJAnanI prApti e ziSyanuM kartavya.. hiMdudharmanI vikAsa keDIe upaniSadoe haMmezA ene gati ApI che. dha. smRti : atyAra sudhInA dharmanuM svarUpa kayAM te prakRti-pUjA ke yajJavidhi ke. tattvajJAna prApti hatuM. te A kALanA hiMdudharmanuM svarUpa mukhyatve nItimaya che AmAM khAsa karIne manusmRti(I. sa. pU. 250)ne ullekha karI zakAya. mRtimAM mukhyatve AcaraNanA praznonI carcA thayelI jovAmAM Ave che ane enI rajUAta Adeza ke niSedhanA prakAranI hoya che. emAM keTalIka veLA vyavahAra, tyAga ane prAyazcitta jevA prazno aMge paNa nirdeza thayo che. mRtimAM khAsa karIne te vyaktigata jIvanavyavarathA ane sAmAjika jIvanavyavasthAnA siddhAMta tarIke anukrame cAra Azrame ane cAra varNonI rajUAta thaI che. A uparAMta brAhmaNa varga, maMdira, khAnapAna, mUrtipUjA vagere vividha viSayo aMge paNa carcA thaI che. bhagavadgItA : mAnavajIvanamAM tyAganuM mahattva gItAe suMdara rIte AlekhyuM che. "tArI pharaja kArya karavAnI che, enuM phaLa prApta karavAnI nahi ne Adeza ApIne gItA mAnavajIvanane eka UMcA stare mUke che.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana samarAMgaNamAM be virodhI pakSe khelAtA yuddhamAM pratyeka pakSane sainika bIjA pakSanAM sainika ane zastrone saMhAra karavAne haMmezA tatpara rahe che. enI A pharajanuM pAlana karatI vakhate e nathI jANatuM ke vijaya enA pakSane thaze ke sAmA pakSane. e, e paNa jANatA nathI ke vijaya ke vinAza Ave tyAre pote emAM hirasAdAra thaze ke kema ? mAtra pharajanA khyAlathI prerAIne, pariNAmanI paravA karyA vinA, satata kAryarata rahevAnuM sainika sivAyanuM bIja sacoTa udAharaNa kyAM maLe? AthI ja kadAca gItAne mahattvane baMdha raNamedAnamAM apAya che. " phalarahita kartavyanA Adeza ApavA uparAMta gItA IzvaranA svarUpa vize ane AtmAnA svarUpa vize paNa spaSTa rajUAta kare che. gItAkAra kahe che: "mAre vAsa svargamAMya nathI tema ja gInA hRdayamAM paNa nathI, paraMtu jyAM jyAM mArA bhakto anurAga vaDe mAruM gIta gAya che tyAM huM chuM ? e ja pramANe AtmAnA svarUpa vize gItAkAra kahe che: "koIpaNa mAnavI koIne haNa nathI tema ja kadApi keIthI haNAtuM nathI. AtmA pite kadI paNa janmato nathI ane kadIye mRtyu pAmatuM nathI. koIpaNu zastro ene saMhAra karI - zakatA nathI tema ja agni ene bALI zakatuM nathI, pANI ane bhIMjavI zakatuM nathI tema ja pavana ene sUkavI zake ema nathI.3 Izvara pite enA bhakto jyAM enuM gANuM gAya tyAM pratyakSa hAI, bhaktanA AtmAnuM svarUpa rajU karI bhaktanI paDakhe pite sadAyane mATe rahe che e sUcavatA gItAkAra kahe che : nyAyIne sahAya karavA, niSpharane saMhAra karavA ane dharmanI punaH sthApanA mATe huM avatAra dhAraNa karuM chuM Ama, e joI zakAze ke A kALanuM hiMdudharmanuM svarUpa mukhyatve bhaktimaya che. ananyabhAve IzvaranI bhakti dvArA enI sAthe tAdAbhya siddha karavAnI ekamAtra laganI, enA dvArA kartavyapAlananA apAyela AdezanuM phalaprAptinI IcchA vinAnuM saMpUrNa pAlana e A kALanA dharmanuM hArda rahyuM che. pratyeka dharmamAM bhaktine aMza anivAryapaNe avalokavAmAM Ave che. vyakti ane Izvara vacceno bheda davAmAM dharma jeTale aMze saphaLa thAya, teTale ja aMze 2. bhagavadgItA 9: 21, 31 3. e ja 2:19-25 4. e ja 4.8

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hiMdudharma dharma vadhu svIkArya banI zake. A sAmAnya kathana vizvanA badhA ja dharmane ekadhArI rIte lAgu pADI zakAya. che. ziva-viSNu saMpradAya : IvIsananI zarUAtanI pAMca sadImAM hiMdudharmanA mukhyatve be saMpradAye astitvamAM AvyA. 4. vaiSNava saMpradAya : sRSTinA sarjaka Izvara che ema mAnanAra saMpradAya. 2. zivadharma : sRSTinA saMhAraka mahAdeva ziva che. A be saMpradAyanI vacce samanvayakArI eka valaNa hiMdudharmamAM AkAra pAmyuM ane eNe Izvarane trividha zaktinA traNa prakAre darzana karAvavA prayAsa karyo. brahmAne sRSTinA sarjaka tarIke, viSNune sRSTinA saMcAlanakAra tarIke ane mahezane sRSTinA pralayakAra tarIke AlekhavAmAM AvyA. Ama, brahmA, viSNu ane mahezanI trimUtino khyAla rajU karAyA. 3. sudhArAvAdI prayAsa : lagabhaga I. sa. pU. ra000thI hiMdudharmanA svarUpamAM je parivartana thayuM ene Acho khyAla ApaNane uparanI carcAmAMthI maLaze. paraMtu kALanA pravAhamAM hiMdudharmanA palaTAtA svarUpanA darzanamAM ApaNe hiMdudharmamAM thayelA sudhArAvAdI prayAsone avalehyA nathI. I. sa. pU. 557thI AvA prayAsanI zarUAta thaI AjaparyaMta AvA prayAso jArI rahyA che. AvA agatyanA prayAsonI rajUAta ApaNe ahIMyAM karIe. ja vardhamAna (I. sa. pUrve 557) : mahAvIra eka hiMdu kSatriya rAjAne tyAM janmyA hatA. tatkAlIna hiMdudharma tarapha emane tIvra asaMtoSa hato. A asaMtoSanAM kAraNemAM mukhyatve te brAhmaNonI ApakhudI hatI. A ApakhudI thavAnuM eka kAraNa e hatuM ke dharmazAstranAM pustake saMskRtamAM hatAM ane AmajanasamudAya saMrakRta bhASA samajI na zakate hevAne pariNAme brAhmaNanuM vacana emane mana zAstravacana gaNAtu. brAhmaNa pitAnAM vacane e rIte svIkArAya ema karavA mathatA. A uparAMta hiMdudharmanA ya mAM jIvatAM prANIonA bali ApavAmAM AvatA. AnI sAme paNa vadhu mAnane asaMtoSa hato. A saghaLA asaMtoSamAMthI hiMdudharma sAme emane virodha rajU thayo. tatkAlIna hidusamAja emaNe IcchelA sudhArAone svIkAra karI zake ema na

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hoI pite eka navA dharmanI sthApanA karI. pitAnI jAta upara tapa dvArA viziSTa, prakAranI vIratvabharI siddhi prApta karanAra tarIke vardhamAna "mahAvIra' tarIke oLakhAyA ane emaNe rathApele dharma_janadharma tarIke oLakhAye. navA upasthita thayelA jainadharma ane hiMdudharmanA dIrghakAlIna sahaastitvane lIdhe arasaparasanI zI asara thaI enI vicAraNuM ApaNe AgaLa upara hAtha dharIzuM. 4. gautama vardhamAnanI jema gautama paNa hiMdu kSatriya rAjAne tyAM janmyA hatA emanA bALapaNa aMgenI aneka vAto pracalita che. emanA jIvananA mahAbhiniSkramaNa pachIne palaTI khUba mahatvanuM che. hiMdudharmanA pracalita svarUpanA nikaTa paricayamAMthI emane hiMdudharma mATe asaMtoSa utpanna thayo. emanA asaMtoSanAM mukhya kAraNomAM peDhI dara peDhI cAlI AvatI varNavyavasthA hatI varNavyavasthA sAme emane asaMteSa tIvra hato. te samayanA patana pAmelA geravarganA vartane emanA asaMtoSanI tIvratAmAM vadhAro karyo. yajJamAM je prakAre balio ApavAmAM AvatA ane yajJanA nAme temaja ahika tathA pAralaukika siddhinI prAptine mATe pazuvadhathI gautamane saMvedanazIla AtmA dravI UThayo. emaNe ema paNa samajAvyuM ke A badhAM aniSTonuM eka kAraNa e paNa kharuM ke hiMdudharmanAM zAstro saMskRta bhASAmAM lakhAyela hoI sAmAnya janasamudAyane e baMdha-pustaka samAna hatA. A badhAM kAraNone lIdhe emaNe paNa hiMdudharmanI sAme potAne vidha. spaSTa karyo. A uparAMta gRhatyAga pachInA emanA vividha jIvana-anubhae emane je kaMI darzana lAdhyuM e badhuMye emaNe emanA vaktavyamAM rajU karyuM. tatkAlIna hiMdusamAjane buddhanA vicAre aravIkArya mAlUma paDayA, ethI eka navA dharmane udaya thaye, ane buddhanA nAma uparathI e dharma bauddhadharma tarIke oLakhAyo. paraMtu kALAnukrame bauddhadharmanA keTalAka sArA aMze hiMdudharmamAM aMgIkAra, pAmyA ane ethI hiMdudharma samRddha paNa bane. paraMtu e navA ravarUpane dharma bauddhadharmapaMthamAM vaLelA hiMduone AkarI zakyo ane ethI bhAratamAMthI dhIme dhIme bauddhadharma lagabhaga adazya thaye. AthI ja kadAca DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana kahe che? bhrAtRbhAvabharyA AliMganathI hiMdudharme bauddhadharmane vinAza karyo." 5. inDiyana philasophI, dhI yUraheDa lAIbrerI opha philosophI, 1941, pra tha 1, praka 10, . . . . .' ' ' -

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65 hiMdudharma rAmAnuja (I. sa. 1200) : , rAmAnujane janma eka brAhmaNane ghera thayo hato. upaniSada ane zrImabhagavadgItA upara rAmAnuje bhASya lakhyA che. rAmAnuja pote varNAzramanI viruddha hatA ane ethI emaNe emanuM vaktavya badhA ja hiMduo samakSa rajU karyuM. zaMkarAcAryanA parabrahma-nirIzvaravAdanI sAme rAmAnujAcArye e mata pracalita karyo ke Izvarane eka daivI zarIra che. Ama, rAmAnujAcAryane mata viziSTAdvaita tarIke oLakhAvA lAge. 0 guru nAnaka (I. sa. 1469-1538) : nAnakane janma eka hiMdu vaizyane tyAM thayo hato. temane uchera hiMdudharmamAM thayela hovA chatAM emanA vicAra ane jIvana para iralAmanI asara jovA maLe che. AthI emaNe ema zIkhavyuM ke prabhu mAtra eka ja che ane ethI hiMdu ane musalamAnane Izvara alaga alaga na hoI zake. Ama, Izvara-ekatvanA badhamAMthI zIkhadharma utpanna thayo. 4 citanya (I. sa. 1485-1527) : cetanya janme hiMdu vaiSNava hatA. teo hiMdudharmanA varNAzramanA khyAlanI viruddha hatA ane ema mAnatA ke IzvaranI samakSa badhA ja manuSya sarakhA che. paraMtu A prakAranI sarva samAnatA prabodhavA uparAMta emaNe e paNa zIkhavyuM ke bhakti e ja mAtra IzvaraprAptino eka bhAga che. pite sAmAjika sudhArA paNa sUcavyA ane emAM mukhyatve vidhavAvivAhano pracAra karyo. Aje, jyAre eka sAmAnya hiMdu A vicAra pratye aNagama dharAve che, tyAre AjathI 500 varSa pUrve cetaje A vicAra rajU karyo, tethI teo keTalA sudhArAvAdI haze enI kalpanA karavI zakya che. che. kabIra (I. sa. 1488 thI 1512) : kabIra pate rahasyavAdI kavi hatA. eka rahasyavAdI tarIke Izvara sAthe tAdAtmabharyuM jIvana emaNe prabodhyuM. emanA ghaNAMkharAM kAvya zIkhadharmanA dharmagraMtha "graMthasAheba'mAM sthAna pAmyA che. rItarivAja ane rUDhine bAjue rAkhI, bAhyAcArane tarachoDI Izvara tallInatA ane IzvaramayatAnA mArganuM sUcana kabIre karyuM. emane nAme kabIrapaMtha nAmanI eka alAyadI dharma zAkhA hiMdudharmamAM sthAna dharAve che. dharma 5

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ga, tulasIdAsa (I. sa. 1532-632) : hiMdu purANamAM rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhAratanuM sthAna anokhuM che. tulasIdAsa pite rAmabhakta hatA ane rAmanI kathA ghera ghera pahoMce e mATe emaNe vAlmIki kRta rAmAyaNane hiMdI bhASAdeha Ape. tene tulasI rAmAyaNa tarIke bhAratanI AmajanatAe svIkAra karyo. mahAvIra ane buddha, hiMdudharma sAme je asaMtoSa vyakta karele ke tenAM zAstra saMskRta bhASAmAM lakhAyelA hoI lekabhogya nathI te ja pariNAma temaNe pote anukrame prAkRta ane pAlI bhASAmAM Apela dharmagraMtha vize paNa AvyuM. kAraNa ke, e bhASA paNa le gya rahI nahIM. tulasIdAse badhA dharmagraMthamAMthI rAmAyaNanI pasaMdagI karI tene hiMdadeha ApI ene AmajanatA sudhI pahoMcADI lokabhogya banAvyuM. nirakSara evA aneka loko paNa tulasIkRta rAmAyaNanI pAIbalavA lAgyA. prajAnA ghaDataramAM, emanA saMgaThanamAM, emanAmAM ekatvanI bhAvanA saMcita karavAmAM yogya bhASAmAM yogya rIte rajU thayela dharmagraMtha keTaluM mahattvano phALo ApI zake ema che enuM tulasIkRta rAmAyaNa eka jIvaMta udAharaNa che. za, dAdu (I. sa. 1600) : nAnaka ane kabIranI jema dAdue paNa ekezvaravAdane prAdhAnya ApyuM. paraMtu emaNe mukhyatve karIne Izvara ane enA avatAre aMgenI savizeSa carcA karI. emanA vaktavya para AdhArita dAdupaMtha nAmane eka saMpradAya hiMdudharmamAM sthAna dharAve che. 4. Adhunika sudhArAvAdI prayAsa : hiMdudharma e keTale cetanavaMta ane jIvaMta che, tema ja enA svarUpanuM vizleSaNa jude jude kALe zI rIte thatuM rahyuM che, ane ene pariNAme emAM kevuM parivartana AvI rahyuM che ene, AgaLa rajU karelI vigato parathI, khyAla AvI zakaze. paraMtu, AvA prayAsa aviratapaNe cAlu ja rahyA che. ahIMyAM ApaNe Adhunika samayamAM thayelA AvA prayAsane ekasAthe sAMkaLavAno prayAsa karIe. ja rAjA rAmamohana rAya (I.sa. 1928) : rAjA rAmamohana rAya baMgALanA eka brAhmaNa kuTuMbamAM janmyA hatA. upaniSadanuM aMgrejImAM sarvaprathama bhASAMtara emaNe karyuM ane pUrvanI vidvatA ane vicAra

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hiMdudharma dhArAnAM dvAra emaNe pazcimI jagata mATe khullA karyA. paraMtu te sAthe ja pazcimI jagatane prabhAva bhAratavAsI paNa pAmI zake e rIte emaNe khristI dharmanA praNetA vize paNa aMgrejImAM eka pustaka lakhyuM. teo khristIdharmathI khUba ja prabhAvita thayA hatA. hiMdudharmamAM pracalita keTalAMka duSaNo sAme emaNe lAlabattI dharavA prayAsa karyo. hiMdudharmamAM pracalita mUrti pUjA, anekezvaravAda, tema ja sAmAjikakSetre pravartatA aniSTo jevA ke satIprathA, pharajiyAta vaidhavya, bahupatnItva, sajajaDa varNAzramanI sAme paNa emaNe prahAro karyA ane rASTrIya tema ja dhArmika saMgaThananA abhAva para emaNe duHkha vyakta karyuM. paraMtu mAtra ATalAthI ja na aTakatAM pariNAme I. sa. 1828mAM emaNe brahmosamAjanI sthApanA karI. rA, Do. AtmArAma pAMDuraMga (I.sa. 1867) : pUrva bhAratamAM je prayatna rAjA rAmamohana rAye karyo, lagabhaga e ja prayatna DaoN. pAMDuraMge pazcima bhAratamAM karyo. . pAMDuraMge mukhyatve karIne IzvaranI bhakti ane samAja sevAno bedha Ape. sAce dharma samAja abhimukha hovo joIe ane samAjathI vimukha na hovo joIe enuM suMdara Alekhana Do. pAMDuraMga ApyuM. . dayAnaMda sarasvatI (I. sa. 1875) : hiMdudharmano kharo AdhAra mAtra vede ja che, veda apauruSeya che ane veda zabdonI sattA aMtima che evI rajUAta svAmI dayAnaMda sarasvatIe emanA mahatvanA pustakamAM karI che. svAmI dayAnaMde hiMdudharmane mAtra vedo para AdhArita karyo, ethI ene vididharma tarIke paNa oLakhAvAya che. emaNe emanA matapracAra mATe je saMsthA sthApI e AryasamAja tarIke oLakhAya che. 6. dhI meseja oNpha jisasa, dhI ve oNpha pIsa enDa hepInesa. 7. satyArtha-prakAza. A. zrI vijaya prema suya sUrIzvarajI je rUAna maMdira

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ene dUra karavAne svAmI dayAnaMdane prayAsa hato. AmAM mukhyatve karIne hiMdudharmamAM pravezela mUrtipUjA ane varNavyavasthA aMge emaNe sabaLa virodha karyo. brahmosamAja ane prArthanAsamAjane mukAbale AryasamAja hiMdudharma punarutthAnanuM kArya nirALI rIte karavA prayatnazIla che te ahIMyAM rajU karelI TUMkI hakIkato parathI spaSTa thaI zakaze. tha, mahAtmA gAMdhI (I.sa. 1948): rAjakIyakSetre bhAratane netAgIrI apa rASTrane rAjakIya sArvabhaumatva apAvanAra rASTrapitA mahAtmA gAMdhInI dRSTi rAjakIya sArvabhaumatva pUratI ja maryAdita na hatI. vyaktigata sArvabhaumatva ane samAjanuM dhArmika sArvabhaumatva emane mana mahattvanA hatA. jIvanane pAya ane kendra dharma che ema emaNe niHzaMpUNe. svIkAryuM ane sAthe ja vyaktigata, sAmAjika, rASTrIya ke AMtararASTrIya ghaDatara e dRSTi anusAra ja thaI zake ema emaNe zIkhavyuM. A vizALa dRSTinI phalamAM hiMdudharmanA khoTAM svarUpe svIkArya na banI zake e sAva svAbhAvika che ane ethI gAMdhIjIe dhArmika tema ja sAmAjika kSetramAM aneka sudhArAo sUcavyA, karyA ane karAvaDAvyA. gAMdhIjInA vicAromAMthI kaI samanvayakArI dRSTi prApta thAya che enI carcA anyatra karIzuM. dharmasudhAraNAnA hiMdudharmanA ItihAsamAM karavAmAM AvelA vividha sarva prayAsane ahIMyAM samAveza karyo che evo dAvo nathI. je prayAsone ahIMyAM samAvavAmAM AvyA nathI evA keTalAkane dharmasudhAraNAnA nahi paraMtu dharmapracAranA. prayAso tarIke lekhI zakAya. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM ravAmInArAyaNa "saMpradAyane TAMkI zakAya. A badhA prayAsonuM pariNAma zuM ? e te spaSTa thaze ke je dharmamAM satata vicAraNA cAlI rahI hoya, ane jyAM matabheda upasthita thatA hoya, emAMthI koI samanvaya sAdhavAnA prayatno thatA hoya, e dharma gatizIla dharma rahe che ema te. jarUra kahI zakAya. kadAcita A ja kAraNathI hiMdudharma jagatane sauthI jUno dharma hovA chatAM ATalAM varSothI TakI rahyo che ane Adhunika samAjanA keTalAka praznonA ukelarUpa rahyo che. eka vahetA pravAhamAM bIjo pravAha maLe tyAre pravAhanA pANIne raMga ghaDIbhara palTAya, tema hiMdudharmane raMga kadIka kadIka palaTAyeluM jovA maLe che khare...

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hiMdudharma paraMtu jema pravAha AgaLa vadhe che tema ene raMga pharI pAcho pUrvavata thAya che; tema parivartanazIlatAmAM hiMdudhameM enI zAzvatatA tarachoDI nathI. e zAzvatatA kaI? enI vicAraNA have ApaNe hAtha dharIe. daramyAnamAM eTaluM nedhI laIe ke sudhArAvAdI prayatnoe je hiMdudharmamAM saMpradAya sthApyA che, hiMdudharmamAMthI navA dharmonI utpatti karI che, te sAthe eTaluM paNa kharuM ke e badhAe ekAMkI ane samagra rIte hiMdudharmane navuM joma, navI dizA ane navI daSTi paNa apa che. 5. hiMdudharmanuM hArda : vedathI zarU karI Adhunika samaya sudhInA hiMdudharmanA pravAhanuM tAratamya kADhI ene mAtra eka ke be muddAmAM rajU karavuM hoya te te nIcenA be vidhAnamAM thaI zake. 4. hiMdudharma eka sarvavyApI AdhyAtmika tavane ravIkAra kare che. rA. hiMdudharma ema mAne che ke A tatvanI sAthe ekatva (aikaya) pAmI zakAya che. ja sarvavyApI eka AdhyAtmika tAva : hiMdudharmanI sAme ghaNI veLA evo AkSepa karavAmAM Ave che ke te Izvarabahuta svIkAre che. eka rIte A sAcuM hovA chatAM ene svIkAra saMpUrNa satya tarIke thaI zake nahi. vizvanuM cAlaka tava tArkika dRSTie eka ja hoI zake e bAbata svIkAravA chatAM enA svarUpanI bhinnatA paNa eTalI ja svIkArya che. - koIpaNa dharmanI jema, hiMdudharma paNa A paramatatvane AdhyAtmika svarUpanA tattva tarIke svIkAre che. A eka ja tattva sarvane AdhAra ane mULa che.' veda kahe che tema paramatattava hovA chatAM leke ene vividha nAme saMbodhe che. paramatatva sAthe tAdAo zakya che : paramatattvanA ekatvane svIkAra dharmanI jema tavajJAnanI keTalIka paddhatio paNa kare che. paraMtu e baMnemAM mahattvane bheda e tatvanA svarUpa vize tathA e -tatvanI sAthenA tAdAmya vizenA vicAromAM raheluM che. dhama pite eka evI prakriyA che je mAnavamAM sukha rahela daivItavane enI 8. ekam sada viprA bahudhA vadanti __ agnim yamam mAtavarezvAnabhAh / 8. ve. 1.164.46

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LO dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. cetanAnI sapATIe lAvIne enA vizeSa AdhyAtmika utkarSa mATe mArga cIMdhe che. Ama, daihikajIvananAM baMdhane ane ene kAraNe upasthita thatAM duHkhonI uparavaTa javAne dharma eka mArga bane che. dharmanA A mArge prayANa karI vyakti e avarathAne prApta kare che, jene sAmAnya rIte muktAvarathA tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. keTalAka dharmone mATe A avasthA duHkhanI samAptimAM paripUrNa thAya che, keTalAkane mATe A avasthA daihika jarUriyAtanA zamanamAM samApta thAya che, keTalAkane. mATe IzvaranA AdezanuM pAlana karavAmAM ja A avasthA samAyelI che. hiMdudharma mATe muktAvasthA e jIvanI evI avasthA che, jyAre e sRSTimAM jIvatA hovA chatAM e sRSTine jIva nathI, enuM saMmilana AdhyAtmika ta sAthe thayeluM hoya che. hiMdudharmanuM aMtima lakSya paramatatva sAthenuM saMmilana, tenI sAthe jIvanI tAdAmyatA, jIva-brahmanI ekarUpatAmAM samAya che. A aMtima avasthAnI prApti mATe hiMdudhame je mArgo prajyA che e mAnavamananA manovaijJAnika vibhAgIkaraNa para AdhArita che. A dRSTie hiMdudharma karmayoga, bhaktiyoga ane jJAnaganA vividha mArgo uparAMta dhyAnayoga ane chevaTe zrI araviMde prabodhela pUrNAganA vividha mArgo sUcave che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke hiMdudharmanuM hArda sRSTinA paramatattva tarIke eka AdhyAtmika satyanA ravIkAramAM ane e satyanI prAptinA mArganA AjanamAM raheluM che. 6. hiMdudharmanA keTalAka siddhAMta - kALanA vikatRta phalaka para prasarelA ane palaTAyelA hiMdudharmanA hArdanI ApaNe rajUAta karI. paraMtu hiMdudharmanuM kharuM svarUpa samajI zakAya e mATe enA mahatvanA siddhAMtanI ahIMyAM rajUAta karIe. kharI rIte te kaMIpaNa. dharmanA abhyAsa mATe enA siddhAMta samajavA jarUrI bane che; hiMdudharmanA AvA keTalAka siddhAMtanI ApaNe have vicAraNA hAtha dharIzuM. Izvarane khyAla 3. jIvane khyAla ja. sRSTino khyAla 5. punarjanmano khyAla 2. kamane khyAla che. muktine khyAla

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hiMdudharma 71 A uparAMta hiMdudharmanI viratRta samaja pAmavAne mATe ApaNe bIjA cheDA praznonI paNa vicAraNA karIzuM. 1. Azrama vyavasthA 2. puruSArtha - A vyaktijIvana vyavasthA 3. sAdhana catuSTaya 4. varNavyavasthA 5. saMskAra 6. tahevAra, tIrthayAtrA | va. samAjajIvana vyavasthA che. maMdira tathA pUjArI vage A uparAMta bIjA dharmone mukAbale hiMdudharmane tulanAtmaka abhyAsa thaI zake e mATe ApaNe nIcenI bAbato paNa cacIzuM. 1. hiMdudharmanAM zAstro 2. hiMdudharmanuM nItizAstra 3. hiMdudharmamAM ravarga ane narkanA vicAre 4. hiMdudharmamAM yajJanuM sthAna 5. hiMdudharmanA saMpradAyo. Ama, hiMdudharmanA baMdhane samajavA mATe ApaNe enI traNa vibhAgomAM vahecaNI karI. prathama vibhAgamAM hiMdudharmanA tAtvika bedhane samAveza karyo ane emAM Izvara, jIva ane jagata tathA jIva ane jIvanI sAthe saMkaLAyela punarjanma, karma ane muktine samAveza karyo. bIjA vibhAgamAM samAjanA eka aMga tarIke vyaktie potAnA jIvananuM ghaDatara ane vyavasthA zI rIte karavI tema ja samAjavyavasthA aMgenA vicAro tathA tenA ghaDataramAM phALo ApatAM AnuSagika aMgono samAveza karyo. trIjA vibhAgamAM evA praznone samAveza karyo che hiMdudharmanuM bAhya kalevara samajavAmAM tathA oLakhavAmAM sahAyabhUta thAya. dharma-kalevara samajaNanAM A aMge sAmAnyapaNe badhA ja dharmomAM astitvamAna dharAvatA hoya che. dharma parivartana(Religious change)nI prakriyAmAM A bAhya kalevaranAM aMgamAM mahatvanuM parivartana sAmAnya rIte anubhavAya che. praznonuM AvuM vibhAgIkaraNa ApaNe khUba vaichika rIte karyuM che enI nA nahi, paraMtu praznonI samajane mATe AvuM keIka vibhAgIkaraNa anivArya che enI nA paNa kema pADI zakAya ? kaI eka vibhAgamAM samAvaSTi bAbata bIjA

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72 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaI vargamAM samAvI ja na zakAya ke praznonuM A vibhAgIkaraNa saMpUrNa che evo dAvo nathI. . tAttvika baMdha ja Izvarane khyAla : hiMdudharmanA IzvaranA khyAlanI vicAraNA karIe tyAre sauprathama hiMdudharma ekezvaravAdI ke anekezvaravAdI che enI vicAraNA karI laIe. vedamAM aneka devone ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM che paraMtu sAthe ja anvedamAM ema paNa kahevAyuM che ke eka ja sArvatrika zaktinAM vividha svarUpone vividha devadevIonAM nAmothI oLakhAvavAno prayAsa thAya che. sAmAnya rIte evo khyAla pravarte che ke hiMdudharma anekezvaravAdI che. paraMtu svarUpane "Henotheistic' tarIke varNavyuM che. vedamAM ravIkArAyela vividha devadevIonI ArAdhanA karatI vakhate ke emanI pUjA karatI vakhate e pratyeka sArvatrika deva hoya evI ucca kakSA emane arpavAmAM Ave che. - hiMdudharmanI vizeSatA e che ke e eka Izvarane svIkAre che eTaluM ja nahi, e Izvara ja sarva che ema paNa ravIkAre che. khristI dharma ane islAma dharma ekezvaravAdI dharmo tarIke oLakhAya che. e traNe dharmo eka Izvarano ravIkAra kare che. paraMtu teo eka karatAM vadhu sattAnA astitvano svIkAra paNa kare che. Ama, teo Izvara, jIva ane jagatane traNa sattA tarIke svIkAre che ane jIva ke jagatane IzvaranA aMga ke aMza tarIke svIkAratA nathI. hiMdudharmanI dRSTie Izvara e ja mAtra eka sattA che ane ethI Ivazva pote ja sRSTi tarIke ane vyakti tarIke AvirbhAva pAme che ane chatAM sRSTi ane jIvanI samagratAmAM Izvarano lopa thato nathI. Izvara sRSTi para (Transcendent) ane sRSTi vyApta (Immanent) baMne che. trividha zaktine keTalIka veLA mAyA ke prakRti tarIke paNa oLakhAvAya che. keTalAka lekhake Ano ullekha trImUrti tarIke paNa kare che. A badhA parathI Izvara e 9. 164-9

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hiMdudharma 73 eka mAtra tattva che ane ApaNe pote tema ja ApaNI AsapAsa ApaNe je kaMI joIe chIe ke anubhavIe chIe e ene ja kAraNe che ema hiMdudharma svIkAre che. A sRSTi ane AvI aneka sRSTionA saMcAlananI ane saMhAranI trividha kriyAone IzvaranI lIlA tarIke oLakhAvAya che. A uparAMta IzvaranA svarUpanI rajUAta karmaphaLadAtA tarIke paNa thaI che. naitika sAmrAjyanA yajaka-samrATa teo che ane chevaTe te naitika nyAya emane hAthe ja thavAnuM che. A arthamAM Izvara mAnava-uddhAraka che, ane jeoe emanuM zaraNa svIkAryuM hoya teo emanI sahAyanI kRpAnA adhikArI bane che. AthI paNa vizeSa mahattvanuM hiMdudharmamAM AlekhAyeluM IzvaranuM svarUpa te aMtaryAmI tarIkenuM che. ApaNe badhAmAM Izvarane aMza che eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu sAkSAt IzvarItatva ApaNAmAM birAjamAna che, e khyAla savizeSe hiMdudharmamAM jovA maLe che. mAnavInI bahAra rahela daivItattvane pAmavAnI vAta hiMdudharmamAM nathI. paraMtu enI vAta te pitAnAmAM ja samAviSTa, aMtaryAmI ravarUpe rahela devIaMza(tattva)ne oLakhavAmAM che. AgaLa rajU karela "tamuM sa ane "marda brahmAsmi'nI sAcI samaja A dRSTithI prApta thaze. 3. jIvane khyAla : hiMdudharmamAM "jIva" eTale mAnave vyakti athavA te jIvAtmA tarIke vIkArAyela vyakti che. vyaktine Izvara sAthenA tAttvika tAdAo chatAM vyaktinuM jIvAtmA tarIkenuM svataMtra daihika astitva vyaktine IzvarathI bhinna gaNavA mATenuM kAraNa bane che. AthI ja jIvAtmAnA tAttvika svarUpanI vAta karIe te tenI Izvara sAthenA tAdAbhyanI vAta karavA barAbara che. AthI ahIMyAM ApaNe jIvAtmAnI tenA svataMtra daihika astitvane kAraNe prApta thatI viziSTatAone vicAra karIzuM. A rIte jyAre ApaNe jIvAtmAno vicAra karIe tyAre ApaNI samakSa jenAmAM deha ane mana ekAkAra thayA che evI vyakti pratyakSa thAya che. AvI vyaktinAM traNa viziSTa aMgo nIce pramANe che : jIvAtmAnI viziSTatA 1. daihika 2. mAnasika 3. naitika

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74 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayaH jIvAtmAne bAhya deha traNa prakArane varNavavAmAM AvyuM che. ka, bhautika zarIra (Gross body): mAnavadeha pAMca bhautika svarUpane. athavA to pAMca mahAbhUtone baneluM che. pRthvI, AkAza, pANI, agni ane vAyu e badhAMya tane mAnavadehanA ghaDataramAM phALo che. mAnavIne A bhautika deha enA mRtyu pachI je te bhautika tavamAM vilIna thAya che. kha, sthUla zarIra (Subtle body): mAnavanuM sUkSma zarIra Indri, mana, buddhi, jIve vagere sUkSma tatvonuM baneluM che. bhautika tattvonA banelA bhautika dehamAM A sUkSmadeha dvArA jJAna ane gati zakaya bane che. ga, kAraNa zarIra (Causal body) : bhautikadeha ane sUkSmadehanA . kAraNavarUpane deha te kAraNadeha tarIke oLakhAya che. vyakti vyakti vaccenI bhinnatA ane bheda A vaDe ja nIpajelA tarIke samajAvAya che. 2, mAnasika jIvAtmAnI bIjI viziSTatA te mAnavInA manaHpradezamAM nIpajatI vividha avasthAo che. mAnavamananI cetana avarathAnA cAra prakAra svIkArAyAM che : ka. jAgRta avasthA kha. svanAvasthA ga. svarahita avasthA gha. turyAvasthA mAnavacetanAnI A cAra avasthAnI vAte phoIDanA acetananI vAta nathI e kharuM, paraMtu emanA acetananA khyAlanA pAyA samAna svapnAvarathAne ahIM ullekha thayela che. paraMtu AthI vizeSa ahIM svapna rahita cetanAvasthA ane cetanayukta turyAvasthAne ullekha thayela che. "keNu'nuM vivecana karatA zrI ramaNa maharSi10 evuM kahe che ke mAnavInI vanarahita gADha nidrAvasthAmAM enI je avasthA che, e ja enuM sAcuM svarUpa che. ane "huM koNa?' praznano uttara paNa e ja che. paraMtu ahIMyAM ApaNA manamAM e prazna upasthita thaze ke kharahita gADha nidrAvasthAne anubhava kaI rIte varNavavo? kAraNa ke je ApaNe e jANIne varNavI zakIe te e nidrAvarathA nathI, ane 10. "huM keNa', ramaNAzrama, tirUvanamalAI

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hiMdudharma 75. je nidrAvarathA hoya te e jANIne varNavI zakatA nathI. ravakharahita cetanAvarathA e AvA prakAranI eka avarathA che. jIvAtmAnuM daihika ravarUpa, daihika tattvo uparavaTa jaI ne, mAnasika cetananA Urva pradezamAM vihAra kare, tyAre mAnavacetanA izvara ravarUpanI nikaTatama Ave che ema hiMdudharmamAM prabodhAyela yoganA mArgo . ApaNane sUcave che. 3. naitika : vyakti pite je kartavya kare che tenA pariNAmarUpa enuM naitika svarUpa ghaDAya che. vyaktinuM AvI rIte ghaDAyela naitika svarUpa traNa prakAranuM hoI zake. ka, sAtvika : evI vyaktio jemanAmAM sakSuNa, jJAna, svArtha tyAga ane uttamatAnA guNa hoya. kha. rAjasika : evI vyaktio jemanAmAM jIvanane mANavAnI lagana ane jijJAsA hoya ane jeo lakSmI, sattA ane sthAnanI prApti mATe aharniza prayatnazIla hoya. ga. tAmasika : evI vyaktio jemanAmAM avaguNa, ajJAna, lAbha, ALasa, zuSkatA pradhAnapaNe hAya. Ama, vyaktinA naitika aMga vize ApaNe e joIzuM ke pitAnAM kAryone AdhAre vyakti pitAne jevI ghaDe che tevuM naitika svarUpa te pAme che. e paNa spaSTa thaze ke jIvAtmAnI aMdara samAviSTa aMtaryAmIne oLakhavAnI saMbhavitatA jeTalI sAttvika vyaktimAM che eTalI rAjasikamAM nathI ane jeTalI rAjasika vyaktimAM che eTalI tAmasikamAM nathI. paraMtu vyaktie sAtvika, rAjasika ke tAmasika thavuM ke rahevuM ene AdhAra vyaktinA pitAnA upara che e hakIkta vadhu spaSTa rIte te ApaNe karmane siddhAMta tapAsyA bAda samajI zakIzuM. jIvAtmAnuM tAttvika svarUpa : enA tAtvika ravarUpamAM jIvAtmA cetanavaMta ane amara aritatva che ane kroIpaNa dehika yA mAnasika vizeSatAothI ene maryAdita karI zakAya nahi. vaLI enA mULa tAvika ravarUpamAM jIvAtmA aparivartanazIla che ane ethI enAmAM koIpaNa prakAranI pravRtti ke gatine sthAna nathI. A rIte tAttvika daSTie vicAratA jIvAtmA athavA AtmA deha karatA. bhinna che ane mAtra dehathI ja zA mATe, Indriye, mana ane buddhi e sarvathI.

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* 36 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana AtmA bhinna che. kharI rIte te AthI AtmA, deha ane mananAM baMdhanothI para che ane enAM kAryo na hovAne kAraNe enAM pariNAmo ene spazI zakatAM nathI. paraMtu AtmA, jIvAtmAnI avasthAmAM, pitAnuM tAtvika svarUpa visarIne, ajJAnatAnA bhoga banI, ajJAnatApUrvaka pitAnI jAtane eka dehamanadhArI vyakti tarIke svIkAre che, tyAre e deha, Indriya, buddhi, mana vagere sarva maryAdAmAM pitAnI jAtane mUke che. jema jema mAnavI bhautika ane dunyavI jIvanamAM ekarUpa banatA jAya tema tema te pitAnA satya svarUpathI vimukha thatA jAya che. pitAnuM satya svarUpa pAmavAne mATe eNe dharmamaya jIvananA mArgane AdhAra levo paDe che. e mArge prayANa karIne AgaLa sUcavAyelA IzvaraprAptinA vividha mArgomAMthI pitAne anukULa evA mArge prayANa karI vyakti jyAre samAdhivasthAmAM Izvara sAthe tAdAsya anubhave che tyAre ene "rava' ravarUpanuM jJAna thAya che. A eka alaukika - AdhyAtmika anubhava che, jyAM vyakti sarvAga svaccha astitva, cetana ane AnaMdane AviSkAra pAme che, ane saccidAnaMdane anubhava prApta kare che. hiMdudharmane prayAsa daihika vyaktine AdhyAtmika vyakti tarIke oLakhavAnA eka bhAga tarIke rahyo che. 1. sRSTine khyAla : hiMdudharmamAM sRSTine mATe vaparAtA zabda "brahmAMDa" ghaNe sUcaka che. vyutpattinI daSTie "brahmAMDa" eTale brahmanuM I. A rIte sRSTinI utpatti brahmanamAMthI thaI che ema hiMdudharma mAne che. AvI eka nahi paNa aneka sRSTinuM sarjana brahmAMDane hAthe thAya che. je brahmAMDamAM ApaNe jIvIe chIe e te AvAM aneka brahmAMDo paikInuM eka brahmAMDa che. brahmAMDanA sAta rato athavA to sAtaka varNavavAmAM AvyAM che ane e ja rIte pRthvInI nIce paNa sAta pradeze svIkAravAmAM AvyA che. - a. sAtaloka : 1. bhuraleka, pRthvI. 2. bhavaralekaH pRthvInI upara vitareluM AkAza ane enI sAthe, sUrya, tArAo, graho vagere. 3. ravarleka, prathama sva. 4. maharleka, dvitIya svarga.

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hiMdudharma 5. janaka, tRtIya svarga 6. tapileka, caturtha svarga. 7. satyaloka, paMcam varga ba, peTALanA vargo : peTALanA paNa sAta vargo che. * 1. atala 2. vitala 3. sutala 4. rasAtala 5. talAtala 6. mahAtala 7. pAtAla sRSTi vizene mahattvane prazna e che ke brahmAe sRSTinuM sarjana karyuM che ke sRSTi e brahmAne AvirbhAva (Projection) che? sarjananA khyAlamAM traNa bAbatono samAveza thAya che. eka, jenuM sarjana thayuM che te vastu; be, jeNe sarjana kyuM che te saka; traNa, jenAmAMthI sarjana thayuM che te kAraNa. sarjanane mATe sarjaka uparAMta je vastumAMthI sarjana karavAnuM che tene paNa svIkAra karavAmAM Ave te teTale aMze sarjaka maryAdita bane che. je ema kahevAmAM Ave ke brahmAe sRSTinuM sarjana karyuM che to e sarjana zemAMthI karyuM e prazna upasthita thAya che. vaLI, sRSTi sarjana pUrve A sRSTi ativa-viheNa hatI ke kema e prazna paNa upasthita thAya che. A badhA praznone teDa hiMdudharma sRSTinA sarjanane vicAra tarachoDI sRSTine brahmanA AvirbhAva tarIke lekhe che. zunyamAMthI sarjanamAM hiMdudharma mAnatA nathI ane ethI ja, pitAnI zakti vaDe, brahma pita, sRSTimAM AvirbhAvita thAya che, ane e ja sRSTine nibhAve che, tema ja ene saMkelI le che. A AvirbhAva athavA sarjana, saMcAlana ane saMkelIkaraNanI prakriyA lagAtAra cAlu rahe che. AthI sRSTikramanA Adi ke aMta vize ApaNe kaMI ja kahI zakatA nathI. sAMkhyamata : sRSTinA sarjana vize sAMkhya mata jado mata rajU kare che. A matAnusAra puruSa ane prakRti nAmaka be to aritatva dharAve che. baMne tanA ravarUpa ane .

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78 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prakAra bhinna che. sattva, rajasa ane tamasa e traNa guNone sAmyavastisaMpaTa te prakRti. prakRtinI sAmyavasthAne jyAM sudhI khalela pahoMcADavAmAM na Ave tyAM sudhI devika mULa prakRtinI sAmyavasthA hAle che ane satva, rajasa ane tamasanuM sAmaMjasya (Equilibrium) khaLabhaLI UThe che ane emAMthI sRSTinuM sarjana nirmANa thAya che. e nirmANane krama nIce mujabane hoya che. puruSa - prakRti mahatu athavA buddhi ahaMkAra jyAre rajasanuM varcasva hoya jyAre savaguNanuM ' varcasva hoya jyAre temanuM varcasva hoya manasa pAMca jJAnendriya pAMca karmendriya pAMca tanmAtrA pAMca mahAbhUta Ama, sAMkhya matAnusAra sRSTinuM sarjana upara Apela pacIsa tane AdhAre che. i, punarjanmane khyAla: ApaNe AgaLa joyuM ke AtmAne hiMdudharma anaMta tarIke svIkAre che ane enuM svarUpa devI che ema paNa svIkAre che. jema virATa agnimAMthI uThela eka taNakho paNa hakIkatamAM agni ja che, paraMtu enuM e svarUpa sAmAnyarUpe pratyakSa thatuM nathI, sivAya ke e taNakho ghAsanI gaMjI para jaI paDe ane emAMthI agni pragaTe. e ja pramANe brahmamAMthI upasthita thayela pratyeka jIva divya ane anaMta svarUpane che ane enuM e svarUpa kharekhara tyAre ja samajAya ke jyAre ene samAgama yogya AtmA sAthe thAya che. hakIktamAM AtmAnuM je satyasvarUpa che : enI siddhi ene na thAya tyAM sudhI AtmAnuM prayANa cAlu ja rahe che. jyAM sudhI jIvAtmA aMdhakAramAM sapaDAyela che tyAM sudhI Izvara sAthenuM enuM tAdAbhya e pAmI zakatA nathI. ethI e jagatanI vastuonI tRSNA rAkhe che ane potAnI

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daihika vAsanAonA saMteSa pAchaLa bhame che. paraMtu, enuM aMtima lakSya to brahma sAthe ekarUpatA pAmavAnuM hovAthI jyAM sudhI jIvAtmA dunyavI vastuomAM otaprota thayeluM rahe che tyAM sudhI ene jIvana-punaHjIvananA cakkaramAM phasAyelA rahI puna:jIvana pAmavuM paDe che. punarjanamano A AdhAra che. jyAM sudhI aMtima dhyeyanI prApti thAya nahi tyAM sudhI janmojanmanA cakramAMthI jIvAtmAne chUTakAre thatuM nathI. punarjanmanA svIkArane A tAvika pAyo che. , karmane khyAla : punarjanamanA siddhAMtanI sAthe, eka rIte jotA, karmano siddhAMta saMkaLAyela che. eka janma ane bIjA janma vaccenI sAMkaLa karmane siddhAMta pUrI pADe che. A arthamAM karmano siddhAMta punajIvananuM niyaMtraNa kare che. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM ke jIvAtmAnuM ghaDatara ja evuM che ke enAthI pravRtti vinA rahI zakAya nahi, ane jyAM sudhI pravRtti thatI rahe tyAM sudhI enAM sArAM ane mAThAM pariName nIpajavAnAM ja. Ama, sArAM-narasAM kAryonA nIpajatAM sArAMmAThAM pariNAmenuM gAyaTana vyaktie karavAnuM rahyuM. sRSTimAM pravartamAna naitika niyamanuM Adhipatya tyAre ja saMpUrNa gaNAya jyAre karmanA pariNAmo bhogavaTo mAtra mRtyunI ghaTanAthI ja pUre na thAya. sRSTinuM sarjana je devI sarvasattAthI thayuM hoya, ane sRSTine naitika niyama paNa e ja daivItatvanI deNagI hoya, te e sahaja che ke mRtyu naitika kAyadAnA Adhipatyane uthApI zake nahi, eTaluM ja nahi paNa, aMtima satyasvarUpa brahmamaya hoya, te brahmalInatAnI ADe naitika kAyado zI rIte AvI zake? AmAMthI be bAbato spaSTa thAya che : eka, jIvAtmAnuM aMtima lakSya brahmatva pAmavAnuM che. bIjuM, te pAmavAne mATe jIvAtmAe naitika kAnUnane AdhIna rahI karmonuM bhogAyaTana pUruM karavAnuM che. hiMdudharmamAM traNa prakAranA karmo ravIkAravAmAM AvyA che : a, prArabdha karma : evA karmo ke jenAM phaLanuM bhogAyaTana A jIvanamAM zarU thaI cUkyuM che. ba. saMcita karma: pUrvajanmanAM thayelAM evAM karmo jemanAM pariNAmenuM phaLa bhogavavAnuM hajI bAkI che. A saMcita karmo tarIke oLakhAya che. kAraNa ke A karmonuM phaLa ekatrita thayeluM che-saMcita thayeluM che. ka, saMcimAna karma : evAM karmo je A janmamAM ApaNe karIe chIe

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80 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. ane enAM pariNAmonI asara kyAM te ApaNane A janmamAM bhegavavA maLe che athavA te have pachInA janma ke janmamAM bhogavavA maLe. A traNa prakAranA karmothI e joI zakAze ke eka janmanA saMcimAna karma mAMthI jenAM pariNAma bhogavI levAyAM e pUrAM thayAM. paraMtu emAMnAM evAM karmo jemanAM pariNAme mRtyu samaya sudhImAM bhagavAyAM nathI te bIjA janmamAM prArabdha. karma ke saMcita karmamAM sthAna pAme che. Ama, pratyeka jIvAtmA potAnA jIvanane zarUAtane tabakke pitAnA tatkALa pUrvajanmanA ane te pahelAMnA pUrvajanmanAM karmonA vaNabhagavelAM pariNAmonA saMpaTathI pitAnuM jIvana zarU kare che. jIvAtmAnA. vividha janmonI vacce karmano siddhAMta eka sAMkaLa samAna che. jo ApaNe jIvAtmAnA vividha janmane eka maNakA tarIke svIkArIe to ema kahI zakAya ke, jema derI. maNakAne sAMkaLe che ane temane hAranuM ekatva arpe che, tema karmane siddhAMta chavA. bhAnA vividha janmone sAMkaLIne temAM pravartatuM eka prakAranuM ekatva ane sAtatya rajU kare che. A daSTie vicAratA ApaNane e samajAze ke karmane siddhAMta eka evA. vaijJAnika pAyA para AdhArita che ke sRSTimAMthI kadIye kaMI nAza pAmatuM nathI, karelAM karmonI asara lupta thatI nathI, tema ja jagatamAM vinAprayojana ke vinAkAraNa kadIye kaMI ja banatuM nathI. Aje je kaMI bane che tenuM kAraNa enA tatkAlIna bhUtakALamAM ke dUragAmI bhUtakALamAM astitvamAna che. Ama, vartamAnanI pratyeka paLa bhUtakALamAM thayelA karmoe nirNata karelI che, ane bhaviSyanI pratyeka paLa cAlu jIvananI pratyeka paLe paLe nirNata thatI rahe che karmane siddhAMta vyaktinA jIvana ane enA bhaviSyane ghaDanAra ane samajAvanAra siddhAMta hovA uparAMta, e sRSTimAM pravartamAna vyavasthA ane kramabaddhatAnI sAthe susaMgata che. ' AthI vizeSa karmano siddhAMta eka mahatvanuM satya pratipAdita kare che. mAnavI pite ja pitAnA bhAvine ghaDavaiyo che. pratyeka mAnavI Aje je che-sukhI ke duHkhI, amIra ke garIba, buddhimAna ke buddhihIna, yogya sthAne ArUDha thayela ke sthAnabhraSTa thayela-e badhuM ja pitAne kAraNe che. kAraNa ke A badhuM eNe pitAnA atyAranA ane sarva pUrvajanmamAM je kaMI karmo karyA che e badhAMnAM pariNAmonI saMyukta asara samAna che ane e ja rIte mAnavI pitAnA bhaviSya jIvananuM ghaDatara. pitAnA vartamAna-jIvanane AdhAre karI rahyo che. karmanA siddhAMtane aMge hiMdudharma je eka mahattvanI vAta kare che te e ke,. enuM Adhipatya mAtra e prakAranAM karmo para ja vistare che, je kame keIka nizcita

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hiMdudharma phaLaprAptinI AzAthI karavAmAM AvyA hoya, ane AthI zrImadbhagavadgItAmAM prabodhela niSkAma karma karanAra vyaktine karmane siddhAMta Avato nathI karmanA phaLanI IcchA vinA, mAtra pharajapAlananA khyAlathI karelAM karmo e te Izvarasamarpita karyo che. IzvaranI IcchAne AdhIna rahIne karelAM karmonuM phaLa vyaktine maLatuM nathI. e karmo te saMgrahAthe thayelA kAma prakAranAM che. A mudde mahavane e mATe bane che ke karmanA baMdhanamAMthI mukti meLavavAne e mArga cIMdhe che. niSkAmabhAve karma karanAra vyakti mATe saMcimAna prakAranA koI karmo ekatrita thatAM nathI. eTale ene mATe te prArabdha karmo ane saMcita karmane je samUha hoya enAM ja pariNAmonuM bhogAyaTana bhegavavAnuM rahe che, ane ethI e jIvAtmA A sRSTimAM hovA chatAM, A sRSTino thato nathI. A prakAre karmanAM pariNAmonA gAyaTanamAMthI mukti meLavI jIvAtmA Izvara sAthenA tAdAtyanA mArge prayANa kare che. ka siddhAMtanI keTalIka TIkAonI vicAraNA : karmanA siddhAMtanI sAme keTalAka vAMdhAo uThAvavAmAM AvyA che. tenI vicAraNA have ApaNe hAtha dharIe. 1. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke karmane siddhAMta mAnavInA saMkalpa-ravAtaMtrane anAdara kare che, ane ema karI mAnavInA naitika-jIvanane AdhAra chInavI le che. karmanA siddhAMtanI ApaNe upara karelI rajUAtathI spaSTa thaze ke karmano siddhAMta nathI te mAnavInI svataMtra saMkalpazaktine asvIkAra karatA ke nathI te e mAnavInA naitika-jIvananA AdhArane anAdara karata. karmano siddhAMta te kharI rIte ema kahe che ke mArAM pUrva karmonuM phaLa huM atyAre bhagavuM chuM. Ama zA mATe ? kAraNa ke je karmo karyA e meM kya, e karmone mATe huM javAbadAra chuM ane ethI e karmonA pariNAmanuM bhogAyaTana mAre ja karavuM joIe. vaLI, karmano siddhAMta te kAryakAraNanA siddhAMtanA svarUpane che. prakRtimAM nIpajatI vividha ghaTanAomAM kAryakAraNanI ekarUpatAne kAraNe je mAnavInI naitika javAbadArI nakAravAmAM AvatI na hoya te nitika kAryo ane tenAM naitika pariNamane vizenI ekarUpatA, naitika javAbadArInA nakAra mATe AdhAra zI rIte nI zake ? dharma 6

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. keTalAka vicArake karmano siddhAMtanI sAme evo virodha kare che ke e siddhAMta Izvara uparanI zraddhA sAthe, ane mAnavIonA pApa mApha karavAnI IzvaranI zakti sAthe, susaMgata nathI. emanuM mAnavuM che ke je karmane siddhAMta nirapekSa hoya, tema ja saMpUrNa hoya te IzvaranI jarUriyAta kyAM rahI? A prakAranA vicArake karmano siddhAMtane eka sattA tarIke svIkAre che, ane kane niyama prakRtinA koIpaNa niyamanI jema keIka alaukika daivIzaktinA susaMgata ekarUpatAbharyA saMcAlanane niyama che, e joI zakatA nathI. prakRtinI . ekarUpatAnA niyama ke kArya-kAraNatvanA niyamanI jema ja karmane siddhAMta paNa sRSTimAM pravartamAna eka evo niyama che je sRSTinA adhiSThAtAnA svarUpanI sAthe susaMgata che. e niyama pate sRSTine adhiSThAtA nathI. sAcI rIte te karmane siddhAMta IzvaranA naitika svarUpane paricaya karAve che. sRSTimAM IzvarI saMkalpa kaI rIte kArya kare che ene kaMIka khyAla kamane siddhAMta ApaNane Ape che. vaLI, ema kahevuM ke karmano siddhAMta IzvaranA daragujara paNa sAthe susaMgata nathI e paNa vAjabI nathI. Izvara manuSyanAM pApa kayAre daragujara kare ? manuSya pApI rahe te paNa? je Izvara pApI manuSyanAM pApa daragujara karyo ja jAya che, te Izvara sAce Izvara nathI. ema karavuM te pApIjanonA samudAyanI vRddhi karavA barAbara che. Izvara enAM ja pApo daragujara kare, je pote potAnAM pApanuM prAyazcitta kare ane e prAyazcitta kharekhara sAcuM heya. sAcA prAyazcitta vize mahAtmA gAMdhI kahe che: "adhikRta vyakti samakSa karelAM pApane sahRdayatApUrvaka ekarAra karI pharI evuM pApa na karavAno saMkalpa kare enuM nAma ja nirmaLa prakArane prazcAttApa." Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke vyakti jema jema potAnAM pApa dUra karatI jAya tema tema te pavitratAnI samIpa jAya che. ema karatAM karatAM vyakti jyAre eTalI nirmaLa ane pavitra bane ke Izvara ene hAtha pakaDe tyAre Izvara sAthenA tAdAomAM jhAjhuM aMtara rahetuM nathI. AgaLa ApaNe e dhyuM ja che ke mAnavIne satata prayAsa brahma tAdAbhya pAmavAne che, ane e mATe eNe niSkAma karmane mArga grahaNa karavo jarUrI che. niSkAma karmane mArga te ja pavitra kAryane mAga. mAnavI pApakarma pitAne mATe, pitAnA svArtha mATe, pite ajJAnathI jene pitAnuM mAnyuM hoya tene mATe karate hoya che. eka veLA enA mana pradeza parathI kAmanA adazya thAya pachI e je IcchA kare e sakAma nahi paNa niSkAma ja hoya, ane evuM kArya pavitra heya.

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hiMdudharma 3. karmanA siddhAMtanI sAme keTalIka veLA ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke e siddhAMta samAjasevAnA kAryamAM bAdhA nAkhe che. evI dalIla rajU karavAmAM Ave che ke A niyama anusAra te pratyeka vyakti potAnAM karelAM karmonAM ja phaLa bhogavatI hoI, emane je kaMIka duHkha-darda thAya emAMthI emane mukta karavA eTale karmanA siddhAMtanA pAlananI ADe AvavA barAbara thAya. paraMtu, ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema pratyeka jIvamAM daivIaMza che, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu pratyeka vastumAM Izvara hayAta che, AthI duHkhI ane daridrInI sevA karavI e kharI rIte te prabhusevA samAna che. madadapAtra koIpaNa vyaktine madada na karavA mATe karmanA siddhAMtane Azare le e te pitAnA kAryamAMthI chaTakavA mATeno mArga zodhavA barAbara che. je -vyakti sAruM kAma karI zake ema che, e pote je evuM kAma na kare te emAM doSa vyaktino che, ane khoTA kAma ne saMcaya e vyakti pitA mATe kare che. Ama, je madadane pAtra che tene madada na karavAmAM sAcI rIte te vyakti pitAne ja madada karatI nathI. 4karmano siddhAMtanI sAme keTalIka veLA e vAMdho uThAvavAmAM Ave che ke e niyatIvAda (Determinism) athavA te daivavAda (Predestination) ke bhAgyavAda (Fatalism) tarapha dorI jAya che. ahIMyAM ApaNe e noMdhavuM joIe ke kamane siddhAMta prAradavAdane puraskartA nathI. vyakti je kaMI prApta kare che ke bhagave che e enA prArabdhane kAraNe nahi. paraMtu enAM pitAnAM ja karmone kAraNe che. pitAnAM ja karmothI niNata thayeluM pitAnuM bhAgya pote pitAnAM ja karmothI palaTAvI zake che, e karmanA siddhAMto mahatvano sUra bhulAvo joIe nahi. karmane siddhAMta e sUcave che ke naitika mUlyone nAza thato nathI, ane ethI mAnavIe prApta karela naitika mUlya anusAranuM phaLa ene haMmezA prApta thAya che. sAruM adazya thatuM nathI, narasuM eno pIcho choDatuM nathI, ane chatAMye narasAne sArAmAM palaTAvavAnI zakita mAnavImAM che e hakIkatane inkAra karmane siddhAMta karato nathI. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke karmanA siddhAMtanI sAme rajU karavAmAM AvelI keTalIka dalIlamAM jhAjhuM tathya nathI. karmanA siddhAMtanuM hArda hiMdu dharmanA hArdane anulakSIne tapAsavuM joIe.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. samAjamAM pravartatI viSamatA, vyakti-vyakti vacce rahelA bheda vividha prasaMgomAM vividha rIte vartavAnA dAkhalAo anya zI rIte samajAvI zakAya ? kalpita Adarza samAjamAM kadAcita Arthika asamAnatA dUra karI zakAze, saMbhavataH sAmAjika samAnatA sthApI zakAze, paraMtu zuM bauddhika samAnatA, saMvedana samAnatA, naitika samAnatA ane AdhyAtmika samAnatA sthApI zakAze kharI ? mAnavI mAnavI tarIke jIve che. tyAM sudhI, enAmAM devatvanA aMza uparAMta bIjA aMzenuM saMmizraNa che tyAM sudhI, mAnava-mAnavanI tAvaka samAnatA hovA chatAM, bAhya asamAnatA ane vividhatA anivArya che. A hakIkta je anivArya hoya te samajAvavI paNa eTalI ja jarUrI che. karmane siddhAMta AvI samajaNa pUrI pADe che. 7. muktine khyAla: duHkhajanaka, ajJAnamathI astitvamAMthI mAnavInI mukti prApta karI ene mATe devatvabharyA jIvananI prApti e pratyeka dharmanuM lakSya rahyuM che. hiMdudharmamAM mukti aMge vistRta vicAraNA thaI che. jIvAtmAnA svarUpane khyAla karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM ke mAnavI mAtra zarIra-mananuM saMyukta astitva ja nathI. pitAnA sva-svarUpanuM ajJAna e ja baMdhana ane je mukti meLavavAnI che te A baMdhanamAMthI, eTale je ApaNe baMdhananA svarUpane yogya khyAla pAmI zakIe te muktinA svarUpane khyAla paNa ApoApa samajAya. pitAnAmAM birAjamAna daivItattvane pichANavAnI azaktithI mAnavI jyAre pitAnI jAtane enAM aneka vividha aMgemAMthI eka aMga ke vizeSa aMge sAthe samarUpa mAne tyAre e pitAne eka maryAdita svarUpe jue che. eTaluM ja nahi, pitAnA e maryAdita svarUpanA jJAnane saMpUrNa mAnIne vyakti pitAnA kAryo paNa evA ja maryAdita kSetra pUratAM rAkhe che. Ama, eka ajJAnamayI pagaluM UMDANabharyA timiranA mArge vadhu ne vadhu AgaLa laI jAya che. timiranI duniyAmAM jIvAtmAnuM aTavAvuM e ja enI baMdhAvasthA. e baMdhanamAMthI jIvana, mRtyu, jIvananI ghaTamALa cAlu rahe. emAMthI ja phaLa pipAsA, kArya-pariNAma, gAyaTana vagere nIpaje. A baMdhana svarUpamAMthI ja jIvana-mRtyu, janmojanmane krama satata rIte cAlyA kare che. A baMdhanamAMthI dUra thavuM eTale ja mukti. A mukti zI rIte prApta thAya, enuM sAcuM svarUpa zuM che, kevA vividha prakAranI mukti zakya che; enI carcA paNa hiMdudharmamAM vividha svarUpe karavAmAM AvI che. paraMtu jema baMdhananA viSayamAM

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hiMdudharma hiMdudharmanA sarvasAmAnya khyAla ApaNe vicAra karyo tema mukti aMge paNa hiMdudharmanA sarvasAmAnya khyAlane ja vicAra karIzuM. janma-maraNanI ghaTamALamAMthI chUTakAro e mukti. A chUTakAre eTale sarva duHkha ane gAyaTanamAMthI mukti. A mukti eTale jIvananuM ziva sAthenuM tAdAmya. A mukti eTale jIvAtmAnA Atmatatvano AviSkAra. hiMdudharmamAM muktinA be prakAra svIkArAyA che. eka, sadeha mukti ane bIje, videha mukti. ka. sadeha mukti : jIvAtmA jyAre ajJAnanuM AvaraNa dUra kare che tyAre ene svasvarUpanuM sAcuM jJAna prApta thAya che. brahma-tAdAbhyane anubhava pAmavA chatAM dehanI maryAdAmAM rahIne jIvAtmAe jIvana vyatita karavuM paDe che. deha-prakRtinAM sahaja kAryo e karyuM jAya che. AvA koI kArya mATe ene kAmanA nathI. anya kaI prakAranAM kAryomAM paNa enI koI kAmanA nathI. e jagatamAM hovA chatAM gatane nathI. dehanI maryAdAno lopa thAya tyAM sudhI e dehabhAve astitva dharAve che. kha. videha mukti : sva-ravarUpa jJAnI jIvAtmA jyAre daihika baMdhanane paNa tyAga (nAza) karI zake che, eTale ke enA dehane jyAre vilaya thAya che tyAre enI saMpUrNa mukti thAya che, ane dehanAM baMdhane emAM koI rUkAvaTa nAMkhI zakatA nathI. AtmAnuM brahma sAthenuM tAdAo je sadeha mukti avasthAmAM paNa satata hatuM e have, deDanA baMdhana dUra thatAM saMpUrNa bane che. vyakti, vyakti maTIne samaSTi bane che. jIva, jIva maTIne ziva bane che. mAnava, mAnava maTIne deva bane che. pracaMDa agnimAMthI chUTo paDele taNakhe vaLI pAcho samagra agnimAM samAI jaI eka agnimaya banI jAya che. hiMdudharmanA be dhana ane muktinA khyAlane AgaLa dharI keTalAka vicAra ene nirAzAvAdI tarIke oLakhAve che. ahIMyAM je prazna ApaNe vicAravAno che, te A hiMdudharma zuM kharekhara nirAzAvAdI che? je aniSTanA astitvanA svIkArane tathA mAnavajIvanamAM duHkhanA astitvanA svIkArane ja nirAzAvAda kahevAya to hiMdudharmane paNa nirAzAvAdI kahI zakAya. paraMtu te pachI pratyeka dharmane nirAzAvAdI tarIke Alekhavo paDe. kAraNa ke sRSTimAM aniSTanA astitvane ane mAnavajIvananA duHkhane svIkAra pratyeka dharma kare che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu pratyeka dharmane e prayAsa che ke mAnavajIvanamAMthI duHkha zI

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rIte dUra karI zakAya ane aniSTa para vijaya zI rIte prApta karI zakAya; eTale, kayAM te ema kahevuM paDe ke badhA ja dharmo nirAzAvAdI che ane hiMdudharma paNa nirAzAvAdI che, athavA to koI paNa dharma nirAzAvAdI nathI ane hiMdudharma paNa nirAzAvAdI nathI. paraMtu, hiMdudharma nirAzAvAdI nathI ema spaSTa rIte kahevA mATe ApaNI. pAse koI sabaLa kAraNa che kharuM? je hiMdudharma duHkhane aMtima lekhe athavA te aniSTanuM sAmrAjya svIkAre, ane e baMne aMtima che evo bodha Ape to ene nirAzAvAdI kahI zakAya. paraMtu hiMdudharma aniSTane tAttvika sattAnA aMga tarIke svIkArato nathI, ane e ja pramANe mAnavadu:kha paNa aMtima nathI. du:kha dUra thaI zake che evI AzA hiMdudharma Ape che. vaLI, hiMdudharmane jIvAtmAne khyAla lakSamAM letAM hiMdudharma nirAzAvAdI nahi paNa AzAvAdI che, ema spaSTapaNe kahI zakAya. kAraNa ke e jIvAtmAnA. svarUpane daivI, nirmaLa, ravataMtra ane AnaMdamaya tarIke ravIkAre che. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema jIvAtmAnuM svarUpa AvuM hovA chatAM, jyAre jIvAtmA ajJAnane bhega banI enuM tAvika svarUpa visarI "ravane paramatattvathI vikhUTuM pADe che, ane jyAre potAnI jAtane deha-mana-saMpuTa tarIke Alekhe che tyAre e pApa ane duHkhanA mArge vicare che. AthI ja hiMdudharma, mukti para savizeSa bhAra. hiMdudharmanA matAnusAra muktinI prAptinA vividha mArgo nIce mujaba che :11. 1. rAjaga : dhyAnamArga 2. karmayoga : niSkAma karmamAga 3. bhaktiga: prabhuzaraNane bhAga 4. jJAnayoga : tattvadarzanamArga 2. vyavasthA bodha vyakti samaSTimAM vilIna thaI zake, jIvAtmA paramAtmAmAM lIna thAya e mATe vyaktigata jIvananI nizcita vyavasthA jarUrI bane che. paraMtu keIpaNa vyakti ekalI-aTUlI jIvatI nathI. samAjanA eka aMga tarIke ja vyakti haMmezA jIve 11. TaI, esa. che. dhI phaMDAmeMTasa opha hiMduIjhama, pA. 9-12

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87 hiMdudharma che. AthI vyakitagata jIvananI vyavasthA ane samAjajIvananI vyavasthA karavI jarUrI bane che. vyaktijIvana vyavasthAmAM Azrama dharma, puruSArtha ane sAdhana catuSTayane samAveza karI zakAya. samAjavyavasthAmAM varNavyavasthA, saMskAra, tahevAra, tIrthayAtrA tathA maMdira ane pUjArI vargane samAveza karI zakAya. pahelAM ApaNe vyaktigata jIvanavyavasthAnI vAta karIe. ja Azrama dharma : mAnavajIvana vyavasthita rIte jIvI zakAya e mATe vaijJAnika kahI zakAya evI paddhatie anubhavanA AdhAre maLelI hakIkato uparathI eka tAraNarUpa anumAna bAMdhI jIvanane vyavasthita karavAne hiMdudharmamAM prayAsa thayeluM jovAmAM Ave che. sAmAnyata: mAnavInuM AyuSya so varSanuM che ema svIkArI jIvananA e kALa sabhyane cAra hissAmAM vahecavAmAM AvyA che. pratyeka hisse jIvananA eka Azrama tarIke varNavavAmAM Avyo che. pratyeka hissAne bIjA hisA sAthe susaMgata rIte sAMkaLavAmAM AvyuM che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu pratyeka purogAmI avasthA, pratyeka anugAmI avasthAnI pUrvataiyArIrUpa che. AvA suyogya AdhAra upara jIvananI Azrama-vyavasthA vicAravAmAM AvI che. Ama karavAmAM mAnavIne mAtra vartamAna jIvana kALane ja nahi paraMtu enA sarva samagra jIvanakALane khyAla karavAmAM Avyo che. AthI jema pratyeka Azrama bIjA Azrama sAthe saMkaLAyela che tema pratyeka jIvanakALa paNa enA purogAmI ke anugAmI jIvanakALa sAthe saMkaLAyela che. jIvanakALanA pratyeka Azramane mATe viziSTa prakAranAM kAryo AlekhavAmAM AvyAM che ane e AdhAre jIvananI siddhinI dizAmAM vyakti pitAne taiyAra karI zake e rItanuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. jIvanakALanA cAra vibhAgone kramAnusAra cAra judAM judAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che. ka. brahmacaryAzrama ga. vAnaprasthAzrama kha. gRhasthAzrama gha. saMnyAsAzrama mAnavajIvananA A cAra Azrama vize sAmAnyapaNe ema kahI zakAya ke pahelAM e Azrama pravRttimArganA sUcaka samA che, ane pAchalA be Azrama nittimArganA sUcaka samAna che. A hakIktane ApaNe nIcenA koThAmAM rajU karIe.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyaktijIvana pravRttimaya nivRttimaya - | | brahmacaryAzrama pRhasthAzrama vAnaprasthAzrama saMnyAsAzrama ka, brahmacaryAzrama jIvananA zarUAtanAM varSomAM vyaktie jevA banavAne Adarza svIkAryo che ene anurUpa ghaDatara karavAnuM hoya che. zaikSaNika rIte A tabakkAne game te dRSTie avalokIe teme jIvananI A avasthAne kALa e rIte mahattvane bane che ke samagra jIvana imAratane pAye ahIMyAM naMkhAya che. vyaktinA zArIrika, naitika, bauddhika ane AdhyAtmika ghaDataranA maMDANa ahIM ja maMDAya che. AthI, A tabakkAnuM jIvana svaniyamana ane sAdAInuM prabodhavAmAM AvyuM che. vividha kaLAo ane vijJAnanI jJAnaprApti A tabakeka karavAnI che. A AzramanA mahatvanA guNo che - pavitratA, saMyama, sAdAI, mahenata ane khaDatalapaNuM, gurunI sevA tathA IzvaranuM zaraNa. kha. gRhasthAzrama : jIvananA prathama pacIsa varSamAM samagra jIvananuM bhAthuM ekatrita karI ekAMkI jIvana jIvatI vyakti jIvanane samagramaya ane pUrNa karavA prabhutAmAM pagalA mAMDe tyArathI A AzramanA maMDANa maMDAya che. eka arthamAM A AzramanuM sthAna ati mahatvanuM che. kAraNa ke bIjA traNe AzramanI vyavasthA ane vikAsa A Azrama para AdhArita che. gurune ghare vidyAbhyAsa mATe brahmacArI jAya e pahelAMnuM bALajIvana A AzramamAM ja ghaDAya che. vaLI vAnaprasthI vyaktionI saMbhALanuM kArya para gRhasthAzramIe ja karavAnuM hoya che, ane saMnyAsIonA nibhAva mATe paNa gRhasthAzramIoe ja prayAsa karavAne rahe che. A rIte gRhasthadharma "sva" karatA "para" mATe savizeSa che. pitR pratyenuM, vaDIle pratyenuM, guru pratyenuM, anya samAjabaMdhuo pratyenuM tema ja sarva jIvo pratyenuM RNa gRhasthIe adA karavAnuM hoya che. AthI ja gRhasthIjIvana vyatita karavAnA viziSTa Adezo apAyA che. A AzramanA mahatvanA guNo che- dAna, zrama, karakasara, saMyama, dharmAbhimukha vRtti, samAjasevA vagere. ga. vAnaprasthAzrama : gRhasthAzramI tarIke khUba pravRttimaya jIvana vyatita ryA pachI de pravRttimAMthI manaHpravRtti taraphane mAge te prahasthAzramathI vAnaprasthane

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hiMdudharma 89 mAga, dunyavI pravRttiomAMthI nivRtta thaI AtmadhyAna ane prabhusmaraNamAM mana paravI, janahitArthe jIvavAno prayAsa, te vAnaprasthAzrama. brahmacaryAzramamAM zIkhelA dharmAnubhavanA pATha pratyakSa karavAno avasara ahIM prApta thAya che. gRhasthAzramanA natikajIvananI keDInI upalI dhArmika jIvananI keDInuM jIvana ahIMyAM jIvAya che. A AzramanA agatyanAM kAryo che-yajJa karavo, vedAbhyAsa, pavitratA ane samAnatAbharyuM jIvana, aparigraha tathA sarva prANIo mATe prema ane dayA. gha, saMnyAsAzrama : mAnavajIvananuM uccatara stara te saMnyAsAzrama A tabake jIvAtmA hakIktamAM dunyavI sarvasva tyAga kare che, yajJa-yAgAdi vidhine paNa tyAga kare che, ane AtmA-paramAtmAnA saMbaMdha upara manana karato rahI prabhuprAptinA prayAsamAM prayatnazIla rahe che. dunyavI baMdhanamAMthI mukti meLavI, mananI ekAgratA ane sAmyavasthA meLavI e IzvaraprAptinA mArge AgaLa vadhavAmAM pitAnA aMtaryAmI sAthe ekarUpa thaI ekAMkIjIvana vyakta karavAnuM pasaMda kare che. jIvananI vyavasthAnA prakAra tarIke Azrama vyavasthA vize e neMdhavuM joIe ke ekeya Azrama bIjAthI saMpUrNa paNe svataMtra ane alAyado ( Exclusive) nathI. mAnavajIvanakALanA AvA vibhAge pazcimanI vicAradhArAmAM paNa prApta che. e aMgene khyAla A sAthe ApelA cheThA 12 parathI Avaze. , puruSArtha : manuSyajIvananuM lakSya zuM ? jIvanamAM zuM prApta karavAnI mAnavInI jijJAsA rahe che ? hiMdudharma anusAra AvA cAra lakSyAMke svIkAravAmAM AvyA che ane ene puruSArtha tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvyA che. A cAra puruSArtha che. kAma, artha, dharma - ane mokSa. ka, kAma : kAma eTale IcchA. jIvananA pratyeka tabakake koIne koI kAmanA athavA IchA manuSyane kAryavaMta karI, enA jIvanane gati Ape che. niSkAma kartavya Adarza hovAM chatAM vyavahAramAM sakAma kartavya thatuM rahe che. vikasita kakSAe ja niSkAma karma saMbhavita che. 12. lAIphaga ejayukezana, dhI kamyunITI lAIpha, 197ii, pA. 14ra (juo pAna 90).

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Age in years 89 Death Regression Ego identity Later 70 Old age vs. despair Self-fulfilment maturity | Extreme Ret rospection Generativity hold age 60 Diminishing | strength Critical self vs. stagnation Middle-age 50 Prime of assessment | Intimacy vs. Testing isolation. mind&tongue & self-rea40 Fully trained lization | Self-realization occupl Middlelife -ation, marraige, & own Identity vs. 30 Marraige & Specificity & _family family role confusion Family | definiteness Self-determination to Industry vs | Early role in society inferiority Physical adulthood! Youth maturity Sex-need & identity Initiative vs | Adolesce Guilt nce Adolescence Exploration , Objective self-eva| luation Autonomy Middlevs. shame. childhohd Childhood Childhood Autonomous value setting Trust vs. Preparation i mistrust. Infancy Infancy Obedience vs. indep endence, trust & love Solon Buhler 1935 Buhler 1962 Erikson Havighurst Jung STAGES OF THE LIFE SPAN SUGGESTED BY VARIOUS ANALYSTS dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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hiMdudharma kha. artha : artha eTale lakSmI, paise, dravya. dravya-prAptine manuSyano prayAsa rahe che. kAraNa ke te sAdhana dvArA manuSyane anya vividha prApti maLI zake che. dravya mAtra vyavahAranuM sAdhana rahyuM tyAM sudhI te puruSArtha vAjabI rahyo, paraMtu dravyane upa ga eka karatAM vadhu rIte thavA mAMDyo 13 tema tema artha sAdhana maTI sAdhya banavA mAMDayuM. Ama dravyane parigraha paNa enA eka kartavya tarIke svIkArAye. tyAre artha sAdhanane badale sAdhya tarIke savizeSa jovAvA mAMDayo. ga, dharma dharma eTale je dhAraNa kare che, ane ethI je kaMIka, athavA jenA vaDe samAjanuM dhAraNa thAya che ene ravIkAra karI enuM pAlana karavuM te puruSArthane dharma tarIke oLakhAvAyo. A puruSArtha anusAra zAstrAjJAnuM pAlana, tema ja zAstromAM apAyelA Adeze ane niyamonuM pAlana karavuM te dharmanA puruSArtha tarIke svIkArAyuM. kadAcita AthI ja dharmanA bAhya svarUpane vadhu mahatva maLyuM ane dharma AMtarika cetanAnI sajAgatAne viSaya na rahetA bAhyAcArane viSaya rahyo. paraMtu puruSArthanA arthamAM dharmane vicAra karIe tyAre e bahu spaSTapaNe samajavuM joIe ke dharma eTale samAjamAM potAnA sthAna anusAranuM kartavyapAlana. A arthamAM dharmane puruSArtha keTaluM mahattvano banI rahe che ene khyAla Avaze. gha, mokSa : mokSa eTale mukti. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM ke hiMdudharmanuM dhyeya jIvAtmAnI mukti prAptinuM che. jIvAtmAne aneka prakAranA baMdhana che. AmAM mukhyatve ajJAna, pApa, duHkha tema ja pitAnA zarIranuM baMdhana che. A badhAM baMdhanomAMthI mukta thavuM te mokSa. mekSanA pAMca bheda svIkArAyA che. eka, sAkaya : paramAtmAne pAmavuM. be, sAruSa : paramAtmA jevA rUpanA thavuM. traNa, sASTaN : enI samAna zaktivALA thavuM. cAra, sAyujya : enI sAthe maLI javuM. pAMca, kevalya : jIva-brahma tAdAbhya pAmavuM. Ama, sarva puruSArthomAM mokSa sarvathI zreSTha che. 13. Money is a matter of function four, a medium, a measure, a standard, a store.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana keTalIka veLA dharma ane mekSa samAna gaNI traNa ja puruSArtho gaNavAmAM Ave che, ane ene cAra puruSArthane badale "trIvarga" tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. A trIvargane svIkAranI pAchaLa e kAraNa hoI zake ke mAnavasamAjane bahu moTo varga gRhasthAzramI hoya che, ane e tabakke mekSaprApti mATeno puruSArtha saMbhavita nathI. ja. sAdhana catuSTaya : jIvAtmA baMdhanamAMthI mukti kharI rIte to jJAna dvArA ja prApta karI zake. cittazuddhi karavA mATe karmayoga ane bhaktiyoga anukULa che. paraMtu ajJAnamayI aMdhakAra te jJAnathI ja dUra karI zakAya. AthI jIva-brahmalInatA prApta karavAnuM, karma ke bhakti aMtima sAdhana thaI zake nahi. jJAna e evuM sAdhana che, paraMtu ApaNe e bahu spaSTapaNe neMdhavuM joIe ke ahIMyAM jJAna eTale ke buddhithI meLavAyela kaMIka ema nahi, paraMtu jemAM anubhavane paNa samAveza thAya che te. kharI rIte te IzvaraprApti mAtra jJAnane nahi, paraMtu anubhavane viSaya che. brahmanA jJAnanI prApti mATe zaMkarAcArye brahmajJAnanA adhikAra mATe cAra sAdhanane ullekha karyo che. ka. viveka nitya ane anityane viveka e brahmajJAnaprAptinuM prathama sopAna che. brahma ane enA nija svarUpane AtmA e nitya padArtha che, ane je kSaNabhaMgura che, ane ethI je anitya che ene bheda samajyA vinA brahmajJAnanI jhAMkhI zI rIte thaI zake ? kha. vairAgya : Asaktine abhAva e vairAgya. sRSTinI vastuo ke vyaktio mATe anAsaktibharI vRtti e ja vairAgyavRtti. jyAM sudhI kAmanA hoya tyAM sudhI vairAgya saMbhavI zakatA nathI. ga, sAdhanasaMpata : brahmajJAnanI prApti mATe cha sAdhananI prApti jarUrI manAya che. sAdhanasaMpatamAM A cha sAdhanono samAveza karavAmAM Ave che: zama, dama, uparati, titikSA, zraddhA ane samAdhAna. gha, mumukSatva : kAmanAno tyAga karavA chatAM mokSaprAptinI icchA vinA brahmajJAna prApta karI zakAtuM nathI. 2. varNavyavasthA hiMdudharme Apela varNavyavasthA hiMdudharmanuM viziSTa pradAna che. jIvananA cAra mahattvanAM mUlyone siddha karavAne mATe mAnavIe je naitika AcArasaMhitAnuM pAlana karavAnuM che te A vyavahAramAM sugama bane ema che.

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hiMdudharma samagra hiMdusamAjane cAra vibhAgamAM vibhAjita karavAmAM Avyo che. A vargone svIkAra zarUAtanA tabake je te varganA guNa, pharaja para AdhArita hato. paraMtu, kALAnukrame A vargo jaDa prakAranA vargo tarIke sthApita thaI vargo tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyA ane vaMzaparaMparAgata varNa, peDhI-darapeDhI samAna rIte cAlatI AvI. samaya jatAM A varSe jJAtiomAM, peTAjJAtiomAM ane varNasaMkara ke jJAtisaMkara jUthamAM pariNamavA mAMDI. varNavyavasthA ke varNasaMsthAnA itihAsamAM ApaNe nahi UtarIe. ApaNe mAtra eTaluM ja naMdhIe ke koI paNa janasamAjamAM badhI ja vyaktio ekamaya hotI nathI ane ethI ja koI ne koI prakAre vyaktionA samUhamAM samAjanuM vargIkaraNa thatuM ja raheze ema lAge che. jyAM sudhI vyakti-bhinnatA che tyAM sudhI samAjavyavasthA ane samAja-jUthe svIkAra anivArya che. leTathI mAMDI kAla mApha14 sudhInA vicArakoe A vAta svIkArI che. hiMdudharma cAra varNa svIkAre che : ka. brAhmaNa kha. kSatriya ga. vaizya gha. dra ka. brAhmaNa samAjane A vagara adhyayana ane adhyApananA kAryamAM vyasta rahe che. dharmazAstrono abhyAsa, tenuM jJAna janasamudAyane ApavuM ane zAstrokta rItanA vyavahAranI samAjane sUjha ApavI e emanuM mukhya kartavya rahe che. Ama teo samAja-zikSaka che ane samAjanA AdhyAtmika netA che. brAhmaNanA sAhajika guNa che-AtmasaMyama, pavitratA, kSamA, sAdAI, neha, DahApaNa, Izvara ane dharmagraMthamAM zraddhA tathA satya (Truth) ane sattAnuM ( Reality) tAtvika jJAna. kha, kSatriya samAjanA rakSaNanI javAbadArI je vargane zire che te vAM kSatriya varga. AMtarika spardhA ke bAhya AkramaNanI sAme A varga samAjanI akhaMDitatA ane sArvabhaumatva jALave che. AthI samAjanI rAjakIya netAgIrI A varga pAse rahe che. 14. mArka vargavihIna samAjanI vAta kare che, varNavihIna samAjanI nahi.

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-94 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A varganA sahaja gaNe che-zaurya, tAkAta, nizciMtatA, aDagatA, kuneha, dayA, ane kuzaLa vyavasthA. ga. vaizya samAjanA arasaparasanA vyavahAra mATene setu A varga pUro pADe che. A varga vepAra-vANijya dvArA lakSmI prApta karI rAjyane tathA je vyaktinI sevA e svIkAre che, tema ja jenI pAsethI e mULa vastu prApta kare che tene enI vaheMcaNI kare che. A varganA mahattvanA guNa che--khetI, pazupAlana, vyApAra, vANijya, vedAbhyAsa, vedavyavahAra, dayA ane dAna. ahIM e joI zakAze ke arthopArjanane hiMdudharmamAM kadIye svataMtra vyApAra tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyuM nathI. artha e sAdhana che - sAdhya nahIM ane ethI ja vaizya vedAbhyAsa karavAnI ane vedavyavahAra AcaravAnI jarUrata rahe che. vyApAra paNa dharmathI abhimukha hovo joIe nahi. gAMdhIjInA dravya ane dharma saMbaMdhanA vicAre A AdhAra para ja racAyelA che. emanA mate paNa vyApAravyavahAra dharmAcaraNathI vibhinna hoI zake nahi. gha, zUdra samAjane A varga sevAne varelo varga che. samAjanA itara vargonI sevAnuM kArya emanuM che. eka arthamAM pratyeka vyakti zudra varganI che. kAraNa ke kaIne koI prakAre e sevA karatI ja hoya che. zadra eTale halakA prakAranI kAmagIrI karanAra vyakti e mAnyatA bhUlabharelI hovA chatAM ghaNAnA manamAM daDha thayelI jovA maLe che. Adhunika samayamAM A khoTI mAnyatA bhUMsAtI jatI hoya ema lAge che. A varNanA saguNa che-parizrama, saccAI, Adara, hukama pAlana, anuzAsana, niyamitatA, khaMta vagere. , saMskAra : mAnavamAM rahela padArtha ane pazujIvananI prakriyAone sudhArI mAnavasahaja bauddhika, naitika, dhArmika ane AdhyAtmika jIvana jIvavA mATenI taiyArIrUpe hiMdudharmamAM keTalIka kriyAo astitva dharAve che ane ene saMskAra tarIke oLakhAvAya che. saMskAranI zarUAta bALakanA garbhAdhAnathI zarU thaI tenA mRtyu sudhI te cAle che. hiMdudharmanI saMskArabhAvanA jIvAtmAne satata brahmaprAptinA - zreya tarapha laI javAnA prayAsarUpa che.

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hiMdudharma sAmAnyapaNe AvA keTalAka saMrakAro svIkArAyA che. enI saMkhyA vize ekamata nathI. keTalAka bAra saMskAranI, keTalAka soLa saMskAranI ane keTalAka cAlIsa saMskAranI saMkhyA darzAve che. keTalAka mahattvanA saMskAre nIce mujaba cheH 1. garbhAdhAna : garbhAdhAna thatA mAtAnA saMskAra. 2. pusaMvana : garbhAvasthAmAM mAtAnA saMskAra. 3. sImaMtonnayana : A saMskAra paNa mAtAnI garbhAvasthAmAM karavAmAM Ave che. mAtAnA prathama veLAnA garbhAdhAna vakhate ja A saMskAra karavAmAM Ave che. 4. jAtakarma : bALakanA janma samaye bALakane karavAmAM Avato saMskAra. 5. nAmakaraNa : bALakanA janmanA dazamA divase bALakanuM nAma pADavAne saMskAra. 6. niSkramaNa : bALakane cothe mahine gharanI bahAra kADhI sUryadarzana karAvavAno saMskAra te nimaNu. 7. annaprAsana : bALakane chaThuM mahine madha, ghI, bhAta vagere ekaThA karI khavaDAvavAne saMskAra. 8. cauDa : trIje varSe bALakanA vALa utarAvavAno saMskAra. 9. upanayana : bALakane yajJopavita ApavuM ane bALakane gurune ghera bhaNavA mokalavAne saMskAra. upanayana eTale upanI, guru pAse javuM ema thAya che. guru pAsethI manuSya jJAna meLave che ane cAritraghaDataranuM bhAthuM paNa meLave che. Ama thatAM manuSyanuM pazu svarUpa palaTAya che ane e navuM jIvana dhAraNa kare che. upanayana saMskArane ethI keTalIka veLA dvijatvanA saMskAra tarIke paNa oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. bALaka pahelI vAra mAtAne peTe, paraMtu bIjI vAra guru pAsethI saMskAra meLavI daitya bharele manuSya-janma prApta kare che. Ama, upanayana saMskAra eka mahatvane saMskAra che. upanayana saMskAra vize e noMdhavuM ThIka raheze ke eka samaye kanyAne paNa upanayana ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. temane paNa veda ane gAyatrIne upadeza ApavAmAM Ave. kumAra jeTalI kaDaktA ke bhikSA mAMgavI ke gurune ghera nivAsa kare vagere kanyA mATe na hatA.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 10. godAna : soLame varSe (dADhI-gucchA sahita) sarva vALa levaDAvavAne saMskAra. 12. vivAha H svaprahe pAchA pharyA pachI gRhasthAzramanI taiyArIrUpe agniparigraha. eTale ke agninI sAkSIe pati-patnI tarIke joDAIne pavitra jIvana javavAne svIkAra kare te saMskAra. saMskAra tarIke oLakhAvAya che. paraMtu mahattvanuM e che ke Ane paNa eka saMskAra tarIke svIkArI vyaktine mATe mRtyune bhaya dUra karavAmAM Avyo che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu A saMskArathI e paNa siddha thAya che ke mAnavInuM jIvana, janma ane mRtyunI ghaTamALa vaccenA prasaMgomAM ja samApta thatuM nathI paraMtu enuM mRtyu eka navA jIvana prati prayANa kare che. che. tahevAra-tIrthayAtrA : - kAIpaNa dharmamAM dhArmika tahevAronuM sthAna agatyanuM che. te tahevArone pariNAme dharmamAM eka prakAranuM cetana jaLavAI rahe che. pratyeka dharmamAM AvA aneka tahevArone samAveza thayeluM ja hoya che. navarAtrIne tahevAra, hoLIne. tahevAra, divALIno tahevAra vagere aneka tahevAre hiMdudharmamAM paNa samAviSTa thayelA che. kaIka dhArmika puruSane janmadina ke mRtyutithi paNa tahevAranuM sthAna pAme che. e ja pramANe prabhujJAnanI jhAMkhI ke prabhudarzanane prasaMga paNa tahevAramAM sthAna pAme che. tahevAronI ujavaNI vividha prakAre thAya che. keTalAka tahevAre mAtra AnaMda ja prasaMge banI rahe che, jyAre bIjA keTalAka tahevAro vrata pAlana ane AdhyAtmika taiyArI mATenA hoya evuM bane che. ujavaNInI rIte, ane e sAthe saMkaLAyela kathAnake tathA dhArmika pragatimAM je te tahevArono phALo ane dhArmika cetananI jAgRtimAM ene hisso e bAbata mahattavanI che. paraMtu ApaNI maryAdA bahAra che. tahevAra samAjajIvananuM eka mahattvanuM aMga bane che ane Aje to mAtra dhArmika parvonI ujavaNI thAya che ema ja nahi paraMtu aneka rASTrIya parvo paNa utsava tarIke svIkArAyA che, ane emanI ujavaNI paNa thAya che. parvanA AvA svIkAramAM tathA enA vistarIkaraNamAM emAM raheluM mahAtmaya chatuM thAya che.

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hiMdudharma jema tahevAra vize kahyuM tema tIrthayAtrA mATe paNa kahI zakAya. pratyeka dharmamAM evA keTalAMka sthAno svIkAravAmAM AvyAM che jene tIrthanuM biruda ApavAmAM Ave che ane e sthAnanI yAtrAne dhArmika kArya tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che. tIrthayAtrAnAM AvAM sthAno mULe te dhArmika preraNA ApanArAM hoya che. e sthAnamAM pravartatI zAMti ane tyAMnuM pavitra vAtAvaraNa mAnavInI AdhyAtmika cetanAne bahAra lAvavAmAM sahAyabhUta bane che. pratyeka tIrthasthAna pAchaLa kaMIka ItihAsa raheluM hoya che ane sAmAnya rIte e sthAnamAM prabhu-prAkaTaya ke payagaMbaranA vAsane ke saMta-mahAtmAnA sthAnakano bhAva hoya che. kALAnakrame tIrthasthAnonA vAtAvaraNamAM ane tyAM pravartatI pavitratAmAM palaTo tha heya e azakya nathI. che. maMdira ane pUjArI varga : dharmanA eka saMgaThaka baLa tarIke maMdiranuM sthAna mahatvanuM che. sAmAnya rIte vyaktigata prArthanA pratyeka mAnavI potAnA sthAnamAM ja karI le paraMtu samUhagata prArthanA mATenuM koI sthAna hoya to te maMdira che. zAMtinI khojamAM pharatA mAnavIne maMdira e meLavI Ape che. cittanI ekAgratA mATe je vAtAvaraNanI jarUriyAta che e paNa maMdiramAM prApta thAya che. pratyeka maMdiramAM koI ne kaI ISTadevanuM sthApana thayeluM hoya che te, tathA maMdira sAthe saMkaLAyela aneka prasaMge ane itihAsa mAnavIne preraNArUpa bane che. dhArmika bodha mATenuM sthAna paNa maMdira pUruM pADe che. dharmane jIvaMta rAkhavAmAM maMdirane kALo keTaluM che e Ama to mAtra kalpanAne vidhya che kAraNa ke e vizenuM koI zAstrIya saMzodhana thayeluM jANyuM nathI. paraMtu, eka nAnAmAM nAnA gAmamAM paNa prabhumaMdiranuM astitva zuM e vAtanI sAkSIrUpa nathI ke mAnavajIvanamAM dharmabhAvanA otaprota thayelI che? je gAmamAM prAthamika zALA ke davAkhAnuM na hoya temAM paNa devamaMdiranuM astitva jovA maLaze. Ano artha ema nathI ke vyaktine zikSaNanI ke svAsthanI bhUkha nathI. Ano artha mAtra eTale ja thAya ke mAnavI pitAnI dhArmika abhilASA saMtoSavA mATe vadhu sajAga ane sakriya che. A bhAvanA na samajanAra evI dalIla keTalIka veLA kare che ke maMdira bAMdhavAmAM thato kharca, va5rAta samaya ane zakti mAtra veDaphAya che. A dharma 7 ... ' '

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAramAM keTaluM tathya che enI tapAsa te dhArmikabhAvanA keTalI daDha thayelI che tenI jANakArI pachI ja ApI zakAya. . paraMtu, jema tIrthasthAne mATe beMdhyuM ema maMdira mATe paNa e kahI zakAya ke maMdiramAM sthApela prabhunI pUjAnuM kartavya jemane soMpavAmAM AvyuM che e pUjArI varganI saMkucitatAne lIdhe keTalIka veLA maMdira, preraNAsthAna na rahetAM mAtra pUjArIsthAna banI jAya che. 7. hiMdu dharmazAstroH hiMdudharmanA atihAsika vikAsanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe hiMdudharmanAM zAstro vize sAmAnya svarUpanI keTalIka vAto karI che. paraMtu pratyeka dharmanuM zAstra te dharmane pAyA samAna hoI e aMgenI sAmAnya rajUAta jarUrI bane che. hiMdudharmanA atihAsika samayanI vistRta phalakane hiMdu dharmazAstrono khyAla meLavavA mATe nIcenA cAra vibhAgomAM vaheMcI zakAya. ka. veda, zruti, upaniSada - Isa. pUrve 3000 thI lagabhaga I. sa. pU. 800 kha. smRti I. sa. pUrve 800 thI lagabhaga I. sa. 600 sudhI ga. bhAge I. sa. 600 thI 1300 gha. saMtavANI I. sa. 1200 thI 1800 sAmAnya rIte koIpaNa dharmanA zAstramAM mahattvanA evA mULabhUta Adeza apAyA hoya che. A Adeza AjJAnA svarUpanA hoya che. paraMtu e uparAMta mAnavInA vyavahAramAM, naitikajIvananA vikAsamAM ane AdhyAtmika samRddhinI prAptimAM sahAyaka evAM aneka bodhavacanone paNa emAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyuM hoya che. hiMdudharmanA pratyeka varganAM zAstro vize thoDI vadhu vigata meLavIe. kavi, zrati vagere hiMdudharmanuM mULa athavA prathama zAstra tarIke vedane svIkAra thAya che. vedane artha thAya che jJAna. emAM je jJAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che e dharma aMgenuM che. bIjI rIte ema kahevAya ke hiMdustAnanA IzAna khUNAmAMthI Aryo sau prathama hindustAnamAM AvyA ane siMdhu nadIne kinAre raheThANuM karyuM-te samayathI

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hiMdudharma 99 mAMDIne mithilAnagarI eTale pUrvamAM bihAra sudhI jaI vasavATa karyo e samagra -lAMbA gALA daramyAna racAyelAM pustakone veda nAma nIce mUkavAmAM Ave che. vedane keTalIka veLA zruti tarIke paNa oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. je jJAnanI prAptine bhAga zravaNa che ane je jJAna RSi-munioe Izvara pAsethI sAMbhaLyuM che te jJAna jemAM samAviSTa thayuM che te zruti tarIke oLakhAya che. cAra prakAranA vedamAM mukhyatve karIne paramAtmAne karavAnI prArthanA ane yajJa aMgenA vicAra rajU karavAmAM Avela che. A uparAMta paramatattvanA svarUpa viSeno vicAra paNa rajU karavAmAM Avela che ane e badhAnI rajUAta kastAM pustakone saMhitA, brAhmaNa ane upaniSada tarIke oLakhAvAya che. kha. smRti: kaSi-munioe paramAtmA pAsethI sAMbhaLela jJAna pitAnI mRtimAMthI anya RSioe jyAre zabdabaddha karyuM ane navA graMtho lakhyA ene rakRti kahevAya che. maraNamAMthI rajU thayela hoIne smRti tarIke oLakhAvAya che. zrutinI jema mRtimAM paNa paramatatva aMgenA vicAro to rajU thayelA ja che. paraMtu te uparAMta A smRtigraMthomAM rItarivAje vize tathA tenA prakAra, niyama ane AcaraNa vize paNa ghaNI bAbate rajU thaI che. AvI rIte taiyAra thayela rakRtigraMtha uparathI manu, yAjJavalkaya, bhUgu vagere RSioe moTA graMtha taiyAra karyA che. keTalAka vicArake rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhArata jevA purANone paNa smRtimAM samAveza kare che. mRtikALa daramyAna Aryo lagabhaga samasta bhAratavarSa para chavAI gayAM hatA ga. bhAgyeH vividha dharmazAstromAM rajU thayela vicAromAMthI tAratamya zodhI emAMthI kaMIka niSkarSa meLavI je rajUAta karavAmAM AvI ene "bhA' kahevAyA. bhASyakAromAM mukhyatve karIne zaMkarAcArya, rAmAnujAcArya, mAdhavAcArya ane vallabhAcAryane samAveza thAya che. gha, saMtavANI : zAstro mukhyatve saMskRta bhASAmAM racAyAM paraMtu dharmanuM -hAI te je te prAdezika bhASAmAM ja vadhu sArI rIte rajU thaI zake. A kArya bhAratadezanA sAdhu-saMtoe karyuM che. emaNe IzvaranA svarUpa vize tema ja ene prApta karavAnA mArgo vize tathA dharmanA virUpa aMge ane vyaktie AyaravAnA niyamo vizenI dharmazAstromAM karAyelI rajUAtane lokabhogya vANImAM kAvyaravarUpe rajU karI che. A kAvyo bhajano tarIke gavAyAM che ane e rIte

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMtavANI hiMdu dharmazAstrane nicoDa ApavA prayAsa kare che. A saMtavANIne paNa keTalAka vicArake dharmazAstra tarIke svIkAre che. game tema teye saMtamatanA anuyAyIone mana emanAM lakhANo zAstra karatAM ochAM nathI ane emane teo e ja mAnathI jue che. keTalAka saMtane nAme paMthe paNa zarU thayA che, jemAM mukhyatve rAmAnaMda, kabIra, nAnaka vagereno samAveza thaI zake. 8. hiMdu nItizAstraH ' dharma je vyakti ane IzvaranA saMbaMdhanI carcA karI mAnava mATe Izvara-- prApti mArga rajU kare che, to nItizAstra mAnava-mAnava vaccenA saMbaMdhano mArga rajU kare che. sAmAnya rIte ema kahI zakAya ke mAnavInI naitiktA e dhArmikatAnI prAptinI pUrvataiyArIrUpa che. je mAnavI pitAnI sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM ke anya vyaktio sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM saraLa nathI, e vyakti izvara sAthe saMbaMdha saraLatAthI zI rIte sthApI zake ? AthI ja hiMdudharmamAM naitikatA upara ghaNo ja bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. manusmRti, yAjJavaNyasmRti, kAmadakIya nIti vagere A kathananA samarthanamAM TAMkI zakAya. rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata jevAM purANa paNa naitiktA ane anaitikatAnA gharSaNane rajU karI naitika mUlyonA jatananI ane vijayanI vAta kare che. Ama chatAM, vedAMtanA svarUpane anulakSIne keTalIka vakhata evo prazna uThAvavAmAM Ave che ke je vyakti bahmane jANe che eNe pachI zuM naitikatAnuM pAlana karavAnuM rahe che? zaMkarAcAryanA matathI A bAbatamAM rAmAnujAcAryane mata cheDe alaga hovAne kAraNe A prazna savizeSa upasthita thAya che. rAmAnujAcArya pramANe jJAna ane karma ekasAthe joDavA Avazyaka che. mAtra zuddha hRdaya ke mAtra jJAna pUratA nathI. zaMkarAcArya anusAra 5Na cittanI zuddhi karma vinA saMbhavatI nathI ane cittazuddhi vinA jJAnanI prApti thatI nathI. chatAM zaMkarAcArya evI zakyatA ravIkAre che ke koI vyakti potAnA pUrvajanmatA baLe janmathI ja cittazuddhinI avasthAmaya heya emane mATe karmanI jarUriyAta rahetI nathI. paraMtu, Ano artha zuM ema ghaTAvI zakAya ke zaMkara matAnusAra jJAnaprApti pachI nItinA niyamonuM baMdhana rahetuM nathI ? ahIMyAM baMdhana zabda mahattvanuM che.14 AvA jJAnI puruSa ke jeNe brahmajJAna prApta karyuM che evA puruSa mATe kharekhara kaI baMdhana rahetuM nathI, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu ene mATe nItinA niyame jevuM kaMI ja rahetuM: 14. dhruva, A. bA., ApaNo dharma, pA. 343

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hiMdudharma 11 nathI. nItinA niyamone, niyama tarIke pAlana karavAnI jarUriyAta ene ja rahe che je ene svabhAvagata banAvI zaktA nathI. paraMtu jema sahaja rIte megarAmAMthI suvAsa prasare, baraphIlAmAMthI pANI vahe, tema jJAnI puruSamAMthI je kaMI vahe che e niyama anusAra nahi ane chatAM nIti viruddha paNa nahi. sAmAnya mANasa mATe nIti e baMdhana che, kAraNa ke enA niyamo enA para jANe ke bahArathI ladAyelA che. jJAnI puruSane adhyAtmajIvana, dharmajIvana, nItijIvana, vyavahArajIvana jevo koI bheda nathI. e badhuM ja ene mATe samarUpa banI jAya che-sahaja bane che ane ethI ema kema kahI zakAya ke brahmajJAna prApta karanAra jJAnIne nItinA niyamonuM baMdhana che? sRSTinA sarvaniyAmaka sAthe jeNe ekatva prApta karyuM che ene mATe bIjA kyA niyame hoI zake? A bAbatanI pUrti mATe sadAnaMda15 A pramANe jaNAve che: brahmajJAnanI avasthAmAM amAnityAdI jJAnasAdhano ane aSTavAdI sadguNo jJAnapUrvanI sthitimAMthI UtarI Ave che. jene AtmajJAna thayuM che enAmAM addhavAdI guNo prayatna vinA sahaja rIte hoya che ane sAdhanarUpa hotA nathI. Ama zaMkara matAnusAra paNa jJAnaprApti pUrvenuM karma nIti Adeza anusAranuM karma, jJAnaprApti pachInuM karma e jJAnamAMthI sahaja rIte niSpanna thatuM karma che. ajJAnAvasthAmAM kAryone Adeza bahArathI maLe che, jJAnAvasthAmAM kAryane Adeza svayaM krUre che. sokreTisa sahitanA grIka tatvavettAo tema ja yahudIo ane khristIo paNa jJAnane ja nIti tarIke svIkAre che ane ajJAnane pApa tarIke rajU kare che. e hakIkata jemsa ethe 16 A rIte rajU karI che. jJAna ane vyavahAra vaccene abheda saMbaMdha grIka tatvo bahu spaSTa rIte samajyA hatA. sekreTisanuM kathana "guNue A bAbata samajyA hatA, kAraNa ke emaNe DahApaNa ane sArApaNuM, mUrkhatA ane pApane samAnArthI tarIke lekhyA che. A ja pramANe khristI dharmanA sthApakane paNa A abheda spaSTa rIte samajAve che. kAraNa ke teo pite e baMdha Ape che ke zAzvata jIvana pitA ane putrane jANavAmAM samAyeluM che. jema jema jIvananuM dhyeya ane Adarza sAcI rIte samajAte jAya ane enuM 15. vedAMtasAra 16. Ithikala prinsipalsa, pA. 8

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102 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jJAna prApta thatuM jAya tema tema jIvanamAM vikAsa thato rahe che ane jIvana sAcI. rIte vadhu samRddha bane che. 9. svarga ane narka : svarga ane narkane khyAla ghaNA dharmomAM pracalita che. keTalAka dharmo svarga--nakane mAnavInAM kAryo anusAranuM e aMtima sthAna che ema mAne che. hiMdudharma paNa svarga ane narkanA khyAlamAM mAne che. paraMtu e sAthe eTaluM paNa khyAlamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke hiMdudharma punarjanmamAM paNa mAne che. karmanA siddhAMta anusAra, karelAM badhAM ja karmonAM pariNAmo hoya che. emAM keTalAMka eka janmakALa daramyAna bhagavAI cUkyAM hoya che, bIjAM keTalAMka bhegavavAnAM. bAkI hoya che. je karmonAM pariNAmo bhogavAyAM nathI te bhogavavAne mATe bIje janma levo paDe che. A janmamAM anya karmo paNa thatAM rahe che. svarga ane narka karmabhUmi nathI paNa bhogabhUmi che, e rIte emano sAmAnyapaNe vicAra thaye che. paraMtu jo karmanA pariNAma bhogavavA mATe ja svarga ke narkane vicAra karavAmAM Ave te mAnavanA sAcA ravarUpa sAthe e susaMgata che ema kahI zakAya kharuM? zuM narkamAM janAra jIva sadAyane mATe narkAgAramAM sabaDatA jIva tarIke ja raheze ? zuM mAnavI pote ja potAnA jIvanane ghaDavaiyo nathI? pitAnAM karmonAM pariNAmonA. bhogAyaTanamAMthI pitAnAM satkarmo dvArA mukti meLavI zake ema nathI ? svarga ane narkanI kalpanA kadAca AlAdaka lAge, paraMtu svarga ane narka e ahIM ja che. ApaNuM pRthvI jevI e koI anya bhUmi nathI. sukhanI prApti ane duHkhanuM darda pratyeka vyaktine sadaMtara hoya che. sukhaprApti svarga samAna che ane duHkhanuM bhogAyaTana narka samAna che. ApaNe AgaLa kahyuM tema svarga ane narka eka kalpanA che. sAmAnya rIte evo khyAla pravarte che ke vargaka upara che ane narka nIce che. AmAM paNa kaMI jhAjhuM tathya nathI. ApaNI svapnasRSTi mATe ApaNe zuM kahIzuM ? e sRSTi upara che ke nIce che? paraMtu satya AcaraNamAMthI nIpajatuM sukha e ucca avasthAmAMnA pratIka tarIke svIkArI svarga UMce che ema svIkArAya te saMbhavita che, ane e ja pramANe narkane mATe paNa kahI zakAya. ravarga ane narkanA khyAlanI sAthe je te dharmanA vikAsanI avasthA saMkaLAyelI che. dharmavikAsamAM eka evI avasthA Ave che jyAre pralobhana ane bhaya dharma.. jIvanamAM vyApe che. prabhanaprApti ane bhayanivAraNa mATe sUcavAyelI dhArmika mAnyatAo ane dhArmikavyavahAra agatyanA bane che ane jIvanamAM mahattavane.

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hiMdudharma 103 bhAga bhajave che. svargane vicAra prabhAkArI ane nakane vicAra bhItimaya che. icchanIya prApta karavAnI dRSTie ane bhItithI dUra rahevAnI dRSTie mAnavI nItimaya dhArmika jIvana jIvate thAya e mATe vyavahAra rIte varga ane narkanI kalpanA karavAmAM AvI hoya ema kema nahi mAnI zakAya ? 10 yajJa : hiMdudharmamAM yajJabhAvanA zarUAtathI Ajadinaparyata eTalI prabaLa rahI che ke Adhunika samayamAM paNa vinobA bhAve jevA vicArake yajJanI bhAvanAno upayoga potAnA bhUdAnanA kArya sAthe joDI tene bhUdAnayajJanuM nAma Ape che. yajJabhAvanA zuM che e samajavuM jarUrI che. enI sAthe ja yananI rIta ane yajJanA prakAra paNa samajavA joIe. bIjI rIte kahIe te yAnI rIta ane yajJanA prakAra samajavAthI yajJanuM svarUpa ane hArda paNa samajAya che. yajJa eka evI kriyA che jemAM bAhya ane AMtara zuddhi vinA vyakti bhAga laI zakatI nathI. yajJamAM pANI ane agni e be mahatvanAM aMgo che, ane e baMnene pavitra tarIke lekhavAmAM AvyAM che. bAhyazuddhi mATe pANI pratIkAtmaka tarIke upayogamAM levAya che, ane AMtarazuddhi mATe pratIkAtmaka tarIke agnine upayoga thAya che. jema pANI dehane bAhya rIte zuddha kare che tema prabhuprAptine agni dehane AMtarikarUpe zuddha kare che-enI vAsanAo, tRSNAo ane kuvicArone bhasmIbhUta karIne paraMtu yajJabhAvanAmAM vyaktizuddhi uparAMta vAtAvaraNazuddhinI paNa bhAvanA samAyelI che. vaLI, emAM bIjI eka bhAvanA e paNa samAI che ke Izvare mAnavIne ApelA sarvane eNe pite upabhoga karavAnuM nathI, paraMtu pitAnI jarUriyAta pUratuM rAkhI bAkInuM agninI sAkSIe parata karavAnuM che. Ama, hiMdudharmanI yajJabhAvanA mAtra dhArmika rahI nathI, paraMtu vyaktinA jIvanaghaDataramAM ane enA sAmAjika jIvanamAM e mahatvano phALo Ape che. ethI vizeSa gRhasthI mATe AlekhAyela yajJa prathA samasta sRSTi pratyenI vyaktinI anekavidha pharajone paNa khyAla Ape che. yajJanA AraMbhathI enA aMta sudhI, emAM samAviSTa thatI vividha vidhiomAM Acamana, aMgasparza, agniprAgaTaya, samidha arpaNa, ghIAhUti, jalasiMcana, vagerene samAveza thAya che. e badhAnI vigatamAM ApaNe nahi UtarI zakIe.

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104 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana yAmAM je maMtranuM uccAraNa thAya che enuM tAtparya e che ke sRSTi sarjaka parama IzvaranI prArthanA karIne temanA rakSaNa ane kRpAnI yAcanA thAya che. agninI sAkSIe pitAnI bAhya ane AMtarika zuddhi kare che. agninA prAgaTayathI mAtra bAhya aMdhakAra ja dUra na karatA mane aMdhakAra paNa dUra kare che, ane ema karIne e paramatattva para cittanI ekAgratA mATe taiyArI kare che. pitAnA AtmAmAM ja birAjamAna Izvarane prApta karavAne mATe pA5 ane durguNano nAza karavA vyakti kaTibaddha bane che ane paramakRpALu paramAtmAne prArtha che ke teo haMmezA ene jJAna ane sAmarthya Ape e ja pramANe agnine apAtI Atio pAchaLa eka viziSTa prakAranI bhAvanA hoya che. agnimAM apAtI keIpaNa cIja agni pate pitAne mATe rAkho nathI, paraMtu enuM e eka yA bIjA upayogI svarUpamAM rUpAMtara kare che. e ja pramANe prabhu pAsethI mAnavIne prApta thatuM anna, saMpatti, pratiSThA, vagere paNa mAnavInA pitAnA nahi paraMtu IzvaranA che ane ethI pitAnI jarUriyAtathI vizeSa pitA pAse na rAkhatA Izvarane caraNe dharavAmAM Ave che. yajJanI A bhAvanAnuM hArda Aje paNa jaLavAyuM che. pitAnI jarUriyAtathI vizeSa pitA pAse na rAkhavuM ane IzvaranA caraNe arpaNa karavuM ema mahAtmA gAMdhI ane vinobA bhAvee kahyuM. phera mAtra eTale ke veda dharme IzvaranuM caraNa agnimAM svIkAryuM , gAMdhI ane vinobAe IzvaranuM caraNa daridranArAyaNa ane samAjamAM joyuM. AthI, gAMdhIjIe TrasTIzIpa ane sarvoddhAranI vAta karI ane vinobAe bhUdAnayajJa ane sarvodayane vicAra rajU karyA. A yajJabhAvanA hiMdudharmamAM eTalI te otaprota thayelI che ke gRhasthAzramI paNa pitAnAM kartavya na bhUle e mATe ene paMcamahAya karavAnI dharmamAM AjJA apAI che. A yAne "mahA' eTalA mATe kahevAya che ke gRhasthajIvanamAM paNa A yajJabhAvanAthI samaSTinI ekarUpatA anubhavI zakAya. A paMcamahAyajJamAM nIcenA yone samAveza thAya che. 1. devayajJa : devanA pUjanane devayajJa tarIke oLakhavAya che. AmAM azipUjA ane sUrya pUjA samAviSTa che. agnipUjAmAM agnine pragaTa karI, tenI stuti karI agnimAM Ahuti ApavAne samAveza thAya che. sUrya pUjA saMdhyA tarIke oLakhAvAya che. saMdhyA sUryanI gati anusAra prAtaH, madhyAhana

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15 ane sAyaM ema traNa vakhata thAya che. A saMdhyA mATenI viziSTa rIte paNa rajU karavAmAM Ave che, jene vize ApaNe AgaLa ullekha karyo che. 2. brahmayajJa: vedano abhyAsa karavo tathA tene abhyAsa karAvavo te brahma yajJa tarIke oLakhAya che. 3. pitayajJaH sagatie pAmelA pitRonuM smaraNa karI emane aMjali ApI tarpaNa karavuM tema ja egya tIrthasthaLoe AvuM tarpaNa karAvavuM te pitRyajJamAM samAviSTa thAya che. 4. bhUtayajJa: pate annane svIkAra kare e pahelAM potAnA rAMdhelA dhAnamAMthI vaizvadeva karI nAnAM moTAM sarva prANIone mATe emane hiraso kADhI temane arpaNa kare te bhUtayajJa. 5. manuSyayajJa: atithinuM hiMdudharmamAM viziSTa sthAna che. vaizvadeva karI anya prANIone mATe pitAnA bhojanamAMthI temane hisso kADhI gRhasthI pitAne hiro ArogavA besatuM nathI. paraMtu je kaI atithi AvyA hoya te temanuM ravAgata karI temane bhajana arpavuM te manuSyayajJa. Ama, hiMdudharmamAM yajJabhAvanAnuM svarUpa badalAtuM rahyuM che, chatAM e bhAvanA Aja paryata cAlu rahI che. vyakti jIvananA ane samAjajIvananAM kyAM mULabhUta to A bhAvanAnI utpatti mATe tema ja tenA Aja paryaMtanA palaTAtA svarUpamAM svIkAra mATe kAraNabhUta che e svataMtra abhyAsa mAMgI le che. 11. hiMdudharma saMpradAyaH pratyeka dharmanA vikAsamAgamAM evA tabakaka Ave che jyAre mULabhUta upadeza, zAstrokta vacana ke AcAryanA bodha vize matabheda upasthita thAya, athavA te AcAra ane dharmavidhi vize matabheda upasthita thAya, ane emAMthI eka navA dharmapravAhane ubhA thAya. dharmapravAhanI A prakriyAne ullekha ApaNe anyatra karyo che. pratyeka dharmamAM eka ke vadhAre saMpradAye prApta che, e hakIkata ApaNe je te dharmanA abhyAsamAM joIzuM. hiMdudharmamAM paNa vividha saMpradAya udbhavyA che, ene khyAla nIcenA keDA - uparathI Avaze.

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106 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hiMdudharma saMpradAya bhaktimArga zAkata zaiva saMpradAya vaiSNava saMpradAya 1. AgamAnta zeva saMpradAya 1. rAmAnuja 2. kApAlika 2. nimbArka 3. kAzmIra zaivadharma 3. mAvA 4. gorakhanAthI saMpradAya 4. viSNusvAmI 5 nakulIzapAzmana 5. vallabha 6. lIMgAyata ke vIrazaiva 6. caitanya 7. svAmInArAyaNa 8. rAdhAvallabha saMpradAya 9. mahApuruSa saMpradAya badhA ja hiMdudharma saMpradAyane uparanA koThAmAM samAveza thayo nathI. agatyanA saMpradAyane ahIM ullekha che. hiMdudharma saMpradAyanA mane nIce pramANenA traNa mukhya vibhAga pADe che.. 1. zaiva - zIvanA pUjake : 1. saMnyAsI 2. daMDI 3. paramahaMsa zaMkarAcAryanA anuyAyIo 4. brahmacArI 5 liMgAyata - bhAvanA anuyAyIo 6. aghorI 7. yogI 17. eNmana, je. sI., dhI miTIsa, eNseTisa eNnDa seInTasa opha InDiyA, phIzera anavina, laMDana, 1905, pA. 109 ane 15ra

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hiMdudharma 1973 2. zAkta - strI-zaktinA pUjake, khAsa karIne devI, durgA ane kAli. 3. vaiSNava - viSNunA pUjaka : a. viSNunA avatAra rAma tathA emanA patnI sItAnA pUjake. ba. viSNunA avatAra kRSNa tathA emanA patnI lakSmI ane rukamaNI tathA gopI-rAdhAnA pUko. AvA cha saMpradAye emaNe ullekhyA che : 1. zrI vaiSNava - rAmAnujAcAryanA anuyAyIo. 2. mAva - mAvAcAryanA anuyAyIo 3. rAmAnaMdI - rAmAnaMdanA anuyAyIo 4. kabIrapaMthI - kabIranA anuyAyIo 6 caitanyapathI -- caitanyanA anuyAyIo. ahIMyAM rajU karela judA judA saMpradAyanI alaga alaga vistRta vicAraNA A pustakanI kadamaryAdA bahAra che. ethI hiMdudharmanA vaiSNava, zaiva, zAkta ane jA. vaiSNava saMpradAya : badhA ja saMpradAya Izvara sAthe bhaktimaya tAdAmya prApta karavAno prayatnazIla che. Ama chatAM vaiSNava saMpradAyane savizeSe bhakti saMpradAya tarIke keTalAka gharAve che. bhakti" zabda sau prathama vetAzvara upaniSadamAM vaparAya che ane eno sAmAnya artha kaIka Azraya levo tema ja ene neha kare ema thAya che. vetAzvara upaniSadamAM 18 kahevAyuM cheH castha seve rAmavita thayA reve tathA purI ! badhA ja vaiSNava saMpradAyo vAsudevanA rUpamAM rAma tathA kRSNane upAsya deva, tarIke svIkAre che. vaLI teo avyabhicArI bhaktine prabhuprAptinA sAdhana tarIke svIkAre che. A to bhAgavata tathA pAMcarAtra saMpradAyamAMthI UtarelA mAlUma paDe che.18. vaiSNava saMpradAyamAM sauthI jUnA rAmAnuja saMpradAya te pAMcarAtrano RNI hevAnuM 18 6.23 muMbaI 1939, pA 34

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108 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkAre che. A pAMcarAtra athavA bhAgavata saMpradAya ati prAcIna che ane enA siddhAMte vaiSNava purANamAM tema ja enAthI pahelA racAyelA mahAbhAratanA zAMtiparvamAM rajU thayelA che. zAMtiparvanA nArAyaNIyaparvamAM ApelI AkhyAyikA bhakti mArganA uddabhava vize khyAla Ape che. yudhiSThirane bhISma pitAmaha20 kahe che: "pUrva uparicara nAme cakravatI rAjA hatA, te indrane mitra ane nArAyaNane bhakta hato. te rAjA pUrve sUryanA mukhamAMthI nIkaLelA pAMcarAtramAM kahelA vidhi pramANe viSNunuM pUjana karate ho tathA yajJanI sarva kriyAo sAtvata (pAMcarAtrokta) vidhine anusarIne karate hato. te rAjA je pAMcarAtra nAmanA zAstranuM anuvartana karate hato te uttama zAstra sAta RSioe ekaThA thaIne kaheluM che. te sAta munioe cAra veda vaDe pramANabhUta ane jemAM sarvottama lekadharma che evuM te zAstramAM kaheluM che. marIci, atri, aMgirA, pularatya, pulaha, kratuM ane moTA tejavALA vasiSTha e sAtane citrazikhaTTI kahe che. te sarva RSioe tapa karIne harinArAyaNadevane prasanna karyA, tyAre nArAyaNe sararavatIdevIne e RSionA mukhamAM praveza karavAnI AjJA karI. te pachI te tapasvI RSioe sarasvatInI pravRtti zabdamAM, arthamAM ane hetumAM karI ane te zAstra dayALu bhagavAna jyAM rahe che tyAM jaIne tene saMbhaLAvyuM. te sAMbhaLIne adazya puruSottama bhagavAne sarva RSione kahyuM ke, "jethI dharmanI pravRtti thAya evA samagra taMtramAM tame je A eka lAkha leka karyA che te uttama che. e taMtra pravRtti ane nivRtti ubhayamAM pramANarUpa thaze. jema meM brahmanI kRpAthI Rgyeda, yajurveda, sAmaveda ane atharvaveda karyA che, te pramANa che tema A uttama zAstra pramANu thaze. e zAstra uparathI prathama svayaMbhU manuM e dharmanuM kathana karaze, pachI zukra e zAstranuM kathana karaze ane bahaspati matane lekamAM pracAra thaze. pachI prajapAla vasu uparicara A tamArA karelA dharmazAstrane bRhaspati pAsethI prApta karaze. jyAre te rAjA mRtyu pAmaze tyAre A sanAtana zAstra antardhAna pAmaze." e pramANe kahIne puruSottama bhagavAna kaIka dizAmAM cAlyA gayA. vaiSNava saMpradAyanA mahatvanA muddAonI tathA enA vikAsanI rajUAta bhAMDArakara Ama kare cheH 20 mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva adhyAya-163, du. ke. zAstrIe TAMkela. 21 bhAMDArakara, Ara. jI., vaiSNavIjhama, zarIjhama enDa mAyanora rilijiyansasa sIsTImsa, vArANasI, phoTo ophaseTa rIprInTa, 1965.

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hiMdudharma 109 bauddha ane jaina dharmanI jema bhaktimArga eka dhArmika sudhArA tarIke uddabhava pAmyo, paraMtu eNe IzvaranA astitvanA siddhAMtane pAyA tarIke svIkAryo. prAcIna kALamAM ene ekAMtika dharma tarIke oLakhavAmAM Avate, kAraNa ke emAM ekamAtra IzvaranI bhakti ane sneha saMpUrNapaNe karavAmAM AvatA. A ekAMtika dharmanI pazcAdbhUmAM vAsudeva kRSNa prabodhela bhagavadgItA che. thoDA ja samayamAM A ekAMtika dharma saMpradAyanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ane ene paMcarAtra athavA bhAgavata dharma saMpradAya tarIke oLakhavAmAM Avyo. krAIsTanI pUrvenI cothI sadImAM megenisa A dharmane sAtavata dharma tarIke oLakhAve che, kAraNake e nAmanI kSatriya jAti e dharmanuM pAlana karatI hatI. A saMpradAyane sarvajIvanA utpatti kAraNe nArAyaNa tathA devI svarUpanA viSNu sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM Avyo. khristIkALanA zarUAtanA samayamAM AhiranA dharmanI sAthe e saMpradAya samAgamamAM AvyuM ane ene pariNAme e videzI jAtinA svarUpa anusAra gopakRSNanI bhAvanA khIlI, ene Izvara tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyA ane gopIo sAthenI emanI lIlAnI vAtonI gUMthaNI thaI. A svarUpane vaiSNavadharma I. sa.nI AThamI sadInA aMta sudhI pravartamAna rahyo. e kALamAM zaMkarAcArya tathA temanA anuyAyIo AdhyAtmika ekatva tathA mAyAvAdanA siddhAMtone upadeza ApatA hatA. zAMkaramatanA AvA upadezo bhaktinA mULamAM ghAtaka che ane vaiSNavadharmIo je neha-bhakti dvArA pAme che enA ghAtaka samAna che ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. ene pariNAme AdhyAtmika ekatra athavA te advaitanI sAme eka prakArano pratikAra upasthita thayo ane ogaNIsamI sadImAM rAmAnuje bhakti saMpradAyane punarjivIta karavA ane advaita vicAraNAne dUra karavA mahAprayAsa karyo. rAmAnuje kRSNabhaktinI pratiSThA karI, ene pracAra karyo. paraMtu gopI rAdhikA vize emaNe mauna jALavyuM. uttaramAM nimbArke kRSNanI sAthe rAdhA-bhaktine paNa sthAna ApyuM. teramI sadImAM mAve advaitanI sAme pitAne prahAra cAlu rAkhe ane bahutvavAdanA siddhAMtanI sthApanA karI ane viSNune paramadeva sthAne thAyA. bIjI tarapha uttaramAM rAmAnaMde vaiSNavadharmane eka navo vaLAMka Apyo. rAmAnuje nArAyaNanA nAma upara bhAra mUkyo tyAre rAmAnaMde rAmanA nAma upara bhAra mUkyo. vaLI rAmAnaMda ane enA anuyAyIo emanA upadeza janabhASAmAM ApatA hatA. Ama, caudamI sadI e rAmAnaMdanI dhArmika pravRttine mahattvane kALa banI.

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110 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana emanA pachI paMdaramI sadImAM kabIra AgaLa Ave che. rAmAnaMdanI jema e paNa Izvarane rAma nAme saMbodhe che. paraMtu e mUrtipUjAne tathA koIpaNa prakAranA daitabhAvano sakhata virodha kare che. seLamI sadImAM vallabha, bALakRSNa ane rAdhAnI ArAdhanA upadeze che. lagabhaga e ja samaye pUrvamAM caitanya paNa kRSNa-rAdhAnI bhaktino upadeza Ape che paraMtu emane mATe kRSNa e bALakRSNa nathI ane rAdhAne e pavitra premanA Adarza ravarUpa tarIke prabodhe che. Izvara mATe agAdha prema ane emane mATenI ananya bhaktine pariNAme rAdhAne khyAla prAdhAnya bhogave che ane ema thatA vaiSNavadharmanuM thoDuM patana paNa thAya che. mahArASTramAM nAmadeva ane tukArAma viThobAnI bhaktine pracAra kare che. gujarAtamAM ogaNIsamI sadInA prAraMbhamAM sahajAnaMda svAmInA upadezane pariNAme svAmInArAyaNa saMpradAya ke uddhava saMpradAya upasthita thAya che. teo rAdhAkRSNa tathA naranArAyaNanI bhaktine upadeza Ape che. svAmInArAyaNanI bhaktine strIbhAva mAnya che, paNa jAra-bhAva mAnya nathI. rAmAnaMdanI jema nAmadeva, tukArAma tathA svAmInArAyaNa paNa pitAne upadeza janabhASAmAM ja ApatA. nAmadeva, kabIra, tukArAma tathA svAmInArAyaNe vyaktinA hRdayanI pavitratA vinA enuM naitika utthAna thaI zake nahi, e vinA Izvara para ananya nehabhAva rAkhI zakAya nahi tema ja enI bhakti thaI zake nahi ema bhArapUrvaka jaNAvyuM che. Izvara-ekavanA ananya AnaMdanI prAptine mATe vyaktinI pavitratA ane naitikatAnI AvazyakatA prabodhAya che. A badhA vaiSNava saMpradAyamAM keTalAka mahatvanA samAna muddAo tAravI zakAya ema che. badhA ja sa pradAya bhagavadgItAmAMthI emanA bedhanuM tattava meLave che. parama Izvarane badhA ja saMpradAya vAsudeva tarIke ravIkAre che. A badhA ja vaiSNava saMpradAyo adaitavAda ane mAyAvAdane inkAra kare che. A sAmya hovA chatAM paNa A saMpradAyono taphAvata, je AdhyAtmika siddhAMtane teo vividha agatya Ape che temAMthI tema ja je tAvika siddhAMta teo sthApe che temAMthI tathA je dhArmika vidhio e prabaMdhe che temAMthI prApta thAya che. 8. ziva saMpradAya: zava saMpradAyanA uddabhava vize nizcatapaNe kaMI kahI zakAya ema nathI. te paNa eTaluM spaSTa che ke zaiva saMpradAyamAM vaidika ane pUrva vaidika pravAhanuM saMmizraNa thayuM che. vaiSNava saMpradAyane mukAbale zaiva saMpradAyamAM vega para vizeSa bhAra kavAmAM AvyuM che tathA tapa upara paNa ahIM jera devAyuM che. zaiva saMpradAya

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hiMdudharma 111 vividha svarUpe pratyakSa tha che ane enA zuddha svarUpe Izvara ekatvane mATe tapazcaryAnA pavitra mAga tarIke eka taraphe enAM darzana thAya che, te bIjI tarapha e saMpradAya enA khUba ja kaniSTa svarUpamAM paNa pratyakSa thaye che. zaiva saMpradAyanA uddabhava vize Dena mArzala 22 Ama kahe che : "Among the many revelations that Mohenjo-daro and Harappa have had in store for us, none perhaps is more remarkable than the discovery that the Saivism has a history going back to the chalcolithic age or perhaps even ancient living faith in the world". zaivadharmanI viziSTatA : zaivadharmamAM zivane badhA devamAM zreSTha gaNavAmAM Ave che tema ja emanuM pratyakSIkaraNa bahu spaSTa rIte thAya che, tema ja ziva ane jIva vaccenA saMbaMdha khUba AtmIya svarUpanA hoya che. A badhI bAbato vetAzvatara upaniSadamAM jevA maLe che. vetAzvatara upaniSada ghaNI bAbatamAM bhagavadgItAne maLato graMtha che, paraMtu enA karatAM purANa hovAnuM manAya che.23 vaiSNava saMpradAyanI tIvra IzvarabhAvanA enA tAtvika siddhAMtanA saMbaMdhamAM sAmAnya svarUpe jema gItAmAM rajU thaI che tema zvetAzvatara upaniSadamAM upaniSedika IzvarI vicAradhArAnA vikAsane anulakSIne zivanuM Adhipatya rajU thayuM che. zivane paramatatva sAthe ekarUpa gaNAvyo che ane bIjI bAjue ene sarva devonA deva tarIke ane zubha ane azubhanI zakti tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Avela che. ziva girIza che, saMhAra karavAne mATe e bANa caDhAvI taiyAra che; e ja e IkSAna che ane AziSa Ape pUjakanA jAna ane milakatanuM rakSaNa karavAnuM emane kahevAya che. tapa dvArA emanI prApti thaI zake che, ane e thatAM sarva baMdhanamAMthI mukti maLe che. emanA sivAya vizeSa kaMI jANavAnuM nathI ane emane jANavA mATe tapa sivAya anya mAga nathI. 22. mohe-jo-DAro enDa InDasa sivilijhezana, prophesa, pA. 7 23. dhI kalcarala heriTeja opha inDiyA, graMtha 4-saMpAdaka: eca. bhaTTAcArya, kalakattA, 1956, pA. 63.

