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A New Contribution-Problem of Jaina Monastic Discipline
former while Kalpa 4 2 three cases of the latter They seem to be the most severe types of church-punishments inasmuch as the ruling 18 that one committing them must-unless spacially exempted-be first forced back to lead the life of a householder and only then re-admitted to the monastic fold, As for the three cases of each type enumerated lo Kalpa 4 3 and 4,2 they can only be illustrative pot exhaustive, for in a parallel fashion Kalpa 41 enuruerates three, cases of the anudghatima type of church-offences and in view of several additional church offences of this type having been menti. oned in Kalpa itself-to say nothing of Vyavahara and Nišitha--the present triplet can only be illustrative not exhaustive. This entire treatment of the prolem of church-punishment undertaken in the old disciplinary texts the classical Jaina authors had before them. They of course elucidated these texts in the light of their own practical requirements many of which were brand new, but that is not the point just now What is noteworthy is that in the case of almost each church-regulation they had to say that in one case its violaton will be rather mild, in another case more severe, in a third case still more severe, and so on and so forth. And since they would also prescribe punishment for each caac of violating a church-regulation they wanted to have at their disposal a ready-made list of punishments graduated in terms of their mildness or severity; thus it was that they invariably used the following list with ten items
1. Light one-month paribara 2 Heavy one-month parihara 3. Light four-month parihara 4. Heavy four-month parihara 5 Light six-month parihara 6. Heavy six-month parihara 7. Cheda 8. Müla 9. Abavasthapya
10 Parañcika But another 118t of 10 church-punishments had also gained currency in the meanwhile. As a matter of fact, the hall-mark of the classical Jaina theoretical thinking was the formulation of a large number of technical concepts conveniently arranged in the form of standard 118ts of all types, most famous of these lists are those included by Umsvati in his Tattvarthasutra, but there were many more and some arc alao available in versions different from Umasväti's We have already had the occasion to mention the list of ten vaiyāvstyas occurring in Vyavbāra as well as Tattvārthasutra (the two versions are slightly different) Similarly, the list of ton churchpunishments we are now referring to is available also in a Tattvarthasutra. yersion and a Molacāra-yeraion (Dr, Caillat has the occasion to quote all
