Prachin evam Madhyakalin Malva me Jain Dharm Ek Adhyayan

Author(s): Tejsinh Gaud
Publisher: Rajendrasuri Jain Granthmala
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004157/1

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prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : eka adhyayana lekhaka DaoN.tejasiMha gaur3a For Personal & Private Use Only www.amelibrary.org

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prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : eka adhyayana (vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina kI pI-eca.DI.kI upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha prabaMdha) lekhaka DaoN.tejasiMha gaur3a prakAzaka zrI rAjendrasUri jaina zodha saMsthAna ujjaina (ma.pra.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pustaka mArgadarzaka lekhaka avataraNa prakAzaka evaM prApti sthAna mUlya sarvAdhikAra akSara saMyojana mudraka : : : : : : prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : eka adhyayana DaoN. bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya AcArya evaM adhyakSa prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina (ma.pra.) DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a devotthayanI ekAdazI, saM. 2067 17 navambara, 2010 : eka sau rupaye : zrI rAjendrasUri jaina zodha saMsthAna 87/2, vikrama mArga, TaoNvara cauka, esa. ema. kaoNmpleksa, phrIgaMja, ujjaina (ma.pra.) prakAzakAdhIna : phreNDsa kampyUTarsa surAnA kaoNmpleksa, naI sar3aka, ujjaina (ma.pra.) raoNyala oNphaseTa kalAlaserI, ujjaina (ma. pra. ) (ii) For Personal & Private Use Only

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maan smqn nin balI nayA ko sArA diyA mi aacrn maa| he ek ki E Us mukh bicaay' re kaaetti 5 esb hinnaan| ken at sur kaatthy bhaa, annybaarseii smy' : : : : THE ahy' aane| gii bhtttt 9: abint, smr aabh smn..} -ssi m 9. :: m : 4 :: For Personal & Private Use Only

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merI kAmanA mAlava dharatI hindustAna kA madhya bhAga urvarA evaM bahuratnA vasuMdharA rahI hai| aneka dharma sthAna evaM tIrtha sthAnoM se maMDita rahI hai| rAjA mahArAjAoM se suzobhita rahI hai| jahA~ ke liye lokokti thI "paga-paga roTI Daga-Daga nIra, mAlava dharatI, sukhada smiir||" prAka aitihAsika kAla se isakI saMskRti evaM pravRtti mUlaka saMskAra apane Apa meM gauravapUrNa rahe haiN| saMskRti premI evaM tadviSayaka jJAtA mahArAjA bhoja evaM avaMti adhinAyaka vikramAditya dharma saMskRti ke poSaka evaM dharmadhurA ke dhAraka hue haiN| siddhasena divAkara kI janmadAta kA gaurava isI bhUmi ko prApta huA hai| pethar3azAha, jhAMjhaNazAha, saMgrAma sonI evaM mahAkavi dhanapAla, kAlidAsa jaise itihAsa puruSoM kI pradAtR banane kI evaM kIrtigAthA ko prastuta isI bhUmi ne kiyA hai| isakA Adi evaM madhya yuga bar3A hI utkarSa pUrNa evaM saMsmaraNIya rahA hai| . prastuta mAlavA ke prAcIna evaM madhya yuga meM jainadharma nAma kA zodha prabaMdha likhakara DaoN.zrI tejasiMhajI gaur3a ne bikhare jainadharma ke itihAsa ko isa zodha prabaMdha meM lekara nizcaya hI sAhitya jagata kI bahumUlya sevA kI hai, jo zrI gaur3a sAhaba ke zrama evaM itihAsa prema ko prakaTa kara rahI hai| dasa adhyAya meM isa zodha graMtha koM likhA hai, jisameM pratyeka adhyAya meM jainadharma kI aitihAsika nirmANakalA evaM tIrthoM kI bAtoM ko samAhita kiyA hai| isa zodha prabaMdha meM maulika viSayoM ko samAviSTa karate hue mAlavA kI aitihAsika sthiti evaM sAhityika sthiti kA digdarzana kiyA gayA hai| anekazaH prazastiyA~ evaM paTTAvaliyA~ aura tIrthamAlAoM se mAlava kI mahimA ko prasphuTita kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM mAlavA ke aitihAsika mahattva ko samajhAte hue usa bhUmi para jainadharma ke prAdurbhAva se lekara tatkAlIna rAjAoM ke samaya meM jainadharma kI sthiti ko pradarzita karane ke sAtha nizcita rUpa se tatsamaya kI vartamAna sthiti kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM jaina dharmAnuyAyIjanoM meM bheda, upabhedoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM aneka bAtoM kA prakaTIkaraNa kara usa samaya kI sthiti ko For Personal & Private Use Only

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dikhAyA gayA hai, jo paThanIya evaM mananIya hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM gaccha, upagaccha evaM mAnyatA ke sAtha digambaroM meM vibhinna gaccha bheda kA suMdara varNana samAviSTa kiyA hai| cauthe adhyAya meM jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyA~ evaM kula gotra kA pUrA varNana isameM Alekhita hai| aneka prakaraNa haiM jinase kaI viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa evaM vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| . paMcama adhyAya meM mAlavA meM jainoM ke apane sthApatyoM kA nirmANa, prArambhika kAla evaM madhyakAla meM kaisA thA. vaha sthApatya usakA bhinna-bhinna rUpa se guptakAlIna rAjapUtakAlIna kA digdarzana prastuta hai| gupta evaM rAjapUta kAlIna mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kA bhI acchA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| SaSTa adhyAya meM mAlavA meM jaina tIrthoM kI acchI khAsI jAnakArI dI haiM, jisameM zvetAmbara evaM digambaroM ke tIrtha kSetra atizaya kSetra evaM prabhAvaka tIrthoM kA aitihAsika vartamAna taka varNana prastuta kiyA hai jo dRSTavya hai| saptama adhyAya meM mAlavA meM vibhinna jainAcAryoM/muniyoM ne vipula mAtrA meM sAhitya sRjana kiyA hai| usI jaina sAhitya kA digdarzana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| __aSTama adhyAya meM bhAratavarSa meM jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM kA bAhulya rahA hai| isa adhyAya meM mAlavA ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAra, zAstroM kA rakharakhAva, pratilipikaraNa Adi kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ___ navama adhyAya meM jainAcAryoM kA janma kahIM hotA hai aura unakI karmasthalI kahIM ora hotI hai| mAlavA meM pramukha rUpa se vicaraNa karane vAle jainAcAryoM kA paricaya isa adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai| isameM aneka aise AcAryoM kA bhI paricaya hai, jinakA janma bhI mAlavA meM hI huaa| apane hAtha meM rahe isa prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna yuga meM jainadharma zodha grantha ko mananIya, darzanIya, paThanIya sAmagrI saha gaurava gAthA kA Alekhana hara eka pAThaka kI anekazaH jijJAsAoM kA samAdhAna karatA hai| yaha zodha prabaMdha graMtha bhaviSya meM aneka zodhArthiyoM ko eka anupama dena svarUpa bnegaa| - mAlava meM prAcIna yuga kA darzana karAte madhya yuga kI aneka vibhUtiyoM evaM anubhUtiyoM kA varNana apane Apa meM asAdhAraNa hai| zrI gaur3a sA. kA yaha zrama aneka adhyetAoMkA mArgadarzaka evaM atIta kI vismRta smRtiyoM ko udghATita karane vAlA hogaa| maiM zrI gaur3a sA. kA dhanyavAda ke sAtha abhinaMdana karatA hU~ ki Apane yaha Alekhana kiyaa| bhaviSya meM aisI kRti pradAna karane kI ApakI bhAvanAe~ saphala ho, yahI kaamnaa| .. . .. -AcArya jayantasenasari vijayavAr3A (A.pra.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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abhimata mujhe DaoN.zrI tejasiMha gaur3a kI zodha kRti "prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : eka adhyayana" kI pANDulipi kA adhyayana karane kA suavasara milaa| mAlavA ke jainadharma viSayaka itanI bahuvidha sAmagrI eka sthAna para dekhakara bar3A saMtoSa prApta huaa| vidvAna lekhaka ne jaina sAhitya, dharma evaM darzana para gaharA ciMtana kiyA hai aura jaina mata ke zIrSa puruSoM ke madhya apanI vyApti dI hai| eka lekhaka, sampAdaka evaM zodhakartA ke rUpa meM ve jaina mata ke vibhinna pramukha sampradAyoM meM khyAta haiN| isa kAraNa sahaja hI unakA graMtha zramasAdhya evaM prAmANika mAnA jA sakatA hai| dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta graMtha kA kalevara mAlavAMcala meM jainadharma kI bhUmikA ke vibhinna pakSoM evaM pahaluoM kA savistAra vivecana karatA hai| ina adhyAyoM meM adhyayana ke srota evaM mAlavAMcala kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi to pAtanikI ke rUpa meM dI hI gaI hai, sAtha hI jainadharma ke bheda-upabheda, jAtiyA~, gotra evaM vibhinna zAkhA-prazAkhAoM kI bhI vivecanA kI gaI hai| purA-pramANoM ke AdhAra * para bhI isa aMcala ke jainadharma kI mImAMsA jaina-kalA, jaina-maMdiroM evaM jaina-tIrthoM para kendrita hokara kI gaI hai| graMtha kI sabase bar3I bhUmikA aMcala se saMbaMdhita jaina vAimaya, zAstra-bhaNDAra, jainAcArya evaM unake avadAnoM kI vizada carcA kI hai| vastutaH eka graMtha meM itanI sAmagrI, jisameM adhikAMza khojapUrNa evaM maulika hai, sameTanA sarala nahIM hai, kiMtu DaoN.gaur3a ne ise saphalatApUrvaka sampanna kiyA hai| isa bahupratIkSita graMtha ke prakAzana ke liye maiM lekhaka evaM prakAzaka ko bharapUra sAdhuvAda detA huuN| pUrA vizvAsa hai ki bhArata ke jaina-vAGmaya meM yaha kRti ati upAdeya evaM svAgatArha siddha hogii| mujhe yaha kahane meM kataI saMkoca nahIM hai. ki carcA DaoN.gaur3a ke zodha-prabaMdha kI to ho hI rahI hai, AnaMda to taba hogA jaba koI sudhI zodhakartA una para aura unake bahuvidha avadAnoM para anusaMdhAna kareM, unake zrama aura anavarata sAdhanA para prakAza DAle, taba hI lekhaka ke sAtha nyAya hogaa| -DaoN.zyAmasundara nigama nidezaka, zrI kAverI zodha saMsthAna samarpaNa, 34, kezavanagara, harIrAma caube mArga, ujjaina-456010. (vi) For Personal & Private Use Only

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yatkiMcita - mere zodha prabaMdha ke prakAzana ke liye pUrva meM prayAsa kiye gaye the, kintu saphalatA nahIM mila paaii| mitroM kA Agraha banA rahA ki kisI bhI prakAra se zodha prabaMdha kA prakAzana honA caahie| samaya apanI gati se vyatIta hotA rahA aura maiM anyAnya kAryoM meM vyasta rhaa| isa varSa kucha saMyoga banA aura 37 varSoM pUrva likhA gayA yaha zodha prabaMdha aba pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM pahuMca rahA hai| prastuta zodha prabaMdha ke prakAzana kA zreya paramazraddheya rASTrasaMta AcArya zrImadvijaya jayantasena sUrIzvarajI ma.sA. ko hai| isa zodha prabaMdha ke liye unhoMne merI kAmanA ke rUpa meM apane AzIrvacana bhI likhakara upalabdha krvaaye| isake liye maiM zraddheya AcArya bhagavan ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| sAtha hI prakhyAta itihAsavid mAnanIya DaoN.zyAmasuMdarajI nigama, nidezaka, zrI kAverI zodha saMsthA, ujjaina ne manoyogapUrvaka mere zodha prabaMdha kA adhyayana kara apanA abhimata upalabdha karavAyA hai| ataH maiM unake prati bhI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| prastuta zodha graMtha meM truTiyA~ raha sakatI haiN| vijJa pAThakoM se vinamra anurodha hai ki ve truTiyoM ko sudhAra kara adhyayana karane kA kaSTa kareM aura sambhava ho to mujhe sUcita karane kA spaSTa kareM, tAki avasara milane para unakA samAdhAna kiyA jA ske| sahayoga kI apekSAoM ke sAtha... tejasiMha gaur3a ela-45, kAlidAsa nagara, paTela kaoNlonI, aMkapAta mArga, ujjaina - 456006 (ma.pra.) dinAMka : 17 navambara 2010 (vii) For Personal & Private Use Only

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anukramaNikA (i) samarpaNa (ii) merI kAmanA - rASTrasaMta AcArya vijaya jayaMtasenasUri (iii) abhimana - DaoN.zyAmasuMdara nigama. (iv) yatkiMcita {vii) {viii) prastAvanA mAlavA kI sImA zodha-prabandha kA. uddezya zodha-prabandha kI viSaya-vastu zodha-prabadhdha kA kSetra zodha-prabandha kI mauliktaa| 5 adhyAya - 1 :: srota . sAhitya : sAhityika grantha, aitihAsika grantha, prazasti saMgraha, paTTAvaliyAM, tIrthamAlA evaM sacitra grnth| purAtatva : zilAlekha, mUrtilekha, mUrtiyAM, maMdira eva guphaaeN| adhyAya -2 :: jainadharma kA aitihAsika mahattva jainadharma kA pradurbhAva va prsaar| mAlavA meM jaindhrm| pradyota ke samaya, mauryakAlIna mAlavA meM jaindhrm| zaka-kuSANayugIna mAlavA meM jaindhrm| guptakAlIna mAlavA meM jaindhrm| rAjapUtakAlIna mAlavA meM jaindhrm| . (ix) For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 3 :: jainadharma meM bheda-upabheda mahAvIra ke samaya mata vaibhinna / zvetAmbara va digambara sampradAya kA praadurbhaav| digambara mt| zvetAmbara mt| digambara-zvetAmbara meM mtaantr| saMgha, gaNa aura gcch| prAcInatama gnn| vRhadgaccha, kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha, AMcalagacha aura anya gcch| pUrNimiyAgaccha aura sArdhapUrNimiyAgaccha, Agamikagaccha, candragaccha, nAgendragaccha, nivRttigcch| digambara saMgha : mUlasaMgha, drAvir3a saMgha, kASThAsaMgha aura maathursNgh| caityavAsI tathA anya sampradAya, loMkA, sthAnakavAsI, terApaMthI, (zvetAmbarI tathA digambarI) tAraNapaMthI, gumAnapaMthI, bIsApaMthI evaM totaapNthii| adhyAya - 4 :: jainadharma meM vibhinna jAtiyAM aura gotra Adhunika jaina jAtiyAM - osavAla, zrImAla, poravAr3a, khaNDelavAla, paravAra, agravAla, pallIvAla, hummar3a, bagheravAla, narasiMhapurA, jaisavAla, cittaur3A, nAgadA, dharavaTa, zrImor3a aadi| inakI utpatti, utpatti kA kAraNa, utpatti kA samaya, inake vibhinna gotra, sthAna, vyakti va kula ke kaarnn| adhyAya-5 : mAlavA kI jaina kalA sthApatya kalA - prArambhika jaina sthApatya, gupta evaM rAjapUtakAlIna sthApatya klaa| jaina mUrtikalA - jaina pratimAoM kI vizeSatAeM, jaina devoM ke vibhinna varga, guptakAlIna jaina mUrtikalA, rAjapUtakAlIna jaina muurtiklaa| jaina citrakalA For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 6 : mAlavA meM jainatIrtha jaina dharma meM tIrthoM ke bhed| jainatIrtha - ujjaina, vidizA, dazapura, mAMDavagar3ha, dhAra, bAvanagajA bar3avAnI, Una, dhamanAra, bahI pArasanAtha, ghasoI, gaMdhAvala, lakSmaNI, tAlanapura canderI, bajaraMgagar3ha, tUmaina, bhopAvara, bibar3auda, sAMgodiyA, semaliyA, siddhavarakUTa, maksI pArzvanAtha, parAsalI, amajherA, tArApura, baner3iyA, malhAragar3ha, ratalAma, dhovanajI, gurilAgira, bhImAdAMta, terahI, AmanacAra, mohnkhedd'aa| 110 adhyAya - 7:: jaina vAGmaya - jaina sAhitya kA bhASA vijJAna ke dRSTikoNa se mhttv| Agamika evaM dArzanika saahity| kathA saahity| kAvya aura mhaakaavy| stotra saahity| alaMkAra vyAkaraNa saahity| anya saahity| 121 adhyAya - 8: jaina zAkha bhaNDAra zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sthaapnaa| jaina maMdira jJAnapITha ke rUpa meN| grantho kI pratilipi krnaa| - granthoM ko rakhane kA sthAna va ddhNg| ...mAlavA ke zAstra bhnnddaar| adhyAya - 9 :: mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcArya adhyAya - 10 :: jainadharma ko mAlavA kI dena For Personal & Private Use Only

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pUrvakAlIna aitihAsika purANa yuga ke mAlava pradeza kA itihAsa lokottara hai| isa zasya yAmalA bhUmi ko aneka mahArAjAoM, RSi-muniyoM aura mahApuruSoM ne bhUSita kiyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti evaM itihAsa meM isa pradeza kA viziSTa sthAna hai| ataH samaya-samaya para aise vicAra Ate rahe ki mAlavA ke itihAsa ke vibhinna aMgoM para zodha kArya honA cAhiye jisase naye-naye tathya prakaTa hoN| inhIM vicAroM ko mUrta rUpa dene ke lie maiMne mAlavA ke itihAsa ke kisI eka aMga ko lekara zodha karane kA vicAra kiyaa| kintu vaha eka aMga kaunasA ho? yaha gaMbhIra rUpa se vicAra karane ke uparAMta aise viSaya kI ora dhyAna gayA jisa para adyAdhi vistRta rUpa se zodha kArya nahIM huA thaa| vaha viSaya thA, "prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma kA adhyayana' arthAt I.pUrva se I.san 1200 taka ke mAlavA meM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura itihAsa kA adhyyn| isa viSaya para abhI taka na to zodha kArya hI huA thA aura na hI koI pustaka upalabdha thii| . mAlavA kI sImA - Arambha meM mAlavA kI bhaugolika sImAeM nirdhArita karanI hoNgii| isa sambandha meM nimnAMkita ukti pracalita hai jo yadyapi arvAcIna hai para niHsaMdeha prAcIna paraMparAoM para avalaMbita hai aura eka sAmAnya paridhi prastuta karatI hai| ita cambala uta betavA mAlava sIma sjaan| dakSiNa disi hai narmadA, yaha pUrI phicaan||' . arthAt jisake pUrva meM betavA, uttara pazcima meM cambala aura dakSiNa meM narmadA bahatI hai vahI mAlavA hai| DaoN.raghuvIrasiMha mAlavA kI sImA ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki uttara-pazcima meM mAlavA ko kAMthala aura bAgar3a pradeza gujarAta aura rAjapUtAnA se alaga karate haiM aura dakSiNa-pUrva meM mAlavA kI sImA hAr3otI, goMDavAnA aura bundelakhaNDa dvArA nirmita hai| zrI upendranAtha De bhI mAlavA kI prAyaH yahI sImA batAte haiN| mAlavA ke sambandha meM paM.sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa kA kathana hai ki Aja jisa zasya zyAmala bhUkhaNDa ko mAlava pradeza kahA jAtA hai, vaha ujjaina ke cAroM ora kA vibhAga hI hai| parantu purAtanakAla meM gujarAta se lekara bundelakhaNDa taka vistRta narmadA ke uttara kI bhUmi, jisameM cambala, betavA Adi nadiyoM kA udgama hai, vaha samUcI bhUmi mAlavaM bhUmi mAnI jAtI thii| 'mAla' zabda kA hI dUsarA nAma mAlava hai| yAdava koza meM bhI "mAlaM mAlava dezeca" likhA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai, 'mAla' aura 'mAlava' yaha eka hI bhAva ke do zabda haiN| kAlidAsa ne mAlavA ko UMcI For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhUmi 'mAla' kaha kara vyakta kiyA hai| prAcIna samaya meM cambala pravAhita pradeza ko arthAta pazcima mAlavA ko 'avantI aura betavA pravAhita pUrva bhAga ko 'AkAra aura isI prakAra narmadA tIrasya dakSiNa bhAga ko anUpa kahA jAtA thaa| ujjainaavantI kI ora vidizA 'AkAra' kI rAjadhAnI thii| meghadUta meM 'AkAra' kA nAma 'dazArNa' likhA hai aura usakI rAjadhAnI dazapura batAyI gayI hai| kAlidAsa likhate haiM ki dazArNa tathA avantI ke bIca nirvindhyA nAmaka nadI bahatI thii| kAlidAsa ke anantara prAyaH hajAra varSa bAda mAlavA pradhAnataH gvAliyara, holkara, ratalAma, bhopAla aura dhAra rAjya meM vibhAjita ho gayA thaa| isa prakAra hama moTe rUpa meM vartamAna madhyapradeza meM mAlavA kSetrAMtargata nimnAMkita jile tathA unake lage hue bhUkhaNDa ko sammilita kara sakate haiM: ujjaina, indaura, devAsa, dhAra, jhAbuA, ratalAma, mandasaura, zAjApura, rAjagar3ha (byAvarA), sIhora, vidizA tathA gunaa| phira bhI kisI pradeza ko nizcita sImA meM nahIM bAMdhA jA sktaa| jo bhI sImA hama nirdhArita karate haiM, vaha adhyayana kI savidhA ke dRSTikoNa se karate haiN| ataH mAlavA kI sImA bhI kevala adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se bhI nirdhArita kI gaI hai| zodha-prabandha kA uddezya - nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki mAlavA meM jainadharma kA udaya kaba huA, tathA vibhinna yugoM meM mAlavA meM jainadharma kI sthiti kaisI rahI? jainadharma ke vividha aMgoM kA svarUpa kaisA rahA? yadyapi isa viSaya para sphuTa jAnakArI yatra-tatra bikharI par3I thI, eka sthAna para vistRta rUpa se usakA adhyayana aba taka nahIM huA thaa| jainadharma ke purAtAtvika avazeSoM kA bhI kalA ke kSetra meM apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| unakA bhI samucita adhyayana Avazyaka hogaa| ataH isa zodha prabandha kA pramukha uddezya hai mAlavA meM jainadharma aura usake vibhinna aMgoM kA adhyayana prastuta kara eka naye adhyAya kA prArambha krnaa| jainadharma ke isa adhyayana se mAlavA ke itihAsa para navIna prakAza par3atA hai| kalA evaM sAhityika kSetra meM amUlya nidhi prApta hotI hai| zodha-prabandha kI viSaya vastu- zo-prabandha kI viSaya-vastu saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai: (1) jainadharma kA aitihAsika mahattva - isa adhyAya meM jainadharma ke prAdurbhAva se prArambha kara prasAra ko batAte hue vibhinna aitihAsika yugoM meM pradyota kAla se lekara rAjapUta kAla taka usake astitva sthiti tathA vikAsa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| (2) jainadharma ke bheda va upabheda - yaha ativistRta viSaya hai| isameM sarvaprathama For Personal & Private Use Only

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zvetAmbara digambara bhedoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, tatpazcAt saMgha, gaNa, gaccha tathA anya sampradAya jaise caityavAsI, sthAnakavAsI aura paMtha jaise bIsApaMtha, tAraNapaMtha, terApaMtha, totApaMtha, gumAnapaMtha Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| bhaTTArakoM kI upalabdha paTTAvaliyAM bhI dI gaI haiN| cUMki adhikAMza upabheda hamArI samaya sImA ke paryApta bAda ke haiM, una para vistAra se carcA na karake utpatti va samaya Adi para hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| (3) jainadharma meM vibhinna jAtiyAM va gotra- jainadharma meM pAI jAne vAlI pramukha jAtiyoM kI utpatti, utpatti kA samaya tathA unake gotroM kI saMkhyA batAI gaI hai| (4) jaina kalA jaina kalA nAma adhyayana kI suvidhA ke liye diyA gayA hai| vAstava meM ise bhAratIya kalA se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isameM prathama sthApatya kalA jaina lakSaNoM ke sandarbha meM, mAlavA ke jaina maMdiroM, guphAoM Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| mUrtikalA ke antargata mUrtikalA kI vizeSatAeM, mUrtilakSaNa, tIrthaMkara vizeSa ke vyaktigata cihna Adi ko batAte hue mAlavA meM prApta jaina mUrtiyoM kI kalA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina citrakalA ke upayoga meM Ane vAle raMgoM, upakaraNoM Adi ke sAtha hI citroM kI vizeSatAoM para bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai| (5) mAlavA meM jainatIrtha isa prasaMga meM jainadharma ke anusAra tIrtha kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai aura mAlavA ke digambara tathA zvetAmbara tIrthoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| * (6) jaina vADmaya - isa adhyAya ke antargata mAlavA meM jaina sAhitya ke nirmAtAoM kI dena para carcA huI hai sAtha hI isameM sAhitya ke vibhinna kSetroM, jaise dArzanika tathA Agama sAhitya, kathAsAhitya, kAvya Adi para vivecana huA hai| (7) jainazAstra bhaNDAra isa adhyAya ke antargata mAlavA ke zAstra bhaNDAroM kI carcA kI gaI hai| inameM granthoM kI surakSA, pratilipi nirmANa Adi kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai! (8) mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcArya isa adhyAya ke antargata mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcAryoM ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM kaI AcArya to yuga-pradhAna hue haiN| zodha-prabandha kA kSetra - IsA se lagabhaga 600 varSa pUrva se lagabhaga 1200 I. san taka ke samaya ko zodha-prabandha kI kAla sImA mAnakara yaha zodha-prabandha likhA gayA hai| kintu isa prakAra ke bandhana kA nirvAha kevala apanI suvidhA se karanA AsAna nahIM hotA, isa kAraNa kahIM-kahIM hama apane isa pratibaMdha ko lAMgha gaye haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only 3

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zodha-prabandha kI maulikatA - mAlavA meM jainadharma ke aitihAsika vikAsa, jainakalA, jainatIrtha, jaina vADmaya, jainAcArya, jaina jAtiyAM va gotra, jainadharma ke bheda va upabheda tathA mAlavA ke jaina zastra bhaNDAroM kA zodha-prabandha meM vivecana kara mAlavA ke itihAsa ko jainadharma kI amUlya dena prakaTa kI gaI hai| aneka kalAtmaka avazeSa anamola dharohara ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| jisa sAmagrI kA adyAvadhi abhAva thA usakI pUrti isa zodha-prabandha ke mAdhyama se karane kA prayatna kiyA jA rahA hai| ___ maiM apane guruvara itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva ke khyAti prApta vidvAna zraddheya DaoN.bhagavatazaraNIjI upAdhyAya, AcArya evaM adhyakSa, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| kyoMki maiM jo kucha bhI prastuta kara rahA hUM vaha. Apake hI suyogya mArgadarzana kA pratiphala hai| isI tAratamya meM pUjya muni zrI abhayasAgarajI kA bhI maiM kRtajJa huuN| yadi munizrI ke dvArA mujhe samaya-samaya para yathocita sahAyatA nahIM milatI to zAyada merA yaha kArya mArga meM hI kahIM rUka jaataa| DaoN.ke.sI.jaina ke prati bhI maiM kRtajJatA prakaTa karatA hUM, kyoMki unakI kRpA ke pariNAma svarUpa hI mujhe zraddheya DaoN.upAdhyAyajI kA mArgadarzana sulabha huaa| mere ananya mitra evaM jyeSTha bhrAtA ke samAna DaoN.e.bI.zivAjI ko kaise bhulA sakatA hUM? cAhe dina ho yA rAta DaoN.zivAjI mere sAtha barAbara binA sardI, garmI evaM varSA kI ciMtA kiye bhaTakate rahe haiN| sAtha hI Apa ne mere nerAzya ko sadaiva nirUtsAhita kiyA hai| ataH yadi maiM unake prati apanI kRtajJatA prakaTa nahIM karatA to yaha merI kRtaghnatA hogii| siMdhiyA prAcya vidyA zodha pratiSThAna, khArAkuA ujjaina jaina maMdira kA pustakAlaya, digambara jaina maMdira nayApurA ujjaina kA zAstra bhaNDAra Adi ke vyavasthApaka mahodaya evaM kAryakartAoM kA maiM AbhAra prakaTa karatA huuN| sAtha hI una samasta jJAta ajJAta lekhakoM kA bhI maiM AbhArI hUM jinakI pustakoM se maiMne apane zodha prabandha meM udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| unakA ullekha apanA kartavya samajha kara yathA sthAna kiyA hai| saMdarbha sUcI 1 vikrama smRti graMtha, pRSTha 544 . * pazcima uttara dizA kA suuck| " pUrva dizA kA suuck| 2. Malwa in Transition, Page 3 3. Medieval Malwa, Page 2 4. meghadUta, 16, pUrva megha 5. meghadUta, 30 6. vikrama (mahAbhArata aMka, ASAr3ha zrAvaNa 2009, pRSTha 22 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 1 srota "prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA adhyayana" viSaya kA cayana karane ke saMdarbha meM mujhe bhAratIya itihAsa ke nirmANa ke sAdhanoM meM jainadharma kI sImita pustakoM kA saMgraha dekhane ko milaa| inameM AcArAMgasUtra, kalpasUtra, bhadrabAhu saMhitA, puNyAzrava, kathAkoza, prabandhaciMtAmaNi evaM isI prakAra ke anya granthoM ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| kintu mAtra isa prakAra ke granthoM se merA zodha prabandha pUrNa ho jAtA yaha sambhava nahIM thA / granthoM ke avalokana se zIghra hI maiM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA ki isa viSaya meM to atula sAhitya upalabdha hai jisakA cayana (1) Bibliography of Madhya Bharat Part - I Archaeology by Dr. H.V. Trivedi (2) Jain Bibliography by chhotelal Jain (3) jinaratnakozaeca.DI. velanakara (4) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - nAthUrAma premI aura anya granthoM evaM patra-patrikAoM meM huA hai| isa adhyayana ke AdhAra para maiMne yaha bhI jAnA ki mAlavA meM jaina sAhitya aura purAtattva viSayaka paryApta sAmagrI saMcita karanI hai aura usako vyavasthita rUpa se adhyayana dvArA graMthita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| mAlavA meM jainadharma ke srotoM ko hama nimnAMkita vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM: (1) sAhitya - sAhityika graMtha, aitihAsika graMtha, prazasti saMgraha, paTTAvaliyAM, tIrthamAlA evaM sacitra graMtha | (2) purAtattva - zilAlekha, mUrtilekha, mUrtiyAM, maMdira evaM guphAeM / (1) sAhitya - sAhityika granthoM meM vaise to aitihAsika sAmagrI prAyaH nahIM milatI, kintu prasaMgavaza ullekha A jAne se hameM isa prakAra kI jAnakArI mila jAtI hai| isake atirikta sAhityika grantho meM saMghoM, gaNoM, gacchoM kA bhI ullekha mila jAtA haiM tathA kahIM kahIM unakI utpatti tathA unakI sthApanA karane vAle AcAryoM evaM usake prasAra saMbaMdhI bhI sAmagrI prApta ho jAtI hai| kucha jaina vidvAnoM For Personal & Private Use Only 5

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ne aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi para granthoM kI racanA kI hai, jo itihAsa paraka grantha bana gaye haiN| inameM vizeSakara carita grantha adhika mahatva ke haiN| ye kisI tIrthakara yA rAjA ko carit nAyaka mAnakara likhe hone se aitihAsika sAmagrI ke AgAra bana gaye haiN| kintu isa prakAra ke granthoM kA eka doSa yaha hai ki jainadharma kI zreSThatA siddha karane meM aneka atizyoktipUrNa ullekha samAviSTa ho gaye haiN| ye svAbhAvika hI aitihAsika pramANoM ke virodhI haiN| ataH prasaMgoM kA vizeSa adhyayana aura vivecana Avazyaka ho gayA hai| jaina vidvAnoM kI eka anUThI dena yaha hai ki ve pustaka samApta ho jAne ke uparAMta aMta meM eka prazasti aMkita karate haiN| isa prakAra kI prazastiyAM bar3I upayogI siddha hotI hai| ina prazastiyoM se hameM granthakAra, lipikAra, grantha likhane yA grantha kI lipi karane kA kAraNa kisake kahane se grantha likhA athavA grantha kI pratilipi kI usakA nAma lekhana aura lipi karane kA samaya, granthakAra aura lipikAra kA vaMza, mAtA-pitA ke nAma tathA jisa rAjA ke rAjyakAla meM vaha grantha likhA gayA usakA nAma, jisa sthAna para baiThakara likhA gayA usake nAma Adi kA ullekha milatA hai jo aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| kucha prazastiyoM meM spaSTa aitihAsika ullekha bhI mila jAte haiN| isI prakAra jo paTTAvaliyAM upalabdha hai unameM AcAryoM kI paramparA kA ullekha hotA hai| paTTAvaliyoM se paTTadhara AcAryoM ke viSaya meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| tIrthamAlA sambandhI granthoM se mAlavA ke jaina tIrthoM para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| sacitra granthoM se jaina citrakalA ke vikAsa, upakaraNa evaM kAma meM Ane vAle vibhinna prakAra ke raMgoM kA to patA calatA hI hai, usakI zailIgata vizeSatAoM kI jAnakArI bhI milI hai| jaina citrakalA jise ki apabhraMza zailI' kA nAma diyA hai apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai| citrakalA ke uddharaNoM meM hameM jainadharma kI mAnyatAoM kA citrAMkana milatA hai athavA jaina tIrthaMkara ke jIvana se sambandhita kisI ghaTanA kA aMkana dikhAI detA hai| isa prakAra se jaina citrakalA kalA ke atirikta apane garbha meM kisI kathAnaka ko nihita rakhatI hai| (2) purAtattva : jisa bAta kA ullekha hameM sAhitya granthoM meM milatA hai para usake liye koI purAtAtvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hotA vaha pramANika prAyaH nahIM mAnA jAtA kintu jaba purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke dvArA bhI usa sAhityika ullekha kI puSTi ho jAtI hai to vaha prAmANika siddha hotI hai| purAtatva kA sAkSya itihAsa ke liye eka jIvaMta pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| mAlavA meM jainadharma se sambandhita sabase prAcIna purAtAtvika pramANa guptakAlIna haiM jo udayagiri (vidizA) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI guphAoM ke tathA unameM utkIrNa abhilekhoM aura pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kI pratimAoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| mUrtilekhoM meM mUrti ke nirmANakAla, pratiSThAtA AcArya va unakI paramparA meM unase pUrvI AcAryoM ke nAma, saMgha, gaNa, gaccha tathA mUrtidAtA kA nAma evaM kabhI kabhI rAjA kA nAma jisake rAjyakAla meM mUrti kI pratiSThA huI, Adi kI jAnakArI milatI hai| mUrti lekhoM kI yaha jAnakArI aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hotI hai| isakA mahattva isaliye bhI adhika hotA hai ki adhikatara yaha tithiparaka hotI hai| mUrtiyoM se mUrtikalA sambandhI jAnakArI tathA jainadharma meM mUrtikalA se sambandhita lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para jaina mUrtikalA ke vikAsa para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| vibhinna AsanoM meM prApta jaina pratimAeM kalA kI amUlya dharohara hai| anake kalAtmaka evaM sundara jaina pratimAeM prApta huI haiM jo apanI vizeSatA rakhatI hai| isI prakAra jaina maMdiroM meM sthApatyakalA ke vaibhava kA jJAna hotA hai| jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa kI yojanA kisa prakAra kI hai, garbhagRha, zikhara, sabhAmaNDapa Adi kisa prakAra se bane haiM Adi bAtoM kA patA jaina maMdiroM ko dekhane se hI calatA hai| isake atirikta mAlavA ke aneka jaina maMdira apanI kalA ke liye bhI prasiddha haiN| isa zodha-prabandha meM uparyukta vidhi se prApta sAmagrI kA yathA-sambhava upayoga kiyA gayA hai| saMdarbha sUcI: bhAratIya citrakalA, pRSTha 135-36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya jaina dharma kA aitihAsika mahattva Rgvaidika kAla purohita kA kAla thA jaba prakRti ke devatAoM deviyoM kI upAsanA hotI thI aura karmakANDa kA prAdhAnya thA / - uttara vaidika kAla meM bhUta preta, yantra, mantra tantra evaM jAdU TonA Adi meM logoM kA vizvAsa aura bhI adhika bar3ha cukA thaa| prAcIna vaidika devatAoM, jo ki karmakANDa ke pratIka the, ke sthAna para isa samaya naye naye devatAoM kI pUjA, pratiSThA, jaba eka bhAra athavA bhArI bojha ke samAna logoM para jabarana thopI jA rahI thii| isa kAraNa isa ajJAna ko dUra karane ke liye navIna dArzanika siddhAntoM aura sampradAyoM kA udaya ho rahA thaa| yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai ki jaba manuSya prAcInatA se Uba jAtA hai to manuSya unake prati vidroha kara uThatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama bauddha dharma aura jainadharma ko tatkAlIna vartamAna dharma ke prati vidroha kI saMjJA de sakate haiN| isa yuga meM mahAn cetA jaise mavakhali gosAla, ajitakesa kambalina, AlArakAlAma, prabuddha kaccAna, gautama buddha tathA mahAvIra apane apane saMgha banAkara ghUma rahe the aura isa ciMtA meM the ki sAMsara meM duHkha kyoM hotA hai, isakA kAraNa kyA hai, isakA nivAraNa kisa prakAra ho sakatA hai? ina cetAoM ke mana meM tatkAlIna dharma ke prati asaMtoSa thA aura usase eka mArga kI talAza meM ye netA the| yadi hama dhyAnapUrvaka vicAra kareM to isa dhArmika krAMti ke nimnalikhita kAraNa dikhAI dete haiM: 8 (1) aisA nahIM ki kevala bhArata meM hI usa kAla dhArmika krAMti huI ho / sAre sesAra maiM usa kAla bauddhika gaveSaNA aura samasAmayika vizvAsoM ke prati cunautI havA meM thii| bhArata meM saMghabaddha ciMtaka, cIna meM kanphyUzasa aura lAo - tjU, IrAna meM jarathustha aura isrAyala meM purAne pauthI ke nabi sabhI naye bauddhika jagat kA nirmANa kara rahe the, purANavAda ko lalakAra rahe the| usa kAla bAibila kI purAnI pauthI ke nabiyoM kI bhAMti to kharA aura nirbhika bolane vAle vicAraka kahIM nahIM the| (2) deza meM usa samaya vibhinna prakAra ke yajJoM aura anuSThAnoM kA prAbalya For Personal & Private Use Only *

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ho rahA thA aura isa kArya meM manuSya ke janma se lekara mRtyu taka ke vibhinna saMskAroM ko sampanna karAne vAle brAhmaNa varga karmakANDa dvArA logoM ko paraloka saMbaMdhI sukha ke lobha se lubhAkara svArtha sAdha rahe the| apane tathAkathita jJAna ko bhI ve apane taka hI sImita rakhanA cAhate the yadyapi use ve deva sammata ghoSita karate the| usa jJAna para unakA ekAdhikAra thA pariNAmataH janatA meM unake prati asaMtoSa thaa| deza meM jo saMgha baddha vicAraka satya kI khoja meM ghUma rahe the unakI cunautI jo bauddhika thI usakA samAdhAna bhI brAhmaNoM ke pAsa na thaa| (3) rUr3hivAdI dhArAoM ke pravAha ne jIvikopArjana ke sAdhanoM ko jAti vizeSa taka sImita kara diyA thA aura kisI krAMtikArI vicAra ko kriyAtmaka rUpa dene vAle samAja dvArA tatkAla kucala diyA jAtA thaa| isase nimnavarga ke logoM meM ghora asaMtoSa chAyA huA thA aura ve mAnava mAtra ke eka aise sacce uddhAraka ke netRtva meM jIvana ko mukta evaM vAstavika zAMti upalabdha karane ke liye Atura the| (4) isa samaya taka jitane dharmagranthoM, vedoM, upaniSadoM aura purANoM Adi kA sRjana huA thA, ve saba saMskRta bhASA meM hI the| yahAM taka ki rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata Adi jaise parama upayogI granthoM kI bhASA bhI saMskRta hI thI jo sAmAnyajana kI bolacAla kI bhASA se atyaMta kliSTa thii| aisI dazA meM Izvara aura jIva kI paribhASA bhI kevala brAhmaNa hI jAnate the aura ve apanA jJAna dUsaroM ko batAne meM saMkucita dRSTikoNa rakhate the| aise samaya meM gautama aura mahAvIra ne jana-sAmAnya kI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jo sabake liye samajhanA sarala ho gyaa| (5) striyoM kI sthiti bhI uttama nahIM kahI jA sktii| yadyapi brahmavAdinI striyoM ke udAharaNa milate haiN| tathApi ve zikSA se prAyaH vaMcita ho cukI thI kyoMki parivAra ke sadasyoM ko suvidhA pahuMcAne aura saMtAna utpatti ke atirikta koI vizeSa avasara nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki striyoM kA naitika stara. dina-pratidina adhaHpatana kI dizA meM hI giratA jA rahA thaa| .... (6) sAmAnya varga meM Izvara aura jIvana ke viSaya meM carcA to adhika hotI thI aura yajJa-anuSThAnoM kA jora bhI thA, kintu ye kArya kevala dhanI mAnI loga hI kara sakate the evaM janasAdhAraNa tathA nimnavarga ke loga itanA samaya vyaya karane meM asamartha hone ke kAraNa inameM ucita rUpa se bhAga nahIM le sakate the| - isa prakAra isa samaya brAhmaNa varga nizceSTa tathA uttaradAyitvahIna ho calA thA aura deza evaM samAja kA naitika athavA AdhyAtmika kSetroM meM vAstavika netRtva karane vAle nisvArtha mArgadarzakoM kI AvazyakatA thii| yahAM yaha ullekha kara denA For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhI Avazyaka hai ki yadi gautama buddha aura varddhamAna mahAvIra ne avatarita hokara brAhmaNa dharma ke rUr3hivAda para kuThArAghAta na kiyA hotA to kadAcita bhArata kA samasta jJAna lupta ho jaataa| yaha eka aTala satya hai ki bAda meM ina dharma guruoM ke pIche sampradAyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karane vAle bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM meM lupta prAyaH vaidikadharma ko punarjAgRta karane ke liye eka uttejaka pratikriyA kA kArya kiyA kintu kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki jainadharma bhI utanA hI prAcIna hai jitanA vaidika dharma' aura isake samarthana meM ye vidvAn saiMdhava sabhyatA meM prApta pazupati yA yogI mUrti tathA Rgveda ke kaizI sUkta' meM varNita tapasviyoM aura zramaNoM kA sambandha pratipAdita karate haiN| Rgveda ke maMtroM meM jainadharma ke pramukha tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA sandarbha bhI dete haiN| isI prakAra ve atharvaveda', gaupatha brAhmaNa, zrImad bhAgavata Adi ke pramANa prastuta kara jainadharma kI prAcInatA siddha karate haiN| isI tAratamya meM yaha ullekha kara denA bhI ucita hI hogA ki jainadharma meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara kI gaNanA hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva the, jinakA ullekha Rgveda meM batAyA jAtA hai| inake atirikta 23 aura tIrthaMkara hue haiN| bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke viSaya meM ThIka ThIka aitihAsika jAnakArI nahIM miltii| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha mAne jAte haiM jinakA janma banArasa ke rAjA azvasena ke yahAM kSatriya kula meM huA thaa| inakI mAtA kA nAma vAmA thaa| kuzasthala deza ke rAjA naravarman kI rAjakanyA prabhAvatI se unakA vivAha huA thaa| tIsa varSa taka ye rAjakIya vaibhava aizvarya aura sukha-samRddhi kA Ananda uThAte rhe| isake bAda unhoMne saMsAra tyAga diyA aura tapasyA tathA sanyAsa kA mArga apnaayaa| caurAsI dinoM kI ghora tapasyA ke uparAnta samaveta parvata para unheM kaivalya jJAna prApta huaa| jJAna prApti ke pazcAt ve sattara varSa taka vibhinna pradezoM meM ghUmate rahe aura apane jJAna tathA siddhAntoM kA pracAra karate rhe| unake sarvaprathama anuyAyI unakI mAtA aura strI thiiN| sau varSa kI Ayu meM unakA nirvANa huaa| kintu teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha taka jainadharma ko koI ullekhanIya saphalatA prApta nahIM huI thii| udhara jAti vyavasthA kaThora hotI calI jA rahI thii| ucca varga vizeSakara brAhmaNa varga se nimna varga trasta thA aura apanI mukti ke liye kisI divya netRtva kI khoja meM thaa| aise samaya jaba ki samAja kA DhAMcA dhArmika rUr3hiyoM meM jakar3A huA thA, eka aise divya puruSa ne janma liyA jisane tatkAlIna samAja ko eka naI rAha dikhaaii| usa mahApuruSa kA nAma thA vrdhmaan| vardhamAna ke pitA siddhArtha vajjisaMgha ke sAta hajAra sAta sau sAta rAjAoM meM se eka the| mAtA trizalA licchavi vaMza kI thii| bAlyakAla aura yuvAvasthA meM vardhamAna ko jJAna tathA kalA ke sabhI kSetroM meM rAjyocita zikSA dI | 101 For Personal & Private Use Only

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gii| vardhamAna kA vivAha yazodA nAmaka rAjakumArI se huA aura kucha samaya uparAMta usase eka kanyA bhI huI jisakA nAma aNaMjjA thaa| aNaMjjA kA vivAha jamAli nAmaka kSatriya se huaa| kAlAntara meM jamAli vardhamAna mahAvIra ke upadeza sunakara unakA prathama ziSya bana gayA aura bAda meM jainadharma kI prathama zAkhA kA netA bnaa| tIsa varSa kI Ayu taka vardhamAna ne vaibhava kA jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| kintu ve adhikAdhika ciMtanazIla aura nivRtti mArgI hote gye| aMta meM apane jyeSTha bhrAtA nandivardhana kI AjJA lekara unhoMne tIsa varSa kI Ayu meM apanA gRha tyAga diyA aura satya kI khoja meM sanyAsI ho gye| nirlipta, mauna aura zAMta rahakara vardhamAna ne bAraha varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kii| tapasvI jIvana ke terahaveM varSa meM vaizAkha mAsa kI dasamI ke dina jaMbhika grAma meM bAhara pArzvanAtha zaila zikhara ke pAsa RjubAlikA nadI ke taTa para zAla vRkSa ke nIce vardhamAna ko 'kaivalya' jJAna kI prApti huii| kaivalya kA artha hai, nirmala pavitra jnyaan| jisake liye bAhya aura Abhyantara vividha prakAra ke tapa tape jAte. haiN| vaha lakSyabhUta kevala jJAna hai| jaise 'kevala anna khAtA hai yahAM kevala zabda : asahAya artha meM arthAt zAka Adi rahita anna khAtA hai usI taraha kevala arthAt kSAyopazamika Adi jJAnoM kI sahAyatA se rahita asahAya kevala jJAna hai|' kevala kA vyutpattilabhya artha- arthIjana jisake liye bAhya aura Abhyantara tapa ke dvArA mArga kA kevala arthAt sevana karate haiM vaha kaivalya jJAna kahalAtA hai| athavA kevala zabda asahAyavAcI hai, isaliye asahAya jJAna ko kevala jJAna kahate haiN| isa jJAna kI upalabdhi tathA sAMsArika sukha-duHkha se aMtima mukti prApta hone se vardhamAna aba arhata, kevalina aura nigraMtha kahe jAne lge| apanI indriyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke kAraNa ve 'jina' kahalAye aura tapasvI jIvana meM atula parAkrama aura sAhasa prakaTa karane ke kAraNa 'mahAvIra' khlaaye| kaivalya jJAna kI prApti ke pazcAt mahAvIra tIsa varSa taka eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna bhramaNa karate rahe aura kausala, magadha, vaizAlI tathA anya pradezoM meM nirantara apane upadezoM aura siddhAntoM kA pracAra karate rhe| anta meM IsvI pUrva 527 meM Adhunika paTanA jile meM pAvApurI meM mallarAja hastipAla ke rAjamahala meM 72 varSa kI Ayu meM mahAvIra kA dehAnta huaa| yadi hama yaha bhI mAnaleM ki mahAvIra saMsthApaka nahIM hai to bhI ve jainadharma ke pravartaka to haiN| yaha to svIkAra karanA hI par3egA ki mahAvIra ne jainadharma ko saMvAra kara eka nayA rUpa diyA tathA sarvasAdhAraNa meM isakA pracAra evaM prasAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kiyaa| unhoMne apane yuga meM pracalita samAja va dharma ke doSoM ke viruddha AvAja utthaaii| mahAvIra jainadharma ke aMtima aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara hue| vAstava meM jainadharma mahAvIra ke samaya se hI ubhara kara sAmane AyA jisake pariNAma svarUpa jainadharma kA pracAra evaM prasAra bhAratavarSa ke anya pradezoM meM huaa| aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra apane sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM ekAnta sthAnoM meM vicaraNa karate aura dhyAna karate the| unhoMne bAraha varSa sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM vyatIta kiye the| jisa samaya vaha ujjayinI ke nikaTa atimuktaka nAmaka zmazAna bhUmi meM Akara dhyAna magna hue the usa samaya rudra nAmaka vyakti ne una para ghora AkramaNa kiyA thA, parantu vaha apane dhyAna meM dRr3ha aura nizcala bane rhe| rudra kI raudratA unako tapasyA se vicalita na kara skii| pazubala Atmabala ke samakSa batamastaka huaa| rudra indriyajamI mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM girA aura usane unakA 'ativIra nAma rkhaa| ujjayinI Atmabala kI mahattA ko apane aMcala meM chupAye hai AtmavIra hI use dekhate aura gauravAnvita hote haiN| ... mAlavA dharma kI dRSTi se hI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, varana bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva ke marmajJa DaoN.bhagavatazaraNajI upAdhyAya ke anusAra mAlavA kA antarrASTrIya mArga ke rUpa meM bhI viziSTa sthAna thA aura ujjaina to dakSiNa ko uttara se jor3atA thaa| DaoN.upAdhyAyajI dakSiNa bhArata se uttara bhArata ke rASTrIya mArga ko spaSTa karate hue usa mArga ko antarASTrIya mArga, jo khaibara ke darre kI ora se jAtA thA, se jor3ate haiN|10 to aise mAlavA meM jo hara kSetra meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai, hama yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra evaM vikAsa kisa prakAra huA? caNDapradyota ke jainadharmAvalambI hone ke viSaya meM triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra meM ullekha milatA hai ki siMdhusauvIra ke rAjA udAyana ke pAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI eka candana nirmita pratimA thI jisakA ullekha jIvaMtasvAmI ke nAma se jaina sAhitya meM milatA hai| rAjA udAyana evaM usakI rAnI prabhAvatI sadaiva usa pratimA kI pUjA kiyA karate the| prabhAvatI kI mRtyu ke uparAMta isa pratimA kI pUjA dAsI devanandA yA devadattA kiyA karatI thii| devanaMda caNDapradyota ke prema meM par3a gii| isa mUla pratimA ke sthAna para dUsarI candana kI pratimA rakhakara caNDapradyota dAsI devanaMda tathA pratimA ko ujjaina le aayaa| jaba yaha bheda udAyana para prakaTa huA to usane ujjaina para AkramaNa kara diyaa| caNDapradyota hArA aura bandI banA liyA gyaa| pratimA evaM yuddhabandI ko lekara udAyana ne apane deza ke liye prasthAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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kiyaa| mArga meM varSA prAraMbha ho gii| jaina matAvalambI hone ke kAraNa udAyana cAturmAsa hetu vahIM rUka gyaa| paryuSaNa parva ke avasara para udAyana ko upavAsa thaa| caNDapradyota se bhojana ke liye pUchA gayA to usane bhI bhojana karane se inkAra kara diyaa| rAjA udAyana ne caNDapradyota ko apanA sahadharmI samajhakara chor3a diyA aura pratimA bhI de gyaa| udAyana ke cAturmAsa karane se eka nayA nagara basa gyaa| jo zivanA nadI ke taTa para Aja bhI dazapura yA mandasaura ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| caNDapradyota ne isa sthAna para maMdira kA nirmANa karavAyA tathA usake vyaya Adi kI pUrti ke liye bAraha sau gAMva dAna meM diye| bAda meM isa pratimA kA ullekha vidizA meM pratiSThita hone ke silasile meM pAyA jAtA hai| caNDapradyota ne aisI hI eka aura jIvaMtasvAmI kI pratimA banavAI thI jisakI pratiSThA ujjaina meM karavAI gaI thii| caNDapradyota kI mRtyu ke uparAMta usakA putra pAlaka siMhAsana para baiThA dUsarA putra gopAla gaNadharma sudharmasvAmI se dIkSA lekara jaina sAdhu ho gyaa| mRcchakaTika" se vidita hotA hai ki pAlaka ko vistRta yajJa meM pazu ke samAna mAra diyA gayA thaa| vaise mRcchakaTika eka mahAna krAMti kI ora saMketa karatA hai| rAjA se asaMtuSTa prajA use samApta kara detI hai tathA dUsare apane mana pasanda vyakti ko rAjA banA diyA jAtA hai| usa yuga kI yaha mahAn ghaTanA hai| pAlaka kI mRtyu ke uparAMta usakA putra avaMtivardhana siMhAsana para baitthaa| avaMtivardhan ne apane bhAI rASTravardhana kA vadha kinhIM kAraNoM se karavA diyaa| rASTravardhana kI patnI dhAriNI garbhavatI thii| vaha kauzAmbI calI gaI aura vahAM jaina sAdhvI ho gii| vahIM usane eka bAlaka ko janma diyA, jisakA pAlana-poSaNa kauzAmbI ke rAjA ajitasena ne kiyaa| ajitasena niHsantAna thaa| bAlaka kA nAma maNiprabha rakhA gyaa| idhara avaMtivardhana ne apane pApa kA prAyazcita karane ke liye vIra saMvat 24 meM jambUsvAmI ke pAsa jAkara dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| avaMtivardhana ke bAda ujjaina kI gaddI para rASTravardhana kA putra avaMtivardhana tathA ajitasena ke bAda kauzAmbI kI gaddI para maNiprabha virAjamAna hue| kauzAmbI aura avaMti kI purAnI zatrutA calI A rahI thii| avaMtivardhana ne kauzAmbI para AkramaNa kara use ghera liyaa| donoM rAjA bhAI bhAI hai, isa sambandha se aparicita the| sAdhvI mAtA dhAriNI ne Akara donoM bhAiyoM kA paricaya karavAyA, taba kahIM jAkara paramparAgata zatrutA samApta huii| aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki ujjaina aura kauzAmbI ke madhya vatsikA nadI ke kinAre guphA meM muni dharmaghoSa jahAM dhyAna dhAraNa kara khar3e the, vahAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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avaMtiSeNa ne eka stUpa banavAyA thaa| vatsikA nadI jise baisa nadI kahate haiM, sAMcI ke pAsa Aja bhI vidyamAna hai aura sambhava hai ki avaMtiSeNa ke dvArA. banavAyA gayA stUpa naSTa karake bauddha stUpa banavA diyA gayA ho| 12 mauryakAlIna mAlavA meM jaina dharma samrATa candragupta ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki ve aMtima samaya meM jainasAdhu hokara dakSiNa cale gaye the| dakSiNa bhArata kI zramaNa bailagolA kI guphA meM jainadharma sambandhI zilAlekha prApta hue haiN| inameM 'candragupti' nAmaka rAjA kA ullekha AtA hai jisakA sambandha vidvAnoM ne candragupta maurya se sthApita kiyA hai| candragupta ne jainadharma kI dIkSA lI, usakA ullekha bhadrabAhucarita meM isa prakAra hai: avaMti deza meM 'candragupti' nAmaka rAjA rAja karatA thaa| usakI rAjadhAnI ujjaina thii| eka bAra rAjA candragupti ne rAta ko sote hue bhAvI aniSTa phala ke sUcaka solaha svapna dekhe / prAtaHkAla hote hI usako bhadrabAhu svAmI ke Agamana kA samAcAra milaa| bhadrabAhu svAmI ujjaina nagarI ke bAhara eka sundara bAga meM Thahare hue the| vanapAla ne jAkara rAjA ko sUcanA dI ki gaNa ke agraNi AcArya bhadrabAhu apane 'muni sandoha ke sAtha padhAre hue haiN| yaha sunakara rAjA bahuta prasanna huaa| usane usI samaya bhadrabAhu ko bulA bhejA aura apane svapnoM kA phala puuchaa| svapnoM kA phala jJAta hone para rAjA candragupti ne jainadharma kI dIkSA le lI aura apane guru bhadrabAhu kI sevA meM dattacitta tatpara ho gayA ! kucha samaya bAda AcArya bhadrabAhu seTha jinadAsa ke ghara aaye| isa ghara meM eka akelA bAlaka pAlane meM jhUla rahA thaa| yadyapi isakI Ayu kula sATha dina kI thI tathApita bhadrabAhu ko dekhakara 'jAo jAo' aisA vacana bolanA zurU kiyaa| ise sunate hI bhadrabAhu samajha gaye ki zIghra hI bAraha varSa kA ghora durbhikSa par3ane vAlA hai| ataeva unhoMne apane 500 muniyoM ko lekara dakSiNa deza jAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| vahAM jAkara unheM kucha hI samaya bAda yaha mAlUma ho gayA ki unakI Ayu thor3I raha gaI hai| ataH ve apane sthAna para vizAkhAcArya ko niyata kara svayaM ekAnta sthAna para rahakara aMtima samaya kI pratIkSA karane lage / candragupti muni guru kI sevA meM hI rahe / yadyapi bhadrabAhu ne candragupti ko apane pAsa rahane se bahuta manA kiyA, parantu usane ekaM na maanii| ekAnta meM rahate hue giri guhA meM bhadrabAhu ne prANa tyAga diye| isake bAda muni candragupti isI guru guhA meM nivAsa karane lge| isI kathA se milatI julatI kathA ArAdhanA kathAkoza evaM puNyAzrava kathAkoza meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| isa kathA meM aura zramaNa bailagolA zilAlekhoM meM 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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milane vAle candragupti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| zrI satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra candragupti ko prathama maurya samrATa na mAnakara azoka kA pautra aura kuNAla kA putra mAnate haiM jo itihAsa meM samprati ke nAma se vikhyAta hai|13 kuNAla ke samaya vidizA jainiyoM kA kendra thaa|" dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa tathA muniyoM ke jAne kI kathA anyAnya aitihAsika tathyoM se pramANika siddha hotI hai|15 taba yaha bhI pramANita ho jAtA hai ki isa samaya mAlavA meM jainadharma acchI avasthA meM thA tathA nirantara unnati kI ora agrasara ho rahA thaa| sAtha hI jainadharma kA isa samaya pUrva meM aMga magadha, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI, pazcima meM gujarAta tathA uttara meM karnAla taka prasAra ho rahA thaa| sAtha hI ujjayinI ke AsapAsa vAle pradezoM meM jainadharma kA dRr3ha prabhAva thaa|" azoka kI mRtyu ke uparAMta maurya sAmprajya do bhAgoM meM baMTa gayA thaa|18 pUrvI rAjya kI rAjadhAnI pATalIputra thI aura vahAM dazaratha rAja kara rahA thaa| pazcimI rAjya kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI aura vahAM samprati kA rAja thaa|19 samprati kA jaina sAhitya meM bahuta UMcA sthAna hai| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra samrATa samprati jainadharma kA anuyAyI thA aura usane apane priyadharma ko phailAne ke liye bahuta prayatna kiyA thaa| pariziSTa parva meM likhA hai ki rAtri ke samaya samprati ko yaha vicAra utpanna huA ki anArya dezoM meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra ho aura jaina sAdhu svachanda rIti se vicara ske| isake liye usane ina dezoM meM jaina sAdhao ko dharma pracAra ke liye bhejaa| sAdhu logoM ne rAjakIya prabhAva se zIghra hI janatA ko jainadharma aura AcAra kA anugAmI banA liyaa| isa kAla ke liye samprati ne bahuta se lokopakArI kArya bhI kiye| garIboM ko muphta bhojana bAMTane ke liye aneka dAnazAlAeM khulvaaii| aneka jaina granthoM meM likhA hai ki dharma pracAra ke liye samprati ne apanI senA ke yauddhAoM ko sAdhuoM kA veza banAkara pracAra ke liye bhejA thaa| yugapurANa ke anusAra jaba samprati talavAra ke bala para logoM ko jainadharma meM dIkSita kara rahA thA usa samaya dimita ne samprati se janatA kI rakSA kI isase janatA ne dimita ko dharmamIta (dharmamIta - demitriyasa) khaa| zaka kuSANa yugIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : isa samaya bhI mAlavA meM jainadharma paryApta unnatAvasthA meM thaa| isakA AbhAsa hameM kAlakAcArya kathAnaka se milatA hai| AcArya kAlaka ne zakoM ko avaMti para AkramaNa karane ke liye AmaMtrita kiyA thA jisakA eka mAtra kAraNa yaha thA ki avaMti nareza gardabhilla ne AcArya kAlaka kI bhaginI jaina sAdhvI sarasvatI kA balAt apaharaNa kara liyA thaa| sabhI prayatnoM ke bAvajUda jaba gardabhilla ne sarasvatI ko mukta nahIM kiyA to bAdhya For Personal & Private Use Only