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112 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana zaivadharmanA A mULabhUta siddhAMtamAMthI vividha saMpradAyo upasthita thayA che. mULa siddhAMtanA arthadhaTananA taphAvatane pariNAme athavA te tapanA athavA dhArmika vidhinA taphAvatane pariNAme AvA saMpradAya phAMTAo UpajyA che. zaiva saMpradAyanA mahatvanA bodhanI tathA enA vividha phAMTAonI tema ja enA vikAsanI rajUAta karatAM bhAMDArakara kahe che:24 "prakRtimAM avAranavAra nIpajatI bhayAnaka ane KzakAraka ghaTanAne pariNAme rudranA bhayAnaka svarUpane ane enI sAthe ja rudragaNone khyAla pracalita thayo. A ja Izvarane jyAre zAMta pADavAmAM Ave che tyAre te zubhasvarUpa ziva tarIke, dayALu zaMkara tarIke ane bhoLA zaMbhu. tarIke oLakhAya che. A ja vicAra kALakrame vadhu vikAsa pAme che ane rudrane vicitra prakAranA devatA tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che, ane ene vAsa smazAnamAM, parvata para ane jaMgalamAM hovAnuM manAya che. jaMgalamAM vasatAM jAnavaro ane jaMgalI prajA tathA cere ane samAjanA bahiSkRtanA e deva bane che. kALakrame e eka evA IzvaranuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che je samasta sRSTimAM vyApta che,. agni ane pANImAM jene vAsa che tema ja pratyeka jIvamAM, choDamAM tema ja vRkSamAM emane vAsa che ane je badhAmAM sArvabhauma che. jyAre zivanI vicArabhAvanA. A tabakake pahoMcI tyAre upaniSadamAM enI eka evA tattva tarIke vicAraNA thaI jene sRSTimAM sarvatra vyApta tarIke joI ane jenA ciMtanathI mAnavIne alaukika AnaMda prApta thAya. eka taraphe zivanuM zubhasvarUpa vikasatuM gayuM, paraMtu bIjI tarapha, emanuM raudra ane bhayAnaka svarUpa visarAyuM nahi; eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu e paNa vikasatuM gayuM, ane jyAre paMcarAtra dharmanI sthApanA thaI tyAre rudra athavA pazupatine devarathAne sthApavAmAM AvyA. e saMpradAyanA sthApaka lakuTina ke lakulIna gadAdhArI tarIke oLakhAtA hatA ane lakulIza athavA nakulIza devane gadAdhArI, tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA. emaNe "paMcAIM' nAmanuM purataka lakhyAnuM kahevAya che, ane emaNe sthApela saMpradAyane pAzupata tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. emAMthI virodhI svarUpanI zAkhAo vikasI ane e uparAMta eka saumya varSanI zAkhA paNa vikasI je ziva tarIke oLakhAI A zAkhAonAM mULa, I. sa.nI bIjIthI bAramI sadI sudhI jovAmAM Ave che. paraMtu be aMtima zAkhAonA virodhAbhAsane kAraNe tema ja bIjI be zAkhAonA ugra ane jhanUnI 24. e ja, pA. 155 - 156

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hiMdudharma 113 ravarUpane pariNAme eka prakArane pratikAra thaze ane navamI sadInI zarUAtamAM prathama kAzmIra zAkhAnI zarUAta thaI ane tyAra pachInAM so varSa bAda bIjI kAzmIra zAkhAnI sthApanA thaI. A baMne zAkhAo emanA bodha ane vidhimAM ghaNI saumya che ane zaMkaranI zAkhAnI emanA para asara hoya e saMbhave che. Ama chatAM, zaMkaranA aMtamAMthI e zAkhAo chUTakAro meLave che ane mukta jIvone svataMtra vyaktigata astitva arpe che. bAramI sadInI adhavacamAM zaivamatamAM eka vadhu sudhAre AkAra le che ane liMgAyata saMpradAya uddabhave che. A saMpradAyanA tAtvika siddhAMta che: Izvara savaMta AnaMdarUpa che tema ja te sRSTinA sarjaka, saMcAlaka ane uddhAraka che. jIva e Izvara sAthe AnaMdamaya ekatvane anubhava karI zake che, sivAya ke jIva duniyAmAMthI pitAnI jAtane saMkelI zake. paramAtmAnI bhaktipUrvakanI ArAdhanA kare ane izvaranuM saMpUrNa zaraNa svIkArIne Izvarane sarvatra nIrakhe. e saMbhava che ke rAmAnuja saMpradAyanA siddhAMtanI A vicAradhArA para asara thaI hoya. Ama chatAM liMgAyatanuM hAI laDAyaka che ane brAhmaNa vagaMthI teo pitAne eka svataMtra jUtha tarIke sthApe che. Ama chatAM, A badhI zaivadharmanI zAkhAonA astitva daramyAna paNa sAmAnya lekee to e zAkhAonA udhane anulakSyA sivAya rudra zivanI ArAdhanA karI ja che. pitAnI patnI pArvatI athavA umA sAthe ziva saMlagna che. kenepaniSadamAM pArvatIne paNa upakAraka ane adbhuta svarUpa apAyuM che. paraMtu jema Adima tattvane pariNAme rudra zivanuM svarUpa kalpAyuM hatuM ema pArvatInI sAthe paNa eka bhayAnaka devI svarUpe sAMkaLavAmAM Ave che, ane prANu ane mAnavabhAga dvArA ene saMtoSI zakAya evI rajUAta thAya che. paraMtu mAnavamAM rahela lAlasAne pariNAme e devIne tripurAsuMdarI tathA lalitAne nAme sRSTinA sarjaka tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che ane enI pUjA karavAmAM Ave che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke mULa mudra zivanI bhAvanAmAM raheluM raudra varUpa ane saumya ziva ravarUpa ziva saMpradAyanA vikAsamAM mahatvano phALo Apato rahyuM che. Ama chatAM, chellI gheDI sadIomAM zivanuM raudra svarUpa bAju para ThelAIne bheLA zaMbhurUpe zivabhakti Aje sAmAnya janasamudAyamAM pracalita che. dharma 8

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ja. zAkta saMpradAya : zAkta saMpradAya vize keTalIka veLA evI beTI mAnyatA sevAya che ke e eka apadharma che ane anAryonA saMparkanuM e pariNAma che. vedane svIkAra karanAra zAkta saMpradAyane avedika kaI rIte kahI zakAya? | vedadharmamAM Izvarane upAya tarIke ane jIvane upAsaka tarIke oLakhAvAya che. jIva-ziva ekya prApta karavAnuM dhyeya hoya che. AvuM aikaya karAvanAra daivI baLane zakti kahevAya che. zakti dvArA ja je kaMI prApta karavAnuM che e thaI zake. Ama zakti eTale sAmarthya ke baLa ema kahevAya. zaktinuM vargIkaraNa na. ke. mahetA5 nIce zakti adhibhUta (jaDA). pRthivyAdi paMcabhUta ane tenAM kAryomAM rahelI adhideva adhyAtma (jaDAjaDa) (ajaDA) Indriya, prANa, mana, buddhi, ahaMkAramAM ane agni Adi upakAraka devavargamAM jIvAzritA IzvarAzritA rahelI bhAga ane mekSa : zAkta saMpradAya maMtrane sAdhana tarIke svIkAre che. emanA mate maMtranI vAcaka zakti athavA enI vimarza zakti e ja zakti tattvanuM kharuM rUpa che. zAka bheganI tarapha upalakSa karatA nathI, paraMtu bega ane mokSane ekasamAna karavA prayatna kare che. mAtra tyAga athavA vairAgyathI ja mokSa prApta thaI zake evo mata teo dharAvatA nathI. strI patananuM kAraNa che, evuM paNa teo mAnatA nathI. hakIkatamAM to teo strIne vaMdanIya gaNe che tathA pratiSThAne sthAne sthApe che. dharma-sAdhanAmAM tema ja mela-prAptimAM strI bAdhaka nahi paNa sahAyaka che. ga 25. mahetA, na. de, zAkta saMpradAya, phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI. 1932, pA. 6.

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115 hiMdudharma zaiiva ane zAkata: ziva ane zAkta saMpradAyamAM rahela samAna to ghaNAM che ane pramANamAM bhinna to ochAM che eno khyAla na.de. mahetAnA A kathanamAMthI Avaze? ziva ane zakti siddhAMtamAM judA nathI. ziva ane zAkta e avinAbhAvavALA eTale pRthapha na paDe evA prakAza ane vimarzarUpa to che. jyAre prakAzane -jJAnanuM prAdhAnya ApavAmAM Ave tyAre upAsaka zaiva kahevAya, jyAre vimarzanuM athavA AtmabhAna karAvanAra kriyAnuM prAdhAnya ApavAmAM Ave tyAre upAsaka zAkta che. devo ane zAka baMne chatrIsa tatvone mAne che, adhikAra bhedanI vyavasthA sarakhI che. advaitabhAva paNa sarakhe che, taMtra mArga paNa sarakhe che, yogacaya paNa sarakhI che; prasaMge ziva upadeTA thAya che ane zakti ziSyA bane che; prasaMge zakti upadeSTA thAya che ane ziva ziSya bane che. pahelI rItimAM taMtrazAstra AgamanuM ravarUpa pakaDe che, bIjI rItimAM taMtrazAstra nigamanuM rUpa pakaDe che. jyAM ziva pUjAya tyAM zakti pUjAya; jyAM zakti pUjAya tyAM ziva pUjAya; jyAM zivanuM jyotiliMga tyAM zaktinI pIThikA; jyAM zaktinuM paDa tyAM zivanuM liMga. jyAM sAyujya mokSa tyAM ziva-zaktinuM sAmara. ziva ane zAko kaivalyamokSane mAnatA nathI. kaivalya mokSano siddhAMta smArlone eTale ke zAMkara matavALAno che. zAkata ane bauddha : daivI zaktino ravIkAra zaktivAda tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. A zaktivAda e tAvika siddhAMta che ane ethI mAtra hiMdudharmamAM ja nahi paraMtu bIjA aneka dharmomAM eka yA bIjA svarUpe zanivAda dAkhala thayela joI zakAya che. bauddhadharma ane khAsa karIne bauddhadharmanA mahAyAna svarUpamAM zAktavAda ghaNe ja pracalita thayuM che. hiMdudharmanI taMtra-sAdhanA ane mahAyAna bauddhamatanI taMtra-sAdhanAnuM pRthakkaraNa karavAnuM kAma kaThina che ema jaNAvI na de. mahetA 27 A be dharma saMpradAyone ghaniSTha saMbadha vyakta karatA kahe che, "sAmAnya zikSaNavALA hiMduo bauddhadharmanA sAhityane tathA tattvadarzananA sAhityane jANatA nathI, ane je dharma bhAratavarSamAM janma pAmI bhUmaMDaLanA traNa caturthAsa bhAgamAM phelAyo te dharmanuM svarUpa bhAratavarSanA manuSya bhUlI gayA eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu bauddhadharma hiMdudharmane virodhI che, evI bhAvanA daDha thaI javAthI bauddhadharma prata 26 e ja, pA. 103 27. e ja, pA. 156-157

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116 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana pUrvagraha baMdhAI gaye. aitihAsika dRSTithI hAlane hiMdudharma je rUpamAM che te rUpamAM racavAmAM bauddhadharma ane bauddha tattvajJAne moTo hisso Ape che. vaidika pazune lepa, ahiMsAnuM prAdhAnya, jagatanuM mithyAtva vagere hAlanA hiMdudharmanA siddhAMtane sIdhe vAra vedamAMthI nIkaLI Ave ema nathI, paraMtu vacalA kALanA bauddhadharmanI ADakatarI asaranuM pariNAma che. buddha bhagavAnane viSNunA avatAramAM purANomAM gaNanA karI ane jagatanI mAyAmamatA athavA mithyAtvane siddhAMta mahAyAnanA bauddhoe nyAyapurasara racele te zAMkara vedAMta jevo ne te svIkAryo. A kAraNathI zAMkara-advaita darzana upara custa sanAtana vedavAdIoe prachinna bauddhapaNAno AkSepa karyo. A muddAo niSpakSapAta dRSTie hiMduoe khAsa vicAravA jevA che, ane bauddhadharme hiMduone je ApyuM che tenI avagaNanA karavA lAyaka nathI. prAcIna sAMkhyadarzananI asara bauddha Agama upara ane bhagavAna buddhane jIvana upara thaI. te pasaMge brAhmaNoe buddhane bhUmikA racI ApI ane budha cAra AyaMsamAM duHkha satya, duHkha-samudaya satya, nirodha satya ane mArga satya brAhmaNonA sAMkhya siddhAMtane nAmAMtare svIkAra karI pite navo aSTAMga mAga sthA, tyAra pachI bauddhadharmo vijJAnavAdane Azaro laI A dazya-jagata mAyA. tyAra pachI nityasiddha IzvaravAdanI bauddhoe avagaNanA karavAthI zAMkaredAMtanA nityasiddha brahmavAde kSaNika vijJAnavAdane pAcho haThAvyo ane bauddhamatanA grAhya aMzene. paurANika hiMdudharmamAM brAhmaNoe praveza karAvya; bauddhadharmanI svataMtra upagitA bhAratavarSamAM laya pAmI, paraMtu bhAratavarSamAM laya pAmavAnA saMdhie bauddhadharmanA vagere bauddhadharmavALA dezomAM ghaNuM phelAyuM." | mULa svayaM-prakAza vastune dhamI tarIke ravIkAratA zivasaMjJA apAya che ane dharma tarIke svIkAratA zaktisaMjJA apAya che. prakAza ane vimarza--vijJAna ane vedha baMne eka ja vastunI be bAjuo che ane AthI ziva tathA zAkta darzana advaitavAdI che. paraMtu zaiva-zAkata darzanamAM ziva pote ja potAnI zakti vaDe. jagatanA vaicitryane dhAraNa karI aneka bhAse che evuM mAnavAmAM Ave che. A zaiva-zAkata aMtamAM vedAMtanA jevuM prapaMcanuM mithyApaNuM nathI, nyAya vaizezikanA jevuM AraMbhavAdane Azare laI jagatanuM kAryava nathI, sAMkhyayoganA jevuM pariNAmavAdane Azraya laI aneka vikAravALuM jagatanuM rUpa nathI, bauddhonA.

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hiMdudharma 117 jevuM vizva asata paNa nathI-paraMtu vilakSaNa svarUpa, camatkArarUpe advaitabhAva che. A svarUpa camatkAramAM prasaMge prakAzabhAva AgaLa paDe che tyAre zivaprAdhAnya bhAsa thAya che; jyAre vimarza bhAva (AtmaparAmarza ) AgaLa paDe che tyAre zaktiprAdhAnya bhAsa thAya che; jyAre prakAza ane vimarza samabhAve hoya che tyAre bahmabhAva bhAse che. jaDa, cetana vagere vibhAga vastutaH nathI, paraMtu ata bhAvamAM caDhavA sAru zaktinI pAyarIo che. dekhAtA jaDajagatanI zaktine adhibhUta prakRti-zakti nAma ApavAmAM Ave che, dekhAtA jahAja jIvatA zarIramAM adhyAtma puruSa zakti rahelI che; tenA aMtaryAmI tarIke zuddhAvAni ziva-zakti (cinmayI ane AnaMdamayI) rahelI che; ja, jagata ane cetanabaddha puruSanI zaktiono saMbaMdha karAvanArI trIjI adhideva mAyA-zakti (vaiSNavI) rahelI che. TUMkamAM, koIpaNa padArtha zakti virahita eTale kArya pratIti karavAmAM asamartha nathI. svayaMbhU brahmatatva zaktinA visaga vaDe anekAkAra thAya, zaktinA biMdubhAvathI ekAkAra thAya che. A anekAkAra thavAmAM leka-daSTinI jaDa prakRti zakti vastutaH mULa vastunA saMkalpazaktinA pariNAmarUpa che. Adya kAraNarUpe Adya cinmayI zakti che ane tenI paraMparAmAM A sacarAcara jagata UbhuM thayuM che. A prakAza ane vimarzanuM, vijJAna ane vedhane adalabadale thavAthI jagata-vizvama Ubho thaye che. paraMtu A vaicitra kevala mithyA padArtha nathI, temAM vastunuM ekasapaNuM nathI, virapaNuM nathI paNa samarasapaNuM che ema ziva-zAka mAne che. vedAMtInuM ekarasapaNuM ane sAMkhyayoga vairAgyajanya virapaNuM zAkane ISTa nathI. bhoga sAthe ziva-zAkatane virodha nathI, mola sAthe pakSapAtI sneha nathI, bhoga-mokSanI ekavAkyatA thaI zake ema che evuM zava-zAkatanuM mAnavuM che. zAkanuM evuM maMtavya che ke seve : e zrutine saraLa arthamAM samajavI hoya te e zaktivAdathI samajAvI zakAya ema che. 28 zAkata saMpradAyanI ujaLI bAjune khyAla che ane jeTalo Ave joIe teTale sAmAnyataH A nathI, enAM aneka kAraNo saMbhavI zake che. zAkta saMpradAyano abhyAsa ane rajUAta pUrvagrahayukta rIte thAya che, enI paribhASA tathA saMketabhASA samajavI muzkela hovAthI tema ja zAkta saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo badUdhA jaDabhAve kriyA paddhati karatAM hovAne pariNAme zAkata saMpradAyanI samaja 28 e ja, pA. 173-174

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118 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana enA ISTa rUpamAM keTalIka veLA prApta thatI nathI. sAcA svarUpamAM zAkta saMpradAya samajavAmAM Ave te vyAvahArika dharmanuM svarUpa kevuM hoI zake eno ApaNane emAMthI saceTa khyAla AvI zake. 2. taMtra saMpradAya taMtra matAnusAra zakti vinA ziva javarahita muDadA samAna che. kAraNa ke zakti vinA jJAna gatizIla banI zake nahi. taMtra anuyAyIo ziva ane zaktine bhinna gaNatA nathI ane ekanuM bIja vinAnuM astitva zakya nathI ema mAne che. keTalIka veLA zivane puruSa tarIke ane zaktine strI tarIke ullekhavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu ekeya puruSa ke strI ke nAnyatara nathI. taMtrane kriyAyoga sAthe saMbaMdha che. vaidika sivAyanI purANakALamAM udbhaH pAmelI kriyAne tAMtrika kriyA tarIke oLakhAvAya che. vaidika kriyAne AthI nigama tarIke ane taMtra kriyAne Agama tarIke oLakhAvAya che. taMtra eka evI prakriyA che je vaDe rahasyane maMtra ane kriyA dvArA pAmI zakAya. AthI tattvajJAna ane gazAstra baMnene taMtramAM anubhava thAya che.. taMtrakriyAnA hArdamAM chUpAyela gupta vidyA tattvajJAna dvArA jANI zakAya che. paraMtu taMtranI kriyAvidhi asarakAraka rIte karavAne mATe nyAsa, dhyAna vagere gasiddhione upayoga karavo jarUrI che. Ama, tattvajJAna dvArA gupta vidyA jANI gya vidhi anusAra karmavidhi AcarI bahma ekatva prApta thaI zake che ema taMtra ravIkAre che. vaidika yajJa ane tAMtrika karma vacce thoDo bheda che. taMtramAM taMtra upAsanAnA brahmabhAva, dhyAnabhAva, japastuti ane pUjA evA cAra prakAra che. vaidika yajJa, samUhamAM thaI zake tema taMtravidhi paNa samUhamAM thaI zake. vedika yajJanI jema tAMtrika vidhimAM paNa strIo bhAga laI zake. taMtranI vidhi bauddhadharmanI mahAyAna zAkhAmAM paNa pravezI che. mahAyAna zAkhAnI eka mukhya zAkhAne vrajyAna athavA to maMtrathAna tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A maMtrayAna zAkhAnA vividha saMpradAya prApta che. zrAvakyAna, pratyeka budhyayana, bodhisatvayAna, gataMtrayAna, kriyAtaMtrayAna, upAyataMtrayAna, mahAyogataMtra, anuttaragataMtra ane atigataMtra. A dareka yAnamAM cAra siddhAMto dRSTipAda, dhyAnapAda, caryApAda ane phalapAdano samAveza thAya che. taMtra matAnusAra gurunuM sthAna viziSTa che ane guru vinA dIkSA ke maMtranI samaja prApta thatI nathI. Ama chatAM, sAco guru te AdinAtha mahAkAla ja che.

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119 hiMdudharma ane e ja manuSya svarUpe guru tarIke prakaTa thaI dIkSA Ape che, maMtra Ape che ane taMtravidhi dvArA Izvarasiddhi prApta karavAnI sAdhanA zIkhave che. tAMtrika prakAra be che-dakSiNa ane vAma. dakSiNamArga e pravRttimArga che ane uttama prakAranI sAdhanAne mATe e anukULa che. vAmamArga e nivRttimArga che. sAmAnyataH vAmamArganI samajamAM taMtra upAsanAmAM samAviSTa paMcamakAra (ma, madirA, mAMsa, mudrA ane maithuna) anusArane AcAra evo thAya che. Ane mukAbale dakSiNamAga zuddha bhAga tarIke oLakhAya che. taMtra anuyAyIo mAne che ke temanA zAstramAM ApavAmAM AvelA niyamonuM pAlana karIne taMtra anuyAyo ahasthajIvana jIvavA chatAM uccatara siddhio prApta karI zake che. zAstrajJAna, zabdabrahma vize bodha ApI zake paraMtu mAtra vivekathI ja paramabane anubhava karI zakAya. taMtrabodha anusAra sarjaka brahmA, saMcAlaka viSNu ane saMhAraka ziva badhA ja nAzavaMta che. ekamAtra parama satya ja cirakAla TakI rahe che. je sAdhake taMtravidyAnuM A jJAna sAcI rIte prApta karyuM hoya ane enI rataonuM anukaraNa karyuM hoya ene brahmajJAna lAdhe che. pratyeka dharmamAM AvA aneka saMpradAya hoya che. dharmanI e ja jIvAdorI che dharmanuM palaTAtuM svarUpa emanA dvArA ja samajI zakAya che. dharmanI gatizIlatA ane enuM cetanapaNuM emAM ja pratyakSa thAya che. pratyeka dharmanA vividha saMpradAyone tulanAtmaka abhyAsa khUba jarUra che. paraMtu te A pustakanI maryAdA bahAra che. Avo svataMtra abhyAsa hAtha dharAya te dharmapravAhanI savizeSa samajUtI prApta thAya. hiMdudharmanA saMpradAyanI atre karelI TUMka rajUAta mAtra namUnArUpa che ane puratanI kadamaryAdAne kAraNe pratyeka dharmanA saMpradAyanI AvI ane ATalI rajUAta karI zakAya e saMbhavita nathI. hiMdudharma saMdarbha graMthasUci IlayaTa, sara cArlsa : hiMduIjhama enDa buddhijhama, rUTaleja enDa koganala, laMDana, 1954. mele, ela. esa. pigyulara hiMduIjhama, dhI rilijiyana opha mAsIsa, kebrija, 1935.

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120 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kumArasvAmI, e. ke. : hiMduIjhama enDa buddhijhamaH e philasophikala sTaDI, dAsaguptA enDa kampanI, kalakattA, 1950. keTakara, esa vI. ena. ese ona hiMduIjhama, iTsa phezana enDa phayucara, laMDana, 1911. keItha, e. bI. : dhI rilijiyana enDa philosepha opha veda enDa upaniSada, hArvarDa yuni. prasa, kembrija, 1920. keneDI, melavila TI.: dhI caitanya muvameMTa, esosiyezana presa, kalakattA, 1925. gAMdhI, ema. ke. hiMdudharma, saM. bhAratana kumArappA. navajIvana pabliziMga hAusa, amadAvAda, 1950. golDasTakara, thiDera insapAyarDa rAITiMgsa opha hiMduIjhama, suzIla guptA limiTeDa, kalakattA, 195ra. dhuryo, jI. esa. : inDiyana sAdhusa, dhI piyulara buka De , muMbaI 1935. ceTarajI satIzacaMdra : dhI phanDAmenTalsa opha hiMduIjhama: e philosophila sTaDI, dAsaguptA enDa kuM. kalakattA, 1950. jhInara : hiMduIjhama, laMDana, 196ra. masa, Dabalyu : hiMduIjhama, InveDasa amerikA, nyuyorka, 1930. dattA, dhIrendra mehana sIksa vejha opha noleja-e kriTikala sTaDI opha dhI | vedAMta thiyarI opha leja, elana enDa analina, laMDana, 1932 desAI, bI. jIH ethikasa oNpha dhI zikSApatrI ma. sa. yuni. vaDodarA, 1970. dhruva, A. bA : ApaNe dharma, gurjara graMtharatna kAryAlaya, amadAvAda, 1942. ---hiMdu veda dharma, ma. sa. vizvavidyAlaya, vaDodarA, 1960. nikhilAnaMda, vAmIH eseMsa opha hiMduIjhama. rAmakRSNa vivekAnaMda senTara, nyuyorka, 1946. nidAnaMda svAmI hiMduIjhama eTa A plAnsa vidyAmaMdira, DhAriyA, 1946, prATa, je. bI. inDiyA enDa ITasa pheItha, e TrAvelarsa reke, nyuyorka, 1925. phAkahara, je. ena.: meDane rilijiyasa muvameMTa ina InDiDyA, nyuyorka,1915. bartha, e.: dhI rilijiyansa opha inDiyA, laMDana, 1882. baka, sI. eca. pheItha, pharasa, enDa phesTIvalsa opha inDiyA, kalakattA, 1917

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hiMdudharma 121 che. bhagavAnadAsa : ena eDavAnasTa TekasTa buka opha hiMdu rilijiyana enDa ethikasa, thiyesophikala pabliziMga hAusa, adyAra, 1940. hiMdu, dhI ronAlDa presa, nyuyorka, 1953. bhAMDArakara, Ara. jI. : vaiSNavIjhama. vijhama enDa mApanara rilijiyasa sIsTamsa, Tarbana enDa kampanI, sTresabarga, 1913. mizrA, zizirakumAra: dhI ethikasa opha hindusa, kalakattA yuni. presa, 1925. mekasamUlara : inDiyA, voTa kena iTa TIca, lagana kampanI, 1934. monIara, viliyamsa emaH rilijiyasa thAya enDa lAipha ina inDiyA, laMDana, 1883 -hiMduIjhama, laMDana, 1877. -hiduIjhama, suzIla guptA limiTeDa, kalakattA, 1952. merazana, ke. Dabalyu (saM.) rilijiyana opha hiMdujha, dhI ronAlDa presa, nyuyorka, 1953. rAdhAkRSNana, esa. : hiMduIjhama enDa dhI vesTa (Ina) moDarna inDiyA enDa dhI vesTa, saM. ela. esa. omele, okSapharDa, 1941. dhI hiMdu vyu opha lAIpha, elana enDa avina, laMDana, 1927. rI, ela. : rilijiyansa opha ensiyanTa InDiyA, laMDana, 1953. vIlajInsa, Dabalyu. je. : meDana hiMduIjhama, kara pIsa enDa kampanI, kalakattA, 1900. bira, mela : dhI rilijiyana opha InDiyA, glenka, 1958. hiriyana, ema : dhI isensiyalsa opha hiMdu philosophI, elana enDa anavina, laMDana, 1949. hega, eya. : liDiMga AIDiyalsa opha hinduIjhama, suzIla guptA limiTeDa, sena, ke. ema. : hinduIjhama, laMDana, 196 1. sleTara, gIlabarTa : dhI vIDIyana elimenTa Ina inDiyana kalcara, laMDana, 194ra. - zAstrI, ke. e. nilakata : DevalapamenTa opha rilijiyana ina sAutha InDiyA, oriyenTa loMgamaeNna, 1963.

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1rara dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. vaiSNava saMpradAya AyaMgara, esa. ke. : ala hisTarI opha vaiSNavIjhama Ina sAutha inDiyA, okSapharDa yuni. presa, laMDana, 1920. keneDI, ema. TI : caitanya muvamenTa-e sTaDI opha vaiSNavIjhama opha beMgAla, kalakattA, 1925. De, esa. ke. ? ala hisTarI opha vaiSNava pheItha enDa muvamenTa Ina. beMgAla, janarala prinTarsa enDa pablizarsa, kalakattA, 194ra. bhAMDArakara, Ara. jI. : vaiSNavIjhama, zivIjhama enDa mAyanora rilijyisa. sekaTasa, sabarga, 1913. rAjagopAlAcArIara, TIH dhI vaiSNavAITa rIpharagsa opha inDiyA, cha e. nAsana kampanI, madrAsa, 1909 rAva, TI. e. gopInAtha : hisTarI opha vaiSNavavAjha, madrAsa yuni., 1923. vilasana, eca. eca. : ghI viSNu purANa saM. epha. hola, Tunara enDa kaMpanI, laMDana, 1864. zAstrI, durgAzaMkara : vaiSNava dharmane saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI, 1939. sarakAra, jadunAtha : caitanyAjha lAIpha enDa TIcIga, kRSNadAsa kavirAjanA caitanya bhAgavatano anuvAda, ema. sI. sarakAra enDa sansa, kalakattA, 1932. zeva saMpradAya aiyara, sI. vI. nArAyana : dhI orIjIna enDa alI hisTarI opha zevIjhama ina sAutha inDiyA, kalakattA, 1923. kAtirasu, esa. e. e henDabuka opha va rilijiyana, jI. nAsana,. kampanI, madrAsa, 1950. kumArasvAmI . dhI vIrazaiva philosophI enDa misTIsIjhama, vI. Ara. kopAla, dhAravAra, 1949naMdInAtha, esa. sI. : henDabuka opha vIravIjhama, dhAravAra, 194ra. pavATe, esa. DI. : vIrazaiva philosophI opha dhI zIvagAmA, hubalI, 1927. paranotI, vI. : vasiddhAMta, laMDana, 1938. pillAI, je. ema. nAlAsvAmI zivajJAna dhama, dharamapura, adhInAma, 1945. - sTaDIjha ina ziva siddhAMta, dharamapura, adhInAma, 1945.

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hiMdudharma 123 pIlAI, tIrU. jI. esa. : InTroDakazana enDa hisTarI opha zaiva. siddhAMta, annAmalAI yuni., 1948. mAla, je : mahenjo-Dara enDa inDisa siviligezana, Arthara pribasthAIna, laMDana, 1931. megyusa, goDanaH e menyuala opha ziva rilijiyasa DIna (anu. zivajJAna badhama), okSapharDa yuni. presa, 1948. veTarAmanaiyA, ena. : ruzIvA, madrAsa yuni., 1948. zAkhare, ema. Ara. : hisTarI enDa philasaphI opha liMgAyata rilijiyana, belagAma, 194ra. zAstrI, durgAzaMkara : vidharmane saMkSipta itihAsa, phArbasa gujarAtI samAja, muMbaI, 1931. zivapadA suMdarama , esa : dhI zIvA skUlsa opha hinduIjhama, elana enDa anavina, laMDana, 1934. zAkata saMpradAyataMtra saMpradAya-anya saMpradAye evaoNna, Arthara (sara na vuDrApha) : zakti enDa zAkta, gaNeza e kampanI limiTeDa, madrAsa, 1951. cheSa, aTalabihArI : ziva enDa zAkta, rAjazAhI, 1935. cakravatI, pI. sI. : DokaTarIna opha zakti Ina InDiyana liTarecara, janarala prinTarsa enDa pablizarsa, kalakattA, 1940. cidAnaMda, rAmI : ghI philasaphI eka zakti varazIpa, yogavedAMta pherasTa ekeDemI, RSikeza, 1960. jIrAjadAsa, sI. : thiye phI enDa meDana thaTa, madrAsa, 1915. dAsaguptA, esa. ena. : yoga sIsTama ina rIlezana 8 adhara sIsTamsa opha InDiyana geTa, kalakattA, 1930. bAgacI, pI. sI. : sTaDIjha ina taMtrAsa, kalakattA yuni, 1939. vivekAnaMda, svAmI : rAjayoga, nyuyorka, 1927. esaTa, enI : popyulara lekacarsa ena thiyosepha, thiyesephikala pabliziMga. sosAyaTI, banArasa.

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124 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana majhumadAra, pI. sI. dhI pheItha enDa progesa opha brahmosamAja, kalakattA, 1934. lajapatarAya H AryasamAja, legamensa, laMDana, 1932. lIyonArDa, jI. esa. : dhI hisTarI opha brahmosamAja koma iTasa rAIjha, kalakattA, 1936. viliMgTana, epha : dhI brahmosamAja enDa AryasamAja ina dhera beriMga apona krizcAnITI, laMDana, 1901. zAstrI, zivanAtha : hisTarI opha dhI brahmosamAja, kalakattA, re. -1911, ve 2-1912.

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jainadharma 1. sAmAnya : hiMdudharmanA vikAsamAM eka tabakke jainadharma upasthita thAya che, e hakIktaApaNe AgaLa neMdhI che. janadharmanA sthApaka vardhamAna hiMdu kSatriya rAjakuLamAM janmyA hatA. pravartamAna hiMdudharmamAMthI teone saMtoSa na hato. emanA hiMdudharma mATenA asaMtoSanAM mukhya kAraNomAM nIcenAM varNavI zakAya ? kha. varNa vyavasthAnI jaDatA ga. yajJamAM apAtI AtimAM thatI hiMsA hiMdudharmanI je vistRta carcA AgaLa hAtha dharI che evI carcA pratyeka - dharmane mATe karavI A pustakanI kadamaryAdA bahAra che. AthI dharmane kyA svIkArI, ApaNe bIjA badhA dharmonA agatyanA muddAo vize TUMkamAM carcA hAtha dharIzuM. Ama karatI veLA tulanAnA muddAone paNa ullekha karIzuM.

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126 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. jana tatvajJAna : janadharmanuM hArda samajavA mATe jaina tattvajJAnano A khyAla meLave Avazyaka bane che. jenA tAtvika matAnusAra sattA athavA te aMtima satya anAdi tarIke ravIkAravAmAM Ave che. anAdi hovAne lIdhe enuM sarjana thayuM che ema -kahI zakAya nahi. A sattAne mATe jainadarzana traNa viziSTatAo rajU kare che. kha. vyaya : nAza thavo athavA te adazya thavuM. Ama, aMtima sattA utpAda, vyaya ane dravyanI viziSTatAone anulakSIne samajAvI zakAya. jaina matAnusAra sRSTine pratyeka viSaya asaMkhya guNo dharAve che. emAMnA keTalAka paryAya (Modes) che ane keTalAka guNa (Qualities) che ane A paryAya ane guNa haMmezA eka ja padArthamAM hovA chatAM badalAtA rahe che. pratyeka padArtha enA guNo sahita eka kAyamI svarUpanuM astitva dharAve che, jyAre emAM paryAya palaTo thato rahe che. Ama, janamata aMtima sattAne vize tema ja sRSTinA padArtho vize sAtatya ane parivartana baMnene svIkAra kare che ane ApaNuM pratyeka anubhavanI - A be hakIkata che ene ApaNane khyAla Ape che. parivartanamAM sAtatyanI zodha e ja jenamatanuM mahatvanuM kartavya che. 3. padArtha : prApta thAya che-eka, jIva ane bIje, ava. -a, jIva padArtha jIva padArthanI khAsiyata enI cetanA che cetana jenI saMkhyA aneka che. A cetana che paNa be prakAranA hoya che. ka, baddha jIva je saMsAranA baMdhanamAM jakaDAyelA che e badhA baddha cha tarIke oLakhAya che. AvA ja ekendriya ke kiSkriya ke baeNndriya, catuSTa indriya ke paMca indriya jIvo hoI zake.

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jainadharma 127 kha. mukta jIva : je jIva saMsAranA baMdhanathI mukta che ane saMsArathI nirlepa che e jIvo mukta jIva tarIke oLakhAya che. 4. ajIva padArtha : janamata cAra prakAranA ajIva padArtha svIkAre che. ka. puDagala kha. dharma-adharma ga. AkAza gha. kAla Ama, puDagala (Matter) athavA dravya, dharma, adharma (Principles of motion & rest ), 2413121 (Space ) 242 $141 (Time) 2 2112 ajIva padArtha che. A padArtho ajIva che, kAraNa ke emanAmAM kaI cetanA nathI tema ja emane koIpaNa prakAranuM baMdhana ke muktatva nathI ane Ama chatAM A padArtho astitvamAna che, satya che ane anaMta che. AthI je mahatvane prazna upasthita thAya che te e ke jIve ane achavA padArtha vacceno saMbaMdha zo? jIva ane ajIva padArthonuM sarjana zI rIte thayuM ? kayAre thayuM ? ane koNe karyuM? 4. sRSTi sarjana : - janamata pramANe mahattvanA padArtho anAdi che ane ethI emanA sarjanane prazna upasthita thato nathI. AthI jenAmata mATe keI sarjanahArano prazna paNa upasthita thato nathI. ATalA ja mATe koI paramatattva A sRSTinA sarjanahAra tarIke ke saMhAraka tarIke IzvarasvarUpe astitvamAna che evA matane svIkAra ahIMyAM thatuM nathI. paraMtu ahIM bIjo eka prazna upasthita thAya che. padArtho anaMta hovA chatAM tema ja emanuM sAtatya jaLavAyA chatAM emAM parivartana thatuM ja rahe che evo svIkAra janamatamAM thayo che te ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. ethI je prazna upasthita thAya che te e ke AvuM parivartana zI rIte nIpaje che? parivartananI prakriyA samajAvavAne mATe paNa janamata kaI divyatattva Azare zodhato nathI.

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128 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana padArtha-padArtha vaccenA saMgane pariNAme ja parivartana thAya che ema ApaNane e samajAve che. janadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM parivartananI prakriyAne svIkAra thayuM che ane chatAM e prakriyAne baMne judI judI rIte ghaTADe che ane vividha rIte samajAve che. sAtatyano svIkAra ane emAM parivartana e janamatanI viziSTatA che. sAtatyano InkAra ane sadaMtara parivartanane svIkAra e bauddhamatanI viziSTatA che. A bheda vadhu spaSTa rIte samajI zakAya e mATe samagratayA eka najara baMne mata para nAMkhavI jarUrI che. jainamata taka vyApAra para AdhArita che ane ethI tanusAra je paristhiti prApta thAya che te jainamatamAM svIkAra pAmI che. sAtatya ane parivartana baMnene eka sAthe ravIkAra-baMnenI samanvayakArI samajaNa. mata mane vaijJAnika anubhava para AdhArita che ane ethI e mata parivartanane puraskartA bane che ane sAtatyano inkAra kare che. jeTale aMze sAtatyano svIkAra teTale aMze parivartananI saMbhavitatAne aravIkAra. Ama, jainamata jJAnamImAMsA para ane bauddhamata manovijJAna para AdhArita hoya ema lAge che. 5. IzvaranuM sthAna sAmAnya rIte evI mAnyatA pravarte che ke jainamata nirizvaravAdI che. sarjanahAra Izvara tarIke jainamata Izvarane svIkAra karato nathI, ane chatAMya eka AdarzanA svIkAra tarIke, muktAtmAne teo eka AdhyAtmika Adarza tarIke ravIkAre che. ane emanI pAsethI mArgadarzana ane preraNA prApta thaI zake che ema mAnavAmAM teo ene Izvara tarIke svIkAra kare che. Ama. jaina matAnusAra Izvara kaI evI zakti nathI je mAnavIne sahAya karI zake ke ene nukasAna karI zake. muktAtmA te enI samakSa pote siddha karavAnA eka Adarza samAna ja che ane e Adarzane anulakSIne pote potAnuM jIvanaghaDatara karavAnuM hoya che. jainadharmanI pUjA, prArthanA ane dhyAna A ja arthamAM ghaTAvavAne che. ahIMyAM ApaNe e spaSTapaNe joI zakIzuM ke IzvaranI divyatAne je khyAla ApaNane hiMdudharmamAM prApta thAya che te A dharmamAM prApta thatA khyAla karatAM judo che. A praznanI tulanAtmaka carcA ApaNe atyAra pachI hAtha dharIzuM.

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jainadharma 6. AdhyAtmika utkrAMti : jainamatanA padArthanI carcA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM ke siddha chatra e uccatama kakSA che ane chatAMya sAmAnya jIva te baddha ravarUpane ja che. pratyeka baddha jIvane Adarza te mukta jIva ke siddha jIva che. AthI, ahIM prazna e upasthita thAya che ke baddha chava zI rIte siddha jIvamAM rUpAMtarita thaI zake ? AvuM rUpAMtara kyAre thAya ? keTalA samayamAM thAya ? zI rIte thAya ? A badhA praznone uttara ApavAmAM jainamata khUba spaSTa che. pratyeka jIva siddhatva prApta karavAnI zakti dharAve che. paraMtu e mATe prayatna ene pitAne ja hovo joIe. anya koI ene siddhava prAptinA kAryamAM madadarUpa thaI zake nahi - izvara paNa nahi. pracalita brAhmaNamata keTale aMze janamatane aravIkAryuM hatuM e AmAMthI rapaSTa thAya che. muktatvanI prApti e koI vyaktinI kRpA ke IzvaranI dayA para AdhArita nathI, paraMtu dareka jIve pitAnuM siddhatva pite ja prApta karavAnuM che ane e mATenI jarUrI zakti pratyeka jIve pite ja keLavavAnI che, e khUba spaSTa rIte jainamatamAM kahevAyuM che. AdhyAtmika utkrAMtinA patha para pratyeka jIva ekala pravAsI che. e mArga anusaratA bIjA aneka jI hovA chatAM keIpaNuM jIvane bIjA jIvane Teke prApta thaI zake ema nathI. AdhyAtmika utkrAMtinA A mArgamAM keTalAMka sopAne vicArAyAM che. jainadharmamAM sUcavAyelAM A pAnane ApaNe nIce pramANe rajU karI zakIe. siddha (Liberated soul ) tIrthakara (Omniscient teacher). AcArya (Preceptor) | upAdhyAya (Pracher) sAdhu (Monk) | dharma 9

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130 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Ama, sAdhu, upAdhyAya, AcArya, tIrthakara ane siddha, e, cha prApta karavAnA caDhatA kramanAM vividha sopAne che. 7. karmano siddhAMta karmanA siddhAMtanI hiMdudharmamAM ApaNe vistRta carcA karI che. karmanA siddhAMtanuM jainadharmamAM paNa ghaNuM mahatva che. jIva eka anaMta padArtha hovA chatAM e baddha hoya che ane enuM aMtima lakSya siddhatva prApta karavAnuM hoya che. je e siddhatva jIve pote ja karavAnuM hoya te enA vartamAna jIvanakALamAM siddha thaI jaze ja ema kema kahI zakAya ? je jIvanuM svarUpa anAdi ane anaMta hoya ane eno Adarza siddhatva prAptino hoya, te e baddha jIva zI rIte thaye? ane e baddhatvamAMthI ene mukti zI rIte prApta thaI zake? A praznonA uttara jainadharmane karma siddhAMta Ape che. pratyeka vartamAna jIvane karmaphaLa-saMpUTa hoya che, ane e saMpUTanA nirAkaraNathI ja siddhatvanI avasthA saMbhave che. jyAM sudhI jIvanI manasA-vAcAkarmANa pravRttio cAlu che tyAM sudhI karmasaMpUTanA nirAkaraNanI saMbhavitatA nathI. AthI e nirAkaraNanI pUrvazarata mana, vacana ane karmanI pravRttione nakAra karavAmAM che. karmanA vividha prakAra, enI dIrghatA, ene Avega ane enA pramANane anulakSIne karmasaMpUranA vadhArA ke ghaTADAne vicAra karI zakAya. AthI, jainamata ema sUcave che ke karmasaMpUTanuM nirAkaraNa karavAne mATe nIcenA mArgo grahaNa karavA joIe : ka, mana, vacana ane deDa kArya upara kAbU meLavI e badhAne siddhatvanI prAptine mArge vALavA joIe. kha. vividha prakAranA dhArmika ane naitika kArya ATopIne siddhatvanA mArge AgaLa vadhavAnA prayAsamAM AgaLa vadhI zakAya. ga. tapa, niyama ane saMyamanuM pAlana karIne siddhatvanA mArge AgaLa vadhI zakAya. A traNa mArgo akhatyAra karavAthI jIva karmasaMpUTamAM navAM karmone vadhAre karato nathI ane ekatrita thayela karmasaMpUTamAM ekaMdare ghaTADo thAya che. jema jema karmasaMpUTa ghasAtuM jAya tema tema baddha chava sAdhu, upAdhyAya, AcArya, tIrthaMkara ke siddhanI avasthA prApta karyo jAya.

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13 jainadharma 8. jana nItizAstra : keTalAka vicAraka jainadharmane naitika dharma (Ethical Religion) tarIke oLakhAve che. paraMtu jainadharmane mAtra nItidharma tarIke oLakhAva e tene anyAya karavA barAbara che. zuddha AcaraNa e ja mAtra eka dhyeya hota to kadAca e dharmane naitika dharma tarIke oLakhAvI zakAta. paraMtu jIvana zuddhinI sAthe ja jainadharma jIvanamuktine Adarza tarIke svIkAre che. eTaluM ja nahi, jIvanasiddhi prApta karavAne mATe athavA mukti prApta karavA mATe, jIvanazuddhi e mAtra mArga che ema jainamata spaSTapaNe svIkAra kare che. AthI, jeo jainadharmane naitika dharma tarIke ghaTADe che te, eka mArgane, dhyeya tarIke svIkAravAno doSa kare che e joI zakAze. A karmasaMpUTanI nAbUdI mATe mana, vacana, vANI ane kAryonI nirmaLatA athavA pavitratAne jainadharma pUrva zarata tarIke svIkAre che ane AthI ja siddhatvanA AdhyAtmika mArge pagaraNa mAMDatA pahelAM jIvananI pUrvataiyArIrUpe naitika jIvanaghaDatara jaina matAnusAra agatyanuM bane che. ethI, sAdhuone mATe ati kaDaka ane praharathIo mATe sAmAnya evI AcArasaMhitA jenadharmamAM ApavAmAM AvI che. AcArasaMhitA jana AcArasaMhitAmAM nIcenA pAMca mukhya trane samAveza thAya che. 1. ahiMsA : kaI paNa jIvanI hiMsA karavI nahi athavA te tene koI prakAre IjA karavI nahi. 2. satya : je jevuM che tene tevA ja tarIke rajU karavuM e satya. juThANuM, daMbha, asatyane abhAva e satyanI pUrvazarata. 3. asteya : keInI vastu prahaNa na karavI ke potAnI na banAvavI eTale ke corI na karavI. 4. brahmacarya : yuvAkALe sahaja prApta thatI indriya-lAlasAmAM magna na banatA saMyama jALave.

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13ra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. aparigraha : pitAne bilakula jarUrI evI vastuo sivAya anyane grahaNa na karavI te aparigraha. A pAMca vrate gRhasthIonA saMbaMdhamAM aNuvrata tarIke ane sAdhuonA saMbaMdhamAM mahAvrata tarIke oLakhAya che. gRhasthane mATe brahmacarya eTale saMyamayukta patnI-samAgama ke pati-samAgama. paraMtu sAdhune mATe brahmacarya eTale saMpUrNa Indriya saMyama. jainadharmanI A AcArasaMhitAnuM sAmAjika agatya ghaNuM ja che. Adhunika vizvanA vividha praznonA mULagAmI ukela A AcArasaMhitAmAMthI prApta thAya che. je niSThApUrvaka koIpaNa samAjanI pratyeka vyakti A AcArasaMhitAnuM pAlana kare te pravartamAna sAmAjika aniSTonuM astitva rahe kharuM? saMdarbha graMthasUci AcArya, umAsvAmIH tattvatha dhIgAmA sutrA, e TrITAIjha ona isensiyala prinsipalsa opha jenIjhama, arAha; InDiyA, 1920. kArabhArI, bI. epha. dhI karma philosophI pIcIjha enDa rAITIsa opha vI. Ara. gAMdhI, e, 1913. jana, sI. Ara. : veTa ijha jainIjhama? arAha, InDiyA, 1917. - dhI kI opha noleja, arAha, InDiyA 1919. jaina, tiprasAda : jenIjhama-dhI olvesTa lIvIMga rilijiyana. jenI, je. ela : AuTalAIna opha jainIjhama, kembrija, 1916. jhaverI, eca. ela. dhI pharsTa prinsipalsa opha jainIjhama, laMDana, 1910boDIyA, yu. DIH hisTarI enDa lITarecara opha jenIjhama, baoNmba, 1909samasukha, puranacaMdaH lorDa mahAvIra hIjha lAIpha enDa DekInsa sena, e. sI. ke enDa sekaTasa ina jaina liTarecara sTIvanasana, esa. (mIsIsa) : dhI hArTa epha jenIjhama, laMDana, 1915.

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23 bauddhadharma 1. sAmAnya : vadhamAnanI jema gautama buddha paNa hiMdu kSatriya rAjavaMzamAM janmyA hatA. emanA jIvana vizenI vividha daMtakathAo pracalita che. yuvAkALa sudhI jagatanA duHkhadAyI anubhathI emane prayatnapUrvaka dUra rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. paraMtu sAcI suSTinAM darzana thatAM emano jIvanapalaTo thayo ane rAjyano tyAga karI teo satyanI zodhamAM nIkaLyA. pitAnA dharmamAM ja karatA AvuM kaI satya emane na lAdhatAM emaNe pitAnA janma-dharmane virodha karyo. tatkAlIna pravartamAna brAhmaNa sAmrAjyavAdathI teo taMga AvI gayA ane brAhmaNavarganI sAme mAtra virodha ja nahi paraMtu eka prakAranI sUga paNa keLavAI. svarganA dvAra brAhmaNa kholI zake ene emaNe inkAra karyo. yajJamAM AcarAtI hiMsAno emaNe virodha karyo. varNAzrama dharmane aravIkAra karyo ane racanAtmaka rIte mAnavIe potAnI mukti pite ja svaprayatna prApta karavAnI che evo cesa abhiprAya vyakta karyo. jainadharmanI jema boddhadharmane paNa keTalAka vicArake naitika dharma tarIke Alekhe che. te e kAraNe ke bauddhadharmamAM vizvanA sarjaka evA koI Izvarano zraddhApUrvaka svIkAra nathI, tema ja evA koI Izvarane mATenI prArthanAnuM paNa sthAna

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134 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana nathI. bauddhadharma eka evI mAga che jenA pAyA naitikatA ane tatvajJAnamAM samAyA che ane ene eka mAtra AdhAra svarUpa-siddhi che. A hakIkta "dhammapadamAM A rIte kahevAI che : "sarva aniSTone tyAga karavo joIe." sarva zubhanI prAptine prayAsa karavo joIe ane mananI pavitratA keLavavI joIe." buddhane A ja saMdeza che. prArthanAnuM sthAna bauddhadharmamAM ciMtana athavA te samAdhi le che. samAdhithI AtmasaMyama, AtmAnuzAsana, Atma nimaMLatA ane aMte AtmabaMdha thAya che. 2. dharma svarUpa : bauddhadharmanA svarUpanI thoDI vAto upara dhI. paraMtu, bauddhadharmanA svarUpa vize keTalAka pracalita khyAlonI samIkSA karavI jarUrI che. 1. ema kahevAya che ke bauddhamata nAstika che.. ema kahevuM ke bauddhamatamAM koI paramazaktine InkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che e vAjabI nathI. budde AvA paramatattvanI hayAtIne kadIye spaSTa nakAra karyo nathI. kAraNa ke pratyeka nakAra enI sAthe ja eka hakAra athavA svIkArane pratyakSa kare che. e sAcuM che ke buddha pite paramatattva vize mauna rahyA che. paraMtu, je emanA maunane IzvaranA InkAra tarIke na ghaTAvI zakAya te ene bIjI zI rIte ghaTAvI. zakAya ? buddhanuM dhyeya pratyeka jIva mATe zAMti ane mukti prApta karavAnuM rahyuM che. jagatamAMthI duHkha dUra karI zakAya e emane Adarza rahyo che. ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM tema sRSTimAM sarvatra duHkha ja che, sRSTi dukhasabhara che ema emaNe avaLyuM ane anubhavyuM. AthI, emanuM ekamAtra dhyeya duHkhanuM nirAkaraNa karavAnuM rahyuM. duHkhanA nirAkaraNa mATe koI prakAranA paramatattavanI AvazyaktA. emane jaNAI nahi ane ethI emaNe evA kaI paramatatva vize vicAraNA na karI tema ja emanA udhamAM evA koI ullekha karyo nahi. duHkhanA nirAkaraNa mATe paramatatvane svIkAra ke enA svarUpanI ja emane anivArya lAgI nahi. Ama, bauddhadharmane nAstika tarIke ghaTADI zakAya nahi. 2. keTalAka vicArake bauddhadharma nirAzAvAdI che ema kahe che. bauddhadharma nakArAtmaka valaNa akhatyAra kare che ane jagatamAM sarvatra duHkha che evA tAraNa para Ave che.

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bauddhadharma 135 paraMtu je hakIkata che ene ravIkAra karavAmAM ja bauddhadharma nirAzAvAdI zI rIte kahI zakAya? bauddhamata anusAra jagatamAM sarvatra duHkha chavAyela che, e eka hakIkAtmaka kathana che. mAnavajIvananuM dhyeya duHkha che evuM pratipAdana bauddhadharma karato nathI. mAnavajIvananuM dhyeya nirvANa che athavA mukti che, jene Adarza tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che. bauddhamatane eka vaidyanA mata sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. dehamAM raga rahele che, e eka hakIkta che, paraMtu ethI deha rogiSTa ja che evuM vaidya kahetA nathI. zarIramAM roga hoya te tenuM nidAna karavuM joIe ane e nidAna anusAranI cikitsA karavI joIe. Ane pariNAme dehamAMthI roga nAbUda thaI pharIthI pAcho deha taMdurasta bane che ane tAjagI prApta kare che. mAnavajIvanamAM duHkhanuM astitva e eka hakIkata che ema buddha ravIkAre che. paraMtu teo jIvanane duHkha sAthe ekarUpa banAvatA nathI. jIvananuM sAcuM hArda muktatvamAM che, dardamAM nahi, jema jIvanano AnaMda taMdurastImAM che ane rezamAM nahi. AthI ja buddha duHkhanA kAraNanI tapAsa Adare che, enuM nidAna sUcave che ane enA pariNAmane spaSTa rIte rajU kare che. duHkhanivAraNanA mArganI rajUAtamAM ke duHkhanivAraNa pachI prApta thatI avasthA aMge vicAra karatA bauddhamata nirAzAvAdI che ema zI rIte kahI zakAya ? bIjI rIte kahIe te bemata khUba AzAvAdI che. kAraNa ke e matAnusAra pratyeka vyakti nirvANa prApta karI zake che ema mAne che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu e nirvANaprAptimAM ene anya koIne Azare levAnI jarUriyAta nathI ema paNa e ravIkAre che. A dRSTie jotA pratyeka mAnavI samakSa bauddhadharma eka AzAno dIpa pragaTAve che jenI jyote mAnava pitAnuM jIvana dhanya banAvavA prayatnazIla rahe che. 3. bauddhadharmanA pAyA : je traNa mukhya bAbato para bauddhadharma AdhArita thayo che te nIce mujaba che : (1) anika (2) duHkha (3) atya sRSTimAM kAyamanuM kaMI ja nathI. lagAtAra parivartana e ja sRSTino krama che ane e ja ene niyama che. sAtatya zakya nathI. je kaMIka atyAre che e paLa

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136 pahelAM na hatuM ane paLa pachI paNa nahi haze. A arthamAM kAyamI tattva jevuM kaI tatva astitvamAna nathI ane ethI vyaktinuM potAnuM paNa koI sAtatya hoya ema mAnI zakAya nahi ane Ama chatAM, pratyeka vyakti duHkhanA AvaraNathI ladAyela che, pratyeka vyaktinA jIvanamAM duHkha bharyuM che enA svIkAra upara ja bauddhadharma pitAne bodha Ape che. 4, caturArtha sacca : bauddhadharmanuM hArda cAra umadA satyomAM samAyeluM che. e cAra satye nIce pramANe che : ka. duHkhasacca kha. samudayasacca gha. niradhAgAminI patipadA A cAra satyenI thoDI vistRta vicAraNA ApaNe hAtha dharIe. ka, duHkhasagna : A eka evuM sArvatrika satya che je pratyeka prakAranA astitvane lAgu pADI zakAya. hiMdudharme kalpela mAtra pRthvIleka ke mRtyulokane ja nahi paraMtu devakane paNa satya AvarI le che. mAnavajIvananAM vividha pAsAMone anulakSIne ema kahI zakAya ke mAnavajIvananI pratyeka avarathA du:khamaya che. eTaluM ja nahi, mAnava-mAnava vaccenA prasaMgo ane saMbaMdhe duHkharUpa che. janma, roga, jarA, mRtyu dukhamaya che ja, paraMtu sarva prakAranA saga- viga paNa duHkhamaya che. e ja rIte pratyeka prakAranI AkAMkSA, AzA, nirAzA vagere paNa duHkhamaya che. Ama, mAnavane janma duHkhamAM thaye che, e duHkhamAM ja jIve che ane je ravaprayatna duHkhanivAraNanA kAryamAM e maMtho na rahe te enuM mRtyu paNa e ja duHkhamaya avasthAmAM thanAra che. | duHkhanI vyApaktA vize spaSTa khyAla AvI zake e mATe pitAnA enA eka mRtyu pAmelA putrane sajIvana karavAnI tRSNamAM bhagavAna buddha pAse AvanAra strIne teo je mArga sUcave che emAMthI spaSTa thAya che. je gharamAM duHkhane paDachAye pravezyo ja na hoya evA gharathI eka muThThIbhara rAI lAvavAnuM kahetAM, te ghara-ghara phare che. paraMtu evuM eka paNa ghara e meLavI zakatI nathI jyAM duHkha nA

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auddhadharma 137 hAya. duHkhanI vyApaktAne AthI spaSTa khyAla Ave che ane bhagavAna buddhanuM parama vAkaya "sarvam vahu m suryam suryam' ene pratyakSa thAya che. hakIkta tarIke duHkha anubhavAya che, ethI ene svIkAra karavo ja rahyo. paraMtu duHkhanA svIkAramAtramAM enA nirAkaraNa mAga zI rIte prApta thAya ? AthI ja buddha du:khanA kAraNanI tapAsa Adare che. duHkha samasta sRSTimAM ane pratyeka jIvamAM vyApta eka hakIkta hovA chatAM e sRSTi-tattva-svarUpa ke vyaktitattva-svarUpa nathI. duHkhanA kAraNanI zodha buddha manovaijJAnika rIte Adare che. kha samudayasa : A bIju Arya satya duHkhanA kAraNanI ane tenA mULanI samaja Ape che. mAnavamanamAM samAviSTa tRSNa sarva duHkhanA mULamAM che ema A satya Alekhe che. indriyasukha mATenI tRSNA ke pachI A sRSTimAM astitva mATenI jhaMkhanA athavA te pUchI devaloka, brahmaleka yA itaralekamAM rahevAnI jhaMkhanA e badhI ja jhaMkhanA eka ja prakAranI tRSNA jevI che. AvI tRSNA ja alpajIvI AnaMdanI jhAMkhI karAve che ane jema jema tRSNa saMtoSAya tema tema tRSNanA pramANamAM vadhAro thato rahe che. Ama, sarva duHkhanuM mULagAmI kAraNa "tanhA" ke "tRSNa" che. paraMtu, mAnavamAM tRSNA Adhipatya zI rIte jamAve che? vyaktimAM jayAre "ahaM'ne AvirbhAva thAya che, ane enA samagra jIvananuM kendrabiMdu "ahaM" akhatyAra kare che tyAre "ahaM'nA saMtoSane mATe "ahaM' je tRSNA kare che ene saMtoSavAno vyakti prayatna kare che. Ama karIne vyakti duHkhanA mArge ghasaDAya che. A arthamAM sukhaprAptinI tRSNa, e paNa kharI rIte duHkhamaya hoya che. eka tRSNAne saMtoSa bIjI aneka evI anya tRSNAone janma Ape che. tRSNAne saMtoSa kSaNabhaMgura saMtoSa Ape che, emAMthI navI tRSNano janma thAya che, ane ema ne ema tRSNa, svalpa sukhanI prApti, "ahaM ne saMtoSa, evuM eka vistaratuM viSacakra sarjAye jAya che, ane jema jema vyakti A viSacakramAM vadhu ne vadhu aTavAya che tema tema vyakti svarUpasiddhinI prAptithI dUra ne dUra haDasAye jAya che. ga. nirodhasacca : pratyeka vyaktine tRSNa hoya che, ane tRSNa ja sarva duHkhanuM mULa hoya te tRSNanA - tyAgamAM duHkhanivAraNane mAga lAdhe . A ja bAbatane bodha A trIjuM satya Ape

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138 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. che. je tRSNane tyAga karavAmAM Ave te sarva duHkhone nAza thAya che ane pariNAme janma-mRtyunI ghaTamALamAMthI mukti prApta thaI zake. jema kaI dIpakamAM navuM tela pUravAmAM na Ave te, ene prApta thatuM tela pUruM thAya tyAre e ApoApa helavAI jAya che, tema vyakti enA jIvanamAM navI tRSNane saMcAra na kare te purANI tRSNAonA pariNAmanA bhogAyaTana pachI ApoApa siddhinI avasthA prApta. thAya che. Ama, A trIju Arya satya ApaNI samakSa eka Adarza rajU kare che eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu eka AzAdIpa paNa pragaTAve che. hakIkta Adarza nathI, e satya ahIMyAM rajU thAya che. hakIkta palaTAvI zakAya ema che ene ahIMyAM svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che. duHkha sarvasva nathI ane duHkhamAMthI mukti zakya che e be bAbata A satya ApaNI samakSa bhArapUvarka rajU kare che. paraMtu, prazna e upasthita thAya che ke duHkhanivAraNa zakaya hoya te te kaI rIte zakaya bane che? A mATe ApaNe have pachInA satya tarapha vaLavuM rahyuM. gha. nipagAminI patipadA : atyAra sudhInAM AlekhAyelAM satyo anubhava ane avalokana AdhArita ke taka AdhArita rahyAM. paraMtu, bauddhadharmanuM sarjanAtmaka aMga A cothA satya dvArA pratyakSa thAya che. kAraNa ke duHkhanuM nirAkaraNa zI rIte karI zakAya ema che enI rajUAta A satya dvArA karavAmAM AvI che. eka rIte joIe te badhAM ja satyomAM A satya ati agatyanuM che. kAraNa ke AdarzanI siddhine mArga ahIMyAM AlekhavAmAM Avyo che. A mArgane "Arya aSTAMgikamA" tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. 5. Arya aSTAMga-mArga : bauddhadharmamAM prabodhAyela aSTAMgamArga adhyAtmamArge AgaLa vadhatI vyaktine mArgadarzaka thAya ema che. cAritrya, buddhi ane mana : ekAgratAne AvarI letA A bhAga, vyaktinA jIvanavyavahArane pratyeka tabakke nirNata karate, eka evo mArga che jemAM vividha vicAradhArAo ane mArgonI asara hovA uparAMta jemAM eka prakAranuM samanvayIkaraNa paNa prApta thAya che. aSTAMgamAgane nIcenA koThAmAM rajU karI zakAya :

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bauddhadharma 139: aSTAMgamAga samAdhi zola pannA 1. satya vANuM 1. satya samajaNa 1. satya prayatna 2. satya daihika kArya 2. satya vicAra 2. satya dhyAna 3. satya jIvana nirdhAra 3. satya samAdhi aSTAMga mArganAM traNa mukhya aMga zIla (naitikatA-Morality), pannA (DahApaNa-Wisdom) ane samAdhi (dhyAna-Concentration) che. A uparathI ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke zIla e pannA ane samAdhinI pUrvazarata che. zIla vinA DahApaNa prApta thatuM nathI ane zIla ane DahApaNa prApta thayA vinA samAdhi saMbhavatI nathI. AthI ja zIla para bhAra mUkatAM samyapha vANI, samyapha kArya ane samya jIvanavyavahAra para bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. mAtra vyavahAranI samyakatA pUratI nathI ane ethI pannAmAM samyapha-mana ane samyapha nirNayane samAveza karavAmAM AvyuM che. jyAre mAnasika ane vAcika sabhyatA prApta thAya tyAre emAMthI ja samyapha prayatna pariName che. enI sAthe ja samyak dhyAna ane samyapha samAdhi zakya bane che. AthI ja A traNeno samAveza aSTAMgamArganA trIjA aMgamAM karavAmAM Ave che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke sata vANIthI zarU thayela aSTAMgamArga ApaNane vividha sopAna dvArA eka evI aMtima majala para laI jAya che jyAM mananI saMpUrNa ekAgratA prApta thAya che. eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu buddhatvanI avasthAnI. prApti paNa zakya bane che. AthI ja bauddhadharmamAM "aSTAMgamArganuM mahattva savizeSa che. aSTAMgamArge vyakti prayANa kare tyAre enI sAme aneka prakAranA avarodha upasthita thavAnI saMbhAvanA rahe che. AmAMnA aneka avarodha mAnavInA patananuM kAraNa banI zake. AmAM ApaNe nIcenA keTalAkano samAveza karI zakIe. IndrilAlasA, tiraskAra, krodha, ALasa, asthiratA, ciMtA, saMzaya, vivAdavagere gaNAvI zakAya. jyAM sudhI A ane bIjA AvAM avarodhaka baLane dUra karavAmAM na Ave tyAM sudhI aSTAMgamArganA paMthe AgaLa vadhavAnI saMbhAvanA ochI rahe che.

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140 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A badhAM avarodhaka baLone dUra karavA mATe tathA je Adarza siddha karavA mATe vyaktie pitA samakSa mUke che te jaldIthI siddha karI zakAya e mATe A - avarodhaka baLonA vidhI keTalAMka baLone vikAsa vyaktie karavo jarUrI bane che. AmAM ApaNe mukhyatve karIne zakti, AnaMda, zAMti, samAnatA, karuNA, prema, dayA vagerene samAveza karI zakIe. mAnavajIvanane be virodhAbhAsI baLo vacce jholA khAtA lelaka sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. ghaDIkamAM duSTa prakAranAM baLo enA jIvana para varcasva jamAve che ane jIvana evAM baLonI samIpa Ave che, te kayAreka ISTa prakAranAM baLo jIvana para varcasva jamAve che ane jIvana pite evAM baLonI samIpa Ave che. Arya aSTAMgamArgane bedha e ja che ke jIvana haMmezA ISTa baLonI samIpa rahe ane ema karI kALAnukrame jIvanamAM vikAsa prApta thAya. hiMdudharma tema ja jainadharmamAM karmanA siddhAMtanI vicAraNA ApaNe karI. -bauddhadharmamAM paNa karmano siddhAMta svIkAravAmAM Avyo che. bauddhadharmamAM sRSTinA koI kAryane svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo nathI ane ethI sRSTimAM pravartamAna jIvana-mRtyunI ghaTamALa tema ja sRSTimAM pravartatI asamAnatA samajAvavI jarUrI rahe che. sRSTine kaI sarjanahAra hoya te sAmAnyataH tene anulakSIne A bAbate samajAvavAmAM Ave. paraMtu bauddhadharmamAM evo koI svIkAra na hoI A praznanI samajaNa mATe karmano siddhAMta AgaLa dharavAmAM Ave che. - sRSTimAM pravartatI asamAnatA koI aMdha takane anulakSIne ke koI akasmAta -tarIke ke sarjanahAranA svairavihAra tarIke samajAvI zakAya nahi ane ethI bauddhadharmamAM e samajAvavA mATe vyaktinA pUrvajanmanAM kAryone Azraya levAmAM Ave che. vyaktinA A janmanA sthAna mATe ane enA vartamAna jIvana prakAra mATe vyakti kArya kare che e anusAranuM jIvana ene prApta thaze ema paNa bauddhamata bhArapUrvaka bauddhamatamAM patipadA-samRtpAda(Dependent origination)nA siddhAMta -anusAra ajJAnamAMthI nIpajatuM "kamma" athavA karmajIvana ane mRtyunI ghaTamALa

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bauddha dharma 14t: mATe javAbadAra che. A samajAvavAne mATe eka lagAtAra hAramALA ApavAmAM AvI che. ajJAnamAMthI svaicchika kriyAo nIpaje che. emAMthI cetanAne udaya thAya che. emAMthI nAma-rUpa AkAra dhAraNa kare che. emAMthI cha Indri astitvamAM , Ave. ethI indriya vastusamAgama sthApita thAya che. emAMthI Avega (Sensation) janme che. emAMthI tRSNA utpanna thAya che. ethI mamatva keLavAya che. A mamatva karma prere che. karma janmanuM kAraNa bane che. Ama, sarva duHkhanuM mULa ajJAna che ane ethI ajJAnane dUra karavAmAM Ave te emAMthI upasthita thatAM badhAM ja sopAno dUra thAya ane janma-mRtyunI. ghaTamALamAMthI paNa chUTakAro prApta karI zakAya. 7. dharmapaMtha : jema hiMdudharmanA vividha phAMTAo prApta che tema bauddhadharmanA paNa cAra mahattvanA phAMTAo prApta che. sAmAnyataH mahAyAna ane hinayAna be bauddhadharmanA alaga alaga saMpradAya tarIke nahi paraMtu eka ja bauddhadharmanA be daTabiMduo samAna rahyA che. maMdiraH Itara dharmonI jema bauddhadharmamAM paNa maMdiranuM eka AgavuM sthAna che. paraMtu maMdira e mAtra pUjAnuM sthAna na rahetA dharmasaMghaThaka baLa tarIke bauddhadharmamAM savizeSa sthAna pAmyuM che. prArthanAH ApaNe AgaLa noMdhyuM che ke anya dharmomAM prArthanAnuM je sthAna che tevuM sthAna bauddhadharmamAM "dhyAne lIdhuM che ane chatAM Adhunika samayanA bauddhamaMdiramAM jaIe te A dharmamAM paNa pUjA ane prArthanA keTale aMze pravezyA che, ene kaMIka khyAla AvI zake. upasaMhAraH bauddhadharmanuM eka ati AkarSaka tattva enA sthApaka bhagavAna buddhanI kAruNyamayI mUrti te che ja. paraMtu mAnavajIvanane samRddha ane sabaLa banAvavA

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142 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana mATe emaNe upadezela saraLa ane sAdo chatAMya khUba ja sacoTa evo ji do jIvanamArga che. AthI ja kadAca AjanA mAnavasamAjane paNa bauddhadarzanamAMthI pitAne anurUpa evuM ghaNuM prApta thaI rahe che. ahiMsAno AviSkAra ane paMca- zIlanI bhAvanA bauddhadharmanA bodhane pariNAme nathI ema to kema ja kahI zakAya ? -AnaMda meteyA ? buddhijhama enDa dhI moDarna varlDa ina buddhisTa enyuala opha silona, 1928. eragana, Troya vilsana : rIjhana enDa ekasapiriyansa Ina mahAyAna buddhijhama, je. bI. Ara., 1952. indra, ema. e. : dhammapada, rAjagopAla enDa sansa, dilhI, 1946. IlIyaTa, sara cArlsa : hinduIjhama enDa buddhijhama, bhAga-3, rUTaleja enDa keganapala, laMDana, 1954. buddhijhama, saMpA. jI. pI. malAlAsAkare, kolaMbo, 1961. kalIthara, e. ela. : buddhijhama, dhI sAyansa opha lAIpha pekiMga, 1928 kArasa, pila : dhI gospela opha buddha, dhI opana kArTa pabliziMga kaMpanI, zikAge, 1915 'kumArasvAmI, e. ke. : hinduIjhama enDa buddhijhama, philosophikala lAIbrerI. nyUyorka. kaIma, Arthara bI. : buddhisTa philesephiI Ina InDiyA enDa silena, kalereDana, 1923. kenjha, I.: buddhisTa meDiTezana, laMDana, 1956. _ _ e zerTa hisTarI opha buddhijhama, muMbaI, 1960. buddhisTa caeNTa Ina inDiyA, laMDana, 1962. grIma, jI. : dhI DekIna opha buddha-ghI rilijiyana opha rIjhana, lepakIga, 1926. cAlmasa, lorDa: buddhAsa TIcIMga, hArvaDa orienTala sIrIjha, ve.-7, hArvarDa yuni. presa, 1932. jyATIllaka, ke. ena. : alI buddhisTa thiyarI opha leja, laMDana, 1963

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auddhadharma 143 jyAsaryA, Dabalyu. epha : dhI sAyakelejI enDa philasaphI epha buddhijhama kola, 1963. janasekera, lakSmI Ara. : "abhidhammA ina enasAIkalopeDiyA opha buddhijhama, silena, 1961. DevIDa rAIsa, sI. e. epha. buddhijhama, hetrI helTa enDa kaMpanI, nyUyorka, 1912. DevIsa, TI. Dabalyu. rAIsa : buddhijhama, laMDana, 1904. - buddhisTa sUtrAsa, sekeDa buksa opha dhI isTa sIrIjha, graMtha-1, okSapharDa, 1881. datta, sukumAra : dhI buddha enDa AphaTara phAIva seMcurIjha, laMDana, 1957. nyAnA nikA : abhidhammA sTaDIjha, kolabe, 1949. nyAnA molI : dhI pAtha opha pyurIphIkezana (buddhaghaNAne vizuddhimAne anuvAda), kolaMbe, 1964. piTa, je. bI. : dhI pIlagrImeja epha buddhijhama, mekamilana kampanI, nyUyorka, 1912. pIyadAsI : dhI buddhAsa ensianTa pAtha, laMDana, 1940. aTa, I. e. (saM.) dhI TIMcIsa opha kampazaneITa buddhA, nyu amerikana lAIbrerI, menTora, 1955. bhIkhu subhadrA : dhI meseja epha buddhijhama, keganapala, phrenca Trabanara enDa kampanI, laMDana, 1922. mUrti, TI. Ara. vI. dhI senTrala philosophI opha buddhijhama, laMDana, 155. lIMga Tevara : buddhijhama enDa mAyatholojI opha inDiyA, laMDana, 1962, -- : buddha, mArkasa enDa goDa, laMDana, 1966. mahAyAna (graMtha 3), dhI Ipavartha presa, laMDana, 1947, 1952. velI, DI. lA : dhI ve Tu nivaNa, kebrija, 1917. zabdo TacIbana : dhI ethikasa epha buddhijhama, laMDana, 1922.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayaH sukajhI, DAyaseTa TITare H esejha ina jhena buddhijhama, rAiDara kaMpanI, laMDana, 1926. sujhI, bI. ela. : mahAyAna buddhijhama, laMDana, 1948. sundarsa, ke. je. buddhijhama Ina dhI moDarna varlDa, laMDana, 1922. smItha, epha. eca. : dhI buddhisTa ve opha lAIpha, haTacIzana kapanI.. laMDana, 1951. hakamana, eca.? buddhijhama ejha e rilijyina, laMDana, 1910. hemIna, sI. esa. : buddhijhama Ina cAyanA, (saM. eca. epha. mAkanera ) yuni. opha kelipheniyA, 1946. hera, I.ema. : vivana keIDansIsa opha alI buddhijhama, okSapharDa, 1945. hasa, ela. : buddhijhama enDa buddhisTa cAyanA, nyUyorka, 1924

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hibradharma 1, sAmAnya : saMpUrNapaNe ekezvaravAdI tarIke oLakhAte dharma heya te te hibradharma che. paraMtu mULathI ja hibradharma ekezvaravAdI rahyo nathI. semeTika prajAnA dhArmika mAnatA. sRSTinI lagabhaga dareka vastu mATe eka deva che, evuM teo svIkAratA eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu sRSTinI vastuo ane temanA devo vacce eka prakArano ghaniSTha saMbaMdha che ema paNa teo svIkAratA. zarUAtane hibradharma A rIte anezvaravAdI hatA ane naitikatAnA keTalAka siddhAMtanI rajUAta sivAya emAM vizeSa kaMI hatuM nahi. - Aje hibradharma tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che, ane je ekezvaravAdI che te dharma te AvA pAyA parathI, naitika ekezvaravAdamAM, payagaMbaranA bedhane lIdhe vikasele dharma che. 5. hibradharmane vikAsa : hibradharmane vikAsa mukhyatve karIne e dharmanA payagaMbaranA zikSaNamAM karma 10 ke

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146 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prApta thAya che. hibrU payagaMbaravAda khUba gatizIla rahyo che ane naitikatA para AdhArita rahyo che. pratyeka payagaMbara prabhumAM akhUTa zraddhA dharAve che ane ema mAne che ke sRSTinA jIvone prabhune Adeza pahoMcADavA mATe prabhue emanI pasaMdagI karI che. prabhunI vANune AviSkAra karI tene janasamudAya sudhI pahoMcADavAnuM kartavya emane zire prabhue AdezarUpe lAdayuM che. prabhue mane kahyuM, tuM bALaka che ema kahIza nahi kAraNake huM tane jenI pAse mokalIza tyAM tuM jaIza ane huM tane je Adeza ApIza te tuM temanI samakSa rajU karIza."1 I. sa. pU. 1200 ke jyAre mojhijhe IjiptanA sakaMjAmAMthI "hibra" dharmane choDAvyo tyAMthI lagabhaga I. sa. pU. 850 sudhI hibradharma saMpUrNa paNe ekezvaravAdI na hatA. ane chatAM vividha payagaMbarenA hAthe hibradharmanI je pragati thaI che te hibradharmane ekezvaravAdI dharma tarIke sthApavAmAM kAraNabhUta bane che. A payagaMbaramAM ApaNe nIcenA mukhya payagaMbare vize vicAraNA karIzuM. abrAhama, mojhijha, elijA, TikAnA emasa, izIyA, tathA hesIyA. ka, abrAhama : hibradharmamAM abrAhama prathama payagaMbara tarIke svIkArAyA che. hibru emane bhaktonA pitA' tarIke svIkAre che. hibradharma tema ja khristI dharmamAM emanuM sthAna ananya che. teo prabhumAM mAnatA ane ema mAnatA ke e ja dharma che." vaLI zraddhApUrvaka ema paNa mAnatA ke sRSTinA ne teo AnaMda ApI zakaze.3 emanI AvI zraddhAne pariNAme ja teo prabhunA pyArA hovA uparAMta bhaktonA paNa pyArA banyA. emane mATe hibru dharmagraMthomAM tema ja khristI dharmagraMthomAM paNa mAnabharyA ullekha Ave che ane emane "IzvaranA mitra tarIke AlekhavAmAM Ave che.' 1. jeremI 1.7 (hayuma pA. 170-189) 2. jenesIsa 15.6 3. jenesIsa 24.3 4. kronikalsa-ra0.7; jemsa 2.23; IzIyAha 41.8

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hibradharma 147 hibradharmamAM abrAhamanuM sthAna khUba mAnabharyuM hovA chatAM abrAhame pitAnA dhArmika bedhane koI vyavasthita svarUpa ApyuM nathI. AthI hibradharmanA ItihAsamAM teo mahatvanA prathama puruSa hovA chatAM hibradharmanA sthApaka tarIkenuM biruda emane sAmAnyataH ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI. kha, mejhijha : hibradharmane vyavasthita ravarUpa ApavAnuM ane eka svIkArya dharma tarIke ene sthApavAnuM mAna maMjhijhane phALe jAya che. mejhijha pite IjiptamAM vasatA hatA ane janma hiba hatA. rAjyavyavasthAmAM emanuM ucca sthAna hatuM. paraMtu eka divasa eka Ijilziyane eka hibrane gALo ApI. ethI mejhijhanuM lehI ukaLyuM ane temaNe te Ijiziyanane mArI nAkhI pite jaMgalamAM gayA. jaMgalamAM emane IzvaravANI saMbhaLAI ane emane ema lAgyuM ke jevA emane pikArI rahyA che ane kahe che : "A Ijilziyane mArA mANasane duHkhI kare che, tethI tuM temane bacAva. 5 A Izvara Adeza sAMbhaLI mojhijhamAM eka parivartana AvyuM ane kahyuM: "huM te chuM."6 hibradharmane uddhAra karavAnuM kArya ane hibradharmane anyanA saMkajAmAMthI mukta karavAnuM kArya emaNe pite svIkArI lIdhuM. dharmane vyavasthita svarUpa ApavAne mATe emaNe vividha jAtione ekatrita karI, jehavAnI pUjA dAkhala karI ane vyaktigata jIvananI doravaNI mATe nIce mujabanA daza Adeza ApyA : 1. Do not commit adultery. 2. Do not kill. 3. Do not steal. 4. Do not bear false witness. 5. Defraud not your neighbour. 6. Defy not God. 7. Honour thy father. 8. Honour thy mother. 5 esoDasa - ra.3. 6. sarakhA - hiMdudharmanuM "mahuM traNArima"

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18 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. 9. Hononr thy God. 10. Observe the Sabbath-day and keep it holy. Ama, eka Izvarane svIkAra karI tathA tenI prArthanA dAkhala karI ane jIvananI naitikatAnA mahatvanA Adeza ApIne emaNe lekonI dhArmika lAgaNIne. vyavasthita ghATa Apyo ane emAMthI ja kALAnukrame hibradharmane vadhu vistAra thaye jagatanI koIpaNa dhArmika prajAne potAnA dharmanI utpattinA sthAnamAMthI bahAra nIkaLavuM paDayuM hoya ane eka bhaTakatI prajA tarIke jIvavuM paDayuM hoya te e hibra prajA che. ane Ama chatAMya emaNe emanA dharmane lepa thavA dIdho nathI. aneka viTaMbaNAo chatAM dharmane sajIva, rAkhe che, eTaluM nahi. paraMtu dharmazAstronuM jatana karI, payagaMbaree ApelA AdezanuM pAlana karI, dharmanI pragati mATeno mArga mokaLo karyo che. ga, elijA (I. sa. pU. 850) elijAnA samaya pUrve hilTa leke, mejhike dAkhala karela Izvara jehevAnuM pUjana karatA hatA. paraMtu pitAnA ArAdhyadeva sivAya bIjA devonA aritatvane nakAra teo nahatA karatA. AnA udAharaNa tarIke, ItihAsamAM je DAhyA rAjA tarIke oLakhAya che te, solemane traNa judA judA devA mATe jerUsalemamAM traNa judAM jadAM maMdira baMdhAvyAM te che. emaNe eka maMdira jehevA mATe, bIju emanAITanA. Izvara mAloca mATe ane trIjuM elAITasanA Izvara emosa mATe baMdhAvyuM hatuM. AnA bIjA udAharaNa tarIke, I. sa. pUrve 1876 thI 1854nA ahabanA rAjyakALa daramyAna TAyaranA deva bAlanI pUjAne jehAvAnI pUjA karatA prAdhAnya ApyuM hatuM emAMthI paNa maLI rahe che. bridharmamAM prabodhAyela ekezvaravAdane A virodhI sUra payagaMbara elijA svIkArI zakyA nahi. emaNe spaSTa kathana karyuM ke jevA e ja mAtra eka Izvara che. emaNe sAthe ema paNa jaNAvyuM ke jehavA satyadhamIne AvakAre che ane adhamIne zikSA kare che. elijAnA jehevA aMgenA vicArathI hibradharmamAM ekezvaravAda daDha thaye. emanA kathananuM spaSTa tAtparya e hatuM ke jevA sivAyanA bIjA devo khoTA che, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu emanuM kaI astitva paNa nathI. Ama, Adhunika hibradharmanA ekezvaravAnA mukhya praNetA payagaMbara elija hatA.

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mahibradharma 149 gha. Tike AnA eesa (I. sa. pU. 750) : elijAnA samaya pachI IjharAyela rAjayamAM vargabhede khUba vyApaka pramANamAM pravartAtA hatA. eka taraphe aDhaLaka saMpattinA dalIna thatA, te bIjI taraphe kaMgALa dAridraya jovAmAM AvatuM. A kAraNe samAjamAM vecchAcAra, daMbha, vilAsa ane ruzavatakherI khuba vyApaka banI hatI. AgalA payagaMbaroe ApelA Adeze kema jANe visarAyA na hoya evuM vAtAvaraNa hatuM. barAbara A ja samaye bharavADanA jUthamAMthI eka sAmAnya gAmaDiyA jevA Tike AnA emesa AgaLa AvyA. I. sa. pU. 750mAM bethalamAM jyAre jehevAne utsava ujavAI rahyo hato tyAre emaNe keTalIka spaSTa vAta karI. A spaSTa vAtethI tyAM hAjara rahelA lagabhaga badhA ja avAka banI gayAM. evI zI vAto temaNe karI ? emose kahyuM : "prabhu mijabAnInA divasomAM AnaMda le che evuM nathI, tema ja je pavitra balidAne apAya che emAMthI paNa emane kaMI AnaMda prApta thato nathI. paraMtu, Izvarane AnaMda te sAcI ane nyAyapUrvakanI mAnavanI vartaNukathI thAya che." A kathanamAM emese emanA purogAmIthI vizeSa kaMI kahyuM nathI. paraMtu je rIte ane je tabakke emaNe A kahyuM che enuM tAtparya vizeSa che. eka AgAhI karatA hoya e rIte emaNe kahyuM : "je ijharAyelanA leke prabhu-parAyaNa nahi -bane, ane lAlasAbharyuM tathA vaibhavI jIvana jIvavAnuM cAlu rAkhaze te prabhu emane mApha nahi kare. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emanA duzmanane hAthA banAvI prabhu ijharAyelanA lokone zikSA karaze? payagaMbara, lokone prabhune Adeza pAThave che ema ApaNe kahyuM ane emasa e kartavya kare che. paraMtu kadIka payagaMbara bhaviSyakathana paNa kare che ane evuM ja bhaviSyakathana emese karyuM. emasanA A kathana pachI trIsa varSe esiriyoe ijharAyelanI rAjadhAnI para caDhAI karI, jIta meLavI ane tyArathI IjharAyela prajA pitAne kahI zakAya evA pradeza vistAra vinA, duniyAnA paTa para pharatI rahI. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI I. sa. 1946mAM ijharAyelanuM rAjaya sthapAyuM tyAre duniyAnA vividha pradezomAMthI keTalAka IjharAyele pitAnA mAdare vatanamAM vasavA ane tene vikasAvavA IjharAyelamAM AvI vasyA. I. sa. pU. 720 thI I. sa. pU. 1946 sudhInA dIrdhakALa daramyAna hibra prajAe pitAnI bhASA, dharma ane dharmagraMtho mamatvapUrvaka jatana karI jALava

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upa0 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAkhyA. A jALavela mUDIthI ja navA rASTrane zakti ane saMgaThana prApta thayAM, e ijharAyela rASTranA TUMkA pragatikAraka aritatva daramyAna spaSTa thAya che. tha, IzIyA : IzIyAnuM kartavya emasanA vacananuM arthaghaTana karavAnuM rahyuM. emaNe jaNAvyuM ke emasanuM kahevuM ema nathI ke prabhu pitAnI prajAne choDIne tenA duzmane sAthe. joDAze. paraMtu emasanA kathanane artha te e che ke jehavA mAtra ijharAyela, prajAnA ja nahi paraMtu samarata sRSTinA sAcA Izvara che. IzIyAnA A kathanathI hibradharmanA IzvaranuM eka vyApaka ravarUpa rajU thAya. che. IzvaranuM sAmrAjya ijharAyela pradeza pUratuM ja nahi, paraMtu samagra sRSTi para. vitareluM che. vaLI, ijharAyela e ja prabhunI pasaMdagI pAmelI eka pyArI prajA che ema nahi, paraMtu duniyAnI sarva prajAnA pitA tarIke Izvarane sarva prajA eka IzIyAhamAM kahevAyuM che : "Ijipta ane esiriyAnI prajA sAthe IjharAyela ijiptane AziSa ho; mArA hAthanA kArya samAna esiriyAnI prajA ane mArA vAsa ijharAyelanI prajAne AziSa ho."7 izIyAnA samayathI hibradharmamAM ekezvaravAdanA vicAre jora pakaDayuM ane emanI pachInA badhA ja payagaMbaree A vicAra para khuba bhAra mUkyo. samasta sRSTinA Izvara eka ja che e khyAla vadhu svIkArAte gaye. che. hesIyA : ijharAyela sAmrAjyanA patana pachI hibra leka bebilanamAM rahyA tyAM sudhI IzvaranI sarvavyApakatA ane ekezvaravAdane vicAra vadhu daDha thato gayo. ijharAyela pradezano tyAga karI ijharAyela prajAne bIjA pradezamAM vasavATa kare paDyo te ja e samajAvavA pUratuM hatuM ke eka ja Izvara samasta sRSTinA saMcAlaka che. Ama, hesIyAnA samayamAM hibradharma saMpUrNapaNe ekezvaravAdI bane ane emanA pitAnA Izvara sivAya anya koI IzvaranuM astitva emaNe svIkAryuM nahi.. paraMtu hasIyAe Izvarane je khyAla rajU karyo ane enuM je svarUpa varNavyuM te khuba judA prakAranuM hatuM. emaNe rajU karela IzvaranA ravarUpane samajavA che. izIyAha 1924-25.

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15 hibradharma mATe, ene, mojhine Apela IzvaranA svarUpa sAthe sarakhAvavuM joIe. mojhijhanA Izvara rASTrIya svarUpanA che, vaLI e IzvaranuM svarUpa bhayAnaka paNa che. kAraNa ke pitAnA pApano badalo bIjI, trIjI ke cothI peDhI sudhI paNa bhogave paDato hoya che. hasIyAe prabodhela IzvaranuM svarUpa e dayALa ane kRpAvaMta Izvara che. e Izvara nyAyI che ane jarUriyAtavALA tathA garIba pratye e dayAvAna che. Ama hasIyA paNa mojhijhanI jema eka ja Izvarano svIkAra kare che. paraMtu rASTrIya, prAdezika ke prajAkIya baMdhanothI e Izvarane para kare che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu Izvara kopAyamAna nahi paraMtu dayALu che evI spaSTa samajUtI hesIyA Ape che. - ijharAyela prajA ane Izvara sAtheno saMbaMdha hosIyA lagna-saMbaMdha sAthe sarakhAve che. eka pati jyAre ema jANe che ke pitAnI patnI ene bevaphA che tyAre enI icchA ene choDI devAnI, ane patanane mArge jatI enI patnIne sahAyarUpa na thavAnI hoya che. pitAne kara rIte anyAya thatuM hovA chatAM paNa pati Ama karI zakatA nathI; kAraNake ene e khyAla Ave che ke eka vakhata e enI patnI hatI, ane e tene prema karato hato. AthI e pitAnI patnIne pitAnI patnI sArI rIte prAyazcitta kare che tyAre ene pitAnA pUrvathAne thApI ene pyAra ane vizvAsa Ape che. e ja pramANe Izvara paNa ijharAyela prajAnI jema je kaI pApa potAnA pApanuM prAyazcitta kare tane, pitAne thayelA anyAyane daragujara karI, kSamA karavAne tatpara che. 3. hibradharma-sAhitya : hibradharmanA covIsa dharmagraMtho mukhyatve karIne nIcenA traNa vibhAgomAM vahecAyelA che. 1. niyamo (Laws) : AmAM niyama graMthono samAveza thAya che. AmAM keTalIka prArthanAone 2. saMtanA graMtha (Prophets) : hibra payagaMbaroe ApelA upadezono ahIMyAM samAveza thAya che. 3. lekho (Hegiograph) : A evA lekhono saMpUTa che je jude jude kALe lakhAyA che.

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15ra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A badhuM hibradharma-sAhitya, hibru bhASAmAM lakhAyuM che. samagra sAhityanA samUhane "jUne karAra" (Old testament) tarIke varNavavAmAM Ave che. emAM A badhA dharmagraMthone ogaNapacAsa bhAgomAM goThavavAmAM AvyA che jUne karAra I. sa. pU. 1850 thI I. sa. pU. 150nA gALA daramyAna judA judA samaye lakhAyela ogaNacAlIsa pustakonA samUhane jUnA karAra tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. emAM samAviSTa thayelAM pustakanuM kada, guNa ane upayogitA ekasarakhA nathI. keTalAka itihAsa tarIke AdhArita kahI zakAya evAM che, te keTalAMka evAM nathI. zAma (Psalm), jeba (Job) vagere jevAM pustake payagaMbara vANIne saMdhare che ane ucca kakSAnI kavitA Ape che. paraMtu jUnA karAranuM mUlya nathI te enI sAhityika viziSTatAmAM ke nathI te tatkAlIna ItihAsa pravAha para emAM pheMkAyelA prakAza para. paraMtu enuM mUlya te emAM apAyela hiladharmanA vikAsanI tejarekhAmAM che. kAraNake enA saMpUrNa paripAkarUpe ane ene svIkArIne krAIsTa khristI dharmanI sthApanA karI che. hibru dharmagraMthane rAha (Torah) tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. rAhanI sAme kaMI paNa kahevuM ke enI viruddha kaMI paNa karavuM e pApa che. emAM Apela Adezane bhaMga kare e IzvaranI avajJA karavA barAbara che. samagra sRSTine sarjaka Izvara haI sRSTimAM ISTa ane aniSTa evuM kaMI ja nathI. paraMtu mAnavI jyAre Izvarano anAdara kare che, ene inkAra kare che, tyAre aniSTa nIpaje che. Izvare mAnavIne bakSela saMkalpa svAtaMtramAMthI aniSTa pedA thAya che. aniSTanI asara be prakAranI hoya che. sAmAjika daSTie aniSTa pRthvI para IzvaranA sAmrAjyanA avataraNamAM vinarUpa che. vyaktigata dRSTie aniSTanA AcaraNa mATe vyaktine zikSA khamavI paDe che. zikSAmAMthI mukti meLavavA mATe hibradharmIo prArthanA kare che ane tapazcaryA paNa kare che. AvI prArthanA ane tapazcaryAthI mAnavInuM aMtaHkaraNa zuddha thaI enuM dhArmika parivartana thAya che e nIcenA dAkhalAthI samajAze : "Cause us to return our father unto thy law. Draw us near, O our king! unto thy service.

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153 hibradharma And bring us back in perfect repentence unto thy preseace. Blessed art thou O Lord ! who delights in repentence." 4. saMpradAya ? anya dharmonI jema hibradharma paNa vividha saMpradAyamAM vaheMcAyeluM che. AmAM nIcenA saMpradAyo ullekhanIya che. khristI dharmanA uddagamakALe hibradharmanA traNa mukhya pathe astitvamAM hatA. ka, saki : teone dhArmika rasa jhAjho na hato. ema paNa kahI zakAya ke teo dharma tarapha durlakSa sevatA hatA. rAjakAraNa, sattA, me emane mana mahattvanA hatAM. AthI jisase jyAre emane upadeza ApavA mAMDyo tyAre sadakio emane zaMkAnI najare jovA lAgyA. jisasanA upadezo azAMti upajAve evA ane gharSaNa utpanna kare evA heI jisasane dUra karyA sivAya zAMti sthApI zakAya nahi ema teo mAnatA. hibradharmanA saMrakSaNanI bhAvanAthI prerAIne nahi, paraMtu pitAnI amaryAda sattAmAM jisasanA upadeza avarodhaka hevAthI teo jisasano sAmane karavA tatpara banyA. kha, pAdarIo (Priests) : A varga mukhyatve karIne dharmaguruo tathA pAdarIone hato. terAha ane nabIone teo abhyAsa karatA. purANI rasama anusAra teo pUjA karatA tathA ya paNa karatA. hibradharma ekezvaravAdI hovA chatAM emAM evI dhArmika prathAo praveza pAmI jene lIdhe hibradharmanA pAdarIo eka viziSTa prakAranuM sthAna dharAvatA thayA. emanA A rathAnane, hiMdudharmamAM brAhmaNoe jamAvelA sthAna sAthe, sarakhAvI zakAya. pitAnI sattA ane Adhipatya koIpaNa rIte tUTe e emane pasaMda na hatuM. jisasanA upadezanuM je pAlana karavAmAM Ave ane prabhunA sAmrAjyanI sthApanA mATenA emaNe sUcavelA mArgo anusAra prayatna karavAmAM Ave te hibra- dharmamAMnuM pAdarI varganuM sthAna bhaya mAM AvI paDe. AthI A varga paNa jisasa krAIsTanI viruddha hatA.

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154 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. ga, puruSama (Pharises): hibradharmane A paMtha sAcI rIte dhArmika anuyAyIone paMtha hate. prabhue ApelA AdezanuM niSThApUrvaka pAlana karavAne emano prayAsa rahe. e Adezane susaMgata evA niyamo teo banAvatA ane tenuM pAlana karatA. Ama, teo pitAnA jIvanane dhArmika rIte samRddha karavAne mATe aharniza prayatnazIla rahetA. sAmAnya rIte A vargane jisasanI sAme virodha na hoya ema mAnI zakAya. paraMtu jisanA, mAnavIne apUrNa tarIke lekhavAnA, vacananI sAthe teo saMmata thaI zakyA nahi. teo ema ravIkAravA taiyAra na hatA ke koIpaNa mAnavI saMpUrNa nathI. Ama chatAM, samaya jatAM A jUthanA aneka anuyAyIo pAchaLathI khristIdharmamAM joDAyA. hibradharmanA A traNa paMthamAM evI te jaDatA vyApI hatI ke pratyeka saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo potAnA sivAyanA bIjA saMpradAyanA anuyAyIone halakA gaNatA. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emane achUta paNu gaNatA hatA. A traNeya saMpradAyanA loko, anya sarva Ama samudAyane, teo nIcA ane achUta che ema gaNatA, ane e rIte vartatA. sAmAnya janasamudAyanA leke garIba hatA ane pachAta paNa hatA. A vizALa Amavargane hibradharmanA traNeya paMthavAdIo taraphathI kaI hamadardI maLatI na hatI. barAbara e ja samaye patiddhAraka tarIke jisasa krAIsTa emanI samIpa AvyA ane snehathI emaNe teone pitAnA banAvyA. AthI ja sAmAnyajana ema kahe ke, "jagatane keI puruSa A mANasanI jema kadIye be nathI." jisasa krAIsTane mATe emane Adara AmAM cha thAya che. hibradharmanI sthagitatA, ane khristI dharmanA prasAra mATenuM koI eka savizeSa kAraNa hoya che te A che.

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155. hibradharma saMdarbhagraMtha sUci AIjheka, e. esa. voTa ijhapha juDAIjhama? nyUyaka, 1912. epasTAIna, AI.H jarUDAIjhama, laMDana, 1959. osTara, viliyama oNkAra : alI hibra phesTIvalsa enDa risyualsa Ina esa. ema. hRka saMpAdita mItha enDa risyuala, okSapharDa, laMDana, 1933. kATaza, e. AI. : jyuDAijhama enDa dhI kurAna, nyUyorka, 1954. kronabenca, e. : raphorma muvamenTasa ina nyUDAIjhama, nyUyorka, 1963. kopelsa, jI. : jyujha enDa jyusAIjhama ina nAITIMtha seMcurI, phalADelphiyA, 1905. kuenena, e. : dhI rilijiyana opha ijharAyela, laMDana, 1875. kehalara, ke. : jayuiza thiyeleja, nyuyorka, 1918. zrITasa, eca. : hisTarI opha nyujha, nyUyorka, 1926. josepha, jema : dhI meseja opha jyuDAIjhama, laMDana, 1907. josepha, ena. esa. : isensiyalsa opha jyuDAijhama, laMDana, 1906. northa, mATana : dhI hisTarI ora IjharAyela, laMDana, 196 0. pArkasa, jesa : e hisTarI opha dhI jyuIza pIpala, laMDana, 1964. phIlIpazana, DI. : dhI rIphArma muvamenTa ina yUDAijhama, nyUyorka, 1907. maTaka, ijharela IjhIDora : jayuIza ethika, hacazana kampanI, laMDana, 1953. mura, jI. epha. : jyuDAijhama ina pharsTa seMcurI opha krizciyana erA, kebrija, 1927. : jyuDAIjhama, kebrija, 1927. mophIora, sI. jI. : dhI lesa ora jyuDAijhama Ina dhI rilijiyansa opha dhI varlDa : 1916. rAla, epha. eca. enDa kehana, esa. esa. : krizciyanITI enDa jayuDAIjhama nyUyorka, 1927. rIgrIna, eca. : IjharAlAITa rilijiyana, anu. DevIDa grIna, laMDana, 1966

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-156 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana revalI, eca. eca. : prophesI enDa rilijiyana Ina ensIyaMTa thAyanA enDa IjharAyela, laMDana, 1951. lIDablama, je. : phesI Ina ensIyaMTa IjharAyela, okSapharDa, 196 3. levInthala, AI eca. puDAIjhama, ena enelIsIjha enDa inTaraprITezana, nyUyorka, 1935. bira, mela : ensIyaMTa jyuDAijhama, glenka, 1958. skecara, esa. : sTaDIjha Ina jayuDAIjhama, philADephiyA, 1896. zkelama, gerazoma gerahaDa : meja2 TrenDasa Ina jayuIza mIsTIsama, . nyUyorka, 1941.

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2.5 khristI dharma 1. sAmAnya : mahAna romana samrATa sijharanA rAjyakALa daramyAna juDAmAM jisasane janma thayo. jisasanA janma samaye hibradharma pracalita hato. jisasa pite paNa hibudharmamAM ja jamyA hatA. jema janma hiMdu hovA chatAM paNa vardhamAna ane gautama alAyadA dharmanA saMsthApaka thayA, tema jisasa paNa janma hibrU hovA chatAM paNa khristI dharmanA sthApaka banyA. jisasane janma eka sAmAnya kuTuMbamAM thayuM hatuM ane teo lagabhaga trIsa varSanI uMmara sudhI sAmAnya mAnavI tarIke vikasyA hatA. AdamI hatA ane sAdAIthI jIvatA. teo tyAgI hatA. emanA AvA saddaguNothI teo lokomAM priya hatA. teo kahetA : "masIyAhanA Agamanane samaya najadIka AvI rahyo che. emanuM yogya ravAgata karavAne mATe ApaNe pApa tyAgIne ane hRdayane pavitra banAvIne taiyAra thavuM joIe." hRdayanI pavitratA prApta karavAne 1. jisasane janmakALa sAmAnya rIte Isa. pU. 6 ke 4 tarIke mUkavAmAM Ave che.

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158 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana mATe emaNe eka anokhI rIta ajamAvI hatI. teo lokone joIne nadImAM nAna karavAne mATe kahetAM. zuddhikaraNane A prakAra tathA pApa-vimecananI A prathA hiMdudharmamAM paNa kayAM jovAmAM AvatI nathI ? snAna pote ja pAvanakArI che, pavitratA arpe che, ane temAMye amuka pavitra nadImAM ke mahAsAgaramAM ke saMgamanA sthAnane viziSTa mahAtmaya ApavAmAM AvyuM che. mAnasika zuddhi pUrve daihika zuddhinI nA kema pADI bhAvAvezane zAMta kare che teTale aMze snAnanI agatya kema nakArI zakAya ? jisasa jyAre trIsa varSanA thayA tyAre, teo eka divasa emanA pitrAI pAse jaIne, emane paNa pavitra ranAna karAvaDAvavA kahyuM. henane evI aMtaHbhUti hatI ke pitAnA dharmamAM masIyAhanI (uddhArakanI) je vAta che te masIyAha A jisasa ja che. AthI, emaNe jisasane kahyuM : "mAre to mArA pAponI kSamA ApanI pAse mAMgavAnI hoya." jisase jahenane samajAvyA ane chevaTe emaNe pavitra snAna karyuM. teo jyAre nAna karatA hatA tyAre eka gebI avAja prasArita thayo ane kahyuM : "A mAre priya putra che, ane huM enAmAM saMtuSTa ane rAjI chuM." - 2. prabhunuM sAmrAjya : A prasaMga pachI jisasamAM eka prakAranuM parivartana thayuM ane pitAne je darzana lAvyuM te emaNe janasamAjane ApavAno prayAsa karyo. jisasane je koI eka mahatvane saMdeza hoya che te prabhunA sAmrAjyane che. jisasanA A siddhAMte eka jabarI krAMti sarjI che. mAnavavicArane eNe eka gajabanI gati apI che. prabhunI dRSTie sarva samAna che, ane prabhunA sAmrAjyanA sarve sabhyo che, ema kahIne jisase mAtra mAnava samAnatAne khyAla pracalita karyo eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu mAnava-mAnava vacce khaDakAyela aneka dIvAlene A eka mAtra vicArathI bhasmIbhUta karI. phrAMsanA mAnava samAnatA, mAnava svAtaMtrya ane mAnava bhAtRtvanA khyAla para racAyela krAMtinA bIja jisasanA A upadezamAM samAyelA nathI ? rAjyaviheNuM, - kArla mArkasanA vicAronA mULa jisasanA A upadezamAM nathI ? paraMtu AnI

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khristI dharma 159 carcAmAM ApaNe UtarIe nahi. e eka svataMtra abhyAsano viSaya che ane A pustaknI maryAdAnI bahAra che. prabhu eka che ane samagra sRSTino eka ja puruSa che tathA te nyAyI che ema te krAIsTanA janma samaye lagabhaga badhA ja hibrao mAnatA. paraMtu teo vadhumAM ema paNa mAnatA ke temanA parama-pitA abrAhama sAthe prabhue eka e karAra karyo che jethI hibrU prajAne Izvara sArvabhaumatvabharyuM viziSTa sthAna pradAna karaze. prabhunA sAmrAjyanA ubedhamAMthI sahaja rIte phalita thata e jisasane upadeza hibrUone asvasthakArI lAgatuM. jisasanuM garIba pratyenuM saujanya, mamatA ane temane mATenI laganI emanA aneka upadezamAM samAviSTa che. jeno sArabhAga "sarmana ona dhI mAunTa'mAMnA nIcenA kathanathI spaSTa thAya che ? "Blessed are they who suffer persecution for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." Ama, saccAI ne mATe koIpaNa prakArano tyAga ane vedanAnuM gAyaTana jisase sahaja banAvyA ane jeo saccAIne mATe kaThinAIo khamavA taiyAra che emanuM ja IzvarI sAmrAjya che ema kahyuM. paraMtu, enI sAthe ja keTalAka mAnavIya guNo para emaNe bhAra Ape ane emaNe kahyuM : "Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy." ahIMyAM emaNe namratA ane dayAnA guNenA vikAsanI vAta rajU karI. namratA ane dayAnuM mAnavajIvanamAM haMmezA mahatvanuM sthAna rahyuM che - krAIsTanA pahelAnA samayamAM rahyuM che - krAIsTanA samayamAM ane jisasanA pachInA samayamAM paNa. paraMtu e sthAnanI prAptinA prayAsanAM kSetramAM mAnavanI sariyAma niSphaLatA rahI che. garIbAI e gune nathI, avarodha nathI, tema ja namratA ane dayA jIvanasabhara karavA mATe jarUrI che, ema upadezyA pachI teo hadayanI pavitratA upara bhAra mUkatA kahe che : "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God."

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160 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prabhudarzanane mATe keTale sIdhe ane sAdo ane chatAMya keTaleya muzkela mArga ! hRdayanI pavitratA e ja prabhudarzananI cAvI che ema te te ja kahI zake. jene pitAnuM hRdaya pavitra hoya. jisasa ke jenA dilamAM garIba, sabaDatI ane hakarAtI prajA mATe hamadardIbharI heya, bhArobhAra kAruNya hoya ane bIjA jIve e mATe je pitAnuM AtmabalidAna ApavA sudhI tatpara hoya enA hadayanI pavitratA vize pUchavuM ja zuM ? paraMtu janasAmAnyanA keTalA leka hRdayanI AvI pavitratA hevAne dAvo karI zake ? sarva pragatinI pUrva zarata zAMti, che, e, AjanA samayamAM have svIkArAtuM thayuM che. jisasa krAIsTa zAMtinI agatya kayAranI svIkArI che. ane ethI teo kahe che ? " Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called children of God." je badhA ja mANaso IzvaranA saMtAna hoya to jeo zAMtidAyI che, zAMtinA prayAso Adare che - emane ja IzvaranAM bALaka tarIke jisase kema oLakhAvyA haze ? eka ja prabhunA saMtAna tarIke mAnava-mAnavamAM zAMti sahaja hevI joIe. paraMtu duniyAne anubhava ethI viparIta hoya che ene artha e thayo ke bIjA mAnavI joDe jhaghaDo mAnavI pote ja IzvaranuM saMtAna che e bhUlI jAya che. AthI ja je zAMtinA prayAsamAM otaprota che e IzvaranA saMtAna tarIke vadhu svIkArya che. jisasanA AvA upadeze hibradharmIo je prakAranuM jIvana jIvatA hatA. emane, zI rIte ravIkArya banI zake ? Izvara hibra prajA pratye pakSapAtI nathI evuM kathana teo zI rIte svIkArI zake ? pote ja mAtra prabhunI pasaMdagI pAmelI prajA nathI evuM e kevI rIte sAMbhaLe ? je garIba ane kacaDAyelI prajAne teo adhama ane achUta tarIke lekhatA ene IzvaranA sAmrAjyanA mAnabharyA sa. tarIke teo zI rIte svIkAre ? ane AthI jisasanA upadezamAM hibra prajAe pitAnI bhAvanAone, pitAnI AkAMkSAone ane pitAnA bhavya bhAvine anAdara thayela che. AthI, hibra prajAe jisasa krAIsTane "masIyAha" tarIke te na ja svIkAryA, paNa emanA upadezane sAmane paNa karyo. ' . ' ' : hibradharma ane khristI dharmamAM je kaMI mahatvane taphAvata hoya to te e ke hidharma jisasane "masIyAha" tarIke svIkAra nathI, jyAre khristI

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khristI dharma dharma jisasane "masIyAha" tarIke svIkAre che. jema jaina dharma ane bauddhadharmamAM hiMdudharmanA aneka aMzo upalabdha che, tema hibradharmamAMthI nIpajelA khristIdharmamAM paNa enA aneka aMzo upalabdha che. paraMtu jainadharmo ane bauddhadharmo hiMdudharmanAM zAstro nakAryA. enA Adezane asvIkAra karyo, enA Izvara ane maMdirane inkAra karyo, tyAre khristIdharme hibradharmanA saMbaMdhamAM AvuM kaMI ja na karyuM. jisasanI satvazIla daSTi, emanI mAnavane mATenI utkarSanI bhAvanA. emanA samagra jIvanamAM vaNAyela anukaMpA, hibradharmanA koIpaNa sArA tattvane inkAra na karAvI zakayA. emaNe te hibradharmanAM zAstro ravIkAryA, hibradharmanA payagaMbare paNa svIkAryA ane temanA Adezane pitAnA dharmamAM samAviSTa karyA. A dRSTie vicAratA sAmAnya rIte ema lAge ke hibradharmanAM sArAM to svIkArIne khristI dharma udAramatavAdI rahyo che - jema bauddhadharmanAM sArAM to pitAnAmAM samAviSTa karIne hiMdudhama udAramatavAdI rahyo che. paraMtu ahIMyAM eka bAbata samajI levI jarUrI che. Do. rAdhAkRSNane kahyuM che tema khUba ja bhAtRbhAvabharyA AliMganathI hiMdudharme bauddhadharmane vinAza karyo. paraMtu khristIdharme hibradharmanAM aneka to aMgIkAra karyA chatAM, enA vikAsanA keTaleka tabakake, hibradharma anuyAyIomAMthI potAnA dharma mATe keTalAka saMta pala jevA mahAmUlA anuyAyIo meLavavA sivAya, khristI dharma hibadharmane vizeSa kaMI karI zakyo hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. A samagra praznanI uMDANa ja thAya che emAMthI dharma prakAra para ane A samagra prakriyA para kaMIka nUtana prakAza maLavAnI AzA rAkhI zakAya. Ama, jisase aneka hibru mAnyatAone hacamacAvI. prabhu IsodAbAja nathI, tema ja prabhu te sarva mAnava-saMtAnane pitA che, ema kahIne jisase IzvaranI sarvavyApakatA ane nyAyapUrNatAnI samaja ApI, IzvaranA vicArane eka khUba ja vistRta phalaka para mUkyo. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu, mAnavane paNa eka ucca sthAna ApyuM. prabhunA sAmrAjyamAM, koInA paNa tarapha viziSTa pakSapAta nathI paraMtu tyAM sarva mAnavIo samAna che-pApAtmAo ane puNyAtmAo e badhA ja prabhunA saMtAna heI, e sarvene prabhunA sAmrAjyamAM pravezavAno adhikAra che. prabhunA A sAmrAjyamAM koI viziSTAdhikAra nathI, kaI viziSTa prakAranuM vaLatara 2 inDiyana philephI graMtha - 1. dharma 11

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana nathI, tema ja koI ajagatI vAtane ravIkAra nathI. A sAmrAjyamAM saMpatti, pratiSThA, garva jevI koI bAbata nathI. e sAmrAjyamAM mAtra eka sarvavyApI siddhAMta Adhipatya bhogave che ane te siddhAMta te raneha. Ama, prabhunuM sAmrAjya eTale rahanuM sAmrAjya. jisasanA upadezane ravIkAra eTale eka nUtana prakAranI jIvana-daSTine keLavIne eka nUtana jIvanamArge prayANa karavA barAbara thAya. jIvanamAM daDha banelI Te, aMkita thayelI tRSNAo ane Avegone dUra karI nItimaya pavitra jIvana dvArA ja Izvaradarzanane AnaMda prApta karI zakAya ema svIkAravA barAbara thAya. jIvananA eka rAhe AgaLa vadhavAne TevAyela sAmAnya mAnavI mATe jisasane A saMdeza ekadama svIkArya na bane e samajI zakAya ema che. 3. khristI dharmane atihAsika vikAsa : ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema hibradharmanA traNeya paze, eka yA bIjA kAraNasara, jisasanA dharmopadezanI viruddha hatA. paraMtu emanA dharmopadezane virodha karavAne badale teoe jisasane ja aMta lAvavAnuM vicAryuM ane jisasa potAnA upadezane kaMIpaNa vyavasthita svarUpa Ape e pahelAM ja jhanUnI hibrUoe emane dUra rIte mArI nAMkhyA. yudUdIo je parvanI ujavaNI jerUsalemamAM karatA evA parvanI ujavaNImAM teoe khUba gAMDAtura banI aDhaLaka saMpatti khaca. jisasanuM, tyAM hAjara rahelA lokoe, nehabharyuM alaukika svAgata karyuM. lekene jisasa mATeno Avo prema ane Adara yahUdIo jIravI zakyA nahi ane emane kaI rIte khatma karI zakAya tenI khoja karatA rahyA. evAmAM maMdiranI aMdara jisasa gayA. ane emaNe tyAM vepAra karavA beThelA yahUdIone joI kahyuM : "A maMdira prArthanA mATe che ane tamoe ene ThaganI guphA banAvI mUkI che"3 | jisase roSe bharAI e vepArIone maMdiranI bahAra kADhyA. AthI emanA jisasa pratyenA TheSane vega maLyo. agnimAM ghI homAyuM ane jisasanA eka ziSyane sahakAra meLavI thoDA divasa pachI jyAre jisasa prArthanA karatA hatA tyAre emane pakaDIne yahUdI netAo samakSa rajU karavAmAM AvyA. A samaye ane adAlatamAM paNa jisasa mauna ja rahyA. 3 My house is a house of prayer, but you have made it a den of thieves.

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khristI dharma 163 pachIthI hibrU sipAIoe jisasane vadha thaMbhe laTakAvI, emanA hAthapara khIlA mArI khUba karuNa rIte emanA jIvanano aMta lAvavA prayatna Adaryo. AvuM daihika kaTa chatAM jisase khUba zAMti ane ravasthatApUrvaka potAnA jIvananuM balidAna karyuM ane ema karatAM kahyuM : "parama pitA ! tuM emane mApha kara, kAraNa ke temane khabara nathI ke teo zuM kare che." paraMtu A to jisasanA pArthiva dehanuM samarpaNa hatuM. jisasanuM punarutthAna e ja khristI dharmane mahattvane prasaMga che. emanI daphana-vidhinA trIjA divase jisasa kabaramAMthI UThayA ane tyAra pachI cAlIsa divasa A pRthvI para rahyA. jisasane jyAre ghAtakI rIte mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA tyAre temanA anuyAyIomAM glAni phelAya e ravAbhAvika hatuM. paraMtu jyAre e anuyAyIone jisasane pratyakSa anubhava pharIthI thaze tyAre temane khAtarI thaI ke jisasa aharniza jIvaMta che. temaNe jisasane prabhu-thAne sthApyA ane te rIte temanI pUjA karavA lAgyA. jisasanA punaruthAnane emaNe emanA dharmanA pAyA tarIke svIkAryo. khristI dharmanI zarUAtane A kALa I. sa.nA lagabhaga 5nA varSamAM pUro thAya che. e samaya daramyAna khristI dharma mATe eka vAtAvaraNa jAmyuM hatuM kharuM. paraMtu eka vyavasthita dharma tarIke enI prasthApanA hajI bAkI hatI. A pachInA kALamAM A prayatna thayo ane enA mukhya praNenA saMta pala rahyA. ka, saMta pola : khriratIdharmane vyavasthita dharmanuM svarUpa ApavAmAM mahattvano phALo saMta pelo che. emaNe pote jisasane kadI joyA hoya ke upadeza ApatA sAMbhaLyA hoya evuM jANavAmAM nathI. ethI UlaTuM sela (palanuM mULa nAma) pite eka custa hibra hatA ane khristI dharmanA prabaLa TIkAkAra hatA. khristIone mATe emane eTalI te ghaNA hatI ke teo temane jerUsalemanA nyAyAlayamAM kheMcI jatA ane emane mArI nAkhatA. saMta paMla khUba vicakSaNa AdamI hatA. pite tIkSaNa buddhimattA dharAvatA havA uparAMta pitAnA samayanA dhArmika pravAha ane pravRttio sAthe ghaniSTha rIte saMkaLAyelA hatA. te samayanA pravartamAna hibradharma, mitheriyana dharma ane elekajhAMjhiyana dharma vize emane UMDuM jJAna hatuM. 4 Father! Forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing.

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164 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Ama, saMta pala bauddhika rIte jisasanuM kArya AgaLa dhapAvavAne mATe yogya hatA. paraMtu hArdika rIte teo e mATe zI rIte taiyAra thayA e eka prazna. che. ema kadhAya che ke eka veLA emane jisasanAM darzana thayA. AthI emanuM hRdayaparivartana thayuM ane enI sAthe ja emanuM dhArmika parivartana paNa thayuM. AthI ja khristI dharmamAM parivatananI prakriyAne agatyanuM sthAna ApavAmAM Ave che. jisasanA vadha pachI emanA thaDA anuyAyIonuM netRtva saMta pele lIdhuM ane pitAnA hRdaya ane manathI khristI dharmane vyavasthita karavAnuM, prasAravAnuM kArya emaNe hAtha dharyuM. jisase upadezelA prabhunA sAmrAjyanA vicArane vikasAvavAne mATe emaNe khAsa mahattvanuM kArya te hibradharmamAM je "masIyAha"nuM vacana apAyeluM, te jisasanA pratyakSIkaraNamAM siddha thAya che evuM pratipAdana karavAmAM che. vadhumAM saMta oNle ema paNa kahyuM ke jisasanuM mRtyu e te eka balidAna che, je dvAraka samasta mAnavajAtine punaruddhAra thaI zake saMta pilanA vividha dharmonA saMparkane pariNAme khristI dharmanA prasAramAM sahAya thaI che. hibradharmamAM, mitheriyana dharmamAM tema ja elekajhAMyina dharmamAM raju thayela vicAro ane vaparAyelA zabdono emaNe khristI dharmamAM chUTathI upayoga karyo. Ama karavAmAM saMta pele khristI dharmane evI rIte samajAvyo, ane evuM vyavasthita svarUpa ApyuM, jethI sahaja rIte ema lAge ke je je dharmanA saMparkamAM khristI dharma AvyuM che, e badhA ja dharmonAM mULa tavAno emAM samAveza thAya che. paraMtu pravartamAna dharmonAM mULa tonA ekatrIkaraNamAM ja khristI dharmanI samApti nathI. khristI dharmanA pitAnA AgavA vicAronI rajUAta paNa emaNe karI. khAsa karIne strI sanmAna ane gulAma sahitanA pratyeka manuSyane mATe saMpUrNa svAtaMtryano AmAM samAveza thAya che. saMta paMla athAga zakti dharAvatA ane haMmezA kAryarata evA pracaMDa pracAraka hatA. AthI emaNe khriratIdharmanA pracAranI vyavasthA karI ane emaNe ene prasAra vividha dezomAM karyo. ahIMyAM khristI dharmanA vikAsano bIjo tabakko pUre thAya che. yuropa ane eziyAmAM pale devaLa sthApyAM ane emaNe je te dharmasaMgha para patra paNa lakhyA. A patramAM khristI dharmanA vicAranI jhAMkhI ane AcaraNanI rajUAta karavAmAM AvelI che.

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khristI dharma 165 kha, navA karAranI gUMthaNI : saMta paoNlanA mRtyu pachInA lagabhaga se varSa (Azare I. sa. 70 thI I. sa. 150 sudhIne gALo) khristI dharmanA dharmagraMthanI gUMthaNI mATe mahattavano che. dharmanA eka saMgaThaka baLa-maMdira-upara saMta pile dhyAna ApyuM. paraMtu dharmagraMtha paNa dharmanuM eka mahatvanuM saMgaThaka baLa che e svIkArAyuM che. khristI dharmanA itihAsamAM A gALA daramyAna A baLa vikasyuM. jisasanuM jIvanacaritra lakhAyuM ane ema khristI dharmane mATe agatyanuM sAhitya sarjAyuM. jisasanAM udabodhe ane vicAronI jALavaNI mATe vividha lakhANo thayAM. navA karAramAM saMta palanA patrone paNa samAveza karavAmAM Avyo. AvA sAhityane khristI dharmanA ghaDatara ane vikAsamAM mahatvane phALo rahyo. ga. rAmana rAjya ane khristI dharma : romana rAjyakartAo yahUdIo hatA ane emanA dharmamAMthI khristI dharmanI utpatti thaI khristIo jisasanA pagale cAlI hibradharmanI TIkA karatA thayA tethI sAmAnya rIte yahudIoe khristIone herAna karavA mAMDyA. eka bAju saMta pila jevAnA prayatnone pariNAme khristI dharma pracalita thatuM hatuM, te bIjI bAju hibrudhamIo ane keTalAka romana rAjAoe khristIone viTaMbaNAmAM mUkyA. konTanaTAIna e pahele rAmana rAjA hatA, jemaNe khristI dharma svIkAryo. emaNe jaLasaMskAra paNa karyo hato. eka rAjAne Azraya maLatA khristI dharmane rAjyAzraya maLe ane rAjadharma banI khristI dharmane anekagaNe vikAsa thaze. khristI dharmane vyavasthita svarUpa ApavAmAM ane eno vikAsa karavAmAM khristI saMghane phALo ghaNe ja che enI nA nahi. paraMtu e saMghe ekatrita thaI, saMgaThita thaI A phALo ApI zake evI sthiti sarjanAra puruSa ane prasaMganuM ghaNI veLA vismaraNa thAya che. kensTanaTAIne prathama romana rAjA hatA, jemaNe khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu nAIsiyA mukAme I. sa. 325mAM kenTanaTAIne badhA ja khristI saMghanI eka pariSada bolAvI. AvA prakAranI pariSada prathama ja hatI. enuM mahattva anekagaNuM hatuM e bhulAvuM joIe nahi. A pariSadamAM ja konTanaTAIne khristI dharmane rAjyadharma tarIke svIkAryo, ene rAjyadharmanuM biruda ApyuM, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emaNe krosane khristIdharmanA rAjayacihna tarIke paNa sarakAryo .

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhArmika pariSadanuM sthAna lagabhaga pratyeka dharmamAM kaIne kaI svarUpe che ja. dharmapracAramAM AvI pariSadane phALo kevo ane keTaluM che e eka svataMtra abhyAsano viSaya che. ApaNuM samayanI ati nikaTa svAmInArAyaNa saMpradAyanA samayAono dhamaMpracAramAM keTale phALe che e jAhera che. e ja rIte dharmanA saMgaThana ane prasAramAM dhArmika saMdhane phALe ane keTaluM che e nakakI. karavAnuM agatyanuM hovA chatAM A pustakanI maryAdA bahAra che. A ja kALamAM (I. sa. 150 thI 1054) khristI dharma jagatanA vividha dezomAM prasaryo. vyApAra dvArA eziyAnA dezamAM ane sthAnaphera karanArAo dvArA amerikAmAM pahoMcyo ane sAmrAjyanA vikAsanI sAthe bIjA dezamAM paNa khriratIdharmane prasAra thayo. gha, sarvoparI pipa ? dharmasaMghanI sthApanA ane enA saMgaThanane pariNAme e pite ja eka baLa banI gayuM. ene pariNAme vaDA dharmaguru sarvoparI banatA gayA te eTale sudhI ke rAjya sarvoparI karatAM dharma sarvoparI savizeSa sthAna pAmavA mAMDyA. emAM popanI sattA sarvoparI banI ane I. sa. 1054 thI 1517 sudhInA gALA daramyAnanA lagabhaga pAMcaso varSa papanI sattA yuropamAM lagabhaga sarvoparI rIte phelAI. sattAnI sAthe sAmAnya rIte saMkaLAyela doSo ahIMyAM paNa hatA ema svIkAravuM rahyuM. paraMtu enI sAthe ja e paNa noMdhavuM joIe ke pipanI sarvoparI sattAne upayoga sAmAnya rIte janasamudAyanI sevAnA mArge thayo. pipalI sattAne pariNAme ja keLavaNInI pragati thaI zakI ane kAyadAnAM sAmrAjya sthapAyAM. jisase prabodhela nyAya ane ekatAnA Adarza para racAyela sAmrAjyanI sthApanAnA Adarzane kaMIka aMze pratyakSa karavAno prayatna paNa A ja kALa daramyAna thayo ane e kArya A madhyakAlIna samayanA dharmasaMghee karyuM. ca, sudhArAvAdI prayAso : rAmanA pipanI varcasvabharI ekahaththu sattA dharmanI pragatine avarodhaka lAgatAM e sattAnI sAme keTalAka hiMsaka paDakAre vikalipha ane hasa jevAoe kya. paraMtu, A sudhArAvAdIo pitAnuM dhyeya siddha karavAmAM sArthaka na thayA. | mArTina lyuthara eka jarmana saMta hatA. emane vize aneka vAto pracalita che. pote kAyadAnA abhyAsI hovA chatAM khristI dharmasaMghano svIkAra karavAnuM vacana

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167 khristI dharma laI dharmasaMdhamAM joDAyA. paraMtu pipanI sarvoparitA ane kAryarIti sAthe teo saMmata thaI zakyA nahi ane ethI emaNe emanI sAme virodha karI eka navA paMthanI sthApanA karI, je proTesTaMTa paMtha tarIke oLakhAya che. mArTina lyutharanA prayAsonA pariNAme yuropIya jIvananAM vividha kSetramAM je koI pariNAma AvyuM hoya che, paraMtu ene lIdhe kethalika dharmanI aMdara te kharekhara eka navuM ja cetana AvyuM. potAnAmAMnA virodhIono sAmane sabaLa rIte ja kare joIe ema mAnI romana kethalikoe khristI dharmanA pracAranuM vegavaMtu kArya hAtha dharyuM. proTesTaMTa paMthanI mArTina lyuthare sthApanA karyA pachI, e paMtha kethalika dharma saMghathI chUTTo paDyo. priTesTaMTa paMthe kethelika vidhio, rItarivAjo vagerene paNa tyAga karyo. proTeraraMTa paMthanA sthApaka mArTina lyuthara chevaTe brahmacaryanuM vrata cheDI gRhasthI banyA ane sukhI kuTuMbajIvana jIvyA. navA AgaMtuke mATe proTesTaMTa paMthanuM AkarSaNa be rIte hatuM jeo sudhArAvAdI hatA teone evI AzA baMdhAI ke A paMtha sudhAre lAvaze. keTalAka jarmana rAjavIo devaLa ane maThanI milaktanA lebhathI paNa A paMthamAM dAkhala thayA. kALAnukrame proTesTaMTa paMthamAM paNa peTA paMthe paDyA. paMca sthApanAno A prayAsa proTesTaMTa paMtha pUrato ja maryAdita na rahetA, bIjA vividha paMthenI paNa sthApanA thaI. jemake, pipe IMgleMDanA rAjA henarI AThamAne chUTAcheDAnI maMjUrI ApI nahi. AthI rAjA popanI sattAnI sAme thayA ane temaNe eka navA 5thanI - eglikana paMthanI sthApanA karI. 4. khristI dharmanuM Adhunika svarUpa : keIpaNa jIvaMta dharma haMmezA gatizIla hoya che. hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharmanI jema khristI dharma paNa pravAhI ane gatizIla svarUpane che. tAttvika vicAra ane dhArmika AcAronA viSayamAM vikasatA navIna vicAro apanAvavAmAM Ave che. je koIpaNa dharmane enA sAcA ravarUpamAM samaja hoya, je dharmanuM hArda ane enuM tattvadarzana pAmavuM hoya to e dharmane kaI eka nizcita kALanA nizcita ravarUpane ke koI eka dharmagraMtha ke koI eka vicArane anulakSIne ema karI zakAya nahi. e mATe te dharmane eka samagra prakriyA tarIke AlekhIne enuM hArda ane tattvajJAna samajavA joIe. khAsa karIne dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM A bAbata savizeSa mahattvanI bane che. koI eka dRSTibiMdu ke arthaghaTana sAcuM che ane bAkInAM bIjAM badhAM

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168 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ja beTAM che evI ekamatavAdI vicAraNAne sthAne eka samanvayakArI valaNa ane vicAraNa apanAvAnI ane vikasAvavAnI jarUriyAta che. khAsa karIne dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM AvuM samanvayAtmaka valaNa khUba jarUrI che. evuM kema na bane ke ApaNane upalabdha badhAM ja arthaghaTana ane dRSTibiMduo koI eka daSTithI sAcA hoya ane savizeSe samagratayAnI dRSTithI tAvika rIte pratyeka sAcuM hoya ? koI paNa dharmanI sAcI pratIti meLavavA mATe AvA samayakArI valaNanI jarUra che e vize matabheda na hoI zake. khristI dharmane samajAvavAne mATe uberevega ane hegale AvuM samanvayakArI valaNa svIkAratAM sUcavyuM che ke khristI dharmamAM sAmAnyapaNe asaMgata ane virodhI lAgatA evA aneka vicAronuM samarthana karavAmAM AvyuM che. paraMtu ema karavAmAM koIpaNa vicArane vikRta svarUpe rajU karavAmAM AvyuM nathI, tema ja keIpaNa vicArano anAdara ke asvIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM nathI. A arthamAM khristI dharma nitya ane anitya, mAnavIya ane daivIya, prAkRtika ane alaukika, vyApatya ane adhyAtva, snehI prabhu ane nyAyI 5. khristadharmanA keTalAka agatyanA siddhAMta : ka, IzvarabhAvanA : hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharmamAM tAttvika sattAnI vyAkhyA ApI zakAya ema nathI athavA te ene zabdabaddha karI zakAya ema nathI ema kahevAyuM che. paraMtu khristI dharmamAM eka saguNa IzvaranI kalpanA karavAmAM AvI che. khristI dharmanA IzvaranI bhAvanA dharmanI IzvaranI bhAvanAmAMthI niSpanna thaI che jisasa yahUdI dharmanI A prArthanAthI khUba prabhAvita thayA hatA. prabhu, amArA Izvara evA prabhu, eka che. te prabhu upara, tArA Izvara upara tuM hRdayathI, AtmAthI ane tArI badhI zaktithI premabhAva rAkhaje.5 khristI dharmamAM paNa, yahUdI dharmanI jema, Izvarane jagatanA svAtaMtrya, naitika niyAmaka tarIke AlekhavAmAM Ave che. navA karAramAM IzvaranuM varNana AvA 5 DaoNyaTaronemI, 6 : 4-5

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khristI dharma 169 zabdamAM apAyuM cheH sarvadaSTa, sarvajJa, AkAza ane pRthvInA adhipati, pavitra, dayALu, jagatane nyAya ApanAra sAcA nyAyAdhIza vagere. khristI dharmamAM Izvarane sarvavyApta, sarvajJa ane sarvazaktimAna tarIke varNavavAmAM Avela che. khristI dharmamAM IzvaranA pitRtva para khUba bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. badhA chanA pitA te che. zarUAtanA tabakake jyAre mAtra cAra gosapelo ja astitvamAM hatA, ane jisasanA anuyAyIo dvArA episTalasanI racanA thaI na hatI tyAre e gesapelomAM jisasanA vyaktitvanI ane emanA upadezonI rajUAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. jisasa Izvarane mATe "pitA" nAma ghaNI veLA vApare che. goyelamAM A zabdano upayoga aneka veLA thayo che. gespelamAM vaparAyela zabda : keTalI vAra vaparAya ? pitA 17 mArA pitA 50 tamArA svargIya pitA navA karAramAM Izvarane mATe "pitA" zabda lagabhaga traNa vakhata vaparAya che. pitRtvanI bhAvanA IzvaramAM pratyakSa karavAmAM khristI dharma kadAca eTale ja che. ema te hiMdudharmamAM brahmAne jagata-pitA tarIke AlekhavAmAM AvyA che, ane sAthe ja mA jagadaMbAne paNa zaktisvarUpe svIkAra thayo cheparaMtu khristIdharmamAM thayelA zabdaprayogano vadhu spaSTa samaja, hibradharmamAM IzvaranI rajUAta mATe vaparAtA zabdanI sAthe sarakhAvavAthI, maLe che. hibradharmamAM Izvarane ullekha sarvoparI sattAdhIza samrATa tarIke karavAmAM Ave che. hibradharmanI A pitRtvanI bhAvanA khristI dharma svIkAre che, paraMtu sattAdhIza samrATanI bhAvanAno te tyAga kare che. A bhedane nIce pramANe rajU karI zakAya. he pitA 6 hyuma, Ara. I. pA. 251 7 eja pA. 2para.

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Izvara pitA tarIke 1. pitAnA bALakanA jevo che. 100 Izvara samrATa tarIke 1. pitAnI prajA karatA sattAmAM caDhiyAta che. 2. svargamAM rahI prajA upara Adhipatya bhogave che. 3. pitAnI ApelI AjJAnA pAlananI pharaja pADe che. 4. kAyadAnusAra rAjya kare che. 5. pitAnA siddhAMtanA vijya mATe prayatnazIla rahe che. 2. pitAnAM bALakonI sAthe rahe che ane badhAM sAthe bhaLI jaIne kArya kare che. 3. sahakAranI bhAvanA dvArA pharajane khyAla Ape che. 4. pitAnA prabhAva dvArA niyamana kare che. che. mANasone cAhe che, temane kSamA Ape che, temanI sevA kare che ane temane UrvagAmI banAve che. 6. pakSapAtarahita che paNa pati 6. pakSapAtarahita che. 7. pApIone zikSA kare che. 7. pApIone zikSA kare che. paNa sAthe ja pite paNa duHkha veThe che - manuSya jAtinA lAbha mATe ane temanAmAM pavitratA Ave e mATe.' Ama, khristI dharmamAM upadezela Izvarano khyAla dayALu ane nyAyI pitAne che. Ama chatAM Izvarane sneha sArA ane narasa, dhArmika ane adhArmika badhAne ekasarakho maLato nathI. navA karAramAM keTalIka jagyAe Izvarane krodha ane nyAyayukta cukAdAnA" ullekha karavAmAM Ave che jemAMthI e phalita thAya che ke Izvarane sneha vivekazanya nathI. paraMtu, A vivekabuddhi, IzvaranI A vicArazakti e khristI dharmanI mULabhUta vicAradhArA sAthe susaMgata nathI. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu khristI dharma para grIka vicAraNAne pariNAme lAdavAmAM Avela che evI eka vicAradhArA Adhunika samayamAM pracalita che. 8 hibrajha, 12 : 10 9 Wrath of God. 10 Righteous Judgment.

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khristI dharma 17. kha. IzvaranuM jJAna : khristI dharma anusAra IzvaranuM jJAna zI rIte prApta thAya che? hiMdudharma khristI dharma rahayavAdane svIkAra karatA nathI. eka paddhati tarIke e rahasya-- vAdane inkAra kare che. kAraNa ke e mAne che ke mAnava pite Izvara samIpa pahoMcavAne ke tenI sAthe ekalIna thavAnI nathI te zakti dharAvate, ke nathI to evI zakyatA. dharAvate. khriratI matAnusAra Izvara pite ja mAnava samakSa pratyakSa thAya che. tattvadRSTi tarIke paNa khristI dharma rahasyavAdano InkAra kare che, kAraNa ke rahasyavAda ema svIkAre che ke mAnava ane Izvara eka arthamAM athavA aMtima arthamAM bhinna nathI, ane ethI mAnavane mATe ravaprayane IzvaranuM jJAna zakya che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu prabhuprApti paNa zakya che. . Ama chatAM, thomasa ekavinAsa jevA keTalAka khristI vicArake ema mAne. che ke tarka dvArA IzvaranuM jJAna prApta karI zakAya, jo ke ahIMyAM paNa IzvaranI kRpAnuM sthAna te che ja. ga, tri-svarUpa siddhAMta : khristI dharmanA tri-varUpa siddhAMta( Doctrine of Trinity)thI. ubega khUba prabhAvita thayA hatA ane A siddhAMtane eka viziSTa prakAranA siddhAMta tarIke, tathA hibradharma tema ja pUrvanA dharmothI, eka viziSTa prakAranI. alaga bhAta pADatA siddhAMta tarIke oLakhAvyo. A siddhAMta eka arthamAM jarUra viziSTa che, kAraNake e IzvaranA traNa svarUpanI ekamayatA ke ekarUpatAnI rajUAta kare che. A siddhAMta anusAra IzvaranAM traNa svarUpo nIce pramANe AlekhAyAM che. Izvara - pitA tarIke, Izvara - putra tarIke, Ivara - pavitra AtmA tarIke. . ahIMyAM, sarva sRSTinA pitA Izvara che e arthamAM Izvara sarjaka che - sarvasattAdhIza che, sarvajJa che, sarvatra che ane sarvazaktimAna che. paraMtu hibradharmamAM

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172 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sRSTinA sarjaka pitA vargamAM rahI sRSTi para Adhipatya bhogavatA hoya e pitAnI -sAthe ja tAdAmyatA zI rIte keLavI zakAya ? koIpaNa saMpUrNa ekezvaravAdI dharma mATe A samasyA haMmezA upasthita thAya che. mAnavIne te evA prabhu svIkArya banI zake je emanI samakSa pratyakSa thAya, ane jemanI samIpa e pote AvI zake. saguNa ane nirguNa Izvara tattvane svIkAranI jarUriyAta AmAMthI ja upasthita thAya che. hibradharma saguNa Izvara ApI zakyo nahi, ane khristIdharmo e ApavAne prayAsa karyo. Ama chatAMya, eka IzvaranA khyAlane paNa e vaLagI rahyo. Ama karavAne mATe eNe, je Izvara jagatamAM pratyakSa thAya che ane prabhunA putranuM svarUpa ApyuM. mAnavadehe A rIte mAnava samakSa prabhu pratyakSa thaI zake che e vAtane khristI dharmamAM svIkAra thaye, ane chatAMya hiMdudharmanA avatAravAdane ahIMyAM vIkAra thayela nathI. ahIM prazna e upasthita thAya che ke IzvaranuM putra tarIkenuM svarUpa zuM kALa bAdhita che? je manuSyo samakSa pratyakSa thavAne mATe Izvara putra svarUpe rajU thAya to ema aneka veLA na thaI zake? amuka eka ja samaye ane amuka bhaugolika pradezamAM ja IzvaranuM putra svarUpanuM prAkaTaya zA mATe maryAdita thavuM joIe ? IzvaranA jIvaMta saMparkane khristI dharma svIkAra kare che, ane e saMparka jisasamAM pratyakSa thayele che, kAraNake jisasa mAnavI paNa che. Izvarane pAmavAne mATe jisasa to mAnava ane Izvara vacce setusamAna che. AthI ja khristI dharmamAM IzvaratA putra krAIsTa upara vizvAsa rAkhavA mATe tema ja temane prema karavA mATe, temanI bhakti karavA mATe ane temanA para pitAnuM sarvasva chAvara karavA mATe bhArapUrvaka kahevAmAM AvyuM che. krAIsTa, prabhu ane mAnavanI ektA pratyakSa kare che. tAvika dRSTie e Izvara paNa che, kAraNake eka ja IzvaranuM e svarUpa che ane IzvaranA putra tarIke A mAnavadehe pratyakSa paNa che. Izvara ane manuSya vaccenI ektAnA pratIka tarIke krAIsTane vyAvahArika dRSTie paNa vicAra karI zakAya. krAIsTa, mAnavanuM punarutthAna karanAra che ema khristI dharma mAM kahevAyuM che. pApIjananuM Izvara sAthenuM punarmilana kriAIsTa karanAra che. A arthamAM krAIsTa e prabhunuM pratyakSIkaraNa che, paraMtu samagra prabhunuM e saMpUrNa pratyakSIkaraNa nathI; paraMtu prabhunuM mAnava mATenuM jevuM svarUpa hoya evuM pratyakSIkaraNa che.

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khristI dharma 173 prabhunuM trIjuM svarUpa te pavitra AtmA. A pavitra AtmA eTale zuM? vyaktinuM zuddha svarUpa - vyaktinuM Atma svarUpa ke vyaktinuM devI ravarUpa ? khriratIdharma zuM kharekhara ema svIkAre che ke sRSTisarjaka pitAmaya Izvara ane mAnavI svarUpe pratyakSa thanAra putravarUpa krAIsTanA karatA, pavitra AtmAnuM svarUpa alaga che? jo ema hoya te pratyeka manuSyamAM samAviSTa devI guNane pavitra AtmA. tarIke ghaTAvI zakAya. je pratyeka mAnavImAM kaMIka aMze paNa daivItAva hoya to ja tenA vikAsanI saMbhAvanA rahe che. paraMtu je khriratIdharma Ama svIkAre te eka mahAna mULabhUta bAbatamAM khristI dharma hiMdudharmanI ati nikaTa che ema kema nahi kahI zakAya ? ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che tema hiMdudharma anusAra pratyeka mAnavI izvarane aMza che. e aMzane pUrNataH vikasAvAne e enA satyasvarUpa samAna tyAre ja bane jyAre e prabhu sAthe tAdAmya meLave. vaLI, je eka jisasamAM daivI ane mAnavIya aMza ekasAthe hoya, to anya mAnamAM paNa ema kema na hoI zake ? khristI dharma anusAra IzvaranAM A traNeya svarUpa tavadRSTie ekasarakhAM Izvara ja che ane chatAM ya vicAranI spaSTatA mATe emane ekamekathI alaga raju karI zakAya. khristI dharmane Izvara tri-varUpano siddhAMta, ane AgaLa carcala hiMdudharmanA trimUrtinA khyAlamAM keTale taphAvata che te ahIMyAM rajU karela vicAraNAmAMthI, joI zakAze. eka te hiMdudharmanA trimUrtinA khyAlamAM eka ja IzvaranAM traNa varUpane khyAla ApavAmAM Avyo che. sarjaka tarIke brahmA, saMcAlaka tarIke viSNu ane saMhAraka tarIke ziva. khristI dharmamAM paNa sarjaka pitA tarIke Izvarane AlekhavAmAM AvyA che, ane Izvaraputra tarIke krAIsTanuM svarUpa vicArIe te emanAmAM saMcAlaka ane saMhAraka ema baMne ravarUpe spaSTa thAya che. saMcAlanane AdhAra ane pAye emanA upadezomAM rajU thAya che. zivaravarUpa saMhArabaLano saMhAra kare che. jemAM vizvasaMhAraka viSane gaTagaTAvIne zive e saMhArakabaLane saMhAra karyo, barAbara e ja rIte anIti, durAcAra, svArtha ane sattAnA saMhAra mATe jisase pitAnA dehanuM balidAna dIdhuM. je A rIte vicArIe te khristI tri-svarUpanA trI ravarUpa pavitra AtmAnuM zuM? ApaNe AgaLa kahyuM che tema je ene.

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-174 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAnavamAM rahela divya aMza tarIke ghaTAvavAmAM Ave to hiMdudharmanA trimUrtinA ane khristI dharmanA tri-svarUpanA siddhAMtamAM ghaNuM sAmya mAlUma paDaze. paraMtu bIjI rIte joIe te A baMne vicAramAM keTalAka pAyAne taphAvata che ja. saMcAlaka IzvaranA svarUpa tarIke viSNu, sRSTinuM saMcAlana karavA mATe jyAre jyAre jarUra paDe tyAre devasvarUpe pratyakSa thAya che, enI mULagAmI vicAraNuM sAthe svIkArAya che. hiMdudharmamAM varNavela vividha avatAre A vAtanI sAkSI pUre che. khristI dharma avatAravAda svIkAratA nathI. jo ke aDhAramI sadInA keTalAka vicAra thoDA jadA svarUpe tArkika rIte, izvaranA sRSTimAM sRSTi saMcAlana kArya mATe, -sRSTi pravezanI zakayatAne svIkAre che. paraMtu khristI dharmamAM A vicAra sArvatrika AvakAra pAme nathI, ane ethI khristI dharma Izvaraputra krAIsTane je vicAra rajU kare che te vize AgaLa upasthita karelA prazno binauttara rahe che. gha, jagata : IzvarapitA mAnavanA sarjanahAra che ane sRSTinA sarjanahAra paNa teo che. - sRSTinA sarjana vizenI jenesisamAM ApelI vArtAo ema sUcave che ke sRSTinuM sajana Izvare karyuM che. aDhAramI sadInA buddhivAdI khristIo jemaNe "IzvaravAda'(Deism)nI mAnyatA rajU karI teo Izvarane sRSTinA sarjaka tarIke rajU kare che. vaLI teo ema paNa jaNAve che ke emaNe sRSTinuM sarjana zUnyamAMthI karyuM che. vaLI kaI dabANayukta rIte nahi paraMtu saMpUrNa ravAtaMtryathI ane asIma premathI prerAIne emaNe pRthvInuM sarjana karyuM. sRSTi IzvaranuM sarjana heIne IzvarathI alaga che. sRSTinA saMcAlana mATe Izvara sRSTimAM pratyakSa thAya che. paraMtu sRSTi IzvarathI bhinna hoIne e saMpUrNa nathI, tema ja saMpUrNa banI zake paNa nahi. sRSTinA sarjana, saMcAlana ane samApti vizenI hiMdudharma ane khristI dharmanI vicAraNAmAM keTale taphAvata che e ApaNe AgaLanA vibhAgamAM tapAsIzuM.

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khristI dharma ca, aniSTa : jenesisa 1mAM sarjananI vArtAmAM ema kahevAyuM che ke prabhue sRSTi tarapha daSTi karI ane joyuM ke e "zubha" che. chatAM paNa bAibalamAM anya sthaLe aniSTane sRSTinI eka mahattvanI viziSTatA tarIke ullekhavAmAM Avela che. khristI dharmamAM azubha tatvanA vividha prakAre svIkArAyA che, ane e tanA pariNAme je duHkha mAnavane bhogavavuM paDe che te tema ja emAMthI mukti zI rIte meLavI zakAya enI vicAraNuM karavAmAM AvI che. AvuM pRthakkaraNa Ara. I. hyume11 ApavAno prayAsa karyo che. azubha tattva AnuvaMgika duHkha AnuSagika mokSa bhautika duHkha, pIDA, mAMdagI Arogya prApti bauddhika ajJAna jJAna tAvika vyakti maryAdA pUrNatA, tAdAmyatA bhAvAvega viSayaka zAMti, saumyatA IcchA viSayaka niSphaLatA sattAprApti, phateha ti prApti dharmiSThatA sAmAjika avyavasthA, anyAya paddhatisarane nyAya kAyadika guno kAyadApAlanapaNuM sauMdarya viSayaka arUpatA rUpatA, sauMdarya lekavyavahAra anaucitya aucitya, kriyA naitika khoTuM sAruM dhArmika prabhu sAme aparAdha Ama sRSTimAM zubha athavA pUrNatAnA abhAvamAM azubhanuM astitva che. khristI dharma pApa para ghaNe bhAra mUke che. e matAnusAra Adi mAtA-pitAnA mULa pApanuM pariNAma hajI paNa mAnavajIva para ladAyela che. keTalIka veLA pApa tattvane khristI dharmamAM apAtA mahattvanA pariNAme ene nirAzAvAdI dharma tarIke keTalAka oLakhAvavA prayatna kare che. paraMtu khristI dharma e bAbata bhArapUrvaka rajU kare che ke IzvaraprAptinA mArgamAM, pApa e moTAmAM meTo avarodha che. khristI dharma mAtra eka Izvarane ja aMtima tarIke svIkAre che ane ethI azubhanuM keItAtvika 11 dhI varlDasa liviMga rilijiyansa, pA. 253 , ,

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176 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke aMtima astitva nathI. khriratIdharma eka evI AzA ape che ke mAnavI svaprayatna ja azubha ke zubha tattva pAme che ane ravaprayane ja azubhane nAza karI zake che. pApa - vimecananA mArga tarIke khristI dharma krAIsTa paranA ananya vizvAsanI vAta kare che ane e vizvAsathI enAmAM jAgRta thatI bhaktibhAvanA enA jIvanamAM eka navo mArga cIMdhe che, je ene pUrNatAnA mArge laI jaI zake. jisasa pi2 AvI AzA Ape che. che, mAnavanuM sthAna : prabhunA pratibiMba tarIke mAnavanuM sarjana thayuM che ema kahevA chatAM khristI dharma hiMdudharmanI jema mAnavane daivatva apa nathI. mAnava e arthamAM IzvaranI pratikRti che ke e eka svataMtra jIve che ane e rIte ja e jIve che. jyAM sudhI e IzvaranA AdezanuM pAlana kare che ane Izvarane prema kare che tyAM sudhI enAmAM pApasaMcAra thato nathI IzvaranA sarjana tarIke mAnava svarUpanI maryAdAmAM keTalAka IzvarI guNone AvirbhAva enAmAM paNa thaI zake che - jemake, dharmiSThatA, prema, nyAya vagere. keTalAka vicArake ema paNa sUcave che ke prakRtigata rIte ja mAnavI pApI che ane enA vaDIlenA mULa pApanA bhAra nIce e dabAyelo che. mAnavInA zArIrika deha vize khristI dharmane khyAla noMdhapAtra che. mAnavIne deha satya che ane tAtparyamaya paNa che. deha pote aniSTa nathI. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu deha aniSTanA kAraNarUpa ja che ema paNa kahI zakAya ema nathI. A vicAraNAmAM khristI dharma, hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharmathI judo paDe che. jisasa krAIsTane paNa mAnavIya deha hatA ane ema chatAM emanA daivIka kAryamAM e deha, avarodhaka na hatuM. e hakIkata, krAIsTanA vadha pachI emanA thayelA punarutthAnamAMthI ja muktimArga : pratyeka dharma muktino mArga sUcave che ane jagatanA duHkhamAMthI muktatvanI avasthA zI rIte prApta thaI zake ene khyAla Ape che. 92 "I have come to call not the just, but sinners."

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khristI dharma 177 dharmanA samagra ItihAsa para najara pheMkatA be bAbate spaSTa thAya che.13 eka te vyaktinuM samAjanA sabhya tarIkenuM astitva ane enA Izvara sAthenA saMbaMdha mATenI jhaMkhanA, ane bIju, vyakti sAmAjika dhyeyanI prApti mATenuM eka sAdhana hovA chatAM vyakti pite ja samAjanuM eka dhyeya che. AthI, sAmAjika eya ke vyaktigata dhyeyane ekamekanA virodhI tarIke rajU karI zakAya nahi. ekanI ApaNuM para ja che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu pragatinuM dhyeya mAnavInI bahAra nahi paraMtu mAnavInI aMdara ja che. AthI pratyeka mAnavI pitAne je dhyeya siddha karavAnuM che e siddha karI zake ema che. muktinA mArge prayANa karavA mATe prabhumAM ane jisasamAM tema ja prabhunI kSamAzIlatA ane kRpAbhAvanA para zraddhA rAkhavAnuM ane hRdayanI pavitratA jALavavAnuM jarUrI che khristI dharmamAM mAnavI ApabaLe mukti meLavI zake ema nathI. muktinI prApti mATe AgaLa kahyuM tema prabhunI kSamAzIlatA ane kRpAbhAvanA atyaMta Avazyaka che. paraMtu IzvaranI kSamAbhAvanA ane emanI nyAyatti vacce eka samanvaya sAdhavAne khristI dharma prayAsa kare che. IzvaranI kRpAne pAtra mAtra te ja vyakti banI zake je IzvaranA Adeza anusAranuM jIvana jIvyo hoya ane jeNe pitAnA pApanuM sAcuM prAyazcitta karyuM hoya. A saMdarbhamAM khristI vicArake je eka praznane vividha virodhI dRSTibiMduothI vicAre che tene ullekha karI laIe. mukti zraddhAthI prApta thAya che ke kAryathI prApta thAya che e aMge vividha vicAre pracalita che. sAmAnya rIte e sAcuM che ke khristI dharma zraddhA ane vizvAsane dharma che ane chatAM ya vyaktinAM kartavya eTalAM ja mahattvanAM che. hakIktamAM te vyaktinAM kartavyo enA vizvAsanI pArAzIzI samAna che ane vyakti pitAnA dhArmika vizvAsamAM keTalI niSThAvAna ane aDaga che eno khyAla Ape che. AthI ema kahevuM ucita che ke muktiprAptimAM zraddhA ane kArya baMne mahattvanAM che. 13 jenasa, epha. bI. : ena. inTroDakazana Tu dhI sTaDI opha pereTiva | ; rilijiyana, pA. 253. . . . . . dharma 12

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178 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana viruddha khristI dharma ema mAne che ke mAnavane janma mAtra eka vakhata thAya che. enA maraNa pachI ene nyAya ApavAmAM Ave che ane teNe AcarelAM kAryo pramANe tene sadAkALane mATe duHkha ke sukha maLe che. AthI mAnavIe IzvaraprApti arthe pitAnAM kAryo evI rIte karavAM joIe ke jethI e pitAnA dhyeyanI vadhu ne vadhu samIpa jaI zake. dhyeya samIpa pahoMcavAnA A mArganI sAdhanA aMge khristImatamAM aneka mArgo sUcavAyA che. AmAM AjIvana maunavrata pALI tapazcaryA karatA karatA saMnyasta jIvana gujAranArA paNa che. bIjA keTalAka popakArI jIvana tarapha bhAra mUke che. gRhasthIo paNa sAdhanAne mArge AgaLa vadhI zake che. sAdhuone mATe brahmacarya, aparigraha ane prabhu AdhInatA para bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. gRhasthIne mATe saMyama ane tapa dvArA vAsanAone dUra rAkhavA mATe jarUrI samajI, enA para bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. tapomAM zreSTha tapa e prAyazcitta che. pApano svIkAra karI e pApa kadIye na karavAno saMkalpa e uttama prakAranuM prAyazcitta che. sarva prakAranI malinatA ane pApane sadAyane mATe dezavaTe devA prArthanA ane prabhubhajana para bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. Ama, sAdhujana ke ahasthajana mATe muktine mAga khule che ane piote je vizvAsa ane zraddhAthI prabhunA AdezanuM pAlana karI, pApane vinAza karI, navIna pApakarmomAM pravRtta na bane te mukti mArge AgaLa vadhI zake che. 6. khristI nItizAstra : sUjelA zrIprabhujIe manuSyo sarva sarakhAM che"ne anurUpa khristI nItizAstra che. sarva manuSyonI samAnatA para AdhArita dharma tarIke mAnava bhAtRbhAva para, dayA, paropakAra, prema ane tyAga para khriratI nItizAstramAM bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave e samajI zakAya ema che. jUnA karAranA daza Adezane khristI dharma svIkAre che. paraMtu hibradharmamAM A daza AdezanuM mukhyatve karIne enA zabdadhvani anusAranuM pAlana thatuM hatuM che ane AdezanA zabdane mahattva apAtuM nathI. khristI dharmanA nItizAstra viSayaka vicAranI eka ja vAkyamAM rajUAta

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khristI dharma 17. "prabhune prema kare ane tamArA paDozIne tamArA svajananI mAphaka ja neha kare ! " - ritika rIte apUrNa mAnavI, dhArmika rIte pUrNa jIvana pAmI zake nahi. jagatanA anya dharmonI jema khristI dharma paNa naitiktAne dhArmikatAnA pUrva sopAnanuM sthAna Ape che. nA saMdarbha graMthasUci akhilAnaMda, svAmI H hindu yU opha krAIsTa, philosophikala lAIbrerI, nyUyorka, 1949. e : inDiyAjha rilijiyana opha gresa enDa krizciyAnITI kapeDa enDa konTrAsTeDa, anu. epha. eca. phosTara, TuDanTasa kizciyana | muvamenTa, laMDana, 1940 TaralI Dabalyu . I. enDa robInsana TI. eca : hibra rilijiyana, Isa orijIna enDa DevalapamenTa, mekamilana, nyUyorka, 1937 kalesanara, je. : kroma jisasa Tu pila, mekamilana, nyUyorka, 1943. kepa jemsa elana : dhI necara opha kizciyana varazIpa, opavartha, laMDana, 1953. kezale, TI. : remana kethelIsIjhama, haTIzanu enDa kuM; laMDana, 1950. gArDanara, pI. : meDanI TI enDa carca, laMDana, 1909 gIlona, I. : hisTarI opha krizciyana philosephI ina dhI miDala ejIsa, laMDana, 1955. thA. ela. ke. : krizciyanITI enDa InDiyana rilijiyana opha gresa, | krizciyana lITararI sosAyaTI, madrAsa, 1929. rinTana, lIone pesara : dhI krizciyana kansepTa opha goDa, ina IjI, selavIna, esejha kethalika enDa kriTikala, mekamilana, nyUyorka, 1926 noka, Arthara bI : "helanIsTIka enDa krizciyana sekAmenTa Ina prosIDIMgsa opha sevantha inTaranezanala koMgresa phora dhI hisTarI opha rilijiyana, emasTaraDema, 1951. pheinsa, Ara. ema. : dhIisTarna eroDakasa tharca, haTIzana ku, laMDana, 1951. phera nele enDa pheki, salemana : dhI krizciyana anDarasTenDiMga opha geDa, hArbara, nyUyorka, 1952.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana baTaraphIlDa, harTa : krikriyAnITI enDa hisTarI, krAIbarsa nyUyorka, 150. brAMDana, esa. jI. epha. : dhI phela eka jerUsalama enDa tharca, laMDana, 1957. basa, eca. I. : dhI TavAIlAITa opha kizciyanITI, nyUyorka, 1929bulAu sabaTAIna : remana kethalIsIjhama, laMDana, 1963, evAna, eDavIna : krizciyAnITI, laMDana, 1932. mAna, TI. Dabalyu. : dhI TIciMga opha jisasa, kebrija, 1931. milana, eDavarDa, Arthara H moDarna kemelejI enDa krizciyana AIDiyala opha geDa, okSapharDa, 1952. meTTIphartha, e. sI. : hisTarI opha krizciyana geTa, cArlsa skrAIbarsa sansa, nyUyorka, 1932. maneIla, jhona TI. : moDarna krizciyana muvamenTa, philADelphIyA vesTaminisTara, 1954. rIcArDasa, jI. Dabalyu = binDa phanDAmenTAlIjhama enDa moDanIjhama. nyUyaka, 1934. revana, cArlsa, ala : necarala rilijiyana enDa krizciyana vileja, kembrija yuni. presa, 1953. revale, je. lIbarala krizciyanITI, laMDana, 1903. baTa, lI : dhI seziyala sesIjha epha tharca yuniTI, nyUyorka, 1960 veInala, eca. enDa vijerI, e. jI. : jisasa Ina dhI nAITIMtha seMcuarI enDa AphaTara, eDInabarga, 1914. vela, jahona seleDona : kizciyana DokaTIna, nyUyorka, 1941. vikara, Dabalyu. e. hisTarI opha dhI krizciyana cartha, skAIbarsa kampanI, | nyUyorka, 1918. hAka, e. : voTa Ijha krizciyanITI? laMDana, 1901. harTana, Dabalyu. ema. : riyAlIsTIka thileja, nyUyorka, 1934. keTa, I epha. : dhI pharsTa eja opha krizciyAnITI, mekamilana kaMpanI, .. ' nyU , 1926.' zeTavela, je. TI. : dhI rilijisa rIvolyuzana opha TuDe nyUyorka, 1924.

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26 jarathustadharma -1 sAmAnya : jarathustadharmanA sthApaka jarathusta vize eka vivAda jAgyo che ke teo kadIye atihAsika puruSa hatA ke kema? emanA nAme sthApela dharma jarathustadharma tarIke oLakhAya che. A dharmanuM sAhitya akeminida vaMza(549 thI 330 Isa. pU.)nA rAjAonA zilAlekhamAMthI prApta thAya che. A uparAMta pahAlavI bhASAmAM lakhAyela jarathuratadharmanA pavitra dharmazAstra "avestAmAMthI paNa A dharma vize jANavA maLe che. jarathustadharmanA itihAsa vize ekamatI nathI. chatAM prophesara haphilDa e samanA traNa tabakkAo rajU kare che: ka520 I. sa. pUrve : A varSamAM mahAna keriyasa rAjAe enA rAjyakALanI zarUAtamAM jarathustanI ekezvaravAdI dharma - anuyAyIonI jAtine mAnya karI. ene pariNAme DevyAzaniyana (Daivyasanian) anekezvaravAda aTakyo. 9 pri. e. vI. viliyamsa emanA pustaka "oresTara, dhI propheTa eka esienTa IrAnI, je 1901mAM prasiddha thayuM, temAM A praznane khUba vistRta rIte ane samIkSAtmaka rIte carcavAmAM Avyo che. -

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182 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. kha. 485 I. sa. pUrve : A varSamAM purANuM dharmanA anuyAyIoe adUra majhadanI pUjAnA svIkAra mATe baLavo karyo. jharasIe e baLavAne dabAvyo ane baLavAkhorane prayatna niSphaLa gayo. ga. 404 I. sa. pUrve : A varSamAM ATakasarajhIjha bIjAe pharIne. mULa ane kezvaravAdanI sthApanA karI. paraMtu emaNe kaIpaNa jAtanA jhagaDAmAM UtaryA vinA suleharUpe Ama karyuM. jarathustadharmanA pAchaLanA sAhityamAM A bAbata mAlUma paDe che A anusAra jarathuratanA nAmaThAma jaLavAI rahe che paraMtu je dharma sudhAravAne mATe payagaMbara pite. prayatnazIla hatA e dharmane aneka chUTachATo ApavAmAM AvI. 2, dharmanAM svarUpo : pasiMcana dharmanAM be varUpe spaSTa che eka, rAjavaMzI dharma ane bIje.. avastA dharma. A baMne dhamaMprakAra bhAratanA purANA vaidikadharmanI sAthe ghaNuM sAmya dharAve che. avaratA dharmamAM keminida rAjyavaMzanA rAjAonAM nAmano ullekha maLatuM nathI, ane e ja pramANe e rAjAonA zilAlekhomAM jarathustanA nAmane. ullekha nathI. sa, rAjyadharma : * pasiMcana dharmanA be svarUpamAMthI rAjyadharma vadhu saraLa ane sAde che. A dharma eka prabhune svIkAre che ane tene sarvasattAdhIza ane mahAna tarIke Alekhe che. e prabhu sarvasattAdhIza che; rAjAonI sattA ane temanA rAjyapATha emanI ja kRpAne AbhArI che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu yuddhamAM phateha ke vijaya tema ja rAjyasana paNa emanI kRpAne lIdhe ja nIpaje che. A prabhune satya, nyAyI ane dayALu tarIke AlekhavAmAM AvyA che. je koI emanI sAthe mitrabhAva ane sneha rAkhe che, emanA prati teo paNa pitRvabharyo mitrabhAva rAkhe che. teo sarvavyApaka, sarvajJAnI ane sarva sattAdhIza che. sRSTinA sarjaka tathA saMcAlaka paNa e ja che. A prabhunuM nAma ramajhada (Auramanda) tarIke ApavAmAM AvyuM che. ahIM e neMdhavuM joIe ke avastAmAM A nAmanA be vibhAge alaga alaga ApavAmAM AvyA che ane ene ahara majhada (Ahur Mazda) tarIke

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jarathustadharma . oLakhAya che. pAchaLathI A be padone eka karI auramajhada (Ormazd) tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. ramajhadane artha thAya che "zANuM prabhu!" A rAjyadharmamAM ramajhadane eka ja prabhu tarIke svIkAravA chatAM pitAnI prajAjanonA anya devane nakAra karavAmAM AvyuM nathI. vaLI prakAzanA deva "mitha" (Mithra) tathA pANInA devI anAhata(Anahata)ne paNa A sarvoparI deva sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM AvyA che. A uparathI pasaMyane agni ane pANIne keTale Adara karatA hatA te spaSTa thAya che. A ramajhada AkAza, pRthvI, prANuo ane mAnavanA sukhanA sarjaka che. emanI pUjA karavAmAM Ave che. e tabakke maMdiranuM astitva jANavAmAM nathI. eseriyAnI asara nIce pachIthI kadAca e dAkhala thayA hoya e saMbhavita che. hireDeTasanA kathana anusAra pitAnI pUjAmAM parsiyane koI mUrtine upayoga karatA na hatA. . A dharmanuM naitikajIvana ramajhadanA A kathanamAMthI phalita thAya che. jUThANuM e kaniSTa pApa che." akeminida yuganA dharmanuM varNana karatA hireDeTasa jaNAve che ke, e samayamAM dharmaAcaraNamAM dharma anuyAyIo potAnA devomAM manuSya svarUpanuM AropaNa nahatA karatAM. Ama chatAM teo sUrya, caMdra, agni, pANI, pRthvI ane vAyune deva tarIke mAnatA hatA. teonI pUjanavidhine prakAra paNa viziSTa hato. pahADa para ghAsa pAtharI tenA para teo balinA TukaDA mUkatA hatA. A dharmanA purohite "mAguo kahevAtA. mAguonI sattA dhIme dhIme vadhatI jatI hatI ane eka veLA te eka rAjavIe "mAguonAM baLavAne dabAvI devA sAthe keTalAka mAguone dehAMtadaMDanI sajA paNa karI hatI. e seMdhavuM joIe ke gAthAmAM "mA"" zabda jovA maLato nathI. aneka zilAlekhomAM akeminiTa rAjavaMzanA rAjAoe temanA parAkramo ane temane aMgenI anya mAhitIo kotarAvI che. paraMtu enI sAthe sAthe dharma viSayaka keTalIka bAbatone ulekha paNa kareluM jovA maLe che. AvA zilAlekhonA AdhAre ema kahI zakAya ke e leka ane kezvaravAdamAM mAnatA hatA. kAraNake aneka devonAM nAmo ullekha maLe che. jo ke emanA mukhya deva te ramajhada hatA. to ye mitha, anAhita vagerene ullekha thayelo jovA maLe che.'

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184 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana mithadeva emane mATe ArAdhyadeva hatA ane e devanI samakSa pazuvadha karavAmAM AvatA hatA tema ja madirApAna paNa thatuM hatuM. Ane lIdhe eka prakAranI anaiti e samayanA dharmamAM pravezI hatI. e svAbhAvika che ke ekezvaravAnA vicArane daDhapaNe vaLagelA jarathusta A vividha devano svIkAra na kare ane pracalita kurivAjo tathA anaitiktA ane vividha prakAranA yajJamAM apAtA baline virodha kare. Ama, jarathusse ApelI gAthAo anusAra jarathuratIdharma sthapAye tyAre rAjyamanI paristhiti AvI hatI ? mAnyatA. 2. devane bali ApavAnI prathA. pazuonA uddhArane mATe je yajJa karavAmAM Ave temAM baLadanuM balidAna ApavAmAM AvatuM ane lokone baLadanA mAMsanA TukaDA ApavAmAM AvatA. vaLI sthaLanA uddhArane mATe "hAoma' yajJa karavAmAM Ave. A yajJavidhimAM teo surApAna karatA ane ene amaratAne mArga mAnatA. 3. agni e ramajhadanuM pratIka che. kAraNake agninI jema ja ramajhada zuddha, nirmaLa, nyAyI ane pavitra che. Ama agnine mAnabharyuM sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. AmAMthI prathama benI sAme jarathusta virodha karyo ane trIjAne emaNe svIkAra karyo. emaNe prabodhela dharma te avesta dharma je gAthAomAM ane anya sAhityamAM prApta thAya che avastA dharma : avastA e jarathustadharmanAM zAstronuM eka vyApaka nAma che. jema. veda artha jJAna thAya che tema avastA zabdano artha paNa jJAna thAya che. A zAstro avastA bhASAmAM lakhAyelAM che. astika vAjhenDanA vistRta sAhityamAMthI avestA eka nAno bhAga che. mULa avestA graMthamAMthI atyAre prApta nIce mujaba che :

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jarathustadharma ka, cazna : avatAnA A vibhAganI aMdara sattara gAthAo AvelI che. gAthAnI racanA hiMdudharmanA upaniSadane maLatI che. emAM prArthanAo, sUcanAo ane maMtrane ekaThA karavAmAM Avela che. samasta avastAmAMthI yagnanI sattara gAthAo jarathustanI pitAnI ja racanA hevAnuM svIkArAya che. eka namUnA tarIke yagnamAM jarathustanA pitAnA kevA vicAronI rajUAta jagatanA kartA tarIke. sarva daSTA tarIke. mitra tarIkepa. manaha, sArA vicAranA pitA tarIke aza, nyAya athavA satyanA pitA tarIke. hudo paropakArI tarIke. spenI, udAra tarIke. spenistamanyu, sauthI vadhAre suMdara AtmA tarIkedeg. sauthI vadhAre baLavAna ane mahAna tarIke 1. sarvajJa tarIke 2. 2 hyuma, Ara.: I dhI vaIsa liviMga rilijiyansa, 1955, pA. 22 (tathA 190 - 2011) 3 yagna, 31 : 7, 11; 44: 7; 50 : 11; 51: 7. 4 yagna, 31 : 13; 44: 2. 5 yagna, 31 : 21; 44:2; 46: 2. 6 yagna, 31 : 8; 45 4. 7 yagna, 44 : 3; 47: 2. 8 yagna, 454 6; 48: 3. 9 yagna, 43: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 454 5, 46:96 48: 3. 10 yagna, 30: 5. -11 yagna, 28 5; 33:11; 45 : 6 -12 yagna, 31:13; 45: 3, 48 : 2, 3.

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106 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kha, vispada : , avAstAnA bIjA vibhAganuM nAma viparada che. vIspada eTale devone karavAmAM AvatA vAna. pUjA karma karatI vakhate belavAnA mane vIraparadamAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyuM che. ' ga vaMdIdAda? ' avastAnA trIjA vibhAgane A nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che ene artha e che ke rAkSasI zaktinI sAme kAyado. A vibhAgamAM jagatanI utpatti jevI tAtvika bAbata tathA punarjanma jevI tAvika tathA dhArmika bAbata vize tema ja keTalIka etihAsika bAbate vize paNa emAM ullekha maLe che. vaLI, karma karatI vakhate purohitene ja niyamo pALavA paDe che tene ullekha paNa A vibhAgamAM karavAmAM Avela che. vaMdIdAdamAMthI thoDAka namUnAo ApaNe joIe maDadAne dATavuM e mahApApa che, jemAMthI kaI rIte chUTI zakAtuM nathI.3 jIvana pachI pavitratA ja mANasa mATe zreSTha zubha che.14 sarva pApomAMthI zuddhi meLavavA mATe maMtro hoya che.1pa vALa ane nakhane barAbara kApavA joIe 16 - - yazna, vIsparada ane vaMdIdAda e avatAnAM traNa vibhAgo - avaratA. sAhityane khUba moTo bhAga che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa e mahatvano bhAga paNa che. sAmAnya rIte ema kahI zakAya ke A vibhAgomAM karmakAMDa aMge vizeSa preka hevAne pariNAme A vibhAgone upayoga mukhyatve karIne purahita kare che. avastA sAhityanA bIjA be vibhAge yagna ane deha avatA che, jene upayoga jarathuratadhamane bahujanasamAja karI zake che ? 13 vaMdIdAda, 1 : 13. 14 vaMdIdAda, 5 : 21; 10 : 18. 15 vaMdIdAda, 3 : 41, 42. 16 vaMdIdAda, 17 : 1.

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jarathustadharma che ? 187 gha, yagna : avaratA graMthane A ce vibhAga che. AmAM pUjA, maMtrone samAveza. thayo che. A uparAMta emAM dhArmika kAvyo paNa che. jarathustadharmanA vIra' tathA: devadUtone karavAnI stuti, maMtre paNa emAM Ave che. 2. khoha avatA: A vibhAgamAM jarata dhamIone karavAnI prArthanAone saMgraha thayele che. A graMthane "laghu avatA' tarIke paNa oLakhAvI zakAya.. ' A gAthA sAhitya uparAMta pAchaLathI A dharmamAM ghaNuM sAhitya umerAyuM che e saMhityanI paNa jarathustadharmamAM asara rahI che. AthI ja ApaNe avastA dharmanA be vibhAgone ullekha karyo che. eka gAthAmAM rajU thayela dharma ane bIje anya sAhityamAM prApta thate dharma. A baMne prakAranA dharmonI have ApaNe vicAraNA karIe. AvI vicAraNA sugama bane e mATe ramajhada, adUra majhada, eramajhadaH vagere nAmane avAranavAra ullekha Avate hoI enI spaSTatA karavA nIceno kaThe rajU karIe. reTara dharma ' amanada rAjadharma, avastA dharma arimajhada , (Aurmazda) gAthAdharma anya sAhitya dharma (Ahur Mazda) | BIZHUBE (Ormazd ) spenDamaInyu T(Spanta-Mainyu) eMgra-manyu aharimAna (Angra-Mainyu) (Ahriman ) eMgra-maIyu (Angra-Mainyu)

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188 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ra1, gAthAdharma : gAthAmAM anya paddhationI TIkA karavAmAM AvI che. mitha tathA anAhata e -baMnene emAM asvIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che tathA yajJamAM apAtA vadhane tiraskAra -sUcavAya che. ApaNe AgaLa sUcavyuM che tema jastI rAjavaMza dharmamAM pravartatI keTalIka rItiothI jarathuratane asaMtoSa hato. AthI gAthAomAM jarathusta eka ane dharma sthApavAno prayAsa karyo che. A gAthAdhamane keTalIka veLA majhadayasnI dharma tarIke paNa oLakhAvAya che. ene AvuM nAma e mATe ApavAmAM AvyuM che ke jarathustanA samaya sudhI parsiyane je dharma pALatA hatA te daevayagnI tarIke oLakhAto hate. jarathusta emAM ghaNuM sudhArA karavAno prayatna karyo. - jarathusta gAthAmAM saMbaMdhelA majhadayastI dharmanA mahattvanAM aMge nIce mujaba rajU karI zakAya. 1. anekezvaravAdane asvIkAra : ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema jarathustanA samaya sudhI anekezvaravAda pracalita hata. e anekezvaravAdane jarathuste viziSTa rIte dUra karyo. emaNe adUra majhadane eka deva tarIke svIkAryA. mithadeva ke jemane bali dharAvavAmAM AvatA hatA te devane temaNe asvIkAra karyo, ane pitAnI devagUMthaNImAM emane koI sthAna ApyuM nahi. bAkInA bIjA badhA devone tema ja daityane paNa temaNe ahUra majhadanA -anucaro banAvyA. deva ane asura saMpatti AryomAM svIkArya hatI. A deva ane asura zaktinuM rUpAMtara vedamAM eka rIte ane IrAnamAM judI rIte thayuM. indra vagere deve karatAM mitra, varuNa vagere asuranA amUrta svarUpane lIdhe vedamAM varuNane mAyAvI tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA ane Ama karIne emane kaMIka mAyAvIpaNuM apAyuM. Ama asuro detya banyA. IrAnamAM asure deva banyA, ane dava daitya banyA. vidadharma ane purANuM jarathustadharmamAM thayelAM devadevIonAM nAme tathA anya daityanAM nAmane artha A saMdarbhamAM ghaTAve jarUrI bane che. dAnava ane daityano bheda, tema zubha ane azubha, sAruM ane narasuM, prakAza -ane aMdhakAranA bhede paNa spaSTa ja che. A bhedane upayoga jarathusta anekezvaravAdane prazna hala karavAmAM lIdhe. A be virodhI padamAMthI samAna evAne eka paNe mUkyA ane bAkInAne bIjA pakSe rAkhyA. gAthAomAM AvAM be tavone

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jarathustapama , 189 spaSTa svIkAra thayo che. zubha tattva kalyANakArI, sahAyaka pragatikArI, iSTaprakAzamaya che ane ene pentamaInyu tarIke oLakhAvAya che ane azubha tavane,. je aniSTa, bhUMDuM, aMdhakAra, rukAvaTanA pratIka samAna che tene, e grAmaInyu tarIke oLakhAvAya che. A be mAMnA zubha to adUra majhadane pakSe che ane azubha ta! emanI viruddha che. samasta sRSTi be vibhAgamAM vahecAyelI che-eka zubhasRSTi - AzA',. bIjuM azubha sRSTi - "daga. dagamAM grAmadhanyu je azubha AtmA che ene, ane emanI sAthe je. anya azubha to che temane; tathA azubha mAnavIone samAveza thAya che. zubhanI sRSTimAM teo haMmezA avadha nAkhyAM kare che ane zubhane pAchaLa pADavAnA prayAsa Adare che. - AnI sAme bIjI sRSTi che je zubhanI sRSTi che. A sRSTinA netA adUra . majhada che. "adUra majhada jagatanA kartA che, tejomaya che. utkRSTa che, sarvottama che.. ane sarvathI mahAna che. te sauthI vadhAre suMdara, daDha, buddhimAna, paripUrNa ane udAra che."17 A adara majhada bIjA aneka daivI to sAthe saMkaLAyela che. AzA (naitika niyama), humanaha (sAre vicAra), tathA rAjya tattva emanI sAthe saMkaLAyela che. addara majhada dvArA ja Izvara mAnava sAthe ane mAnava Izvara sAthe . vyavahAra kare che. jarathusta rajU karela addara majhadanI bhAvanA, rAjadharmamAM enI bhAvanA karatA e rIte alaga che ke, emaNe e bhAvanAmAM, nItinA siddhAMtone paNa samAvI. lIdhA. hibradharmanA abhyAsamAM ApaNe joyuM che ke Tike AnA emesa tathA anya ijharAyela saMtapuruSoe IjharAyelI jehevAnI bhAvanAmAM sudhAro karI ene vidhu svIkArya banAvI. lagabhaga evuM ja kArya jarathusta karyuM. " zubha ane ISTanA pratinidhi tarIke jarathute addara majhadanI kalpanA bhavya . banAvI che. addara majhada zarAba pItA nathI, tema ja sadAye jAta che ema sUcavatI. vANI mAM jarathusta adUra majhadane kahyuM, "he sarvajJa adUra majhada ! tuM kadIye UMghata . 17 sekreDa buksa opha dhI IsTa, 31 : 195-196.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -nathI, tuM kadIye mAdaka padArtha leto nathI, tenAthI sAre vicAra apavitra thaI jAya - che. devo (eMgrAmanyunA sAthIo) tene apavitra banAve che.18 Ama jagatamAM be tanA svIkArathI aneka dedevIone samAveza e bemAM thayo. paraMtu AthI jarathustadharma mATe keTalIka veLA e prazna upasthita thAya che ke e ekezvaravAdI che ke diIzvaravAdI che ? sAmAnya rIte ema lAge che ke ahUra majhada (eramajhada) ane eMgrAma, (aharimAna) e baMne samakakSa che. paraMtu azubhane pakSe saMkhyA hoya te ye, guNa na hovAne lIdhe, pariNAme saMkhyAthI kaMI nIpajatuM nathI; ane vaLI zubha ane azubhanA kaMThamAM lekone zubhanA pakSe rahevA mATe jarathusta haMmezA Adeza Ape che. ethI azubha tattvanuM zubha tattva sAthenuM sad astitva hovA chatAM, tenuM anaMtapaNuM rahetuM nathI. jyAre jagatane jarathustanA upadezane artha samajAze ane jyAre te kaheze, je daeva(azubha)ne dhikkAre che ane je adarane kAyade pALe che evA jarathusta huM anuyAyI chuM, huM majhadane bhakta chuM ema kabUla karuM chuM.18 " tyAre sRSTi pUrNatAnI samIpa pahoMcaze, ane te samaye pravartamAna haze mAtra iSTa athavA zubha-aniSTa tattvane nAza thayo haze ane aharimAnanuM A sRSTi para astitva raheze nahi. A tabakakAnI paristhitinuM varNana Ama maLe che: "pachIthI badhA mANaso gALelI dhAtumAMthI pasAra thaze ane zuddha banaze. badhA mANaso eka avAje adbhara majhada ane devadUtonI stuti karaze te vakhate adUra majhada pitAnuM kArya pUrNa karaze."20 Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke jarathustadharma eka evA tejasvI bhAvinI AzA Ape che jyAM azubha ane aniSTane saMpUrNa paNe nAza thayo hoya, ane zubha ane ziSTanuM sAmrAjya pravartatuM hoya. azubha tAnA aMta sAthe enA netA aharimAnanuM paNa astitva nahi hoya. AthI jagatanA vartamAna pravAhamAM zubha - azubha, ISTa-aniSTa, prakAza-aMdhakAra, adUra majhada - aharimAna, speAmanyu - eMgrAmanyu vaccene ThaMdha bhale cAlu rahetuM hoya, emAM aMtima 18. eja, 4 : 215 - 216 19 eja, 31 : 202, 212, 247. 20 eja, 5 : 126.

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jarathustadhAma, . ' : 191 vijaya te adara majhada ane emanA pakSe rahelA zubhadAyI to ja thavAnuM che. A arthamAM jarathusse ApelA dharmane ekezvaravAdI tarIke kema na oLakhAvI zakAya? 2, 2, anya sAhitya dharma: gAthAo pachInA sAhityamAM sUcavAyelA dharmamAM zubha ane azubha tattva para savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM be AtmA svIkAravAmAM AvyA che...eka pavitra AtmA (spenDamaIyu) ane bIjo apavitra AtmA (grAmaIyu). A baMne to eka ja parama daivI tattvamAMthI nIpajyAM che ane svecchAthI ja vANI, vartana ane vicAramAM sArA ke narasA banyA che : pavitra AtmAe saccAIne mAga grahaNa karyo ane apavitra AtmAe aniSTano potAnA kAryakSetra tarIke svIkAra karyo. prathama vakhata jyAre A baMne eka sAthe ja pRthvI para AvyA tyAre temaNe jIva ane ajIva saryA, tathA mAnavajAta mATe zikSA ane badalAnA niyamanI sthApanA karI. sArAM kAryo karanAra, jIvanane aMte, svarganI prApti karaze, ane aniSTa kArya karanAra narkanA duHkha bhogavaze, evuM e kAyadAmAMthI philita thatuM hatuM. Ama, ApaNe joI zakIzuM ke gAthA pachInA sAhityamAM zubha - azubhanA dUdhane joradAra svIkAra karavA uparAMta AgaLa sUcavelA keTalAMka dharmAcaraNo, nIti AcaraNo, dharmavidhio tathA pApa ane puNya, tema ja svarga ane narkanA vicAro para bhAra daI, e vizenI paNa rajUAta karavAmAM AvI che. have ApaNe A bAbatanI vicAraNA hAtha dharIe. 3. jarathusta nItidharma : zubha ane azubhanA be tanA svIkAranI sAthe, e paNa svIkArAyuM ja che ke jagatamAM nItivAna tema ja anItivAna ema baMne prakAranA leka hoya che. prathama varganA leke ahUra majhadane pakSe, ane bIjA pakSanA leke aharimAnane pakSe rahe che. jarathuta dharmamAM cAritra ane AcaraNa para savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. jarathuratanA vicAra anusAra Adarza jarathustI koNa hoI zake e jarathustanA A kathanamAMthI samajAya che ? he majhada ! tArA je A mANasa vaphAdAra, bahuzruta ane udAra che. 21 21 yasta, 43 : 3.

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. Ama ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke mAnavI samakSa je Adarza rajU karavAmAM Avyo che te vaphAdArI, bahuzrutatA ane udAratA che. A uparAMta jarathusta nItimAM pavitratAne gya sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. e mATe kahevAyuM che, "he dharmaniSTha puruSa! tuM tArI jAtane pavitra banAva. pRthvI uparane game te mANasa vicAra, vANI ane AcArathI je pitAnI jAtane pavitra kare che te haMmezAM pavitra ja che. 22 paraMtu A pavitratA zubhane pakSe rahevAthI, zubhanI sAthe saMparka rAkhavAthI tathA zubhanA Adeza anusAra kArya karavAthI maLe che. eka nAnero maMtra A bAbata bahu sArI rIte kahI jAya che. jyAre paNa A dharmanI be vyaktio maLe tyAre A maMtranI saujanyatApUrvaka Apale thAya che : "hu - mata, hu - utha, hu - varSA : sArA vicAra, sArI vANI ane sArA karma."23 nIti AcaraNanA A sarvasAmAnya siddhAMta uparAMta jarathustadharmamAM sadgaNanA be prakAra svIkAravAmAM AvyA che-eka, sAmAnya ane bIje, viziSTa. azubha na karatAM, sArA thavAne prayatna kare, e sAmAnya saNuM che ane e mAtra vyaktilakSI banI rahe che. paraMtu aniSTane sAmane kare ane zubhane vikAsa karavo, e viziSTa saguNa che. kAraNake vyaktie pote je kaMI prApta karyuM che enI prApti anyane thAya e mATe emAM prayAsa che. zubha - azubha, tathA ISTa - aniSTanA kaMThane anulakSIne A prakAranA saguNonI vAta susaMgata che. eTaluM ja nahi, jarUrI paNa che. upara ApaNe je kahyuM te sAmAnya saguNanI vAta thaI paraMtu aniSTane sAmane ane Izvarano prasAra thAya e mATe jarathusta Apela badhu mahatvanuM che. e bedhamAM jarUra paDe te viziSTa saNanI prAptine mATe hiMsAne Azaro levo paNa bAdhaka gaNAye nathI. eTaluM ja nahi e Azaro levAnI jarUriyAta upara bhAra paNa mukAyo che. A hakIkata nIcenA upadezamAMthI prApta thAya che. zatraonI sAthe pramANikatAthI lamitranI sAthe mitra tarIke rahe."24 22 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 4 : 14. 23 eja, 4 : 56; 31 : 250. 24 eja, 24 : 12

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jarathustadharma 193 mANasa bhale garIba hoya ke tavaMgara, paraMtu teNe dharmiSTha mANasane pramabhAva rAkhavo joIe. paraMtu je jUThe che, tenI sAthe te teNe kharAba rIte ja vartavuM joIe. 25 temanI sAme hathiyAra laIne UbhA thaI jAo ane laDho."2 6 "A pharasInA bhAlAthI tame badhAne mArI nAkhe."27 "pharasInA bhAlAmAM ajaba zakti rahelI che."28 tenI pAse be bhAle che ane te IzvaranI bhakti kare che. 28 hiMsAnA upayogane AvI rIte bIradAvanAra dharmomAM jarathusta uparAMta IslAmadharma paNa che, je bAbata ApaNe iralAmadharmamAM jehAdanA vicAranI carcA karatI vakhate avalokIzuM. e ja pramANe jarathostI dharmamAM saMnyAsa, tyAga vRtti ke tapazcaryA ke niSkriyatAnI vAta jovA maLatI nathI. khetI karavI ane gRhastha banavuM e paNa dharmajIvana mATe Avazyaka che, ane e rIte paNa dharmanuM vyavahAramAM AcaraNa thaI zake.. je mANasa anAja, ghAsa ane phaLa vadhAre pramANamAM vAve che te dharmanA bIja vAve che, te majhadanA dharmanI pragati kare che. je mANasa bilakula khAte nathI, tenAmAM pavitra kAma karavAnI zakti hotI nathI."30 Ama, dehakaSTanI jarathostadharmamAM vAta nathI, tema ja satata kAryarata rahevAnI paNa A dharma AjJA kare che. gRhakathI jIvananA svIkAra chatAM emAM pavitratAne bhaMga na thavo joIe ema bhArapUrvaka kahevAyuM che. AthI viparIta AcaraNa karanArAone pApIo tarIke gaNAvavAmAM AvyA che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke jarathustane mahattvane Adeza-aniSTone sAmano kare ane pavitra jIvana che" evo che. jIvana e aniSTa sAthe 25 yagna, 47 : 4; 73 : 2-3. 26 yasta, 31 : 18. 27 yagna, 31 : 18. 28 yagna, 12 : 9. 29 yagna, pa7 : 1. 30 sekaMDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 4 : 29, 31. dharma 13.

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194 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMgharSa che, ane prabhu sAthe sahakAra che. mAnava ane addhara majhada e baMnena aniSTa ekasamAna duzmana che, ane ethI prabhunI paDakhe rahI mAnavIe aniSTanI sAme satata rIte jhajhUmatA rahevuM jarUrI che. aniSTanI sAmenI A laDAImAM pratyeka mAnavI addara majhadano sahapathI bane che ane ene sinika thAya evo bedha jarathustadharmamAM prApta che. A dRSTie vicAratA ema kahI zakAya ke mAnavajIvananuM mUlya AnaMda ke sukhathI mApI zakAya nahi. paraMtu jIvananuM mArgadarzaka sUtra te saccAI mATenuM kArya ane jUThANu sAmenI laData ema dripAMkhiyuM hovuM joIe. iSTanA vijaya mATe mAnavI jeTaluM vadhu prayatna kare, eTaluM vadhu enuM jIvana samRddha bane che; ane jeTalI ekadilIthI e asatya, azubha ane aniSTanAM baLonI sAme laDe che eTalI enAmAM zakti prApta thatI rahe che. 4. svarga ane narka : jarathustadharmamAM svarga ane narkanA ullekho paNa anekavAra prApta thAya che. jIvanakALa daramyAna vyaktie zubhanI sAthe rahI ene pakSe baLa ApyuM che, ke azubhanI sAthe rahI zubhane vaMsa karavAmAM sahakAra Apyo che e AdhAre vyakti puNyazALI ke pApI bane che. vyakti Ave che tyAM sudhI te kayA pakSe rahevuM e nirNaya eNe karavAnuM che, paraMtu mRtyu bAda enI zI sthiti thAya che tene khyAla A dharmamAM rajU thayo che. mAnavInA pratyeka karmanI noMdha levAya che e jaNAvatA kahevAyuM che, "be devadUto dareka mANasanA sArA ane kharAba karmonI nedha le che."31 AvI neMdhane AdhAre ja pApa ane puNya jIvone alaga pADavAmAM Ave che. A judA pADavAnI rIta paNa avanavI che. "cInvata" nAmanA eka nAnA pula dvArA maraNa pachI puNyazALI jIvone pApI jethI chUTA pADavAmAM Ave che.32 AvI rIte pApa ane puNya jIvone chUTA pADyA pachI "jIvone trAjavAmAM telavAmAM Avaze."33 31 sekreDa bukasa oNpha dhI isTa, 24 : 258. 32 yagna, 46 : 10-11; 51 : 13; 19 : 6; 71 : 16. 33 sekreDa bukasa oNpha dhI isTa, 24 : 18.

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jarathustadharma 195 A telAI jayAre hAtha dharavAmAM Ave tyAre "dareka mANasanA karma tenI sAme sArA athavA kharAba rUpamAM Avaze.34 A karma ane vicArone anulakSIne je jIvoe sArAM karmo karyA haze temane ravarga maLaze. e svargamAM mata, hukata, hevasI tathA garamAna jevA vibhAga che. je sarva sArA ane puNyazALI jevo che, teone A sthAnemAM vAsa thAya che. AvA pavitra AtmAone svarganA dvAre vidumanahi AvakAre che ane pachI temane paricaya addara majhada tathA anya bIjAo sAthe karAve che. paraMtu, je leke asatya vade che, pApa Acare che teo narakamAM jAya che ane tyAM "aMdhakAra, kharAba barAka ane ArtanAdarUpanA bhoga bane che. jema svarganA cAra vibhAge che tema nakanA paNa cAra vibhAge che, ane narkamAM aMdhakAra, durgadha, ati zItalatA, duHkha ane vedanA apAra pramANamAM prApta thAya che. mAnava tarIkenA TUMkA jIvanamAM jemaNe asatyane Azaro laI aniSTanI sAthe sahakAra karyo hoya e badhAne dIrdhakALanI zikSA A narkAgAramAM maLI rahe che. je pApI ja narkamAM praveza kare che temanuM tiraskArayukta ane mazkarIyukta svAgata aharimAna kare che. evA mAnavIo hoI zake ke jeonAM pApa ane puNyano meLa lagabhaga | ekasarakhe ja thaI rahe, ane na te pApanuM palluM name ke na te puNyanuM palluM name. AvA mAne mATe zuM ? emane mATe svargamAM rathAna nathI; kAraNake jIvanamAM susaMgata rIte tathA satata rIte puNya kAryo emaNe AcaryA nathI. paraMtu jyArathI emane samaja lIdhI tyArathI pApI kRtyone saMga choDI, aniSTa tothI vikhUTA paDI, aharimAnane sAtha ApavAnuM baMdha karI, ane puNya kAryomAM pravRtta rahI, emaNe pitAnAM pApakarmone e rIte saMhAra karyo, jethI mRtyunI ghaDIe jIvananA pApakarmo ane puNyakarmo baMne sthira rahyAM. Ama, emanuM sthAna na to svargamAM che ke na narkamAM. emane je sthAna prApta thAya che tenuM nAma che "hamiSTagAna'. A sthAnamAM je jene vAsa thAya che, teone ThaMDImAM dhrujArI ane garamImAM baLatarA sivAya bIjuM kaMI darda veThavuM paDatuM nathI. 34 yagna, 31 : 20; 46 : 11. 35 yajJa, 31 3 20; 89 : 11.

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196 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. bhAvi uddhAraka : khristI dharmanI jema A dharmamAM paNa bhaviSyamAM mANasane uddhAra karanAra kaIka thaze ema svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che. 36 khristI dharmamAM tema ja hibradharmamAM ene masIyAha tarIke ullekhavAmAM Ave che, jyAre ahiMyAM emane "sakhyata" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. saMdarbha graMthasUci kazyapa, Ara. Ara. : dhI vedika orIjIna opha resTrIAnIjhama, dayAnaMda eMglo vedika koleja, lAlara, 1940. grInalIjha, iMkana : dhI gospela opha jarathusta, dhI thiyosophikala pabliziMga hAusa, madrAsa. jhAbavAlA, sAvaka eca. : rAsTrIAnIjhama, be be, 1934. jhAhanara, Ara. sI. jharavAna : e resTrIana DAyalemA, okSaphaDa, 1955. hAusana, mAIlsa mInAnaDara dhI ethikala rilijiyana opha jhorosTara, mekamilana, nyUyorka, 1931. Dathakane, gIlemIne je : dhI vesTarna rIsponsa Tu resTara, okSapharDa, 1958. dhAlA, ema. ena. : jhoresTrIana thiyolojI, nyuyorka, 1914. tArAparavAlA, AI. je. esa : rilijiyana opha jarathusta, thiyosophikala pabliziMga hAusa, madrAsa, 1929. medI, eravada jIvanacha jamazedajI : jarathusta dharmanI nIti ane nekIo, jarathustI pracAraka maMDaLa, bomba, 1925. medI, je. je. : dhI rilijiyasa seremanIjha enDa kasTamsa opha dhI. pArasIjha, bobe, 1922. malTana, je. eca. : alI jhorosTrIAnIjhama, laMDana, 1913. 36. yasta, 4pa : 11; 26 : 9; 48 : 9.

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2.7 IslAma dharma 1. prAraMbhika : islAmano uddabhava arebiyA dezamAM thaye. bahu purANA samayathI arabastAna eka evo deza rahyo che jenI upara avAranavAra ijipta, paziyA, mesiDoniyA ane romanI prajAe sattA meLavI che. arabastAnanI varatI garIba ane asaMskArI evI budavI prajAnI hatI. prajA gopa jIvana gujAratI, khetI kheDatI, paraMtu emane jhAjhe vikAsa thayo na hato. dareka jAtinA eka netA hatA ane tene hukama jAtine mATe sarvarava lekhAto. A prajAnA dhArmika jIvana vize eTaluM kahI zakAya ke dareka vastumAM teo jIvanuM AropaNa karatA ane e rIte sarvajavavAda (animism) svIkArAyuM hatuM. arabaratAnanI prajA mUrtipUjaka hatI ane vividha devadevIomAM mAnatI hatI. arabastAnanA vikAsamAM mahatvane sarva prathama phALe koIe ApyuM hoya te te islAmanA sthApaka mahamade. emano janma pavitra makkA zaheramAM I. sa. 570mAM thayo hato. eka sAmAnya kuTuMbamAM emano janma thaye ane janma pachI emanA mAtA-pitA nAnapaNamAM ja gujarI gayAM hatAM. AthI emanA dAdA pAse emano uchera thaye.

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1981 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. vepAra arthe mahamada temanA kAkA sAthe avAranavAra siriyAmAM jatA hatA ane emanI saccAI ane vaphAdArIthI emanA samAgamamAM AvanAra badhA ja khuza hatA. emanI yuvAnImAM teo eka tavaMgara vidhavA bAI khAdIjAne tyAM kAmamAM joDAyA. emanA vepAra arthe emane ghaNI veLA bahAra javAnuM thatuM. emanI saccAI ane. vaphAdArIthI khAdIjAe emanI sAthe lagnano prastAva mUkyo ane te mahamade svIkAryo. A vakhate khAdIjAnI uMmara cAlIsa varSanI hatI ane mahamada bharayuvAnImAM pacIsavarSanI vayamAM hatA. ema kahevAya che ke emane cAra putrIo ane traNa putro hatA. paraMtu e badhAmAM emaNe sthApelA islAmadharmamAM eka putrI phAtImAM vadhu jANItI che. khAdIjA sAthenA saMparkathI mahamada para be prakAranI asara thaI. eka te, khAdIjAnI. vaNajAra sAthe emane siriyA ane pelesTAIne javAnuM thatuM ane ene pariNAme hibrU ane khriratI ekezvaravAdanI mAnyatAo sAthe emane paricaya keLavAya. bIjuM, khAdIjAne ghare "hanIpha' nAmanA dhArmika leke AvatA hatA. teonI dhArmika mAnyatA anusAra anekezvaravAda asvIkArya haI ekezvaravAdamAM zraddhA dharAvatA hatA. emanA saMparkamAM mahamada AvatA. emanA mana para ekezvaravAdanI UMDI asara thaI. Ama, gharaAMgaNenA atithio sAthe tathA bahAranAM paryaTanomAMthI emanA mana para ekezvaravAdanI asara daDha thaI. A samayamAM makkAmAM mUrtipUjA pracalita hatI ane samasta arebiyAnA leke makkAmAM prasiddha evA eka kALA paththara jene "kAbA' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che tenI pUjA karatA hatA. Ama makkA eka tIrthadhAma banI gayuM. eka tarapha makakA zaheramAM "kAbA'nI pUjA mATe samasta arebiyAmAMthI laDe tIrthayAtrAe AvatA hatA, tyAre bIjI tarapha makkAnI pAse Avela pahADanI guphAomAM jaIne mahamada allAha-dhUnamAM masta rahetA hatA. emanI lagabhaga cAlIsa varSanI uMmara sudhI mahamada eka sAmAnya prakAranA mAnavI hatA. temanA pitAnAM uccAraNomAMthI A bAbata spaSTa thAya che. mahamada kahetA : "tamArAmAM huM eka chuM, ane huM tamane cetavavA Avyo chuM, jethI. tamane bhaya rahe nahi." pite nirakSara payagaMbara che evuM paNa kahevAyuM che. vaLI mahamade ema paNa kahyuM che ke, "mArAmAM camatkAro karavAnI zakti nathI ke 1. reDavela, dhI kurAna, 7 : 6 2. kurAna, 7 : 156, 158 . kurAna, 6 : 109; 29 ; 49

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IslAmadharma 199 ' lagabhaga cAlIsa varSanI uMmare mahamadamAM parivartana thavA lAgyuM. teo vadhu khevAyelA rahevA lAgyA ane allAhamAM magna rahetA. hibra payagaMbara jevI viziSTatAo emane prApta thavA mAMDI. mahamada makakAnI pAsenA pahADanI guphAomAM jatA tyAre eka divasano anubhava TAMkatA kahevAyuM che : "huM cAlatuM hato tyAM AsamAnamAMthI avAja Avyo ane meM upara joyuM. tyAM phirastA jibrAIla beThA hatA. te mArI pAse AvyA ane mane Adeza Apyo : mahamada ! tuM te allAhane rasUla che, vAMca." meM kahyuM : "huM vAMcI zakuM ema nathI." e mArI pAse AvyA, ane mane hacamacAvyA pachI vaLI kahyuM, "vAMca" ane meM pharIthI kahyuM "huM vAMcI zakuM ema nathI." "AvI rIte traNavAra thayuM ane trIjI vakhate mane sakhata hacamacAvIne kahyuM, "lehInA TIpAmAMthI mAnavInuM sarjana karanAra tArA allAhanA nAme vAMca. eNe mAnavIne te zIkhavyuM che ke je e jANatA nathI." ema kahevAya che ke phiratAnA A prathama darzana pachI thoDo samaya AvAM darzane baMdha thayAM. AthI mahamada khUba nArAja thayA ane emaNe ApaghAta karavAne nirNaya karyo. ApaghAtane mATe emaNe prayatna karyo tyAre phiratA emanI samakSa pratyakSa thayA ane kahyuM, "o mahamada ! tuM te prabhune payagaMbara che. 5 pitAne je anubhava thaye enI vAta enI patnI khAdIne karI ane pitAne je jJAna thayuM tenuM varNana karyuM. allAha eka che, tathA sadguNane badalo ane durAcAranI zikSA maLe che. A emane sAde anubhava hato. zarUAtanA tabakake emano Adeza ravIkAranAra ane emanA anuyAyI bananAramAM emanAM patnI khAdIjA, emane dattaka putra ali, emane mitra abubakara ane chaMda nAmane habasI gulAma hatA. anuyAyIonI A nAnI TukaDI sAthe emaNe pitAne je darzana lAdhyuM hatuM ane prasAra karavAnI zarUAta karI. ekezvaravAdane svIkAra, eka allAhamAM ja mAnyatA, mUrtipUjAne asvIkAra ane bALahatyAne virodha emanA upadezamAM mukhya hatA. mahamadanA AvA upadezanI makkAnA loko para bahu mAThI asara paDI. ApaNe upara jevuM che tema makakAnA lekenuM AjIvikAnuM mukhya sAdhana makakA 4. glI5sIsa opha varlDa rilipinsa, Ika, 1957, pA. 197. 5. eja, 5. 198

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200 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana AvatA yAtrIo hatA ane je "kAbA'nA pUjanane mATe yAtrIo makkAmAM na Ave to emanI AjIvikAne prazna eka keyaDe banI jAya ema hatuM. ethI makakAnA lokemAM mahamada khUba apriya thaI paDyA. jema jema emanA bedha jorazorathI apAvA mAMDyA tema tema apriyatAe virodhanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. koIpaNa bhoge mahamadanA udhane pracAra na thavA de evo emaNe saMkalpa karyo. mahamada ane emanA anuyAyIone bahiSkAra karyo ane emanI milakata paNa lUMTI lIdhI. AthI mahamadanA keTalAka anuyAyIo makkA choDI bAjunA zahera madInA je yazaraba tarIke paNa oLakhAtuM hatuM, tyAM gayA. madInAmAM yahudIonI vastI moTA pramANamAM hatI. mahamadano saMhAra karavAne eka bAju racAI. paraMtu pitAnA mitra ane anuyAyo vizvAsanIsa abubakara tathA bIjA anuyAyIo sAthe teo makakAmAMthI palAyana thayA. mahamadanuM A palAyana I. sa. 622mAM thayuM. A varSathI musalamAna lekenI varSagaNanA zarU thAya che ane ene ALNO, Hegiraa eTale hajIrAnuM varSa tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. khristIvarSa gaNanAmAM I. sa. mATe jema e DI. mUkavAmAM Ave che tema muslImavarSa gaNanAmAM e. eca. mUkavAmAM Ave che. mahamada makkAthI madInA javA nIkaLyA. kAraNake madInAmAM emanA keTalAka anuyAyIo AgaLathI pahoMcelA hatA. paraMtu tyAM pahoMcatA pahelAM makkAthI uttaramAM lagabhaga traNa mAIlanA aMtara para Avela eka guphAmAM saMtAyA ane e rIte jhanUnI duzmananA sapATAmAMthI bacI gayAM. A aMge kahevAyuM che : "pahelAM ane jyAre teo temanA mitranI sAthe guphAmAM bharAI gayA tyAre temane allAhe madada karI. A vakhate mahamade temanA mitrane kahyuM - "jarA paNa gabharAIza nahi, kAraNake allAha ApaNuM rakSaNa kare che. allAhe pitAnI zAMti mahamadane ApI ane bIjA mANase madada mATe ApyA." A pachI mahamada madInAmAM AvyA. madInAmAM emane mATe mitrabhAvabharyuM vAtAvaraNa hatuM. tyAM emane utsAhapUrvaka AvakAra karavAmAM AvyuM ane lekee emane upadeza grahaNa karyo. madInAmAM mahamade "allAhanA kAyadA" anusAra eka vyavasthita paMtha sthA ane jAhera karyuM : "eka Izvara vinA bIjAnI pUjA ame nahi karIe. 6. reDavela, 9 : 40

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islAma dharma 201 ame corI nahi karIe, ame vyabhicAra nahi karIe. ame amArA bALakone mArIe nahi, ame koInI niMdA karIe nahi. je vAta satya che te bAbatamAM ame payagaMbaranI AjJAnuM ullaMghana nahi karIe. "7 ahIMyAM mahamade eka masjida baMdhAvI ane pitAnA anuyAyIone A rIte ekatra thavAnI suvidhA karavAnI sAthe ja tyAM temaNe dhArmika zikSaNa ApavA mAMDyuM ane dharmane mATe laDAI karavAnI tAlIma paNa ApavA mAMDI. dharmopadezanI sAthe laDAyaka baLanI tAlIma paNa otaprota thaI Isa622mAM makkA choDyA pachI paNa makkAnA leke mahamada ane temanA anuyAyIo taraphane roSa ocho thayo na hato ane ethI teo emane nAza karavAne mATe sarva taiyArI karatA hatA. emane sAmano karavAne mATe mahamada paNa pitAnA anuyAyIomAM laDAyaka khamIra sIMcavAnI jarUriyAta joI hoya ema kema na kahI zakAya ? makkA ane madInAnI vacce saMgharSa lagabhaga sAta varSo sudhI ekadhAre cAle. emAM kaIka vakhata eka pakSanI, te kaIka vakhate bIjA pakSanI chata thatI. paraMtu I. sa. 629mAM mahamadanI saMpUrNa jIta thaI. A jIta vize mahamada kahetA : "badaranA yuddhamAM tathA bAkInA yuddhamAM lagabhaga allAhanI madadathI zatruonI sAme jItI zakyo." mahamadanI jIta pachI makkA ane madInAnA loko vacce eka karAra thayo. te anusAra makkAe mahamadane payagaMbara tarIke svIkArI mAtra eka ja allAhanI pUjAne svIkAra karavAno hato, ane A navA dharmapathanA makkA tathA madInA ane anyatra vasatA badhA ja anuyAyIoe pahelAMnI jema makkAnI tIrthayAtrA karavAnI karI. Ama, makkAnA lekene tIrtha pravAsI dvArA maLatI AjIvikAne hAni pahoMcADyA vinA eka allAhane svIkAra thayo. I. sa. 629mAM mahamada makkA pAchA pharyA-enA netA tarIke ane muslima prajAnA eka payagaMbara tarIke. emanI sattA dhIme dhIme vadhavA mAMDI ane I. sa. 632mAM emanuM mRtyu thayuM tyAre to emanI ANa samasta arebiyA para pravartatI 7. pUra, dhI lAIpha opha mahamada, bhAga 1-1912, pA. 118 8. roDavela, 93 : 11 9 eja, 49 : 9

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202 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hatI. paraMtu emanA sattAkALamAM mahamadamAM thoDA pheraphAra thayelA jovAmAM Ave che. eka te yahUdIo pratyenA emanA vartAvamAM. jyAre mahamadanA keTalAka anuyAyIo ane pAchaLathI mahamada pite madInA gayA tyAre tyAMnA bahujana yahUdI samAje kaMI mATho vartAva karyo nahi. mahamada paNa yahUdIo pratye primabhAva ane bhAtRbhAva rAkhatA hatA, paraMtu pAchaLathI temaNe emane herAna karavA mAMDayA. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emanA pratye hiMsAtmaka valaNa paNa akhatyAra karyuM. bIju, dharmavidhimAM paNa emaNe keTalAka pheraphAra karyo. mahamadanA anuyAyIo zarUAtamAM yahUdI dharmIonA prAyazcittane divase upavAsa karatA hatA. paraMtu mahamade temAM pheraphAra karyo ane ramajAnanA mahinAmAM upavAsa karavAno Adeza Ape 10 vaLI, zarUAtamAM mahamadanA anuyAyIo prArthanA karatI vakhate temanuM mukha jerUsalema tarapha rAkhatA hatA. paraMtu have mahamade e prathAmAM paNa pheraphAra karAvaDAvyo ane Adeza Apyo ke emanA anuyAyIoe arabaratAnanA kendra samA makakA tarapha emanuM mukha rAkhIne prArthanA karavI.11 Ama yahUdIo taraphanA vartanamAM tema ja prArthanAvidhimAM mahamade pheraphAro karyA. paraMtu trIjo pheraphAra je thaye e emanA vyaktigata jIvanamAM thayuM ane emanA vyaktigata cAritryanA patana samAna banyo. mahamadanI lagabhaga pacAsa varSanI uMmare khAdI jAnuM mRtyu thayuM ane ema kahevAya che ke tenA mRtyu pachI emaNe lagabhaga agiyAra patnIo sAthe lagna karyA. 12AmAMnA keTalAkane viSe te kurAnamAM raSTIkaraNa paNa apAyuM che. emanA eka dattaka putra de jenI sAthe chUTAcheDA karyA hatA e jhenaba nAmanI strI sAthe mahamade lagna karyuM ane e lagna barAbara hatuM e sUcavavA temaNe allAhanI AjJAnuM pramANa ApyuM "jyAre dattaka putrae pitAnI strIo sAthe chUTAcheDA lIdhA hoya ane je dharmiSTha puruSa temane paraNe te temAM koI aparAdha . thato nathI. IzvaranI AjJA ta pALavI joIe ane Izvare payagaMbarane paravAnagI ApI che. eTale payagaMbarane kaI jAtane doSa lAgato nathI. 13 10. roDavela, 2 H 179, 183 11. eja, 2 : 143, 144 12. Ara. I. hyuma, dhI varlDasa liviMga rilijiyansa, 1955, pA. 216 13. roDavela, 33 : 37-38

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IslAmadharma 203: payagaMbare pitAnA anuyAyIone cAra strIo karavAnI AjJA ApI che.14 paraMtu pitAne mATe Izvare ApelI AjJA A rIte rajU thaI che: "he payagaMbara ! tame je strIo sAthe vidhisara paraNyA che te ane laDAImAM allAha tamane je gulAme ApyA che te bhale tame rAkhe. tamArA kAkAnI putrIo ane tamArI sAthe madInA AvelA tamArI kAkInI ane mAsInI putrIo tame bhale rAkho, ane je tamArI IcchA thatI hoya te bhale kaIpaNa Aritaka strI sAthe tame paro. A haka mAtra tamAre che, bIjA koIne nahi15 sattA prApti pachI A traNa kSetramAM thayelA pheraphArano ullekha eTalA mATe karavo jarUrI mAne che ke IslAmanA keTalAka rItarivAjo ane islAmanA itihAsamAM noMdhAyelA keTalAMka dharmayuddha vizene suyogya khyAla pAmI zakAya. 2, IslAmadharmanA keTalAka vicAre ka. ekezvaravAdaH iralAmadharmanI sauthI vadhu tarI AvatI viziSTatA ene ekezvaravAda che. A ekezvaravAdane vicAra hibUdharma ane khristI dharmanI asaranuM keTale aMzanuM pariNAma che e nizcitapaNe na kahI zakAya, teye A dharmanA Izvara svarUpa viSenA vicAranI, islAmadharmanA ekezvaravAdI vicAramAM moTI asara che enI nA pADI zakAya nahi. Ama chatAM, eka tarapha hibadharma, khriratIdharma ane bIjI taraphe IslAma dharmamAM mahattvane taphAvata e che ke islAmane ekezvaravAda sAdI ane samajapUrvaka prathamathI svIkArAyela che. vaLI ilAmadharma mAM vividha IzvaravAdI gUMcavaNo abhAva che. anuyAyanI dRSTie ethI ja A dharma vadhu svIkArya banyA che. ekezvaravAdane siddhAMta IslAmane sauthI mukhya ane mahattvane siddhAMta che. kurAnamAM A upadeza anekavAra karavAmAM Ave che. iralAmamAM Izvarane allAhanA nAme saMbodhavAmAM Ave che. kurAnanA lagabhaga pratyeka prakaraNanI zarUAtamAM eka maMtra Ave che. "bismivilAhIrarahamAnirahIma" jeno artha "dayALu ane upasAgara allAhanAM nAmamAM" ema thAya che. 14. eja, 4 : 3 15. eja, 33 ; 49, 51

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304 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana allAhanAM lakSaNe kurAnamAM A prakAre apAyAM che: - allAha sarvathA advitIya che. -allAha sarvadRSTA che.17 allAha sarva zrotA che.18 allAha sarvavaktA che.19 allAha sarvajJa che.20 allAha sarvakartA che. temanI sAme na thaI zakAya evA agamya che. 21 allAha sarva zaktimAna che.22 kha. maMdira-karaNane abhAva: pratyeka dharmanI jema islAmamAM paNa prArthanAsthAna to che ja. islAmamAM ene majida tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. anya dharmonA maMdira vize ema kahI zakAya ke maMdira e prArthanAnuM eka sthAna hovA chatAM enI sAthe bIjI aneka vidhio ane kriyAo saMkaLAyelI che. jema ke, maMdiramAM eka yA aneka devanI mUrti ke citra ke kaI saMjJA heya, enI pUjA-vidhi dharmAnuyAyI kaI kaI 'ThekANe pite ja karI le ema haya, te kaI sthAnee dharmAnuyAyIne evI chUTa na apAtA ene badale ane ene tarapha purohita vaga AvI pUjA karatA hoya, naivedha, prasAda, AratI, bheTa vagerenI vidhi hoya ane e badhAmAMthI pasAra thavAne mATenI eka nizcita prakAranI vyavasthA hoya, e samagra maMdirIkaraNa tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. pratyeka dharmanA pratyeka maMdira mATe AvuM maMdirIkaraNa hoya ja che evuM nathI, paraMtu jyAM jyAM maMdira, dharmavyavasthAnuM aMga banyuM che, ane jyAM jyAM dharmasaMcAlananuM kArya maMdira-vyavasthA mAraphata thAya che, tyAM tyAM maMdirIkaraNanI chApa spaSTa rIte UThe che. vaiSNava maMdira tathA vaiSNava saMpradAyanAM maMdirane AnA udAharaNa tarIke laI zakAya. 16. roDavela, 3 : 1, 4, 16, 16 H 1-3; 21 : 22; 112 : 1-4 17. eja, 6 : pa9, 103; 18 : 25 18. eja, 2 : 257; 44 : 5 19. eja, 18 : 109; 31 : 26 20. eja, 2 : 27; 6 : 58, 58 : 7-8 21. eja, 6 : 35; 13 : 33; 16 : 2, 9, 76 : 3 22. eja, 2 : 19; 3 : 159; 155 : 16-17

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20Sa majida e musalamAnanuM prArthanAghara che. emAM musalamAne kurAna vAMcavA bese che ane e pavitra rathAnanI svacchatA ane zAMti khUba prazaMsanIya hoya che. e majidamAM kaI mUrtio hotI nathI, koI citro hotAM nathI ke nathI hotI koI AkRti. masjidanI dIvAla upara kurAnanAM sUtra AlekhAyela jovA maLe che. Ama, muslima-masjida saMpUrNapaNe dhArmika vAtAvaraNa Ape che. purohita vargane tyAM abhAva che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu masjidanA dvAramAM pravezyA pachI koI UMce nathI ke koI nIco nathI, koI tavaMgara nathI ke koI garIba nathI. prabhunA darabAramAM saMpUrNa samAnatA ane zista pravartatI hoya evI rIte masjidanI namAjha paDhavAmAM Ave che. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM ja muslima dharmanI viziSTatAnI sAthe saMkaLAyela bIjI eka viziSTatAne paNa ullekha karI laIe. ga, sarva samAnatA khristI dharmamAM IzvaranA sAmrAjyanI vAta ApaNe karI. bauddhadharmamAM, mAnava samAnatAne vicAra rajU thaye. A baMne vicArone samaya islAmamAM eka IzvaranA svIkArathI ane birAdarInI bhAvanAthI thayelo che. koIpaNa jAtanA bhedabhAva vinA allAhanI samakSa sarva ekasamAna che, e bhAva A dharmAM bhArapUrvaka rajU thayo che, tema ja temanA sAmAnya rojiMdA jIvanamAM paNa jovA maLe che. badhA ekasAthe besI bhojana le tema ja koIpaNa mRtadehanI aMtima maMjilanI yAtrAmAM khAMdha ApavAnI prabaLa bhAvanA eka birAdarIne khyAla vinA zI rIte saMbhavI zake ? paraMtu AvI birAdarInI bhAvanA mAtra dharmapaMthIo pUratI ja maryAdita rahI che. hibradharmIo sAthenA zarUAtanA premabharyA vartAva chatAM temanI sAthe pAchaLathI thayela vartAva AnA udAharaNa tarIke TAMkI zakAya. kurAnamAM svIkArAyela aThThAvIsa payagaMbaramAMthI Adama, Inaka, abrAhama, AIjheka, jekaba, mejhIjha, DeviDa, solemana, elijA, ilIza vagere to hibradharmanA hovA chatAM paNa Ama banyuM che. e ja rIte khristI dharmanA jheka hariAha, bepTisTa jahAna ane jisasane samAveza thavA chatAM khristIdharmIone alaga varga tarIke ravIkArI temanI sAthe iralAme birAdarI jALavI hoya evuM itihAsanA pAne noMdhAyuM nathI. je dharmanA payagaMbarane potAnA dharmazAstramAM mahamada pUrve thayelA payagaMbara tarIke sthAna apAyuM hoya emanA dharmanA anuyAyIo sAthe jo Ama hoya te. anya dharmonA anuyAyIoe sAthe birAdarInI AzA zI rIte rAkhI zakAya ?

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206 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana gha. dhArmika jIvana ane vidhinI saraLatA | kurAnamAM dhArmika jIvana vizenA saraLa paraMtu spaSTa Adeza ApavAmAM AvyA che, e ja pramANe makakAnI tIrthayAtrA vize paNa spaSTatApUrvaka Adeza apAyela che. pitAnA mRtyu pachI potAnA anuyAyIo pitAne IzvarasthAne rasthApI na de e mATe mahamade kALajIbharI saMbhALa rAkhI che. AvI kALajI rAkhavA mATe kadAca emanI samakSa jainadharma ane bauddhadharmanA sthApakonA prabhuravarUpe sthApavAnA ane svIkAravAnA dAkhalAo pratyakSa mejUda hatA. pite mAtra IzvaranA eka dUta che ane ethI vizeSa kaMI nahi ema emaNe khUba spaSTatApUrvaka jAhera kareluM che. "huM te allAhe mokalela eka ziSya chuM 23 - tathA "huM te spaSTa belIne cetavaNI ApanAra chuM."24 Ama mahamade pitAne allAhanA spaSTa vaktA ziSya tarIke ja oLakhAvyA che. vaLI allAha mahAna che ane e ja sarvakartA che ane emanAmAM ja vizvAsa rAkhavuM joIe evI paNa vAta emaNe karI che. emaNe kahyuM che : "allAha ja mAro sahAyaka che. temanAmAM mane vizvAsa che ane temanA tarapha ja huM najara rAkhuM chuM."25 vaLI pitAnA anuyAyIone allAha upara vizvAsa rAkhavAnuM kahetAM kahe che?" "allAha upara vizvAsa rAkho, allAha rakSaNa karavAne samartha che. 26 alAha pratyeka anyAyInI keTalA samIpa che te emanA A kathanamAMthI spaSTa thAya che. kharekhara je lekone dharma para zraddhA che ane je gharane tyAga karIne allAhanA kAmamAM pitAnI milakata vApare che ane je payagaMbarane - anusare che te badhA ekamekanI pAse che. 27 Ama, mahamadanI aMta samayanI prArthanA te e spaSTa rIte kahI jAya che ke mahamada allAha pAse jaI rahyA che ane ethI mahamada piote allAha nathI. emanI chellI prArthanA hatI : he khudA ! mane kSamA Apa. UMce jAuM chuM tyAM mArI sAthe Avo. vargamAM amaratA Apa, kSamA Ape, UMce mArI sAthe tame rahe.28 23. roDavela, 3 : 18 24. eja, 15 : 89 -25. eja, 11 : 90 - 26. eja, 4 : 83; 33 : 3 27. reDavela, 8 : 73 28 pUra, dhI lAIpha opha mahamada, pA. 494.

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islAmadharma 207 Ama pitAnA dharma anuyAyIo pitAne Izvara sthAne na sthApI de e mATe teo keTalA saMjoga hatA ene khyAla ApaNe pAmI zakIe chIe. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu A uparathI emanI ekezvaravAdanI bhAvanA keTalI tIvra hatI ene paNa khyAla Ave che. ca. prArthanAvidhiH mahamade sthApela dharmane keTalAka vicArake emanA nAma pAchaLa ene mohameDInIjhama" tarIke oLakhAve che. paraMtu e dharmanA hArda pramANe e dharma mATe vaparAte zabda "IralAma' vadhAre sugya che. kAraNake A dharmanuM hArda pratyeka vyaktie jagatanA bAdazAhanA zaraNe javAnuM che e AdezamAM raheluM che. islAmano artha thAya che allAhane zaraNe javuM. mahamadanA dharmanA anuyAyIone muslima tarIke oLakhAvAya che ane eno artha thAya che "jeo zaraNe jAya che." Ama, islAmadharmamAM zaraNAgati mahatvanI bane che. vyakti allAhanI zaraNAgati svIkArI enI samIpa rahe e rItanuM muslima dhArmika jIvana vicArAyuM che ane upadezAyuM che. te anusAra pratyeka sAcA musalamAne divasamAM pAMca vakhata prArthanA karavAnI che. prArthanAnA samaye masjidamAMthI bAMgI bAMga pukAre che ane pratyeka musalamAna prArthanAne mATe masjida tarapha prayANa kare che. je kaI majidamAM prArthanA mATe na jaI zake te pite jyAM hoya tyAM prArthanAne samaye prArthanA karI le che. A prArthanAvidhine salATa tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. prArthanAnA pAMca samaya nIce mujaba che : ka. sUryodaya pahelAM kha. madhyAhna pachI ga. sUryAsta pahelAM gha. sUryAsta pachI 2. rAtrInA prAraMbha pahelAM prArthanAnA A rItanA vividha samaya rAkhavAnuM mukhya prayojana e lAge che. ke dharma anuyAyInuM mana AkhA divasamAM kadIye allAhathI vimukha na bane.

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208 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana allAhamaya jIvananI A yogya taiyArI che. paraMtu divasanI A pAMca prArthanAo islAma dharmanA anuyAyIne mATe javAnuM zuM prayojana hoI zake ? A projana samajAvatA beke29 kahe che. A prArthanAo manejJAnika kalAthI ghaDavAmAM AvI che ane enA sarakho samIpa prakAra yoga paddhatinAM vividha AsanomAM jovA maLe che | musilama prArthanAmAM je Asano akhatyAra thAya che tema ja je zabdo bolAya. che tenI samaja paNa temaNe ApI che. prArthanA pratyeka saMpUrNa vibhAga-rA'kA tarIke oLakhAya che ane bhaktinI ATha judI judI kriyAno samAveza kare che. prathama AsanamAM anuyAyI sIdhe Ubho rahe che. enI hatheLIo enA kAna sudhI UMcI dhare che. Ama UbhA rahIne e keTalIka prArthanA kare che ane daivI allAhano AbhAra mAnatA kahe che: "bIjA sarSa karatAM allAha mahAna che. " bIjA AsanamAM anuyAyI Ubho ja rahe che ane enA baMne hAtha nIcA rAkhIne enA DAbA hAtha para ene jamaNo hAtha rAkhe che ane pachI bole che: he allAha! tamAro vijaya ho. ApanuM nAma pavitra che ane ApanI sattA mahAna che. ApanA sivAya anya keIsevA ke prArthanA karavAne pAtra nathI." ane pachI kahe che bIjA sarva karatA alAha mahAna che. trIjA AsanamAM zarIra AgaLanA bhAge kATakhUNe vALavAmAM Ave che ane hAthe ghUMTaNa upara TekavavAmAM Ave che ane jeTalI vakhata AvI rIte namavAmAM Ave teTalI vakhata anuyAyI kahe che "he zreSTha allAha! tAro jaya ho." cothA AsanamAM anuyAyI vaLI pAcho Ubho thAya che ane kahe che : allAha tene svIkAra kare che, je allAha tarapha kRtajJa che. e amArA allAha! tamane amArA praNAma. bIjA sarva karatAM allAha mahAna che." - pAMcamA AsanamAM anuyAyI pitAnA ghUMTaNa para paDe che ane enI hatheLIne jamIna para Azraya laI enuM zIza bhUmine aDakADe che. A AsanamAM anuyAyI traNa veLA kahe cheH "allAha ! sarva zreSTha tAre jaya ho. bIjA sarva karatAM allAha mahAna che." chA AsanamAM anuyAyI besIne ghUMTaNiye paDe che ane enA hAtha kaNI para TakavAyelA che ane upara mujabanI ja prArthanA kare che. , 29. be ke,. e. sI., kapereTiva rilijiyana, pijIna, 1967, pA. 285.,

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islAmadharma 209 Asana sAta ane ATha e uparanA Asana pAMca ane chanuM ja punarAvartana che ane e ja prArthane karavAmAM Ave che. Ama rArakA saMpUrNa thAya che ane pratyeka prArthanA be, traNa ke cAra rAkanI heya che. ATaluM thayA pachI chevaTe payagaMbarane eka prArthanA thAya che, te ja pramANe dharmanA sAcA anuyAyI mATe ane hAjara rahelA samudAya mATe prArthanA thAya che ane pApanI kSamAyAcanAnI prArthanA karavAmAM Ave che. chevaTe eka vakhata DAbI tarapha ane bIjI vakhata jamaNI tarapha vAMkA vaLIne kahe che : "tamone zAMti he ane allAhanI kRpA he." ema manAya che ke adazya evA be phirastAo tyAM hAjara hoya che ane teo badhI noMdha rAkhatA hoya che. A prArthanAo vize eka mahattvanI vAta e noMdhavI joIe ke e prArthanAmAM koIpaNa prakAranI mAgaNI ke IcchA ke tRSNa rajU thatI nathI ane e ja enA starane khyAla Ape che. allAha pAse mAtra eka ja mAgaNI karavAmAM Ave che-kSamAyAcanAnI ane daravaNInI. bIjI eka vAta e paNa seMdhavI joIe ke prArthanA karatI veLA vyakti allAhanI samIpa jAya che ethI saMpUrNapaNe pavitra hovI joIe. madirA-tyAga ke strI-samAgamathI alipta rahevAnI vAta A dharmamAM bhArapUrvaka karavAmAM AvatI nathI te e te spaSTa rIte kahevAyuM che ke30 "tame jyAre dArU pIdho hoya tyAre tamAre prArthanA karavA javuM nahi, paraMtu tamAre prArthanA tyAre jarUrathI karavI joIe jyAre tame je kaMI prArthanAmAM bele che te tame samajI zake. vaLI koI paNa strInA sparzathI tame apavitra thayA hoya tyAre tamAre prArthanA karavA javuM nahi. ' pratyeka rA'kA dareka prArthanA samaye be, traNa ke cAra veLA kahevAtI hoya ane dara thoDA samaye dinabhara prArthanA thatI rahetI hoya te anuyAyInuM mana ane hRdaya allAha-Asakta rahe emAM zuM Azcarya ! sAmAnya rIte e svIkArAyuM che ke cittanI ekAgratA muzkela che ane lAMbA samaya mATenI ekAgratA savizeSa muzkela che. tyAre A prakAranI thoDA thoDA samayane aMtare IzvaranI satata yAda ApatI goThavaNa kharekhara dharmajIvana AcaravAmAM sahAyarUpa thAya che. 30 raDavela, 4 : 46 dharma 14

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ra10 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana lagabhaga pratyeka dharmamAM AvI prArthanA-vidhi hoya che. hiMdudharmamAM trikAla saMdhyAno ApaNe ullekha karyo che. pratyeka saMsthAmAM AcaravAnI vidhinI paNa ApaNe vAta karI che ane muslima prArthanA-vidhi ane hiMdu prArthanA-vidhimAM keTaluMka sAmya lAgaze. Ama chatAM, eka bAbatanI ahIMyAM rajUAta karavI jarUrI che. islAmamAM samAdhinA vicArane ravIkAra thayeluM nathI. hiMdudharmamAM prArthanAnuM aMtima lakSya te samAdhi che. IzvaranI samIpa rahevuM, enAthI dUra na thavuM e eka vAta che ane Izvaramaya thavuM, enI sAthe ekarUpa thavuM e bIjI vAta che. Izvara sAniya e IlAma prArthanAnuM lakSya che, hiMdu prArthanAnuM lakSya che Izvara sAmaMjastha athavA Izvara ekAkAra. pratyeka sAcA musalamAne divasamAM pAMca veLA prArthanA karavI joIe e islAmadharmanA dharmajIvana mATenA Adeza uparAMta, dharmajIvananA vikAsa mATenA emAM bIjA paNa eTalA ja saraLa prakAranA Adeza apAyelA che. e anusAra pratyeka musalamAna nIce mujabanuM dharmajIvana Acare evI AkAMkSA sevavAmAM Ave che. eka, kalimA ? lAelAhA illallAha mahamadura rasululalAhula IlAmane A siddhAMta maMtra che. ene artha thAya che: allAha vinA bIje kaI Izvara nathI ane mahamada allAhane payagaMbara che. A maMtranuM raTaNa pratyeka musalamAne haradina karavuM joIe. be, jhakAta : garIbane dAna ApavuM. pratyeka sAcA musalamAnane kurAnamAM dAna ApavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI che. ATaluM ja nahi paraMtu je koI prathama veLA islAma dharma aMgIkAra kare teNe eka prakArane kara paNa ApavAnuM hoya che.33 ATaluM ja nahi paraMtu A aMge kahevAyuM cheH "jyAre tame laDAImAMthI kaMI paNa lUMTI 31 A maMtra kurAnamAM eka sAthe nahi paNa judA judA bhAgamAM jovAmAM Ave che. 47 : 21 tathA 48 : 29 32 roDavela, 2 : 40; 64H 16; 58 : 4 33 eja, 9 : 5, 11

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islAmadharma 211 lAvo tyAre teno pAMcamo bhAga allAhane, payagaMbarane, pAsenA sagAMone, anAthane, garIbane ane vaTemArguone Apa.34 traNe, haja: pratyeka musalamAna jIvanamAM ochAmAM ochA eka veLA makkAnI jAtrAe jAya ane tyAMnI masjidanI pradakSiNA karI kAbAne cuMbana kare e Adeza apacele che. A yAtrAne hajayAtrA tarIke oLakhAvAya che. vaLI, e apavAda paNa mUkavAmAM Avyo che ke je koI anuyAyI pite haja karI zake ema na hoya teNe pitAne badale bIjA koIne A kAma mATe mokala. hajyAtrA caMdramAsamAM amuka vidhio anusAra karavAnI hoya che. 35 cAra, upavAsa: ramajAna mahinAmAM jibAile mahamadane kurAnane saMdeza Apyo hato. A pavitra mahine tapano sUcaka che ane ethI A mahinAmAM upavAsa karavAno Adeza apAyela che. te Astika leke, tamAre ramajAna mAsamAM upavAsa karavAnuM che. -jyAre tamArAmAM koIpaNa ramajAna mAsanA prathama caMdranA darzana kare ke tarata ja 'upavAsa zarU karaze ane AkhA ramajAna mAsa daramyAna haradina prAtaHkALe aMdhakAramAMthI jarAka prakAza nIkaLe tyAMthI rAtrI paDe tyAM sudhI sakhata upavAsa kare. rAtrIthI prAtaHkALa sudhI khAnapAna kare ke 6 uparanI cAra vidhio uparAMta pAMcamI prArthanA vidhi salATa tarIke oLakhAvAya che. enI vicAraNA ApaNe AgaLa karI lIdhI che. A pAMcane keTalAka vicArako IslAmanA sthaMbha tarIke paNa oLakhAve che. pAMca, jehAdaH iralAmamAM dharma mATe hiMsA AcaravAnuM ke laDAI karavAnuM ane jAna arpaNa karavAnuM paNa kahevAyuM che. AthI keTalAka vicArake islAmanI pAMca pharajiyAta vidhiomAM, chaThThI vidhi tarIke jehAdano paNa samAveza kare che. 34 eja, 1 : 42 35 eja, 2 : 185, 193-199 36 roDavela, 2 : 179-183

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212 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana upara AlekhAyela mahamadanA jIvananA prasaMgo parathI e spaSTa thaze ke madInAnA yahUdIoe, mahamada hIjarata karIne madInA gayA tyAre emane virodha karyo na hato, paraMtu jyAre temaNe mahamadanI sattA svIkAravAno inkAra karyo tyAre mahamade temanI sAme hiMsA AcarI. e ja pramANe emanI sattAno inkAra karanAra makkAnA rahevAsIo tathA korasa jAti upara paNa mahamade vera lIdhuM. dharmanA phelAvA mATe ane binadhanIone kanaDavA mATe mahamade spaSTa Adeza ApyAM. emaNe kahyuM: "tame yuddha kare jethI koI jAtanuM tophAna thAya nahi ane badhe allAhane dharma phelAya"37 vadhumAM emaNe kahyuM, "jeo allAhane mAnatA nathI temanI sAthe yuddha kare ane jyAM sudhI teo potAnA hAthathI khaMDaNI nahi Ape ane dIna nahi bane tyAM sudhI temanI sAthe yuddha cAlu rAkhe."38 eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu je musalamAna nathI te nAstika che tathA daMbhI che. mATe enI sAme bhISaNa yuddha karavA ane temanA pratye kaDakAI rAkhavAne Adeza paNa emaNe Ape.38 dharmane mATe yuddha karavAne pitAnA anuyAyIone Adeza ApIne teo evA dharmayuddha mATe taiyAra thAya ane emAM racyA rahe tathA ema karatAM jIvanane bhoga Apavo paDe to te ApatAM paNa khacakAya nahi e mATe emaNe kahyuM : "je leke allAhanA nimitte laDe che teone allAha cAhe che."40 Ama, eka ja allAhane svIkAra, mahamaha tenA payagaMbara che evI mAnyatA ane kurAnamAM AdezAyela allAha samIpa rahevAne mATe emane zaraNe jaI te anusAranuM AcaraNa e islAmadharmanI viziSTatAomAM samAyela che. 3. dharmazAstra : musalamAnuM dharmazAstra kurAna che. kurAna eTale je bolAyuM che ke gavAyuM che te. mukhyatve karIne mahamade vakhato vakhata upadeza ApyA ane emaNe je je kaMIka udabodha jagatanI sArvatrika sattAnI preraNAthI karyuM te kurAnamAM samAviSTa thayelA che. kurAnamAM evo ullekha che ke41 jagatanA lokone allAhe je graMtho ApyA che temAM 37 sekreDa bukasa oNpha dhI isTa, 6 H 167 38 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI isTa, 6 : 176-177 39 eja, 9 : 292 40 eja, 9 : 281 41 roDavela, 29 0 45; 4ra : 14

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islAmadharma 213 mojhIjhane hibU tArAha, DeviDane jhAbUra (prArthanAo), jisasane Injila (upadeza) ane mahamadane kurAna ApyuM che. | kurAnamAM allAha mahamadanI sAthe vAto karatA hoya che ane keTalIka vakhata mahamadane pitAnA pratinidhi tarIke bolAvatA hoya e rItanI rajUAta che. kurAna vizenI reDavelanI tema ja ricArDa belanI mAnyatAo aMge ApaNe ahIM thaDI vicAraNA karIzuM. paraMtu te pahelAM sAmAnya svarUpanI thoDI vAta karI laIe. kurAnanA upadeza parathI ema lAge che ke emAM prApta thatI bAbato eka karatAM vadhAre sthAnethI meLavAyela che. jema ke keTalIka bAbate arabI rUDhi mAnyatAemAMthI ane arabI lekakathAomAMthI prApta thayela hoya ane e ja pramANe rAkSasa, devadUte, chellA nyAyane divasa ane punarutthAnanA vicAro jarathustadharmamAMthI prApta thayA hoya; e ja pramANe yahUdIonA jUnA karAranI keTalIka vAte paNa kurAnamAM samAviSTa che; e ja pramANe khristI dharmanA masIha tema ja jisasa krAIsTanA ullekha paNa prApta che. kurAnanAM prakaraNonI goThavaNIne siddhAMta vismayakAraka che. kAraNa ke prakaraNanI goThavaNI temanA kada AdhAre thaI hoya ema lAge che. 286 AyAto dharAvatuM sauthI lAMbuM prakaraNa zarUAtamAM che ane e krama anusAra chevaTanA prakaraNamAM mAtra traNa AyA che.. mahamada madInA gayA ane tyAM je samaya pasAra karyo te emanA jIvanane zreSTha kALa che. e samaye emaNe emane bedha TUMkAM sUtromAM Ave. e sUtrane paNa kurAnamAM samAveza thayela che. e gALAnA emanA uddabodhe ekezvaravAdanI bhAvanAthI otaprota thayelA che ane eka allAhanA emaNe rajU karelA vicAra, tema ja allAhanA eka ziSya tarIke pite che, e vicAre emaNe rajU karyA, teno ullekha ApaNe upara karela che. mahamada jyAre madInA pahoMcyA tyAre Araba, khristI ane nyU dharmanA anuyAyIoe emane prazna karyo, "tamo amone zuM zIkhavavA Iccho cho?" ane mahamade javAba Apyo, "mAre tamane e zIkhavavuM che ke tame allAhamAM mAne. allAhanA devatva ane enA satyapaNamAM mAne ane samasta mAnavajAtane allAhe je devI darzana dIdhAM che emAM tame mAne. huM ema icchuM chuM ke tame ema mAne ke allAhano pratyeka dUta haMmezAM sAco saMdeza lAvyo che. nathI Iccho ke tame mane allAha tarIke svIkAre. huM te tamArA je ja eka mAnavI

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214 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana chuM. huM patanane pAtra chuM. huM IcchuM chuM ke tame garIba ane nabaLA leke tarapha dayAbhAva rAkho. huM e paNa icchuM chuM ke tamArA vicAra ane AcAramAM tame nirmaLa rahe."42 A uparathI spaSTa thaze ke mahamada madInA hatA e samaye emaNe kayA prakArane upadeza Ape che. pite AcArya hovAne, saMpUrNa hevAne, ke allAha havAne kadIye dAvo karyo nathI. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emaNe pitAne sarva mAnavIonI jema eka sAmAnya mAnavI tarIke gaNavI patanane pAtra paNa gayA che. enI sAthe ja jemane jemane Izvarano saMdeza prApta thayo che e badhAne sAce ja saMdeza prApta thaye ema paNa jaNAvyuM. paraMtu kurAnamAM A ja bAbate susaMgata rIte tathA ekadhArI rIte rajUAta pAmI nathI. emAM rajU thayelA vividha vicAre. mahamadanA A zabdonI sAthe kaI rIte susaMgata thaI zake e keyaDA samAna che. e keyaDo be saMbhavita rIte ukelI zake. eka te, ema mAnIne ke mahamadanuM madInAnA vasavATa daramyAnanuM svarUpa pachIthI palaTAyuM; ane bIju, ema mAnIne ke kurAnamAM samAviSTa badhAMye sUtre mahamadanAM nathI ane je sUtro mahamadanAM che te paNa mahamade rajU karyA te rIte nahi paraMtu emanA anuyAyIo je rIte samajyA. te rIte rajUAta pAmyAM che. Ane anulakSIne kurAna vize apAyela be vicAraNAo ApaNe joIe. ka, reDavelane mata : reDavelanA matAnusAra kurAna mahamadanA jIvanakALa daramyAna taiyAra thayela graMtha: nathI. mahamadanA mRtyu pachI-lagabhaga eka varSa pachI abubakare umaranA sUcanathI mahamadanA Adezone ekatra karavAnuM kAma hAtha dharyuM. A kArya temaNe madInAnA eka anuyAyI jheda ina thebeTane arpaNa karyuM. emaNe khajUrInA pAna para lakhAyela sAmagrImAMthI, zilAlekhomAMthI ane mAnavasmRtimAMthI je kaMI prApta thayuM e badhuM ekatrita karyuM. Ama, reDavelanA matAnusAra kurAnamAM astavyasta rIte, asaMgaThita prakAre, susaMgata na hoya evI paNa mAhitI kaMDArAyelI che. islAmanA sthApaka mahamada emanI pAchaLa keI dharmagraMtha pite mUkatA gayA che e vAtane ahIMyAM inkAra thAya che. kha. ricArDa belane mata ravelanA matanI sAthe asaMmata thaI ricArDa bela eka ne mata pradarzita - glIsIsa opha varlDa rilijiyansa, joke, 1957, pA. 201-202

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IslAma dharma 215 kare che. emanA matAnusAra kurAna eka ja samaye prApta thayela graMtha kahI zakAya nahi. emAM traNa judA judA samaye oLakhavAnI jarUra che. e samaya-vibhAge teo nIce pramANe Ape che. zarUAtane samaya : A samayanA upadezomAMthI bahu ja theDA prApta che ane allAhanI prArthanAne mATe tema ja emanA svarUpane mATe vaparAyelA zabdo sivAyanI hakIkta prApta nathI. kurAna samaya : A samayamAM emanI makkAnI zarUAtanI pravRttio tema ja emanA madInAnA prathama be-traNa varSonA vasavATa daramyAna emaNe Apela allAha-darzananA khyAlane ahevAla kurAna tarIke prApta che. pustaka samaya: hijarI saMvata 2nI AsapAsa A samaya zarU thAya che ane A samayamAM allAhanA AdezanuM pustaka mahamada taiyAra kare che. 4 IslAmane vikAsa : mahamadanA jIvanakALa daramyAna islAmanI utpatti zI rIte thaI ane emanA jIvanakALa daramyAna islAmane vikAsa zI rIte thaye e ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. I. sa. 632mAM mahamadanA avasAna pachI IslAmano vikAsa kaI rIte thaze ene ApaNe ahIMyAM vicAra karIe. abubakara : mahamadanA prathama anuyAyIomAM emanA patnI khAdIjA, abubakara, emanA dattaka putra aMli tathA dine samAveza thato hato, e ApaNe upara joyuM. mahamadanA mRtyu pachI emanA dattaka putra ali nahi paraMtu abubakare islAmanuM netRtva lIdhuM. emaNe potAne mATe "khalIphane IlkAba dhAraNa karyo. khalIpha eTale anugAmI. abubakaranI vyavasthA-zakti advitIya hatI ane emanuM cAritrya sabaLa hatuM. mahamadanI siriyA para AkramaNa laI javAnI adhUrI rahelI murAda abubakare sau prathama hAtha dharI, ane tyAra pachI emaNe islAma dharmanA phelAvAne mATe apUrva zraddhAthI prayatna Adaryo, ane e phelAvAmAM baLane Azraya levAnuM paNa teo cUkyA nahi. islAmanA khalIpha tarIke be varSa rahI I. sa. 634mAM teo avasAna pAmyA.

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216 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana umara : abubakaranA avasAna pachI mahamadanA sALA umare emanuM sthAna lIdhuM. I. sa. 634 thI 643nA gALA daramyAna umara khalIpha rahyA tyAM sudhImAM emaNe siriyA, mesepeTemiyA, yukreTisanI khINa, bebilena, esIriyA, parsiyA ane ijipta para vijaya meLavyo. jyAM jyAM umaranAM daLI gayAM ane je je pradeza emaNe che, temaNe chatAyelI prajA samakSa kurAnane svIkAra ke laDAInI taiyArInA vikalpo ApyA. Ama chatAM jerUsalemane mATe jyAM sudhI teo nizcita kara Ape tyAM sudhI emanI kaI kanaDagata karavAmAM nahi Ave ema svIkAryuM. umara pachI : umaranA I. sa. 643mAM thayelA mRtyu pachI IslAmadharmamAM vikhavAda dAkhala thayo. mahamadanI vikhavAda viruddhanI AjJA ane Adeza emanA avasAna pachI agiyAra varSanA gALAmAM ja visarAyA. emaNe kahyuM hatuM 43 allAhanuM deraDuM tame badhA ekaThA thaIne barAbara pakaDI rAkhe. tame judA judA bhAgalA pADaze nahi. vaLI temaNe dharmamAM nizcala rahIne emAM kadIye bhAgalA na pADavAne Adeza ApyuM hatuM je ane Ama chatAM umaranA mRtyu pachI A vikhavAda ane bhAgalAnI prakriyA zarU thaI gaI. vadhAre khUbInI vAta to e hatI ke muslima dharmanA pracArane mATe je hiMsAne upadeza ApavAmAM Avyo hato ene ja amala khilAphatanuM sthAna prApta karavAne mATe jhaghaDatAM jue lIdho. umaranA avasAna pachI makkAnA othamAna nAmanA anuyAyIne emanA anugAmI tarIke sthApavAmAM AvyA. AthI mahamadanA dattaka putra ali nAkhuza thayA ane madInAnA muslima anuyAyIo emanI paDakhe rahyA. eMsI varasanA othamAna para I. sa. 656mAM madInAnA lokoe madInAnI zerImAM paththaramAro karyo, emanA ghara sudhI pAchaLa paDayA ane emanuM mRtyu nIpajAvyuM. A pachI ali khalIpha thayA. paraMtu je aMjAma othamAnane thaye e ja pAMca varSa pachI emane paNa thayo ane I. sa. 661mAM emanuM paNa khUna karavAmAM 43 reDavela, 3 : 98 44 eja, 4ra : 11

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IslAma dharma 217 AvyuM. tyAra pachI te islAma dharmanA lagabhaga sIttera jeTalA paMthe paDayA. e badhAne ullekha ApaNe ahIMyAM nahi karIe. Ama chatAM, emAMthI islAmanA IzvaravAdanA parivartananI thatI prakriyAno thoDe khyAla ApI IslAmanA mukhya paMtho aMge theDI vicAraNuM karIzuM. pa. islAmanA IzvaravAdanA pheraphAro : IslAmadharmane vikAsa aneka dezamAM thayo e ApaNe joyuM. umara pachInA samayamAM te islAmano phelAvo hiMdustAna, turkastAna, madhya eziyA, uttara AphrikA, spena vagere vividha dezomAM paNa thaye. jema jema IslAmane prAdezika vistAra thato gayo tema tema ene mATe keTalAka navA prazno paNa upasthita thatA rahyA. navA pradezanI sAthe IslAmanI mAnyatAone kaI rIte baMdhabesatI karavI e sarva praznomAM mahattavane prazna hatA. payagaMbare ApelA upadezamAMthI mULa ane mahattvanuM karyuM ane keTaluM che ane emAM uddabodhAyela evuM kahyuM ane keTaluM che ke jeno InkAra karI zakAya? Ama karavAne mATe kyA AdhAre prApta thaI zake? A aMge keTalAka saMbhavita vikalpa nIce mujaba che : eka, ijamA : - IjamA eTale dharmanA upadezakomAM sarvakALe ane sarva sthAne emanA abhiprAmAM ekavAkyatA hoya ene svIkAra kare. je kaI bAbata kurAnamAM ullekhAyelI na hoya paraMtu emanA upadezake e bAbatane ekamate kharI tarIke svIkAre to eno svIkAra karavo. bIju, suna : sunnAne artha thAya che rivAja. payagaMbaranA jIvananI aneka vigata kurAnamAMthI maLe che. paraMtu emanA jIvananI sarva Adatone kurAnamAM ullekha na hoya tevI bAbato paNa eka mukhathI bIje mukha AvatAM prApta thAya che. A vyaktio paNa dharmopadezaka hoya che. payagaMbaranAM kAryo ane emanA AcaraNa 'vize AvI vAto prApta thAya che, AvI vAtane "sunnAtarIke oLakhAya che. trIju, yiAsa : payagaMbaranA upadezamAMthI je te upadezamAM zuM rAkhavA jevuM che eno eka AdhAra "kiyAsa" che ane upadezamAMthI tAraNa kADhavAmAM Ave che ane te anumAna para tema ja tIvra tarkazakti para AdhArita hoya che temane paNa svIkAra

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218 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana thavo ghaTe. AvI rIte anumAna dvArA prApta thayela tAraNone "kyiAsa" tarIke oLakhAvAya che. cothuM, IjatIhAda : ijatIhAda eTale arthadhaTana. uparanA eka ke vadhAre AdhArane Azaro laI jemaNe islAma vize arthadhaTana karyuM evA vidvAne mAM nIcenAne samAveza thAya che. imAma abuhanIphA (I. sa. 699 thI 776) imAma mAlika (I. sa. 711 thI 793). ImAma asasArUI (I. sa. 776 thI 820 ) ImAma ahamadabIna halabala (I. sa. 780 thI 855) A imAmoe Apela vidyA athavA ilamamAM ekasarakhApaNuM nathI ane hAI paNa kevI rIte zake? teo mujAhida hatA ane emaNe dharmanI emanI daSTie tarkabaddha rajUAta karavAno prayAsa karyo. 6. IslAmanA mukhya patha : IlAmanA be pracalita mukhya paMthe sunnI ane zIyA tarIke oLakhAya che. zIyA : zIyA paMthIo mAne che ke mahamadanA vArasadAra emanA vaMzamAMthI ja hovAnuM joIe ane tethI temanI daSTie mahamada pachI khilAphata prApta karavAne sAce haka aline hate. Ama chatAM, abubakara, umara ane ethamAna, ali AgaLa khalIpha tarIke AvyA. temane sAcA khalIphAo tarIke ravIkArI zakAya nahi. ali. e ja sAcA khalIpha che. teo ane emanA vaMzavAraso ja khalIpha tarIke svIkArI zakAya. zIyAomAM paNa aneka peTA-paMthe che. tene AdhAra teo imAmanI saMkhyA keTalI ravIkAre che enA para che. dAudI vahorA, khajA, IsmAIlIo vagerene zIyA paMthamAM samAveza thAya che. sunnIH jeo khalIphAnI paraMparAmAM mAne che teo sunnI paMthI che. khilAphata vaMza paraMparAgata nahi paraMtu anuyAyIonA svIkArathI ja prApta thaI zake ema teo mAne che. abubakara pahelA khalIphA hatA ane 1918mAM kamAlapAzAe sunnI

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IslAmadharma 219 khilAphatano mRtyughaMTa vagADyo tyAM sudhI A paraMparA cAlu rahI che. musalamAnone bahu moTo samudAya sunnI paMthIo che. khilAphatanA aMta pachI imAmanA netRtva heThaLa sunIo emanI prArthanA kare che. A be paMthe uparAMta IslAmanA bIjA traNa paMthe vize sAmAnya mAhitI ApavI yogya raheze. khavArija : othamAnanuM mRtyu karavAmAM AvyuM te pachI aline pakSa cheDIne khavArije IrAnamAM svataMtra thayA. alinuM khUna paNa eka khavArije ja karyuM ema kahevAya che. A paMthanA anuyAyIo islAmanA jehAdanA vicArane prAdhAnya Ape che ane ene pitAnI prathama pharaja tarIke svIkAre che. khavArijanA paNa peTApa che. emAMne eka paMtha ema mAne che ke bhaviSyamAM IrAnamAMthI eka payagaMbara Avaze ane teo eka navo dharma sthApaze. A uparAMta, sUphImata ane bahAImananI anyatra vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che. 7. svarga ane narka : jagatane aMta Ave tyAre badhA mRtyu pAmelA pharI jIvatA thaze4pa ane allAha badhAne nyAya tolaze; e upadeza mahamade aneka veLA Ape che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emaNe eTale sudhI kahyuM che ke, "bhaviSyamAM eka evo divasa Avaze jyAre allAha pApI lekone zikSA karaze ane puNyazALI ne sAra phaLa Apaze."47 emaNe e paNa samajAvyuM che ke allAha para zraddhA rAkhanAra ane pavitra jIvana jIvanArane mATe ravargamAM sthAna nizcita che, ane tyAM, emane kevA prakAranA AnaMda prApta thaze ane khyAla A rIte maLe che. kharekhara, je mANaso pavitra che te bAga-bagIcAmAM paramezvare ApelA aneka jAtane AnaMda bhogavaze. tame je sArAM kAryo karyA che tenA badalAmAM khAo, pIo ane majhA karo ane palaMgamAM AnaMda karo. tamane vizALa nayanevALI suMdara strIo sAthe 45 roDavela, 50 : 41 46 eja, 74 : 8-10; 96 : 8 47 eja, 7 : 5-8; 21 : 48

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana paraNAvIzuM ane tamane gamatA phaLa ane mAMsa ApIzuM."48 svarganuM bIjuM citra ApatA kahevAyuM che : "AnaMdadAyaka bAgomAM ane senAnA palaMgamAM temanI AjubAju juvAna mANase paMcapAtro, kuMje ane madirAne vAle laIne pharaze. AthI emanuM mAthuM nahi duHkhe, temanI buddhi paNa tIvra thaze. temanAM karmonA badalAmAM temane rUcikara phaLe ane mAMsa ane motInA jevI tejasvI ane vizALa AMkhevALI strIo ApavAmAM Avaze."48 sArAM karmone mATe jema svargaprApti sUcavI che tema duSkRtya karanArane mATe naraka nizcita che ane e narakamAM emane vividha prakAranAM duHkha bhogavavA paDe che. tyAM saMpUrNa azAMti hoI emane koI jAtanI zAMti nahi maLe.50 te uparAMta narakanI bhayaMkaratAno khyAla ApatA kahevAyuM che : "kharekhara ! pApI mANasane mATe naraka che. tyAM te maraze paNa nahi ane jIvaze paNa nahi.51 tyAM maraNa nathI, e arthamAM ke tyAM duHkhane aMta nathI. tyAM jIvana nathI, e arthamAM ke tyAM koI sukha nathI. AvI bhayaMkaratAne khyAla ApatA kahevAyuM che: "kharekhara kharAba kAma karanArAo mATe agni taiyAra karyo che. ane A agni temanI AjubAju pharI vaLaze. je teo madada mATe bUma pADaze te temane garama kareluM pittaLanA jevuM pANI ApavAmAM Avaze, jethI temanA mukha sukAI jaze.para 8. devadUtanI mAnyatA narkanA AvA bhayabhIta khyAla sAthe islAmamAM devadUtanI eka AzAvaMta mAnyatA paNa rajU thaI che. duSkRtya karanAra mANasone kSamA ApavAne mATe A devadUte madada kare che ane allAhanI sAthe masalata calAve che.pa3 A dUtamAM jibareIlane mahAdUta tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyA chepa4 ane temane pavitra AtmA tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che5 48 sekreDa buksa oNpha dhI IsTa, 9 : 249 49 eja, 9 : 263 50 reDavela, 14 H 34 51 sekreDa buksa opha dhI isTa, 9 : 39 5ra eja, 9 : 17 53 roDavela, 40 : 7-9 42 : 3 54 eja, 2 H 91 55 eja, 2 : 81

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islAma dharma 22 jema devadUtanI mAnyatA karavAmAM AvI che ema jIna ane bhUtane paNa mAnavAmAM AvyA che. teo sArA paNa hoya ane kharAba paNa hoya.57 saMdarbha graMthasUci alI, amara : dhI spIrITa opha islAma, laMDana, 1967 alI, mahamada : IslAma, ghI rilijiyana opha hyumenITI, laMDana, 19 Ambe ToraH mahamada, ghI mena enDa hIjha pheItha, elana enDa anavina, laMDana, 1936 ArnolDa, TI. vI.: dhI prIcIMga opha IslAma, laMDana, 1913 ikabAla, ema. : dhI rikansTrakazana opha rilijiyasa thaTa ina islAma, lAhora, 1934 keza, Dabalyu. Dabalyu : dhI ekasapAzana opha islAma, laMDana, 1928 gIba, eca. e. Ara. : moDarna TrenDasa ina IslAma, laMDana, 1947 anebama, vena che. I Da yuniTI enDa verAITI ina muslima sivili jhezana, zikAgo, 1955 TrITona, e. esa. : islAma, haTacIzana enDa ku, laMDana, 1928 TITasa, mUre TI. : inDiyana islAma, laMDana, 1930 DonAlDasana, havAITa mATana : sTaDIjha ina muslima ethikasa, esa. pI. sI. ke, laMDana, 1953 nIkalasana, ronAlDa e. : dhI mIsTIzIjhama epha islAma, jI. ela enDa sansa, laMDana, 1914 -sTaDIjha ina islAmika mIsTIzIjhama, kembrija, 1931 blanTa, Dabalyu. esa. : dhI phayucara opha islAma, laMDana, 1885 mekaDonAlDa, DI. bI. dhI rilijiyasa eTiTayuDa enDa lAIpha ina islAma... zikAge yuni. presa, zikAgo, 1912 56 eja, 11 H 120 57 eja, 72 : 11

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222 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana megyusa, bI ina dhI muslima laI epha TuDe, nyUyorka, 1925 vilasana, esa. jI. meDarna muvamenTa emaMga muslImsa, nyUyorka, 1916 voTa, Dabalyu. monTagomarI : kI vIla enDa prIDesTInezana ina alI islAma laMDana, 1948 -islAma enDa inTIgrezana opha sAyaTI, laMDana 1961 -islAmika philesophI enDa thijI , eDinabarga, 1962 haraje, sI. esa. mahamadanIjhama, nyUyorka, 1916 ADAI, ela. dhI nyu varlDa opha IslAma, besTana, 1922

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2.8 zIkhadharma 1. sAmAnya : I. sa. pUrve chaThThI sadInuM dharmanA ItihAsamAM mahatva che tevuM I sanI paMdaramI sadInuM paNa mahattva che. A sadImAM yuropamAM ane hiMdustAnamAM eka prakAranI jAgRti AvI ane pitAnI bauddhika ane AdhyAtmika javAbadArIne eka spaSTa khyAla pravaryo. A sadInI AgaLa yuropamAM khristI dharmamAM ane hiMdustAnamAM hiMdudharmamAM tema ja hiMdustAnanA IslAmadharmamAM paNa keTalAMka dUSaNe pravezI cUkyAM hatAM. A e sadI che jyAre yuropamAM khristI dharmamAM mArTIna lyuthara ane kAvIne khaLabhaLATa macAvyo ane khristI dharmanA navA pathenI sthApanA thaI e ja samaya daramyAna hiMdustAnamAM paNa daMbha, mUrtipUjA ane purohitavAdanI sAme eka juvALa UThayo. A samayamAM hiMdustAnamAM rAmAnujAcArye prabodhela bhaktidharma ekatarapha vistAra pAmI rahyo hato, to bIjI bAjue zaivadharmano pracAra paNa eTalI ja varita gatie thaI rahyo hato. hiMdudharmanI sAthenA musalamAnadharmanA saMparkane cAra varSa thayA hatA. enI asara ekataraphe hiMdudharmamAM svIkArAyela ane kezvaravAdanI bhAvanA, je vakhatovakhata anekezvaravAdano o5 dharatI hatI, tene sabaLa preraNA maLI, te bIjItaraphe hiMdudharmanA saMparkane pariNAme musalamAnadharmanA jhanUnanA pUra osaravA mAMDayA.

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224 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAmAnujAcAryanI paraMparAne anusarIne rAmAnaMdI bhaktimArge anekezvaravAdane svIkAra karatAM bhajano AmajanatAmAM pracalita karyA, ane rAmAnaMda eka advitIya guru tarIke svIkArAyA. emanA ziSya kabIre ethI ye savizeSa ekezvaravAdanI bhAvanA. jhIlIne bhaktino strota AgaLa vadhAryo, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu islAmanA allAha ane hiMdunA brahmA alaga nathI evI brahmaekatvanI vAta paNa AgaLa dharI. ra. guru nAnaka AvI pazcAdabhUmAM guru nAnakane I. sa. 146tmAM janma thayo. teone janma lAhoranA eka hiMdu kSatriya kuTuMbamAM thayo. emanA upara kabIrapaMthanI tema ja muslima ekezvaravAdanI asara vipula pramANamAM hatI. emanuM bALapaNa sAmAnya mApadaMDathI joIe te kaMI savizeSa na hatuM. paraMtu bALapaNathI ja dharmabhAvanA prabaLa rIte khIlI hatI e spaSTa rIte mAlUma paDe che. emanI sAta varSanI uMmare emanA eka hiMduzikSaka ne emaNe kahyuM ke, "prabhune jANavA vedane abhyAsa karavA karatAM paramAtmAnI kRpA prApta karavI e ja vadhAre mahattvanuM bane che1. e ja pramANe jagatanA sAmAnya vyavahAra pratye emane khAsa AkarSaNa na hatuM. eka divasa snAna pachI jaMgalamAM emane prabhudarzana thayAM ane temane Izvarane sAkSAtkAra thayuM. Izvare temane amRtane vAle ApyuM ane kahyuM : "huM tArI sAthe ja chuM. meM tane sukhI banAvyuM che. ane je loko mAruM nAma japaze emane paNa huM sukhI karIza. tuM jA ane mArA nAmano japa kara ane bIjAone paNa tema karavA kahe. jagatanA pravAhamAM tuM taNAIza nahi tuM mArA nAmano japa karaje, dAna karaje. snAna, pUjA ane dhyAna dharaje. mAruM nAma Izvara che, parabrahma che ane tuM daivI guru che." nAnaka jyAre traNa divasa pachI jaMgalamAMthI ghera AvyA tyAre pitAnI pAse je hatuM te badhuM ja garIbone vahecI dIdhuM. AthI sAmAnya leka emane kaMI bhUta-prita vaLagyuM hoya ema mAnavA lAgyA. paraMtu nAnaka emanI rIte AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. pitAnA samaya upara spaSTapaNe vyaktavya ApatA emaNe kahyuM, 9 ekAulipha -dhI zAkha rilijyina, ITasa gurukSa, sekreDa rAITiMgsa eNnDa tharsa, graMtha 1, pA. 8 2 Trampa, graMthanuM bhASAMtara, pA. 33-35.

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zIkhadharma 225 A kaLiyuga eka capu jevo che. rAjAo ghAtakI che. jagatamAMthI nyAya adazya thayo che. asatyanI amAvasyAnI A rAtrie satyane caMdra kadIye Ugaze nahi. 3 A pachI nAnake bAhya vastra dhAraNamAM hiMdu ane muslima evAM vastro paridhAna karyA. eka divasa emaNe maunavrata karyuM ane tyAra pachInA bIjA divase emaNe zIkhadharmanA je kathanamAM zIkhadharmanA bIja rahelAM che e rahasyamaye mahAna satya uccAyuM : "kaI hiMdu nathI, tema kaI musalamAna paNa nathI." e pachI pitAne je jJAnaprApti thaI ene pracAra karavAne mATe nAnake aneka paryaTana karyA. teo silena ane makkA sudhI paNa gayA hatA ema neMdhAyuM che. emanI dharmapracAranI rIta saraLa hatI ane lekane sAcA dharmane khyAla ApavAne mATe teo baLane nahi paraMtu saneha ane samajaNano Azraya letA hatA. nAnake anya dharmo tarapha dAkhavela valaNa kevuM hatuMtene khyAla temaNe hiMduonI lAgaNI dubhAvI hatI tenA parathI AvI zake. emaNe jainone paNa upahAsa karyo. teo kahetA, "jaine pitAnA vALa kheMcI nAMkhe che, teo meluM pANI pIe che, teo bhakSA mAge che ane bIjAnuM ucchiSTa khAya che."6 paraMtu A bAbatano InkAra karatAM emaNe sakAca anubhavyo nathI. emaNe kahyuM ke, "huM pavitra nathI, huM satyavAdI nathI, huM vidvAna nathI. huM janmathI ja mUrkha chuM."7 e ja pramANe Trampa noMdhe che "satadivasa huM niMdA karuM chuM. huM nIca ane nirupayogI chuM. huM mArA paDozInA gharane lebha rAkhuM chuM. kAma ane krodharUpI. caMDALo mArA hRdayamAM vase che. he jagatanA sarjanahAra ! huM zikArInI jema rahuM chuM. huM sAdhuno veza dharI bIjAone jALamAM phasAvuM chuM. gArAonA dezamAM huM paNa eka ThagAre chuM. huM nimakaharAma chuM. tethI te mAre mATe je kaMI karyuM che tenI huM guNa mAnato nathI. huM duSTa ane apramANika chuM, tethI huM mAruM meM tane zI rIte batAvI zakuM ?" 3 Trampa-graMthanuM bhASAMtara, pA. 170 4 e ja, pA. 37 5 eja, pA. 47-49; 60-61; 135-136 6 eja, pA. 150-15ra. 7 hesTiMgsa enasAIklopeDeyA oNpha rilijiyana eNnDa Ithiksa, 9H 183 _8 Trampa, pA. 38 dhama 15

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dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. zIkhadharmane vikAsa : nAnakanA jIvanakALa daramyAna hiMduomAMthI tema ja musalamAnomAMthI emanA dharmamAM aneka anuyAyIo joDAyA hatA. guru nAnaka pite gRhathI hatA ane emane zrIcaMda ane lakSmIdAsa nAmanA be putro hatA. AmAMthI zrIcaMde saMnyastavata para bhAra mUkIne udAsIone nA paMtha sthApyo hato. ethI guru nAnakanA mRtyu pachI pitAnA sthAnanuM kArya emaNe lahIna nAmanA eka bhakta ziSyane soMpyuM. temaNe emane pitAnI gAdIe besADayA ane enuM nAma aMgade pADayuM. nAnakanA upadezamAM gurunuM mahAtmaya savizeSa che. guru vinA jJAna prApta thatuM nathI tema ja gurU vinA mokSa paNa meLavI zakAtuM nathI ema zIkhadharmo svIkAryuM che ane ethI ja nAnaka pite ja guru kahevAya che, eTaluM ja nahi emanA pachI badhA ja gAdIpatio gurupada pAmyAM che. guru nAnaka pachI zIkhadharmanA vikAsane samajavA mATe guru-paraMparAne ullekha anivArya che. ka, guru aMgade (I. sa. 1508 thI 1552) : aMgadene pitAnI dharmagAdIe nAnake pite ja besADyA hatA. emanAM be kAryo mahatvanAM che. eka te emaNe gurumukhI lipine AkhA paMjAbamAM vistArI ane ema karIne emaNe bhASAnI dRSTie paMjAba pradezanI viziSTa sevA karI. emanuM bIjuM mahattvanuM kArya te nAnakane paramAtmAtulya mAnavAne zIkhadharmamAM dAkhala karele siddhAMta.. guru nAnake pitAne mATe A bhAva kadIye ka nathI. ethI UlaTuM emaNe pitAnI maryAdAo ane pitAnI tucchatA aneka vakhata svIkArIne te vize kahyuM che e ApaNe upara noMdhyuM che. Ama chatAM gurubhakti dhArmika jIvanamAM kevI dhArmika mAnyatAo tarapha laI jAya che enuM A eka udAharaNa che. kha. guru amaradAsa (I.sa. 15para thI 1574) : guru amaradAsa svabhAva ane prakRtie zAMta ane narama hatA. dharma saMgaThana mATe emane utsAha advitIya hato. saMghazakti para emaNe satata bhAra mUko. zIkhadharmamAM yAne sthAna nathI, emAM mUrtipUjAne paNa sthAna nathI, mAtra gurunA 8 keTe henarI, hisTarI opha dhI zInsa, pA. 11

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zIkhadharma 227 vIkAranI vAta che, ane ethI zIkhadharma anuyAyIonuM saMgaThana thAya e mATenI vicAraNA karI, dharma anuyAyIomAM saMdhatva bhAvanA jAgRta karI, emane eka jUtha tarIke baLavAna banAvavAnuM kAma guru amaradAse karyuM. guru rAmadAsa (I. sa. 1574 thI 1581): guru rAmadAsa guru amaradAsanA jamAI thatA hatA. guru rAmadAsanuM mukhya kArya amRtasaramAM "haramaMdira" nAmanuM eka prakhyAta maMdira baMdhAvavAnuM rahyuM che. e maMdira bAMdhI emaNe zIkhone mATe pUjAnuM eka suMdara sthAna ApyuM. A jagyAne temaNe ja amRtasara nAma ApyuM ane Aje amRtasaranuM "suvarNa maMdira" zIkhone mATe tIrtha dhAma jevuM che. A zIkha maMdirane mATe monIara viliyamsa A pramANe kahe che. 10 "je ke maMdiramAM mUrtio nathI ane eka ja IzvaranA mAnamAM te maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM che, chatAM ema mAnavAmAM Ave che ke graMthasAhebamAM adazya paramAtmAnuM vyakta ravarUpa raheluM che. vastutaH graMthasAheba ja maMdiranI mUrti che ema dhArIne temanI pUjA karavAmAM Ave che. dararoja savAre graMthasAhebane jarInAM vastro paherAvI ratnajaDita chatrovALA eka nAnA siMhAsana para padharAvavAmAM Ave che. dararoja sAMje eka pavitra zayanAgAramAM suvarNanA palaMgamAM graMthasAhebane suvaDAvavAmAM Ave che. A zayanagRhamAM keI apavitra mANasa praveza nA karI zake eTalA mATe tenI AjubAju jokhaMDane kaThere rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. A prathA graMthasAhebane pavitra gaNavAnI bhAvanAmAMthI ane chatAMye mAnavanI Izvarane kaMIka mUrti svarUpa ApavAnI AMtarika bhAvanAmAMthI pracalita thaI hoya e saMbhavita che. zIkho mUrti pUjAmAM mAnatA nathI ema ApaNe upara joyuM. paraMtu graMthasAhebanI A rItanI mAvajatane svAmI dayAnaMda mUrti pUjA tarIke ja ghaTave che ane kahe che. 11 "zaMkhe joke mUrti pUjA karatA nathI chatAM paNa graMthasAhebanI pUjA mUrti pUjA karatAM paNa vadhAre che. zuM e mUrtipUjA nathI ? mUrtipUjA eTale koI bhautika padArthane vadana karavuM athavA tenI pUjA karavI. jemaNe mUrti pUjAne ame ghaNe pisa meLavyuM che evA mUrtipUjakonI mAphaka zIkhee paNa karyuM che. jema mUrtipUjaka pitAnI mUrtionA lokone jAheramAM darzana karAve che ane mUrtione 10 brAhmInijhama enaDa hinduIjhama - pA. 177 11 satyArtha prakAza, pA. 63

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228 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana nAme bheTa le che te ja pramANe nAnakanA anuyAyIo paNa graMthasAhebanI pUjA karavA de che ane tene aMge bheTa paNa le che." Ama, amRtasaranA haramaMdiranI sthApanAthI eka bAju zIkha saMgaThanane vega. maLe to bIjI bAju A prakAranI pUjAvidhi paNa temAM pravezo. guru rAmadAse zIkhadharmamAM bIje pheraphAra e karyo ke pitAnI pAchaLa temanI gAdIe temaNe pitAnA putrane ja besADyo ane ema karIne vaMzaparaMparAgata gAdI prApta karavAnI rasama dAkhala karI. gha. guru ane (I. sa. 1581 thI 166): trIja vibhAgamAM ApaNe e joIzuM ke maMdira ane dharmagraMtha dharmanAM saMgaThaka baLo che. guru rAmadAse AvuM eka baLa amRtasaranuM maMdira baMdhAvIne pUruM pADavuM. guru ajune e graMthasAhebanI racanA karAvIne evuM bIju baLa. pUruM pADyuM. guru ajunenuM sauthI mahattvanuM kArya "graMthasAheba"nI racanAnuM rahyuM che. eka dharmagraMtha aMge e vize ApaNe anyatra kahIzuM. pitAnI pahelA thaI gayelA. guruonAM lakhANo tema ja anya saMtanAM lakhANo ane emanAM pitAnAM paNa lakhANane emaNe graMthamAM saMgraha karAvyo. bIju, paraMparAgata sAdAIne tyAga karIne guru tarIke emaNe ati kiMmatI vastro paheravAnA zarU karyA. zIkhadharmanI pracAra vyavasthA nibhAvavA emaNe zIkho pAsethI eka prakArane kara ugharAvo zarU karyo. tha, guru haragoviMda (I. sa. 1606 thI 1638) : guru arjunanuM mRtyu dilhInA rAjAnI sAme laDatA thayuM. AthI haragoviMde zIkhadharmamAM ene anurUpa jarUrI kAryo karyA. eka, emaNe zIkhadharmanA netA tarIke talavAra dhAraNa karI. , bIja, zAMta ane dharmaparAyaNa zIkhene laDAI mATe yogya banAvI zakAya ane mogala rAjya zAsakone egya sAmano karI zake e mATe emaNe lazkara taiyAra karyuM. trIju, zIkha lekenA rakSaNa mATe emaNe lei baMdhAvyo *Na karI.