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hokara AcArya kAlaka ne zakoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA ki ve gardabhilla ke darpa ko cUrNa kara deN| yuddhoparAMta mAlavA meM zakoM kA rAjya ho gayA thaa| isa ghaTanA meM janatA kA bhI pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa se kAlakAcArya ko sahayoga rahA hI hogaa| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki isa kAla jainadharma kI sthiti uttama rahI hogii| isa yuga meM aneka yugapradhAna jainAcArya bhI ho cuke haiM jinameM bhadraguptAcArya, Arya vajra tathA Arya rakSitasUri ke nAma ginAye jA sakate haiN| Agama sAhitya ko Arya rakSitasUri ne cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake jainadharma kI dRSTi se isa yuga ke aitihAsika mahattva ko aura bhI bar3hA diyA thaa| / yadyapi mAlavA meM isa yuga kA koI purAtAtvika avazeSa adyAvadhi prApta nahIM huA hai, tathApita mathurA kSetra meM isa yuga kI pratimAeM tathA pratimA lekha prApta hue haiM jisase bhI hama yaha anumAna kara sakate haiM ki isa kAla jainadharma unnatAvasthA meM thaa| guptakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : bhAratIya itihAsa meM guptakAla svarNayuga ke nAma se ciraparicita hai| yaha yuga sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA thaa| gupta rAjA vaiSNava dharma ke anuyAyI the| candragupta dvitIya, kumAragupta prathama aura skandagupta tInoM ke sikkoM para 'paramabhAgavata khudA honA guptoM kI usa dharma meM vizeSa niSThA sUcita karatA hai| parantu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki anya dharmoM kI sthiti nagaNya thI athavA ki rAjA dUsare dharmoM kA Adara nahIM karate the| gupta rAjA sabhI dharmoM ko samAna Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate the| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki isa kAla lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM ke acchI sthiti meM hone ke pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| mAlavA meM jainadharma ke liye yaha yuga apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai, kyoMki isI yuga meM jainadharma se sambandhita purAtAtvika sAmagrI milanA prAraMbha hotI hai| itihAsa prasiddha nagara vidizA ke pAsa udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM bIsa guphAeM haiM, jo isI yuga kI haiN| inameM se krama se prathama evaM bIsaveM nambara kI guphAeM jainadharma se sambandhita haiN| pahale nambara kI guphA meM eka lekha khudA huA hai jisase siddha hotA hai ki yaha guphA gupta samrATa candragupta dvitIya ke kAla kI hai| bIsaveM nambara kI guphA meM bhI eka padyAtmaka ....... lekha khudA huA hai jisake anusAra isa mUrti kI pratiSThA gupta saMvata 106 (I.san 426 kumAragupta kA kAla) meM kArtika kRSNa paMcamI ko AcArya bhadrAnvayI AcArya gauzarma muni ke ziSya zaMkara dvArA kI gaI thii| isa zaMkara ne apanA janma sthAna uttara bhAratavartI kuru deza batalAyA hai|4 mUla lekha isa prakAra hai| 25 | 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(1) namaH sirddhabhyaH (II) zrI saMyutAnAM guNatAMyadhInAM guptAnvayAnAM nRpskssmaanaam| (2) rAjye kulasyAdhi vivardhamAne SaDabhiyutaivarSazatedhamAse (II) sukArtike bahula dinaitha pcme| guhAmukhe sphaTa vikaTotghaTAmimAM jitAdviSAM jinakara pArzvasaMjJikA, jinAkRti shm-dmvaan| cIkarata (II) AcAryabhadrAnvaya bhUSaNasya ziSyo hyasAvArya kulo dvatasya, AcArya gosh| rma munasSutastu padmAvatAzvapaterbhaTasya (II) pare raMjayasya ripughna maaninsssNghil| syaitityabhivizruto bhuvi svasaMjJayA zaMkara nAma zabdito vidhAna yuktaM yatimArgamasthitaH (II) / (7) sauttarANAM sado kuruNAM udga dizA dezavare prsuutH| (8) kSayAya kAri gaNasya zvImAn yadatra puNyaM tada pAsa-sarjA (II) __arthAt 'siddhoM ke namaskAra zrI saMyukta guNa samudra guptAnvaya ke zreSTha rAjAoM ke varddhamAna rAjya zAsana ke 106 ve varSa aura kArtika mahine kI kRSNa paMcamI ke dina guhA dvAra meM vistRta sarpaphaNa se yukta zatruoM ko jItane vAle jina zreSTha pArzvanAtha jinakI mUrti zama-damavAna zaMkara ne banavAI jo AcArya bhadra ke anvaya kA bhUSaNa aura Arya kulotpanna gauzarma muni kA ziSya tathA dUsaroM dvArA ajeya ripuna mAnI azvapati bhaTTa saMghila aura padmAvatI ke putra zaMkara isa nAma se loka meM vizruta tathA zAstrokta yatimArga meM sthita thA aura vaha uttara kuruvoM ke sadRza uttara dizA ke zreSTha deza meM utpanna huA thA, usake isa pAvana kArya meM jo puNya huA ho vaha saba karmarUpI zatru samUha ke kSaya ke liye ho| abhilekha meM varNita AcArya bhadraM aura unake anvaya ke prasiddha muni gauzarma ke viSaya meM abhI kucha-bhI jJAta nahIM hai phira bhI. itanA inake viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye yugapradhAna AcArya the| ___isa yuga kI jainadharma sambandhI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi abhI hAla meM huI hai| pro.kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne apane eka lekha 'rAmagupta ke zilAlekhoM kI prApti'28 meM vidizA ke samIpa baisa nadI ke taTavartI eka TIle kI khudAI karate samaya prApta guptakAlIna jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI durlabha tIna pratimAoM para prakAza DAlA hai| ye tInoM pratimAeM balue patthara kI banI hai| ina tInoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para guptakAlIna brAhmI lipi tathA saMskRta bhASA meM lekha utkIrNa the| eka mUrti kA lekha to pUrNataH naSTa ho cukA hai| dUsarI mUrti kA lekha AdhA bacA hai aura tIsarI kA lekha pUrA For Personal & Private Use Only

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surakSita hai| isake AdhAra para pro.vAjapeyI ne guptakAlIna eka vivAdAspada samasyA para navIna prakAza DAlA hai| samasyA gupta nareza rAmaguptaM kI aitihAsikatA kI hai| isa gupta nareza kA ullekha sAhitya meM to milatA hai tathA isake tAmbe ke sikke bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM upalabdha hote haiN| svayaM pro.vAjapeyI ne isa nareza ke sikkoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai, kintu abhI taka koI bhI aisA abhilekha prApta nahIM huA thA jisameM ki rAmagupta ko gupta nareza ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA ho| ina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para ina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa 'mahArAjadhirAja' zrI rAmagupta ke zAsanakAla meM huaa| ina pratimAoM ke sambandha meM pro.vAjapeyI ne likhA hai ki eka pratimA para AThaveM tIrthaMkara candraprabha kA aura dUsarI para naveM tIrthakara puSpadanta kA nAma likhA hai| mUrtiyoM kI nirmANa zailI IsvI cauthI zatI ke aMtima caturthAMza kI kahIM jA sakatI hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM kuSANakAlIna tathA I.pAMcavI zatI kI guptakAlIna mUrtikalA ke bIca yuga ke lakSaNa dRSTavya hai| mathurA Adi se prApta kuSANa kAlIna bauddha aura tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para siMho jaisA aMkana prApta hotA hai vaisA ina mUrtiyo para lakSita hai| pratimAoM kA aMga vinyAsa tathA siroM ke pIche avaziSTa prabhAmaNDala bhI aMtarima kAla ke lakSaNoM se yukta haiN| inameM uttara guptakAlIna alaMkaraNa kA abhAva hai| lipi vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI ye pratimA lekha IsvI cauthI zatI ke Thaharate haiN| ina lekhoM kI lipi gupta samrATa candragupta vikramAditya ke una lekhoM se milatI hai jo sAMcI aura udayagiri kI guphAoM meM mile haiN| ___ ina tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA AdhAra para pro.kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne vivAdAspada gupta nareza rAmagupta para paryApta prakAza DAlakara yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki samudragupta ke pazcAt rAmagupta samrATa huA thaa| kintu abhI isa mata ko mAnyatA nahIM milI hai sAtha hI abhI yaha bhI nirAkaraNa honA zeSa hai ki ina pratimAoM ke lekhoM meM ullikhita vahI rAmagupta hai athavA koI any| isake atirikta isa kAla kI eka aura dUsarI upalabdhi hai jainAcArya siddhasena divaakr| jainagranthoM meM inheM sAhityika evaM kAvyakAra ke atirikta naiyAyika aura tarkazAstrajJoM meM pramukha mAnA hai| siddhasena divAkara kA jaina itihA meM bahuta UMcA sthAna hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAya unake prati eka hI bhAva se zraddhA rakhate haiN| kiMvadaMtI hai ki eka bAra rAjA candragupta ne inase kalyANa maMdira stotra kA pATha karane kA Agraha kiyaa| rAjA ke Agraha para inhoMne kalyANa maMdira stotra kA pATha kiyaa| pATha samApta hote hI ujjayinI ke mahAkAla maMdira meM zivaliMga phaTa gayA aura usake madhya se pArzvanAtha kI mUrti nikala aaii|27 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

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siddhasena divAkara ne isake atirikta aura bhI granthoM kI racanA kI jinakA viziSTa sthAna hai| isa yuga meM jainadharma bhArata ke anya bhAgoM meM bhI apanA prabhAva jamA rahA thA yadyapi apane mUla sthAna magadha meM isake prabhAva meM kamI A rahI thii|28 rAjapatakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : yadi guptakAla bhAratIya itihAsa kA svarNakAla hai, to rAjapUta kAla mAlavA meM jainadharma ke vikAsa tathA samRddhi ke dRSTikoNa se svarNakAla rahA hai| isa yuga meM kaI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huaa| isake prArambhika kAla meM badanAvara meM jaina maMdira vidyamAna the| isakA vivaraNa DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina isa prakAra dete haiM- jaina harivaMza purANa kI prazasti meM isake kartA jinasenAcArya ne spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki zaka saMvat 705 (I.san 783) meM unhoMne vardhamAnapura ke pAAlaya (pArzvanAtha ke maMdira) kI annarAjavasati meM baiThakara harivaMzapurANa kI racanA kI aura usakA jo bhAga zeSa rahA use vahIM ke zAMtinAtha maMdira meM baiThakara pUrA kiyaa| usa samaya uttara meM 'indrAyuddha', dakSiNa meM kRSNa ke putra zrI vallabha va pazcima meM vatsarAja tathA saura maMDala meM vIra varAha nAmaka rAjAoM kA rAja thaa| yaha vardhamAnapura saurASTra kA vartamAna bar3havAna mAnA jAtA hai| kintu maiMne apane lekha meM siddha kiyA hai ki harivaMzapurANa meM ullikhita vardhamAnapura madhyapradeza ke dhAra jile meM badanAvara hai, jisase 10 mIla kI dUrI para dostarinkA honA cAhiye, jahAM kI prajA ne jinasena ke ullekhAnusAra usa zAMtinAtha maMdira meM vizeSa pUjA arcanA kA utsava kiyA thaa| isa prakAra vardhamAnapura meM AThavIM zatI meM pArzvanAtha aura zAMtinAtha ke do jaina maMdiroM kA honA siddha hotA hai| zAMtinAtha maMdira 400 varSa taka vidyamAna rhaa| isake pramANa hameM badanAvara se prApta acchuptAdevI kI mUrti para ke lekha se prApta hote haiM, kyoMki usameM kahA gayA hai ki saMvata 1229 (I.sana 1179) kI vaizAkha kRSNa paMcamI ko vaha mUrti vardhamAnapura ke zAMtinArtha caityAlaya meM sthApita kI gii| 29 vidizA. kSetra meM bhI jainadharma isa yuga meM unnatAvasthA meM thA jisakA pramANa hai vahAM upalabdha jaina maMdira va muurtiyaaN| gyArasapura nAmaka sthAna para jaina maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa mile haiN| mAlavA meM jaina maMdiroM ke jitane bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM, unameM prAcInatama avazeSa yahI para hai jo vinyAsa evaM stambhoM kI racanA zailI meM khajurAhoM ke samAna haiN| phargusana ne inakA nirmANa kAla 10vIM sadI ke madhya nirdhArita kiyA hai| isa kAla ke aura bhI anake avazeSa isa kSetra meM mile haiN| sAtha hI yadi ina saba avazeSoM kA vidhivat saMkalana evaM adhyayana kiyA jAya to jaina vAstukalA ke eka dIrgha rikta sthAna kI pUrti ho sakatI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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rAjapUtakAlIna khajurAho zailI ke kucha jaina maMdira kharagona jile ke Una nAmaka sthAna meM mile haiN| ina maMdiroM kI upalabdhi se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki isa samaya isa kSetra meM jainadharma apanI unnati ke zikhara para thaa| Una meM vaise do (1) hindU aura (2) jaina maMdiroM ke samUha prApta hue haiM, jo kalA kI dRSTi se apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhate haiN| yahAM bahuta bar3I mAtrA meM jaina mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM jina para vi.saM.1182 yA 1192 ke lekha aMkita haiM jisase yaha vidita hotA hai ki yaha mUrti AcArya ratnakIrti dvArA nirmita kI gaI thii| - yahAM ke maMdira pUrNataH pASANa khaNDoM se nirmita haiM, cipaTI chata va garbhagRha, sabhAmaNDapa yukta tathA pradakSiNA bhUmi rahita hai jisase inakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| bhittiyoM aura stambhoM para sarvAMga utkIrNana hai, jo khajurAhoM kI kalA se samAnatA rakhatA hai| 33 11vIM sadI ke jaina maMdiroM ke kucha avazeSa narasiMhagar3ha jilA rAjagar3ha (byAvarA) se 7 mIla dakSiNa meM vihAra nAmaka sthAna para bhI prApta hue haiN| yahAM para jaina maMdiroM ke sAtha hI hindra, bauddha va islAma dharma ke avazeSa bhI mile haiN| isake atirikta DaoN.eca.vI.trivedI ne nimnAMkita sthAnoM para rAjapUtakAlIna jaina maMdiroM ke prApti kI sUcanA dI hai: (1) bIjavAr3A jilA devAsa (2) bIthalA jilA gunA (3) borI jilA jhAbuA (4) chaperA jilA rAjagar3ha (byAvarA) (5) gurilA kA pahAr3a jilA gunA (6) kar3oda jilA dhAra tathA (7) purA gulAnA jilA mandasaura evaM (8) vaIkher3A jilA mandasaura yaha sthAna zvetAmbaroM kA tIrtha sthAna bhI hai| yahAM cittaur3a kI caubIsI ke mukhya maMdira ke dvAra ke stambhoM kI kalA se milatI julatI kalA vidyamAna hai| cittaur3a kI caubIsI ke mukhya maMdira kA kAla 10vIM 11vIM zatAbdI hai aura yahI samaya vahAM ke dvAra stambhoM kA bhI hai| vahIM pArasanAtha tIrtha ke sambandha meM kiMvadantI hai ki yahAM jo pratimA hai vaha pahale eka bimba meM thii| eka seTha kI gAya jaMgala meM carane ke liye AtI thii| usa gAya kA dUdha pratimA pI letI thii| seTha va usake parivAra vAle Azcarya karate the ki gAya kA dUdha kahAM jAtA hai? eka bAra seTha ko svapna huA ki pArzvanAtha kA yahAM maMdira banavAkara pratiSThA krvaao| isa para usa seTha ne vaIkher3A grAma meM ukta maMdira banavAyA aura bar3I dhUmadhAma se pratimA kI pratiSThA krvaaii| yahAM ke maMdira sabhAmaNDapa citrAMkita hai| isa kAla meM itane maMdiroM kI prApti hI isa bAta ko pramANita kara detI hai ki jainadharma isa samaya meM apanI zreSTha sthiti meM rahA hogaa| dhAra meM bhI isasamaya ke aneka maMdiroM kA ullekha milatA hai| jisa prakAra isa yuga meM aneka jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa ke ullekha ke sAtha | 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hI sAtha unake avazeSa milate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra isa yuga meM aneka jaina vidvAna bhI ho cuke haiM unhoMne apanI vidvatA se paramAra kAla ke gaurava ko bar3hAyA hai, unameM se AcArya devasena, AcArya mahAsena, amitagati jinasenAcArya, mANikyanaMdI nayanaMdI, prabhAcandra, AzAdhara, zrIcandra, kavi dhanapAla tathA kavi dAmodara Adi prasiddha haiN| paramArakAlina jainadharma tathA sArasvatI ke dRSTikoNa se DaoN.jyotiprasAda jaina* kA kathana hai ki muMja ke sambandha meM prabandha ciMtAmaNi Adi jaina granthoM meM aneka kathAyeM milatI haiN| navasAhasAMka carita ke lekhaka padmagupta, dazarUpaka ke lekhaka dhanaMjaya, usake bhAI dhanika jaina kavi dhanapAla Adi aneka kaviyoM kA vaha Azraya-dAtA thaa| jainAcArya mahAsena aura amitagati kA yaha rAjA bahuta sammAna karatA thaa| ina jainAcAryoM ne usake prazraya meM aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| muMja svayaM jainI thA yA nahIM yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu vaha jainadharma kA prabala poSaka thA, isameM saMdeha nahIM hai| usakA uttarAdhikArI aura bhAI siMghala yA siMdhurAja kumAranArAyaNa navasAhasAMka (996-1006 I.) bhI jainadharma kA poSaka thaa| pradyumnacarita ke kartA muni mahAsena kA guruvata poSaka thaa| abhinava kAlidAsa kavi parimala kA navasAhasAMka caritra isI rAjA kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai| __. muMja kA bhatIjA aura sindhula kA putra bhoja. (1010-1053 I.) bhAratIya loka kathAoM meM prAcIna vikramAditya kI bhAMti hI prasiddha hai| bhoja bhI jainadharma kA poSaka thaa| usake samaya meM dhArA nagarI digambara jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra thI aura rAjA jaina vidvAnoM evaM muniyoM kA bar3A Adara karatA thaa| sarasvatI vidyA maMdira ke nAma se usane eka vizAla vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI thii| usane jaina maMdiroM kA bhI nirmANa karavAyA batAyA jAtA hai| Upara batAye gaye vidvAnoM meM se aneka diggaja jainAcAryoM ne Azraya evaM samAna prApta kiyA thaa| AcArya zAMtisena ne usakI rAjasabhA meM aneka ajaina vidvAnoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita kiyA thaa| bhoja kA senApati gulacaMdra bhI jaina thaa| dhanaMjaya, dhanapAla, dhani Adi gRhastha jaina kaviyoM ne usake Azraya meM kAvya sAdhanA kI thii| bhoja ke uparAMta jayasiMha prathama (1053-60 I.) rAjA huaa| usake uttarAdhikArI nirbala rhe| unameM naravarmanadeva (1104-1107 I.) mahAn yauddhA aura jainadharma kA anurAgI thii| ujjaina mahAkAla maMdira meM jainAcArya ratnadeva kA zaivAcArya vidyA zivavAdI ke sAtha zAstrArtha usI samaya huaa| isa rAjA ne jaina guru samudaghoSa aura vallabhasUri kA bhI sammAna kiyA thaa| usake putra yazovarmadeva ne bhI jainadharma aura jaina guruoM kA Adara kiyaa| jinacaMdra nAmaka eka jainI ko usane gujarAta prAnta kA zAsaka niyukta kiyA thaa| 12vIM 13vIM zatAbdI meM dhArA ke paramAra nareza vindhyavarmA aura usake 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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uttarAdhikAriyoM meM subhaTavarmA, arjunavarmA, devapAla aura jaituMgadeva ne paM. AzAdhara Adi jaina vidvAnoM kA Adara kiyA thaa| ratnamuNDanagaNikRta jhAMjhaNa prabaMdha aura pRthvIdharacaritra tathA upadeza taraMgiNI se jJAta hotA hai ki paramAra rAjA jayasiMha deva tRtIya (I. san 1261-80) ke maMtrI pethar3akumAra ne mAMDava meM 300 jaina maMdiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA aura una para sone kalaza car3havAe the| isI prakAra aThAraha lAkha rupaye kI lAgata kA 'zatruMjayAvatAra' nAma kA vizAla maMdira banavAyA thaa| pethar3a ke putra jhAMjhaNa ne mAMDava meM bahuta-sI dharmazAlAeM sthAna-sthAna para banavAI aura eka bahuta vizAla graMthAlaya sthApita kiyA thaa| 700 maMdiroM kI saMkhyA kevala jaina zvetAmbariyoM kI thii| cAMdAzA nAma ke dhanI vyApArI ne 72 jina devAlaya aura 36 dIpastaMmbha mAMDava nagara meM banavAe the / dhanakubera zrImAla bhUpAla laghuzAnticandra jAvar3azA ne RSabhadeva, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke soMdhazikharI pAMca jina devAlaya banavAeM aura unameM eka gyAraha sera sone kI tathA dUsarI bAIsa sera cAMdI kI aura zeSa pASaNa kI jina pratimAeM sAdhu ratnasUri kI AjJA se sthApanA karAI thii| isa utsava meM 19 lAkha rupaye vyaya kiye| eka lAkha rupaye to kevala muni ke mAMDava nagara praveza ke samaya vyaya kiye the| isa prakAra aura bhI pramANa isa bAta kI puSTi karane vAle milate haiM ki I. san 1390 yAni musalamAnoM ke Ane taka paramAra rAjAoM kI sAMskRtika kendra ke rUpa meM mAMDava eka samRddha nagara thA, jisakA vidhvaMsa bAda meM musalamAnI zAsanakAla meM huA aura sadiyoM ke bane hue devAlayoM tathA anya imAratoM kI sAmagrI kA rUpAntarita karane yAvanI takSaNakalA kI tarja para maujUdA AlIzAna imArateM musalamAnI samaya meM nirmANa huI jisase hindU rAjatva kAla kI eka bhI imArata jamIna ke Upara abhagna na rhii| 35 samagra rUpa se yadi jainadharma ke aitihAsika mahattva kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAya to spaSTa ho jAyagA ki sAhityika sAkSya ke AdhAra para mAlavA meM jainadharma kA astitva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya se hai| kintu ye sAhityika sAkSya paryApta bAda ke haiM jina para ekadama pUrNa rUpa se vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| purAtAtvika dRSTi se dekhane se patA calatA hai ki gupta kAla se mAlavA meM jainadharma se saMbaMdhita avazeSa milanA prAraMbha hote haiM aura una avazeSoM ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna jaina samAja kI pratiSThA para prakAza par3atA hai| rAjapUta kAla meM jainadharma apanI sarvAMgaNI unnatAvasthA ko prApta ho rahA thA va na kevala maMdiroM kA hI nirmANa huA varan sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI aneka vidvAn hue jinhoMne aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| isa prakAra mAlavA meM jainadharma kA kramika vikAsa huaa| 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMdarbha sUcI 1 aisA kevala jainadharmAvalambiyoM kA vizvAsa 21 hai| 2 3 10-136 10-166-1 11-5-124-26 4 5 pUrva 2-8 6 5-28 7 tatvArthavArtika, pRSTha 294 8. sarvArthasiddha, pRSTha 94 24 9 ujjayinyAmathAnyedyustacDmazAne'ti- 25 muktake varddhamAnAM mahAsatvaM prtimaayogdhaarinnm| / 339/74 uttarapurANa 26 27 10 vikrama kIrtimaMdira smArika, pRSTha 34 28 35 11 10-52 12 jaina tIrthasarvasaMgraha, bhAga 2, pRSTha 310 13 maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 425 14 khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava - muni kAMtisAgara, vikrama smRti graMtha, pRSThA 21, DaoN. bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya kA nibandha "vikramIya prathama zatI kA saMkSipta bhAratIya itihAsa" 22 guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pRSTha 321 23 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 16 Ibid, Page 417. 17 vahI, pRSTha 418 pRSTha 153: 31 15. The Age of Imperial Unity, Vo.II, 32 Page 417. anekAMta varSa 19/1-4, pRSTha 68 sAptAhika hindustAna 1960, mArca 30 saMskRta kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 117 The Classical Age] Vol. III, Page 403-404 29 bhAratIya saMskRta meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 332-333 30 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Vol.II, Page 55. Ibid, Page 55. Progress Report of Archaelogical Survey of India V.C. 1919, Page 34 18 Asoka-V-A-Smith, Page 70. 19 maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 653. 20 Age of Imperial Unity, Page 418. pRSTha 311 vahI, pRSTha 311 6.1 2 S 33 vahI, pRSTha 331, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 331 bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi, pRSTha 167 se 169 vikrama smRti graMtha, pRSTha 598-99 35 For Personal & Private Use Only 23

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adhyAya - 3 jainadharma meM bheda-upameda jainadharma ke bheda-upabheda : bhArata ke anya dharmoM ke samAna hI jainadharma ke bhI bheda-upabheda haiN| ye vaicArika matabhedoM ke hI pariNAma haiN| jisa prakAra bIja aMkurita hote samaya eka hI dikhAI detA hai, kintu vRkSa ho jAne para usI meM zAkhAeM-prazAkhAeM phUTa jAtI hai yadyapi mUla rUpa meM sabhI zAkhAoM ke phala evaM phUla samAna hI hote haiM, ThIka usI prakAra jainadharma bhI aMkurita hokara bhedoM-upabhedoM se samRddha huA hai| samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha jainadharma meM bhI uttarottara vRddhi hotI gaI tathA usake siddhAntoM evaM AcAra Adi ke sambandha meM matabheda utpanna hote gye| jo vyakti apane mata ko nayI dRSTi detA, usakA prabalatA se samarthana karatA thA vaha apanI kSamatA ke anusAra apane siddhAnta kA pracAra krtaa| yA to vaha nayA vAda yA saMgha calAtA yA viparIta siddhAnta ke prati natamastaka ho jaataa| kintu isa prakAra ke matabhadoM se kisI bhI dharma athavA samAja ko lAbha nahIM hotA, isaliye jainadharma ko bhI ina vivAdoM se hAni uThAnI pdd'ii| mahAvIra ke samaya meM mata vaibhinna : jainadharma ke ye vivAda yA bheda vartamAna meM utpanna hue hoM, aisI bAta nahIM hai| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI pArzvanAtha ke mata ko mAnane vAle the jo cAturyAma dharma meM vizvAsa rakhate the aura jisameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sadAcAra, brahmacarya, pavitratA, namratA, parimArjana Adi kI pratijJAeM aura sammilita kara dI thiiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI tIna zramaNa saMsthAeM nimnAnusAra bana gayI thIM (1) bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA ke zramaNa saMgha ke, pradhAnAcArya zrI kaizIsvAmI the| inhoMne zrI indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara ke sAtha vicAra-vimarza kara mahAvIra svAmI ke mata ko svIkAra kara liyA thaa| inakI ziSya paramparA Aja bhI 'pArzvanAtha saMtAnIya' upakezagaccha aura 'kavalAgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha hai, aisI zvetAmbara paramparA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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(2) bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ke mokSa prApti ke uparAMta kucha sAdhuoM ne pAMcaveM gaNadhara zrI sudharmasvAmI kA ziSyatva grahaNa kara liyaa| ye zrIsudharma gaNadhara kI paramparA ke zvetAmbara sAdhu Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| inake 84 gaccha the| tapagaccha usI paramparA kA eka aMga hai| (3) tIsarI saMsthA 'AjIvika mata' vAloM kI thI jisakA netRtva makkhalIputta gopAla ke hAtha meM thaa| isa saMsthA meM sAdhu nagnAvasthA meM rahate the, isaliye aisI vyavasthA thI ki ye ekAMta meM rheN| kintu jaba makkhalIputta goSAla kI mRtyu ho gaI taba ye AjIvika punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM sammilita ho gye| vistRta adhyayana ke liye DaoN.e.ela.bAthama kI pustaka AjIvikAja dRSTavya hai| zvetAmbara va digambara sampradAya kA prAdurbhAva : mAlavA meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAya ke anuyAyI pracura mAtrA meM nivAsa karate haiN| ina donoM sampradAyoM kA prAdurbhAva I.san 76 yA 82 meM huaa| donoM sampradAya vibhakti ke apane-apane kAraNa batAte haiN| zvetAmbara matAvalambI digambara matAvalambiyoM kI utpatti ke liye nimnAMkita spaSTIkaraNa dete haiN| zivabhUti nAmaka eka sAdhu ko rathavIrapura ke rAjA dvArA eka mUlyavAna kambala bheMTa meM diyA gayA thaa| isa kambala ke prati zivabhUti ko atyadhika moha ho gyaa| usake guru ko jaba isa ghaTanA kI jAnakArI milI to, unhoMne zivabhUti ko Adaza diyA ki vaha kambala ke Tukar3e karade kintu zivabhUti ne kambala ke Tukar3e karane se inkAra kara diyA tathA krodhAvasthA meM vaha vahAM se dUra bhAga gayA aura usane digambara mata ko janma diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 609 varSa pazcAt zivabhUti nAmaka vyakti ne rathavIrapura meM 'boDIya' nAmaka sampradAya ko janma diyA thaa|' - DaoN.esa.bI.deva ne isI ghaTanA kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai: zivabhUti ne apane rAjA ke liye aneka yuddhoM meM vijaya prApta kI thI tathA rAjA ne usake prati kAphI sammAna bhI prakaTa kiyA thaa| svAbhAvika rUpa se zivabhati apane ghara rAtri ko dera se jAne lgaa| usI prakAra eka dina jaba usakI patnI ne zivabhUti kI mA~ se usake rAtri ko dera se Ane kI zikAyata kI to zivabhUti kI mA~ ne usake dera se Ane para kahA ki tuma aba vahIM jAo jahAM tumhAre liye dvAra khule hoN| zivabhUti uttara sunakara vApasa cala diyA aura eka . Azrama meM jA phuNcaa| zivabhUti ne Azrama ke pradhAnAcArya se dIkSA maaNgii| kintu pradhAnAcArya ne dIkSA dene se inkAra kara diyaa| isa para zivabhUti ne svayaM apane hAthoM keza luMcana kara sAdhu ke veza meM rahanA prAraMbha kara diyaa| kucha samaya uparAMta yaha svayaM dIkSita ka For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAdhu zivabhUti usI sthAna para aayaa| vahAM ke rAjA ne, jo zivabhati kA mitra thA, eka mUlyavAna paridhAna use bheMTa meM dii| ___ zivabhUti se jo variSTha sAdhu the unhoMne zivabhUti ko usa paridhAna kA upayoga karane ke liye manA kiyA, kintu zivabhUti ne unakI eka na sunii| taba sAdhuoM ne usa paridhAna ko phAr3a ddaalaa| usase kruddha hokara zivabhUti ne saba vastra tyAga diye aura nagna hI cala diyaa| zivabhUti kI bahina uttarA ne bhI usakA anusaraNa kiyA tathA vaha bhI nagara hokara apane bhAI ke sAtha holii| strI kI nagnAvasthA kI zikAyata hone para zahara ke sabhAsadoM ne kahA ki koI vyakti strI kA yaha bhaddA, beDola svarUpa dekhane nahIM jaave| isa para zivabhati ne apanI bahina ko nagnAvasthA grahaNa karane se manA kara diyaa| do anya vyakti kauNDiya aura kottavIra usake ziSya ho gye| isa prakAra .boDiyo ke dvArA nagnatA - disambara (dig-dizAeM, ambara-vastra) mata kA tarka prastuta karate haiN|. ... (1) dRSTivAda ke atirikta zvetAmbaroM ke gyAraha aMga haiM jabaki digambaroM ke pAsa eka bhI nahIM hai| digambara sAhitya unake prAdurbhAva ke bAda arthAt 82 I. san ke bAda racA gyaa| (2) zvetAmbaroM ke Agama sAhitya meM digambaroM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki aMga prAcIna hai tathA digambara sampradAya kI utpatti ke pUrva race gaye haiN| . . .. ... (3) goSAla AjIvika kA bauddha piTakoM aura bhagavatI sUtra meM varNana milatA hai jabaki digambaroM ke prAcIna se prAcIna sAhitya meM aisA koI vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| (4) kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM jo gaNa aura kula milate haiM, ve vahIM hai jo mathurA ke jaina zilAlekhoM meM milate haiN| ... digambara mata : zvetAmbara digambara ke bheda kI utpatti ke viSaya meM digambara matAvalambI eka dUsarI hI kahAnI kahate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki candragupta ke rAjya meM bhadrabAhu ne magadha meM bArahavarSIya durbhikSa par3ane kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| ataH sAdhuoM kA eka bhAga bhadrabAhu ke netRtva meM dakSiNa bhArata calA gayA thaa| zeSa sAdhu magadha meM hI raha gaye the| kucha kAloparAMta jaba inake pradhAnAcArya ujjaina meM mile taba bhI durbhikSa cala rahA thaa| isa kAraNa inhoMne bhikSA mAMgane ke liye jAte samaya ardhaphAlaka ke upayoga kI anumati apane ziSyoM ko de dI thii| kintu durbhikSa samApti ke pazcAt ardhaphAlaka dhAraNa karane vAle sAdhuoM ne arthaphAlaka utArane se manA kara diyaa| naI dhArA ko pasanda nahIM karane vAle tattvoM ne isake For Personal & Private Use Only

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virodha kI ghoSaNA dRr3hatA ke sAtha kI aura isa prakAra ye ardhaphAlaka zvetAmbaroM ke agradUta siddha hue|' ___DaoN.deva' ina donoM sampradAyoM ke aMtima vibhAjana ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki vallabhIpura ke rAjA lokapAla kI rAnI candralekhA ke kAraNa aMtima vibhAjana huaa| aisA kahate haiM ki ye ardhaphAlaka sAdhugaNa rAnI candralekhA ke dvArA nimaMtrita kiye gye| jaba rAjA aura rAnI ne sAdhuoM ko na to nagnAvasthA meM aura na hI pUrNa veza meM dekhA to donoM hI bar3e nirAza hue| isaliye ardhaphAlakoM ko kahA gayA ki ve pUrNarUpa se vastra dhAraNa kara leN| usI samaya se ardhaphAlakoM ne sapheda vastra pahananA prAraMbha kara diyA aura tabhI se ve zvetAmbara (zveta-sapheda, ambara-vastra) kahalAne lge|' nimnAMkita tathyoM kI ora jaba hama dekhate haiM to ve digambara mata kI puSTi karate haiN| (1) magadha meM durbhikSa kA tathA sAdhuoM ke dakSiNa bhArata kI ora vihAra karane kA sandarbha zravaNa-belagolA ke I.san 600 ke abhilekha meM AyA hai|10 (2) sthAnAMga meM mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM ki yaha vicAraNIya hai ki na to AcArAMga aura na hI kalpasUtra meM somila brAhmaNa kI kathA kA sandarbha hai| yaha kevala TIkAoM meM hI milatI hai|" (3) zvetAmbara grantha bhI do prakAra ke sAdha jIvana kA ullekha karate haiN| 1. jinakappI aura 2. therkppii| inameM se kucha ne nagnatA svIkAra kara 'jina' kI nakla karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| (4) khAravela ke kaliMga ke zilAlekha (dUsarI sadI I.pUrva) meM eka jina pratimA kA ullekha hai| yaha pratimA vaha (khAravela) magadha se vApasa lAyA thA, jisako naMda le gayA thaa| .. (5) udayagiri aura khaNDagiri kI guphAoM kI pratimAoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM ko nagna dikhAyA gayA hai| kintu kabhI-kabhI unako vastra bhI pahanA diye gaye haiN| yadyapi aisI pratimA tIrthaMkaroM ke mAnavIya jIvana ko pradarzita karane ke liye vastrasahita prastuta kI gayI hai| zvetAmbara mata : digambaroM ke uparyukta pramANoM ke viruddha zvetAmbara apane samarthana meM kahate haiN|5:. (1). saumIla kI kathA mahAvIra ke dvArA zarIra ke prati moha na karane kI ora saMketa karatI hai| (2) - vidvAn abhI bhI bhadrabAhu kI tithi ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiM 127 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kyoMki jainadharma meM aneka bhadrabAhu hue haiN| (3) aMgoM meM vastra dhAraNa karane ke jo niyama haiM, unase yaha anivArya nahIM lagatA ki nagna hI rahA jaay| usameM zarIra ke prati moha na karane para jora diyA gayA hai| (4) jinakappI bhI vastroM kA upayoga karate the| hAnale digambaratva ke vicAra meM AjIvikoM kA prabhAva mAnate haiN| 18. digambara-zvetAmbara meM matAntara :digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM ke mata meM mukhya rUpa se nimnAnusAra antara (1) digambara matAvalambiyoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki jisa sAdhu ke pAsa sampatti hai arthAt jo vastra dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA, jabaki zvetAmbara matavAloM kA kahanA hai ki mokSa ke liye pUrNa nagnatA anivArya 'nahIM hai| . (2) digambara matAvalambI kahate haiM ki vartamAna jIvana meM nArI mokSa kI pAtratA nahIM rkhtii| isake viparita zvetAmbara matAvalambiyoM kA vizvAsa hai ki vartamAna jIvana meM strI nirvANa prApta kara sakatI hai| (3) digambara matAvalambiyoM ke anusAra sAdhu jaba eka bAra 'kevalajJAna' yA 'sarvajJAna prApta kara letA hai, taba use bhojana kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| vaha apane jIvana ko binA bhojana kiye sthira rakha sakatA hai| zvetAmbara matAvalambI isa siddhAnata ko nahIM maante| ina uparyukta matavaibhinya ko yadi chor3a bhI deM to bhI nimnAMkita bindu aise haiM jina para donoM sampradAya vAle sahamata nahIM haiM: (1) digambara matAvalambI mAnate haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra pahale RSabhadatta brAhmaNa kI patnI devanaMdA ke garbha meM avatarita hue the, jabaki zvetAmbara matAvalambI unako trizalA nAma kI strI se janma lene kI paramparA para dRr3ha haiN| (2) digambara matAvalambI samasta prAcIna pavitra sAhitya ko chipA rakhane meM vizvasa karate haiM kintu aisA zvetAmbara matAvalambI nahIM maante| (3) digambara mata vAle mAnate haiM ki mahAvIra kA kabhI vivAha hI nahIM huA thA, kintu zvetAmbara matAvalambI mahAvIra kA vivAha yazodA ke sAtha aura usase anojjA yA priyadarzanA nAmaka eka putrI kA janma mAnate haiN| ___(4) zvetAmbara matAvalambI 19veM tIrthaMkara mallInAtha ko nArI mAnate haiM, jabaki digambara matavAle mallInAtha ko puruSa mAnate haiN| 128 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(5) digambara matAvalambiyoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM ko nirAza netroM ke sAtha nagna aura azobhita rUpa meM prastuta karanA ucita hai| isake viparita zvetAmbara matAvalambiyoM kA kahanA hai ki aisA pradarzita karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| __isa prakAra jainadharma ke ina do bhedoM meM paryApta antara A gayA hai| isa antara ke sAtha hI yaha bAta bhI hai ki jainadharma ke ina bhedoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vallabhIpura, rathavIrapura aura ujjaina kA nAma jor3A jAtA hai| jainadharma meM bhedoM se aneka upabheda bana gaye haiN| saMgha, gaNa aura gaccha : rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa se saMgha aura gaNa kA artha suparicita hai| saMgharAjya jAti vizeSa ke rAjya kA ghotaka hai to gaNarAjya janatA ke zAsana kA pratIka hai| kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM gaNa aura saMgha meM koI antara nahIM thA aura aisA lagatA hai ki jainadharma meM saMgha aura gaNa zaharoM kA pracalana tatkAlIna saMgha, gaNoM se liyA gayA hai kyoMki mahAvIra svAmI ke samaya saMgha aura gaNarAjyoM kA astitva siddha hai| gaNa kA pramukha gadhaNara kahalAtA thaa| 'gaNadhara dhArmika aura rAjanaitika donoM kSetroM meM samAna rUpa se prayukta hotA thaa| prAcIna kAla meM jainadharma meM saMgha aura gaNa kA astitva yaha prakaTa karatA hai ki usa samaya sAMsakRtika evaM rAjanaitika dRSTikoNoM se jaina samAja bhalIbhAMti saMgaThita thaa| gaNa samayAMtara se gaccha ke rUpa meM bhI jAnA jAne lgaa| prAcInatama gaNa : kalpasUtra se vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya sAta gaNa isa prakAra the| yathA- (1) godAsa (2) uddeha (3) uDuvATika (4) vesavATika (5) cAraNa (6) mAnava aura (7) kottik|18 / ___prathama gaNa kI cAra zAkhAeM aura kula haiN| dvitIya gaNa kI sthApanA AryarohaNa ke dvArA kI gaI thI aura yaha cAra zAkhAoM aura chaH kuloM meM vibhakta huaa| tItaya gaNa cAra zAkhAoM aura tIna kuloM meM baMTA hai| cauthA gaNa kAmadharmI ke dvArA sthApita kiyA gayA aura isameM cAra zAkhAeM aura kula haiN| pAMcavA gaNa cAra zAkhAoM aura sAta kulo meM vibhAjita hai| chaThA gaNa cAra zAkhAoM aura tIna kuloM meM vibhakta huaa| sAtavAM gaNa susthita ke dvArA sthApita kiyA gayA thA aura yaha cAra kuloM tathA sAta zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thaa|19 gacchoM kI utpatti koI eka samaya nahIM huii| samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha-sAtha inakI saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi hotI rhii| isI taraha gacchoM ke nAma bhI kisI prabhAvazAlI AcArya ke nAma para, acche kAryoM athavA sthAnoM ke AdhAra para hI inake nAma par3e haiN| mahattvapUrNa gacchoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: (1) vRhadgaccha : kucha logoM ke matAnusAra vaTavRkSa ke nIce sarvadevasUri ko For Personal & Private Use Only

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mukhyAcArya kI upAdhi pradAna kI gaI thI, taba nirgrathaMgaccha vaTagaccha ke nAma se bhI pukarA jAne lagA, jisakA dUsarA nAma vRhad gaccha bhI hai| 20 mAlavA meM isa.gaccha kA astitva kabase hai nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (2) kharataragaccha : kharataragaccha prasiddha tathA prabhAvazAlI gaccha hai| isa gaccha kI utpatti ke viSaya meM aisA kahA jAtA hai ki durlabharAja kI rAjasabhA meM jaba jinezvarasUri ne caityavAsiyoM ko vivAda meM parAsta kara diyA taba unheM kharatara kI upAdhi I.san 1017 meM prApta huI aura usI se kharataragaccha prArambha huaa| yadyapi kharataragaccha kA astitva mAlavA meM pAyA jAtA hai kintu bAda kA tatsaMbaMdhI ullekha hai| bArahavIM sadI ke AsapAsa kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM huA hai| isa . kAraNa bAda meM mAlavA meM isa gaccha kA prasAra kaba huA, kahanA kaThina hai| . (3) tapAgaccha : jagacandrasUri na kevala vidvAn the varan mahAna sAdhu aura tapasvI bhI the| jagacandrasUri ne 'AyaMbila' tapasyA karanA svIkAra kiyA thA aura isameM inahoMne bAraha varSa vyatIta kara diye the| isako dekhate hae mevAr3a ke rAjA jayasiMha ne inheM san 1228 meM 'tapA' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyaa| tabhI se nigranthagaccha kA eka dUsarA nAma tapAgaccha huaa| mAlavA meM isa gaccha ke anuyAyiyo kA bahalya hai kintu jaisA ki isakI utpatti ke samaya meM vidita hotA hai isa gaccha kA prasAra mAlavA meM terahavIM-caudahavIM sadI meM kabhI huA hogaa| (4) AMcalagaccha : vijayacandra upAdhyAya prathama vyakti the jinhoMne vidhipakSa nAmaka gaccha prArambha kiyA thaa| eka bAra eka vyApArI koTI pATana gyaa| pratikramaNa karate samaya usane apane vastra kA konA upayoga meM liyA, jabaki use mukha paTTikA upayoga karanA thaa| kumArapAla ne isakA kAraNa pUchA, guru ne vidhipakSa ke viSaya meM kumArapAla ko batAyA aura taba kumArapAla bhI apane vastra kA konA upayoga meM lene lagA aura taba se vidhipakSa Acalagaccha ke nAma se pukArA jAne lgaa| isa gaccha kA prasAra I.san 1166 ke AsapAsa se mAnA jAtA hai| (5) anyagaccha: kucha aura anya gaccha haiM kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye mAlavA meM paryApta rUpa se vikasita nahIM ho ske| inake nAma tathA utpatti Adi isa prakAra hai (1) pUrNimiyAgaccha aura sArthapUrNimiyAgaccha : jaisA ki nAma se pratIta hotA hai, pUrNimA ke dina se prArambha hone ke kAraNa pUrNimiyAgaccha nAma pdd'aa| sArthapUrNimiyAgaccha kA prArambha I.san 1179 ke lagabhaga huaa| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra rAjA kumArapAla ne hemacaMdra se kahA ki pUrNimiyAgaccha ke mAnane vAloM ko bulAkara pUchA jAya ki ve jaina dharma granthoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karate 1301 For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM ki nahIM? isa para isa gaccha ke pramukha ko bulAyA gayA aura kumArapAla ne isI prakAra kI pUchatAcha kii| kintu gaccha pramukha santoSaprada uttara nahIM de sakA taba gaccha pramukha ko vanavAsa jAne ko kahA gyaa| kumArapAla kI mRtyu ke uparAMta isa gaccha ke AcArya sumatisiMha pATana aaye| janatA ke pUchane para inhoMne kahA ki hama sArthapUrNimiyAgaccha se sambandhita haiN| isa gaccha ke anuyAyI jaina pratimAoM kI pUjA phaloM se nahIM krte| (2) Agamikagaccha : pUrNimiyAgaccha ke do AcArya zIlaguNasUri tathA devabhadrasUri the| ye AMcalagaccha meM sammilita ho gaye the kintu zIghra hI inhoMne AMcalagaccha bhI chor3a diyA aura apanA eka nayA gaccha prArambha kara diyaa| inhoMne zikSA dI ki prArthanA kSetra devatA ko samarpita na kI jaave| isake atirikta inhoMne aura navIna mata pratipAdita kiye tathA apane gaccha ko Agamika gacha nAma diyaa| isa gacha kI utpatti I.san 1157 yA 1193 I.san meM mAnI jAtI hai kintu isakA pracAra-prasAra 15vIM zatAbdI meM hI huaa| (3) candragaccha : yaha kula gaccha hai| candra kula samayAMtara se candragaccha meM parivartita ho gyaa| isakI utpatti kisa prakAra aura kaba huI koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| (4) nAgendragaccha : nAgendra kula se yaha nAgendragaccha huaa| isa gaccha ke viSaya meM bhI koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| ... (5) nivRttigaccha : aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha bhI nivRtti kula se samayAMtara se nivRtti gaccha kahalAne lgaa| isake viSaya meM bhI koI vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nhiiN| . uparyukta gacchoM kI jAnakArI to mAtra eka jhalaka hai kyoMki jainadharma meM isa prakAra ke gacchoM kI bharamAra hai| phira inake bhI upagaccha haiN| zrI vhI.e.sAMgave ne 87 gacchoM kI sUcI dI hai| kintu vartamAna kAla meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kaI gacchoM kA aba astitva hI nahIM rhaa| isa prakAra gacchoM ke viSaya meM aura adhika vistAra meM jAnanA ucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| dUsare bAda meM jo gacchoM kI utpatti huI unameM adhikAMza 13vIM 14vIM zatAbdI ke athavA usake bAda ke haiM jo hamAre kSetra ke bAhara digambara saMgha : jainadharma ke do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAne ke uparAMta aneka upabhedoM meM baMda gayA aura una upabhedoM meM bhI kaI vibhAga evaM upavibhAga ho gye| jaise saMgha gaNa, gaccha aura shaakhaa| digambara mata meM nimnAMkita pramukha saMghoM kA udaya huA For Personal & Private Use Only