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zIkhadharma 229 A samayathI zIkhadharmanI karavaTa badalAya che. eka dhamapaMtha karatAM eka rAjyapaMtha tarapha e vadhu DhaLavA lAge che. gurU nAmanA mArgane badale zastramArga akhatyAra karate e thayo. satanAma ekAkAra anubhava karavAne badale sattA ekatrita karavAmAM e magna bane che ane ethI ja IzvaraprAptine badale rAjyaprApti tarapha e vadhAre haDaselAya che. A ja kAraNathI keTalAka lekhaka zIkhadharmane dharma tarIke na gaNAvatA rAjyapaMtha tarIke gaNave che. paraMtu emano Avo mata svIkArya nathI. te e mATe ke prathama te A dharmanuM Ayojana nAnakanA dhArmika anubhavamAMthI thayuM che, ane bIju e ke A dharma saMpUrNa ekezvaravAdI heI koIpaNa prakAranI rUDhi, vidhine svIkAra nathI. eka dharmabaLa tarIke Izvara anubhUtimAM enuM AgavuM sthAna nizcita che ja. che. guru hararAya (I. sa. 1638 thI 1660): mogala bAdazAhonI sAmenI guru arjunanA samayathI zarU thayelI laDAIne hajI aMta Avyo na hato. auraMgajhebanI sAmenI laDAI emaNe cAlu ja rAkhI paraMtu chevaTe emanI hAra thaI. ja guru harakizana (I. sa. 166 0 thI 1664): guru harakizane paNa auraMgajhebanI sAme pitAnI laDAI cAlu rAkhI. mogala rAjAo sAme laDAImAM pravRtta rahyA sivAya A be guruonA samayamAM zIkha dharmamAM kaMI mahattvanI pragati thayelI jANavAmAM nathI. 4. guru tegabahAdura (I. sa. 1664 thI 1675) : tegabahAdura pote khamIravaMtA sainika hatA. emaNe zIkhadharmane ghaNe sAro pracAra karyo. dakSiNamAM TheTha silena sudhI emaNe zIkhadharmane pracAra karyo. emanA -jIvanano ghaNo bhAga paNa emanI AgaLanA be dharmaguruonI jema musalamAne sAme laDavAmAM gaye. paraMtu emanA samaya daramyAna laDAImAM vijaya maLe ane ethI emane zIkhadharmanA pracArane mATe kArya karavAnI taka maLI. emanA keTalAMka lakhANane paNa guru graMthasAhebamAM samAveza karavAmAM Avela che. 2. guru goviMdasiMha (I. sa. 1675 thI 1708): zIone eka laDAyaka jUtha tarIke taiyAra karavAnuM kArya guru goviMdasiMhe paNa cAlu ja rAkhyuM. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emaNe pitAne mATe "guru" uparAMta

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230 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana siMhanuM upanAma cAlu karyuM. Ama, AdhyAtmika guru laDAyaka "siMha" paNa banyA. pratyeka zIkhane emaNe "siMha"nuM nAma dhAraNa karavAnuM sUcavyuM ane AvA siMhonA samUhanA lazkarane vyavasthita karavAne mATe emaNe eka khAlasAmaMDaLa UbhuM karyuM. A khAlasA-maMDaLamAM praveza meLavavAne mATe guru goviMdasiMhe eka prakArane vidhi dAkhala karyo. lokhaMDanA vAsaNamAM goLa mizrita mIThuM, sugaMdhI pANI rAkhavAmAM Ave, tene dhAravALI talavAra vatI halAvavAmAM Ave ane je koI puruSa khAlasA-maMDaLamAM dAkhala thAya teNe A pANI laIne pIvAnuM, ane pitAnA zarIra upara chAMTavAnuM. A pANIne amRta samAna gaNavAmAM AvatuM ane ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM ke amRtathI zuddhi thAya che ane yuddhamAM phateha maLe che. guru goviMdasiMhanA AvA priraNAdAyI netRtva heThaLa ane temanA khAlasAmaMDaLanA laDAyaka jUthanA khamIrane lIdhe teo baMgALa sudhI pitAne vAvaTo pharakAvI zakayA ane DhAkAne zIkhanuM mukhya dhAma banAvyuM. zIkhadharma anuyAyIone A rIte saMdhAnamAM goThavI emaNe zIkhadharmane prasAra karyo. paraMtu e uparAMta emaNe eka graMtha lakhAvya jene "dazamA gurune graMtha" tarIke oLakhAvAya che. guru nAnakane je pahelA guru gaNue te guru goviMdasiMha. dazamA guru thAya, ethI emaNe lakhelA graMthane "dazamA gurune graMtha" kahevAya che. emaNe e paNa jaNAvyuM ke emane A graMtha Adi graMthanA eTale ja pramANabhUta che. eka prazna e upasthita thAya ke guru goviMdasiMhane Avo ne graMtha racavAnI zI jarUriyAta uparita thaI ? AnA javAbamAM korTa taidhe che. "zIkho mULa graMtha vAMcavAthI ghaNA narama thaI gayA ema gurune jaNAyuM tethI temaNe jAte nizcaya karyo ke eka evo graMtha lakhe jenA vacanathI zIkho zuravIra bane ane yuddha karavAne mATe lAyaka bane. " eTaluM ja nahi gurue vadhumAM kahyuM: "mArA maraNa pachI tame badhA A graMthasAhebane tamArA guru tarIke mAnaje."13 I. sa. 1708mAM guru goviMdasiMha mRtyu pAmyA teo zIkha guru paraMparAnA chellA ja guru hatA. emanA maraNa pachI emaNe zekhane Apela Adeza anusAra 12 korTa, hisTarI opha dhI zInsa, pA. 43 13 eja, pA. 56

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zIkhadharma 232 zIkhadharma-anuyAyIo graMthasAhebane ja gurusthAne ravIkAre che ane guru pratye je Adara ane bhaktibhAvathI jue che ane varte che te ja rIte graMthasAheba pratye paNa Adara rAkhI vartAva kare che. 4. zIkhadharmane bodha : zIkhadharmane upara Alekhele vikAsa zIkhadharmanI nIcenI viziSTatAo chatI kare che. eka, vizvanA pravartamAna agiyAra dharmomAM aitihAsika dRSTie zIkha dharma chevaTane che. bIjuM, zIkhadharmane udbhava uttara bhAratamAM thaye ane e dharmane bhAratanA bIjA bhAgamAM prasAra thavA chatAM e dharma-anuyAyIone vizALa janasamudAya paMjAbamAM vase che. trIju, laDAyaka khamIravALI prajA tarIke-khAlasA jUtha tarIke rAjyasattA sthApI, prasArI ane badhI rAjyasattAnI jema samApta thaI cAra, anya dharmomAM je te dharmane astitvamAna rAye Azaro Apyo ke ravIkAryo, paraMtu ahIMyAM dhameM rAjya sthApyuM. zIkhadharmanI A viziSTatAo joIne sahaja rIte e prazna UThe ke zIkhadharmane dhArmika baMdha zuM che ? e samajavA mATe zIkhadharmamAM rajU thayelA keTalAka mahatvanA vicAronI ApaNe ahIMyAM rajUAta karIzuM. ke paramatattva : guru nAnaka bauddhika rIte ekezvaravAdane svIkAra karatA ane lAgaNInI rIte teo bhaktimaya hatA. AthI emanA mukhya Adezane keTalIka veLA bhaktimaya ata tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. guru nAnake ekezvaravAdane vicAra khUba daDhatAthI ane vAraMvAra rajU karyo che. prabhu eka che, te sRSTi sarjaka che ane te ja satya che e rajU karatAM emaNe kahyuM: "paramAtmA eka ja che, te satya che, jagatartA che, te bhaya ane dveSathI rahita che; te amara, ajanma, ane svayaMbhU che. te mahAna che ane udAra paNa che.

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232 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana taddana zarUAtamAM A ja eka satya paramata hatuM, Aje paNa A ja satya paramatattva che ane bhaviSyamAM paNa e ja satya paramatattva raheze.14 vaLI paramatattvane eka ja padArtha tarIke svIkArIne te vize kahevAyuM cheH mAre kone bIje padArtha kahe ? bIje kaI padArtha che ja nahi. badhAmAM te zuddha paramatava ja raheluM che."15 paramatatva saMkhyA dRSTie eka hevA chatAM tene aneka nAme ullekha karI zakAya ema che, e ApaNe AgaLa rajU karelA dharmomAM ane khAsa karIne islAmadharma ane hiMdudharmamAM joyuM. hiMdudharma ane islAma dharmamAM vaparAyelA keTalAMka nAmena paramatattvanA nAma tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che ane paramatatvane mATe bIjAM keTalAMka navAM nAma paNa umeravAmAM AvyAM che. "allAha" ane "khudA" jevA IslAmamAM paramatatvane mATe vaparAtAM nAma tathA "brahma', "parabrahma', paramezvara', "hari', "rAma" vagere jevAM hiMdudharmamAM paramatattvane mATe vaparAtAM nAmone nAnake zIkhadharmamAM upayoga karyo che. A uparAMta guru nAnake paramatatvane saMbaMdhavA mATe "guru" zabdane paNa upayoga karyo che. vaLI, paramatattvane mATe satanAma" athavA "satyanAma" zabda paNa vAparavAmAM Ave che. hiMdudharmamAM rajU thayele e vicAra ApaNe je ke kharekharI rIte satya eka ja hovA chatAM loko tene aneka nAmothI varNave che. A ja bAbata zIkhadharmamAM paNa kahevAya che. "he prabhu! tuM eka ja che, paNa tArA rUpa aneka che " zIkha prArthanAmAM satanAmanA raTaNa para bhAra mUkvAmAM Ave che. tenuM kAraNa je nAma bhUlI jAya che te khoTe raste caDhI jAya che. satanAma vinA mANasane uddhAra zI rIte thaI zake ?" 17 satanAmano japa e te mokSa meLavavAnI cAvI che ema kahetA guru nAnaka kahe che : "nAma e devone deva che. gurunA ziSya (zIkho) satanAmanI pUjA kare che ane ema karI mokSaprAptimAM je kaMI avarodho hoya tene dUra kare che."18 bhaktone mATe Izvarane ananya prema darzAvatA jema bhagavagItAmAM kahevAyuM che ke jyAM jyAM bhakto mAruM gAna gAya che tyAM tyAM huM pratyakSa chuM; 14 ekAulipha graMtha 1, pA. 35, 195 15 Trampa, pA. 98 16 Trampa, pA. 504 17 eja, pA. 589 18 eja, pA. 138

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zIkhadharma 233 evuM ja kathana nAnake paNa karyuM che: "huM nAmamAM rahuM chuM ane nAma mArA hadayamAM rahe che."18 A uparathI e joI zakAze ke paramatatvanA ekarUpa mATe guru nAnakane ke ane keTale Agraha hato. ApaNe vadhumAM e paNa joI zakIe chIe ke prabhu prAptine mATe emaNe prabodhela mArga hiMdu ane islAma dharmo prabodhelA mArgo karatAM sAva saraLa mArga che. e mArga "nAma-japane che. satyanAmanuM raTaNa karatAM karatAM satya nAmarUpa banI emAM ekalIna thaI javAya che ema sUcavanAra nAnakanA bodhane vAjabI rIte ja bhaktimaya ata tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. guru nAnakane mahattvapUrNa upadeza eka ja paramatatvane che. mAtra ekezvaravAdanA vIkArane kAraNe nahi paraMtu enA ravIkArathI, emanA samayanA pracalita vividha dharmomAM pravartela dUSaNo paNa A eka tattvanA svIkArathI dUra thaI jAya e mate paNa enuM mahatva che. musalamAnadharmamAM musalamAnone khudAnA baMdA gaNIne birAdarInI vAta rajU karavAmAM AvI. hibradharmamAM paNa IjharAIle prabhunA pyArA che ane IzvaranI viziSTa rahema najara emanA para che evuM sUcavAyuM. paraMtu zIkhadharme eka ja IzvaranA svIkAranI sAthe mAnavajAtanA sarva bhedono paNa asvIkArya karyo ane sRSTinA eka IzvaranI jema sRSTinI mAnavajAta paNa eka ja che evuM tAtparya ApyuM. je Izvara eka ja hoya, ane emane bhale aneka nAmoe saMbedhavAmAM Ave, teye, e eka bhASA-vyApAra ja che, ane IzvaranA ravarUpane ethI pUrNa khyAla AvatuM nathI. pratyeka nAma dITha eka mUrti banI zake e rIte "sata " nAmanAM anya vividha nAmone artha ghaTAvavAno nathI. A dRSTie nAnakanA upadezamAM rUpapUjA, mUrtipUjAno abhAva che. (jo ke pAchaLathI graMthapUjA dAkhala thaI che.) Izvara je eka hoya to te dehadhArI banIne eka nirguNa svarUpe ane bIjA saguNa svarUpe kaI rIte banI zake? AthI ja nAnaka nirguNa brahma ane satanAmane eka lekhe che ane e rIte nAnakanI parabrahmanI bhAvanA avatAra - vicArane ravIkAra karavA de ema nathI. (Ama chatAM nAnakanA avasAna pachI emanA keTalAka anuyAyIoe emane IzvarasthAne sthApavAno prayAsa karyo che e ApaNe anyatra noMdhyuM che.) 19 eja, pA. 77

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ra34 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana parama brahmanA nAnake ApelA upadezamAMthI mAnavavyavahAra ane vidhi vizenA keTalAMka sUcane paNa niSpanna thAya che. AmAM koIpaNa sthAnane IzvaranA ekamAtra sthAna tarIke svIkAravAne abhAva spaSTa thAya che. Izvara eka ja heI, e sarvavyApta che ane sarva sthaLa enuM ja che. ethI koI sthaLane IzvarI sthAna tarIke viziSTa darajajo ApavAnI jarUra nathI. A arthamAM nAnaka maMdira sthApanAnI ke tIrthasthApanAnI viruddha hatA. (Ama chatAM nAnakanA mRtyu pachI emanA dharmamAM prArthanAsthAna ane tIrthasthAna thayA che e ApaNe anyatra noMdhyuM che.) parama satya eka ja hevAne lIdhe enI prAptine mATe koI sthaLe javAnI ke viziSTa prakAranA bAhyAcAra karavAnI vyavasthAne paNa nAnake inkAra karyo. dharmajIvananA eka Adarza tarIke nAnake pitAnA ja jIvanane namUne peza karyo, khorAka, paheraveza. vagerene bAhyAcAra mahattvanuM nathI. vivAhIta jIvana IzvaraprAptimAM baMdhanarUpa nathI. sAcA gurU vinA anya koI paMDita ke purohita mokSaprAptimAM sahAyaka thaI zake ema nathI e vAta emaNe emanA upadezamAM kahI ane pitAnA jIvanamAM. pratyakSa karI. eka mahAna upadezamAMthI zuM zuM niSpanna thAya che, tema ja eka ja AdezamAMthI niSpanna thatAM satya kALakrame kevI rIte badalAya che, ane chatAMya e badhAMmAM ja mULa satyane svIkAra thayeluM ja rahe che, ema kaI rIte manAya che te ApaNe uparanI rajUAtathI samajI zakIzuM. kha. jagatavicAra : zIkhadharmamAM ane khAsa karIne nAnakanA bodhamAM jagatane kSaNika tarIke kSaNika che. prabhu vinA bIjuM badhuM ja mithyA che. 20 hiMdudharmanI jagatanI kSaNikatA ane mithyAtvane ahIMyAM svIkAra thayela che. paraMtu zIkhadharmanA vikAsanI sAthe jagatane kSaNika tarIke svIkArI zakAya ke kema e eka vicAraNane prazna che. hiMdudharmamAM jagatane kSaNika tema ja brAMtimaya AlekhavAmAM Avela che. bauddhadharmo ane anitya tarIke oLakhAvela che. A baMne vicArane nAnake svIkAra karyo lAge che. "A jagatane badho vyavahAra kSaNika che. A jagata bhrAMti che."21 20 drazya, pA. 642 21 eja, pA. 128-129

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zIkhadharma ga, jIvavicAra : guru nAnake pitAne vizenA karelA ullekha ApaNe AgaLa joyA che. emanA jevA paNa je tuccha, nirAdhAra ane parAdhIna hoya te sAmAnya mANasanI te vAta ja zI rIte karavI ? mANasanA svarUpa vize khyAla ApatA kahevAyuM che: nAnaka Izvarano sevaka che ane Izvara ja paramatattva che."22 mANasanA duHkhanA kAraNanuM vizleSaNa karatAM ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke "jyAM sudhI mANasa ema dhAre che ke huM badhuM karuM chuM tyAM sudhI tene koIpaNa jAtanuM sukha maLatuM nathI."23 mAnavI mAtra nimitta che ane IzvaraAjJA ja sarvasva che ema jaNAvatAM kahevAyuM che : "IzvaranI AjJAthI badhA utpanna thayA. tenI ja AjJAthI badhA pitAnuM kAma kare che. IzvaranI AjJAthI ja manuSyanuM mRtyu thAya che. tenI ja AjJAthI manuSya satanAmamAM lIna thAya che. IzvaranI icchA haze e pramANe ja badhuM thaze. tenA prANIo pAse jarAye sattA nathI. 24 gha, kSavicAra : manuSyanuM pitAnuM koI svataMtra astitva nathI tema ja pite izvarAdhIna che ane A jagata paNa kSaNika mithA che ema jaNAvyA pachI prazna e upasthita thAya ke mAnavajIvananuM astitva zA mATe ? mAnavajIvananuM dhyeya zuM? A praznanA uttaramAM hiMdudharmanI jema zIkhadharma paNa IzvaranuM jJAna prApta karavuM tathA tenI sAthe ekAkAra sAdha, ene mekSa tarIke svIkAre che. paraMtu A ekAkAranI prApti svaprayatna thAya che evuM nathI. "kevaLa zabdathI ja IzvaranuM jJAna maLatuM nathI. IzvaranI kRpAthI ja mANasane te jJAna maLe che. jyAre dayALu paramAtmA dayA kare che tyAre ja sAcA guru maLI Ave che."25 Ama, mokSanI prAptine mATe satanAma japa uparAMta bIjI be bAbato upara, paNa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. eka te IzvaranI kRpA ane bIju, gurunI deravaNuM. gurunuM zaraNa svIkAryA vinA enI doravaNa kema maLe? ane IzvaranA AdezanuM pAlana karyA vinA emanI kRpA kyAMthI prApta karI zakAya ? 22 eja, pA. 644 23 eja, pA. 400 24 eja, pA. 78 25 eja, pA. 638

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236 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana gurunA mArgadarzana vinA koI siddhi prApta thatI nathI, tema ja gurujJAna vinA IzvaraprApti zakaya nathI. e vize kahevAyuM che: "sAcA guru vinA tane mAga jaDavAne nathI"26 ane " game eTale zAstrArtha karavAmAM Ave te keIe guru vinA ivarane meLavyuM nathI."27 tha. vidhi-vyavahAra : zIkha dharmamAM yajJanuM koI sthAna nathI. e dharmamAM mUrti paNa svIkAravAmAM AvatI nathI ane ethI mUrtipUjA paNa emAM nathI. emAM keTalIka saraLa vidhi ane vyavahAra rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. IzvaranA nAmanuM dhyAna karavuM ane satanAmano japa karavo e dharma anuyAyIonuM mukhya kartavya che. AvI keTalIka sUcanAo nIce pramANe che : "nAma japa kare. nAmanuM zravaNa kare, nAmane ja vyavahAra kare."28 "pavitra nAma ja mAre AdhAra che."28 "eka paramAtmAnA nAmane japa karavo, e eka ja badhAnuM mukhya kartavya che"30 "he bhAI paramatattvanuM dhyAna dharavuM e eka ja dhArmika vidhi che."31 Ama chatAM, nAnakanA keTalAka anuyAyIoe nAnakane paramasatya rUpa svIkArI enI pUjA karavA mAMDI. nAnakane teoe AdarabhAvathI "nAnaka zAha" kahevA mAMDayuM. leke temane Izvara tarIke mAnatA thayA ane emane ja vinaMtI karavA lAgyA ke teo emane mekSa ane kSamA Ape.32 5. dhamapaMtha : saMkhyAbaLanI dRSTie nA hovA chatAM zIkhadharmamAM eka keDI karatAM vadhAre paMthe che. paMthano AdhAra ghaNI bhullaka bAbato para rahe che. paheravAnAM vastrone 26 eja, pA. 646 27 eja, 5. 589 28 eja, tA. 587 29 eja, pA. 577 30 eja, pA. 234 31 eja, pA. 335 332 makAulipha - graMtha 1, pA. 51

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zIkhadharma 237e raMga gheLo rAkhavo joIe ke bhUre ke bhagave; vastranI laMbAI keTalI rAkhavI joIe, keza rAkhavA joIe ke enuM muMDana karAvI zakAya, evA judA judA. matabhedo para AvA paMthe paDyA che. Ama chatAM, zIkhadharmamAM keTalAka mahattvanA paMthane ahIM ullekha karIe. 1. nivRttiparAyaNa jeo nAnakanA upadezamAM mAne che ane jeo mAtra emanA ja mArgane. anusaravAne mATe taiyAra che evA guru nAnakanA surata anuyAyIo A paMthamAM, samAviSTa che. 2, pravRttiparAyaNa je anuyAyIo guru goviMdasiMhanA upadezamAM mAne che ane temane guru tarIke svIkArI temanA ja anuyAyIo thavAnuM pasaMda kare che, teo khAlasA-maMDaLanA sabhyo bane che ane teo pravRttiparAyaNapaMthI tarIke oLakhAya che. A uparAMta bIjA paNa keTalAka zIkhapaMthe che - jevA ke, udAsI - jagata para vairAgyabhAva rAkhanArA. suSe - pavitra sAdhuo tarIke bhekha lenAra. dIvAne - pAgala sAdhuonuM jUtha. nirmala- AjIvana brahmacArInuM vrata svIkAranAra. akAlI - anaMta sattAne pUjanAra nitya padArtha kAlAtIta che ema daDhapaNe mAnanArAonuM jUtha. saMdarbha graMthasUci kanaMgahAma, je. DI. : hisTarI opha zInsa, jona mUre, laMDana, 1849 khasanasIMga : hisTarI enDa philosophI opha zIkha rilijyina, lAhora, 1914 grInalIjha, DaMkana : dhI gospela opha dhI guru graMthasAheba, dhI thiyosophikala pabliziMga hAusa, madrAsa, 1952 TrampaH graMthanuM bhASAMtara ekAulIpha. ema. e. : ghI zIkha rilijiyana, iTasa gurUsa, sekreDa rAI Tilsa enDa etharsa, okSapharDa, 1909, 1919 - lAIpha opha gurU nAnaka sIMga, tenI : esejha Ina zIkhIjhama, zIkha yuni. presa, lahera, 1944

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2.9 zioNdharma 1. sAmAnya : pitAnA utpatti pradeza pUratA ja maryAdita rahelA dharmomAM hiMdudharma ane jainadharmanI sAthe zidharmane paNa samAveza karI zakAya. A dharma jApAnane dharma che. I. sa. pUrve 66 mAM A dharmanA maMDANa thayAM ema kahevAya che. jagatanA mAtra be ja evA dharmo che jene koI sthApaka nathI. AmAM eka hiMdudharma ane bIje zidharma che. zidharmanA graMthone AdhAre ema kahI zakAya ke Izvare jApAnanA beTane prathama utpanna karyo, ane pachI svargamAMnA sUryadevatAne sAkSAta avatAra mikADo tyAM pratyakSa thayA. nihAnagImAM kahevAyuM che : "mArA pratApI pautra, tuM tyAM jA ane tenA para rAjya kara. jA ane tAra vaMza sukhI thaze ane AkAza ane pRthvInI jema te sadAkALa jIvaMta raheze." jApAnanI prajAmAM e bhAvanA daDha thayelI che ke temane deza ane temane dharma Izvara bakSela che. emanI A mAnyatA ane bhAvanA zidharmanA vikAsanI pratyeka paLe avalokI zakAya che. 1 esTana, Dabalyu jI : TrAnsekazansa enDa prosiDIMgsa oNpha dhI jApAna sosAyaTI - laMDana, 1896, graMtha 1, pA. 77

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zioNdharma 239 ra. zioNdharmane vikAsa : prathama yuga (I.sa. pU. 600 thI I. sa. 1para) : - I. sa. pUrve 600mAM prathama miTADanuM jApAnanA TApu para avataraNa thayuM. te samayathI jApAnamAM zidharmanI zarUAta thaI ane I. sa. 15ramAM bauddhadharma jApAnamAM pravese tyAM sudhI A samagra samaya jApAnamAM zidharmanI sarvoparitAno che. bIjo yuga (I. sa. 5para thI 800) : bauddhadharma hiMdustAnamAMthI cInane mArge thaI kanphayuziyasa ane tAo dharmanI sAthe A gALAmAM jApAnamAM praveza pAme. zino dharmanI AgalA samaya gALAnI sarvoparitAne lIdhe svAbhAvika rIte ja zidhama majabUta hate. zintadharmanA nihona gI nAmanA pustakamAM bauddhadharmanI zarUAtamAM kevI paristhiti hatI ene savistAra khyAla ApavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM eka sthaLe kahevAyuM che. "I. sa. 645mAM ketuka nAmanA rAjAe bauddhadharmane mAna ApyuM ane devAnA mArgone tiraskAra karyo." AthI e samajAya che ke zarUAtanAM savA varSa sudhI bauddhadharmane jApAnamAM sthira thavAnI taka sAMpaDI na hatI. paraMtu zitadharmanI sAthe ja bauddhadharmanA sahaastitvane pariNAme eka dharmanI bIjA dharma para sahaja rIte ja asara thaI trIjo yuga (I. sa. 800 thI 1700 ) : - bauddhadharmane eka pUjArI dezI (i. sa. 774-885 ) eka evA dharmane upadeza karate hatuM, jene mizra zine athavA te riAbu tarIke oLakhAvAya che. enA upadeza anusAra bauddhadharmanA devo ja zitadharmamAM deva tarIke svIkArAyA che. e ja pramANe keTalAka vicAra paNa mAnatA hatA ke zidharma, bauddhadharma ane kanphayuziyasadharmane ekatrita karI emAMthI ja eka navo dharma banAvI zakAya ema che. A samaya gALAmAM zito dharmane bauddhadharma, kaphyuziyasadharma tema ja tAo dharmanI sAthe saMgharSamAM rahevuM paDayuM. AnA pariNAme i. sa. 1465 thI 2 nihAna gI 2: 195; (hayuma, 146-169) 3 biMkale, hisTarI opha dhI jApAnIjha pIpala, pA. 442

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240 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1867 sudhI zidharmane meTAmAM meTe abhiSeka "oha nIhe " paNa baMdha rAkha paDyo." cotho yuga (I. sa. 1700 thI 1868) : jApAnamAM uparanA mizra dharmayuga daramyAna sUrya ravarUpa mikADonI sthiti ghaNI viparIta banI. AthI mikADone IzvarasvarUpe svIkAranArA jApAnanA vidvata varga zidharmane punaHjIvita karavAne ane emAM prANa pUravAno prayAsa karyo. A dizAmAM thayelA prayane mAM nIcenA vicArono mahattvano phALo che. kada (I. sa. 16 69 - 1736 ) : kade jApAnanI bhASAne abhyAsa zarU karyo ane jApAnanI jUnI bhASA para, prabhutva meLavI emaNe jApAnanA jUnA graMthane navuM svarUpa ApyuM. paraMtu, emanuM hAtha dhareluM kArya emanA ziSya mabucIe (I. sa. 1697- 1769) AgaLa vadhAyuM. macIe je AdhAra lIdhe teno ullekha esTana A pramANe kare che. "prAcIna samayamAM jyAre manuSyanI vRtti saraLa hatI tyAre nItinA aTapaTA niyamonI AvazyakatA na hatI. tethI te samaye sAruM athavA khoTuM e batAvanArA siddhAMtanI jarUra na hatI. paNa cInanA loko pAse ghaNo sAre upadeza mUkavAmAM Avyo hato. chatAM paNa temanA hRdaya kharAba hovAthI mAtra bahArathI te sArA dekhAtA hatA. jApAnIo saraLa hatA ane tethI nItinA siddhAMte vinA temane cAlatuM." Ama kada ane mabucIe maLIne jApAnane mATe tathA jApAnanA loko mATe zuM mahattvanuM che ane jarUrI che tenA samarthanamAM jApAnanI prajA ane enI. paDezI prajA vizene khyAla rapaSTa karyo. masUrI (I. sa. 1720 - 1801) : jApAnanA zidharmane navajIvana ApavAnA prayAsamAM maMtrIne phALo judA prakArane rahyo che. emaNe jApAnanA dharmagraMtha ka-jI-kI upara TIkA lakhI che ane e 45 bhAgomAM prasiddha thaI che. zidharmane punaHjIvita karavAne mATe temaNe je mArga grahaNa karyo temAM bahAranA dezomAMthI je dharmo jApAnamAM AvyA temanI ektarake TIkA karavA. 4 esTana graMtha 1, pA364, 277 va eja, graMtha 3, pA. 16

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zidharma 241 ane chatAMya emAMnA je sArAM to che teno jApAnanA zidharmanAM to sAthe samanvaya karavAno prayatna rahyo che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu mikADe vaMzanA vatvanA aMzane paNa emaNe punaH sthApita karyo. A rIte cIna ane hiMdustAna jevA deza upara emaNe TIkA karI ane e deza upara sUryadevInI kRpA na hovAne pariNAme tyAMnA rAjyakartAo kAyama nathI tema ja e pradezamAM bhUta, preta vagere aniSTa tane AgaLa vadhavAnI taka maLe che ane teo mAnavajAtine bhaSTa kare che ema sUcavyuM. Ama karIne maMtrIe potAnA pradezanI asmitA vadhArI ane hiMdustAna ane cInathI AvelA leka ane dharmonI pratiSThA ghaTADI. A uparAMta emaNe jApAnanA kamI-ne-mIcI dharmane lAotrenA tApama sAthe samarUpa gaNIne e dharmanA mULa jApAnamAMthI ukheDavAno prayAsa karyo. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emaNe mikADe vaMzanI punaH pratiSThA sthApavAnuM kahyuM. "mikADe vaMza sadA sarvadA avicchinna rIte cAlyo rahyo che, te spaSTa kare che ke kamI--macI, nAmane mArga athavA zito dharma bIjA badhA dezonA dharmo karatAM aneka rIte caDhiyAta che." zidharmanA samagra itihAsamAM maMtrInuM sthAna mahatvanuM che. jApAnanA zito dharmanA utthAnane mATe emaNe jApAnanA dharmanI devabhAvanAnI aTapaTI muzkelI kevI rIte dUra karI ene khyAla zintadharmanI devabhAvanAnI vicAraNAmAMthI ApaNane maLaze. hirata (i. sa. 1776 - 1843) : hirane aneka graMtha lakhyA ane ema karIne zidhamanI lekabhogya samajUtI ApavAne emaNe prayAsa karyo. A dharmane samajAvavA mATe emaNe kahyuM : "be mukhya siddhAMta A cheeka te jApAna devone deza che ane bIje jApAnavAsIo devonA vaMzajo che. jApAnIo ane jagatanI bIjI badhI prajAo jevI ke cInAo, hiMduo, 6 esTana, graMtha 3, 5. 25 7 eja, graMtha 3, pA. 27 8 eja, graMtha 3, 5. 46 dharma 16

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242 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana raziyana, vilandA, siyAmIo, beDiyane - vacce mAtra pramANane ja nahi paraMtu jAtine bheda paNa che." A jAtibhedanI kalpanA para samasta prajAne zI rIte jAgrata karI zakAya ane saMgaThita karI zakAya enuM jagatanA itihAsamAM nirlsa ane hiTalare Arya prajAnA prabodhelA khyAla ane prayAsa parathI anubhavAyela che. jApAnI prajA devI prajA che e khyAla jAgrata karIne hirate prajAne pite zreSTha che ema zIkhavyuM. AnA ja pUraka vicAra tarIke emaNe kahyuM, "jApAnI leka devonA vaMzajo che ane tethI hiMmata ane buddhimAM teo bIjA dezanI prajAo karatAM aneka rIte caDhatAM che. "8 emanuM caDhiyAtApaNuM mAtra devI vaMzaparaMparAne kAraNe ja nahi, paraMtu temanA hRdayanI pavitratAne paNa AbhArI che ema jaNAvatA emaNe kahyuM : jApAnIo prAmANika ane hRdayanA pavitra hoya che, ane anya prajAonI jema teo nathI te arthahIna siddhAMta ApatA tema ja nathI te jUThuM belatA.10 A uparAMta mikaDAnuM sthAna punaH sthApita karavAne mATe jema motUrIe prayatna karyo ema ja hirate paNa karyo ane emaNe kahyuM : "mikADo e sAce ja devane putra che ane cAreya samudro tema ja daza hajAra dezo upara rAjaya karavAno ene adhikAra che."11 AthI ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke A samaya daramyAna jApAnanA vidvAnoe jApAnanI prajAmAM eka ne prANa pUravAno prayAsa Adaryo. zidharmane prasthApita karavAne tema ja mikADonuM sthAna punaH prApta thAya e mATenA prayatna karyA ane A sarvane pariNAme I. sa. 1868mAM A dharmanI punaH sthApanA thaI. ApaNe eTaluM noMdhavuM joIe ke A gALA daramyAna zidharmanA traNa dharmapathe astitvamAM AvyA. kuranUmikyo, kenako ane TenarIko. A dharmapathane vicAra have pachI hAtha dharIzuM. pAMcame yuga (I. sa. 1868 - 1945) : I. sa. 1868mAM mikAonI punaH sthApanA thaI. mijI yugamAM ene pharIthI zuddha svarUpa ApavAno prayAsa thayo. paraMtu have pachInA pheraphAro jhaDapathI thatA rahyA. 9 eja, graMtha 3, pA. 54 10 eja, graMtha 3, pA. 58 11 eja, graMtha 3, pA. para

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zinorma 243 I. sa. 1871-72mAM e hukama rAjya taraphathI nIkaLe ke dezanA tamAma zine maMdiromAM 30mI jUne tathA 31mI Disembare zuddhikaraNane mATe saMskAra vidhisara kare. I. sa. 1889mAM jApAnanuM rAjakIya baMdhAraNa svIkAravAmAM AvyuM ane temAM paNa zidharma vizenI spaSTatA thaI emAM ema kahevAmAM AvyuM ke anAdikALathI jemane vaMza avicchinna cAlyuM che te rAjAo jApAnamAM rAjya karaze. paraMtu enI sAthe ema paNa kahevAyuM ke rAjA e pavitra che ane tethI temanI AjJAnuM ullaMghana karavuM joIe nahi. eka taraphe zito dharmane punarUtthAna mATenA AvA prayAsa cAlatA hatA ane buddhadharmanA inkArane mATe tema ja pUjArIonA tiraskArane mATe satata prayAsa cAlato hato tyAre 189ne arasAmAM hiMsA phATI nIkaLI ane jApAnamAM bauddhadharma vadhu sajIva banavA mAMDayo. I. sa. 1890nA okaTobaramAM keLavaNInA viSayane lagate rAjya taraphane eka phatavo bahAra paDyo ane emAM kahevAmAM AvyuM : "mArA prajAjane ! tame A sAMbhaLo. AkAza ane pRthvInA jeTalI jUnI ane traNeya kALamAM nizcita evI A ApaNI rAjyagAdInI samRddhi sAcave ane cAlu rAkho."12 vadhatI jatI hiMsA ane prasaratA jatA bauddhadharmanI asara kevI thaI haze ene A phatavAmAMthI kaMIka khyAla AvI zake che. I. sa. 1900 ane 1913mAM maMdiranA kAyadA pasAra karavAmAM AvyA ane te anusAra rAjya zintonA dhamamaMdirone dharmanA khAtAmAMthI kADhIne rAjyanA gRhakhAtAmAM mUkavAmAM AvyA.13 Ama, I. sa. 1913 pachI zine rAjyadharmane alaga pADIne bAkInA dharmo jemAM bauddhadharma, khristI dharma vagereno samAveza thAya che temane svataMtra rIte dhArmika prakRtti tarIke vikasavAne mATenI taka ApavAmAM AvI. paraMtu tenI sAthe e paNa spaSTa karavAmAM AvyuM ke e dharmapaMthe rAjakAraNamAM Dakhala kare nahi tema ja rAjyazanI thatI vidhio sAme koI virodha ke Dakhala na kare. I. sa. 1922 : uparanI chUTachATone pariNAme prajAkIya sattA ghaNI vadhI ane ene pariNAme keTalIka rAjaAjJAonuM saMpUrNapaNe pAlana thatuM hatuM, te have thayuM nahi. dAkhalA 1ra Ara. I. dhuma-dhI lIvIMga rilijiyansa opha dhI varlDa', pA. 125 13 helTana, DI. sI. - dhI piliTikala philosophI opha dhI moDarna zino, e sTaDI oNpha dhI sTeTa rilijiyana opha jApAna, 5. 95-96

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244 dhamanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana tarIke, saikAothI jApAnamAM evo hukama cAlato hato ke kaIpaNa vyakti rAjAthI uparanA Asane rahIne rAjA upara jete hoya evI rIte jue nahi, ane chatAM I. sa. 1922mAM jApAnanA yuvarAja jApAnanA itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra duniyAnI musApharIe nIkaLyA ane yuropamAMthI pharIne jyAre svadeza padhAryA tyAre emane jApAnamAM ghaNAM zaheramAM sAmAnya lekenI vacce thaIne pasAra thavuM paDayuM. Ama jApAnanA mikADonI daivI sattAne dhIme dhIme lopa thatuM rahyuM. I. sa. 1945 ? bIjA vizvayuddhamAM jApAnane je hAra khamavI paDI tene pariNAme DiseMbara 194pamAM jApAnanA rAjavI mikADoe jAheramAM pitAnI devI vaMzaparaMparAgata tyAga karyo ane Ama varSo purANI daivI rAjyaprathAne aMta Avyo. zika rAjyadharma para AnI zuM asara thAya che e bhAvinA garbhamAM rahelI bAbata che. 3. ziste dharma prakAra : zidharmanA upara AlekhelA ItihAsa uparathI ApaNane e spaSTa thaze ke jApAnamAM pravartamAna dharmanA eka karatAM vadhAre ravarUpa che. e dhArmika svarUpane nIce pramANe gaNAvI zakAya. ka. ziste rAjadharma kha. zinta paMthadharma ga. jApAna bauddhadharma gha. prabhu sAmrAjya paMtha (Kingdom of God movement). A dharmonI theDI vicAraNA ApaNe hAtha dharIe. ka. zitte rAjadharma : romana sAmrAjyanA samayamAM romana samrATanA dharmane maLatuM A dharmaprakAra che. emAM aneka devadevIono svIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che. A anekezvaravAdI matanA jApAna dezamAM eka lAkhathI vadhAre maMdiro AvelAM che. zine mukhya vicAra "kAmI" che. "kAmI" eTale pavitra. A dharmane kAmIno mIcI" eTale ke devone mArga paNa kahevAmAM Ave che. A dhama anusAra jApAnane rAjyavaMza divya che ane jApAna deza ane tenI prajAe ene

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zioNodhama ra45 e rIte mAnavo joIe, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu enA rivAjo, vidhio vagere paNa ene anurUpa hovA joIe. kAma" e deva zabdane maLa che. "kAma" kayAM te vaga hoya athavA ti pRthvI upara avatarelA paNa hoya. jApAnane rAjyavaMza A pAchalAnA pratIka samAna che. zidharmane anekezvaravAda " kAma" kalpanAmAM paMcamahAbhUta, prakRtinI vastuone ane pUrvajone paNa samAveza kare che. rAjyadharma hovAne kAraNe lekamAM eno phelAve thAya ane bhAvi prajAmAM ene mATe mAna janme tathA ene mATe AdaranA saMskAra sIMcAya e mATe nizALomAM zIkhavAtAM sarakArI pustakamAM jagatanI utpatti vize keTalAka ullekhe ApavAmAM AvyA che. ema kahevAyuM che ke ijhAna-gI tathA IjhAna-mI e be devI svarUpanA saMsargamAMthI amarAsu nAmanI sUryadevIne janma thayo. A sUryamAtAthI ja mikADone uddabhava thaze. rAjya zidharma mukhyatve karIne vidhine prAdhAnya Apate dharma che. AvI aneka vidhione Adeza apAyo che. emAMnI mukhyavidhi te masUrI che. zite dharma vize keTalAka vicArake evA prazno uThAve che ke zi kharekhara eka saMpUrNa prakArano dharma che ke rASTrabhAvanA keLavavA ane prajAmAM rAjyavaMza tarapha vaphAdArI keLavavA mATenuM eka sAdhana ane mArga che ? ApaNe upara joyuM che tema 1945mAM mikADAe pitAnA devI aMzane tyAga karyA pachI A dharma pratye lekonuM valaNa kevuM rahe che e kALapravAha ja kaheze. A paMtha zintA H rAjyadharmathI alaga evA paMtha zimAM zidharmamAM pracalita vividha paMthane samAveza thAya che. A paMthenuM vaividhya eTaluM te che ke emAM jIvavAdathI mAMDIne ekezvaravAdanI mAnyatA dharAvatA paMtheno samAveza thAya che. A vividha pazenI mAhitI Ama che.14 dhArmika athavA rUDhivAdI paMthe H AvA traNa paMthe che ane e badhA ja rAjyavaMza ane rAjyanA vakhANa karatA hoya che. 14 buke, e. sI., kapereTiva rilijiyana - penzana, 1967, pA. 19

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246 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kanphayuziyana paMthe ? AvA be paMthe che. parvata paMtha : AvA traNa paMthe che. jApAnane dariyAnuM sAnidhya prApta che, paraMtu parvatanuM nahi. AthI evA paMthe aritatvamAM AvyA che, jeo ema mAne che ke deva kAmI ne vAsa parvatamAM che. zuddhikaraNa paMtha : AvA be paMthe che ane ekamAM rUDhicurata mAnyatAo upara te bIjAmAM vairAgya upara bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. dharma mAnyatA sudhAranAra pazeH A prakAranA paMthe sauthI agatyanA paMthe che. AvA traNa paMthe che. e pratyeka paMthanI ApaNe thoDI vigate vicAraNuM karIzuM. kojImI ko: A paMthanA sthApaka muneTaDAne janma I. sa. 178mAM thayo hato. muneTaDAne mukhya upadeza nIce mujaba che : ekezvaravAda : sRSTimAM eka paramatatva saMcare che evI mAnyatA. mAnavane bhAtRsaMdha : muneTaDA ema mAnatA hatA ke pavitra vastuonA mananathI mAnavIne enI ane daivItatva "kAmI nI vacceno saMbaMdha samajAya che. AvI samajaNane lIdhe mAnavI dhIme dhIme devatattvamAM pariName che ane jIvaMta "kAma" samAna bane che. kenake kayo A paMthanA rathApaka kavATe baM ne janma i. sa. 1814mAM thayo hato. teo zarUAtamAM eka dAnava ke'jananI pUjA karatA hatA. emaNe sabaLa naitika mArgane pracAra karyo hato ane sAthe ja aneka devItanA mArganI vAta karatA hatA. paraMtu 1855mAM emanI sakhata mAMdagIne pariNAme emanA jIvanamAM ane vicAramAM ghaNuM parivartana thayuM. pote je tattvamAM mAnatA hatA e koinamAM emane saMzaya thaye.

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zioNdharma 247 AnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke I. sa. 1858mAM emane eka viziSTa darzana lAgyuM ane tyAra pachI emaNe evo pracAra karyo ke deva eka che, teo bhalA che ane jeo emanAmAM vizvAsa mUke che emanA teo sAthIdAra bane che. Ama, baMjIra paNa ekezvaravAdane pracAra karavA lAgyA. keTalIka veLA e prazna UThe che ke muneTaDA ane baM ne ekezvaravAda ekamekathI svataMtra che ke koI anya dharmanI asara nIce nIpajela che, yA to pachI baM ne ekezvaravAda muneTaDAnA ekezvaravAdanI asaranuM pariNAma che? A baMne paMthasthApakone ekezvaravAda anya koI dharmane pariNAme hoya ema mAnI zakAya ema nathI. kAraNake evo koI saMparka sthapAye havAne purA nathI. e saMbhavita che ke judA judA samaye ane judA judA pradezamAM eka ja prakAranA anubhavo ane vicAro mAnavIone prApta thAya. AvA samAMtarapaNunA dAkhalA mAnava-ItihAsamAM mAnavajIvananAM aneka kSetremAM prApta che. [, baM ne ekezvaravAda muneTaDAnA ekezvaravAdamAMthI nIpaje nathI. e to baMjare kaI rIte ekezvaravAda para Ave che emAMthI paNa spaSTa thAya. Ama chatAM, A baMnene ekezvaravAda aneka bAbatamAM bhinna che te nIcenA koThAthI samajI zakAze. muneTaDA baMcha ekezvaravAdI. ekezvaravAdI. paramatatva mAtRsvarUpanuM ane paramatattva mukhyatve karIne hibradharma ethI strIzaktine svIkAra. ekezvaravAda, anusArane che. paramatatva sRSTithI para sarvezvaravAda svarUpano che. che chatAM paNa prabhu jagatamAM mitrabhAve che. dharma e "kAmI " sAthe ekarUpa dharma e IzvaraprAptine mAga che. thavAne mAga che. rahasyavAdI svarUpa che. bhaktimaya svarUpa che. TenarI ko : mayIkAvA mIkI nAmanI strIe A paMthanI sthApanA karI hatI. teNIne janma I. sa. 1798mAM thayo hato. emanI bAra varSanI uMmare teo emanAthI bevaDI uMmaranA eka kheDUta sAthe paraNyAM hatAM. emanA janma samaye emanuM kuTuMba jeDabauddha dharma pALatuM hatuM, jyAre jemanI sAthe emanA lagna thavAnAM hatAM te puruSanuM kuTuMba zidharma pALatuM hatI. AthI lagnanI pUrvazarata tarIke emaNe e

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248 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaNAvyuM ke teNIne pitAnA dharma anusAranI bhakti karavA devAmAM Ave AvI kabUlAta pachI ja emaNe lagna karyA hatAM. AthI "Debauddha" dharmamAM emanI AsthA kevI hatI ene khyAla Ave che. emanI 38 varSanI uMmare jyAre emanuM lagnajIvana pacIsa varSa vaTAvI gayuM hatuM, ane jyAre pite cha saMtAnanI mAtA banyAM hatAM tyAre emane eka divasa AdhyAtmika anubhava thayo. pite satata traNa divasa sudhI samAdhi avasthAmAM rahyAM ane e samAdhi avasthAne aMte jyAre teo pharI jAgrata thayA tyAre teo saMpUrNa badalAI gayA hatA.15 pitAmAM Izvaratattva pratyakSa thayuM hoya e emane bhAva thaye ane dunyavI vRtti choDI teo saMpUrNapaNe saMtasvarUpa banyAM. emanA pati ane emane eka putra paNa emanI sAthe joDAyA ane emaNe potAnI milakata vecIne emAMthI je kaMI UpasyuM e badhuM dIna-duHkhIomAM vahecI dIdhuM. rAjya sarakAre zarUAtamAM emanI AvI vartaNUka sAme kaDaka pagalAM paNa lIdhAM. emane "DAkaNa" vaLagI che ane teo gAMDA thayAM che ema kahevAyuM. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emanI sAme e dAvo karavAmAM AvyuM ke teo jAhera zAMti jokhame che ane sarakAranA paravAnA vinA navA paMthane pracAra kare che. 6 emaNe te A badhuM sahana karyuM ane 1887mAM mRtyu pAmyAM. emanA mRtyu samaya daramyAna aneka anuyAyIoe emane paMtha ravIkAryo ane emanA mRtyu pachI eka varSe sarakAre emanA anuyAyIone kAyadika mAnyatA ApI. Ama chatAM 1908mAM emane saMpUrNa prakAranI kAyadika mAnyatA maLI ane e paMthane vikAsa krame krame vadhate ja gayo. ga, jApAna boddhadharma : jApAnamAM bauddhadharmane praveza cIna mAraphate thaze. bauddhadharmanA vividha paze jApAnamAM visyA. ene ullekha nIce karIe. I. sa. nI trIjI sadImAM amidA paMtha hiMdustAnamAMthI cIna mArge jApAnamAM pravezyo. AThamI sadImAM e ja rIte jApAnamAM cIna mArge je bauddha dharmapatha pravezyA temAM kAgona ane rIsune samAveza thAya che. 15 emanI 18 varSanI uMmare zrI ramaNa maharSine thayelA anubhavanI sAthe Ane sarakhA 16 sokreTisanI sAmenA dAvAone AnI sAthe sarakhA.

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zidha 249 navamI sadImAM jApAnamAM TIMDAI ane zIMgona nAmanA be paMtha astitvamAM AvyA. TIMDAI paMthane sthApaka sAI ha. ene DuMge DesInA nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. TIMDAI paMtha je cInamAM pracalita ho enuM tyAM "tInatAI' nAma hatuM. bauddhadharmanA kamaLamUtranA siddhAMtane sarvoparI rIte sthApIne badhA bauddhamArgonI ekatAne e gInAone eka prayAsa hate. zIMgana dharmanI sthApanA koNe DesIe karI hatI. bhAratamAM bauddhadharmanuM pAchaLathI je varUpa thayuM ane je tibeTamAM bauddha lAmadharma tarIke pracalita thayo enI zIMgonadharma eka pratikRti che. TIMDAI ane zIMgonadharma, kArya dvArA mekSamAM mAne che. ethI parama AnaMdanI prAptine mATe teo keTalIka vidhio ane kAryonI AjJA Ape che. I. sanI bAramI sadImAM jApAnamAM eka bIje bauddhapaMtha rathapAyo enA sthApaka henane janma I. sa. 1133mAM thaye hato. keTalAka vicArake emane - jApAnanA yUtharanuM biruda Ape che. teramI sadImAM honenanA ziSya zInarAna, jemaNe honenanuM kArya AgaLa dhapAvyuM. temaNe eka paMtha sthApe. enuM nAma hatuM zInazupaMtha athavA ene zInapaMtha paNa kahevAmAM Ave. paraMtu emanA guruhonenanA prAbalyane kAraNe e be paMthane ekatrita karI ene "je zizu paMtha tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvyuM. jeDa" eTale pavitra bhUmi. A paMtha anusAra amida eka evA puruSa hatA jemaNe bauddhatva prApta karyuM hatuM. paraMtu emaNe nirvANa tyAga karyo te eTalA mATe ke emane mAnavajAta pratye apAra prema hato. teo pitAnA upadezathI tema ja pitAnA pratyakSa dAkhalAthI mAnavajAtane e zIkhavavA mAgatA hatA ke kaIpaNa vyakti apAra zraddhAthI buddha thaI zake che ane ema karIne pavitra bhUmimAM athavA te svargamAM pravezI zake che, jyAM AmidanuM rAjya che. Ama, mAnavajAtine uddhAra karavAne mATe emaNe nirvANanI avasthA tyajI dIdhI. jApAnamAM pravartatA bauddhapathamAM jhena bauddha nAmane eka paMtha paNa astitvamAM AvyuM. jhenane jApAnIjha bhASAmAM e ja artha thAya che je sthAnane pAlI bhASAmAM thAya che. Ama, jhena e samAdhinI eka rIta che. jhena paMthanA upadezake ema mAne che ke mAtra buddhimArgathI prazno ukelI zaktA nathI tema ja jJAnanI prApti paNa thaI zakatI nathI. AthI teo buddhimAgane badale aMtaH anubhUtinA mArge lekane - vALavAno prayAsa karatA hatA. AvA aMtaH anubhUtinA mArgathI ja temane buddha

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250 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. svarUpanI jhAMkhI thaI zake tathA temanI sAthe saMbaMdha sthApI zake. teo ema paNa mAnatA ke buddhimAge te aTapaTA che ane gUMcavADAbharyA che. Ama bauddhadharmanuM jApAnamAMnuM astitva vividha paMthomAM che. ahIM ApaNe eTaluM neMdhavuM joIe ke jApAnamAM pravezela bauddhadharme-pachI te game te paMtha anusAra astitvamaya hoya-mahAyAna prakAra che. gha. prabhu sAmrAjya paMtha : chellAM thoDAM varSomAM jApAnamAM khristI dharmane paNa praveza thayo che. aneka dezanA khristI mizane jApAnamAM astitvamAM che ane potAnI rIte kAma kare che. vaLI jApAnamAM khriratIo paNa yuropa ane amerikA jevA vikasita dezAmAM tAlIma laI AvyA che. A badhAne pariNAme chellAM thoDAM varSomAM jApAnamAM eka navI caLavaLa upaDI che. e caLavaLanA praNetA "yehIke kAgAyA che. A caLavaLanuM nAma prabhunA sAmrAjyanI caLavaLa evuM apAyuM che ane samasta khriratI jagatamAM Ane anurUpa anya koI dAkhala nathI. prabhunuM sAmrAjya sthApavAnI caLavaLane uddeza enA nAma mujaba prabhunuM sAmrAjya. sthApavAne che. paraMtu e siddha karavAne mATe emane mArga dhyAna kheMce eve che. teo lokonI sAmAjika ane Arthika paristhiti sudhAravAnA kAryamAM racyAM rahe che. khAsa karIne audyogika kArIgaro ane khetamajUranI unnatine mATe teo prayatnazIla che. A thaI zake e mATe teo sahakArI samAjanI sthApanA kare che. A caLavaLa gatizIla banI rahI che ane saMbhavita che ke A prakArane vicArapravAha eka navA ja mArganI dizA sUcave. khAsa karIne sAmyavAda jyAre sAmAjika ane Arthika ektA lAvavA dharmanA saMhAranI vAta kare che tyAre dharmamAga dvArA ja sAmAjika ektA ane Arthika samAnatA ane samRddhi prApta karI zakAya e sUcavatI caLavaLa ane e mArge AgaLa vadhatA patha bhaviSyanI dRSTie jarUra mahattvane lekhI zakAya. ahIMyAM ApaNe e paNa seMdhavuM joIe ke jagatanA aneka dezomAM A prakAranI vicArasaraNI AkAra laI rahI che. keTalAMka rASTromAM A vicArasaraNI AcAranI kakSAe paNa pahoMcI che. paraMtu A badhAMnAM pariNAme nizcitapaNe mApo zakAya e svarUpanAM nathI. dAkhalA tarIke, bhAratamAM pracalita banela sarvodayanI

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zi7odhama 25 caLavaLane jApAnanI e caLavaLa sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. sarvodayanI caLavaLa pAchaLa, paNa gAMdhIjInA rAmarAjyanI kalpanA baLa prere che. 4. zittAdharmanAM zAstro : zi dharmazAstromAM ko-jI-kI ane nihena-gIno samAveza thAya che.. keTalAka vicArake "yengI zakI" tathA "menIyozIu'ne paNa zite dharmagraMthomAM, samAve che. ke-jI-kI ne artha thAya che jUnI bAbatone itihAsa ane nihAna-gIne artha thAya che jApAnane ItihAsa sAmAnya rIte ema manAya che ke A baMne graMthanI racanA anukrame I. sa. 712 ane I. sa. 720mAM thayelI che. Ama zidharmanI sthApanA pachI ghaNe lAMbe gALe emanA dharmazAstronuM nirmANa thayuM che. A dharmagraMthomAM thayelI vividha viSayonI rajUAtane khyAla emAM apAyela ullekha parathI maLI rahe che. cennI-zIkI jene zidharmanA trIjA dhArmika graMtha tarIke oLakhAvAya che. temAM yengI-samaya eTale I. sa. 901 thI 923nA niyamo ApavAmAM AvyA che. A graMthamAM dharmanuM jJAna meLavavA mATenI sAmagrI ApavA uparAMta vividha prasaMgoe karavAmAM AvatI prArthanAo paNa ApavAmAM AvI che. menIo-zIune zito dharmanA cothA dharma graMtha tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che: A graMthamAM vividha kAvya saMgraha che, tema ja aneka patrane paNa saMgraha che. jApAnanI divya utpatti tathA sAkSAta sUryadevanA vaMzajo dvArA enA rAjyazAsanathI: zarU karI jApAnanA itihAsane lagatI aneka vigato ApavA uparAMta A graMthamAM kudaratanAM vividha aMgone paNa khyAla ApavAmAM Avyo che. zioNdharmanA dhArmika graMthomAM je UNapa dekhAya che te, dharma dRSTie mahattvanA kahI zakAya evA keTalAka viSenI rajUAtanA abhAvanI. vaLI mAnavanItivyavahAramAM je aneka praznonA ukelanI mAnava, dharma pAse AzA rAkhe che, emAMnuM kaMI A dharmagraMthomAM prApta thatuM nathI. manuSyone AMtara-bAhya saMgharSa, dharmajIvanamAM IzvarI sahAya, vyakti ane samAjajIvananA ghaDataranI vAte, maraNottaranI avasthAnI vicAraNA, jIvananA aMtima lakSyane khyAla tathA tenI prApti mArga; AvI aneka bAbato vize A dharmagraMthamAM kaI mahatvapUrNa ullekha maLatA nathI.

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252 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. zittAdharmanI vibhAvanA : zidharmamAM devabhAvanA prabaLa che e ApaNe upara joyuM. A dharmamAM divaya deva, prakRti deva tema ja mikADo devanA ullekha maLe che. devane mATe jApAnI bhASAne zabda "kAmIne artha nizcita nathI. paraMtu ene artha "upara" ema thAya che. A zabdanI muzkelI aMge haTana noMdhe che: " jApAnanI mULa bhASAmAM ATalA badhA arthothI bharela evo eka paNa zabda nathI jenA vize jApAnI -ane paradezI bhASAMtarakArane ghaNuM muzkelI paDI heya.17 zidharmanI devabhAvatA vize zidharmanA prakhara vidvAna maMtrIe A pramANe kahyuM che: "ekalA manuSya ja nahi paNa pakSIo, pazuo, choDavAo ane vRkSa, samudro ane parvata ane alaukika sAmarthane lIdhe jenAthI bhaya thAya ane jene mATe mAna Upaje evA bIjA badhA padArtho "kAmI" kahevAya. udAratAmAM, sajajanatAmAM athavA te upayogitAmAM te badhA padArtho uttama hovA ja joIe evuM nathI. jo keI gaMdA ane bhayaMkara padArthathI paNa sAmAnya rIte je bhaya utpanna thatuM hoya te te padArtha paNa "kAmI" kahevAya che. vArApharatI thayelA judA judA mikAo, prAcIna ane arvAcIna samayamAM thaI gayelA asaMkhya daivI manuSya, ziyALa, vAgha, varu, vIca nAmanuM phaLa, rane e badhA ja padArtho kAmI kahevAya che.18 ahIMyAM ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke zidharmanI devabhAvane keTalI -vyApaka che. lagabhaga pratyeka vastune devavargamAM samAveza thaI zake. Ama, zintadharmamAM eka prakArane sarvajIvavAda paNa che ja. zitadharmanA dharmagraMthomAM devanI utpatti vize A pramANe kahevAyuM cheH jyAre badho aMdhakAra dUra thavA mAMDyo tyAre AkAza ane pRthvI utpanna thayAM, ane tyArapachI deve utpanna thayAM. zarUAtamAM mukhya be devo hatAM. eka "IjhanagI - nimaMtraNa ApanAra puruSa, ane bIjA "jhanamI"- nimaMtraNa ApanAra strI. A baMnee maLIne prajA utpanna karI."18 17 holTana, pA. 129. 18 esTana, rivAIvala oNpha era zi, pA. 42-43 19 ka-jI-kI, 4; nihena-gI 1 : 1-2

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rAntadharma ra53; sAmAnyapaNe devanI kalpanAmAM uccatara ane zreSTha samAveza thAya che. ridharmanA devamAM vividha prakAra saMbhave che. e jANavAne mATe zidharmanA . nihena-nI dharmazAstromAM karavAmAM AvelA keTalAka ullekha joIe. susane nAmanA deva ghaNuM kharAba svabhAvanA hatA.20 temanI vataNUka taddana jaMgalI hatI.21 A deva vijaya maLavAthI jussAmAM AvI gayA ane temaNe bhAtanA" khetaranA zeDhA teDI nAkhyAM, khADAo pUrI dIdhA ane eka jIvatA jAnavaranI cAmaDI utArI lIdhI.22 pachIthI badhA devoe A deva susavone daMDa karyo. 23 ekaThA thayelA devo susanene kahevA lAgyAM; tArI vartaNUka malina ane duSTa che. 24 Akhare teo badhAe bhegA maLI ene dezanikAlanI sajA karI.25 paraMtu ema karatAM pahelAM AThaso ayuta dee ekabIjAnI salAha lIdhI ane tadanusAra tenI dADhI kApI nAkhI tathA tenA hAthanA ane paganA nakho paNa. kaDhAvI nAkhyA.26 aneka dharmonI purANakathAomAM mAnavasaMdharSanI jema ja deva saMgharSanI vAto Ave che ane e ja pramANe mAnava AcaraNanA jevA ja ane keTalIya veLA ethIye badatara kAryo devoe karyAnI vAta purANa vArtAomAM seMdhAI che. dharmanA vikAsanA eka tabakke manuSyanI devabhAvanAne vAcA ApavA mATe aneka prakAranI daMtakathAo atitvamAM Ave che. vividha dharmomAM pracalita AvI daMtakathAonI tulanA karavI rasamaya bane ane emAMthI kaMIka navIna prakAza prApta thAya ema paNa bane. paraMtu 20 nihAnagI, 1 : 20 21 eja, 1 = 40 22 eja, 1 : 41, 45, 47 23 eja, 1 : 45, 49 24 eja, 1 : 10 25 eja, 1 : 57 26 eja, 1 : 45

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254 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ema karavuM ApaNe maryAdita kAryakSetranI bahAra che. Ama chatAM, A daMtasthAo pAchaLa je Azaya saMbhavI zake te e che ke devone mAnava karatA uccastare sthApavA chatAM emanAmAM paNa patananI saMbhavitatA hoya, te mAnavanA patana mATenI saMbhavitatA ethI anekagaNI che. eTaluM ja nahi, AmAMthI bIje niSkarSa e paNa nIkaLe che ke vividha devonuM stara mAnavajIvananA stara karatAM UMcuM hovA chatAM, te stara Izvara samAna ke paramatattva samAna nathI. devanuM sthAna mAnava ane IzvaranI -vacce che ane mAtra e ja deva IzvarasthAna pAmI zake je zuddha devatvanAM darzana karAvI zake. zi dharmamAM prakRtinA devAnI bhAvanA paNa jovA maLe che. A prakRti devenI bhAvanAmAM paNa zidhamanI "ama-terasa " devI je AkAzamAM prakAza padArtha che tenI bhAvanA viziSTa prakAranI che. A devI te sUryadevI che. ene vize kahevAyuM che : "he mahAdevI ! tuM UMce AkAzamAM rAjya kara."27 e ja pramANe caMdrane mATe paNa kalpanA karavAmAM AvI che ane temane sukI-mi e caMdradevanuM nAma che ane emane mATe kahevAyuM che ke he deva! rAtrInuM rAjya tame karo."28 A uparAMta zitadharmamAM svIkArAyelA bIjA prakRti devomAM "kagase-" eTale tArAonA deva, ta-kIrI-bima eTale dhummasanA devI vagere che. e ja pramANe mikAone paNa devasthAne sthApIne temanI paNa pUjA karavAmAM Ave che. prathama mikADonI utpatti sUryadevImAMthI thaI che ane ethI teo paNa divya che. e sUryadevI pitAnA putrane pRthvI upara rAjya karavAne mATe mokalatA je Adeza Ape che temAM jovA maLe che. "A annathI bharelI pRthvI upara jA ane tyAM rahI tenA upara rAjya kara."29 Ama, jApAnanA prathama mikAo ama-terasu nAmanA sUryadevImAMthI AvyA che. A sUryadevI jagatanA sarvaniyAmaka che e ziodhamane khyAla viziSTa che. badhA ja dharmoe jagatanA sarvoparI tatvane sAmAnya rIte puruSa svarUpe joyuM che. paraMtu zitadharmamAM A jagata sattAdhIza nArI svarUpamAM svIkArAyela che. hiMdudharma ra7 nihAna-gI, 1 : 32; ke--kI 43 28 eja 1 = 32: ke-jI-kI 44 29 ko-cha-kI, 106-107

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zaoNdharma 255 brahmAne liMgabhedathI para rAkhe che e keTaluM sUcaka che ! pitAnA putrane pRthvI upara jaI tyAM rAjya karavAnI AjJA ApyA pachI kahevAyuM che : "sUryadevIe rAjyane havAle pitAnA vaMzajone Apyo ane kahyuM: mArA bALake deva tarIke A pRthvInuM rAjya karaze. A hetuthI jyArathI AkAza ane pRthvI utpanna thayA tyArathI A dezamAM eka rAjyazAsana cAlu thayuM che. tethI jagatanuM niyamana karI jagatamAM vyavasthA karavAnuM kAma amArA mAthA para AvyuM che !"30 sUryadevIe to emanA putrane ane emanA vaMzavArasone rAjyAzana ApyuM, ane devatva ApyuM. paraMtu jApAnanI prajAe paNa e ja bhAvathI ene svIkAra karyo ene ullekha ahIM maLe che. "ATha dvIpanI bhUmi upara sAkSAta deva tarIke je mahArAjA rAjya kare che te nAmadArane huM AnaMda ane mAnanI lAgaNI tarIke daMDavat namaskAra karuM chuM."31 6. pUjA-prArthanA : zidharmamAM devadevIonI vipulatAne kAraNe emanI pUjA paNa vividha prakAranI hoya che. badhA devomAM sUryadevI mahattvanA hoI emanI pUjA vyaktigata rIte tathA sAmUhika rIte paNa karavAmAM Ave che. Ise" nAmanA sthaLanuM jApAnamAM dhArmika mahatva che. A sthaLa eka tIrthasthAna paNa che. A jagyAe jApAnanI prajA taraphathI sarakAra sUryadevInI vidhisara pUjA karAve che. A sthaLe "ama-terasu" sUryadevInA mAnamAM eka maMdira baMdhAvavAmAM AveluM che. A jagyAe pUjA karavA mATe, tema ja pUjAvidhi karavA vize kahevAyuM che. A maMdiramAM madhyabhAge eka gALa darpaNa mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. kema jANe AkAzanA sUryagALAnuM A pratIka na hoya ! "ama-terasu e pitAnA hAthamAM te amUlya darpaNa lIdhuM ane kahyuM, mArA bALa ! tuM jyAre A darpaNamAM joIza tyAre huM ema mAnIza ke tuM mArI sAme ja jue che. A pavitra darpaNa tArI pAse rAkha."32 vaLI e ja darpaNa vize kahevAyuM che, "A darpaNamAM amAro ja AtmA vase che ema svIkArIne tenI pUjA 30 nihAnagI, 2 H 198, 210 31 eja, 2 : 217 3ra nihena-gI, 1 : 83

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256 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karajo. tame jyAre tenI pUjA kare che tyAre amArI ja pUjA kare che ema samajIne pUjA karaje.33 yadadIdharmamAM je rIte jerUsalemamAM javAnI pUjA karavAmAM Ave che, ene maLatI "ise mAM karavAmAM AvatI "ama-terasa nI A pUjA che. jema islAmadharmamAM ema kahevAyuM che ke jIvanamAM ochAmAM ochA eka vakhata te hajanI yAtrAe javuM, ema zidharmamAM paNa ochAmAM ochA eka vakhata te jIvanamAM "Ise"nI yAtrAmAM javuM ja joIe ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. sayadevInI pUjA uparAMta mikADonI pUjanavidhi paNa eka jAhera tahevAra tarIke mikADonA janma dine keLavaNInI saMsthAomAM karavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu enI sAthe ja e prasaMgane svadezAbhimAnanI bhAvanAnuM siMcana karavAmAM paNa upayogamAM levAya che. zidharmamAM vividha prArthanAo paNa karavAmAM Ave che. e prArthanAomAM gIta paNa gAvAmAM Ave che. A prArthanAo vize eTana noMdhe che : "A prArthanAomAM aneka jAtanI mAgaNIo karavAmAM Ave che. duSkALanA samayamAM varasAdanI, sArA pAkanI, dharatIkaMpa ane dAvAnaLamAMthI rakSaNa karavA mATenI, chokarA. meLavavA mATenI, rAjAnA Arogya tathA temanA dIrdha AyuSya mATenI, sadAya zAMti ane sukha pravartatA rahe e mATenI, vagere evI bAbatonI prArthanA thAya che. zidharmane devone je prArthanAo karavAmAM Ave che temAM mahad aMze ahika sukhonI ja vAta hoya che. "34 prArthanAnI vAta karIe tenI sAthe ja e vAtane paNa ullekha karI laIe ke sArA pAkanI prApti thatAM vividha prakAranA utsava ujavavAmAM Ave che ane te prasaMge devone naivedha dharAvavAmAM Ave che, tema ja devenI AbhAradarzaka prArthanAo paNa thAya che. 7. zine nItizAstra : ApaNe AgaLa kahyuM che tema nIti aMgenA koI gUDha praznonI ziste dharmazAstromAM rajUAta karavAmAM AvI nathI. Ama chatAM, nItimaya jIvananA keTalAka ullekha prApta thAya che. ahIMyAM paNa nItinI je kaMI vAta karavAmAM 33 ka-ja-kI, 109 34 zine, dhI ensiyanTa rilijiyana opha jApAna, pA. dara

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257 zIdharma AvI che te khAsa karIne te je prAkRtika dharaNo emane svIkAryA che tene anulakSIne ja che. Ama nihana-gImAM kahevAyuM che : "je satya bele che tene IjA thatI nathI. je jUThe che tene avazya duHkha bhogavavuM paDaze."35 vaLI, kahevAyuM che: "vadhAre pramANamAM khAvAnuM choDI de ane bhattine tyAga kare. je kharAba che tenI niMdA kare ane je sAruM che tene uttejana Ape. dha karazo nahi. AMkhone lAlacoLa thavA deze nahi. keInI IrSyA karazo nahi."36 Ama chatAM, I. sa. 11mI ane 12mI sadImAM jApAnamAM nItiviSayaka khyAle kaMIka spaSTa banyA che. e sarvane AdhAra levAmAM Avyo che. zidharmane e vicAra ke rAjA IzvarI aMza che ane tethI temanA tarapha vaphAdArI rAkhavI joIe, kanphayuziyasadharmane e vicAra ke mAtA-pitA tarapha pUjyabhAva rAkhavo joIe ane bauddhadharmane e vicAra ke jIvana ane maraNane tuccha gaNavA joIe, e vicArone "busa"mAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo che. vIrapuruSane mArga te busade. paraMtu AvA AdhAra para niNata thayelA koInItiviSayaka khyAlone lekhita svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. e vize lakhatA nItAbe kahe che : "busIdonA siddhAMta lakhAyelA na hatA te enuM sAruM lakSaNa che, ane kadAca kharAba paNa kahevAya."37 A busIdanA siddhAMto eka viziSTa prakAre astitvamAM AvyA hatA. jApAnanI lazkarI jamInadArInI yejanAne pariNAme ene udbhava thaye hato. e janAnI samApti thatAM "bude'nA siddhAMta paNa adazya thayA. saMdarbha graMthasUci anDaravUDa, e. sI. : zintajhama, dhI inDijhanasa rilijiyana opha jApAna, laMDana, 1934. anDaravuDa eca. jI.: dhI rilijiyana opha isTarna eziyA, laMDana, 1930. 35 nihAnagI, 1 : 317 36 eja, 2 H 130 -131 37 dhI jApAnIjha nezana, pA. 155-156 dharma 17

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28 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana - AnesAkI, ema. hisTarI opha japAnIjha rilijiyana, laMDana, 1930. Ana, Dabalyu. .zine ghI ve opha goDasa, laMDana, 1905. elana, jI. sI. moDane japAna enDa ITasa problemsa, laMDana, 19ra8. koTa, jI. : e sTaDI opha zinta, dhI rilijyina epha japAnIjha nezana, To , 1926. nakSa, jI. ela. : dhI DevalapamenTa opha rilijiyana ina japAna, nyUyorka, 1907 hepara, Ara. : japAnansa rilijiyasa pharamenTa, laMDana, 191. hopa, DI. sI. moDarna japAna enDa zine nezanAlIjhama, nyuyorka, 1963.

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2.10 cInanA dhame 1. prAraMbhika vizvanI saMskRta jAtiomAM cInanuM agatyanuM rathAna che. I. sa. pUrve 2500thI lagabhaga I. sa. pUrve 1100nA gALA daramyAna cInanI saMskRti dhIme dhIme UpasI. enI purAtana saMskRtinA AdhAra upara eNe eka ne opa dhAraNa karyo. purANa saMskRtinA vicAre ane tenI saMsthAomAMthI eNe eka kRSi saMskRtinuM nirmANa karyuM. A prakriyA ghaNo lAMbo samaya cAlI ane e daramyAna cInamAM aneka rAjyavaMza palaTo thaye. e samagra yuga-vibhAgane nIce pramANe rajU karI zakAya.' zAMga vaMza pachI cAu vaMzanuM rAjyasana lagabhaga I. sa. pUrve 256 sudhI rahyuM. A gALA daramyAna ja I. sa. pUrve 551mAM kanphayuziyasa janma thayo. cAu vaMza daramyAna yuropanA madhyakAlIna kyuDala vyavasthA jevuM rAjakIya ane sAmAjika mALakhuM goThavavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu I. sa. pUrve 8pa0nA arasAmAM A mALakhAmAM nabaLAI pravezI cUkI hatI. kendravatI kAbU lagabhaga adazya thayo hatuM ane AjubAjunA subA pite sAmaMta banI beThA hatA ane aMdaroaMdara sattAne mATe jhaghaDatA hatA. kAyadA ane vyavasthAnA rAjyane abhAva hatuM. eka 1 baTa, mena sIkasa dhI DivAIna, hArpara, 1957, pA. 191

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260 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prakAranI arakSitatAnI bhAvanA ane ciMtA ghara karI beThI hatI. naitika susaMgati vilepa thatI jatI hatI ane vArthatA, bina javAbadArI, naphikarapaNuM vagere samAjanA netAomAM vadhatA jatA hatA. cInanA A samayanA tAvika ane dhArmika netAone mATe A eka paDakAra hato ane A paDakAra jhIlavAne mATe e ja samayamAM cInanI mahAna ciMtake pratyakSa thayA. AmAM kanphayuziyasa, lAo che, mobhe. meziyasa, yaMgacu, sunsi vagerene ullekha karI zakAya. A samayanI mukhya samasyAne ullekha karatAM leToreTa kahe che: "cAu vaMzanA vicArakee pitAnI samakSa je prazna rAkhe te A hato : samAjane zI rIte ugArI zakAya ? deva ane mAnavanuM svarUpa, sRSTinI utpatti vagere praznonuM mahAtmaya eTaluM na hatuM. . Izvara ane mAnavajIvananA dhyeyalakSI praznonI nahi, paraMtu samAjanA uddhAranI jamAM AvI paristhiti sarjAya che, jyAre tAtvika ravarUpanA prazno pazcAdabhUmAM haDaselAya che ane vyakti ane samAjane uddhAraka evA mahatvanA prazno vicArAya che ane mArgo zodhAya che. AmAM udAharaNarUpe, jainadharma ane bauddhadharma uparAMta, vividha dharmomAM lagabhaga samAna sAmAjika saMjogomAM upasthita thayelA je te. dhArmika paMthane, TAMkI zakAya. A prakAranA saMjogomAM jyAre keIpaNa samAja mukAya che tyAre enA samAja uddhArake, enA dharmanetAo, enA dharmasthApake bhUtakALanI khoja karI tenA para vartamAnanuM ghaDatara karI bhAvinI AzA zI rIte Ape che e prakriyAne kaMIka khyAla cInanA dharmoe AvA saMkrAMti kALamAM potAnA dharmonI, purANA dharma para AdhAra rAkhIne, zI rIte thApanA karI te AnA parathI jANI zakAze. 2. sAMskRtika vArasoH cInanA dharmo samajI zakIe e mATe purANI cInI prajA ane enI saMskRti tathA enA purANA dharmonA mahattvanAM to, vicAro, rUDhio vagerene khyAla pAma ThIka raheze. AvAM cha tane ApaNe ahIMyAM ullekha karIzuM. 2 3 leToreTa, dhI cAinIjha, dhera hisTarI eNnDa kalcara, nyUyorka, 1946, pA. 70barTa, pA. 133-134

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cInanAdharmo rA eka, hevanano khyAla: jagatanI eka sarjaka ane saMcAlane sattA che ane e ja vyavasthAnuM nirmANa kare che. AvI sattA te havana. e, IMga ane cInane khyAla : - A baMne mULabhUta baLone pariNAme vastuonI utpatti thAya che ane sRSTine krama name che ema manAtuM. sAmAnya rIte heMga vidhivAcI ane cIna niSedhavAcI baLa tarIke oLakhAtA. traNa kuTuMbabhAvanA : Adima cIna jIvanamAM kuTuMba eka mahatvanI saMsthA che. sAmAjika sadaguNone artha emAMthI ja prApta thAya che ane e sadgaNonI preraNuM paNa emAMthI maLe che. A uparAMta kuTuMba saMsthA pratyeka sAmAjika saMsthAne eka Adarza namUne pUre pADe che. cAra, pUrvajonuM mAnaH pUrvajone mATe cInI prajAmAM khUba Adara che, ane ethI emanA tarapha mAna darzAvavAne mATe cInanI Adima prajA keTalIka vidhio paNa karatI. pAMca, vidhi pratyeka Adima jAtinI jema cInanI jAtimAM paNa vidhinuM sthAna svIkArAyuM che. pratyeka vidhinuM egya rIte pAlana thavuM joIe ane je tema na thAya te enAM viparIta pariNAmo nIpaje che. cha, rAjyakartAnuM devI svarUpa jApAnanA zidharmanI jema cInanI Adima prajAmAM paNa rAjayakartAne mATenuM eka viziSTa sthAna che. nIti tema ja dharmamAM ene ucca sthAna ApavAmAM Ave che. rAjyakartAne hevananA putra tarIke svIkArIne samasta prajAnA pitA tarIkenuM sthAna apAya che. cInanI prAcIna dhArmika saMskRtinAM A aMgene cInanI prajA be emanA saMskRtimaya udayakALe paNa kema agatya ApyuM ane emane kema sAcavI rAkhyA ane temane nakAra na karatAM temanuM AdhyAtmIkaraNa kema karyuM e prazna uThe e svAbhAvika che. A prazna yogya rIte samajI zakAya e mATe cInanI prajAnI

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262 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana viziSTatAo tema ja emanI mAnasika khumArIne khyAla meLavavo joIe. A viziSTatAo cInanA Adima dharmanA upara rajU karelAM aMgomAMthI tema ja cInI saMtanA upadezamAMthI meLavI zakAya che. 3. cInI viziSTatAH eka, vyavahArutAH cInI prajAnI AMkhe UDI vaLage evI viziSTatA emanI paristhitinA ravIkAranI bhAvanAmAM che. vastuo ke paristhiti sArI nathI mATe enI ciMtA karavI, enA karatAM e che ema ja svIkArIne emAMthI zreSTha zuM prApta thaI zake e mATe prayAsa kare joIe evI vyavahArutA emaNe keLavI che. be, vinoda: cInI prajAno vinoda e enI bIjI khAsiyata che. pitAnA para thayela vida paNa e AnaMdapUrvaka svIkArI zake che, kAraNa ke e kadIye potAnI jAtane ati gaMbhIrapaNe svIkAratA ja nathI. kadAcita A ja kAraNathI dharma ane rAjakAraNamAM pazcimanI prajAmAM jovAmAM AvatA jaDavAda ane jhanunavAda emanAmAM jovA maLatA nathI. traNa, pRthakkaraNane abhAva: cInanA tattvajJAnamAM tema ja sAhityamAM cInI lekhake kadIye viratRta pRthakakaraNa ApavAno prayAsa karatA nathI. ene badale teo phaLadru5 kalpanA ke dRSTi ApavAne prayAsa kare che. cInAonA vicAramAM pRthakkaraNano abhAva che ema kahevAnuM tAtparya nathI, kahevAnuM tAtparya mAtra eTaluM ja che ke mAnavane sparzatA praznone e prAdhAnya Ape che ane ethI pramANuzAstra ke tattvavidyA karatAM, nItinA praznomAM emane vadhAre rasa hoya che, ane emAM paNa e kaI nIti siddhAMta ApavAne badale nItivyavahAranI sUjha ApavAnuM vadhu pasaMda karaze. thAra, sahiSNutAH uparanI vizeSatAomAMthI phalita thAya che ke emanAmAM anya vicAradhArAne tema ja virodhI vicArapaMthanA tarapha sahAnubhUti rAkhavAnI vRtti che, paraMtu e sahAnubhUtinI sAthe anya vicAraNAnA svIkAranI paNa vAta samAI jAya che. cInamAM jyAre kaphyuziyasadharma ane tAo dharma saMpUrNapaNe phelAyA hatA ane cInI

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263 cInanA dharmo saMskRti baLavAna bane jatI hatI te veLA cInanI aMdara bauddhadharma ane bIjA dharmone praveza ane svIkAre A vAtanI sAkSI pUre che. pAMca, laukikatA sAmAnyapaNe ema kahI zakAya ke cInanI prajAmAM eka prakAranI laukitA najare paDe che. lAotyenA bedhamAM A spaSTapaNe pratyakSa thatI nathI, teye IhalekanI bhAvanA emanAmAM prabaLa che. A jIvana ane A duniyAmAM je kaMI eka thaI zake e karavAne emane prayAsa hoya che. keIka aMtima dhyeyane inkAra karavAmAM AvatuM nathI, teye enI ja prApti mATe je kaMIka prApta che tene gumAvavAnI emanI taiyArI nathI. che, mUlya paddhati cInanI prajAnI mUlya paddhati viziSTa prakAranI che. bhAratamAM samAdhimagna sAdhu ke IzvaraprApti meLavanAra saMtane, ane pazcimanI saMskRtimAM dravyamAna vepArI netAne, samAja mALakhAmAM mobhAbharyuM sthAna ApavAmAM Ave che, tyAre cInamAM AvuM samAja pratiSThAnuM sthAna vidvAnane ane sAdhu puruSane ApavAmAM AvyuM che. emanI samAjavyavasthAmAM ja prakAranI varga vyavasthA na hovA chatAM eka prakArane samAjakrama te nizcita rahyo che. 4. cInI dharmanA kendravatI vicAre : Adima cInadharmamAMthI prApta thayela vicAro, mAnyatAo ane rUDhine svIkAra karavAmAM cInanI Adhunika susaMskRta prajAnI kaI viziSTatAoe bhAga bhajavyo che e ApaNe upara joyuM. A baMnene samanvaya karIne ja cInanA dharmanA mahattvanA vicAranI rajUAta thaI zake. kanphayuziyasadharma, tAdharma tema ja cInane bauddhadharma samajavAne mATe cInI dharmonA A kendravatI vicAre mahattvanA che, ethI ApaNe e vicArane thoDo paricaya meLavI laIe. 1. tAo : tAo eTale mAga. ApaNe upara joyuM che ke cInI prajAnI eka mAnyatA che ke pratyeka vastune mATe eka sAce mAga hoya che. prakRti paNa svayaMbhU rIte eka sAce mArge AgaLa vadhe che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu "tAo" e eka tAtvika satya che,

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264 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jene anulakSIne mAnavI pitAnI AkAMkSAo bAMdhI zake ane pitAne nItivyavahAra vyavasthita rIte goThavI zake. mAnavane "tAo" ane hevanane "tAo" be eka nathI ane chatAM hevananA tAomAM mANasanA naitika jIvanano mArga samAviSTa thayeluM ja che. uparAMta tAo" eka rahayavAdI anubhavanuM paNa sUcana kare che. Ama, tAo zabda vividha svarUpe avanavA arthomAM vaparAyela che, ane ethI cInanI vicAradhArAmAM enuM sthAna ghaNuM mahattvanuM che. 2. hevana : cInanA Adima dharmamAMthI " hevana ne vicAra zI rIte prApta thAya che e ApaNe upara joyuM. vizvamAM pravartatI ekarUpatA ane krama tema ja vizvanI vyavasthA A siddhAMtane AdhAre che. paraMtu hevana pite saMpUrNa svataMtra heIne eNe sRSTi pAsethI kaMI ja levAnuM nathI ane e sRSTine naitika Adarza Ape che. A vize pheka kahe che : "hevana sadaguNa varNave che. dareka vastu para e paDe che ane emAMthI ja saguNa sarjAya che. hevana te mAtra Ape ja che ane badalAmAM kaMI letuM nathI. paraMtu, AthI ja badhA jIvo emanA tarapha vaLe che ane emane saguNa sarvazreSTha rahe che. pRthvI te bIjane saMgrahe che, ene vikAsa paNa thavA de che. paraMtu e te Ape paNa che ane te paNa che--jemake mRtyu pachI pRthvI mAnavadehane ravIkAra kare che. AthI pRthvI ane hevananA saguNamAM hevanane saguNa sarvocca che." hevanane upayoga keTalIka veLA IzvaranA arthamAM athavA sarva zakti e arthamAM ane keTalIka veLA prakRtine niyama athavA te prArabdha e arthamAM thAya che. "Heaven knows me" e AgalA artha mATe ane "Decree of Heaven' pAchalA artha mATe vaparAya che. 3. mAnava : sarva vicAraNAnuM kendra mAnava che. samAjamAM ane vizvamAM mAnavanuM sthAna ati mahattvanuM che. mArga paNa mANasane mATe che, mANasa mArgane mATe nathI. mAnavanA, samAja ane sRSTimAMnA, mahattvapUrNa sthAna aMge kilapa likimAMthI, noMdha karI lakhe cheH 4 phorka, e : dhI varlDa kasesana opha dhI cAInIjha, laMDana, 1925, pA. 7ra, 5 kila, ema. jI. : sInIjhama, zikAgo, 1929, pA. 36

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cInanAdharmo ra6pa Man is the heart & mind of Heaven & Earth, and the visible embodiment of the five elements. He lives in the enjoyment of all flavours, the discriminating of all notes & the enrobing of all colours. 4 rajAnuM devIpaNuM cInanA Adima dharmamAMthI A vicAra paNa cInanA Adhunika dharmamAM UtarI Avyo che. rAjyakartA eka daivIzakti tarIke svIkArAyA che ane emaNe emanI prajAne anukaraNIya daSTAMta pUruM pADavAnuM che. ema paNa manAyuM che ke je rAjA potAnA kartavyamAMthI cUke te enA je sAmAjika pariNAme nIpaje te uparAMta bhotika sRSTimAM paNa vicitra pariNAma nIpaje. rAjA e prajAjana ane hevananI vaccenI sAMkaLa samAna che. 5. sAdhu : pratyeka samAjamAM emanA payagaMbaro ane pUjArIo, saMto ane purohita heya che; paraMtu cInanI prajA sAdhune Adara Ape che. emanAmAM ja badhAM kAryonuM saMmizraNa thAya che. teo ja naitika guru che ane naitika netA paNa e ja che. rAjAne salAha paNa teo ja Ape che ane vyaktigata ane sAmAjika samasyAno purANuM sUnI sAthe kevo saMbaMdha che enuM arthaghaTana paNa e ja Ape che, cInanA dharmo samajavAne mATe sAdhutvanA khyAlane ane sAdhunA Adarane vicAra samaja joIe. keTalIka veLA sAdhuone mATe Adara sAdhune IzvarI avatAranI kakSAmAM mUkavAmAM paNa pariName che. kaphayuziyasanA keTalAka anuyAyIoe emane AvA navI avatAra tarIke AlekhyAM che. 6. suvarNayuga H pratyeka prajAne pitAnA bhUtakALamAM eka evo yuga mAlUma paDe che jene e suvarNayuga tarIke Alekhe ane je prApta karavAnI e khevanA kare. cInamAM paNa AvA suvarNayuganA vicArane svIkAra che ane cAu vaMzanA zarUAtanAM varSone AvA suvarNayuganA samaya tarIke gaNavAmAM Ave che.

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ra66 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayaH 7. parivartana ane gatizIlatA : hiMdudharmamAM parivartanane vicAra sAtatya para AdhArita che. parama tattva anAdi ane anaMta che ane emAM parivartana zakya nathI. grIka vicAradhArAmAM paNuM sAtatyane khyAla bhArapUrvaka raju thayuM che. ema te bhAratIya ane grIka vicAradhArAmAM sAtatyanA khyAla sAthe parivartanane khyAla paNa apAye ja che. paraMtu parivartananA khyAlane prajAnA bahujana svIkRta siddhAMta tarIke sthAna maLyuM nathI. cInI vicAradhArA e mAnyatA dharAve ke gati, prakriyA, parivartana haMmezA thatuM ja hoya che. barTa kahe che e pramANe cInanI bhASAmAM pazcimanA "davya 'ne. ( substance) bodha rajU karI zake evo ekeya zabda nathI"6 kadAcita A ja kAraNathI bauddhadharmane cInamAM ravIkAra thayo hoya ane kadAcita A gatizIlatAnA vicArane anulakSIne ja cInI tatvaciMtakee. paramatatvane mArga tarIke sUcavela haze. cInanA dharmo A mULabhUta vicArene svIkAra kare che. khAsa karIne kanphayuziyasa ane lAo ene saMpUrNa paNe svIkAra kare che. paraMtu e baMne e bhAganI prAptinA alaga alaga mArgo sUcave che. lAo kahe cheH "je tRSNAo duHkha tarapha dorI jAya che ene dUra kare." kanphayuziyasa kahe che: "tamArI tRSNAomAM ekarAgitA lAvo jethI e dvArA sukha prApta karI zakAya." ane e benI vacce A taphAvata tAttvika daSTie kadAcita bahu mahattvane na hoya te paNa dhArmika dRSTie mahattvanuM che. AthI ja cInanA Adima dharmamAM rajU thayelA vicAre ane vidhio, e baMnee svIkAryA chatAM, ane cInI prajAnI viziSTatAne anurUpa evA kendravatI dhArmika vicAre banee AvakAravA chatAM, e baMnenA dharmo alaga rahyA che. Ama chatAM, e dharmonA vikAsamAM tema ja e be dharmo sAthe bauddhadharmanA cInI prajAnA svIkAramAM, eka prakAranuM ekatva prApta thayuM che. e saMbhavita che ke je dharmonI pazcAdabhU ATalI badhI samAna hoya e dharma anuyAyIne mana alaga rahevA nahi paraMtu saMmilita thavA sarjAyela che. have ApaNe cInanA mukhya dharmo : kanphayuziyanadharma, lAotrene dharma ane cInI bauddhadharmanI vicAraNA hAtha dharIe. 6 barTa, pA. 146-147.

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cInanAdharmo kaphyuziyana dharma 1. sAmAnya : cInanA be mahAna dharmapravata ke pachI lAonA aitihAsika kALa vize je vivAda che e vivAda karyuziyasa vize nathI. kaphyuziyasane janma I. sa. pUrve 551mAM thayo hato ane I. sa. pUrve 479mAM emanuM mRtyu thayuM hatuM. emane uchera emanI mAtAne hAthe thayuM hatuM kAraNake emanA pitA bahu nAnI uMmare avasAna pAmyA hatA. emanA jIvananI mAhitI dharma-vacana-saMgrahanA graMthamAMthI prApta thAya che. lUna nAmanA lekhake karyuziyasanA enAlekaTasanuM bhASAMtara karyuM che, te AdhAre emanA jIvanacaritra vize eTalI mAhitI maLe che ke pitAnA mRtyu pachI emane uchera sAmAnya prakAre thayo. ema chatAM teo nizcita. mobaLavALA hatA evo ullekha paNa prApta che. potAnI mAtAnA maraNa prasaMge jyAre kanphayuziyasane putra rahate ho tyAre temaNe tene Thapake Ape. temane A eka ja putra hato chatAM paNa teo tenA tarapha kaDaka vRtti rAkhatA hatA.9 emaNe zikSaka tarIkenuM kArya paNa thoDo samaya hAtha dharyuM ane pachIthI rAjyanI phojadArI nyAyAdhIzImAM paNa ghaNe samaya saphaLatApUrvaka kArya karyuM. emane jIvanane mahatvane kALa emanI uMmara varSa papa thI 72 no che. e gALA daramyAna emaNe lokomAM pitAnA vicAro phelAvavA prayAsa karyo ane ema karIne pitAne upadeza emanA dezabAMdhane ApyuM. kanphayuziyasane nAme prasiddha thayelA vividha graMthanI racanA paNa emaNe jIvananA A chevaTanA kALamAM ja karI. kayuziyasanA vyaktitvamAM evuM kyuM mahattvanuM tattva hatuM jene lIdhe emanA ziSyo tathA emanA anuyAyIo emane eka mahAna ane mAnanIya zikSaka tarIke AdaraNIya tarIke yAda karatA ? kankayuriyasa aneka bAbatomAM ghaNuM cokkasa hatA. pite ItihAsanA abhyAsu : havA uparAMta teo pote ema mAnatA ke vyaktie ane samAje ItihAsa pAse ghaNuM zIkhavAnuM che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu naitika AdarzanuM tema ja rAjakIya vyavasthAnuM ghaDatara paNa ItihAsa dvArA maLelA DahApaNa upara ja AdhArita thavuM" 7 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 27 : 122; 16 : 13

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268 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana joIe. emanA A itihAsapremanA kAraNe kaphyuziyasa ghaNI veLA rUDhivAdI "hevAne bhAsa thAya e svAbhAvika che. emanA ItihAsama tathA bhUtakALane mATenA Adarane vize lIna yuTAMga Ama kahe che pUrvajone mATe prema ane niSThA temanA adhUrAM kAryo pUrNa karavAmAM ane temane vAraso have pachInI peDhIone pahoMcADavAmAM samAyela che. vaLI, teo je kaMI karatA hatA te badhuM, eja rIte karavAmAM paNa emanA mATenuM mAna vyakta thAya. ahIMyAM ApaNe e joIe chIe ke pUrvajonA adhUrAM kAryone pUrNa karavAmAM ja nahi, paraMtu e kAryonA pariNAmane bhaviSyanI peDhI sudhI pahoMcADavAnI vAta paNa karyuziyasa svIkAre che. ApaNA pUrvajoe je kaMIka karyuM e badhAne mAnapUrvaka svIkAra karavAmAM emanA taraphane ApaNe sAce Adara vyakta thAya che ema paNa teo jaNAve che. kayuziyasanA upadeze samajavA mATe emaNe karelA sAhityasarjanane paricaya jarUrI bane che. ethI emanA upadezane vicAra karatAM pahelAM ApaNe emanA dharmagraMthane vicAra karIzuM. 2. dharmagraMthaH mAnava prasthApita nava dharmomAM je koIe pitAnA dharma vizenA dharmazAstra prathA pite lakhyA hoya te temAM jhoresTara, lAotre ane kanphayuziyasane samAveza thAya che. AmAM paNa rosTare avarathAne keTaloka bhAga lakhe che, ane lAotree eka nAno graMtha lakhe che; karyuziyase te emanA dharmagraMthanuM sAhitya pite ja saryuM che. A dharmagraMthomAM kanphayuziyase pitAnuM maulika kahI zakAya evuM keTaluM ane zuM ApyuM e eka moTo praznArtha che. sAmAnya evo mata che ke parApUrvathI 8 dhI vijhaDama oNpha cAIna eNnDa inDiyA, nyUyorka, 194ra, pA. 851

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cInanA ra69- cInanA dharmamAM je vicAra ane AcAra pracalita hatA ene kayuziyase bhASA dvArA vAcA ApI che. kanphaziyase lakhelA dharmasAhityamAM be mukhya vibhAga che-pahelA vibhAgamAM kalAsikasano ane bIjAmAM bukasane samAveza thAya che. kalAsisa jyAre kanphayuziyase lakhyA che tyAre graMtha kanphayuziyasanA ziSyae lakhyA che. 4. kalAsikasaH A pAMca kalAsisamAMnA eka sivAya bAkInA bIjA badhA kayuziyasanA samaya pahelAM paNa aritatvamAM hatA ane kanphayuziyase te mAtra enuM punaH saMskaraNa karyuM che e eka mata che. jo ke badhA ja kalAsisamAM kanphayuziyasanI dRSTi chatI : thAya che. pAMca kalAsikasa nIce pramANe che. ka, zukiMga (Book of history): A graMtha cInanA itihAsa aMge che ane ethI e itihAsa-graMtha tarIke - oLakhAya che. kha, zikiMga (Book of poetry): - A graMthamAM aihika tema ja dhArmika kAvyane samAveza karavAmAM AvyA che. ethI e graMthane kavitA-graMtha kahevAya che. ga, IkiMga (Book of change) : bhaviSyamAM nIpajanArA saMbhavita palaTAono samAveza A graMthamAM karavAmAM Avyo che. bhaviSyakathana vizenI vigate A graMthamAM ApavAmAM AvI hovAthI enuM nAma bhaviSya-graMtha kahevAya che. bhaviSya jevAnI cInanI rIte vismayakArI che. kAcabAnI DhAlamAM vacce eka kANuM pADI te DhAlane agnimAM zekyA pachI enA para je rekhAo Upaje tene AdhAre bhaviSya jovAmAM AvatuM. A uparAMta bIjI paNa rIte astitvamAM hatI. gha, lIkI (Book of rites): A puratakamAM vividha vidhio saMgrahavAmAM AvI che, ethI A pustakane. vidhi-graMtha tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che.

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70 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -. cuna cIpha (Spring & autumn annals): A pustaka kayuziyase pite lakhyuM che ane emAM cAu vaMzane I. sa. pUrve 722 thI I. sa. pUrve 481 sudhIne itihAsa ApavAmAM Avyo che. A pAMca kalAsikasa uparAMta keTalAka lekhake bIjA eka pustakane paNa kalAsisamAM samAveza kare che. e puratakanuM nAma "hasIyAo kiMga" mA-bApa tarapha pharajane graMtha. A graMthamAM saMtAnoe emanA mAtA-pitA tarapha kevI rItane vartAva rAkhavo joIe enI rajUAta thayelI che. keTalAkanuM evuM paNa maMtavya che ke chaThuM klAsikasa saMgItanI vicAraNA kare che. 2. cAra graMtho : kanphayuziyana dharmasAhityamAM pAMca kalAsikasa uparAMta cAra buksane paNa samAveza thAya che. A cAra graMthe nIce pramANe che. ka. enAlekaTsa (Analects): cAra pustakamAM A vizeSa mahattvanuM che, kAraNa ke kayuziyasanA upadezone emanA ziSyoe jALavI rAkhela bhAga tema ja emanA udabodhanone AmAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyuM che. jo ke A rajUAtamAM kaI vizeSa paddhati joI zakAtI -nathI. Ama, enAlekasa e kanphayuziyasanA vacanAmRtanuM pustaka che. kha, madhyamamArga (Golden mean) : A pustakamAM sarva prakAre madhyamatA zI rIte jALavavI tenI vAta karavAmAM AvI che. kanphayuziyasane madhyamamArgane upadeza mahattvane che. A aMge eka nAne prasaMga neMdha ThIka raheze. kanphayuziyasane pUchavAmAM AvyuM, "apakArane badale upakAra" e vize Apano zuM mata che? A praznanA uttaramAM kanphayuziyase pahelAM te eka sAme prazna pUche, "te upakArane badale zuM?" ane pachI javAba Apyo "tame -apakArane badale nyAyathI ane upakArane badale upakArathI karo."

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cInanAdharmo 271 koIpaNa eka vastu sadaMtara sAcI che ke sadaMtara beTI che e nirNAyaka rIte kaI rIte kahI zakAya? e ja pramANe jIvananA vyavahAramAM paNa be aMtima cheDAnI vaccenA madhyamamArganI kamyuziyasa vAta kare che. kanphayuziyasanA A madhyamamArgane eka bAjue buddhanA madhyamamAga sAthe ane bIjI bAjue erisToTalanA sadgaNunA suvarNa madhyama tarIkenA khyAlanI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. ga, mahAvidyA (Great learning): A pustakamAM "saguNa"nI vAta karavAmAM AvI che. saguNa ane sadAcAra aMge vicAra ApaNe jyAre AgaLa karIzuM tyAre Ane ullekha karIzuM. A baMne pustaka kalAsikasamAM samAvela vidhi pustakanuM vistarIkaraNa che. kanphayuziyase A vidhine je rIte ghaTAvI hatI ane emanA anuyAyIoe je rIte emane svIkAra karyo hato enA AdhAre A be pustakamAM mULa kalAsika puratakamAM vistaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. A be pustakomAM vividha viSayo paranA kanphayuziyasanA vicAronI vigatavAra dha paNa samAviSTa che. emAM samAveza thAya cheH vaDe mANasa, mAnavanuM sAcuM svarUpa, vidhinuM tAtparya, zikSaNa ane saMgItanuM zreya, rAjyazAstra, kaLA tathA sRSTine natika kAyade jevA vividha viSaya upara kanphayuziyasanA vicAro paNa A be pustakamAM rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. gha. mensiasa (Book of Mencius) : karyuziyasanA maraNa pachI lagabhaga baso varSe thayelA mahAna kakyuziyana vicAraka beMgajhe athavA mesiasanA siddhAMtane A pustakamAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo che. ema kahI zakAya ke kanphayuziyana dharmane sarva-dharma sAhityanuM A eka pustaka navIna bhAta pADe che. paddhatisaranA dhArmika ane tAttvika tattvadarzanamAM jevI sugrathita rajUAta hevI joIe evI A pustakamAM prApta thAya che. 3. kanphayuziyasanA mahatvanA vicAraH kayuziyase rajU karela kalAsikasamAM Adima cIna dharma sAthe saMbaMdha prasthApita thAya che e kharuM, chatAM paNa eka navatara saMrakRtinuM sarjana karavA mATe tathA eka navasarjita thayelI saMskRtine opa ApavAne karyuziyasane prayAsa A graMthamAM adazya rahetuM nathI. Adima dharmanI mAphaka A dharma sAhityamAM jIvanane saMgharSa athavA te bhautika astitvane mATenA satata prayAsanI ahIMyAM

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7ra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vAta nathI; ahIMyAM te eka samRddha ane sAruM jIvana prApta karavAnI tathA uttama prakAranA naitika ane AdhyAtmika mUlyanI prAptinI vAta jovA maLe che. navatara saMskRtinA ghaDatarane kALe enA purAtana saMbaMdhane cheDo mAnava sadaMtara na phADI zake e samajI zakAya ema che, ane chatAMya navA vyakti jIvananAM mUlyo, samAja jIvananAM mUlya upasthita thAya e paNa eTalI ja agatyanI ane mahattvanI vAta che. ane A palaTAtA samayamAM, A sAMskRtika saMgharSanA kALamAM ApaNe e spaSTa joI zakIe ema chIe ke mAtra astitvane vicAra karatA kaMI vizeSanI, kaMI mahAnanI prAptine mATe samAja ane samAjanA ghaDavaiyAo prayAsa kare che. emanI samakSa eka navIna bhAvi khUle che ane enI prApti karavA mAga paNa sUcavAya che. kaziyasanA bodha ane kArya vize ghaNAya vicArake temane rUDhicusta tarIke svIkArI, mAtra bhUtakALanI gAthA gAtA kavi sivAya emane navAjatA nathI. koIpaNa parivartana ekadama ane tvarita rIte AvatuM nathI. cInanI prajAne mATe Adima. saMskRtimAMthI nUtana saMskRtinuM parivartana paNa e ja rIte Ave e sahaja che. Ama paNa kanphayuziyasanA jIvanakALa daramyAna lekoe emane svIkAravA ane AvakAravA joIe e rIte emane nahotA svIkAryA ke AvakAryA. kAraNake emane A vyakti kaMIka juduM ja kahetI, karatI ane ApatI lAgatI hatI. je kanphayuziyase pitAne eka paga purAtana saMskRtimAM rAkhIne, bIjo paga navIna saMskRtimAM mUkavAne badale, saMpUrNapaNe navIna saMskRtimAM aDIkhama UbhA rahI, enI sthApanAnA prayAsa karyA hata, te jisasanA je hAla thayA te emanA paNa na thAta ? A te parivartanane eka sAmAnya krama che, athavA te bauddhadharmanA je hAla hiMdustAnamAM thayA e kanphayuziyanadharmanA cInamAM thayAM na hatA? kanphayuziyase upadezela vicAramAMthI traNa vicAra mahatvanA che.' ka. lI (Li) kha. jena (Jen) ga. tAo (Tao) ka lIH kaphyuziyasanuM ema spaSTapaNe mAnavuM hatuM ke enA samAjane mahattvane prazna "lI" nA gumAvavAthI upasthita thaye hatuM, ane samAjanA ghaDatara mATe tathA enA uddhArane mATe "lI'nuM puna:prasthApana ati Avazyaka hatuM.

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cInanAdharmo 273 lIne samajAvatAM lIna yuTAMga kahe che : "In the narrowest sense, it means ' rituals ', 'propriety' and just 'goodness;' in the historical sense it means the rationalized system of feudal order (that was supposedly realized in the early Chau period ); in a philosophical sense it means an ideal social order with everything in its place'; and in a personal sense it means a pious, religious state of mind, very near to the word 'faith.' Among the chinese scholars, confucianism is known as the 'religion of Li', the nearest translation of which would be religion of moral order'. It subjects the political order to the moral social order, making the latter the basis of the former" - Ama "lI" e vividha athI zabda che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emAM eka karatAM vadhAre bAbate samAviSTa thayelI che e paNa joI zakAze. eka taraphe ene artha je vidhi thatuM hoya, te bIjI taraphe ene naitika niyama" tarIke ane kayuziyanavAdanA samakakSa tarIke paNa lekhavAmAM Ave che. "lIne artha samajavA mATe "vAjabI" zabda egya raheze. joke A zabda prajanamAM kaphyuziyasanI rUDhivAdI bAju para vadhAre bhAra mukAya che, kAraNake vAjabIne nirNata karavAne mATe parApUrvathI zreSTha tarIke je cAlyuM Ave che enA Adara upara bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che.10 lI" eTale sugya vartana, ane vartananuM kSetra samagra mAnavajIvana ane samAjajIvana para prasArita che. ethI "lI'nA arthamAM aneka bAbato samAI jAya e sahaja che. vidhi, vinaya, rUDhi vagerene AmAM samAveza thAya che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu "lInI sAthe je kaMI susaMgata hoya e ja karI zakAya, ane enI viruddha je kaMI hoya tevuM na thaI zake-vicAramAM, vANImAM ke vartanamAM--e "lI nA A arthamAM samAviSTa che. mAnavInuM vartana kyAM te "lIne 9 eja, pA. 811. 10 ga, esa. ema. dhI cAInIjha mAInDa, nyUyorka, 1946, pA. 14 dharma 18

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274 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana anurUpa ane tethI "lI" mATe mAnasUcaka athavA te "lI thI viparIta, ane tethI "lI" mATe mAnabhAva vinAnuM che ema kahevAya. kha, jena : kanphayuziyase Apelo bIje mahattvane vicAra jena che. je kanphayuziyase mAtra "lI "nI ja vAta karI hota te to ene dharma sahaja rIte purANA dharmamAM sarakI jAta ane e saMpUrNapaNe rUDhivAdI thAta. "lImAM purANAno Adara nizcita che ja ane emAM je kaMIka khUTe che te "jena nA vicAramAM samAya che. mAtra "lI" purANAne pakaDI parivartanane nakAre, paraMtu "jena" e evo vicAra che je dvArA purANAne vartamAna sAthe sAMkaLIne tene enI sAthe susaMgata karavAmAM Ave che. "lI' zabdanI jema "jena' zabdane samAnArthI zabda Apavo muzkela che. A zabdane mATe samAnArthI zabda "sAcuM mAnavata"(True Manhood) ema lIna yuTAMga Ape che. Do. hyujIsa A zabdano artha mAnava-mAnavatA ( Man to manness) tarIke Ape che. A baMne arthone anulakSIne ApaNe jenane artha A rIte ghaTAvI zakIe. "eka sAco mAnavI bIjA mAnavInA saMbaMdhamAM yogya rIte vyavahAra kare te." jenanuM A rItanuM arthaghaTana, "jena"mAM "lI" samAyela che ema spaSTa kare che. "lI'nA AcaraNa vinA "jena'nuM udAharaNa ApI zakAya nahi ane chatAM "jena" anusAranuM jIvana nahi jIvavA chatAM "lI ne mATe Adara batAvI zakAya. Ama "lI " ane "jena"ne saMbaMdha viziSTa rItane che. purAtananA Adara tarIke " lI" mATe mAna hovA chatAM, vyakti je rIte eNe bIjI vyaktio sAthe vyavahAra karavo joIe e na paNa kare. AvI vyakti jeTale aMze lIne Adara kare che teTale aMze te rUDhivAdI banaze. paraMtu kayuziyase prabodhela jenanA khyAla anusAranuM jIvana nahi jIvavAne pariNAme e vartamAna samayane anurUpa parivartana svIkAra nathI; ema thaze. "lI ne egya vyavahAranA arthamAM ghaTAvIe te e anusAranA anya mAnava sAthenA vyavahAra vinA " jena'nA pratyakSIkaraNa zI rIte thaI zake ? ethI ja jenanA pratyakSIkaraNa mATe "lI" anusArane vyavahAra anivArya che. A benI vacceno saMbaMdha kanphayuziyasanA eka kathanamAM spaSTa thAya che? " True manhood consists in realizing your true self and

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cInanA ra75 restoring the moral order (or li ). If a man can just for one day realize his true self and restore complete moral -order the world will follow him."42 samAjanA eka aMga tarIke mAnava para je je javAbadArI Ave ene svIkAra karI enuM pAlana karavA e prayatnazIla rahe che. enA AvA prayatnamAM ene "lI " athavA "jena" baMne sahAyarUpa thAya che. rUDhigata rIte ke vyavahAra gya che tathA kayo vyavahAra purAtana sAthe susaMgata che e "lI" ene kahe che, jyAre "jena" ene e sUcave che ke keIpaNa saMjogomAM koIpaNa mAnava sAthe ke vyavahAra sugya che ke vAjabI che, e je te saMjogo ane je te mAnava sAthenA saMbaMdha para AdhArita che. Ama "lI rUDhitAva ane "jene 'parivartanazIla tattva banI rahe che. keIpaNa Apela samaye, koIpaNa mAnavavyavahAra mATe e sAcA mAnava tarIke kArya kare e mATe eNe "suvarNa madhya" pAmavuM joIe. je vyakti "jena'ne A guNa-aMtimamAMthI madhyane oLakhI tenA svIkAra-grahI zaktI nathI te sAcA mAnava tarIkene yogya vyavahAra karavAmAM anukULa banI zakatI nathI. jena'nA A sadgaNanI vadhu samaja pAmavAne mATe tathA jena " anusAra vyaktie pitAnuM AcaraNa zI rIte ghaDavuM joIe ene khyAla pAmavA kaphyuziyase enA ziSyane kahela vAta joIe ? bhege pUchayuM : zuM badhA manuSya potAnA jIvanane mATe niyama tarIke svIkArI zake e ekeya zabda che ?kanphayuziyase kahyuM : "zuM manuSyone paraspara bhAva ( reciprocity) evo zabda nathI ?" ane vadhumAM kahyuM : "tame evuM icchatA ho ke bIjA mANase tamArA tarapha amuka vartana na rAkhe, te tamAre paNa te mANase pratye tevuM vartana rAkhavuM joIe nahi. 12 jisasanA gospelamAM paNa A ja bhAva vyakta thayA che. phera mAtra eTalo che ke ahIMyAM sUcita vyavahAranI rajUAta niSedhavAcI che jyAre gospelamAM e astivAcI che. 11 lIna yuTAMga, pA. 831 1ra enAlekaTasa - 15 : 23; mahAvidyA - 10 : 2; madhyamamArga - 13 : 3; lIkI-81 : 1.

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276 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana - kenTanA nItizAstrano mULa AdhAra AcAranA A vicAramAMthI prApta thAya che. pitAnA A vicAranuM samarthana karatA mAnava-mAnava vaccenA je vividha saMbaMdha hoI zake te vize emaNe kahyuM che: "saMbaMdhe pAMca prakAranA hoya che- rAjA ane prajAne; pitA ane putrane; pati ane patnIne; moTAbhAI ane nAnAbhAIne; mitra ane mitrane; koIpaNa buddhimAna ke mUrkha mANasa TUMkA samayane mATe paNa A prakAranA saMbaMdhane haTAvI zakatA nathI. "13 vaLI, A saMbaMdhamAM karyuziyasa pite kaI rIte varyA che enI namratAbharI rajuAta emanA A kathanamAM jovA maLe che:14 "There are four things in the moral life of a man, not one of which have I been able to carry out in my life. To serve my father as I would expect my son to serve me that I have not been able to do. To serve my sovereign as I would expect a minister under me to serve me-that I have not been able to do. To act towarads my elder brothers as I should expect my younger brothers to act towards me-that I have not been able to do. To be the first to behave towards friends as I would expect them to behave towards me-that I have not been able to do." : je vyakti sAcA mAnavanA Adarzane varelI che teNe arasaparasanI bhAvanAthI kaI rItane vartAva rAkhavo joIe ene yogya khAla uparanA kathanamAMthI Ave che. AcaraNanA emaNe ApelA bIjA keTalAka vyAvahArika upadezane ahIMyAM ullekha karI laIe : "je mANaso tamArI samakakSa nathI temanI sAthe mitratA bAMdhazo nahIM.15 1 "apakArane badale apakArathI vALa ane dayAne badale dayAthI ja Apaje."16 13 lega : rilijiyansa opha cAyanA, pA. 105 14 lIna yuTAMga, pA. 849 15 lIkI, 1 : 8-3 16 eja, 14 : 363

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cInanA ra77 pitA athavA putranI cAlacalagatamAM ekabIjAe deze kADhavA nahIM, emAM ja putrabhakti ane pitRbhakti rahelI che. 17 sAmAnya rIte pratyeka mAnavIe keLavavA yogya saguNone ullekha Ama karavAmAM Avyo che? "DahApaNuM, paropakAra ane sahanazIlatA e sadaguNe badhAne mATe che."18 kayuziyana dharmanA "lI" ane "jena"nA vicAramAM prasthApita thayelI AcArasaMhitA mAnava-mAnava vaccenA parasparanA egya saMbaMdhe para bhAra mUke che. ApaNe zarUAtamAM e joyuM ke samAja ane saMskRtinA navasarjanane mATe kanphayuziyasa prayatnazIla hatA. e prasthApita karavAne mATe paddhatisarane mArga emaNe apanAvyuM. samAjanI sudaDhatA tyAre ja prApta thAya jayAre kuTuMba sudaDha hAya, ane vyaktinI sudaDhatA vinA kuTuMbanI sudaDhatA kaI rIte zakya bane? AthI ja kanphayuziyase eka evA mAnavane Adarza tarIke khyAla Apyo, je anya lekane nahIM paraMtu A lekane ja hoya, je Adarza tarIke dUra kayAMka nahIM paraMtu samAjamAM je jIvatA hoya, jene gUDha prazno sAthe jhAjhI nibata na hoya, paraMtu e evo mAnava heya je pitAnA bhUtakALanA vArasAthI paricita hoya ane te mATe Adara dAkhavate heya. paraMtu enI sAthe ja e daSTi ane buddhinA dvAra baMdha na karatAM, je samaye je paristhiti anusAra mAnavavyavahAra mATe je kaMIka karavAnuM yegya heya e karavAne mATe kaTibaddha bane. AvA mAnavanA ghaDatara mATe kanphayuziyase emanI vicAraNA rajU karI. za, tAo: upara rajU karelI vicAraNuM mukhyatve karIne sAmAjika ane naitika svarUpanI rahI che. AmAM dharma kayAM ? evo prazna kaI karI zake. pratyeka dharma, nItine mahattvanuM sthAna Ape che ane te anusAra kanphayuziyanadharma paNa ene evuM sthAna Ape e samajI zakAya. paraMtu zuM mAnavIe ekamekanI sAthenA yogya vyavahAra karavA sivAya bIjuM kaMI ja prApta karavAnuM nathI ? je mAnavane paraspara vyavahAra ja sarvasva hoya e dharma mAtra nItidharma ke samAja 17 eja, 13-: 182 18 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI isTa, 28 : 313 19 kanphayuziyasa kahe che: "jo tame tamArA kharA kAryakSetranI bahAra jaI bIjA * suMdara ane gUDha siddhAMte zedhavAno prayatna karaze tathA vicitra ane abhuta - prayoga karavA mAMDaze, te tame kharAba mANasa tarIke lekhAze." tema-pA. 15

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ra78 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharma banI rahe. paraMtu zuM ApaNe kayuziyanadharmane mAtra nItidharma tarIke ja svIkArI zuM ? che. A badhA praznonA uttara ApaNane kanphayuziyasanA trIjA vicAramAMthI prApta thaze. A vicAra e "tAone che, "tAo" zabda kayuziyase ja pra . che ema nathI, "tAo ne vicAra cInanI purANI saMskRtimAM pracalita che. tAo ne, mAnavane anulakSIne, eka artha thAya che, ane hevanane anulakSIne bIjo artha thAya che. je vyakti potAnA jIvananuM ghaDatara "lI'nA Adara anusAra kare ane "jena' dvArA apAyela mAnavavyavahAra ane saguNa Acare, te mAnavane tAo-mAnava ceya-siddha kare che, ane e sAthe ja "hevana'nA tA-aMtima tattva sAthe saMbaMdhita paNa thAya che. " Ama, kanphayuziyasanI vicAradhArAmAM eka aMta ke Adarzo abhAva nathI purANI saMskRtimAM je "tAo" ane "hevana"nA vicAre pracalita che tene "lInA vicArane AdhAre karyuziyasa svIkAre ja che, ane ethI kanphayuziyasanA bodhanI dhArmika bAju "tAonA vicAranA ravIkAramAM rahelI che. Ama chatAM, eTaluM kahevuM jarUrI che ke karyuziyasanA dharmamAM AcArasaMhitA para jeTale bhAra ApavAmAM Avyo che enA pramANamAM dharmanA mahatvanA prazna para vicAraNA rajU karavAmAM AvI nathI. lI" anusAranuM ane "jena' dvArA pramANita thayela vyavahAra para bhAra mUkavAne pariNAme e saMbhavita nathI ke mAnava mAtra bAhya AcAramAM ja saMtoSa prApta karate thAya. ema bane te vyaktijIvana daMbhI ane ADaMbarI nahIM bane ? ane te pachI samAjajIvana kaluSita, karAmatabharyuM, kilaSTa ane adhogatimaya nahIM bane ? * kanphayuziyase prApta karavA dhArela samAja-parivartana keTale aMze saMbhavita banyuM che enuM mUlyAMkana karavuM A puratanI maryAdA bahAra che. tAodharma 1. sAmAnya: - lAotre atihAsika puruSa hatA ke kAlpanika vyakti hatA e prazna have lagabhaga baMdha thayele che ane ema svIkArAyuM che ke kanphayuziyasa pachI, lAojhene janma

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cInanAdha 279 I. sa. pUrve 4thI sadImAM thayo hato, ane e sadImAM ja emanA hAthe emane mahAna graMtha tAo-te-kiMga racAya hate. lAbenA graMtha viSe je kyA prApta che tene ullekha karatAM kera0 kahyuM che? "lAonne buddhine upayoga karatA ane dhArmika jIvana gALatA hatA. temanA upadezanuM dhyeya ahaMkArattine nAza karavAnuM hatuM. lAotre pitAnA jIvanane ghaNokharo bhAga "u"mAM gALyo hato, jyAre temaNe ceunI paDatInI nizAnIo joI tyAre teo tyAMthI nIkaLI sarahada para AvyA. yina-hI nAmanA jakAtakhAtAnA adhikArIe kahyuM: "sAheba Ape jyAre nivRtti levAne ja vicAra karyo che tyAre mArA ravAIne khAtara huM Apane pustaka lakhavA vinaMtI karuM chuM." A vinaMtI dhyAnamAM laI lAoe 5000 zabdavALu purataka be bhAgamAM lakhyuM ane buddhi ane dharmanI bhAvanAnI carcA karI. pachI teo tyAMthI jatA rahyA ane kayAM maraNa pAmyA te koI jANatuM nathI." tAo-te-kiMganI racanA I. sa. pUrve 4thI sadImAM thaI. tAo-tekiMgamAM lAoe rajU karela vicArane samajavAmAM emaNe vAparelA be zabda "tAo" ane "tenA artha samajavA kharekhara kaThina che. A graMthanuM bhASAMtara aneka lekhakoe karyuM che ane teoe e graMthanuM nAma je rIte bhASAMtarita karyuM che te uparathI A zabdone thoDe khyAla pAmI zakAya ema che. Arse A puratakane "tAo ane saguNanA graMtha, ohe "saguNanA mArgane graMtha', pAkare paramAtmAnI kRpAne graMtha', bAphare "prakRti ane tenA dharmane siddhAMta', elekajhAMDare "prakRti ane IzvaranA AvirbhAva vize vicAre, ane kese "buddhi ane saguNanA niyama" evAM nAme ApyAM che. A badhA uparathI A be zabdone artha samajavo anukULa thaze. Ama, "tAone tAo tarIke svIkAravA uparAMta ene paramAtmA, prakRti ane buddhi tarIke paNa gaNavAmAM Ave che. te ja pramANe tene dharma, Izvara ke sadguNa tarIke paNa gaNavAmAM Ave che. ethI ahIM ApaNe e baMne zabdone artha samajavA prayatna karIzuM. 2, "tAone artha : "tAo" keTalIka veLA "mAga" athavA "rastanA arthamAM vaparAya che. 20 kerasa, kenana oNpha rijhana eNnDa vaccuM, pA. 71-72

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jyAre tAdharmane mATe "tAo" zabda vaparAya che tyAre tene artha dharmane mArga ema thAya che jema zitone artha devone mArga thAya che e rIte. - Ama chatAM, tAonA A mULabhUta arthamAMthI bIjA paNa arthe niSpanna thAya che. eka te, tAone artha buddhi, tarka, satya ane siddhAMtanA bhAga tarIke ghaTAvAya che. bIjuM, tAone zuddha saguNone mArga eTale ke nItinA Adarza tarapha laI janAra mArga tarIke paNa oLakhAvAya che. trIju, tAone upayoga sRSTinI bhautika ane naitika vyavasthA je siddhAMtane anurUpa thaI che te siddhAMta tarIke paNa ghaTAvavAmAM Ave che. cothuM, keTalIka veLA tAo eTale devoe apanAvela ane anusarela jIvanane sAce mAga e rIte paNa ene artha ghaTAvAya che. - pAMcamuM, tAone artha keTalAka tarka (Reason) tarIke ghaTADe che. - chaThuM vaLI tAone artha keTalIka veLA prajAnA pAlanahAra Izvara (Providence) tarIke paNa ghaTAvAya che. sAtamuM, keTalAka tAone paramatatva ( Supreme Being) tarIke paNa ghaTAve che. ( AThamuM, vaLI keTalAka tAone zabda (Word) ane vANI (Logos) tarIke paNa ghaTAve che. - ahIM ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke tAonA arthanuM mULabhUta tAtparya nitika che ane Ama chatAM, emAMthI ja eka tAtvika satyane paNa khyAla pamAya che. tAonA saguNanuM hArda tAo-te-kiMganuM bhASAMtara karatA lIna yuTAMge21 rajU karela nIcenuM sUtra sArabhAgarUpe rajU karI zakIe : " Curtail thy desires; Check thy selfishness, Embrace thy Original Nature Reveal thy simple self" 21 dhI vIjhama opha cAyanA enDa InDiyA, pA. 28a. If"

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cInanAdharmo 281 tAo zabda dvArA je naitika hArda rajU thAya che te e che ke mANase pitAnI jAtane samajavI joIe ane tenA para kAbU jamAvo joIe. AnI vadhu vicAraNA ApaNe lAoe Apela nItizAstranI vicAraNuM vakhate hAtha dharIzuM. tAo" arthamAMthI je tAtvika bhAva niSpanna thAya che tene tA-tekiMgamAM prApta thatA traNa tAttvika stare ullekha karIne samajAvI zakAya. eka te "tAo" sRSTithI para (Transcendent) che. "tAo nuM viziSTa ravarUpa e ja che ke "tAone keI nAma ApI zakAya ema nathI. AnI suMdara rajUAta karatAM barTa kahe che : 22 "The tao that can be tao'd Is by no means the real tao; The name that can be named Is by no means the real name" Ama chatAM, je lAbene e mATe kaIka nAma ApavuM ja paDe che teo tAone "mahAna 23 evuM nAma ApavAnuM pasaMda kare. tAo--kiMgamAM tAonA bIjA paNa keTalAka guNone ullekha thayeluM jovA maLe che. jema ke, aparivartanazIla, -eka, anaMta. bIja, keTalIka veLA "tAone mATe "Named mother of all things"24 paNa vaparAya che. tAonA A artha vize ghaNo gUMcavADo nIpajela che. kayAM te ene paramatattvanA arthamAM ghaTAvI zakAya, athavA te bahu spaSTapaNe ene hevana ane pRthvInA gatizIla saMparka tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya ke jemAMthI samagra - sRSTinuM sarjana thayuM che ane jenA dvArA enuM saMcAlana thAya che. trIjuM, tAone sAmAnya vastuonA kAraNa tarIke paNa lekhavAmAM Ave che. Ama tAone avarNanIya kahevA chatAM tenuM varNana aneka zabdomAM ApavAmAM Ave che. anAmI hovA chatAM te nAmI bane che. Ama, "tAo mAM virodhAbhAsI 22 mena sIkasa dhI DivAIna, pA. 87 23 lIna yuga - prakaraNa 25 -24 , - prakaraNa 1 . . . . .. ?

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282 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana guNo AropavAmAM Ave che. e nirguNa paNa che, saguNa paNa che, nirAkAra che ane sAkAra paNa che, nirmaLa che ane sabaLa paNa che. paramatattva tarIke "tAone svIkAryA pachI ene samajAvavAne mATe bhASAne Azraya laI je kaI zabdo ApavAmAM Ave te haMmezA apUratA ja rahevAnA. hiMdudharmamAM paNa paramatatva. brahmAne zabda dvArA varNavAno prayAsa karavAmAM Ave che tyAre Ama ja bane che. jene paramatatva tarIke svIkAryuM hoya enI bhASAmAM rajUAta karavAmAM Ave tyAre A ja kAraNe virodhAbhAsa thAya che. ahIMyAM ApaNe bIjA eka praznanI samaja paNa meLavI levI jarUrI che. lAotre "tAo nA paramatattvane zAMga-ti karatAM paNa purANuM hevAnuM kahe che. AthI cInamAM jenI Izvara tarIke pUjA thAya che te zAMti karatAM paNa "tAo" tatva je purANuM hoya te zuM zAMga-ti tAomAMthI nIpajela che ? ane ahIMyAM samasta sRSTinA sarjananI vAta karAya che. saMpUrNa svarUpe astitvamAna paramatatva te "vR" che. paramatattvanI A avasthA zUnyAvasthA che. AvA zUnyAvarathI paramatatvamAMthI sRSTinI badhI utpatti thAya che. jyAre paramatatva bIjuM kaI utpanna karavA jAya che tyAre te "yU' tarIke oLakhAya che. A svarUpamAM 'paramatattva" rUpa dhAraNa kare che, ane A rUpane kAraNe te avasthAmAM ene nAmA paNa ApI zakAya. eka veLA 'vR", "yUmAM parivartita thAya eTale jagata utpattine krama zarU thAya che. e kramamAM zAMga-ti (AkAza) sau pahelAM utpanna thAya che. . Ama, paramatattvamaya "tAo" aneka bane che ane ema chatAM enuM paramatattvanuM . tAttvika hAI kadIye visarAtuM nathI ane ethI paramatattva tarIke e eka ja rahe che. 3. tene artha : lAonA graMthane bIjo zabda "te" che. lAonA vicAramAM A "te zabdanuM tAtparya paNa agatyanuM che. sAmAnya rIte "tene artha sadguNa thAya che. eka rIte joIe te "tAo" e eka zakti che ane te paNa eka zakti che, ane A baMne zakti ekamekathI judI nathI, paraMtu tAvika bhAve eka ja che. "tAo-te-kiMgamAM" tAone niSkriya kahyA chatAM tene pravRttinA pitA tarIke, tema ja sarvanA pitA ane mAtA tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che ?

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cInanAdharmo 283 koIpaNa prakArane ADaMbara rAkhyA vinA badhA padArthone utpanna karanAra ane temane TakAvI rAkhanAra."25 - "sarva vyApaka, utpAdaka. 26 "badhAne pitA"2 7 mAtAnA jevo.28 tAo pote je niSkriya heya te sRSTinI utpattinI A kriyA kevI rIte? samajAvI zakAya ? te samajAvavA mATe te tattvane AdhAra levAya che. sarva jIvone utpatti ApanAra "te" che. jyArathI "temAM pravRtti zarU thAya tyArathI "te" azuddha thAya che. jagatanI utpattine ahIM rajU thayela khyAla, anya dharmomAM maLatA, jagatanI utpattinA khyAlanI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. 4. tAdharmanuM nItizAstra ? ' jema dhArmika vicAramAM, tema nItiviSayaka vicAramAM paNa karyuziyasa ane lAojhenI vicAradhArAmAM phera che. kanphayuziyasa te nukasAnane badale nyAya anusAra nukasAnathI ja vALavo joIe, ane sajajanatAnI sAthe sajjanatA batAvavI joIe ema kahe che.28 paraMtu lAotrenI naitika bhAvanA kayuziyasa karatA vikasita thayelI mAluma paDe che, kAraNa ke teo kahe che ke nuksAnane badale dayAthI vALo 30 ane vaLI AnI vadhu samaja ApatA teo jaNAve che, "jeo mArI sAthe sArI rIte varte che temanI sAthe te huM sArI rIte vatuM ja; paraMtu jeo mArI sAthe sArI rIte vartatA nathI temanI sAthe paNa huM te sArI rIte ja vastu chuM. A pramANe baMdhAye sArI rIte vartavuM ja paDe che. jeo mArA tarapha zuddha bhAva rAkhe che temanA tarapha huM zuddhabhAva rAkhuM chuM, paraMtu jeo mArA tarapha zuddhabhAva 25 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 51 : 3-4 26 eja, 34 : 1-2 . 27 eja, 4 : 1 28 eja, 1 : 2 ra9 enAlesa, 14 H 36 : 3, 30 tAo te-kiMga, 63 : 2

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-284 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAkhatA nathI temanA tarapha paNa huM zuddhabhAva ja rAkhuM chuM ane A pramANe badhAe zuddhabhAva rAkhavo ja paDe.31 lAonA uparanA kathanathI naitika sajajanatA ane naitika vyavahAra aMge emanA kevA vicAro che ene khyAla AvI zake che. AnI sAthe jisasa -krAIsTano uodha sarakhAvavo joIe. kayuziyasa ane lAoOne samakAlIna tarIke svIkArIne e benI sarakhAmaNuM karatAM hyuma kahe che : "cInamAM A be dharmonA sthApaka samakAlIna hatA ane tethI temanA vakhatanI sAmAjika sthiti sarakhI ja hatI. lAbee paNa pitAnA samayamAM lokonI garIbAI samAjamAM pravartatI geravyavasthA, luccAI corI ane lUMTa tema ja lokonI DaMphAsa, uDAupaNuM tema ja svArthanA kissAo joyA hatA tethI temane ghaNe kheda thayuM hatuM. paraMtu kanphayuziyasanI mAphaka dAtA rAkhI A aniSTa paristhitinI sAthe ja pitAnA siddhAMtane barAbara upayoga karavAne badale, lAotree mAtra DahApaNanI zikhAmaNa ApI ane pachIthI jema cInanA bIjA ghaNuM adhikArIoe atyAra sudhI karyuM tema temaNe sarakArI nokarImAMthI rAjInAmuM ApI pitAne anukULa evI binajavAbadArIbharI avasthAmAM rahevAnuM pasaMda karyuM. "32 hyumanI A TIkAmAM paristhitine sAmane karavAnI kanphayuziyasanI rIta apanAvavAmAM AvI che ane lAoenI zikhAmaNa AcaraNamAM pratibiMbita thatI nathI e vastu para bhAra mukavAmAM Avyo che. kanphayuziyanadharma karatAM tAodharmanA thayelA vizeSa adhaHpatanane mATe saMbhavataH A kAraNe paNa javAbadAra hoya. e sAcuM ke pitAnA samayanI paristhitine sAmane kaphayuziyase bhUtakALanI sAthe nAte teDyA vinA karavAno prayatna karyo. Ama chatAM, kaphyuziyasa ane jisasa krAIsTanA evA samAna prayAsamAM paNa taphAvata rahe che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu lAonI sarakhAmaNImAM ema kahI zakAya ke lAoe Apela upadeza anusArane ja upadeza jisasa krAIsTa paNa Ape. paraMtu emane upadeza mAtra tAttvika sabodha na rahetA, emaNe pite jIvanamAM enuM AcaraNa karI batAvyuM, tema ja e mATe pitAnA prANanI Ahuti paNa ApI. 31 eja, 49 : 2 32 hyuma, Ara. I. : dhI liviMga rilijiyasa opha dhI varlDa', pA. 131 -

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cInanAdharmo 285. Adhunika jagatamAM gAMdhIjIne vize paNa Ama ja kahI zakAya. AmAMthI je niSpanna thAya che te e ke mAtra AcaraNa ke mAtra vicAra karatAM, vicAra, anurUpa AcAranuM mahAtmaya savizeSa che; e itihAsanA dareka kALe sArvatrika rIte svIkArAyuM che. ApaNe tAo dharmanA nItizAstranI vAta karatA thoDI bIjI vAta karI lIdhI. tAodhamamAM sadAcArane tathA naitika jIvanane je mahattva ApavAmAM AvyuM che e ApaNe upara joyuM. pApI tarapha paNa sajjanabhAva rAkhavo e siddhAMta lAoe Ave. paraMtu emanA nItiviSayaka khyAlenI rajUAta te pAchaLathI lakhAyela tAI-sAMga-kAMga-Iga-biyena' graMthamAMthI prApta thAya che. A graMthamAM karma ane tenA phaLanI vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che. A graMthanuM mahatva paNa "tAo-te-kiMga jeTaluM ja AMkavAmAM Ave che. emAM sajajananuM varNana A rIte karavAmAM AvyuM che.33 - "te ADe raste nahIM jAya. te dharmanAM kAma karaze ane puNya meLavaze. badhAM prANIo upara sajjana dayA rAkhaze. pitAnA nAnA bhAIo tarapha prima ane vAtsalya rAkhaze. vaDavAonI AjJAnuM pAlana karaze. pitAnI jAtane sudhArI ane sudhAravAno prayAsa karaze. anAthe tema ja garIba ane vidhavAo para dayAbhAva. rAkhaze. vaDIlone mAna Apaze ane nAnA tarapha premabhAva rAkhaze. Avo sajana,. jaMtuo, ghAsa tathA dakSane ijA nahIM kare. duSTa vRttivALAonI tene dayA Avaze ane . guNavAnane joIne tene harSa thaze. duHkhIone madada karavA te tatpara raheze ane bhayamAM AvI paDelAone bacAvavA te prayatnazIla raheze. bIjAne thate lAbha pitAne ja thAya che tathA bIjAne gayelI khoTa potAne ja gaI che ema mAnaze. e sajjana bIjAnA doSa ughADA nahIM paDe. pitAnI baDAI kadI nahIM kare. kharAbane aTakAvavA e prayatnazIla raheze ane je sAruM haze tenI vakhANapUrvaka prasiddhi karaze. dAna karaze, paNa leze nahIM. anya koI tenA tarapha krodha karaze to e tene sahana karI leze. bIjAone namratApUrvaka mAna Apaze. koIpaNa prakAranA badalAnI AzA rAkhyA vinA te anyane upakAra karaze. A badhA sajajananAM lakSaNa che. AvA ja mANasane bIjA badhA mANaso mAna Ape che. deva paNa tene bacAve che. sukha ane lAbha tenI pAchaLa deDe che. je kaMI aniSTa che te emanAthI dUra bhAge. che je kaMI kArya e hAthamAM le che tene vijaya maLe che. A prAkRta dehane tyAga. karI amara thavAnI te AzA rAkhe che." 33 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 403 237-238

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286 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sajajana mANasane ATale vistRta khyAla A graMthamAM ApavA uparAMta emAM vividha AjJAo ane Adeza ApavAmAM AvyA che, je mAnavIne enA vyaktigata, kauTuMbika ane sAmAjika jIvanamAM daravaNarUpa banI rahe che. AvI -AjJAo A pramANe che 34 "tamArA mA-bApanA deSa jAhera karazo nahIM. satya ane asatyane goTALe karaze - nahIM. adhama mANasane lAbha thAya evuM kaMIkaraze nahIM. nirdoSane zikSA Apaze nahI. pavanane Thapako ane varasAdane gALa Apaze nahIM. tamArI patnInuM ane upapatnIonuM kahevuM sAMbhaLaze nahIM. tamArA mAtApitAnI AjJAono bhaMga karaze nahIM. - navI vAta sAMbhaLatA jUnI vAto visarazo nahIM. uchInuM je kaMI lIdhuM hoya e pAchuM Apaje. prArabdhavazAta je kaMI maLyuM hoya enAthI vadhAre meLavavAno prayAsa karaze nahIM. tolamApamAM dago karaze nahIM. mahinAnA chellA divasa athavA te varSanA chellA divase gAyana gAze nahIM ane nRtya karaze nahIM. savAramAM uThatAMnI sAthe tema ja besate mahine gusse thazo nahIM, tema moTethI bUma pADazo nahIM. uttara dizAmAM meM rAkhI raDaze nahIM, tema ja thuMkaze paNa nahIM. tAre kharata hoya to tenI sAme joI thuMkaze nahIM. AMgaLI vatI IndradhanuSyane batAvaze nahIM. kharAba kAma karanAra paNa je prAyazcitta karI pitAnI jAtane sudhAre, ane khoTA kAma karavA baMdha karI para kAma kare, te Akhare, tene sukha ane AnaMda maLe che. te pachI sArA kAma karavAne mATe ApaNI jAtane kema pharaja na pADavI ?" jIvanavyavahAranI aneka nAnI moTI bAbato vize tema ja vividha kSetromAMnA vyavahAra vize ahIMyAM ghaNuM kahevAyuM che. je kaMIka kahevAmAM AvyuM che emAMthI tatkAlIna samAjanuM je citra upasI Ave che enI sAthe ahIMyAM ApaNane jhAjhI nibata nathI. paraMtu vyaktie pitAnI patnI sAthe, pitAnA mAtA-pitA sAthe, anya saMbaMdhIo sAthe kaI rIte vartavuM joIe ene spaSTa khyAla AmAMthI maLI rahe che. eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu bIjA keTalAka Adeza ApIne mAnavIe kayA prakAranI vidhi karavI joIe ane prakRti sAthe zI rIte vartavuM joIe enI paNa vAta karavAmAM AvI che. A badhA uparAMta ahIMyAM evI traNa vAtone ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che, je cInanA dharmavikAsakramamAM pahelI ja vAra jovA maLe che. kaphyuziyasa ke 34 DaglAsaH kanphayuziyanIjhama enDa TAIjhama, pA. 26-270

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cInanAdharmo 287 lAebee prArabdha, prAyazcitta ane punarjanma athavA te kAryanA pariNAmanI vAta karI jANavAmAM nathI. ahIMyAM A traNeya vicAra paNa rajU thayelA che. pAchaLathI avanatinA mArge vaLelA tAomAganA patananI pUrvabhUmikAmAM AvI AjJAone zuM ane keTalo hisso che, e spaSTa rIte niNata na karI zakAya te ene kaMIka hiro hoI zake ane te inkAra kema karI zakAya ? 5. lAotre deva tarIke ? karyuziyanadharmanA anuyAyIoe kanphayuziyasanA mRtyu pachI jema emane devasthAne sthApyA hatA tema ja lAotrenA anuyAyIoe paNa karyuM. pitAne vize lAochee kahyuM che: "jagatamAM badhA mane meTo kahe che paNa huM sAmAnya padArtha je chuM. Ama chatAM, mArI pAse traNa kiMmatI bhaMDAra che-dayA, karaksara ane dInatA.35 lAoenA mRtyu pachI emanA anuyAyIoe lAonA AvAM vacana para AdhAra nahIM rAkhatA temane devasthAne besADI dIdhA. pratyeka prajAmAM ane pratyeka dharmamAM AvI eka prakriyA ApaNe haMmezA joIe chIe. vyaktine mATenA mamatvamAMthI AdarabhAva utpanna thAya che. e AdarabhAva pUjyabhAvamAM pariName che, ane pUjyabhAvamAMthI pUjana nIpajatA te vyaktine devasthAne besADI devAmAM Ave che. vyaktine bedha agatyane rahetuM nathI, enI pUjA mahatvanI bane che. Ama, tatva visarAya che ane rUDhi pracalita banI che, satya visarAya che ane paDachAyo saccAInuM sthAna le che. lAo vize paNa Ama ja thayuM. I. sa. 156mAM lAojhenA mAnamAM yajJa karavAno rAjyahukama bahAra paDe. I. sa.nA cothA saikAmAM lAone "vRddhakumAra'nuM biruda ApIne emanI pUjA thavA mAMDI. I. sa. 186mAM lAonA janmasthAnamAM maMdirone jIrNoddhAra thatA hatA tyAre lAbenA aneka avatAra thayA che e eka zilAlekha tyAM mUkavAmAM AvyuM.36 - I. sa. 1116mAM lAone deva tarIke mAnavAmAM AvyAM.37 35 tAo-te-kiMga, 67 : 1-2 36 sekreDa buksa opha dhI isTa, 40 : 31-313 137 suthIla thI rilijiyasa opha cAyanA, pA. 82

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288 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Ama, lAo dharmarathApakamAMthI dharmanA deva banyA. lAonA maraNa pachI lahabe--kavAna-che jevA mahatvanA puruSoe emanA dharmane gati ApI. jo ke enI sAthe ja emAM vividha prakAranA anya upadeza paNa bhaLyA. ene pariNAme tAo dharmanuM ravarUpa palaTAtuM gayuM ane kALAnukrame e dharmanuM sAcuM hArda sAmAnya janane samajavuM kaThina hoIne enA mULatA visarAtAM gayAM, ane ene rUDhibhAga vadhAre vikasato gayo. A ja kALa daramyAna cInanI aMdara bauddhadharma sahita anya dharmone praveza paNa thayo ane ene pariNAme tAodharmanuM sthAna dhIme dhIme UtaratuM gayuM. eka mahattvane dharma maTIne, traNamAMnA eka dharma tarIkenuM, enuM sthAna cInamAM rahyuM. cInI bauddhadharma I. sa. 1lI sadImAM bauddhadharma cInamAM pravezyA hovAnuM manAya che. paraMtu te samaye bauddhadharma tyAM pagabhara thaI zakyo nahIM. te veLA kanphayuziyanadharma ane tAdharmane jIvavAdanAM svarUpa cInamAM pracalita hatA. ene pariNAme | gADI na hatI. navA dharmane pAMgaravAnI taka jhAjhI na hatI. , A pachI cInamAM veI vaMzanA samayamAM bauddhadharma cInamAM dAkhala thayA. e veLA eka rAjAe amitAbhanI bhakti karI ane e bhaktine prasAra thayo. I. sa. 550nA arasAmAM paramArthe cInamAM taMtravAda tema ja gAcAra dAkhala karyo. I. sa. 720nA arasAmAM vrajadhIe nAgArjunane gamata dAkhala karyo. A mata dUIke 'nA nAme cInamAM oLakhAya che. bauddhadharmanA mULa cInamAM UMDA nAkhyA bodhidharme. teo bauddhadharmanA pracAra arthe nepALa, tibeTa ane cIna gayA ane bauddhadharmano pracAra karavAmAM saphaLa rahyA. A uparAMta tibeTamAMthI paNa bauddhadharma cInamAM pravezyo. vividha bauddha vicArakanA upadeze ane cInanA mahAna vicArakonA upadezanuM ekIkaraNa thavA mAMDayuM, ane e rIte bauddhadharma cInamAM pagabhara thaye ane Adara paNa pAme. cInamAM pravezele bauddhadharma tyAMnA sthAnika dharmonI sAthe saMparkamAM AvavAne pariNAme, ghaNo parivartita thaye e sAcuM, paraMtu bauddhadharma mahAyAna svarUpamAM raja thaye eTale ja e TakI zake ema kahevuM vadhAre paDatuM nathI. cInanI prajAne,

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cInanA ra89 ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che. tema, vyavahAramAM, A jIvanamAM ane A jagatamAM rasa che. anAtmapaNuM, anityapaNuM vagere tAttvika viSayo emane mana mahattvanA nathI. e ja pramANe maraNottara avasthA karatAM vartamAna avasthAnA AnaMdano ene vadhu svIkAra che ane mahAyAna ravarUpe cInamAM pravezelA bauddhadharme, cInI prajAbhAvanAne je ravIkAra na karI lIdho hato te e saMbhavita che ke bauddhadharmanuM cInamAM astitva na hota. AthI, cInanA bauddhadharmanI ApaNe jyAre vAta karIe tyAre je bauddhadharmanA svarUpanI AgaLa vAta karI ene nahIM, paraMtu cInanI paristhitine anurUpa thayela dharma, te cInane bauddhadharma che ema gaNavAnuM che. - cInanA A bauddhadharmane -bauddhavAda (dharma) tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A dharmamAM bauddha AtmAne paramatattva tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che ane pUjana paNa karavAmAM Ave che. vyaktigata jIvanavyavahAramAM karuNA, dayA, prema ane pavitratAnA saguNo upara bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. naitika vyavahArane anulakSIne bauddhadharmanA je mahatvanAM to che te ravIkAravA chatAM enAM tAttvika tamAM mahattvane phera paDe che. bauddhadharmanuM saMmizraNa eka tarapha tAo dharma sAthe, ane bIjI bAja kaziyana vicAro sAthe paNa thayeluM che. Aje bauddhadharmanA A badalAyelA varUpamAM e cInamAM eTale te pracalita thayuM che ke cInanI dharatImAM nIpajelA kanphayuziyanadharma ane tAo dharmanI samakakSa e banyo che. eka avalokana cInamAM kanphayuziyanadharma, tAo dharma ane bauddhadharma eTalA to otaprota thayelA che ke sAmAnya janasamudAye e traNene svIkAra karavA uparAMta, rAjya taraphathI paNa e traNeya dharmo - "sAna-cIAone svIkAravAmAM AvyA che. cInamAM A traNeya dharmo pracalita che, ane saMmizrita che te chatAM e traNeya judA che e paNa eka hakIkta che. emanI traNeyanI viziSTatA che, ane e jANavA mATe ApaNe pratyeka dharmamAM enA anuyAyIone anulakSIne kaI bAbata para savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avela che te joIzuM. samAjanA vividha staranA, tema ja mAnavIo vaccenA vividha saMbaMdhonA. yogya vyavahAra para bhAra mUkI e mATenA niyamanI rajUAta karavAmAM, tathA tenuM dharma 19

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290 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana pAlana karavAmAM, kanphayuziyanadharma samAyela che. tAo dharma anusAra paramatattva taraphathI prabaMdhAyela mArganuM pAlana karI niSkriya jIvana vitAvavA para bhAra mUkavAmAM Avela che. cInI bauddhadharmamAM jagatanA tyAgane tathA AtmasaMyama ane sthAna para bhAra mUkI saNa AcaravAmAM ane saguNa deva para zraddhA rAkhI tenI pUjA * karavAnuM kahevAyela che. e sAcuM che ke cInane AmajanasamudAya A badhA dharmonA utsavamAM bhAga le che, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu e badhAye dharmone nibhAvavA mATe jarUrI Arthika sahAya paNa kare che. cInamAM Aje je svarUpamAM A traNeya dharmo pracalita che temAM, ane temanA sthApake e je mULa dharmo prabodhyA che emAM, ghaNuM aMtara che. cInanI prajAe A traNeya dharmone ekasAthe svIkAra karIne, A traNeya dharmone sAcA arthamAM jIvADavA che ke dareka dharmane maraNatola phaTako mAryo che, e eka prazna che. hakIkatamAM to traNeya dharmone svIkAra karIne, cInI prajAe, pitAne mATe eka evo dharma taiyAra karyo che, jemAM kadAcita dareka dharmanuM zreSThatama tattva grahaNa thayuM nathI, paraMtu nyUnatama tatva grahaNa thayuM che. Ama, kanphayuziyasane eNe deva banAvyA, bauddhadharmane pitAnI bhautika AbAdIne mArga banAvyuM ane tAodharmane jAdu ane gUDha vidyAnA zAstra samAna svIkAryo.. Aje bahujanasamudAya A traNeya dharmomAM mAne che ane ene svIkAra AvI rIte kare che ? kanphayuziyanadharma pUrvajonI sevA karavAne mATe dharma che, ane ethI e dharmanuM AcaraNa karIne mAnavI pitAnA pUrva taraphanI pharaja adA kare che. tAdhama, vartamAna jIvanane sukhI banAvavAne eka mArga che. maraNa pachInI avasthA sudhAravA mATenA mArga tarIke bauddhadharmane svIkAra thAya che. Ama vartamAna jIvananA zreya mATe tAdharma, bhUtakALanA zreya mATe kanphayuziyanadharma ane bhAvi jIvanane jIvana-zreya mATe bauddhadharmane svIkAra karIne pratyeka mAnavI janmojanmanuM sukha bhogavI zake che. jema hiMduonA gharamAM prArthanAne mATe eka devasthAna hoya che tema cInI gharanA devasthAnamAM, e prajAe svIkArela traNa dharmonA traNa sthApakane devasthAne besADavAmAM Avela che. gharanA devasthAnamAM A traNeya devonA-buddha, lAo ane kanphayuziyasanA citra hoya che, jayAre maMdiramAM e ja devanI mUrti hoya che. ahIMyAM je mahattvane prazna upasthita thAya che te e, ke A traNeya dharmomAM mahatvanA mULabhUta taphAvata hovA chatAM, tema ja te paikIne eka dharma te cInanI

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cInanAdharmo 291 bhUmimAM udbhavelo na hovA chatAM paNa, e traNeya dharmo AmajanasamudAyanA hRdaya para kevI rIte sthAna jamAvI zakyA ? bIjA koI paNa bhaugolika pradezamAM eka karatAM vadhAre dharmonuM AvuM ekIkaraNa thayeluM che kharuM ? A be praznomAMne pAchale prazna ApaNe prathama hAtha dharIe. kadAcita ema kahevAya ke zIkhadharma, hiMdudharma ane musalamAnadharmanuM samanvayIkaraNa kare che. AvuM samIkaraNa kharekhara thayeluM che ke kema, ane hoya to keTale aMze ? paNa te eka alaga prazna che. A tabakake mahattavane mu eTale ja che ke zIkhadharma eka alAyadA dharma tarIke astitvamAM AvyuM che, ane eNe hiMdudharma ane islAma' dhamane mukAbale pitAnuM svataMtra astitva prasthApita karyuM che. te kadAcita ema paNa kahevAya ke bhAratamAM muslima dharmanA tAjiyA nIkaLe che che tyAre je bhaktibhAvathI murilame ene Adara kare che e ja bhaktibhAvathI keTalAka hiMduo paNa ene Adara kare che. jema muslima pIra ane daragAhanI AsthA dharAve che evI ja AsthA keTalAka hiMduo paNa dharAve che. A aMge ApaNe e noMdhavuM joIe ke A bAbate hakIkatanI che eTale e svIkArI laIe. Ama chatAM paNa hiMdusamAjane bahujanasamudAya ATalA kSetra pUrato paNa islAma sAthenA samanvayano svIkAra kare che ema kahI zakAya kharuM ? e ja pramANe koIpaNa kSullaka kSetra mATe paNa musalamAna samAja A samanvayakArI svIkAra kare che khare ? eTale lagabhaga ema kahevuM ja vadhu vAjabI che ke dharmasamabhAvanI dRSTie jIvanamAM vividha dharmone samanvayakArI svIkAra ekamAtra - cIna pradezamAM dRSTigocara thAya che ane anya sthaLe nahIM. A kathana ApaNane upara upasthita karela pahelA prazna para laI jAya che. A dharmone samanvayakArI svIkAra mAtra cIna pradezamAM ja kema? anya bhaugolika pradezamAM AvuM kema nathI ? A mATe kayAM kAraNo javAbadAra che? . A praznane ukela ahIM zakya nathI. paraMtu e dizAmAM vicAraNA thaI zake e mATe thoDA muddAonI ahIMyAM rajUAta karavI ThIka raheze. eka karatAM vadhAre dharmanA AvA samanvayakArI svIkAra mATe nIcenAM pikI eka ke vadhAre, athavA to e sivAyanAM, anya kAraNo javAbadAra hoI zake. 1. prajAnI sAmAnya viziSTatAo. 2. dhamanI anukULa thavAnI prakriyA.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. sAmAjika ghaDatara. 4. dhamanI patanakArI prakriyA. A praznanI vistRta ja rasamaya banI zake. saMdarbha graMthasUci kalenalala, Dabalyu, je : dhI hisTerIkala DevalapamenTa opha rilijiyana ina * thAyanA, nyu priphisa, laMDana, 1926. kala, eca. jI. : cAInijha Ta koma kaphaphyuziyasa Tu mAose tuMga, zikAge yuni presa, zikAgo, 1953 : sInIjhama-e sTaDI opha cAinIjha varlDa vya, zikAgo, 1929 gIbsa, e. eca. : kanphayuziyAnIjhama enDa iTasa rAIvalsa, laMDana, 1915 cAna, Dabalyu. TI. : rilijyisa TrenDa ina moDarna thAyanA, kolaMbiyA yuni. presa, nyuyorka, 1953 cAMga, gaMga yAna: dhI kansepTa opha tAo ina cAInIjha kalcara "--e rivyu opha rilijiyana, mArca 1953, 5. 118-132 cena, ke. ke.? buddhijhama Ina cAyanA, prInsasTana, 1964 DaglAsa : kanaiyuziyamanijhama anDa tAIjhama tenayuna-zena : sama AyekaTasa opha cAInIjha buddhijhama zAMtiniketana, 1961 pArkara, i. eca.: sTaDIjha ina cAInIjha rilijiyana, laMDana, 910 baeNnsAla, vI. eca. : kanphayuziyAnIjhama enDa tAIjhama, dhI ipavartha presa laMDana, 1934 vebara, methI : dhI rilijyina opha thAyanA, glenake, 1952 yAha, jI. sI. ke. : dhI kanphayuziyana kansezana opha jena, dhI cAInA sosAyaTI, laMDana, 1943. yAMga, ke. sI.: rilijiyana Ina cAInIjha sosAyaTI, barkale, 1961 rAolI, eca. eca. : prophesI enDa rilijiyana ina ensIyanTa cAyanA enDa IjharAyela, laMDana, 1956.

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cInanA rIleTa, ke, ela : rilijiyana ina cAInIjha gAramenTa, laMDana, 1951 lIna yugaH dhI vijhaDama epha kanphayuziyasa, dhI meDana lAibrerI, nyuyorka, 1938 dhI vijhaDama opha cAyanA enDa InDiyA leMga : rilijiyansa opha cAyanA. lIyuM, va. cI : e zarTa hisTarI opha kanphayuziyasa philosophI, laMDana, 1955 vila, e.: dhI enAlekaTa opha kanphayuziyasa, elana enDa anavina, laMDana, 1938 kahyujIsa, I Ara cAinIjha philesephika ina kalAsikala TAIma, laMDana, 1942 heDesa, elaH buddhijhama enDa buddhisTa cAyanA, nyAye, 1924 sucita, viliyama eDavAIH zrI rilijiyansa opha cAyanA, okSapharDa yuni. presa, okSapharDa, 1929 ka, je ke ghI orIjIna enDa DevalapamenTa opha sTeTa kalTa epha kanphayuziyasa, nyuyorka, 1966 sTAra, epha kanphaziyAnIjhama, iTrasa ethikasa, philosophI enDa rilijiyana, nyuyorka, 1930

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vibhAga-3 tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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3.1 sAmAnya prazno 1. abhyAsa paddhati: A graMthanA pahelA vibhAgamAM ApaNe keTalAka sAmAnya praznonI rajUAta karI. bIjA vibhAgamAM jagatanA pravartamAna dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA ApavAno prayAsa karyo. A baMne vibhAgonI rajUAtane pariNAme tulanAtmaka adhyayananA upayogamAM levAtI paddhatio tema ja te mATe apanAvAtuM abhyAsanuM valaNa ane je vividha dRSTibiMduothI dharma tarapha joI zakAya che tene khyAla pahelA vibhAganA praznomAMthI ApaNe meLavyuM. pratyeka dharmanI viziSTatA aMge, tema ja dareka dharmamAM prabodhAyela judA judA vicArone khyAla ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAMthI meLavyuM. Ama dharmanA sAmAnya svarUpanuM, te aMgenA vividha praznonuM, tema ja dharmamAM samAviSTa vividha upadezanuM bhAthuM ApaNe taiyAra karyuM. have graMthanA A trIjA vibhAgamAM sau prathama te ApaNe keTalAka sAmAnya praznonI rajUAta karIzuM. te pachI koIpaNa be ke tethI vadhAre dharmonI samagratayA tulanA karIzuM. tyAra pachI dharmaupadezane kaI eka viSaya laIne te viSaya upara vividha dharmonAM maMtavyo tapAsIzuM, ane chevaTe dharmanA bhAvi tarapha nirdeza kare evA keTalAka praznonI vicAraNuM hAtha dharIzuM.

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298 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2, dharmasthApanA samaya : dakSiNa eziyA pUrva eziyA pazcima eziyA I. sa. pU. 2000 * hiMdudharma Isa. pU. 150 (I. sapU. 2000) * hibradharma - (I. sa. pU.1500) I.sa. pU. 1000 * zintadharma (I. sa. pU. 661) * jainadharma 0 jarathustadharma (Isa. pU. 599) (i. sa. pU. pa90) 0 bauddhadharma (I. sa. pU. 560) kanphayuziyanadharma I.sa pU. 500 | (I.sa pU. paM51) * tAo dharma (I. sa. pU.400) * khristI dharma (I. sa. pU 4) I. sa. 500 * islAmadharma (I. sa. 170), I.sa 1000 * zIkhadharma (Isa 1469) I. sa. 1500/ I. sa. 2000 . ahIMyAM rajU karelA koThA uparathI ApaNane e samajAze ke susaMskRta dharmanA samayanI phalaka, dharma utpattinI dRSTie, lagabhaga pAMtrIsa varSa upara phelAyela che. A keDA upara najara pheMktA ApaNane e samajAze ke jagatane prathama sAMskRtika dharma Azare I. sa. pUrve 2000 varSa para prApta thayela ane jagatane

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sAmAnya prazno sauthI chelle dharma I. sa. 1469mAM prApta thayo. A koThA uparathI je te dharmanA utpatti samayanI mAhitI prApta karavAne ja ApaNo uddeza nathI. pahelA vibhAgamAM dharmonA vargIkaraNa vize vicAra karatI vakhate ApaNe e bAbata rajU karelI ja che.. ahIMyAM ApaNo prayAsa je keTalAka prazno upasthita thAya che tenI rajUAta karI temanA vize samaja meLavavAne che. A koThA upara najara pheMkatA ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke jagatanA agiyAra. pravartamAna dharmomAMthI eka sadInA gALAmAM ja cha jeTalA dharmone udbhava thayo che. Ama kema haze ? vaLI, ApaNe e paNa joI zakIzuM ke jainadharma ane bauddhadharmanA sthApanAkALa. vacce mAtra cAlIsa varSanuM ja aMtara che. A baMne dharmo eka ja bhaugolika pradezamAM upasthita thayA che ane chatAM, keTalIka bAbatonuM sAme bAjue mUkIe to, e be dharmomAM mahatvanA taphAvata paNa che. lagabhaga eka ja samaye eka ja pradezamAM ubhavelA dharmomAM A taphAvata kema ? atre rajU karelA koThAmAMthI bIjA je prazno upasthita thAya che tenI rajUAta karatA pahelAM A praznonI thoDI vicAraNA karI laIe. mAnava saMskRtinA vikAsamAM kaI kaI atihAsika kALa evo AvI jAya che, jyAre pravartatI samAna prakAranI paristhitimAM, lagabhaga samAna prakAranI pravRttio astitvamAM Ave che. itihAsanI I. sa. pUrvenI pAMcamI sadI vize paNa kaMIka AvuM ja kahI zakAya pratyeka dharmanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM che ke pravartamAna paristhitinA avIkAravAmAMthI ja eka navA dharmane ubhava thayo che. upara karelI anya carcAomAMthI ApaNe e paNa jANI zakyA chIe ke pravartamAna dharmane udbhava thayo tyAre dharmakSetre saMpUrNa zUnya ke avakAza have evuM nathI. eka jUnA dharmanA pAyA upara ja ne dharma racAya che. itihAsanA A kALamAM duniyAnA vividha bhAgomAM dharma utthAna thayuM. dakSiNa eziyAmAM jainadharma ane bauddhadharma atitvamAM AvyA, pUrva eziyAmAM zito dharma, tAo dharma ane kaphayuziyanameM pitAnuM sthAna prasthApita karyuM, ane pazcima eziyAmAM jarathuratadharma AgaLa AvyuM. A dharmasthApanAnI prakriyA duniyAnA vividha bhAgomAM thayelI jovA maLe. che te samajAvavAno prayAsa karIe, emAM ApaNuM upara upasthita karela bIjA, praznone uttara samAyela che.

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300 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ApaNe e noMdhavuM joIe ke jainadharma ane bauddhadharma astitvamAM AvyA tyAre bhAratamAM jagatanA pravartamAna dharmomAMne eka, hiMdudharma astitvamAM ha, ane ethI bIjA cAra dharmonA udayanI prakriyA vize ApaNe je kaMI kahIe te A be dharmonA udayanI prakriyAne lAgu pADI zakAya ke kema te prazna khulle rAkhavo joIe. zidharma, tAo dharma ke kayuziyanadharma astitvamAM AvyA tyAre pUrva eziyAmAM pravartamAna dharmo paikI koIpaNa dharma astitvamAM na hatuM, ane ethI je dharmanI pazcAdabhUmAM A dharmo uddabhavyA te Adima dharma svarUpane hato. Adima dharmomAM dhArmika khyAla ane dhArmika vicAraNA kevA prakAranI hoya che enI rajUAta ApaNe anyatra karI che. Adima dharmamAMthI susaMskRta dharmane udaya thAya che e sahaja prakriyA anusAra A dharmone udbhava thayo che. - pazcima eziyAmAM jarathustadharmane udaya thaye e pahelAM jagatanA pravartamAna dharmo paikIne hibradharma astitvamAM hoye khare. paraMtu pazcima eziyAnA je bhaugolika pradezamAM jarathustadharmane uddabhava thayo e pradezamAM, pazcima eziyAnA bIjA pradezamAM, udbhava thayele hibradharma pravezyA na hatA. AthI jarathustadharmanA uddabhava samaye paNa Adima dharma astitvamAna hatuM. ethI upara traNa dharmone mATe je vidhAna karyuM te ahIMyAM paNa lAgu pADI zakAya. have ApaNe jainadharma ane bauddhadharmanA udbhavanI pazcAdbhUnI vicAraNA karIe. ApaNe e joyuM che ke dakSiNa eziyAnA bhAratadezamAM ja jana ane bauddhadharmo uddabhavyAM che. e ja bhAratadezamAM te samaye pravartamAna dharmo paikIne hiMdudharma aritatvamAM hatuM. AthI e spaSTa thaze ke pazcima eziyAnA dharmone vize je rajUAta karI te dakSiNa eziyAnA A dharmo vize lAgu pADI zakAya nahIM. janadharma ane bauddhadharmanA udbhava samaye hiMdudhameM eka viziSTa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. e svarUpa kevuM hatuM enI vicAraNuM ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAM karI che, tethI enI punarokti ApaNe ahIMyAM nahIM karIe. ApaNe je noMdhavuM che te e ja ke A be dharmone uddabhava, e ja samaye ubhelA bIjA dharmo karatAM judo che. A samagra vicAraNAne pariNAme ApaNe traNa muddA tAravI zakIe chIe? eka, itihAsanA A kALe mAnava saMskRtine vikAsa lagabhaga dareka bhaugolika vistAra para prasaryo hate.

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sAmAnya prazno 31. bIjuM, Adima dhamamAMthI sahaja rIte, mAnave siddha karelI saMskRtinA pariNAme, susaMskRta janane udbhava thaze. trIju, pravartamAna dharmanuM, e ja bhaugolika pradezamAM astitva hovAM chatAM, susaMskRta bhaugolika vyApakapaNunA A kALe, anya pravartamAna dharmone uddabhava thayo. A muddAo pikI trIjo mudde vadhu vicAraNA mAMge che. eka ja bhaugogika sthaLe eka pravartamAna dharma hovA chatAM bIje dharma uddabhava pAme tyAre e na udbhava pAmele dharma kayAM te bahArathI AvI ubhava pAmyo hoya (jema pAchaLathI bauddhadharmane cIna tathA jApAnamAM udbhava thayo); athavA te mULa dharmamAMthI udbhavyo hoya. navIna dharmanA udabhavanI A be prakriyAomAMthI ApaNe pAchalI prakriyA para lakSya ApavAnuM rahe che. kAraNake ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che tema jainadharma ane bauddhadharmane sthApake pote hiMdu hatA. AthI ApaNI samakSa prazna e upasthita thAya che ke eka dharmamAMthI AMtarika rIte bIje dharma zI rIte udabhave ? dharma udabhavanI A prakriyA rasika hovA uparAMta mahattvanI che. dharmanuM je svarUpa ApaNe anyatra AlekheluM che e anusAra dharma eka pravAha je che je gita nahi paraMtu haMmezA gatizIla che. AthI eka dharmamAMthI bIjo dharma zI rIte udbhave e prazna agatyane bane che. A praznane samajavAne mATe dharmanI bIjI eka prakriyA samajavI joIe. dharmanI je sAmAnya rajUAta ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAM karI ethI paNa e te samajI zakAyuM haze ke lagabhaga pratyeka dharma palaTAtI avasthAmAMthI pasAra thAya che. dharmanI A palaTAtI avasthAne Ama rajU karI zakAya : dharma udbhava-dharma vikAsa-dharma patana-dharma sudhAraNA-dharma punaH prasthApana pratyeka dharma A avasthAmAMthI pasAra thAya che. dharmanI palaTAtI avasthAnI bIjI paNa eka zakayatA che je Ama rajU karI zakAya ? dharma ubhava-dharma vikAsa-dharma patana-dharma patana dharma nAzadharmavisarjana, vizvamAM je aneka dharmo astitvamAM AvyA ane kALakrame visarjita thayA emane aMgenI dharmaprakriyA vizenI AvI vividha avasthAmAM rahI che. paraMtu dharmaprakriyAnI vividha avasthAo vizenI eka trIjI zakayatA paNa che. ane tene Ama raju karI zakAyaH

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302 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharma uddabhava - dharmavikAsa - dharma patana. baLe navA dharmane udabhava : dharmaprakriyA je vividha avasthAomAMthI pasAra thAya che enI saMbhavita zakayatAonI ApaNe rajUAta karI. A zakyatAo paikInI bIjI zakayatA vize vadhu vicAraNe A graMthanI maryAdAmAM nathI. dhamaMprakriyAnI prathama traNa avasthA ubhava-vikAsa-patana te pahelI ane trIjI zakayatAomAM ekasarakhI ja che ane A be prakriyAne taphAvata cothe -tabakake zarU thAya che. pravartamAna dharmanI sAthe virodha saumya che ke prabaLa enA upara A avarathA pachInI zakya avasthAne AdhAra rahe che. pravartamAna dharmanI pravartamAna paristhiti sAme ja virodha hoya te, ane e dharmanA tAtvika siddhAMte svIkArya hoya che, e virodha sudhAraNAnuM svarUpa dhare che, ane emAMthI ja, dharmasudhAraNA nIpaje che. dharmasudhAraNAnA AvA aneka prayAso pratyeka dharmanA ItihAsamAM prApta che. udAharaNa tarIke, sudhAraNanI A prakriyAne khyAla hiMdudharmanA vikAsanI pahelA vibhAganI carcAmAM ApavAmAM Avyo che. jyAM Ama banyuM che tyAM mULa dharmamAM ne dharmapatha sthapAyo che, navo saMpradAya po che, navuM jUtha UpasyuM che-paNa ethI vizeSa nahi. mULa dharmanAM zAstro, enI tAvika vicAraNuM ane ene siddhAMtika bodha kadAcit cheDA pheraphAra sAthe svIkArAya che. Ama dharma sudhAraNuM pAme che, ane bIjI dRSTie, dharma gati paNa meLave che. dharmanA bauddhika svarUpamAM jhAjho palaTo na thavAM chatAM dharmanA bAhya kalevaramAM, enA vidhi prakAramAM, enI AcArasaMhitAmAM parivartana thAya che. paraMtu A prakriyAmAM je seMdhavA jevuM che te e ke mULa dharma eka mahAkSa tarIke rahe che ane enI sAthe eka navI DALa phare che eTaluM ja e DALanA astitva mATenuM poSaNa mahArAkSanA mULamAMthI ja meLavavAnuM rahe che. dharmapatananI avasthAe, dharmanI aMdarathI ja nIpajelo virodha, khUba tIvra prakArano paNa hoI zake. mULa dharmanI pravartamAna paristhitinA asvIkArane mATe jyAre enA tAtvika bedhane, enA siddhAMtane, enA jAti vyavahArane, enI rItione kAraNabhUta gaNavAmAM Ave tyAre e virodha ati tIvra prakAra che.

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sAmAnya prazno 303 e saMjogomAM dharmasudhAraNAnI saMbhAvanA zakya nathI. mULa dharmanI kaI vAtano ravIkAra zakya nathI (hibradharmane anulakSIne khristI dharma mATe alaga rajUAta karavAnI jarUra rahe che), ane ethI mULa dharmanA vRkSa para ugela eka pAMdaDuM chUTuM paDI, e ja dharatImAM, navA vRkSanAM bIja vAve che, ane Ama navA dhamane ubhava thAya che. AmAM eTaluM neMdhavuM joIe ke navA dharmanuM udbhava-bIja, mULa dharmamAMthI prApta thAya che, ane mULa dharmanI bhUmimAM ja e navA uddabhavatA dharmanuM bIjAropaNa thAya che. ane AthI ja e dharmonA AMtara saMbaMdha ane emanI vicAraNAnI tulanA A hakIkatane anulakSIne karavAnI rahe che. upara ApaNe je be prazno upasthita karyA tenI vicAraNA thaI. paraMtu dharmasthApanAne khyAla ApatA A koThA uparathI bIjA paNa keTalAka prazno upasthita thAya che. zuM eka ja bhaugolika pradezamAM uddabhava pAmelA vividha dharmo vacce viziSTa prakAranI samAnatA che ? jo ema hoya te enI viziSTatA zI? A praznanI ahIMyAM alaga vicAraNAnI jarUra nathI. kAraNake je te dharmanI rajUAtamAM A praznanA uttara mATenI mAhitI samAviSTa che. vaLI, evI vicAraNA A vibhAgamAM anyatra hAtha dharavAmAM AvI che. A koThA vize eka bIjI vAta paNa noMdhI laIe. ahIMyAM mAtra dharmanA je te bhaugolika pradezamAM udbhavanA samaya anusAranI rajUAta karavAmAM AvI che. eka samaye eka bhaugolika pradezamAM eka dharma udbhava pAmyA pachI, e ja, dharma te samaye athavA to itihAsanA anya samaye, anya bhaugolika pradezomAM vistare che enI rajUAta ahIMyAM karavAmAM AvI nathI. anya koThA dvArA itihAsanA kALapravAhamAM kyA samaye kayA kyA bhaugolika pradezomAM vividha dharmo vistaryA che ene khyAla ApI zakAya. 3. dharmasaMsthApaka : pravartamAna agiyAra dharmomAMthI nava dharmo sthApakee sthApelA dharmo che e ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. e nava dharmo pikInA cha dharmonAM nAmo paNa emanA sthApakanA nAma uparathI prApta thAya che. mojhIjhe sthApelA dharmanuM nAma enI prajA parathI athavA te dezanA nAma parathI prApta thayela che. e ja pramANe lAbee sthApelA dharmanuM nAma lAotrenA paramatattva "tAo' uparathI prApta thayela che ane zIkhadharmanA sthApaka nAnake emanA dharmanuM nAma "ziSya" uparathI rAkhyuM che, kAraNake emaNe paramatatvane "guru" sthAne sthApela che.

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304 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. dharmanA "sthApakane vicAra karIe tyAre ApaNe vizvanA be dharmo hiMdudharma ane zidharma, jenA keI sthApake nathI, tene mATe paNa thoDI vicAraNA karI levI paDaze. e pachI ApaNe je te dharma-sthApakanA prakAra aMge cacAM karIzuM, tyAra pachI emanA janma vize upalabdha agatyanI bAbata joIzuM ane chevaTe emanA vizenI vividha pracalita vAtanI samIkSA hAtha dharIzuM. hiMdudharma ane zidharmanA keI eka nizcita rathApaka nathI. ethI prazna e thAya che ke A be dharmomAM koI mahatvanuM sAmya che kharuM ? A vize ApaNe ema kahevuM joIe ke ziste dharmanI sthApanAne khyAla daivItatvanA sAmrAjya upara sthapAyele che, ane e tattvanA pratinidhi tarIke rAjyazAsanano daramikAonA hAthamAM rahe che, ane samasta prajAe emanA tarapha vaphAdArI rAkhI dhArmika jIvana. vyatita karavAnuM che. hiMdudharmane sthApaka koI nathI ane hiMdudharmanA vedazAstra "apauruSeya" kahevAyA che. emAM parabrahmanA udhe sIdhAM ja saMgrahAyelAM che ema kahevAmAM Ave che. ApaNe AgaLa evo ullekha karyo che ke Izvara kaI bhASAmAM bese che e ApaNe jANatA nathI. AthI Izvarane bodha sIdho vedamAM kaMDarAyele che evI mAnyatAnI sAthe sahamata thavuM muzkela che. paraMtu eno sAce artha e che ke parabrahma dvArA je kaMI ka jJAna ke bedha ApavAmAM AvyA che te kaI eka viziSTa vyaktine nahi, paraMtu eka karatAM vadhAre vyaktine prApta thayuM che. A eka mahattvane muddo che. je Izvarane bodha kaI eka ja vyaktine ke enA dvArA nahIM paraMtu vividha. vyaktione prApta thatuM hoya to emAMthI be bAbate phalita thAya che. eka evI koI viziSTa vyakti nathI je eka ja hoI zake ane anya koI evo na thaI zake. bIju, paramatatvane mana sRSTisarjananA pratyeka jIva eka samAna che ane tethI ene bodha game te vyakti grahaNa karavAne pAtra che. AthI koI eka nizcita payagaMbara ke phirastAne khyAla hiMdudharmamAM pravartela nathI. ethI UlaTuM hiMdudharmanA hArda samAna bhAvanA, ke pratyeka jIva daivI aMza che. e AmAMthI ja phalita thAya che. IzvaranI vANI sAMbhaLavAne lahAvo kaI ekane ja prApta che ema nahi, paraMtu e mATe je kaI vyakti pAtra bane e ene dha sAMbhaLI zake ema che. hiMdudharmamAM je udAratA ane vizALatA jovA maLe che te, jIva ane Izvara bhinna nathI, e bhAva vyakta thAya che e, AmAMthI prApta thAya che. je je

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sAmAnya prazno 305 dharma mAnava rathApita che tyAM, kayAM te trIratarI aritatva ravIkArAyuM che, athavA te pachI thApakane ja IzvarasthAne ane paramatattva sthAne besADavAmAM AvyA che, ane ema karIne trIstarI astitva svIkArAyuM che. AnI sarakhAmaNImAM hiMdudharmanuM ekastarI astitva viziSTa dhyAna kheMce che. jIva ane brahma bhinna nahIM paNa eka ja che, e ekatarI astitvane pAyo che. bauddhadharma, jainadharma, kaphayuziyanadharma tAodharmamAM kALAnukrame enA rathApakane ja devasthAne sthApavAmAM AvyA che, ane ema tyAM dvistarI astitva che. e nedhavuM joIe ke hiMdudharmanI jema zitadharma paNa mAnava sthApita na hovA chatAM paNa, emAM dvistarI astitva svIkArAyuM che. eka tarapha IzvaranA pratinidhi tarIke mIkaDo ane bIjI tarapha prajAjano. je dharmonA sthApaka nathI emane vize ATale ullekha karyA pachI have ApaNe dharmasthApako tarapha vaLIe. vividha dharmonI je rUparekhA ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAM rajU karI che ene AdhAre dharmasthApakane ApaNe cAra vibhAgamAM vahecI zakIe. dharma dharmasthApaka prakAre jainadharma mahAvIra vicalaka (Deviator) bauddhadharma hibradharma mojhIjha madhyasthI khristI dharma jisasa krAIsTa resTaradharma jarathusta IslAmadharma zIkhadharma kanphayuziyanadharma kayuziyasa dharmiSTa tattvajJa tAodharma lAojhe gautama buddha mahamada nAnaka dharmasthApakanA vividha vibhAgomAM rajU karelA prakAra vize ApaNe ghoDI vicAraNuM karIe. jenadharma ane bauddhadharmanA sthApaka janme hiMduo hatA, ane pravartamAna hiMdudharma pratyenA tIvra virodhane pariNAme teo hiMdudharma pravAhamAMthI vicalita thayA, ane navo dharma thA. eTale prabaLa emane hiMdudharma mATe virodha hatA, eTaluM ja prabaLa emanuM aMgata vyaktitva heta te e dharma 20

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306 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharmonI paristhiti kadAcita judI hota. paraMtu enI carcAmAM ApaNe ahIM nahIM UtarIe. mojhIjha ane jisasa payagaMbararUpe, Izvara ane mAnavInI vacce madhyasthI che. khristI dharmane trImUti khyAla A hakIkta spaSTa kare che. mahAvIra ane budhe pite dharmanI sthApanA karI ema teoe karI nathI. emaNe te IzvaranA Adeza mujaba je kaMIka prApta thayuM e prajA sudhI pahoMcADayuM che. mojhI ane jisase prabhune je Adeza jhIlyo ane mAnavIo sudhI pahoMcADavAno prayAsa karyo emAM teoe madhyasthI tarIke kArya karyuM. e madhyarathIpaNamAM emaNe Izvarane Adeza pite jhIlyo e, ane pite samajyA evo, Ape che. A samajaNanA pheraphArathI e dharmomAM vividha paMthe upasthita thayA che. jarathusta, mahamada ane nAnakane dharmAzikSaka tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. teoe pite IzvaranA Adeza anusAra keI viziSTa dhArmika siddhAMte sUcavyA nathI, paraMtu mAnavavyavahAranI doravaNI ApavA mATe pote je kaMI jarUrI samajyA tenI temaNe tenA anuyAyIo samakSa rajUAta karI che. - cInanA be dharmasthApaka kanphayuziyasa ane lAotrenA be upara lakSa ApIzuM te samajAze ke emane emanI tAtvika vicAraNAne pariNAme ja je kaMIka dhamaMtava hAtha lAgyuM te emaNe emanA anuyAyIo samakSa rajU karyuM. ethI emane tatvajJa dharmiSTha prakAranA dharmasthApaka tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya.' vividha dharmanA sthApake vizenI badhI mAhitI upalabdha nathI. AmAMye khAsa karIne kahyuziyasa ane lAotre vizenI mAhitI prApta nathI. kaphyuziyasanA janma samayanI mAhitI prApta che paraMtu lAo vizene vivAda ApaNe AgaLa vicAryuM che. e ja pramANe bauddhadharmanA sthApaka gautama buddha atihAsika hatA ke kema e vizenI zaMkA keTalAya samaya sudhI rahI. paraMtu I. sa. 1886mAM De. pherare buddhanI janmabhUmimAM Azare I. sa. 2pamAM, suprasiddha bauddha azoka rAjAe kapilavastumAM paththarane sthaMbha Ubho karI temAM je lekha lakhAvyo hato te zodhI kAvyo tyAra pachI e badhI zaMkAo dUra thaI . Ama chatAM dharmasthApakemAMnA ghaNAnA janma vize tathA temanA camatkArika janma vize paNa mAhitI prApta thAya che. 1 Arakolejikala sarve opha northa inDiyA, graMtha 6, 1897, pA. 27

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sAmAnya prazno 307 mahAvIranA janma vize keTalAka camatkArika prasaMge rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. ema kahevAya che ke mahAvIranAM mAtAne adbhuta svapna anusAra parAkramI putranI prApti thaI hatI. e ja pramANe buddhanA janma vizenI paNa AvI vAta pracalita che. ema kahevAya che ke emanI mAtAne evuM svapna AveluM ke emane alaukika rIte garbha rahyo che ane e ja pramANe emanI pistAlIsa varSanI uMmare rANIne alaukika prakAre buddhane janma thayela. A ja hakIkta anyatra paNa A rIte apAI che? mAtAne koIpaNa prakAranI mAMdagI ke duHkha vinA buddhane janma jagatanA kalyANa mATe thaye. Ama temano janma adbhuta prakAre thayo." jarathusta vize paNa AvI aneka vAte pracalita che. A mahApuruSanA janmanA traNa hajAra varSa pahelAM, ane traNaso varSa pahelAM paNa vividha jAtanI bhaviSyavANu thaI hatI. je kanyA jarathustanI mAtA banI tenAmAM IzvaranI kAti (addara majada) mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. te daivI kIti anaMta prakAzamAMthI nIce AvI ane paMdara varSanI kuMvArI kanyAmAM (jarathustanI mAtAmAM) maLI gaI A kuMvArI kanyAmAM je kaMI zArIrika pheraphAro thayA te enA kuTuMbIjano samajI zakyA nahIM ane ema mAnavA lAgyA ke A kaMIka jadunI asara che. vaLI ema paNa kahevAyuM che ke jarathusta janma vakhate khuba hayA hatA ane emanA jIvanamAM aneka vAra emane addabhuta bacAva thaye hate. 10 jisasa krAIsTanA jIvananI ghaNI vAte pracalita che. khristI dharmanA gospe. lemAM jaNAvyA anusAra jisasanAM mAtA kuMvArikA hatAM ane chatAMye temane 2 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI isTa, 22 : 79 3 vairana : buddhijhama Ina TrAnsalezana, pA. 42 ja sekreDa buksa opha dhI isTa, 49 : 5-6 5 sekreDa buksa opha dhI ISTa 5 : 21 17 : 18 eja, 47 : 138-129 8 eja, 47 : 18-20 47 : 35 4 0 224-225 2 : 4151. eja, 9 eja, 10 eja,

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jisasano janma thayo e alaukika prakAre thayo hato. joke jisasanA jIvanakALa daramyAna emane josepha ane merInA putra tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatA hatA. guru nAnakanA janma vize AvI koI alaukika vAta pracalita nathI. tame evA anubhavo emane emanI evI uMmare thayA kahevAya che je alaukika lAge. nizALe emane bhaNavA mUkavAmAM AvyA tyAre sAta varSanI uMmare emaNe emanA hiMdu zikSakane ema kahyAnuM kahevAya che ke vedone abhyAsa karIne IzvaranuM satyanAma samajavA karatAM to emanI kRpAthI ja satyanAma samajavuM vadhAre sAruM che.12 jagatanA mAnava sthApita dharmonA sthApakanA janma aMge athavA te emanI siddhi aMgenA AvA ullekhonuM tAtparya zuM hoI zake ? koIpaNa dharma pravartaka pitAnA samAjanI anya vyaktio karatAM kaMIka savizeSa che e te sahaja ane svAbhAvika rIte svIkArAya evI vAta che. sAmAnya karatAM teo savizeSa che e paNa svIkArAya; paraMtu teone kharekhara dharmajJAna prApta thayuM che, teo e meLavavAne pAtra che evuM sAmAnya janasamudAya zI rIte svIkArI zake ? ethI e saMbhavita che ke janasamudAyamAM dharma pravartakanA daivI svarUpano khyAla ApavAne mATe emanA janma vize AvA vividha camatkAre rajU karavAmAM AvyA hoya. ahIM paNa jarathurata ane jisasanA janmane vize je alaukikatAnI rajUAta karavAmAM AvI te khAsa noMdhapAtra che. jarathustadharmamAM aniSTa para ane khriratIdharmamAM pApa para savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. A rItanA kuMvArI kanyAne thayelA alaukika janmanI rajUAta karIne dunvayI vyavahAra pramANe mAnava samAgamathI janma thayo nathI e zuM e batAvavA ke A janma daivI che ? ke pachI ema batAvavA ke mAnava saMbaMdhanuM pApa AmanAmAM UtayuM nathI ? zuM pariNIta saMbaMdha. saMpUrNapaNe pAparUpa ravIkArI zakAya khare? kadAcita nahi. kAraNake laukika vyavahAramAM krAIsTane josepha ane merInA putra tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che ane jarathusta pote ja laukika gRhasthI jIvana jIvyA che. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM ApaNe e paNa seMdhavuM joIe ke pariNIta jIvana ane strI-puruSa saMbaMdha, dharmanuM avarodhaka baLa che evuM sAmAnyapaNe svIkArAyuM nathI. AnA udAharaNa tarIke, dhamaMthApakamAM zuddha, jarathusta, mahamada ane nAnaka, dharmasudhArake paikI jUthara ke jemaNe 2hasthIjIvana svIkAryuM hatuM emano ullekha karI zakAya 12 ekAulIpha, 8 - 9

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sAmAnya prazno 309 te pachI prazna e rahe che ke dharma pravartakanA janma vize AvI camatkArika vAta zA mATe ? emanA janma vizenI ja camatkArika vAto upalabdha che ema nahIM, paraMtu emanA jIvanakALa daramyAnanA vividha camatkAranI aneka vAto paNa prApta che. dharma pravartaka vizenI evI gheDI noMdha paNa ahIM karI laIe. gautama buddha vize camatkAranI vAta A pramANe che : "temaNe nAva vinA gaMgA nadI ekadama oLaMgI.13 "teo ghaDIkamAM dekhAya ane ghaDImAM adazya thaI jAya."14 "mAMdI paDelI eka strIne mAtra tenA tarapha joIne ja temaNe sArI kIdhI.15 "annane saMgraha nahote karele te temaNe pAMcaso ziSyane jamADyA hatA jarathustane vize kahevAyuM che ke temaNe ghaNA roga maTADyA, varu ane anya hiMsaka prANIone dUra karyA, varasAda varasAvyuM tathA tIDa, kareLiyA vagere jevI bIjI bAdhaka cIjone dUra karI. 17 e ja pramANe mahamada ane jisasane vize paNa aneka camatkAra neMdhAyelA che. vadhArthabhe caDhayA pachI cothA divase kAITa sadehe bahAra AvyA, ane A pRthvI para thaDe samaya rahyA. A mahAna camatkAra paNa emanA vize noMdhAyela che. mAtra janma vizenA ja nahIM, paraMtu dharma prasthApake vizenA AvA camatkAronuM tAtparya zuM hoI zake ? ApaNe upara kahyuM che tema dharmapravartakamAM devatva AropavAne A eka prakAra che. paraMtu e paNa zakya che ke hakIkatamAM anuyAyIo emane sAce ja devasvarUpe svIkAratA thayA che. A prakriyAmAM anuyAyIone dharmapravartaka mATe vizvAsa, ane temaNe Apela bedhamAM saMpUrNa zraddhA paNa kAraNabhUta heya. Adhunika jagatamAM paNa ApaNe AvI camatkAranI vAto sAdhusaMta ke mahAtmAo vize sAMbhaLatA nathI ? Ama bane che kAraNake hajIye janasAmAnyamAM Adima tattva chupAyeluM paDavuM ja che. ApaNe AgaLa kheMcyuM che tema badhA ja 13 sekreDa buksa opha dhI isTa, 11H 21; 17H 104 (14 eja, 11 : 48-49; 13 : 104-107 15 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 17 : 83-84 16 jAtaka kathA, 78 7 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 47 : 73

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210 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana pravartamAna dharmo eka Adima dharmanI pazcAdabhUmAMthI upasthita thayA che, ane ethI je te kALe Adima dharmanI asara hoya e saMbhavI zake che. paraMtu AmAMthI eka bIjI bAbatanuM paNa sUcana thAya che. dharmanA prAraMbhanA tabakke AvA camatkAra, enI Adima dharmanI pazcAdbhane anulakSIne, samajAvI zakAya. paraMtu pratyeka dharma jema jema vadhu ne vadhu vikasato jAya tema tema AvA camatkAre bhUtakALanI hakIkata banatA jAya. dhamavikAsanI kaI kakSAe, ye dharma che, ene aMdAja bAMdhavAnA kAryamAM AvA anubha, je te dharmamAM keTalA svIkArya ke aravIkAya che, te AdhAre paNa thaI zake. dharmasthApakone vizenI A vicAraNAnI samApti eka prazna upasthita karI karIzuM. dharmasthApake paikI jarathusta, mahAvIra, buddha, mahamada, jisasa vagere emanI uMmaranA trIsathI cAlIza varSanA gALAmAM dharmasthApanAnA kAryamAM AgaLa vadhyA. zuM mAnava-jIvanano A kALa, manovaijJAnika dRSTie evo kahI zakAya kharo, jemAM tejasvItA prakaTa thAya ? 4. dhamasaMgaThaka baLoH koIpaNa dharmanI utpatti thayA pachI enA calanamAM, enA saMgaThanamAM ane enI pragatimAM kayAM baLo kAma kare che ene khyAla meLavavA jarUrI che. keIpaNa dharma zarUAtathI ja saMpUrNa kahI zakAya evA saMgaThita svarUpane nathI. jema jema dharmane vikAsa thato jAya che tema tema enA saMgaThananI tema ja temAM ekavAyatA lAvavAnI tathA enA anuyAyIomAM eka prakAranI ektA pravartatI rahe e mATenAM baLonI jarUriyAta rahe che. A arthamAM koIpaNa dharmanA saheje svIkArI zakAya evAM saMgaThaka baLo kyAM? AvAM saMgaThaka baLo nIce mujaba che : . ka. dharmazAstra kha, brAhmaNavarga ga, maMdira gha, kaLA ahIMyAM ApaNe pratyeka saMgaThaka baLa, dharmane ekabaddha karavAmAM kaI rIta phALo Ape che, enI vicAraNuM karIzuM.

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sAmAnya prazno 311 ka, dharmazAstra : pratyeka dharmanI rajUAta veLA ApaNe e joyuM ke dareka dharmane pitAnAM eka ke vadhu dharmazAstra che. e sarva vigatene ekatrita ravarUpe nIce mujaba mUkI zakAya. dharmanuM nAma dharmazAstranuM nAma hiMdudharma veda, upaniSada, bha.gItA, purANa vagere janadharma Agama bauddhadharma tripiTIkA hibradharma jUno karAra khristI dharma bAIbala tathA jUne karAra jarathusta dharma avasthA tAo dharma tAo-te-kiMga kanphayuziyanadharma kalAsikasa zidharma ko-jI-kI tathA nihena-gI islAmadharma zIkhadharma graMthasAheba kurAna je te dharmanA dharmazAstra vizenI carcA karatI vakhate ApaNe e avelekayuM che ke dharmazAstrane koI eka nizcita samaya ke kArya nathI. vividha samaye je te dharmamAM apAyelA dharmAdezane samAveza AvAM zAstromAM karavAmAM AvyuM hoya che. ApaNe e paNa joyuM che ke pratyeka dharmanA eka karatAM vadhAre, dharmapaMthe paNa astitvamAna che, ane Ama chatAM e saghaLA paMtho je te eka dharmanA paMca tarIke ja oLakhAya che. Ama kema? A praznano uttara ApaNane e hakIkatamAMthI maLaze ke hiMdu dharmanA be mukhya paMthamAMthI zaiva ane vaiSNava paMtha baMne, vedanA AdhArane svIkAre che. AthI be paMtha judA hovA chatAM, emanI vaccenuM aMdhatva ane ekatva zAstrane kAraNe zakya che. mULa zAstrone svIkAravA uparAMta zivamAgIe zivapurANane ane viSNumAgIo viSaNupurANane pitAnA viziSTa zAstra tarIke ravIkAre e alaga vAta che. A ja pramANe bauddhadharma mATe paNa ema ja kahI zakAya. hinayAna ane mahAyAna paMtha baMnenuM preraNAsthAna buddhanuM jIvana ane temanA tripiTIkAmAM saMdha

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312 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAyelA upadeza ja che. AthI temanI vaccenA bhede chatAM zAstrane lIdhe e baMnenuM bauddhamata tarIke ekatva jaLavAI rahe che. A ja hakIkata khristI dharma tema ja bIjA sarva dharmone lAgu pADI zakAya. dharmazAstra e mAtra dhArmika upadezonuM pustaka nathI. e te eka evI sAmagrI che jemAM daivItattva samAyeluM che ane jene mATe dharmapremIone apAra Adara che. pitAnA dharmazAstrone mATe dharma anuyAyIone mAna hoya che, eTaluM ja nahIM, paraMtu aparokSa IzvaranA pratyakSa pramANa tarIke teo zAstrane svIkAre che. eka arthamAM dharmagraMthamAMthI dharma anuyAyIo preraNA meLave che. te bIjI rIte dharma anuyAyIo dharmagraMthone eka sattA sthAna paNa arpe che. AthI ja dharmazAstromAM apAyelA Adezo dharmanA anuyAyIne ziromAnya bane che prazna e upasthita thAya che ke dharmazAstronuM kayuM viziSTa aMga dhArmika ektA ane dhArmika saMdhatva bakSe che? ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che e pramANe dharmazAstra mAtra AdezonI nAmAvalI nathI, e te jIvanamArgane eka bhomiye paNa che. jIvanavyavahAra kema kare te vizenA emAM Adeza hovA uparAMta jIvanane sparzatAM vividha aMgone anulakSIne niyamo ane sUcano paNa ApavAmAM AvyAM hoya che. vaLI je jIvana Adarza pratyeka dharma rajU kare che enI siddhinA mArga paNa te dharmazAstra Ape che. Ama vyaktie zuM karavAnuM che ene spaSTa citAra dharmazAstramAMthI maLI rahe che. keTalIka veLA evI dalIla karavAmAM Ave che ke purANakALamAM apAyelA dharmazAstro te kALane anurUpa hatAM, ane ethI e zAstromAM samAyelA Adarzo AjanA samAjajIvanamAM zI rIte lAgu pADI zakAya ? ahIMyAM eka meTa doSa thAya che. pratyeka dharmazAstramAM keTaluMka zAzvata evuM, keTaluMka sthaLa ane kAla AdhArita, ane keTaluMka vyakti ane samAja AdhArita hoya che. AmAMnAM pAchalAM be kSetro vize dharmazAstromAM je kaMI kahevAyuM hoya emAM, samAjanA parivartanane anulakSIne, pheraphAranI saMbhAvanA azakya nathI. paraMtu zAstromAM je zAzvata mUlya rajU karavAmAM AvyAM hoya che, temAM zo pheraphAra hoI zake? bIjI eka khoTI mAnyatA paNa pracalita che. dharmazAstra eTale kaMIka purANuM ane dharmazAstra anusAranI raheNI eTale rUDhigata ema ghaNuM mAne che. A mAnyatAmAM paNa eka bhUla rahelI spaSTa thAya che. mAnavajIvana kSaNe kSaNe palaTAtA

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sAmAnya prazno 313 saMjoge ane paristhitine anurUpa jIvavAnuM koI sAce mAnavI kadIye vicArI zake kharo ? mAnavInuM buddhi, kauzalya enuM nItighaDatara ane enI AdhyAtmika AkAMkSA ene mAtra paristhitinuM pUtaLuM banatA aTakAve che. ethI keTalIka veLA jene e zAzvata kahe che te e nahIM tarachoDe. ane je bAhya jIvanane sparze che, ane jene sanAtana satya sAthe kaI tAttvika saMbaMdha nathI, emAM have parivartana lAvavA kabUla thAya, te e rUDhigata che tema zI rIte kahI zakAya ? kha brAhmaNavarga athavA purohitavarga : prabhune pAmavAne mATe keTalIka vidhionI paNa zAstramAM rajUAta karavAmAM AvI hoya che. dharmanA pratyeka anuyAyI AvI vidhi pite ja karI zakatA hoya te te uttama gaNAya. paraMtu bahudhA bane che evuM ke zAstromAM AlekhAyela vidhi kaI eka khAsa pravINa varganI vyakti dvArA karavAmAM ke karAvavAmAM Ave che. A pravINa vaga te ja brAhmaNavarga ke purohitavarga. keTalIka veLA brAhmaNavarga ane purohitavarga vacce bheda deravAmAM Ave che. zAstra-jJAna prApta karI zAstrArtha samajAve e brAhmaNa, ane vidhinA AcaraNamAM madada kare athavA madada karAve e purohita. khAsa karIne jyAre koIpaNa dharmanA anuyAyIone bahujana samAja potAnAM dharmazAstro je bhASAmAM rajU thayAM che e samajI na zake tyAre purohitavarganI anivAryatA rahe che. dharmamAM AlekhyA pramANe vidhi e ja karAvaDAve che, ane ema karatAM e purohitavarga ja, pitAnI samaja pramANe, zAstrArtha paNa Ape che. jyAre Ama thAya che tyAre brAhmaNa ane purohitano bheda maTe che ane baMne samAna lekhAya che. zAstromAM saMgrahAyelI IzvaranI vANI, jevI rIte saMbhaLAI ane jevI yAda rahI evI, mAnavazakti anusAra dharmazAstramAM rajU thAya che ema manAya che. AthI e kathanonuM arthaghaTana karavuM mahattvanuM bane che, ane khAsa karIne dharmAnuyAyI jyAre zAstranI bhASA na jANatA hoya tyAre te A jarUriyAta savizeSa vadhI jAya che. AvA prasaMgoe pure hitavarganA kAryakSetramAM ora vadhAro thAya che ane mAtra zAstronuM vAcana nahIM, mAtra zAstrAnusAra vidhi nahIM, paraMtu Izvara AdezanuM arthaghaTana paNa teo Ape che. * A takane lAbha laIne purohitavarganA keTalAka vibhAgo pitAnuM Adhipatya sthApavAnI dRSTie, ane pitAnAM hite siddha karavAne mATe, binazAstrIya mArga

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314 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana akhatyAra kare che; ane ema karIne pitAnI jAtane chetaravA uparAMta, je IzvaranA vacananuM, je zAstranuM ane jene mATe e vacananuM e arthaghaTana kare che e sarvane, e chetare che. pitAnA anaitika kAryanI javAbadArI bIjAne zire oDhADI vadhu pApamaya karma e kare che. AvA prasaMgone anubhavIne ja keTalAka vicArakee. Priest-craft" jevo zabda le che. evA vicAro evo mata dharAve che ke pUjArI varge pite ja pitAnA vAthI hetuo mATe dharmane jIvADyo che keTalAka te e hetusara ja dharmane prape che ema paNa kahe che. dharmasthApakonA ucca naitika ane AdhyAtmika ghaDataranI ane avarathAnI je bhUmikA ApaNe joI tene anulakSIne ema tarata ja kahI zakAya ke AvA kSINa thayelA, naitiktAhIna purohitavarganuM e sAmarthya nathI ke teo dharmane gati. Ape, te pachI emane hasta dharma prayajananI te vAta ja kyAM rahI ? e sAcuM che ke dharmanI adhogatimAM purohitavargane phALo nAne nathI. ane Ama chatAM e paNa svIkAravuM joIe ke purohitavarganA astitvane pariNAme ja dharmanI vidhio TakI rahI che, eTaluM ja nahIM paNa emAMnAM uccatara to paNa jaLavAI rahyAM che. parivartana bhale game tevuM icchanIya hoya to paNa pratyeka parivartana sAruM ja , che ema kahI zakAya kharuM ? ane ethI ja jema parivartanakArI baLonuM mUlya che,. tema parivartana avarodhaka baLonuM mUlya paNa kema na svIkArI zakAya ? ahIM e dA nathI ke jUnAnuM parivartana na ja thavuM joIe. agya rUDhine tilAMjalI. ApavI, avajJAnika vidhine asvIkAra kare e barAbara che. paraMtu ApaNe je kaMI samajI zaktA nathI ke jenA asvIkAra mATe ApaNI pAse purAvA nathI ke vajUdavALAM kAraNe nathI enA nakArane ja zuM ApaNe parivartanazIlatA kahIzuM? ane je parivartanazIlatA e ja prakAranI hoya te e vaijJAnika lekhI zakAya kharI ? kaI paNa dharmamAM jyAre jyAre pure hitavarganuM beTuM Adhipatya sthapAyuM che tyAre tyAre dharmanA anuyAyIomAMthI ja virodhanA sUro saMbhaLAyA che. brAhmaNa dharmanI sAme jainamata ane bauddhamatanA AvA ja virodhI sUra hatA. e ja pramANe. re mana kethalika devaLanI sAme mArTina lyutharane virodhI sUra paNa A ja prakArane hato. lagabhaga pratyeka dharmanA itihAsamAM AvI hakIkate upalabdha che A hakIkata e vAtanI sAkSI pUre che ke dhArmika cetanA pite sadaMtara jIvaMta che ane dharma prakriyAnI gatizIlatAmAM koIpaNa tabakko, koIpaNa varga taraphathI binajavAbadAra

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sAmAnya prazno 31pa0 jaDatA dAkhala karavAmAM Ave che tyAre, anuyAyIonI satata jAkata dhArmika cetanA pratyakSa thAya che. e jIvaMta cetanAmAMthI ja eka baLa pragaTe che. jaDa cetanA ane.. jIvaMta cetanA vacce saMgharSa thAya che, e saMgharSane pariNAme kAM te jaDa cetanA palaTAya che, ane parivartanane svIkAra kare che, athavA te jaDa cetanA pitAnA. jaDatvamAM makakama rahe che, ane tyAre jIvaMta cetanA emAMthI chUTI paDI kaI navo jIvaMta dharma mArga akhatyAra kare che. hiMdudharmamAMthI jainadharma ane bauddhadharma A rIte nIpajyA che, te ApaNe AgaLa joyuM, tema ja hiMdudharmamAM aneka sudhArAvAdI prayAsone ze hisso che enI vicAraNA paNa ApaNe AgaLa karI. khristI dharmamAM sthapAyela paMthe A ja vAtanI sAkSI pUre che. che. maMdira : keTalIka veLA ema kahevAya che ke keI paNa sArA vicArane ke vyaktine bhUlavI hoya te eka maMdira banAvI temAM tenI mUrtine padharAvavAthI ema banI zake ema che. A kathananA kaTAkSamAM keTaluMka satya haze chatAMya ene saMpUrNa satya tarIke to na ja ghaTAvI zakAya, tema ja ene asvIkAra karavA mATe ene mATe eka maMdira banAvI enI mUrtine tyAM prasthApita karavAnI dhRSTatA paNa na karAya. hiMdudharmamAM maMdira, khristI dharmamAM carca, pArasIdharmamAM agyArI, musalamAnadharmamAM masjida, zIkhadharmamAM guradvAra, bauddhadharmamAM sinegoga, jainadharmamAM upAzraya vagere evAM te pavitra sthAna tarIke ravIkArAyAM che ke emane AvI kaTAkSamaya rIte dUra karI zakAya nahi. pratyeka dharmamAM maMdiranuM eka AgavuM sthAna che maMdira eTale mAtra IMTa, cUnAnA caNataravALI imArata nahi, e te eka evuM sthAnaka che jemAM zAMti pravarte che, jenuM vAtAvaraNa haMmezA preraNAdAyI rahe che ane jemAM pravezatAnI sAthe prabhune sAkSAtkAra anubhavAya che. vaLI, maMdira eka evuM sthAna che jyAM dharma anuyAyInA ArAdhyadevanI pratyakSatA mUrti dvArA ke citra dvArA prApta thaI zake che. (mUrtipUjAnA praznanI carcAmAM ahIMyAM nahIM UtarIe) ahIMyAM vyaktigata rIte prabhune caraNe Ave che ane eNe potAnA hRdayapUrvakanI je vAta: prabhu sAthe karavAnI hoya che te e karI le che. pitAnI vANuM Izvarane saMbhaLAve che, IzvaranI vANI pitAnA hRdayamAM sthApe che. maMdiramAM Izvara samIpa zuddha hadayabhAve prArthanA karatI vyakti ane ghaDIkamAM hasatI, ghaDIkamAM raDatI ane. ghaDIkamAM krodhAvezamAM Avegamaya banatI, paraMtu sadAya prabhumAM lIna thayelI, ane AsapAsanA vAtAvaraNathI alipta thayelI jevI, e eka lahAve che. maMdiramAM

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:: 316 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prApta thatI nIrava zAMti, prabhunI samIpa javAnI jarUrI ekAgratA, samagra vAtAvaraNanI sahAyarUpa asara, bhaktajanane maMdira sivAya bIje kyAM maLavAnI che ? A uparAMta samUhagata prArthanAne mATe paNa maMdira eka aneruM sthAna che. maMdiramAM dharmane upadeza apAya che ane e rIte maMdira dvArA dharmamAM upadezAvela - AdezanuM dharma anyAyIomAM siMcana karavAmAM Ave che. A ja maMdiromAM anuyAyI vaga ekatra thaI pitAnA jIvananA vividhaaMgI praznonI rajUAta, carcAvicAraNA karI nirNaya le che ane prabhunI sAkSIe karelA nirNayanuM pAlana karavAnuM manobaLa keLave che. navA AkAra letA audyogika samAjamAM A hakIkta kadAca baMdhabesatI na lAge che te samajavA mATe mAtra keTalAka evA audyogika vistAra ane sinike, kAmadAro vagerenA jevA samUhajIvana vistAro, jyAM maMdiranI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI che tene ullekha karavo joIe. bIjI eka rIte paNa maMdira dhArmika saMskRtine jIvaMta rAkhe che ane ene vega Ape che. pratyeka maMdira eka prakAranuM sthApatya rajU kare che ane vividha kALe baMdhAtAM maMdiranA sthApatyanA prakAra, dharma anuyAyIonI rasavRttinA, emanI sUjhanA tathA emanI dharma samaja ane anya saMskRti sAthenA emanA saMsarganAM pAsAMo rajU kare che. Avo abhyAsa mahatvanuM che paraMtu A pustakanI maryAdA bahAra che. gha, kaLA : mAnavajIvana samRddhinuM pradarzana enI kalA svarUpamAM jovA maLe che. kalA eka evuM sAdhana che je AMtarika anubhavone vAcA ApavA mATe keTalIka veLA bhASA karatAM paNa vadhu sabaLa hoya che. ApaNA anubhavanuM pratyakSIkaraNa be rIte thAya che-eka bhASAmAM, ane bIju kalA svarUpamAM. kalA ravarUpanA sAmAnya rIte cAra prakAra svIkAravAmAM Ave che-nRtya, saMgIta, citrakAma ane sthApatya. A pratyeka kalAne AdhAra dharmanA anubhavane pratyakSa karavAne mATe karavAmAM Avyo che. mAnavInA pratyakSa anubhavamAM, je IzvaranuM svarUpa lAgyuM hoya ene pote akSaradeha na ApI zake, paraMtu pote kalAkAra hoya te, ene rogya citra dvArA, ke yogya sthApatya dvArA rajU karI zake. e ja pramANe IzvaranA dhyAnamAM ekAgra banI je dhArmika anubhava vyakti meLave che, e anya rIte vyakta -na thaI zake teya, saMgIta ane nRtyanAM kayA svarUpamAM rajU karI zakAya che. saMgItanI

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sAmAnya prazno 317* surAvalIomAM saMgItajJa kevo khavAI jAya che e saMgItA pate te jANe che ja paraMtu pitAnA saMgItamAM anya bhaktAo paNa zI rIte khavAI jaI zake che, te anubhava, je bhoktAone e lahA maLe heya che teo jANe che. nRtyane mATe paNa Ama che. eka sthapati paththaramAMthI IzvaranI mUrti kaMDAre che. je enI divya cetanA e kArya karatI vakhate cetanavaMtI hoya, ane enI e kAryamAM dhArmika ekAgratA hoya che te sthapatinA hAthe ghaDAyela mUrti jIvaMta devI svarUpa dhAraNa kare che ane thapatinuM e mUrti sAthenuM sAtatya aneka dharma anuyAyIo bhAvuka rIte pite paNa anubhave che. pratyeka kalA prakArane dharma sAtheno saMbaMdha svataMtra abhyAsane viSaya banI zake. Ama chatAM, jema pUjArIvarga mATe kahyuM ema ahIMyAM paNa kahI zakAya ke kalA ravarUpane paMtha bahu vasamo che. enAM caDhANa ghaNAM sIdhAM che. e svarUpane upayoga divya cetanAnI ArAdhanA mATe tathA enI prAptine mATe karavAmAM Ave te A pariNAma jhaDapI hoya che. paraMtu je kalAkAranI cetanA divya cetanAthI dUra haDaselAI, anya cIjamAM lapase te emAM daivatvane aMza na pragaTatAM, AsurI tattvane aMza pragaTe e zakya che; ane ethI keTalIya veLA kalAsvarUpa, dharmanA eka yA bIjA prakAranA adhaHpatana mATe kAraNabhUta bane che. pitAnA nAma dvArA Izvara sAthe eka thavAnI tAlAvelImAM maMdiramAM nRtya karatI devadAsI kALInukrame Izvara sAthenuM tAdAo prApta karavAne badale pitAne prabhu-pratinidhi kahevaDAvatA dehadhArI mAnavanA AliMganamAM AvI enI sAthe eka thAya ethI vizeSa kalA svarUpanI adhogatinuM bIjuM kayuM udAharaNa hoI zake ? kalA e eka sAdhana che. jyAM sudhI e sAdhanane upayoga divya cetanAnI yogya prApti mATe karavAmAM Ave che tyAM sudhI kalAne mobho ane pratiSThA jALavI zakAya che. paraMtu kalAno mArga jyAM viparIta rasto apanAve che, ane devI cetanAnA sAdhyane badale bhautika samRddhine sAdhya tarIke svIkAre che, tyAre kalAkAranI ane kalA-prakAranI ema baMnenI adhogati sarjAyAnA dAkhalA itihAsane pAne nedhAyelA kyAM paDayA nathI ? Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke vividha kalA prakAre IzvaraprAptinA mArgo banavA uparAMta dhArmika anubhavanA pratyakSIkaraNanI rIte paNa che. kalA svarUpa dhArmika anubhavone eka navI vAcA Ape che ane dhArmika anuyAyIone:

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318 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka navIna dRSTi Ape che. ema karIne kalA ravarUpa, pachI te game te prakAranuM hoya, dharmanA saMgaThaka baLa tarIkene pitAne hisso Ape che. ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke dharmanA gatizIla pravAhane ekadhAre, eka mAge, ADa phaMTAyA vinA, ekatrita rAkhI-sabaLa rIte vahevAnI zakti A saMgaThaka baLa Ape che. e saMgaThaka baLonuM svarUpa palaTAya, enAM bAhya kalevaromAM pheraphAra thAya, chatAMya enuM mULabhUta tava dharmanI gatizIlatAne vadhu vega ApavAmAM raheluM che. pa, prArthanAnuM sthAna : pUjA ane prArthanA lagabhaga badhA ja dharmomAM sthAna dharAve che. je kaMI dharmapUjAne Adara karatuM nathI e paNa prArthanAne te svIkAre ja che AthI prArthanAnI ravataMtra vicAraNa Avazyaka che. dhArmika jIvana jIvavA mAgatA mANasa mATe prArthanA eka mahatvanuM sAdhana che. prArthanA dvArA ja mAnavI potAnA jIvananI zuddhi karI ene UrdhvagAmI banAvI zake che. jagataniyaMtA IzvaranI prArthanA karatI vakhate enA svarUpane e pratyakSa rAkhe che. ethI kaMI nahIM te eTalA samaya mATe te e pApAcaraNamAMthI mukta rahe che. mAnavanA manamAM kadIye duSTa vicAra Avyo ja nathI ema te koNa kahI - zake? pratyeka mAnavI, jIvananA keIka tabakake pralobhanathI AkarSA hoya ema paNa kayAM nathI banatuM ? vaLI, janasAmAnyamAM dveSa, dhikkAra, hiMsA, Indriya sukha, abhimAna ane AkAMkSA paNa kyAM nathI ? are, janasAmAnyanI vAta zA mATe, keTalIye veLA saMta, siddha AtmAo paNa AvI bAbatonA bhoga banyA nathI ? A prakAranAM aneka pralobhane pratyakSa hoya tyAre emAMthI chUTavA mATe nahIM te paNa, zarUAtane tabakke emane dUra rAkhavA mATe paNa prArthanA eka zaktizALI sAdhana che. mana ane AtmAnI daDhatA prArthanA dvArA keLavAya che. prArthanA dvArA IzvaranuM dhyAna dharI sarva duHkhonuM duHkha - IzvaravismRti, ApaNe dUra karIe chIe. keTalIka veLA prArthanAno sAme eka evI dalIla karavAmAM Ave che ke prArthanAthI zuM nIpajI zake? mahattvanI vAta karma che, prArthanA nahi. karma e ja prArthanA che.18 je pratyeka vyakti Izvaramaya banI kartavya kare, pratyeka kArya karatI vakhate e IzvaranuM kArya kare che ema samaje, tathA Izvarane mATe e kArya kare che ema svIkAre. 18 "Work is worship."

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sAmAnya prazno 319 te te karma e ja prArthanA che ema sahaja rIte kahI zakAya. A arthamAM ja karmayoganI hiMdudharmamAM vAta thAya che. paraMtu karma e ja yuga che ema kaI rIte kahI zakAya ? karmavegane artha te pratyeka karmamAM gabhAvanAne anubhava karavAmAM Ave, arthAt pratyeka karma niSkAmabhAve prabhuprItyarthe karavAmAM Ave e thAya che. ApaNe ema kahI zakIzuM kharA ke A mata rajU karanArA badhA ja, dharmane A kakSAe avake che? prArthanAnI sAme bIjI paNa eka dalIla karavAmAM Ave che. sRSTine krama niyata rIte cAlyA ja kare che prakRtinA saMcAlanamAM kArya-kAraNa niyama mahattvanuM che ane prArthanA paNa A niyamane palaTAvI ke ulTAvI zake ema nathI. - A dalIla keTalIka mAnyatAo para AgaLa vadhe che. ahIMyAM e svIkArI levAmAM AvyuM che ke sRSTikramanA bhaMgane mATe ja prArthanA karavAmAM Ave che. zuM A mAnyatA sAcI che ? sRSTine krama bhautika rIte cAlyo ja jAya che. prArthanAmAM te vyakti pite AdhyAtmika baLa keLave e mATe, ane sRSTimAM adhyAtma prasare e mATe mAgaNI kare che. bIjI rIte joIe te zuM ApaNe kharekhara ema kahI zakIe kharA ke itara rIte paNa ApaNe sRSTinA kramamAM avarodha nAMkhatA nathI ? zuM gurutvAkarSaNane niyama e sRSTino niyama nathI? ane chatAMye e bhedabhAvane ApaNe prayAsa karyo nathI ? A te jJAnakSetranI uccakakSAnI vAta thaI paraMtu sAmAnya laukika jIvanamAM paNa ApaNe sRSTinA kramanA avarodhaka banatA nathI ? nadInA pravAhamAM paDyA pachI sRSTikrama anusAra temAM taNAvA lAgIe tyAre sRSTikramanI viruddha jaI temAMthI bacavAno prayAsa ApaNe karatA nathI ? ane zuM ApaNe eka mULabhUta praznane javAba ApI zakIe ema chIe--sRSTikrama zuM che enuM jJAna mAnavIne che kharuM ? mAnavInA jJAnane vikAsa sRSTikramanA evA tabakkAno khyAla Ape che je varSonA varSo sudhI sRSTinA garbhamAM samAyela che. ethI IzvaranI prArthanA sRSTinA kramamAM avarodhaka che ema kahevAne badale, sRSTikrama samajavAne sahAyaka che, ema kahevuM kadAcit vadhu iSTa che. mAnava pragatine itihAsa e vAtanI sAkSI pUre che ke prArthanA eka baLa che. mAnavI jyAre eka evI nirAdhAra avasthAmAM mukAya che ane jyAre enA deha kauzalyanA, buddhi tIvratAnA, tarkazaktinA ane anya sarva za mAna thAya che, tyAre mAnavIne pitAnI maryAdA ane kSullaktA samajAya che. tyAre e prabhu sivAya

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320 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana bIjo kone Azraya zodhe che? Adhunika samayamAM paNa avakAzavIrane jyAre mRtyu sivAya anya kaMI ja samIpa nahetuM dekhAtuM tyAre pite, pitAnA svajano ane dezabAMdhavo tathA anya mAnava bAMdhavoe prArthanAno sahAro nahote ze ? zubha ane ISTane mATe karelI prArthanAno inkAra zubha ane ITa svarUpa Izvara pite zI rIte karI zake ? vyaktigata hita, samUhagata svArtha, rASTrIya vijayane mATe karelI prArthanA asaphaLa rahe e samajI zakAya che. evI prArthanAne prArthanA tarIke na svIkAravAmAM Ave e paNa yogya che. paraMtu samasta mAnavajAtinA hitane mATe karelI prArthanA aphaLa rahe che e sAbita karavAne mATe ApaNI pAse kayA purAvA che? sAmethI kadAca prazna e upasthita karavAmAM Ave ke prArthanAnI saphaLatAnA kayA purAvA che? prArthanAnI saphaLatAno ekamAtra purAvA mAnavajAta hajI jIvI rahI che, ane zAMtithI jIvavA prayatnazIla che emAM, tathA prArthanAmAMnI zraddhAmAM, rahela che. AvI eka sarvajana hitArthanI prArthanAne ahIM ullekha kare vAjabI raheze? . OM sahanau bhunaktu sahavIya karavA vahai: tejasvinAm vadhI tamastu mA vidviSAvahai: OM zAMtiH zAMtiH shaaNtiH|14 19 taitariya upa. 21

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.2 dharmagha viSaya tulanA vividha dharmonA abhyAsamAM ApaNe e joyuM ke jagatane pratyeka dharma amuka mahattvanA praznane vize kaMIka ane kaMIka bodha Ape che. jagatanA badhA ja dharmo mAnavajIvana vize tema ja jIvananA uddeza vize pitAne bedha Ape che. A uparAMta keTalAka dharmo viziSTa rIte amuka praznonI carcA kare che. evA judA judA dharmabodhanA viSaye laIne vividha dharmomAM tenI kevI chaNAvaTa thaI che te ApaNe ahIMyAM tapAsIzuM. 1, paramatattva : dareka abhyAsa viSayanI jema dharmane paNa tattvajJAnanA pAyAnI jarUra rahe che. dharma je kaMI saMbaMdhe che te sRSTinA khyAlanI sAthe anukULa che ane tArkika daSTie samagra rIte susaMgata che ema batAvavA mATe dharmane paNa tattvajJAnanA pAyA upara pitAnI racanA karavI paDe che. sRSTinI parama tAvika sattAnI sAthe dharmano badha anurUpa ho jarUrI che. parama tAttivaka sattA e eka evI tAttvika sattA che jene anulakSIne badhuM ja. samajAvI zakAya ema che. e sattA mukhyatve sata svarUpanI che, ane Ama chatAM sRSTinAM anya kSetro ane mAnavajIvananA anya anubhava tarapha e sattA durlakSa karI zake nahIM. e parama sattAmAM satunA aMga uparAMta, ISTa ane suMdara aMgo paNa che. A rIte tAtvika sattA satya, ISTa dharma 21

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322 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ane suMdara pumeLa bane che. AvI tAttvika sattA keTale aMze dharmabhAvanA saMtoSI zake e alaga prazna che. tatvajJAnanuM tatva svarUpa vividha prakAranuM hoI zake ane ethI tattvajJAnanI tAttvika sattA haMmezA ja dhArmika bhAvanA saMtoSI zake ema na paNa bane. dharma anuyAyIne te evI tAtvika sattA khape je enA dhArmika anubhavanI ADe na Ave, eTaluM ja nahIM, e dhArmika anubhavane zakaya paNa banAve. A daSTie vicAratA paramatattvane khyAla ane dharmamAM svIkArAyela IzvaranA khyAlane alaga rIte tapAsavA jarUrI bane che. ahIMyAM ApaNe pratyeka dharmamAM tAvika sattA tarIke parama tatvane je khyAla pAmIe chIe tenI rajUAta karIe. hiMdudharmano paramatatvane khyAla viziSTa prakAranuM che. e mAne che ke samasta sRSTinuM eka ja amUrta tattva che ane te che "brahma'. e paramatatvathI jIvatatva bhinna nathI, ane chatAM jIva ane sRSTine anubhava samajAvavA mATe e A baMnene brahmanA AvirbhAva tarIke rajU kare che. vaLI hiMdudharmamAM be sattAne svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo che. pAramArthika dRSTie vicAratA brahma eka ja satya che. ane jagata tathA Izvara asatya che. paraMtu vyAvahArika dRSTie tapAsatA jagata, Izvara satya che. Ama IzvarasattAnA be bhAga pADavAmAM AvyA che ane paramatattvane - nirguNa tarIke ane anya tattvane saguNa tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. saguNatattva te Izvara. enI vicAraNe have pachI karIzuM. jainadharma ane bauddhadharma zarUAtamAM kaI viziSTa prakAranuM paramatattva svIkAratA nathI. hiMdudharmanI sAme emane virodha eTale te tIvra che ke koI - paNa prakAranI tAtvika vicAraNA teo karavA taiyAra thatA nathI. AthI ja mAnava jIvana ane sRSTino pAye tattvajJAna ke tAtvika sattAmAM na zodhatAM, janadharma e pAye jJAnamImAMsAmAM ane bauddha dharma ane vijJAnamAM zodhe che. hibradharmamAM eka evA paramatatvane svIkAra karavAmAM AvyA che je tattva - draSTie ane dharma dRSTie bhinna nathI. A arthamAM hibradharma saMpUrNapaNe ekezvaravAdI che. jaratharatadharmamAM adUra majhadane sRSTinA paramatatva tarIke svIkAravAmAM Avela che. paraMtu tattva dRSTie emane tAtvika sattA tarIke keTale aMze svIkArI

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 323 zakAya e eka prazna che. jarathustadharmanI IzvarabhAvanAnI vicAraNA karatI vakhate A muddAnI vistRta rajUAta karavAnI raheze. kanphayuziyanadharmamAM "lI" ane "jena" uparAMta "tAone paNa svIkAra thayela che e ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. kaphyuziyana dharmanI mAnyatA anusAra "tAo" sRSTinuM paramatattva che ane "lI" ane "jena" baMne enI sAthe saMkaLAyelA che. tAo dharmamAM paNa paramatatva tarIke jene svIkAra thayo che ene "tAo" nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che. cInanA dharmaitihAsamAM samaya samaya anusAra "tAone artha palaTAto rahyo che e ApaNe joyuM. kanphayuziyanadharma ane tAo dharmamAM tAonA samAna athI svIkAranI vAta nathI. tAo dharmamAM "tAo" eka mArga uparAMta vizvanuM e eka ja amRta tattva paNa che. zidharmamAM daivItattane paramatatva tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. A daivItattva te sUryazakti che. kAraNake emanAmAMthI je jApAnanI ane enA rAjyakta tathA enA dharmanI utpatti thaI che. paraMtu AvuM maryAdita sattAvALuM tatva kadIye paramatattva tarIke zI rIte svIkArI zakAya ? hakIkatamAM zidharmamAM paramatatvanI vAta ja nathI. enuM kAraNa e che ke pratyeka dharmanI sthApanA koI eka tAtvika pAyA para thayelI che. evo koIka tAttvika pAye zidharma mATe upalabdha nathI. khristI dharmane paramatatvane khyAla samajavA mATe khristI dharmanA trisvarUpanA khyAlamAM Izvarane pitA tarIke Alekhe che temAMthI prApta thAya che. sRSTipitA e eka ja tattva che ane e tatvamAMthI anya sarva niSpanna thAya che. ahIMyAM ApaNe hiMdu dharmanA paramatatvanA khyAlanI sAthe khristI dharmanA paramatatvanA khyAlanI tulanA karavI joIe. hiMdudharmanuM paramatatva eka evI tavika sattA che je sarvasva ane sarvoparI che. sRSTi ane jIva e eka paramatattvane AvirbhAva che ane ethI e paramatatvathI bhinna nathI. khristI dharmamAM sRSTi ane jIvanI utpatti IzvarapitAmAMthI thayA chatAM, e baMnene IzvarathI bhinna tarIke AlekhavAmAM Ave che. AthI paramatatvanI ekatAno je vyApaka khyAla hiMdudharmamAM prApta thAya che te vyApaka khyAla, khristI dharmanI parama sattAmAM thatuM nathI. vaLI, hiMdudharmanI brahmAjIva ekTanI kalpanA khristI dharmamAM svIkArya nathI. A paNa cheDI vicAraNuM mAMgI le che. je mAnavI IzvaranA paramatatvanA putra hoya to enA aMzane sAnurUpa e kema na banI zake e eka koyaDo che.

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324 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana iralAmamAM paramatattva tarIke "allAhane, ane Izvara tarIke paNa "allAhane ja svIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che. A bAbatamAM hibradharmanI IslAma para thayelI asara spaSTa bane che. Ama chatAM ahIMyAM e noMdhavuM joIe ke hibradharmamAMthI uddabhavela khristI dharme hibradharmanA paramatatvanI kalpanAmAM, dharma anuyAyIone - anukULa e, pheraphAra karyo. khristI dharma pachI astitvamAM Avela islAma dharmo,. khristI dharmanA e parivartanane bAjue mUkI, hibradharmanA paramatatvanA mULa khyAlane svIkAra karyo hoya ema lAge che. zIkhadharmamAM parabrahmanI kalpanA che. keTalIka veLA nAmanA samAnapaNAne lIdhe ema mAnavAmAM Ave che ke zIkhadharmamAM svIkArAyela parabrahma hiMdudharmanA para brahmanI asara che. ahIM e noMdhavuM joIe ke hiMdudharmanA parabrahmanI kalapanAne AdhAra tAttvika che, jyAre zIkha dharmanI parabrahmanI kalpanAno AdhAra bhAvAtmaka che. Ama ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke pratyeka dharmamAM tAtvika svarUpane eka sarvoparI siddhAMta svIkArAyela hovA chatAM, tenA svarUpamAM bhinnatA rahelI che. A pAyAnI bhinnatAne pariNAme dharmomAM pravartatI anya vividha prakAranI bhinnatA samajAvI zakAya. paramatattvanI vicAraNA aMge ApaNe eTaluM nedhavuM joIe ke tAtvika parama sattA ane dhArmika sattA athavA Izvara bhAvanAne samAnArthI tarIke svIkAravAmAM mukhyatve hibradharma ane islAmadharma che. vaLI hiMdudharma ane khristI dharma evA che je dharmanA Izvarane paramatatva sAthe viziSTa prakAre sAMkaLe che ane emAM paramatattvanI sarvoparitA sthapAyelI rahe che. tAdharma ane kanphayuziyanadharmamAM paramatattva eka cAlaka tattvanA svarUpanuM che, jyAre jainadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM e tava anya sarvanI samaja ApanAruM bina-AdhyAtmika tattva banI rahe che. 2. Izvara bhAvanA dharmane ItihAsa ema batAve che ke jyAre paNa dharmamAM mAtra tArkika evA paramatatvane svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo che, tyAre dharma anuyAyIone evA parama tavanI kalpanAthI saMtoSa thayo nathI. eTaluM ja nahIM, paraMtu dharma anuyAyI eka evA tattvanI zodhamAM che je sarvoparI hovA chatAM agamya na hoya. evuM paramatattva je tAvika dRSTie gyA hoya paraMtu je anirvacanIya hAya, avarNanIya hoya, jenuM mAtra tArkika astitva ja hoya evA paramatattvanI, dharmanA pAyA tarIke game eTalI jarUra hovA chatAM, dharma anuyAyIone ethI saMtoSa

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dharmabedha viSayatulana 3rapa thaye lAgatuM nathI, e bAbata pratyeka dharmamAM A aMge thayela parivartana sUcavI jAya che. ApaNe anyatra e carcA karI che ke Adima jAtinA jAda ane sarvajIvavAdamAMthI, kALAnukrame ekezvaravAda upasthita thayela che. paNa Ama thayuM emAM mahattavane phALe tava vicAraNAo Ape che e bhulAvuM joIe nahIM. Adima dharmamAMthI susaMskRta dharmane vikAsa thayo te sAthe ja dharmanA pAyAnI jarUriyAta svIkArAI. Avo pAye tyAre ja prApta thaI zake je tAttvika tattva Ane dhArmika sarvoparI tava vacce koI prakArane samanvaya sAdhI zakAya A samanvaya ekezvaravAdamAM prApta thaze. tadRSTie ekatattvavAdane svIkAra thayo ane dharma daSTie ekezvaravAdane ravikAra thaze. mAnavInI dhArmika bhAvanA paramatatvanA evA svarUpanI jhaMkhanA karavA lAgI je ene anubhavamAM upalabdha hoya, jenI sAthe e vAta karI zake, jenI samakSa e pitAnA prazno rajU karI zake, jenI pAse prAyazcitta karI e kSamAyAcanA mAgI zake ane jenI pAse e zaraNa svIkArI zAMti ane AnaMda meLavI zake. A dhArmika bhAvanA saMtoSavAne mATe ja je dharmo ekezvaravAdI hatA emAM paNa anekezvaravAdane susaMgata ane anurUpa nahIM evuM IzvaranuM saguNa svarUpa dAkhala thayuM. hiMdu dharmamAM paramatatvane oLakhavA mATe brahma nAma apAyuM ane e brahmanA saguNa AkAra svarUpane Izvara evuM nAma apAyuM. hibradharmanA prabaLa ekezvaravAdamAM paNa joDAvAnuM pUjana dAkhala thayuM. khristI dharma mAM krAIsTane devasthAne sthApavAmAM AvyA, ane e ja pramANe anya dharmomAM paNa thayuM. islAma jevA dharmamAM paNa "kAbA'nA paththaranA svarUpane svIkAravAmAM AvyuM. eTaluM ja nahI paraMtu je dharmoe paramatattvanuM tAtvika rUpa kharekhara tAttvika varUpe rajU karyuM hatuM evA dharmamAM paNa Izvara sthApana thayuM. tAo ane kanphayuziyana dharmamAM sRSTinA cAlakabaLa tarIke paramatattvanA apAyela khyAlamAM be prakAranAM pariNAme jovAmAM AvyAM. eka te, kaphayuziyasa ane lAone pitAne ja devasthAne besADavAmAM AvyA, ane bIjI bAjue ekezvaravAdanI prakriyA e dharmomAM pravezI. A vicAraNA karIe tyAre jainadharma ane bauddhadharmane kema visarI zakAya ? A baMne dharmonA sthApakoe deva bhAvatA vize zAMta rahevAnuM pasaMda karyuM hatuM.

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3ra6 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana emaNe pite sthApela dharmamAM koI Izvarane sthAna na hatuM. sarva prayAsanuM kendrasthAna mAnavane arpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane eNe je kaMI prApta karavAnuM hatuM te paNa sva-prayane ja prApta karavAnuM hatuM. e prAptimAM mAnavanI pitAnI siddhi sivAya anya kaMI na hatuM. emaNe prabaMdheluM tAttvika svarUpa tarka prakAranuM ke mane vaijJAnika prakAranuM hatuM. AvA koI tattvane te izvarasthAne besADI zakAya ema nahotuM, ane ethI e dharmamAM paNa, samaya jatAM, mahAvIra ane buddhine IzvarasthAne thApavAmAM AvyA, ane ema izvararUpe emanI pUjA thavA mAMDI. ahIMyAM ApaNe zIkhadharmanI vAta karIe. zIkha dharmamAM paramatattavane te. parabrahma" tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Avela che. dharmasthApaka nAnake zarUAtathI ja spaSTa karyuM ke pote sAmAnya mAnavI ja che-payagaMbara nathI. pite te mAtra. guru ja che. hiMdu dharmanI bhAvanA anusAra aneka dezamAM gurU paNa eka deva tarIke svIkArI zakAya. paraMtu gurune izvarasthAne kema sthApI zakAya ? AthI zIkhadharmamAM guru nAnakanuM pUjana thavA chatAM emane Izvara sthAne besADavAmAM AvyA nathI, ane chatAM dharma anuyAyIonI tRptine mATe dharmazAstra-graMthasAhebane ja IzvarasthAne sthApavAmAM AvyA che. A eka khAsa viziSTatA che. pratyeka dharmanuM Izvara svarUpa saguNa banyuM tyAre mAnavIya svarUpanuM rahyuM che. eka zIkhadharma ja evo che jemAM Izvara svarUpa amAnavIya prakAranuM che. A praznanI vicAraNA karIe tyAre e vAta spaSTa thAya che ke dharma anuyAyInI dharmabhAvanA saguNa rivarUpano Izvara jhaMkhe che. enI A jhaMkhanAne pariNAme, ja kadAca ekezvaravAdamAMthI anekezvaravAda ane sarvezvaravAda ema badhA eka sAthe. aritatvamAM rahetA haze. koIpaNa dharmane vize ema na kahI zakAya ke e saMpUrNapaNe ekezvaravAdI ja che. pratyeka dharma lagabhaga A pratyeka prakAranA saMmizraNa jevA che. dharmanA vikAsakramamAM, ekezvaravAda zreSThatama hovA chatAM, dharmamAM pravartata ane dharavAda zuM dharmanA hArdane avarodharUpa che ? mAtra tArkika dRSTie vicAraNA karIe te. A be prakAranuM sahaastitva susaMgata nathI. paraMtu dharmanA kSetramAM prAdhAnya tarkanuM nahIM, bhAvanAnuM che; e je svIkAravAmAM Ave to e baMne prakAranA saha-astitvanI. zakayatAne samajI zakAya che . . sarvezvaravAda ke anekezvaravAda zuM kharekhara Adima dharmanA ja viziSTatA che ? zuM evuM na bane ke dhama anuyAyI bhAvanAtmaka rIte ekI vakhate sarvezvaravAdI, anekezvaravAdI ane ekezvaravAdI hai ? jema eka ja mAnavI vividha saMbaMdhamAM.

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dharmadha viSayatulanA 3ra7 vividha rUpe rajU thaI zake che, enAM e vividha rUpe samajI zakAya evAM che, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu e badhAMya vividha rUpe susaMgata che, ane chatAMya e vividha rUpe vyaktinA pitAnA ekatvane hAnirtA nathI, tema evuM na saMbhavI zake ke eka ja Izvara vividha rUpe avalokAya jema tArkika jarUriyAta anekamAM ekane jevA icche che, e ja rIte ema kema na kahI zakAya ke bhAvAtmaka jarUriyAta ekane aneka svarUpe jovA icche che ? bhAvanAnA A praznane samajavA mATe mAnava saMbaMdha upara gheDa daSTipAta karavo paDaze. pratyeka mAnavI ekatvadhArI hovA chatAM e anekavaMdhArI thavA prayatnazIla rahe che. lagnanI sAmAjika rUDhithI eka, yugalamAM pariName che-takathI nahIM paNa bhAvanAthI. e yugalanI bhAvanAmAMthI ja vize anekatva nIpaje che. pratyeka pitA pitAnA putra ke putrInI vaMzavela jovAnI eka sahaja bhAvanA rAkhe che. A bhAvanAnA stare ekezvaramAMthI anekezvara kema nIpaje e samajavA prayAsa karavAmAM Ave te e saMbhavita che ke anekezvaravAdanI, Adima dharmanI viziSTatA tarIke, rajUAta na thAya. bIjI paNa eka vicAraNA ahIMyAM karI levI jarUrI che. sarvezvaravAdanI bhAvanA vikasela Adima dharmanA svarUpa tarIke svIkArAya che. paraMtu ekezvaravAdanA dharmanA svarUpa karatAM ene nimna kakSAnuM lekhavAmAM Ave che. je sRSTinuM tatva ane IzvarI tatva eka ja hoya, e sarvatra vyApta hoya ema paNa svIkAravAmAM Ave te zuM e tArkika nathI ke e sarvezvaravAda ja svIkAre ? ahIM je dalIla karavAmAM Ave che te eTalI ja che ke Izvara vizenI dharmamAM pravartatI koIpaNa bhAvanA te dharmane bIjA dharmathI UMce ke nIco ema prasthApita karavAnA upayogamAM levAvI joIe nahIM. 3. avatAraH zrImad bhagavaddagItAmAM kahevAyuM che. 20 yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata / abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyaham // avatAra bhAvanAnuM dharmamAM pravartatuM svarUpa ahIM bahu ja spaSTa svarUpe rajU thayuM che.

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328 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana dharma dhArakabaLa paNa che, ane cAlakabaLa paNa che. dharma sthagita nathI paraMtu gatizIla che. paraMtu enI gati haMmezA ja UrdhvagAmI hoya evuM nathI. dharmane jema udaya thAya tema, dharmanI glAni paNa saMbhave che. je dharma e vyakti ane samAjanuM dhArakabaLa tathA cAlakabaLa hoya to emAM nIpajatI glAninuM pariNAma zuM Ave ? vyakti ane samAjane AvA patanamAM sarI javA devAya kharA ? je sRSTinuM ane mAnavanuM sarjana eka paramata karyuM che, ane e parama tattva dharmanA Izvara svarUpanuM hoya, te enI sarvoparitA sAthe tema ja enI sarjanabhAvanA sAthe A zI rIte susaMgata banI zake ? AthI ja ema kahevAyuM che ke jyAre jyAre dharmanI glAni thAya che tyAre Izvara pratyakSa thAya che. Ano artha zuM ? eka to ema kahevAya ke sRSTimAM je daivI naitika kAyadAnuM varcasva che ene DhIluM paDavA na devAya. sRSTimAM ane samAjamAM nyAyI ane nItimaya jIvana jIvavAnI taka maLe te ja mAnavane AdhyAtmika vikAsa karavAnI ane Izvara ekatva prApta karavAnI sAnukULatA maLI zake. bIju, sRSTinA sarjaka tarIke tema ja sRSTinA saMcAlaka tarIke Izvara sRSTinA kramane ADa mArge zI rIte javA daI zake ? vyaktine prApta thayela svataMtratAne upaga ane upabhoga karavAnI ene chUTa hovA chatAM, bahada rIte ene durupayoga je thato rahe che, jene sRSTi saMcAlananI javAbadArI che e, alipta kema rahI zake? AthI sRSTinA saMcAlake enuM saMcAlana suyogya rIte karavAne mATe sRSTi pikInA eka banavuM paDe. bhagavadgItAmAM prabodhAyela avatAranI bhAvanAne A khyAla che. avatAra vicAranuM savizeSa kheDANa hiMdudharmamAM thayuM che. vividha avatAranI hiMdudharmamAM rajUAta karavAmAM AvI che. AvA aneka avatAre hiMdu dharmamAM strIkAravAmAM AvyA che jemAM daza avatAra mahattvanA che. A daza avatAra Ama che masya, karma, varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha ane bhaviSyamAM thanAra avatAra kaTika. A vividha avatAra vizenI carcA A pustaka maryAdA bahAra che. ApaNe mATe je agatyanI vAta che te e ke vividha samaye ane vividha rUpe Izvara tatva sRSTimAM pratyakSa thayuM che, thAya che ane thatuM raheze. * hiMdudharma uparAMta bauddhadharmamAM paNa avatAra bhAvanA, svIkAravAmAM AvI che. buddha pahelAM pacIsa buddho thaI gayA ane gautama e chavvIsamA buddha tarIke kahevAya che.

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dharmabodha viSayatulanA . 329 e ja pramANe jainadharmamAM paNa mahAvIranI AgaLa aneka tIrtha karo thaI gayA ane mahAvIra chevaTanA tIrthakara che. - kadAcit ema lAge ke hiMdudharmanI avatAranI bhAvanA, emAMthI udbhavelAM jenadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM ja che. paraMtu kharekhara ema nathI. khristI dharmamAM sisane IzvaranA putra tarIke varNavavAmAM AvyA che. emanA alaukika janmanI vAta ApaNe anyatra noMdhI che. A badhuM emanuM daivatva sthApavA mATe ja kadAca jarUrI manAvuM haze. jisasane devanA putra tarIke svIkArIe ke deva tarIke svIkArIe, ane emane avatAra tarIke kahIe emAM mahattvane taphAvata ? hiMdudharmanA vividha avatAra mAnavadehe pratyakSa thayA che, ane krAIsTa paNa e ja rIte pratyakSa thayA che. ATaluM ja nahIM paraMtu jisasanA vadha sthaMbha para thayelA vadha pachI cAra divase emanuM punaruthAna thAya che. emanA A punarutthAnane avatAra tarIke nahIM ghaTAvI zakAya ? islAmamAM mahamadane khudAnA payagaMbara tarIke svIkArAyA che. emanA anuyAyIo pite khalIpha banyA che. e badhAne IzvaranA avatAra tarIke lekhIe to kadAcita avatAra bhAvanAno samagra khyAla badalavo paDe. ahIM je muddo rajU karavAno che te e ke, mAnavatAmAM daivatva ke IzvaratvanA AropaNa vinA, dharmapravartaka tarIkenuM ke dharma utthAnanuM kArya enI pAse karAvavuM saMbhavita nathI. A prazna paratve zidharmanI paNa rajuAta karIe. ApaNe joyuM che ke zidharmamAM te sUryadevInI prajA tarIke mikAonuM astitva che. AvuM daivI aritatva I. sa. 1945 sudhI cAlu rahyuM e ApaNe anya sthaLe joyuM che. zuM IzvaranA aMzarUpa ane IzvaranA pratinidhi samA A vividha samaye thayelA mikaDAne paNa IzvaranA avatAra tarIke svIkArI zakAya kharA ? jema islAmadharmane khalIphane mATe kahyuM tema ahIMyAM paNa ema kahevuM joIe ke AmAM Izvara avatArane savizeSa aMza pratyakSa thato hoya evuM svIkArI zakAya ema nathI. te pachI prazna e UThe che ke amuka pratyakSIkaraNa avatAra ja che ema zI rIte kahI zakAya? A eka mahatvane prazna che. evI aneka vyaktio che je pitAne avatAra tarIke oLakhAvavA mATe prayatnazIla che. je ema ja avatAra svIkArAI jato hoya te te IzvaranA aneka avatAra thayA hatA. eka arthamAM te ema paNa kahI zakAya ke sRSTimAM jeTalA jIva teTalAM IzvaranA avatAra sRSTinA che temanA daivatvanuM jJAna pAmI zake che.

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330 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana koIpaNa pratyakSIkaraNa avatAra che ke nahIM ene nirNaya emanuM jIvana ja karAvI zake. buddha ane krAIsTano jIvanavyavahAra e rahyo che ke emanA samakAlIne paNa e varatu ravIkAratA hatAM ke teo sAmAnya mAnavI karatAM nirALA hatA. jemanAmAM devatva merama ramI rahyAnA darzana thAya, jene jIvanavyavahAra daivI hovA chatAM amAnavIya na haya, jenI lagana Izvara sAthe hoya ane je samAjamAM hovA chatAM samAjanA nathI e rIte jIvI zaktA hoya evA jIvane avatAra tarIke svIkAravAne mATe mana lalacAya. naitika ane AdhyAtmika rIte saMpUrNa evA A che bhaviSyanI paNa eka daSTi ApatA hoya che. paristhitine, vyaktine, samAjane badalavAnI eka zaktinA emanAmAM darzana thatA hoya che. vyaktimAM prANane. saMcAra karavAnI emanI tAkAta pratyakSa thatI hoya che. naitika niyamanuM emane hAthe sadaMtara pAlana thatuM hoya che. dhamane sAce khyAla emane mukhethI udbhavela hoya che. AvA pratyakSIkaraNa paNa pitAnA ja kALamAM avatAra sthAne ghaNI veLA sthapAyelA hotAM nathI ? jarathustadharmane ahIMyAM khAsa ullekha karavAnI jarUriyAta lAge che. zubha ane azubha, iSTa ane aniSTanI vaccenA sadAkALanA gharSaNane jarathustadharmamAM svIkAra thayo che, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu jarathustadharmanI e viziSTatA che. je sRSTimAM aniSTa tattvanuM AvuM prAbalya hoya, kadIka enuM prAdhAnya paNa sthapAtuM hoya te e dharmamAM avatArabhAvanAne abhAva dhyAna kheMcanArI bAbata che. je dharmonI vAta ApaNe upara karI emAM te sRSTinA sarjanakALe nyAya ane zubha anusAranuM jIvana hatuM. kALanukrame aniSTano paga cAra thAya ane e phUlephAle paraMtu aniSTa ITa para vijaya meLavavAne tabakake pahoMce, e ja samaye daiva tattvanuM prakaTIkaraNa thAya, adharmane nAza thAya ane dharmanuM saMsthApana thAya... I.sa.nI aDhAramI sadImAM yuropamAM daivavAdIoe tArkika dRSTie Izvara sRSTino saMbaMdha samajAvatAM kahyuM ke sRSTinuM sarjana karIne Izvara sRSTinI bahAra rahe che. keTalAka prAthamika niyamone gati ApyA anusAra sRSTinuM saMcAlana thatuM rahe che. jIvane je svataMtratA ApI hoya che e AdhAre e jIvana paNa vyatIta thAya che. AvA kramamAM kaIka kALe evI sthiti sarjAya che ke jyAre sRSTithI para rahelA izvara tattvane sRSTinA kramamAM Dakhala karavAnI jarUriyAta upasthita thAya che. ahIM prazna e che ke Izvara AvI Dakhala kyAM svarUpe kare? svarUpa prakAra game te hoya te ye sRSTithI apara Izvara sRSTimAM pratyakSa thaI zake e ja vicAra avatAravAdane anumodana ApatuM nathI ? ' . . . . .

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA - 33. 4, jIvanuM svarUpa : tattvajJAnanI jema dharmamAM paNa traNa mahatvanA prazna che--Izvara, jIva ane sRSTi, ane e traNeyanA AMtara saMbaMdha. vividha dharmonI carcA karatI vakhate. ApaNe e joyuM che ke badhA ja dharmo A traNeya tattvone svIkAra karatA nathI. tathA dareka dharma A dareka tatvane aMge tathA tenA AMtara saMbaMdha vize vividha maMtavya dharAve che. chavanA svarUpa vize paNa je te dharmamAM AgaLa rajUAta karelI che eTale tenI punarukti na thAya ane chatAM jIvana vize pratyeka dharmane khyAla AvI zakee dRSTie A praznanI ahIMyAM vicAraNA karIzuM. hiMdudharmamAM jIva e brahmatattvathI kaMIka nirALuM tattva nathI. brahmane, jIva ane jagata rUpe, AvirbhAva thAya che. AthI jIvanuM svarUpa brahma samAna che. jema sUryamALAnA praha mULa sUryathI kALakrame chUTA paDe che ane pitAnuM sUrya sAthenuM sAtatya visare che tema devItAva dharAvatA jIva paNa ajJAnane lIdhe pitAnuM sAcuM svarUpa visare che. jainadharmanI dRSTie jaDatatva ane Atmatattva e satya tatvo che. AtmatatvanuM svarUpa nirmaLa ane nitya hovA chatAM bhautika zarIranI sAthe enuM saMmilana thatAM. du:khonI paraMparA zarU thAya che ane Ama Atmatattva jyAM sudhI potAnuM AtmasvarUpa yogya rIte pichAne nahi tyAM sudhI duHkhanI ghaTamALa cAlu rahe che. khristI dharmamAM chavane prabhunA saMtAna tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che ane prabhunA saMtAnanuM svarUpa prabhu jevuM hoya ema paNa svIkArAya che. AthI jIvanuM mULa svarUpa nItimaya ane divyatAbharyuM hoya che. Ama chatAM, jIvamAM evI. patanakArI zakayatAo hoya che jethI enuM patana thaI zake che. AmAM mukhyatve karIne jIvanI sAthe saMkaLAyelI bhatti, svArtha vRtti ane Izvaradeza bhaMga karavAnI svAtaMtryazakti mahattvano bhAga bhajave che ane jIvane je kaMI kare te mATe, teTale aMze, javAbadAra banAve che. khristI dharmamAM dehadhArI jIvanI daSTie deha. mahattva nathI, ema nathI. aneka dharmomAM devatatva ane Atmatattva bhinnatA svIkAryA pachI, Atmatattva mahAna heya ane dehatatva pApamaya hoya e eka vicAra pravarte che. AthI ja dehakaSTa ane tapazcaryAne paNa prAdhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM hoya che deha ane enI indriye e ja sarva duHkhanuM kAraNa ane vAsanAonuM

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33ra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ghara hoya ema manAya che. khristI dharmamAM dehanuM paNa prAdhAnya svIkAravAmAM Ave - che ane deha te chapananAM mUlya sAkAra karavAne mATenuM eka mahatvanuM sAdhana che ema svIkArAya che. AthI dehano anAdara ke niSkALajI karavAnI nathI. paraMtu IzvaranA Adezane vahana karavAne mATe deha paNa yogya rIte zaktivAna rahe e mATenA prayatna karavAnA che. khristI dharmane A vicAra mahattvano chejJAnanA vikAsanI sAthe have te e lagabhaga sArvatrika satya tarIke svIkArAyuM che ke pApAcaraNamAM mAnavInA deha karatAM mAnavInA matane phALo ocho nathI. manane vicAra AzayamAM nahi pariName tyAM sudhI deha eno Adeza uThAvavA mATe tatpara banato nathI. pratyeka kArya dethI nahIM, paraMtu vicAranA AzayathI ane manoAdezathI nIpaje che, e hakIkata pravartamAna dharmonA zarUAtanA tabakke, spaSTapaNe na samajI zakavAthI dehakaSTanI vicAraNuM rajU karavAmAM AvI hoya e saMbhave che. anya dharmomAM jIvano vicAra je vividhatAbharI rIte thAya che emAM hibradharma jIvane prabhunA priya tarIke, ane zIkhadharma chavane prabhunA ziSya tarIke svIkAre che. zIkhadharmamAM to IzvarathI ja jIva utpanna thayo che ema kahevAno sAthe ja IzvarAjJA ja sarvasva che ane jIvane AjJApAlana sivAya vizeSa karavAnuM rahetuM nathI ema kahevAmAM Ave che. "IzvaranI AjJAthI badhA utpanna thayAM. temanI ja AjJAthI badhA satanAmamAM lIna thAya che nAnaka! IzvaranI icchA haze te pramANe thaze. tenA prANIonI pAse koIpaNa jAtanI sattA nathI."21 Ama zIkhadharmamAM jIvanane vicAra evI viziSTatApUrvaka thayo che ke jIvane koI jAtanI svataMtryatA ke sattA nathI ane chatAM jo jIva pitAne vize evI kaMI mAnyatA dharAve ane mAne ke huM badhuM karuM chuM" tyAM sudhI tene koIpaNa jAtanuM sukha maLatuM nathI. 22 IslAma dharmanA jIvanA khyAlane mATe rUmInI 23 A rajUAta egya khyAla Ape che. I am He whom I love and He whom I love is I We are two spirits dwelling in one body If thou seest me thou seest Him. And if thou seest Him thou seest us both. 21 Trampa, pA. 78 -22 eja, pA. 400 23 jeko, glIspesIsa opha varlDa rilijiyansa, bebe 1957 pA. 270

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 333 IslAmamAM chavanA svarUpano khyAla meLavavo keTale muzkela che tenI rajUAta karatAM ane e sAthe jIvanA svarUpane khyAla ApavAno prayAsa karatA kathananI rajUAta karatAM viDajerI24 neMdhe che: "kurAnanA murilama ane bina-muslima abhyAsakene je eka muzkela prazna samasyArUpa rahyo che te kurAnamAM jIvanuM svarUpa zuM che e che." eka Adhunika muslima lekhaka kahe cheH payagaMbara mahamadanA badha anusAra mAnavI A sRSTimAM jyAre praveze che tyAre pApamukta hoya che ane evA pavitra svarUpane heya che ke allAhanA niyamanuM pAlana karavA mATe te nizcayI bane che. agamya ane anaMta vikAsa karavAnI dizAnI sAthe e avatare che. paraMtu A sRSTimAM pravezyA pachI zuM mAnavI svataMtra che ke badhuM ja ene mATe: niNata thayeluM che? IslAmamAM allAhanI je sarvoparitA rajU karavAmAM AvI che e rIte te islAmamAM jIvanuM svarUpa, upara zIkhadharmamAM jIvanuM svarUpa AlekhyuM. che, e prakAranuM rahe che. Ama, jIvane vividha daSTie avelekvAmAM Ave che. A badhA uparathI eka vastu spaSTa thAya che: dehadhArI mAnavInuM A sRSTimAMnuM astitva enuM sAcuM ane saMpUrNa astitva nathI. eka AdarzanI rajUAtamAM enuM sAcuM svarUpa darzA. vavAmAM Ave che ane enA jIvananuM dhyeya ane enuM kArya e AdarzanI , prAptinuM rahe che. 5. nItivicAra dharmanA vagIkaraNane prazna vicAratI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM che ke keTalAka - vicArako bauddha ane jaina dharmane mAtra nItidharmo tarIke ullekhe che. dharmajIvananI pUrvataiyArI tarIke naitika jIvananI jarUriyAtane svIkAra mAtra nItidharmo ja nahIM paraMtu badhA ja dharmo ravIkAre che. nItijIvana e ja dharmajIvana che ema baddhadharma ane jainadharma paNa svIkAratA nathI. e hakIkata e be dharmone bIjA vibhAgamAM ApaNe abhyAsa karyo ethI phalita thAya che. dharmajIvana mukhyatve karIne mAnavanA utthAnanI sAthe saMkaLAyela che. nItijIvana paNa mAnavajIvana sAthe saMkaLAyela che. paraMtu nItijIvanamAM AcaraNane AdhAra bAhya rIte prApta thayela niyama para che. e niyamo kayAM te dharma taraphathI prApta thayA hoya, samAja taraphathI prApta thayA hoya athavA te pracalita . 24 liviMga rilijiyansa eNnDa meDana thaTa, nyUyorka, 1936, pA. 200

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334 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUDhi dvArA prApta thayA hoya. AthI nIti vyavahAramAM prazna niyamonA svIkArane nahIM, athavA te niyamonA svIkArapUrvakanA AcaraNane nahIM, paraMtu niyamonA AcaraNane - che. AthI je vyaktinuM AcaraNa niyama anurUpanuM hoya e nItivAna kahevAya che. samAja ene nItivAna tarIke svIkAre che ane e anusArane je kaMI me ane pratiSThA hoya e paNa e prApta kare che. Ama, vyaktigata jIvanamAM - nItinA niyamonuM AcaraNa karIne vyakti nizcita svarUpe samAjanI sAthe - saMbaMdhita thAya che. dharmajIvanane AdhAra bAhya niyama para nahIM paraMtu AMtarika sUjha para avalaMbe che. jyAre paNa dhArmika jIvanane AdhAra bAhya niyamo para hoya tyAre te, e niyamanA vyaktinA ravIkAra para AdhArita bane che. AthI niyamonI bAhyatA rahetI nathI ane e svaniyamana banI jAya che. nItijIvana ane dharmajIvana vize bIjo eka mahattvane bheda samajI levo jarUrI che. nItijIvana mAnava-mAnavanA saMbaMdhe pUratuM maryAdita che. dharmajIvanamAM paNa mAnava-mAnava vaccenA saMbaMdhe paryApta che ja. paraMtu tethI ye vizeSa dharma jIvanamAM mAnava ane IzvaranA saMbaMdhane mukhya khyAla hoya che. AthI, je mANasa dhArmika nathI, eTale ke je mANasa Izvarane ke Izvara sAthenA koI saMbaMdhane svIkArato nathI, e mANasa nItivAna hoI zake-e arthamAM ke e nItinA niyamonuM pAlana kare che. paraMtu je vyakti dhArmika che e te nItivAna paNa hovI jarUrI che. kAraNake je vyakti anya mAnanI sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM megya che e ja Izvara sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM yogya banI zake. Ama - dharmajIvana mATe nItimaya jIvana anivArya che, jyAre nItimaya jIvana mATe dharmajIvana anivArya nathI. ane chatAM ApaNe e noMdhavuM joIe ke keTalIka veLA vyaktinI dhArmika sabhAnatAne, nItinA ravIkArAyela Adarzo adhArmika lAge, asvIkArya lAge e saMbhavI zake. ane Ama thAya tyAre e evA nItiniyamonuM pAlana na paNa kare. jyAM sudhI niyamone ravIkAra thatuM rahe tyAM sudhI parivartananI zakyatA nahIMvata che. jeo pracalitane, prasthApitane asvIkAra kare che teo ja parivartana sarje che. e sAmAnya kathana mAnavajIvananAM anekavidha kSetranI jema nItinAM kSetrone paNa eTaluM ja lAgu paDe che.

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dharmadha viSayatulanA 335 AthI pravartamAna dharmo nItijIvanane agatya Ape che ane mAnavInuM nItijIvana kevuM hovuM joIe ene khyAla Ape che. A khyAla ApatI vakhate je vicAraNuM ApaNe AgaLa rajU karI che ene anulakSIne vividha dharmonA nItijIvana vicAre aMgenI samIkSA AgaLa upara karIzuM. hiMdudharmamAM kahevAyuM che: "je vartaNUkathI tamane pitAne duHkha thAya tevI vartaNUka bIjA sAthe rAkhazo nahIM. manuSyanA kartavyone badhe sAra A che."25 jarathustadharmamAM kahevAyuM che. je vAta tamane pitAne gamatI na hoya te vAta bIjAne paNa na game e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM. jyAre tame A pramANe vartaze tyAre tame dharmika ane pavitra gaNAze.26 vaLI e ja dharmamAM ema paNa kahevAyuM che: "je IrSyAthI sArA mANasane zikSA karavAmAM Ave to dareka mANase ema samajavuM ke e zikSA pitAne ja thaI che."2 7 nItiniyamane AdhAra ApavA uparAMta, nItivAna mANasa kone kahI zakAya, ene khyAla ApatA A dharmamAM kahevAyuM che: patAne je kArya na game te kArya bIjAne anulakSIne mANasa na kare tyAre samajavuM ke te mANasa sajajana che. 28 cInanA baMne dharmomAM nItijIvana upara savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. tAodharmamAM kahevAyuM che : "tamane koIe nuksAna karyuM hoya to paNa tame enuM bhaluM karaje."29 vaLI naitika AcaraNanI vadhu samaja ApatA e dharmamAM kahevAyuM che: "je loko mArI sAthe bhalI rIte varte che, temanI sAthe sArI rIte varte chuM, paraMtu je loko mArI sAthe sArI rIte vartatA nathI temanI sAthe paNa huM sArI rIte varte chuM. mArA Ama karavAthI badhAne ja sArI rIte vartavAnI pharaja paDe che. je loko mArA upara zuddha aMtaHkaraNathI prema rAkhe che temanA upara huM paNa te ja premabhAva rAkhuM chuM, paraMtu je loko mArA para e premabhAva rAkhatA nathI 25 monIara viliyamsa, inDiyana vijhaDama-mahAbhArata, 5 : 1517 26 sekreDa buksa oNpha dhI isTa, 24 : 330 27 eja, 37 : 5 28 eja, 18 : 271 29 eja, 39 : 106

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336 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. temanA upara paNa huM premabhAva rAkhuM chuM. mArA Ama karavAthI badhAne arasaparasa premabhAva rAkhavAnI pharaja paDe che."30 nIti AcaraNane AdhAra ApatA vividha dharmanA ugAre keTalA badhA maLatAM hoya che ene khyAla kanphayuziyana dharmanA A kathana parathI maLe che. je vartaNUka tamane pitAne gamatI na hoya tevI vartaNUka bIjAo sAthe rAkhaze nahi. A bAbata para kanphayuziyanadharmamAM eTale badhe bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che ke kanphayuziyanadharmanAM vividha zAstromAMthI enAlekaTasamAM traNa vakhata ane mahAvidyA, madhyamamArga tathA lIkImAM ekeka vakhata Ane ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM che. 31 bauddhadharmamAM paNa nItijIvanane mATe viziSTa prakAre rajUAta thaI che. "he rAhula! evuM koI kArya che jene karavAnI tane icchA hoya? te pachI tuM A pramANe vicAra A kAmathI mane nukasAna thAya evuM che, ke anyane nukasAna thAya evuM che ke, amane badhAne nukasAna thAya evuM che ? jo tema hoya te te kAma kharAba che. kAraNa ke te badhAne duHkha Ape che. AvuM kAma tAre kaMIpaNa divasa karavuM nahIM."32 buddhanI upadeza ApavAnI saMsarI rItane ahIM khyAla Ave che. paraMtu bIjI jagyAe nItimaya jIvanane AdhAra darzAvatA kahevAyuM che: "vyakti jema pitAnI sAthe varte che tema teNe bIjA sAthe paNa vartavuM. 33 - yadadIdharmamAM kahevAyuM cheH "he mArA bALa! je kAma kare tenI aMdara babara kALajI rAkhaje ane badhAnI sAthe vivekathI vartaje. je vAta tane pitAne gamatI na hoya te vAta bIjAnA saMbaMdhamAM tuM karIza nahi.34 ane vaLI kahevAyuM cheH "bIjAonI je vartaNUka tane pitAne gamatI na hoya te vartaNUka tuM bIjAonI sAthe rAkhIza nahi."35 30 eja, 39 : 91 31 eja, 28 : 305 32 misisa rAIjha DevIsa, buddhijhama - majhIma nikAya, pA. 25 33 sekreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 4H 182 34 TobiTa, 4H 14 - 15 5 bebiloniyana sabAtha, 31 25

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dharmadha viSaya tulanA 337 nItijIvana vize khristI dharmamAM te khUba bhArapUrvaka kahevAyuM che. jema kanphayuziyanadharma jevA sAthe tevAne bodha Ape che ane tAo dharma kharAba sAthe paNa sArAne bodha Ape che tema ja mUhUdI dharma ane khristI dharma vacce paNa kahI zakAya. yahUdI dharmamAM vivekanI vAta svIkArAI che ane arasaparasanA samAna AcaraNanI rajUAta thAya che. paraMtu khristI dharmamAM te kaMpanI sAme paNa premane vyavahAra karavAnuM kahevAya che. "tame jyAre ema IcchA rAkho ke bIjAo tamArI sAthe amuka prakAranuM vartana kare tyAre tamArI paNa e pharaja che ke temanI sAthe tame paNa tevuM ja vartana rAkhe."36 ane arasaparasanA samAna AcaraNa vize vadhumAM kahevAyuM che, "bIjAo pAsethI je vartananI tame AzA rAkhe che te ja jAtanuM vartana tamAre anya sAthe rAkhavuM joIe."37, paraMtu arasaparasanA samAna AcaraNa uparAMta khristI dharmamAM bhrAtRbhAvanI bhAvanA para, kSamAbhAvanA para ane premabhAvanA para bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. emAM kahevAyuM che: "huM tamane kahuM chuM ke tamane je loko trAsa ApatA hoya temane mATe ane tamArA zatruone mATe tame Izvarane prArthanA kare. jethI AkAzamAM rahetA pitAnA putra tarIke tame tamArI pharaja bajAvI zake. A pramANe vartavAnuM kAraNa e che ke Izvara pote sArA ane kharAba mANasone bheda svIkAryA vinA badhAne ja sUryane prakAza Ape che, ane nyAyI ane anyAyI mANasone bheda pADyA vinA, badhe ja varasAda varasAve che. "38 vividha dharmomAM nIti AcaraNa mATe rajU karela AdhAra ane vicAranI samAlocanA karIe te pahelAM A tabakke eka vAta neMdhI levI jarUrI che. jisase pitAnA Adarzone pitAnA jIvanamAM caritArtha karyA che. sneha ane kSamAnI sAkSAta mUrti svarUpe, pitAne vadhasthaLe mukyA tyAre paNa emaNe uccArela kathana, "prabhu tuM emane kSamA karaje. kAraNake teo jANatA nathI ke teo zuM kare che,"39 zatrao pratye premabhAva ane dayAnA sAkSAta darzana nathI karAvatuM ? Adhunika samayamAM mahAtmA gAMdhIjInA jIvana vize paNa Ama ja kahI zakAya ema che. pitAnA dharmane pAye emaNe satya ane ahiMsAnI be AdhArazilAo para 36 methya, 7:12 37 lUka, 6:31 38 methya, 5 : 44 - 45 39 lUka, 23 : 34

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338 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karIne, jIvanamAM premapUrvakanA satyAgrahane Agraha rAkhI, emaNe e emanA jIvanamAM kevI rIte caritArtha karyuM e emane goLIe devAyA chatAM emanA jIvananA chellA zabdo "he rAma!'mAM pratyakSa thAya che. jenA aMgeaMgamAM ane romeromamAM rAmabhAvanA prasarI na hoya e sivAya ke nA mukhe A udgAra saMbhave ? atre rajU karavAmAM Avela vividha dharmonA nIti AcaraNanA AdhAra vize ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke lagabhaga badhA ja dharmomAM eka prakAranI nikaTatama samAnatA che keI dharma anIti Acaro ema kahetuM nathI, tema ja kaI dharma nItino inkAra karatA nathI. nItimaya jIvananuM mahAbhya pratyeka dharma svIkAre che e ja hakIkata e bAbatanI sAkSI samAna che ke nItijIvana, dharma jIvananI anivArya pUrvataiyArI che. upara rajU karela dharmavicAraNAmAMthI ApaNe eTaluM kahI zakIe ke lagabhaga pratyeka dharma nItiAcaraNanA AdhAra vize traNa bAbatomAM ekamata che. eka, svane kendrasthAne mUkI nItiAdarza meLoH ahIM "vane kendramAM rAkhavo eTale pitAne anukULa evI nItine sophisTee rajU karele vicAra nahIM, paNa kene rajU karelA vicAra anusAra che. pitAne arucikara hoya, pitAne asvIkArya heya, pitAne agavaDakartA hoya e bIjAne rucikara, ravIkArya ke sagavaDakartA zI rIte banI zake ? bIju, AMtaradarzana karI, bAhya AcaraNa nakkI kareH nIti AcaraNuM bahArathI ApavAmAM AvelA Adeza anusAranuM hoya che ema ApaNe upara kahyuM che. je nIti Adeza, dharma Ape che, athavA te nItiAcaraNane je AdhAra dharma Ape che, e bahArathI ladAyela koI Adeza ke niyama nathI, paraMtu pitAnI aMdara khoja karI, AMtaradaSTithI meLavAyela Adeza che. AthI dharma dvArA prasthApita nIti AcaraNa dharmajIvananA pAyA samAna bane che. trIja, AMtara-bAhya jIvana susaMgatA ApaNe upara noMdhyuM che tema, mAtra nItijIvanamAM evI saMbhavitatA che ke vyakti AMtarika rIte je Adezane svIkAra na kare, te anusAranuM bAhya jIvana che. dharma dvArA apAyela nItiAcaraNane AdhAra AvI bAhya-AMtara jIvananI asaMgatatAne asvIkAra kare che. kAraNake AvI asaMgatatAmAMthI ja daMbha, atireka ane jUThANAno udbhava thAya che. AMtarika jIvana ane bAhya jIvananI susaMgatatA jyAre nItinA kSetramAM pAmI zakAya tyAre dharma chavananAM vadhu sopAne siddha karavA

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dharmabedha viSaya tulanA 339 zakya bane che, ane AthI ja mAtra ziSTa jIvananI sAme tathA Adhunika jamatanA ziSTAcAranI sAme dharma anuyAyInI dhArmika bhAvanA baLe pikAre che. A badhA parathI ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke dharmane nItivicAra gahana che. mAnava-mAnavanA saMbaMdhanI racanA uparathI ja, mAnava ane IzvaranA saMbaMdha tarapha jaI zakAya. e prakAranI nIti AcaraNano AdhAra vizvanA pravartamAna badhA ja, dharmo ApavAno prayatnazIla che. mAnava-mAnava samAnatA ane mAnava-mAnava bhrAtRbhAvanA para ja, eka mAnava samAjanI racanA saMbhavita che. je samagra sRSTinuM daivItattva eka ja hoya ane e tattva sarvoparI hoya to A sivAya anya zuM saMbhavI zake ? 6. aniSTa : dharmamAM IzvaranI sarvoparitA svIkAravAmAM Ave che, ane ethI jyAre paNa jagatamAM koIpaNa prakAranuM aniSTa jovAmAM Ave che tyAre IzvaranI sarvoparitA sAthe, emanI nyAyatti ane dayAbhAvanA sAthe ene zI rIte susaMgata kahI zakAya? e prazna mahattvano bane che. AthI ja, pratyeka dharmamAM aniSTanI carcA vistRtapaNe karavAmAM AvI che. aniSTanA astitvano ravIkAra lagabhaga badhA ja dharmomAM thayuM hovA chatAM enA svarUpa vize ekavAkyatA nathI. eTaluM ja nahIM, paraMtu keTalAka dharmomAM te enI jhAjhI carcA paNa jovA maLatI nathI. ethI aniSTane vize upasthita thatA bIjA aneka prazno vize paNa e dharmomAM kaI ullekha prApta thatA nathI. ApaNe jyAre aniSTane vicAra karIe tyAre keTalAka mahatvanA prazna ApaNA manamAM upasthita thAya che. bhautika duHkha ane zArIrika duHkhane ekasamAna tarIke gaNI zakAya kharA ? je bhautika duHkha vyaktinA zArIrika duHkha karatA bhinna prakAranA hoya, te e baMnene samAna rIte ulekha karI zakAya kharo ? A mATe keTalIka veLA - zArIrika aniTane mATe nItizAstramAM aniSTane zabdaprayoga karavAmAM Ave che ane dharmazAstramAM badhAM aniSTone AvarI le evo asatano praveza karavAmAM Ave che. ApaNe ahIM "aniSTane prayoga karIzuM. te eTalA mATe ke asata. e rIte vaparAya che-eka, upara rajU karyo evA vyApaka arthamAM ane bIjo, satya nahIM evuM e arthamAM vaparAya che. badhA ja dharmo aniSTane asatya tarIke, asata. ' tarIke, (unreal or nonexistent) jenuM astitva nathI e tarIke svIkAratA nathI. evI asata karatAM aniSTa zabda vadhu svIkAryA lAge che.