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(1) mUla saMgha (2) drAvir3a saMgha (3) kASThA saMgha evaM (4) mAthura saMgha (1) mUla saMgha : digambara matAvalambiyoM ke saMghoM meM sabase prAcIna mUla saMgha hai| isakI utpatti vikrama saMvat 526 meM huI | 30 kintu DaoN. kailAzacandra jaina kA kahanA hai ki lagabhaga 4thI aura 5vIM sadI ke do zilAlekhoM meM mUlasaMgha kA ullekha milatA hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki mUlasaMgha kI utpatti dvitIya zatAbdI meM, jaina samAja ke digambara aura zvetAmbara do bheda ho jAne ke uparAMta huii| DaoN. jaina yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki prArambha meM kundakundAnvaya aura mUlasaMgha agala-alaga rahe hoMge kyoMki jisa zilAlekha meM mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hai usameM * kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha nahIM hai aura jisa zilAlekha meM kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha hai usameM mUlasaMgha kA ullekha nahIM hai| isa prakAra mUlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya kA prArambha dvitIya zatAbdI ke pUrva ho sakatA hai| zrI esa. bI. deva ne zramaNa belagolA ke zilAlekha kramAMka 254 saM. 1398 ke AdhAra para likhA hai ki arhadbalI ne kunkundAnvaya ko milAkara mUlasaMgha ko cAra saMghoM meM banAyA / san 700 ke bAda prApta hone vAle aneka abhilekhoM meM isa saMgha kA sandarbha milatA hai isake mahattva ko siddha karane ke liye paryApta hai| isameM mUlasaMgha kI prAcInatA pratipAdita hotI hai| sambhava hai jaina samAja ke do bhAgo meM vibhakta ho jAne ke uparAMta dUsarI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa mUlasaMgha kI utpatti huI ho| 33 mAlavA meM bhI kaI mUrtilekhoM kI prApti huI hai jinameM mUlasaMgha kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha milatA hai| upalabdha lekhoM meM saMvat 1223 kA lekha prAcInatama hai| yaha lekha jayasiMhapurA ujjaina ke maMdira ke devAlaya meM pratiSThita pratimA para utkIrNa hai| lekha isa prakAra hai: saMvat 1223 varSa mAgha sudI 7 bhaume zrI mUlasaMghe bhaddI zrI vizAla kIrtideva tasya ziSya zrI zatrukIrtidevasya .... AcArya zrI sAgaracandra tasya ziSya ratnakIrti zrI maiitavAlAnvayai sA. (sAhu) bhaugA bhAryA sAvitrI putra mAkhila bhAryA vilha putra parama bhAryA padmavati vyApta viNI putra..... praNamati nityam" / / eka dUsarA lekha saMvat 1230 kA hai jisameM bhI mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hai| yaha lekha badanAvara se prApta pratimA para aMkita hai| lekha isa prakAra hai: saMvat 1230 mAghasudI 13 zrI mUlasaMghe AcArya bhayArAma... nAgapani bhAryA jamanI suta sAdhu savatA tasya bhAryA ratanA praNamatI nityaM dhAMdhAbIla vAlhI saaduu| 35 isa prakAra mAlavA meM mUlasaMgha kA prAcInatama ullekha vartamAna upalabdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para saMvat 1223 pramANita hotA hai| bAda ke aura pratimA lekho 32 For Personal & Private Use Only

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meM bhI isa saMgha kA paryApta rUpa se ullekha milatA hai| mANDavagar3ha ke pAsa jerahaTa zAkhA meM jo bhaTTArako kI paTTAvalI milatI hai, vaha mUla saMgha se hI sambandhita hai| paTTAvalI paryApta bAda kI arthAt 15vIM 16vIM zatAbdI kI hai| 38 (2) drAvir3a saMgha : isa saMgha kI sthApanA pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajranandI ne mathurA meM vikrama saMvat 526 meM kii| 7 kintu sAletora ke anusAra drAvir3a saMgha kI sthApanA vajranaMdI ke dvArA navIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caturthAMza meM athavA dasavI zatAbdI ke prathama caturthAMza meM mathurA meM kI gii| kintu yaha mata ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| kyoMki darzanasAra ke racayitA devasena ne jaba drAvir3a saMgha kA ullekha kiyA hai to yaha mAnanA hI par3egA ki drAvir3a saMgha devasena ke pUrva kA hai| devasena ne apanA darzanasAra vi.saM.990 arthAt I. san 933 meM likhA yadi drAvir3a saMgha ko navI zatAbdI ke aMtima caturthAMza athavA 10vIM zatAbdI ke prathama caturthAMza kA mAnA jAya to yaha kisa prakAra sambhava hai ki vaha itanI zIghra dakSiNa bhArata se uttara bhArata taka phaila jAve aura lokapriya ho jAve? ataH yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki drAvir3a saMgha kI utpatti chaThI zatAbdI meM hI huii| dUsare vajranaMdI rAjA durvinIta ke zAsanakAla meM rahatA thaa| rAjA durvinIta ne I.san 478 se 513 I. san taka rAja kiyaa| isase bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai ki vajranaMdI kA samaya 5vIM 6ThI zatAbdI hai aura chaThI zatAbdI hI drAvir3a saMgha kA utpatti kAla hai| isa saMgha kA jaisA ki nAma hai vaha usI pradeza kA pratIka hai, jahAM isakA janma huaa| 41 (3) kASThA saMgha : devasena ke darzanasAra ke anusAra kASThAsaMgha kI sthApanA kumArasena ke dvArA nandItalagrAma meM vikrama saMvat 753 meM kI gaI / 11 eka dhAraNa yaha bhI hai ki lohAcArya ne kASTha pratimAoM kI pUjA prArambha kI jisase isa saMgha kI sthApanA huii| 12 kucha samayoparAMta yaha jaina bhANa ke nAma se pukArA jAne lagA kyoMki isa saMgha se sambandhita sAdhugaNa maThoM meM rahane lage the tathA bhUmi bheMTa meM svIkAra karate the / 43 zrI esa. deva" ne kASThA saMgha ke AmnAya, anvaya, gaccha aura gaNoM kI jAnakArI isa prakAra dI hai| AmnAya (1) jinakIrti (2) lohAcArya (3) rAmasena anvaya- (1) agrotaka (2) khaNDelavAla (3) lohAcArya (4) mAthura (5) rAmasena gaccha - (1) bAgaDa (2) lAr3abAgar3a ( 3 ) maNDitA (4) mAthura (5) puSkara (6) tapA - gaNaM- (1) lAr3a bAgar3a (2) puSkara For Personal & Private Use Only 33

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- mAlavA meM isa saMgha kA astitva kaba se hai? isa saMbaMdha meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (4) mAthura saMgha : aisA kahA jAtA hai ki yaha kASThA saMgha kI eka zAkhA aura mathurA meM rAmasena ne vikrama saMvat 953 meM isakI nIMva ddaalii| darzanasAra ke kartA devasena ke anusAra isakI utpatti kASThA saMgha kI sthApanA ke do sau varSa pazcAt rAmasena ke dvArA kI gii| mAlavA meM mAthura saMgha kA prAcInatama ullekha badanAvara se prApta saMvat 1210 kI eka pratimA lekha meM milatA hai| lekha isa prakAra hai-- . - saMvat 1210 varSa vaisAkha sudI 1 sukre zrImAthura saMghe tvAyavAse kumArasena sisavadhu bharI jasa hasatA jayakAra kaarit|| eka dUsarA pratimA lekha saMvat 1228 kA isa prakAra hai:- saMvat 1228 varSa pAlaguna sudI 5 / sanaiH zrI manmAthura saMghe paMDitAcArya zrI dharmakI tasya ziSya AcArya lalitakIrti prnn|| saMvat 1234 ke lekha meM badanAvara (varddhamAnapura) kA spaSTa ullekha hai| yathA- ziSya llitkiirtiH| varddhamAna purAnvaye sA. prAmadeva bhAryA prAhiNAsuta rANU kelU cAlU sA. mahaNa bhAryA rUpiNI suta nemI dhAMdhA bIjA yamadevaH bayArAma deva sirIcaMda rAdara praNamati nityN|| isa prakAra 11vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM mAthurasaMgha kA astitva mAlavA meM thA aura isakI kIrti bar3ha rahI thii| mAlavA meM digambara bhaTTArakoM kI gAdiyAM rahI haiN| kintu una saba kI paTTAvaliyAM upalabdha nahIM hotii| jerahaTa zAkhA kI jo paTTAvali milatI hai vaha paryApta bAda kI hai| ujjaina kI gAdI kI jo paTTAvali milatI hai vaha isa prakAra (1) mahAkIrti (san 629) (2) viSNunandi (san 647) (3) zrIbhUSaNa (san 669) (4) zrIcandra (san 6787) (5) zrInandi (692) (6) dezabhUSaNa (708) (7) anantakIrti (708) (8) dharmanaMdi (728) (9) vidyAnaMdi (751) 110) rAmacandra (783) (11) rAmakIrti (790) (12) abhayacandra (8214) (13) naracandra (840) (14) nAgacandra (856) (15) harinandi (882) (16) haricandra (891) (17) mahIcandra (18) mAghacandra (933) (19) lakSmIcandra (966) (20) guNakIrti (970) (21) guNacandra (991) (22) lokacandra (1009) (23) zrutakIrti (1022) (24) bhAvacandra (1037) (25) bhaTTIcandra (1058)148 ina bhaTTArakoM ke viSaya meM anya koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| 1341 For Personal & Private Use Only

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49 (1) caityavAsI tathA anya sampradAya jaina saMgha meM jo bhedopabheda, sampradAya va gaNa gacchAdi rUpa se, samaya-samaya para utpanna hue unase jaina mAnyatAoM va muni AcAra meM koI vizeSa parivartana hue hoM, aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| kevala jo digambara-zvetAmbara sampradAya bheda vikrama kI dUsarI zatI ke lagabhaga utpanna huA, usakA muni AcAra para kramazaH gaMbhIra prabhAva pdd'aa| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM na kevala muniyoM dvArA vastra grahaNa kI mAtrA bar3hI, kintu dhIre-dhIre tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM meM bhI kopIna kA cihna pradarzita kiyA jAne lagA tathA mUrtiyoM kI AMkha, aMgI, mukuTa Adi dvArA alaMkRta kiyA jAnA bhI prArambha ho gyaa| isa kAraNa digambara aura zvetAmbara maMdira va mUrtiyAM jo pahale eka hI rahA karate the, ve aba pRthakpRthak hone lge| ye pravRttiyAM sAtavIM AThavIM zatI se pUrva nahIM pAI jAtI / eka ora isa prakAra se munisaMgha meM bheda donoM sampradAyoM meM utpanna huaa| jaina muni Adi varSARtu ke cAturmAsa ko chor3a anya kAla meM eka sthAna para parimita dinoM se adhika nahIM Thaharate the aura ve sadA vihAra kiyA karate the| ve nagara meM AhAra evaM dharmopadeza ke nimitta hI Ate the, aura zeSa kAla vana, upavana, meM hI rahate the| kintu dhIre-dhIre pAMcavIM chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt kucha sAdhu caityAlayoM meM sthAyI rUpa se nivAsa karane lge| isase zvetAmbara samAja meM vanavAsI aura caityavAsI muni sampradAya utpanna ho gaye / digambara sampradAya meM bhI prAyaH usI kAla meM kucha sAdhu caityoM meM rahane lge| yaha pravRtti AditaH siddhAnta ke paThana-pAThana va sAhityasRjana kI suvidhA ke liye prArambha huI pratIta hotI hai, kintu dhIre- dhIre vaha eka sAdhu varga kI sthAyI jIvana praNAlI bana gaI, jisake kAraNa nAnA maMdiroM meM bhaTTArakoM kI gaddiyAM va maTha sthApita ho gaye / isa prakAra ke bhaTTArakoM ke AcAra meM kucha zaithilya tathA parigraha anivAryataH A gayA / kintu dUsarI ora usase eka bar3A lAbha yaha huA ki ina bhaTTArakaM gaddiyoM aura maThoM meM vizAla zAstra bhaNDAra sthApita ho gaye aura ve vidyAbhyAsa ke sudRr3ha kendra bana gye| dasavIM zatAbdI se Age jo sAhitya-sRjana huA, vaha prAyaH isI prakAra ke vidyA-kendroM meM huA pAyA jAtA hai| isI upayogitA ke kAraNa bhaTTAraka gaddiyAM dhIre-dhIre prAyaH sabhI nagaroM maiM sthApita ho gaI aura maMdiroM meM acchA zAstra bhaNDAra bhI rahane lgaa| yahIM prAcIna zAstroM kI lipiyAM pratilipiyAM hokara unakA nAnA kendroM meM AdAna-pradAna hone lgaa| 51 AcArya dharmasAgara kI paTTAvalI ke anusAra caityavAsI sampradAya I.san 355 meM prArambha huA jabaki muni kalyANavijaya ke anusAra isa sampradAya kA udaya I.sanM 355 se pahale huA aura isa samaya taba yaha sampradAya jama cukA thaa| For Personal & Private Use Only 35

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vartamAna meM zvetAmbara sampradAya meM yati yA zrIpUjya aura digambara sampradAya meM bhaTTAraka jo maThavAsI ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| ye donoM hI sampradAyavAle sammilita rUpa se caityavAsI kahalAte haiN| 53 digambara sampradAya ke sAhitya meM caityavAsiyoM kI utpatti viSayaka koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| bhaTTArakagaNa dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika pradhAna hote haiM tathA inake adhIna aneka AcArya tathA paMDita hote haiN| ye ArAmapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karate haiM tathA dhana evaM anya mUlyavAna vastueM zraddhAlu bhaktoM se bheMTa meM prApta karate haiN| inako prazAsakIya adhikAra bhI hote haiM jisake antargata ye alaga-alaga sthAnoM para AcAryoM tathA paMDitoM kI niyukti karate haiM jo ki dhArmika viSayoM kI dekhabhAla karate haiN| (2) loMkA : san 1508 meM lokAzAha ahamadAbAda meM jainAgamoM kI pratilipi karane kA kArya karate the| eka bAra pratilipi karate samaya grantha ke madhya ke 5-7 pRSThoM kI nakala chor3a dI, jinako lekara jaina yati, jinhoMne pratilipi kA kAma sauMpA thA, 'vivAda ho gyaa| phalataH Apane eka navIna mata kA prAdurbhAva va pracAra kiyaa| 54 Apane "mUrti pUjA meM hiMsA hai aura hiMsA meM dharma nahIM ho sakatA" ityAdi apane vicAroM kA pracAra karanA prArambha kiyaa| unake vicAroM se pAraMkha lakhamasI Adi kaI vyakti sahamata hue aura ve Apake sahAyaka ziSya bana gye| pratyeka sthAna para prazna karate- "dharma dayA meM hai yA hiMsA meM ? to yahI sahaja uttara milatA ki dharma to dayA meM hI hai, hiMsA meM nhiiN| isa para ve kahate ki to phira mUrtipUjA meM jala, phala Adi ke jIvoM kI hiMsA pratyakSa hai ataH isameM dharma kaise ho sakatA hai? yaha ukti sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM para tatkAla asara kara jAtI aura syAdvAda yukta jinAjJA kI gaMbhIratA se anabhijJa bhadraprakRti ke loga bhrama meM par3a jaate| ataH ise lauMkAzAha ke mata pracAra kA mUlamaMtra kaha deM to anucita nahIM hogA / 55 svamAnyatA ke poSaNa meM unhoMne yaha bhI kahanA prAmbha kiyA ki jainAgamoM meM mUrtipUjA aura jinamaMdira ke pATha kA ullekha nahIM hai / isa kathana ke virodha meM sanAtana zvetAmbara muniyoM ne jaba AgamoM ke pramANoM ko upasthita kara prativAda kiyA taba loMkAzAha ke mata pracArakoM ne upalabdha zvetAmbara mUla AgamoM ko hI mAnya rakhA aura mUla meM bhI 45 AgamoM ko hI mAnya kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM svamAnyatA ke poSaNa tathA rakSaNa ke liye svamAnya 45 AgamoM meM bhI jahAM kahIM 36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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56 mUrtipUjA Adi apane mata ke virodhI ullekha the unako amAnya ThaharAyA / " zrI esa. bI. deva isa mata para muslima prabhAva dekhate haiN| 57 Age calakara isI mata meM se 18vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM DhUMDhaka mata jise sthAnakavAsI bAisa TolA (sAdhu mArgI) bhI kahate haiM, prAdurbhAva huA aura usa mata meM se saMvat 1818 ke lagabhaga bhIkhaNajI ne terApaMthI mata nikaalaa| " samagrarUpa se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki lauMkAzAha ne apane nAma se apane siddhAntoM ke AdhAra se eka alaga hI mata ko janma diyA jo mUrti pUjA kA virodhI thA / (3) sthAnakavAsI : jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai loMkAmata ke kucha sadasyoM ne sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ko janma diyaa| 59 loMkA sampradAya ke aneka vyakti sthAnakavAsI sampradAya meM sammilita ho gye| isake virodhiyoM ne inako DhUMDiyA yA DhUMDhaka mata kA nAma diyaa| zrImatI sTIveMsana isa sampradAya ke janma kA kAraNa muslima prabhAva batAtI haiN| cUMki yaha sampradAya loMkA sampradAya se alaga ho gyaa| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki yaha bhI mUrtipUjA virodhI ho jaay| sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ko prArambha karane kA zreya sUrata ke vIrajI ko diyA jAtA hai|" mAlavA meM sarvatra isa sampradAya ke anuyAyI pAye jAte haiN| 60 (4) terApaMthI : terApaMthI sampradAya ke saMsthApaka bhIkhaNajI the| apane samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para bhIkhaNajI isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki jainasAdhu jaina dharma ke siddhAMtoM aura zAstrIya AcAra saMhitA ke anusAra apanA jIvana vyatIta nahIM kara rahe haiN| taba unhoMne vikrama saMvat 1817 meM terApaMthI sampradAya kI sthApanA kii| isa sampradAya ko bhIkhaNajI ne sahI nAma isa prakAra diyA ki jainadharma meM pAMcamahAvrata, paMcasamiti tathA tIna guptiyAM hotI hai jinakA yoga teraha hotA hai| isa kAraNa isake pAlanakartA terApaMthI hue / 62 terApaMthI mUrtipUjA nahIM krte| prApta nahIM hotA / 3 zvetAmbara mata ke pAye jAte haiN| inakA kathana hai ki mUrti pUjane meM mokSa isa sampradAya ke anuyAyI mAlavA meM bhI zvetAmbara matAvalambiyoM kI bhAMti hI digambara matAvalambiyoM meM bhI mUrtipUjaka aura jo mUrti pUjA virodhI do sampradAya pAye jAte haiN| samayAMtara se ye upabheda bhI punaH aneka bhedoM meM vibhakta ho gye| digambara mata ke pramukha sampradAyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai| (1) terApaMthI : zvetAmbara mata meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kintu digambara terApaMthI mUrti pUjaka haiM tathA ye akSata, candana Adi se mUrti kI pUjA karate haiN| inake maMdiroM meM kSetrapAla bhairava Adi kI pratimA nahIM hotI ye AratI bhI For Personal & Private Use Only 37

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nahIM karate thA maMdira meM miThAI bhI vitarita nahIM krte| pUjana karate samaya ye khar3e rahate haiM, baiThate nhiiN| ye bhaTTArakoM ko apanA dharmaguru nahIM maante|" isakI sthApanA paM.amaracaMda bar3ajAtyA ke dvArA kI gii| ye terApaMthI samAja sudhAraka pratIta hote haiM, kyoMki inhoMne jainadharma kI aneka rUr3higata paramparAoM kA virodha isa AdhAra para kiyA ki ye vAstavika jainadharma se sambandhita nahIM hai| bhaTTArakoM ke AcAra evaM vyavahAra meM zithilatA A jAne ke virodha meM isa sampradAya kA udaya vi.saM.1683 meM huaa| (2) tAraNa saMgha : tAraNa paMtha ke pravartaka tAraNa svAmI the| tAraNa svAmI kA janma puhupAvatI nagarI meM san 1448 meM huA thaa| tAraNa svAmI ke pitA kA nAma gar3hAsAva thaa| ve dillI ke bAdazAha bahalola todI ke darabAra meM kisI pada. para kArya karate the| bAda meM kisI kAraNa se ve dillI chor3akara puhupAvatI nagarI meM basa gye| ve bAlyakAla se hI bar3e honahAra dikhAI dete the| inakI smaraNazakti bahata tIvra thI aura zikSA zrI zrutasAgara muni ke pAsa huii| thor3e hI samaya meM inhoMne bahuta se granthoM kA adhyayana kara liyaa| inheM dharma ke bAhya ADambara pasanda nahIM the| yahI kAraNa hai ki inhone mUrtipUjA kA virodha kiyaa| tArANa svAmI ke upadeza : tAraNa svAmI kA kahanA thA ki yadi hRdaya pavitra bhAvanA se rikta hai to jar3a pUjA se kyA lAbha? vAstava meM AtmA hI saba kucha hai| unakA kahanA thA ki jainadharma samasta prANiyoM ke liye sthAna haiM, vaha sabakA kalyANa karane vAlA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samavazaraNa meM puza-pakSiyoM taka ko sthAna thaa| satvaiSu-maitrI kA pATha par3hAne vAle jainadharma meM UMca-nIca kA bheda kabhI bhI nahIM ho sktaa| yahAM taka ki isa paMtha meM muslima sampradAya ke vyaktiyoM ne bhI dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| tAraNa svAmI kA pramukha ziSya rUI ramaNa musalamAna thaa| isa paMtha ke mAnane vAle mUrti pUjA na karake grantha pUjA karate haiM aura isa rIti meM yaha sikha dharma ke samAna haiM jisameM guru grantha sAhaba kI pUjA hotI hai| tAraNa paMtha ke pramukha siddhAnta isa prakAra haiM: (1) mUrti pUjA kA virodha / (2) jAti vibheda para pratibaMdha (3) sAMsArika, dhArmika vizvAsoM evaM pamparAoM ko dUra krnaa| . aisA pratIta hotA hai ki tAraNa svAmI ne apane ye siddhAnta islAma dharma kI nItiyoM evaM lokAzAha ke siddhAnata ke prabhAva meM Akara pratipAdita kiye| tAraNa saMgha kA eka dUsarA nAma sAmaiya paMtha bhI kahA jAtA hai| mAlavA meM hI 38 For Personal & Private Use Only

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udaya hone ke kAraNa isake anuyAyI mAlavA ke atirikta anya pradezoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| (3) gumAna paMthI : gumAna paMtha kI sthApanA jayapura nivAsI paMDita ToDaramala ke putra gumAnIrAma ne kii| isa paMtha kA nAma isake saMsthApaka ke nAma ke AdhAra para gumAnapaMtha pdd'aa| isakA eka dUsarA nAma zuddhAmnAya bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki isake anuyAyI AcaraNa aura caritra kI pavitratA para jora dete haiM aura isake liye isa paMtha meM anuzAsAna ke nizcita niyama prabhAvazIla kiye| isa paMtha kA udaya . 18vIM zatAbdI meM huaa| (4) bIsA paMthI : isa paMtha ke mAnane vAle bhaTTArakoM ke anuyAyI haiN| isakI utpatti saMbhavataH terahavIM ztAbdI meM huii| aisA kahate haiM ki bhojana karate samaya bhaTTAraka nagna rahate haiM aura unake ziSya ghaMTI bajAte haiM jisase sAmAnya vyakti unake pAsa na A ske| bIsA paMthI phala-phUla aura miThAI Adi se mUrti pUjA . karate haiN| ye apane maMdiroM meM tIrthapura pratimAoM ke sAtha kSetrapAla, bhairava Adi kI pratimAeM bhI rakhate haiN| ye AratI karate tathA prasAda vitaraNa karate haiN| pUjA karate samaya ye khar3e na rahakara baiThe rahate haiN| ye bhaTTArakoM ko apanA dharmaguru mAnate haiN|" (5) totA paMthI : eka samaya bIsA paMthI aura terApaMthI sampradAya meM ekatA lAne ke liye prayAsa kiye gaye jisake pariNAmasvarUpa eka tIsare paMtha udaya huA jo totA paMtha khlaayaa|- yaha paMtha AdhA bIsA paMtha aura AdhA terApaMtha se milakara banA hai isaliye isakA dUsarA nAma sAr3he solaha paMtha bhI batAyA jAtA - jainadharma ke bhedoM aura upabhedoM ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki ye bheda vaicArika matabhinna ke pariNAma haiN| mahAvIrasvAmI ke samaya bhI yaha vaicArika matabheda thaa| unake nirvANa ke pazcAt alaga-alaga AcAryoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI jisa viSaya meM vivAda bhI hue| jahAM kahIM ina AcAryoM kA navIna prakAra kI vyAkhyA ko paryApta samarthana na milakara virodha kA sAmanA karanA par3A, vahIM unhIM AcArya vizeSa ne eka saMgha athavA paMtha vizeSa kI sthApanA kara dii| kucha unake anuyAyI bana gaye aura isa prakAra eka nayA saMgha yA paMtha bana gyaa| kucha paMtha isa prakAra bhI bane ki do saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bAta clii| do saMghoM kA ekIkaraNa to nahIM ho sakA kintu usake sthAna para eka nayA hI saMgha bana gyaa| mUlarUpa meM to jainadharma eka hI hai kinatu vRkSa kI zAkhAoM-prazAkhAoM kI bhAMti isameM bhI saMgha, gaNa, gaccha aura paMthoM kA prArdubhAva ho gayA jinakA pUjA-arcanA karane kA apanA-apanA DhaMga hai| 39 For Personal & Private Use Only

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NO I.san 12vIM sadI ke pUrva isa prakAra ke upabheda kama dikhAI dete haiM kintu 14vIM aura 15vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAta yaha vibhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti bar3ha calI hai| jainadharma ke ina bhedoM aura upabhedoM ke vistAra meM hama nahIM gaye haiM, kevala pramukha upabhedoM hI se hI saMkSipta carcA karadI hai| saMdarbha sUcI: 1 zrI tapagaccha zramaNa vaMza vRkSa, pRSTha 27 | Survey, Page 52-53.. darzanasAra, pRSTha7, zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, 18 kalpasUtra bhAga 22, pRSTha 288 bhAga 4 pRSTha 269, zrI tapagaccha zramaNavaMza 19 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 56-57. vRkSa pRSTha 28 aura Encyclopaedia of| 20 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 58. Religion and Ethics, Vol. I, Page 21 Indian Antiquary Vol. IX, page 248. 259. 122 zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra bhAga 5, khaNDa 3 zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, bhAga-4, pR.272 pa ra 4 Avazyaka bhASyavRtti, pRSTha 418, 27 Im 5 The History of Jaina Monachism,|24 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 59. Page 80. 25 zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra bhAga 5, khaNDa 6 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 54. 2. pRSTha 65 Jaina Antiquary Vol. VIII-1 Pagel26 vahI, pRSTha 66 35. darzanasAra pRSTha 60 | 27 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 60. 8 The History of Jaina Monachism, 28 Ibid, Page 60. Page 81. | 29 Jain-Community - A Social 9 Jaina Antiquary xi-11, page 67, Survey, Page 60. Indian Antiquary No.37, Page 37. 30 zrI tapagaccha zramaNa vaMza vRkSa, pRSTha 28 38 10 Indian Antiquary Vol. III, page| 31 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 69. | 32 Ibid, Page 69. 155-158. 33 The History of Jaina Monachism, 11 History of Jain Monachism, Page 82. Page 549. 12 Ibid, Page 82. 134 vidyAvANI vI.ni.saM.2498 13 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. xx,Page | 35 yaha lekha mujhe jayasiMhapurA saMgrahAlaya ke zrI satyaMdharakumArajI seThI ke saujanya se 14 History of Jain Monachism, Page prApta huaa| 82. 36 bhaTTAraka sampradAya, pRSTha 208 se 209 15 Ibid, Page 82. 37 darzanasAra, pRSTha 38 16 Encyclopadeia of Religion & 138 History of Jain Monachism, Page ____Ethics 1, Page 267. 545. 17 Jaina-Community - A Social 80. 40 For Personal & Private Use Only

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39 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRtigraMtha, pR. 544 58 History of Jaina Monachism, Page 440. 40 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 70. 41 darzanasAra pRSTha 14, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara 59 Jain Community Survey, Page 58. g30, Jaina Antiquary XIII-II, page 33, 42 History of Jaina Monachism, Page 547. 43 vahI, pRSTha 547 44 vahI, pRSTha 547-48 45 vahI, pRSTha 549 46 darzanasAra, pRSTha 17 47 zrI satyaMdharakumAra seThI ke saujanya se SIST 60 61 Survey, Page 54. 62 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 92. 63 Jain Community A Social Survey, Page 85. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, pRSTha bhAga 14, kiraNa 2 Jain Community 48 ujjayinI darzana, pRSTha 31 Survey, Page 55. 49 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 66 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 92. 67 Jain Community A Social 64 pRSTha 44 50 vahI, pRSTha 45 51 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 68 69 56 Jain Community: A Social Survey, Page 56-57 57 Heart of Jainism, Page 19 65 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 92. Jain Community A Social 70 71 * A Social . * pRSTha 45 52 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 351 53 Jainism In Rajasthan, Page 88. 54 jaina siddhAnta bhAskara bhAga 4 kiraNa 1 jUna 1937, pRSTha 35, zrI sthAnakavAsI Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 93. History of Jain Monachism, Page 448. jainadharma kI satyatA pR. 8 pAda TippaNa 6, 72 History of Jain Monachism, Page The History of Jaina Monachism, Page 440. 448. For Personal & Private Use Only A Social Survey, Page 55-56. Ibid, Page 56. History of Jain Monachism, Page 448. 73 Indian Antiquary Vol. 7, page 28. 554/935-3674 Jain Community: A Social Survey, Page 54 75 Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 93. 41

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adhyAya -4 jainadharma meM vibhinna jAtiyAM aura gotra Adhunika jaina jAtiyAM : osavAla, zrImAlI, pauravAr3a, khaNDelavAla, paravAra, agravAla, pallIvAla, hummar3a, bagheravAla, narasiMhapurA, jAyasavAla, cittaur3A, nAgadA, dharakaTa, zrImor3a Adi inakI utpatti, utpatti kA kAraNa, utpatti kA samaya, inake vibhinna gotra, sthAna, vyakti va kula ke kaarnn| jaina dharma meM vibhinna jAtiyAM aura gotra : anya jAtiyoM kI bhAMti mAlavA meM jaina jAti ke vyaktiyoM kA bhI bAhulya hai| sAtha hI isa jAti ke vyApAriyoM kA mAlavA ke Arthika vikAsa meM bhI vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| mAlavA kI pramukha jaina jAtiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM yahAM vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| ye jAtiyAM mAlavA hI nahIM varana samasta bhArata meM pAI jAtI haiN| (1) osavAla : osavAloM kI utpatti mAravAr3a ke osiyA nAmaka gAMva meM huii| inakI utpatti ke viSaya meM yaha kathA pracalita hai ki yahAM ke nivAsI atyadhika mAMsa madirA kA sevana karate the| isI samaya vahAM jainAcArya ratnaprabhasUri kA Agamana huaa| jainAcArya ne ina saba vyaktiyoM kI yaha burI Adata chur3avAne kA vicAra kiyaa| rAjA uppaladeva ke eka hI putra thaa| apanI mAyA se ina jainAcArya ne rAjakumAra ko sarpadaMza karavA diyaa| sAre rAjya meM hA-hA kAra maca gyaa| rAjakumAra ko zmazAna ghATa para le jAyA gyaa| ThIka isI samaya ratnaprabhasUri kA ziSya ina vilApa karate hue logoM ke pAsa AyA aura bolA ki yadi Apa saba hamAre guru mahArAja kA kahA mAne to Apake rAjakumAra punaH jIvana pA sakate haiN| sabhI vyaktiyoM ne turanta svIkAra kara liyaa| arthI ko AcArya ratnaprabhasUri ke pAsa lAyA gyaa| AcArya ne apanI zarta rakhI ki sabhI mAMsa madirA chor3akara sAtvika jIvana vyatIta kareMge tathA jainadharma kA pAlana kreNge| sabhI upasthita vyaktiyoM ne yaha svIkAra kara liyaa| AcArya ratnaprabhasUri ne apanI mAyA haTAlI aura rAjakumAra jIvita ho gyaa| isa prakAra rAjA sahita samasta ausiyA nivAsI jainadharma svIkAra kara osavAla khlaaye| 1421 For Personal & Private Use Only

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isa ghaTanA ke samaya ke saMbaMdha meM tIna mata pracalita haiM, jo nimnAnusAra (1) nAbhinandanodhara prabandha aura upakeza gacchacarita ke anusAra ratnaprabhasUri pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM sAtaveM paTTadhara the jinhoMne vIra nirvANa saM.70 (457 I. pUrva) meM osa vaMza kI sthApanA kii| (2) bhAToM ke matAnusAra osavAloM kI utpatti ratnaprabhasUri ke upadeza se upakeza nagara (mAravAr3a) meM vi.saM.222 (I.san 165) meM huii| (3) vastusthiti yaha hai ki ye donoM hI mata satya evaM ucita pratIta nahIM hote haiN| kyoMki AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva osavAloM kA kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| sukha sampatarAya bhaNDArI ne osavAla jAti kI utpatti kA samaya vikrama saMvata 500 tathA vikrama saMvata 900 ke madhya ausiyA nagarI meM maanaa|' pUrNacandra nAhara ne isa jAti kI utpatti kA samaya 500 vi.saM. ke pazcAt aura vi.saM.1000 ke pUrva mAnA aura sAdhAraNataH yahI tithi ausavAloM kI utpatti kI mAnI jAtI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana osavAloM kA udbhava yodheyoM se mAnate haiN| unake vicAra se yaudheyo hI kAlAMtara meM ohatagI, rastogI, osavAla Adi khlaaye| osavAloM ke gotra : osavAla jAti kI utpatti ke uparAMta isameM 18 gotra bane kintu gotroM kI saMkhyA nirantara bar3hatI rhii| aisA vizvAsa hai ki osavAloM ke 1444 gotra haiN| kintu ye mukhya gotra nahIM haiN| ye saMbhavataH unake kunaboM yA kuloM ke paricAyaka haiN|.yti zrIpAla 609 gotra batAte haiN| aThArahavIM sadI kA kavi rUpacanda apane 'osavAla rAsa' meM 440 gotra batAtA hai| muni jJAna sundara ne aThAraha mUla gotra tathA 498 zAkhayeM batAI haiN|' upalabdha gotroM kI sUcI dekhane se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki inake pIche kucha siddhAnta haiN| kucha gotroM ke nAma pazu-pakSiyoM se liye gaye haiN| yathA- siyAla, kAga, garUr3a, hiraNa, bakarA aadi| kucha gotroM ke nAma nivAsa sthana ke AdhAra para rakhe gaye haiN| jaiserAmapuriyA, cittaur3A, bhopAla, pATane aadi| kucha nAma unake vyavasAya para AdhArita haiN| jaise- bhaNDArI, koThArI, khajAMcI, kAnUnago, daphtarI Adi aura kucha gotra dhaMdhe se sambandhita bhI haiN| jaise- ghiyA, teliyA, kesariyA, gaMdhI, sarrApha aadi| - anya jAtiyoM ke samAna osavAloM ke bhI do bheda haiN| (1) bIsA osavAla aura (2) dasA osvaal| inake vibhAjana aura utpatti kA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA jAtA hai| eka vidhavA, vidhavA niyamoM ke viruddha eka jaina sAdhu ke pAsa rahatI hai thI aura usameM use do putra hue| donoM putra bar3e hone para sampanna hue aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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unhoMne jAti meM vidhavA vivAha kA niyama svIkAra karane kA dabAva ddaalaa| eka nagara meM jisakA nAma rAma thA, ina donoM bhAiyoM ne eka vizAla bhoja kA Ayojana kiyA tathA usameM samasta osavAloM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| vahAM ke AsevaloM ko ina donoM bhAIyoM ke janma kI kathA jJAta nahIM thii| isa kAraNa sabhI osavAla bhoja meM sammilita hone ke liye nirdhArita sthAna para ekatra ho gaye / jaba bhojana prArambha hone vAlA thA tabhI eka vidhavA osavAla kA putra AyA aura usane apanI mAtA ke punarvivAha karane kI AjJA caahii| taba vahAM upasthita samudAya ne kahA ki aisI bAta karane ke liye usane yahAM Ane kA sAhasa kyoM kiyA? isa para usane kahA ki jinake yahAM Apa bhojana kara rahe haiM, ve eka aisI hI vidhavA ke putra haiM jisane vidhavA hone ke uparAMta vivAha kiyA thaa| isa para samasta upasthita samudAya meM uttejanA evaM roSa phaila gyaa| jina vyaktiyoM ne bhojana chU liyA thA, ve una do bhAiyoM ke anugAmI banakara dasA osavAla kahalAye tathA jinhoMne bhojana chuA nahIM thA aura jo zuddha rahe the be bIsA osavAla khlaaye| ye jo nAma bIsA aura dasA pAye jAte haiM, ye jAti ke upabheda haiM tathA jo saMjJA bIsA yA bIsa aura dasA yA dasa dI gaI hai, vaha zuddha tathA arddhazuddha rakta se saMyukta pratIta hotI hai / ' bIsA aura dasA upabheda ke atirikta pAMcA, aThaiyA Adi bheda bhI milate haiM jinakA sambandha bhI zuddhatA se hI pratIta hotA hai| pAMcA apanI jAti meM vidhavA vivAha kI anumati dete haiN| inase jo nimna haiM ve aThaiyA kahalAye haiN| anya jAtigata vivAhoM meM koI bandhana nahIM hai| udAharaNa ke liye digambarI osavAla zvetAmbarI lar3akI se vivAha kara sakatA he tathA jaina osavAla vaiSNava osavAla kI lar3akI se vivAha kara sakatA hai| indaura rAjya ke itihAsa se yaha vidita hotA hai ki yahAM osavAla jAti ke vyakti ucca padoM para kAryarata the aura unhoMne vIratA evaM sammAnapUrvaka janatA kI sevA kii| Aja bhI mAlavA meM osavAla jAti ke vyaktiyoM kA bAhulya hai tathA ve vyApAra evaM zAsakIya sevA meM rahakara pradeza kI sevA meM lage hue haiN| osavAloM ke gotroM ko dekhane se vidita hotA hai ki ye gotra kisI na kisI AdhAra ko lekara bane haiN| gotroM ke jo AdhAra haiM, unako nimnAnusAra vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yathA:- (1) sthAna ke AdhAra para gotra (2) udyoga yA vyavasAya ke AdhAra para gotra (3) vyakti ke nAma ke AdhAra para gotra / Adi Adi / (2) zrImAlI : zrImAlI jainiyoM kI utpatti mAravAr3a ke zrImAla nagara se mAnI jAtI hai jise bhinamAla bhI kahate haiM isa jAti kI utpatti ke viSaya meM do 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAra ke vivaraNa milate haiN| eka ke anasAra vi.saM. se 400 varSa pUrva zrImAla nagara meM AcArya svayaMprabhasUri ne bahuta se hindU parivAroM ko jainadharma meM parivartita kiyA thA, isake uparAMta eka anya AcArya ne aura dUsare hindU parivAroM ko jainadharma meM parivartita kiyaa| yaha krama eka lambe samaya taka calatA rahA aura zrImAla meM jo vyakti jainadharma meM dIkSita hue the ve zrImAlI jaina khlaaye| dUsare vivaraNa ke anusAra lakSmI ko prasanna karane ke liye bhagavAna viSNu ne zrImAla meM 90000 baniyoM ko sirjaa| eka vivaraNa ke anusAra ye baniye lakSmI ke gahanoM se banAye gaye tathA dUsare vivaraNa ke anusAra lakSmI kI jaMghA se bne|" bAda meM zrImAlI jainoM meM 135 gotra yA bheda ho gaye jinake nAma 'mahAjana vaMza muktAvalI12 meM diye gaye haiN| anya jAtiyoM ke samAna isameM bhI do bheda haiM(1) bIsA zrImAla-vRddha sajjaniyA (2) dazA zrImAla-laghu sajjaniyA aura aneka gotra haiN|13 zrI doSI inake bheda ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki zrImAlI bIsA, dasA aura lAivA meM vibhakta haiN| dasA aura bIsA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM tIna kathAeM kahI jAtI haiN| eka kathA ke anusAra jo zrImAlI ghUma-phira kara vidizA meM jA base ve bIsA khlaaye| jo nirdeza ke anusAra base ve dasA khlaaye| dUsarI kathA ke anusAra jo zrImAlI lakSmI ke dAyI ora se phaile ve bIsA tathA bAyI ora se Aye ve dasA khlaaye| tIsarI kathA ke anusAra bIsA yA bIsa saMkhyA ke anusAra dasA yA dasa se dugunI saMkhyA meM Aye isa kAraNa bIsA khlaaye| nizcaya ina vaktavyoM kA kalpanA hI AdhAra hai| lAr3avA zrImAlI prAcIna lATa deza (dakSiNa gujarAta) meM rahane ke kAraNa lAr3avA zrImAlI khlaaye| bIsA zrImAlI kevala jainoM tathA dasA zrImAlI jainoM tathA vaiSNavoM donoM meM pAye jAte haiN| bIsA zrImAlI ke sAta bheda haiN| yathA- (1) ahamadAbAdI (2) uThAriyA (3) pAlhaNapuriyA (4) pATanI (5) soraThiyA (6) talabadA aura (7) dhraaddiyaa| dasA zrImAlI ke tIna bheda haiM yathA- (1) horasaThA (2) caNamahuA aura (3) iddd'iyaa| lAr3avA zrImAlI meM koI bheda nahIM hai| ina bhedoM va upabhedoM meM khAnapAna to pracalita hai kintu eka-dUsare meM vivAha sambandha nahIM hote haiN| kucha prakaraNoM meM dasA zrImAlI jaina, dasA zrImAlI vaiSNavoM yA dasA osavAla, dasA paravAr3a jainoM meM vaivAhika sambandha pracalita hai|15 isake atirikta zrImAliyoM meM bhI aneka gotra pAye jAte haiM jo kisI vyavasAya, vyakti ke nAma, sthAna yA kula ke nAma yA anya kisI AdhAra para bane haiN| mAlavA meM zrImAlI jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| isa vaMza ke ratna 45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pethaizA yA pRthvIdhara tathA usake putra pautra tathA prapautroM ne jainadharma kI unnati meM apanA amUlya yogadAna diyA hai| pethar3azAha tathA usake vaMza ke anya vyakti jaise jhAMjhaNa, bAhar3a, cAhar3a, maMDana evaM dhanadarAja paryApta prasiddhi prApta kara cuke the| maMDana to mAlave ke sulatAna hauzaMga gaurI kA pradhAnamaMtrI tathA bar3A vidvAna thaa| isane vividha viSayoM para dasa pustakoM kI racanA kii| dhanada maMDana kA cacerA bhAI. thA tathA isane bhartRhari kI zataka ke anusAra zataka trayI racanA kii| inake sambandha meM yathA sthAna prakAza DAlA jaaegaa| (3) poravAr3a : poravAr3a prAgvATa jAti kA apabhraMza hai| prAgvAT jAti kA mUla sthAna to prAgvaTapura thA jo gaMgA ke taTa para eka prAcIna nagara thaa| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM isa nagara kA ullekha milatA hai| jaba se prAgvATapura ke loga rAjapUtAne kI ora Aye taba se vaha prAgvATa kahalAne lge| jainAcArya svayaMprabhasUri ne upadeza dekara prAgvATa vaMza kI sthApanA kii| usI prAgvATa vaMza kA apabhraMza 'poravAi huaa| inake rIti-rivAja, khAna-pAna osavAloM ke samAna haiN| inakI kuladevI ambikA hai| AcArya svayaMprabhasUri ne jo padmAvatI nagarI meM prAgvaTa vaMza kI sthApanA kI thI unake sAtha 'padmAvatI poravAr3a' kA khitAba hai aura bAda meM AcArya haribhadrasUri ne kitane hI logoM ko jaina banAkara prAgvATa poravAr3a jAti meM zAmila kara diyaa| una poravAr3oM kI tIna zAkhAeM huiiN| (1) zuddha poravAr3a (2) soraThiyA poravAr3a aura (3) kapAle porvaadd'| inameM bhI dasA bIsA bheda hai|" __ poravAr3a digambaroM tathA zvetAmbaroM donoM meM pAye jAte haiM kinta zvetAmbaroM meM inakI saMkhyA adhika hai| inakI utpatti ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki ye gujjara kabIle the jo rAjA kaniSka ke sAtha bhArata meM Aye the aura pUrvI rAjasthAna meM basa gaye the| kaniSka kI AjJAnusAra ye zrImAla nagara kI rakSA ke liye eka bar3I saMkhyA meM Aye the aura zrImAla nagara ke pUrvI ora ruka gaye the| cUMki ye zrImAla nagara ke pUrvI aura ruke the, ye prAgvaTa yA poravAr3a khlaaye| aisA lagatA hai ki isa jAti ke liye vikrama kI 13vIM sadI se 15vIM sadI taka prAgvaTa zabda kA sAmanya pracalana thaa|20 poravAr3a 24 gAtroM meM vibhAjita haiN| ye sthAnoM ke nAma se bhI jAne jAte haiM jaise- jAmanagarI; kapar3apaMjI, barucI, bhAvanagarI Adi aadi| kabhI kabhI galatI se ina poravAr3oM ko poravAla bhI kaha dete haiN| ThAkura lakSmaNasiMha gaNapatasiMha caudharI mAlavA meM poravAr3oM ke itihAsa ke sambandha meM likhate haiM ki mAlave meM zAjApura ke jaina maMdira meM eka zveta pASANa kI mUrti poravAr3a paMcoM kI banAI huI vi.saM.1542 kI milI hai aura devAsa ke zrI 1461 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pArzvanAtha maMdira kI eka zyAma zAMtinAtha kI mUrti saM.1191 kI tathA eka choTI RSabhanAtha kI saM.1548 kI hai parantu ina para kisI ke nAma nahIM par3he jaate| parantu poravAr3oM kI mAlave meM upasthiti kA vizvasanIya koI pramANa vi.saM.1542 ke pUrva kA abhI upalabdha na hone se ina logoM kA idhara Agamana kAla nizcita honA bAkI rahA hai| zrImAlI gaura mAlava nivAsI kaI poravAla mahAjanoM ko unake ATha gotra batAte haiN| zrImAla purANa kA vizvAsa kiyA jAya to poravAr3a (prAgvATa) pulkhA ke bheje hue kSatriya avazya the| devAsa ke zrI pArzvanAtha maMdira meM cakrezvarI ke pAsa vAlI mUrti para saM.1683 kA jo lekha hai, usameM poravAr3a tathA caudharI gotra kA ullekha hai| isI prakAra saM.1383 vAle lekha meM poravAr3a jAti kA mAlava deza meM honA ullikhita hai| caudharI kula devAsa meM zAhI sevA meM thA tathA pratiSThita kula thaa| jayasiMhapurA digambara jaina saMgrahAlaya ke eka pratimA lekha meM bhI poravAloM kA spaSTa ullekha hai|lekh vi.saM.1222 kA hai| isase bhI pramANti hotA hai ki 12vIM sadI pUrva mAlavA meM poravAr3oM kA astitva thaa| isa prakAra poravAr3a jAti kA mAlavA meM astitva paryApta prAcIna hai tathA isa jAti kA ullekha zAhI sevA meM bhI AyA hai jisase isakI pratiSThA kA patA calatA hai| (4) khaNDelavAla : khaNDelavAla jainiyoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa varga hai| khaNDelavAla hinduoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM kintu adhikatara khaNDelavAla jainiyoM meM hI hote haiN| sAmAnyataH samasta khaNDelavAla jaina digambara matAvalambI haiM aura zvetAmbaroM meM khaNDelavAla jAti ke jaina nahIM pAye jaate| ye mAlavA va rAjapUtAnA meM phaile hue haiN| vaise bambaI, bihAra, uttarapradeza meM bhI ye base haiM, kintu inakI kula AbAdI kA tIna cauthAI bhAga rAjapUtAnA aura mAlavA meM basatA hai| inakI utpatti khaNDelA ke rAjA cauhAna vaMzI khaNDelagira se mAnI jAtI hai| khaNDelA ke antargata 87 nagara the jo vibhinna rAjapUta vaMzoM dvArA zAsita the| yathA- sUryavaMzI, somavaMzI, hemavaMzI aadi| vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI meM mahApArI phailI jise rokane ke liye tatkAlIna rAjA ne, jo brahmaNoM ke prabhAva meM thA, narabaliyAM diiN| jinameM eka jainAcArya bhI thaa| mahAmArI kama hone ke bajAya adhika tejI se phailane lgii| isI samaya jinasenAcArya vihAra karate hue vahAM phuNce| rAjA ne bImArI ke adhikaM phailane kA kAraNa puuchaa| jinasenAcArya ne kahA ki bImArI adhika isa kAraNa phaila rahI hai ki pUrva meM eka jainAcArya kI bali dI jA cukI hai| sAtha hI jinasenAcArya ne rAjA ko jainadharma grahaNa karane kI bhI salAha dii| tadanusAra rAjA tathA 84 sthAnoM ke nivAsiyoM ne jainadharma meM dIkSA grahaNa krlii| AcArya For Personal & Private Use Only

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jinasena ne inakI eka jAti banA dI aura rAjadhAnI khaNDelA ke nAma para isa jAti ko khaNDelavAla kahA tathA 84 nagaroM meM sthiti se 84 gotroM kI sthApanA kii| ina gotroM, nagaroM, rAjyoM tathA inake parivAroM kI sUcI zrIpAlacandra yati kI sampradAya zikSA tathA zrIrAmalAla kI mahAjana vaMza muktAvalI, pI.DI.jaina kI / vijAtIya vivAha mImAMsA aura zrI ke.pI.jaina ke saMkSipta jaina itihAsa meM dI gaI dUsare vivaraNa ke anasAra aisA varNana milatA hai ki cAra sainika bhAI the| eka dina ve zikAra khelane gaye aura eka sAdhu ke priya hiraNa ko mAra ddaalaa| vaha sAdhu unako zApa dekara naSTa karane jA hI rahA thA ki cAroM ne zikAra na karane tathA sainika veza chor3ane kA vacana diyaa| taba se ye khaNDelavAla khlaaye| vartamAna khaNDelavAloM kI utpatti bhI unhIM se huii| 24 uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki khaNDelavAla mUla rUpa se kSatriya the aura bAda meM vyApArika vyavasAya ke kAraNa vaizya ho gye| 25 yaha bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki jisa prakAra anya jaina jAtiyoM meM dasA bIsA bheda hai, usa prakAra kA koI bheda khaNDelavAloM meM nahIM hai| mAlavA meM khaNDelavAla jaina haiN| terahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM mAlavA ke rulakhaNpura nAmaka gAMva meM khaNDelavAla vaMza ke vyaktiyoM ke rahane kA ullekha milatA hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki 12vIM sadI ke mAlavA meM khaNDelavAla jainiyoM kA astitva thaa| inake jo 84 gotra haiM ve yA to zaharoM ke nAma para bane haiM yA vyaktiyoM ke nAma se pracilata haiN| khaNDelavAla jAti ke loga paryApta dhanADhya haiN| (5) paravAra jAti : paravAra jainiyoM meM eka prasiddha jAti hai| hinduoM meM bhI paravAra jAti hotI hai kintu adhikAMza paravAra jaina dharmAvalambI hI haiN| jainiyoM meM bhI vizeSakAra ye digambara jaina haiN| paravAra jaina uttarapradeza, rAjapUtAnA, bihAra, bambaI tathA mAlavA meM pAye jAte haiN| paravAroM kI utpatti tathA nAma ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki isa jAti kI utpatti rAjapUtAnA meM hI kahIM huii| paravAroM kI pahacAna paravAr3oM se kI jAtI hai, jo ki rAjapUtAnA ke haiN|27 paravAroM meM caranAgara yA samaiyA nAmaka eka alaga bheda jainoM meM hai| yaha caranAgara yA samaiyA jAti tAraNapaMthI ko mAnane vAlI chaH jAtiyoM meM se eka hai| paravAra svayaM bhI do bhAgoM meM baMTe hue haiN| yathA (1) aThazAkhA paravAra (2) cauzAkhA prvaar| inameM aThazAkhA paravAroM kA stara UMcA hai aura cauzAkhA paravAroM kA stara nIcA hai| yadi aThazAkhA vAlA, cauzAkhA vAle se vivAha | 48 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sambandha sthApita karatA hai to isakI zAkhA meM bhI bheda A jaaegaa| ina paravAroM meM nimnazreNI kI eka jAti aura hotI hai jo 'binAikiyA' kahalAtI hai| sAgara jile meM binAIkA nAmaka eka grAma hai| kintu yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isa jAti kA nAma isa gAMva ke AdhAra para rakhA gyaa| ise laghu zreNI ke nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai| ye binAikiyA cAra bhAgoM meM baMTe hue haiM jinameM se do adhika prasiddha haiN| yathA purAne binAikiyA aura naye binaaikiyaa| ina binAikiyAoM kI saMkhyA bhI paryApta hai tathA dina pratidina aura bhI bar3hatI hI calI jA rahI hai| (6) agravAla : agravAla jAti ke itihAsa ke pUrva agravAla zabda kI mImAMsA zrI gulAbacanda erana ne isa prakAra kI hai: ___(1) zrImAn paMDita ambikAprasAdajI vAjapeyI ne agravAla zabda kA zuddha rUpa AgaravAlA likhA hai jo usakA artha Agara (mAlave kA eka nagara jo ujjaina ke pAsa hai) ke rahanevAlA kiyA hai| isa prakAra ukta paMDitajI ne agravAloM kA Adi sthAna mAlave kA Agara nagara ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo ki bhrAMtimUlaka hai| kyoMki Agara meM aisA koI bhI ciha vartamAna meM vidyamAna nahIM jisase Agara ko agravAloM kI janmabhUmi kahI jA ske| (2) agravAla ratna bAbU jagannAthaprasAdajI ratnAkara ne kalpanA kI hai ki agravAla kisI samaya kSatriya the aura senA ke agrabhAga kI rakSA kiyA karate the, jisase agrapAla kahalAte the| yaha agrapAla kAlAntara meM agravAla bana gyaa| niHsandeha isake liye koI pramANa nahIM hai| ___ agravAla-agrapAla the isaliye kAlAntara meM agravAla bana gaye- isameM saMdeha hai kyoMki senA ke varNana meM kahIM bhI agrapAlazabda dekhane meM nahIM aataa| phira yadi yaha bhI mAna le ki senA ke agrabhAga ke rakSaka ko agrapAla kahate the to isake sAtha hI pazcAd bhAga rakSaka kA bhI aisA hI nAma honA caahiye| jisake viSaya meM kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA gyaa| (3) kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki prAcIna samaya meM isa deza meM saba hI loga dharmAtmA va agnihotrI the| pratyeka ghara meM nitya naimittika yajJa huA karate the| una dinoM meM yajJArtha agara kI lakar3I kA bahuta vyApAra hotA thaa| astu| jisa vaizya samudAya ne agara kI kRSi tathA vyApAra kiyA vaha samudAya agaravAlA kahalAne lgaa| pazcAt agaravAlA kA saMskRta rUpa agravAla banA liyA gyaa| parantu yaha yukti bhI asaMgata pratIta hotI hai| isaliye amAnya hai| (4) paMDita hIrAlAlajI zAstrI ne 'agravAla vaizyotkarSa' nAmaka pustaka meM 49 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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agravAla zabda kA artha agrebhava agravAlAH arthAt sabase pahale hone vAle vaizya likhA hai / parantu yaha bhI pramANAbhAva meM prAmANika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (5) kucha vidvAnoM ne agrohA ( mahArAja agrasena kI rAjadhAnI) se agravAla zabda kA sambandha lagAkara usakA artha agrohAvAlA arthAt agrohA ke rahane vAle kiyaa| yaha artha kucha mAnanIya kahA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI jAtiyoM ke anta meM bhI 'vAla' zabda upayoga meM lAyA jAtA hai| jaise khaNDelavAla, osavAla, poravAla, mIranavAla, pallIvAla aadi| inameM vAla zabda nivAsa sthAna kA hI dyotaka hai, yahAM vAla zabda kA artha rahane vAlA yA nivAsI hI hotA hai. jaisA ki khaNDelAvAla kA artha khaNDelA kA rahanevAlA aura pallIvAla kA artha pAlI ko rahanevAlA hotA hai / rAta-dina kI bolacAla meM sugamatA lAne ke khyAla se khaNDelavAla kA vikRta svarUpa khaNDelavAla bana gyaa| isI prakAra agrohAvAlA zabda bhI sugamatA ke khyAla se agravAla banA liyA gyaa| parantu yadi hama agrohA se agravAla hue yaha mAnaleM to prazna hotA hai ki agrohA kA nAma agrohA kaise huA? yadi mahArAja agrasena se agrohA basA, yaha mAneM to phira agravAla zabda kA bhI sambandha sIdhe unhIM se na lagAkara agrohA kA sahArA lene kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? (6) bhAratendu harizacandra ne 'agravAloM kI utpatti' nAmaka apanI pustaka meM agravAla zabda ko agravAla ina do zabdoM se banA huA mAnA aura isakA artha agra kA bAlaka arthAt agrasena kI saMtAna kiyA hai| kahanA na hogA ki yaha niSkarSa pramANAbhAva meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| uparyukta saMdarbhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki agravAla jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nhiiN| zrI vI. e. sAMgave kA kathana hai ki agravAla jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM sAdhAraNataH aisA vizvAsa hai ki ye uttarabhArata sthita campAvatI nagarI ke rAjA agrasena ke vaMzaja hai| rAjA agrasena ke 18 putra the| jinakA vivAha nAgavaMza kI lar3akiyoM se huA thA / agrasena kI mRtyu ke uparAMta unake putroM ne paMjAba meM agrohA nAmaka nagara kI sthApanA kI aura taba se ye agravAla kahalAne lge| aThAraha putroM ke nAma se aThAraha gotra bane, kintu kisI . kAraNavaza aMtima gautra AdhI mAnI jAtI hai| isa prakAra aThAraha gotroM ke sthAna para sAr3he sataraha gotra agravAloM meM hai | 30 anya vaNik jAtiyoM kI taraha hI inameM bhI dasA bIsA bheda hai| isake atirikta agravAloM meM aba eka tIsarA bheda bhI prakAza meM AyA hai jo madhya prAnta meM 'pAMcA' ke nAma se paricita hai kintu isakI utpatti ke viSaya meM koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM hai| ina samasta jAtiyoM meM Apasa meM khAna-pAna evaM vivAha pracalita nahIM hai| 31 50 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aisI mAnyatA hai ki agravAloM ko vi.saM.27 aura 77 ke madhya zrI lohAcAryajI ne jainadharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| ye mUlataH kSatriya the kintu vyApArika gatividhiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaizya mAne jAne lage ye paryApta dhanADhya hote haiN| akabara ke pramukha maMtriyoM meM ToDaramala jisane ki bhUmi kA bandobasta kiyA thA tathA madhuzAha agravAla jAti ke hI the , yadyapi aneka vidvAna use khatrI mAnate haiN| agravAla . jAti kA itihAsa prAcIna gaurava se paripUrNa hai| yaha jAti paryApta samRddha tathA bhUmipati rahI hai| mAlavA meM bhI jaina agravAla paryApta mAtrA meM nivAsa karate haiN| (7) pallIvAla : pallIvAla digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM meM hI pAye jAte haiN| aisA vidita hotA hai ki isa jAti kA nAma rAjasthAna ke pAlI nagara se par3A jisakA nAma prAcIna kAla meM pallikA athavA pallI thaa| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki jainAcArya ratnaprabhasUri, jinhoMne osiyA kI janatA ko jainadharma meM dIkSita kara osavAla vaMza kI sthApanA kI thI, unhIM AcArya ne AThavIM zatAbdI meM pallikA kI janatA ko bhI jainadharma meM parivartita kiyaa| yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki isa jAti ke logoM ne pAlI se samaya-samaya para nikalane vAle saMghoM kA netRtva bhI kiyaa| isake atirikta aura koI vizeSa jAnakArI isa jAti ke viSaya meM nahIM milatI hai| (8) hummar3a yA humbar3a : humbar3a jAti digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| mUla jAti kA mukhya nivAsa mAlavA, rAjapUtAnA, gujarAta tathA dakSiNa bhArata ke kucha jiloM meM hai| isa jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki pATaNa ke bhUpatisiMha aura bhavAnIsiMha ke jhagar3e ko jainAcArya mAnatuMga ne sulajhAyA thaa| bhUpatisiMha jainAcArya se prasanna ho gayA thA aura siMhAsana kA dAvA chor3akara jainAcArya kA bhakta bana gayA thaa| eka bAra bhUpatisiMha ne apane guru ko 'hUM bar3ahUM kahA aura tabhI se usakI jAti ko guru ke dvArA humbar3a nAma diyA gyaa| humbar3a jAti ke 18 gotra kahe gaye haiN| DaoN.ke.sI.jaina ne isa jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM honA batAyA hai|38 isake dUsare vivaraNa ke anusAra humar3a nAmaka isa jAti ne apane dhArmika guru jisane isa jAti kI sthApanA kI usase liyaa| ye bAgar3iyA bhI kahalAte haiN| yaha nAma bAgaI pradeza para pdd'aa| isameM iMgarapura, pratApagar3ha aura sagavAr3a kA kSetra zAmila hai jahAM isa jAti ke loga abhI bhI bahulatA se nivAsa karate haiN| anya jAtiyoM kI taraha isa jAti meM bhI bIsA aura dasA bheda hai jisake viSaya meM vistAra se likhanA Avazyaka nhiiN| aba humbar3a jAti ke dasA va bIsA bhedoM meM bahutaM nyUna hI antara raha gayA hai| DaoN.ke.sI.jaina ke anusAra yaha jAti 51 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tIna laghuzAkhA, vRhatzAkhA aura varSAvaTa zAkhA se vibhakta hai| zrI paramAnaMda jaina zAstrI isa jAti ke mahattvapUrNa kArya batAte hue likhate haiM ki humar3avaMza dvArA nirmita maMdiroM meM sabase prAcIna maMdira jhAlarApATana kA prasiddha zAMtinAtha kA maMdira hai jise humar3a vaMzIya zAha pIpA ne banavAyA thA aura jisakI pratiSThA vikrama saM.1103 meM bhAvadevasUri ke dvArA sampanna huI thii| yaha maMdira bahata vizAla hai aura nau sau varSa kA samaya vyatIta ho jAne para bhI darzakoM ke hRdaya meM dharmasevana kI bhAvanA ko ullAsita kara rahA hai| isa maMdira meM jo mUla nAyaka kI mUrti hai, vaha bar3I hI cittAkarSaka hai| kahA jAtA hai ki sAhU pIpA ne isa maMdira ke nirmANa karane meM vipula dravya kharca kiyA thA aura usakI pratiSThA meM to usase bhI adhika vyaya huA thaa| zAha pIpA jitane vaibhavazAlI the utane hI ve dharmaniSTha aura udAramanA bhI the| inakI samAdhi usI maMdira ke pAsa ahAte meM banI isa maMdira meM eka purAnA zAstra bhaNDAra hai jisameM eka hajAra hastalikhita granthoM kA acchA saMgraha hai| cUMki yaha maMdira nau sau varSa purAnA hai, humbar3a jAti kA astitva bhI nau sau rvA se pUrva kA honA caahie| kitane varSa pUrva kA, yaha abhI vicAraNIya hai| para sambhavataH usakI sImA 100 varSa to aura hai hii| Upara isa jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM AcArya mAnatuMga kA nAma AyA hai| ye AcArya vI, AThavIM sadI meM hue haiN| isa prakAra humbar3a jAti kI utpatti bhI sAtavIM AThavIM sadI meM kabhI honA caahiye| yaha jAti kASThA saMgha, mUla saMgha donoM kI anugAmI rahI hai| sarasvatIgaccha bhI donoM meM pAye jAte haiN| __(9) bagheravAla jAti : digambara jaina samAja kI jAtiyoM meM bagheravAla jAti kA bhI viziSTa sthAna hai| isa jAti ke loga rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza aura mahArASTra meM nivAsa karate haiN| isa jAti kA nAma rAjasthAna meM kekar3A ke nikaTa sthita bagherA nAmaka grAma se liyA gayA hai| isa grAma meM isa samaya khaNDelavAla tathA agaravAloM ke ghara haiM jinameM bArahavIM, terahavIM zatAbdI kI kaI mUrtiyAM haiN| 40 isa jAti kI utpatti ke sambandha meM bhATa kI pauthI ke AdhAra para DaoN.vidyAdhara joharApurakara ne isa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai- "prathama duDhADa deza meM rAjA vikrama ke samaya meM kundakundAcAryajI ke amnAya meM jambusvAmI hue| ye bagherA gAMva meM aaye| usa gAMva kA rAjA balibhadra usakA beTA baraNakuMvara aura ikyAvana gAMva ke ikyAvana ThAkura ko upadeza dekara bagheravAla jAti kI 52 gotra sthApita krii| saMvat 111 mAha badI 11 ravivAra ko| kucha kAraNavaza kucha ghara kailAzagar3ha deza tarapha AyA so unakA dharama chUTa gyaa| vahAM vihAra karate-karate lohAcAryajI kASThAMsagha vAle 5211 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Aye so unane upadeza dekara dharma meM sthApanA karI, so sattAvIsa gotra kASThA saMghI hue| saMvat 142 Asoja sudI 14 maMgalavAra ko| saMvat 1241 alibardana pAtasyAha ke samaya meM cittaur3a meM rANA ratanasiMha cauhAna kA kAmadAra pUnAjI khaTor3a thA, usane 350 ghara lekara dakSiNa meM aayaa| eka dUsare bhATa kI pauthI se ullekha DaoN.joharApurakara isa prakAra karate haiM- "balibhadra rAjA kA pitA bAga nAmaka thA tathA balibhadra ke putra varuNakuvara ke 52 putroM se 52 gotra sthApita hue, bagherA gAMva ke pAsa inakI senA meM marI kA prakopa huA, taba rAmadAsa bhATa kI salAha se ve loga samIpa hI nivAsa karate hue muni umAsvAmI, lohAcArya, vidyAnaMda, rAmasena va nemasena kI zaraNa meM pahuMce, unake maMtra bala se roga zAMta huA, taba se ve saba loga jainadharma meM dIkSita hue tathA rAmadAsa ke vaMzajoM ko unakA kula vRttAMta saMgrahita karane kA kAma sauMpA gyaa| bhAToM kI anuzrutiyAM tathA padyoM meM isa jAti ke vyaktiyoM kI jo prAcIna tithiyAM dI hai ve kalpita hI mAlUma par3atI hai, kyoMki anya sAdhanoM se unakA koI samarthana nahIM hotaa| saMvat 142 meM kASThA saMgha kA astitva isameM batalAyA gayA hai vaha to spaSTa rUpa se itihAsa viruddha hai kyoMki kASThAsaMgha kI sthApanA saM.753 meM huI aisA darzanasAra meM varNana hai tathA isake zilAlekhIya ullekha to bArahavIM sadI se hI milate haiN| kintu ina anuzrutiyoM meM kucha bAteM vAstavika bhI hai| bagheravAla jAti meM 52 gotra meM 25 mUlasaMgha ke tathA 27 kASThA saMgha ke anuyAyI the| isa bAta kA samarthana vikrama kI aThArahavIM sadI ke lekhaka narendrakIrti ke eka padya se hotA hai| yathA'3. .zrIkASThAsaMgha nAma prathama gotra pNcbiis| mUlasaMgha upadeza gotra aMta staabiis|| bagheravAla badrajAti gotra bAvaNa guNa puuraa| dharmadhuraMdharadhIra parama jina mAraga suuraa|| * mahadhAraka bhaTThAraka zrI lakSmIsenaya jaaniye| guru indrabhUSaNa gaMgasama suguNa narendrakIrti bkhaanniye|| isa jAti ke loga mUlataH rAjapUta kSatriya the tathA bAda meM jainadharma meM dIkSita hue the, isakA bhI eka samarthaka pramANa hai| isa jAti meM prativarSa caitra su.8 tathA Azvina su.8 ko kuladevI kA pUjana kiyA jAtA hai jise dinhAr3I pUjana kahate haiN| isa samaya yadyapi sAdhAraNa bagheravAla apane kula devatA ko padmAvatI, cakrezvarI yA ambikA yaha nAma detA hai tathApita bhAToM ke kathanAnusAra (ina deviyoM ke nAma) bavariyA gotra kI devI candrasena hai, TholyA gotra kI devI cAmuNDA 53 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai tathA bhUriyA gotra kI devI mahikAvatI hai| ye nAma jainadharma ke svIkAra karane ke pahale ke honA caahiye| yaha spaSTa hI hai, kyoMki jaina zAsana deviyoM meM ye nAma nahIM pAye jaate| mAlavA meM isa jAti ke logoM ke Agamana kA vRtAMta 12vIM sadI meM milatA hai| suprasiddha jaina vidvAna paM.Azadhara, jo mohammada gaurI ke AkramaNoM se trasta hokara 12vIM zatAbdI meM mAMDalagar3ha chor3akara mAlavA ke mAMDavagar3ha meM Aye the, bagheravAla jAti ke hI the|45 DaoN.ke.sI.jaina ne isa jAti ke 7 gotra batAye haiN|46 isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bagheravAla jAti 12vIM zatAbdI se mAlavA meM vidyamAna hai| paM.AzAdhara ne jaina sAhitya ke vividha aMgoM ko jo dena dI hai vaha Aja sabhI jAnate haiN| ___(10) narasiMhapurA : yaha jAti digambara matAvalambiyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| aisA kahate haiM ki kucha digambara jaina sAdhu jainadharma ke pracArArtha bhramaNa karate hue mevAr3a ke narasiMhapurA nAmaka gAMva meM gaye aura inake upadeza se prabhAvita hokara vahAM ke nivAsiyoM ne jainadharma svIkAra kara liyaa| gAMva ke nAma para jAti kA nAma narasiMhapurA pdd'aa| isake atirikta anya koI ullekhanIya tathya isa jAti ke sambandha meM upalabdha nhiiN| (11) jaisavAla : yaha jAti bhI digambara matAvalambiyoM meM hI pAI jAtI hai| isakI utpatti jaisalamera se mAnI jAtI hai| isake sambandha meM bhI yahI kahA jAtA hai ki digambara jaina sAdhuoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma svIkAra kara liyA aura sthAna ke nAma para jaisavAla jAti bana gii| isake atirikta aura koI vizeSa jAnakArI isa jAti ke sambandha meM prApta nahIM hotI hai|| vaise isa jAti ke vyakti mAlavA evaM rAjasthAna meM pAye jAte haiM tathA samAja meM apanA sthAna bhI acchA rakhate haiN| kintu jisa prakAra anya jaina jAtiyoM kA viziSTa itihAsa milatA hai usa prakAra isa jAti kA koI viziSTa chor3akara sAmAnya itihAsa bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| kalAla jAti ke jAyasavAla apane ko avadha ke 'jAyasa gAMva ke nivAsI mAnate haiM jahAM ke padmAvata ke racayitA sUphI kavi malika muhammada jAyasI the| (12) cittaur3A jAti : isa jAti kI utpatti cittaur3a se huI hai aura sambhavataH madhyakAla meM usakA udaya huaa| isa jAti ke vyakti dhArmika svabhAva ke hote haiN| sAtha hI ve dhArmika pustakeM bhI likhA karate haiM aura apane AcAryoM ko bheMTa karate rahate haiN| isa jAti ke logoM ne kaI maMdiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA tathA kaI sthAnoM para mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA krvaaii| isakA sambandha bAgar3a deza ke mUlasaMgha tathA kASThAsaMgha se rhaa| 48 |54 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(13) nAgadA jAti : jaisA nAma se hI vidita hai ki isakI utpatti mevAr3a ke nAgadA nAmaka sthAna meM huii| anya bAtoM meM yaha jAti bhI cittaur3A jAti ke .. samAna hI hai| pandrahavIM sadI ke bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa ne 'nogadrArAva' nAmaka pustaka likhI jisameM jainiyoM kI nAgadA jAti ke itihAsa kA varNana hai| yaha jAti bhI mUlasaMgha tathA kASThAsaMgha donoM hI se sambandhita hai|49. (14) dharavaTa vaMza : isa vaMza ke loga digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM meM pAye jAte haiN| dhammaparIkSA kA lekhaka hariSeNa jo ki 10vIM sadI meM huA thA, isI jAti kA thaa| paM.nAthUrAma premI isa jAti kI utpatti siroMja se mAnate haiN| yaha siroMja ToMka riyAsata meM thA jo riyAsatoM ke ekIkaraNa ke bAda rAjasthAna meM tathA bAda meM navIna madhyapradeza meM sammilita kiyA gayA aura vidizA jile meM hai| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA isakI utpatti dhamar3agar3ha se mAnate haiM jahAM se mAhezvariyoM kI dhakar3a zAkhA kI utpatti huii| (15) zrImor3a jAti : ise zrImUha bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakI utpatti prAcIna mor3erA nagara jo ki anahilavAr3a ke dakSiNa meM thA, se mAnI jAtI hai| suprasiddha AcArya hemacandrasUri isI jAti meM janmeM the| 12vIM sadI meM isa jAti kA ullekha milatA hai| mAMDavagar3ha jaina maMdira ke andara rahI pratimAoM ke lekha badanAvara ke zrI naMdalAla lor3hA ne saMgraha kiye haiN| mujhe gaNivarya zrI abhayasAgarajI mahArAja ke saujanya se zrIlor3hA ke dvArA saMgrahita lekha prApta hue, unameM se eka lekha saM.1513 kA hai jisameM zrImor3a jAti kA ullekha hai : saMvat 1513 varSa jyeSThA badI 5 mor3a jJAtIya sa. lakhamA lakhamAde sa.samaghareNa bhAryA mAMI suta devIsiMga hiMgA guNI AhA sA pAvA pramukha kuTumba yutena sutreyase zrI anaMta nAthAdi caturvizatI paTTaH Agama gaccha zrI jayAnandasUri paTTe zrI devarantasUri guru pAdAsanakAritaH pratiSThApitru zurbhabhavatu siraSija vAsalya .. yaha lekha dhAtu kI caubIsI para hai| isa lekha se Agama gaccha tathA eka do AcAryoM ke viSaya meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai|| sAtha hI zrImor3a jAti kA mAlavA meM astitva saMvata 1513 meM pramANita hotA hai| arthAt apane mUla sthAna se yaha jAti saM.1513 se pUrva nikala kara deza ke anya bhAgoM meM phailane lagI thii| ataH isa jAti kI utpatti kA samaya isa sandarbha se tathA pUrvAkta 12vIM sadI ke ullekha se paryApta prAcIna ho jAtA hai| jise hama 8vIM 10vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa taka le jA sakate haiM kintu kisI nizcita pramANa ke abhAva meM hama kucha bhI nizcita rUpa se kahane kI sthiti meM nahIM haiN| mAlavA meM jaina jAtiyoM kA bAhulya to hai hI kintu kucha aisI bhI jAtiyAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM jinakI utpatti mAlavA meM huii| pramANataH samasta jaina jAtiyoM kA utpatti sthAna rAjapUtAnA tathA mAlavA rahe haiN| dUsare jitanI bhI pramukha jaina jAtiyAM haiM, unakI utpatti koI cAmatkArika ghaTanA ke pazcAt batAI gaI hai| aba. mAlavA meM sabhI prakAra kI jaina jAtiyoM ke vyakti nivAsa karateM haiM, jo apane-apane vyApAra vyavasAya meM lage haiN| kaI vaMza pradeza ke Arthika vikAsa meM apanA sahayoga pradAna kara rahe haiN| jaina jAti ke vyakti paryApta dhanADhya tathA bhUmipati evaM udyogapati haiN| prAcInakAla meM bhI hama inakI samapannatA pAte haiM jo vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha ucca padoM para AsIna hokara pradeza kA gaurava bar3hA rahe the| sAtha hI isa jAti ke prAcInakAla meM bar3e-bar3e vidvAna bhI ho cuke haiM, jinakA janmajAta sambandha mAlavA se hI rahA hai| __ saMdarbha sUcI 1 osavAla jAti kA itihAsa, pR.18 | Survey, Page 94 2 vahI, pR.18-19 19 poravAla vaNikoM ke itihAsa, pR.7-11, 3 jaina sampradAya zikSA, pR.656 / sI.ema.dalAla 4 jaina bhAratI vhA.9. naM.11. 20 jaina pustaka prazasti saMgraha - jinavijaya, 5 jaina jAti mahodaya, prathama khaNDa, pR.25, pR.24, 43, 44, 46, 47.70. 114 aura 26,27 141 6 Jain Community - A Social| 21 Jain Com m unity * A Social Survey, Page 90 Survey, Page 94 7 Ibid, Page 91 22 poravAr3a mahAjanoM kA itihAsa, pR.7,84 8 Ibid, Page 91 se 88, 90, 91 va 133 9 Ibid, Page 91 23 Jain Community : A Social 10 jaina jAti mahodaya, adhyAya 4, pR.92-| Survey, Page 96 100 | 24 guru gopAladAsa baraiyA smRti graMtha, pR.50 11 kAThiyAvAr3a ke dasA zrImAlI jaina baniye, 25 Jain Community . A Social pR.41-52 Survey, Page 97 12 vahI, pR. 109-110 26 Ibid, Page 98 13 jaina jAti mahodaya, prathama khaNDa, pR.99 /27 agravAla jAti kA prAmANika itihAsa, 14 vahI, pR.54 | pR.1 se 4 15 Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IV, Part- 28 Jain Community - A Social ___I,Page 97-98 Survey, Page 8.7 16 jaina jAti mahodaya, prathama khaNDa, pR.283| 29 Ibid, Page 97 17 vahI, pari.2, pR.91 30 jaina siddhAMta bhAskara, aMka-1, pR.128 18 Jain Community - A Social 31 Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 102 56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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32 bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA |41 bhaTTAraka sampradAya, pR.284 itihAsa, pR.544 42 anekAMta, kiraNa 17, aMka 2, pR.64-65 - 33 mahAjana vaMza muktAvalI, pR.112-114 | 43 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR:134 34_Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 107 44 Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 106 35 Tribes & Castes in Bombay, Vol. | 45 Ibid, Page 107 III, Page 442 (R.E.Enthoven) 46 tbid, Page 107 OM vahI, pR.108 47 bid, Page 107 37 anekAMta, 13/5, pR.124-25 . .148 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR.468 38 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR.344 147 vahI, pR.468 OM anekAMta, varSa 17, kiraNa 2. pR.63 50 anekAMta, vhA.4, pR.610 40 vahI, pR.62-64 51 Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 108 109 [37] For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 5 mAlavA kI jaina kalA bhAratavarSa ke anya pradezoM kI bhAMti mAlavA meM bhI jaina maMdiroM, jaina guphAoM, jaina mUrtiyoM tathA jaina citrakalA ke sundara udAharaNa prApta hote haiM kintu inake liye 'jaina kalA' zabda denA munAsiba nahIM hai| vAstava meM hamAre deza meM kalA to eka hI 'bhAratIya kalA' ke nAma se vikasita huI hai aura usake vikAsa kI maMjiloM meM hI bauddha, jaina Adi bhinna rUpa se abhihita hone vAlI kalAeM samAhita haiN| bauddha athavA jaina zailI meM se koI bhinna rUpa bhAratIya kalA kA nahIM hai| hAM pratimA lakSaNoM meM niHsandeha kucha antara par3A hai| bauddha aura jaina athavA anya nAmoM se abhihita kiye jAne vAle anya sampradAyoM ne bhI brAhmaNa devatAoM ko apane deva varga meM sarvAMga se sammilita kara liyA hai yadyapi ve vahAM gauNa pArSadoM ke kArya saMpanna karate haiN| svAbhAvika hI unakI apanI-apanI pratimA-lakSaNoM sampradAya vizeSa meM adhiSThita ho jAne ke bAvajUda banI rahatI hai| svayaM buddha aura jina ke kalA-prakAra brAhmaNa kalA se bhinna nahIM, nayI mudrAeM unameM nizcaya utpanna ho jAtI hai jo pariNAmataH mUla aura skaMdhAraNa meM bhAratIya kalA ke sAMgopAMga vikAsa ko hI abhivyakta karatI hai| isa pRSThabhUmi ke sandarbha meM yahAM adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie 'jaina kalA' kI saMjJA apanAI gayI hai| apane lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para 'jaina mUrtikalA' alaga ho sakatI hai, kintu vaha bhI bhAratIya kalA kA hI eka aMga rhegii| bhAratIya kalA se alaga usakA astitva nahIM hai| mAlavA meM jo jaina sthApatya, mUrti tathA citrakalA ke udAharaNa prApta hue haiM, unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai sthApatya kalA : bhAratavarSa meM jaina sthApatya ke prAcInatama avazeSa barAbara tathA nAgArjunI pahAr3iyoM kI jaina guphAeM haiN| ye pahAr3iyAM gayA se 15-20 mIla dUra paTanA gayA relave ke bailA nAmaka sTezana se pUrva hI ora hai| unakI sthiti rAjagira kI pahAr3iyoM ke prAyaH ThIka pIche hai| barAbara kI guphAeM azoka ne tathA nAgArjunI kI guphAeM usake pautra dazaratha dvArA AjIvana muniyoM ke liye banavAI gayI thii| mAlavA meM jaina maMdiroM tathA jaina guphAoM ke prAcIna astitva ke viSaya 58 For Personal & Private Use Only

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meM bAda ke sAhitya tathA kiMvadantiyoM ke mAdhyama se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| mAlavA meM prAcInatama guphAeM ekamAtra udayagiri (vidizA) meM hai| triSaSThizalAkA puruSa carita parva 10 sarga 2 se vidita hotA hai ki caNDapradyota ne jIvaMtasvAmI kI pratimA kI pratiSThA mandasaura meM karane ke liye tathA usakI sevA Adi ke liye 1200 gAMva dAna meM diye the kintu isa kAla ke koI avazeSa mandasaura se adyAvadhi prApta nahIM hue haiN| DaoN.DI.Ara.pATila kA kahanA hai ki sAraMgapura meM mauryakAlIna koI jaina athavA hindU maMdira nahIM hai, parantu unake khaNDahara avazya milate haiN|' DaoN.ke.sI.jaina ke anusAra sAhityika sAkSya ke AdhAra para samprati ne bhI mAlavA, kAThiyAvAr3a aura rAjasthAna meM bahuta se jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA thA, kintu unakA astitva vartamAna kAla meM nahIM hai| isake atirikta zaka kuSaNa kAla meM bhI jainadharma ke unnatAvasthA meM hone ke sAhityika ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| kintu purAtAtvika avazeSoM kI upalabdhi ke abhAva meM unheM pramANa mAnanA kaThina hai| isa kAla kI mUrtiyAM mathurA ke AsapAsa paryApta mAtrA meM prApta huI hai| sambhava hai bhaviSya meM mAlavA meM bhI paryApta utkhanana dvArA kucha purAtAtvika sAmagrI isa samaya kI upalabdha ho jaay| ___ guptkAla : isa kAla hameM jaina sthApatya ke purAtAtvika avazeSa prApta hote haiN| vidizA ke pAsa udayagiri kI pahAr3iyoM meM bIsa guphAeM haiN| unameM se kramAnusAra prathama evaM bIsavIM nambara kI guphAeM jainadharma se saMbaMdhita haiN| ina guphAoM ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina kA kahanA hai- "pahalI guphA ko kaniMghama ne jhUThI guphA kA nAma diyA hai, kyoMki vaha kisI caTTAna ko kATakara nahIM banAI gaI hai kintu eka prAkRtika kandarA hai, tathApi Upara kI prAkRtika caTTAna ko chata banAkara nIce dvAra para cAra khambe khar3e kara diye gaye haiM, jisase use guphA maMdira kI AkRti prApta ho gaI hai| stambha ghaTa patrAvalI praNAlI ke bane hue haiM, jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, Adi jaina muni isI prakAra kI prAkRtika guphAoM ko apanA nivAsa sthAna banA lete the| usa apekSA se yaha guphA bhI I.pU.kAla se hI jaina muniyoM kI rahI hogI, kintu isakA saMskAra guptakAla meM huA, jaisA ki vahAM ke stambhoM Adi kI kalA tathA guphA meM khude hue eka lekha se siddha hotA hai| isa lekha meM candragupta kA ullekha hai, jisase gupta samrATa dvitIya kA abhiprAya samajhA jAtA hai aura jisase usakA kAla cauthI zatI kA aMtima bhAga siddha hotA hai| pUrvI dizAvartI bIsavIM guphA meM pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kI atibhavya mUrti virAjamAna hai| yaha saba khaMDita ho gaI haiM, kintu usakA nAgaphaNa 1591 59 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aba bhI usakI kalAkRti ko prakaTa kara rahA hai| yahAM bhI eka saMskRta kA padyAtmaka lekha khudA huA hai, jisake anusAra isa mUrti kI pratiSThA gupta saMvat 106 (I.san 426) kumAragupta kAla) meM kArtika kRSNa paMcamI ko AcArya bhadrAnvayI AcArya gauzarma muni ke ziSya zaMkara dvArA kI gaI thii| isa zaMkara ne apanA janma sthAna uttara bhAratavartI kurudeza batalAyA hai| yaha sahI hai ki mUrtiyoM athavA abhilekhoM kA guhAoM meM honA donoM kI kalA - ekatA siddha nahIM karatA, yaha bhI svIkAra karanA kaThina hai ki nizcayataH guhAeM apanI pratimAoM se sadiyoM pUrva kI haiN| jahAM unakI cirapUrvatA siddha ho jAya vahIM yaha siddha mAnanA yuktiyukta hogaa| mAlavA meM guptakAlIna jaina maMdiroM ke avazeSoM kI upalabdhi abhI nahIM ho pAI hai| isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki isa kAla jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa nahIM huA ! kAraNa ki jaba jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM taba kI banI upalabdha hai hI taba yaha bhI svIkAra karanA anivArya ucita hai ki unako pratiSThita karane vAle maMdira bhI rahe abhI-abhI milI tIna jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM ne isa yuga ke vivAdAspada nareza rAmagupta kI aitihAsikatA para eka aMza meM prakAza DAlA hai / " 4 guphAoM kI zrRMkhalA meM dhamanAra kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai| yaha dazapura kSetra kA eka aitihAsika sthAna hai| karnala TADa ne yahAM eka vizAla nagara hone kI kalpanA kI hai|' yaha sthAna mandasaura jile ke candavAsA se 3 mIla kI dUrI para pUrva kI ora sthita hai|' isa pahAr3I meM vAstavika rUpa se kitanI guphAeM thIM yaha kaha sakanA kaThina hai| jaba san 1821 meM karnala jemsa TADa ne yahAM kA nirIkSaNa kiyA. thA taba usane yahAM kI guphAoM kI saMkhyA 1.70 ke lagabhaga batAI thii| phargusana ne yahAM kI guphAoM kI saMkhyA 60 aura 70 ke madhya batAyI hai| 7 sara alekjeMDara karnighama bhI phargusana ke mata se sahamata haiN| zrI nAgeza mehatA ne likhA hai ki 150 guphAoM ke vizAla vihAra meM kucha guphAeM hI varNanIya hai| anya guphAeM yA to Dhaha gaI haiM yA adhUrI banavAkara chor3a dI gaI hai| ye guphAeM jisa pahAr3I meM khodI gaI hai, durbhAgyavaza usa pahAr3I kA patthara lAla retIlA hai, jo cirakAla taka sthAyI nahIM raha sakatA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki guphAoM kI dazA jarjara ho gaI hai aura pratimAoM kI dazA bhI ciMtanIya hai| itanI guphAoM meM se 2 se 14 taka kI guphAeM AvAsa yogya haiM aura vizeSataH 7,10, 11, 12 aura 14 nambara kI guphAeM mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM se kucha guphAoM meM rahane yogya kamare haiM, sabhAgRha hai, mUrti sthApita karane yogya maMdira hai|' ina guphAoM ke jaina hone sambandhI apanA abhimata karnala TADa ne bhI vyakta kiyA hai| TADa kA inake saMbaMdha meM ullekha isa prakAra hai- yaha stambha jaina AkAra ke bane hue the| Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki ina maMdiroM ke eka aMza meM jisa 60 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhAMti ziva aura viSNu kI mUrti virAjamAna thI, isI aura aMzoM meM bhI dakSiNAMzoM meM jainiyoM ke vigraha ciha virAjamAna the| inake pAsa hI guphAoM meM jaina aura bahutasI bauddhoM kI mUrtiyAM thii| koI khar3I thI, koI baiThI thI, parantu isakI dakSiNa ora mahAbhArata meM vikhyAta pANDavoM ke ciha virAjamAna the| saubhAgya se mere sAtha mere jaina guru the, inhone kahA ki ye paMca mUrtiyAM jainiyoM ke paMca tIrthaMkaroM kI hai| RSabhadeva prathama, saMtanAtha (zAMtinAtha) SoDaza, nemanAtha bAIsave, pArzvanAtha teIsave aura mahAvIra caubIsaveM, ye paMca jaina devatA kI paMca mUrtiyAM haiN| ye pAMca pAMDavoM kI mUrti nahIM hai| candraprabha kI mUrti bhI vahAM dikhAI dii| sabhI mUrti dasa gyAraha phITa UMcI thii| vAstava meM yaha paMca jaina devatA kI mUrtiyAM hai yA pAMca pAMDavoM kI mUrtiyAM hai, isa sthAna para vicAra karanA asambhava ho gayA hai| usa guphA ke pAsa hI dhamanAra meM eka aura bar3I guphA hai| pahalI guphA ke bhItara se hI usa guphA meM jAne kA rAstA hai| vaha sarvasAdhAraNa meM bhIma ke rAjA ke nAma se vidita hai| isa guphA kI lambAI 100 phITa aura caur3AI 80 phITa hai guphA kA pradhAna kamarA bhIma ke astrAgAra ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thA, eka bAhara kI koTharI ke rAste se isameM jAnA hotA hai, vaha koTharI 20 phITa kI hai, astrAgAra kI guphA ke bhItara eka ghara hai| vaha ghara 30 phITa lambA aura 15 phITa caur3A hai, usa kamare ke cAroM ora dharmazAlA banI hai| tIrthayAtrI yahAM Akara Thaharate haiN| yadyapi yaha bhI bhIma ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, parantu anyAnya lakSaNoM se jainiyoM kI pramANita hotI hai| astrAgAra ke pAsa hI rAjaloka nAma kA eka kamarA hai, yaha pahAr3a AdinAtha ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| isase bhI vizvAsa hotA hai ki yahAM AdinAtha kI pUjA hotI rahI hogii| eka sthAna meM pArzvanAtha kI bhI do mUrtiyAM haiN| TADa ke isa ullekha se vidita hotA hai ki yaha sthAna sabhI dharmoM kA samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| elorA ke guhA maMdiroM meM bhI yaha samanvaya darzanIya hai| zaiva, vaiSNava, jaina aura bauddha dharma Adi ke viSaya meM TADa kI svIkArokti hai| ina guphAoM kA samaya phargusana ke anusAra pAMcavI chaThI zatAbdI hai|" DaoN.eca.vI.trivedI ne inakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI batAyA hai| 12 aba vicAraNIya yaha hai ki kyA ina guphAoM ke sambandha meM TADa kA mata mAnya hai? phargusana ne ina guphAoM ko bauddha sthApatya ke antargata rakhA hai|13 impIriyala gajeTiyara oNpha iMDiyA meM bhI dhamanAra kI guphAoM ko bauddha dharma se sambandhita mAnA hai| yaha eka vicAraNIya viSaya bana jAtA hai| jainatIrtha sarvasaMgraha bhAga-2 ke lekhaka ne to dhamanAra ko jainatIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara usakA 61 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tIrtharUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| . . baisanagara meM isa yuga ke jaina maMdira hone kI sambhAvanA zrI DI.Ara.pATila ne vyakta kI hai| rAjapUta kAla : rAjapUta kAla mAlavA meM jainadharma kI unnati kA mUrdhanya kAla hai jaisA prApta purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke AdhAra para pramANita hotA hai| padmAvatI, naravara, canderI, ujjaina Adi se madhyakAlIna avazeSa bar3I saMkhyA meM mile haiN| vidizA jile meM baro yA bar3anagara nAmaka sthAna para jaina maMdiroM kA eka samUha darzanIya hai| isa maMdira samUha ke bAhara neminAtha kI yakSiNI ambikA kI eka chaH phuTa UMcI mUrti rakhI hai| maMdira zikhara zailI ke haiM jinakA nirmANa paramAroM ke zAsanakAla meM huaa| tIrthaMkaroM kI aneka pratimAeM yahAM bAda meM rakhI gii| kucha maMdiroM ke pravezadvAra atyaMta AkarSaka haiN| dvAra stambhoM para gaMgA yamunA kI mUrtiyAM banI huI hai| jaina maMdira samUha ke pIche ziva, sUrya, lakSmI, bhairava navagraha Adi kI aneka mUrtiyAM lagI haiN| DaoN.DI.Ara.pATila ne madhyabhArata meM jainadharma se saMbaMdhita 89 sthAnoM kA astitva batAyA hai|" canderI tathA bar3avAnI evaM anya sthAnoM para caTTAnoM ko kATakara banAI huI pratimAoM ke pramANa bhI milate haiN| bar3oda paThArI meM vibhinna prakAra ke paccIsa jaina caitya haiN| anumAna hai ki inakA nirmANa navIM zatI se 12vIM zatI ke madhya huA hogaa| jainiyoM ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM inameM sthApita haiN| kucha maMdira gumbada vAle haiM, kucha para caurasa chate haiN| dakSiNa dizA kI paMkti meM mukhya devAlaya ke atirikta kucha anya devAlayoM para bhI zikhara haiN| do tIna maMdiroM para gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke saMskRta abhilekha haiM, jo yAtriyoM dvArA utkIrNita haiN| gyArasapura meM upalabdha jaina maMdira apane mUlarUpa meM anya dharma se sambandhita the, kintu jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne bAda meM una para apanA adhikAra kara liyaa| gyArasapura meM prApta jaina maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa mAlavA meM prApta anya jaina maMdiroM ke bhagnavAvazeSoM se prAcIna hai| yahAM ke maMdiroM kA maNDapa vidyamAna hai aura vinyAsa evaM stambhoM kI racanA zailI khajurAhoM ke samAna hai| phargusana ne inakA nirmANa kAla 10vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva nirdhArita kiyA hai| yahI para eka aura maMdira ke avazeSa mile the kintu usa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra huA to usane apanI maulikatA hI kho dii| phargusana ke matAnusAra gyArasapura ke AsapAsa ke samasta pradeza meM itane bhagnAvazeSa vidyamAna hai ki yadi unakA vidhivata saMkalana evaM adhyayana kiyA jAya to bhAratIya vAstukalA aura vizeSataH jaina vAstukalA ke itihAsa ke bar3e rikta sthAna kI pUrti kI jA sakatI hai| 20 - khajurAho zailI ke hI kucha jaina maMdira 'Una' nAmaka sthAna para prApta hue haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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yaha sthAna kharagona ke pazcima meM sthita hai| Una ke do tIna avazeSoM ko chor3akara zeSa kI sthiti ThIka hai, ve do tIna avazeSa eka ThekedAra dvArA dhvasta kara diye gaye aura inake avazeSoM kA upayoga sar3aka nirmANa meM kara liyA gyaa| uttarI bhArata meM khajurAhoM ko chor3akara itanI acchI sthiti meM aise maMdiroM se saMpanna dUsarA sthAna nahIM hai| Una ke maMdiroM kI dIvAroM para kI kArIgarI khajurAhoM se kucha kama hai, kintu zeSa saba bAtoM meM saralatA se Una ke maMdiroM kI tulanA khajurAhoM se kI jA sakatI hai| khajurAhoM ke samAna hI Una ke maMdiroM ko bhI do pramukha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai yathA (1) hindU maMdira aura (2) jaina mNdir| ___Una meM eka rAjyAdhikArI dvArA dakSiNa pUrvI sataha para khudAI karane para vahAM kucha purAnI nIMva aura bahuta bar3I mAtrA meM jaina mUrtiyAM nikalI thii| unameM se eka mUrti para vikrama saMvata 1182 yA 1192 arthAta sana 1125 yA 1135 kA lekha khudA huA hai, jisase vidita hotA hai ki yaha mUrti jainAcArya ratnakIrti dvArA nirmita karAI gaI thii| DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina kA mata hai ki maMdira pUrNataH pASANa khaNDoM se nirmita capaTI chata va garbhagRha aura sabhA maNDapayukta tathA pradakSiNApatha rahita hai, jisase prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| bhittiyoM aura stambhoM para sarvAMga utkIrNana hai, jo khajurAhoM kI kalA se mela khAtA hai| catAra hone se do maMdira caubArA DerA kahalAte haiN| khamboM para kI kucha puruSa strI rUpa AkRtiyAM zrRMgArAtmaka atisundara aura pUrNataHsurakSita hai| yadyapi isa caubArA DerA maMdira kA zikhara dhvasta ho gayA hai phira bhI unake sundaratama avazeSoM meM se eka hai| maNDapa ke sammukha hI eka bar3A barAmadA hai, kintu AsapAsa koI barAmadA nahIM hai| maNDapa ATha stambhovAlA vargAkAra hai, madhya meM gola.gumbada tathA cAra dvAra hai jinameM se devAlaya kI ora, pUrva kI ora, pazcima vAle dvAra kI ora, tathA zeSa bacA huA cauthA dvAra maMDapa kI ora hai| devAlaya chata rahita hai, lekina digambara mUrtiyAM haiM, unameM se eka para vikrama saMvat 13(124) kA lekha utkIrNa hai| isa maMdira se kucha hI dUrI para eka dUsarA jaina maMdira hai jo Ajakala gvAlezvara ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isakA yaha nAma isaliye par3A ki yahAM gvAle pratikUla mausama (garmI, varSA) meM Azraya lete haiN| isakI racanA zailI Adi bhI caubArA DerA maMdira jaisI hI hai| isa maMdira meM bhI digambara jaina mUrtiyAM haiN| madhyavAlI pratimA sAr3he bAraha phuTa ke lagabhaga UMcI hai| kucha mUrtiyoM para lekha bhI utkIrNa hai jinake anusAra ve vikrama saMvat 1263 yA IsavI san 1206 meM bheMTa kI gaI thii| yahAM para usI prakAra kI sIr3hiyA~ banI huI hai jisa prakAra kI sIr3hiyA~ khajurAho kI. RSabhadeva pratimA ke pAsa aura giranAra meM banI hai| ye maMdira 11vIM For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura 12vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa nirmita hue haiN| yaha sthAna jainiyoM kA tIrthasthAna hai tathA ise Una pAvAgirijI bhI kahate haiN| pAvAgiri viSayaka carcA hamane jaina tIrtha vAle adhyAya ke antargata kI hai| ___ mandasaura ke samIpa thar3oda sTezana se 2-3 mIla kI dUrI para sthita bahI pArasanAtha (grAma bahIkher3A) zvetAmbara jainiyoM kA tIrthasthAna hai| yahAM ke jaina maMdira kI dIvAroM aura chata para acchI citrakArI hai| daravAje kI caukhaTa para 12vIM sadI kA nAmavAlA eka lekha bhI hai| yaha pArzvanAtha kA maMdira lagabhaga 1000 varSa pUrva banA pratIta hotA hai| yahAM ke stambhoM para jo utkIrNana haiM vaha cittaur3agar3ha sthita caubIsI kI kalA se mela khAtA hai| mAMDava aura dhAra meM bhI jaina maMdiroM kA bAhulya thA, kintu aba saba naSTa ho cuke haiN| kucha maMdiroM kA upayoga masjidoM ke rUpa meM kara liyA gayA h| mAMDava meM Aja bhI aneka bhagnAvazeSa vidyamAna hai| unakI vAstavikatA kI ora dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| paramAra kAla meM saMgamaramara ke jaina maMdira kA nirmANa huA thaa| " ujjaina jile ke grAma unhela meM eka khaNDahara ke eka kone meM kucha utkIrNita zilAkhaNDa tathA pratimAeM haiN| yadyapi ina saba zilAkhaNDoM ko sindUra se pauta rakhA hai kintu kucha pratimAeM sindUra lagA hone ke bAda bhI apanI digambarAvasthA spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa kara rahI hai| isase yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ye pASANa khaNDa jaina maMdira ke haiN| ye pASANa khaNDa 11vIM 12vIM zatAbdI ke haiN| ataH yaha svIkAra karanA hegA ki 11vIM 12vIM zatAbdI meM unhela meM bhI digambara jaina maMdira kA astitva thaa| devAsa jile kI sonakaccha tahasIla ke grAma gaMdhAvala meM jainadharma se saMbaMdhita sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM prApta hotI hai| gaMdhAvala meM jaina mUrtiyAM khetoM, kuoM, udyAnoM evaM gharoM kI dIvAroM meM jahAM bikharI huI hai| gaMdhAvala meM prApta jaina maMdiroM ke avazeSoM kA paricaya isa prakAra hai|25 (1) bhavAnI kA maMdira : yaha jaina maMdira hai aura isakA nirmANa kAla 10vIM zatAbdI hai| yahAM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha sahita aneka pratimAeM vidyamAna haiN| (2) daragAha : daragAha ke nAma se paricita sthAna para vardhamAna kI mUrti ko lapeTe hue vaTavRkSa hai, jahAM aura bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM haiN| (3) sItalAmAtA kA maMdira : yahAM cakrezvarI, gaurI, yakSa, neminAtha kI yakSiNI ambikA, AdinAtha vardhamAna kI khar3agAsana mUtiyAM, zItalanAtha kI yakSI mAnanI pArzvanAtha, kisI tIthaMkara kA pAdapITha, dasaveM tIrthaMkara kA yakSa brahmezvara, eka tIrthaMkara kA mastaka tathA aneka zilApaTa jo eka cabUtare meM jur3e hue haiM una para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM aMkita haiM, eka tIrthaMkara mUrti kA Upara kA For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhAga jisameM surapuSpa vRSTi pradarzita hai, varddhamAna kI mUrti / isa prakAra yaha sthAna mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| (4) gaMdharvasena kA maMdira : isa maMdira meM eka prastara khaMDa para pArzvanAtha ko upasarga ke bAda kevalajJAna prApti kA dRzya aMkita hai| yaha prastara khaNDa dasavIM zatAbdI se pUrva aura paravartI guptakAlIna vidita hotA hai| rAjagar3ha nagara se pUrva meM 14 kilomITara kI dUsarI para sthita kAlIpITha grAma bhI apane garbhagRha meM ullekhanIya purAtAtvika avazeSa chipAye hue hai| yahAM prApta jainadharma saMbaMdhI avazeSoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: kAlIpITha rAjagar3ha sar3aka se gAMva meM praveza karate hI mArga meM dAhinI ora eka kheta meM vizAlakAya jaina pratimAoM ke bhagnAvazeSa par3e hue haiN| isake AsapAsa tIna bAvar3iyAM banI huI haiN| nikaTa hI bhagna maMdira ke stambhAvazeSa par3e hue haiN| inheM dekhakara lagatA hai ki kabhI yahAM eka vizAla maMdira isa bhU-bhAga para rahA hogaa| kheta meM par3I huI jaina mUrtiyoM meM se eka mUrti 118 iMca lambI 32 iMca caur3I tathA 18 iMca moTI hai| isakI donoM bhujAeM khaNDita hai| isake donoM ora DhAI phuTa UMcI do cavaradhAriyoM kI mUrtiyAM haiN| mUrti ke UparI bhAga meM do hAthI bhI aMkita haiN| mahAvIra kI dUsarI mUrti 70 iMca lambI tathA prathama mUrti ke sadRza hI hai| ye donoM mUrtiyAM tathA samIpa meM par3e hue stambhAvazeSa usa yuga kI yAda dilAte haiM jabaki hindU, bauddha tathA jaina maMdiroM meM koI antara nahIM raha gayA thaa| ina tInoM dharmoM kI mUrtiyoM aura maMdiroM ke zilpa eka samAna the| khudAI karane para kisI bhI purAtatvavettA dvArA maMdira ke avazeSa tathA sthAna kI prAcInatA ke anya kaI tathyoM ko prakAza meM lAyA jA sakatA hai| kAlIpITha meM jaina prabhutva 12vIM sadI ke anta taka to rahA hI hogA / gunA jile ke grAma bajaraMgagar3ha sthita digambara jaina maMdira" ke mahattva ko isa prakAra pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai: yaha maMdira mUlataH nAgara zailI kA paMcAyatana maMdira rahA hogaa| khajurAhoM, UmarI, devagar3ha, ahAra, bAnapura Adi kI taraha isakA nirmANa bhI pASANa se huA hogA aura zikhara saMyojanA kabhI isakI dhavalakIrti patAkA se alaMkRta rahI hogii| bAda meM isakA zikhara naSTa ho jAne para maMdira ke usI adhiSThAna para vartamAna gumbada zikhara sahita Aja se lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva isa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra yA punaH nirmANa huA hogA / dharAtala se lagabha 15 phuTa taka kA maMdira kA adhiSThAna Aja bhI apanI aparivartita avasthA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| maMdira kI chata tathA dvAra kA UparI For Personal & Private Use Only 65