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30 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ATalI rajuAta karyA pachI aniSTanA khyAla vize je prazna upasthita thAya che enI rajUAta karI vicAraNuM karIe. ' aniSTa eTale zuM ? enI vyApaktA keTalI ? jagatamAM aniSTa zAne kAraNe astitva dharAve che, tathA ene mATe kone javAbadAra lekhI zakAya? aniSTa aMtima che kharuM ? je e aMtima hoya, te emAMthI mukti kyI rIte prApta karI zakAya? aniSTanI vyApaktA vyaktijIvana uparAMta samAjajIvanamAM paNa hoya te samAjajIvanamAMthI aniSTanI nAbUdI kaI rIte karI zakAya? je dharmoe aniSTa vize vicAraNuM karI che temAM A praznanA uttara ApavAne paNa prayAsa * karyo che. atre ApelA koThA uparathI vividha dharmo aniSTanA astitva ane emAMthI upasthita thatA aneka prakane vize, zuM bedha Ape che ene khyAla Avaze.

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- - - - krama | viSaya hiMdudharma tAdharma IslAmadharma bauddhadharma aniSTanuM | aniTa aMte mithyA che. kharI rIte upekSA karavA | sApekSa dRSTithI mithyA aniSTa satya che. varU5 *. te bhrAMti che. | yogya che. che . svataMtra che. tenI kharI rIte aniSTa nathI; jagatamAM aniSTa bahu | aniSTa thoDA ja pramA | | jagata du:kharUpa che. vyApakatA mAtra keTaleka vakhata bhrama ja theDA pramANamAM che. | NamAM che.-binamurilamamAM ! janmavuM eTale du:khI thavuM. dharmabodha viSaya tulanA javAbadAra koI javAbadAra nathI | kaI javAbadAra nathI. | kaI javAbadAra nathI koI javAbadAra nathI. anitya jIvAtmA nahIM, mANasa nahIM, paramasaguNa | alAha paNa nahIM joke joke pUrvajanmanAM karmone nitya brahma paNa nahI | Izvara nahI, saguNa | te ja sarvazaktimAna phaLa mAnavI bhogave che. jagatamAM janma pahelethI | AsurI tatvanahIM, amUrta | hAI badhuM ja kare che. kAyado paNa nahIM. e kamara | brahmajJAnanA ajJAnathI | aniSTa thavIvI | allAhane zaraNe na tRNAthI nIpaje che ? | jIvAtmAnI bhrAMti cAlu AvazyaktA nathI. javAthI aniSTa :: tRSNa kadI tRpti nIpaje che. | | thatI nathI emAthI mukta kema thavAya. brahmavAdanA jJAnathI, jagatanA avyakta allAhane zaraNe javAthI vAsanAone vaza karavAthI, brahmAnaMdanA AsvAdathI, mAgane (tAo) zAMtIthI sliAmane baLathI pracAra IcachInA zamanAthI. bhakti mArgathI, karma anusaravAthI. karavAthI mAgathI. | kaI vyAjanA nathI, varNa, prakRti jIna gALavAnI baLathI paNa alAha ke samAjamAMthI nIkaLI jaI, vyavarathA cIrasthAyI che. ekamAtra yojanA. ane islAmanI sattA | ekAMtamAM mA-vihAromAM | vadhAravAnI yojanA. | vasavATa karavAthI. uthAna vyavasthA 341

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krama | 342 tenI viSaya jainadharma | jarathustadharma kayuziyanadharma khristI dharma aniSTanuM anAdi che. | anAdi che, paraMtu khAsa nathI. mULathI nahIM, paraMtu svarUpa jaData mULathI ja che. anaMta nahIM. AdezabhaMgathI nIpaje che. aDadhuM jagata du:kharUpa | aDadhuM jagata duHkharU5 bahu ja thADuM che. | mAnavajIvanamAM sarvatra vyApakatA che. jaDa padArtha AtmAthI ane asata che. svabhAvagata mAnava sAro | vyApta che. eka pApa bhinna che ane te haMmezane hoya che. bIjA pApa prati dore che. mATe duHkharUpa che. kANa koI javAbadAra nathI. | grAmaInyu javAbadAra mAnavamAM zreSTha guNane | Izvara javAbadAra che : javAbadAra jaDatattva pahelethI ja | che. abhAva, AjJApAlanane ! eNe mAnavane svataMtra astitvamAM che. abhAve. ApI. samAja pApane vaMzaparaMparAmAM utAryuM. vyakti ''sAruM kAma na karatA e pApakAma kare che. e kema | nitya ane cetana | pahelethI ja che. samAjanI aniSTa vastu- | Izvare bakSela saMkalpa nIpaje che ? | jIvAtmAnA duSTa bhautika e te ja kharekharuM svAtaMtrayane svAthI zarIranA bhAra sAme asata tava che. upaga karavAthI bIjAne saMkaDAvAthI. IjA karavAthI. emAMthI zarIrane kaSTa ApI | ahuramajhadanI sAthe rahe. samAjamAM savane madada ekameka pratye premabhAvathI, mukata kema | AtmAne mukta karavAthI. | vAthI sArA vicAra, | karavAthI, samAjanA samAjasevAnA kAryo thavAya? sArI vANI ane sArAM niyamanuM pAlana karavAthI karavAthI, prabhunI kRpAthI. kartha usthAna potAnA svaprayatnanI | khetInI janA, pazu | paraspara sArA saMbaMdhomAM paraspara madada ane vyavasthA janA. pAlana, sArA karmothI | ja sAmAjika utthAna. prabhukRpA. | prabhuno vijaya sugama thAya. dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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dharmabedha viSaya tulanA 343 A koThA uparathI joI zakAze ke bauddhadharma, jainadharma jevA dharmo aniSTane satya tarIke svIkAre che jyAre hiMdudharma ane asatya tarIke athavA miththA tarIke lekhe che. khristI dharma aniSTane zarUAtathI nahIM paraMtu sRSTinA kramanA amuka samaye pravezyAnuM jaNAve che, te bIjI tarapha jainamata ane bauddhamatanI sAthe jarathustadharma e bAbatamAM saMmata thAya che ke aniSTa anAdi che, paraMtu emanAthI e bAbatamAM judo paDe che ke te satya nathI ane ethI e anaMta nathI. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM ApaNe e paNa seMdhavuM joIe ke tAo dharma aniSTane svIkAra karavA chatAM aniSTane jhAjhuM mahatva nahIM ApatA, tenI upekSA karavI joIe ema jaNAve che. islAma aniSTane sApekSa daSTie mithyA lekhe che. aniSTanA svarUpa vizenI vividha dharmonI mAnyatAne ApaNe upara vicAra karyo. aniSTanA svarUpane AdhAre aniSTa vizenA anya praznonI vicAraNA dharmamAM thaI che. aniSTanI vyApaktA vize paNa AthI ja vividha vicAra rajU thayA. che. eka tarapha hiMdudharmamAM kahevAyuM che ke aniSTa na hovAne pariNAme, athavA to aniSTa mithA havAne pariNAme, aniSTanI vyApaktA nathI. hiMdudharmamAM kahevAyuM che ke sarvama vahu rUma brahma ane je sarva kaMI brahma svarUpa ja hoya te aniSTa kyAMthI saMbhavI zake ? brahmanA sarvavyApakapaNe sAthe aniSTanA vyApakapaNunI asaMgatatA AthI ra5STa thAya che. paraMtu hiMdudharmathI taddana bIjA cheDAne vicAra khristI dharmamAM jovA maLe che. jIvana samastamAM aniSTa vyApta thayuM che tathA eka aniSTa bIjA aniSTa tarapha laI jAya che ema tyAM kahevAyuM che. aniSTanI vyApakatA vize bauddhadharmane mata paNa khristI dharmane maLatuM che. bauddhadharmamAM kahevAya che. sarvam vahu rUma Dum suvim ! duHkha sarvatra vyApta che ane ethI aniSTanI vyApakatA paNa sarvatra che. A be aMtima virodhI matonI vacce be judAM judAM madhyabiMduo ApaNane prApta thAya che. cInanA kanphayuziyanadharma ane tAodharmanA mate jagatamAM aniSTanI vyApaktA khUba ochA pramANamAM che, tyAre bIju biMdu janadharma ane jarathustadharmamAM prApta thAya che. A baMne dharmomAM ema kahevAyuM che ke aniSTanI vyApatA ISTanI vyApakatA jeTalI ja che-eTale ke aDadhA jagatamAM ISTa vyApta che. jaina dharmanA mate jaDa padArtha AtmAthI bhinna che ane jaDatatva sadAye du:kharUpa hoya che. aDadhuM jagata jaDatatvathI vyApta che ane adhuM jagata AtmatattvathI vyApta che. ethI aniSTanI vyApaktA paNa e anusAra rahI che. jarathustadharmamAM ISTa ane aniSTa vaccene saMdharSa ravIkAravAmAM Avyo che. sRSTinA sarjanathI zarU thaI A saMgharSa cAlyo Ave che ane kadIka

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344 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ISTanI vyApakatA vadhe, te kadIka aniSTanI vyApaktA vadhe, ema banavA chatAM, ekaMdare ISTa ane aniSTanI vyA5ktA aDadhI aDadhI che, ema svIkArAyuM che. paraMtu ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM tema chevaTe te ISTanI ja vyApakatA rahevAnI che e vicAra e dharmamAM rajU thayo che. have je vicAraNA hAtha dharavAnI che te aniSTa tattva mATe kene javAbadAra lekhI zakAya te vizenI che. ahIMyAM paNa ApaNe e joIzuM ke je je dharmoe aniSTano svIkAra karyo che, ane tene saMpUrNa vyApaktA ke maryAdita vyApatA ApI che, evA dharmomAM paNa, enI javAbadArIne doSa keI nizcita tava para mUkavAmAM AvyuM nathI. hiMdudharmamAM aniSTa tattane mithyA kahyA pachI ene mATe koI javAbadAra nathI ema kahevAmAM Ave tyAre e enI sarvAga susaMgatatA anusAra che ema kahI zakAya. paraMtu jainadharma, bauddhadharma, jeoe aniSTane anAdi tattva tarIke svIkAra karyo che ane, bauddhadharme jene sarvavyApaka tarIke ane jainadharme jene ardhavyApaka tarIke svIkAra karyo che, e be dharmo e mata pradarzita kare che ke aniSTa mATe koI javAbadAra nathI; eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu ilAmadharma ane tAodharma jeo aniSTanI vyApakatA maryAdita pramANamAM che ema svIkAre che, teo paNa aniSTa tattvanA astitva mATe koIne javAbadAra lekhatA nathI, te samajI zakAya ema nathI. vizvanA mAtra traNa dharmo aniSTanI javAbadArI samajAvavA prayAsa kare che. kaphyuziyanadharma anusAra AjJA-pAlanane abhAva tathA zreSTha guNane mAnavamAM abhAva e aniSTa mATe javAbadAra che. Ane artha ema thayuM ke kanphayuziyanadharma anusAra mAnava pote aniSTane mATe javAbadAra che. jarathustadharmamAM aniSTanI javAbadArI eMgrAmaIyu para mUkavAmAM AvI che. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che tema jarathustadharmamAM aniSTanAM daLonI netAgIrI eNgrAmaIyunA hAthamAM che. paraMtu ahIM eka vAta e paNa noMdhavI joIe ke aniSTa mATenI javAbadArI eMgrAmanyunI hovA chatAM narkamAM jyAre eMgrAmanyu enA anuyAyIone jue che tyAre emane e sahabhAgI tarIke, sahAyaka tarIke, AjJAdhIna tarIke svIkAratA nathI, paraMtu emanA tarapha eka prakAranI dhRNA seve che. aniSTanI javAbadArIne khyAla bahu ja suMdara rIte khristI dharmamAM prApta thAya che. aniSTanuM sAcuM vizleSaNa karatAM, ane aniSTane enA sarvagrAhI arthamAM

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345 dharmabedha viSaya tulanA avalokatAM, khristIdharma, Izvara, samAja ane vyakti e traNene aniTa mATe javAbadAra gaNe che. Izvara aniSTa mATe javAbadAra che kAraNake mAnavanuM sarjana IzvaranA hAthe thayuM hovA chatAM eNe mAnavane aniSTa karavAnI svataMtratA ApI. Izvare jyAre sRSTinuM prathama sarjana karyuM tyAre aniSTa tattvane abhAva hato. paraMtu mAnavanI svataMtratAne pariNAme aniSTa nIpajyuM ane tethI aniSTanA astitvamAM IzvaranI javAbadArI nakArI zakAya nahIM. aniSTa mATe Izvara uparAMta vyakti pote paNa jAbadAra che. vyaktine pasaMdagInI svataMtratA prApta thayA pachI paNa je te vaicchika rIte aIcchitane svIkAra kare ane sAruM kAma karavAne badale pApakarma kare te e mATe vyakti paNa eTalI ja javAbadAra che. paraMtu khristI dharmamAM Izvara ane vyakti uparAMta aniSTanI javAbadArI samAjanI upara paNa nAMkhavAmAM AvI che. pA5 avakAzamAM nIpajatuM nathI. saMjoge, paristhiti ene mATe javAbadAra hoya che. samAja pite ja eka AvI paristhiti che ane pite ja A eka saMjoga paNa che. pApanI vRddhimAM samAje vaMza paraMparAgata pApane cAlu rAkhyuM, tathA enI vyApakatA vadhavA dIdhI eTale aMze, aniSTa mATe samAja paNa javAbadAra che. 1 khristI dharmana, aniSTa mATenI samAjanI A javAbadArIne khyAla, Adhunika samayamAM savizeSa dhyAna kheMcI rahyo che. jagatamAM pravartatI asamAnatAnuM kAraNa samAja pote ja che e khyAla para vividha rAjakIya vicAraNAo prApta thAya che. aniSTanA astitvamAM vyaktino hisso je hoya te, paraMtu samAjanA hissAne svIkAra eTale sudhI thAya che ke, jyAM sarva aniSTo mATe eka samAja ja javAbadAra gaNAya che, ane vyaktine emAMthI mukti prApta thAya che. athavA te ema kahevuM vadhu vAjabI kahevAze ke aniTanI javAbadArI samAjanA zire DhaLyA pachI ene bhAra samAjanA eka nizcita varga para DhALavAmAM Ave che. kema jANe te vaga aniTane mATe saMpUrNapaNe eka ja javAbadAra na hoya ? je aniSTanuM astitva hoya, ane jo e mATe kaIne javAbadAra lekhI zakAya ema na hoya te, prazna e upasthita thAya che ke aniSTa kevI rIte nIpaje che? hiMdudharma anusAra aniSTa e brAMtimaya che ane jayAM sudhI jIvane brahma svarUpanuM jJAna hoya tyAM sudhI A bhrAMti cAlu rahe che. aniSTane mATe kaI javAbadAra nathI ema kahevAmAM hiMdudharma aniSTa vize AvI samaja Ape che. islAmadharma aniSTa nIpajavA vize ema samajAve che ke sAce muslima

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346 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana te che je allAhane zaraNe jAya ane mAnavI alAhane zaraNe jato nathI ethI. aniSTa nIpaje che. bauddhadharma aniSTanA nIpajavA vize tRSNAne AgaLa kare che. sarva roganuM mULa tRSNA che' ema bauddhadharmamAM kahevAyuM che ane tRSNanA tyAgane mArga rajU karavAmAM Avyo che. tRSNA tyAgavA sivAya bIjo koI mArga nathI kAraNa ke tRSNa kadIye tRpta thatI nathI ane jyAM sudhI tRSNa hoya tyAM sudhI aniSTa anivArya che. aniSTano svIkAra thayo eTale emAMthI mArga sUcavavAnuM paNa dharmanuM kArya bane che. kharI rIte dharma, Izvara-jIva vaccenA saMbaMdhamAM je kaMI avarodha hoya ene dUra karavA mATe nizcayI hoya che. aniSTa Avo eka avarodha che ane ethI ja dharmamAM aniSTanI vicAraNuM para bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. pratyeka dharma, aniSTanuM vimocana kema karI zakAya ane emAMthI mukta zI rIte thaI zakAya tenI rajUAta kare che. paraMtu aniSTa vimocananI vividha prakAranI rIta paNa dharmomAM rajU thaI che. keTalAkamAM jJAnaprAptine prAdhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM che. te bIjA keTalAkamAM dehakaSTa ane tRSNa mArjananI vAto rajU thaI che, te keTalAkamAM mAnavapremanI ane anyamAM IzvaracaraNanI vAta rajU karavAmAM AvI che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke aniSTamAMthI mukti meLavavA mATe jJAnanI, karmanI ke bhaktinI rajUAta thaI che. bhaktine Azraya lenAra dharmomAM islAma ane tAo dharmano samAveza karI zakAya allAhane zaraNe javAthI aniSTane dUra karI zakAya che. tAo dharma anusAra jagatanA avyakta mArga tAone anusaravAthI aniSTamAMthI mukta thavAya che. ema kahevAyuM che. A. bemAM iralAmane vize vadhArAmAM eTaluM kahevuM jarUrI che ke islAma binamuslimano-- allAhanuM zaraNu ravIkAratA nathI tene-aniSTa tarIke ravIkAra kare che ane ethI. e aniSTane dUra karavA mATe baLanA upayoganI vAta svIkAre che. bauddhadharma, aniSTanI mukti mATe, vAsanAone kAbU karavAnI, tathA jainadharma e uparAMta dehane kaSTa ApavAnI vAta kare che. tapazcaryA jainadharmane mArga che ane tRSNA tyAga e bauddhadharmane mArga che. eka tarapha dehane ja aniSTanA kAraNarUpe gaNI, tenI zuddhithI mukta thavAya, evI mAnyatA rajU karavAmAM AvI che, te bAjI taraphe hiMdudharmamAM brahmajJAnanI vAta para bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. paraMtu eTaluM noMdhavuM joIe ke hiMdudharmamAM muktinA bhAga tarIke mAtra jJAnanI vAta nathI. jJAna eka mArga nizcita che, paraMtu bhaktimArga ane karmamArganI paNa emAM vicAraNA thaI che. AthI ema kahI zakAya ke jagatanA vividha dharmomAM, je je

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 347* mArgonI viziSTarUpe rajUAta thaI che, te badhA ja mArgone, je kaI eka dharmamAM svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo hoya te te, hiMdudharmamAM thayuM che. kanphayuziyana ane khristI dharmamAM samAjasevAnAM kAryone agatya ApavAmAM AvI che ane enI sAthe kanphayuziyanadharmamAM samAjanA niyamonA pAlananI. vicAraNuM thaI che tyAre, khristI dharmamAM samAjasevAnAM kAryo uparAMta aniSTamAMthI mukti meLavavA mATe premabhAva ane IzvarakRpAnI vAta rajU thaI che. aniSTamAMthI mukta thavAnA ane sUcavAyelA vividha mArgo vyaktijIvanamAMthI aniSTanI nAbUdI kema thAya te sUcave che. paraMtu prazna e che ke aniSTa mAtra vyaktijIvanamAM ja nahIM paraMtu samAjajIvanamAM paNa vyApta che. AthI jema vyakti aniSTamAMthI mukta banI pitAne utkarSa sAdhI zake ema samAjanA utthAna mATenI koI vyavasthA ke vicAraNe A dharmomAMthI prApta thAya che. kharI ke kema? samAja utthAnanI vyavasthAmAM hiMdudharmamAM varNa vyavasthAne vicAra thayuM che. enI vistRta vicAraNA ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAM karI che eTale enuM punarAvartana ahIM nahIM karIe. khriratIdharmamAM samAja utthAnane pAye parasparanA prema ane sahakAra tathA prabhunI kRpA para AdhArita karavAmAM Avyo che. samAjanuM sAcuM utthAna tyAre ja zakya che jyAre A sRSTi para prabhunuM sAmrAjya sthapAya. tAo dharmamAM prakRti anusAra jIvana gALavuM e eka mAtra bejanA vyaktinA tema ja samAjanA utthAna mATe vicArAI che. janadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM samAjanA utthAnane prAdhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. kAraNa ke kendrasthAne vyaktinI ja vicAraNA thaI che. kanyuziyanadharmamAM, samAjanA utthAnatA mArga tarIke, parasparanA sArA saMbaMdhonI khilavaNIne ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che. jyAM sudhI aniSTa tattvano vinAza na thAya tyAM sudhI samAjanA utthAnanI zakyatA saMbhavita nathI ema kahI jarathuratadharma samAjanA utthAnane mATe ISTane paDakhe mAnavajete rahevuM joIe, ane sAthe aniSTano sAmano karavo joIe evo vicAra rajU kare che. sAmAjika utthAnI IslAmanI vicAraNe vyaktigata utthAnane maLatI che. allAhanuM zaraNu badhA svIkAre tyAre ja samAja utthAna zakya che ane ethI IlAmanI sattA vadhAravAne mATe jarUra paDe te baLano upayoga paNa karavo joIe evo islAmano deza che. kadAcita ethI ja islAmanA prasAraNamAM baLane upayoga thayuM che ane e rIte ja ene prasAra anya dezamAM thaze che. ane je musalamAnone A jhanUnI vistAra prayAsa phrAMsamAM rokavAmAM na AvyuM hatuM te

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348 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMbhavataH yuropanuM dhArmika ane rAjakIya mALakhuM Aje judA prakAranuM heta. ene thaDe khyAla pAmI zakAya e mATe eTaluM noMdhavuM joIe ke islAmanA baLane spenamAMthI haDaselavAmAM AvyA chatAM tukamAM emaNe sthAna jamAvyuM hatuM, ane kamAla AtAtUnA samaya sudhInI tUchanI IslAma baLe je paristhiti hatI, saMbhavataH e prakAranI paristhitimAM samasta yuropa ane kadAcita sAruM vizva mukAyuM hota. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke dharmane mATe aniSTanI vicAraNane prazna mahatvano che. pravartamAna dharme e praznane keTaluM mahattva Ape che, ene AdhAre e dharmane keTalo vikAsa thaye che eno khyAla AvI zake. Adima dharmamAM aniSTane svIkAra na hoya e samajI zakAya ema che. kAraNake tyAM te je kaMI bane che te sarvajIvavAdanI bhAvanA anusAra samajAvavAmAM Ave che. aniSTanI samajaNa jIvAdano Azraya laIne ke anekezvaravAdane Azaro laI ApavAmAM Ave tyAre aniSTanI sarvagrAhItA ane vyApaktAno spaSTa khyAla pamA nathI. paraMtu jyAre ekezvaravAdanI kakSAe aniSTano praznanI vicAraNA karavAmAM Ave tyAre e praznane vividha dRSTibiMduothI avaleka jarUrI bane che. 7, karma: pariNAma maraNottara avasthAH upara ApaNe dharmone nItivicAra rajU karyo. emAM vyakti jyAM sudhI samAjamAM jIve che tyAM sudhI eNe kArya karavAnuM che ema svIkArIne, samAjanA anya che sAthenuM kArya zenA para AdhArita thavuM joIe, enI vAta karI. vyaktine rucikara kArya thAya to ene saMtoSa thAya tema ja anyane paNa vyakitanA evA kAryathI saMtoSa thAya e enuM sahaja pariNAma heya. chatAM paNa evA prasaMge Ave che, jyAre vyakti evAM kAryo kare, je eNe karavAM joIe nahIM. AvAM kAryonuM pariNAma zuM Ave e paNa samajI zakAya evI vAta che. A uparAMta, kArya karavAthI pasaMdagI ke nApasaMdagI thatI hoya ema pIkArIe eTale kAryanuM pariNAma Ave che ema svIkAravA barAbara thAya. evuM kahI zakAya kharuM ke vyakti je je karma kare che e badhAnuM ja pariNAma ene tatkALa athavA cAlu jIvana daramyAna maLI jAya che? mAnavajIvananI AyumaryAdAne svIkAra karIe te A praznano uttara spaSTa hakAramAM Apavo zakya nathI ane ethI ja e aMge paNa dharmamAM vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che. Ama upara rajU karela mathALAmAM traNeyane sAMkaLavAmAM AvyA che. che . '

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 349 vividha dharmone ApaNe je abhyAsa karyo che tene AdhAre A prazna sAthe, saMkaLAyelI keTalIka bAbatemAM badhA dharmonI ekamatI joI zakAya che. tenI rajUAta Ama karIe eka, AtmAnA amaratvane khyAla. be, satkarmanI bhAvanAne svIkAra. traNa, karma pariNAmanI bhAvanAne svIkAra. cAra, naitika nyAyanI bhAvanAne svIkAra. A dareka muddA vize je te dharmanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe vicAra! karyo che. ethI Ane vize ahIM vizeSa kaMI nahIM kahIe. Ama chatAM eTaluM dhavuM joIe ke pravartamAna pratyeka dharma eka naitika ke AdhyAtmika siddhAMtanI sarvoparitA svIkAre che. naitika nyAyano khyAla paNa A sarvoparitAnI sAthe susaMgata he jarUrI che. AvI susaMgatatA samajavAne mATe naitika nyAyane pAya zuM che ene khyAla meLavavo joIe. je pratyeka karmanuM pariNAma haya, ane karma kayAM te puNya prakAranuM ke pApa prakAranuM hoya, ane puNya karma naitika AcaraNanA dhameM ApelA AdhAra anusAra, hoya ane pApakarma evA AdhAra viruddha hoya, te puNyanuM pariNAma badale (reward) ane pApanuM pariNAma zikSA (punishment) hovuM joIe. Ama, puNyane badale ane pApanI zikSA e naitika nyAyane pAyo che. ApaNI vicAraNanA A muddA sudhI te badhA dharmomAM eka prakAranI saMmati jovA maLe che. paraMtu have ahIM ja prazno upasthita thAya che ke puNyane badale ane pApanI zikSA kayAM ? kyAre ? ane kevI rIte maLaze? A praznonA uttaranI bAbatamAM dharmonI ekamatI nathI. judA judA dharmomAM: AmAMnA eka ke vadhAre ke badhA ja prasane, judI rIte javAba ApavAmAM Avyo che. pratyeka dharmanI A praznane vizenI vicAraNA samajI zakAya e mATe dharmone be vibhAgamAM vaheMcavA anukULa raheze.

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350 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka, pUrvajanmane svIkAra karatA dharmo : A vargamAM hiMdudharma, jainadharma, bauddhadharma ane zIkhadharmane samAveza thAya che. sAmAnyapaNe ema kahI zakAya ke A dharmo karma ane enAM pariNAmamAM mAnavA uparAMta puNya ane pApane badale, je A janmamAM nahIM maLe te atyAra pachInA janmamAM maLaze, ema svIkAre che. TUMkamAM, A dharma jUtha ema svIkAre che ke karmanuM pariNAma pUrNa thayuM nathI tyAM sudhI janmojanmanI prakriyA cAlu rahe che. -bIju, nyAyanA divasane svIkAra karatA dharmo : A vargamAM jarathustadharma, khristI dharma ane islAma dharmane samAveza thAya che sAmAnyapaNe ema kahI zakAya ke A dharmo paNa karma ane enAM pariNAmamAM te mAne ja che. paraMtu vartamAna jIvanane aMte anya koI jIvana nathI. paraMtu pratyeka * vyaktine teNe karelAM kArya anusArane nyAya eka divasa karavAmAM Avaze. A praznanI samajaNa ApavAne mATe, A be prakAranAM dharmajUthe pADyAM pachI, have ApaNe e jUthamAMnA pratyeka dharma vize A prazna aMge theDI vigate vicAraNA karIe. hiMdudharma : karmanA siddhAMtanuM hiMdudharmamAM mahatvanuM sthAna che. aitihAsika daSTie karmane 'siddhAMta hiMdudharmamAM prAraMbhathI che ke pachIthI upasthita thayela che e matabhedane viSaya hovA chatAM, hiMdudharmamAM e otaprota thaye che ene khyAla, hiMdudharmanI ApaNe bIjA vibhAgamAM karelI carcAmAMthI Avaze. - aniSTanA praznanI carcA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM che ke hiMdudharmamAM aniSTane sthAna nathI. e ja pramANe pApane paNa hiMdudharmamAM koI sthAna nathI. cha-brahma ekyanA ajJAnamAMthI pApa nIpaje che. hiMdudharmamAM karmanA vividha prakAre svIkAravAmAM AvyA che e paNa ApaNe hiMdudharmanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate joyuM che. ethI je karmonuM pariNAma hajI sadhI bhogavyuM nathI evAM karmonA pariNAma bhogavavAne mATe ja punarjanma le paDe che. - jenadharma: karma siddhAMtanuM jainadharmamAM agatyanuM sthAna che. pUrva janmanAM kAryonAM phaLa bhegavavAnAM bAkI rahyAM hoya te mATe te saMsAramAM janma lene paDe che. kahevAyuM

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dharmabedha viSaya tulanA 351 cheH "huM have tamane kamekrame ATha prakAranA karmo samajAvIza. A karmonA baMdhanathI jIvane janma-maraNanA cakramAM pharavuM paDe che."40 ATaluM ja nahIM paraMtu prANIone ijA karavAthI athavA te temanI hiMsA karavAthI pApAcaraNa thAya che, ane enA bhegAyaTanane mATe paNa janma levo paDe che ema jaNAvatA kahevAyuM cheH "A prANIone IjA karavAthI manuSyo pitAnA AtmAne ja IjA kare che ane anekavAra temanI koTimAM temane janma le paDe che."41 pApanI vicAraNA jainadharmamAM karavAmAM AvI che. paraMtu pApanA mULa tarIke strI che ema bhArapUrvaka kahevAyuM che. "mahAvIranI dRSTie badhA pApanuM mULa kAraNuM trIo che. A pramANe mahAvIre jagatanuM sAcuM svarUpa joyuM."42 ane vaLI kahevAyuM che : "jagatamAM strIo vadhAremAM vadhAre moha karanAre padArtha che. A abhiprAya RSioe darzAvyuM che. puruSa strIo vize vAta karavI nahIM, temanA tarapha jevuM nahIM, temanI sAthe vAtacIta karavI nahIM, temane pitAnA che ema mAnavuM nahIM ane temanuM kAma karavuM nahIM."43 Ama janadharmamAM sarva patananuM kAraNa strI che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che paraMtu pratyeka patanamAM strI ekalI ja pApanuM kAraNa che ema zI rIte ghaTADI zakAya ?44 khristI dharmanA pApanA vicAramAM mAtra Ivane ja nahIM paraMtu sAthe Adamane paNa eTale ja javAbadAra gaNe che. zuM A ja kAraNathI jainadharmamAM tapazcaryAne ati prAdhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM haze ? jainadharmanI saMghabhAvanAmAM strIono eka alAyade saMdha sthApavAmAM Avyo haiya che. strI sAthvI paNa banI zake che ane AmAM spaSTa svIkAra che ane sAthe ema paNa samajavuM rahyuM ke sAdhvI strI patananuM kAraNa banI zake nahIM. bauddhadharma : karmanA siddhAMtane bauddhadharma eka zakti tarIke svIkArI e amUrta niyamane kaDaka tarIke oLakhAve che tathA pApa ane puNyane badale e zakti ja Ape che ema jaNAve che. "pApI mANasa AkAzamAM, samudramAM ke parvatanI khINomAM pese te paNa tyAM evuM eke ya sthAna nathI jyAM mANasa pitAnA khoTA kAmanI ja sekreDa buksa opha dhI IsTa, 45H 192 41 eja, 45 : 292 jara eja, 22 : 81 43 eja, 22 : 48 ja chevaTe ApelI neMdha juo.

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35ra dharmonu tulanAtmaka adhyayana zikSAmAMthI chUTI jaI zake "japa vaLI karmanAM pariNAmone mATe vyakti pite ja javAbadAra che ane e mATe anya koI javAbadAra nathI ema darzAvatAM kahevAyuM che; "je prANIo sAcI rIte pitAnA kharAba karmonAM pariNAmone vicAra kare te teo pote ja temane tiraskAra karaze ane kadI paNa tevA karmo karaze nahIM."46. nitika nyAyanA pAlanane pariNAme je prakAranI sajA apAya che te vize kahevAyuM cheH "narakanA sipAhIo pApI mANasane narakanA rAjA yamanI pAse kheMcIne laI jAya che. yama rAjA temane kahe che, "tame jyAre pRthvI para hatA. tyAre tamane cetavaNI ApavA mATe bALaka, rogiSTa, sajA bhogavate aparAdhI, vRddha puruSa ane zaba e pAMcane mokalavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. temane tame nahotA joyAM ?" ane pele pApI javAba Ape che, "meM temane joyAM hatAM." pachI yama rAjA kahe che, "tyAre tamane manamAM evo vicAra na AvyuM ke huM paNa janmIza. vRddha thaIza ane marI jaIza. ethI mAre badhAM ja sArA karmo karavAnI kALajI rAkhavI joIe. ane pele pApI mANasa uttara Ape che, "bhagavana! huM e pramANe vicAra nahote karI zakyo." A pachI yama rAjA tene sajA ApatA kahe che : "A tArAM pApa-karmone mATe tArA mAtA-pitA, sagA, mitro athavA. salAhakAro javAbadAra nathI. te ekalAe ja A pApa-karmo karyA che ane tAre ekalAe ja tenuM phaLa bhogavavuM joIe. 40 bauddhadharmamAM punarjanmane svIkAra thayuM che ane pitAnAM karmo pramANe vyaktie saMsAramAM pharIthI janma levo paDe che. have ApaNe dharmonA bIjA jUtha tarapha vaLIe' je nyAyanA divasane svIkAra kare che. jarathustadharma, islAmadharma ane khristI dharmamAM evuM mAnavAmAM Ave che ke pratyeka mAnavIne nyAyanA divase temanAM sArA ane kharAba karmo mATe Izvara phaLa, Apaze. keIpaNa manuSya A karmaphaLa prAptimAMthI chaTakI zakato nathI. khristI dharmamAM pApane eka hakIkata tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che ane vyaktinI pitAnI sAme tema ja samAjanI sAme tathA IzvaranI sAme pApa AcaravAmAM Ave che. bAibalamAM tathA khristI dharmanAM anya pustakamAM maraNottara avarathA vize vividha rIte kahevAyuM che. manuSyane pitAnAM karmo pramANe bhaviSyamAM 45 sekreDa buksa opha dhI IsTa, 10H1, 35, 46 eja, 19H 158 47 menIara viliyamsa, buddhijhama, pA. 114, 115

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 353 nyAya maLaze ema svIkArAyuM che. sAruM AcaraNa karanAra mANasone AnaMda prApta thaze ane kharAba AcaraNa karanArAo duHkhI thaze. "Izvarane kaI chetarI zako nathI. mANasa jevuM vAvaze tevuM laNaze."48 khristI dharmamAM A vicAra svIkArAye che. paNa sAthe lamAne vicAra paNa rajU thayo che. pApanuM phaLa maraNa che, paNa IzvaranI bakSisa amara jIvana che "48 pApIone Izvara kSamA Ape che ema jisase kahyuM che. paraMtu Izvara pApIne tyAre ja kSamA bakSe che jyAre pApI mANasa enA pApanuM prAyazcitta kare. ekaluM prAyazcita nahIM paraMtu, pitAnA tarapha pApa karanArAne paNa pApI mANasa jyAre kSamA Ape tyAre Izvara evA pApIone kSamA Ape che. kAraNake Izvara badhA mANasane satkAra kare che.pa0 islAmadharmamAM paNa, je vyakti allAhanuM zaraNa svIkAre che ane temanI samakSa dIna thAya che temane allAha kSamA Ape che. vaLI emAM paNa kahevAyuM che ke allAha pApI mANasone zikSA karaze ane puNyazALI mANasone sAruM phaLa Apaze.pa1 e ja pramANe nyAyanA divasanI vAta paNa ilAmamAM svIkAravAmAM AvI che. "jagatane jyAre aMta Avaze tyAre badhA marI gayelA mANase eka divase pharIthI jIvatA thaze.para ane vadhumAM, " vAjA vAgaze ane tame jozo ke badhA pitAnI kabaramAMthI allAha pAse jaze."53 Ama, kurAnamAM allAhanA nyAya ApavAnA divasano svIkAra thayo che. aneka AyAtomAM mahamade bahu dabANapUrvaka kahyuM che ke bhaviSyamAM eka e divasa Avaze jyAre allAha pApI lekone zikSA karaze ane puNyazALI jIvone sArAM phaLa Apaze. dareka jIvanA sArA ane kharAba karmone rAIne eka dANAnA vajana sudhInI ekasAIthI talavAmAM Avaze."54 48 geleTIanasa, 6H 7 49 remansa, 6 : 23 50 megyu, 5: 23-24 51 reDavela, 2 : 24; 4 : 44 para eja, 50 : 41 53 eja, 36 : 51 : 5 - 8; 21 : 48; 23 : 103 - 105 dharma 23

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34. dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana islAmamAM ravarga ane narka vize ghaNuM kahevAyuM che. enI carcA ApaNe AgaLa paNa karI che. pavitra mANaso svargamAM jAya che, ane tyAM vividha prakAranA AnaMda anubhave che. je mANase allAhanuM zaraNa svIkAratA nathI evA pApI mANaso narakamAM jAya che ane tyAM aneka prakAranA duHkha sahana kare che. karma, tenuM pariNAma, te vizene nyAya ane nyAyanA divase ke punarjanmarUpe bhogAyaTananI vividha dharmamAM maLatI mAhitInI ApaNe upara rajuAta karI. e badhAnA sArarUpe navuM pAmI zakAya ke pratyeka dharma mAnava-mAnava vacce sadAcArI jIvanane Agraha rAkhe che, jethI mAnava ane Izvara vaccenuM dhArmika jIvana zakya bane janadharmamAM strIne pApanA mULa kAraNa tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che tenuM kAraNa strI daihika vAsanAnA saMtoSanuM kAraNa bane che te hoya. paraMtu eka mata e paNa pracalita che ke jAtIya sukha e AdhyAtmika pUrNatA mATe jarUrI che ane AdhyAtmika sAdhanAmAM strI samAgama e eka aMga tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che. A aMge viDajarI Ama kahepapa che: The dependence of human nature is seen in one of its most intense forms in the demands of sex. At their lowest these may be predominantly physical: but the intensity of the need does not ipso facto lessen the more idealised and spiritual the relation becomes. Here, in fact, it is true to say that the "pangs of unrequited love" are more poignant the more idealised it is. The suffering from lack of physical satisfaction is trivial compared with the pain of mental alienation. It is not without reason that the suffering of the seperation of the lovers has been made symbolic of the suffering of the soul alienated from god. But sex has played another part in religion besides this symbolism. In the ecstasy of sex satisfaction, a sort of result of a unification of a papa viDajarI, e. ., dhI kapereTIva sTaDI opha rilijiyansa, baroDA, 1922, pA. 209-10

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 355 Mana within and a Mana without, sorrow and suffering are at least momentarily forgotten. Sex union has therefore found admission in the practices of some religions as a form of redemption from suffering. Thus, to give but one example, in certain forms of Tantric Hind uism, in the Panchatattva Sadhana, intercourse with women, one of the five, "M" s, constitutes a factor in the means of redemption.* * The five 'm's are madya, mangsa, matsya, mudra, maithuna, meaning wine, meat, fish, grain, woman. The relations between the sexual and religion need a careful and more sympathetic and exhaustive treatment than they have yet received. The modern psycho-analytical methods might yield fruitful results in this connection. Of the reality of the sexual in Tantric Hinduism, the evidences of literature and sculpture leave no room for doubt, in spite of the wish to do so by some pious Hindus who have not enquired into its underlying significance. 8. mukti : ApaNe jIvanA svarUpanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate e kahyuM ke mAnavI samakSa eka Adarza che jenI prAptine mATe e prayatnazIla che. A ke Adarza ? e je eka zabdamAM kahevuM hoya te ene mukti tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. pratyeka dharmamAM muktine vize vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che. AvI vicAraNA je te dharmanI rajUAta karatI vakhate ApaNe karelI che. eTale tenI vigatamAM na UtaratAM enA mahattvanA aMgane ahIMyAM ullekha karIne mukti vizenI je vividhatA dharmomAM prApta thAya che tenI vicAraNA karIzuM. muktine prazna jIvanuM je svarUpa dharma svIkAre che enI sAthe nikaTa rIte saMkaLAyela che. hiMdudharmamAM jIpane brahma svarUpanA AvirbhAva tarIke svIkArAya che ane ethI jIvanI mukti eTale brahmalInatA. A brahmalInatA prApta karavAne mATe traNa sAdhana

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356 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkAravAmAM AvyAM che-jJAna, bhakti ane karma. A traNene ekamekathI virodhI gaNavAnA nathI, traNeya ekamekanA pUraka che ane aneka kissAomAM traNeya ekasAthe upayogamAM levAya evuM paNa bane. muktinA be prakAra-sadeha ane videha mukti tarIke svIkArAyA che. e uparathI ema kahI zakAya ke deha pite ja muktinI avasthA prApta karavAmAM avarodhaka che ema nathI. janamatamAM muktinI prApti mATe saMyamapUrNa jIvana ane tapazcaryA para dhyAna kendrita karavAmAM Ave che. mekSa meLavavAnA sAdhana tarIke jJAna, darzana ane sadAcArane svIkAra thayuM che. dharmamAM muktinA khyAlane nirvANa tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che. mAnava jIvanI duHkhabharI avarathAmAMthI muktine nirvANa tarIke oLakhIe te nirvANa avasthA uttama sukhadAyI avasthA che ema kahevAya. paraMtu e sukhamaya avasthA e kyA sukhanI avasthA? Atmatattva pite ja anitya hoya te ene kahyuM sukha ? A vize gautama buddhanuM A kathana prakAza pAthare che: "jemane punarjanmathI kaMTALo AvyuM che ane je DAhyA mANasoe astitvanA kAraNabhUta bIjeno nAza karyo che, ane jemanI vAsanAo vadhatI nathI te badhA dIvAnI mAphaka nAza pAme che."5 Ama, nirvANa avasthAmAM AtmatatvanI kaI avasthA hatI nathI. AthI nirguNane eka abhAvAtmaka paristhiti tarIke varNavI zakAya ane e eka nirguNa zAMtinI avasthA che ema kahI zakAya. islAmadharmamAM muktine mAga allAhanA zaraNamAM apAya che. muktine mATe zabda islAma che. je kaI allAhanuM zaraNa svIkAre che ane allAha samakSa dInabhAve emanA Adeza anusAra varte che e mukti meLave che. khristI dharmamAM prabhumaya jIvana ane IzvarakRpA, bena subhaga saMmilanathI makti prApta thAya che ema kahevAyuM che. prabhumaya jIvana e muktinI pUrvataiyArI che. prabhumaya jIvana eTale prabhunA sarjelA badhA ja jIvo tarapha samabhAva ane neha. je jIva AvuM prabhumaya jIvana jIve che ene prabhunI kRpA prApta thAya che. ane ema thatAM e mukti prApta karI zake che. jarathustadharmamAM muktine mAga, satyane paDakhe rahI aniSTane sAmano karavAmAM, adUra majhadane sahakAra ApavAmAM, rahele che. jIva sadAye ISTane paDakhe rahe ane aniSTanA mohamAM na phasAya e mATe eNe sArA vicAra, sArI vANI 56 sakreDa bukasa opha dhI IsTa, 10:2-39

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dharmabedha viSaya tulanA 3pa7 ane sArA kAryomAM racyApacyA rahevuM jarUrI che. je vyakti AvI rIte varte che te mukti pAme che. Ama, ApaNe e joIe chIe ke vividha dharmomAM muktine khyAla vividha rIte ApavAmAM Avyo che. baMdhananuM je kAraNa ane tenuM nivAraNa te mukti. hiMdu dharmamAM baMdhananuM kAraNa ajJAna che ane ethI jJAnaprApti e muktinI avasthA che. e ja pramANe bauddhadharmamAM baMdhata ane duHkhanuM kAraNa tRSNa" che ane ethI tRSNAnA tyAgamAM muktinI prApti samAyelI che. e ja rIte jainadharmamAM jaDa ane Atma tattvanuM saMmilana e baMdhananuM kAraNa hoI zarIra upAdhine dUra karavA mATe tapazcaryAne mArga sUcavavAmAM AvyuM che ane Atma tattvanI jaDatattvamAMthI vimukti e mukti che. islAmamAM alAhanuM zaraNuM na svIkAravuM emAM aniSTa raheluM che ane allAhanuM saMpUrNa zaraNa svIkAravAmAM muktinI prApti samAyelI che. e ja rIte tAo dharmamAM tAmArganA zAMtipUrvakanA anusaraNathI mukti prApta thAya che. khristI dharma ane jarathustadharma mATe paNa e ja rIte kahI zakAya. pratyeka dharmo pate je eka Adarza rajU karyo e AdarzanI prAptimAM mukti samAyelI che, ane e prApti mATenA mArgonuM anusaraNa karavAthI e prApta karI zakAya evI AzA dareka dharma rajU kare che. ahIM mahatvanI vAta e che ke dharma, jIvananI niSkriyatA prabaMdha nathI, tema ja jIvanane aMdhakAramaya paNa lekhAto nathI. hakIktone svIkAra karIne, eka navA AdarzanI preraNA, pratyeka dharma Ape che ane e ApavAnI sAthe eTale vizvAsa paNa Ape che ke e Adarza siddha karI zakAya ema che. A rIte pratyeka dhama, mAnavInA vartamAna jIvananuM vizleSaNa ApI, tenA satya svarUpane anurUpa ene Adarza zo hoI zake ene khyAla ApIne, e Adarza prAptine mATe mArga paNa prabodhe che. dharmanuM A racanAtmaka ane UjaLuM pAsuM che. 9 sAmAjika utthAna: koI paNa prajAnI saMskRtinuM mApa kADhavAne mATe bIjA aneka aMgonI sAthe enA dharmanuM svarUpa kevuM che ene paNa vicAra karavAmAM Ave che. e ja rIte lagabhaga pratyeka dharma vyaktinA utthAnanI sAthe samAjanA utthAna mATe paNa prayatnazIla rahe che. sRSTi ane vyakti banene IzvaranA sarjana tarIke svIkArI -vyaktinA AdhyAtmika utkane mATe mArga rajU karate dharma e paNa svIkAre ja che ke vyakti ekAMkI nahi paNa sAmUhika che, ane AthI ja dharmo vyaktigata vikAsanI sAthe sAmAjika vikAsane mATe paNa prayatnazIla rahe che.

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358 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vividha dharmono samAja utthAnane khyAla ahIM ApaNe rajU karIzuM ane te AdhAre emanI vaccenA saMbaMdhonI vicAraNA karIzuM. vyaktijIvana ane samAjajIvananI vyavasthAnA sAdhana tarIke hiMdudharmamAM cAra Azrama, cAra puruSArtha ane cAra varNonI vAta thaI che. A sarva aMgonI vistRta rajUAta hiMdudharmanI carcA karatI vakhate ApaNe karelI che, ethI enI punarukti ahIM nahIM karIe. - jainadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM saMghatvanI bhAvanA A aMge beMdhanIya che. yuddha zaraNaM gacchami, dhamma zaraLa chAmi, saMgha zai mAInA e bauddhadharmane maMtra bauddhadharmanI saMdhatvanI bhAvanAne khyAla Ape che. vyakti, buddha svarUpe ja IvaratavanuM zaraNa svIkAre, e pUratuM nathI, dharmanuM AcaraNa paNa eTaluM ja mahattavanuM che. paraMtu vyaktigata rIte dharmanuM AcaraNa ke buddhanuM zaraNa game eTalA mahattvanA hoya che, jyAM sudhI vyakti samAjanuM zaraNa svIkAratI nathI, saMghabhAvanAne anurUpa kArya karatI nathI tyAM sudhI enA anya be prayAso paNa maryAdita rahe che. sAmAjika utthAnamAM A bhAvanAe zo bhAga bhajavyo che e te bauddhadharmanA vividha pradezamAM thayelA vitarIkaraNathI ane te pArakI bhUmimAM svIkArya banyAthI jANI zakAya che. - jarathustadharmamAM sAmAjika utthAnane vicAra svIkArAyo che. samAjajIvana eka saMdharSa samAna che ane e saMgharSamAM vyakti eka pakSe ke bIje pakSe rahI zake che. paraMtu pratyeka vyakti pAse evI AzA rAkhavAmAM Ave che ke samagra samAjanAM mUlyanI paDakhe rahelAM baLane e sAtha Ape ane ema karIne samAjanA utkarSanA kAryamAM sahAyarUpa thAya. paraMtu A mATe naitika jIvananI agatya para bhAra mUkavA sivAya jarathuratadharme kaMI vizeSa kyanuM jANI zakAtuM nathI. vyaktinA pitAnA jIvanamAM jarUrI pheraphAro zI rIte lAvI zakAya, jethI vyakti sahaja rIte zubhanAM baLanI paDakhe rahe e e mATenI jIvanaghaDataranI koI tAlIma ke paddhati. A dharmamAM raju thaI nathI. kudaratanA krama anusAranA jIvanaghaDatara para tAo dharma bhAra mUke che. sRSTinA kramane avarodhavAthI vyaktine ane samAjane vikAsakrama rUMdhAya che. sRSTikrama eka gUDha tAotattva anusAra cAlI rahyuM che ane mAnavInuM kartavya je che enI sAthe ekarUpa thavAmAM samAyeluM che. "prakRti anusAranuM jIvana' e maMtra mAnavInA vyaktigata uthAnamAM ke samAjanA utkarSamAM keTalo phALo ApI zake e alaga vicAraNAne. prazna che. prakRtine anurUpa banate mAnavI potAnA ke samAjanA ghaDatara mATe praya.

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dharmabodha viSaya tulanA 359 tnazIla che ema zI rIte kahI zakAya ? saMskRta mAnavI te prakRtine samajIne, ene nAthIne, ene pitAne ane samAjane anukULa banAvavA prayatna kare che-nahIM ke pite prakRtine anukuLa bane. mAnava saMskRtinA vikAsamAM eka tabakke e krama hato ke manuSya prakRtine sAnukULa bane, paraMtu mAnava saMskRtinA vikAsanI sAthe tathA sRSTi ane tenA niyamonI vadhu samajane pariNAme e krama badalAye ane prakRti mAnavane ane samAjane sAnukULa bane e mATenA prayatno thayA, thatA rahe che ane thatA raheze. prakRti viruddhanuM jIvana jIvavAnI vAta ahIM nathI enI neMdha levI joIe. prakRtinA niyamo anusAra sahaja rIte jIvana jIvAya e eka vAta, paraMtu prakRtinuM jJAna prApta karI te jJAnane AdhAre jIvana ane samAjanuM ghaDatara thAya e bIjI vAta. A dRSTie lAoeMdharmane samAjaghaDataramAM apAyele phALo mUlavo joIe. - hiMdudharmanI jema vyaktighaDatarane ane samAjajIvana ghaDatarane eka suMdara khyAla khristI dharmamAM rajU thaye che. khristI dharmane ApaNe karela abhyAsa e dharmanA traNa vicAre samajAve che. prabhunuM sAmrAjya, mAnava baMdhutva ane prema tathA sahakArayukta saha-astitva. je pratyeka mAnava prabhunuM pharajaMda hoya te emanAmAM brAtRbhAvanI bhAvanA sahaja rIte ja hevI joIe. ema na hoya tyAM e mATenI tapAsa karI ne kAraNe javAbadAra hoya tene dUra karavAno prayatna kare joIe. AvI rIte bhrAtRbhAva keLavela mAnavI potAnA sahabAMdhavA sAthe sahakAra nahIM kare te zuM asahakAra karaze ? hakIkatamAM te brAtRbhAvanAthI temaja sahakAra ane nehabharyA jIvanathI ja pratyeka mAnavI prabhunA sAmrAjyane sabhya thaI zake che. AjanI duniyAnA vividha jhaMjhAvAtamAM krAIsTane A vicAra bharadariye aTavAtI mAnavajAta mATe dIvAdAMDI samAna che. vyaktinuM utthAna, vyakti-vyakti maTI anya sAthe samarUpa bane emAM che. samAjanuM utthAna, e snehanA sahaastitvanA pAyA para racAya enA para che. vyakti-vyakti vacce ane vyaktisamAja vacce saMbaMdha sAMkaLanAra prema che. e prema tyAre ja krUre jyAre pratyeka vyakti bIjI anya vyaktimAM e ja divyapradAna jue, je te prabhunA bALaka tarIke pitAnAmAM jue che. samAjane utkarSa koI bhautika AdhAra para saMbhavita nathI evo spaSTa nirdeza zuM krAIsTanA A khyAlamAMthI maLatI nathI ? Arthika saMpatti, bhautika samRddhi, zastra tAkAta, dhikkAra ke adeva bhAvanA para rathApita samAja utkarSa sAMdhI

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380 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana zake nahIM evuM emanA A badhAmAMthI niSpanna thatuM nathI ? sAce samAja te che je IzvaranuM sAmrAjya bane. paNa samAja, IzvaranuM sAmrAjya zI rIte bane ? e tyare ja saMbhavI zake jyAre samAjanuM ghaDatara naitikatA ane dhArmiktAnA pAyA para thayuM hoya. 10, AdaraNIya mAnavI : keIpaNa dharmamAM samAviSTa thayela mAnavajutha kyA prakAranA mAnavIne Adara kare che e praznanA uttarane AdhAre DaoN. sonDarsa dharmone taphAvata rajU karavAne prayAsa kare che. A AdaraNIya mAnavIne nirNaya karatI vakhate e dharmajUthanA naitika Adarzone ja nahIM paraMtu emanI devabhAvanAnA vicArane paNa gaNatarImAM levAmAM Ave che. cInAo : rAjakuMvara mAnavI jApAnIo : zistabaddha sainika hibrao : sAco mANasa hiMduo : sAdhu mANasa khristIo : saMta mANasa muslimo : allAhane gulAma mANasa ahIMyAM rajU karela AdaraNIya mAnavIne khyAla keTale aMze je te dharmanA hArdanI sAthe susaMgata che e kahevuM muzkela che. sAmAnya rIte hiMduo sAdhune AdaraNIya Adarza puruSa tarIke svIkAre che ema kahevuM ardhasatya jevuM che. jema e sAdhune AdaraNIya gaNe che ema ja bIjA savane paNa gaNe che-jemake, enA mAtA, pitA, guru vagere. e ja rIte jApAnanI prajA zistabaddha sainikane, Adarza mAnavI tarIke Adara kare che, e emanA dharmamAMthI kaI rIte phalita thAya che e samajavuM muzkela che; ane bIjA dharmo vize paNa Ama kahI zakAya. 11. uddhArakane khyAla : : je. dharmomAM mAnava ane Izvarane eka tarIke lekhavAmAM AvyA nathI e dharmomAM khAsa karIne hibradharma, jarathustadharma ane khristIdharmomAM uddhArakane khyAla rajU thaye che. hibradharmamAM mULathI Avo khyAla hato ke kema e nizcita nathI. hibra jyAre pitAnA vatanamAMthI dezanikAla thayA ane bebileniyAmAM rahyA hatA tyAre,

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361 dharmabodha viSaya tulanA teone jarathustadharmanA anuyAyIo sAthe saMparka thayo, ane ene pariNAme A be dharmonA siddhAMta para paraspara asara thaI hoya ema manAya che. devo ane dAvonA vagenI jarathustadharmanI bhAvanA, tema ja punarutthAna ane IzvaranA nyAyanI mAnyatA, tema ja bhAvimAM mahAna uddhArakanA pratyakSIkaraNano khyAla, vagerenI asara hibradhama para thaI hoya ema manAya che. masIyAhanA khyAlamAM evA dharmapravartaka ane mekSadAtAne vicAra karavAmAM Avyo che jeo bhaviSyamAM dharma anuyAyIonA punarutthAnane mATe pratyakSa thAya. AvA uddhArakamAM vizvAsa rAkhavAnI vAta yahUdI dharmamAM karavAmAM AvI che je mANasa puNya karma kare che e te Izvaradeza anusAra kArya karatA hovAthI ene te yogya nyAya maLI raheze. paraMtu jeoe pApAcaraNa karyuM hoya emanuM zuM? IzvaranA nyAyIpaNA ane emanI dayAbhAvanAnI vacce samanvaya sAMdhato evo A masIyAhane khyAla che. je mANaso pApAcaraNa kare che teo paNa pitAnAM karmonuM prAyazcitta karatA ja hoya ema svIkAravAmAM Ave che ane AvA mANasone masIyAha madadarUpa thAya che. e emanA uddhAraka netA bane che, ane e rIte emanI mAraphate Izvarane hetu pAra paDe che. | hibradharmanA anuyAyIone eTalI zraddhA hatI ke jevA bhAvimAM kaI masIhane jarUrathI mokalaze. AvA netAne ullekha rAjA tarIke athavA to "bharavADa58 tarIke athavA te bhakta ane sevaka tarIke karavAmAM AvyuM che. khristI dharmamAM masIyahane khyAla hibradharmamAMthI ke jarathuratadharmamAMthI AvyuM che e cokkasa karavuM zakya nathI. kAraNa ke "navA karAra"mAM evI neMdha maLe che ke jisasanA janma pachI pUrva pradezamAMthI keTalAka vidvAna mAnavIo jisasane jovA mATe AvyA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke A mANaso jarathustadharmanA purohita hatA. AthI masIyAhane vicAra jarathustadharmanA A anuyAyIonA saMparkanA pariNAme che, ke jemAMthI khristI dharma udbhavyuM che e hibradharmanI asara che, e nizcitapaNe kahI zakAya ema nathI. pa7 jeremiyA, 23 : 5; 30 : 9 58 miDAha, 5: 2 - 5; ejhekiyana 34 23; 37 24 59 IsAIAha, para : 13 - 15; 53: 1 - 12; ejheksina 34 : 24 60 megyu, 2 : 1

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362 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayaH bIjI eka bAbata paNa seMdhavA jevI che. bAibalamAM jarathustadharmanA anuyAyIonA vakhANa karavAmAM AvyA che. IsAI AhamAM e ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che ke jehavAe eka jarathuratI rAjA sAyarasane bolAvyA tyAre temane IzvaranA avatArI puruSa tarIke saMbodhyA hatA. A ja pramANe jisasane mATe masIyAhane thayela zabdaprayoga teo avatArI puruSa hatA ema sUcavavA vaparAye. hoya e saMbhavita che. jevAe sAyarasane IzvaranA avatArI puruSa tarIke saMbodhavA uparAMta "mArA bharavADa "62 tarIkenuM saMbodhana paNa kareluM che. ahIMyAM. e noMdhavuM joIe ke hibradharmamAM isAI Ahane khyAla hovA chatAM, ane khristI dharma hibradharmanI sAthe pitAne saMparka jALavavA uparAMta, emanAM zAstrane svIkAra karavA chatAM paNa, jisasane "masIyAha" tarIke ravIkAratA nathI, 12, dharmane racanAtmaka vikAsa: Adima dharmamAMthI saMskRtadharmanI utpatti kevI rIte thaI che ene ullekha anyatra thayuM che. jagatanA pravartamAna badhA ja dharmo AvI rIte Adima dharmanI pazcAdabhUmAMthI upasthita thayA che. A dharmone racanAtmaka vikAsa kyA ravarUpe thayo che ene ullekha zeDara bleme 3 emanA 1931nA gIpharDa lekacarsamAM karyo che. emanA maMtavya anusAra pratyeka dharmane viziSTa vikAsa amuka svarUpe thayo. che ema kahI zakAya. pravartamAna dharmone anulakSIne emaNe sUcavela vikAsa A rIte rajU karI zakAya. jarathuratadharma : aniSTanI sAmenA saMgharSa tarIke jainadharma : manovijJAna tarIke bauddhadharma (hinayAna) : manovijJAna tarIke hibra payagaMbare : aMtarAtmAyukta AcaraNa tarIke cInAI sAdhuo : aMtarAtmAyukta AcaraNa tarIke 'hibradharma : AviSkAra (revelation) tarIke khristI dharma : ekama advitIya AviSkAra tarIke ahIMyAM zaiDara blema vividha dharmonA vikAsanuM svarUpa rajU karavA prayatna kare che. emaNe hibradharma ane khristI dharma tema ja hibra payagaMbara ane cInAI 61 IsAIAha, 45 62 eja, 44H 28 63 zeDara blema, dhI liviMga geDa, okasapharDa yuni. presa, 1933

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dharmabedha viSaya tulanA (363 sAdhuo taraphathI prApta thayelA dharmonA svarUpanI rajUAta karI e sAmAnya rIte svIkArI zakAya. jainadharmane racanAtmaka vikAsa ane vijJAna tarIke thayo che ke jJAnamImAMsA tarIke thayo che, e prazna carcAspada che. ApaNe anyatra karelI rajUAta anusAra bauddhadharma ane vijJAnane Azraya laIne AgaLa vadhyuM che, jyAre jainadharma jJAnamImAMsAne Azraya laIne AgaLa vadhela che. AthI ja ene racanAtmaka vikAsa kadAca jJAnamImAMsA tarIke kahe vadhu vAjabI raheze. vaLI tapazcaryA para je bhAra jenadharmamAM mUkavAmAM Ave che evo bhAra jagatanA anya koI dharmamAM mUkavAmAM AvatA nathI. tapazcaryAmaya jIvana e ja sAcuM jIvana che, ema jainadharma pratipAdita karate hoya, te enA racanAtmaka vikAsane tapazcaryA tarIke kema na oLakhAvI zakAya ? bhaktine emaNe AvI rIte oLakhavAno prayAsa karyo che. . e ja rIte jarathustadharmanA racanAtmaka vikAsane emaNe aniSTa sAmenA saMgharSa tarIke oLakhAvyuM che. vividha dharmonI vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM che ke pratyeka dharma aniSTanA aravIkAra mATe bodha Ape che. aniSTanI sAmenA saMgharSa tarIke te IralAmadharma paNa kyAM bhAra nathI mUkatA ? jarathustapamane racanAtmaka vikAsa aniSTanI sAmenA saMgharSa karatAM paNa iSTa ane aniSTanA yuddhanI kalpanAnI pUrNAhuti emaNe je rIte rajU karI che emAM vadhu vAjabI rIte vyatIta thAya che. game te eka dharmane racanAtmaka vikAsa amuka viziSTa prakArane che ema kahevAnA prayatnamAMthI AvI sthiti sarjAya che. zuM ApaNe ema na kahI zakIe ke pratyeka dharmane racanAtmaka vikAsa mAnava-deva svarUpanI pichAnamAM che ?

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3.3 dharmagugala-jUtha tulanA pravezaka : AgalA prakaraNamAM ApaNe, amuka dharmabodha viSaya laIne, te upara vividha - dharmonAM maMtavyo zA che, enI tulanAtmaka vicAra karI. ahIM ApaNe be ke vadhAre dharmo laIne temanI tulanAtmaka vicAraNA hAtha dharIzuM. A graMthanA bIjA vibhAgamAM vyaktigata dharmanI rajUAta karatI vakhate je carcAo karI che tene anulakSIne, tema ja trIjA vibhAganA bIjA prakaraNamAM je carcAo karI che te lakSamAM rAkhI, tyAM rajU na thayelA evA keTalAka muddAonI ahIMyAM vicAraNA karIzuM. AthI punarukti doSamAMthI mukta rahevAze. joke theDI anivArya evI punarukti thAya paNa kharI. dharma-yugalanI tulanAtmaka vicAraNA hAtha dharavAmAM ApaNo uddeza koIpaNa be ke vadhAre dharmonAM vividha aMgonI je te dharmanI vicAraNAne tulanAtmaka khyAla meLavavAne che. A vicAraNA karatI vakhate je dharma-yugalanI tulanA karatA hoIe temAM sAmya ane virodhanA sAmAnya muddAo spaSTa karI. eka sAmAnya prakAranI samAlocanA ApavAno prayAsa karIzuM. A kArya paddhatisara thaI zake e mATe je dharmonI vacce tulanA karavAnA heIe, temanA bodhanA koThAo rajU karI upara -AlekhyA anusAranI vicAraNA hAtha dharIzuM.

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dharma-yugala-jUtha tulanA 365 1. hiMdudharma, jainadharma, bauddhadharma : hiMdudharma - janadharma bauddhadharma 1. sthApanA : I. sa. pU. 2000 I. sa. pU. pa09 I. sa. pU. pa60. 2. sthApaka : kaI nahi. vardhamAna-mahAvIra gautama buddha 3. dharmasvarUpa : mULa dharma virodhI-vicalaka vidhI-vicalaka 4. prasAra : bhArata bhArata pUrvanA dezo 5. dharmazAstro : veda va. saMskRtamAM aMga-prAkRtamAM tripiTIkA-pAlImAM 6. Izvara : brahma (nirguNa) nahi-pAchaLathI nahi - pAchaLathI Izvara (saguNa) mahAvIra ane tIrtha karo buddha 7. chava : brahma AvirbhAva satya asatya 8. pApanuM kAraNa brahmasvarUpanuM ajJAna zarIra upAdhi tRSNa 9. pApa-vimecana : brahmajJAna prApti tapazcaryA tRSNa para kAbU | mAga 10. tapazcaryA : aicchika ati mahatvanI mahatvanI 11. karma ; karma siddhAMta svIkAra karmasiddhAMta svIkAra karmasiddhAMta ravIkAra : 12. mekSa : brahmaekatva jagatanA mehamAMthI zAMti avasthA AtmAnI mukti nirvANa 13. jagata : mAyA-svarUpa--asatya satya asatya 14. nIti : vyAvahArika dRSTie niSedha yAdI mArga tarIke agatya agatya, paramArthika daSTie jarUra nahIM. A kAThA uparathI ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke A traNa dharmonAM vividha coda aMgone emAM khyAla ApavAmAM Avyo che. A traNeya dharmono samagra khyAla AvI zake e mATe A koTho taiyAra karyo che. emAM rajU thayelAM vividha aMgenI carcA A graMthanA bIjA vibhAgamAM, ane A vibhAganA bIjA prakaraNamAM AgaLa thayelI che. ethI ahIMyAM ApaNe mAtra evA muddAo para lakSya ApIzuM, je mahattvanA hoya. A traNeya dharmo bhAratamAM uddabhava pAmyA, e sivAya lagabhaga badhI ja bAbatamAM emanAmAM taphAvata che. hiMdudharma Izvarane nirguNa ane saguNa svarUpe bahu vyApaka khyAla Ape che, jyAre jainadharma ane bauddhadharma, Izvara vizenI

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAraNAnI gaDamathalamAM paDatA nathI. ane AmachatAM, dhArmika lAgaNIne ati jarUrI evI devabhAvanA A baMne dharmomAM pAchaLathI praveze che, ane jainadharmamAM mahAvIrane, ane bauddhadharmamAM buddhane devasthAne sthApavAmAM Ave che. jainadharma ane bauddhadharma baMne, hiMdudharmanA virodhI hAI baMnemAM hiMdudharmanA dharmazAstrone svIkAra thatuM nathI, ane ethI e baMne dharmo mATe pitAnA AgavAM dharmazAstro ApavAnI jarUriyAta upasthita thaI hatI. Izvarane khyAla A zAstromAM rajU karavAmAM na Avyo hovA chatAM, pramANa tarIke zAstronI agatya A baMne dharmoe svIkArI e spaSTa thAya che. je zAstrapramANu hiMdudharmamAM emaNe svIkAryuM nahIM, evuM zAstra-pramANa emanA dharmAnuyAyIo emanA dharmagraMtha mATe svIkAre evI rajUAta emanA taraphathI thaI. aniSTa athavA pApanI samasyAnI vicAraNA ApaNe anyatra karI che. ahIMyAM e seMdhavuM joIe ke pApanAM kAraNa tarIke traNeya dharmo viziSTa prakAranI rajUAta kare che. hiMdudharmanI dRSTie brahma svarUpanuM ajJAna sarva aniSTonA mULamAM che--je aniSTa hoya che. jyAre jainadharmamAM mAnavIya deva sarva pApanuM mULa che ane bauddhadharmamAM tRSNa e aniSTanuM mULa che. hiMdudharma jyAre jJAnaprApti para bhAra mUke che, tyAre jainadharma tapazcaryA para bhAra mUke che ane bauddhadharma tRSNAnA tyAga para bhAra Ape che. Ama, ApaNe joI zakIzuM ke bauddhadharma mananI AkAMkSA para, jainadharma dehanA kArya para ane hiMdudharma jJAna upara bhAra Ape che. sRSTi vizene khyAla tattvajJAnane viSaya hovA chatAMya dharmamAM e viSaya e rIte agatyane bane che ke Izvara paramasatya hoya ane e je sarva sattAdhArI hoya te e sarva sarjaka paNa hovA ja joIe, ane ethI jagata enuM sarjana che ema kahevuM joIe. hiMdudharmamAM saMpUrNa advaitanI sthitimAM brahma sivAya anya kaMIne svIkAra karavAmAM Avato nathI ane ethI jema jIva e brahmane AvirbhAva che, e ja pramANe jagata paNa brahmane AvirbhAva che, ane ethI brahmajJAnanI dRSTie jagata ane jIvanuM svataMtra astitva asatyarUpa che. e lakSyamAM levAvuM joIe ke bauddhadharma paNa jIva ane jagata banene asatya tarIke lekhe che. paraMtu je kAraNasara e A baMnene asatya lekhe che, te hiMdudharmanA kAraNa karatAM bhinna che. bauddha tattvajJAnamAM zunyavAda ane kSaNavAdane svIkAra thayuM che. A AdhAre jIva ane jagata baMne kSaNika che ane ethI asatya che. Ama hiMdudharmamAM jIva ane jagata baMne asatya hovA chatAM brahma satya che ema svIkArAya che, tyAre bauddhadharmamAM

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dharma-yugala-jUtha tulanA 367 jIva ane jagata baMnene asatya tarIke svIkArI, anya koI tattvane satyasthAne sthApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. AnI tulanAmAM janadharmamAM jIva ane jagata baMnene satya tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyAM che. jainadharmamAM jarathustadharmanI jema hetavAda che e ApaNe neMdhavuM joIe. janadharmane detavAda jaDa ane cetana tatvanA svIkAramAM samAyeluM che, jyAre jarathustadharmane daitavAda ISTa ane aniSTa tattanA svIkAramAM rahele che. jainadharma jaDane aniSTa tarIke svIkArI enI sAthe je je kaMI saMkaLAyela che. te paNa aniSTamaya bane che evo bodha Ape che. jIva ane jagata baMnene satya tarIke svIkArI jainadharma jarathustadharmanI jema Atmatatva ane jaDatattvane ekamekanI sAthe muke che. Ama karyA pachI Atmatatva jaDatattvathI nirlepa rahe e mATe tapazcaryAne mArga sUcave che. Ama, ApaNe joIzuM ke jIva ane jagatanA upadezamAM hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharma vacce samAnatA che, paraMtu e mAtra bAhya svarUpanI ane e baMnene A muddA para janadharma sAthe taphAvata che. ahIMyAM ApaNe jainadharma ane bauddhadharmanI, hiMdudharmamAMthI thayelI utpattine khyAla karatA nathI. kAraNake e vicAra ApaNe anya tulanA karatI vakhate hAtha dharI. eka ja hiMdudharmamAMthI upajelA jainadharma ane bauddhadharma mAtra hiMdudharmathI ja judAM che ema nahi, paraMtu e baMne dharmo aMdaroaMdara paNa ghaNI bAbatamAM jadAM che ene sAmAnya khyAla ahIMyAM Avaze. e be dharmonA bedhanI talanA AgaLa upara hAtha dharIzuM. 2. hiMdudharma - janadharma : - hiMdudharma janadharma 1. sthApaka : kaI nahi vardhamAna - mahAvIra 2. dharma svarU5 : mULa dharma virodhI - vicalaka 3. dharmagraMtha : veda va. saMskRtamAM aMge - prAkRtamAM 4. Izvara : brahma-Izvara 5. jIva : brahma AvirbhAva satya 3. karma : karma siddhAMta ravIkAra karma siddhAMta svIkAra 7. punarjanma : punarjanma svIkAra punarjanma svIkAra 8. mokSa : brahma-ekatva dharmavidhi, svaprayatnathI ja prApti IzvarakRpAne svIkAra nahi. Ta

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368 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 9. yajJa : ravIkAra aravIkAraH tapazcaryA, Atma tyAga, ahiMsA 10. jIvanavyavasthA : AzramanI vyavarathA kaMI nahi. : 11. samAja-vyavasthA varNAzrama kaMI nahi. baMnenA dIrghakAlanA sahaaritatvane pariNAme thayelA pheraphAro : "hiMdudharma * jainadharma saguNa Izvarane ravIkAra jevA ke, saguNa Izvarane svIkAra rAma, kRSNa, viSNu, ziva, jemake mahAvIra zakti vagere. anakezvaravAda anakezvaravAda mUrtipUjA (jainadharmanI asara) mUrtipUjA (sthAnakavAsImAM nahIM). maMdira maMdira purohita purohita varNavyavasthA varNavyavasthA-devamaMDaLamAM paNa - jainadharmane uddabhava hiMdudharmamAMthI thaye hovA chatAM e bemAM punarjanmanA svIkAra sivAya anya badhI ja bAbatamAM taphAvata che. hiMdudharma ane jainadharmamAM jIvanI vicAraNuM alaga rIte karavAmAM AvI che. hiMdudharma eka tattvavAdI che, jyAre jainadharma dhitattvavAdI che. hiMdudharma ane jaina dharmamAM bIje mahattavane taphAvata yajJa bhAvanAmAM che. hiMdudharmamAM yajJane svIkAra thayuM che, jyAre jainadharma ene asvIkAra kare che.. koIpaNa dhArmika vidhine jainadharmamAM asvIkAra che, ane chatAM kALAnukrame jainadharmamAM aneka prakAranI vidhio dAkhala thaI che, e dharmanA cAlakabaLa tarIke vidhinuM keTaluM mahatva che, ene khyAla Ape che. hiMdudharmamAM vyaktijIvana vyavasthA ane samAjajIvana vyavasthAne bodha apAyelo che jyAre jainadharmamAM, evuM kAMI nathI. - hiMdadharma ane janadharmanI tulanA karIe tyAre je mahattvanI vAta karavAnI che te e ke hiMdudharma ane jainadharma baMne bhAratamAM ja maryAdita rahyA che. A baMne dharmenA khUba lAMbA gALAnA sahaastitvane pariNAme baMne dharma para arasaparasa asara thaI che, ane ene pariNAme baMne dharmomAM keTalAka mahattvanA pheraphAra thayA che.

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dharma-yugalajUtha tulanA 369, A pheraphAronI ApaNe vicAraNA karIe e pahelAM kaI paNa eka ke vadhAre dharmone eka ja bhaugolika pradezamAM dIrghakAlIna sahaastitvane pariNAme AvA pheraphAre kevI rIte thAya che, e prakriyAne thoDo khyAla meLavI laIe. cInanA dharmo vize vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM che ke cInamAM kanphayuziyana, tAo ane bauddha dharmo prajAjIvanamAM evA te otaprota thayA, jethI traNeya dharmonuM svataMtra astitva hevAM chatAM, arasaparasanI vyApaka asara thaI. bhAratamAM hiMdudharma ane jainadharmanA dIrdhakAlIna sahaastitvane pariNAme lagabhaga AvI ja asara thayelI jovAmAM Ave che. ahI yAM che ke eka prazna upasthita thAya che ke hiMdudharma ane iralAmadharma paNa dIrdhakAla sudhI sAthe rahyA che ane chatAM emAM AvI otaprotatA jovAmAM AvatI nathI. e saMbhavita che ke hiMdudharma ane janadharmanA mahatvanA taphAvata hovA chatAM, baMne dharmomAM eka ja bhUmi ane prajAnI bhAvanA vyakta thAya che, ane ethI je DAghaNuM taphAvata che e paNa ogaLI jatAM, baMne dharmo amuka AcAranI bAbate bAda karatAM, lagabhaga ekasamAna ja banI jAya che. hiMdudharma ane islAmadharma vacce ekezvaravAdanA mahatvanA muddA vize sAmya hovA chatAM e be dharmo lAMbA samayanA sahaastitva chatAM otaprota thaI zakyA nathI enA eka kAraNa tarIke muslima dharmanA hArdane rajU karI zakAya. hiMdudharmamAM avatArane svIkAra pahelethI ja thayeluM che ane emAM aneka avatAra svIkAravAmAM AvyA che enI vicAraNA anyatra ApaNe karI che. hiMdudharmanA A saguNa IzvaranI bhAvanAnI asara jenadharma para thaI che ane ene pariNAme jainadharmamAM paNa pAchaLathI mahAvIrane saguNa Izvara tarIke svIkAra the che. Ama, jainadharmamAM IzvarabhAvanA nahotI tyAM IzvarabhAvanA dAkhala thaI che, eTaluM ja nahIM saguNa IzvaranI bhAvanA paNa dAkhala thAya che, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu hiMdudharmanI anekezvaravAdanI bhAvanA paNa janadharmane sparzI jAya che ane tethI emAM paNa anekezvaravAda praveze che. AvuM trIju kSetra varNavyavasthAnuM che. hiMdudharmamAM varNavyavasthAne khyAla svIkArAya ja che, janadharmamAM e khyAla nahe paraMtu pAchaLathI emAM varNavyavasthAne khyAla dAkhala thaye. eTaluM ja nahIM, paraMtu enA devamaMDaLamAM paNa A vicAranI asara vartAya che. eka tarapha hiMdudharmanI je jainadharma para AvI asara pariNamI che, to bIjI taraphe jainadharmanI hiMdudharma para asara thaI che. sthAnakavAsI jemAM mUrtipUjAnI bhAvanA nathI. paraMtu anya dharma 24

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370 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana janasamAjamAM mUrti pUjAnuM sthAna che, ane sAmAnya mAnyatA evI pravarte che ke janadharmanI asara nIce ja hiMdudharmamAM mUrtipUjA pravezI che. 3. jenadharmadadharma : jainadharma bauddhadharma 1. svarUpa : hiMdudharma virodha hiMdudharma virodha 2. sthApaka : vardhamAna-mahAvIra gautamabuddha 3. hiMdudharma virodha : vedane asvIkAra vedone asvIkAra IzvaravAda-anekezvavAdane IzvaravAda-anekezvaravAdane asvIkAra-brahmavAdane asvIkAra - brahmavAdane asvIkAra asvIkAra 4. dharmagraMtha : aMga-prAta tripITikA-pAlI 5. Izvara : mahAvIra-Izvara tarIke buddha-izvara tarIke 6. jIva : satya asatya dayA : sarva--jIva dayAbhAva sarva-jIva dayAbhAva 8. tapazcaryA : ati mahattvanI-mokSa prAptimAga mahattvanI-aMtima nahIM 9 mekSa : mohamukti zAMti avasthA, nirvANa 10. yajJa : vAsanA-yajJa tRSNa-yajJa 11. nIti : sApekSa daSTie mahattvanuM nahIM khAsa mahattvanuM-mArga tarIke mAtra niSedha yAdI aNuvata, mahAvrata 12. jagata : jagata satya 13. dharmasaMdha : sthA hiMdudharmamAM janmelA vardhamAna ane gautama baMnee, pacAsa varSanA gALAmAM, hiMdudharmanI sAme pracaMDa virodha pradarzita karIne, anukrame jainadharma ane bauddhadharmane janma Ape. pracalita hiMdudharmanI sAme emane virodha lagabhaga samAna prakArano hate. yajJomAM thatI hiMsA, purohitavAdanI vyApaka pakaDa, varNavyavasthAne kaDaka amala ane janasamudAyathI vimukha evI bhASAmAM zAstro-e baMnenA, hiMdudharma sAmenA virodhanA pAyAmAM hatA, ane ethI e benI vacce ghaNuM muddAomAM sAmya heya e samajI zakAya ema che. paraMtu lagabhaga samAna pazcAdbhUmAM sajA. celAM ane lagabhaga samAna pAyA para AdhArita thayelA A be dharmone vikAsa che : sthA

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dharma-yugala-jUtha tulanA 371 alaga rIte thayo che, emanA upadezo bhinna rahyAM che, emaNe prabaMdhelI jIvanapraNAlI alaga alaga rahI che ane emaNe ApelA upadezane AdhAra paNa judo rahyo che. jainadharma daitavAdI che, jyAre bauddhadharma zunyavAdI che ane ethI emanA jIva ane jagatanA vicAromAM eTalI bhinnatA rahelI che. gautama buddha bauddhadarzana pAmyA e pahelAM, je prakriyAmAMthI teo pasAra thayA emAM emaNe eTaluM prAyazcitta karyuM ke deha kaSTa yA bAhya tapazcaryA, jIvanadhyeyanI prAptimAM sahAyaka bane ema nathI, evI pratIti emane thaI. A mAtra emane bedha hatuM ema nahIM paraMtu emanA pitAnA anubhavamAM siddha karelI hakIkta hatI, ane ethI jyAre jainadharmamAM tapazcaryA para apAra bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che tyAre bauddhadharma mAM evo kaI bhAra mUkavAmAM Avato nathI. jainadharmamAM tapazcaryA para je ati bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che e ja kAraNane lIdhe kadAcita te dharma hiMdustAnanI bahAra prasarI zakyo nahi hoya. mAnavInuM ghaDatara evuM che, ke ene deha, buddhi, hRdaya e traNeyanA saMteSanI jarUriyAta hoya che. je koI dharma A traNamAMthI game te ekane sadaMtara InkAra kare e dharma kyAM che. maryAdita anuyAyIo pUrata jaLavAI rahe, athavA te bAhyAcAramAM aTavAI paDe. bauddhadharmanI zarUAtanI kakSAe ja enuM svarUpa palaTAtuM thayuM ane hinayAna ane mahAyAna evA e dhamanA be phAMTA paDyA. je paristhiti nadharmanI thaI lagabhaga evI ja bauddhadharmanA hinayAna mAganI thaI A baMne prakAro vize je UMDANapUrvakano abhyAsa karavAmAM Ave te dharmaprasAranAM avarodhaka baLano kadAca khyAla pAmI zakAya. jainadharma ane bauddhadharmamAM je tyAganI vAta che e, ekamAM "vAsanAnI' ane bIjAmAM "tRSNAnI". vAsanA e daihika che ane tRSNa mAnasika che. daihika vAsanAne tapazcaryApUrvaka baLathI sAmano karavAmAM Ave to paNa manane vAsanAbhAva tRSNA zuM nAbUda thaze ja? ethI UlaTuM mananI tRSNA ja kAbUmAM levAmAM Ave te dehane vAsanAbhAva ApoApa adazya thAya. buddhane A vicAra manovaijJAnika pAyA para racAyeluM che, jyAre janadharmane A vicAra bAhyAcAra para AdhArita che. AthI bauddhadharmamAM mAnasika tRSNanA uvakaraNanI vAta che ane jema jema mananuM UrvAkaraNa thatuM jAya tema tema tRSNa nimLa thatI jAya ane daihika vAsanA ApoApa adazya thAya. ethI UlaTuM, je dehavAsanAne tapazcaryAnA baLathI dabAvavAmAM Ave, te e saMbhava che ke dharma anuyAyInA bhayane lIdhe, ke AdezanA

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372 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana pAlananI sUjhaviheNI, paNa vizvAsabharI bhAvanAne lIdhe, daihika vAsanAone bAhya rIte dabAvavAmAM Ave che ke te mAnavInI cetana avasthAmAMthI marI paravArI che, ema kahI zakAya kharuM? leTe kahe che tema "kharAba mANase je kare che tenA sArA mANase svapna jue che." ane vAsanAnA mArjanamAMthI ja deha ane mananI vikRtio janmI nathI? sigamaMDa phroIDano mane vizleSaNane siddhAMta AnA para AdhArita che. eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu emanA pachI manocikitsA vidyAne je vikAsa thaye che te ema sUcave che, ke mAnavInA asaMtuSTa AtmAne sAje karavA e prayatnazIla rahe che. eka arthamAM zuM pratyeka dharma paNa A ja kArya karato nathI? ane ethI jainadharma paNa Atmatatvane siddha karavA mATe ja A mArga rajU kare che. paraMtu saMbhavitatA che ke tapazcaryAnA mArgane lIdhe AtmAnI khojane badale AtmA khovAne prasaMga nIpaje. tapazcaryAne prAdhAnyapaNe sthApatA jainadharmanA anuyAyIomAM, tema ja enA sAdhugaNamAM tapazcaryAnuM pramANa keTaluM che ane manocikitsA mATe keTalA dardIo che enI vistRta tapAsA na thAya tyAM sudhI, A vize kaMI ce kasa rIte kahI zakAya nahi. chatAM paNa eTaluM te jarUra kahevAya ke dehane ane dehanI jarUriyAtane nIcI kakSAnI gaNI teno sadaMtara asvIkAra karavAmAM Ave, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu teno anAdara karavAmAM Ave, e mAnavasvabhAvanI sAthe keTale aMze susaMgata che e vicAraNane prazna che. 4. hiMdudharma-khristI dharma : hiMdudharma khristI dharma 1. Izvara : nirguNa brahma, advaita sa , saguNa Izvara svarUpa, pUrNa virUpa, cita, AnaMda, pApa-puNya pramakAruNyanI mUrti ane mana-vANIthI para 2. jIva : brahma AvirbhAva prabhu-pitAne putra, svataMtra 3. aniSTa : asatya satya avidyA tathA varNadharma- aniSTa-Izvara, samAja ane bhaMgane lIdhe sarva duHkha ane sva sAme. aniSTanI sAmenI janmajanma laDAImAM badhA khristI joDAya 4. mukti H brahAeka pApa-nivAraNa AvirbhAva

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dhama -gugala-jUtha tulana 5 mukti: prApti mArga : traNa mArge jJAnamArga, Izvara kRpA, Izvara mATenA premathI bhaktimArga ane karmamArga ane IzvaradezanA pAlanathI 6. jagata : mAyA svarUpa-asatya prabhunuM sarjana naitika ane AdhyAtmika jIvana jIvavAnI taka Ape che 7. samAja vyavasthA : varNAzrama dharma prabhunuM sAmrAjya, mAnavabhrAtRtva hiMdudharma ane khristI dharmamAM agatyanA evA badhA ja vimAM taphAvata che. khristI dharmanI IzvaranI kalpanA enA triravarUpanA vicAramAM rajU thaI che. A trisvarUpamAM pratyeka aMza alaga alaga rIte svIkArAye che. hiMdudharma mAM parama IzvaranI nirguNa svarUpe ane IzvaranI bhAvanA saguNa svarUpe rajUAta pAmI che. paraMtu nirguNa Izvara ane saguNa Izvara be bhinna nathI paNa eka ja che. e advaita bhAvanA upara, hiMdudharmamAM savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo che. ' evI ja rIte jIva vicAra vize paNa hiMdudharma ane khristI dharmamAM mULabhUta taphAvata che. jIva e brahma-tattva karatAM nirALo nathI, ane ethI jIvanuM astitva hevAM chatAM enAmAM divyazakti che, jenuM pratyakSIkaraNa ene thaI zake. khristI dharmamAM jIvane prabhunA putra tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che ane tema chatAM e saMpUrNa paNe Izvara pAmI zake e svIkAra thayo nathI. khristI dharmamAM pAchaLathI dAkhala thayelA rahasyavAdI vicAro ane svIkAra kare che e alaga vAta che. - je brahma ja sarvasva hoya te aniSTa mATe koI sthAna hoI zake nahi ane ethI hiMdudharmamAM aniSTane asatya tarIke oLakhAvAya che. khristI dharmamAM te aniSTane spaSTa rIte svIkAra thAya che. hiMdudharmanA aniSTatA aravikArane 'keTalIka veLA yogya rIte samajavAmAM Avato nathI. paramatattva e eka ja hevAthI ane jIva ane jagata enA AvirbhAva hevAthI, e satya nahi te paNa enA aMzarUpa che. aniSTanA anubhavone hiMdudharma be rIte samajAvavAno prayAsa kare che. eka te, samasta vizva AyojanamAM aniSTa e rIte nirmAyuM che ke ene mukAbale ISTa samajAya ane iSTa prAptine mATe prayAsa thato rahe. bIju, jagatamAM aniSTa jevuM kaMI che ja nahIM ane je kaMI che te vadhu ISTa ke ochuM iSTa ema ja oLakhAvI zakAya.

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374 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A ja pramANe mukti ane mukti-prAptinA mArga vize paNa A be dharmomAM taphAvata che. khristI dharma pApa-nivAraNa para bhAra mUke che ane Ama karIne ene jhoka ISTa AcaraNa athavA niyamapAlana tarapha vadhAre hoya ema vartAya che. hiMdudharmamAM brahmaekatvanI avasthAnI prApti, je jJAnane pariNAme prApta thAya, athavA te bhaktimArge ke karmane mArge prApta thAya che, tenA para bhAra mUkAya che. manuSya-svabhAvanAM vividha aMgone lakSamAM rAkhIne hiMdudharmamAM muktinA mArgo sUcavAyA che, jyAre khristI dharmamAM Adeza pAlana, prabhuprema ane prabhukRpAne muktinA mArga tarIke ravIkAravAmAM AvyA che. khristI dharmanI kalpanA eka sattAdhArI vyayasthA sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. Izvara eka evA sattAdhIza che jenA AdezanuM pAlana karavAmAM Ave te ja enI kRpA prApta thaI zake ane te ja mukti maLe. AvI sattAbhAvanA (Authoritativeness)no hiMdudharmamAM abhAva che, ane ethI ja parabrahma tattvane pAmavA mATe, pitAnI prakRtine anurUpa ane anukULa thaI paDe e prakAranA vividha mArgo AjAyA che. jIvana vize je kahyuM e jagatane vize paNa kahI zakAya. khristI dharma jagatane asatya tarIke nahIM, paraMtu satya tarIke ane prabhunA sarjana tarIke svIkAre che. eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu e ema paNa svIkAre che ke sRSTi e te eka evuM sthAna che jyAM mAnavIne naitika ane AdhyAtmika jIvana jIvavAnI taka maLe che. A dRSTie khristI dharmamAM mAnavadehane ane sRSTine egya svIkAra thayeluM jovAmAM Ave che. samAjavyavasthA vizenA hiMdudharma ane khristI dharmanA khyAla paNa bhinna che. hiMdudharmanI samAja-vyavasthA, enA varNavyavasthAnA upadezamAMthI samajI zakAya che. khristI dharmamAM mAnava bhrAtRbhAva para bhAra mUkI prabhunA sAmrAjyane vicAra karavAmAM AvyuM che. mAnava jAtRbhAva ane prabhunuM sAmrAjya, Adarzo tarIke kharekhara suMdara che, paraMtu vyavahAramAM samAja-vyavasthA kyA pAyA upara thaI zake ene sacoTa khyAla hiMdudharma ApavA prayAsa kare che. evuM bane ke hiMdu dharmanI sUcavAyelI varNavyavasthA sAme vAMdho hoya, paraMtu samAja-vyavasthA mATe samAjanA jUthanI kaMIka vyavasthA anivArya che ene inkAra kema thaI zake ? khristI dharmamAM dayA, paropakAra, prema jevA naitika mUlyo para savizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. enI sAme hiMdudharmamAM jJAnamUlya para vadhu bhAra mukAya che. jIvananA samagra phalakane AvarI levA chatAM, hiMdudharma mukhyatve jJAna prAdhAnya che,

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dharma-yugala-jUtha tulanA 3ya jyAre khristI dharma sadaguNa pradhAna che. khristI dharmanA bahoLA phelAvavAmAM kadAca A bAbata kAraNabhUta na hoya - kAraNake dharmone phelA keTalIka veLA enA bodha para nahIM, phelAvAnA je mArgo e akhatyAra kare che enA para AdhArita heya che - te ye enA svIkAramAM A eka mahattvanuM kAraNa bane che. 5bauddhadharma-khristI dharma : bauddhadharma , khristI dharma 1. svarUpa : hiMdudharmanA virodhamAM, hibradharmanA virodhamAM, sumeLathI vicalanathI 2. sthApaka : gautama buddha jIsasa krAIsTa 3. Izvara : zAMta rahe che-pAchaLathI trisvarUpa buddha Izvara tarIke 4. jIva : asatya-kSaNika-nirarthaka satya, IzvaranuM saMtAna 5 pApa : bhAvanAjanya-atRpta vAsanA IzvaranA Adezane bhaMga 6. pApavimecanaH vAsanAnuM damana-samArga sadbhAga-Izvara kRpA 7. mokSa : zAMti avasthA-nirvANa pAparahita chavA 8. dharma uddhAraka: nathI mAne che. 9. karma : karma siddhAMta svIkAre che. Izvara manuSyanI mAnavatA karma amUrta che. vikasAvavA karma siddhAMtane upayoga kare che 10. nIti : khUba agatya-IzvarathI Izvara AdhArita ane Izvara svataMtra. dIdhela AdezapAlana te nIti 11. mAnavadeha : pIDAkAraka ane pratibaMdharUpa naitikajIvana tathA AdhyAtmika jIvana zakaya banAve che bhAratamAM utpanna thayela paraMtu Aje eziyAnA vividha dezomAM pracalita thayele bauddhadharma ane duniyAnA lagabhaga badhA ja dezamAM prasarelA khristI dharmamAM ghaNuM sAmya che. baMne dharmomAM karuNa, dayA ane prema para khUba bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu emanA sAmyanuM UMDANa A bAhya bAbate karatAM paNa savizeSa che. A baMne dharmone udbhava lagabhaga samAna prakAre thayuM che. pravartamAna hiMdudharmanA asvIkAra ane tenA virodhamAMthI bauddhadharma janme, ane e ja rIte hibradharmanA virodhamAMthI khristI dharmanI utpatti thaI paraMtu utpattinI A samAnAvasthA hevA chatAM, pitAnA mULa dharmane anulakSIne A baMne dharmomAM mahattva taphAvata che. bauddhadharme hiMdudharmane sadaMtara anAdara karyo. eNe hiMdudharmanAM zAstro svIkAryA nahIM ane hiMdudhamamAM upadezAvela aneka bene virodha

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376 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karyo. hiMdudharmanA thatA AcaraNamAMthI emane virodha ja hatuM. ethI ene e asvIkAra kare e svAbhAvika hatuM te bIjI taraphe jisasanA hibradharmanA virodhano prakAra taddana bhinna che. emaNe hibradharmanA sthApakana, hibradharmanA payagaMbarane, hibradharmanAM zAstrone svIkAra karyo ane hibrU anuyAyIone paNa premabhAvathI pitAnA dharmajUthamAM samAvavA prayatna Adaryo. Ama, buddhane mArga vicalana have, jisasane mArga sumeLa hato. khristI dharmamAM Izvarane khyAla pahelethI ja bahu spaSTa rIte ApavAmAM Avyo che ane IzvaranuM svarUpa lekacya bane e mATe hibradharmanA jevAnA ekezvaravAdane trisvarUpanI rIte rajU karavAmAM Avyo che. gautama buddha Izvarane inkAra kare che ke anAdara kare che ema kahI zakAya nahIM. emanA samayane mATe je mahatvanI bAbata hatI enA para bhAra mUkI emaNe tAttvika praznanI carcAmAM UtaravAnI jarUriyAta joI nahIM ane ethI izvarane kaI khyAla emaNe rajU karyo nahIM. ane chatAMya IzvaranA khyAla vinAne dharma kALakrame Izvarane khyAla dAkhala kare ja. 64 e rIte bauddhadharmamAM paNa Izvarane khyAla dAkhala thayo ane buddhane e sthAne besADavAmAM AvyA. $7 The religious consciousness demands a personal God: no profound & enduring relation to the non-personal in practicable" piMgale peTTIzana, dhI philesephila reDIkalsa, laMDana, 1907, pA. 20 " The centre of religious thought must always be the conception of God. Despite the differences in the thoughts of God in different traditions, the meaning of God in terms of experience is the same for all men. The worship of God is the deepest of all common bonds, in the human family." -hekiMga rilijiyasa enDa meDana lAIpha, pA366 God is a discovery: the idea of God is an inve. ntion. Religious experience turns on the discovery of God. The constantly changing ideas of God may be said to be the inventions by which the meaning & significance of the basic discovery are made avilable for life" -kubaIna, vidhara krizciAnITI, saMpAdaka-hAu, nyuyorka-1929, pA. 71

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dharma-yugala-jUthe tulanA 377 devabhAvanAnI A prabaLatA vize thoDI rajUAta jarUrI che. mAnavInI vividha jarUriyAtamAM AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta paNa eka che. ene svIkAra keTalAka vicArako ane khAsa karIne bhautikavAdIo tathA mAnavatAvAdIo karatA nathI. mAnavIne keTalIka vyaktigata daihika jarUriyAto uparAMta keTalIka sAmAjika jarUriyAta che e sAcuM. paraMtu pratyeka mAnavIne eka yA bIjA samaye pitAnI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta vartAya che. "vika sukhanI aneka sagavaDo hovA chatAM, bhautika AnaMdane mATenI saMpUrNa sthiti sarjAyelI hovA chatAM, enI AdhyAtmika bhUkha kadIka UghaDe che, ene gautama buddha sivAya bIjo kaye vadhu sAro pratyakSa purAvo hoI zake ? pitAnA putrane vizenI bhaviSyavANI sAMbhaLIne gautamanA pitAe temanI daihika ane bhautika jarUriyAta saMtoSavA mATe eTaluM badhuM dhyAna ApyuM ke e ja jANe duniyAmAM sarvasva che evo khyAla gautamane Ave ane Ama chatAM, emanAmAM rahelI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta A sarva vaibhava ane sukhamAM saMtoSAI nahIM. A sukha te emane duHkhamaya lAgyuM ane satya sukhanI zodhamAM emaNe jyAre sarvane tyAga karIne mahAbhiniSkramaNa karyuM tyAre teo aMtaranI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAtanI dhamAM jaI rahyA hatA ema kema ne kahevAya ? pratyeka mAnavAmAM AvI eka AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta rahelI che ane ethI denA bhAgo, saMsAranAM sukhe, nItinA Adezo, AcaraNa buddhinI vilakSaNatA ane tarkanI prApti ene saMtoSI zakatI nathI. samAjanI vyakti tarIke ISTa prakArano samAja-vyavahAra paNa ene saMtoSI zakato nathI. ene laganI che, eka evA tattvanI zodhanI je mAtra bhautika tava nathI, mAtra naitika ke sAmAjika tatva nathI, paraMtu eka evuM mahAna tattva jemAM A badhAMya tanuM samanvayapUrvakanuM saMmizraNa thayuM hoya. e tava evuM hoya jenI sAthe e nirmaLabhAve vArtAlApa karI zake- bhASAnA upayoga vinA, jenI sAthe ekatva pAmI zake-bhAvAtmaka rIte. mAnavInI AvI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta devabhAvanAmAM ja saMtoSAya che pitAnAmAM rahelI AvI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAtanI zodhamAM nIkaLelA gautame, buddha svarUpe anya mAnavIomAM paNa, AvI ja AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta rahelI che e na joyuM. deva-bhAvanAne khyAla na Avyo, teye emanA tarapha emanA upadezone lIdhe AkarSAyelA emanA anuyAyIone jyAre A AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta lAgI tyAre emaNe buddhane ja devasthAne sthApyA. jIvananA svarUpa vize paNa bauddhadharma ane khristI dharmamAM mahattvane taphAvata che. khristI dharma jyAre mAnavIne IzvaranA saMtAna tarIke navAje che tyAre bauddha

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378 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana. dharma enA kSaNijvAdanI sAthe susaMgata rahI jIvane kSaNika varNave che, ane enA zunyavAda sAthe sAthe susaMgata rahI ene nirarthaka tarIke oLakhAve che. ahIM prazna e upasthita thAya che ke je kharekhara jIva pite kSaNika hovAthI asatya hoya te eNe anya koI avasthA prApta karavAno prazna ja kayAM rahyo ? mokSanI bAbatamAM paNa khristI dharma ane bauddhadharmamAM mULabhUta taphAvata che bauddhadharma e spaSTapaNe jaNAve che ke pratyeka mAnavIe pitAnI mukti pitAnI meLe ja hAMsala karavAnI che ane emAM anya koI sahAya karI zake ema nathI. Ama bauddhadharmamAM AdhAre ane svaprayatna ja nirvANanI avasthA prApta karavI zakya. che, jyAre khristI dharmamAM mokSaprAptine mATe vyaktinA pitAnA prayatna uparAMta IzvaranI kRpA upara paNa eTale ja bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. A sivAyanA anya muddAonI carcA anyatra thayelI hoI enI rajUAta nahIM karIe. 6. hiMdudharma-zIkhadharma hiMdudharma zIkhadharma 1 sthApaka : kaI nahi nAnaka 2 dharmasvarUpa : mULa samanvayakArI 3 dharmagraMtha : vedava. saMskRtamAM vipula sAhitya graMthasAheba-gurumukhI. 4 Izvara : brahma (nirguNa) Izvara ( saguNa) parabrahmagUDha nirguNatad. anekezvaravAda-brahmavAda ekezvaravAda - brahmavAda 5 jIva : brahma AvirbhAva satya 6 mekSa : brahmaekatva brahmajJAna, brahmaekatva 7 mokSaprApti mAga : jJAna, bhakti. karma sata nAma jaya 8 karma : karma siddhAMta svIkAra karmasiddhAMta svIkAra 9 punarjanma : punarjanma svIkAra punarjanma svIkAra 10 jagata : mithyA 11 karmakAMDa : vyAvahArika sattAe svIkAra karmakAMDa tapa va.no asvIkAra 1i2 jIvana-vyavasthA : Azramadharma kaMI nahi 13 samAja-vyavasthA : varNadharma varNadharma virodha

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dhirma-yugala-jUthe tulanA 379je rIte janadharma ane bauddhadharma hiMdudharmamAMthI uddabhavyA che e rIte zIkhadharma hiMdudharmamAMthI udbhavyo nathI. paraMtu hiMdudharma ane islAma dharmanA dIrghakAlIna sahaastitvane pariNAme e baMnenA samanvayakArI prayAsa tarIke zIkhadhama udbhavyo che ema kahI zakAya. hiMdudharma ane janadharmanI tulanA karatI vakhate ApaNe e joyuM ke, e baMne dharmomAM mULa svarUpe aneka bheda hovA chatAM, eka ja pradezamAM dIrghakAlanA saha-- astitvane pariNAme, arasaparasanI asara vyApaka pramANamAM ane mahatvanA badhA viSayamAM tathA AcaraNamAM thaI che. te veLA ApaNe e prazna upasthita karyo hato ke hiMdudharma ane islAmanuM paNa eka ja pradezamAM dIrdhakAlanuM sahaastitva hovA chatAM paraparanI AvI asara vartAtI nathI. ahIMyAM ApaNe hi dudharma ane zIkhadharmanI tulanA karIe chIe. have pachI islAma ane zIkha dharmanI tulanA karIzuM. e baMne tulanAne pAsapAse mukIzuM tyAre samajAze ke hi dudharma ane ilAmadharmanI ekabIjAnI paraspara vyApaka asara na thaI hovA chatAM, enI asara jarUra hatI ene nirdeza zIkhadharmamAMthI prApta thAya che. janadharma ane bauddhadharmano uddabhava hiMdudharmanA virodhamAMthI thayo ane ethI. emaNe vicalanane mArga lIdhe. zIkhadharme hiMdudharmanI sAme e kaI baLa. pokAryo hoya evuM jANavAmAM nathI ane chatAM hiMdudharmanA badhA ya aMzane emAM svIkAra nathI, enA keTalAka aMzene pheraphAra karI emAM sudhAro karavAmAM Avyo che, e vAta paNa eTalI ja sAcI. AthI hiMdudharmane mukAbale je jainadharmane ane bauddhadharmane vicalaka tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave te zIkhadharmane samanvayI tarIke jarUra oLakhAvI zakAya. zIkhadharmane dharmagraMtha hiMdudharmanA dharmagraMtha karatA bhinna che ane chatAM eTaluM neMdhI zakAya ke jema hiMdudharmanA dharmagraMtha dharmazAstromAM satata samAviSTa thatA rahyA, tema ja zIkhadharmanA dharmagraMtha vize paNa thayuM. IzvaranA khyAlamAM zIkhadharme hiMdudharmanA parabrahmane khyAla ravIkAryo. brahmanuM niNa tattva zIkhadharmamAM svIkArAyuM ane ethI hiMdudharmane brahmavAda eNe svIkAryo. paraMtu enI sAthe ja hiMdudharmamAM prApta IzvaranuM saguNa svarUpa tema ja anekezvaravAdanI bhAvanA zIkhadharmamAM sthAna pAmI nahIM. Ama, Izvara bhAvanAmAM zIkhadharma para ilAmanA ekezvaravAdanI vyApaka asara che, e spaSTa rIte joI zakAze. hiMdudharmanA dharma ravarUpane svIkAra karIne, enI anekezvaravAdanI bhAvanAne temaja saguNa IzvaranA khyAlane dUra karavAno prayAsa mAtra zIkhadharmamAM guru nAnaka dvArA

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380. dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana thaye che ema nahIM, paraMtu evo prayAsa brahmosamAjanA sthApaka rAjA rAmamohana reyanA hAthe paNa thayuM che e ApaNe hiMdudharmanI vicAraNu vakhate joyuM che. e ja rIte jIvanA khyAlamAM, hiMdudharma ane zIkhadharma vacce mahatvano bheda che. IslAmadharmanI jema zIkhadharma jIvane satya tarIke svIkAre che ane ene brahmanA AvirbhAva tarIke svIkArato nathI. dhArmika vidhi vize paNa zIkhadharma ane hiMdudharmamAM Avo ja taphAvata che. hiMdudharmamAM vyAvahArika sattAnI kakSAe vidhi prakArano svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo che, paraMtu zIkhadharmamAM vidhino, tapazcaryAne tathA karmakAMDane saMpUrNa abhAva che, eTaluM ja nahIM paNa eno asvIkAra karavAmAM Avyo che. A bAbatamAM paNa zIkhadharma islAmadharmanI vadhu najIka che. bIjuM, eka kSetra ke jemAM hiMdudharma ane zIkhadharma vacce taphAvata che te hiMdudharmanA varNadharma svIkArane ane zIkhadharmanA varNadharma virodhane. prabhunA sAnidhyamAM sarva jIva samAna che e AdhAre zIkhadharmamAM mAnava-mAnava vaccenA keIpaNa bhedano svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo nathI. mAnava samAnatAne A Adarza islAmamAM prApta thAya che ane zIkhadharmamAM Ane saMpUrNa svIkAra thayo che. Ama, ApaNe joIzuM ke aneka bAbatomAM zIkhadharma hiMdudharma karatAM IslAma dharmanI vadhu samIpa che, ane chatAM keTalIka bAbatomAM zIkhadharma hiMdudharmanI vadhu samIpa che. AvA samAna kSetramAM mekSanA vicAranI rajUAta karI zakAya. hiMdudharma tema ja zIkhadharmamAM mola avasthAne samAna svIkAra che. brahmajJAna ke brahmaekatvamAM mokSanI prApti che ema baMne svIkAre che. Izvara ekyanA A rahasyavAdI ( mystical) anubhavanuM dharmamAM agatyanuM sthAna che. je je dharmoe Izvara ane jIva alaga kahyAM che te dharmomAM paNa eka tabakake jIva-izvara aikya bhAvanA dAkhala thaI che, ane te dvArA viziSTa prakAranI jIvanI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta saMtoSavAmAM AvI che. jIva-IzvaranA ekatvanI A anubhUti vividha prakAre thayelI AlekhavAmAM Ave che ane AvI anubhUtinA AdhAre eka dharma bIjA dharmanI vadhu samIpa Ave che. paraMtu, A brahmaekatvanI anubhUti prApta karavAnA mArgomAM hiMdudharma jJAna, bhakti ane karmano samAveza kare che, tyAre zIkha dharmamAM satanAma japane svIkAra thayela che. japanuM sthAna hiMdudharmamAM paNa svIkArAyuM che paraMtu te vizeSa karIne bhakti mArgamAM. jyAre IslAmamAM japanuM viziSTatApUrvakanuM sthAna che kAraNake e dharma anusAra jIve allAhanuM zaraNa svIkAravAnuM che ane ethI mokSanI

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dharma-yugala-jUthe tulanA 381: avasthA vize hiMdudharma ane zIkhadharmamAM samAnatva hevA chatAM, enI prAptine mATe zIkhadharmane islAma dharma sAthe vadhu samAnatva che. hiMdudharmanI jema ja zIkhadharma paNa karma siddhAMtane svIkAra kare che ane punarjanmane ravIkAra kare che. A baMne siddhAMta hiMdudharmamAM mahattvanA che paraMtu hiMdudharmane karma siddhAMta prArabdhavAda tarapha derI jato nathI enI spaSTatA hiMdudharmanI vicAraNAmAM ApaNe karI che. zIkhadharmane karmavAda prArabdhavAda tarapha pR. hoya ema vartAya che. 7, islAma-zIkha dharma : IslAmadharma zIkhadharma 1. sthApaka : mahamada nAnaka 2. dharmazAstra : kurAna-erebika graMthasAheba-gurumukhI 3. Izvara : allAha, ekezvaravAdI, sarvoparI gurunAma-satanAma-ekazvara sattA, mUrtipUjA virodhI vAdI, sarvoparI sattA, mUrti pUjA virodhI 4. jIva : satya satya 5. mekSa : nyAyane divasa-jIvana saMpUrNa brahmajJAna, brahmaekatva chUTakAro nahIM 6. mokSaprAptimArgaH allAhanuM zaraNa, nAma japa, gurunuM zaraNu, nAma, japa prArthanApUrvaka dharmaniSTha jIvana prArthanApUrvaka dharmaniSTha jIvana, 7. karma karma siddhAMta svIkAra karma siddhAMta svIkAra prArabaddhavAda 8. jagata : satya-bhoga mATe 9. karmakAMDa : asvIkAra, upavAsa-ramajhAnamAM asvIkAra, evuM kaMI nahIM 10. guru-paraMparA : mahamada pachI khalIphA paraMparA gurU-paraMparA 1. saMgaThana dhArmika lazkarI jUtha, laDAyaka dhArmika lazkarI jutha, laDAyaka bhAvanA bhAvanA kimata hiMdudharma ane zIkhadharmanI tulanA karatI vakhate iralAmadharma ane zIkhadharma vaccenI samAnatAnA keTalAka muddAone ApaNe ullekha karyo. e muddAonI rajUAta rIne pAchI ahIMyAM nahIM karIe. ahIMyAM ApaNe e bAbate tapAsavA prayAsa

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382 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana karIzuM ke islAma ane zIkha dharmamAM kyA mahattvanA taphAvata che, tathA je prakAmAM emanI vacce samAnatA che te eka sarakhI che ke vividha prakAranI che. zIkhadharmanA sthApaka guru nAnaka ane iralAmadharmanA sthApaka mahamannA vyaktigata jIvanane je khyAla ApaNe prApta karyo che, e parathI eka bAbata spaSTa thaze ke nAnakanuM ghaDatara ane cAritrya viziSTa prakAranuM hatuM, ane chatAMya mahamadanA, emanA dharma dvArA apAyelA, bodhanI asara nAnaka para bahu spaSTapaNe paDI hatI. be dharmo judA che ethI e baMnenAM dharmazAstro alaga hoya e samajI zakAya evI bAbata che. paraMtu dharmazAstra aMge IslAma ane zIkha dharma vacce je samAnatA che te e ke mahamadanA pitAnA samayamAM kurAnanI racanA thaI na hatI, ane e ja pramANe gurU nAnakanA samayamAM graMthasAhebanI racanA thaI na hatI. A baMne dharma-saMsthApakenA dehavilaya pachI ja emaNe upadezelA dhArmika bodhane emanA dharmanA dharmazAstramAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo. . zIkhadharma ane islAmadharma vacce je koI ati mahattvane samAna vicAra hoya te te paramatatvane che. sRSTinuM paramatattva eka che ane tene Azraya ane zaraNu badhAe ja svIkAravuM joIe, enI bhArapUrvaka rajUAta jema -IslAmamAM karavAmAM AvI che tema zIkhadharmamAM paNa karavAmAM AvI che, ekezvara vAdanI bAbatamAM islAma ke zIkha dharma keIpaNa prakAranI bAMdhachoDa karatA nathI ane chatAM paramatatvane mATe islAma samAna prakArane ja zabda-prayoga kAyama kare che ane ene allAha, khudA ke rahIma tarIke pukAre che. koIpaNa Itara dharmanA parama tatvanA nAmane zabda pitAnA paramatattvane mATe vAparyo hoya te te mAtra zIkhadharmo. paramatatvanuM varNana na karI zakAya paraMtu enuM nAmAbhidhAna te zakya che ane paramatattva je kharekhara paramatattva ja hoya te ene zeksapiyara kahe che te anusAra nAmamAM zuM ?" tema game te nAme saMbodhI zakAya. AthI zIkhadharmamAM paramatatvanA saMbodhananAM aneka nAme che. Ama te ghaNuM dharmomAM paramatatvane ubedhavAne mATe eka karatAM vadhAre nAmone upayoga thAya che, paraMtu e badhAM pitAnA ja dharmanA, - zIkhadharmanI jema vividha dharmonAM nAme nahIM. e ja rIte mokSa ane mokSaprAptinI bAbatamAM islAma ane zIkha dharma vacce mahattvano taphAvata che. hiMdudharmanI sAthe zIkhadharmanI e bAbatamAM samAnatA che ke mokSanI avasthAne te brahmajJAna tarIke athavA brahmaekatva tarIke varNave che. islAmamAM mokSanI AvI kaI avasthAne ravIkAra thayela nathI. emAM te nyAyanA

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dharma-yugala-jUtha tulanA 383 divasane vicAra rajU thayo che ane nyAyanA divase paNa pratyeka jIvane saMpUrNa chUTakAra thaze evuM kahevAyuM nathI. mokSanA vicAranI bAbatamAMnA A taphAvata uparAMta mokSanI prApti mATenA islAma ane zIkha dharmanA mArgo samAna lAge e saMbhavita che. kAraNake e baMne dharmomAM nAmajapa para ane dharmaniSTha jIvana para bhAra mUkvAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu e sAthe e noMdhavuM joIe ke jIvananI uccatara avasthA prApta karavA mATe islAma jyAre allAhanA zaraNano vicAra mUke che tyAre zIkhadharma guruzaraNanI vAta mUke che. zIkhadharmamAM "guru ne prayoga allAhanA samAnArthI tarIke thato nathI ane ethI brahmaekatvanI prAptinA prayAsamAM gurunA zaraNane svIkAra eTale koI mArgadarzakane AdhAra e thAya che. islAmadharmamAM allAhanA zaraNa sivAya anya keIna zaraNanI vAta svIkArAI nathI, jyAre ahIMyAM guruzaraNano vicAra ravIkArAya che. karmanA siddhAMtanI bAbatamAM islAma ane zIkha dharma vacce samAnatA pravarte che. paraMtu e samAnatA mAtra siddhAMta svIkAra pUratI parimita nathI. enA tAtparyAnI bAbatamAM paNa e benI vacce samAnatA che. islAmamAM kismatavAdanuM prAdhAnya che ane zIkhadharmamAM ene anurUpa prArabdhavAdanuM prAdhAnya che. A bAbatamAM hiMdudharmamAM karma siddhAMtane svIkAra thayela hovA chatAM, A baMne dharmothI hiMdudharma alaga paDe che. enI rajUAta zIkhadharmanI hiMdudharma sAthenI tulanA vakhate ApaNe karI. islAma ane zIkhadharma baMnemAM je sarvoparI tattvano svIkAra thaye che, e sarvoparI tatva sarvoparI sattAnA arthamAM che. e sarvoparI sattAnuM prAbalya eTaluM che ke emanI icchA vinA kaMI ja nIpajatuM nathI evo daDha khyAla islAma ane zIkha dharma baMnemAM pravarte che. mAnavI je kaMI kare che e parama sattAnA Adeza anusAra kare che ane e sattAthI alaga evI koI kArya svataMtratA emane nathI. paramatattavanI sarvoparI sattAnA svIkAranI sAthe jIvanI svataMtratAno jyAre asvIkAra karavAmAM Ave tyAre emAMthI prArabdhavAda janme che. - jagatanA khyAla vize paNa IslAma dharma ane zIkhadharma vacce mahattvano phera che. islAmamAM jagatane allAhanA sarjana tarIke satya svIkAravAmAM Ave che. jagata bhega mATe che ane ethI enuM astitva vyaktinA vikAsamAM avarodhaka lekhavAmAM AvatuM nathI. zIkha dharmamAM jagatane tuccha tarIke varNavIne ene kaI mahattva ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI.

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384 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hiMdudharma, zIkhadharma ane islAmadharma e traNeyane sarvagrAhI vicAra karatAM ema kahI zakAya ke AdhyAtmika anubhavanI bAbatamAM zIkhadharma hiMdudharmanI vadhu samIpa che, jyAre anya bAbatamAM zIkhadharmane islAma dharma sAthe vadhu nikaTatA che. 8. hibradharma-khristI dharma : hibradharma khristI dharma 1. sthApaka mejhIjha jisasa 2. dharma svarUpa : mULa dharma sudhArakadharma 3. prasAra : sthAnIya sarvatra 4. dharmagraMtha : jUne karAra jUne tathA nA karAra 5. Izvara : eka parama pavitra Izvara trisvarUpa ekezvaravAda 6. jIva : Izvara sarjana Izvara putra 7. pApa : dhArmika kriyAbhaMga e pApa naitika siddhAMtane bhaMga e pApa 8. pApa-vimocana mArga : IzvarakRpA IzvarakRpA, svaprayatna 9. mokSa : pavitra jIvana mAM pavitra jIvana 10. mokSaprApti mArga : dharmaniyama AcaraNa IzvarakRpA svaprayatna 11. karmakAMDa : vadhAre paDate bhAra evuM nahIM 12. jagata : satya-Izvara sarjana satya-Izvara sarjana janadharma ane bauddhadharmanI jema khristI dharma paNa hibradharmamAMthI udbhavya che, paraMtu temanI jema khristI dharma enA mULa dharmanI sAthe saMpUrNa virodhI na banatA, vicalaka nahIM paraMtu sudhAraka dharma tarIke AgaLa Avyo che. hidharmanA mukAbale khristI dharmane prasAra ane vistaraNa khUba vyApaka rahyuM che. hibradharma khristI dharmanA sthApaka jisasane masIyA tarIke svIkAra karate na hovA chatAM, khristI dharmanA dharmagraMthamAM hibrudharmanA "jUnA karArane samAveza thAya che. hibradharmanI Izvara kalpanA ekezvaravAdanI che. A ekezvaravAdanI kalpanAne vikAsa hibradharmamAM kevI rIte thaye ene vicAra e dharmanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate karavAmAM AvyuM che. khristI dharmamAM evA nirguNa eka Izvarane nahIM paraMtu trisvarUpI eka Izvarane svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che ane ethI dharma anuyAyInI

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385 dhama-yugala-jUtha tulanA je dhArmika bhAvanA saguNa Izvara svarUpamAM saMtoSAya che e khristI dharmamAM paripUrNa thAya che, jyAre hibradharmamAM ema thatuM nathI. hibradharmamAM kriyAkAMDa para bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che ane dhArmika vidhinA bhaMgane pApa samAna manAya che. ethI UlaTuM khristI dharmamAM naitika siddhAMtane AdhAra svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che ane e anusAranuM AcaraNa AdezavAmAM AvyuM che. evA naitika siddhAMta para prasthApita thayelA Adezone bhaMga karavAthI pApa nIpaje che, ane chatAM e pApanuM vimocana paNa thaI zake che, ane e vimecananA mArga tarIke hibradharma jyAre mAtra IzvarakRpAno svIkAra kare che tyAre khriratIdharma IzvarakRpA uparAMta prayatna upara paNa bhAra mUke che. Ama, ApaNe joIzuM ke hibradharma ane khristI dharma vacce ghaNAM samAna tattva che. e be dharmone saMbaMdha mULa ane uddabhavelAne hovA chatAM je prakriyA ApaNe hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharmanA saMbaMdhamAM, athavA te hiMdudharma ane jaina dharmanA saMbaMdhamAM avalokI evI prakriyA ahIMyAM nIpaja nathI. hiMdudharme bauddhadharmanAM mahattvapUrNa aMgone ravIkAra karIne bauddhadharmane dezavaTo dIdho evuM kaMI hibradharma karI zakI nathI, athavA te dIrgha kAlanA sahaastitvane pariNAme je mULagAmI pheraphAra hiMdudharma jainadharmamAM dAkhala karAvI zako evA keI pheraphAra hibradharma khristI dharmamAM dAkhala karAvI zakya hoya ema mAlUma paDatuM nathI. mULa ane udbhavelA dharmonA saMbaMdhanI prakriyA uparAMta je eka trIjI prakriyA ApaNane jovA maLI te zIkhadharmamAM be dharmonA dIrdhakAlanA astitvane pariNAme samanvayakArI trIjA dharmane udbhava thaze. hibradharmanA ane khristI dharmanA sahaastitvathI bhaviSyamAM Avo kaI samanvayakArI dharma udbhava pAmaze kharo ? ahIMyAM ApaNe dharma jUtha ke dharmayugalanI tulanAtmaka vicAraNA karI. AvI rIte bIjA aneka dharmonI paNa tulanAtmaka vicAraNuM karI zakAya. paraMtu e badhI zakyatAone ahIMyAM samAveza karyo nathI - e dharmo agatyanA nathI eTalA mATe nahIM, emanI vacce tulanA thaI zake nahIM eTalA mATe nahIM, paraMtu emane vize mahatvanA muddAonuM spaSTIkaraNa tema ja tulanAtmaka bAjuono paNa bIjA vibhAgamAM ullekha karI levAmAM AvyuM che tethI. dharma 25

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3.4 dharmanuM bhAvi - pravezaka ? dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayananI paddhatio, enA adhyayananA vividha draSTi biMduonI zakayatAone tema ja dharmanA tulanAtmaka abhyAsInuM valaNa kevA prakAranuM hevuM joIe evA paddhati viSayaka praznonI carcA karI, ApaNe dhArmika satya ane itihAsanI dRSTie dharmanA badalAtA svarUpanuM avelekana karyuM. sAthe ja ApaNe mAnava-jIvanamAM zAzvata kahI zakAya evuM zuM e prazna upasthita karI dharmajIvananI AvazyaktAne prathama vibhAgamAM svIkAra karyo. bIjA vibhAgamAM ApaNe prayAsa jagatanA pravartamAna agiyAra dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA ApavAno rahyo. pratyeka dharmamAM kyA mahatvanA muddAo carcAyA che, tema ja eka gatizIla baLa tarIke dharmane kevo ane keTale vikAsa thayo che ene, anya dharmone anulakSIne, ApaNe e vibhAgamAM khyAla meLavyo. A trIjA vibhAgamAM ApaNe dharma vizenA keTalAka sAmAnya praznonI vicAraNAthI zarUAta karI, dharmanA saMgaThaka, pragatikAraka tema ja avarodhaka baLone khyAla meLavyuM. e pachI ApaNe dharmabaMdhane keI eka nizcita viSaya ke vidhya jUtha laIne vividha dharmone anulakSIne enI tulanA karI. ema karyA pachI dharma yugalane paDakhe mUkIne temanA samAna ane virodho tAnI vicAraNA karI enI tulanAtmaka dRSTie samIkSA karavAne prayAsa karyo.