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toraNa bhI maMdira kA vahI prAcIna toraNa hai jo maMdira ke sAtha banAyA gayA thaa| ina avazeSoM kI kalA se aura mUrti lekhoM se isa maMdira kA nirmANakAla terahavIM zatAbdI kA Arambha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa yuga ke aneka aura bhI jaina maMdiroM ke ullekha milate haiM tathA aneka grAmoM meM maMdiroM ke avazeSa bhI milate haiN| kaI maMdiroM kI prAcInatA unake panarnirmANa ke pariNAmasvarUpa lupta ho gaI hai| - jaina mUrtikalA : jaina pratimAoM kA AvirbhAva jainoM ke tIrthaMkaroM se huaa| tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM kA prayojana jijJAsu jainoM meM na kevala tIrthaMkaroM ke pAvana jIvana dharma pracAra aura kaivalya prApti kI smRti hI dilAnA thA, varana tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA parivartita patha ke pathika banane kI preraNA bhii| jaina pratimAoM kI vizeSatAeM : tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimobhAvanA meM varAhamihira kI vRhatsaMhitA ke nimnAMkita vaktavya meM jaina pratimA kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ' AjAnulambabAhuH zrIvatsAika prazAnta muurtishc| digvAssAstaruNoM saSavAzya kAryo'hetAM devH|| arthAt tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI pratimA prakalpana meM lambe laTakate hue hAtha, zrI vatsa lAchana, prazAntamUrti, nagna zarIra, taruNAvasthA ye pAMca sAmAnya vizeSatAeM haiN| inake atirikta dakSiNa evaM vAma pArzva meM kramazaH eka yakSa aura eka yakSiNI kA bhI pradarzana Avazyaka hai| tIsare azoka vRkSa (athavA AmravRkSa jisake nIce baiThakara 'jina' vizeSa ne jJAna prApta kiyA) ke sAtha aSTaprAtihAryo divya taru, Asana, siMhAsana tathA Atapatra, cAmara, prabhAmaNDala, divyadundubhi, surapRSpavRSTi evaM divyadhvani) meM se kisI eka kA pradarzana bhI vihita hai|28. jaina devoM ke vibhinna varga : 'AcAra dinakara ke anusAra jainoM ke deva eMva deviyoM kI tIna zreNiyAM haiM:- (1) prAsAda deviyAM (2) kula deviyAM (tAMtrika deviyAM) tathA (3) sampradAya deviyaaN| yahAM yaha smaraNa rahe ki jainoM ke do pradhAna sampradAyoM digambara eva zvetAmbara ke devatAoM evaM deviyoM kI eka paramparA nahIM hai| tAntrika deviyAM zvetAmbara sampradAya kI vizeSatA hai| jainoM ke prAcIna devavAda meM cAra pradhAna varga haiM:- (1) jyotiSI (2) vimAnavAsI (3) bhavanapati tathA (4) vyntr| jainadharma meM sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI samAna mahimA hai| jaina pratimAoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jino ke citraNa meM tIrthaMkaroM kA sarvazreSTha pada prakalpitahotA For Personal & Private Use Only

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- jaina pratimA kI tIsarI vizeSatA gandharva sAhacarya hai| guptakAlIna pratimAeM eka navIna paramparA kI unnAyikA hai| yakSoM ke atirikta zAsana devatAoM kA bhI unameM samAveza kiyA gayA hai| dharmacakra mudrA kA bhI yahIM se zrIgaNeza huA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke jo vizeSa ciha nirdhArita haiM, ve jo yakSa, yakSiNI pratyeka tIrthakara ke anucara ThaharAye gaye va jina caityavRkSoM kA unake kevala jJAna se sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA usakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai:kraM. tIrthaMkara nAma ciha caityavRkSa yakSa yakSiNI 1 RSabhanAtha baila nyagrotha , gobadana cakrezvarI 2 ajitanAtha gaja saptaparNa mahAyakSa rohiNI 3 saMbhavanAtha azva zAla trimukha prajJapti 4 abhinaMdananAtha baMdara sarala yakSezvara . vajrazrRMkhalA 5 sumatinAtha cakavA priyaMgu tumbukha vajrAMkuza 6 padmaprabhu kamala priyaMgu mAtaMga apraticakrezvarI 7 supArzvanAtha naMdyAvarta zirISa - vijaya puruSadattA 8 candraprabhu arddhacandra nAgavRkSa ajita manovegA 9 puSpadanta makara akSa(baher3A) brahma kAlI 10 zItalanAtha svastika dhUli mAlivRkSa) brahmezvara jvAlAmAlinI 11 zreyAMsanAtha geMDA palAza, kumAra mahAkAlI 12 vAsupUjya . bheMsA teMdU SaNamukha gaurI 13 vimalanAtha zUkara pATala: pAtAla gAMdhArI 14 anaMtanAtha : sehI pIpala kinvara vairoTI 15 dharmanAtha * vajra dadhiparNa kiMpuruSa solatA 16 zAMtinAtha hariNa naMdI. garUr3a anaMtamati 17 kuMthunAtha. chAga tilaka gaMdharva mAnasI 18 arahanAtha tagarakusuma Amra kubaira mahAmAnasI 19 mallinAtha kalaza. kaMbelI (azoka) varuNa jayA 20 munisuvratAtha kUrma - campa bhrakuTi vijayA 21 naminAtha . utpala babula gaumedha aparAjitA 22 neminAtha zaMkha meSazRMga pArzva bahurUpiNI (ambikA) 23 pArzvanAtha sarpa dhava mAtaMga kuSmADI 24 mahAvIra . siMha zAla guhyaka padmAsiddhAyinI jaina pratimAoM ke vikAsa meM bhI sarvaprathama pratIka paramparA hI mUlAdhAra hai| 167 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AyAgapaToM para citrita jina pratimA isakA prabala nidarzana hai| AyAga paTa eka prakAra ke prazastipatra athavA guNAnukIrtana patra hai| inameM jina pratimAeM lAJchana zUnya hai| kuSANakAlIna jaina pratimAeM prAcInatam nidarzana hai|30 . ___ mAlavA meM jaina pratimAeM pracura mAtrA meM eka kalAkAritA liye hue prApta huI hai| sAhityika sAkSya ke AdhAra para hameM vidita hotA hai ki caNDapradyota ne jIvaMtasvAmI kI pratimA kI pratiSThA mandasaura meM karane hetu evaM usakI sevA Adi ke liye 1200 gAMva dAna meM diye the| kintu isa kAla ke koI avazeSa prApta nahIM hote| zrI de.rA.pATila kA kahanA hai ki sAraMgapura meM koI jaina athavA hindU maMdira nahIM hai, parantu unake khaNDahara avazya milate haiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki vahAM jaina pratimAeM bhI honA cAhiye thI jo nahIM haiM zaka-kuSANa kAla meM jainadharma unnatAvasthA meM thA, yaha vidita hotA hai, kintu isake pramANa meM hameM koI purAtAtvika avazeSa abhI taka prApta nahIM hue haiN| sambhavataH bhaviSya meM kahIM upalabdha ho jaay| guptakAla : isa yuga meM sabhI dharmoM kI unnati ke samAna avasara mile| mAlavA meM jainadharma sambandhI purAtAtvika avazeSa bhI hameM sarvaprathama isI samaya se milane lagate haiN| abhI kucha hI varSa pUrva cauthI zatAbdI kI tIna tIrthaMkaroM kI atyanta durlabha pratimAeM vidizA ke nikaTa baisanadI ke taTavartI eka TIle kI khudAI karate samaya prApta huI hai| ye tInoM mUrtiyAM balUe patthara kI banI hai| ina tInoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para guptAkAlIna brAhmI lipi tathA saMskRta bhASA meM lekha utkIrNa the| eka mUrti kA lekha pUrNatayA naSTa ho cukA hai| dUsarI mUrti kA lekha AdhA bacA hai aura tIsarI kA pUrA surakSita hai| lekhoM ke anusAra ina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa mahArAjAdhirAja zrIrAmagupta ke zAsana kAla meM huaa| eka pratimA para AThaveM tIrthakara candraprabha kA aura dUsare para naveM tIrthaMkara puSpadanta kA nAma likhA hai| mUrtiyoM kI nirmANa zailI IsavI cauthI zatI ke aMtima caturthAMza kI kahI jA sakatI hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM kuSANakAlIna tathA IsvI 5vIM zatI kI guptakAlIna mUrtikalA ke bIca ke yuga ke lakSaNa draSTavya hai| mathurA Adi se prApta kuSANakAlIna bauddha aura tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para siMhoM jaisA aMkana prApta hotA hai vaisA ina tIna mUrtiyoM para lakSita hai| pratimAoM kA aMka vinyAsa tathA siroM ke pIche avaziSTa prabhAmaNDala bhI antarima kAla ke lakSaNoM se yukta hai| inameM uttaraguptakAlIna alaMkaraNa kA abhAva hai| lipivijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI ye pratimAlekha IsvI 4thI zatI ke Thaharate haiN| ina lekhoM kI lipi gupta samrATa candragupta vikramAditya ke una lekhoM se milatI hai jo sAMcI aura udayagiri kI guphAoM meM mile haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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rAmagupta ke nAma ke pahale usakI upAdhi 'mahArAjAdhirAja' dI gaI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vaha guptavaMzI samrATa thA aura isa prakAra yadi rAmagupta kI samudragupta ke isa nAma ke putra- devIcandraguptam ke rAmagupta- se ekatA sthApita ho sake to isa naI khoja se bhAratIya itihAsa kI eka bar3I samasyA kA samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| ina mUrtiyoM kI prApti se yaha siddha ho gayA hai ki IsvI cauthI zatI meM vidizA meM vaiSNavadharma tathA bauddhadharma ke sAtha jainadharma kA bhI vikAsa ho rahA thaa| zrI bI.esa.gAI ne ina tInoM pratimAoM ke lekhoM ko isa prakAra prakAzita kiyA hai| prathama pratimA para utkIrNa lekha - (1):. bhagavatI-hata (I) candraprabhasya pratimairya kAritA ma (2) hArajAdhirAja zrI rAmaguptaina upadezAt pANipA (3) trika candrakSamAcArya kSamaNa zramaNa praziSya AcA . (4) rya sarpasena kSamaNaM ziSyasya golakyAntyAsataputrasya cail kssmsyeti|| . dvitIya pratimA para utkIrNa lekha - (1) bhagavatI - (1) puSpadantasya pratimairya kAritA ma (2)- hArAjAdhirAja zrIrAmaguptaina upadezAta pANIpAtrika (3) candrakSama (NAcA) rya (kSamaNa) zramaNa prazi (sya) (4) ......................ti| tRtIya pratimA para utkIrNa lekha - (1) bhagavatI-ha (taha) (candra) prabhasya pratimairya (kA) rItA mahA (rAjA) dhirAja) (2) zrI (rAmaguptai) na ka (padezAta - pA) NI (pAtrI) .. zrI umAkAMta pI.zAha kA kahanA hai ki ina lekhoM se naye jainAcAryoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| kSamAcArya yA kSamaNAcArya aura kSamaNa zramaNa jo zAbdika nAmAvalI dI gaI hai vaha rocaka hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki inakA eka hI artha hogaa| hameM yaha bhI socanA hogA ki kSamaNa kA artha kSapaNa yA kSapaNaka kI ora iMgita karatA hai? kSamaNAcArya kA artha jaina zramaNa kI ora bhI yA anya dharmoM ke zramaNa ke viruddha prayukta kiyA gayA ho, yaha bhI eka artha liyA jA sakatA hai| sarpasena jo nAma AyA hai, vaha nAgasena ke liye prayukta huA hai| kyoMki nAgasena digambara jaina sAdhuoM ke madhya pracalita thaa| 38 zrI Ara.sI.agravAla kA kahanA hai ki ye tInoM pratimAeM guptakAlIna bhAratIya mUrtikalA kI amUlya nidhi hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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mUrtiyoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para rAmagupta kI upAdhi 'mahArAjAdhirAja' saMdehoM ke bAvajUda use eka gupta samrATa siddha karatI hai| zailI ke AdhAra para ina kI mUrtiyoM ko kuSANa aura guptakAla ke madhya meM rakhA jA sakatA hai tathA tithi ke hisAba se cauthI sadI ke anta meM inakA samaya nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| 99* vidizA nagara ke samIpa hI udayagiri kI prasiddha guphAoM meM bIsa guphA maMdira hai| isameM krama ke anusAra prathama evaM bIsaveM nambara kI guphAeM jainadharma se saMbaMdhita haiN| bIsaveM nambara kI guphA meM teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI pratimA thI kintu aba vaha pratimA isa guphA meM nahIM hai| pArzvanAtha kI vaha mUrti bhI isa kAla kI mUrtikalA ke liye dhyAna dene yogya hai| durbhAgyataH mUrti khaMDita ho cukI hai tathApi usake Upara kA nAgaphaNa apane bhayaMkara dAMtoM se bar3A prabhAvazAlI aura apane deva kI rakSA ke liye tatpara dikhAI detA hai| 10 udayagiri kI ye guphAeM guptasamrATa candragupta dvitIya ke zAsanakAla meM khudavAI gaI thI / " vikrama vizvavidyAlaya purAtatva saMgrahAlaya meM bhI kucha jaina pratimAeM hai jinase kAthA se eka choTI karIba 4 iMca kI miTTI kI pratimA prApta huI hai jo ki jaina pratimA mAnI jA sakatI hai| mastaka ke Upara uSNIsayukta kaiza darzAye gaye haiM tathA bhagavAna kI mudrA sama-bhaMga dikhAI detI hai| pratimA lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para isakA samaya IsA kI 4thI yA 5vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| 12 42 isa kAla kI jaina pratimAoM ke astitva kA ullekha hameM mandasaura meM bhI milatA hai| mandasaura ke khilacIpura ke pArzvanAtha maMdira kI dIvAra meM lagI huI dvArapAloM kI pratimAeM guptakAlIna hai| 43 pro. kRSNadatta vAjapeyI kA kathana hai ki madhyabhArata ke bhUkhaNDa meM vidizA, ujjaina, gvAliyara, padyAvatI, naravara suravAyA, caMderI tathA gyArasapura meM jaina sthApatya aura mUrtikalA saMbaMdhI sAmagrI bar3e parimANa meM upalabdha hai| 14 madhyabhArata ke pUrvokta sthAnoM meM milI huI bahutasI pratimAeM gvAliyara ke purAtatva saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| inameM tIrthakaroM kI pratimAoM ke atirikta anya jaina devI-devatAoM kI bhI mUrtiyAM haiN| pAMcavI zatI kI jaina tIrthaMkara kI eka pratimA ke sira ke pIche alaMkRta prabhAmaNDala hai| isa pratimA kI UMcAI chaH phuTa aura vaha kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai| yaha mUrti vidizA se prApta huI hai| bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI uttaraguptakAlIna eka atyanta bhAvapUrNa pratimA isa saMgrahAlaya meM hai| ve dhyAna mudrA sthiracitta AsIna hai| caukI para vikasita arddhakamala aura siMhAsana ke donoM ora siMha utkIrNa hai| nAgoM tathA yakSa yakSiyoM kI gupta evaM prAg guptakAlIna aneka pratimAeM vidizA, pavAyA (prAcIna padmAvatI) mandasaura tumaina Adi sthAnoM se prApta huI 70 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa guptakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma kA acchA vikAsa ho rahA thA jisake paricAyaka prApta hone vAle ye purAtAtvika avazeSa haiN| rAjapUta kAla : rAjapUtakAlIna mAlavA meM jaina kalAvazeSoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai| gvAliyara ke prAcIna durga meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI vizAlakAya pratimAoM kA nirmANa isI kAla meM huaa| inameM se kucha kAyotsarga mudrA meM ukerI gayI hai anya padmAvatI para dhyAna mudrA meN| yahAM aneka sarvatobhadra pratimAeM bhI milI haiN| padmAvatI, naravara, canderI ujjaina Adi se madhyakAlIna jaina avazeSa bar3I saMkhyA meM mile haiN| baro yA (bar3a-nagara) nAmaka sthAna para jaina maMdiroM kA eka samUha darzanIya hai| isa maMdira samUha ke bAhara neminAtha kI yakSiNI ambikA kI eka chaH phuTa UMcI mUrti rakhI hai| maMdira zikhara zailI ke haiM aura inakA nirmANa paramAroM ke zAsanakAla meM huaa| tIrthaMkaroM kI aneka pratimAeM yahAM bAda meM rakhI gii| kucha maMdiroM ke praveza dvAra atyanta AkarSaka haiN| dvAra stambhoM para gaMgA yamunA kI mUrtiyAM banI hai| jaina maMdira samUha ke pIche ziva, sUrya, lakSmI, bhairava, navagraha Adi kI aneka mUrtiyAM lagI haiN| vidizA jile kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna gyArasapura hai| yahAM pahAr3I ke Upara aneka hindU maMdira bane haiN| kalAdevI ke maMdira meM yakSiNI ambikA tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI kaI prabhAvotpAdaka pratimAeM haiN| 48 isa samaya kA jaina mUrtiyoM kI dRSTi se eka aura mahattvapUrNa sthAna gaMdhAvala yA gaMdharvapurI hai| yaha sthAna devAsa jile kI sonakaccha tahasIla meM lagabhaga 5-6 mIla uttara kI ora eka choTI nadI ke taTa para sthita hai| yahAM jaina tathA hindU donoM hI dharmoM ke devAlayoM ke avazeSa prApta hote haiN| isa sthAna para upalabdha jaina pratimAoM kA paricaya nIce diyA jAtA hai| (1) bhavAnI maMdira : yaha jaina maMdira 10vIM zatAbdI kA hai| yahAM caraNendra padmAvatI sahita pArzvanAtha dharmacakra sahita aura siMhalAJchana aura mAtaMga yakSa tathA siddhAyanI yakSiNI sahita eka khaNDita mahAvIra svAmI kA pAdapITha dazamI zatAbdI kA hai| prathama tIrthaMkara kI yakSiNI cakrezvarI siddhAyanI sahita varddhamAna, pArzvanAtha kI mUrti ke UparI bhAga meM hai| dvArapAla, eka zilApaTTa tIrthaMkaroM kA vidyAdeviyoM sahita, deviyAM kuNDikA sahita pradarzita kI gaI hai| chata ke zilAkhaNDa kI caukora vedI meM kIrtimukha pradarzita kiye gaye hai| khaDgAsana meM varddhamAna pratimA aura usake Upara pArzvanAtha kI mUrti stambha para aMkita hai| khaDgAsana varddhamAna camarendra tathA chatra tyAdi pratihAryoM shit| eka zilApaTTa caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM shit| zAMtinAtha, isake nIce dAnapati aura pratiSThAcArya bhI praNAma karate hue pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| zAMtinAtha hastipadArUr3a, caturbhuja indra, padmamaprabhu, sumatinAtha, For Personal & Private Use Only

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mAtaMga aura siddhAyanI sahita varddhamAna aadi|' dvArapAla vINA sahita, cAra yakSa, mAtaMga yakSa aura zaudhanidhi shit| __(2) uparyukta bhavAnI maMdira se 50 phITa dakSiNa pUrva meM naiminAtha kI mUrti hai tathA AdinAtha kA mastaka bhAga, eka yakSa aura varddhamAna kI mUrti hai| (3) daragAha : yahAM varddhamAna mahAvIra kI mUrti ko lapeTe hue eka bar3a kA vRkSa hai| isa sthAna para nimnAMkita mUrtiyAM hai| (1) siddhAyanI aura mAtaMgayakSa sahita varddhamAna (2) ambikA yakSI aura sarvAha yakSa khaDgAsana (3) cakrezvarI AdinAtha (4) dvArapAla, (5) yakSa yakSI varddhamAna (6) varddhamAna (7) pArzvanAtha (8) naiminAtha (9) ziva, yakSa zreyAsanAtha (10) trimukha yakSa saMbhavanAtha (11) trimukhayakSa (12) dharmacakra gaumukha yakSa aura ckreshvrii| zItalAmAtA kA maMdira : yahAM cakrezvarI, gaurI yakSa, neminAtha kI yakSa yakSI (ambikaa)| AdinAtha, varddhamAna kI khaDgAsana mUrtiyAM, zItalanAtha kI yakSI mAnanI, pArzvanAtha, kisI tIrthaMkara kA mastaka tathA aneka zilApaTTa jo eka cabUtare meM jar3e hue haiM una para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM aMkita hai, eka tIrthaMkara mUrti kA Upara kA bhAga jisameM surapuSpavRSTi pradarzita hai tathA varddhamAna kI mUrti hai| (5) harijanapura : yaha eka nayA maMdira hai jisakI dIvAroM para neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, sumatinAtha aura mAtaMga yakSa kI AkRtiyAM aMkita hai| ___(6) camarapurI kI mAta : yaha eka prAcIna TIlA hai| yahAM imalI ke vRkSa ke nIce jaina mUrtiyAM dabI huI hai| 12 phuTa kI eka vizAla tIrthakara mUrti camarendro sahita sambhavataH varddhamAna kI hai| naiminAtha aura ambikA kI mUrtiyAM bhI hai| (7) gaMdharvasena kA maMdira : isa maMdira meM eka prastarakhaNDa para pArzvanAtha ko upasarga ke bAda kevalajJAna prApti kA dRzya aMkita hai| yaha prastara khaNDa dasavI zatAbdI se pUrva aura paraguptakAlIna mAlUma hotA hai| isake atirikta varddhamAna aura AdinAtha kI mUrtiyAM haiN| gaMdhAvala kI hI kucha mahattvapUrNa pratimAoM kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai: (1) tIrthaMkara pratimA : gaMdhAvala kI pratimAoM meM tIrthaMkara kI yaha vizAla pratimA jo lagabhaga sAr3he gyAraha phuTa UMcI hai, apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhatI hai| prastuta pratimA meM jo yadyapi atyadhika khaNDita hai, jaina pratimA kI prAyaH sabhI vizeSatAoM kA atyanta kalAtmaka DhaMga se samAveza kara kuzala kalAkAra ne apanI kArya caturatA kA paricaya diyA hai| prazAnta mUrti ke vakSasthala para zrIvatsa pratIka hai| 72 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(2) tIrthaMkara pratimA : tIrthaMkara kI yaha dvitIya pratimA ke 6 phuTa ke lagabhaga UMcI hai, isa samaya vahAM ke paMcAyata kAryAlaya ke samIpa sthita hai| uparyukta pratimA kI bhAMti isameM bhI tIrthaMkara kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e haiN| mUrti ke zIza ke pIche prabhAvalI bhI khaNDita ho gaI hai| isake donoM hI aura kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e tIrthaMkaroM ke madhya dhyAna mudrA meM baiThe anya tIrthaMkaroM ke laghu citraNa utkIrNa hai| mukhya pratimA ke pairoM ke pAsa caMvaradhArI sevaka mUrta hai| (3) pArzvanAtha : jainiyoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI yaha pratimA trichatra ke nIce sarpa ke sAta phaNoM kI chAyA meM kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3I hai| sarpa ke phaNa bhagavAna kA mukha tathA unake hAthoM kI uMgaliyAM Adi TUTa gaye haiN| zIza ke donoM ora ur3ate hue mAlAdhArI gaMdharva hai jinake UparI evaM nicale bhAgoM meM dhyAnastha tIrthaMkaroM kI laghu pratimAeM haiN| pairoM ke samIpa caMvaradhArI sevakoM ke sAtha unake yakSa tathA yakSI dharaNendra evaM padmAvatI kA bhI sundara aMkana kiyA gayA hai| (4) cakrezvarI : prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI zAsanadevI cakrezvarI kI yaha advitIya pratimA gaMdhAvala se prApta jaina pratimAoM ke vizeSa sthAna rakhatI hai| prastuta pratimA ke bIsa hAthoM meM se adhikatara hAtha khaNDita ho gaye haiN| kintu zeSa hAthoM meM anya AyudhoM ke sAtha do hAthoM meM cakra pUrNa rUpa se spaSTa hai jinake pakar3ane kA DhaMga vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| pratimA aneka AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hai| zIza ke pIche prabhAmaMDala hai jisake donoM ora vidyAdhara yugala nirmita hai| pratimA ke UparI bhAga meM banI pAMca tAkoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI dhyAnastha pratimAeM haiN| inake dAhine paira ke samIpa vAhana garur3a apane bAye hAtha meM sarpa pakar3e hue hai aura bAI ora eka sevikA kI khaNDita pratimA hai| (5) ambikA : ambikA tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI yakSiNI hai| abhAgyavaza isa suMdara evaM kalAtmaka pratimA kA aba kevala Upara kA bhAga hI zeSa bacA hai| vaha kAnoM meM patra kuNDala tathA gale meM hAra pahine hai| ambikA apane dAhine hAtha meM, jo pUrNa rUpa se khaNDita ho cukA hai, sambhavataH AmralumbI pakar3e thI aura bAyA hAtha jisameM eka bAlaka thA, kA kucha bhAga bacA hai| AmravRkSa jisake nIce ambikA kA citraNa hai, para Ama ke phaloM ke sAtha usake khAne vAle vAnaroM ko bhI spaSTa dikhAyA gayA hai| pratimA ke ekadama UparI bhAgoM meM zIza rahita dhyAna mudrA meM tIrthaMkara kI pratimA hai jinake donoM ora mAlAdhArI vidyAdhara aMkita hai| yaha mUrti pUrNa hone para kitanI sundara rahI hogI isakI aba kevala kalpanA hI kI jA sakatI hai| bhAnapurA kI samatala bhUmi ke pAsa hI jahAM se navAlI ko gAr3I kA mArga jAtA hai, cainapurA nAmaka eka gAMva hai| yahAM se kucha dUrI para eka dIrghakAya digambara For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina pratimA hai| isa pratimA kI UMcAI 13/4 phuTa hai aura caur3AI 334 phuTa hai| pratimA apUrNa-sI jAna par3atI hai usa para TAMkI ke ciha spaSTa parilakSita hai| jAna par3atA hai ki zilpI ne use gar3hane ke pazcAt nahIM sudhaaraa| zilpI mUrti para saphAI nahIM kara skaa| yahAM ke loga ise satamAsiyA kahate haiN|49 navIM se 12vIM zatAbdI ke madhya bane jaina maMdira bar3ohapaThArI meM prApta hote haiN| yahAM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM haiN| 50 mandasaura jile ke khora nAmaka sthAna para eka pratimA milI hai jisake viSaya meM likhA hai ki abhI kucha dinoM pahale khora meM eka jaina pratimA prApta huI hai jo akhaNDa hai aura kAle pASANa kI hai| kucha logoM kA mata hai ki ukta mUrti zAMtinAtha tIrthaMkara kI hai aura kucha usa mUrti ko buddha kI mAnate haiM parantu nAgeza mehatA kA mata hai ki yaha jaina pratimA hI hai| zAMtinAtha kI mUrtiyAM prAyaH kAle pASANa kI hI banI prApta hotI hai, buddha bhagavAna kI nhiiN| phira mUrti ke parikara Adi vidhAna se vaha jaina pratimA hI siddha hotI hai| rAjagar3ha jile ke grAma kAlIpITha meM kucha jaina mUrtiyAM milI hai jinakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai kheta meM par3I huI jaina mUrtiyoM meM se eka mUrti 118 iMca lambI, 32 iMca caur3I tathA 18 iMca moTI hai| dUsarI donoM bhujAeM khaNDita hai| isake donoM ora DhAI phITa UMcI do caMvaradhAriyoM kI mUrtiyAM haiN| mUrti ke UparI bhAga meM do hAthI bhI aMkita hai| mahAvIra kI dUsarI mUrti 70 iMca lambI tathA samIpa meM par3e hue stambhAvazeSa usa yuga kI yAda dilAte haiM jabaki hindu, bauddha tathA jaina maMdiroM meM koI antara nahIM raha gayA thaa| ___ kAlIpITha meM jaina prabhutva 12 sadI ke aMta taka to rahA hI hogaa| eka jaina mUrti ke paira kI AdhAra zilA para aMkita zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki saMvat 1189 I. sana 1132 meM savAlAkha sAhU zoNadeva nAmaka vyakti ne usa mUrti tathA maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA hogaa| pazcimI nemAr3a ke Una nAmaka sthAna para eka rAjyAdhikArI dvArA khudAI karate samaya vahAM kucha purAnI nIMva va bahuta bar3I matrA meM jaina mUrtiyAM nikalI thii| unameM se eka mUrti para vikrama saMvat 1182 yA 1192 arthAta IsvI sana 1125 yA 1135 kA lekha khudA huA hai| jisake dvArA yaha vidita hotA hai ki yaha mUrti AcArya ratnakIrti ke dvArA nirmita kI gaI thii| yahAM ke gvAlezvara maMdira meM digambara mUrtiyAM haiN| madhyavAlI pratimA sAr3he bAraha phuTa ke lagabhaga UMcI hai| kucha martiyoM para lekha bhI utkIrNa hai jisake anusAra ve vi.saM.1263 arthAt I.san 1206 meM bheMTa kI gaI thii| 174 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tIrtha kSetra lakSmaNI meM eka kheta meM se 14 mUrtiyAM milii| ina mUrtiyoM meM se kucha pratimAo kA varNana isa prakAra hai. caramatIrthAdhipati mahAvIra svAmI kI 32 iMca bar3I pratimA sarvAMga sundara zvetavarNa vAlI hai| usake Upara lekha nahIM hai| parantu pratimA prAcIna jAna par3atI hai| ajItanAtha prabhu kI 15 iMca bar3I pratimA belU retI kI banI huI darzanIya evaM prAcIna hai| padmaprabhu kI pratimA 37 iMca bar3I hai| vaha bhI zvetavarNI paripUrNAMga hai, isa pratimA kA lekha maMda par3a jAne se 'saMvat 1013 varSa vaizAkha sudi saptabhyAM kevala itanA hI par3A jAtA hai| mallinAtha evaM neminAtha kI 26 iMca bar3I pratimAeM bhI usI samaya kI pratiSThita pratIta hotI hai| isa lekha se ina tInoM pratimAoM kI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| AdinAtha kI 27 iMca aura RSabhadeva svAmI kI 13-13 iMca bar3I bAdAmI varNa kI pratimAeM kama se kama 700 varSa prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| sAtha hI tInoM pratimAeM eka hI samaya kI lagatI hai| AdinAtha svAmI kI pratimA para jo lekha utkIrNa hai vaha isa prakAra hai 'saMvata 1310 varSa mAgha sudi 5 sauma dina prAgvATa jJAtIya maMtrI gosala tasya ci.maMtrI gaMgadeva tasya patnI gAMgadevI tasya putra maMtrI padama tasya bhAryA mAMgalyA pr.|' zeSa pASANa pratimAoM ke lekha bahuta hI aspaSTa ho gaye haiN| parantu unakI banAvaTa se jAna par3atA hai ki ye pratimAeM bhI paryApta prAcIna hai| uparyukta pratimAeM prApta hone ke uparAMta pArzvanAtha svAmI kI eka choTIsI dhAtu pratimA cAra aMgula kI nirgata huI isake pRSTha bhAga para likhA hai ki 'saMvat 1303 A.zu. 4 lalita sA.' ___ bajaraMgagar3ha jilA gunA ke digambara maMdira kI pratimAeM bhI ullekhanIya hai| isa maMdira kA nirmANakAla yahAM ke avazeSoM kI kalA aura mUrti lekhoM se terahavIM zatAbdI kA prArambha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa maMdira ke dvAra toraNa para donoM ora do-do hAtha UMcI khaDgAsana pratimAeM avasthita hai| ina para kucha lekha bhI aMkita hai jo atyanta aspaSTa ho jAne se par3he nahIM jAte haiN| zAsana deviyoM ke dvArA ye tIrthaMkara pahicAne jA sakate haiN| isa toraNa meM Adi maMgala svarUpa AdinAtha kA bhI manohara aMkalana hai| parikramA meM bAhyabhitti para bAyIM ora eka khar3A huA yakSa tathA arddha paryaMka Asana baiThI huI yakSI pratimA hai| pIche kI ora eka caturbhujI yakSiNI hai, jisake hAthoM meM kamala, nAgapAza, kamaNDalu aura abhayamudrA hai| isI ke Upara eka aspaSTa cakra tathA navagraha bane haiN| donoM ora do-do hAtha U~cI do mUrtiyAM devI ambikA aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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unake yakSa kI hai| ambikA kI goda kA bAlaka, savArI kA siMha aura unake gale meM vaijayaMtimAla spaSTa dRSTavya hai| dAhinI ora AdinAtha kI devI cakrezvarI kI lalitAsana caturbhuja sundara mUrti hai| isake hAthoM ke cakra darzanIya bana par3e haiN| pArzva meM inakA yakSa gomukha bhI apane Ayudha meM aura vAhana ke sAtha aMkita hai| isa yakSa yugala ke Upara eka anya yakSiNI mUrti do hAtha UMcI aSTabhujI khar3I huI banI hai jo apane rUpa sajjA aura anupAta ke kAraNa atyanta sundara aura manohAriNI lagatI hai| zarIra kA tribhaMga to darzanIya hai| hAthoM meM akSamAlA, tUNIra, nAgapAza, zaMkha, aMkuza, dhanuSa tathA zrIphala dhAraNa kiye hue isa pratimA ke alaMkaraNa meM pagapAyala, kaTibaMdha, hAra, kuNDala, bhujabandha, maNivalaya, mohanamAlA, vaijayaMtimAlA tathA jaTAmukuTa Adi saba sva sthAna para aMkita haiN| mUrti kA eka dAhinA hAtha khaMDita hai tathA donoM ora nAriyala se Dhake hue kalaza sthApita hai jo maMgala pratIka hai| 55 ___garbhagRha meM tInoM cakravartI tIrthaMkaroM zAMti, kuMthu aura arahanAtha kI vizAla pIThikA meM saM.1236 phAlguna sudi 5 pratiSThApitama yaha lekha aMkita hai| siMhAsana ke bIca meM dharmacakra tathA donoM ora kramazaH gaja, siMha, azva Adi kA aMkana hai| tInoM pratimAoM ke siMhAsana pRthak-pRthak haiN| , bar3I mUrti ke nIce zAsanadevI kI chavi bhI aMkita hai| parantu usa para pote gaye sindUra ke kAraNa usakA svarUpa aspaSTa ho gayA hai| ina pratimAoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina tInoM meM apane-apane cihoM ke atirakta hiraNa kA aMkana bhI pAyA jAtA hai| mUrtiyoM ke gale kI rekhAeM tathA udara bhAga kI tribalI kA ubhAra sAdhAraNa se kucha adhika lagatA hai tathA zrIvatsa kA aMkana atyadhika ubhAra ke kAraNa apanI uttara madhyakAlIna kalA kA sahI pratinidhitva karatA hai| pratimAoM ke donoM ora hAthI para khar3e hue camaradhArI indroM kA aMkana hai| Upara kI ora puSpamAlA, hAtha meM lekara ur3ate hue vidyAdhara donoM mUrtiyoM meM hai, parantu bar3I pratimA meM inakA abhAva hai| chata kI padma zilA se spaSTa hotA hai ki vahAM taka yaha maMdira apanI Adi sthiti meM hI avasthita hai| isa maMdira kI eka anya ullekhanIya vizeSatA isameM prApta caubIsI kI ve katipaya pratimAeM haiM jo apanI pIThikA meM aMkita zAsanadevI mUrtiyoM ke kAraNa apanA ati viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai| ye mUrtiyAM kevala chaH hai, zeSa naSTa ho gaI pratIta hotI hai| eka hAtha UMcI ina sabhI pratimAoM kA AkAra, prakAra, gaThana, sajjA aura parikara prAyaH samAna hai aura inameM ciha bhI aMkita nahIM kiye gaye haiM parantu zAsana deviyoM ke kAraNa inakI nizcita pahicAna bahuta AsAna hai| sabhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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mUrtiyoM ke nIce dharmacakra aura siMha bane haiM tathA unake nIce eka pRthak koSThaka meM vAhana aura Ayudha sahita ina zAsana deviyoM kA spaSTa aMkana huA hai| yadi yaha caubIsI pUrI upalabdha hotI to nizcita hI mUrtizAstra kI isa vidhA kA eka sabala aura jIvanta pramANa yahAM upalabdha huA hotaa| ina choTI-choTI pratimAoM ke pArzva meM tathA Upara bhI anya choTI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyAM aMkita hai tathA chatra ke Upara gajAbhiSeka aura phira zikhara kA pratIka dekara hara mUrti ko eka svataMtra maMdira kA pratIka banAyA gayA hai| 58 vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina ke purAtatva saMgrahAlaya kI mahattvapUrNa jaina pratimAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: tIrthaMkara svAmI kI bhagna pratimA : lagabhaga 10vIM zatAbdI kI yaha bhagna pratimA bahuta hI sundara tathA mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| yaha saMgrahAlaya kI sabase sundara jaina pratimA hai| pratimA meM tIrthaMkara ke mastaka tathA Upara kA hI bhAga zeSa hai| isameM mahApuruSa ke lakSaNa bhI pratyakSa dizAI dete haiN| bhagavAna ke cehare ke donoM ora nRtya karate hue yakSa tathA yakSiNI hai| inake Upara savAra sahita do hAthI bahuta hI sundara banAye gaye haiN| donoM hAthiyoM ke madhya meM do puruSa vAdya bajAte hue bhI aMkita kiye gaye haiN| tIna deviyoM kI pratimAeM : zyAma pASANa kI banI haI ye tInoM devI pratimAeM khar3I huI dikhAI gaI hai| khar3I huI sthiti mUrti vijJAna meM samabhaMga mudrA kahalAtI hai| madhyavAlI pratimA abhivAdana mudrA meM hai| isa strI pratimA meM alaMkaraNa hAra, tathA anya mAlAoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| inakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM paramArakAlIna tithi meM una striyoM kA nAma likhA hai, ve nAma ye haiM:- (1) vaMdI padmA (2) sAhaNisAvitrI (3) vaMdI maauu| ina nAmoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki madhya strI vaha hai jisane maMdira banavAyA ho tathA AsapAsa kI striyAM usakI bandI hogI aisA zrI vAkaNakara kA mata hai| cakrezvarI devI kI pratimA : isa pratimA meM devI ke ATha hAtha banAye gaye haiN| pro.bhaTTAcArya ke anusAra digambara jaina dharma meM cakrezvarI devI ke ATha hAtha batalAye jAte haiM tathA zvetAmbara matAnusAra cakrezvarI devI ke bAraha yA cAra hAtha batAye jAte haiN| ataH yaha pratimA digambara mAnI jAtI hai| pratimA ke pAMca hAtha bhagna ho cuke haiN| zeSa tInoM hAthoM meM devI cakra liye hue haiN| devI padmAsana mudrA meM garUr3a ke Upara virAjamAna hai| garUr3a mAnavAkRti meM pradarzita hai| cakrezvarI devI ke mastaka ke Upara tIrthaMkara ko padmAsana tathA dhyAna mudrA meM dikhA gayA hai| eka vRkSa aura do vAnaroM kA aMkana bhI sundara bana par3A hai| pratimA ke upa pITha ke donoM ora For Personal & Private Use Only

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eka puruSa tathA eka strI ko devI kI pUjA karate hue batAyA gayA hai| madhyabhAga meM navagRha kA aMkana hai jisameM sUrya, sauma, maMgala, budha, guru, zukra, zani, rAhU tathA ketu pradarzita kiye gaye haiM aura sUrya ko bahuta hI sundara rUpa meM pradarzita kiyA gayA cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha : yaha pratimA kAle pASANa kI hai| isake lekha ke anusAra yaha pratimA saMvat 1223 meM banAI gaI thii| bhagavAna padmAsana mudrA meM hai tathA mahApuruSa ke lakSaNa bhalIbhAMti dikhAI dete haiN| pratimA ke vakSa para zrIvatsa ciha sAtha hI nicale bhAga meM Alekhana bhI hai jisameM aSTakoNa phUla bahuta hI sundara hai| yaha yadyapi zrIvatsa ciha va Upara se lagI AMkhoM ke kAraNa zvetAmbara pratimA lagatI hai para lekha meM mUlasaMgha kA ullekha use digambara siddha karatA hai| dhyAnamagna tIrthaMkara pratimA : yaha pratimA lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha okhalezvara ujjaina se prApta huI thI aura ziprA nadI ke madhya pAnI meM par3I thii| pratimA atyanta pramANabaddha hai| sambhavataH muslima AkramaNa ke bhaya se ise nadI meM DAla diyA gayA ho| - bhagna RSabhadeva pratimA : isa pratimA kA nicalA bhAga hI bacA huA hai| isa pratimA meM saM.1299 kA lekha utkIrNa hai jo isa prakAra hai: saMvat 1299 caitra sudI 6 zane AcArya zrI sAgaracandra zrI khaMDilavAlAnavaye sA. (sAhU) bharahA bhAryA gaurI praNamati niyNH| isa pratimA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha padmAsana mudrA meM hai tathA pairoM ke nikaTa hI bahuta sundara nandi, jo bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA ciha hai, utkIrNa hai| isa saMgrahAlaya meM kucha pratimAeM stambha para utkIrNa hai| aisI pratimAoM meM cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha kI pratimA 11vIM zatAbdI kI lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para hai jo samabhaMga mudrA meM pradarzita kI gaI hai| hAtha ghuTanoM se kucha nIce taka hai| unake nikaTa hI dhyAnamagna tIrthaMkara hai jo padmAsana meM baiThe haiN| stambha kA pichalA bhAga yadyapi bilakula sAdhAraNa banAyA gayA hai parantu do aura 12 tIrthaMkara dhyAnamagna avasthA meM batAye gaye haiN| jinakA AkAra lagabhaga 3 iMca hai tathA sabhI padmAsana meM hai| stambha kA AdhA bhAga aprApta hai| anyathA 24 tIrthakara dikhAI dete| tRtIya stambha bhAga meM kevala bhagavAna tIrthaMkara ko hI pradarzita kiyA hai jinake AsapAsa choTechoTe bArIka stambha AkRti hai| bhagavAna padmAsana mudrA meM dhyAnamagana hai| zrI mAlavA prAMtIya digambara jaina saMgrahAlaya jayasiMhapurA, ujjaina meM aneka sthAnoM se lAI gaI jaina pratimAeM saMgrahita haiN| inameM se isa kAla kI pratimAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1781 For Personal & Private Use Only

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rakta kamalAsana para AsIna padmaprabha kA aMkana yahAM kI kucha hI pratimAoM para milatA hai| supArzvanAtha kI pratimA ke nIce svastika ciha spaSTataH supArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kA sUcaka hai| mUrti kramAMka 165 meM padmAsana mudrA meM dhyAnastha aMkana hai, badanAvara se prApta kAle pAlizadAra stara para 1 phITa 5 iMca UMce va 7 iMca caur3e prastara phalaka para yaha svataMtra pratimA hai| nIce mUrti lekha isa prakAra hai: "saMvat 1222 phAlguna sudi 5 poravAlAnvaya sa.... gAgA sutasA bunanA tasya suta lImadeva sImadeva iti|" svastika ciha aMta meN| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI pUrNa pratimA eka hI hai| yaha jAmanera se lAI huI hai| ciha zaMkha spaSTa hai| caukI para gomedha yakSa va ambikA yakSiNI goda meM bAlaka lie hai| prabhAmaNDala meM mahAveNu vRkSa kI latAeM haiN| mUrti kramAMka 7 khaDgAsana meM aMkita hai| Upara vINA liye kinnara, anucara stambhoM meM kamalAkRti, pratimA gunA se prApta hai va kAla 13vIM shtaabdii| yakSa, yakSiNI va caMvaradhArI spaSTa hai| kramAMka 45 kI mUrti kAle patthara se nirmita isa pArzvanAtha pratimA ke pAda sthala para yaha abhilekha hai, auM hI adaasI avusa hayAM nmoH| zrI senanapAtha AyAryena deyA sutasya bhAryA karamadevA zrI naMdI samAdediyana dIsanA vIrA dinAya pIlAcAryanvaya padmaprabhudeva praNamati saMvat 1160 vaiSAkha sudI 9 sthitiken| kucha bhagna pratimAoM para saMvat 1220 va 1308 kA aspaSTa abhilekha bhI hai| bajaraMgagar3ha se prApta eka pratimA para saMvat 1215 kA abhilekha hai| mUrti kramAMka 110 anya jaina zAsana devI caturhastA rUpa meM azvAsIna hai| zIrSa bhAMga para padmAsana meM tIrthaMkara hai jinakI puSpahAra se do yugala ArAdhanA kara rahe haiM, bAI ora vINAdhArI lalitAsanA anya devI hai va dAhinI ora jaina devI hai, nIce do ArAdhaka hai| devI kA jaTA-mukuTa va alaMkaraNa vizeSa kalAtmaka hai| kAle patthara kI badanAvara se prApta isa pratimA ke nIce saM.1229 kA eka mUrtilekha badanAvara kI zAsana deviyAM nAmasahita aMkita prApta hai| isa pratimA phalaka meM 6 zAsana deviyAM haiM nIce unake nAma vAridevI, simidevI, umAdevI, suvayadevI, varSAdevI va savArhadevI lipi paramArakAlIna hai| kucha aura bhI pratimAeM hai jina para saMvat 1296, 1222, 1308, 1209, 1220, 1231, 1190 tathA 1223 ke abhilekha haiM jo inako paramArakAlIna siddha karatI hai| mUrti kramAMka 16 tIrthaMkara va devI bhagna AkAra 1 phITa 3112 iMca UMcI va 1 phITa 1 iMca caur3I kA zarIra gatizIlatA pradarzita karatA hai va nIce kA lekha saMvat 1308 kA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 tIrthaMkaroM kA mUrtiphalaka kramAMka 18 hai| yaha lAla patthara kA 1 phITa 6 iMca lambA va 10 iMca caur3A hai jisa para 23 khar3e va eka baiThe tIrthaMkara hai| mUrti kramAMka 23 meM saMgamaramara ke bane vRSabhanAtha hai| vAhana vRSabha ke nIce aMkita hai| AkAra 1 phITa 10 iMca va 9 iMca hai| vRSabhanAtha ke Upara devatA kinnara phala barasA rahe haiN| do paricArikAeM caMvara hilA rahI hai, pairoM ke pAsa eka dampatti karabaddha khar3I hai| tIrthaMkara kI mukhAkRti meM parama saMtoSa kA bhAva karuNA aMkita hai| __ mUrti kramAMka 61 jaina devI sumedhA kI hai| AkAra 3.3 iMca - 2.10 iMca hai| nIce paramArakAlIna lipi meM devI kA nAma aMkita haiN| kuNDala galahAra va eka kinnara va eka gaNa hai| nIce varddhamAna purAnvaya va saM.1202 kA abhilekha hai, jo badanAvara kA honA pramANita karatA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa paramArakAlIna mUrtiyoM kA hai| isa saMgrahAlaya meM muslimakAlIna mUrtiyAM bhI paryApta mAtrA meM saMgrahita hai jo mUrtikalA ke uttama udAharaNa hai| jaina mUrtiyoM ke atirikta isa saMgrahAlaya meM jainetara pratimAeM bhI saMgrahita hai| jaina purAtatva saMgrahAlaya ke pravezadvAra ke dAhinI ora ke prastara. phalaka para ajAnubAhu khar3I mudrA meM tIrthaMkara aMkita hai| dhyAnAvasthA meM AkRti meM saumyatA va divya teja hai| divya vRkSa kI TahaniyAM hai va padArcana karate hue do sevaka haiN| Upara ardha golAkRti meM ATha saMgItajJa haiM jinameM lambI bAMsurI, ghar3iyAla, tabalA, Dholaka, turahI, jhAMjha, vAdaka haiN| saMgIta ke Aroha avaroha para tAla liye eka nartaka kA aMkana vizeSa dRSTavya hai ki usake pUre zarIra meM prasannatA hai va laya para nRtya kara rahA hai| devatA puSpa vRSTi kara rahe haiN| sampUrNa pratimA zAstrIya vidhAna para nirmita va prastara kArya sUkSma hai| isa pratimA kA nirmANakAla zailIgata AdhAra para 950 se 1050 I. kA hai| ujjayinI se prApta eka anya pratimA mahAvIra kI hai usakA zIrSa bhagna ho cukA hai kintu pIche kI prabhAvalI va Upara kA AkAza aMkana spaSTa hai| maMdira ke pramukha bhAga meM yaha prastara phalaka lagAyA gayA hogaa| Upara kI prabhAvalI meM hAthI, kinnara, kamala, vyAla mukha kA aMkana hai| hAthI ke aMkana meM puSTatA hai va sUMDa meM kalAtmaka ghumaav| paramAra kAla meM nirmita yaha pratimA khaNDa ujjayinI kI zreSTha mUrtiyoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| ujjayinI meM dhArmika sAmAMjasya atyadhika rahA hai aura vaha mUrti zilpa meM spaSTataH dikhAI detI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko avatAroM meM parigaNita kara anya avatAroM kA kalAtmaka aMkana eka prastara phalaka meM upalabdha hotA hai| phala meM pramukha aMkana sthira mudrA meM khar3e mahAvIra kA hai| dhuMgharAle bAla, karNa AbhUSaNa 180] For Personal & Private Use Only

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saumya mudrA meM khar3e haiM aura Upara tInoM aura caturhastA viSNu, matsyAvatAra, kUrmAvatAra, kalkI, vAmana, nRsiMha Adi kA aMkana hai| anya pratimAoM meM baiThI mudrA meM tIrthaMkara kA aMkana hai| jaina citrakalA : mAlavA meM bhAratIya itihAsa kI amUlya nidhi vidyamAna hai| bAga ke guhAmaNDapa, vidizA udayagiri kI guphAMe, Una ke aitihAsika maMdira tathA vibhinna sthAnoM se upalabdha mahattvapUrNa pratimAeM evaM zilAlekha pramukha haiN| jainadharma kA yogadAna bhI kama nahIM rahA hai| citrakalA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina maMdira pIche nahIM hai| Aja jahAM bhI hama jaina maMdira meM praveza karate haiM, vahAM kI citrakArI hamArA mana moha letI hai| maMdiroM meM jo citrakArI ke dRzya aMkita kiye jAte haiM, ve kisI tIrthaMkara se sambandhita yA jainadharma ke siddhAntoM evaM mAnyatAoM para AdhArita hote haiN| kAMca ke maMdiroM kA bhI apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| prastuta lekha meM maMdiroM kI citrakArI kA ullekha na karate hue, hastalikhita granthoM para jo laghu citra milate haiM, unakA adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| Aja bhI mAlavA ke jaina maMdiroM ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM aneka citra hastalikhita grantha par3e haiM kintu prakAza meM na Ane ke kAraNa una para koI zodhakArya nahIM ho skaa| indaura ke pIpalI bAjAra sthita mahAvIra bhavana ke pustakAlaya meM eka zAstra bhaNDAra bhI hai unake TrasTa ke niyamoM kI kaThinAI ke kAraNa maiM ukta granthoM ke avalokana se vaMcita rhaa| mAlavA meM likhe gaye citrita grantha jo DaoN. motIcandra ko upalabdha hue una para unhoMne vidvatApUrvaka prakAza DAlA hai| 9vIM se 12vIM zatAbdI taka ke jo bhitti citra mAlavA, dakSiNa Adi meM mile haiM, unake parIkSaNa se eka bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki kucha bAteM eka samAna hai| jaise kaccA binA sApha kiyA huA raMga, pratimA kI banAvaTa, rekhAkRti, AMkhoM kA AkAza kI ora uThAva, nukIlI nAkaM va Thor3I, vRkSoM, pazuoM aura pakSiyoM Adi kA paramparAgata vyavahAra eka samAna hai| yadyapi sthAnIya paramparA tathA rItirivAjoM ke kAraNa kucha bhinnatA A gaI, kintu zailIgata dRSTikoNa se sabhI bhitti citroM meM koI antara nahIM AtA hai| isake pramANa meM mANDavagar3ha meM san 1465 meM racita kalpasUtra kI citrita hastalikhita grantha ko liyA jA sakatA hai| 59 isI samaya kA (san 1466 ) eka citrita hastalikhita kalpasUtra graMtha muni kAMtivijayajI ke saMgraha meM, jo ki aba AtmAnaMda jJAna bhaNDAra narasiMhajI kI pola bar3odA meM hai tathA jisakA keTalAga naM. 2186 hai| jisakI prazasti ke anusAra yaha graMtha mANDavagar3ha meM likhA gayA thaa| isa graMtha meM jo citra haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM:(1 ) trizalA ke caudaha svapna, (2) naiminAtha kA vivAha julUsa (3) For Personal & Private Use Only 81