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dharmanuM bhAvi 387. ApaNuM atyAra sudhInA dharma abhyAse keTalIka agatyanI bAbate para prakAza pheMka, ane ApaNe e joI zakayA chIe ke pratyeka dharmanI viziSTatA hovA chatAM, dareka dharmanuM alAyaduM nAma-rUpa hovA chatAM, pratyeka dharmamAM evA mahatvanAM to che, jene samAna tarIke svIkArI zakAya. dharmonA tulanAtmaka adhyayanane niSkarSa e ja che ke dharmonI judAImAMthI, emAM prApta thatI sArvatrika ravarUpanI samAnatAne avakI, e samAnatAnA pAyA para, kaI bhAvi dharmanI racanA thaI zake ema che ke kema ene vicAra kare. AthI trIjA vibhAganA A chellA prakaraNamAM, ApaNe zarUAtamAM pravartamAna dharmanI viziSTatAo tAravavA prayAsa karIzuM, ane tyAra bAda sAmAnya rIte jene dharmanA kaTTara virodhI tarIke ravIkAravAmAM Ave che e sAmyavAda paNa, A viziSTatAone anulakSIne, dharmajUthamAM samAviSTa thaI zake ema che ke kema, enI vicAraNA karIzuM. A badhI vicAraNane pariNAme bhAvi dharmanA pAyA prApta karavAne ApaNe prayAsa raheze. AvA pAyAne khyAla pAmyA pachI, evA pAyA upara koI imArata racavAne prayAsa thayo che ke kema e jANavAnI jijJAsAe, dharma samanvayanA thayelA vividha prayAsane ullekha karIzuM. ema karIne bhAvi dharmanuM je kaMI dizAsUcana prApta thaI zake e prApta karavA kaTibaddha banIzuM. A che A graMthanA chevaTanA vibhAganA chevaTanA bhAgamAM ApaNe hAtha dharavAnA praznonI rUparekhA. 1. pravartamAna dharmonI viziSTatAo : bIjA bhAgamAM ApaNe jagatanA pravartamAna dharmonI tulanAtmaka rUparekhA rajU karI. e uparathI ApaNe e joI zakyA chIe ke pratyeka dharma enA puragAmI Adima dharmathI judA svarUpane thayela che. pratyeka dharmane eka pazcAdabhU che ane ene anulakSIne je te dharme eka avasthAmAMthI bIjI avasthA tarapha prayANa karyuM che. ApaNe e paNa joyuM ke dharmonI vividhatAmAM paNa, pratyeka dharmamAM evAM aMge che, je bIjA dharmomAM paNa kayAM che te ja ravarUpe yA anya svarUpe rajU thAya che. Adima jAtinA dharmanI ApaNe ahIMyAM viziSTarUpe rajUAta karI nathI chatAM paNa itihAsa dRSTie dharmanA badalAtA svarUpanI vicAraNA vakhate je AkRti (pAna 16) ApI che enA parathI Adima jAtinA vividha dharma prakAra kyA che ene khyAla

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388 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana pAmI zakAze. pratyeka jAtine jema jema vikAsa sadhAya tema tema tenI saMskRtinuM svarUpa palaTAya e nizcita che. ' Adima jAtine paNa eka dharma--ravarUpa che, e eTaluM sUcavavA pUratuM che ke, ene paNa dharmanI ane dharmamAM samAviSTa evA praznonI samajaNa che, ane chatAMya enI samajaNanuM stara susaMskRta mAnavInI samajaNa jevuM ja che ema kevI rIte kahI zakAya ? e kakSAnA mAnavIne sarva prakArane vikAsa susaMskRta mAnavI samAna ja che ema paNa kaI rIte kahI zakAya ? Adima jAtine mAnavI jIvanane vyavahAra kare che, paraMtu tenI rIte. ene ene samAja che, enAM baMdhane che, paNa e te kakSAnI dRSTie. Adima mAnavI paNa sAdhanono upayoga kare che, vANIne upayoga kare che ane kavacita bhASAne paNa upayoga kare che, ane chatAMya e enI zarUAta ja hoya ema lAge che. A daSTie vicAratA ema kahI zakAya ke jIvana praNAlI, bhASAne upaga, ojArone vaparAza, utpAdananA prakAra vagere bAbatamAM eka mAnavajUtha bIjA mAnavajUthathI bhinna hoI zake. AvAM be bhinna jUthomAM kayuM vikasita ane kahyuM aNavikasita, kayuM susaMskRta ane kayuM Adima e nakkI karavAne mATe yogya mArga be jUthomAMnuM kyuM sahaja prakArane vyavahAra kare che ane kayu jaTila prakArane vyavahAra kare che enA parathI kahevAmAM raheluM che. jema ke keIpaNa eka jUye bhASAno upayoga mAtra zabdoccAranI dRSTie karate hoya, ane bIje vaga vAcA uparAMta enuM Alekhana paNa karato hoya te, pAchaluM samAjajUtha AgalA karatAM vadhu susaMskRta che ema sahaja rIte kahI zakAya. sAmAnya vyavahAra vize je vAta karI e ja vAta mAnavajIvananA vividha kSetrane lAgu pADIne kahyuM jUtha Adima che ane kayuM jUthe susaMskRta che e kahI zakAya. A ja hakIkta mAnavInA dhArmika jIvananA kSetrane paNa lAgu pADI zakAya. ahIM ApaNe ethI e samajavAno prayAsa karIzuM ke mAnavajIvananI dhArmika mAnyatAo ane AcaraNo vividha juthamAM bhinna zI rIte heI zake? AnI vicAraNA karatA je paddhati baTepa apanAvI che e AvakAradAyaka che. emaNe Adima jAtinA dharmanI vividha prArthanAo ekatrita karI ane e AdhAre prArthanAnA prakAranuM pRthakkaraNa karyuM. e pRthakakaraNanA AdhAre keTalAMka mahattvanAM tAraNe karyA 65 barTa I. e., mena sIksa dhI DIvAIna, pA. 39

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dhamanuM bhAvi 389 ane emAM ema jaNAvyuM ke pratyeka mAnavIne ane mAnavajUthane kaMIka mAnavIya jarUriyAta che je pUrNa karavAne e icche che, paraMtu sAthe, kadAcita e pUrNa na thaI zake ema paNa e jANe che. AvI jarUriyAta vyaktinI pitAnI hoya athavA te eka nAnA jUthanI haya, athavA te e jarUriyAta eka jAtinI paNa saMbhavI zake, ane je jarUriyAtane mATe daivItavane saMbodhavAmAM Ave che e jarUriyAtanA prakAramAM paNa phera hoI zake. e jarUriyAta kayAM te rAka prApta karavA mATenI heya athavA te taMdurastI ane tAkAta meLavavA mATe hoya, athavA te dIrghajIvananI prApti mATe athavA to bALaka meLavavAnI hoya. A uparAMta, evI prArthanA pitAnI jUtha paranI tAkAta vadhAravAnI dRSTie, gulAma meLavavA mATenI hoya, athavA to saMdharSamAM jIta mATe athavA te musApharInI saphaLatA mATe paNa hoya. A badhA parathI e phalita thAya che ke Adima jAtine mAnavI pitAnA tathA pitAnA jUthanA kSetranI bahAra draSTi deDAvI zakato nathI, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu jIvananI prAthamika ane aihika jarUriyAte sivAya bIjI jarUriyAta paNa hoI zake ene ene khyAla hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. Adima mAnavI potAnA jUthe sAthe ane je sRSTimAM e jIve che tenI sAthe vyavahAra zI rIte kare che ? enI AtmIyatA pitAnA ja jUtha ke jAti pUratI maryAdita che. anya jUtha ke jAtionA astitvane ene khyAla nathI ema nahIM, paraMtu teo enA virodhIo che, duzmana che, evo ja khyAla e seve che. e ane evAM bIjAM jUtha ane jAtionI sAthe ene saMbaMdha saMdharSane saMbaMdha hoya che. sRSTi sAthenA enA saMbaMdhamAM enI samajaNanuM phalaka maryAdita che. nadInA pANImAM pravAha avirata rIte vahe jAya che te e jue che ane jANe che, e ja rIte sUrya drazyamAna thAya che, madhyAkAze Ave che ane Athame che e paNa e jae che ane jANe che. e badhI bAbate e svIkArI le che. chatAM paNa jyAre nadImAM pUra Ave, sUrya divasanA bhAgamAM dekhAtuM baMdha thAya ane sarvatra aMdhakAra vyApI . jAya tyAre kaMIka banyuM che evo bhAva ene jarUra thAya che. vaLI sRSTimAM je kaMIka bane che te akAraNa nIpajatuM nathI evuM paNa enI sAmAnya buddhi ane kahe che. paNa enI samajaNa kakSA dareka banAvane kaIka sattA sAthe sAMkaLe che. Ama, kyAM te e kaI bhUta-pretanI, kaI mRtAtmAnI, kaI pUrvajanI ke koI daityanI sattA svIkAre che, sahaja rIte je kaMI bane che te bane ja jAya che. paNa je kaMI viziSTarUpe bane che te mATe AvI koI sattA kAraNabhUta che ane ethI tene saMtoSavAne enI rIte te prayAsa kare che.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A che Adima jAtinA vividha dharma prakArano AdhAra. A pazcAdabhUmAM ApaNe pravartamAna dharmanI viziSTatAo rajU karIzuM ane A pazcAdabhUne anulakSIne e viziSTatAonI vicAraNA hAtha dharIzuM. vizvanA je agiyAra dharmonI rUparekhA ApaNe upara rajU karI emAM, A pazcAdabhUne anulakSIne evAM kaI to avelekI zakAya kharAM jene pravartamAna dharmonI viziSTatAo tarIke oLakhI zakAya ? pratyeka dharmanuM sAmAnya svarUpa lakSamAM rAkhIne AvI viziSTatAo ApavI zakya che. A viziSTatAo nIce mujaba che: 1. jUtha naitika niyama nahi, sArvatrika naitika niyamano svIkAra 2. anekezvaravAdane nahi, ekezvaravAdane svIkAra. 3. mAtra dehabhAvane nahi, AtmabhAvane svIkAra. 4. aihika sukhane ja nahi, parama AnaMdane ravIkAra. keIpaNa dharmanI vistRta carcAmAM UtaryA sivAya, dharmonI upara rajU karelI parekhAnA AdhAre, ApaNe A viziSTatAonI vicAraNA karIzuM. ka, sArvatrika naitika niyama Adima mAnavInA dharmamAM sArvatrika varUpanI naitika javAbadArInA khyAlane abhAva hate. zubha ane sAcuM enI daSTie te hatuM, je samagra nahi, paraMtu ene pitAne ane enA jUthane anurUpa thAya ke anurUpa hoya. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM tema pitA sivAyanAM anya sAmAjika jUthe ene mATe viruddha svarUpanA ja nahi paraMtu duzmana svarUpanAM hatA. AthI pitAne mATe je prApta karavAno prayAsa che, anyane prApta na thAya e mATenA prayAsanI sAthe ekarUpa thatA. pitAnA jUthanA sabhya taraphanA vyavahArane mATe eka niyama, ane bIjA jUthanA sabhyane mATe jA prakArane niyama svIkArAye. jUtha pratyenI vaphAdArI e ja mahattvanI vAta, ane e sivAya anya kaMInuM jhAjhuM mahatva nahIM. jUtha pratyenI bevaphAI e ja aniSTa, e ja geravAjabI, e ja pApa. jema jema mAnava ane mAnavajUthe susaMskRta banatAM gayAM tema tema A mAnyatA ane vyavahAramAM parivartana thatuM gayuM. eka jUthane mATe nahi paraMtu baheLA janasamudAyane mATe naitika kAyade che ema svIkArAyuM. naitika kAyadAnI sattA eka jUtha pUratI ja maryAdita che ema nahi paraMtu enI sattA sArvatrika che ema

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dharmanuM bhAvi 31 svIkArAyuM. je vyavahAra mArA jUthanI ke mArI jAtinI vyaktinA saMbaMdhamAM geravAjabI che, e ja vyavahAra anya jUtha ke jAtinI vyaktinA saMbaMdhamAM paNa geravAjabI ja che ema manAtuM thayuM. khaekezvaravAda : bIjA vibhAgamAM dharmonI ApelI rUparekhAmAM ApaNe e joyuM ke keTalAka dharmo daivatane svIkAra karatA nathI, bAkInA anya dharmo je devatane svIkAra kare che emAM keTalAka eka karatAM vadhAre tane svIkAre che. Ama chatAM je te dharmanI vicAraNuM vakhate ApaNe e paNa joyuM che ke je dharmomAM daitavAda, sarvezvaravAda ke anekezvaravAdanA pravAha joI zakAya che te dharmo paNa temanA samagra AlekhanamAM ekezvaravAdI ja che. A ekezvaravAdanI bhAvanA mAtra Izvara saMbaMdhita nahIM, paraMtu sRSTi saMbaMdhita paNa che. samasta sRSTi je eka hoya te jAtio bhinna kaI rIte hoI zake ? vaLI sRSTimAM tuTaka tuTaka banatA bane alaga alaga devane kAraNe nathI, paraMtu samagra sRSTine krama eka ja paramatatva AdhArita che. e svIkAra mAnava saMskRtinA uccatara stare ja saMbhALe che. vyaktijIvana saMcAlana ane sRSTi-vyavahAra saMcAlana niyama ekamekathI alaga nathI paraMtu eka paramatatvanI bhAvanAmAMthI e niSpanna thAya che, ane ethI eka ja devItatva sRSTinA sarjana, saMcAlana ane samAptinuM kAraNa hoI zake. A eka evI viziSTatA che je Adima jAtinA mAnavImAM saMbhavI zake nahIM. pleToe kahyuM che ke je deva aniSTa kare che te deva nathI. Adima jAtine deva e kalpavAmAM AveluM te jAtine mATe ISTa kare ane sAthe ja anya jAtinuM ahita paNa kare. sAcI devabhAvanA naitika bhAvanAthI vimukha hoI zake nahIM. saMpUrNa Izvara bhAvanAmAM devabhAvanA ane naitika bhAvanAnuM sugya sAmaMjasya rathapAyeluM hevuM joIe. jagatanuM paramatatva ane jagatamAM pravartata cAlaka siddhAMta ane jagatane naitika kAyade ekamekathI viruddha hoI zake na4i. Adima mAnavIne dharma, A virodhanA svIkAra para AdhArita hato. susaMskRta mAnavIne dharma A traNeyanA ekarAgitA pUrvakanA saMbaMdha para AdhArita che. ekezvaravAdanI bhAvanAe dharmamAM vividha saMpradAyo aryA che. dhArmika anubhavanI anubhUti mATe nirguNa svarUpane eka Izvara saMtoSa ApI zake nahIM, eka IzvaranA paramatatvanI bhAvanA jJAna sivAyanA anya mArgothI prApti thaI zake nahi, e badhI bAbate mahattvanI hovA chatAM, ahIMyAM ApaNe enI vigatamAM

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39re dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahi UtarIe. ApaNe mAtra eTaluM ja nedhIe ke Adima mAnavInI deva-kalpanA karatAM susaMskRta mAnavInI deva kalpanA anekagaNuM vizALa ane vistRta che. upara AlekhAyela dharmonI rUparekhAmAM ApaNe e joyuM che ke ekezvaravAdanI kalpanA svIkAravA chatAM, e eka Izvara, sthaLanimita banAvavAmAM Avyo hate. eka prajA ja IzvaranI vahAlI prajA heya, ane eka Izvara jANe emanI ekalAnI ja milakata haya, e rItane khyAla paNa ekezvaravAdI dharmomAM ajANyuM nathI, ane chatAM e saMpUrNapaNe svIkArAyo paNa nathI e paNa eTaluM ja sAcuM. ga, AtmabhAva : pitAnI jAta mATe Adima mAnavIne ane susaMskRta mAnavIne khyAla saMpUrNapaNe bhinna che. pratyeka dharmanI rUparekhA ApatI vakhate je te dharmamAM jIvane khyAla rajU karavAmAM Avyo che. e uparathI eTaluM te sahaja rIte spaSTa thaze ke susaMskRta mAnavI potAnI jAtane potAnA deha pUratI ja maryAdita rAkhate nathI. deha ane enI indriyo uparAMta enAmAM bIjA keTalAMka viziSTa tarave che ene e svIkAra kare che. A tomAM mAnavInI tarkazakti, enI AMtarika naitika zakti tema ja enA aMtarAtmAnI zaktine samAveza thAya che. jyAM sudhI mAnavIe enA jIvananI A anekavidha zaktiono paricaya keLa na hatuM tyAM sudhI enI deTa bAhya sRSTi tarapha rahI hatI. jyAre e A samaje tyArathI ene pitAne ja vistRta khyAla AvyuM. eTaluM nahi, paraMtu badhuM ja jovAnI jANe ene eka navIna dRSTi prApta thaI pite samAjanuM eka aMga che, ane ethI samAja tarapha enI kaMI ka pharaja che e eNe, Adima mAnavanI jema, svIkAryuM. paraMtu, Adima mAnava, samUhanA vyavahAra niyama, nItiniyama te saMpUrNa che. ema ravIkArI, enuM AcaraNa e prakAre karato rahyo, ane ethI enI naitikatA rUDhigata prakAranI samAja kendrita banI. enI naitikatAnI phalaka tyAM ja aTakI. sasaMta mAnavI AvA samAja vyavahAranA niyame svIkArato nathI evuM nathI. paraMtu jema samAja pratye enI kaMIka pharaja che te ja rIte vizALa mAnavasamAja pratye enI kaMI pharaja che ema e samaje che, ane AthI jyAre maryAdita samAja niyama ane vistRta mAnavasamAjanA niyama vacce gharSaNa thAya che tyAre, susaMskRta mAnavI, baheLA mAnavasamAjanA niyama tarapha vadhAre DhaLe che. ATaluM ja nahi, potAnA samAja ane baheLA mAnavasamAja pratyenI pitAnI pharaja uparAMta, sasaMskRta mAnava pitAnI pitAnA pratyenI pharaja paNa samaje che, ane ethI jyAre

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dhamanuM bhAvi keTa paNa maryAdita samAja ke viratRta samAjanuM niyamana enA AMtarika ravarUpanI sAthe saMgharSamAM Ave tyAre, e koIpaNa samAjanA baMdhana svIkArato nathI, ane pitAnI pitA pratyenI pharaja adA kare che. dharmanA itihAsamAM mahAvIra, buddha, jisasa krAIsTa, mArTina lyuthara, vagere AnAM jIvaMta udAharaNa che. mAnavanuM Atmatattva, enI dehabhAvanA, buddhibhAvanA, nItibhAvanA ane AMtarbhAvanAne AvarI laI eka anya phalaka para paNa vistare che. e phalaka enA pitAnA AdhyAtmika svarUpanI che. sRSTinuM eka paramatattva pitAthI alaga nathI, pite e paramatatvanI samIpa javA sarjAyela che, enI sAthe bheda anya kaI AvaraNane AbhArI che ema e samaje che. samAjamAM rahevA chatAM e IzvaranI sAthe ekarUpa thavA sadAye prayatnazIla che. ene A prayatna zI rIte siddha thaI zake enI vicAraNA pravartamAna pratyeka dharme karelI che. pitAnAmAM astitvamAna daivatattvanI jANa, e devatatvanI-parama devatattvanI prAptinI zakyatAne svIkAra tathA evI prAptine mATenA mArganI rajUAta, e susaMskRta mAnavInA dhamanI viziSTatA che. gha, parama AnaMda : mAnava dehadhArI hovA chatAM deha e ja sarvasva nathI, ane e sivAyanAM vividha aMge paNa mAnavajIvanamAM mahattvanAM che enA svIkAramAM ja, dehika sukha karatAM kaMIka vizeSa sukhano vIkAra samAviSTa thAya che. Indriyone temanA viSaya sAthe saMparka, temane vizenuM jJAna ApavA uparAMta eka prakAranA sukhanI pratIti paNa karAve che, ane pachIthI te Indriya ane viSane saMpa eka sahaja bAbata banI jAya che. Adima mAnavIne mATe Indriya sukhamAM ja jIvanano AnaMda parimita thatuM hatuM. paraMtu jema jema susaM. skRta mAnavI potAnA jIvananI vividhatAne tema ja vizALatAne khyAla pAmata gayA tema tema enA sukhane khyAla paNa badalAte gaye. daihika sukha saMpUrNa nathI, ethIye vizeSa AnaMdadAyI sukha prApta karI zakAya ema che, ane sukhanI parama-sImAM AnaMdanIya avarathA che ema dhIme dhIme eNe ravIkAryuM. A parama AnaMdanI avasthA mAnavI tyAre ja prApta karI zake jyAre pote jene jIvananuM dhyeya svIkAryuM hoya tene e prApta kare. pratyeka pravartamAna dharma AvuM eka jIvana dhyeya nirdiSTa kare che ane enI prAptimAM ja parama AnaMda samAyeluM che ema sUcave che.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana A parama AnaMdane anubhava indriya sukhAnubhava sAthe susaMgata che ke kema e alaga prazna che ane ene uttara je te dharma pitAnI samagra vicAraNAnI daSTie Ape che. paraMtu A vize taphAvata hovA chatAM, mAnavajIvanamAM parama AnaMdanuM sthAna che tathA e prApya che, ema te pratyeka pravartamAna dharma ravIkAre che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke bahu ja vistRta prakAranI viziTatAo pravartamAna dharmomAM che. A pustakanA bIjA vibhAgamAM dharma dharma vaccenA taphAvata ApaNe joyA. paraMtu e taphAvatomAM paNa je kaMI sAmya che enI ahIMyAM ApaNe vicAraNA karI. vistRta phalakanA A sAmyane anulakSIne bhAvi dharma-svarUpanI kalpanA karI zakAya. 2. sAmyavAda dharma che ? mathALAne prazna joIne sahaja rIte e jijJAsA thAya ke dharmanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM A prazna kyAMthI ? ane zA mATe ? AvI jijJAsA thAya e svAbhAvika che. janasAmAnya ema mAne che ke sAmyavAda eka rAjya-vyavasthA che ane e eka evI rAjya-vyavasthA che jeno dharma sAme mAtra virodha che eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu dharmanuM nAme nizAna miTAvavA mATe e kaTibaddha che. kAraNake kAle mArkase kahyuM che: "prajAnA sAcA (real) sukhane mATe temanAM bhrAMtika (illusory) sukha samAna dharmane nAbUda kare joIe".66 AvI rAjya-vyavasthAno ahIMyAM abhyAsa zA mATe ? e prazna paNa eTaluM ja mahattavane che. paraMtu e praznanane uttara zarUAtane tabakake ApI zakAya tema nathI. ApaNe je kaMI rajUAta karavAnI che e karI dIdhA pachI A praznano uttara ApavA ApaNe vadhu susajaja hoIzuM. janasamudAyane eka e paNa khyAla che ke sAmyavAda dharmamAM mAnato nathI, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu IzvaramAM paNa mAnatA nathI. ane jema e dharmanuM nikaMdana kADhavA kaTibaddha thaye che evI rIte mAnava-vicAramAMthI IzvaranuM nikaMdane kADhavA kaTibaddha che. e sAcuM che ke sAmyavAda Izvarane ravIkAra karatA nathI, Izvarane inkAra kare che. paraMtu sAmyavAdane Izvarane InkAra samajavAne mATe Ivara eTale zuM e sama26 mArkasa enDa enjalsa, ena rilijiyana, nyuyorka, 1964, pA. kara

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dhamanuM bhAvi javuM jarUrI che. je vividha dharmonuM adhyayana ApaNe karyuM ene AdhAre Izvara vize ApaNe zo khyAla meLavyA ? janasAmAnyane mana Izvara eTale zuM ? | sAmAnya mAnavIne mana IzvaranA khyAla sAthe eka agamya, gUDha sattA sadAye saMkaLAyelI rahI che. A gUDha sattA drazyamAna nathI ane chatAMya kAryarata che evI bhAvanA paNa sadAye pravarte che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu A sattA sRSTinuM cAlaka baLa che ane e sRSTine zAMti, nyAya ane samAnatA tarapha dorI jAya che evI paNa eka bhAvanA janasamudAyamAM che. Izvarano raspaSTapaNe svIkAra na karatA dharmomAM paNa A joI zakAya che. ane dharmamAM Izvarano khyAla zo che? ApaNe dharmonI vicAraNAmAM e joyuM che ke dharma IzvarI tattvane eka sarvoparI sattA tarIke svIkAra kare che. e sattA ja sarjaka baLa che ane saMcAlaka baLa paNa che. pari. vartananuM kAraNa paNa e ja baLa che ane saMhAra, navasarjana paNa e ja kare che. AvI eka parama sattA sRSTimAM kramabaddha rIte kArya karI rahI che ane enAM kramamAM avarodha na nAMkhatA enI sAthe sahakArathI mAnavIe kArya karavuM joIe ema zuM badhA ja dharmo kahetA nathI? ane je sAmyavAda paNa A ja vAta AvI ja rIte kare che tene ApaNe dharma tarIke svIkArIe kharA ke kema? prabaLa dharmabhAvanA e zIkhave che ke anya tamArI sAthe kevI rIte varte che ene vicAra nahi kare. tamAre enI sAthe kema vartavuM joIe ene vicAra karo. A nyAye sAmyavAda pote game te maMtavya dharAvatA hoya te paNa je abAdhita satya dareka dharmane vize tema ja dharma anuyAyIne vize ApaNe upara rajU karyuM che te sAmyavAda vize sthApI zakIe te ene dharma tarIke oLakhavAmAM saMkoca ke laghuSTi zA mATe rAkhavI joIe ? dharmanA IzvaranA khyAlamAM sAmAnya rIte zuM samAviSTa thAya che e ApaNe upara joyuM. have ApaNe dharmamAM mukhyatve karIne kayA kayA tane samAveza thAya che tenI vicAraNA karIe. vividha dharmone ApaNe upara karela abhyAsa e batAve che ke lagabhaga pratyeka dharmamAM paramatatvane, karmaphaLane, muktine, baMdhutvane vicAra karavAmAM Avyo hoya che. A uparAMta keTalIka dhArmika mAnyatAo ane vidhione paNa vicAra karavAmAM Ave che ane kadIka kadIka dharmanA pracAra mATe anuyAyInuM saMkhyAbaLa vadhAravA mATe dharmamAM parivartana jevI prakriyAne paNa ullekha hoya che. dhamane ka abhyAsI ema kahI zakaze ke A badhI bAbatane dharmana abhyAsamAM samAveza thato nathI ?

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana je ApaNe ema svIkArIe ke dharmamAM A badhI bAbato ane prazno vize vicAraNA karavAmAM Ave che, e vize eka ke bIjA prakAranuM maMtavya bAMdhavAmAM Ave che, pachI bhale e maMtavyomAM virodha haya, asamAnatA hoya. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu dharmabodhanA A ane AvA viSaya upara je vividha maMtavyo vividha dharmomAM rajU thayAM hoya enI ApaNe tulanA karIe chIe ane e tulanAne AdhAre yogya samIkSA paNa karIe chIe. AthI, jene ApaNe ema sthApita karI zakIe ke sAmyavAdane paNa A vividha dhArmika viSayo vize kaMIka ne kaMIka kahevAnuM che, bhale pachI eNe je kahevAnuM hoya te anya dharmomAM kahevAyuM hoya ke na kahevAyuM hoya, A viSeno bedha anya dharmonA bodha sAthe samAna hoya ke bhinna haya, toye kakSA tArkika kAraNasara ApaNe ene dharma tarIke inkAra karI zakIzuM ? ethI, have ApaNe pratyeka bodha viSaya laIne sAmyavAde e vize zuM kahevAnuM che enI mitAkSarI rajUAta bane anulakSIne karIe. paramatava: dharmamAM paramatattvanI bhAvanA keTalI mahatvanI che tathA vividha dharmamAM e bhAvanA kaI rIte vyakta thaI che enI vicAraNA ApaNe AgaLa karI che. sAmyavAdamAM paNa AvI eka paramatattvanI bhAvanA che. e paramatattvanI bhAvanAnuM nAma Izvara nathI. paNa ethI zuM ? tAo dharmamAM paramatattavanI bhAvanA che paNa ene ullekha "tAo" tarIke thaye che, evI ja rIte kanphayuziyanadharmamAM paramatatvano ullekha "havana" tarIke thayuM che, ane bauddhadharmamAM te ene ulekha "anitya" tarIke-zUnya tarIke thayo che ema kahIe to cAle. kAraNake e dharmamAM koI paramatava na svIkArAyA chatAM parivartananI zakyatA e ja paramatatva che evI spaSTa rajuAta thaI che. Ama, paramatatvane svIkAra mahatvanuM che, enuM nAmakaraNa nahIM. sAmyavAdamAM AvuM kayuM paramatattva che ? sAmyavAda itihAsanI nakkaratAne svIkAra karIne AgaLa vadhe che. e eTaluM paNa svIkAre che ke evo eka anivArya kAyado gatimAna che jene AdhAre ItihAsane vikAsa thAya che. sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA e vastu vadhu spaSTa rIte jaNAve che ke sAmAjika utkrAMti eka nizcita mAge thAya che ane bhaviSyamAM je eka Adarza che tenI siddhi prApta karaze. Ama, bhaviSyane eka Adarza samAja, jenI prApti itihAsanI prakriyAmAMthI pasAra thaI thavAnI che, enI nizcitatA ApaNane sAmyavAdamAMthI prApta thAya che. 67 ba8, pA. 455

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dharmanuM bhAvi 397 vividha dharmonA abhyAsamAM ApaNe e joyuM ke paramatattvanI bhAvanAnI sAthe Izvara bhAvanA paNa saMkaLAyelI che. ghaNI veLA te dharmasaMrathApakane ja IzvararathAne sthApavAmAM Ave che. sAmyavAdamAM paNa AvI prakriyA ajANI nathI. cInI sAmyavAdamAM A vadhu spaSTa rIte joI zakAya che. cInanA eka kapriya gItamAM 68 A pratIta thAya che : The East is red The sun rises On the horizon of China Appears the great Hero MAO Tse Tung He is the great saviour of the people. vaLI, mAonI pratikRti ghara, zALA, kArakhAnAM ane ophisomAM rAkhavAmAM Ave che. ghaNAM gharomAM te pUjAne mATenI purANI takatIone dUra karI ene sthAne mAonI pratimAnuM sthApana karavAmAM AvyuM che. kArakhAnAnA eka oraDAnA khUNAne lAla paDadAthI judo pADI tyAM mAonI pratimA mUkavAmAM Ave che ane kAmadAre pratyeka dina AvIne mAo pratyenI vaphAdArInA zapatha le che 68 mukti : pratyeka dharma ema kahe che ke mAnavInI vartamAna avasthA palaTAvavI jarUrI che. mAnavInuM vartamAna aritatva baMdhanarUpa che ane emAMthI eNe mukti prApta karavAnI che. zuM sAmyavAda paNa AvI muktinI vAta karatA nathI? amIra ane umarAvanA Arthika, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya zeSaNamAMthI tathA emanA varcasvamAMthI mukti meLavavAne mATe sAmyavAda haMmezA khaDe che. je avasthAmAM mAnavI mukAya che e avasthAnuM parivartana lAvavA mATe sAmyavAda kaTibaddha che, ane jema pratyeka dharmamAM muktinI prAptine mATe eka ke vadhAre mArgo sUcavAyA che, ema sAmyavAda paNa muktinA mArgo sUcave che. kadAcita ahIM prazna thaze ke sAmyavAda mAnavInI AdhyAtmika muktinI nahIM paraMtu Arthika, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya muktinI vAta kare che. sAmyavAdanI 68 mAyarsa, je. TI., rilijiyasa AspekaTsa opha dhI kaTa opha mAo tsa tuMga, karanTa DevalapamenTasa, 1972, graMtha 10, aMka 3, pA. 2 69 veca helamsa, dhI DIphikezana opha mAo, seTaraDe rivyu, 19-9-1970, pA. 25 (eja pA. 7)

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398 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana muktine khyAla Ave che, enI AjanA tabakake nA kahevAya ema nathI. paraMtu, sAmyavAda rAjyavihIna samAjanA Adarzane varelo che ane ethI evA sAmyavAdamAM sarva prakAranI-AdhyAtmika sahitanI mukti kema na saMbhavI zake? vaLI, ema kema na ravIkArAya ke Arthika, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya mukti e te AdhyAtmika mukti prApta karavAnAM vividha sopAne che? vaLI, kadAca ema paNa kahevAya ke muktinA mArga tarIke sAmyavAda hiMsAne Azare le che, je dharmanI viruddha che. je susaMgata rIte ApaNe A svIkAryuM heta te vAta alaga hatI. paraMtu zuM jarathustadharmamAM aniSTanI sAmenA yuddhamAM hiMsAnA upayogane ravIkAra nathI ? zuM islAmanI jehAdanI bhAvanAmAM hiMsaka baLone upayoga nathI ? zuM zIkhadharmane khAlasAnA vicAramAM hiMsA svIkArAI nathI? A badhA dharmomAM hiMsAne svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo hoya ane hiMsAnA mArga dvArA mukta prAptinI zakyatA vicArAI heya, chatAMya emane dharma tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM Ave, ane sAmyavAdamAM hiMsA ane baLane svIkAra thayo che, mATe eno dharma tarIke InkAra karavAmAM Ave, emAM kaI tarkabaddhatA rahI ? kaI tarka susaMgatatA rahI ? kama-phaLa bhAvanA : vizvanA pratyeka dharmamAM karmaphaLa bhAvanAne svIkAra thayuM che. keTalAka dharmomAM karma-phaLa bhAvanAne anulakSIne punarjanmanI vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che te keTalAkamAM A eka ja janma che ema svIkArI IzvaranA nyAyanA divasanI vicAraNA rajU thaI che. e vicAraNuM sAthe ema paNa sUcavAyuM che ke karelAM karmone badale gya rIte darekane maLaze. jeNe puNya karyA che temane tene badale ane jeoe pApa karyA che temane tenI zikSA maLI raheze. sAmyavAdamAM paNa AvAM karma-phaLane vicAra nathI thayo zuM ? je dharmo punajanmane vicAra rajU kare che, teo punarjanmanA siddhAMtane koIpaNa vaijJAnika ke anubhavanA pAyA para AdhArita karI zake ema nathI, ane chatAM jema enA samarthanamAM AdhAra prApta nathI tema enA virodhamAM paNa AdhAra prApta nathI, ane tethI jene anukULa Ave te e mAnyatAne svIkAra kare che. e ja pramANe je dharmo Izvarane nyAyanA divasanI vAta kare che e paNa, e divasa vize cokkasa kaMI ja kahI zakatA nathI. jyAre sAmyavAda te karma-phaLa siddhAMtane svIkAra ane enA pariNAma vize nizcitatApUrvaka kahe che. eTaluM ja nahIM paNa ene pratyakSa paNa karI batAve che. karmanA niyamanI prakriyAnI jema ja krAMtinA niyamanI eka

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dhamanuM bhAvi prakriyAne sAmyavAda svIkAra kare che. karmanA siddhAMta anusAra jema mAnavIne enA karmane badale maLe che tema krAMtinA siddhAMta anusAra paNa jeNe jevAM karmo karyA hoya te anusAra ene badale maLe che. garIba prajAnA zeSa ane mUDIvAdIo zetAna jevA che, ane ethI jyAre krAMtine siddhAMta gatizIla bane che ane krAMti jyAre saphaLa thAya che tyAre, A zeSaNakhora ane mUDIvAdIo tema ja sattAdhipatione temanAM karmonAM phaLa maLe che, ane e mATenI zikSA emane prApta thAya che. zoSita vargo, garIba vargo jemaNe khUba bhagavyuM che emane have e ja niyama anusAra sArAM phaLanI prApti thAya che, svAtaMtryanI havA maLe che, saMpUrNa take maLe che ane jIvana vikAsa mATenuM ghaDatara thAya che. bhrAtRbhAva bhAvanA : dareka dharmamAM bhrAtRbhAvanI bhAvanAne kaMIka ne kaMIke ullekha prApta thAya che. khristI dharmamAM prabhunA sAmrAjyanI vAta che, te hiMdudharmamAM brahma-akyanI vAta che. islAmamAM muslima birAdarInI vAta che, te jarathustadharmamAM jUtha sAthIdArInI vAta che. sAmyavAdamAM paNa Avo vicAra be varUpe rajU thayela che. eka, te emAM ema kahevAya che ke jagatanA zramajIvIo tame eka thAo ane e rIte vizvanA vizALa janasamudAyane eka saMdha sthapAya evI bhAvanA emAM vyakta thAya che. paraMtu, bIjI rIte vicAra karIe te sAmyavAdamAM vargavihIna samAjaracanAne Adarza apAyo che - eka evo samAja jemAM varga-varga vacce bheda na hoya, eka e samAja jemAM ucca-nIcanA bheda na haya, eka evo samAja jemAM amIra ane garIbanA bheda na hoya. eTaluM ja nahi, AvA samAjanI Adarza kalpanA AgaLa vadhArIne sAmyavAda ema paNa kahe che ke e eka evo samAja haze jemAM rAjyakartA ane prajA jevA bhedo paNa nahi hoya. kAraNake e Adarza samAja racanAmAM rAjya jevI saMsthA paNa lupta thaI gaI haze. Paul2el1401 : ( Creed) pratyeka dharmanA anuyAyIo pitAnA dharmamAM je vicAro rajU karavAmAM AvyA heya che ene daDhatApUrvaka svIkAre che eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu ene prasAra karavA mATe paNa taiyAra bane che. dharma mAnyatAonA AvA svIkAramAM hibru ane ilAma jevA dharmomAM to eka prakAranuM jhanUnI tattva paNa daSTigocara thAya che. samAjavAdane paNa AvuM eka vicArabaLa che. emanI paNa AvI mAnyatAo ' che ane e mAnyatAone teo eTalA ja jhanUnIbhAvathI vaLagI rahyA che, je

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400 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jhanunIbhAvathI keTalAka dharma anuyAyIo temanI dhArmika mAnyatAone vaLage che tathA tenA prasArane mATe prayatnazIla rahe che. dharma-parivartana : khAsa karIne khristI dharmamAM dharma-parivartanane savizeSe svIkAra thayuM che. keIpaNa eka vyakti eka dharma jUthamAMthI bIjA dharma juthamAM Ave ane parivartananI prakriyA tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. vaLI, koIpaNa eka vyakti pitAnA svIkArelA eka jIvana-mArgane badale, bIjA nizcita Adarza yukta jIvana-mArganuM parigrahaNa kare tene paNa parivartananI prakriyA tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. AvuM parivartana sAmyavAdamAM paNa che. raziyAmAM pravartatA sAmyavAdamAM AvA parivartanane "Purges tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che ane cInanA sAmyavAdamAM "brain wash" tarIke oLakhAvAya che. Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke dharmanA vividha bedha viSayane anulakSIne vicAra karavAmAM Ave to sAmyavAdamAM paNa e bedha viSayo vize cokkasa mAnyatAo dharAvavAmAM Ave che ane ethI sAmyavAdane paNa dharma tarIke jarUra svIkArI zakAya. e kharuM ke e dharmane Izvara Aje je kaI saramukhatyAra sattAsthAne heya te bane. paraMtu jApAnanA zidharmamAM paNa AvuM kyAM nathI banyuM ? e saramukhatyAranA bAmRta te dharmazAstro bane, ane enuM raheThANa maMdira bane e saMbhavita che. paraMtu A badhuM bane che enuM kAraNa e che ke mAnavanA hRdayamAM je AdhyAtmika jhaMkhanA che e jhaMkhanAnI siddhi mATe je kaI mArga prApta thAya te grahaNa karavA e taiyAra bane che. dharma vyaktinI ane samAjanI keTalIka mahattvanI jarUriyAta pUrNa kare che. vaLI, noTiMgahAma kahe che tema "jyAM jyAM mAnavasamAja vase che tyAM tyAM dharmanuM eka sArvatrika kArya che." 71 sAmyavAda daihika ane bhautika jarUriyAta pUrI pADIne mAnavInI e kSetronI ciMtA dUra kare che. paraMtu ema karIne ja enI AdhyAtmika bhAvanAno upayoga enI pitAnI tarapha ane enI vicArasaraNI tarapha vALIne pitAne IzvarasthAne sthApe che ane pitAnA upadezene dharmazAstrane sthAne sthApe che. sAmAnya mAnavanI A bhAvanA-pitAnuM hita karanArane devasthAne sthApavAnI bhAvanAne upayoga sAmyavAdI saramukhatyAra A rIte karI zake che. paraMtu Ama kayAM sudhI thatuM raheze? 70 mAyarsa, je. TI., pA. 1 71 neTiMgahama i. ke, rilijiyana eNnDa sesAyaTI, nyUyorka, 154, pA. 5

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401 dhamanuM bhAvi ApaNe upara joyuM e svarUpanA sAmyavAdamAM vyakti kendrasthAne nathI paraMtu rAjakIya jUtha e ja kendrasthAne che. vyaktinI mahattA nathI, mahattA sattAdhArI jUthanI che. kAyado vyakitae ghaDelo nathI, juthe Apela che. A daSTie vicAratA sAmyavAda dharma khare, paraMtu e Adima dharma svarUpa che, ane jema pratyeka Adima dharmanI kALAnukrame sAMskRtika dharmamAM utkrAMti thaI che ema, A nadita dharma sAmyavAdanI utkrAMti paNa eka susaMskRta mAnavadharmamAM thaze evI AzA kema na rAkhI zakAya? 3. dharma samanvayanA keTalAka prayAse : evAM aneka biMduo che jyAM vividha dharmonuM milana thAya che e ApaNe jevuM. eka anaMtanI zodhamAM nIkaLelA vividha dharma-mArgone judI judI dizAmAMthI nIkaLatI ane vahetI bhinna bhinna nadIo sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya, ane jema badhI nadIo chevaTe te mahAsAgaramAM eka thAya che ema zuM vividha dharmo paNa AvI rIte anaMtanI khojanA mahAsAgaramAM lIna thaze kharA? zuM badhA dharmo eka evA pravAhamAM maLI zake kharAM ke jyAM pravAhanI bhinnatA na hoya, ane hoya mAtra pANInI-tattvanI samAnatA? bhAvi dharma tarapha najara pheMkIe tyAre AvA samanvayakArI prayAsane, mAnava ItihAsamAM thayele prayAsa visarA joIe nahi. ethI ja have ApaNe dharma samavayanA vividha prayAsanI rUparekhA meLavI laIe. kALakramamAM thayelA AvA prayAso nIce pramANe che : ka. manicIyAnIjhama I. sa. 215 kha. sUphImata I. sa. 815 ga. bahAImata I. sa 1844 gha. thiye phI I. sa. 1875 ca. Izvara sAmrAjya caLavaLa I. sa. 1940 che. rAmakRSNa vicAradhArA ja. gAMdhI vicAradhArA ka, manicIyAnIjhama : khristI dharmanA uddabhava pachInI zarUAtanI sadIomAM hiMda taraphathI je dharmasaMpradAya pUrvamAM prasaryA teNe pazcimI jagata upara vizeSa asara karI. A badhA saMpradAye AdhyAtmika jJAna dvArA mAnavIne mokSa ApavAno dAvo karatA hatA. dharma 26

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402 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hiMdudharmanA yogamAM je cetana avasthAo prApta thAya tevI paddhatio ApavAne A saMpradAya prayAsa karatA hatA. enI sAthe ja paramatatva athavA to gUDha tattvamAMthI niSpanna thatI bAbate aMge mAhitI ApatA hatA. emanA AvA udhamAMnA ghaNAkharA Aje ApaNane arthahIna lAge. paraMtu ApaNe ene tiraskArapUrvaka InkAra kare joIe nahi. kAraNake te samayanuM sekyulara vijJAna jene mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM tenuM te pratinidhitva karatuM hatuM. deva-jJAnavAda (gnosticism) ne nyAya ApavA mATe ApaNe ene vicAra khristI dharma ane pUrvanA dharmonI vyApaka jaTilatA vacce saMbaMdha sthApavAnA satya prayAsa tarIke, kara joIe. AvA prayatnomAM eka prakhyAta ane viziSTa prayatna "manI'ne che. manIne. janma eka parziyana umadA kuTuMbamAM I. sa. 215mAM bebilanamAM thayo hato. pUrvenI purANI saMskRtiomAMthI manoe sRSTi-sarjananA khyAla meLavyA. emaNe jarathustadharmamAMthI vaizvika ane mRtyu, ane te pachInI avasthA aMgenA siddhAMta lIdhA. bhAratIya bodhimAMthI tapazcaryAyukta jIvana-vyavasthAne vicAra lIdhe. A badhAnA saMmizraNamAM emaNe khristI dharmanA keTalAMka aMgone umere karyo AthI emanI paddhatinI asara anekagaNI vadhI. AnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke eka navA dharmanuM, islAma jevA ja eka svataMtra dharmanuM sarjana thayuM ane e dharma manicIyAnIjhama tarIke oLakhAvavA mAMDyo. manicIyAnIjhamanI vizeSatA e che ke khristI dharmanI sAthenA saMparkamAM e vadha aMze khristI thavAnuM valaNa dharAve che. e ja pramANe turkastAnamAM jyAM bauddha dharma sAthe ene saMparka che tyAM e bauddha daSTibiMdunI samIpa rahevAnuM valaNa dharAve che. paraMtu AvA valaNa chatAM e eka viziSTa dharma rahyo che ane emAM enI tejasvI medhAvI daSTigocara thAya che. . sa. nI cothI sadImAM manicayana dharmanA anuyAyIo saMkhyAnI dRSTie vadhyA ane emanI asara paNa vadhI. hipanA saMta agasTAInane emanA dharmanA anuyAyI banAvavAmAM emane saphaLatA maLI. tyAra pachInI ghaNI sadIo sudhI pUrva yuropamAM manicIyAnojhamanI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya evI vicAraNA astitvamAM rahI. Adhunika thiyosophIne koIpaNa arthamAM manicIyana caLavaLanA sIdhA paripAka tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya ema nathI. Ama chatAM, pUrvanI vicitra dhArmika paddhatienA juthanI, e vArasa che ema mAnavAne zaMkA nathI.

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dhamanuM bhAvi 403 manicIyAnIjhamanI vadhu mAhitI pro. bekaTe ApelAM DonelA bhASaNomAMthI prApta thAya che. emanA manicIyAnIjhamanA tathA vijJAnavAda upara ApelAM bhASaNo A vicAradhArA vize ghaNI mAhitI Ape che. elabarI ane piloTaWInA saMpAdanamAM prApta thayela Tana tathA ijiptanA anya sthAnomAM zodhAyelA dastAvejo parathI manInA upadeza vizenuM ApaNuM jJAna vadhu samRddha banyuM che. prophesara arnasa pace perisamAM kareluM manicIyAnIjhama paranuM kAma I. sa. 1945 pachI A dharma uparanuM mahatvapUrNa kArya che. A jagatamAM manicIna dharma anuyAyIo Aje kayAMya heya evuM jANamAM nathI,72 kha. sUphImata: sAmAnyataH evI mAnyatA pravarte che ke sUphamatane udbhava IslAmanA sthApaka mahamadanA kathanamAMthI thayo che. AvI mAnyatA dharAvanArA evuM paNa mAne che ke mahamadane jyAre allAhano payagAma maLe tyAre te be svarUpe prApta thayo hato. emAMnA eka svarUpanuM darzana kurAnamAM je bodha samAyela che temAM prApta thAya che ane bIjo emanA hRdayamAM je saMdeza prApta thayela hato emAM samAviSTa thAya che. sUphImatanA bIja mahamadanAM kathanamAM ane kurAnamAM hovAnuM A eka varga mAne che, te bIjA keTalAka vicArake A matanA mULa bhAratIya rahayavAdamAM jue che ane sUphImatanA vikAsane ene anulakSIne samajAvavAno prayAsa kare che. sUphI" zabdanA vividha artho prApta che. "sUphA" eTale pavitramAMthI "sUphI zabda prApta thayo che ema keTalAka mAne che. bIjA keTalAka enI utpatti "AsAbasa". mAMthI thayAnuM mAne che. bIjA keTalAka vaLI ema mAne che ke A zabdanI utpatti islAmanA zarUAtanA divasomAM je phakIro garIbI ane dunyavI tyAganA pratIkarUpe UnanAM vasra vAparatAM emAMthI thaI che. sUphI zabdane A arthe uparAMta sUphImatane samajavA mATe abusaiyade sUphImatanI Apela vividha vyAkhyAo rajU karavI ThIka raheze. eka, je tamArA hAthamAM che tene tyAge, je tamArA magajamAM che ene visaraze, ane tamArA para je kaMI gujare enI sAme virodha na darzA. be, sUphImata be mahattvanI bAbata che-eka dizAmAM avalokana karavuM ane eka mArge jIvana vyatIta karavuM. 72 muMke, e, sIH kampareTIva rilijiyanamAM pA. 290-91 para Apela noMdha parathI 173 glIspesIsa opha varlDa rilijiyansa jayake, pA. 257

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404 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana traNa, sUphImatanuM nAma enA Adarzane anulakSIne ApavAmAM AvyuM che.. mAnavI jyAre saMpUrNa pUrNatA prApta kare tyAre te prabhumaya bane che. cAra, sUphImata evI mAnasika tathA daihika avasthA prabodhe che jyAM bhUkhamAM AnaMda, garIbImAM amIrI, sevAmAM prabhumayatA, nagnatAmAM savastratA, gulAmImAM. svAtaMtrya, mRtyumAM jIvana, kaDavAzamAM mIThAza, nAzamAM garvane anubhava karI zakAya. pAMca, prabhu je kaMI kare che emAM AnaMda mAnanAra vyakti sUphI che, kAraNa ke pote je kaMI kare che enAthI prabhu khuza rahe. che, sRSTinA kramamAM IzvaranA Adhipatyane anusarI je kaMI bane ene zAMtipUrvaka svIkAra e sUphImatanI viziSTatA che. sAta, sAce sUphI te ja che je pitAnI jAtane bhUlIne prabhumAM tanmaya bane che, kAraNake je vyakti potAnAmAM ja tanmaya rahe che e kadIye prabhunI nikaTa jaI zake nahi. sUphImatanI viziSTatAo: asaiyade Apela sUphImatanA vividha khyAlone anulakSIne sUphImatanI keTalIka viziSTatAo spaSTa thAya che. IzvaranI bhIti tathA IzvaranA nyAyamAM vizvAsa e be mahatvanA muddAo che. vaLI sUphImatAnusAra dunyavI sukhane tyAga paNa mahattvane bane che. Ama karavAmAM sUphImata vairAgya bhAvanAne prAdhAnya Ape che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu vairAgya bhAvanAne e tabakke laI jAya che jyAM vyakita pote pitAne mATe paNa vairAgya anubhave. Ama tyAre ja banI zake jyAre vyakti prabhu-tanmaya. bane. A mATe sUphImatamAM manana ane samAdhinuM sthAna paNa svIkArAyela che. sUphImatanuM rahasyavAdI svarUpa rabiyAnA A kathanamAM prApta thAya che : "prabhA je huM narkanA bhayathI tArI pUjA karuM te mane narkamAM bALaje, ane je huM svarganI AzAe tArI pUjA karuM te mane svargamAMthI bAkAta rAkhaje. paraMtu, huM je tArI pUjA tAre mATe ja karuM te tAruM divya sauMdarya mArAthI chUpAvIza nahIM." vaLI, bIjA eka sUphI kahe che e pramANe pUrNa prema mAtra evA ja premImAMthI nIpaje che je pitAne mATe ja AzA rAkhI kaI karatA nathI. mUlyanI AzA zI kAmanI ? ApaNe mATe te mUlya karatAM, bheTa karatAM ene ApanAra ja mahAna che. A pramANe ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke sUphImata savizeSe rahasyavAdI banI rahe che. prabhuprApti mATe pitAnA satya svarUpanuM tema ja pitAnA asatya svarUpanuM

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dharmanuM bhAvi 405 jJAna prApta karavuM Avazyaka che, ane tema chatAM mAtra buddhithI ja IzvaranuM svarUpa na te jANI zakAya, na te anubhavI zakAya. e mATe to IzvarIka pAnI ane IzvarI sahAyanI AvazyaktA rahe che. sUphImatane atihAsika vikAsa sUphImatanI viziSTatAo islAmadharmanI utpattinI sAthe sAthe daSTigocara thavA chatAM ene kharo atihAsika vikAsa I. sa.nI 8mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM thayelA mAlUma paDe che. A samaye sarvezvaravAdathiyesophI, IzvaravAda tathA daivIekta bhAvanA jevA 'binamuslima aMze sUphImAnA mULa vicAramAM bhaLyA. AthI saphImatane vikAsa thayo ane sAthe ja eno phelAvo paNa thaye. A tabakake saphImatanA vikAsamAM mahatvano phALo maMsura tathA ImAma gajhAlIe Ape. maMsuranA sarvezvaravAdanA vicArone pariNAme muslimo sUphIone pitAnAthI alaga gaNatA. imAmai-ala-gajhAlIe saphImatanuM islAmamAM sthAna nizcita karyuM. islAmanA prakhara IzvaravAdI tarIke gajhAlIne ravIkAra thAya che. gajhAlIe IzvaranA svarUpane tathA Ivara sAthenA ekatrane judI rIte rajU karyo. IzvaramAM lInatA ane enI sAthenA ekatva tarIke nahIM, paraMtu khristI matAnusAra ekatvane emaNe svIkAryuM. emanA matAnusAra "hida" eTale ekatva ane "vaka hula' eTale vizvAsa ane zraddhA. e baMne ekamekanI sAthe anivAryapaNe saMkaLAyelA che. A rIte gajhAlI keTalAka naitika ane AdhyAtmika vicAronA praNetA banyA che. sUphImatane zreSThatama samaya I. sa. nI 13mI sadIthI zarU thAya che. A samayanA mahatvanA sUphImata pracAraka tarIke pharIduddIna attara, jalAluddIna rUmI, zekha sAdika ane sAmIno ullekha karI zakAya. A vicAranA vicAronI asara IslAma para prabaLa rIte rahI che. A samayamAM sUphImane je sthAna prApta karyuM hatuM ene khyAla gAmI vizenA A kathanamAMthI Ave che : "paziyAnA rahasyavAdI ane sarvezvaravAdI vicAranuM gAmImAM bahu spaSTa ane saMpUrNapaNe nirUpaNa thayuM che. gAmIe visAvela aMtima tattvane anaMta sauMdarya tarIkene khyAla savizeSa dhyAna kheMce che. gAmanA matAnusAra Ivara anaMta sauMdarya che ane e sauMdaryanA pratyakSIkaraNa mATe ja sRSTinuM sarjana thayuM che. sauMdaryamAMthI aneka janme che ane snehamAMthI AnaMda-prAptinA mArge jaI zakAya che. e AnaMdamAM badhA ja bheda ogaLI jAya che. premI ane premikA eka bane che. saMpUrNa sauMdaryamAMthI pUrNa

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406 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prima nIpaje che ane pUrNa premamAMthI pUrNa AnaMdAvasthA prApta thAya che. saudaryane mATenI AkAMkSA, jIva ane zivanI vaccenA tAdAmyanI jhaMkhanAnA mArga samAna che. sUphImatanA vikAsa vize evalIla aMDarahIla kahe che : rabIA (717831)nA prabhAvazALI vyaktitvamAM rajU thaI, zahIda-ala-halara (majura) (922) dvArA saMcalita thayela, muslima rahasyavAda, ala gajhAlI (1055-1111) nA "ekarAramAM sAhityika svarUpa pAme che. ane ene praziSTa samaya 13mI sadImAM prApta kare che, jyAre rahayavAdI kavio attara (1140-1234), zAdI ane saMta jalAluddIna (1207-1273) enuM siMcana kare che. A muralIma rahasyavAda 14mI sadImAM hAphIjha (1300-1388) ane enA 15mI sadInA anugAmI kavi gAmI (1414-1492)mAM premalakSaNA svarUpe prApta kare che. enI A vikAsa tavArIkhamAM muslima rahasyavAda, islAmanI mULa bhAvanAne anurUpa nahi evAM keTalAMka to samAve che, ane AthI mahamada prabodhelA allAhanA khyAla, jIvana mArga ane allAha ane mAnavanA saMbaMdha vizenA ilAmI mULa vicArothI A rahasyavAdI vicAradhArA alaga paDe che. Ama chatAM, eTaluM te svIkAravuM ja rahyuM ke AvA aMzane pitAmAM samAviSTa karavA chatAM, murilama rahasyavAde IslAmamAM eka AgavuM sthAna jALavyuM che. prabhuprAptinAM sopAne Izvara sAthenA tAdAbhyatAnA anubhava upara sUphImatane prema che e ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. prabhuprAptinA AdhyAtmika mArga parane pathika pitAnuM dhyeya prApta kare e mATe keTalAMka mahatvanAM sopAno sUphImatamAM AlekhavAmAM AvyAM che vividha dharmomAM rajU thayela sAdhanAnA mArgonI sAthe sUphImatanAM A sopAno sarakhAvI zakAya. AvAM sAta sopAna rajU karavAmAM Ave che. 1. prabhusevA : IzvaranI sevA e prabhuprAptinA mArganuM prathama pagathiyuM che. A tabakake chava pitAnA dukRtya mATe prAyazcitta kare che ane ema karI potAnA AtmAnI pavitratA prApta kare che. Atmazuddhi vinA prabhuprApti zakaya nathI e ahIMyAM bhArapUrvaka sUcavAyuM che. 2, prabhuprema : Atmazuddhi karyA bAda jIvane dunyavI kaI vastumAM mamatA ke moha hete nathI ane IzvaraprAptinI ekamAtra jhaMkhanA ene rahe che. prabhunI sevA dvArA ene neha,

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dhamanuM bhAvi 407 prApta karavA e prayatnazIla rahe che. prabhunA viyogathI e dukhI thAya che ane sarvatra IzvaranA darzanane mATe jhaMkhe che. dunyavI sarvane tyAgIne prabhupremamAM e magna bane che ane IzvaranA guNonA sarvasthAne pratyakSa darzana karatA e ene pAmavA prayatnazIla rahe che. dunvayI tRSNA tyAgIne e eka prakAranI phakIrI svIkAre che ane ema karI prabhunI pUrNatA prApta karavA mATe keziza kare che. 3. sarvatyAga : prabhusevA ane prabhupremanAM sopAne vaTAvI jIva eka evI kakSAe Ave che jyAre Atma-pavitratAnI prAptine kAraNe prabhuprAptinA mArge jIva AgaLa vadhe che. A tabakake ene sarva kaMI prabhumaya lAge che ane enA sivAya anya kaMInuM astitva nathI e anubhava ene thAya che. 4. jJAnAvasthA : sAdhanAnA A tabakake jIvane jJAnaprApti thAya che ane te IzvaranA ravarUpa ane guNa vize ciMtana kare che. A ciMtana dvArA e pitAnuM hRdaya Izvarane samarpita kare che. ane pitAnA mananI sarva vRttio saMkelIne IzvaranA vicAramAM nimagna bane che. 5devIekatvanuM rUpa : A tabakke IzvaramAM dhyAnamagna banela chava IzvaranA japamAM magna bane che. vyakti, vyakti maTIne samaSTi bane che; jIva, jIva maTIne ziva bane che; ane jIva-zivane bheda maTatAM AdhyAtmika ekatvano anubhava pratyakSa thAya che. A tabakake saghaLI svArthodhatA nAza pAme che. kAraNake svArthadhatA sivAyanuM anya naka koI nathI ane jIva AmasamarpaNabhAva anubhave che. kAraNake enA samAna keI svarga nathI. 6. samIpatva : alaukika devIekatvanA A anubhavamAM paNa chava izvara sAthenA ekatrano anubhA karavA chatAM Izvara enI samIpa nathI. paraMtu A kakSAe jIva pitAnuM pitApaNuM visArI, pitAne ja Izvara svarUpe jue che. enA svAthI paNAnI dhUmrasera enAthI judI paDI java tisvarUpe prakAze che. jIvanI A jyoti svarUpanI

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408 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prApti, sAdhanAnuM e pagaciyuM che, jenA parathI mAtra eka klAMga mArI sAdhaka siddhinuM zikhara prApta karI zake che. ha, prabhuekatva : A tabakake jIvanI samakSa prabhu pratyakSa thAya che ane jIvanI ta samaSTinI tamAM vilIna thAya che. jIvanuM vyaktitva samApta thaI samaSTimaya banI jAya che. jIva ane zivanuM ekatva chavane A tabakake pratyakSa thAya che. hiMdudharmanI carcA karatI vakhate ApaNe jIvanamuktanI avasthAnI je vicAraNA karI che tenI sAthe A avasthAne sarakhAvI zakAya. prabhuprAptinA mArge jIve jema utkrAMti sAdhavAnI che tema paramata paNa jIvanA milanane mATe avakrAMti karavAnI rahe che. jIvanI utkrAMti ane paramatattvanI avakrAMtimAMthI sUphIvAdI rahasyamaya anubhava prApta thAya che. utkrAMti ane avakrAMtinI A prakriyAo zrI araviMda ghoSanA darzanamAM spaSTa rIte AlekhAyela che. emanI A rajUAta nIce ApelA koThA uparathI spaSTa thaze. zrI araviMda anusAra utkrAMti-avakrAMti prakriyAH

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dharmanuM bhAvi 40 (urdhva pradeza) Upper Hemisphere DaEM4 (caitana) .(mana) Consciousnes-Foscec ficu) RNAnaMda) v - ...atimAna) I Keil-usu | mI pI as, ataHA bution maha. (avataraNa) Involution - UR Higher Mind tara mAnasa Keil-454 Avo Lowat he mamd (mata) *i (jIvana) Body ces) | NajaDa-prakRti) ) AdhyAtmika anubhavanI prApti mATe jIva pitAnI taiyArI jeTale aMze karI zake teTale aMze paramatattva jIvanI samIpa Ave che. enI rajUAta karatA pra. nIkalsana kahe che: mAnava eka evuM nAnuM vizvasvarUpa che jemAM vividha guNa ekatrita thayA che. vizvatatva (Absolute), enA vividha aMzomAM, mAnavamAM ja mUrtimaMta thAya che. bIjI rIte kahIe te mAnava prakRtimAM pitAne saMpUrNapaNe

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410 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana AviSkArita karI, vizvatattva, mAnavanA mAdhyama dvArA, pitAnA va-varUpamAM vaLe che. athavA te, Izvara ane mAnava eka saMpUrNa mAnavImAM ekatva prApta kare che- evo mAnave je payagaMbara ke saMta che ane jenuM, mAnava ane Izvara vaccenA madhyasthInuM kArya, vizvatattvanA sata ane AbhAsanA samanvayakArI kArya samAna che. Ama, vizvatattvanI mAnavamAM AviSkAra pAmavAnI urdhvagAmI prakriyA ane vaLI pAchA e ja tamAM vilIna thavAnI prakriyA AtmAnA ekatvanA anubhavamAM pratyakSa thAya che. A uparAMta sUphImatamAM khurazIda athavA pIrane svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che. saMtane mAnanI lAgaNIthI avalokavAmAM Ave che tema ja emanA sthAnake e yAtrA karavAnuM paNa sUcavavAmAM Ave che. upasaMhAra : Ama, ApaNe e joI zakIzuM ke sUphImata eka rahasyavAdI mata che. jIvabrahmanA ekatvane prAdhAnya ApIne e mata mAnavanA aMtima devI aMzano svIkAra kare che. dhArmika anubhavanuM hArda chava-ziva ekatvamAM samAyAnuM sUphImata kahe che. je dhArmika anubhava koIpaNa eka vyakti mATe zakya che e sarvane mATe paNa zakaya banI zake che. A alaukika dhArmika anubhava dharmanA vADA ke maryAdAone svIkAra karatA nathI ane A alaukika anubhava maryAdita vyakti ke jUthane mATe ja che ene paNa sUphImata bhArapUrvaka inkAra kare che. enA vikaselA rUpamAM sUphImatane koI paNa eka nizcita dharma sAthe sAMkaLI zakAya ema nathI balka, e matane dhArmika anubhavanA samAnapaNanI rajUAtane kAraNe dharma samanvayanAM darzana thaI zake che ga, bahAImataH dharma samanvayanA vividha prayAsomAM bahAImatanuM paNa agatyanuM sthAna che A matano uddeza rajU karatAM ramI kahe che : bahAI darzanane uddeza sarva lokenuM dhArmika ekatva prApta karavAnuM che.4 badhA lekenuM dhArmika ekatrIkaraNa tyAre ja thaI zake jyAre "jAtionuM ekatrIkaraNa thAya."75 74 remI, sI. ema: dhI yunivarsala kensIyasanesa opha dhI bahAI rilijiyana, ITAlI, 1925, pA. 12 75 mInI, TI. keH dhI rIkansIlIyezana opha resIsa enDa rilijiyana, laMDana. 1914, prophesamAMthI

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dharmanuM bhAvi 411: jAtijAti vacce, prajA-prajA vacce, tema ja vividha dharma anuyAyI jUtha vacce ekatrIkaraNanA je mArgo dharmanA itihAsamAM jovA maLe che te mukhyatve traNa che. manAmaNI (persuasion), baLajabarI (persecution ) ane vaTalAva. (proselytization). je je dharmoe potAnA pradeza vistAravA prayAsa karyo te. dharmoe A traNa paikInA eka ke vadhAre ke badhA ja mArgone upayoga karyo che. manAmaNIne mArga zAMta ane saumya hoya che, jyAre baLajabarIne mArga hiMsaka ane Akramaka hoya che. vaTalAvane mArga hakIkatamAM te kAyarapaNAnI ja nizAnI che. bahAI dharmamAM je ekatrIkaraNanI vAta che e dhArmika ekatrIkaraNa dharma rUpAMtarathI nahIM, ane tethI dharmarUpAMtaranA A traNeya mArgomAMthI ekeya dvArA nahIM, paraMtu e dhArmika ekatva bhAvAtmaka prakAranuM che ema kahevAmAM bahAImatanI viziSTatA rahelI che. Ama bahAImata ravIkAravAne mATe koIe paNa pitAno dharma choDavAnI jarUra nathI.76 pite je dharmamAM janmyA hoya ane ucharyA hoya e dharmanI ja mAnyatA cAlu rAkhavA chatAM bahAImatano svIkAra karI zakAya che. Ama kaI rIte thaI zake ? e vize bahAI matanuM kahevuM che ke pitAnA ja dharmamAM evAM je te jovAmAM Ave tenI yogya rItanI samaja ApIne Ama. karI zakAya AthI pitAnA dharmanA dharma-khyA ane vidhione rUpaka tarIke samajAvavA joIe. AvI samajaNanA eka-be dAkhalAo ahIM rajU karIe. upavAsanI vidhi aneka dharmomAM che. islAmadharmamAM paNa enuM sthAna che. upavAsanI samaja ApatA seharAba kahe che :7 sAce upavAsa te ahamanA AdezAnusAranI vAsanAonA upabhogathI alipta rahevAmAM che. sAce upavAsa te ja che je mAnavInA ahamane nAza karI enuM aMtaHkaraNa pavitra kare; daihika vAsanAone sthAne AdhyAtmika jAtinuM sthApana kare; ane mAnavInA naitika ghaDatarane pavitra karI prabhupremane pAvanakArI agni prajavalita karI jIvanamAMthI ajJAnatA ane uzkerATa dUra karI ene namratAthI. sabhara kare. 76 viDajerI, e. jI : liviMga rilijiyansa enDa moDarna thoTa, nyuyorka, 1936, pA. 219 77 seharAba ema. e, abdula bahA Ina ijipta, nyuyorka, 1929, pA. 148.

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412 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana e ja pramANe narka ane svarganI vicAraNAnI samajaNa ApatAM pheTasa - Ama kahe che : 08 manamAM duSTa vicAro ane Azaya prabaLa bane ane vAsanAone - bhoga banAya tathA ahika pravRttione prAdhAnya apAya e ja naka. e avasthAmAM mAnavI prabhu vimUkha bane che ane pitAnAM ajJAnane kAraNe duHkhI thAya che. emAMthI mukti e ja varga. prema, dayA ane satkarmothI mAnavI Izvara sAthenuM ekatva sthApe e ja mukita-e ja svarga prApti. AvA prayatna mAtra bAI matavAdIomAM ja jovA maLe che evuM nathI. keTalAye khristI dharmanA anuyAyIo tema ja hiMdudharmanA anuyAyIo temanAM zAstromAM apAyelA bodhone rUpaka tarIke ghaTAvIne te rIte samajAvavA prayAsa kare che. rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhArata jevAM purANone gAMdhIjIe paNa rUpa tarIke ja AvakAryA hatA. ATaluM ja nahi paraMtu hiMdudharmanA aneka saMtapuruSoe hiMdu dharmazAstromAM rajU thayela vividha khyAlanuM AdhyAtmika arthaghaTana ApavAne khAsa prayatna paNa karyo che. bahAImanI zarUAta 19mI sadImAM paziMyAmAM "bAba" nAmanA mANase cAlu karelI caLavaLamAMthI thaI hatI. emaNe je bodha Ave ene zarUAtamAM * bAbIvAda tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM AvatA hatA. musalamAnonA zIyA saMpradAyanA - bAra imAmonA bodha para A mata sthapAya hate. zIyAmatanI evI mAnyatA che ke bAramA ImAma sadAya jIvaMta che ane jyAre paNa jarUra paDaze tyAre IsalAmadharmane enA mULa pavitra svarUpamAM pharI prasthApita karaze. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM che ke IslAmadharmamAM avatAravAdane khyAla svIkAravAmAM Avyo nathI. hiMdudharmamAM avatAravAdane khyAla che. lagabhaga tevo ja khyAla zIyA - saMpradAyamAM pracalita che. I. sa. 1844mAM mIrajhA alI mahamada jene bAba tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che, teoe pite "bAba" che ema jAhera karyuM. bAbane artha thAya che dvAra. ethI - adrazya imAma emanI mAraphate mAnane saMdeza Ape che ema emanA kathanane : artha hato. emane aneka anuyAyIo prApta thayA. A caLavaLanI eka viziSTatA - 78 pheTasa IH abbAsa jhuMDI, hIjha lAIpha enDa TIciMga-nyuyorka, 1912, pA. 28

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dharmanuM bhAvi 413H e hatI ke kurAna vAkyane brahmavAkya tarIke ravIkArI zakAya nahi. evo mata emaNe prasthApita karyo. bAbate thayela jJAnane AdhAre eka navA pustakanI racanA thaI ane bAbanA kAryanI sAta sAbitI'nI kurAnanI samakakSa pustaka tarIke gaNanA thavA mAMDI. bAbanA mata anusAra koIpaNa saMdeza chevaTanA saMdeza samAna nathI. jyAre paNa jamAnAnI navIna jarUriyAta upasthita thAya tyAre eka navA payagaMbara padhAre che. emane IslAmadharmanA anuyAyIo taraphathI ghaNuM duHkha devAmAM AvyuM ane 1850mAM emane vadha karavAmAM Avyo. bahAI matanA sthApaka tarIke emanuM sthAna mahatvanuM che. bAbanA mRtyu pachI bahA-ullAe emanA anuyAyIonuM netRtva lIdhuM. emaNe jAhera karyuM ke bAba to mAtra dvAra ja hatA, paraMtu prabhu mArI samakSa pratyakSa thaze ane emanA nAma parathI bAbImata bahAImata banyuM. bAbImatamAM IlAmanI asara saMpUrNapaNe vartAya che. koIpaNa navI dhArmika caLavaLanI zarUAtamAM Ama hovuM kadAca anivArya paNa bane. paraMtu bahAImatamAM islAmanuM koI baMdhana nathI. e ekadhamIM na banatA sArvatrika bane che. bahA ulyA pachI emanuM sthAna abdula bahAe lIdhuM, ane e traNene. ullekha trisvarUpa tarIke karavAmAM Ave che. 78 bahAIma vize judA judA vicArakoe rajU karela vicArane anulakSIne enA svarUpane khyAla ApaNe pAmI zakIzuM. skrIna kahe che: 80 mAnavajAtanI ekatA ane dharmonI mULabhUta ekatAnuM jJAna e IzvaranI Adhunika susaMskRta samAjane deNa che." pratyeka payagaMbare upadezela siddhAMta ekasamAna che. emanAmAM bheda nathI." "sArA bhrAtRtva mATe ja badhA dharmo prabodhAyA che. badhA ja dharmonA mULabhUta pAyAmAM che : barAbarI, ekatA ane prema." bahAImatamAM purahita nathI, kAraNa ke vidhi-praNAlIthI jAtibhAvanA nIpaje che ane ene pariNAme AdhyAtmika (spiritual) ane aAdhyAtmika yA bInadhamI (secular)nI vacce Adhipatya mATe saMgharSa thAya che. tAtvika mAnyatAo para ke enA bAhya svarUpa samAna vidhio para bahAImata jarAye bhAra mUkatA nathI." 78 bahAI, holI, eca : dhI ripariTa opha dhI eja, nyuyorka, 1921, pA4 80 skrIna, epha. eca : bahAIjhama, dhI rilijyi epha bradharahuDa enDa iTsa lesa Ina dhI Ilyuzana oNpha dhI krIDa, laMDana, 1919 pA. 57

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-14 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahAImatanI samajUtI ApatA helI 81 kahe che : bahAI caLavaLa te AjanA yuganA hArda samAna che." bAimata vize potAne vicAra rajU karatAM bahAITaheDa82 kahe che : pitAnA pahelAM thaI gayelA vividha dharmomAM prabaMdhAyela bodhane bahAImata anumodana Ape che ane pUrNa kare che, ane sAthe ja daivika sAmaMjasya ane - zAMti sthApavA mATenI Adhunika mAnavasamAjanI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAtane piSe evI vyavahAru tAttvika vicAraNA Ape che. bahamata vize upara rajU karelA vividha vicAre uparathI evuM tAraNa derI zakAya ke Adhunika yugane mATe bahAImata anukULa ane ravIkArya che. dharma ane vijJAna be ekamekanA virodhI nahIM paraMtu pUraka che, ane tethI e baMne vacce samanvaya sAdhI zakAya che e ApaNe bahAImatamAMthI joI zakIe chIe. dharmane uccatara svarUpane mATe saMskRti ane vijJAna anivArya che ane ethI e baMne dharmanI sAthe ghaniSTha rIte saMkaLAyelA hovA joIe. dharma ane vijJAnanA A ghaniSTa saMbaMdhanI rajUAta karatA gArDanara83 kahe che : - dharma ane vijJAnanI be pAMkha upara mAnavInI buddhi uzyana karIne mAnava AtmAnI uccatara kakSAo hAMsala kare che. mAtra eka ja pAMkhathI UDavuM zakya nathI. je mAnava mAtra dharmanI pAMkha upara ja UDavAno prayAsa kare te e vahemanA vamaLamAM aTavAI jAya, ane jo e mAtra vijJAnanI pAMkha upara ja uDavAne prayAsa kare che e naryA bhautikavAdanI gartAmAM sarI paDe. vijJAna ane dharmanA AvA samanvaya vize helI kahe che: 84 sRSTinI samagra vastuomAM devatavanAM darzana karavAM jethI eka nAnuM rajakaNuM paNa mahAna sUrya samAna banI rahe, jethI sAmAnya paththara paNa mahattvapUrNa bane, e agatyanuM che. anaMta utkrAMtinI prakriyAne pariNAme jaDatava mAnavamaMdiranI sevArthe prApta thayuM che enI siddhi, ane ema thatAM, mAnava je ravayaM pUrNatAno eka alpAMza 81 eja, pA. 71 82 vahAITaheDa e. ena : sAyansa enDa meDana valDa, pA. ra74-75 83 gArDanara, pI: meDanIMTI enDa cacIMjha, laMDana, 1909, pA. 229 84 eja, pA. 111

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415 dharmanuM bhAvi che te pitAne e rIte je thAya, te purANA dAzinuM darzana karIne samagra mAnavajAtanuM sArvatrika zikSaNa banI rahe. vijJAna ane dharmanA eka svIkArya samanvaya tarIke bahAImanane svIkAra aneka vicArakee karyo che. emAM hAITaheDa jevA tattvajJa vijJAnIone paNa samAveza thAya che. bahAImatamAM Adhunika mAnavInI ekaMdara AkAMkSAno pa paDate heta te bahAImanane svIkAra bahu ja jhaDapI thI joIto hate. paraMtu ema thayuM nathI e hakIkta che. AthI evuM mAnavAne kAraNe maLe che ke bahAImata buddhivAdIone anukULa ane svIkArya banyA hoya, paraMtu eka sAmAnya mAnavInI dharmanI AkAMkSAne e saMpUrNapaNe saMtoSI zakyo na hoya. kharekhara Ama thayuM che ke kema enI vicAraNuM karI zakIe e mATe bahAImatamAM dharmanA vividha viSaya aMge kevI vicAraNA karavAmAM AvI che ene khyAla meLave jarUrI che. Izvara : bahAImatamAM Izvarane eka avyakta, apauruSeya ane chatAMya samagra sRSTimAM vyApta tattva tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che. mAnavInI buddhi, IzvaranuM sa pUrNa svarUpa grahaNa karI zake ema nathI, kAraNa ke IzvaranA svarUpamAM evAM tattvone samAveza thayo che je mAnavabuddhine grAhya banI zake ema nathI. IzvaranA svarUpano khyAla ApatAM bahAImatanA anuyAyI helIpa kahe che : izvara prema ane zAMti che. Izvara satya che. e paramajJAnI che. enI zarUAta nathI, nathI eno aMtaH enI utpatti thaI nathI. e utpatti kartA nathI. teye e badhAnuM mULa che ane akartA kAraNa che. Izvara pavitra tattva che ane e koIpaNa sthaLe ke dareka sthaLe sImita che ema kahI zakAya nahIM. Izvara anaMta che. ethI maryAdita zabdo dvArA IzvaranA svarUpanuM varNana na thaI zake. Ama chatAM, mAnavInI prabaLa IcchA Izvarane akSaradehe pragaTa karavAnI rahI che ethI e ene prema, satya jevA zabdothI navAje che, kAraNa ke enA maryAdita anubhavamAM A zabdo ucca kakSAnAM umadA ta che. joke Izvara kaMI sarjate nathI toye IzvaranuM prathama tattva "prema', sarjanAtmaka siddhAMta che. prema IzvaramAMthI niSpanna thAya che ane e pavitra tattva che. ane AgaLa cAlatA holI kahe che : 85 helI, eca. je bahAI skrIgarasa, nyuyorka, 1924, vibhAga 609

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Izvara e AzcaryakAraka ane AnaMdadAyaka tattva che. pitAnA jJAnanI prApti mAnava karI zake, pitAne prema karI zake, uccatara guNanI siddhi prApta karI zake, anaMtanA saMsargamAM rahI paramatattvanI siddhi pAmI zake e mATe, prabhue mAnavanuM sarjana karyuM, paraMtu mAnave e badhA tarapha durlakSa ja sevyuM che. e te IzvarajJAna sivAyanA anya jJAnanI prAptimAM ja maMDaLo rahyo che. bahAImananA IzvaranA khyAla vize ApaNe e joI zakIe chIe ke je je dharmoe Izvaratattvane nirguNa svarUpe svIkArela che temaNe IzvaranA svarUpa vize jevuM varNana ApyuM che, lagabhaga evuM ja varNana Izvara vize bahAmatamAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. sarva kartutya Izvarane apIne ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke mAnavI badhI vastunuM jJAna prApta karavA prayatnazIla che, paraMtu IzvaranA jJAnanI prAptine mATe nahi. Izvara, jJAnane viSaya che ke premane e prazna bahAImananI, vicAraNAmAMthI dUra rahyo nathI ane eTale ja bahAImatanA eka pravaktA abdula. bahAdu kahe che : IzvaranA prema karatAM anya kaMIka vizeSa nathI ke nathI AzIrvAda samAna IzvaraprimamAM, mAMdAne mAvajata, ghAyalane sAMtvana ane samasta sRSTine AnaMda prApta thAya che. Izvaraprema dvArA ja mAnava saMpUrNa jIvananI prApti karI zake che badhA ja dharmonuM hArda Izvaraprema che, ane eja badhA dhArmika bedhane pAyo che. zIraDInA sAMIbAbAe A ja premadharma prabodhyo che. mAnava aritatvanA kendravatI ranehanA cAra prakAra varNavatA abdula bahA kahe che 87 1. Izvara ekatva taraphano Izvaraprema : jisase kahyuM che. prabhu prema che. 2. Izvarane emanA saMtAna ane sevA mATe prema. 3. mAnavane Izvara mATeno prema. 4. mAnavane mAnava mATe prema. A cAre prakAranA prema IzvaramAMthI uddabhave che. e ja pramANe bahAImatamAM mAnavasvabhAva, amaratva, du:kha, prArthanA, samAdhi, dhyAna vagere vize paNa maMtavya raju thayAM che. A badhAne vize bahAI matanA mukhya pravaktA abdula bahAe je kaMIka rajUAta karI che ene AdhAre gheDuM avalekana karIzuM. 86 Takasa bAya abdula bahA, pA. 74 87 eja, pA. 169 88 eja, pA. 53-54

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dharmanuM bhAvi mAnavasvabhAvaH mAnavasvabhAvano khyAla ApatA abdula bahA kahe che : mAnavamAM be svarUpa che. enuM AdhyAtmika athavA Urva svarUpa, ane enuM bhautika athavA nimna svarUpa. ekamAM, e Izvara samakSa prayANa kare che; bIjAmAM, e mAtra duniyA mATe jIve che. mAnavamAM A baMne svarUpe pratyakSa che; bhautika svarUpanA AdhipatyamAM e jUTha, krodhI ane anyAyI bane che. AdhyAtmika svarUpanA AdhipatyamAM e nepALa, dayALu, bhale, sAce ane nyAyI bane che. jo mAnavanuM AdhyAtmika svarUpa mAnava para sadAya mATe Adhipatya bhogave che te mAnava saMta che. jIvanuM AvuM svarUpa rajU karyA pachI bahAImatamAM e jIvanA amaratva mATe Ama kahevAyuM cheH daivI pUrNatA asIma che ane ethI AtmAnA vikAsanI tako paNa asIma che. mAnavanA janmathI ja mAnava AtmAne vikAsa zarU thAya che. enI buddhi khIle che ane jJAnamAM vadhAre thAya che. jyAre deha mRtyu pAme che tyAre paNa AtmA jIvita rahe che. A AtmA amara che. mRtyunI enA para koI sattA nathI, A AtmAne janma paNa nathI ane mRtyu paNa nathI 90 jIvana anaMta hovA chatAM mAnavInI vyaktigata cetanA evI nathI ema A matamAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ane enI sAthe ema paNa bhArapUrvaka kahevAyuM che ke daivItattva sAthe ekatva sAdhavAthI amaratva prApta karI zakAya che.81 duHkha - jIvanI duHkha avasthA anivArya che eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu pUrNatAnI prApti mATe duHkha anivArya che e mata ahIMyAM rajU thayo che. duHkha vize kahevAyuM cheH mAnavanI karI be prakAre thAya che. eka to, enA pitAnAM karmonA paripAkarUpe ane bIjuM, IzvaranA vaphAdAra sevaka hovAne nAte jisasanuM daihika du:kha A bIjA prakAramAM samAviSTa che. duHkha ane vedanA akaramAta AvatA nathI 89 eja, pA. 88 90 eja, pA. 59 91 bahAI skrIpsarasa, vibhAga 614 dharma 27

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418 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana paraMtu mAnavane pUrNa karavA mATe IzvaradayAthI te maLe che. da vinA saMpUrNa prApta thatuM nathI." - A ja bhAva hiMdudharmanA bhakti sAhityamAM paNa prApta thAya che. Izvara sAcA bhaktanI aneka kasoTIo kare che, ane tAvI nAMkhe che ane jyAre e A badhI vipattiomAMthI pAra Utare che tyAre ja Izvara ene tAre che. prArthanA - pratyeka dharmanI jema bahAImatamAM paNa prArthanA para bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyA che. bahAI dharmazAstramAM kahevAyuM che: mAnava mATe prArthanA anivArya ane pharajiyAta che. koI paNa bahAnA heThaLa mAnavane prArthanAmAMthI mukta na karI zakAya, sivAya ke mAnasika rIte e asthira heya yA te viziSTa prakAranAM vine AvI paDe. prArthanAnuM hArda Ama che? prArthanAmAM mAnava ane Izvara vacce saMbaMdha baMdhAya che, kAraNake prArthanAmAM mAnava IzvarAbhimukha thAya che ane IzvaranA sAnidhyabharyA sAhacaryamAM enA prima ane dayAnI jhaMkhanA kare che. dhyAna: badhA ja dharmomAM dhyAnane ekasarakhuM mahattva ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. khAsa karIne audyogika krAMti pachInA AvelA sAmAjika parivartanamAM jIvanavyavahAra e ane eTale jaTila bane che ke jagatanA keTalAka mAnavIone dhyAna mATe saMpUrNa niSkALajI rahI che. bahAImanamAM dhyAnane agatyanuM sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. dhyAnathI anaMta zAMtinI avasthA che. prApta thAya che ja, paraMtu sAthe pitAnA jIvataranI mahattA paNa e dvArA samajAya che. abadula bahA-4 dhyAna vize kahe cheH rahasyanA daravAjA khelavAnI kuMcI dhyAna che. dhyAnAvasthAmAM mAnava, samasta sRSTimAMthI pitAne alaga kare che ane AMtara-dhyAnastha bane che. enI A avasthAmAM mAnava vizALa AdhyAtmika jIvana sAgaramAM DUbakI mAre che ane tavarUpanAM rahasyonI sUjha prApta kare che. islAmamAMthI uddabhavela bahAImata kALAnukrame keTale palaTAte rahyo che ane 92 abdula bahA, pA. 44-45 93 bahAI skrIcarasa vibhAga 869 84 eja, vibhAga 163

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dhamanuM bhAvi 410 enA vikasita chevaTanA svarUpamAM mULa islAmadharmathI keTale bhinna thaye che e upara thayelI A rajUAtathI ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. bahAImatanuM hArda rahasyavAda" che. Adhunika yugamAM paNa AtmAnI anubhava siddha karavAno mArga bahAimata ApaNI samakSa pratyakSa kare che. ApaNe sUphI matanI vicAraNAmAMthI paNa e ja niSkarSa meLavyo ke mAnavInI dhArmika bhAvanAnuM urdhvIkaraNa eka rahasyamaya (mystical) avasthAmAM ja che. chevaTe "sva" visarIne samaSTi sAthe ekarUpa banavAnA A vividha dharma-samanvayanA prayAsane eka samAna sUra che ane chatAM na te sUphImata, na te bahAImata sArvatrika svIkAra pAmyA che. Ama kema thayuM e prazna mAne che. dharmanA samanvayanA bIjA prayAsa mATe AvuM kema thayuM enI vicAraNe je te prasaMge karIzuM, paraMtu bahAI matamAM evuM kema thayuM ene ullekha karI laIe. bahAImatanuM moTuM durbhAgya vaNavatAM hAITa85 kahe che : It is unfortunate that though universal peace and brotherly love occupy so prominent a place in their teachings, the Bahami movement has suffered from considerable inner conflicts between different groups, most often on question of organisation and seat of power and authority. Ama, AvA samanvayakArI dharmaprayAsamAM paNa saMsthAkIya vyavasthA ane sattA praveze che ene ke aMjAma Ave e spaSTa thAya che. gha, thiyosephI | thiyosophikala sosAyaTInI sthApanA I. sa. 1875mAM nyuyorkamAM thaI raziyana nAgarikatva dharAvatA meDama bleTaskI tathA IgleMDanA eka samayanA lazkarI adhikArI karnala olakoTe thisophIne eka prabaLa paMthamAM palaTAvavAne mahattvapUrNa prayAsa karyo. "thiyosophI"ne artha "brahmavidyA" athavA "devIjJAna" (Divinewisdom) ema thaI zake. kAraNa ke "theos" eTale Izvara ane "sophia eTale jJAna. evuM kahevAya che ke A zabdane upayoga thiyosophI sosAyaTInI 5 vhAITa, Ara, dhI bahAI rilijiyana enDa iTasa enImI bahAI orgenAIjhezana, repleDa, 1928

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sthApanA thaI te pahelAM paNa elekajhAMDriyAmAM grIka tattvajJa yAmbalIkase I. sa.nI trIjI sadImAM karyo hate. emaNe A zabdaprayoga grIka ravamAM IzvaranuM AMtarika jJAna prApta karavAnA arthamAM praya hate. A rIte thiyosophI eTale paramatatvanA jJAnanI prAptino mArga ema kahI zakAya. paramatatvanA jJAnanI prAptino prayAsa duniyAnA vividha dezomAM thayela che. AmAM khAsa karIne upaniSada, pAyathAgorasa ane pleTo tema ja duniyAnA aneka rahasyavAdIone samAveza thaI zake. hiMdu, bauddha tathA jaina dharmomAM vyaktigata mokSaprAptine jIvananA dhyeya tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave che. Ama chatAM "prabhunA jana to mukti nava mAge, mAge janmojanma avatAra re" anusAra muktatva sivAyanuM jIvana paNa svIkArAyuM che. AvA ja jIvanamukta tarIke astitva dharAve che. A ja anusAra bauddhadharmamAM paNa bodhisatvane Adarza rajU thaye che. hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharmamAM rajU thayela AtmatyAgane A vicAra, ane vyaktigata muktatva karatAM mAnavajAtanA kalyANane arthe jIvanaprAptine prAdhAnya Apa vicAra, thiyosophI svIkAre che. enA matAnusAra pratyeka mAnava, bIjA sAthe saMkaLAyela che ane ethI mAnava-mAnavamAM bhinatA nahI paraMtu bhrAtRtva che sAcI rIte koI paNa mAnavI saMpUrNa rIte pitAnA upara ja AdhAra rAkhI zake nahIM ane ethI mela ke nirvANa prApti mATe paNa e ekale-aTUle kAryarata rahe e saMbhavI zake nahIM. vaLI mAnavI muktatvanI prAti, pitAnI bauddhika zakita anusAra ja karI zake evuM thiyosophIne mata svIkArAtA nathI. paraMtu enI sAthe ja bhAvanAbaLa paNa eTaluM ja mahatvanuM che, ema sUcave che. A bhAvanA baLanuM pratyakSIkaraNa mAtra prabhubhaktimAM ja nahIM paraMtu dIna ane duHkhI mAnavajAta pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvavAmAM ane temanI sevA karavAmAM paNa rahela che. thiyosephInA eka pravaktA kahe che: sRSTinA karmanA bhArane cheDe halake karavAno prayAsa kare ane aMdhakAramAM baLonA vijayaprAptinA prayAsanI sAme sakhata hAthe kArya karanArAone tamArI sahAya Apa.6 Ama, thiyosekInA matAnusAra siddhi nahIM paraMtu mAnavahitanI siddhine 9 kalcarala heriTeja oNpha inDiyA, graMtha-4 pA. 650

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dhamanuM bhAvi kare, prAdhAnya ApavAmAM Ave che. thisophInA mahattvanA vicAronuM yathArtha nirUpaNa Do. enI besaMTe karyuM che. tenI rajuAta ahIMyAM karIe. thisephInA mukhya siddhAH eka satya svarUpa : thiyosophI eka evA paramatatvane svIkAra kare che je nitya, sarvavyApI, sarva dhAraka, svaastitvamaya che. samagra sRSTi tema ja emAMnA cha e paramatavamAMthI nIpaje che, ane sarva astitva e paramatattvamaya banI rahe che. A paramatatva sRSTimAM vyApta hovA chatAM enAthI apara paNa che be, paramatatva ane jagata-saMbaMdha: paramatatva sRSTimAM vyApta che ane te sRSTimAM logosa (logos) tarIke athavA te zabda tarIke pratyakSa thAya che. vividha dharmo ene kartA, saMcAlaka ane saMhAraka tarIke svIkAre che tema ja aneka nAmarUpe evI prArthanA kare che. traNa, sAdhusaMto : paramatattvanA AdezanI samaja emanI nikaTatama evA RSio, sAdhuo ane saMte tathA payagaMbaro dvArA prApta thAya che. yuge yuge AvA mahAnubhAve dharma ane nItinAM sanAtana satyanI punardoSaNa kare che ene palaTAtA yugane anurUpa evA dharma ane nItinAM svarUpe rajU kare che. A mahAnubhAvone bIjA aneka cha taraphathI sahakAra prApta thAya che. AvA mAM devatAone paNa samAveza thAya che. cAra, punarjanma ane mokSa - samagra sRSTi parane mAnavasamAja eka evuM utkrAMti pAmeluM jUtha che jemAM samAviSTa pratyeka mAnavInI utkrAMtinI avasthA vividha prakAranI che. janmajanma, pratyeka jIva pitAne vikAsa sAdhe che, ane pitAnA vividha anubhanA bhAthAne AdhAre pitAnA cAritryanuM ghaDatara kare che. pote karelAM kAryonuM duHkha bhogavatA e janmojanmAMtaranA cakramAM phare che. jyAre pRthvI, svarga ane madhyastara aMgenuM ene jJAna prApta thAya che, ane jyAre e mAnavIya pUrNatA prApta kare che, tyAre e pUrNatA pAmela nyAyI mANasenA sahavAsamAM rahe che ane anya jIne temanA utkrAMti kAryamAM sahAyabhUta thavAmAM pravRttimAna bane che. 97 eja, pA. 640

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana thiyosophInAM mahatvanAM maMtavyanI upara karelI rajUAtathI ApaNe e spaSTa rIte kahI zakIe ke thiyosophI IzvarIya aMzane ane devatavane svIkAra kare che, eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu mAnava-vikAsa ane mAnava-pUrNatAnI utkrAMtine ravIkAra paNa kare che. Ane anulakSIne thiyosophI karma, punarjanma, mekSa, mAnavIya stara vagere aMge paNa vistRtapaNe khyAla Ape che. A pustakanI maryAdAmAM e badhAne vigatavAra ullekha kare zakya nathI. thiye phInuM mahatvanuM tatva rajU karatAM eka pravaktAha8 kahe che : mAnavane AtmA amara che ane enAM vikAsa ane bhAvinI amaryAdita zakyatAo che. mAnavajIvanane utpatti ApanAra paramatatva mAnavamAM tema ja mAnavanI bahAra pravartamAna che tema ja te nitya, amara tathA paropakArI che. e paramatavane sAMbhaLI zakAtuM nathI. paraMtu je koI vyakti enuM darzana karavA Icche che, eTale ke ene anubhava karavA Icche che, te e paramatatvane anubhavI zake che. pratyeka mAnavInA jIvananuM ghaDatara enA pitAnA ja hAthamAM che. mAnavI pote ja pitAne niyamone AdhIna banAve che, pitAne mATe garva ke glAni kare che, ane pitAnA jIvanane pUrNatAmaya ke malina banAve che. vividha dharmonA samanvayanA prayAsa tarIke thiyosophI IzvaranA saMcAlananI samaja prApta karavA prayAsa kare che. vyakti potAnA cAritryanuM ghaDatara IvaranA saMcAlananA siddhAMta anusAranuM karI zake tema ja anya mAnavajI paNa evI ja rIti akhatyAra karI zake evo thiye phI matavAdIone prayatna hoya che. vyaktigata mukti ja je jIvananuM dhyeya hoya te thiye phImAM saMgaThananI AvazyakatA bhAgye ja raheta. kAraNake vyaktigata siddhinI prApti samUhagata saMgaThana dvArA bhAgye ja siddha thaI zake che. ApaNe upara joyuM che tema, thiyosephIne Adarza vyaktigata siddhi nahIM, paraMtu mAnavasamAjanA utthAnane rahyo che ane ethI enI siddhine mATe niSThApUrvaka IzvarasevA ane mAnava-utthAna prApta karavAnA saMkalpabaLavALA niSThAvAna kAryakaromAM baMdhutvabhAvanA jAgRta karI emane saMgaThita karavAnI AvazyakatA rahe che. AthI ja thiyosophI eka dharma saMgaThana tarIke astitva dharAve che ane AgaLa vadhavA prayatnazIla che. 98 eja, pA. 650

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dhamanuM bhAvi kara3 tha, dharasAmrAjya caLavaLa : upara zioNdharmanI vicAraNA karatI vakhate ApaNe A dharmavicAra vize thoDI vAta karI hatI. ahIMyAM ApaNe enI rajUAta dharma samanvayanA eka prayAsa tarIke karIe. lagabhaga 1940nI AsapAsa jApAnamAM Toye hIke kAgAvAe eka navI caLavaLanI zarUAta karI. A caLavaLanI viziSTatA e hatI ke emaNe emAM vividha dharmonI bhAvanAne samAveza karyo. A caLavaLane IzvarasAmrAjya caLavaLa tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. khristI dharma aneka dezomAM prasarela hovA chatAM, jApAnamAM kAgAvAe je caLavaLa zarU karI che ane samAna caLavaLa bIje kyAMya jovA maLatI nathI. Ama, te A caLavaLa garIbanA sAmAjika ane Arthika utkarSa mATe prayatnazIla che ane ethI khAsa karIne kAmadAra ane kheDUtanA utthAnane mATe e vividha prakAranI pravRttionuM Ayojana kare che. sahakArI sosAyaTI dvArA mAnava trAtRbhAva bhAvanA keLavI, IzvaranuM sAmrAjya sthApI zakAya evuM A caLavaLanuM mAnavuM che, ane ema karIne akhristI sAmyavAdane sAmane karI zakAya. khristI dharmane IzvaranA sAmrAjyavAdano khyAla laIne, kAgAvAe jApAnanA mikADonI daivI bhAvanA sAthe ene samanvaya karI, IzvaranuM sAmrAjya patIdddhAra vinA saMbhavita nathI ema kahI, sAmAjika pravRttine paNa sAthe samAveza karyo. Ama, emaNe tatkAlIna sAmAjika vicAradhArAmAMthI patI ddhArane khyAla meLavyo ane zidharmanA mikADonA devatvane khristI dharmanA prabhunA sAmrAjya sAthe bheLavI eka navA ja vicAranI deNa dIdhI. A caLavaLa kevI gati prApta kare che tathA enuM svarUpa kevuM rahe che, e bhaviSyanI enI pragati ane vikAsa parathI avelekavAnuM raheze. che. rAmakRSNa vicAradhArA rAmakRSNa paramahaMsanuM nAma Adhunika dharma vicAradhArAmAM mokhare rahe che. rAmakRSNa vize gAMdhIjIe kahyuM che.88 The story of Ramkrishna Paramhans' life is a story of religion in practice. His life enables us to see God face to face. In this age of scepticism, Ramkrishna presents an example of a bright 9 dhI kacara heriTeja opha inDiyA, graMtha , pA. 658

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana and a living faith which gives solace to thousands of men and women who would otherwise have remained without spiritual life. aDhAramI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ane ogaNIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM hiMdustAnanI sAMskRtika avasthA vizAdamaya rahI che. bhAratIya saMskRtinAM mUlyone ukheDavAnA prayAso ekataraphe thatA rahyA te bIjI taraphe e saMskRti jALavavAne mATe tema ja enA mULa vadhu sajajaDa bane e mATenA prayAso paNa thatA rahyA. 19mI sadInI zarUAtamAM svAmI sahajAnaMda dvArA sthApita svAmInArAyaNa saMpradAya, I. sa. 1828mAM rAjA rAmamohanarAya dvArA sthapAyela brahmosamAja tema ja lagabhaga I. sa. 1867mAM pAMDuraMga, bhAMDArakara ane rAnaDe jevA vicAro dvArA prakRttimaya banela prArthanAsamAja tathA I. sa. 1875mAM svAmI dayAnaMda dvArA sthApita AryasamAja, AnA udAharaNa tarIke ApI zakAya. A badhA prayAsone pariNAme bhAratIya saMskRtinA hacamacelA pAyA ukhaDatA aTakyA. Ama chatAM, te samayanA bhAratIya samAje brahmosamAja ane AryasamAjane jhAjhI macaka ApI nahi. hiMdusamAjanuM dharmaarpita mALakhuM mULabhUta rIte palaTavAnI samAja-sudhArakonI tamannA emane AkarI zakI nahi ane ethI rUDhicurata dhArmika ane navA sudhAraka vacce eka prakAranuM gharSaNa rahyuM. lagabhaga A ja tabakake zrI rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa pratyakSa thayA ane temanA jIvana ane kAryane pariNAme hiMdu-navasarjananI prakriyA zakya banI pote prApta karela Atma-sAkSAtkArane pariNAme eka phirastA, payagaMbara ane saMtanA vizvAsathI emanAM maMtavya rajU karatAM. I. sa. 1836nA phebruArInI aDhAramI tArIkhe rAmakRSNane janma pazcima baMgALanA hugalI paragaNAmAM rUDhicusta brAhmaNane ghera thayo hato. emanuM zarUAtanuM jIvana kaMI khAsa viziSTa prakAranuM na hatuM. emanI 19 varSanI uMmare emanA moTAbhAIne kalakattA najIka rANarazmanI nAmanI tavaMgara paraMtu pachAta jAtinI strIe baMdhAvela maMdiramAM mukhya pUjArI tarIke nImavAmAM AvyA rAmakRSNane emanA bhAI sAthe rahevAnuM thayuM. paraMtu, potAnA rUDhicusta vicAro sAthe emane e susaMgata lAgyuM nahi. emanI 20 varSanI uMmare emanA moTAbhAInuM mRtyu thatAM mukhya pUjArIpada emane zire AvyuM. te samayathI emanA jIvananA aMtabhAga sudhI A maMdira ja emanuM raheThANuM tathA emanI AdhyAtmika pravRttionuM mukhya

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dhamanuM bhAvi sthAna rahyuM. A maMdiranuM mukhya pUjArIpada svIkAravAthI rAmakRSNanA AdhyAtmika jIvananI zarUAta thaI ema kahIe te khoTuM nathI. e maMdiranI pAse eka kAlI maMdira paNa hatuM ane rAmakRSNa, kAlIbhakta tarIke, emanA zarUAtanA AdhyAtmika anubhavenI pratIti karI. AdhyAtmika sAdhanA : rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa pate rUDhicusta hovA chatAM je prakAranI vividha AdhyAtmika sAdhanAmAMthI teo pasAra thayA eNe emanuM AdhyAtmika darzana ApyuM eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emanuM samagra vyaktitva paNa ghaDayuM. zrI rAmakRSNa tAMtrika, vaiSNava, advaita, bauddha, islAma ane khristI sAdhanAmAMthI pasAra thayA. A badhAne pariNAme emanA vyaktitvamAM, emanA vicAramAM ane emanAM kAryomAM samanvayakArI valaNa spaSTapaNe chatuM thayuM. emanuM A samanvayakArI valaNa, bhakti ane jJAnane je samanvaya emaNe sAthe che, emAM spaSTa thAya che. teo kahe che;1 0 0 When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive, neither creating nor preserving nor destroying, I call Him Brahmana or Purusa, the impersonal God. When I think of Him as acting, creating, preserving, destroying, I call Him sakti or maya or prakriti, the personal God. But the distinction betwean them does not mean a.difference. The personal and the impersonal are the same Being, like milk and its whiteness, or the diamond and its lustre, or the serpent and its undulation. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahmana are one. AdhyAtmika sAdhanAnA vividha mArgoe paryaTana karI rAmakRSNa e maMtavya para AvyA ke daivI tatvanA e ja samAna svarUpanI sarva mArgo dvArA prApti thAya che. advaita ane bauddha sAdhanAmAMthI pasAra thayA pachI potAnA hRdayanA UMDANamAMthI zrI rAmakRSNa prArthanA kare che : "O Mother! let me remain in 10 eja, pA. 672

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426 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana contact with men. Do not make me a dry ascetic. " 242 emane devI mAne Adeza maLe che: "Stay on the threshold of relative consciousness for the love of humanity. " 241H, mAnavajAtathI vimukha thaI ekAMta vairAgya mArgane Azaro levAnuM emaNe ucita na mAnyuM ane mAnavajAtanA premane mATe daivI zaktie emane janasamudAya sevA arthe samAjamAM rahevAne Adarza Apyo. mAnavasevAnA kAryanI preraNA emanA A AdhyAtmika anubhamAMthI prApta thaI rAmakRSNane baMdha : zrI rAmakRSNa jIva-ziva ekatva khUba spaSTa rIte rajU karyuM che. pratyeka jIva Izvara svarUpa che ema teo mAnatA. jIva-ziva ekatvanI rAmakRSNanI bhAvanA sAmAnya bhaktanI evI bhAvanA karatA savizeSa caDhiyAtI hatI. sarva jIva tarapha dayAbhAvanI bhAvanA rAmakRNa vAjabI nahetA lekhatAM. kAraNake jo jIva ziva ravarUpe hoya te eka jIva bIjA jIvana eTale ke zivane mAtra dayAbhAva zI rIte batAvI zake? emaNe kahyuM che : "They talk of mercy to the creatures ! how audacious it is to think of showing mercy on the Jiva who is none other than "Siva'. One has to regard the creature of God as Himself and proceed to serve it with a devout heart, instead of taking up the pose of doling out mercy"?O? rAmakRNanA A kathana vize vAmI vivekAnaMde emanA eka sAthIdArane kahyuM : "I have heard today a saying of unparalled significance. If time permits I shall communicate to the world the profound impact of this marvellous utterence." mAnavasevA dvArA prabhu bhaktinI rIta svAmI vivekAnaMde rAmakRSNa mizananI sthApanA karIne siddha karI. daridranArAyaNamAM prabhu pratyakSa thAya che, ane emanI sevA dvArA ja AdhyAtmika mUlya siddha karI zakAya ema che ema emaNe svIkArya ane e anusAranuM kArya karyuM. 101 kalcarala heriTeja oNpha inDiyA graMtha 4, pA. 681

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dharmanuM bhAvi kareTha rAmakRSNa mizana dvArA janasevAnAM je aneka kAryo kAyamI ravarUpe tema ja tatkAla svarUpe hAtha dharavAmAM Ave che te AnI sAkSI samAna che. sevAne Adarza daridranArAyaNanI sevA dvArA prabhusevAno rAmakRSNane baMdha keTalIka veLA bauddha dharmamAM rajU thayelA karuNAbhAva sAthe, ane khristI dharmamAM rajU thayelA dayAbhAva sAthe, ekarUpa hoya ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu hakIkatamAM Ama nathI. kAraNake bauddhadharmamAM koIpaNa ravarUpe prabhunI pUjA svIkAravAmAM AvI nathI ane khristI dharmamAM pitAnA pADozIne pitAnI mAphaka ja sneha karavAnuM kahevAyuM che. paraMtu tyAM "ravIne artha atanI jema Izvara athavA "brahmanuM thatuM nathI. AthI khristI dharma pitAnA bAMdhAnI tarapha apAra sneha rAkhavAnuM ane enAM duHkhane piotIkAM banAvavAnuM ja sUcave che. A baMne dharmomAM mAnavasevA e mAtra eka AdhyAtmika vyavahAra bane che ane enuM mUlya mAtra naitika mUlya banI rahe che. rAmakRSNa mAnavasevAnA Adarzane eka judA ja stare rajU kare che. daridranArAyaNanI sevAmAM ja Izvarabhakti samAyelI che, emAM ja AdhyAtmika vyavahAra ane AdhyAtmika sAdhanA rahelI che tema ja e dvArA prabhuprAptinuM dhyeya siddha thaI zake ema che, evI spaSTa rajUAta rAmakRSNa karI che. mAnavajAtanI IzvaraprApti mATenI vividha dhArmika sAdhanAomAM rAmakRSNa eka viziSTa prakAranI sAdhanAne umere kare che. ja. gAMdhI vicAradhArA: dharma-samanvayanA vividha prayAsomAM gAMdhIjIne mahatvano phALo rahyo che. dharma samabhAvanI bhAvanA jAgrata karavA uparAMta dharmanA pAyA para racAyela jIvanane emaNe prAdhAnya ApyuM. mAnava prattinAM vividha kSetromAM unnati ane vikAsanA parIkSaNane mATe emaNe dharmanI pArAzIzI AgaLa dharI. vIsamI sadInA bIjA dazakAmAM emaNe bhAratane potAnI prakRttinuM kSetra banAvyuM. te samaye emaNe uccArela vANuM, kaI pazcAdbhUmAM emanA dharma samanvayanA prayAsomAM AkAra lIdho te, samajAve che. emaNe kahyuM : 102 mAro e daDha abhiprAya che ke AjanuM yurepa na to IzvaranA hArdanuM pratinidhitva kare che ke na te e khristI dharmanA hArdane raju kare che. e te mAtra saMtAnanA 102 yaMga inDiyA, 8-9-1920

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kara8. dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hAdane ja rajU kare che. vaLI, setAna pitAnA hoTha para jyAre IzvaranuM nAma dhAraNa kare che tyAre, saMtAnanI saphaLatA anekagaNI hoya che. yuropa, kharI rIte te menana ( Mammon)nI ja pUjA kare che. jisasa krAiTe kahyuM che ke IzvaranA sAmrAjyamAM amIra mAnavIne praveza meLavavA karatA, sAyanA kANAmAMthI UMTane pasAra thavuM saraLa che. jisasanA kahevAtA anuyAyIo emanI bhautika prAptine emanA naitika vikAsanI pArAzIzI mAne che. ahIMyAM e joI zakAze ke mAnavajIvananAM vividha kSetrone mApavAne mATe gAMdhIjIe svIkArela pArAzIzI e dharma che, ane ethI emanI vicAradhArAmAM dhArmika ane bhautikane bheda svIkArAyela ja che, eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu A bheda keTalIka veLA gharSaNanuM svarUpa paNa dhAraNa kare ema svIkArAyuM che. dharma-samanvayanA gAMdhIjInA prayAsa samajavAne mATe duniyAnA keTalAka mukhya dharmo vize emaNe uccArelAM kathana samajavA jarUrI che. bauddhadharma vize teo kahe che :103 buddhanA upadezo hindustAnamAM ja paripUrNa thayA ane hakIkatamAM ema ja hAya kAraNake gautama hiMduonA hiMdu hatA. hiMdudharmamAM je zreSThatama hatuM e badhuMye emanAmAM ghaniSTha rIte svIkArAyuM hatuM ane vedanA keTalAka mRtaHprAya upadezane emaNe navajIvana apyuM. hakIkatamAM buddha hiMdudharmane InkAra karyo nathI, emaNe to hiMdudharmane pAyo viratAryo che. hiMdudharmane emaNe eka navIna jIvana ane nutana arthaghaTana ApyAM che. Izvara jevI sattA phreSamaya hoya, pitAnAM kAryo mATe prAyazcitta karavuM paDe evI heya ane dunyavI rAjAonI jema emanA grAhaka taraphathI lAMca ane pralobhanene pAtra hoya e bAbatone emaNe sabaLatApUrvaka inkAra karyo hate. vaLI, Izvara je sarva sRSTine kartA hoya te evA IzvaranA AnaMdane mATe jIvita prANIonI hiMsA karI, temanA lehIne ene abhiSeka ApavAnA vicArano paNa emaNe prabaLa virodha karyo. paraMtu Ama karavAmAM emaNe te Izvarane enA sAcA sthAne punaHsthApita karyo. emaNe eka evA anaMta ane nizcita naitika niyamanI rajUAta karI ane samasta sRSTi para enuM ja Adhipatya pravarte che ema kahyuM. emane A niyama te ja Izvara. 103 eja, 24-11-27

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429 dharmanuM bhAvi e ja pramANe gAMdhIjIe 04 khuba bhArapUrvaka jaNAvyuM che ke jeTale aMze rAmakRSNa, mahamada, ke jarathurata devI che eTale ja aMze jisasa paNa devI che. emaNe ema paNa bhArapUrvaka kahyuM ke veda ke kurAna ke bAIbalano pratyeka zabda Izvara badhela che ema paNa nathI ane tethI ja emaNe bAibala, gItA ane kurAnane dharmapustaka tarIke svIkAryA ane kahyuM ke A badhAye purata ke sAmAnyataH Izvaraprerita che, chatAM emAM evuM ghaNuM che je Izvaraprerita lAgatuM nathI. jema khristI dharma, hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharma zAMtinA dharmo che tema islAma paNa zAMtine dhama che evuM maMtavya emaNe rajU karyuM ane sAthe ja emaNe kahyuM 105 ke badhA dharmonuM dhyeya zAMti che, bhale emAM ausa taphAvata rahyA. - ilAmanA viziSTa phALA tarIke emaNe islAmanA ekezvaravAda ane pitAnA dharmapaMthIomAM bhAtRbhAvano vyAvahArika amala AgaLa dharyA. emanI dRSTie 06 A be viziSTatAo hatI. kAraNake hiMdudharmamAM paNa bhrAtRbhAvanA hovA chatAM te khuba tAtvika prakAranI banI rahI ane vaLI tAtvika hiMdudharma ekezvaravAdI hovA chatAM vyavahAramAM hiMdudharma islAma jeTale ekezvaravAdI nathI eno InkAra karI zakAya ema nathI. e ja pramANe hiMdudharma vize potAnA vicAro rajU karatA emaNe 07 kahyuM che : meM jANelA dharmomAM hiMdudharma mane savizeSa sahanazIla lAge che. koI paNa baddhakathanathI ( dogma). emAM rahelI svataMtratAne pariNAme e dharmAnuyAyIne maLatI svataMtratAnI mArA para UMDI chApa paDI che. hiMdudharma eka baMdhiyAra maryAdita dharma na hovAne kAraNe pitAnA anuyAyIone bIjA dharmo mATe mAnanI bhAvanA jAgrata karavA uparAMta bIjA dharmomAM rahelAM zubhatone AvakArI pitAnA dharmamAM samAviSTa karavAnI e taka Ape che. badhA ja dharmomAM ahiMsA samAna tatva che. paraMtu ema chatAM hiMdudharmamAM enI thayelI rajUAta ane vyavahAra ucca svarUpanA rahelA che. huM jyAre Ama kahuM chuM tyAre jainadharma ane bauddhadharmane hiMdudharmathI judA gaNato nathI. mAtra sarva mAnava-jIvonI ja nahi paraMtu sarva chevonI ekatAmAM hiMdudharma mAne che. mArA mate gau-pUjA mAnavatAnI utkrAMtimAM 104 eja, 6-3-'37 105 eja, ra0-1-27 106 eja, 21-3-29 107 eja, 20-10-27

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430 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka viziSTa pradAna che. sarva nI pavitratA ane ekatA emAM pratyakSa rIte vyavahAramAM mukAya che. punarjanmanI mAnyatA Aja mAnyatAnuM sIdhuM pariNAma che. ane e ja pramANe aviratapaNe satyanI zodhanA pariNAmathI ja varNAzrama dharmane vicAra upasthita thayela che. hiMdudharmanA gAMdhIjInA atre rajU thayelA vicAromAMthI koI rakhe ema mAnI le ke gAMdhIjI hiMdudharmanA keTalAMka pAsAMone aravIkAra nahotA karatAM. emaNe bahu raspaSTa rIte kahyuM che ke pratyeka dharmamAM saccAIne keTaleka aMza rahyo che. e aMge emaNe 18 kahyuM che : badhA dharmo vadhate oche aze sAcA che. badhA ja dharmo eka ja IzvaramAMthI nIpajatA hovA chatAM badhA ja dharmo apUrNa che. kAraNa ke e dharmonI prApti ApaNane apUrNa mAno dvArA thaI che. A ja hakIkatane emaNe bhArapUrvaka rajU karatA kahyuM: kaI paNa eka dharma saMpUrNa nathI.10 9 dharmonI A maryAdAnA darzanamAMthI ja gAMdhIjInA sarvadharmasamabhAvanI ane dharma-samabhAvanI bhAvanA jAgRta thaI. pitAnI kalpanAnA bhAratamAM dharmanA sthAna vize teo110 lakhe cheH mArI kalpanAnA bhAratamAM koI ekamAtra dharmane vikAsa nahi paraMtu badhA dharmo ekameka prati samabhAvamaya ane sahiSNu hoya ema huM icchuM chuM. sarva dharmo eka sthaLe, eka sAthe rahI zake ema huM mAnuM chuM. vividha dharmonA mukhya bedhaH judA judA dharmo vizenAM gAMdhIjInAM maMtavya ApaNe joyAM. badhA dharmomAM satyane aMza hovA chatAM koI paNa eka dharma saMpUrNa nathI ane ethI ja dharma virodha nahi paraMtu dharma-samanvaya mAnavasamAja mATe hitakara che e paNa ApaNe joyuM. gAMdhIjInA mate vividha dharmomAM AvAM samanvayakArI tatte kayAM che? A praznano uttara ApavA mATe gAMdhIjInA vicAra-phalakanI jhalaka meLavavI jarUrI thaI paDe che. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu emanA jIvananA vividha prasaMge ane pravRttione paNa avelekavI jarUrI bane che. A pustakanI kadamaryAdAmAM AvI rajUAta zakaya nathI. ethI gAMdhIjInA jIvanavicAranA niSkarSa mAMthI AvAM je samayakArI to 108 yaMga InDiyA, 29-5-24 109 eja, 23-4-'31 110 eja, 22-12-27

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dhamanuM bhAvi 431 hAtha lAge che tenI ahIMyAM rajUAta karIe. gAMdhIjIe AvAM traNa mahatvanAM to svIkAryA che: eka, prema, be, ahiMsA, traNa, satya ane satyAgraha. prema: pratyeka dharmamAM premanuM sthAna mahatvanuM che. prabhu pratyenA premamAM ja mAnavajAta ane samasta sRSTi mATe prema samAviSTa thAya che. premanI bhAvanAmAMthI ja koIpaNa jIvane koIpaNa prakAranI IjA nahIM karavI joIe evuM phalita thAya che. premamAMthI ja ekatvanI bhAvanA janmI zake che ane pratyeka dharmamAM jIvana utkarSanuM je dhyeya prasthApita kareluM che enI siddhine AdhAra premanA pAyA para nirbhara che. AthI, sarve dharmonA dharma tarIke pramadharmane AlekhI zakAya. gAMdhIjIe sarva dharmomAMthI kheMcelA ahiMsA ane satyanAM to premamAMthI ja niSpanna thAya che. ahiMsA: ahiMsAno vicAra mukhyatve karIne bauddhadharma ane jaina dharmamAM prAdhAnyapaNe prabodhAyela jovA maLe che. paraMtu emaNe e siddhAMtane vizALa phalaka para mUko. A lekhake anyatra kahyuM che111 ema mahAtmA gAMdhIjIe paNa buddha ane mahAvIrane ahiMsAne pagAma svIkAryo tathA e siddhAMtano punaruddhAra karI, e siddhAMtane mAnavajIvananAM Adhunika aMgamAM lAgu pADayo. gAMdhIjIe sAmAjika, rAjakIya tathA Arthika kSetromAM ahiMsAnA siddhAMtanuM pratipAdana karyuM ane ema karIne ahiMsAnA siddhAMta para racAyela eka navIna jIvanadaSTi ane navIna samAjaracanAne khyAla Ave. vizva samastane enA vividha keyaDAone A rIte emaNe eka navIna mArga sUcavyo. gAMdhIjInA ahiMsAnA khyAlane samajavAmAM keTalI veLA gerasamajUtI thayelI jovA maLe che. gAMdhIjIne ahiMsAne khyAla uparachallo nathI paraMtu gahana che e samajAvatA Do. desAI kahe cheH112 ahiMsA e rIte joI zakAya : eka, nakArAtmaka rIte ane bIjI, hakArAtmaka rIte nakArAtmaka rIte ahiMsA eTale hiMsA 111 desAI, bI. jI, nItizAstra, vaDodarA vizvavidyAlaya, 1964, pA. 263 112 eja, pA. 265-266

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432 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana na karavI ke ijA na karavI ke zabda, vicAra ane kAryamAM hiMsA na karavI ke ijA na karavI eTale ja artha thAya paraMtu ahiMsAne arthe ATaluM ja nathI. A to ApaNane ahiMsAne nakArAtmaka khyAla Ape che. hakArAtmaka bAjue vicAra karatA ahiMsA dayA, bhalAI ane AtmatyAgane khyAla Ape che. sRSTi mAtranA jIvane mATe mAnasika, vAcika ke kAMIka khoTo khyAla na lAvavo e to emanA pratye lakSya na ApIne paNa banI zake. paraMtu ahiMsAmAM A nakAre uparAMta hakAra te samagra sRSTinA pratyeka jIvane mATe prema ane lAgaNI hevI joIe emAM rahele che. mahAtmA gAMdhIjIne mATe satyanI prAptine pAye ahiMsA, ane satyanI prApti paNa ahiMsAthI ja thaI che, e sivAya nahIM. jema jema ahiMsAne vikAsa thAya tema tema satyanI vadhu ne vadhu daSTi prApta thAya. - gAMdhIjInI ahiMsA e kAyaranI ahiMsA nathI e samajAvatA gAMdhIjI 13 kahe che : je kAyaratA ane hiMsAnI vacce ja pasaMdagI karavAnI heya te huM nizcitapaNe hiMsAnI pasaMdagI karavAnI salAha ApuM. vaLI gAMdhIjInI ahiMsA eka kalpanA nathI ke mAtra Adarza ja nathI ene khyAla ApatAM gAMdhIjI kahe che:114 huM svapnadaza nathI. te eka vyAvahArika AdarzavAdI vyakti hovAno dAvo karuM chuM. ahiMsAdharma mAtra RSio ane tene mATe nathI, e te Ama janasamudAya mATe paNa che. jema pazu jagatane niyama hiMsA che tevI ja rIte manuSya jAtine niyama ahiMsA che. gAMdhIjInI ahiMsA niSkriya nathI paraMtu sakriya che. e vize pitAne mata spaSTa karatA teo kahe che115: sakriya ahiMsAne artha che svecchAthI duHkha sahana karavuM. eTale ke kaIpaNa anyAyanI sAme dInatApUrvaka mUkI na jatAM, pitAnA AtmAnI samagra zaktithI e atyAcAra ane anyAyano virodha karavo joIe. ane, eka saMtapuruSanI bhaviSya dRSTino khyAla Ape evuM kathana karatAM emaNe kahyuM: mAnavInA astitvane sArthaka karatA A AtmAnA niyamanuM pAlana keIpaNa eka vyakti pitAnA mAnanA rakSaNa mATe, pitAnA dharmanA ke pitAnA AtmAnA rakSaNa mATe upayoga karI zake che, eTaluM ja nahIM e sAmrAjyanA patananuM kAraNa paNa banI zake che. 113 gAMdhI saMmaraNa aura vicAra, gAMdhI zAMti pratiSThAna, dilhI, 1968, pA. 501 114 eja, 5, 52 115 eja, pA. 503

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dharmanuM bhAvi Ama, ApaNe joIzuM ke premanA tattvamAMthI niSpanna thate ahiMsAne vicAra mAtra niSkriya na rahetAM sakriya paNa bane che, ane e rIte satyanI sAthe saMkaLAya che. ahIMyAM e nedhavuM joIe ke nisee khristImatanA premanA siddhAMtanI karelI TIkA, gAMdhIjInA premanA vicArane lAgu pADI zakAya ema nathI. kAraNake gAMdhIjInA premanA vicAramAMthI evI ahiMsAne vicAra nIpaje che je paDakAramAM ke saMdharSamAM paNa pariName. satya : ahiMsA paDakAramAM ke saMgharSamAM kayAre pariName ? satyanI sthApanAne mATe tema ja satyanI prAptine mATe ahiMsA Avazyaka che. A aMge De. desAI kahe che116: mahAtmA gAMdhIjInA mate satyanI prAptine pAye ahiMsA, ane satyanI prApti paNa ahiMsAthI ja thaI che, e sivAya nahIM. jema jema ahiMsAne vikAsa thAya tema tema satyanI vadhu ne vadhu daSTi prApta thAya. AthI ja gAMdhIjIe prabaMdhela satyAgrahane ahiMsA sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM Ave che ane e rIte savinaya asahakAra (civil disobedience) athavA te ahiMsaka pratikAra (non-violent resistence)ne khyAla prApta thAya che. savinaya kAnUnabhaMgaH savinaya kAnUnabhaMga viSe ApaNe gAMdhIjInA keTalAka vicAre atre rajU karIe. mAre e nizcita mata che ke savinaya kAnUnabhaMga e eka pavitra prakAranI baMdhAraNIya caLavaLa che ane ethI ja enuM savinaya svarUpa eTale ke ahiMsaka svarUpa mAtra cha prakAranuM hoya te te TIkApAtra ane nimna kakSAnuM bane che."117 asahakAra savinaya havA mATe, sahRdayI, mAnapUrvaka, saMyamazIla tema ja siddhAMta AdhArita hovo joIe, ane kadIye tochaDAIbharyo ke aspaSTa hovo joIe nahi. savinaya asahakAramAM kadIye dhikkAra ke nukasAnanI bhAvanA thavI joIe nahi, savinaya asahakAra saMpUrNapaNe ahiMsaka hovo joIe. kAraNake ene cAlaka siddhAMta pote duHkha bhogavIne tema ja premapUrvaka virodhIne jItavAmAM samAyela che.118 116 eja, pA. 266 117 yaMga inDiyA, 15-12-1921 dharma 28

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana - sahakAra ane asahakAra e sAmAnya vyavahAranI nIti che. sAcA ane nyAyIne sahakAra prApta thAya ane anyAyIne asahakAra prApta thAya e sahaja che. * itihAsa upara uDatI najara karavAthI paNa e samajI zakAze ke asahakAra e purANI rIti che. yuddha e paNa eka prakArane asahakAra ja che. paraMtu yuddha e AsurI asahakAra che. A vize gAMdhIjI kahe cheH118 hiMdustAnanA lekanI samakSa meM rajU karela asahakAra daivI asahakAra che ema kahevAmAM mane jarAye ghaSTatA thatI nathI. je asahakAramAM hiMsA che temAM hArajIta paNa rahelI che, paraMtu je asahakAramAM mAtra kurabAnI ane AtmatyAga che temAM jIta sivAya bIjuM kaMI nathI. A prakAranA asahakArano kaI virodha karI zake ema huM mAnatA nathI. je koI devI asahakAra kare che te nyAyanI prApti thatA sudhI sahakAra karatA nathI. ahiMsAmAMthI ja satya niSpanna thAya che e ApaNe AgaLa joyuM. satyanA Agraha mATe gAMdhIjI pite satata jAgRta hatA ane lokone paNa satyanA Agraha mATe satata jAta rahevuM joIe ema teo mAnatA. kAraNake manuSyanuM gaurava AtmAnI zaktine AdhIna rahI vartavAmAM rahyuM che. keTalIka veLA Atmazaktine satyAgrahathI bhinna gaNI satyAgrahanA vicArane khoTI rIte rajU karavAmAM Ave che. A vize spaSTatA karatA gAMdhIjI kahe che: 12 0 ghaNI veLA satyAgraha zabdano artha khUba khoTI rIte karavAmAM Ave che ane chUpI hiMsA emAM samAviSTa che evuM sUcavAya che. paraMtu A zabdanA prayojaka tarIke mane e kahevAnI chUTa hevI joIe ke e zabdamAM kaI paNa prakAranI hiMsA-pachI te spaSTa svarUpanI hoya ke aspaSTa svarUpanI, vicAra, zabdake kAryanI heya--e samAviSTa nathI. virodhIne pitAne ke ene koI paNa prakAranI kaTuvANuM kADhavI athavA te ene ijA pahoMcADavI ke enuM bUruM icchavuM e satyAgrahanA bhaMga samAna che. satyAgraha haMmezAM saumya che, Akramaka nahi. satyAgraha kadIye krodha ke malinatAmAMthI nIpajI zake nahIM. satyAgrahanI vadhu samaja ApatA gAMdhIjI kahe che: 121 sIdhA pagalAnI eka ati asarakAraka rIti tarIke satyAgrahane apanAvanAra, satyAgrahano Azaro letA 118 eja, 24-3-20 tathA 3-11-21 119 gAMdhI saMsmaraNa aura vicAra, pA. 500 120 harijana, 15-4-'33 121 yaMga InDiyA, 20-10-27

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dharmanuM bhAvi 435 pahelAM, bIjA badhA ja mArgo ajamAvI le che. ethI adhikArIne e satata maLato raheze, Ama janasamudAyane e apIla karaze, janasamudAyanA vicAraghaDataramAM e phALo Apaze ane pitAne sAMbhaLavA je koI taiyAra hoya e badhAnI samakSa e zAMtithI, ravasthatAthI potAnA vicAro rajU karaze ane A badhuM karyA pachI e satyAgrahane Azaro leze. satyAgrahane vize gAMdhIjI vadhumAM kahe che:22 satyAgraha ane asahayoga tathA savinaya avajJA je satyAgrahanI zAkhAo samAna che e kaSTa sahevAnA tema ja AtmabalidAnanAM navAM nAme che. pUrNa hiMsAnA vAtAvaraNamAM je RSioe ahiMsAne niyama zodhI kADhayo e nyUTananA vyaktitva karatA mahAna vyaktitvadhArI che. teo veliMgTana karatA mahAyoddhA hatA. zastravidyAmAM teo pravINa hatA. ema chatAM zastronI nirarthakatA teo samajI zakyA ane ethI emaNe thAkelA ane hArelA samAjane ema zIkhavyuM ke emanI muktino mArga hiMsA nahIM paraMtu ahiMsA che. satyanI prAptine mATe pratikArane Azraya levAya tyAre paNa te pratikAra ahiMsAtmaka ho joIe e gAMdhIjInI dhyeyaprAptinI sAdhanAnI eka avanavI deNa che. upasaMhAra : gAMdhIjInA AvA samanvayakArI valaNanuM tAtparya samajAvatAM Tenisana kahe che: 123 "India, then, for matriarchal, historical, geogrophical and spiritual reasons, still honours the Saint above the film-star, political boss, the base-ball hero. But the type of saint that India honours has changed. After centuries of meditative sloth, sannyasins have come down from Himalayan peaks, emerged from forest hide-outs, stripped themselves of ashes and excrement in order to endure the rigours of love in the all too human dust from which their fore-runners shook them122 gAMdhI saMsmaraNa aura vicAra, pA. pa03 123 Tenisana : IyiAsa kiMga seInTa, nyuyeka, 1955, pA. 182

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana selves free. For this, western virture can claim it's own share of credit. Western virtue has been crossed with Indian vision. It is this that has given but the most exciting and important spiritual movement of our time." gAMdhIjInI vicAradhArAnA mULa bhAratIya saMskRtimAM samAyelA che. gAMdhIjIne Izvarane vicAra ane ene satya tarIke svIkAra e khUba viziSTarUpe rajUAta pAmyA che. Ama chatAM, satyane Izvara tarIke ane Izvarane satya tarIke svIkAravAmAM gAMdhIjIe Adarza prAptine mAtra dharmakSetra mATe maryAdita na rAkhatA jIvananA anya vividha kSetre para paNa prasarAvI che. sarvadharma pratyenI samadaSTi ane emAMthI nIpajatI dharma sahiSNutAne pariNAme, gAMdhIjIe vividha dharmomAMnuM, je zreSTha che tene svIkAra karI svatvanI tathA samAjanA zreSThatvanI prAptine, mAnavajIvananuM dhyeya banAvI, enI prApti mATe prima, ahiMsA ane satyane trividha svarUpane viziSTa mArga rajU karyo che. mAnavajAtanA vikAsamAM dharmanA A sanAtana mUlya kyAreka visarAyelA jovA maLe che. tema chatAM, e mUlyanI avAranavAra punaH pratiSThA thatI paNa jovA maLe che. mAnava AvAM mUlyanI prApti karI zake e mATe, mAnavadharmanuM kevuM ravarUpa hovuM jarUrI che ene kaMIka khyAla upara rajU karela gAMdhI vicAradhArAmAMthI prApta thAya che. 4 upasaMhAra Ama, ApaNe joI zakIzuM ke ItihAsanA judA judA kALe ane judA judA bhaugolika pradezamAM dharmansamavayanA vividha prayAsa thayA che. ApaNe rajU karelA prayAse uparAMta bIjA keTalAka prayAsone paNa samAveza thaI zake. jema ke, eka tattva para sthapAyela brahmosamAja, premadharma para sthapAyela sAMIsamAja ane pUrNa para rathapAyela araviMda paMtha. A prayAsomAMthI be mahattvanA muddAo niSpanna thAya che. eka te, vividha dharmonA milanasthAna zakaya che ene svIkAra ane bIja, gaI ane cAlu sadImAM A dizAmAM savizeSa prayAso thayA che te hakIkta. ' dharmanI utpatti mAnavInI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta pUrNa karavAne mATe thaI che ema ApaNe anyatra noMdhyuM. mAnavInI anya jarUriyAtanI jema, enI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta paNa svIkArAya te, enI vividha jarUriyAta saMtoSavAne mATe jema bhinna chatAM samAna mArgo saMbhavI zake, tevI rIte, mAnavInI

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47 dharma bhAvi AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta saMtoSavA, bhinna chatAM samAna mArgo heI zake. dharma samanvayanA badhA ja prayAsane pAya A rahyo che. ogaNIsamI sadI pahelAM A dizAnA prayatnane mukAbale gaI ane cAlu sadImAM AvA prayAso savizeSe thayA che, te ja e sUcave che ke palTAtA samaya, saMjoga, samAja ane paristhitimAM paNa mAnavInI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta sArvatrika rahI che ane zAzvatarUpe TakI che. audyogika krAMtithI zarU thayela sAmAjika parivartana mAnavInA samAjajIvananI sAthe ja enA kauTuMbika ane vyaktigata jIvanane paNa asarakartA rahyuM che. zAMta ane nirmaLa grAmyajIvananA sthAne zaherIjIvananA maMDANa maMDAyA. sAdAIbharyA jIvananuM sthAna vaibhavabharyA jIvane lIdhuM. bhautika jarUriyAto anekagaNI vadhI. jIvananA kendrasthAne naitika ane dhArmika kAyadAne badale bhautika ane Arthika kAyadAnuM prasthApana thayuM. Ama, audyogika krAMtinA saMcAraNa sAthe bhautikavAdanA prasArane vega maLe. arthavAdanI jhaDapI gatie ene protsAhana ApyuM. baMnee ekatra thaI rAjyazAsanane kabaje lIdhe ane traNenA A majiyArA prayAsamAM vijJAnanAM vividha kSetree sahakAra Ape. tAMtrikavidyA anekagaNI vikasI. sRSTinAM aneka rahasya eka taraphe ukelAyA, te bIjI tarapha sRSTinI gahanatAnAM paNa darzana thatAM rahyAM. vIsamI sadInA madhya bhAge mAnavI ane mAnavasamAja eka saMgharSanI avasthAmAM AvyA. vyaktijIvana ane samAjajIvananAM mUlya ekamekanI sAme TakarAyAM, eka taraphe dhArmika mUlyo ane bIjI tarapha sekayulara mUlyane saMdharSa zarU thayo. e saMgharSamAM dharmanuM, dhArmika mUlyanuM mAna karavAnA anekavidha prayAso thayA. ghaDIbhara sekyularIjhamanuM sAmrAjya sthapAyuM hoya ane vistaratuM hoya ema lAgyuM. paraMtu mAnavInI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAtane sadaMtarapaNe inkAra karI zakAya nahIM, ke ene kAyamane mATe dabAvI daI zakAya nahIM, enAM pratyakSa darzana, vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM e mATenA thayelA vividha prayAse, karAve che. Aje vIsamI sadInA aMte AvI UbhelA mAnavI mATe prazna e upasthita thAya che ke vizvane koI eka dharma enI AdhyAtmika ane dhArmika jarUriyAta saMtoSaze ke enA satiSane mATe eka ne ja mArga akhatyAra kare paDaze? mAtra dharmonA samanvayIkaraNanI prakriyA ja A jarUriyAta saMtoSaze ke e jarUriyAta saMtoSavA mATe eka vadhu vistRta prakAranA samanvayIkaraNanI jarUriyAta raheze? evuM

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438 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana samanvayIkaraNa, je mAtra dharmonA arkanA samanvayIkaraNa uparAMta, mAnavajIvana ane mAnavasamAjanA vividha parivartananuM paNa samanvayIkaraNa kare, ane e samanvayIkaraNamAM audyogika pragati, tAMtrika vikAsa ane vaijJAnika siddhinuM samanvayIkaraNa paNa samAyuM hoya. AthI, vIsamI sadInA mAnavIne eka evA dharmanI jarUra che je enA samagra astitvanA keI tatvane InkAra na kare, ane chatAMye enAM sarva tane svIkAra karIne enI siddhine mATe mArga mokaLo kare. dhArmika ane sekyularanA bhedane bAjue mUkI, mAnavIya ane daivIyane samanvaya sAdhatA, eka evA samAjanuM prabodhana kare, je kharekhara mAnavInI siddhirUpa banI, devabhAvanAthI otaprota thayela heya. AvA sarvagrAhI dharmanI racanA, kALanA bhAvinA garbhamAM che. mAnavInuM je svarUpa che e ja rahe te eka vastu nizcita che ke ekavIsamI sadInA mAnavIne paNa dharmanI jarUriyAta rahevAnI che, ane chatAM e vAta paNa eTalI ja nizcita che ke kaIpaNa eka dharma e jarUriyAta saMtevI zake nahIM. evI saMbhavitatA sAva nakArI zakAya nahIM ke sAmyavAdanuM zreSTha ane dharmanuM eka ekatra thaIne, eka evA dharmanI prApti karAve, jemAM mAnavInA sAmAjika sarvadezIya utthAnanI sAthe, enA vyaktigata sarvAgI vikAsane mATe paNa sthAna maLe. eka evo dharma je vyakti jIvananAM zreSThatama aMgone siddha karavA pravRtta banavA chatAM, samAjajIvanane vyavasthita karavAnuM kArya nahIM cUke. A dharma vyaktinI AdhyAtmiktAnI jarUriyAtane svIkAra kare eTaluM ja nahIM, paraMtu samAjanI AdhyAtmikatAnI jarUriyAtane paNa svIkAra kare, ane eka evA Adarza tarapha vaLe, jyAM mAnavIne AtmA, sarvatra pravartamAna daivI Atmatatva sAthe ekarUpa thaI avakA rahe. pravartamAna dharmonI viziSTatAone lakSamAM laI dharma samanvayanA vividha prayAso tathA Adhunika rAjakIya ane manovaijJAnika prakriyAnI dizAne anulakSIne bhAvina dharmanAM AvAM darzana nathI thaI zakatA ?

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dharmanuM bhAvi vibhAga 1 tathA 3 saMdarbha graMthasUci alapeTa, goDanaH dhI inDIvIDayuala enDa hIjha rilijiyana, mekamilana, nyuyorka, 1950 elphIca, vIgaMla sI . dhI hAI enDa helI jarnala opha rilijiyana, naM. XXXIV, 1954. elavIlA, jI. : orIjIna enDa grotha opha dhI kansezana opha geDa, laMDana, 1892. eMgsa, esa. dhI misTarI, rilijiyana enDa krizciyanITI, laMDana, 1925. iliMgavatha, je AraH parsanAlITI-hyumana enDa DivAIna, laMDana, 1894 karmakAra, e. pI. : rilijiyansa opha inDiyA, mIrA pabliziMga hAusa, lenAvAlA, 1950. kalArka, jemsa epha. : Tena greTa rilijiyansa, haga mIlIna, 1913. kuka esa. e.: dhI sTaDI opha rilijiyansa, laMDana, 1914. : dhI phAunDezansa, opha rilijiyansa, laMDana, 1914. kapara, sI. sI.rilijiyana enDa dhI meDana mAInDa, nyuyorka, 1929 kIMga, AI.: dhI DevalapamenTa opha rilijiyana, nyuyorka, 1910. gorDana H eTalAsa opha dhI mena enDa rIlIjIyana, dhI rIlIjIyasa ejyukezana presa, nyuyorka, 1970 gaMgAprasAdaH phAunTanaheDa opha rilijiyana, inDiyA, 1957. gAMdhI ema. ke. : inDiyA opha mAya DrIma, navajIvana pabliziMga hAusa, amadAvAda, 195. gAMdhI smaraNa vicAra : gAMdhI zAMti pratiSThAna, navI dilhI, 1968. jyAdA, DabalyuH rilijiyana emaMga prImITIva, phrIpresa, glenke, 151. jahena, beIlI avara neleja opha geDa, skAIbarsa, nyuyorka, 1939 jemsa, eDavIna, olIvara : dhI bIgInIga opha rilijiyana, haTIzana kaMpatI, laMDana, 1948. jemsa, I. o. : emensa enDa sekiphAIsa, e sTaDI ina kampareTiva rilijiyana, laMDana, 1937.

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana jemsa, viliyama dhI verAITIjha opha rilijiyasa ekSapiriyansa, laMDana, 1929 jensa, epha bI : dhI Ivolyuzana opha dhI rilijiyasa kensIasanesa - Ina pAna eMglIkana peparsa, laMDana, 1908. : ena inTroDakazana Tu dhI sTaDI opha pereTIva rili. jiyana, mekamilana ke, nyu 1918 cIma, voca H ghI kapereTIva sTaDI opha dhI rilijiyana, saMpA. ke. ema. - josepha kolaMbiyA yuni. presa, nyuyorka, 1958. jena, luIsa, hetrI H kapereTIva rilijiyana-iTasa jenesIsa enDa graMtha - TI enDa TI kalArka, eDinabarga, 1905. jonsa, raksa ema : sTaDIjha ina mIsTIkala rilijiyana, laMDana, 1923. jhImara, hendrIca : InDiyana ArTa enDa sIvIlIjhezana, pejIana buka, 1945. dAsa, bhagavAna : dhI isensiala yunITI opha ola rilijiyansa, philesophikala pabliziMga hAusa, aghAra, 1940. ToyebI ane mAyasa : e sTaDI opha hIsTarI graMtha-11 okSapharDa yuni. presa, 1959 desAI yu. ma. dharmonI bAlyAvasthA, Arya sudhAraka prisa, vaDedarA, 1932. navAba sArAbhAI maNIlAla : jenacitra kalpakama, 1936 nesa, je. bI. : menasa rilijiyansa, mekamilana kaMpanI, yuke, 1956. pArasansa, I DabalyuH dhI rilijiyana opha dhI nyU TesTAmenTa, hApara enDa bradharsa, nyuyorka, 1939. piTarasana, sI, eca. : dhI philosophI opha dhI olDa TesTAmenTa, dhI ronAlDa presa, nyuyorka, 1953. pirIza, phUDa luIsaH dhI kalAsiphikezana opha rilijiyana, penA helDa - prisa, skeTalenDa, 1941. prAsIDIgsa opha dhI sevantha InTaranezanala koMgresa phora dhI hisTarI opha rilijiyana" nethe holenDa pabliziMga ku, emesTaraDama, 1951. lemiMga, DenIala jahonasanaH rilijiyasa sIolsa kosiMga kalcarala bAunDarIjha Ina epha. I. jahonasana saMpAdita rilijiyasa sIlIjhama, hArpara, nyuyorka, 1953.