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siddhArtha kA snAnAgAra; (4) mahAvIra ke janma ke chaThe dina jAgaraNa, (5) mahAvIra ke kAna meM zalAkA DAlanA, (6) gvAle kA abhadra AcaraNa aura AdhI pauSAka sauMpanA (7) kamaTha tapasyA kA abhyAsa, (8) rAjakumAra ariSTanemi kA parAkrama, (9) jalakrIr3A, (10) kozA nRtya, (11) bAlaka vajra kA upahAra (12) dvAdaza varSIya akAla, (13) dhArmika graMtha lekhana evaM (14) sAdhu ke AcaraNa ke niym|00 uparyukta citroM kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai1: (1) trizalA ke caudaha svapna : isameM jina raMgoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, ve nIlA, AsamAnI, pIlA, harA, kAlA, sapheda, lAla, gulAbI aadi| .. citra meM caudaha svapnoM ke dRzyoM ko raMgoM se pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| hAthI, baila, siMha, sUrya, candra, lakSmI, phUloM kA hAra, svarNadhvaja, pUrNa jalapatra, kamalayukta jhIla, dUdha kA sAgara, devatAoM kA pavana vimAna, hIroM kA Dhera aura dhuAMrahita aag| (2) neminAtha kA vivAha julUsa : citra meM sunaharI, lAla, gulAbI, kAlA, aura sapheda raMga kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| citra kI pRSThabhUmi ati nIle raMga meM pradarzita kI gaI hai| citra ke madhya meM neminAtha gulAbI raMga kI dhotI, pIle raMga kA dupaTTA, mukuTa aura gahane pahane hue haiM tathA donoM hAthoM meM nAriyala ke samAna kucha vastu uThAeM hue bAMyI ora cala rahe eka hAthI para baiThe hue haiN| kavacadhArI ghor3oM para tathA ratha para riztedAra tathA adhikArI baiThe hue julUsa kA anusaraNa kara rahe haiN| julUsa meM bAje vAle tathA nRtyAMganA bhI hai| bAMyI ora neminAtha kI bhAvI vadhu rAjImatI navavadha ke veza meM eka susajjita kakSa meM kAMca meM apanA ceharA dekhate hue pradarzita kI gaI hai| unakI do sevikAeM bhI dikhAI de rahI haiN| (3) siddhArtha kA snAnAgAra : chatrI kI chAyA ke nIce siddhArtha bAMyI ora muMha kiye hue snAna karane kI caukI para baiThe hue haiN| unakI bAMyI ora unake bar3e bAloM meM kaMghI karate hue eka sevaka ko dikhAyA gayA hai| (4) mahAvIra ke janma ke chaThaveM dina rAtri jAgaraNa : eka bhavya toraNa ke nIce kAMca meM muMha dekhate hue trizalA eka caukI para baiThI hai| bAMyI ora eka sevikA hAtha meM dIpaka lekara khar3I hai| toraNa ke Upara mayUra dikhAyA gayA hai| (5) mahAvIra ke kAna meM zalAkA DAlanA : eka kathA hai ki eka bAra mahAvIra eka gAMva meM Thahare hue the| eka gvAle ne apanA baila mahAvIra ke pAsa chor3a diyA thaa| baila bhaTaka gyaa| mahAvIra apane gahare dhyAna meM lIna the aura jaba gvAle ne baila ke viSaya meM pUchA to koI javAba nahIM de sake the taba gvAle ne mahAvIra ke kAna meM zalAkA DAlI thii| isI kathA para AdhArita yaha citra hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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citra ke madhya mahAvIra kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e haiN| gvAlA mahAvIra ke kAna meM zalAkA DAla rahA hai| Age ke maidAna meM eka anya gvAlA aura eka siMha bhI citrita hai| (6) gvAle kA abhadra AcaraNa aura AdhI poSAka sauMpanA : Upara ke bhAga meM eka brAhmaNa jo AdhI poSAka lene ke liye mahAvIra ke pIche bhaTaka rahA thA, jo ki mahAvIra ne pahina rakhI thI, aMta meM brAhmaNa prApta kara letA hai| nIce ke bhAga meM mahAvIra kAyotsarga mudrA meM eka gvAle ke sAtha khar3e haiN| Upara eka ora kone meM eka baila aura eka gAya pradarzita hai| kathA isa prakAra hai ki eka bAra eka gvAle ne apanA baila mahAvIra ke pAsa.chor3a diyA thaa| baila jaMgala meM bhaTaka gyaa| jaba gvAle ne mahAvIra se baila ke viSaya meM pUchA to mahAvIra ne koI uttara nahIM diyaa| gvAle ko jaMgala meM baila ko khojane ke liye pUrI rAta bhaTakanA pdd'aa| jaba vaha lauTA to mahAvIra ko zAMti se baiThe hue paayaa| isase vaha kruddha huA aura usane mahAvIra para AkramaNa karane kI koziza kI kintu indra ne AkramaNa karane se roka diyaa| (7) kamaTha tapasyA kA abhyAsa : isa citra meM sambandhita kathA isa prakAra hai ki eka bAra banArasa meM eka sanyAsI paMcAgni tapane meM lIna thaa| pArzvanAtha bhI usa sanyAsI ko dekhane gaye the| pArzvanAtha ne dekhA ki eka jIvita sarpa lakar3iyoM ke sAtha Aga meM pheMka diyA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha dayA aura sahAnubhUti ke sAtha sAdhu ke pAsa gaye aura usake aMdhavizvAsoM ke liye usako ddaaNttaa| bina bulAye salAhakAra ko dekhakara sAdhu krodha meM phUTa par3A aura pArzvanAtha se kahA ki Apa apanA kArya dekhiye| taba tatkAla pArzvanAtha ne apane sevakoM ko Adeza diyA ki sarpa ke sAtha lakar3I kA gaTThara agni se alaga kara diyA jaave| sarpa ko pArzvanAtha ne dhArmika upadeza diyA, sarpa mRtyu ko prApta huA aura nAgarAja dharaNendra ke nAma se punaH janma liyaa| sanyAsI meghamAlI. deva ke rUpa meM jnmaa| citra meM isa kathA se sambandhita do ghaTanAoM ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| Upara kamaTha pAlakI mAre baiThe haiM aura unake cAroM ora agni jala rahI hai aura Upara se sUrya tIkSaNa prakAza de rahA hai| nIce mukta karAye gaye sarpa ko dikhAyA gayA hai| dAhinI ora pArzvanAtha hAthI para baiThe haiN| bAMyI ora sAMpa ko mukta karAte hue sevakoM ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| __(8) rAjakumAra ariSTanemi kA parAkrama : kathA hai ki eka bAra rAjakumAra ariSTanemi kRSNavAsudeva ke zAstrAgAra ko dekhane gaye the aura apane kucha mitroM kI jijJAsA ko zAMta karane ke liye tadviSayaka vivAda bhI kiyA thaa| kRSNa ne jaba For Personal & Private Use Only

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kolAhala sunA to unhoMne ariSTanemi ko dvandayuddha kI pratiyogitA ke liye AmaMtrita kiyaa| isa pratiyogitA meM donoM pakSoM ke madhya yaha sahamati ho gaI thI ki virodhI dala kI zakti eka-dUsare kI bhujA jhukAkara nApI jAvegI aura iMsameM kRSNa parAjita hue| isa ghaTanA se sambandhita do dRzya citra meM aMkita kiye gaye haiN| Upara ke bhAga meM ariSTanemi zaMkha phUMkate hae pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| nIce ke bhAga meM ariSTanemi apanI bAMyI bhujA ko tAne khar3e haiM aura kRSNa usa para laTaka rahe haiM para ariSTanemi kI bhujA jhukAne meM asamartha haiN| (9) jalakrIr3A : aisA kahA jAtA hai ki ariSTanemi ko eka bAra kRSNa raivata parvata para apanI rAniyoM ke sAtha le gye| kRSNa ne apanI rAniyoM ko yaha nirdeza de diyA thA ki ariSTanemi ko jalakrIr3A meM saMlagna kara vivAha karane ke liye una para dabAva DAlakara tatpara kara liyA jaay| citra meM striyAM ariSTanemi ke sAtha jalakrIr3A karate hue pradarzita kI gaI hai| dUsarI ora tAlAba taka jAne ke liye sIr3hiyAM banI hai| eka ora eka strI khar3I haI hai| madhya meM ariSTanemi aura kRSNavAsudeva dikhAye gaye haiN| citra meM eka ora eka vRkSa madhumakkhiyAM sahita dikhAyA gayA hai| jo jainadharma kI mAnyatAoM meM se eka hai| (20) kozA nRtya : citra meM eka rathakAra ko Ama ke vRkSa kI ora lakSita dikhAyA gayA hai| dharAtala para bAyI ora eka jharanA tathA mayUra hai| kozA apane hAthoM meM phUla liye suI ke nauka para nRtya kara rahI hai| (11) bAlaka vajra kA upahAra : tumbavana meM dhanagiri aura usakI patnI sunandA rahate the| jaba sunandA garbhavatI huI taba dhanagiri jaina sAdhu ho gyaa| isake uparAMta sunandA ke garbha se eka bAlaka kA janma huaa| jaba bAlaka ko apane pitA ke sAdhu ho jAne kI bAta kA patA calA taba use bhI jAtismaraNa jJAna huA aura apanI mAtA kA moha kama karane ke liye usane mA~ ke prati apanA sneha samApta kara diyaa| vaha dina-rAta royA karatA jisase mAtA sunandA Uba jaay| jaba bAlaka chaH mAha kI Ayu kA thA, taba eka dina vajra ke pitA jaina sAdhu dhanagiri bhikSA hetu aaye| sunandA ne jo bAlaka se Uba gayI thI, usako dAna de diyaa| dhanagiri ko apane guru ne acchA samaya jAnakara yaha Adeza diyA thA ki Aja jo bhI bhikSA mile le aanaa| dhanagiri ne bAlaka ko apanI jholI meM DAla diyA aura guru ko jAkara sauMpa diyaa| [84 For Personal & Private Use Only

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citra meM isa kathA se sambandhita do dRzya pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| UparI bhAga meM muni dhanagiri ko bhadrAsana meM baiThe hue dikhAyA gayA hai aura usake sthApanAcArya hai| sunaMdA apane pati ko bAlaka upahAra de rahI hai| nIce ke bhAga meM bAMyI ora bAlaka vajra tathA dAMyI ora cAra sAdhviyAM sUtroM kA gAyana karate hue pradarzita kI gaI hai| (12) dvAdazavarSIya akAla : eka dina Arya vajra kapha ke upazamana ke uddezya se kAna para rakhI soMTha pratikramaNa ke samaya bhUmi para gira gyii| isa pramAda se apanI mRtyu nikaTa jAnakara Arya vajra ne apane ziSyoM se kahA ki aba bAraha varSa kA duSkAla par3egA, jisa dina mUlyavAna bhojana tumheM bhikSA meM mile usake agale hI dina subaha hI subhikSa ho jAvegA / itanA kahakara vajrasena usa sthAna se vihAra kara gaye aura rathAvarta parvata para vajrasena nirvANa ko prApta hue| Arya vajra kI bhaviSyavANI ke anusAra eka dina jaina sAdhuoM ko mUlyavAna bhojana milA aura usake agale hI dina se subhikSa ho gyaa| uparyukta kathAnaka se sambandhita tIna ghaTanAoM kA aMkana isa citra meM kiyA gayA hai| madhya bhAga meM cakrasvAmI baiThe hue haiM, bAyI ora do sAdhuoM ko vidyApiNDa dete hue batAyA gayA hai| UparI bhAga meM tIna jaina sAdhu kAyotsarga mudrA meM devaloka jAne ke liye anazana karate hue pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| nIce ke bhAga meM bAyI ora do jana sAdhuoM ko Izvara ke dvArA bhojana dete hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| (13) dhArmika graMtha lekhana : citra meM do ghaTanAoM ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| UparI bhAga meM bAyI ora devarddhigaNi tAr3apatra para likhate hue pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| dAyI ora do jaina sAdhu baiThe haiN| nIce ke bhAga meM bAyI ora devaddhigaNi graMtha ko ThIka karate hue dikhAye gaye haiM tathA dAyI ora unake ziSya davAta liye baiThe haiN| (14) sAdhu ke AcaraNa ke niyama : citra ke UparI bhAga meM eka strI citrita hai| yaha isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki sAdhu ko usa bhavana meM nahIM rahanA cAhiye jisameM striyoM ke citra bane hoN| nIce ke bhAga meM zrAvaka eka sAdhu ko bhojana dete hue pradarzita hai sAtha hI tIna bartana aura sigar3I bhI dikhAyI gayI hai jo isa bAta kA nirdeza detA hai ki jaina sAdhu ko tAjA bhojana grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhiye / prAcArya bhaMvaralAla luNiyA ke anusAra sana 1436 meM taiyAra kI gaI jaina granthoM kI eka. pratilipi upalabdha hai| isa graMtha ke pRSThoM para unake viSaya se sambandhita gAthAoM ke citra bar3e AkarSaka raMgoM meM citrita kiye haiN| graMtha ke pRSThoM ke kinAre phUla-pattiyoM aura baila-bUToM se citrita kiye jAte the| inameM lAla, pIle, For Personal & Private Use Only 85

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nIle aura sunahare raMgoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| mAnava AkRtiyAM bhI sundara AkarSaka raMga se citrita kI jAtI thii| isa citrakalA para pazcimI bhArata kI jaina citrakalA kA prabhAva thaa| mAMDU meM jaina hastalikhita granthoM meM kalpasUtra vizeSa rUpa se citrita kiye gaye haiN| aisA hI eka kalpasUtra graMtha jisakI pAMDulipi aura citraNa mAMDU meM san 1498 meM huA thA, upalabdha hai| yaha mAMDU kalpasUtra ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa graMtha meM akSara lAla pRSThabhUmi meM sunahare raMga se likhe gaye haiN| baila-bUToM va phUla-pattiyoM ke alaMkaraNa kI paTTiyoM se isa graMtha ke pratyake pRSTha ke do bhAga khar3e rUpa meM kara diye gaye haiN| dAhine bhAga meM graMtha se sambandhita citra aMkita kiye gaye haiM aura bAMye bhAga meM graMtha ke akSara gadya padya se likhe gaye haiN| graMtha meM varNita jaina bAtoM ko samajhAne ke liye ye citra aMkita kie gae haiN| manuSyoM, pazu-pakSiyoM aura devIdevatAoM ke vibhinna citra banAeM gae haiN| rAjaprasAda yA rAjabhavana ke AkAra kA aMkana, rAjapuruSoM aura rAjamahiSiyoM kI baiThI huI AkRtiyAM, eka-dUsare ko kATate hue vRttoM se vakSasthala kA citraNa, azva ke citraNa meM meharAbasI jhukI huI gardana aura anupAta se choTA sira, ye tattva jaina granthoM kI citrakalA kI vizeSatAeM haiN| pustaka ke citraNa meM lAla, nIle aura sunahare raMga kA bAhulya hai| parantu isa citraNa meM grAmyajIvana yA lokajIvana kI jhAMkI nahIM hai| . saMdarbha sUcI 1 jayAjIpratApa, 12 navambara, 1949 |11 vahI, pRSTha 162 2 Jainism in Rajasthan, Page 110 12 Bibliography of Madhya Bharat, - 3 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, Part-I, Page 11 pR.310-11 | 13 Ibid, Page 162 4 sAptAhika hindustAna, 30 mArca 69,14 Vol. XI, Page 283 pro.ke.DI.vAjapeyI kA lekha |15 The Cultural Heritage of Madhya 5 TADsa rAjasthAna kuka, pR.1773. I. Bharat, Page 53 6 Bibliography of Madhya Bharat, 16 anekAMta, varSa 17, kiraNa 3. pRSTha 99 ___Part-I, Page 11 17 The Cultural Heritage of Madhya 7 History of Indian and Eastern Bharat, Page 61 ___ Architecture, Vol.2, Page 165 18 madhyabhArata saMdeza, 3 apraila 1954, pRSTha 8 Report of the Archaeological] 9 a 10 Survey of India, Vol.2, P.275 19 The Cultural Heritage of Madhya 9 dazapura janapada saMskRti, pR.45 | Bharat, Page 107 10 TADsa rAjasthAna jilda 2, pR. 1070-71/20 Progress Report of Archaeo18611 For Personal & Private Use Only

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logical Survey of India Western 41 gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pRSTha Circle Year, ending 31st March, 265 1919, Page 61 | 42 vidyAvANI smArikA, 1972 21 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 43 dazapura janapada saMskRti, pRSTha 120 pRSTha 331 144 anekAMta, varSa 17, kiraNa 2, pRSTha 98 22 Progress Report of Archaeo-145 vahI, pRSTha 99 . ___logical Survey of India, P.63-64 46 anekAMta, varSa 17, kiraNa, pRSTha 99 23 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga 2, pRSTha 334 / 47 zrI choTelAla kRta anekAMta, varSa 12, 24 ujjayinI darzana, pRSTha 84 kiraNa 10, pRSTha 327-328 meM choTelAla 25 anekAMta, varSa 19, aMka 1, 2, choTelAla jaina kA lekh| - jaina smRti aMka, pRSTha 119 148 anekAMta, varSa 19, aMka 1-2, pR.129-30 26 anekAMta, varSa 18, kiraNa 2, pRSTha 65 49 madhyabhArata saMdeza, 25 disambara 1954, 27 anekAMta, varSa 20, kiraNa 5, disambara, pRSTha 7 ___-67, pRSTha 211 - .. .. | 50 vahI, 3 apraila 1954, pRSTha 9 28 bhAratIya vAstu zAstra, pratimA vijJAna, 51. dazapura janapada saMskRti, pRSTha 58 dvi.nA.zukla, pRSTha 313-14 52 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 29 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 331 pRSTha 349 53 Progress Report of Archaeo. 30 dvi. nA. zukla, vahI, pRSTha 314 logical Survey of India, w.c.Page 31 triSaSTi zlAkA puruSacarita, parva 10, sarga 63-64 10 . 154 zrImad rAjendrasUri smAraka graMtha, pRSTha 597 32 jayAjIpratApa,.12 navambara 1949 se 598 33 sAptAhika hindustAna, 30-3-69 meM 5 anekAMta, varSa 18, kiraNa 2, pRSTha 65 . pro.ke.DI.vAjapeyI kA lekha "rAmagupta ke 56 vahI, pRSTha 65-66 zilAlekhoM kI praapti|" / | 57 vidyAvANI smArikA, 1972 4. vahI . . 58 saMgrahAlaya kI paricaya pustikA tathA 5 vahI / vidyAvANI 1972 ke AdhAra para OM vahI 59 Jain Miniature Painting from 37 Journal of the Oriental Instt. Western India, Page 14, 24. M.S.University of Baroda, Vol. 60 Ibid, Page 40, 41 XVIII, No.3, Page 250-251 | 61 Ibid, Page 160 to 163 38 Ibid, Page 255 162 mAlavA : eka sarvekSaNa, pRSTha 93 39 Ibid, Page 253 63 vahI, pRSTha 93-94 40 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, , pRSTha 347 16 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 6 mAlavA meM jainatIrtha .. ___ jainadharma meM mukhya rUpa se do zAkhAeM haiM, eka zvetAmbara tathA dUsarI digmbr| ina donoM hI sampradAyoM ke apane-apane maMdira haiM tathA inake tIrthasthAna bhI alaga hI haiN| kahIM-kahIM jo bar3e evaM aitihAsika sthAna haiM, donoM hI sampradAya unheM apanA tIrtha mAnate haiN| mAlavA ke jaina tIrthoM kA paricaya prApta karane ke pUrva yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama pahale jainadharma meM tIrthoM ke bheda jAna leN| paM.nAthUrAma premI' kA kathana hai- "digambara sampradAya ke tIrthoM ke do hI bheda kiye jAte haiN| eka to 'siddhakSetra' jahAM se tIrthakara yA dUsare mahAtmA siddha pada yA nirvANa ko prApta hue aura dUsare 'atizaya kSetra' jo kisI mUrti yA tatrastha devatA ke kisI atizaya ke kAraNa bana gaye haiM yA jahAM maMdiroM kI bahulatA ke kAraNa darzanArthI adhika jAne lage haiM aura isa kAraNa unakA atizaya bar3ha gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI garbha, janma, jJAna bhUmiyAM bhI tIrtha hai, para ve ukta do bhedoM meM antarmukta nahIM hotii|" isa prakAra jainadharma meM tIna prakAra ke tIrtha kahe gaye haiN| kintu vAstavika rUpa meM ve do hI haiN| mAlavA meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke tIrtha sthAnoM kA bAhulya hai jinakA paricaya nIce diyA jA rahA hai| (1) ujjaina : bhArata kI prAcIna nagariyoM meM se eka ujjaina hai| prAcInakAla meM isa mahAnagarI ke aneka nAma hameM milate haiN| yathA- pratikalpA, avaMtikA, bhogavatI, hiraNyavatI, kanakazRMgA, kuzasthalI, kumudvatI, ujjayinI, amarAvatI, vizAlA aadi| videzI paryaTakoM ne isa anya nAmoM se sambodhi kiyA hai| mi.lyayArDa ne isakA nAma navaterI aura zivapurI likhA hai| suprasiddha itihAsavettA DaoN.bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM yaha nagarI na kevala dhArmika mahattva rakhatI hai varan yAtAyAta meM uttara-dakSiNa ko jor3atI bhI hai|' ujjaina vaise to mokSadAyinI avaMtikA ke nAma se paricita eka tIrtha nagarI hai hI, kintu jaina tIrtha ke rUpa meM bhI yaha prasiddha hai|jain tIrtha sarvasaMgraha meM ujjaina kA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai| ___mAlavA kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI vAlA yaha nagara dakSiNApatha kA pramukha nagara 1881 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai| cInI yAtrI huenasAMga jaba mAlavA meM AyA thA taba mAlavA vidyA kA kendra thaa| I.san kI sAtavIM zatAbdI taka mAlavA avanti ke nAma se pahicAnA jAtA thaa| avaMti kA ujjaina nAma kisa prakAra par3A isa sambandha meM zrI dayAzaMkara dube apanI pustaka "bhArata ke tIrtha" meM isa prakAra likhate haiM: ___ "avaMtikA meM rAjA sudhanvA rAja karatA thA, vaha jaina dharmAvalambI thaa| usake samaya meM avaMtikA eka vizAla nagarI thii| isakA prAcIna nAma parivartana karake ujjaina nAma rakhA tabhI se yaha nagarI ujjaina nAma se vikhyAta huii| rAjA sudhanvA ke samaya nagarI jainiyoM kA eka pradhAna kendra bana gaI thii|" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM caNDapradyota yahAM kA rAjA thA, vaha jaina dharmAvalambI thaa| vaha siMdha sovIra ke rAjA udAyana ke pAsa kI jIvaMtasvAmI kI mUrti le AyA aura usake sthAna para eka dUsarI candana nirmita mUrti banavAkara rakhavA dii| yaha jIvaMtasvAmI kI mUrti bAda meM ujjaina meM rahI jisakI yAtrA ke liye janatA yahAM AtI rahatI thii| azoka yahAM prAMtIya zAsaka raha cukA thaa| usakA putra kuNAla bhI yahAM kA zAsaka thaa| kuNAla ke uparAMta usakA putra samprati yahAM kA zAsaka huaa| samprati ke samaya Arya sahastisari jIvaMtasvAmI kI mUrti ke darzana karane yahIM Aye the| Arya suhastisUri ne samprati ko jainadharma kI dIkSA dii| samprati ne jainadharma kI unnati ke liye athaka prayAsa kiyaa| vRhatkalpa bhASya-gAthA 3277 kI TIkA meM kSemakIrti (vi.saM:1332) batAte haiM: jIvantasvAmi pratimAvandanArthapujyayinyAmAryasuhAstina aagmn|| vRhatkalpa sUtrabhASya bhAga 3, pRSTha 917-18 AcArya caNDarudra, AcArya bhadragupta AryarakSitasUri, Arya ASAr3ha Adi AcAryoM ne yahIM vihAra kara jainadharma kI dhArA ko pravAhita rkhaa| inake bAda vikrama saMvat ke prArambha ke pUrva AcArya kAlakasUri ne rAjA gardabhilla ko siMhAsana se alaga karavAkara usake sthAna para zakoM ko siMhAsana dilAne meM sahAyatA kii| bAda meM zakoM ko parAjita kara vikramAditya ne rAjasattA kI bAgaDora apane hAtha meM lii| vikrama saMvat kA prAraMmbha zrI kAlakAcArya kI kRpA kA hI pariNAma hai| siddhasena divAkara vikramAditya kI rAjyasabhA ke eka prakANDa vidvAna ratna the| isa nagarI kI prasiddhi to vaise aneka rUpa meM hai kintu jina ghaTanAoM ke kAraNa ujjaina jainatIrtha jAnA jAtA hai unakA ullekha yahAM anivArya hai| yahAM avaMti sukumAla kA smAraka hai| Arya suhastisUri ne yahIM avaMti pArzvanAtha ke maMdira kI sthApanA kI jisakI pRSThabhUmi meM avaMti sukumAla aura usakI 312 [891 For Personal & Private Use Only

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rAniyoM kI gAthA hai| avaMti sukumAla ke putra mahAkAla ne Arya suhastisUri ke upadeza se vIranirvANa saMvat 250 ke lagabhaga kSiprA ke kinAre pitA kA smAraka zrI avaMti pArzvanAtha kA gaganacumbI vizAla maMdira banavAyA jo mahAkAla ke maMdira ke dUsare nAma se Aja pahicAnA jAtA hai| yaha jaina maMdira puSyamitra ke samaya meM mahAdeva ke maMdira meM parivartita huaa| zrI siddhasena divAkara ne isa maMdira meM se zrI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA prakaTa kI thI aura unake upadeza se isa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gayA thaa| isameM pramANa dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki yaha kapola kalpanA hai| isa ghaTanA kA prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama se lekara cUrNiyoM, TIkAoM, prabandhoM aura kathAoM meM thor3e bahuta antara se eka samAna ullekha milatA hai| isa viSaya meM DaoN.zArlATe krAujhe ne "jaina sAhitya aura mahAkAla maMdira" zIrSaka lekha meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai jisakA saMkSipta sAra isa prakAra hai: ujjaiNInayarIe avaMtinAmeNa vissuo aasii| pAovagamanivano, susANamajjhammi eshNto|| . tinni rayaNIe khaDao, mallukI, rur3hiyA vikahuMtI sovi ta? khajjamANo, paDivanno uttama attuN|| arthAt ujjainI nagarI meM avaMti nAmaka vikhyAta puruSA thA jisane ekAMta meM samAdhi lekara maranA svIkAra kiyaa| ruSTa siyAlanI ne tIna rAta taka cUsa cUsa kara khaayaa| isa prakAra se bhakSita hone para unhoMne uttamArtha prApta kiyaa| yahI bAta "maraNasamAhipaTTaNNAya" meM isa prakAra hai:maraNammi jassa muvakaM, su kusuma gandhodayaM ca devehi| ajjavi gaMdhavaI sA, taM ca kuddNgiiskhaannN|| arthAt usake marate samaya devatAoM ne puSpa evaM sugaMdhita jala varSA kii| Aja bhI gaMdhavatI nadI aura kuDaMgIsara nAmaka sthAna vidyamAna hai| ____uparyukta gaMdhavatI aura isa nAma kA ghATa kSiprA ke pravAha ke pUrva dizA meM avaMti pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira ke pAsa Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| isa grantha kI cUrNi meM batAyA gayA hai ki tIse putto tatva devakulaM karoti, taM iyANi mahAkAlaM jaatN| / lokeNaM prigraahit|| isake putra ne jahAM deva maMdira banavAyA, vahAM mahAkAla bana gyaa| anya dharmAvalambiyoM ne use grahaNa kara liyaa| ' isa jaina maMdira ko jo "mahAkAla kA maMdira bana gayA" zaivoM ne ise grahaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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kara liyA, siddhasena divAkara ne maMdira meM sthApita ziviliMga meM se zrI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA prakaTa karake isa jaina tIrtha kA jINoddhAra krvaayaa| zrI jinaprabhasUri' ne isa prakAra isakA ullekha kiyA hai __"tatazca gohadamaNDale ja sAMvadrAprabhatigrAmANAmekonaviMzati, citrakUTa maNDale vasADa prabhRti prAmANAM catuzIti, tathA ghuTArasI-prabhRti grAmANAM caturviMzatiM mohaDavAsaka maNDale IsaroDAprabhRtigrAmANAM SapaJcAzataMmadAta tataH zAsanapaTTikA zrImadjjayinyAM, saMvata 1 caitra sudi 1 gurI, bhATavezIya mahAkSapaTalikaparamArhata zvetAmbaropAsaka brAhmaNa gautamasutakAtyAyanena raajaa'lekhyt||| arthAt usake uparAMta rAjA ne svayaM ke kalyANa ke liye kuDuMgezvara RSabhadeva ke zAsana dvAra gohada maMDala meM sAMbadra Adi 91 grAma, citrakUTa maMDala meM basADa Adi 84 grAma, ghuTArasI Adi 24 grAma aura mohaDavAsa maMDala meM IsaroDA Adi 56 grAma samarpita kiye| phira rAjA ne zAsana paTTikA ujjaina meM caitrazuklA pratipadA saMvat 1 guruvAra ke dina bhATa deza nivAsI mahAkSapaTalika paramazrAvaka, zvetAmbara matAnuyAyI brAhmaNa gautama putra kAtyAyana se likhvaayii| ataH yaha apane Apa pramANita ho jAtA hai ki ujjaina anya dharmoM ke samAna hI jainadharma kA prAcInakAla se kendra rahA hai aura jaina matAvalambiyoM kA eka prAcIna tIrthasthAna hai yadyapi-mahAkAla saMbaMdhI kathA sarvathA kapolakalpita hai| ___(2) vidizA : vidizA itihAsa prasiddha nagara hai| dasaveM tIrthaMkara zItalanAtha * kA yahAM janma sthAna kahA jAtA hai| isake pAsa hI udayagiri meM bIsa guphAoM kA eka samUha hai| isameM kramAMka eka va kramAMka bIsa kI guphAeM jainadharma se sambandhita hai| bIsavIM guphA meM jainiyoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI mUrti thI jo aba vahAM nahIM hai| usameM sana 425-26 kA eka abhilekha hai jo bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| AcArya mahAgiri tathA suhasti ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| dazapura meM caNDapradyota ne . bhAyala svAmIgar3ha basAkara vahAM eka jaina maMdira banavAyA aura usameM jIvaMtasvAmI kI mUrti sthApita kara dI thii| bAda meM yahI mUrti vidizA meM sthApita huI jisakA ullekha jainagranthoM meM milatA hai| vidizA ke pAsa kuMjarAvarta aura rathAvarta nAma ke parvata the, donoM pAsapAsa the| jaina paramparA ke anusAra kuMjarAvarta parvata para Arya vajrasvAmI ne nirvANa pAyA thaa| isa parvata kA ullekha rAmAyaNa meM bhI AtA hai| rathAvarta parvata para Aryavajra svAmI pAMca sau zramaNoM ke sAtha Aye the| isa parvata kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM AtA hai| isake atirikta yahAM bahuta se stUpoM ke avazeSa bhI milate haiN| isake pAsa gyArasapura sthAna para bhI bahuta se maMdiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM jinameM jaina maMdiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa bhI hai pAsa hI durjanapurA meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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guptakAlIna jaina-mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiN| yahAM yaha ullekha kara denA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki mAlavA meM jainadharma se sambandhita purAtAtvika pramANa sarvaprathama yahIM prApta hote haiN| (3) dazapura : dazapura yA mandasaura ke jainatIrtha hone ke sambandha meM jainaAgama, Avazyaka sUtra kI cUrNi, niyukti aura vRtti ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM siMdhusauvIra deza ke vIrtabhayapurapattana ke rAjA udAyana ke pAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI candana nirmita eka pratimA thI jisakI pUjA udAyana aura usakI rAnI prabhAvatI karate the| prabhAvatI ke maraNoparAMta pratimA kI pUjA-arcanA kA kArya devadattA nAmaka dAsI ko sauMpA gyaa| devadattA kA ujjayinI ke rAjA caNDapradyota se prema ho gyaa| caNDapradyota ne dUsarI vaisI hI pratimA banavAkara vahAM rakha dI evaM mUla pratimA aura dAsI ko apane yahAM le aayaa| jaba pratimA aura devadattA ke apaharaNa kI bAta udAyana ko vidita huI to usane caNDapradyota para AkramaNa kara kaida kara liyA aura apane deza kI ora prasthita huaa| mArga meM varSA Rtu prArambha ho jAne ke kAraNa par3Ava DAlanA pdd'aa| surakSA ke liye udAyana ke sAthI dasa rAjAoM ne miTTI ke 'pura' banAye aura unameM apanA par3Ava ddaalaa| dasa choTe-choTe pura hone se bhI ise dazapura kahate haiN| sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa prasaMga se udAyana ne caNDapradyota ko svadharmI (jaina matAvalambI) samajhakara chor3a diyA aura usakA rAjya bhI lauTA diyA tathA pratimA ko lekara usane apanI rAjadhAnI ko lauTanA cAhA kintu vaha pratimA vahAM se nahIM haTI varana devavANI se vidita haA ki udAyana kI rAjadhAnI abhisAta ho jAne vAlI hai| isa kAraNa yaha mUrti yahI rhegii| phira yahAM eka jaina maMdira banAkara mUrti ko pratiSThApita kara diyA gyaa| caNDapradyota ne maMdira ke vyaya evaM vyavasthA ke liye dazapura nagara maMdira ko arpita kara diyaa| "triSaSTizAlAkA puruSacarita" ke anusAra isa maMdira ke liye caNDapradyota ke dvArA 1200 gAMva bheMTa kiye gaye aura bAda meM caNDapradyota ne bhAyalagar3ha svAmIgar3ha basAkara vahAM eka jaina maMdira banavAyA aura usameM ukta mUrti sthApita kara dI thii| pradyoto'pi vItamaya pratimAye vishuddhghiiH| zAsanena dazapuraM datvA vanti purImagAta 1604|| anyedhurvidizAM gatvA bhAyalasvAmI naamkm| devIyaM puraM cakre, nAnyathA ghrnnoditm||605|| vidyunmAlIvRtAye tu. pratimAye mhiiptiH| pradado dvAdazragAma, sahasmAn zAsanena sH||606|| 92 For Personal & Private Use Only

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isI pratimA ke kAraNa hI yaha nagara jainatIrtha prasiddha huaa| isI nagara meM AcArya AryarakSitasUri kA janma vIrasaMvat 502 meM huA thA tathA yahIM vIrasaMvat 597 meM AcArya kA nirvANa bhI huaa|" 15vIM zatAbdI ke mAMDavagar3ha ke maMtrI saMgrAma sonI ke dvArA dazapura meM jaina maMdira banAne kA ullekha hai| jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha bhAga 2 grantha ke anusAra yahAM ke khalacIpura ke pArzvanAtha maMdira kI dIvAroM meM lagI huI dvArapAlakoM kI pratimAeM guptakAlIna hai aura khAnapurA sadara bAjAra ke pArzvanAtha ke ghara derAsara (gRha maMdira) meM padmAvatI devI kI pratimA bhI prAcIna hai| 12 kintu jaba maiM dazapura ke jaina maMdira aura zAstra bhaNDAroM ke avalokanArtha gayA thA taba maiMne yaha pAyA ki maMdiroM ke jIrNoddhAra meM prAcInatA samApta ho jAtI hai| yahI bAta khalacIpura ke pArzvanAtha maMdira ke liye bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| mujhe vahAM kI dIvAroM meM dvArapAla kI pratimAeM dikhAI hI nahIM dii| dazapura meM jainadharma ke atirikta aura bhI aitihAsika sAmagrI aura sthAnoM kA bAhulya hai| (4) mAMDavagar3ha : mAMDavagar3ha itihAsa prasiddha sthAnoM meM se eka hai| yaha Aja bhI dezI evaM videzI paryaTakoM ke liye AkarSaNa kA sthAna banA huA hai| dhArAdhipati rAjA jayasiMha tRtIya kA maMtrI pRthvIdhara yA pethar3a senApati kuzala rAjanItijJa aura caritravAna puruSa thaa| pRthvIdhara rAjya kI unnati meM sadaiva Age rahatA thaa| usakI dhAka ke kAraNa koI bhI duzmana dhAra para hamalA karane kA vicAra nahIM karatA thaa| jitanA bar3A vaha rAjanItijJa thA utanA hI vaha dharmAtmA bhI thaa| usake samaya meM mAMDavagar3ha meM 300 jaina maMdira the| usameM pratyeka para pethar3azAha ke sone ke kalaza car3he hue the| usI ne yahAM DhAI lAkha rupaye vyaya karake zatrujaya avatAra nAmaka 72 jinAlayavAlA bhavya nayA maMdira banavAyA thaa| isI ne bhavya saMgha nikaalaa| isI ne 72 hajAra rupaye se sampUrNa nagara ko sajAkara mahotsavapUrvaka zrI dharmaghoSasUri kA mAMDavagar3ha meM praveza karavAyA thaa| karor3oM rupaye kharca karake 84 sthAnoM meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karavayA tathA 7 sarasvatI bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA karavAyI thii| . . pRthvIdhara ke pazcAt mAMDavagar3ha ke maMtrI pada para usakA putra jhAMjhaNa niyukta huaa| yaha bhI apane pitA ke samAna hI parAkramI thaa| yaha bhI kuzala rAjanItijJa aura dhArmika prakRti kA thaa| isane saMvat 1349 meM karor3oM rupaye vyaya karake za@jaya kA saMgha nikAlA thaa| karer3A meM sAta maMjilA bhavya maMdira banavAyA thaa| isake chaH putra the, jo sabhI yA to maMtrI pada para the yA rAjya meM ucca adhikArI the| mAMDavagar3ha meM 300 jaina maMdira the tathA eka lAkha jaina gharoM kI AbAdI thI jisameM sAta lAkha jainI nivAsa karate the| aisI kiMvadaMtI hai ki yahAM jaba bhI koI 93 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nayA jaina rahane AtA to usako pratyeka ghara se eka svarNamudrA va eka IMTa dI jAtI thI jisase rahane ke liye makAna banatA thA aura AnevAlA lakhapati bana jAtA thaa| isI se mAMDavagar3ha kI sampannatA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| .. (5) dhAra : dhAra mAlavA ke parAkramI aura saMskAra priya rAjA muMja aura prasiddha vidvAna rAjA bhoja kI rAjadhAnI thii| dhanapAla jaisA prakANDa vidvAna bhI yahIM kI rAjasabhA kI zobhA thaa| isI dhanapAla ke banAye graMtha Aja jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai| rAjA bhoja ke samaya kitane hI jainAcArya yahAM Akara rahe the| san 1310 I. meM jayasiMha caturtha taka yaha paramAroM ke Adhipatya meM rahI phira isa para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra ho gyaa| san 1325 meM muhammada tugalaka ne pahAr3I para eka kilA banavAyA thaa| muslima zAsanakAla meM kitane hI hindU aura jaina maMdira khaMDita kiye gaye aura aneka ko masjidoM meM parivartita kara diyA gayA jisakA udAharaNa bhoja dvArA nirmita bhojazAlA hai| musalamAnoM ke atyAcAroM se yahAM ke jainiyoM kI saMkhyA ghaTane lagI thii| abhI yahAM paryApta mAtrA meM zvetAmbara jaina mUrtipUjaka rahate haiN| eka maMdira baniyAkher3I meM hai jo prAcIna hai| mUlanAyaka AdIzvara kI pratimA zvetavarNI hai tathA 4-5 phuTa UMcI hai jisa para saM.1203 kA lekha hai| isameM kSetrasUri dvArA mUrti pratiSThita karavAne kA ullekha hai| isake atirikta isa maMdira meM aura bhI pratimAeM haiM jina para saMvat 1362, 1328 aura 1547 ke lekha haiN| jaba ye pratimAeM pratiSThita kI gaI thii| dhAra vaise paramAra rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI rahI hai jisake pariNAma svarUpa aneka jaina aura jainetara vidvAnoM kA yaha kendra thii| paramAra kAla meM yahAM saMgamaramara kA jaina maMdira bhI bnaa| ___(6) bAvanagajA - bar3avAnI : kharagona jile kA yaha prasiddha nagara digambara matAvalambiyoM kA tIrthasthAna hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra yahAM se dakSiNa kI ora cUlagiri zikhara se indrajita, kumbhakarNa Adi muni mokSa pdhaare| isa sthAna kA nAma siddhanagara bhI hai| yaha siddhakSetra hai| yahAM se sAr3he pAMca karor3a muni mokSa gaye batAye jAte haiN| cUlagiri parvata ke nIce do jaina maMdira aura do jaina dharmazAlAeM haiN| eka maMdira meM bAvanagajAjI (AdinAthajI) kI pahAr3a meM khodI 84 phuTa UMcI mUrti hai| loga ise kuMbhakarNa kI mUrti kahate haiN| pAsa meM indrajita kI mUrti hai| parvata para 22 jaina maMdira aura eka caityAlaya hai|" saMvat 1223 meM isa 84 phuTa UMcI mUrti kA jIrNoddhAra huA thaa| maMdiroM ke jIrNoddhAra kA samaya vi.saM.1233, 1380 evaM 1580 hai| pratiSThAcAryoM ke nAma nandakIrti aura rAmacandra hai| saMvat 1223 meM mUrti 194. For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke jINoddhAra se yaha svataH pramANita ho jAtA hai ki yaha sthAna bhI prAcIna tIrthasthAnoM meM se eka hai| (7) Una : 'Una' kharagona nagara se pazcima meM sthita hai| yahAM 11vIM evaM 12vIM sadI ke maMdiroM ke avazeSa prApta hue haiN| ina maMdiroM ke nirmANa ke samaya isa pradeza para paramAra vaMza kA zAsana thaa| mAlavA meM paramAra kAla meM jainadharma kI bahuta adhika pragati huii| isa sthAna ko prAcIna pAvAgiri batAyA jAtA hai| isakA prAkRta nirvANakANDa meM do bAra ullekha AyA hai| yathA rAmasaAveNNi jaNA lA'NaridANa paMca koddiio| pAvAgiri varasihare NiNvANa gayA Namo tesiN||5|| pAvAgiri barasihare suvaNa bhahAI muNivarA curo| calaNA NaI taDagge NivvANa gayA Nano tesi||13|| cUMki isa kSetra ke AsapAsa siddhavarakUTa tathA bar3avAnI ke dakSiNa meM cUlagiri zikhara kA siddhakSetra hai tathA AsapAsa aura bhI avazeSa va sthala hai, yaha sthAna dUsarA pAvAgiri lagatA hai| 20 nAthUrAma premI dUsarA pAvAgiri Una ko nahIM maante| ve lalitapura evaM phAMsI ke nikaTa 'pavA' nAmaka grAma ko pAvA zabda ke adhika nikaTa mAnate haiN| DaoN.jagadIzacandra jaina ne Una pAvAgiri ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki yaha tIrtha bhI arvAcIna hai|2 DaoN.jaina Age likhate haiM ki inakA navanirmANa digambara bhaTTArakoM aura dhanikoM ne kara DAlA hai| yahI bAta nAthUrAma premI ne isa prakAra kahI hai- "abhI taka dUsare pAvAgiri kA koI patA nahIM thA, parantu aba kucha dhaniko aura paMDitoM ne milakara indaura ke pAsa 'Una' nAmaka sthAna ko pAvAgiri banA DAlA hai aura vahAM dharmazAlA maMdira Adi nirmANa karake bAkAyadA tIrtha sthApita kara diyA hai|24 vikrama kI satrahavIM sadI ke jJAnasAgara ne apanI tIrthAvalI meM Una kA ullekha kiyA hai| vahAM zikhara bandha maMdira hai| parantu pAvAgiri nAma unheM mAlUma nahIM thaa| mahArASTrIya jJAnakoSa ke anusAra Una meM eka jaina maMdira bArahavIM sadI kA hai| usameM dhAra ke paramAra rAjA kA zilAlekha hai| tAtparya yaha ki itane prAcIna ullekhoM meM Una ko pAvAgiri nahIM kahA gyaa| DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina kA kathana hai ki ullikhita calanA yA celanA nadI saMbhavataH Una ke samIpa bahane vAlI yaha saritA hai jo aba caMderI yA cirUr3a kahalAtI hai| ni.kA. kI. 13vIM gAthA se pUrva hI revA (narmadA) ke ubhayataTa, usake pazcima taTa para siddhavarakUTa tathA bar3avAnI nagara ke dakSiNa meM cUlagiri zikhara kA siddhakSetra ke rUpa meM ullekha hai|25 inhIM sthaloM ke samIpavartI hone se yaha sthAna pAvAgiri 951 For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 pramANita hotA hai| grAma ke AsapAsa aura bhI aneka khaMDahara dikhAI dete haiN| janazruti hai ki yahAM ballAla nAmaka nareza ne vyAdhi se mukta hokara sau maMdira banavAne kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, kintu apane jIvana meM vaha 99 hI banavA pAyA / isa prakAra eka maMdira kama raha jAne se yaha sthAna 'Una' nAma se prasiddha huaa| 2" ho sakatA hai ki Una nAma kI sArthakatA siddha karane ke liye hI yaha AkhyAna gar3hA gayA ho| kintu yadi usameM kucha aitihAsikatA ho to ballAla hoyasala vaMza ke vIra ballAla ho sakate haiM jinake guru eka jaina muni the| isa prakAra hameM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA mata ThIka pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki Una Aja bhI apane isa do akSara vAle nAma se adhika paricita evaM prasiddha hai| Una meM upalabdha avazeSoM se spaSTa hai ki yaha eka digambara matAvalambiyoM kA tIrthasthala hai| kyoMki yahAM prApta lagabhagasamasta pratimAeM digambara saMpradAya kI hai| samagra rUpa se Una eka pavitra tIrtha ke sAtha hI sAtha sthApatya kalA kA vaibhava bhI apane meM sameTe hue hai| (8) dhamanAra : dhamanAra athavA dharmarAjezvara ke nAma se paricita yaha grAma mandasaura jile meM sthita hai| yahAM bAjAra meM AdinAtha kA ghUmaTa baMdhI maMdira hai| yahIM para eka pahAr3I hai jisakA vyAsa 3-4 mIla kA hai tathA UMcAI 140 phITa hai jisake Upara kA bhAga maidAna jaisA sapATa hai aura usake cAroM ora prAkRtika dIvAra banI huI hai| yahAM kucha guphAeM haiM jinakI koI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM kahI jA sktii| san 1821 meM karnala TADa ne jaba yahAM kA nirIkSaNa kiyA thA taba usane unakI saMkhyA lagabhaga 170 guphAeM btaaii| 27 karnala TADa ke sAtha unake dharmaguru jaina yati bhI the aura unhoMne hI TADa ko ina guphAoM ko jaina guphA honA batAyA thA | 28 yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki sabase pahale jemsa TADa ne hI isa guphA samUha ko jainadharma se sambandhita batAyA hai aura usI ke AdhAra para isa sthAna kA jainatIrtha ke rUpa meM varNana kara isake mahattva ko jainadharma ke liye bar3hAne kA prayAsa jainatIrtha sarvasaMgraha bhAga do nAmaka grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| jabaki anya vidvAnoM ke anusAra ye guphAeM bauddhadharma se sambandhita pramANita hotI hai| ina guphAoM kA samaya 5-6 sadI ke lagabhaga nizciyata kiyA gayA hai| 29 vAstavikatA kucha bhI rahI ho Aja to dhamanAra kI ye guphAeM jainatIrtha kA rUpa le cukI haiN| (9) bahI pArasanAtha : vaI yA bahI pArasanAtha se prasiddha zvetAmbara tIrtha mandasaura se cittaur3a kI ora pipaliyA nAmaka sTezana se 3 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| yahAM eka Azrama aura do dharmazAlAeM haiN| mUla nAyaka zrIvaI pArzvanAtha kA zikhara baMdha maMdira hai| jo zrIsaMgha dvArA lagabhaga 1000 varSa pUrva banavAyA gayA 96 For Personal & Private Use Only

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thaa| yahAM kI mUrti Adi para koI lekha nahIM hai kintu racanA zailI ke AdhAra para isakA sthApatya prAcIna pratIta hotA hai| maMdira ke dvAroM kI caukhaTa aura vizeSakara garbhagRha ke dvAra kI caukhaTa para jo utkIrNana hai ThIka vaisA hI utkIrNana cittaur3agar3ha sthita caubIsI ke garbhagRha kI caukhaTa para hai| cittaur3agar3ha sthita caubIsI kA samaya 10vIM 11vIM zatAbdI hai| isase vaI pArasanAtha kA samaya bhI lagabhaga yahI pramANita hotA hai| garbhagRha ke dvAra kI caukhaTa ke Upara aura bhI kucha mUrtiyAM khudI hai kintu una para sImeMTa kA plAsTara kara diyA gayA hai| jaba maiMne isakA kAraNa vahAM ke pujArI se jAnanA cAhA to uttara milA ki Upara kI mUrtiyAM azlIla hone ke kAraNa plAsTara kara diyA gayA hai phira bhI isa maMdira meM 10vIM 11vIM sadI kI kalA ke uttama udAharaNa dekhane ko milate haiN| dIvAroM meM jo mUrtiyAM haiM ve zyAmavarNI hai| yahAM prativarSa pauSa sudI 10 ko melA lagatA hai| (10) ghasoI : ratalAma se koTA relave lAIna ke sTezana suvAsarA se 7 mIla kI dUrI para yaha grAma ghasoI sthita hai| isa grAma meM eka upAzraya aura eka jaina maMdira hai| mUlanAyaka zrI pArzvanAtha bhagavAna kA yaha maMdira ghUmaTa baMdhI hai tathA isameM cAra prastaraM pratimAeM aura eka dhAtu pratimA hai| isa gAMva ke pAsa hI eka vizAla jalAzaya thA jo aba sUkha gayA hai| isa jalAzaya meM se jainadharma se sambandhita kitane hI avazeSa prApta hue haiN| mUrtiyAM Adi kAlakramAnusAra paramArakAlIna pratIta hotI hai| yaha bhI zvetAmbaroM kA hI tIrtha hai| - (11) gaMdhAvala : gaMdhAvala yA gaMdharvapurI devAsa jile kI sonakaccha tahasIla ke uttara meM pAMca mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| yahAM para jaina evaM ajaina donoM hI dharmAvalambiyoM ke devAlayoM ke avazeSa prApta hue haiN| yahAM darjanoM jaina pratimAeM bikharI par3I haiM jinameM kucha viziSTa prastara pratimAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya anekAMta meM prakAzita huA hai| madhya yuga meM yahAM jainiyoM kA digambara sampradAya sambhavataH adhika prabhAvazAlI thA, kyoMki prApta pratimAeM yadyapi paryApta rUpa meM khaNDita ho gaI haiM, to bhI khaDgAsana nagna mUrtiyAM hI yahAM adhika hai| aisA lagatA hai ki prAcIna avazeSoM ke prApta hone ke kAraNa hI yahAM jainadharmAvalambI darzanArtha Ane jAne lage aura ise eka tIrtha kA rUpa mila gyaa| vaise yahAM tIrthaMkaroM kI hI prastara pratimAeM adhika milI haiN| grAma ke nAma ke anusAra isakA sambandha rAjA gaMdharvasena se bhI kiMvadanti ke anusAra jor3A jAtA hai| (12) lakSmaNI : mAlavA aura nimAr3a kI sImA para alIrAjapura se 5 mIla kI dUrI para lakSmaNI grAma sthita hai| yaha sthAna eka ora jaMgala meM sthita hai tathA dohada relave sTezana se alIrAjapura hote hue yahAM AnA par3atA hai| abhI taka isa For Personal & Private Use Only

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tIrtha kA kisI ko patA nahIM thA kintu yahAM 14 jina pratimAeM bhUgarbha se prApta huii| phira yahAM khoja huI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa pAMca se sAta maMjile sAta jinAlaya, eka bhavya bAvana jinAlaya aura vargAkAra bhUmi para eka jaina maMdira ke stambha, toraNa, jaina mUrtiyAM Adi prApta huii| ina avazeSoM se vidita hotA hai ki yaha tIrtha paryApta prAcIna hai| 34 saMvat 1427 meM nimAr3a kI jainatIrtha yAtrA para nikale tIrthayAtrI zrI jayAnaMda ne apane pravAsa gIti meM isa tIrtha kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai: "mAMDavanagovari sagasayA, paMca tArAura varA viMsa iga siMgAri tAraNanaMdurI dvAdaza parA / hathinI saga lakSamaNIura, ikkasaya suhajiNaharA, bheTiyA aNUba jaNavae, muNi jayAnaMda pavarA / / lakkhatiya sahasa bi paNasaya, paNasayassa sagasAya.. saya igaviMsa dusahasi sayala, dunni sahasa kaNagamayA / gAma gAmi bhattiparAyaNa, dhammamamma sujANagA muNi jayAnaMda nirakkhiyA sabala smnnopaasgaa|| isa avataraNa se vidita hotA hai ki 15vIM zatAbdI meM jaina zrAvakoM ke yahAM lagabhaga 2000 ghara the tathA 101 zikharabaMdha jaina maMdira the| sukRta sAgara meM aisA ullekha milatA hai ki pethar3a maMtrIzvara ke putra jhAMjhaNakumAra ne mAMDavagar3ha se zatruMjaya kA saMgha nikAlA thA jo lakSmaNIpura AyA thaa| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha tIrtha caudahavIM zatAbdI taka pUrNarUpeNa samasta jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ko vidita thA / isase isa tIrtha kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| isake atirikta yahIM eka pramANa aura hai jo isa tIrtha kI prAcInatA siddha karatA hai| vaha yaha hai ki yahAM eka abhilekha hai jo saM. 1093 varSa vaizAkha sudi saptamyAM kA hai itanA hI par3hane meM AtA hai kintu isase tIrtha kI prAcInatA to pramANita ho hI jAtI hai| mUlanAyaka ke AsapAsa neminAtha aura zrI mallinAtha kI 32 iMca mUrti hai| dAyI ora mahAvIra svAmI kI 32 iMca mUrti hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki isa mUrti para samprati ke samaya ke cihna vidyamAna haiN| AdinAtha kI do pratimAe~ 13 iMca kI haiM, jinameM se eka pratimA para nimnalikhita lekha utkIrNa hai: "savaMt 1320 varSa mAgha sudi 5 soma dine prAgvATa jAtiya maMtrI gosala tasya ci. maMtrI gaMgadeva tasya patnI gAMgadevI tasyA putra maMtrI padama tasya bhAryA gomati devI tasya puta maM. saMbhAjInA pratiSThitaM / / " isa tIrtha ko rAjA samprati ke samaya kA pramANita karane kA to prayAsa 98 For Personal & Private Use Only

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anucita pratIta hotA hai| upalabdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha tIrtha 10vIM 11vIM zatAbdI kA ho sakatA hai| (13) tAlanapura : dohada relave sTezana se 73 mIla aura kukSI se 214 mIla kI dUrI para tAlanapura nAmaka eka prAcIna jainatIrtha hai| isakA prAcIna nAma tugiyApatana yA tAraNapura hai| solahavIM sadI ke prArambha meM yahAM samasta AbAdI thI aura yahIM para zrI parama devArya ne cAturmAsa kiyA thA tathA zrI mahAvIra jinazrAddha kulaka nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| isa graMtha kI prazasti meM isa prakAra ullekha milatA hai: "saMvat 1528 varSa Azvina site 5 tithA tuMgiyApattane likhitamidaM zrImahAvIra jinazrAddha kulaka paramadevArya svprptthnnaarthm| saMvat 1916 meM yahAM 25 jaina pratimAeM niklii| saMvat 1950 meM kukSI meM jainasaMgha ne eka maMdira banavAyA thaa| usI meM jaina mUrtiyAM prApta huii| ina pratimAoM para koI lekha nahIM hai kintu nirmANa zailI ke AdhAra para ye pratimAeM vikrama kI chaThI sAtavIM zatAbdI kI pratIta hotI hai| mUlanAyaka zrI gor3I pArzvanAtha bhagavAna kI pratimA para isa prakAra kA lekha hai| ."svasti zrI pArzvanAtha jinaprasAdAta saMvat 1022 varSA mAse phAlgune sudi pakSe 5 guruvAre zrImAn zreSThisurAja rAjye pratiSThataM zrI bappabhaTThisUribhiH tuNgiyaapttne|" dUsarA maMdira AdinAtha kA hai| mUlanAyaka ke dAhinI ora cauthI pratimA ke Asana para eka lekha hai jo isa prakAra hai: saMvat 612 varSa zubhacaitramAse zuklaM ca paMcamyAM tithau bhaumavAsare zrImaMDapadurge madhyabhAge tArApura sthita pArzvanAtha prasAde gaganacumbI (bi) zikhare zrI candraprabha bibasya pratiSThA kAryA pratiSThAkartA ca dhanakuMvara zA. candrasiMhasya bhAryA jamunA putra zreyortha pra. jgcvNdrsuuribhiH||" isa lekha meM saMvat 612 vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki usa samaya mAMDavagar3ha ke astitva kA koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM thA, upalabdha pramANoM se to "saMvat 671' meM mahArAjA vAkpatirAja ke putra vairIsiMha kI adhInatA meM mAMDavagar3ha honA pramANita haA hai, isake pahale ke pramANa abhI nahIM mile haiN| 35 ____ ataH yahAM zAyada "saMvat 1612" saMbhavita dikhatA hai| isa jamAne meM mAMDavagar3ha meM mahamUda khilajI ke dIvAna cAMdAzAha kA ullekha itihAsa meM milatA hai| saMbhava hai ki isa lekha meM dhanakubera ke vizeSaNa se ullikhita zA. candrasiMha zAyada ye hI cAMdAzAha ho| 38 . 9 1991 For Personal & Private Use Only