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dhamanuM bhAva pharma, bI.: (saMpAdita) enasAikale peDiyA opha rilijiyana, philesephikala lAyabrerI, juka, 1945. -- (saMpAdita) rilijiyana Ina TavenTIetha seMcuarI, philesephikala lAIbrerI, nyuyorka, 1948. phInIgana, jeka lAITa koma dhI esipanTa pAsTa; - dhI akIleja opha varlDa rimijIyansa, prinsaTana yuni. presa, 1952 phrIsa, eca ela. enDa snAIDara, e. I: rilijiyasa ina verIasa kacarsa, hetrI hoTa kuM, nyuyorka, 1932. pheMca, Ara. ema. : dhI IsTarna orthoDekasa carca, haTIzana enDa kuM, laMDana, 1951. babara, ema. dhI pheTika pheItha, anu. vana Devisa, mekamilana kaMpanI, - nyuyorka, 1949. bargAsAM, hetrIH dhI Tu sesIMjha opha merAlITI enDa rilijiyana, Dabala De, nyuyorka, 1954. baTa, I.eH TAImsa opha rilijiyasa philasaphI, hApara, nyuyorka, 1951 I : mena sIkarsa dhI DIvAIna hArpara, nyuyorka, 1957 bartholDa, keDa : ghI mInIga opha rilijiyasa ekasapiriyansa ina jarnala opha rilijiyana XXX II, 1952 brAuna, ela: dhIsa lIvIMga varlDa, mekamilana kuM, nyuyorka, 1956. bAITamena, eDagara rophIlDa : e philephI opha rilijiyana, prinTIsa hola, nyuyorka, 1946. bUca, bhu. me. ane Do. mA H sarva dharmonI tArika ekatA, bhASAMtaranidhi prakAzana, bhAvanagara, 1968. beneDIke, Ara : peTarnasa opha kalcara, hagaTana, maphalIna kaMpanI, besTana, 1934 beTa, Dabalyu: voTa ijha rilijiyana, laMDana, 1907 bevAna, eDavina AraH sImbolIjhama enDa bIlIpha, elana enDa anavina laMDana, 1938. bhada, go. ha : jagatanA vidyamAna dharmo (hyumane anuvAda) prAcya vidyAmaMdira, vaDedarA, 1936. bhaTTAcArya, haridAsa : dhI kalcarala heriTeja opha inDiyA bhAga 4, rAmakRSNa mizana, kalakattA, 1937,

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana --: dhI phAunDezana opha lIvIMga pheItha, kalakattA yuni. presa, 1938. bhAMDArakara, Ara. jI. : vaiznavIjhama rivIjhama enDa mAyanera rilijiyasa * sIsTamsa, IkolojIkala buka hAusa, vArANasI, 1905. mukarajI, ajIta : taMtra ArTa-ITasa phalosephI enDa phIjhIkasa, kumAra gelerI, nyu dIlhI, 1967 mulara, grAnaphela e (saMpA.) : lAIpha enDa rilijiyana, Dabala De, nyuyorka, 1905. mUlara, mekasa: inDiyA, voTa kena ITa TIca, leMgamena kaMpanI, 1934. pUra, jI.I dhI hisTarI opha rilijiyansa, phrAIbanasaMku, nyuyorka, 1919 mUre, jI. epha dhI bartha enDa grotha opha rilijiyana, phrAIbanasa, nyuyorka, 1926. milara, perI : rilijiyana enDa krIDama opha theTa, Dabala De, nyuyorka, 1954 mekenjha, jahenaH Tu rilijiyansa-e kaMpereTIva sTaDI opha sama DIsTI kaTIva AIDiyansa Ina hiMduIjhama enDa krizciyanITI, baTaravartha, laMDana, 1950 mereTa, robarTa rAlpha dhI grezolaDa opha rilijiyana, laMDana, 1914. melIne vaskI, bI : "mejIka, sAyansa enDa rilijiyana Ina sAyansa, - rilijiyana enDa riAlITI, saMpA. je nidhAna, laMDana, 1926. jhIjha, DevIDa. i: rilijyisa TUtha enDa dhI rIlezana bITavIne rilijiyansa, dhI krizciyana liTarecara phesAyaTI, madrAsa 150. eragana, ke. Dabalyu : (saMpA.) dhI rilijiyana opha hindujha, ronAlDa presa, nyuyorka, 1953. yabara, jahona miTanaH prejhanTa sTeTasa opha sela opha rilijiyana ina jarnala opha rilijiyana XXXI, 1951. rAdhAkRSNana, sara sarvapallIH rilijiyana enDa sesAyaTI, elana enDa anavina, laMDana, 1947. - IsTa enDa vesTa Ina rilijiyana, elana, enDa anavIna, 1948

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dharmanuM bhAvi --: hiMduIjhama enDa dhI vesTa, okSaphaDa6, 1941. - IsTana rilijiyana enDa vesTarna Ta, kSapharDa, 1938rahAIsa, DevIsa TI. Dabalyu orIjIna enDa gretha opha rilijiyansa, laMDana, 1891. rIne, elaH rilijiyansa epha ensIyeTa inDiyA, laMDana, 1953. -rilijiyana Ina dhI mekiMga, levela, lekacarsa sIrIjha, nyuyorka, 1926. reDakalIpha, brAuna. e. Ara. : rilijiyana enDa sesAyaTI, Ina jarnala epha rilijiyana LXXV, 1945. reDIna, pila : prImITIva rilijiyana, ITasa necara enDa orIjIna, nyuyorka, 1937. robInasana, TI. eca: prophesI enDa propheTasa, laMDana, 1923. leIna, golmana ane hanTaH dhI varlDa hIsTarI, hekeTa, bresa, muke 1959 vonDa, je Dabalyu. sI. e hisTarI opha moDarna carca, laMDana, 1952. :valasana, bronaH rilijiyana Ina sekyulara sesAyaTI, laMDana, 1957. viliyama, e. elaH rIDara Ina kapereTIva rilijiyana ena entho. pijIkala eproca, 1958. viliyama, je verAITIjha opha rilijiyasa eksapiriansa, dhI moDarna lAyabrerI, nyuyorka 1902. vivekAnaMda, svAmI Isensialsa opha hinduIjhama, alamoDA, 1944. vera, melaH ghI seleja opha rilijiyana. -: dhI rilijiyansa opha InDiyA, dhI seleja opha hinduIjhama enDa buddhijhama. vesTara mArka, I dhI orIjIna enDa DevalapamenTa opha dhI merala, AIDiyAjha, laMDana, 1906. zeTavela, je. TI : dhI rilijiyasa rivolyuzana opha TuDe, nyuyorka 1924. zeDe, ena. je dhI phAunDezana ophaatharvedika rilijiyana, Dekana koleja, punA esa. ema. mekemba, preyaraH e sTaDI Ina dhI hisTarI enDa sAyakalAjI opha rilijiyana, okSapharDa, 1922.

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dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana snAIDara, haba vAlAsa : rilijyina ina TavenTIetha seMcuarI amerikA kebrIja, 19para. nItha, iliAsa (saMpA.): dhI ivolyuzana opha ethikasa ejha rivilA ina greTa rilijiyansa, yAlA yuni. presa, juhevana, 1927. spIlabarga, grIka lIvIMga rilijiyansa opha dhI varDa, penTIsa hola, - nyuyorka, 1956. mATe, nInIyAna: hisTarIkala sIlekazana ina dhI philephI opha rili jiyana, laMDana, 196ra. ramItha, je. ema. pI. : dhI propheTasa enDa dhera TAImsa, zikAge yuni. presa, zikAgo, 1926. svAna, sensacenaH rilijiyasa sIsTamsa opha dhI varlDa bulsabarI, 1908 ravITamena, je. Dabalyu islAma enDa krizciyana thiyeLa, laMDana, 1947. hyuma, Ara. I: varlDa lIvIMga rilijiyansa, eDinabara, 1957. hAIlenDa, eDavIna sIDanI rinyuala enDa bIlIpha-sTaDIjha Ina hisTarI - opha rilijiyana, viliyama enDa naragera, laMDana, 1914 hIlIyA, 'Ika ecaH mena ina isTarna rilijiyansa, Ipavartha presa, laMDana, 1926. heDana AbarTa : hisTarI opha rilijiyana ina che. bI. smItha saMpAdita, - rilijiyasa theTa Ina lAsTa kavArTara pheMcyuMarI, zikAgo yuni presa, zikAgo, 1927. - meDana TrenDasa Ina varlDa rilijiyana, zikAge, 1934. heTIMgsa, jeImsa enasAIkalopeDiyA opha rIlIjIyana enDa ethikasa cArlsa krAIbarsa sansa, nyuyorka, 1951. hepakInsa, I DabalyuH rilijinsa opha InDiyA, laMDana, 1902.

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pariziSTa 12 sAmAnya samaya keSTaka ghaTanA samaya I. sa. pUrve 2000 uttara-pazcima bhAratamAM (siMdhunI khINa) AryonuM Agamana. hiMdudharmane udaya, azkedanI racanA. 1700 hammurabIne mAnava-nyAyano kAyado. 1500 hibradharmane uddabhava. siMdhugaMgAnA pradezamAM anya vedonI racanA. 1450 jUnA karAranI racanA (I. sa. pU. 150 sudhI) 1000 hiMdudharmanA "brAhmaNonI racanA (I. sa. pU. 800 sudhI) gaMgA-jamanAnA pradezamAM. hiMdudharmamAM yajJa ane saMrakAronA mahatvane kAraNe brAhmaNadharma tarIke oLakhAyA. 800 upaniSadonI racanA (I. sa. pU. 600 sudhI) magadhanA rAjyane udaya. 750 Tike AnA emosanuM IjharAyelanI prajAnA vaibhava vilAsanI IzvarIya zikSAnuM bhaviSya kathana. 660 ziste dharmane udaya. 599 jenadharmane udaya. 590 jarathustadharmane udaya pa60 bauddhadharmane udaya. 551 kayuziyanadharmane udaya. para0 keriyasa rAjAe jarathustadhamaone mAnya karyA. 485 addaramajhadanI pUjAnA svIkAra mATenA baLavAne karasIse dabA. 400 tAdharmane udaya. jainadharmanA phAMTAonI zarUAta--vetAMbara ane digaMbara 383 vaizAlImAM bauddhadharmanI prathama mahAsabhA,

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dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I.sa. pUrve 273 azokane bauddhadharma svIkAra. dharmapracAra mATe sAdhumaMDaLane grIsa, sIriyA ane mIsaranAM rAjyamAM mokalyAM. 250 samrATa azenA samayamAM paTaNAmAM bauddhadharmanI bIjI mahAsabhA. bauddhadharmanA phAMTAnI zarUAta. mahAyAna ane hInayAna. hiMdudharmanA purANa, mahAkAvya ane zruti tathA RtikALanI zarUAta (I. sa. 200 sudhI). 187 zuMgarAja puSyamitra dvArA brAhmaNadharmanI puna: sthApanA. 6 jisasa krAIsTane janma ane khristI dharmane udaya. I. sa. 67 bauddhasaMghane cInamAM praveza. samrATa mAMge emane satkAra karyo ane pI-mA-(sapheda ghaDAnuM maMdira) nAmanuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM. che. 215 mIcIyAnIjhamanA sthApaka meInsane janma. 250 bauddhadharmane amIdApaMtha bhAratamAMthI cInamArge jApAnamAM pravezyo. - 312 samrATa kensenTAIne khristIone samAna haka ApyA. 325 samrATa konTaTenTAInanI adhyakSatAmAM nikAyAnI dharmasabhA. para0 bedhidharmanuM cInamAM Adhipatya. papara bauddhadharmane jApAnamAM praveza. 570 payagaMbara mahamadane janma ane islAmano udaya. 629 hyu-ena-sAMgane bhArata pravAsa (I. sa. 645 sudhI). 634 khristIdhamI romana sAmrAjyanA aDadhA uparAMtanA vistAra para muslimone vijaya. 643 IslAmadhamIonI IrAna paranI jIta pachIthI kanaDagatane kAraNe jarathustadhamIone svadharma rakSaNa mATe IrAna tyAga ane bhArata praveza. 711 ArabonuM siMdha para AkramaNa. tArIkanA netRtva nIce arabastAnanA musalamAnone spenamAM praveza 732 muslima AkramaNane Tesa AgaLa phrAnkasa netA cArlsa mATe aTakAvyuM. IslAma dharma prasAra aTakyokhristI dharma prasArane vega maLe. 750 tibeTamAM vrajayAna bauddhapaMthane pasaMbhava dvArA praveza. kigAna ane rIsu bauddhapathe cInamArge jApAnamAM pravezyA.

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pariziSTa I.sa. 778 zaMkarAcAryane janma. 815 sUphImatanuM prasAraNa. 845 tAMga samrATa dvArA cInamAM bauddhadhamIonI kanaDagata. 92 bauddhadharma graMtha tripiTikAnuM cInamAM prakAzana. 1000 musalamAna tunA (mahamada gajhanI) paMjAba para AkramaNo ane islAmane bhAratamAM UMDANa sudhI praveza (I. sa. 1036 sudhI). raziyana rAjA leDImere IralAmadharmane mukAbale khriratIdharmane badha apanAvyuM. 1054 ramanA sarvoparI pipe kensenTInopalanA rAjAne dUra karI dharma sUtradhAranuM Adhipatya sthApyuM. 1096 prathama dharmayuddha (Crusade). bagadAdanI chata (1055mAM) meLavI selanka turko kansTanTanopalamAM pravezyA. islAma ane khristI dharma vaccenA saMgharSanA maMDANa. 1191 rIjhAI jhenabauddhadharmane cInamArge jApAnamAM praveza. 1228 seTa jhenabauddhadharmane cInamArge jApAnamAM praveza. 1280 cInamAM IslAmadharmane praveza. kubalAIkhAna dvArA cInamAM moMgala rAjavaMzanI zarUAta. 1469 gurU nAnakano janma ane zIkhadharmane udaya. 1492 kalaMbasanuM amerikAgamana. khristI dharma prasAra 1495 bAroma DAyajha kepa pahoMce. khristI dharmane AphrikAmAM praveza. 1498 vADhe DI gAmA bhArata pahoMcyo. khristI dharma prasAra 1620 me phalAvaramAM keTalAka khristI pAdarIo IMglenDa choDI amerikA gayA. khristI dharma prasAra 165ra jainavAnarIbeke dakSiNa AphrikAmAM yuropiyana vasavATanA maMDANa karyA. khristI dharma prasAra. 1809 nepoliyane sarvoparI pipanI dharapakaDa karI. rAjya sUtradhAranI sarvoparitAnuM sthApana. 1815 bhAratanA briTiza zAsana pradezamAM khristI mizanarI pravRttinI paravAnagI apAI - 1818 kAle mArkasane janma.

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448 dhanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I. sa. 1836 rAmakRSNa paramahaMsane janma. 1844 bahAImatanI zarUAta. 1859 DArvinanuM "Origin of species" pustaka prasiddha thayuM. 1869-70 veTikana sabhA maLI. mahAtmA gAMdhIne janma. 1875 thiyosophikala sosAyaTInI sthApanA. dayAnaMda sarasvatIe AryasamAjanI sthApanA karI. 1891 mahAbeli saMsAyaTInI sthApanA. 1893 zikAgomAM sarvadharma pariSada (Parliament of Religions) maLI. 1909 kalakattAmAM sarvadharma pariSada maLI. 1917 yuniyana opha sezyAlisTa soviyeTa ripablika (yu. esa. esa. Ara)nI sthApanA. 1940 jApAnamAM Izvara sAmrAjya caLavaLanA maMDANa. 150 silonamAM vizvabauddhabhAtRsaMghanI sthApanA. 1956 raMgUnamAM vizvabauddha pariSadanuM Ayojana. 1971 kerAlAmAM sarvadharma pariSada maLI. 2. hiMdudharma samaya keTaka I. sa. pUrve 2000 hiMdudharmane udaya. RgvadanI racanA. 1500 anya vedonI racanA (I. sa. pU. 1000 sudhI). 1000 "brAhmaNonI racanA (I. sa. pU. 800 sudhI). dharmamAM brAhyAcArane prAdhAnya. brAhmaNadharma tarIke oLakhAyA. 800 upaniSadanI racanA (I. sa. pU. 600 sudhI). magadha rAjyane udaya. 599 vardhamAna dvArA hiMdudharmane virodha. 560 gautama buddha dvArA hiMdudharmane virodha. 324 maurya sAmrAjyanI sthApanA (I. sa. pU. 187 sudhI). 250 bhagavadgItA ane manusmRtinI racanA. hiMdudharmanA purANa, mahA kAvya, smRti ane zruti phaLanI zarUAta (I. sa. 200 sudhI).

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pariziSTa I. sa. 187 zuMgarAja puSyamitra dvArA brAhmaNa dharmanI punaHsthApanA. I. sa. 320 gupta sAmrAjyanI sthApanA (I. sa. para6 sudhI). gupta samrATamAM vaiSNavamata vyApta. 778 zaMkarAcAryane janma. mahAvIra ane gautama buddhanA hiMdudharmanA virodhano pratikAra. advaita matane pracAra. hiMdudharmane vyavasthita karyo. 1027 rAmAnujAcArya. viziSTAdvaita matane pracAra. 1199 mAdhavAcArya. daitAdvaita matane pracAra 1275 saMta jJAnezvara. 135 rAmAnaMda Izvara prApti mATe bhakti ane jJAnane svIkAra 1440 kabIra. 1469 guru nAnaka. hiMdudharma ane islAmanI dvimukhI asara. zIkhadharmane udaya. 1479 vallabhAcArya-zuddhAdvaita-puSTimArganA puraskartA. 1485 caitanya. 1500 mIrAMbAI narasiMha mahetA. 1532 tulasIdAsa. rAmAyaNane lakabhASAmAM rajU karI lekabhogya banAvyuM. 1556 akabara megala samrATa bane che. enI nAtinA pariNAme dIna-ilAhI (sarvezvaravAdI dharma)nI preraNA. 16 00 dAdu 1608 svAmI rAmadAsa. 16 10 tukArAma. 1781 svAmInArAyaNa saMpradAyanA praNetA sahajAnaMda svAmIne janma. 1828 rAjA rAmamohana raoNye brahmosamAjanI sthApanA karI. 1836 rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa janma. 1861 zrI sAMIbAbAne zIraDImAM vasavATa. 1867 AtmArAma pAMDuraMge prArthanAsamAjanI sthApanA karI. 1869 mahAtmA gAMdhIno janma. 187ra pUrNayoganA purakta zrI araviMdane janma. dharma 29

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50 gharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I. sa. 1875 dayAnaMda sarasvatIe AryasamAjanI sthApanA karI. 1879 zrI ramaNa maharSine janma. 1886 rAmakRSNa paramahaMsanuM avasAna. 1896 rAmakRSNa mizananI vivekAnaMde sthApanA karI. 1948 mahAtmA gAMdhInuM svadharmI haste thayela hatyA. 3. hibradharma samaya keSTaka I. sa. pUrve 1450 jUnA karAranI racanA (I. sa. pU. 150 sudhI). 1230 mejhIjhanA netRtva nIce hibrUprajAne Ijipta tyAga. 1200 hiprajA IjharAyelamAM sthAyI thaI 1025 selanI rAjAzAhInI zarUAta. 1012 salemana rAjAnuM maMdira baMdhAyuM. 1006 DevIDanA rAjyaamalanI zarUAta. 960 solomananA rAjyakALanI zarUAta. (I. sa. pU. 586 sudhI rAjAone yuga cAlu rahyo). elija. 750 TikA AnA esa. ijharAyela prajAnA paibhavI vilAsanI IzvarIya zikSAnuM bhaviSya kathana. IziyAha hoziyAha 721 IjharAyela sAmrAjyanA vighaTananI zarUAta. kAnAna dezanA uttara vibhAgane asiriyAnA sAmrAjyamAM samAveza. 506 bebilenanA rAjA nebujhInajhare jerUsalema para ghere nAMkhe. maMdirano nAza karyo. hiba netAonI dharapakaDa karI dezanikAla karyA. 536 IrAnanA rAjA khuzarU tathA Deriyase A hibra netAone radeza pAchA pharavAnI rajA ApI. pApa jerUsalemanA maMdirane punaruddhAra 168 enTiokSa cothAnuM hibrUonuM damana jerUsalemanA maMdirane nAza.

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pariziSTa 451 I.sa. pUrve 167 mekebasanA netRtva heThaLa baLavo. 165 yahUdI mekkabI (I. sa. pU. 134 sudhI)nA samayamAM yahUdIonI svataMtratA. jerUsalemanA maMdiranI punaH sthApanA. I. sa. 70 romana sAmrAjya sAme baLa ane hAra. mana senApatie hila maMdirone vinAza karyo. sAdoki paMthanI pAyamAlI. jerUsalemanuM patana. 132 bArakhabAne baLa. yahUdIone dezanikAla. IjharAyela dezanA astitvane nahivata karavAmAM AvyuM. 1200 yuropamAM vaselA yahUdIonI kanaDagata (I. sa. 1500 sudhI). 1729 hibradharma sudhAraka mejhijha menDelanano janma. 1800 yuropanA dezoe yahUdIone Apela nAgarikatvanA adhikAra (I. sa. 1900 sudhImAM) - 1810 banyavIkamAM hibru sudhArAvAdI devaLanI racanA. 1946-48 svataMtra ijharAyela pradezane svIkAra, saMgaThana ane svataMtra , rAjyanI sthApanA. : 4. jApAna dharmatavArIkha I. sa. pU I. sa. pU ; ; 660 zidharmane udaya : - 600 prathama miTADanuM jApAna para avataraNa. jApAnamAM zidharma eka mAtra dharma (I. sa. 250 sudhI). I. sa. 250 bauddhadharmanA amidApaMthane cInamArge jApAna praveza. - 552 cInane mArge bauddha, kaphayuziyana ane tAo dharmone jApAna praveza: 645 ketuka rAjAe bauddhadharmane mAna ApyuM. 744 bauddhadhama kebadaizIne upadeza. mizrazi yA rIbu dharmanA maMDANa. 750 kigAna ane rIsu bauddhapathe cInamArge jApAnamAM pravezyA. 85. TIMDAI ane zInA paMthe astitvamAM AvyA. 1133 jApAnanA yUthara tarIke oLakhAtA henanane janma. 1191 rIjhAIjhenabauddhadharmane cInamArge jApAnamAM praveza. 1228 sATe nabauddhadharmane cInamArge jApAnamAM praveza.

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45ra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I.sa. 1250 zikharAna dvArA zinapaMthanI sthApanA. pAchaLathI joDezizupaMtha tarIke pracalita thaye. 1465 zioNdharmane bauddhadharma, kaphyuziyana dharma sAthe saMgharSa (I. sa. 1867 sudhI). ehaniha ne abhiSeka baMdha rahyo. mizradharmayuga. sUryasvarUpa mikADonI viparIta sthiti. 1669 kade jApAnanA jUnA dharmagraMthanuM saMskaraNa karyuM. 687 mabucie kadanuM kArya AgaLa vadhAyuM. 173 0 motUrIe zintadharmane navajIvana ApyuM. ziste dharmagraMtha ko-jI-kI upara TIkA lakhAI. jApAnamAM pravezelA dharmonA sArAM tattvono samanvayakArI svIkAra karyo. mikADa vaMzanA daivIaMzanuM punaHprasthApana. 1776 hirate zito dharmane lekabhogya banAvyo. vividha prajAomAM eka mAtra jApAnI prajA ja daivI che tevuM samarthana karyuM.. 1780 kajhajhumI ko paMthanA sthApaka muneTaDAno janma. 1798 TenarI kaye paMthanA sthApaka mayIkAvA mIkIno janma. 1814 kenake karyo paMthanA sthApaka baMcharone janma. 1868 mijI yuganI zarUAta ane mikAonI puna:sthApanA. 1871 30 jUna ane 31 DisembaranA divasene zuddhikaraNa saMskAranA divasa tarIke mAnya karatA rAjayahukama. 1889 jApAnanA rAjayabaMdhAraNamAM rAjAnA devI hakka ane pavitratAne mAnyatA apAI 1890 hiMsAnuM prAkaTaya ane bauddhadharmanuM punaHprasthAna. 1900-13 maMdironA kAyadA. zidharma maMdiranI, dharma khAtAmAMthI pahakhAtAmAM pheraphArI. anya dharmone dharmapravRtti tarIke vikAsavAnI chUTa maLI. 1908 TenarI kaye paMthane saMpUrNa prakAranI kAyadika mAnyatA maLI. 1922 jApAnanA yuvarAjane prathama vizvapravAsa. mikADonA devIaMzano kramazaH lepa.

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pariziSTa 53 I.sa. 1940 jApAnamAM Ivara-sAmrAjya caLavaLanA maMDANa. prabhu-sAmrAjya paMtha. 1945 bIjA vizvayuddhamAM jApAnanI hAra. daivI vaMzaparaMparAne mikADoe jAheramAM karelo tyAga. devI rAjyaprathAne aMta. 5. khristI dharma samaya keSTaka I. sa. pU. 6 jisasa krAIsTane janma ane khristI dharmane udaya. I. sa. 24 jisasane AdhyAtmika anubhava. giri pravacane. 33 jisasane vadha. jisasanuM punarutthAna. 40 saMta pilane khristI dharmane vyavasthita karavAno prayAsa. 45 khristI dharmane sumeriyA, DemAsa, enTioka, TArsasanA pradezamAM praveza. para saMta thomase malabAra kinAre khristI maMdira sthApyuM. 65 romana samrATa nIranA rAjya amala daramyAna khristIonI kanaDagata. khristIdharmane Tresa, ethensa, kerintha, rAma, kreTa, sAIprasa, philIpI, thesAlanikA, bere, nikApalIsamAM praveza. 66-69 pAdarI thomasanuM hiMdamAM Agamana. 70 khristI dharma graMthanI racanA (I. sa. 150 sudhI). 115 saMta iganeziyasanI romamAM zahAdata. 185 viyenA, sargosA, merIDA, liona, lebAsIsa, meyuA, kAyeMja, lArIsA, bethinIyA, nikomeDIyA, piyuMma, pinTasa, sInepe, emesIyA, eDesA, kapAsiyA, sIrena ane elekajhAMThThiyA, pippalIA, keloMgamAM khristI dharmane praveza. (I. sa. 1054 sudhI vinA pratikAra). 312 samrATa kanTenTAIne khriratIone samAna hakka ApyA. 325 samrATa kensenTAInanI adhyakSatAmAM nikAyAnI dharmasabhA. gAjhA, ArmeniA, mesopoTeniyA, osabarga, gola, spena, iTAlI, briTana, lIbiyA, IjiptanA pradezamAM khristI dharmano pracAra.

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454 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I. sa. 346 ijiptamAM khristI dharma maThanA sthApaka pikamisanuM avasAna. 354 saMta ogasTAInane janma. 387 ogasTAInane dharmasaMskAra 395 hipanA pAdarI tarIke ogasTAIna. 430 ogasTAInanuM avasAna. 500 gregarI pahelAnI ramanA prathama pipa tarIkenI pasaMdagI. 634 khristIdhama romana sAmrAjyanA aDadhA uparanA viratAra para | muslimone vijaya (732 sudhI). 732 muslima AkramaNane TArsa AgaLa phrAsa netA cArlsa mATele aTakAvyuM. pazcimamAM islAma dharma prasAra tatkALa aTakyo. 800 phrAnka rAjA cArlsa megnIne pape pavitra romana samrATa tarIke navAjyA. 871 IMglenDanA rAjA AphreDe vIkIMganA AkramaNono pratikAra karI khristI dharma sAmenA bhayane TALe, ane enA prasArane vega Ape. 1000 pAchA vaLatA jhanUnI vIkIMga Akramake dvArA khristI dharmane DenmArka, nevuM ane svIDanamAM praveza. raziyana rAjA leDImere pUrvajonI pUjAne tyAga karIne khristIdharmane bodha apanAvyuM. khristI dharmane raziyAmAM praveza. 1054 pUrva ane pazcimanAM khristI devaLo vacce aMtima bhaMgANu. kensenTIne palanA rAjAne remanA pipe dUra karyo. dharmasUtradhAranI sattAnuM vistaraNa (I. sa. 1517 sudhI). dharmasattAnI rAjasattA para sarvoparitA. 1076 jerUsalema para sejUka tune vijya. 1093 enaselsa kenTarabarInA vaDA pAdarI (Arka bizapa) bane che. 1096 kenTIne palamAM eka tune praveza. prathama dharmayuddha (CRUSADE) (je I. sa. 129 sudhI cAlu rahyuM). 1109 enaemanuM avasAna. 1225 saMta thomasa eNkivanArAne janma.

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pariziSTa 455 Isa. 1274 saMta thomasa ekivanAnuM avasAna. 1347 kalA DI rInajInene pavitra ramana prajAsattAkanI sthApanAne vyartha prayAsa. 1378 romana kethelikonA bheda bhUlIne badhA romana kaeNthalikee eka vaDA pipane svIkAra karyo ane emanuM mukhya sthAna roma rahyuM. I. sa. (1417 sudhI). 1453 kensenTIne pala para oTomana tune vijya. 1483 mArTina lyutharane janma. 1491 saMta Iganeziyasa loyelAne janma. 1492 kolaMbasanuM amerikAgamana. khristI dharmane prasAra. 1498 vAske-DI-gAmAnuM bhAratamAM Agamana. khristI dharmane pracAra. 1517 proTesTaMTa dharmasudhAraNanI zarUAta. 15ra6 eglIkana carcanI sthApanA. 154. "sosAyaTI opha jisasanI nI saMta leyelAe karelI sthApanA. 1542 saMta Iganeziyasa, saMta phrAMsisa jheviyerane eziyAnA paribhramaNe mekale che. 1546 mArTina lyutharanuM avasAna. 1549 saMta phrAMsisa jheviyarane cInamAM praveza. 1600 bhAratamAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 1620 me phalAvaramAM keTalAka khristI pAdarIoe IgleMDa choDayuM. khristI dharmane pracAra. 1703 jena veslene janma 1773 pipa dvArA "sesAyaTI opha jisasa'nuM damana. 1791 jena velenuM mRtyu. phrAMsamAM hibraone khristIo jevA samAna hakkanI navAjeza. 1793 phrAMsamAM kethelikenI kanaDagata.. 1809 neliyana pipane keda karyA. rAjya sUtradhAranI sattAnuM vistaraNa rAjyasattAnI dharmasattA para sarvoparitA. 185 pApanI kedamukti. sAyaTI oksisanI punaHsthApanA. 1829 kalika mukti caLavaLa.

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456 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I.sa. 1833 carca oNpha IgleMDamAM "kSapharDa caLavaLanI zarUAta 1845 romana kethalika carcamAM jene nyumenano praveza. 1858 khristI mizanarI pravRttionuM eziyAmAM vistaraNa. 1869-70 veTikana sabhA maLI. 1910 eDinabargamAM khristI mizanarI pariSada 1948 emasTaraDenamAM khristI devaLonI vizvasabhA sthapAI 6. islAmadharma samaya kepTa I sa. pa70 payagaMbara mahamadane janma ane islAmane udaya. 595 mahamada khAdIjA sAthe lagna 610 mahamadanI payagaMbarI vANI. karara hijarI varSa. mahamadanuM makkA choDI madInA prayANa. makkA-madInA vacce saMgharSa (I. sa. 629 sudhI). 629 makkA mahamadane zaraNe ApyuM. mahamadanuM avasAna. abubakaranI prathama khalIpha tarIke pasaMdagI. sIriyA para tenuM AkramaNa 634 abubakaranuM avasAna ane umaranI bIja khalIpha tarIke pasaMdagI. sIriyA, mesopoTemiyA, yukreTisanI khINu, bebilena, eseriyA, parsIyA ane Ijipta upara vijaya meLavyo. 643 othamAnanI trIjA khalIpha tarIke pasaMdagI 656 madInAnA IslAmadharmIoe othamAna para paththaramAro karI temanuM mRtyu nIpajAvyuM. alI khalIpha banyA. 66 1 svadharmI khavArijane hAthe alInuM khUna. 664 Araba senApati muhAbibe bhArata para halle karyo. Ara kAbUla pahoMcyAM. 680 karabalAnuM dharmayuddha. alInA putra husena ane dhusenanI zahAdata. islAma dharmanA spaSTa phAMTA-ziyA ane sunnI paMthe 711 tArIkanA netRtva nIce arabastAnanA musalamAne spenamAM dAkhala thayA. 712 siMdhamAM ArabanuM AkramaNa-basarAthI samudra mArge AvI mahamada kAsime siMdha sara karyuM. 632

Page #471
pariziSTa 47 I. sa. 717 islAmane uttara AphrikAmAM praveza. 725 musalamAnoe kaccha, kAThiyAvADa, dakSiNa rajapUtAnA ane mALavA sudhI dhasAra karyo. 732 kensenTIpala paranuM muslima AkramaNa cArlsa mATale aTakAvyuM, e uttara AphrikA tarapha vaLyuM. AphrikAmAM ane tyAMthI pena ane dakSiNa phrAMsamAM IslAma dharmanA prasAra. 815 sUphImatane uddabhava ane prasAraNa 1000 musalamAna turkInA paMjAba para AkramaNe. sumAtrA, malAyA, jAvA, borniye ane philipAInsamAM islAmadharmane praveza ane prasAra. IslAma mizanarIo dvArA raziyAmAM islAma dharmane praveza. 1001 mahamada gajhanIe pezAvara, thAnesara, kanoja, gvAliyara ane kiliMjara jItyA. mathurA ane somanAthanAM maMdira para hale karyo. (I. sa. 1026 sudhI). 1055 ane gajhAlIne janma. 1076 sejuka tune jerusalema para vijaya. 1096 sejuka tune kanTenTInopalamAM Akramaka praveza ane prathama dharmayuddha (je 1296 sudhI cAlu rahyuM). 1111 ala gajhAlInuM avasAna. 1220 pharIdudIna attara, jalAluddIna, rUmI, zekha, zAdI dvArA sUphImatane pracAra. 1285 khalIphatane aMta (sunnI paMtha mATe). meMgela tune bagadAda vijaya. 1300 sUphIvAdI hAphija (I. sa. 1388 sudhI). (1414 sUphIvAdI gAmI (I. sa. 1492 sudhI). 1453 oTomana turkone kenTIpala parane vijya. 1702 islAmadharma sudhAraka dilhInA zAha valI allAhane janma. 1703 islAma dharma sudhAraka arebiyAnA ala-vahabane janma. 1792 ala-vahabanuM avasAna, 1820 baMgALa pradezamAM musalamAna sudhArAvAdI caLavaLa. 1844 bahAImanI rajUAta.

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458 dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana I.sa. 1850 bahAImatanA sthApaka mIrajhA alI mahamadane vadha. 1912 inDoneziyAmAM muhammadiyA sudhArAvAdI caLavaLanI zarUAta. 1920 AtA turka kamAlapAzA tukanA saramukhatyAra. turkastAnamAM musalamAnadharmamAM krAMtikArI pheraphAre. 1941 bhAratamAM rUDhicusta dharmavAdIonI jamAta-e-islAmI caLavaLanI zarUAta. 1947 bhAratIya pradezamAMthI pAkistAnane dhArmika rAjya tarIke ubhava. 1971 pAkistAnamAMthI bAMgalAdezane alaga rAjya tarIke uddabhava. 7. zIkhadharma samaya keSTaka I.sa. 1469 gurU nAnakane janma ane zIkhadharmane udaya. 1508 guru aMgadene guru nAnake dhamaMgAdIe sthApyA (I. sa. 15para sudhI.) 15para guru amaradAsa dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1574 sudhI). 1574 guru rAmadAsa dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1581 sudhI). amRtasaranuM haramaMdira-suvarNa maMdira baMdhAvyuM. dharmagAdI vaMzaparaMparAgata banI.' 1581 guru ane dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1606 sudhI). graMthasAhebanI racanA thaI dharma karanI lAgata zarU thaI. dilhInA mogala rAjA sAthe yuddha. - 16 06. guru haragavide dhamaMgAdAe (I. sa. 1638 sudhI). dharmaguru talavAra dhAraNa kare che. saMrakSaNa mATe killAnI racanA. 1638 guru hararAya dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1660 sudhI). auraMgajheba sAmenI laDAImAM hAra. 1660 guru harakizana dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1664 sudhI). auraMgajheba sAmenI laDAI jArI rAkhI. 16 64 guru tegabahAdura dhamaMgAdIe (I. sa. 1675 sudhI).. megale sAmenI laDAImAM vijaya meLavyuM. dakSiNamAM silena sudhI zIkhadharma pracAra.

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pariziSTa 4pa0 I.sa. 1675 guru goviMdasiMha dharmagAdIe (I. sa. 1708 sudhI). siMha"nuM upanAma dhAraNa karyuM. "khAlasA" maMDaLanI sthApanA. baMgALa sudhI zIkhadharmane pracAra. DhAkA zIkhenuM mukhya dhAma bane che. dazamA gurunA graMthanI racanA. 1708 guru goviMdasiMhanuM avasAna. guruparaMparAne aMta. dharmavyavasthA ane rAjyavyavasthA mATe paMcAyatanI racanA. 1839 raNajitasiMhanuM avasAna 1845 zIkharAjya aMgrejoe khAlasA karyuM

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8. dharma sthaLAMtara kyAMthI? kayAre? I. sa. pU. 2000 - kya zuM ? 1 AryonuM Agamana 2 yahudIo 3 jerUsalema para ghere 4 bauddhadharma pracAra , 1230 ijiptamAMthI bebilenanA rAjA bhAratamAMthI (magadha) - 586 5 khriratIdharma pracAra jerUsalemamAMthI -8 bauddha saMghane praveza 9 hiSaone baLave bhAratamAMthI (baMdhigayA) jerUsalemamAM 10 khristI dharma pracAra yuropamAMthI 11 bauddha amIdApaMtha cInamAge che ke 250

Page #475
prasAra karyo bhArata kama kyAM? kenA dvArA? pariNAma? 1 siMdhunI khINa uttara-pazcima bhAratamAM - hiMdudharmane udaya 2 ijharAyelamAM sthAyI thayA mojhIjha IjharAyelI dharma saMgaThana 3 IjharAyela nebujhInajhara hibranetAo dezanikAla 4 grIsa, sIriyA, mIsaramAM samrATa azoka bauddhadharmane vividha pradesAdhumaMDaLa dvArA dharma pracAra zemAM praveza 5 sumeriyA, DemAsa, TArsasa khristIdharmane prasAra enTIka 6 malabAra kinAre AvyA- saMta thomasa khristI maMdira sthApyuM. bhAratamAM khristI dharmanA maMDANa 7 Tresa, ethensa, karinyaroma A pradezamAM khristI dharmane. keTa, sAyaprasa-phigIA, prasAra phIlIpI, thesAnikA, bere, nikapolIsamAM praveza. 8 cInamAM samrATa mIMganA pI-mAjhuM maMdira baMdhAyuM AmaMtraNathI 9 IjharAyela jerUsalemanuM patana. yahUdIo. chinnabhinna 10 viyenA, sargosA, merIDA, A pradezomAM khristI dharmane. ' prasAra kartheja, lArIsA, bethinIA, nikomeDiA, piyUma, pinTasa, sIne pe, emasIA, esA, kyAsIA, sIrena, elekajhAMDriyA, pemphIlIA, kelegamAM praveza. 11 jApAnamAM jApAnamAM bauddhadharma praveza:

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46ra krama zuM ? 12 khristI dharma pracAra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kayAMthI? kyAre ? : yurepamAMthI I. sa. 325 13 bauddhadharma ' ' bhAratamAMthI 14 kanphayuziyana ane tAo dharma cInamathI 15 hajIrA 16 muslima caDhAI makkAthI madInAthI 622 632 17 >> IrAnamAMthI nIkaLI , 643 18 jarathustIo 19 muslima caDhAI arabastAna ' T 711 21 Araba AkramaNa 22 arabI muslima 711 kAbula arebiyAmAMthI arebiyAmAMthI basarA arebiyAmAMthI siMdhathI 712 - 77 24 25 ) , 725 26 murilame konTenTIne palathI hArI ra7 vrajyAna bauddhapaMtha 28 kigAna ane rIsu bauddhapaze bhAratamAMthI cInamArge 29 musalamAna turka AkramaNa turkastAnathI ..

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pariziSTa krama kyAM ? kenA dvArA? 12 gAjhA, ArmeniyA, mesope - TamIA, obarga, gela, spena, ITAlI, briTana, lIbiyA, ijiptamAM praveza 13 jApAnamAM 463 pariNAma? A pradezamAM khristI dharma prasAra jApAnamAM bauddhadharma praveza prasAra 14 jApAnamAM mahamada abubakara jApAnamAM A be dharmonA maMDANa islAmadharma TakI zakyo islAma prasAra IslAmane vijaya islAma prasAra 15 madInA gayA 16 sIriyA praveza 17 sIrIyA,mesopoTemiyA, yuke TisanI khINu, bebilona, asIrIyA, prasavA, ijipta 18 bhAratamAM pravezyA umara '19 kAbula bhAratamAM jarathustIdharmanA maMDANa e pradezamAM IslAma prasAra Araba-khilAphata maMDANuM mahAliba uttara bhAratamAM islAma praveza IslAmadharma praveza tArIka penamAM IslAmadharma praveza mahamada kAsIma bhAratamAM islAma prasAra - uttara AphrikAmAM IslAma praveza 20 bhArata para 21 siMdha para 22 spenamAM pravezyA 23 siMdha para caDhAI-jItyuM. 24 uttara AphrikAmAM pravezyA 25 kaccha, kAThiyAvADa, da. rajapU tAnA, mALavA 26 uttara AphrikA, spena ane dakSiNa phrAnsa gayA 27 tibeTamAM praveza 28 jApAnamAM pravezyA A pradezamAM IslAma prasAra pasaMbhava tibeTamAM bauddhadharmanA maMDANa jApAnanA zidhamane sAmano mahamada gajhanI IslAmane bhAratamAM UMDANa sudhI praveza 29 paMjAba para

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kema zuM ? 30 IslAmadharma prasAra dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kyAMthI? kyAre? . bhAratamAMthI I.sa. 1000 turkastAnamAMthI 1000 32 khristI dharma prasAra 33 , yuropamAMthI benjhanTAInathI 1000 1000 34 muslima caDhAI gajhanI 1026 senjaka turka 1976 1096 35 36 , 37 selthaka turko turkastAnathI 1096 cInamArge 119 38 renajhAI jhenabauddhadharma 39 soTojhena bauddhadharma 40 IslAma cInamArge bhAratamAge 1228 1280 41 muslima caDhAI kara khristI dharma prasAra eTomAna turka yuropamAMthI 1453 1492 145 1498 1542 1549 praTana 1600. 1620.

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465 pariziSTa kama kyAM? konA dvAra? pariNAma? 30 malAyA, sumAtrA, beni, vepArIo ane A pradezamAM iralAmadharma jAvA, philipAinsa. mizanarIo praveza-prasAra 31 raziyAmAM praveza mizanarIo raziyAmAM islAmadharmapraveza prasAra 32 DenmArka, neve, svIDanamAM vIkIMga dvArA khristI dharmane praveza-prasAra. 33 raziyAmAM raziyana rAjA le. raziyAmAM khristI dharmane DameranA AmaMtraNathI praveza-prasAra. 34 pezAvara, mullAna, kanoja, mahamada gajhanI bhAratamAM islAma prasAra gvAliyara, kiMlIMjara jItyAM. 35 jerUsalema, IjharAyela e pradezamAM islAma praveza. 36 kanTenTInepala para AkramaNa IslAma praveza, dharmayuddhonA maMDANa. 37 kanTenTIne palamAM pravezyAM islAmane yuropamAM praveza islAma-khristI dharma saMgharSanA maMDANa 38 jApAna praveza jApAnamAM bauddha saMpradAya praveza 39 >> 40 cIna praveza kubalAIkhAna moMgala rAjavaMzanI cInamAM zarUAta. islAmane cInamAM praveza. 41 konTenTInepala para vijaya IralAma prasAra kara amerikAmAM Agamana kolaMbasa amerikAmAM khristI dharmane praveza-prasAra 43 kepa-dakSiNa AphrikA bArthelema DAyajha AphrikAmAM khristI dharma praveza 44 bhAratamAM Agamana vAske-DI-gAmA bhAratamAM khristI dharmane prasAra 45 eziyAnA paribhramaNe saMta phrAMsisa jheviyara eziyAmAM khristI dharmane prasA 46 cIna praveza cInamAM khristI dharmane praveza 47 bhAratamAM isTa-IDiyA kaMpanInI bhAratamAM khristI dharmanuM sthApanA vistaraNa 48 me-phalAvaramAM keTalAka khristI amerikAmAM khristI dharmane pAdarIo amerikA gayA prasAra dharma 30

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466 kama zuM? 49 khriratIdharma prasAra kakyAMthI? dharmanuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kyAre? yuropamAMthI I. sa. 16para 50 zIkhadharma paMjAbathI 1664 1675 51 , para khristI mizana pravRtti yuropamAMthI 1885. 53 yahudIone punarvasavATa vizvamAMthI , 1946

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467 pariziSTa krama kyAM? konA dvArA? pariNAma? 49 dakSiNa AphrikA jenavAna rIbeka AphrikAmAM khristI dharmane prasAra 50 dakSiNa bhArata ane silena guru tegabahAdura e pradezamAM zIkhadharmane prasAra para pUrvabhArata-baMgALamAM gurU goviMdasiMha zIkhadharma prasAra, DhAkA zIkha dharmanuM mukhya dhAma bane che para bhAratanA briTiza zAsana khristI dharmanuM bhAratamAM pradezamAM zarU vistaraNa 53 ijharAyelamAM svataMtra ijharAyela pradezamAM hibradharma.

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- - 1 14. paryAya sUci 821 41773-Secular 243714-Ignorance devadU-Unknowable AcArasaMhitA-Ethos 29027-Fire-Temple 2413114 - Preceptor 29.5.-Unconscious 2416HL-Soul, Spirit se Untouchable 24164214-Self-knowledge 297424-Super-mind 2414H918-Spiritism de 11941-Atheism Atmazuddhi-Self-purification 32-Irreligious Adima jAti dharma-Primitive -Non-religious & 7. Beginningless Religion, Tribal Religion 24182-Respect 3-Impermenant 24182degIdeal 6474 Evil 241821-Commandment 647 Immorality 3414416773-Spiritual 4.-Compassion 2416417473291-Spiritualizations 9.4.--Experience 2414&-Bliss 47 ternal AnaMdamaya-Blissful dharmaImmoral 24121644-Ascent, Evolution 479 48/14-Static, stagnant AvirbhAva-Projection dhama-Impersonal 341(90512-Revelation yammortality 241931-Sensation 1-Abstract Essence Asakti-Willing Involved ballstector attachment 41Super-natural 24181A-Sacrifice Descent, Involution 241211918-Optimism wurncarnation 241 Gads-Theistic DGA13- Worldly an-Existent, Unreal goleadi-Specific (family) 6111-Intolerance 1 shimsa, Non IzvarakRpA-Grace of God IzvarI vANI-Divine Revlation fiance God Hatice

Page #484
470 Izvara prerita-Revealed IzvaravAda-Deism IzvarI tattva-Divine Essence uccatama avasthA-Elevated Existence utkrAMtivAda-Evolution utsava-Festival udgama-Origin GEM14-Preaching Bet125-Messiah, Saviour upAdhyAya-Preacher 01404174-Elevating, Prograssive ekatva-Oneness, Unification 2454441-Unity Zitz Udl-Oneness, Uniformity ekAgratA-Concentration ekezvaravAda-Monotheism anekezvaravAda-Polytheism lagi las vela-Historical method. bilgs-Worldly aMtaHkaraNa-Conscience aMdhamAnyatA-Superstition kartavya-Duty 3129121772-Causal body 314-Action 1841-Conation kriyAkAMDa-Ritual kaivalya-Non-dual gatizIlatA-Dynamism guNa-Quality Gall-Occult science 2476512-Miracle dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2446512-Miracle cAritrya paddhati-Biographical method cetana-Conscious or3474-Matter jaDavAda-Dogmatism japa-Japa jAdu-Magic jAtidharma-Tribal Religon - 374916-Animism al 5212-Old Testanent jhanUnI-Fanatic jhanUnavAda-fanaticism tarka-Reason tarkazAstra-Logic 879-Essence, Reality tahevAra-Festival tapa-Penance F4100-Ascetic tAo-Tao tAttvika paddhati-Philoso ', A method M1E1274-Identity de 32-Omniscient teaptact tulanAtmaka paddhati-Comparative method 62234 Pareia-Doctane of Trinity dayA-Mercy daragujarapaNuM-Grace darzana-Vision fatal-Mythology dArzika-Seer

Page #485
paryAya sUci divya-Divine divya cetanA-Divine Conscious ness $-411-Worldly durAcArI-Immoralist devadUta-Angel devaLa-Church devajJAnavAda-Gnosticism daitya-Devil daivI tattva-Divine Being daivavAda-Fatalism, Pre destination daivIjJAna-Divine wisdom 647*23-Religious Teacher dharmagraMtha-Scripture dharma prasthApaka-Founder of Religion dharmavidhi-Religious rites dharmayuddha-Crusade dharmarUDhi-Tradition dharmavahema-Superstition Global - Religiosity dhyAna-Concentration, Meditation dhAkadhamakIyukta dabANaPersecution 9174'} 2412117- Religious practice dhArmika bedha-Religious Teaching dhArmika satya-Religious truth 4- Hell dal 5212-New Testament 471 nyAyane divasa-Day of Judgment 04142 44194-Just attitude nAmakaraNa-Baptism Al Rod's-Atheist nigurNa Izvara-Brhman Gizal 249741-Lower Existence niyama-Laws Gardale-Determinism GARIS12-Formless Gazia1918-Pessimism G137847916-Atheism niSedhavAcI-Negative Gosl-Conviction, Faith nItizAstrIya paddhati-Ethical method nitika dharma-Ethical Religion natika niyAmaka-Moral regulator naitika pUrNatA-Moral perfection Ald's #4-Ethical value Madlel?s-Uplifter of Downtrodden patipadAsanutpAda-Dependent origination MELU vold-Material world Yoll-Wisdom 4401 242-Prophet paryAya-Modes paramAtmA-God paralakSitA-Objectivity parivartana-Conversion, Change 4214912-Benevolence

Page #486
472 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana parva-Festival 4117-Pure, Sacred prakRti dharma-Nature religion prakRtine niyama-Law of Nature pratyakSIkaraNa-Manifestation lasta-Resistence prabhunuM sAmrAjya-Kingdom of God prasAraNa-Spread pArthiva-Worldly pApa-Sin 4141H1-Sinner 4174114's-Noumenal pAralaukika-Other-worldly prAkRtika Natural 311411-Prayer 34101] yold-Animal kingdom prANIvAda-Animism prArabdha-Fate prArabdhavAda-Fatalism 31141441-Repentence puNya-Merit yaoxrz-Reincarnation punarmilana-Reunion 44614-Reverencc Yom-Worship You 27018-Clergy class, Eccle siastical-Priestly class pUrNaga-Perfect Integration pUrvagraha-Prejudice phiraste-Prophet badalo-Reward 244344-Dogma eycnorenz-Persecution bahuIzvaravAda-Polytheism bahudevavAda-Polydaemonism baMdhana-bondage buddhivAda-Rationalism binadhamI-Secular bhakti-Devotion bhajana-Prayer bhAgyavAda-Fatalism bhAvanAbaLa-Conviction bhAvAtmaka-Emotional bhrAtRbhAva-Fraternity bhUtapreta-Ghost bhautikavAda-Materialism illa's 21272-Gross body madhyama mArga-Golden mean, Middle path mana-Mana manAmaNI-Persuasion mane vaijJAnika paddhati-Psycholo gical method HG129-Supreme-God HG14149-Superman masjida-Mosque maMdira-Place of worship maMtroccAra-Chanting mAnava cetanA-Human consciousness Hlaa Orold-Human world

Page #487
473 zabda sUci mukti-Salvation 4501142841 -State of being liberated mUrtipUjA-Idol worship 4457215-Capitalism mUlyo-Values #16-Liberation, Self realization -47-Sacrifice 267476-Mysticism rasamImAMsA paddhati-Aesthetic method 210841747-Kingdom 210314 44-National religion rUDhi-Tradition rUDhivAdI-Orthodox, Traditional Allen-Affection 4114122-Temptation Ful-Hegiography laukika-Worldly vagIkaraNa-Classification 4091649721-Caste-system vaTalAva-Proselytilization vanaspati jagata-Plant world vahema-Superstition vyaktibhinnatA-Pluralism 142143-Deviator 147412-Idea, Thought, Concept falarien-Affirmative, Positive Gas-Discrimination vizvadharma-Universal religion zaraNa-Submission zAzvata-Eternal Caiati-Punishment 2/14-Character, morality zuddhi-Purification 9164-Good 26-4-Non-Existence, Void zo's-Creator saguNa izvara-Personal God sajA-Punishment 2011-Reality ZTIC14H1-Authoritativeness 744-Essence, Truth saguNa-Virtue sabhAnatA-Awareness samagra jIvana-Totality of life samaja-yukta parivartana-Persuasion 247-74-Reconciliation 2474702-Universe 74741/4-Concentration, Meditation samAjavAda-Socialism samAjazAstrIya paddhati-Sociological method sarvadaSTA-Omniscient sarvajavavAda-Spiritism sarvadezIya dharma-Universal Religion

Page #488
dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 474 sarva niyAmaka-All Governor 2198 cylul-All pervasive 744 MH1d-Ominipotent 7474-Omniscient sarvezvaravAda-Pantheism sahadayI samabhAva-Sincere Equanimity 71020414-Immanent 770242.- Transcendent 74143-Founder pyet 21-72-Gross body 22019-Heaven svayaM saMcAlita gati-Self directed movement saMpa svAtaMtrya-Freedom of saMpradAya--Sect saMzaya-Doubt saMhAraka-Destroyer saMskRti-Civilization Hide4-Continuity 21143-Aspirant, seeker 216711-Technic of meditition sAdhu-Monk 2014 G's 47*-Universal Religion 2014'il Hea-Sovereignty siddha-Realized sUtra-Aphorism sUkSma zarIra-Subtle body zraddhA-Faith zramajIvI -Proletariate 214-Good 4141-Forgiveness Ella [HHizi-Epistemology will saMkelIkaraNa-withdrawal 21814-Confeict, crisis 221143-Governor saMta-Saint

Page #489
paryAya sUci Abstract essence-amUrta tattva Action-314 Aesthetic method-2217HIHL paddhati Affection-lAgaNI Affirmative-racanian Ahimsa-24[6211 All-governor-244 64175 All-pervasive-2444141 Animal-kingdom-119N jagata Animism-jIvavAda . Aphorism-sUtra Ascent-AroharaNa Ascetic-4100 Aspirant-21843 Atheism-147-2724271EUR Authoritativeness-24011641691 Baptism-nAmakaraNa Beginningless-244176 Benevolence-4214512 Biographical method cAritrya paddhati Bliss-410 EUR Blissful-2414874 Bondage-baMdhana Brhman-nirguNa Izvara Capitalism-mUDIvAda Carnal desire-412441 Caste-system-491649281. Causal body-5129121272 Chanting-12122112 Character-21144 Church-devaLa. Civilization-zakla Classification-Polispiel Clergy-pAdarI, purohita varga Commandment-241?el Communism-sAmyavAda Comparative method tulanAtmaka paddhati Compassion-anukaMpA, karuNa Conation-1841 Concentration-ekAgratA, dhyAna Conscious-zida Continuity-21844 Conversion-dhArmika parivartana Conviction-niSThA, bhAvanA baLa Creator-Hov's Crusade-dharmayuddha Day of judgment-r41421 divasa Deism--IzvaravAda Dependent origination patipadAsamutpAda

Page #490
476 Descent-avataraNa Destroyer-4.6175 Determinism-niyativAda Deviator-621415 Devil-daitya, saMtAna Devotion-bhakti Divine Being-daivI tatva Divine consciousness-fc4 cetanA Divine Essence-IzvarI tattva Divine Revelation-izvarIvANI Discriinination-a's Dogma-baddhakathana Dogmatism-jaDavAda Doctrine of Trinity trisvarUpa siddhAMta Duty-kartavya Dynamism-oldallal Ecclesiastical class-yeired vaga, brAhmaNa vagara Elevating-UrdhvagAmI Elevated Existence-3231d7 avasthA, Emotional-bhAvAtmaka Essence-satya, hArda Eternal-anaMta, zAzvata Ethical method Manzily dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Experience-anubhUti Faith-4EUR! Fanatic-jhanUnI Fanaticism-34191EUR Fatalism-prArabdhavAda, bhAgyavAda Festival-tahevAra, parva Fire temple-zy[14121 Forgiveness=141 Formless-6121512 Founder of Religion-4474 saMsthApaka Fraternity-brAtRbhAva Freedom of Will-saMkalpa svAtaMtrya Ghost-bhUta, preta Gnosticism-89671421918 God-Izvara Golden path-H144 HLULE Good-zubha, zreya Governance-24241444 Governor-saMcAlaka Grace-daragujarANuM, kRpA Grace of God-IzvarakRpA Gross body-bhautika zarIra, yUla zarIra Heaven-svarga Hegiography-2011 Hell-narka Historical method-etihAsika paddhati Human consciousness mAnava cetanA Ethical Rcligion-iras * Ethos-AcArasahitA Evil-azubha Evolution-ArahaNa, kriAMtivAda

Page #491
77 paryAya sUci Human world-H109 vold Idea-117412 Identity-diela4 Idol-worship-uliyon Ignorance-ajJAna, avidyA Immanent-241020414 Immoral-zurica's Immoralist-87121122 Immortality-2472691 Impermenant-246444 Impersonal-24413 min Incarnation-avatAra Intolerance-asahiSNutA Involution-24902 Just attitude--411 44294 Japa-japa Kingdom-21041244 Kingdom of God-IzvaranuM sAmrAjya Laws-124# Law of Nature-prakRtine niyama Liberation-yssna Lower Existence-fiz 2497411 Magic-jAdu Mana-240 Manifestation-pratyakSIkaraNa Matter-or3dta Material world-padArtha jagata Meditation-dhyAna, samAdhi Mercy-641 Merit-yg4 Messiah-uddhAraka Middle-path-7647 HLOL Miracle-camatkAra Modes-4414 Monotheism-25429116 Morality-alasal Moral perfection-ilas you al Moral regulator-alas (1414'5 Mosque-Hore Mysticism-2824116 Mythology-daMtakathA National Religion-21874 674* Natural-prAkRtika Nature Religion-prakRti dharma Nector-247 Negative-niSedhavAcI New Testament-ral 3712 Non-dual-advaita, kaivalya Non-Existent-asata, nya. Non-violence-246.21 Noumenal-pAramArthika Objectivity-paralakSitA Occult science-gUDha vidyA Omnipotent-sarva zaktimAna Omnipresent-sarvavyApI Omniscient-sarvajJa, sarvadRSTA . Omniscient Teacher-452 Oneness-ekata Optimism-24141415 Origin-ugama Orthodox-zraad Old Testament-jane karAra

Page #492
478 Other--worldly-pAralaukika Pantheism-sarvezvaravAda Penance-tapa Perfect Integration-pUrNaga Personal God-saguNa Izvara Persecution-dhAkadhamakIyukta dabANa Persuasion-manAmaNI, samajayukta parivartana Pessimism-142121715 Philosophical method - tAttvika paddhati Place of worship-maMdira Plant-world-4424 la oroldi Pluralism-vyaktibhinatA Polydaemonism-bahudevavAda Polytheism-2473897018 Positive-rasalan Prayer-31131021 Preaching-dharmopadeza Preceptor-2417,145 Pre-destination-daivavAda Prejudice-pUrvagraha Priestly class-yairioses qui Primitive Religion-24164647 | Progressive-vaMgAmI Projection-zuracia Proletariate-4409 l Prophet-Lazzal Proselytilization-72414 Psychological method mane vaijJAnika pati dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana Punishment-zillA, sajA Pure-pavitra Purification-zuddhi Quality-oje Rationalism-buddhivAda Reality-sattA Realized-siddha Reincarnation-punarjanma Religious practice-4117's AcAra Religious rites-47 laian Religious teacher-6723 Religious teaching-dhArmika bodha Religious truth is 7424 Repentence-31141477 Reunion-punarmilana Revelation-2418ansi? Revealed-Izvara-prerita Rewardbadale Ritual-kriyAkAMDa, karmakAMDa Sacred-467 Sacrifice-AhUti, yajJa Saint-zat 'Salvation--mukti, mokSa Saviour-34173 Scripture-4724 Sect-saMpradAya Secular-aAdhyAtmika, binadhamI Seeker-21145 Seer-dAzika Self-directed movement svayaM saMcAlita gati

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paryAya sUci . Self-knowledge-2417HNIEL Self-purification-2417Helle Self-realization Atma-sAkSAtkAra Sensation-24.1.2010 Sin-414 Sinner-4141 Sincere equanimity-268'l samabhAva Socialism-samAjavAda Sociological method=24107 zAstrIya paddhati Sovereignty-2414'eil hea Soul-AtmA Spiritism-sarvajIvavAda Spiritual-241741BH' Spiritualization-241441[c752e Spread-31211201 State of being liberated muktAvasthA Submission-214184 Superman-H614142 Supermind-atimAnasa Supernatural-alaukika Superstition-246471-441 Supreme God-Holla Tao-tAo Temptation-411424 Theistic-241 Pias Thought-a22 Totality of life-24721 agad Tradition-rUDhi Traditional-rUDhivAda Transcendence-zice 42 Tribal Religion-ola 471 Unconscious-24ida Uniformity -ekarUpatA Unity-ekamayatA Universe-samaSTi Universal Religion-Govern dharma, sarvadezIya dharma Unknowable-243174 Unreal-242102 Untouchable-achUta Uplifter of downtrodden patitAraka Value-4464 Virtue-Here? Vision-darzana Void-24-4 Wisdom-yard Withdrawal-2'Bellspel Worldly -halaka, dunyavI, laukika Worship-you

Page #494
15. zabda sUci 284, 285, 308, 330, 339348, 356, 362, 363, 366, 367, 372, 373, 30, 391, 398 akabara-39, 449 akeminida-181, 183 agasTAIna-402, 454 agnipUjA-103 acetana-20, 21, 74 ajava-126, 127, 191 arjuna, guru-228-229 atArkika-27, 41 advaita-109, 110, 112, 114, 116, 117, 231, 233, 366, 372, 373, 425, 427 adharma(ma)-148, 286, 330 adhArmika-31, 37, 49, 88, 170, 334 anaMta-127, 266, 281, 342, 401, 405, 415, 418 a sa, poca-403 anyAya-151, 175, 337 anAdi-343, 344 anAsakti-92 anAhata-182, 188 anitya-92, 168, 234, 289, 341, 356, 396 aniSTa-19, 24, 57, 64, 67, [85, 86, 132, 134, 15ra, 175, 176, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 241, anubhava-27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 61, 64, 76, 87, 92, 113, 118, 11, 126, 138, 163, 199, 229, 248, 310, 316, 371, 380, 384, 394, 398, 404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 415, 419, 421, 422, 425, 26, 453 anubhUti 5, 22, 380, 391 anekezvaravAda-47, 48, 67, 72, 145, 181, 182, 183, 184, 148, 148, 223, 244, 245, 325, 326, 3ra7, 348, 368, 369, 370, 378, 379, 390, 391 anaitika-100, 173, 180, 313 aparigraha-49, 131, 178 aparivartanazIla-75, 281 apauruSeya-67, 304, 415 abu bakara-199, 200, 214, 215, 26, 218, 456 abu hanIphA-218 abu saiyada-403, 404

Page #495
zabda sUci abrAhama-146, 147, 159, 205 abdula bahA-413, 415, 416, 417, 418 amarAsu-245, 254 amara(va)-8, 19, 57, 75, 184, 206, 231, 285, 349, 323, 416, 417 amaradAsa, guru- 26, 227, 458 amidA tha-248, 451, 460 ,, amRtasara-ra7, 228, 458 amUrta (tattva)-188, 322, 3ra3, 341, 351, 375 amerikA-41, 42, 46, 166, 250, 447, 455, 46 5 arabastAna-197, 202, 446, 462 araviMda ghoSa-70, 408, 436, 449 arebiyA-197, 198, 201, 213, 462 alagajhAlI-405, 406, 457 allAha-198, 19, 200, 20, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 29, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 219, 220, 224, 232, 333, 341, 346, 347, 323, 354, 356, 357, 36 0, 38 0, 381, 382, 383, 403, 406 ali-199, 215, 216, 218, 219, 456 alaukika-14, 29, 30, 45-76 82, 112, 162,68, 2para, dharma 31 481 306, 307, 308, 329, 407, 410 avatAra57, 5, 62, 66, 116, 172, 174, 233, 238, 265, 287, 327-330, 362, 369 avatAravAda-172, 174, 412 avarodha-153, 166, 175, 189, 232, 318, 319, 326,346, 356, 358, 395 ke : avarodhaka baLa)-47, 140, 308, 314, 371, 383, 386 avastA-181, 182, 184, 147, 268, 311 ke avaijJAnika-ra7, 34, 43, 314 -vagIkaraNa-44-46 azubha-111, 175, 176, 18.8, 189, 190, 191, 19ra, 194 195, 330 azoka-306, 446, 46 1 asa--117, 339, 342 " , " asatya-8, 24, 131, 14, 15, 225, 32-2, 339, 363, 365, 366, 367, 370, 372, 373, 374, 375, 378, 404 asahakAra, (daivI) 359, 434 asahiSNutA-27, 30, 31, aharimAna-187, 190, 191, 195 ahiMsaka pratikAra-433 ahiMsA-116, 131, 14, 337, 368, 429, 431-433, 435, 436 :

Page #496
482 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ahUra majhada-182, 143, 145, 147, 188, 149, 190, 192, 194, 195, 307, 322, 342, 356, 445 ajJAna-331, 341, 345, 350, 357, 365, 36 6, 411, 412 A AIjheka-205 Agama-116, 118, 311 AcaraNa-50, 99, 12, 164, 212, 217, 253, 275, 276, 284, 285, 290, 323, 333, 334, 336, 337, 349, 353, 358, 362, 374, 376, 377, 379, 382, 392 AcAra-57, 105, 167, 269, 276, 369 AcAra saMhitA-92, 130, 131, 132, 277, 278, 302 AkasarajhIjha-182 Atma tarava-45, 331, 343, 356, 357, 372, 393, 438 - tyAga-434 dhyAna-88 - balidAna-160, 435 bedha-134 bhAna-114 - bhAva-390, 392-393 svarU5-331 - jJAna-101 AtmA-12, 14, 62, 75, 76, 78, 85, 89, 92, 103, 168, 171, 173, 149, 191, 195, 255, 289, 317, 342, 343, 349, 3pa1, 365, 368, 372, 406, 414, 419, 434, 438 AtmArAma, pAMDuraMga-67, 424, 449 Adama-205, 311 Adara-231, 267, 273, 274, 278, 312, 317, 360 Adarza-15, 4, 84, 88, 101, 128, 130, 131, 134, 135, 138, 146, 166, 192, 234, 261, 264, 267, 276, 277, 278, 280, 312, 333, 334, 337, 338, 355, 357, 360, 374, 396, 398, 399,400, 406, 420, 4ra6, 432, 436, 438 Adima-13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 113, 260, 261, 263, 271, ra72, 389, 392, 393 Adima (jAti) dharma-16, 262, 264, 265, 26, 300, 301, 310, 325, 326, 323, 348, 362, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 400 Adeza-70,98, 101, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 16 1, 176, 177, 178, 192, 199, 202, 26, 207, 210, 211,

Page #497
zabda sUci 483 212, 216, 230, 234, 235, 286, 306, 311, 312, 313, 316, 338, 342, 347, 356, 371, 374, 35, 379, 383, 411, 26 AdhyAtmi5, 7, 11, 45, 69, 19, 196, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 19, 110, 128, 129, 131, 223, 230, 248, 262, 272, 3, 324, 318, 328, 370, 349, 354, 355, 3ra, 374, 35, 377, 380, 384, 393, 398, 399,400, 401, 405, 406, 406, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414, 416, 418, 4ra4, 425, 26, 420, 436, 437, 438, 453 -anubhava-76, 248, 409, 4ra6, 453 --sAdhanA-425-426 AnaMda-7, 8, 24, 30, 40, 76, 86, 112, 113, 117, 135, 137, 146, 149, 162, 194, 219, 220, 249, 255, 262, 325, 323, 354, 377, 404, 46, 428 AphrikA -46, 217, 447, 457, 463, 465, 467 A -ra79 Arya aSTAMga mArga-116, 138 Arya satya-116, 138 Arya samAja-67, 424, 448, 450 AvirbhAva-45, 46, 72 76, 176, 279, 322, 3ra3, 331, 355, 365, 366, 363, 372, 373, 378, 380 AviSkAra-19, 23, 40, 76, 45, 142, 146, 362, 409 AsAba-403 Astika-203, 211 Azramadharma (vyavasthA)-61, 1, 87-89, 368, 378 AjJA-98, 170, 202, 203, 216, 235, 243, 249, 255, 285, 286, 287, 332, 342, 344 ijipta-46, 146, 147, 150, 197, 216, 403, 450, 4pa3, 454, 460, 463 IjharAyela-149, 150, 151, 189, 233, 445, 450, 46 1, 465, 467 IjhAna-gI-245, 25ra ijhAna-mI-245, 252 itihAsa-3, 34, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, , 13, 68, 93, 96, 147, 148, 15ra, 165, 176, 181, 203, 205, 223, 241, 242, 244, 247, 251, 267, 269, 270, 285, 299, 140

Page #498
484 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 300, 302, 303, 324, 316, 319, 323, 324, 386, 387, 392, 401, 434 indriya-u5, , 141, 331, 392, 393, 394 ImAma-405, 412. imAma-ala-gajhAlI-405 IrAna-188, 19,446, 450,462 IzIyA-146, 150, 362, 450 IslAma (juo muslima)-7,46, 48, 50, 51, para, 58, 65, 72, 193, 207, 224, 298, 305, 311, 324, 325, 329, 333, 341, 343, 344, 346, 348, 3para, 323, 324, 356, 357, 382, 398, 399, 402, 403, 406, 420, 418, 425, 420, 446, 447, 457 --dharma-197-222, 223, 232, 233, 256, 291, 332, 343, 350, 356, 363, 369, 379, 380, 384, 411, 413, 419, 454, 456, 46 3, 464, 465 -nA keTalAka vicAro-202, 212 -nA mukhya paMthe-218-219 -no vikAsa-215 -zAstra-212-215 -zIkhadharma-38 1-384 iSTa-97, 117, 147, 149, 192, 194, 323, 321, 330, 343, 34, 347, 356, 367, 373, 374, 377 IMglenDa-167, 419, 454 Izvara-7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 23, 24, 33, 44, 48, 57, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 5, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 93, 99, 10, 19, 110, 112, 113, 114, 1ra7, 128, 129, 133, 134, 148, 150, 151, 15ra, 160, 161, 169, 171, 174, 176, 177, 192, 200, 22, 206, 207, 210, 227, 234, 235, 238, 239, 248, 254, 260, 279, 280, 282, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 323, 324, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 3ra3, 324, 329, 330, 334, 342, 346, 35ra, 323, 357, 365, 366, 370, 372, 373, 375, 376, 379, 380, 381, 384, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 400, 402, 404, 407, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 420, 428, 436, -anubhUti (anubhava)-22, 23, 229 -ekatva-65, 110, 210, 229, 416 -kRpA-342, 347, 356, 367, 372, 35, 378,

Page #499
zabda sUci 485 -sAkSAtkAra-22, 224 IzvarItatva-73, 327, 358 384, 385, 405 -nA avatAra-329 -nA Adeza-32, 70, 146 149, 154, 331, 332, 36 1, 372 -nirguNa-171, 233, 282, 322, 356, 365, 372, 373, 378, 379, 384, 391, 416 -nuM jJAna-171, 329 -ne khyAla-72, 128 -ne nyAya-3 6 1, 404 -prApti-15, 23, 65, 76, 89, 92, 100, 175, 148, 229, 236, 247, 263, 317, ka? -pitA-7, 169, 170, 171 -putra-171, 329, 384 -prerita-45, 46 -bhakti-67, 107, 109, 427 -bhAvanA-111, 168, 323, 324-ra7, 369, 397 -vacana-44, 314 -vAda-14, 116, 174, 217, 370, 40pa -vANI-44, 147 -vidyA-40, 4, -saguNa-168, 172, 233, 282, 290, 3ra3, 3ra3, 326, 341, 365, 369, 373, 378, 379, 385 -sAmrAjya caLavaLa-201, 423, 448, 453 uccatama avasthA-8, 102, 129 uccatara-4, 8, 10, 89, 119, 253, 254, 314, 383, 391, 414, 416 utkarSa-70, 347, 355, 358, 359, 431 utkrAMti-4, 129, 396, 400, 408, 421, 422, 429 utthAna-24, 299, 329, 333, 341, 342, 347, 357, 358, 359, 422 utpatti (kALa)-53, 57, 165, 238, 282, 283, 298, 299, 310, 362, 422 utsava-256, 290 udbhava-299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 324, 368, 375, 379, 385, 406, 403 uddhAraka-73, 113, 158, 196, 26, 360, 362 -ne khyAla-360-662 Urva-45, 75, 371, 419 -svarUpa-417 UrdhvagAmI (mAnava)-14, 47, 100, 3 17, 328, 410 unnati-47, 57, 4ra7, 436 upaniSada-59, 60, 65, 66, 8, 99, 107, 111, 112, 113,

Page #500
dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 185, 311, 420, 445, 448 upavAsa-211, 411 uberavega-41, 71, 168, 171 umara-214, 216, 218, 456 166, 217, 298, 299, 300, 375, 456, 465 eTana-240, 256 esirIyA-149, 150, 183, 216, 450, 56, 463 eMgrAmanyu-187, 149, 190, 101, 342, 344 eka-113, 266, 377, 407, 408, 410, 412, 417, 418, 419, 431 ekarAra-82, 405, 406 ekezvaravAda-47, 148, 66, 72, 145, 146, 148, 150, 153, 172, 181, 184, 190, 11, 198, 199, 203, 207, 213, 224, 229, 231, 233, 245, 246, 247, 323, 325, 326, 327, 348, 369, 375, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 390, 391-392, 429 ekAgratA-89, 316 enAlekaTasa-267, 270, 336 egilakana-167, 455 enI besaMTa-35, 421 erisToTala-ra71 elabarI-403 elijA-146, 148, 149, 205, 450 elekajhAMDara-ra79 elekajhAMyina dharma-163, 164 elekajhAMDrIyA-420 evalIne aMDarahila-406 eziyA-42, 46, 50, 51, 164, aitihAsika-19, 41, 45, 3, 57, 59, 98, 116, 162, 181, 186, 231, 267, 278, 299, 306, 350, 405 -paddhati-18-19 ahika-64, 256, 389, 390, 412 e oTo Depha-41, 4ra ethamAna-216, 218, 219, 456 emana-106 keTa, rnala-419 elve-279 o audyogika-316, 437, 438 auraMgajheba-229, 458 a aMgade, guru-226, 458 aMtaryAmI-5, 73, 75, 9, 117 aMtima-126, 210, 251, 340, 410 aMtaH anubhUti-19, 158, 249 aMtaHkaraNa-5, 15ra, 335, 411

Page #501
zabda sUci aMdhamAnyatA-ra7, 28, 31, 59 487 kagase--254 kartavya-61, 2, 335 kada-240 kaphyuziyasa-15, 259, 26, 265, 266, 267, 283, 286, 290, 300, 305, 306, 325 kaphyuziyanadharma-33, 46, 50, 51, para, 58, 239, 257, 262, 263, 266, 267-278, 288, 289, 298, 299, 305, 306, 31, 323, 324, 325, 336, 337, 343, 344, 347, 369, 396, 445, 45, 452, 462 --nA dharmagraMthe-268-ra71 -nA mahattvanA vicAra-271-276 -paMtha-246 kapilavastu-306 kabIra-65, 66, 100, 1017, 110, 224, 449 karma-19, 24, 57, 70, 71, 73, 79, 80, 12, 118, 140, 141, 186, 195, 220, 317, 341, 342, 346, 349, 350, 351, 3para, 354, 356, 366, 367, 373, 374, 375, 378, 380, 381, 398, 39, 420, 422 -ne khyAla-79, 130, 140 -ne siddhAMta-80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 102, 130, 140, 350, 35, 366, 367, 375, 378, 381, 383, 399 -pariNAma maraNottara avasthA348-354 -prakAra-79, 350 -phaLa (bhAvanA)-24, 79, 130, 285, 341, 398-399, 395 karmakAMDa-186, 378, 380, 38, 384, 385 karmayaga-70, 92, 319 kamAlapAzA-218, 458 kara-210, 216, 228 karuNa-16 0, 375, 4ra7 kalakattA-39, 424 kalA-12, 13, 14, 271, 310, 316-318 kalAsikasa-26, 311 kalki-328 kAbA-198, 325 kAbula-462 kAmI-ne-mIcI-7, 24, 244 kArya-139, 249, 333, 348, 432, 434 -pariNAma-84 kAryakAraNa-81, 82, 319 kArla mArkasa-93, 158, 394, 447 kAvya (kavitA)-99, 152, 187, 251, 269, 448 kriyA-20, 114, 117, 141,

Page #502
488 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kALo DesI-249 krosa-165 175, 204, 283 kriyAkAMDa-57, 385 krila-264 kIgana-248 kublAIkhAna-465 kurAna -202, 203, 205, 206, 210, 211, 22, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 333, 323, 381, 382, 403, 413, 429, kRpa-15, 73, 104, 108, 19, 129, 151, 171, 176, 182, 209, 224, 235, 241, 279, 308, 347, 356, 374 kRSNa-107, 109, 328, 368 jhajhumI ka-242, 246, 4para kaeNnTa-276, 338 kethalika-41, 167, 311, 3 14, 455, 456 kerasa-279 kerAlA-39 keriyasa-18 1, 445 kelara-41 kaivalya-91, 115 ke-cha-ka-240, 25, 311, 45ra korTa-230 kautuka-239 kanake -242, 246, 4para kensenTAIna-165, 446,447,4pa3, 454, 455, 457, 465, 465 dezI-239 kolaMbasa-447, 455, 465 khalIpha-215, 216, 218, 329, 381, 456, 457 khAdIjA-198, 199, 202, 2 15, 456 khAlasA-230, 237, 398 khristI-101, 198, 360, 425 khristI dharma-7, 31, 32, 33, 45 46, 48, 50, 51, para, pa3, 58, 67, 72, 101, 146, 152, 154, 157-180, 195, 198, 203, 205, 213, 223, 243, 250, 298, 303, 307, 311, 315, 323, 324, 325, 329, 331, 332, 337, 343, 344, 345, 347, 3pa0, 3pa1, 352, 323, 356, 357, 360, 362, 373, 375, 376, 378, 384, 399, 400, 401, 402, 412, 4ra3, 420, 429, 433, 447, 453, 454, 455, 460, 46 1, 465, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467 -nA keTalAka agatyanA siddhAMta - 168-178 -nuM Adhunika svarU5-167-168 -nuM nItizAstra178-179 - aitihAsika vikAsa-162164

Page #503
489 zabda sUci mAM mAnavanuM sthAna-176 khudA-232, 233, 329, 382 khurazIda-408 ga gati74, 89, 158, 288, 302, 226, 308 gRhasthAzrama-87, 88, 92, 96 gUDha (vidyA)-256, 277, 290, 358, 378, 395 goviMdasiMha, guru-229, 230, 237, 459, 467 gosapela-168, 275, 307, 330 gautama (buddha)-15, 22, 64, 66, 133, 157, 271, 306, 307, 309, 310, 31, 326, 328, 330, 336, 356, 358, 36pa, 366, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 393, 425, 428, 448, 449 gatizIla-14, 18, 21, 29, 35, 47, 68, 118, 119, 146, 167, 250, 266, 281, 301, 314, 328, 387, 399 graMthasAheba-65, 227, 228, 229, 231, 311, 326, 378, 381, 382, 4pa8 gArDanara-14 gAmI-405, 406, 4pa7 gAMdhI, mahAtmA-68, 82, 94, 104, 251, 285, 337, 412, 423, 448, 449,4pa0 -nI vicAradhArA-401, 4ra7 436 gItA (bhagava6)-59, 61, 5, 81, 109, 110, 232, 311, 327, 328, 420, 448 - grIka-39, 46, 101, 170, 266, 420, 446 guNa-126, 342, 344, 409, - guru-88, 95, 118, 119, 224, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 249, 265, 303, 326, 360, 38 1, 459 - gRhastha-131, 167, 18, 193, caturArtha sacca-136-138 camatkAra-117, 148, 307, 308, 309, 310 cAu-259, 26, 265, 270 cAritrya-95, 138, 202, 215, 422 -paddhati-22 cAlakabaLa (tattva)-30, 35, 38, 69, 324, 325, 328, 368, 392, 395 cArlsa, mATela-446, 4pa7 citta-200, 103, 209 -zuddhi-92 ciMtana-12, 134, 407 cIna-ra39, 240, 24, 248,249, 259, 288, 301, 306, 335,

Page #504
490 343, 360, 368, 397, 400, 446, 447, 4pa1, 46 0, 461, 462, 464 -nA dharmo-259-293 cInI bauddhadharma-266, 288-289 cuta-cIu-270 cetana6 6, 74, 5, , 86, 117, 119, 167, 342, 367, 372, 402, 421 cetanA-9, 20, 21, 69, 89, 91, 97, 126, 1ra7, 141, 417 caitanya-65, 106, 107, 110, 448 cou-279 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana janma-62, 80, 138, 141 304, 307, 308, 3pa1 ja5-224, 236, 380, 381, 383, 407 jarmana-166 jarathurata-181, 268, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 356, 429 jarathurata dharma-46, 48, 50, 51, para, 58, 181-196, 213, 298, 299, 300, 311, 32, 330, 335, 343, 344, 347, 350, 3para, 356, 357, 358, 36 0, 361, 362, 363, 367, 398, 399, 402, 445, 463 -nAM svarUpe-182-191 -no nItidharma-191-194 -mAM svarga ane narka-194-195 jalAluddIna, rUmI-405, 406, 457 jAti-147, 158, 242, 261, 302, 410, 411 -dharma-49 jAdu-209, 307 jApAna-238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255, 257, 26, 301, 323, 360, 400, 423, 446, 447, 448, 4pa1, 45, 453, 465, 463, 465 jApAna bauddhadharma-244, 248-250 jibrAIla-199, 211, 220 jisasa (krAIsTa)-15, 22, 19, jagata-9, 24, 33, 71, 72, 79, 85, 116, 117, 135, 154, 168, 169, 172, 174, 176, 179, 186, 149, 190, 191, 212, 219, 224, 225, 234, 241, 242, 245, 255, 26 1, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289, 298, 307, 308, 3 09, 321, 331, 341, 342, 351, 363, 366, 367, 370, 371, 373, 374, 378, 381, 383, 384, 399, 421, 432 jaDa-93, 117, 154, 263, 315, 331, 342, 343, 357, 367, 414 vAda-37, 262

Page #505
zabda sUci 41 15ra, 153, 154, 157, 159, 172, 176, 205, 213, 272, 275, 284, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 325, 329, 337, 3pa3, 3pa9, 361, 362, 375, 376, 384, 393, 416, 417, 468, 420, 453 jijJAsA-14, 89, 387, 394 jIva (jIvAtmA)-7, 24, 5, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, cha9, 80, 81, 85, 89, 92, 94 110, 11, 113, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 130, 146, 169, 176, 191, 219, 235, 304, 305, 322, 323, 329, 330, 33 1, 333, 341, 342, 345, 3pa1, 354, 355, 356, 36 1, 366, 363, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 378, 380, 38 1, 383, 384, 406, 406, 426, 430, 432 -Izvara jya-380 -Izvara saMbaMdhI-9 -nuM tAvika svarUpa-75-76 -nuM svarUpa-331-333 -ne khyAla-73 -brahma-92, 3pa0 jIvana-84, 140, 257, 289, 356, 357, 408, 4ra0 -daSTi-431 -ceya-371 -prApti-371 -vyavasthA-61, 87, 89, 368, 378, 402 -vyavahAra-138, 139, 286, 312, 330, 418 jIvavAda-245, 288, 348 jUne karAra-15ra, 178, 213, 311, 384, 445, 450 jekaba-205 jena" 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 323 jenesisa-174, 15 jesa, setha-101 jerUsalema-148, 162, 163, 202, 226, 256, 420, 45, 54, 457, 460, 465, 465 jehAda-193, 211, 219, 398 jehevA-147, 148, 149, 150, 189, 256, 325, 36 1, 362, 376 jainadharma-33, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, para, 53, 58,64, 109, 12pa-132, 133, 147, 161, 206, 225, 238, 260, 298, 300, 301, 305, 311, 324, 315, 3ra3, 324, 325, 329, 331, 333, 343, 344, 346, 347, 350, 351, 354, 356, 358, 362, 363, 365, 366, 36 7, 368, 369, 30, 371, 372, 379, 384, 385, 420,

Page #506
jara dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana DArvina-448 DevyAzaniyana-181 DevIDa-ra05, 213 429, 431, 432, 445, -nuM tatvajJAna-126 -nI AcArasaMhitA-131 -bauddhadharma-370-372 cima vAca-40,41 jorDana-40, 158 joDe zizu-249 josepha-308 hena mArzala-111 DhAkA-230, 467 jhanUna-24,399 vAda-262, 39, jharasI-182 jheka-205 jhenaba-202 jhena bauddha-249, 289, 451 jheda-199, 202, 214, 2015 jhosTara-180, 268 tarka-4, 5, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 128, 138, 171, 217, 218, 280, 317, 326, 327, 377, 392, 398, tava-73, 136, 273, 175, 191, 254, 260, 271, 290, 309, 314, 317, 331, 339, 344, 346, 347, 367, 377, 383, 387, 390, 395, 401, 406, 411, 415, 433, 436, 438 tavajJAna-12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 41, 48, 61, 69, 116, 118, 126, 134, 167, 262, 321, 322, 33, 366 tapa-64, 110, 111, 130, 178 tapazcaryA-110, 152, 178, 193, 33 1, 356, 357, 363, 366, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372, 38 0. tahevAra-71, 87, 96, 97, taMtra-108, 115, 166, 118, 119 Tana-403 TayUTana-46 TU5-225 Tike AnA esa-146, 149, 150, 189, 445, 450 TIle-40 TeIla -40 TenarIke-242, 247, 4para TenIsana-435 ToyahIke kAgAvA-250, 423 -vAda-288 kaheIma-40 DahApaNu-267, 27, 284 -saMpradAya-118-119

Page #507
zabda sUci tAo-7, 33, 46, 48, 50, 239 241, 262, 263, 272, 277, 303, 323, 366, 358, 396 -ne artha-ra78-282 tAodharma-33, 46, 48, 50, 51, para, 58, 241, 262, 263, 264, 266, ra78-288, 290, 298, 299, 300, 305, 311, 344, 346, 347, 357, 358, 368. 396, 445, 451, 462 -nuM nItizAstra-283-287 tAo-te-kiMga-279, 280, 281, 285, 311 tArkika-28, 31, 38, 42, 44, 69, 174, 324, 3ra6, 327, 330, 396 tAvika-61, 71, 76, 84,86, 93, 110, 111, 167, 172, 286, 26, 27, 280, 281, 289, 302, 306, 323, 321, 322, 323, 324, 35, 376, 413, 414, 429 -ciMtana-10 -paddhati-19 -vicAraNa-40, 413 -satya-263 tAdAbhya-69, 73, 78, 81, 82, 85, 21, 107, 172, 173, 175, 317, 326 tyAga114, 133, 134, 137, 159, 169, 178, 193, 228, 249, 257, 286, 290, 371, 403, 407 tAMtrika-41, 119, 424, 437, 438 tibeTa-116, 249, 289, 446, 413 tripITIkA-311, 365, 447 triravarUpa siddhAMta-72, 173, 174, 323, 373, 375, 376, 413 tIrtha (dhAma, yAtrA, sthaLa, sthAna) 71, 87, 96, 97, 98, 104, 198, 201, 206, 227, 234, 255 tIrthakara-129, 130, 328, 365, 389 trImUrti-72, 173, 174, 306. tRSNa-78, 103, 137, 138, 141 16ra, 209, 266, 341, 346, 356, 365, 366, 370, 371, 407 turkastAna (kukI)-217, 348, 458, 465, 464 tukArAma-110, 449 tulanAtmaka paddhati-24-25 tulasIdAsa-66, 449 sukI-mi-254 te -79 -ne artha-282-283 tega bahAdura, gu-229, 458, 467 se-kaMga-275

Page #508
torA-153 thiyosopha-35 401, 402, 404, 405, 409-422, 448 -nA siddhAMto-21-422 mama vinAsa-11, 454, 455, dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 407, 12, 4, 4ra 1, 4ra7, 433 durAcAra-199 divya-9 78, 127, 128, 251, 2para, 254, 332, 373, 804, -cetanA-9, 317 dIkSA-118, 119 deva-24, 103, 112, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 197, ra39, 245, 247, 2para, 253, 254, 255, 256, 26, 280, 287, 288, 326, 391 -maMDaLa-369 -bhAvanA-241, 2para, 253, 254, 325, 36 0, 366, 377, 438, -sthAna-12, 28, 290, 325, dayA (La)-15, 94, 129, 1pa, 159, 168, 70, 178, 182, 214, 235, 26, 283, 285, 287, 337, 339, 36 1, 370, 374, 375, 12, 417, 18, 426, 420, 432 dayAnaMda sarasvatI-67-68, 227, 424, 448, 450 darzana-59, 116, 158, 163, 199, 211, 247, 356, 371, 307, 414, 415, 422, 424, 430, 437,438 daMtakathA-40, 253, 254 dAdu-66, 449 dAna-88, 89, 210 duHkha-7, 24, 70, 80, 83, 84, 86, 91, 12, 116, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 174, 15, 176, 178, 19, 19, 22, 235, 248, 258, ra66, 285, 317, 331, 335, 336, 379, 341, 342, 343, 35, 354, 357, 3ba, 377, devatva-95, 176, 254, 255, 307, 329, 330 devadUta-187, 190, 185, 213, 20, 221 devaLa-164, 167, 324, 454 devajJAnavAda-402 desAI bI. .-432, 433 deha-196, 390, 392, 393 deha kaSTa-193, 346 datya (dAnava)-188, 36 1, 389 daiva (vI) tattva-7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 73, 70, 84, 173, 246, 304, 308, 3ra, 323, 331, 339, 389, 301,

Page #509
zabda sUci 393, 406, 420, 44, 417, 422, 465, 434 devavAda-83, 330 daivI-45, 46, 69, 8, 84, 86, 109, 113, 115, 168, 173, 189, 208, 213, 224, 242, 244, 24, 252, 26 5, 304, 308, 3 17,410, 414, 417, 419, 4ra3, 426, 420, 438, 52, 453 -eka-450-407 -nuM rUpa-407 daihika-70, 73, 72, 75, 76, 78, 85, 354, 371, 372, 377, 393, 400, 404, 411 daitavAda-367, 371, 391 45 207, 208, 209, 212, 214, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 236, 237, 248, 265, 266, 267, 287, 289, 306, 309, 310, 312, 323, 324, 315, 316, 317, 323, 324, 326, 323, 329, 339, 344, 36, 362, 366, 371, 372, 376, 377, 385, 395, 399, 400, 402, 403, 412, 413, 428, 429 -abhimukha-88, 94 -AcaraNa-31, 46, 94, 191, -eTale-6-8 -upadeza-297, 312, 316, -guru-153, 166, 458 cAlaka baLa tarIka-35, 38, 325 328, 368, 395 -jIvana-101, 12, 103, 29, 210, 234 251, 304, 333, 334, 338, 386 -nA adhyayananI patio18-25 -nAM samAna ta -15 -nI palaTAtI avasthA-301-333 -nI sarvazIlatA-ra7 -nuM palaTAtuM svarUpa-12-17 -nuM bhAvi-297, 376-434 -nuM vagIkaraNa-299 -nuM hArda-29, 62, 83, 99, 126, 167, 2017, 326, 360, dhammapada-134 dharma-3, 4, 6, 21, 22, 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 69, 91, 125, 134, 149, 238, 250, 260, 262, 277, 301, 305, 311, 325, 326, 331, 338, 343, 346, 357, 363, 371, 375, 401, 411, 415, 428, 436 -ane vijJAna-414, 415 -anuyAyI-17, 34, 36, 38, 49, 51, 5ra, 106, 107, 117, 118, 154, 161, 178, 181, 182, 143, 199, 200, 201, 22, 203, 204, 206,

Page #510
kaTTa dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 369, 416 -ne racanAtmaka vikAsa-362 -363 -parivartana--400-402 -pariSada (sabhA)-39, 165, 16 6, 445, 446, 458, 453, 456 -patha-65, 141, 201, 205, 217, 229, 236, 242, 243, 250, 26 0, 311 -prakAra-16 1, 182 -pracAra-166, 225, 446, 461 -pravartaka-329, 36 1 -pravAha-105, 119, 163 -bodha-364, 387, 396 -bodhaviya tulanA-3ra1-3 66, 396, 400 -yugala tulanA-364-385 -yuddha-203, 212, 447, 454, 457, 465 -vyavasthA-pa7, 204, 459 -vyavahAra-46, 50, 102 -vikAsa-301, 310 --vidhi-367, 380 -samanvayanA prayAso-401-436, 437, 438 -samabhAva-31, 37, 38, 291, 4ra7, 430 -saMgaThana-826, 461 -saMdha-164, 165, 166, 167, 370 -saM(pra) sthApaka-303-310, 314, 325, 326, 397 -sAhitya-ra69, 210 -sthApaka-303-30, 397 -sthApanA-304 -samaya-298-303 -jJAna-167, 308 sudhAraka-308, 4pa7 -sudhAraNa-68, 301, 302, 455 dharmagraMtha-32,33,66,93, 99,146, 149, 151, 15ra, 165, 212, 214, 238, 240, 251, 268, : 326, 366, 367, 370, 378, ' 379, 384, 45ra, 453, 4pa8 dharmazAstra-10, 40, 63, 93, 98, 99, 100, 108, 12, 148, 178, 212, 251, 253, 256, 311-313, 326, 339, 365, 366, 379, 381, 382, 400, 412 dharmasaMgaThaka baLo-97, 141, 164, 228, 30-318 dharmonuM vagIkaraNa-43-53 dhArmika-94, 96, 109, 170, 260, 348, 36 6, 395, 396, 400, 40, 413, 437, 438 -anubhava-22, 40, 41, 59, 316, 3 17, 322, 410 -anubhUti-5, 22, 6 1 cetanA-96, 314, 315 -jIvana-26, 197, 206, ra07,

Page #511
497 224, 225, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 303, 305, 366, 308, 326, 332, 379, 381, 392, 447, 449, 58 zabda sUci 226, 279, 334, 354, 388 -tAparya-9 -parivartana-164 -prathA-153 -bodha-147, 231 -bhAvanA-98, 224, 279, 322, 325, 326, 339, 385, 395, 419 -mAnyatAo-388 -lAgaNI-12, 148 -satya-9-11, 386 - ghava-311, 312 -jJAna-10, 45 dhArmikatA-46, 100, 360 -dhyAna-128, 141, 224, 249, 290, 317, 418-419 eva-79, 101, 13, 166, 176, 177, 235, 260, 263, ra78, 420, 4ra7, 420, 435 nAmadeva-110 nyAya-57, 116, 149 151, 159, 16 1, 166, 169, 175, 177, 178, 182, 184, 185, 219, 225. 349, 350, 323, 354, 361, 395, 404, 434, 445 navinasa-213, 350, 35ra, 323, 354, 381, 383, 398 nyAyI-38, 168, 170, 328, 330, 337, 339, 417 nArAyaNa-109 nAstika-48, 134, 212 nigama-118 narka-19, 24, 57, 7, 101, 103, 1941, 194, 195, 219, 220, 344, 352, 354, 404, 407, 412 namAjha-205 narasaMha-328, 449 na karAra-165, 169, 170, 363, 384 nAIsiyA-165 nAgArjuna-288 nAnaka-15 22, 65, 6, 100, nitya-92, 168, 331, 421 nitye-242, 243, 433 nimna-8, 13, 45, 337, 433 nirka-106, 109 nirmale-237 nimaMLa-86, 331 niyama-130, 312, 333, 334 , 347, 351, 359, 374, 390, 422, 432 niyativAda-83 nirAzAvAda-85, 86, 134, 135, 175 mA dharma 32

Page #512
48 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirIzvaravAda-35, 7, 8, 65, - 128 nivRtti (mAga)-87, 88, 89, 108, 119, 237, 279 nirvANa-135, 249, 356, 365, 366, 370, 375, 378, 420 nihAnagI-238, 239, 251, 253, - 257, 311 niSkAma karma-81, 82, 89, 319 niSTA-154, 268, 422 niSkriyatA-193, 282, 290, 357, 433 nIkalsana-409 nIti-50, 57, 101, 189, 240, 251, 261, 262, 264, 277, 280, 328, 332, 334, 365, 370, 375, 395, 421 -AcaraNa-1912, 192 -jIvana-101, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 375 -dharma-130, 131, 192, 277, ra78, 333 -niyama-15, 103, 334 -vicAra-333-339, 348 -zAstra-23, 24, 7, 100, 130, 178, 256, 280, 283, 285, 339 zAstrIya paddhati-23-24 nItAbe-257 nyuyorka-49 nRtya-ra3, 30, 316, 327, 331 nyUTana-435 nepoliyana-447, 455 nitika-5, 10, 23, 24, 32, 59, 73, 75, 82, 88, 92, 94, 133, 145, 146, 147, 175, 179, 246, 260, 264, 265, 267, 272, 277, 280, 281, 289, 314, 330, 349, 374, 384, 385, 406, 428 -AdarzA-227, 280, 36 0 -AcaraNa-335, 337, 338, 339 -kAyade-79, 271, 328, 390, 392, 437 -javAbadArI-81, 380 -jIvana-81, 88, 89, 183, 263, 285, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 358 -dharma-131, 133 -nyAya-73, 349, 3para -niyama-15, 79, ra73, 330, 390, 428 -mUlya-10, 83, 100, 27ra, 374, 427 natiktA-100, 360, 392 noTiMgahAma-400 patana-151, 214, 254, 286, 292, 331, 351

Page #513
zabda sUci padArtha-4, 5, 126, 232 payagaMbara-9, 10, 45, 5, 7, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 15ra, 161, 182, 198, (199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 217, 219, 265, 304, 306, 326, 329, 333, 362, 376, 408, 410, 421, 424, 446, 456 parabrahma-65, 119, 224, 232, 233, 304, 324, 326, 374, 378, 379 parama AnaMda-390, 363, 394 parama tattva-14, 15, 42, 69, 70, 86, 99, 103, 11, 1ra7, 134, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246, 247, 254, 280, 281, 282, 289, 20, 303, 304, 305, 321-324, 325, 326, 328, 373, 391, 392, * 393, 395, 396-397, 42, 408, 409, 416, 420, 421, 422. parama satya-116, 119, 234, 499 292, 299, 300, 301, 302, 309, 314, 325, 368, 371, 385, 396, 398, 399, 410, 414, 437 prakRti-13, 23, 60, 77, 78, 82, 112, 176, 245, 2para, - 254, 26 3, 264, 279, 286, 342, 34, 358, 359, 374, 408 praNAlI-28, 413 prabhu-83, 98, 146, 149, 150, 158, 159, 175, 176, 179, 233, 234, 323, 315, 316, 317, 319, 337, 347, 356, 372, 406, 406, 407, 418, 412, 420, 42 6 -ekatva-408 prAkaTaya-97 -prAti (sAkSAtkAra)-19, 89, - 103, 107, 171, 233, 404, . 406, 407, 468, 427 - - -nAM sopAne-406-410 -prema - 374, 406 - 410, 411, 416 -svarUpa-20 -sAmrAjya paMtha-244, 250* 251, 453 -sAkSAtkAra-315 sevA-406, 4ra7 -jJAna-66 paramAtmA-89, 99, 103, 113, - 226, 27, 236, 279 paramezvara-219, 224, 232 parva-96, 162 prakriyA-47, 13, 69,71, 161, 167, 217, 266, 287, 291,

Page #514
500 prabhudarzana (Izvara )-96, 16, 162, 215, 224 prabhunuM sAmrAjya (Izvara)-150, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 205, 250, 347, 359, 369, 373, 374, 399, 423, 427 pravartamAna dharmo,-17, 19, 22, 46, 47, 51, 58, 164, 23, 244, 297, 299, 301, 303, 310, 332, 335, 339, 348, 349, 362, 386, 387, 390, 393, 394 -nI viziSTatAo-387-394 pratti (mAga)-87, 88, 108, 119, 237, 282, 283 pasI(yA)yana-182, 188, 197, 216, 402, 405, 412 parivartana-17, 21, 28, 35, 45, 46, 49, 52, 3, 66, 126, 127, 128, 135, 147, 15ra, 158, 199, 217, 246, 26 6, 272, 274, 25, 312, 313, 324, 325, 325, 334, 390, 395, 396, 397, 18, 437, 438 parivartanazIla-17, 13, 69, 314 paropakAra-178, 277, 374 pavitra-23, 24, 82, 88, 89, 110, 131, 134, 149, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176, 184, 186, 192, dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 192, 193, 195, 205, 208, 219, 227, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 249, 255, 289, 315, 333, 335, 354, 384, 403, 407, 411, 12, 430, 433, 45ra paMjAba-226, 231, 476 pArkara-ra79 pAkistAna-458 pAdarI-153, 465 pApa (pApI)-19, 57, 82, 9, 101, 103, 151, 157, 158, 161, 169, 170, 172, 175, 191, 194, 195, 209, 219, 285, 314, 317, 331, 332, 333, 342, 345, 349, 350, - 3para, 323, 36 1, 366, 372, - 374, 375, 384, 385, 390, -vimecana158, 176, pAyathAgorasa-420 pAMca rAtra-107, 108, 109, 112 prArthanA-97, 99, 128, 133, 143, 148, 151, 152, 162, ' 185, 202, 20, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 219, 251, * 255, 256, 290, 316, 317, 320, 337, 38 1, 388, 389, 416, 418, 19, 421, 422, 425 -nuM sthAna-318-320 -nuM hArda-418

Page #515
zabda sUci prArthanAsamAja-67, 68, 424, 449 prAyazcita-57, 61, 2, 151, 176, 202, 286, 325, 3pa3, 361, 371, 406, 428, prArabdha-80, 81, 263, 287 prArabdhavAda-83, 38 1, 383 puNya-57, 161, 191, 194, 195, 219, 285, 349, 350, 351, 323, 366, 372 punarjanma-70, 71, 78, 79, 102, 186, 287, 350, 35ra, 354, 356, 367, 368, 378, 381, 398, 421, 422, 430 -ane mokSa-421-432) -no khyAla-78-79 : punarutthAna-68, 163, 172, 213, 243, 36 1, 453 punaruddhAra-164, 450 purANa-59, 66, 67, 100, 108, 116, 118, 253, 311, 412, 448 puruSArtha-7, 87, 8-92, 358 purohita-186, 204, 205, 223, 234, 265, 313 - 315, 368, 370, 413 pUjA-72, 128, 143, 147, 148, 153, 163, 143, 186, 187, 200, 204, 24, 227, 228, 236, 254, 255, 256, 27, 287, 290, 14, 357, 326, 404, 4ra7, 448, 445, 454 501 pUjArI (varga)-(gera)-64, 97 98, 239, 243, 265, 314, 424 pUrNa-179, 190, 214, 354, 404, 418, 436 pUrNatA-14, 32, 175, 404, 406, 414, 417, 421, 422 pUrNayoga-70, 436, 449 pUrvagraha-30, 32, 34, 37, 44, 59, 116, 117 pUrvajanma-79, 80, 100, 140, 341 perisa-403 peru-46 prema-172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 232, 249, 268, 285, 289, 335, 338, 359, 374, 375, 404, 406, 412, 415, 416, 418, 406, 432, 432, 433, 46 premabhAva-168, 193, 202, 337, 342, 347 pelesTAIna-198 pleTa-3, 372, 392, 420 pila-161, 163, 164, 165, 453 piskI-403 proTesTaMTa (paMtha) -41, 167, 455 phariduddIna attara-405, 406, 457 phaLa prApti-81 phAtImA-198 kAMsa-158, 347, 455, 457, 463

Page #516
502 phrAMsisa jheviara-465 phirastA-199, 209, 304, 424 pherara-306 pheka-264 phAIDa, sIgamana-20, 21, 74, 372 bakaTa-403 bagadAda-39, 447, 457 bargamAM-41 barTa-266, 281, 388, 396, badale-199, 349, 3pa0 baLajabarI-41, 411 baLavo-53, 301, 455, 451 bahAImata-219, 401, 410-49, 448, 4pa7, 458 bahAullA-419. baMgALa-230, 424 baMcharo-246, 247, 45ra baMdhana-19, 84, 85, 89, 91, 2, 100, 11, 12 6, 127, 234, 350, 357, 388, 393, 394 brahma-7, 6, 70, 76, 70, 82, 85, 92, 99, 100, 104, 108, 119, 232, 233, 234, 282, 305, 323, 324, 325, 331, 343, 345, 350, 355, 365, 366, 367, 370, 372, 33, 378, 379, 380, 399, 412, 413, 427 -ekatva-118, 224, 323, 365, 367, 372, 374, 378, 38, 382, 383, 399, 410 ' dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -tattva-117, 331, 373 -prApti-94 -bhAva-117 -leka-137 -vAda-116, 341, 378, 379 -vidyA-419 -jJAna - 92, 100, 101, 119, 341, 346, 365, 366, 378, 380, 382 brahmacarya-131, 12, 167, 168 brahmacaryAzrama-87, 88, 89 prebhA-63, 77, 119, 169, 173, - 224, 255 brahmAMDa-6 . brahmosamAja-67, 68, 380, 424, 436, 449 bleskrI-19 bAIbala-32, 33, 175, 311, 362, 429 bArtha-41 bAba- 2 bAlphara-279 bAhyAcAra-60, 65, 91, 234, 278, 371, 448 bAMgalAdeza-458 brAhmaNadharma-446, 448, 449 brAhmaNavarga-61, 125, 133, 310, 313-315 brAhmaNa-59, 60, 67, 99, 445, 444 birAdarI-233, 399

Page #517
zabda sUci buddhi-74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 220, 245, 249, 250, 27, 279, 280, 323, 319, 371, 377, 389, 393, 404, 465, 417 -vAda (dI)-42, 174 busIda-257 bethala-149 beTIsTA, hena-157, 158, 205, 503 427, 28, 429, 431, 445, 446, 447, 451, 4para, 460, 461, 465, 463 -khristI dharma-375-381 -ne dhamaMpathI-141 -ne pAyA-135-136 -nuM svarUpa-134-135 bauddhika-98, 94, 175, 223, 231, 302, 420 " 350 bebIlena- 46, 150, 216, 360, 402, 450, 456, 460, 463 bebIleniyA-360 berala-3ra beMgaske-ra71 beka, e. sI. 208 bedhi dharma-288 bauddhadharma-33, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, para, 53, 58, 64, 19, 115, 116, 118, 28, 133144, 161, 167, 168, 171, 176, 205, 206, 234, 239, 242, 243, 248, 249, 250, 257, 260, 263, 266, 272, 288, 290, 300, 301, 35, * 311, 312, 314, 315, 32, 324, 325, 328, 329, 333, 336, 343, 344, 346, 347, 350, 351, 35ra, 356, 357, 358, 363, 365, 3 7, 369, 370, 371, 375, 378, 379, 384, 385, 396, 402, 420, bhakta-62, 108, 190, 232, 316, 36 1, 418, 426 bhakti-62, 107, 108, 19, 110, 113, 172, 193, 208, 224, 226, 231, 233, 247, 248, 277, 288, 346, 356, 363, 378, 380, 418, 420, 425, 26, 420, 449 -bhAvanA-176, 291 -mAga-109, 223, 346, 373, 374 -ga-70 bhAgavata-107, 108, 109 bhAgyavAda-83 bhArata (hindustAna)-98, 99, 115, 182, 217, 223, 231, 239, 241, 246, 248, 249, 25, 263, 272, 300, 365, 368, 369, 375, 406, 403, 424, 4ra7, 430, 434, 445, 446, 447,453, 455, 45, 458,

Page #518
504 460, 465, 465, 463, 464, 465, 467 bhALyo-65, 98, 99 bhASA (zAstrIya)-41, 63, 64, 66, 99, 125, 149, 151, 178, 184, 226, 233, 240, 249, 2para, 282, 323, 316, 370, 377, 388 337, 339, 359, 373, 374, 39, 413, 420, 423, 429 bhAMDArakara-108, 112, 424 zrAMti-234, 341, 345, 394 bhIma-108 bhUga-99 bhoga-114, 117, 377, 381 bhaugolika-49, 50, 175, 291, 299, 300, 302, 368, 436 bhautika-74, 280, 331, 339, 342, 359, 377, 420, 414, 417, 468, 437 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana madhyama mArga-270, 336 madhyasthI-305, 306 mana-74, 75, 6, 89, 131, 138, 158, 317 manasa-78 manicIyAnIjhama-401-403, 446 manI-402 manu-99, 108 -smRti-61, 100, 448 mane vijJAna-20, 40, 128, 209, 322, 325, 362, 363 mane vaijJAnika (paddhati)-20-21, 41, 70, 137, 207, 310, 438 mabucI-240 mayIkAvA mIkI-247, 45ra masiyAha-157, 158, 160, 16, 164, 195, 213, 36 1, 362, 384 majida-201, 204, 205, 207, 211, 315 masudI-39 mahamada-15, 197, 213, 306, 308, 309, 30, 329, 333, 353, 381, 382, 403, 406, 429, 446, 456, 462 mahamada kAsima-463 mahamada gajhanI-463, 464, 465 mahAbhArata-66, 99, 100, 108, makkA-197, 190, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 211, 212, 215, 216, 225, 456, 462 majhadayaranI-188 masurI-245 madInA-200, 201, 202, 203, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 456, 465, 463 412, mahAbhiniSkramaNa-64, 377 ' mahAyAna-115, 116, 118, 141, 250, 289, 311, 371, 446

Page #519
505 zabda sUci mahAvidyA-ra71, 336 mahAvIra (vardhamAna)-15, 63, 64, 66, 125, 13, 157, 305, 306, 307, 310, 3ra6, 329, 365, 36 6, 363, 368, 369, 370, 371, 393, 43, 449, 488 mahetA, na. de-114, 115 -maMtra-113, 118, 119, 185, 186, 147, 192, 210, 358 -maMdira-61, 71, 87,97,141, 148, 16 1, 12, 165, 204, 227, 228, 234, 242, 243, 244, 255, 90, 310, 315-316, 368, 400, 414, 465, 446, 450, 451, 452, 453, 457, 458, 461 maMdIkaraNa-204 maMsUra-405 mAo-397 mAuma khalIphA-39 mAguo-183 mAdhvAcArya- 9, 106, 107, 449 mAnava eTale-4-6 mAnava cetanA-20, 74 mAnava prerita-45, 46 -mAnava-mana-70 mAnava svabhAva-410-18 mAnasika-74, 75, 404 mAyA-72, 109 110, 116, 117, 365, 373 mikADe-239, 240, 24, 242, 244, 245, 2para, 254, 256, 304, 305, 329, 423, 451, 452, 453 mitha-183, 188 mithyA-116, 234, 235, 241, 243, 244, 278 mitheriyana dharma-163-164 mIthara-46 mIrajhA ali mahamada-412,458 mIrAMbAI-449 mukta (muktAvasthA)-70,113, 127, 129, 176, 317, 341, 346, 408, 420 mukti-19, 24, 57, 70, 84, 86, 89, 91, 92, 12, 111, 130, 133, 135, 15ra, 175, 176, 178, 340, 345, 355-357, 366, 369, 370, 373, 374, 378, 395, 37-398, 412, 422 -no khyAla-84-86 mRtyu-8, 24, 2, 79, 80, 84, 94, 96, 136, 138, 140, 141, 164, 165, 178, 143, 195, 202, 206, 214, 215, 216, 219, 226, 248, 264, 267, 287, 320, 417, 425 muni-99 muneTaDA-246, 247, 45ra muslima (dharma/ma) (juo islAma) 7, 45, 224, 225, 233, 290, 29, 333, 345, 406, 406, 454, 457, 465, 464 1}

Page #520
dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana 384, 406, 420, 422 -prApti-92, 124, 232, 235, 370, 378, 381, 420 pa06 mUrtipUjA-61, 67, 68, 108, 110, 183, 197, 199, 20, 205, 223, 226, 227, 233, 236, 290, 315, 317, 368, 369, 370, 381 mUlya-6, 10, 41, 42, 92, 100, 263, 272, 312, 314, 332, 358, 374, 24, 426, 427, 436, 437 mUlyAMkana-53, 57 meInsa-446 mekasamUlara -39, chara megesthanisa-109 menI-46, menIo-zIo-251 meziyasa-26, 271, 275 merI-308 mesoDeniyA-17 mesopeTemiyA-216, 463 maijha-243 moe lAI-148 mejhijha-146, 147, 151, 205, 213, 303, 305, 306, 384, ' 450, 451, 461 mese-ra60 maMtrI-240-21, 242, 2para mauna-134, 162, 178, 225 melana-148 mokSa-1, 92, 114, 15, 117, 175, 26, 23, 234, 235, 236, 249, 361, 366, 367, 375, 378, 380, 381, 382, yazna-185, 187 yahUdI-101, 162, 165, 200, 202, 205, 212, 213, 451, 460, 465, 466 yajJa-pa7, 61, 63, 64, 7, 89, 99, 103-105, 108, 116 118, 123, 125, 133, 153, 184, 148, 226, 236, 368, 445 yAtrA-200, 211, 256 yAmbalIkasa-420 yAjJavalkaya-99 -smRti-100 yina-hI-ra79 yudhiSThira-108 yuropa-42, 46, 164, 166, 223, 244, 250, 259, 330, 348, 427, 28, 451, 460, 462 464, 465, 466 pheMga ane yIna-261 eMga-yu-260 ga-75, 110, 115, 114, 2, 402 yogI-62 gamata-288 yegAcAra288

Page #521
zabda sUci raNajitasiMha-459 rabiyA-404, 406 ramajAna-202, 211, 381 ramaNa maharSi-74 raziyA-400, 454, 457, 465 raziyana-242, 419 rasamImAMsA paddhati-22 rahasyavAda-65, 17, 225, 247, 264, 377, 380, 403, 404, 405, 406, 420, 419, 437 rAjakIya-68, 75, 93, 267, 345, 348, 307, 398, 438 rAjya-94, 394, 459 rAjyadharma-165, 182, 189, 245 rAjAnuM daivIpaNuM-265 rAdhAkRSNana-64, 161 rAdhAvallabha-106 rAnaDe-424 rAma-66, 107, 110, 203, 232, 328, 338, 368 rAmakRSNa-401, 424, 425, 26, 429, 448, 449, 450 -vicAradhArA-23-4ra7 rAmadAsa, guru-27, 228, 449, 4pa8 rAmamohana reya-66-67, 380, 449 rAmAnuja-65, 99, 100, 106, 107, 19, 13, 223, 224, 449 rAmAnaMda-100, 107, 108, 110 224, 449, , ; 507 rAmAyaNa-65, 99, 100, 412 449rASTrIya-67, 96, 150, 320 -dharma-16, 17, 49 ribu-239 risu-248 rIcArDa, bela-213, 214 rUDhi (vAdI-ra7, 28, . 29, 31, 53, 60, 65, 67, 213, 229,. 245, 246, 260, 267, 268, 272, 273, 24, 275, 287, 288, 312, 323, 324, 327, 334, 424, 425 rUmI-332, 457 Rgvada72, 108, 111, 445, 448 RSi-99, 108, 351, 42, 432 renApha-26 remI-410 roDavela-213, 214 , rema-46, 166, 197, 453, ' 454, 455, 461 romana-157, 165, 244, 3 4, 456 -rAjya ane khristI dharma-165 lahIna-226 lakSmIdAsa-226 lakSma-57, 89, 98 lAoeM-7, 24, 267, 263, 26 6, 267, 28, 278, 279,280, 281, 242, 283, 284, 285, 287, 288, 303, 305, 306, 325, 359 lAhora224

Page #522
508 lI-22, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 323 lIkI-264, 269, 336 lIna yuTAMga-ra68, 273, 274, 280 lIhajhe-kavAna-che-288 - lyuthara, mArTina-16 6, 167, 225, 249, 308, 314, 393, 451, 455 lUna-267 leTereTa-260 leyelA-455 laukika-10, 263, 308, 3 19 varga-93 -vyavasthA-263 vartaNUka-149, 253, 335, 336 varNa-93, 358 -varNavyavasthA-64, 68, 71, 87, 9ra-94, 125, 34, 347, 368, 369, 370, 374, 380, - varNAzrama-65, 67, 133, 368, 372, 378, 430 vanDa-40 vallabhAcArya-99, 106, 17, 110, 449 vahema-27, 414 vyakti (gata)-68, 103, 140, 175, 267, 286, 328, 345, 352, 323, 357, 358, 359, 400, 406 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -jIvana-14, 38, 105, 22, 28, 340, 345, 348, 350, 359, 391, 437 - vyavasthA-pa7, 71, 228, 234, 255, 358, 368 vyavahAra-10, 21, 28, 4, 50, para, pa7, 6, 89, 92, 101, 103, 149, 193, 24, 234, 236, 251, 262, 274, 275, 277, 284, 286, 288, 28, 308, 322, 374, 378, 388, 389, 30, 391, 392, 4ra7, 433 vyavahArika-118, 172, 276, 278, 365, 420, 432 vAsanA-13, 178, 331, 341, 354, 356, 370, 371, 372, 411 vikalapha-166 vahAITa, Ara. I-419 vahAITaheDa-414 vrajabadhI-288 vrata -96, 131 vaMdIdAda-186 vAskeDI gAmA-447, 454, 465 vAca-41 vAnaprasthAzrama-87, 88, 89 vicAraka (na)-305, 365, 367, 375, 376, 379, 384 vicAra-20, 27, 432 -bhAvanA-399-400 viDa jerI, e. jI.-333, 354 .

Page #523
pace zabda sUci vidhi-89, 119, 167, 183, 204, 207, 210, 228, 229, 234, 236, 243, 245, 249, 253, 261, 266, 269, 271, 273, 323, 324, 368, 385, 395, 413 vinobA bhAve-103 viruddha-101, 18, 390 virodha-302, 305, 322, 365, 366, 367, 370, 375, 376, 379, 384, 389, 392, 394, 396, 403, 430, 432, 434, 448, 449 viliyama, jemsa-41 viliyama, menIara-221 viliyamsa, e. vI.-181 viveka-38, 92, 11, 170, 336, 337 vivekAnaMda, svAmI-426, 450 vizvatattva-49,408, 409, 410 vizvAsa-176, 177, 178, 206, 247, 309, 357, 361, 372, 404, 406, 424 viSNu-63, 72, 107, 108, 109, 116, 117, 119, 173, 174, 368 -mArga-53, 63 vijJAna-11, 13, 19, 27, 88, 117, 414, 434, 437 -vAda-116 vR-282 veda-59, 60, 67, 69, 89, 94. 95, 98, 9, 103, 104, 114, 116, 184, 148, 224,. 308, 311, 365, 366, 370,. 378 428, 420, 445, 448 -zAstra-304 vedAMta-100, 116, 117 vedika dharma-59, 67, 118, 182, 188 veba-jara veliMgTana-435 leDImera-447, 465 vairAgya-92, 114, 237, 246, 406, 426 vaiSNava (mata, dharma)-63, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 204, 311, 45, 449 vaijJAnika-28, 32, 36, 43, 44, 80, 87, 314, 398, 438 -vagIkaraNa-46-53 dUmanaha-185, 149, 195 zakti-115, 116, 117, 118, 368 zaraNa-73, 207, 235, 325, 346,. 353, 354, 357, 358, 380,. 381, 382, 383 zahIda-ala-halaja-406 zaMkarAcArya-65, 99, 100, 101, 106, 109, 113, 447, 449 zAkta saMpradAya-107, 114-118 I-288

Page #524
pa10 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana -zAtra-64, , 89, 108, 16 1, 284, 290, 302, 3, 32, 323, 324, 336, 362, 375, 376, 412 -vacana-63, 105 -jJAna-119, 236, 313 zAvata(tA)-3-8, 69, 86, 101, 312, 323, 386, 436 -zAMga-259 zAMga-ti-282 zAMti-7, 134, 160, 162, 175, 256, 315, 316, 325, 371, 395, 418, 429, 432 zikAgo-30 zikiMga-269 zita dharma-7, 2, 33, 46, 48, 50, 51, para, 58, 238-258, 261, 280, 298, 299, 300, 304, 305, 311, 323, 329, 400, 423, 445, 45, 4para, 463 - zAstro-251-2para -nI devabhAvanA-para-255 -nuM nItizAstra-256-257 -ne vikAsa-239-244 -prakAra-244-251 -paMtha dharma-244, 245-248 -rAja dharma-243, 244-245 ziyA-218, 12 ziva-72, 84, 111, 122, 113, 116, 117, 18, 11, 173, * 174, 368, 406, 407, ": 408, 26 mAruM--pa3, 6-3, 1ra0 zikSA-pa7, 148, 15ra, 170, 181, - 19, 286, 335, 349, 35ra, 323, 398, 399, 445, 450 zIkhadharma-46, 50, 51, 58, 65, 223-237, 291, 298, 303, 305, 311, 315, 324, 326, 332, 333, 35, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 398, 447, 449 4pa8, 4pa9, 466, 467 -nA dharmapaMtha-236-239 -no bodha-231-236 -no vikAsa-226-231 zIla- 139 zI rona-249 zukiMga-269 zuddha-130, 230 -karaNa-243, 24, 258, 45ra zubha-22, 111, 12, 134, 175, 176, 186, 148, 149, 190, 191, 192, 194, 319, 330, * 358, 390, 429 zinya-77, 14, 370, 396 -vAda-366, 371, 378, 396, zeksapiyara-382 zekha sAdika-405, 457 ziva saMpradAya-63, 107, 11, 11, 112, 113, 114, 116, 2323, 31 saccidAnaMda-8, 76 sarjaka-11, 12, 171, 183, 231, 260, 328, 395

Page #525
zabda sUci 511 sarjana-77, 79, 147, 14, ra71, 384, 328, 330, 343, 345, 357, 365, 372, 374, 383, 384, 391, 402, 405, 416 -hAra-140, 173, 225 sata (nAma) (satya)-29, 232, 233, 235, 308, 320, 332, 38 sattA-93, 312, 324, 332, 381, 389, 416, 428 -bhAvanA-374 satya-7, 8, 9, 19, 24, 45, 46, 69, 70, 76, 78, 70, 80, 93, 102, 116, 126, 127, 131, 33, 136, 137, 139, 173, 176, 182, 184, 201, 213, 225, 231, 232, 233, 234, 257, 280, 286, 287, . 313, 325, 320, 322, 331, 332, 337, 341, 343, 356, 357, 365, 366, 367, - 370, 372, 374, 375, 399, 380, 381, 383, 384, 395, 402, 404, 45, 421, 430, - 431, 432, 433, 434, 435 * 436 satyAgraha-338, 43, 432, 433, 434, 435 sava-7, 161 sthagiMta(tA)-24, 29,45, 156, 328 saguNa-195, 78, 88, 10, 192, 26 1, 264, 271, 275, 26, 277, 278, 279, 28, 289, 290, 375 sadAnaMda-101 sanAtana-17, 108, 116, 313, 4ra1, 436 samanvaya-128, 138, 205, 241, 263, 291, 325, 361, 377, 387, 406, 420, 414, 415, 419, 422, 423, 465, 427, 428, 435, 436, 437, 438 - kArI -168, 378, 379, 385, 420, 430, 45ra samanvayIkaraNa-437, 438 samaSTi-85, 86, 407, 408, 419 samAja-84, 94, 260, 267, 264, 267, 272, 275, 277, 286, 291, 328, 330, 333, 334, 339, 341, 342, 345, 347, * 348, 3para, 357, 354, 359, 36 0, 372, 377, 388, 392, 393, 395, 399, 400, 413, 421, 422, 4ra3, 424, 435, 436, 437, 438 -jIvana-14, 38, 96, 105, 272, 273, 278, 312, 340, 346, 358, 359, 437, 38 -parivartana-312 -sevA-67, 342, 347 -(jIvana) vyavasthA-21, 57, 72, 87, 92, 263, 358, 368, 372, 374, 378

Page #526
512 samAjazAtra-34, 40 samAjazAstrIya-41 -paddhati-21 samAdhi-u6, 134, 139, 210, 248, 249, 263, 404, 416, samIpatva-405-408 zraddhA- 19, 29, 30, 82, 92, 93, 133, 146, 177, 178, 206, 215, 2 19, 249, 290, 309, 320, 405 svarga-19, 24, 57, 62, 71, 77, 101, 103, 143, 170, 172, 191, 194, 195, 206, 219, 220, 238, 249, 354, 404, 407, 411, 12, 421 -ane narka-102, 103 sarvajIva (vAda)-109, 197, 252, 325, 348, 398 sarvadRSTA-169, 184, 204 sarvaniyAmaka-101, 254 sarvavyApaka-15, 150, 16 1, 169, 182, 234, 343, 344, 421 sarvazaktimAna-169, 171, 341 sarvasattAdhIza-13, 79, 171, 182 sarvajJa-113, 168, 17, 182, 185, 189, 204 savinaya avajJA-345 -asahakAra-433 -kAnUnabhaMga-433 sarvezvaravAda- 247, 326, 327, 392, 406, 449 sarvodaya-250, 251 dharmAnuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sarvoparI-15, 166, 167, 169, 182, 254, 323, 324, 325, 333, 339, 349, 381, 383, 35 sahajAnaMda svAmI-110, 424, 449 (sahRdayI) samabhAva-37, 356, 430 sahiSNutA-30, 48, 430, 436 saMkalpa svAta vya-81, 15ra -zakita-78, 117 saMkelI (karaNa)-77, 113 saMgaThana-228, 230, 242, 3 10, 381, 386 saMgIta-ra3, 30, ra70, 271, 316, 317 saMgha (zakti)-226, 227, 35, 3pa8, 399 saMgharSa (gharSaNa, kaMTha)-100, 153, 190, 194, 239, 251, 253, 271, 315, 330, 343, 358, 362, 363, 389, 392, 393, 413, 428, 433, 437, 447, 4para, 456, 465 saMcAlaka-113, 119, 173, 182, 259, 261, 328, 391, 395, 4ra1, 422 saMta-59, 97, 166, 188, 228, 248, 262, 263, 265, 309, 318, 360, 406, 420, 416, 421, 424, 43ra -vANa-98, 9, 100 saMnyAsa-178, 193 saMnyAsAzrama-87, 88, 99 :

Page #527
zabda sUci saMpradAya-19, 29, 30, 33, 34, 53, 57, 62, 68, 69, 71, 105, 107, 166, 302, 391, 401, 412, 424 -IralAmadharmanA-218-219 -khristI dharmanA-166-167 -bauddhadharmanA-141 -zIkhadharmanA-236-237 -hibradharmanA-1pa3-154 -hiMdudharmanA-105-119 saMyama-88, 9, 130, 134 saMcaya-139 saMskRti-4, 13, 35, 50, 259, 260, 261, 263, 27, 27ra, ra76, 279, 299, 300, 301, 316, 357, 388, 391,402, 414, 424, 436 saMskAra-71, 87, 94-96, 243, 245, 445, 452, 454 saMsAra-127, 350, 35ra saMhAraka-173, 395, 421 svataMtra-86, 113, 328, 330, 332, 333, 345, 365, 369, 372, 383, 429, 451, 467 vAta -pa7, 164, 168, 331, 342, 399, 404 sviAmInArAyaNa-68, 106, 110, - 166, 424, 49 suSTi-57, 60, 70, 72, 73, 6, 77, 9, 80, 92, 101, 13, 112, 126, 134, 137, 149, 513 145, 146, 150, 15ra, 159, 172, 174, 175, 149, 191, 233, 246, 247, 260, 26 1, 264, 265, 271, 280, 281, 282, 283, 304, 319, 320, 3ra1, 323, 325, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 339, 343, 347, 357, 358, 359, 365, 382, 389, 391, 393, 405, 414, 45, 416,418, 420, 421, 420, 431, 432, 437 -sarjaka-103,113, 173, 182 sAtatya-126, 127, 135, 16, 171, 266 sthApatya-23, 316 sAdhana-114, 176, 245, 317, 318, 332, 355, 356, 358 -catuSTaya-71, 87, 92, 94 sAdhanA-119, 178, 354, 407, 45, 427, 435 sAdhya-09, 94, 317 sAdhu-29, 130, 132, 18, 225, 237, 267, 265, 39, 36, 363, 363, 420, 446, 461, sAna cI Au-289 sAmAjika-64, 84, 177, 250, 261, 265, 277, 286, 291, 357, 377, 30, 395, 37, 398, 418, 423, 431, 37, 438

Page #528
514 -utkrAMti-396 -utthAna-342, 3pa7-360,438 -vyavasthA-61, 'kare. sAmyavAda-158, 250, 387, 394, 423, 428, 438 -dharma che ?-394-401 sAyarasa-362 sArvatrika-17, 212, 390, 437 naitika niyama-390-391 sAhitya-23, 59, 115, 15ra, 165, 181, 182, 184, 186, - 187, 191, 262, 268, 418 sAMIbAbA-416, 449 sAMIsamAja-436 sAMkhya-77, 116, 117 sijhara-157 siddha-166, 318, 338, 357, 419, 42, 438 siddhi-118, 19, 131, 134, 138, 236, 308, 312, 326, 372, 395, 40, 408, 414, 416, 419, 420, 422, 4ra6, 431, 438 siriyA-198, 215, 26, 446, 456, 46 3, ' . silema-225, 229, 448, 467 skrIna-413 strI-114, 118, 136, 164, , , 202, 203, 209, 219, 220, 247, 308, 309, 351, 354, 424' dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana sune-237 sudhAraka-59, 384, 424, 457 sudhArAvAdI-63, 66, 69, 167 315, 451, 457, 458 sunnA-217 sunnI-218, 219, 457 smRti-59, 61, 67, 98, 99, 446, 448 zruti-98, 99, 446, 448. sRSTi-57, 60, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79 80, 92, 101, 103, 112, 26, 134, 137 140, 145, 146, 1pa0, 15ra, 159, 172, 174, 175, 189, 191, 233, 246, 247, 260, 261, 264, 265, 27, 280, 281, 282, 283, 304, 319, 320, 323, 323, 325, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 339, 343, 347, 357, 358, 3pa9, 365, 382, 389, 391, 393, 405, 414, 415, 46, 418, , 420, 421, 28, 471, 432, 437 -saka-103, 113, 173, 182 susane-253 (su) saMskRta (mAnavI dharma-13, 14, 15, 17, 39, 63, 64, 66, 99, 263, 301, 325, 358, 362, 367, 378, 388, 390, 391, 392, 40, 413 sU-ra05, 213, 214, 265 sUphI mata-219,406, 403 -4, 447, 457 -nA prabhuprAptinAM sopAna406-410 : te , zrIcaMda sukha-80, 02, 178, 143, 194, 235, 26, 25, 285, 3pa6, 375, 390, 363, 394, 404 -prAti-135

Page #529
papa zabda sUci -nI viziSTatAo-404-405 -no atihAsika vikAsa 405-406 sUkSma-74 spena-348, 446, 453, 456,461 spenAmenyu-187, 148, 19, 191 zreSTha-186, 253, 273, 290, 326, 342, 344, 468, 436 sevAne (Adarza) - 406, 420, 422, 42 6, 4ra7 sekreTisa-101 seDaralema-41, 362 sonDarsa-360 sophisTa-338 somana-108, 148, 205, 450 soharAba-411 sauMdarya-15, 40, 405 hiTalara-242 hinayAna-141, 311, 362, 37, 446 hipe-400 hibrU-101, 157, 160, 198, 199, 300, 311, 332, 360 hibradharma (yahUdI)-32, 33, 45, 46, 50, 51, para, 53, 58, 14pa-156, 160, 161, 168, 169, 172, 189, 203, 205, 233, 247, 256, 298, 300, 302, 303, 3ra3, 324, 325, 332, 336, 337, 36 0, 36 1, 362, 376, 384, 445, 450, 4pa1 -khristI dharma-384-385 -nuM sAhitya-151-15ra -ne vikAsa-145-151 hirata-281-242 hiMdudharma-7, 22, 28, 33, 46, 48, 50, 51, para, 53, 58, 59-124, 125, 136, 141, 157, 161, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 17, 178, 185, 210, 223, 23ra, 233, 234, 235, 238, 266, 282, 291, 300, 302, 304, 311, 315, 318, 323, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 331, 335, 363, 344, 345, 3pa0, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 363, 368, 369, 373, haja-211, 256 - haja phelDa-181 hanIpha-198 harakizana, guru-228, 458 haragoviMde, guru-228, 458 hararAya, guru-228, 2458 haraha-205 * hasa-166 hasIyA kiMga-270 hyu-ena-sAMga-446 hyusa-ra74 hyuma, Ara. I-51, 175, 284 hAphIja-406

Page #530
516 dharmonuM tulanAtmaka adhyayana helTana-2para * hasIyA-146, 150, 450 kSamA-93, 151, 177, 206, 29, 220, 236, 325, 337, 3pa3 kSaNika-116, 234, 235, 375, 378 -vAda-366, 378 , 374, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 399, 402, 408, 412, 468, 420, 428, 430, 445, 446, 449, 461 -khristI dharma-37ra-375 -janadharma-367-370 -jainadharma, bauddhadharma-365-367 -nA keTalAka siddhAMte-70-98 -nAM zAstro-98-100 " -nA sudhArAvAdI prayA-63-69 -nA saMpradAye-105-119 -nuM nItizAstra-100-102 -nuM hAI-69-70, 304 -mAM vyavasthA bodha86-92 -mAM svarga ane narka-102-103 -zIkhadharma-378-381 hiMsA-125, 131, 133, 193, 22, 211, 22, 216, 243, 318, 350, 398, 410, 428, 432, 434, 435, 45ra hIroDa -39, 183 hegala-168 heDa413 henarI rAjA-167 hevana-261, 264, ra78, 396 honena-249 holI-413, 414, 415 jJAna-9, 19, 29, 30, 33, 44, 50, 5, 6, 7, 75, 76, 84, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 114, 118, 119, 127, 171, 175, 184, 226, ra3pa, 236, 251, 299, 304, 319, 341, 346, 356, 365, 373, 374, 378, 380, 391, 393, 401, 403, 45, 406, 413, 419, 420, 42, 425, 449 -prApti-88, 92, 100, 101, 225, 249, 346, 357, 407, 416, 420. -mImAMsA-29,41, 322, 363 jJAnI-85, 93, 101 jJAnayoga-70 jJAnezvara-449

Page #531
lekhaka paricaya Da bhAskara gopAlajI desAIno janma 1920nI 28mI navembare surata jillAmAM thayo. suratamAM abhyAsa karI ucca zikSaNa mATe eo pUnAnI vADiyA kaeNlejamAM gayA. 1946mAM peTalAda kalejamAM ane 1947 thI 1951mAM ela. DI. ArTasa kaoNleja, amadAvAdamAM emaNe adhyApaka tarIke kAma karyuM. 1951thI teo vaDodarA yunivarsiTImAM adhyApana, saMzodhana ane vahIvaTI kArya karI rahyA che. yunivarsiTInI aneka samitiomAM teo sakriya phALo Ape che. emanAM prasiddha pustakomAM aMgrejImAM An Introduction to Deductive Logic, An Introduction to Inductive Logic, Exercises in Logic, Student Services at M. S. University, Baroda tathA Ethics of the Shikshapatri zya The Emerging Youthal samAveza thAya che. emanA gujarAtI bhASAmAM prasiddha thayelAM pustakamAM pramANazAstra, nItizAstra, nItizAstra praveza, vaijJAnika vicAra paddhati, mAdhyamika zikSaNa vidyAlayanA sarvAgI vikAsanI yojanA, no samAveza thAya che.

Page #532
adhyApanano lAMbo anubhava dharAvanAra eka prAdhyApakanA hAthe A pustaka lakhAyuM che ane te anusnAtaka kakSAnA abhyAsakramanI saghaLI AvazyakatAone saMtoSe tevuM che. UMDo abhyAsa ane saraLa abhivyakti ema baMne rIte pustakane guNayukta hoI tulanAtmaka dharmonA adhyayana ane adhyApananA ucca abhyAsane hetu pAra pADe tema che. lekhake aneka prazno upasthita karyA che je A kSetramAM vadhu kheDANane vistAra sUcave che. lekhake maulika rIte je vividha koThA ane Alekhano ApyAM che te A pustakane AkarSaka ane upayogI banAve che. A pustaka abhyAsanI dRSTie gahana ane sAmagrInI draSTie sarvagrAhI che. tulanAtmaka dharmonA anusnAtaka vidyAthIo mATe te lakhAyeluM hovA chatAM, je koI dharma ane tenA praznone abhyAsa karavA mAgatA haze te saune te khUba madadarUpa nIvaDaze. je rIte pustaka rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che te yunivarsiTI graMthanirmANa borDanA prakAzana mATe sarvAga suyogya che ane tema karavAnI bhalAmaNa karatA mane khuzI Upaje che. AI. vI. trivedI