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yahAM kArtika pUrNimA aura caitra kI pUrNimA para prativarSa melA lagatA hai| isa grAma ke AsapAsa ke avazeSa isa grAma kI prAcInatA aura samRddhi ke dyotaka haiN| (14) canderI : pazcimI relave kI bInA koTA zAkhA para relave sTezana muMgAvalI se 39 ki.mI. tathA madhya relave ke lalitapura jilA jhAMsI sTezana se 33 ki.mI. kI dUrI para caMderI hai jo ma.pra. ke gunA jile meM sthita hai| yaha aitihAsika sthAna hai| jahAM durga, nagarakoTa, rAjabhavana evaM aneka jalAzaya hai| nagara ke madhya caubIsI jaina bar3A maMdira hai jisameM samAna mApa kI padmAsana purANovata varNa kI 24 pratimAeM alaga-alaga zikharabaMdha koThariyoM meM virAjamAna hai| nagara ke samIpa eka pahAr3I meM guhA maMdira hai| kaMdarAoM se khaMdAra nAma par3a gyaa| AdinAtha mUrti kI UMcAI 25 phITa hai parantu isa para lekha nahIM hai| prApta mUrti lekho meM prAcInatama saM.1283 vi. kA hai jisameM nirmANakartA kA nAma aMtesAha laMbakuMcaka hai| saM.1690 vi. meM utkIrNa aneka mUrtiyAM eka anya guhA meM hai| bhaTTAraka padmakIrti kA smAraka hai jisameM caraNa pAdukAoM para vi.saM.1217 aMkita hai| nagara se 14 ki.mI. dUra uttara pazcima dizA meM bUr3hI canderI (prAcIna canderI) hai| jahAM durga prAcIra rAjabhavana aura aneka jinAlaya hai| aneka mUrtiyAM jo yatratatra pAI gaI hai saMgrahAlaya meM rakhI gaI hai| aMga vinyAsa meM samAnupAta dRSTavya hai| nirmANakAla aura nirmANakartA kA nAma kisI mUrti para nahIM hai| mUrtiyAM prAcIna hai| inakI kalA devagar3ha kI guptakAlIna mUrtiyoM jaisI utkRSTa hai| (15) bajaraMgagar3ha : gunA se ATha kilo mITara kI dUrI para prAcIna laghunagara hai jahAM durga prAcIra aura aneka bhagnAvazeSa haiN| ise rAjA jayasiMha ne basAyA thA jo bajaraMga (hanumAna) ke bhakta the| yahAM bhagavAna zAMtinAtha, kuMthunAtha aura arahanAtha kI sundara khaDgAsanastha mUrtiyAM eka bhavya jinAlaya meM hai jina para saM.1236 vi. aMkita hai| yaha maMdira seTha pAr3AsAha kA kahA jatA hai| parantu unakA nAma mUrti lekhoM meM nahIM hai| mUrtiyAM manohArI hai| (16) tUmaina : azokanagara se 9 ki.mI. kI dUrI para eka prAcIna grAma hai| bauddha granthoM meM isakA ullekha tumbavana ke nAma se huA hai aura jaina graMtho meM sarvatra Arya vajra kA janma sthAna tumbavana batAyA gayA hai| unameM se kucha pramANa hama yahAM de rahe haiM. (1) Avazyaka niyukti (dIpikA bhAga 1 patra 136-2) (2) Avazyaka cUrNi prathama bhAga patra 390 (3) Avazyaka hAribhadrIpa TIkA prathama bhAga patra 289-1 |100 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(4) Avazyaka malayagiri TIkA dvitIya bhAga patra 387-12 (5) ubassa mAlA saTIka patra 207 (6) prabhAvaka caritra pRSTha 3 (7) RSimaMDala prakaraNa patra 192-1 (8) pariziSTha parva sarga 12 dvitIya saMskaraNa pRSTha 270 (9) kalpasUtra kiraNAvalI patra 170-1 (10) kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA patra 511 vajrasvAmI ke pitA dhanagiri isa tumbavana ke rahane vAle the| tumbavana kA ullekha tUmaina meM mile eka zilAlekha meM bhI hai| isa zilAlekha meM kumAragupta ke zAsanakAla meM eka maMdira banavAye jAne kA ullekha hai| 39 tumbavana kI sthiti aba purAtatva se nizcita ho gaI hai| prAcInakAla ke tumbavana kA arvAcIna nAma tUmaina hai| yaha sthAna gunA jile meM hai| 40 isa grAma tUmaina meM aneka bhagnAvazeSa haiN| eka mUrti mahAvIra kI 9vIM zatAbdI kI hai jo padmAsanastha hone se grAmINoM dvArA "baiThA deva" ke nAma se pUjI jAtI hai| satiyoM ke kaI smAraka hai| kalApUrNa maMdiroM meM mUrtiyAM na hone se unheM grAmINoM ne pazuzAlA yA nivAsa gRha banA liyA hai| ataH tIrtha tUmaina eka prAcIna tIrtha hai| kintu yaha sthAna prakAza meM nahIM A sakA aisA pratIta hotA hai| ... (17) bhopAvara : ratalAma se bambaI kI ora meghanagara relave sTezana se 40 mIla kI dUrI para rAjagar3ha nAmaka sthAna hai| rAjagar3ha ke dakSiNa kI ora 5 mIla kI dUrI para bhopAvara nAmaka jainatIrtha hai jo dhAra jile meM sthita hai| yaha grAma mAhI nadI ke kinAre para basA hai| bhopAvara ko kucha vidvAn prAcIna "bhojakaTa nagara" mAnate haiN| kintu yaha bAta sahI nahIM jAna pdd'tii| isako zrI jambUvijayajI ne apane "bhojakaTa" nAmaka nibaMdha meM isa sthAna kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai jo bhopAvara na hokara anyatra hai| yadyapi yahAM jaina matAvalambiyoM kA eka bhI ghara nahIM hai kintu lagabhaga 75 varSa pUrva yahAM saba kucha thaa| yahAM eka jaina dharmazAlA aura zAMtinAtha kA sundara zikharabaMdha koTayukta eka jaina maMdira vidyamAna hai| mUlanAyaka kI pratimA bAraha phuTa UMcI hai jo bhavya eMva tejasvI hai| hAtha ke nIce deviyoM kI pratimAeM haiN| mUlanAyaka ke bAMyI ora zAMtinAtha, candraprabha kI mUrtiyAM hai jisake bAhara ke bhAga meM abhI hAla hI meM zItalanAtha kI pratiSThA karavAI gaI hai| UparI bhAga meM candraprabhu aura mahAvIra svAmI jambusvAmI aura AtmArAma kI pratimAeM vidyamAna hai| ... For Personal & Private Use Only

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isa maMdira ke sabhA maMDapa aura zikhara meM kAMca kA kAma hai| derAsara ke nIce ke bhAga meM eka prAcIna jaina maMdira kA honA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki usakA zikhara bhAga Upara se dikhAI detA hai| yahAM prativarSa magasara kRSNa pakSa kI dasamI ko melA lagatA hai| (18) bibar3auda : yaha sthAna ratalAma se 6 mIla tathA sAMgodiyA jainatIrtha ke pazcima kI ora 212 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| yaha zvetAmbara jainoM kA prAcIna tIrtha mAnA jAtA hai| vizAla bAr3e meM derAsara yukta sauMdha zikharI maMdira saM.1300 meM banA batAyA jAtA hai| yahAM kA maMdira kesariyAnAthajI ke maMdira ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| madhya ke jinAlaya meM RSabhadeva kI 11 hAtha bar3I pratimA virAjamAna hai| yaha pratimA bailU kI banI huI hai| isa para lekha khudA hai| bAhara ke bhAga meM zyAmavarNa kI 2 pratimAeM haiM aura padmAsana kI sthiti kI 6 jaina pratimAeM virAjamAna hai| sabhI mUrtiyAM prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| pIche ke bhAga meM do derAsara meM pArzvanAtha aura agale bhAga ke derAsara meM candraprabhasvAmI Adi kI zvetavarNa kI pratimAeM pratiSThita haiN| isa maMdira ke pAsa eka kile ke bhagnAvazeSa haiN| yAtriyoM ke liye yahAM eka dharmazAlA hai| yahAM prativarSa pauSa kRSNapakSa kI 10vIM se amAvasyA taka melA lagatA hai| yaha jainoM kA prAcIna tIrtha hai kintu Azcarya isa bAta kA hai ki yahAM eka bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI kA ghara nahIM hai| (19) sAMgodiyA : yaha grAma ratalAma se 4 mIla dUra hai tathA grAma se 1 mIla kI dUrI para zvetAmbara jainatIrtha ke nAma se zrI RSabhadeva bhagavAna kA zikharabaMdha maMdira hai| mUlanAyaka kI zyAmavarNa kI pratimA 2 hAtha UMcI hai| anya choTI bar3I 7 pratimAoM ke sAtha 2 mUrtiyAM adhiSThAyaka devatAoM kI bhI hai| yAtriyoM ke Thaharane ke liye maMdira ke pAsa hI dharmazAlA hai| prativarSa kArtika aura caitra kI pUrNimA ke dina melA lagatA hai| isa sthAna para bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA eka bhI ghara nahIM (20) semaliyA : ratalAma ke pAsa nAmalI relave sTezana se 2 mIla kI dUrI para semaliyA nAmaka prAcIna grAma hai| yahAM 1 upAzraya, 1 jaina dharmazAlA, 1 pustaka bhaNDAra aura eka majaina maMdira hai| tIna zikharavAle isa jaina maMdira meM mUlanAyaka zAMtinAtha kI zyAmavarNa kI prAcIna pratimA 3 hAtha UMcI belUrI banI hai| mUlanAyaka kI bAMyI ora zAMtinAtha aura kuMthunAtha kI tIna-tIna phITa UMcI pratimAeM haiM jinake Upara saMvat 1543 ke lekha vidyamAna haiN| lagabhaga isI samaya isa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra huA thaa| | 102 For Personal & Private Use Only

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isa maMdira ko kaba aura kisane banavAyA isakI koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI kintu kiMvadaMti hai ki koI sakSama yati isa maMdira ko kahIM se ur3Akara yahAM lAye the| isake jIrNoddhAra ke samaya isakA prAcIna bhAga naSTa ho gayA kintu maMDapa meM abhI bhI prAcInakAla ke cAra stambha vidyamAna hai jinake AdhAra para yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha maMdira 12vIM zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| bhAdavA zukla dvitIyA ko prativarSa yahAM melA lagatA hai| 15 (21) siddhavarakUTa : yaha sthAna bar3avAha se 6 mIla, moraTakkA se 7 mIla tathA sanAvada se 8 mIla dUra hai| ajamera se nikalane vAle 'jainaprabhAkara' patra meM yaha prakAzita huA thA ki dhArA ke haTa jAne se auMkArezvara ke pAsa purAne maMdiroM ke kucha avazeSa nikala Aye haiM aura yaha anumAna kiyA gayA ki yahIM nirvANakANDa kA siddhavarakUTa thaa| yahAM kA rAjA bhilAlA jAti kA hai aura isa vaMza kA adhikAra san 1135 se auMkArezvara para calA A rahA hai| saMvat 1746 meM nikalanevAle tIrthayAtrI zrI zIlavijayajI ne apanI tIrthamAlA meM narmadA ke pAsa ke samasta jaina ajaina tIrthoM kA varNana kiyA hai| pahale zaivoM ke mAMdhAtA kA varNana karake, jo vartamAna siddhavarakUTa ke bahuta pAsa hai, ve khaNDavA aura burahAnapura kI ora cale jAte haiN| tIrthAvalI meM bhI jo ki satrahavI zatAbdI kI hai, siddhavarakUTa kA nAma nahIM hai, para khaNDavA kA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya isa tIrtha kA astitva nahIM thaa| DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne bhI ise kAphI arvAcIna tIrtha mAnA hai| 48 paM. paramAnaMda jaina zAstrI " apanI tIrthayAtrA ke saMsmaraNa ke samaya siddhavarakUTa ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki nirvANakAMDa kI gAthA meM usakA ullekha isa prakAra hai: revA Nahae tIre pacchimabhAyammi siddhvrkuutte| do cakkI dahakappai huTTha ya koDi Nibbude vaMde / / parantu kucha anya pratiyoM meM ukta gAthA kI bajAya nimna do gathAeM upalbdha hotI haiM jinameM dvitIya gAthA ke pUrvArdha meM saMbhavanAtha kI kevalupputita kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai- jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotA: revA taDammitIre diva... bhAyammi siddhvrkuutte| ATThaya koDIo NivvANa gayA Namo tesiM / / revA taDammi tIre sambhavaNa hassa kevaluppatita / Ara koDIo NivvANa gayA NamotesiM / / saMskRta siddhabhakti meM bhI 'varasiddhakUTe' nAma se ullekha milatA hai| brahmazrutasAgara meM bhI siddhavarakUTa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| siddhavarakUTa kI For Personal & Private Use Only 103

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sthApanA ke sambandha meM nAthUrAma premI likhate haiM ki isake vidhAtA bhI eka bhaTTArakajI.the jinakA nAma mahendrakIrti thA aura jo indaura kI gaddI ke adhikArI the| unhoMne auMkArezvara ke rAjA ko prasanna karake jamIna prApta kI aura saMvat 1950 ke lagabhaga isa kSetra kI nIMva ddaalii| kintu paramAnaMda jainazAstrI kA kathana hai ki prAcIna maMdira jIrNa ho jAne se se. 1951 mAgha badi 15 ko jIrNoddhAra karavAyA gyaa| tInoM maMdiroM meM sambhavanAtha, candraprebha aura pArzvanAtha kI pratimAeM mUlanAyaka ke rUpa meM virAjamAna hai| siddhavarakUTa prAcIna sthala kahAM thA yaha abhI vicAraNIya hai para siddhavarakUTa nAma kA eka tIrtha narmadA ke kinAre para avazya thaa| yaha vahI hai ise prAcIna pramANoM se siddha karane kI AvazyakatA hai| vartamAna kSetra kA prAcIna kSetra se kyA kucha sambandha rahA hai? (22) maksI pArzvanAtha : maksI, bhopAla ujjaina relave lAIna para sthita hai tathA bhopAla se 89 mIla aura ujjaina se 25 mIla kI dUrI para hai| maksI grAma se eka mIla kI dUrI para kalyANapurA grAma meM do jaina maMdira hai, dharmazAlAeM haiN| maMdira ke AsapAsa choTe-choTe 52 jinAlaya haiN| yaha atizaya kSetra hai| isa maMdira ke nirmANa ke sambandha meM anumAna hai ki samprati rAjA va avanti sukumAla jo vIra saMvata 290 aura vikrama saMvata se 180 varSa pUrva avaMti nagarI kA huA hai aura unako AcArya sahastisarijI ne jo ki zrI vIraprabhu ke gyArahaveM tatpaTTe hae haiM, pratibodha dekara jainadharma kA bahuta udyota kiyA va maksI tIrtha kA jIrNoddhAra va maMdira bnvaayaa| kintu maksI tIrtha ke nirmANa ko itanA prAcIna batAnA dhArmika bhAvukatA hai| mAMDavagar3ha ke maMtrI saMgrAmasiMha ne 1518 ke sAla meM eka zvetAmbara jainamUrti kI pratiSThA karAI hai, usake pRSTha bhAga meM sagrAma ke pUrvajoM kI vaMzAvalI dI gaI hai| uparyukta lekhoM ko dekhane se. yaha nirvivAda siddha hotA hai ki yaha saMgrAmasiMha sonI maksI pArzvanAtha ke maMdira kA nirmANakartA hai aura yahAM saM.1518 jaiTha zukla 15 guruvAra ko maksI maMdira ke mUrti pratiSThA kA dina hai| isa prakAra maksI ke maMdira kA nirmANakAla svataH pramANita ho jAtA hai| ataH pUrva meM jo nirmANakAla batAyA gayA hai vaha sahI pratIta nahIM hotaa| vAstava meM yaha tIrtha 15vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM hI sthApita haA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki saMgrAmasiMha sonI ne jainadharma ke liye paryApta parizrama kiyA hai tathA anya aneka nirmANa kArya bhI karavAye haiN| (23) parAsalI : yaha grAma nAgadA mathurA relave sTezana ke madhya suvAsarA relave sTezana ke pAsa hI sthita hai| yahAM prAcIna jaina maMdira kI dhAtu kI paMca tIrthI para nimnAnusAra lekha utkIrNa hai| [104 For Personal & Private Use Only

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" saMvat 1524 varSa phAgu. sudi 7 dine zrImAla jJAtIya ThAkutA gotre sA. jayatA pu. sA. mAMDaNa suzrAvakena pu. jhAMjhaNAdi sahI. zrI treyAMsa viM 11 kAritaM prati zrI kharataragacche zrI jinacandrasUribhiH maMDapa durge / " isa lekha meM ullekhita maMDaNa evaM jhAMjhaNa mAMDavagar3ha ke suprasiddha maMtrI rahe haiN| sAtha hI maMDaNa eka acchA vidvAn bhI thA jisane vibhinna viSayoM kI dasa pustakoM kI racanA kii| yaha eka zvetAmbara tIrtha hai aura jaina dharmAvalambI ise paryApta prAcIna mAnate haiM kintu yaha tIrtha bhI pandrahavI sadI ke uttarArdha kA hI pratIta hotA hai| (24) amajherA : yaha sthAna mahU sTezana se 50 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| yahAM rAThaura vaMza kA rAja thaa| rAThauroM ke samaya kA kilA aba khaNDahara rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| kucha samaya yaha sthAna aMgrejoM ke Adhipatya meM bhI rahA phira siMdhiyA ke Adhipatya meM aayaa| isakA pUrva nAma kuMdanapura thA aura vartamAna nAma amajherA siMdhiyA ke Adhipatya meM Ane ke uparAMta rakhA gyaa| yaha nAma yahAM ke jaina maMdira ko amIjharA pArzvanAtha kI mUrti ke AdhAra para rakhA gyaa| yahAM eka jaina maMdira aura eka upAzraya hai| zahara ke madhya meM zikharabaMdha maMdira meM mUlanAyaka amIjharA pArzvanAtha kI zvetavarNI tIna hAtha UMcI pratimA hai jisa para isa prakAra lekha utkIrNa hai : "saMvat 1548 mAghakRSNa tRtIyA titho bhomavAsare zrIpArzvanAtha biMba pratiSThita pratiSThAkarttA zrI vijayasaumasUribhiH (riH) zrI kundanapura nagare zrIrastuH / " isa sthAna para 6 prastara pratimAeM tathA 2 dhAtu pratimAeM vidyamAna hai aura isa sthAna kI gaNanA zvetAmbara tIrtha ke rUpa meM hotI hai| (25) tArApura : mAMDavagar3ha se 2 mIla kI dUrI para tArApura nAmaka dvAra hai| isa dvAra se kucha dUrI para tArApura nAmaka grAma hai| yahAM jAne kA mArga ati viSama haiN| yahAM jAne ke liye pahAr3a utaranA par3atA hai| yahAM supArzvanAtha kA maMdira hai| isameM mUrti nahIM hai kintu maMdira acchI avasthA meM vidyamAna hai| isa maMdira kI pratimA Aja bhI kukSI ke pAsa tAlanapura ke jaina maMdira meM hai jisake Upara saM. 1612 kA lekha utkIrNa hai jisakA ullekha hama tAlanapura tIrtha ke antargata kara cuke haiN| maMdira kI caukhaTa meM tIrthaMkara kI maMgala mUrti aura kalaza Adi ke cihna vidyamAna hai| lAla patthara kI vedI meM pUrva pazcima ke donoM 'tAka' toraNa se alakRMta hai| raMgamaNDapa 12/18 phITa kA hai| zikhara meM lAla patthara kI cAra nRtya karatI huI putaliyAM zobhA de rahI haiN| isa maMdira kA nirmANa yahAM ke saM. 1551 ke lekha ke For Personal & Private Use Only 105

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anusAra gayAsuddIna bAdazAha ke maMtrI gopAla ne karavAyA thaa| isase yaha svataH hI siddha ho jAtA hai ki tAlanapura meM saM.612 kA jo lekha batAyA gayA vaha vAstava meM saM.1612 kA hai| prArambha kA aMka 1 prakSAla kriyA ke pariNAmasvarUpa ghisakara sApha ho gayA hogaa| (26) baner3iyA : yaha sthAna indaura se 28 mIla, depAlapura se 2 mIla tathA cambala sTezana se 14 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| pratyeka mausama meM moTaroM kA AvAgamana cAlU rahatA hai| yahAM ke maMdira ko koI yati ur3Akara lAyA thA, aisA kahA jAtA hai| isa tIrtha kI vizeSa jAnakArI isa prakAra hai: (1) zAMtinAtha bhagavAna kI vedI meM kula 34 pratimAeM haiM jinameM eka kAlI pratimA hai jo saM.1276 kI hai| (2) mUrtiyoM para saM.1548 ke lekha se vidita hotA hai ki inakI pratiSThA zrIjIvAjIrAva pApar3IvAlA ne kraaii| (3) mUlanAyaka ajinAtha kI vedI meM 6 anya pratimAeM haiN| (4) pArzvanAtha kI vedI meM 29 pratimAeM haiM jinameM saM.1548 ke lekha hai| (5) AdinAtha kI vedI meM kula ATha pratimAeM haiM jinameM se tIna prastara va 5 aSThadhAtu kI hai| (6) sabhAmaNDapa meM pArzvanAtha kI vedI meM eka pratimA hai| isa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra saM.1961 meM huA thaa| yaha digambara matAvalambiyoM kA tIrthasthala hai| (27) malhAragar3ha : isakA purAnA nAma hasanagar3ha hai| yaha pazcimI relave ke muMgAvalI sTezana se 15 ki.mI. kI dUrI para sthita hai| tAraNapaMtha ke pravartaka tAraNa svAmI kA vizAla smAraka hai jinakA yahAM vi.saM.1572 kI jyeSTha kRSNa 6 ko huA thaa| unhoMne yahI 14 granthoM kI racanA kI thii| tAraNapaMtha meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha hai| vaitravatI nadI se 112 ki.mI. dUra nizreyI (nisaIjI) hai| grAma meM eka maMdira hai jisameM seTha jIvarAja pApar3IvAlA dvArA saM.1548 vi. meM pratiSThita aneka biMba hai jinameM pArzvanAtha ke padmAsanastha do vizAla biMba zveta pASANa vinirmita mukhya hai| ye vahIM pApar3IvAla pratIta hote haiM jinhoMne baner3iyA jilA indaura meM mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA karavAI thii| yaha tAraNa paMthiyoM kA tIrthasthala hai| prAcIna aura uttara madhyakAlIna prasiddha jainatIrtha sthAnoM kA paricaya uparyuktAnusAra diyA gayA hai| isake atirikta kucha aura bhI sthAna hai jinako bhI jaina matAvalambI apanA tIrtha sthAna mAnate haiM kintu ye paryApta arvAcIna pratIta hate haiM athavA aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se ve koI vizeSa mahattva nahIM rakhate kevala 106 For Personal & Private Use Only

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unakA dhArmika mahattva hI hai| aise tIrtha mAlavA meM nimnAnusAra hai| (1) ratalAma : isa nagara ko jaina sAhitya meM ratnapurI ratnalalAmapurI aura dharmapurI ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai| yahAM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI janasaMkhyA adhika hai tathA jaina maMdira bhI saMkhyA meM lagabhaga bAraha hai| isa kAraNa isa nagara kA AkAra atizaya bar3ha gayA aura jainadharma meM tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gyaa| (2) thovanajI : canderI se pazcima meM sIdhe rAste se 14 ki.mI. kI dUrI para sthita hai| parantu sar3aka se 21 ki.mI. kI dUrI para par3atA hai| yahAM 15 bhavya jinAlaya hai| sabase purAnA maMdira zAMtinAtha kA hai| jo seTha pAr3AzAha dvArA nirmita kahA jAtA hai parantu mUrti para lekha nahIM hai sabase vizAla mUrti AdinAthajI kI hai jo 30 phITa UMcI hai, jisakA nirmANa vaisAkha sudi 5 saM. 1672 meM seTha bihArIlAla kAlA ne karAyA thaa| canderI kI vikhyAta caubIsI ke nirmAtA saMghAdhipati savAIsiMha ne yahAM bhI eka maMdira banavAkara AdanAtha kI 15 phITa UMcI eka pratimA kI pratiSThA krvaaii| yaha prAcIna kAla kA tapovana kSetra kahA jAtA hai| (3) gurilAgira : canderI se 11 ki.mI. pUrva kI ora eka pahAr3I para do maMdira haiN| eka meM 10 phITa UMcI mUrti hai aura dUsare meM caubIsI hai| yahAM bhagnaprAcIra bhI hai| (4) bhImAdAMta : canderI se 19 ki.mI. dUra bairasiyA grAma ke samIpa eka pahAr3I para 6 phITa UMcI AdinAtha kA padmAsanastha biMba hai / bhImAdAMta kA zAbdika artha bar3I caTTAna hai| eka lekha saM. 1555 phalguna zuklA 2 kA hai jo malapacandasUri kI caraNa pAdukA para aMkita hai| isa lekha meM mAlavA ke sulatAna gayAsuddIna khilajI aura canderI ke sUbedAra zerakhAM ke nAmoM kA bhI ullekha hai| (5) terahI : IsAgar3ha se 21 ki.mI. dUra hai| prAcIna nAma 'terAmmI' thaa| madhumatI (mahuA) nadI ke taTa para aneka bhagnAvazeSa haiN| grAma ke dakSiNa meM caumukhI jaina mUrti hai| (6) AmanacAra : muMgAvalI se 21 ki.mI. hai| jaina maMdiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa hai| eka mAnastambha meM 'sahastrakUTa caityAlaya' (eka hajAra mUrtiyAM) utkIrNa hai| (7) mohanakher3A : dhAra jile meM hai| isa tIrtha kA nirmANa AcArya zrIvijaya rAjendrasUri ke upadeza se lUNAjI poravAla ne vi. saM. 1940 meM karavAyA hai| isa prakAra mAlavA meM donoM hI sampradAya ke paryApta tIrtha sthAna haiN| lekina kahIM-kahIM aisA bhI pAyA jAtA hai ki jahAM kahIM bhI kisI prAcIna sthala kA ullekha jainadharma se sambandhita kisI ne batA diyA vahIM jainadharma kA tIrtha bana For Personal & Private Use Only 107

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-- gyaa| dUsare jo prAcIna tIrtha sthala haiM jahAM kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA gayA taba vahAM kI prAcIna kalA naSTa ho gaI aura isa prakAra vastusthiti se anabhijJa rahanA par3atA hai| kahIM-kahIM azlIlatA kI Ar3a meM utkIrNa prastara khaNDoM para plAsTara kara diyA gyaa| yadi yahI bhaya hai to phira aise prastara khaNDoM ko nikalavAkara saMgrahAlayoM ko sauMpa denA cAhiye jisase kalAgata vizeSatAeM sAmane A skeN| saMdarbha sUcI 1 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 422/25 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 2 vikrama kIrti maMdira smArikA, pRSTha | pRSTha 331-32 . 3 bhAga-2, pRSTha 322-325 26 indaura sTeTa gajeTiyara, bhAga-1, pRSTha 669 4 vividha kaumudI, pRSTha 165 27 TADsa rAjasthAna, saM. Thuka, pRSTha 1773; 5 kalyANa tIrthAMka, pRSTha 213 bhAga 2 6 anekAMta, 19/1-2, pRSTha 67-68 | 28 vahI, pRSTha 1070-71 7 bhArata ke prAcIna jainatIrtha, pRSTha 57 | 29 History of India & Eastern 8 dazapura janapada saMskRti, pRSTha 120 | Architecture, Vol.II, Page 131 . 9 bhArata ke prAcIna jaina tIrtha, pRSTha 58 130 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pRSTha 508 10 dazapura janapada saMskRti, pRSTha 119-20 | 31 vahI, pRSTha 334 11 vahI, pRSTha 120 | 32 19/1-2, pRSTha 129 12 vahI, pRSTha 120 133 vahI, pRSTha 129 13 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga -2, pRSTha 329-34 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pRSTha 313332 14 14 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pRSTha 333 | 35 mAMDavagar3ha tIrtha, pRSTha 43 15 ujjayinI darzana, pRSThA 84 OM vahI, pRSTha 44 16 prAcIna bhArata ke jaina tIrtha, pRSTha 58 37 munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha, pRSTha 677 17 kalyANa tIrthAMka, pRSTha 272-73 OM vahI, pRSTha 608 18 vahI, tIrthAMka, pRSTha 541 |39 Selected Inscriptions Vol.I, 19 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 442 | D.C.Sircar, Page 497 (1942) 20 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 40 munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha, pRSTha 683 pRSTha 331 | 41 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pRSTha 328 21 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 430- | 42 vahI, pRSTha 316 31 43 vahI, pRSTha 316 22 prAcIna bhArata ke jainatIrtha, pRSTha 59 44 vahI, pRSTha 316 23 vahI, pRSTha 4 | 45 vahI, pRSTha 316 24 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 529- 46 prAcIna bhArata ke jainatIrtha, pRSTha 58 | 47 anekAMta, varSa 12, kiraNa 12 maI 1954, [108 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pRSTha 380 51 zrI mAMDavagar3ha tIrtha, pRSTha 29 48 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 442 | 52 vahI, pRSTha 44 49 anekAMta, vahI, pRSTha 380 53 jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pRSTha 322 50 zrI maksI pArzvanAtha tIrtha kra. saMkSipta 54 vahI, pRSTha 332. . itihAsa, pRSTha 1 109 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya-7 jaina vADmaya jaina sAhitya bhAratIya sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai aura sAhitya ke vividha aMgoM ko jaina vidvAnoM ne amUlya dena dI hai| yadyapi jaina sAhitya naitika aura dhArmika dRSTi se likhA gayA hai phira bhI use sAmpradAyika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| naitika aura dhArmika dRSTikoNa se sAhitya sRjana kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina vidvAna sAmAnya janatA ke naitika jIvana stara ko UMcA uThAnA cAhate the| isake atirikta jainAcAryoM ne apanA sAhitya janatA kI apanI bhASA meM likhA jisa tathya ko samajhakara hI mahAvIra aura buddha ne isa dizA meM upakrama kiye the| pAli/prAkRta meM unake pravacana, saMskRta meM likhe jAne vAle brAhmaNa darzanoM se kahIM adhika hRdayasparzI hote the kAraNa janatA taka unake pahuMcane meM bhASA kA vyavadhAna Ar3e nahIM AtA thaa| jaina sAhitya kA bhASA vijJAna ke dRSTikoNa se mahattva : jaina vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya sAhitya ke vikAsa ke pratyeka caraNa ko Age bar3hAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| svayaM mahAvIrasvAmI ne apane upadeza tatkAlIna sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA prAkRta meM diye aura isa bhAvanA ko mahAvIra svAmI ke ziSyoM ne nirantara rkhaa| jaba prAkRta bhASA ne lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM sAhityika svarUpa grahaNa kara liyA taba jaina vidvAnoM ne apane sAhitya sRjana kA mAdhyama badala diyA aura taba ve apabhraMza meM apanA sAhitya likhane lge| bhAratavarSa kI anake prAMtIya bhASAeM jaise mAlavI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi apabhraMza ke mUla rUpa se utpanna huI hai| purAnI hindI meM jaina vidvAnoM ke dvArA likhA gayA sAhitya Aja bhI zAstra bhaNDAroM meM surakSita hai jo hindI Adi kI utpatti aura unake kramika vikAsa ke itihAsa para paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai| hindI se atirikta bhI bhAratavarSa kI anya bhASAoM meM bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne sAhitya sRjana kiyaa| sAtha hI sAhityika bhASA saMskRta meM bhI ina vidvAnoM ne paryApta sAhitya racanA kii| ___ Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki jainAcArya janma kahIM lete haiM unakI karmabhUmi kahIM aura hotI hai evaM unake sAhitya meM unake jIvana tathA racanAoM ke sambandha meM [110 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aisI koI vistRta jAnakArI nahIM hotii| aisI sthiti meM yaha patA lagAnA bar3A kaThina ho jAtA hai ki kauna se AcArya ne kaunasA grantha kaba aura kahAM likhA phira bhI hama mAlavA meM sRjita jaina sAhitya para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kareMge, jo jaina sAhitya mAlavA meM likhA gayA usako nimnAMkita bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai: (1) Agamika aura dArzanika sAhitya (2) kathAsAhitya (3) kAvya (4) stotra sAhitya (5) alaMkAra vyAkaraNa sAhitya (6) anya sAhitya (1) Agamika aura dArzanika sAhitya : jaina sAhitya meM Agamika aura dArzanika sAhitya kA vizeSa mahattva hai| isameM gyAraha aMga, bAraha upAMga, chaH cheda sUtra, cAra mUla sUtra, dasa prakIrNaka aura do anya sUtra, anuyoga dvAra sUtra aura naMdI sUtra hai| isa zAkhA ko bhadrabAhu kI bAraha niyuktiyAM, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, bIsa anya prakIrNakoM, paryuSaNa kalpa, jIta kalpasUtra, zrAddha jAtI kalpa, pAkSI sUtra, vandittusUtra, kSamaNasUtra, yatijItakalpa aura RSibhASita ne aura samRddha kara diyA hai tathA isa prakAra sUtra-saMkhyA caubIsa taka pahuMca gaI hai| isa zAkhA kA adhyayana pratyeka yuga meM barAbara hotA rahA hai tathA isa para TIkAeM, upa-TIkAeM bhI alagaalaga.bhASA meM samaya-samaya para likhI jAtI rahI hai| na kevala Agama sAhitya meM varana darzana sAhitya meM bhI uttarottara samRddhi huI tathA jainadharma ke maulika siddhAntoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta kiyA gyaa| mAlavA meM Agamika aura dArzanika sAhitya kI sarvAdhika ullekhanIya upalabdhi hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke kalpasUtra ke atirikta kSapaNaka ne jo kiMvadantiyoM ke anusAra vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM se eka mAne jAte haiM, darzana zuddhi, sammati tarkasUtra, prameyaratnakoSa evaM nyAyAvatAra granthoM kI racanA kii| nyAyAvatAra grantha apUrva hai| yaha atyanta laghu grantha hai kintu ise dekhakara gAgara meM sAgara bharane kI kahAvata yAda A jAtI hai| battIsa zlokoM meM kSapaNaka ne sArA jaina nyAyAzAstra isameM bhara diyA hai| nyAyAvatAra para candraprabhasUri ne nyAyAvatAra nivRtti nAmaka vizeSa TIkA bhI likhI hai|' Agama sAhitya ko vyavasthita evaM sarala karane kA zreya AryarakSitasUri ko hai| AryarakSita ne AcArya tosalIputra se jaina darzana evaM dRSTivAda kA adhyayana kiyA phira guru kI AjJA se AcArya bhadraguptasUri tathA For Personal & Private Use Only

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AryavajrasvAmI ke samIpa rahakara vidyAdhyayana kiyA, AcArya AryarakSitasUri ne bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya kI sArvajanika hita kI dRSTi se uttama evaM mahAn kArya yaha kiyA ki yaha jAnakara ki vartamAna ke sAtha hI bhaviSya meM bhI jainAgamoM kI gahanatA evaM durAhavRtti se asAdhAraNa medhAvI bhI eka bAra unheM samajhane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava karegA, AMgamoM ko cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| yathAH (1) karaNacaraNAnuyoga (2) gaNitAnuyoga (3) dharmakathAnuyoga (4) dravyAnuyoga' . isake sAtha hI AcArya AryarakSitasUri ne anuyogadvAra sUtra kI bhI racanA kI jo jaina darzana kA pratipAdaka mahattvapUrNa Agama mAnA jAtA hai| yaha Agama AcAryapravara kI divyatama dArzanika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| siddhasena divAkAra dvArA racita sammati prakaraNa prAkRta meM hai| jaina dRSTi aura mantavyoM ko tarkazailI meM spaSTa tathA sthApita karane meM yaha jaina vADmaya meM sarvaprathama grantha hai jisakA Azraya uttaravartI sabhI zvetAmbara evaM digambara vidvAnoM ne liyaa|' siddhasena divAkara ne tatvArthAdhigamasUtra kI TIkA bhI bar3I vidvatA se likhI hai| isa grantha ke lekhaka ko digambara sampradAya vAle umAsvAmina aura zvetAmbara sampradAya vAle umAsvAti batalAte haiN| devasena kRta darzanasAra kA vikrama saMvat 990 meM dhArA ke pArzvanAtha maMdira meM race jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| isake atirikta AlApha paddhati inakI nyAyaviSayaka racanA hai| eka laghunayacakra jisameM 87 gAthAoM dvArA dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika, ina do tathA unake naigamAdi nau nayoM ko unake bhedopabheda ke udAharaNoM sahita samajhAyA hai| dUsarI racanA bRhanayacakra hai, jisameM 423 gAthAeM haiM aura usameM nayoM va nikSepoM kA svarUpa vistAra se samajhAyA gayA hai| racanA ke anta kI 6-7 gAthAoM meM lekhaka ne eka mahattvapUrNa bAta batalAI hai ki AditaH unhoMne davvasahAva-payAsa (dravya svabhAva prakAza) nAma ke isa grantha kI racanA dohA baMdha meM kI thI, kintu unake eka zubhaMkara nAma ke mitra ne use sunakara haMsate hue kahA ki yaha viSaya isa chaMda se zobhA nahIM detA, ise gAthAbaddha kiijiye| ataeva use unake mAlla dhavala nAmaka ziSya ne gAthA rUpa meM parivartita kara ddaalaa| syAdvAda aura nayavAda kA svarUpa samajhane ke liye devasena kI ye racanAeM bahuta upayogI haiN|' amitagati kRta subhASita ratna saMdoha meM battIsa pariccheda hai jinameM se pratyeka meM sAdhAraNataH eka hI chanda kA prayoga huA hai| isameM jaina nItizAstra ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM para ApattiH vicAra kiyA gayA hai, sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNoM ke vicAroM aura AcAra ke prati isakI pravRtti visaMvAdAtmaka hai| pracalita rIti ke DhaMga para striyoM [112 For Personal & Private Use Only

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para khUba AkSepa kiye gaye haiN| eka pUrA pariccheda vezyAoM ke sambandha meM hai| jainadharma ke AptoM kA varNana 28veM pariccheda meM kiyA gayA hai aura brAhmaNadharma ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki ve ukta AptajanoM kI samAnatA nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki ve striyoM ke pIche kAmAtura rahate haiM, madya sevana karate haiM aura indriyAMrukta hote haiN| amitagati kRta zrAvakAcAra lagabhaga 1500 saMskRta padyoM meM pUrNa huA hai aura vaha 15 adhyAya meM vibhAjita hai, jinameM dharma kA svarUpa, mithyAtva aura samyakatva kA bheda sapta tatva, pUjA va upavAsa evaM bAraha bhAvanAoM kA suvistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai| aMtima adhyAya meM dhyAna kA varNana 115 padyo meM kiyA gayA hai jisameM dhyAna, dhyAtA, dhyeya aura dhyAnaphala kA nirUpaNa hai| amitagati ne apane aneka granthoM meM unake racanAkAla kA ullekha kiyA hai| jinameM vi.saM.1050 se 1073 taka ke ullekha milate haiN| ataeva ukta granthoM kA racanA kAla lagabhaga 1000 I. siddha hotA hai| inake dvArA racita yogasAra meM 9 adhyAyoM meM naitika va AdhyAtmika upadeza diye gaye haiN|10 amitagati ne saMskRta zlokabaddha paMcasaMgraha kI racanA kI, jo usakI prazasti ke anusAra vi.saM.1073 meM masUrikApura (vartamAna masUdavilodA jo ki dhArA ke pAsa hai) nAmaka sthAna meM samApta huii| isameM pAMcoM adhikAroM ke nAma pUrvokta hI haiM tathA dRSTivAda aura karmapravAda ke ullekha ThIka pUrvokta prakAra se hI Aye haiN| yadi hama isakA AdhAra prAkRta paMcasaMgraha ko na mAne to yahAM zataka aura saptati nAmaka adhikAroM kI koI sArthakatA hI siddha nahIM hotI, kyoMki inameM zloka saMkhyA usase bahuta adhika hai| kintu jaba saMskRta rUpAntarakAra ne adhikAroM ke nAma de hI rakhe haiM, taba unhoMne bhI mUla aura bhASya para AdhArita zlokoM ko alaga-alaga rakhA ho to Azcarya nhiiN| amitagati kI anya racanAoM meM bhAvanA dvAtriMzatikA, ArAdhanA sAmayika pATha aura upAsakAcAra kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai|12 mANikyanaMdI, jo darzanazAstra ke taladRSTA vidvAn the aura trailokya naMdI ke ziSya the, dhArA ke nivAsI the| inakI eka mAtra vRti parIkSAmukha. nAmaka eka nyAya sUtra grantha hai jisameM kula 277 sUtra haiN| ye sUtra sarala, sarasa aura gambhIra artha dyotaka hai| mANikyanaMdI ne AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vacana samudra kA dohana karake jo nyAyAmRta nikAlA vaha unakI dArzanika pratibhA kA dyotaka hai|13 inake ziSya prabhAcandra ne parIkSAmukha kI TIkA likhI hai jo prameyakamala mArtaNDa ke nAma se prasiddha hai| prameyakamala mArtaNDa rAjA bhoja ke hI rAjyakAla meM racA gyaa| prabhAcandra ke anya granthoM meM nyAya kumudacandra jaina nyAya kA eka bar3A prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai| prabhAcandra kRta AtmAnuzAsana tilaka, ratnakANDa TIkA, paMcAstikAya pradIpa, pravacana saroja bhAskara, samAdhi [[113 For Personal & Private Use Only

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taMtra kriyAkalApa TIkA Adi granthoM kA bhI patA calatA hai| mahApaMDita AzAdhara apanI vidvatA ke liye prasaddhi hai| inakI pratibhA kAvya, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, zabdakoza, alaMkAra, dharmazAstra, yogazAstra, stotra aura vaidyaka Adi sabhI viSayoM meM asAdhAraNa thii| paM.AzAdhara kRta sAgAradharmAmRta sapta vyasanoM ke aticAra kA varNana, zrAvakadharma kI dinacaryA aura sAdhaka kI samAdhi vyavasthA para prakAza DAlatA hai| yaha graMtha lagabhaga 500 saMskRta padyo meM pUrNa huA hai aura ATha adhyAyoM dvArA zrAvakadharma kA sAmAnya varNana, aSTamUla guNa tathA gyAraha pratimAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| vrata pratimA ke bhItara bAraha vratoM ke atirikta zrAvakadharma kI dinacaryA bhI batalAI gaI hai| aMtima adhyAya ke 110 zlokoM meM samAdhimaraNa kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| racanAzailI kAvyAtmaka hai| grantha para kartA kI svopajJa TIkA upalabdha hai, jisase usakI samApti kA samaya vi.saM.1296 yA I. san 1239 ullikhita hai| inakI dUsarI racanA prameya ratnAkara syAdvAda vidyA kI pratiSThApanA karatA hai| AzAdhara kRta hI adhyAtma-rahasya hAla hI prakAza meM AyA hai| isameM 72 saMskRta zlokoM dvArA Atmazuddhi aura Atmadarzana evaM anubhUmi kA yoga kI bhUmikA para prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| AzAdhara ne apanI anagAra dharmAmRta kI TIkA kI prazasti meM isa graMtha kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa grantha kI eka prAcIna prati kI aMtima puSpikA meM ise dharmAmRta kA yogIddIpana nAmaka aThArahavAM adhyAya kahA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma yogIddIpana bhI hai aura ise kartA ne apane dharmAmRta ke aMtima upasaMhArAtmaka aThAharaveM adhyAya ke rUpa meM likhA thaa| svayaM kartA ke zabdoM meM unhoMne apane pitA ke Adeza ke Arabdha yogiyoM ke liye isa prasanna gambhIra aura priya zAstra kI racanA kI thii| inakI anya racanAoM meM dharmAmRta mUla, jJAnadIpikA bhavyakumadacandrikA - yaha dharmAmRta para likhI TIkA hai| isakA nAma kSodakSamA thA parantu vidvAnoM ke isakI sarasatA saralatA se mugdha hokara bhavyakumuda candrikA nAma rkhaa| mUlArAdhanA zivArya kI ArAdhanA para ttiikaa| ArAdhanAsAra TIkA, nitya mahodyota, ratnatraya vidhAna Adi hai| dhArA ke nivAsI lAr3abAgar3a saMgha aura balAtkAragaNa ke AcArya zrIcandra ne zivakoTi kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA para TippaNa likhA hai| yaha TippaNa zrIcandra ne rAjA bhoja ke rAjatvakAla meM banAkara samApta kiyaa| (2) kathAtmaka sAhitya : kathAtmaka sAhitya ke antargata hama kathAkoza, paurANika grantha tathA carita granthoM evaM aitihAsika prakAra ke granthoM ko sammilita karate haiN| isa zreNI meM sarvaprathama hama punATa saMgha ke AcArya jinasena ke itihAsa pradhAna carita kAvya 'harivaMza' kA ullekha kreNge| isa graMtha kI racanA jinasenAcArya [114. For Personal & Private Use Only

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ne zaka saMvat 705 meM vardhamAnapura vartamAna badanAvara jilA dhAra ke pArthyAlaya (pArzvanAtha ke maMdira kI "annarAja vasati" meM kI aura usakA jo zeSa bhAga rahA use vahIM ke zAMtinAtha maMdira meM baiThakara pUrA kiyaa| digambarI sampradAya ke kathA saMgrahoM meM isakA tIsarA sthAna hai| hariSeNa kRta kathAkoza kI racanA zrI vinAyakapAla rAjA ke rAjyakAla meM badanAvara meM kI gii| vinAyakapAla pratihAravaMza kA rAjA thA jisakI rAjadhAnI kannauja thii| kathAkoza kI racanA vi.saM.989 meM huii| yaha kathAkoza sAr3he bAraha hajAra zloka parimANa kA vRhad grantha hai| yaha saMskRta padyoM meM racA gayA hai aura upalabdha samasta kathAkozoM meM prAcInatama siddha hotA hai| isameM 157 kathAeM haiN| jinameM cANakya, zakaTAla, bhadrabAhu, vararUci, svAmI kArtikeya Adi aitihAsika puruSoM ke caritra bhI hai| isa kathAkoza ke anusAra bhadrabAhu ujjayinI ke samIpa bhAdrapada meM hI rahe the aura unake dIkSita ziSya rAjA candragupta, aparanAma vizAkhAcArya, saMgha sahita dakSiNa ke punATa deza ko gaye the| kathAoM meM kucha nAma va zabda jaise maidajja (mautArya) vijjadAr3a (vidyudaMSTa) prAkRta rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM. jisase anumAna hotA hai ki racayitA kathAoM ko kisI prAkRta kRti ke AdhAra para likha rahA hai| unhoMne svayaM apane kathAkoza ko ArAdhanodbhuta kahA hai, jisase anumAnataH bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA anumAna ho| AcArya mahAsena ne pradyumna carita kI racanA 11vIM zatAbdI ke madhya ke bhAga meM kii| amitagati kRta dharmaparIkSA kI zailI kA mUla srota yadyapi haribhrada kRta prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna hai tathApi yahAM aneka choTe-bar3e kathAnaka sarvathA svataMtra va maulika haiN| grantha kA mUla uddezya anya dharmoM kI paurANika kathAoM kI asatyatA ko unase adhika kRtrima, asambhava va uTapaTAMga AkhyAna kaha kara, siddha karake saccA dhArmika, zraddhAna utpanna karatA hai| inameM dhUrtatA aura mUrkhatA kI kathAoM kA bAhulya hai| prAkRta koSoM meM sarvaprAcIna racanA dhanapAla kRta pAiya lacchI nAma mAlA hai jo usakI prazasti ke anusAra kartA ne apanI bhaginI sundarI ke liye dhArA.nagarI meM vi.saM.1029 meM likhI thI, jabaki mAlava narendra dvArA mAnyakheTa lUTA gayA thaa| yaha ghaTanA anya aitihAsika pramANoM se bhI siddha hotI hai| dhArA nareza harSadeva ne eka zilAlekha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki usane rASTrakUTa rAjA khauTTigadeva kI lakSmI kA apaharaNa kiyA thaa| isa koza meM amarakoza kI rIti se prAkRta padyoM se lagabhaga 1000 prAkRta zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI zabda koI 250 gAthAoM meM diye haiN| prArambha meM kamalAsanAdi 18 nAma paryAya eka eka gAthA meM, phira lokAgra Adi 167 taka nAma AdhI AdhI gAthA meM, tatpazcAt 597 taka eka eka caraNa meM aura zeSa chinna arthAta eka gAthA meM kahIM cAra, kahIM pAMca aura kahIM 115 For Personal & Private Use Only

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chaha nAma diye gaye haiN| grantha ke ye hI cAra pariccheda kahe jA sakate haiN| adhikAMza nAma aura unake paryAya tadbhava haiN| sacce dezI zabda adhika se adhika paMcamAMza hoNge|28 saMskRta gadyAtamaka AkhyAnoM meM dhanapAla kRta tilakamaMjarI (I.970) kI bhASA zailI bar3I aujasvinI hai| 29 muni zrIcandra ne mahAkavi puSpadaMta ke uttarapurANa kA TippaNa likhA hai jise unhoMne sAgarasena nAma se saiddhAntika vidvAn se mahApurANa ke viSaya meM padoM kA vivaraNa jAnakara aura mUla TippaNa kA avalokana kara vi.saM.1080 meM rAjA bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM likhaa| isake atirikta inhoMne raviSeNa kRta padmacarita para TippaNa vi.saM.1087 meM evaM purANasAra vi.saM.1080 meM likhaa| prabhAcandra ne ArAdhanA gadya kathAkoza kI racanA kii| isameM candragupta ke atirikta samantabhadra aura akalaMka ke caritra bhI varNita hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke eka kavi 'vIra' kI varAMgacarita, zAMtinAtha carita, suddhayavIra, ambAdevI rAya aura jambUsAmicarit kA patA calatA hai| kintu inakI prathama cAra racanAoM meM se Aja eka bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| pAMcavI kRti jambUsvAmI caritra grantha kI aMtima prazasti ke anusAra vi.saM.1076 meM mAha mAgha kI zukla dasavIM ko likhI gii| kavi ne 11 saMdhiyoM meM jambUsvAmI kA caritra citraNa kiyA hai| vIra ke jambUsAmi cariu meM 11vIM sadI ke mAlavA kA loka jIvana surakSita hai| vIra ke sAhitya kA mahattva 'mAlavA' kI bhaugolika, Arthika, rAjanaitika aura loka sAMskRtika dRSTi se to hai hI, parantu sarvAdhika mahattva mAlavI bhASA kI dRSTi se hai| mAlavI zabdAvalI kA vikAsa 'vIra' kI bhASA meM khojA jA sakatA hai| nayanaMdI kRta sakala vidhi-vidhAna kahA vi.saM.1100 meM likhA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha khaNDa kAvya ke rUpa meM hai kintu vizAla kAvya meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| isakI prazasti meM itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmragI prastuta kI gaI hai| usameM kavi ne grantha banAne ke preraka harisiMha muni kA ullekha karate hue apane se pUrvavartI jaina-janetara aura kucha samasAmayika vidvAnoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| kavi dAmodara ne rAjA devapAla ke rAjya meM nAgadave ke anurodha para naimijina kA caritra banAyA thaa| paM.AzAdhara ne amarakoza kI TIkA bhI likhI hai| aura paramAra rAjA devapAla ke rAjyakAla meM paM.AzAdhara ne saM.1292 meM triSaSTismRtizAstra kI racanA kI jisameM 62 zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra apekSAkRta saMkSepa se vaNana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM pradhAnataH jinasena guNabhadra kRta mahApurANa kA anusaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| 39 (3) kAvya aura mahAkAvya : mAlavA ke jaina vidvAnoM meM aneka bar3e kavi ho cuke haiM kucha kAvya granthoM kA jo carita evaM aitihAsika zreNI meM Ate haiM, ullekha hama Upara kara cuke haiN| kucha grantha jisakA ullekha mahAkAvyoM yA laghu kAvyoM kI | 116 For Personal & Private Use Only

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zreNI meM AtA hai, vaha isa prakAra haiM nayanaMdI kRta sudarzana carita apabhraMza kA.khaNDa kAvya hai jisakarI racanA vi.saM.1100 meM huii| yaha grantha mahAkAvyoM kI zreNI meM rakhane yogya hai| paM.AzAdhara kRta aneka kAvya granthoM kA ullekha milatA hai| inakI racanA bhAratezvarAbhyudaya meM bharata ke aizvarya kA varNana hai| ise siddhacakra bhI kahate haiM kyoMki isake pratyeka sarga ke anta meM siddha pada AyA hai| rAjAmatI vipralambha khaNDa kAvya hai jisa para lekhaka kI svayaM kI svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| "iSTopadeza TIkA" aura jina yajJakalpa jisakA ki dUsarA nAma pratiSThAsAroddhAra dharmAmRta kA, eka aMga hai paM.AzAdhara kI hI racanAeM haiN| isake atirikta aura koI kAvya granthoM kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM miltii| jo mahAkAvya mile haiM ve hamArI samayasImA ke paryApta bAda ke haiM jinakA ullekha karanA ucita nahIM pratIta hotaa| ......... .... ...... (4) stotra sAhitya : stotroM meM sabase prAcIna stotra siddhasena divAkara ke haiN| siddhasena divAkara ke do stotra (1) kalyANa maMdira stotra tathA (2) vardhamAna dvAtriMzikA stotra upalabdha hai| inakA kalyANa maMdira stotra 44 zlokoM meM hai| yaha pArzvanAtha bhagavAna kA stotra hai| isakI kavitA meM prAsAda guNa kama hai aura kRtrimatA evaM zleSa kI bharamAra hai| parantu pratibhA kI kamI nahIM hai| kiMvadanti hai ki kalyANa maMdira stotra kA.pATha samApta hote hI ujjayinI ke mahAkAla maMdira meM zivaliMga phaTa gayA aura usake madhya meM pArzvanAtha kI mUrti nikala aaii|43 isake aMtima bhinna chaMda ke eka padya meM isake kartA kA nAma kumudacandra sUcita kiyA gayA hai, jise kucha loga siddhasena kA hI dUsarA nAma mAnate haiN| dUsare padya ke anusAra yaha 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI stuti meM racA gayA hai| bhaktAmara ke sadRza hote hue bhI yaha apanI kAvya kalpanAoM va zabda yojanA meM maulika hI hai| he, jinendra, Apa una bhaktoM ko saMsAra se kaise pAra kara dete haiM, jo apane hRdaya meM ApakA nAma dhAraNa karate haiM? hAM jAnA, jo eka mazaka bhI jala meM taira kara nikala jAtI hai, vaha usake bhItara bhare hue pavana kA hI to prabhAva hai| he jineza, Apake dhyAna se bhavya puruSa kSaNamAtra meM deha ko chor3akara paramAtma dazA ko prApta ho jAte haiM, kyoM na ho, tIvra agni ke prabhAva se nAnA dhAtueM apane pASANa bhAva ko chor3akara zuddha suvarNatva ko prApta kara letI haiN| siddhasena divAkara kRta varddhamAna dvAtriMzikA dUsarA stotra hai| yaha 32 pralokoM meM bhagavAna vardhamAna mahAvIra kI stuti hai| isameM kRtrimatA evaM zleSa nahIM hai! prasAdaguNa adhika hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko ziva, buddha, RSikeza, viSNu evaM jagannAtha mAnakara prArthanA kI gaI hai| ina donoM stotroM meM siddhasena divAkara kI kAvyakalA UMcI zreNI kI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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mAnatuMgAcArya kRta bhaktAmara stotra ke prArambha karane kI zailI puSpadanta ke zivamahimna stotra se prAyaH milatI hai| prAtihArya evaM vaibhava varNana meM bhaktAmara para pAtra kesarI stotra kA bhI prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| inakA bhaktAmara stotra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se samAdRta hai| kavi kI yaha racanA inatI lokapriya rahI hai, jisase usake pratyeka aMtima caraNa ko lekara samasyA pUrtyAtmaka stotra kAvya likhe jAte rahe haiN| isa stotra kI kaI samasyApUrtiyAM upalabdha haiN| bhaktAmara bahuta hI lokapriya aura supracalita evaM prAyaH pratyeka jaina ke jihvAna para hai| digambara paramparAnusAra isameM 48 tathA zvetAmbara paramparA meM 54 padya haiN| stotra kI racanA siMhonatA chanda meM huI hai| isameM svayaM kartA ke anusAra prathama jinendra arthAta RSabhanAtha kI stuti kI gaI hai| tathApi samasta racanA aisI hai ki vaha kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ke liye sArthaka ho sakatI hai| pratyeka padya meM bar3e sundara upamA, rUpaka Adi alaMkAroM kA samAveza hai| he bhagavana, Apa adbhuta jagat prakAzI dIpaka haiM, jisameM na tela hai, na bAtI aura na dhUpa, jahAM parvatoM ko hilA dene vAle vAyu ke jhoMke pahuMca nahIM sakate tathApi jisameM jagat bhara meM prakAza phailatA hai| he munIndra, ApakI mahimA sarya se bhI bar3hakara hai kyoMki Apa na kabhI asta hote, na rAhugamya hai na ApakA mahAn prabhAva meghoM ke viruddha hotA hai| Apa eka sAtha samasta lokoM kA svarUpa suspaSTa karate haiN| bhagavana Apa hI buddha haiM, kyoMki Apake buddhi va bodha kI vibudha jana acarnA karate haiN| Apa hI zaMkara haiM, kyoMki Apa bhuvanatraya kA zama arthAt kalyANa karate haiM aura Apa hI vidhAtA brahmA haiM, kyoMki Apane ziva mArga (mokSa mArga) kI vidhi kA vidhAna kiyA hai, ityaadi| isakA sampAdana jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda DaoN.yAkobI ne kiyA hai| isa stotra ke AdhAra se bar3e vizAla sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai| isa para koI 20-25 to TIkAeM likhI gaI haiM evaM bhaktAmara stotra kathA va caritra, chAyA stavana, paMcAMga vidhi, pAdapUrti stavana, pUjA, maMtra, mAhAtmya, vratodyApana Adi bhI 20-25 se kama nahIM hai| prAkRta meM bhI mAnatuMga kRta bhayahara stotra pArzavanAtha kI stuti meM racA gayA hai| prabhAcandra ne vRhat svayaMbhU stotra TIkA likhI hai| paM.AzAdhara kRta siddhaguNa stotra svopajJa TIkA sahita" tathA bhUpAla caturvizati TIkA bhI inake hI dvArA likhI batAI jAtI hai| (5) alaMkAra aura vyAkaraNa sahita : mAlavA ke jaina vidvAnoM ne alaMkAra evaM vyAkaraNa jaise viSayoM para bhI sAhitya sRjana kiyA hai| prabhAcandra kRta zabdAmbhoja bhAskara eka vyAkaraNa grantha hai| paM.AzAdhara ne kriyAkalApa ke nAma se vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA kI tathA alaMkAra se sambandhita kAvyAlaMkAra TIkA likhii| [118 For Personal & Private Use Only

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" (6) anya sAhitya : AcArya amitagati kI kucha racanAeM upalabdha nahIM hai jinake nAma nimnalikhita haiM: (1) jambU dvIpa :- sambhavataH bhUgola viSayaka grantha ho| (2) candraprajJapti ... (3) sArthadvaya dvIpa prajJapti tathA (4) vyAkhyA prajJapti hai| paM.AzAdhara ne Ayurveda se sambandhita granthoM kI bhI racanA kI thii| unhoMne vAgbhaTa ke Ayurveda grantha aSTaMgahRdayI kI TIkA aSTaMgahRdayI dhotinI ke nAma se likhii| isa prakAra mAlavA ke jaina vidvAnoM ke vividha viSayaka grantha upalabdha hote haiM tathA abhI bhI naye-naye jaina vidvAnoM ke grantha prakAza meM Ate jA rahe haiN| yadi samUce bhAratavarSa ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM tathA vyaktigata saMgrahAlayoM meM khoja kI jAye to aura aneka mahattvapUrNa granthoM ke prakAza meM Ane kI sambhAvanA hai| isake atirikta uparyukta vivaraNa se eka bAta spaSTa rUpa se vidita ho jAtI hai ki jitanA bhI sAhitya jainadharma meM upalabdha hai usa samasta sAhitya kA sRjana jainAcAryoM ke dvArA huA hai kyoMki vaNika jAti vyApAra pradhAna jAti hai| isa kAraNa isa jAti ke vyaktiyoM kA to sAhitya sRjana kI ora dhyAna nahIM ke barAbara jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ke dvArA racA gayA sAhitya hamAre sAmane hai| usakI bhI vizeSatA yaha hai ki sAhitya bhI sAmpradAyika grantha taka hI sImita nahIM raha gayA hai varan sAhitya ke vibhinna aMgoM para ina AcAryoM ne apane granthoM kI racanA kI hai| saMdarbha sUcI 1 ujjayinI darzana, pRSTha 93 : pR.87 .. 2 zrImad rAjendrasUri smAraka grantha, pRSTha 8 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-2 459 . . ... kItha, pR.286-87 3 vahI, pR.459 9 vahI, pR.121 4 sva.bAbU zrI bahAdurasiMhajI siMghI smRti 10 vahI, pR.81 graMtha, pRSTha 12 . 11 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 5 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 116 | pR.81 6 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 12- saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.345, : 544 | gairolA 7 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 13 guru gopAladAsa baraiyA smRti graMtha, pR.546 119 For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 vahI, pR.548 lAna 34 vahI, pRSTha 64 15 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 35 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha pR.89 | 547-48 16 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 355.36 vahI, pRSTha 551 gairolA 37 vIravANI, varSa 18, aMka 13. pRSTha 22 17 vahI, pRSTha 346 38 jaina sAhitya no saMkSipta itihAsa, pRSTha. 18 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 96 pRSTha 114 |39 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 19 vIravANI, varSa 18, aMka 13, pRSTha 21 20 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 40 vahI, pR.163 . pRSTha 122 141 vIravANI, varSa 18, aMka 13, pRSTha 21-22 21 vIravANI, pRSTha 22 42 vahI, pRSTha 21-22 22 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 43 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 118 ... 546 44 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 23 jaina sAhitya no saMkSipta itihAsa, pRSTha pRSTha 125-26 .. 177-78, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma 45 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI kA yogadAna, pRSTha 332 146 anekrAMta, varSa 18, kiraNa 6. pRSTha 245 24 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 351/47 vahI, pRSTha 242 25 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 48 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, | pRSTha 125 26 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 49 vahI, pRSTha 125 545-46 |50 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 27 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, | 548 pRSTha 177 |51 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 28 vahI, pR.195-96 pRSTha 120 28 vahI, pRSTha 174 52 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 30 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 51 546 |53 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 31 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 355| pRSTha 185 32 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 54 vIravANI, varSa 18, aMka 13, pRSTha 22 . 545 5 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 345. 33 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, 56 vIravANI, pRSTha 22 pRSTha 178 pRSTha 177 1201 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 8 jaina zAlA bhaNDAra jaisA ki sarva vidita hai, jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne bhI brAhmaNadharma ke samAna hI apanI smRti ke AdhAra para hI pIr3hI dara pIr3hI apane jJAna ko surakSita rkhaa| jaise-jaise sAhitya bar3hatA gayA vaise-vaise usa sAhitya ko maukhika rUpa se yAda rakhanA bhI kaThina hotA gyaa| taba sUtra zailI ke mAdhyama se sAhitya smRti meM rakhA jAne lgaa| jaisA ki svAbhAvika thA, yaha sUtra zailI paryApta lokapriya huii| kintu samaya vyatIta hotA gayA aura jJAna kA kSetra bar3hatA gayA to sAhitya bhI bar3hatA gayA, sAhitya kI zAkhAyeM bhI bar3hatI gaI, taba yaha sUtra zailI bhI sAhitya ko sthAyI rakhane meM sahAyaka nahIM ho skii| dUsare isameM anya aneka kaThinAiyAM bhI Ane lgii| jaise dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM kI anizcitatA, jo vyakti paramparA rUpa se sAhitya ko apanI smRti meM rakhe rahate the, unakI mRtyu| isa prakAra yaha prathA bAda meM calakara kaThina evaM asambhava pratIta hone lagI aura taba kahIM jJAna kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke sAhitya ko lipibaddha karane kA zrIgaNeza huaa| . zAsra bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA : zAstroM ke lekhana kA kArya mUla rUpa se AcAryoM ke dvArA hI huA hai| kintu aneka udAharaNa aise bhI milate haiM jahAM aneka grantha kaI vidvAnoM ke saMyukta prayAsa se bhI likhe gaye haiN| kintu grantha ko likhanA aura usako surakSita rakhanA, ye donoM bhinna bAte haiN| isaliye granthoM ko surakSita rUpa meM rakhane ke liye vyavasthA honA nitAMta Avazyaka thaa| isake liye grantha bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA honA bhI Avazyaka thaa| mAlavA meM sarvaprathama grantha bhaNDAra kaba aura kahAM sthApita karavAyA gayA isakI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| kintu itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA meM sabase bar3A yogadAna jainAcAryoM kA rhaa| isake atirikta jo jaina dharmAvalambI kisI prabhAvazAlI pada para rahA usane bhI zAstra bhaNDAra kI sthApanA meM yathAsambhava yogadAna diyaa| kintu isa prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI koI sUcI upalabdha nhiiN| - mAlavA ke sulatAnaM hozaMga gaurI ke pradhAnamaMtrI maMDana ne mAMDavagar3ha meM eka jJAna bhaNDAra kI sthApanA kI thI usameM rakhane ke liye eka bhagavatI sUtra kI prati 121 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMvata 1503 ke sAla meM likhavAI, vaha gujarAta ke pATaNa zahara meM sAgaragacchIya upAzraya ke bhaNDAra meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| usakI prazasti meM maNDana kA sampUrNa caritra likhA hai|' jaina maMdira jJAnapITha ke rUpa meM : prAcInakAla meM aneka rAjA mahArAjA kucha apane saMskAroM se tathA kucha dhArmika bhAvanAoM se prerita hokara maMdiroM meM dhArmika sAhitya upalabdha karavAte the| sAtha hI ve dhArmika sAhitya ke lekhana ko protsAhana bhI dete rahate the| isa prakAra maMdiroM meM dhArmika granthoM kA eka acchA saMgraha ho jAyA karatA thA jo dhArmika evaM vizvasta sthAna para hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa surakSita bhI rahatA thaa| jaina maMdiroM meM bhI hameM adhikAMza rUpa se grantha bhaNDAra milate haiN| maMdiroM meM kevala apane dharma se sambandhita grantha hI nahIM rakhe jAte the, varan anya dharma se sambandhita grantha bhI adhyayana evaM saMdarbha Adi ke liye rakhe jAte the aura isa prakAra eka acchA pustakAlaya sthApita ho jAtA thaa| ___maMdira meM zAstra bhaNDAra kisI eka rAjA athavA eka AcArya yA eka vyakti kI dena nahIM hai| yaha to jJAna kA vaha sAgara hai jo aneka sthAnoM kI pustaka rUpI jala kI bUMdoM se bharA hai| samAja ke aneka vyaktiyoM ke sahayoga kA pratiphala hI isameM dikhAI detA hai| maMdiroM meM adhyayana, evaM pravacana Adi hote rahate haiN| vAna pipAsu vyakti apanI pyAsa bujhAne Ate-jAte rahate haiN| cUMki maMdira hI eka aisA sthAna hotA hai. jahAM para isa prakAra ke grantha surakSita evaM vyavasthita raha sakate haiM aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja hameM adhikAMza jaina maMdiroM meM zAstra-bhaNDAra milate haiN| _ zAstra bhaNDAra vahAM bhI rahe hoMge jahAM jaina bhaTTArakoM kI gAdI rahI athavA prAcInakAla meM jaina vidyA ke jo sthAna kendra rahe ho| kintu Aja aise sthAnoM para kucha bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kahIM-kahIM maMdiroM meM bar3e-bar3e zAstra bhaNDAra bhI milate haiM jinameM bahumUlya grantha saMgrahita haiN| kintu adhikAMza. maMdiroM meM choTe-choTe zAstra bhaNDAra hI milate haiM jinameM dhArmika viSaya jaise siddhAnta, pUjA, pratiSThA tathA vidhAna Adi se sambandhita grantha hI milate haiN| bar3e bhaNDAroM meM uparyukta viSayoM ke atirikta jyotiSa, Ayurveda, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, caritra Adi viSayoM se sambandhita grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiN| rAjanItika, vyavasAyika athavA prAkRtika kAraNoM se kabhI bhI jaba manuSya parivartana karatA hai to usake sAtha vaha apanI grantha sampatti yathAsambhava le jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke AvAgamana ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka grantha asAvadhAnIvaza yA to naSTa ho jAte haiM yA manuSyoM ke dvArA vyartha kA bojha samajhakara vahIM kisI 122 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ko de diye jAte haiN| kucha vyakti granthoM ke mahattva ko samajhakara apane sAtha surakSita rakhakara le jAte haiM aura grantha bhaNDAroM ko bheMTa kara dete haiM jisase ki ve surakSita raha ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka dUrastha sthAnoM para likhe hue grantha bhI bhaNDAroM meM milate haiM kintu unake prApta hone kA koI vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| jahAM grantha bhaNDAroM meM granthoM ko samhAla kara rakhane kA prazna hai, mujhe jo bhI grantha bhaNDAra dekhane ko milate haiM, unameM granthoM ko surakSita rakhane ke liye nimnAnusAra vyavasthA dekhane ko milI: (1) granthoM kI pratilipi karanA : kucha sthAnoM para aisA bhI udAharaNa milA ki yadi koI grantha atyadhika jIrNa-zIrNa ho rahA hai aura usako samhAlakara surakSita rakha pAnA sambhava nahIM ho pA rahA hai to maMdiroM ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM aise zAstroM kI pratilipi karavA lI gayI hai| mandasaura ke pArzvanAtha digambara, jUnA maMdira, janakapurA ke sarasvatI zAstra bhaNDAra meM eka paMDitajI the jo granthoM kI pratilipi kA kArya karate the, ve aba nahIM hai| isI prakAra anya sthAnoM para ke zAstra bhaNDAroM athavA ruci rakhane vAle vyakti apanI ruci ke anusAra granthoM kI pratilipi banAne kA kArya karate the| . (2) granthoM ko rakhane kA sthAna va DhaMga : sAmAnyataH granthoM ko lakar3I athavA lohe kI alamAriyoM meM surakSita rakhA jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM lakar3I athavA lohe kI peTI meM bhI grantha rakhe jAte haiN| granthoM ko do puTThoM ke Tukar3e athavA paTiyoM ke madhya kAgaja meM lapeTakara DorI se bAMdha diyA jAtA hai, usake uparAMta eka kapar3e meM lapeTakara bAMdha diyA jAtA hai| jaba granthoM ko alamArI meM rakhanA hotA hai taba yA to alaga-alaga grantha jamA kara rakha diye jAte haiM athavA eka bar3e kapar3e meM 1020 granthoM ko bAMdhakara gaTara ke rUpa meM rakha dete haiN| isa prakAra kevala hastalikhita graMtha hI rakhe jAte haiN| prakAzita grantha to eka ke bAda eka jamA diye jAte haiN| ... hastalikhita granthoM ko tathA prakAzita granthoM ko prAkRtika kAraNoM se hone vAlI hAniyoM se bacAne ke liye varSa meM eka do bAra dhUpa meM rakhA jAtA hai| dhUpa meM vizeSakara varSA ke uparAMta rakhA jAtA hai jisase ki varSA ke kAraNa utpanna namI tathA dImaka Adi kITANu yadi ho to dhUpa pAkara naSTa ho jaave| isa sambandha meM eka do sthAnoM para maiMne kITanAzaka pAuDara DAlane kA prastAva kiyA to vaha isaliye svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA ki usase jIva hatyA hotI hai| jainadharma ke paMca mahAvratoM meM eka vrata ahiMsA bhI hai| isI kAraNa jIva hatyA ke bhaya se kITanAzaka davAiyoM kA upayoga nahIM kiyA jaataa| mAlavA ke zAstra bhaNDAra : jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai ki jaina maMdiroM meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainAcAryoM ke prayAsoM se zAstra bhaNDAra nirmita hue| kucha zAstra bhaNDAra kucha dharma pipAsu bhaktoM ne tathA kucha zAstra bhaNDAra jainadharma ke kucha prabhAvazAlI zrAvakoM ne sthApita krvaaye| isa prakAra ke kucha udAharaNa hameM milate haiM phira bhI mAlavA ke jainazAstra bhaNDAroM ke vistRta adhyayana kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai| kyoMki mAlavA meM jahAM-jahAM bhI zAstra bhaNDAra hai, unakI samagra jAnakArI vidvAnoM ko nahIM hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki zAstra bhaNDAroM ke kArya vyavasthita nahIM hai| kahIM-kahIM to sthiti yaha hai ki zAstra bhaNDAra meM kitane grantha hai? hastalikhita grantha kitane haiM? unake granthakAra kauna-kauna haiM? unake bheMTakartA kauna hai? tathA prakAzita grantha kitane haiM aura kauna-kauna se haiM? Adi jAnakArI bhI pUrI taraha nahIM mila pAtI hai| aisI sthiti meM sabase prathama to yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai. ki mAlavA meM upalabdha samasta jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM kA sarvekSaNa kiyA jAya unakI vivaraNAtmaka sUciyAM banAI jaay| unako grantha-paMjikAoM meM aMkita kiyA jaay| usake uparAMta "mAlavA ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM ke granthoM kA sUcIpatra" taiyAra kiyA jaave| tabhI mAlavA ke zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sahI sahI sthiti hamAre sAmane A sakatI hai| isake atirikta eka bAta aura yaha hai ki yaha kArya jaina samAja ke mAdhyama se hI honA caahye| kyoMki jainettara dharma ke vyakti ke liye jaina zAstra bhaNDaroM kI sUcI tathA granthoM kI sUcI patra banAnA asambhava pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki mujhe bhI isa viSaya meM aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hai| isake atirikta maiM indaura, mandasaura, ratalAma Adi sthAnoM ke zAstra bhaNDaroM ko prayatna karane ke uparAMta bhI nahIM dekha pAyA hUM aura usakA eka mAtra kAraNa merA jainetara dharmAvalambI honA hai| aisI sthiti meM mujhe mAlavA ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM ke viSaya meM jo bhI thor3I bahuta jAnakArI mila pAI hai usakA vivaraNa maiM yahA prastuta kara rahA hUM- yathAH (1) bar3anagara kA jainazAstra bhaNDAra : ujjaina jile ke nagara bar3anagara meM tIna sthAnoM para zAstra bhaNDAra hai jinakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai:- : (a) zrI digambara terApaMtha AmnAya maMdira bar3anagara- isa maMdira meM eka zAstra bhaNDAra hai| isameM prakAzita tathA hastalikhita donoM hI prakAra ke grantha haiN| hastalikhita granthoM kI saMkhyA 257 hai| aisA vidita huA ki yahAM eka grantha tAr3apatra para likhA huA bhI hai| kintu grantha bhaNDAra kI cAbI upalabdha nahIM hone ke kAraNa maiM grantha bhaNDAra ko nahIM dekha skaa|| (ba) zrI digambara jaina maMdira ghATAserI bar3anagara- isa maMdira meM jo zAstra bhaNDAra hai, usameM saMgrahita hastalikhita granthoM kI saMkhyA 390 hai| grantha bhaNDAra ke 124. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyavasthApaka zrI mizrIlAla ToMgyA hai jinhoMne pUrNa rUci ke sAtha granthoM kA / avalokana krvaayaa| sAtha hI Apa granthoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa bhI karate haiN| kucha granthoM kI prazastiyAM mahattva kI hai| kucha grantha 17vIM zatAbdI ke likhe hue haiN| eka grantha "jJAnArNava" saM.1679 bhAdra zukla 14 ravivAra ko nAgapura meM likhA gayA thaa| yaha grantha nAgapura se bar3anagara kisa prakAra AyA isakI koI jAnakArI isa zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha nahIM hai na hI yaha jAnakArI hai ki yaha grantha kisa prakAra bhaNDAra ko upalabdha huA? . (sa) ajitanAtha kA zvetAmbara jaina maMdira bar3anagara- yahAM bhI eka zAstra bhaNDAra hone kI sUcanA hai kintu yahAM ke vyavasthApaka mahAdeya ke pAsa cAra pAMca bAra jAkara vinamra nivedana karane ke uparAMta bhI ve apane ghara se cAbI lekara maMdira taka nahIM Aye jabaki ghara se maMdira 1 phalAMga se bhI kama dUrI para sthita hai| ataH paryApta prayatna karane ke uparAMta bhI maiM yaha zAstra bhaNDAra dekhane se vaMcita rhaa| ____(2) mandasaura kA zAstra bhaNDAra : mandasaura ke jaina maMdiroM meM se mujhe jo jAnakArI dI gaI usake anusAra kevala zrI pArzvanAtha digambara jaina maMdira janakapurA mandasaura meM zrI sarasvatI zAstra bhaNDAra jUnA maMdira hai isa zAstra bhaNDAra meM lagabhaga 70 hastalikhita grantha haiM jo vyavasthita rUpa se rakhe hue haiM tathA ina granthoM kA eka vyavasthita rajisTara bhI hai| isa kAraNa zAstra bhaNDAra ke kucha mahattvapUrNa grantha isa prakAra haiM: (1) mahipAla carita : yaha grantha pUrNa hai| prazasti ke saMvat Adi kA ullekha nahIM hai| grantha acchI sthiti meM hai| (2) dazalakSaNa vrata vidhAna : saMvat 1804 mAgha sudI 3 kA likhA huA hai| anya koI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prazasti meM nahIM dI gaI hai| (3) devapUjA : yaha grantha saM.1926 meM canderI meM gaMgAprasAda brAhmaNa ne lipibaddha kiyA thaa| canderI se mandasaura yaha grantha kisa prakAra AyA aura phira isa zAstra bhaNDAra ko kisane bheMTa kiyA Adi jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| (4) padmapurANa vacanikA : yaha grantha catuHsaMgha (zrAvaka, zrAvikA muni, AryakA) Adi ke maMgala ke liye saMvat 1899 meM miti mAha jyeSTha zukla 11 zanivAra ko lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| isake lipikartA kharataragaccha ke bhaTTAraka zrI khUbacandajI the jo grAma mandasaura meM bar3I holI meM nivAsa karate the| janakUpurA maMdira ke liye jinhoMne isa grantha kI lipi kii| isa grantha bhaNDAra meM eka grantha jayapura kA likhA huA bhI hai| maiM yahAM ke zAstra bhaNDAra kA avalokana kara hI rahA thA ki eka koI For Personal & Private Use Only

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bajarga mahAnubhAva maMdira meM Aye, jo zAyada maMdira kI vyavasthA samiti ke sadasya the aura krodhita hokara kahane lage ki kisakI AjJA se bhaNDAra kholA hai? jo vyavasthApaka mere sAtha the, unhoMne pUrNa sthiti bar3e hI vinamra zabdoM meM samajhAI magara unhoMne eka na sunii| taba maiMne zAstra bhaNDAra ko dekhane kA apanA uddezya unako batAyA aura namratApUrvaka unase nivedana kiyA ki mujhe zAstra bhaNDAra dekhane kI anumati de dI jAve kintu ve nahIM mAne aura jaba taka unhoMne zAMti anubhava nahIM kI jaba taka ki zAstra bhaNDAra ko tAlA nahIM laga gyaa| isa prakAra maiM mandasaura ke isa zAstra bhaNDAra kA bhI lAbha nahIM uThA. skaa| nayApurA terApaMthI mandasaura meM bhI eka zAstra bhaNDAra hone kI sUcanA hai kintu usakA avalokana bhI maiM nahIM kara paayaa| (3) indaura kA zAca bhaNDAra : zrI mahAvIra bhavana pIpalI bAjAra meM eka zAkha bhaNDAra hai jisake kAryavAhaka eka vakIla sAhaba hai| isa zAstra bhaNDAra ke liye eka TrasTa hai| mujhe aisA vidita huA ki yahAM sacitra hastalikhita grantha bhI hai| isa sUcanA ke AdhAra para maiM indaura gayA aura vakIla sAhaba se samparka sthApita kiyaa|ydypi mujhe vakIla sAhaba kA acchA sahayoga prApta huA tathApi bhaNDAra ke niyamoM ke kAraNa maiM zAstra bhaNDAra kA lAbha nahIM uThA skaa| isa zAstra bhaNDAra kA jo niyama mujhe batAyA vaha yaha hai ki TrasTa ke sadasyoM ke samakSa hI unakI vizeSa anumati se zAstra bhaNDAra khula sakatA hai| vaise varSa meM eka bAra . saMvatsari ke samaya pUjana Adi ke liye bhaNDAra khulatA hai| isa prakAra kAryavAhaka mahodaya ne bhaNDAra dikhAne meM apanI asamarthatA dikhaaii| maiM nirAza indaura se lauTa aayaa| yahAM kucha dhArmika vrata, pUjA, pratiSThA tathA caritra Adi viSayoM se sambandhita prakAzita grantha bhI haiN| (4) ujjaina kA zAstra bhaNDAra : ujjaina jaina digambara bhaTTArakoM kA pITha rahA hai tathA hameM isakI eka paTTAvalI bhI milatI hai| isase yaha bAta svataH pramANita ho jAtI hai ki yahAM zAstra bhaNDAra honA cAhiye kintu Aja hameM aisA koI grantha bhaNDAra dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| vaise nayApurA digambara jaina maMdira meM eka zAstra bhaNDAra hai jisameM hastalikhita granthoM ke atirikta prakAzita grantha bhI hai| vyavasthApaka mahodaya ne granthoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se rakha rakhA hai| khArAkuA sthita cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha maMdira meM bhI eka vizAla graMtha bhaNDAra hai kintu yahAM kevala prakAzita pustakeM hI saMgrahita haiN| hastalikhita grantha nahIM hai| zrI gaNivarya zrI abhayasAgarajI mahArAja ne mujhe eka bAra carcA ke daurAna batAyA thA ki kucha varSoM pUrva jaba ve ujjaina Aye the taba unhoMne khArAkuA para hI kisI eka vyakti ke [126 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAsa kucha sanadeM dekhI thii| kintu ve sanadeM aba aprApta hai| zAyada ve naSTa ho gaI ho? aisA bhI unase vidita huA ki yahAM pahale eka zAstra bhaNDAra bhI thA jisakA eka TrasTa bhI thaa| kintu usakA kyA huA? koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| __sindhiyA prAcya vidyA zodha pratiSThAna, vikrama vizvaviAlaya, ujjaina meM hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM vibhinna viSayoM se sambandhita hastalikhita tathA prakAzita grantha saMgrahita haiN| isa vizAla saMgrahAlaya meM jainadharma se sambandhita bhI aneka hastalikhita grantha tathA prakAzita grantha vidyamAna hai| jainadharma se sambandhita granthoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga eka hajAra hai| isa saMgrahAlaya meM jainadharma se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa grantha isa prakAra hai- .. . zrIpAlacaritra, gaurA bAdila caritra (cittaur3a ke gorA bAdala caritra) haMsAvalI caritra, pAMDava caritra, vikrama caritra, zAMtinAtha caritra aadi| bhaktAmara stotra, vIra jitezvara stotra, RSimaMDala stotra, bhaktAmara stotra, vRtti, pArzvanAtha stotra, kalyANa maMdira stotra, tripurAdevI stotra aadi| zIlavatI kathA, zuktAvalI bAlakathA, rohiNI kathA, moneekAdazI kathA, navakAra rAsakathA, pAlagopAla kathA, guNAvalI kathAnaka, mesaterasI kathA, dItavAranI kathA, daMtamaMjarI kathA aadi| . uttarAdhyayasUtra tatvArtharAha, bhagavatIsUtravRtisameta, vAkyaprakAza, navatatvaprakaraNa, ArAdhanA, jIvapracAra prakaraNa, dazaprazna niyukti, tatvArtha TIkA, mahAvIra stavana, AcArAMga tapovidhi, kalpasUtra, yogazAstracaturthaprakAza paryaMta, karmagraMthasUtra, samAdhi taMtra, samavAyAMgasUtra, cUr3AmaNi jyotiSAgara, saptazatI, caityavaMdana, triSaSTizlAkA puruSa vicAra, vivekaciMtAmaNi aadi| .. aMjanAno rAsa, dhIrAvalI, haribalarAsa, naladamayaMti vivAha, rasalaharI (hindI) kumArapAlarAsa aadi| . isI prakAra ke aura bhI aneka hastalikhita grantha isa saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahita haiN| inameM aneka grantha to pUrNa evaM acchI sthiti meM hai kucha grantha apUrNa hai| athavA kucha granthoM ke Adi ke pRSTha upalabdha nahIM hai to kucha ke aMtima pRSTha upalabdha haiN| kisI-kisI grantha kA to kevala eka yA do hI adhyAya upalabdha hai| phira bhI isa saMgrahAlaya meM aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai jo zodha ke liye upayogI hai| .. isake atirikta jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki ujjaina digambara bhaTTArakoM kI gAdI thI, to usake tAratamya meM yahAM sAhitya lekhana kA kArya bhI honA caahiye| yadyapi bhaTTArakoM kI paramparA hameM yahAM 11vIM zatAbdI taka milatI haiM kintu jo grantha ujjaina meM likhe gaye athavA pratilipibaddha kiye gaye the usake [27] For Personal & Private Use Only

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paryApta bAda ke haiN| isa prakAra ke adhikAMza grantha Aja gujarAta ke zAstra bhaNDAroM kI zobhA bar3hA rahe haiN| maiM isa prakAra ke kucha granthoM ke nAma yahAM dene kA lobha saMvaraNa nahIM kara pA rahA huuN| yathA (1) triSaSTiyacaritra dazamaparva : isa grantha kI prazasti isa prakAra hai :- "saMvat 1324 varSa mArgabadi 13 ......... zrImadujjaya (ji) nyAM zrI mahAvIracarita pustakaM sA devasihena mAtuH zroyo rtha likhApitam" ... yaha pustaka zAMtinAtha jJAna bhaNDAra khambhAta meM vidyamAna hai| . (20 zrI upadezamAlA (sAvacUri) : "saMvat 1402.varSa zrAvaNa sudi 12 zukre zrI upadezamAlA prakaraNaM likhitN||h|| zrI avaMtyA mahAsyAvaMpanyAsa vinayAnaMda yogya likhit||6|| zrI / / shrii|| yaha pustaka muni zrI haMsavijayajI ke zAstrasaMgraha bar3odarA meM hai| (3) zrI saptazatI : yaha pustaka svayaM ke adhyayanArtha likhI gaI aura zrI jainasaMgha jJAna bhaNDAra pATaNa meM upalabdha hai| yathA (4) zrI kumArapAla caritram : yaha grantha pra. zrI kAM.vi.saM. zA.saM. bar3odA meM hai| tathA saMvat 1648 ke mAha aSAr3ha bidi 5 bRhaspativAra ko ujjaina meM muni zrI AnaMdasAgarajI ke adhyayana hetu likhA gayA thaa| _(5) zrI AbU tIrthakalpa : yaha grantha A. zrI vi.vI.sU.zA.maM. rAdhanapura meM saMgrahita hai| prazasti isa prakAra hai: paMDita zrI 5 vinayaratnajI pautra jetaratna lakhitaM uMjhamadhye vaastvy|| baudha granthaM sArAnusAreNa tasmAt jIrNa patrAn jyotaratna likhitaM saMvata 1751 varSa mAha 4 bhaume| zubhaM bhvtu| klyaannmstu|| (6) zrI kalpasUtram (sonerI) : yaha grantha mu. zrI haMsavijayajI saM. zAstra saMgraha bar3odA ke saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha hai| saMvat 1522 meM mAlavA ke tatkAlIna sultAna hozaMgagaurI (husainasAhi) ke rAjya meM pavanapura nAmaka nagara meM likhA gayA thaa| isameM zrImAla jAti, kharataragaccha ke AcArya jinabhadrasUri va jinacandrasUri Adi ke ullekha ke sAtha hI mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki yaha grantha kAyastha jAti ke zrI paM.karmasiMhAtmaja vaiNIdAsa ne likhaa|' yathA saMvat 1522 varSa bhAdrapada sudi 2 zukre pavanapure zrI husaina sAhi raajye| zrImAla jJAtIya saM. kAlidAsa dhAryayA seM. hAsinI zrI vikyA putradharmadAsa sahitayA kalpapustakaM lissaapitN| vihAritaM ca kharataragacche zrI zrIjinabhadrasUri paTTAlaMkAra zrI jinacandrasUri rAjA dezena zrI kamala sNjmopaadhyaayaayaanaaN| likhitaM ca goDAnvaya kAyastha paM.karmasihAtmaja vainniidaasne|| zubhaM bhvtu|| | 128 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jairahaTa nagara jahA~ bhaTTArakoM kI gAdI thii| usa sthAna para bhI grantha racanA evaM granthoM kI pratilipi honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| sAtha hI vahAM ke AcAryoM ke liye tathA dharma pipAsu dharmAvalambiyoM ke liye zAstra bhaNDAra bhI rahA hogA kintu Aja usake sambandha meM hameM koI jAnakarI nahIM miltii| zrutakIrti ke harivaMzapurANa grantha ke anta meM do prazastiyAM dI gaI haiN| pahalI prazasti apabhraMza bhASA meM evaM dUsarI saMskRta meM hai| pahalI prazasti meM likhA hai ki yaha grantha vi.saM.1552 mAgha kRSNa paMcamI somavAra mAlava dezAntargata maNDavagar3ha meM, zAhi gayAsuddIna ke zAsanakAla meM jerahaTa nagara meM samApta huaa| dUsarI prazasti meM likhA hai ki siddhi saM.1553 Azvina kRSNa dvitIyA ko maNDapAcalagar3ha durga meM, sultAna gayAsuddIna ke rAjyakAla meM damovAdeza meM, mahAkhAna bhojakhAna, kI maujUdagI meM jerahaTa nagara ke pArzvanAtha jinAlaya meM yaha grantha paripUrNa huaa| isa prakAra mAlavA meM jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM kI kamI nahIM hai| lekina AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki jainadharmAvalambI vistRta dRSTikoNa rakhakara apane zAstra bhaNDAroM ko vidvAnoM ke liye khule rkhe| isake atirikta eka sujhAva merA yaha bhI hai ki mAlavA ke jainazAstra bhaNDAroM kI sUcIpatra ke prakAzana kI vyavasthA jaina samAja ke vidvAnoM ko karanA caahiye| jaba mAlavA ke samasta jainazAstra bhaNDAroM kI sacI banakara taiyAra ho jAvegI to sambhava hai ki aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha prakAza meM A sake aura unakI prazastiyoM se kaI vivAdAspada prakaraNa samApta ho ske| sAtha hI yaha bhI sambhava hai ki kucha citrita grantha bhI upalabdha ho jAve aura kalA ke kSetra meM mAlavA kI upalabdhi aura bar3ha jaave| saMdarbha sUcI 1 zrI mAMDavagar3ha tIrtha, pRSTha 27 2 zrI prazasti saMgraha saM.amRtalAla maganalAla zAha, pRSTha 55, prathama bhAga . 3 vahI, pRSTha 9 4 zrI prazasti saMgraha, saM.amRtalAla maganalAla zAha, pRSTha 304 . 5 vahI, pRSTha 145 6 vahI, pRSTha 259-60 7 vahI, pRSTha 26 8 prazasti saMgraha, saM.zrI paM.ke. bhujabalI zAstrI, pRSTha 151 [11291 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya -9 mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcArya . mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcArya : jainAcArya ke dRSTikoNa se mAlavA atyanta bhAgyazAlI rahA hai| kyoMki yahAM aneka yugapradhAna jainAcArya ho gaye haiN| kaI jainAcAryoM ne isI pradeza meM janma liyA, kaI anya pradeza jaise gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna meM janma lekara isa pradeza ko apanA kartavya kSetra banAkara amara ho gye| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jaina sAdhuoM kA jIvana sthAyI na hokara bhramaNazIla rahatA hai| isa kAraNa aneka jainasAdhu yadyapi mAlavA meM janme para kahIM ora hI unhoMne apanA kartavya sthala bnaayaa| yadyapi ina AcAryoM ne dharma, darzana tathA anya vibhinna viSayoM ko amUlya dena dI hai kintu inhoMne apane svayaM ke jIvana se sambandhita kucha bhI nahIM likhaa| aisI sthiti meM jainAcAryoM ke viSaya meM kucha bhI likhanA bar3A kaThina ho jAtA hai| phira bhI upalabdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcAryoM ke vyaktitva evaM kRtatva para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa nIce kiyA jA rahA hai| (1) AcArya kezIgaNadhara : ujjaina ke rAjA jayasena aura unakI rAnI anaMgasundarI ke putra kezIkumAra ne zrI videzI muni ke vyAkhyAna ko sunakara jainadharma svIkAra kiyaa| unase hI kezIkumAra ko pUrva vRtAMta sunakara jAti smaraNa bAna prApta huA aura bAda meM svayaM ke mAtA pitA tathA 500 anya vyaktiyoM ne bhI jaina bhAgavatI dIkSA grahaNa kii| parizIlana evaM apanI yogyatA ke AdhAra para gaNanAyaka pada prApta kiyaa| ye AcArya tAtvika, vyAkhyAtA vAstavika pakSa ko prastuta karane vAle tathA satya kI khoja karane vAle the| ye mati zruta aura avadhi ye tInoM hI jJAna ke dhAraka the| zvaitAMbika kA rAjA nAstika thaa| maMtrI kI preraNA se vaha AcArya ke pAsa AyA aura AcArya se rAjA ne aneka prakAra ke prazna kiye| AcArya ke uttara se saMtuSTa hokara jainadharma svIkAra kara liyaa| gaNadhara zrI kezI svAmI zrAvastI nagara ke taMdukavana meM the| vahAM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara indrabhUmi gautama svAmI aaye| ve bhagavAna pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra svAmI ke zAsana meM bhinnatA dekhate the| yahAM nimnAMkita viSayoM para [130 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vArtAlApa kiyA gayAH (1) mahAvrata (2) vastraveSa (3) ekakI jaya (4) snehapAza mukti (5) tRSNalatA cheda (6) kaSAyAgni zamana (7) manovaizadamana (8) sanmArga (9) dvIpa (10) zarIra kA saccA nAvika (11) sarvajJa prakAza aura (12) nirvANa sukh|| isa vivAda kA pariNAma yaha nikalA ki tIrthaMkaroM kA eka hI mArga hai| gaNadhara zrI kezI svAmI ne pAMca mahAvrata svIkAra kara bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ke zAsana meM praveza liyA aura unake dvArA zramaNa saMgha 'pArzvapatya' prakaTa huaa| - isa zramaNa saMgha ke nigraMtha cAturyAmI, pArzvanAtha saMtAnIya, divaMdanIka, kaMvalAgaccha Adi aneka nAmI se tathA mAthuragaccha, koraMTagaccha, kukuda zAkhA, bhinnamAlA zAkhA, candrAvatI zAkhA, mer3atA zAkhA, khaTTakUpa zAkhA, bIkAnerI zAkhA, khajavAnA zAkhA, koraMTa zAkhA taparatna zAkhA Adi aneka bheda haiN| gaNadhara zrI kezI svAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya the|' . (2) AcArya bhadrabAhu' : 'bhadrabAhucaritra meM ujjaina ke mahArAjA candragupta ke guru zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu kA jIvana caritra likhA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu jainAcAryoM meM pramukha haiN| bhadrabAhucaritra meM rAjA candragupti ke bhAvI aniSTa phala ke sUcaka solaha svapna dekhane tathA AcArya bhadrabAhu ke ujjaina Ane evaM bAda meM bAraha varSIya durbhikSa par3ane vAlA hai aisA jAnakara dakSiNa deza meM jAne ke sAtha hI candragupti dvArA jainadharma svIkAra kara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa deza jAkara apane guru bhadrabAhu kI sevA karane kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| dakSiNa kA yaha deza maisUra kA zravaNa-belagolA batalAyA jAtA hai| "ArAdhanA kathAkoza evaM puNyAzrava kathAkoza meM bhI yahI kathA paaii| jAtI hai aura zravaNa belagolA kI sthAnIya anuzruti bhI yahI batalAtI hai| zrImerUtuMgAcArya ne prabandhacintAmaNi meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ko AcArya varAhamihira kA sagAbhAI batalAyA hai| vahAM vaha varAhamihira ko pATaliputra kA rahane vAlA batalAyA hai| varAhamihara kA samaya I. pU. 123 se 43 hai| taba yahI samaya bhadrabAhu kA bhI honA caahiye| bhadrabAhu ke samaya ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM ekamata nahIM hai| digambara sampradAya kA kathana hai ki bhadrabAhu nAma ke do AcArya hue hai- prathama cundagupta maurya ke samakAlIna the jinakA dehAnta mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda huA arthAt I. pU. 365 aura dUsare AcArya kA dehAnta ukta nirvANa ke 515 varSa bAda I. pUrva 12 meM huaa| jekobI ne bhadrakalpasUtra kI bhUmikA meM aura zatISacandra vidyAbhUSaNa ne History of Indian Logic meM isa mata kI puSTi kI hai| parantu ina [13] For Personal & Private Use Only

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donoM AcAryoM se vaha bhadrabAhu pRthak the jinhoMne uttarAdhikAra ke viSaya meM dharmazAstra (kAnUna) kA grantha bhadrabAhusaMhitA likhA / AcArya bhadrabAhu bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda chaThaveM thera mAne jAte haiN| 'dasAu' aura "dasa nirjjuti" ke atirikta unake kalpasUtra kA jaina dhArmika sAhitya meM bahuta mahattva hai| bhadrabAhu ke cale jAne ke anaMtara hI zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya alaga-alaga hue haiN| isaliye jaina sAhitya meM bhadrabAhu aura ujjaina kA sthAna bahuta UMcA hai| (3) zrIArya suhastisUri : zrIArya suhastisUri ke jIvana kA vivaraNa isa prakAra milatA hai: gRhasthAzrama 30 varSa, cAritraparyAya 70 varSa jisameM sAmAnya vrata paryAya 24 varSa, yugapradhAna 46 varSa, survAyu 100 varSa svarga gamana ma. saM. 291 arthAt I.pU.236 gautra vAziSTa / sthUlabhadra ke dvitIya paTTadhara Arya suhastisUri 30 varSa kI vaya meM dIkSita hokara 24 varSa taka sAmAnya vratI rhe| anantara 46 varSa taka yugapradhAna pada bhogA aura sau varSa kI AyuSya pUrA karake Arya suhasti jina nirvANa se 343 varSa meM svargavAsI hue / ' donoM ullekha meM zeSa saba bAteM samAna hai kintu Arya suhastisUri ke svargArohaNa kI tithi meM antara hai yaha antara kyoM hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai| ujjaina meM "jIvaMta svAmI" kI ratha yAtrA ke samaya ujjaina ke tatkAlIna samrATa samprati ne suhastijI ko dekhA aura dekhakara svAmIjI ke viSaya meM vaha socane lgaa| jaba bAra-bAra aisA vicAra Ane lagA, taba rAjA samprata ko mUrcchA A gii| rAjA ko jaba cetanA AI, taba use smaraNa AyA ki ye pUrva janma ke upakArI muni haiN| taba usane munijI ke caraNoM meM apanA mastaka jhukAyA / munijI aura rAjA samprati meM aneka viSayoM para vArtAlApa huaa| pariNAmataH rAjA samprati jainadharma meM dIkSita huA aura jainadharma kI unnati ke liye usane aneka kArya kiye|" (4) zrI bhadraguptAcArya - zrI bhadraguptAcArya zrI vajrasvAmI ke vidyA guru the| jahAM siMhagiriM ne vajrasvAmI ko pUrI pUrI zikSA dI, vahIM yaha bhI kahA ki ujjayinI nagarI meM jAkara zrI bhadraguptAcArya ke pAsa zeSa zrutoM kA abhyAsa kreN| zrI bhadraguptAcArya ko eka bAra svapna AyA ki koI atithi Akara unakA dUdha se bharA pAtra khAlI kara gayA hai, arthAt dUdha pI gayA hai| isa svapna kI 132 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vAstavikatA se ziSyoM ko avagata karavAte hue kahA ki samasta dasa pUrva kA abhyAsa karake koI vyakti mere pAsa A rahA hai| jaba aisA guru zrI bhadraguptAcArya bola rahe the, tabhI vajrasvAmI unako praNAma kara khar3e ho gaye the| vajrasvAmI kI pratibhA aura lalATa dekhakara zrI bhadraguptAcArya ne use samasta zruta kA jJAna karAkara apane guru ke pAsa bheja diyaa| zrI bhadraguptAcArya ke aMta samaya kI ArAdhanA AryarakSita sari ne karavAI thii| vizeSa jJAnArjana ke liye jahA~ AryarakSitasUri tozalIputra AcArya kI AjJA se vajrasvAmI ke pAsa Aye vahIM vajrasvAmI ke vidyA guru zrI bhadraguptAcArya ne bhalA evaM yogya vyakti jAnakara AryarakSitasUri se kahA ki AryarakSita mere isa aMtima samaya meM tU hI merA sahAyaka ho| AryarakSitasUri ne yaha svIkAra kiyA aura aisI sara upAsanA kI ki zrI bhadraguptAcArya ko prazaMsA karanA pdd'ii|' __(5) zrIAryarakSitasUri : naMdIsUtrasavRtti se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vIra nirvANa saMvat 584 I.san 57 meM dazapura meM AryarakSitasari nAmaka eka suprasiddha jainAcArya ho gaye haiM, jo apane samaya ke udbhaTa vidvAna, sakala zAstra pAraMgata evaM AdhyAtmika tattvavettA the| yahI nahIM, yahAM taka inake varNana meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki ye itane vidvAn the ki anya kaI gaNoM ke jJAna pipAsu jainasAdhu Apake ziSya rahakara jJAna prApta karate the| usa samaya AryarakSitasUri kA ziSya honA mahAn bhAgyazAlI hone kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA thaa| phalataH Apake ziSyoM evaM vidyArthiyoM kI saMkhyA kA koI pAra hI nahIM thaa| AryarakSitasari kA dazapura se ghaniSTatama sambandha thaa| dazapura meM jaba udayana rAja kara rahA thA, usa samaya usake eka purohita thA jisakA nAma somadeva thaa| somadeva kI rUdrasomA nAma kI patnI thI inake do putra the- AryarakSita evaM phlgurkssit| prAsaMgika kathAnaka kA ullekha karate hue naMdIsUtra meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai:.. "Aste puraM dazapura, sAraM dshdishaamiv| somadevoM dvijastatra, rUdrasomA ca ttpriyaa|| - tasyAryarakSitaH sUnuranUjaH phlgurkssitH|| purohita somadeva ne jo svayaM uccakoTi ke vidvAna the apane jyeSTha putra AryarakSita ko apanI adhyayana kI huI samasta vidyAoM kA adhyayana kraayaa| kintu kuzAgra buddhi medhAvI AryarakSita itane hI se santuSTa nahIM hue aura adhika vidyAyayana ke liye pATaliputra cale gye| vahAM unhoMne lagana evaM tanmayatA ke sAtha veda upaniSad Adi caturdaza vidyAoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| jaba vidyAdhyayana kara | 133 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AryarakSitasUri apanI janmabhUmi dazapura lauTakara Aye taba rAjA, purohita, evaM nagaravAsiyoM ne ApakA hArdika abhinandana ke sAtha bhavya svAgata kiyaa| AryarakSita apanI mAtA rUdrasomA ko chor3akara prAyaH samasta parivAra se mila cuke the| ve adhika utsuka hokara apAra prasannatA ke sAtha mAtA ke samIpa cale gaye evaM praNAma kiyA to mAtA caturdaza vidyAdhIta, alaukikaguNa sampanna AryarakSita jaise putra kA sAdhAraNa zabdoM meM svAgata karatI huI kucha bhI na bolakara mauna ho gii| mAtA ke isa odAsinya para AryarakSita ke vijJa kintu komala mAnasa para vajraghAta sA huA aura ve tatkAla hI vinaya bhare zabdoM meM apanI mAtA se nivedana karane lage, "he mAtA, kyA Apako mere adhyayana se santoSa nahIM huA?" mAtA rUdrasomA ne gambhIratApUrvaka uttara dete hue apane putra se kahA- "AryarakSita ! tere vidyAdhyayana se mujhe taba santoSa evaM prasannatA hotI jaba tU jainadarzana evaM usake sAtha hI vizeSataH dRSTivAda kA samagra adhyayana kara letA / " mA~ kI manobhAvanA evaM usake AdezAnusAra AryarakSita ikSuvATikA meM gaye, jahAM AcArya zrI tauzalIputra virAjamAna the evaM unase nivedana kiyA ki, "bhagavan! maiM dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karane hetu ApakI zaraNa meM AyA huuN|" AcArya tauzalIputra ne AryarakSita kI tIvratA medhA, prakhara pAMDitya evaM sarvato'dhika vinayazIlatA dekhakara yaha anumAna kiyA ki nizcaya hI yaha jaina darzana kA adhyayana kara AtmakalyANa ke sAtha hI jaina zAsana kI unnati meM sahAyaka siddha hogaa| unhoMne AryarakSita ko sambodhita karate hue kahA- "dIkSayA dhIyate hi saH vatsa dRSTivAda kA adhyayana dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt hI kiyA jAtA hai| ataeva yadi tuma dIkSA grahaNa karo to maiM tumheM saharSa dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karA duuNgaa| anyathA nhiiN| isaliye ki jaina dIkSA ke binA dRSTivAda kA adhyayana sarvathA asambhava hI hai| " "jJAna prApti evaM vizeSataH mAtRhRdaya ko santuSTa karane ke liye dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karane ke liye ApakI AjJA zirodhArya hai| bhagavan! maiM jaina dIkSA grahaNa karane ke liye prastuta huuN| mujhe yathAzIghra hI dIkSita kara jJAna dAna dIjiye prbho|" AryarakSita ne AcArya tauzalIputra se karabaddha hokara nivedana kiyA / vizuddha jJAnapipAsu maidhAvI AryarakSita kI prArthanA svIkAra karate hue AcArya tauzalIputra ne unheM dIkSA de dI evaM anya nagara meM ve vihAra kara gye| vahIM unhoMne AryarakSita ko japa, tapa, saMyama aneka siddhiyoM ke sAtha kramazaH aMga tathA upAMga evaM sUtra tathA katipaya pUrvoM kA adhyayana kraayaa| isI prakAra "dRSTivAdo guroH pArzve yo bhUtamapi so paddhati / " 134 For Personal & Private Use Only

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apane guru ke pAsa jo dRSTivAda thA usakA bhI AryarakSita ne samagra adhyayana kiyaa| itane se AryarakSita kI jJAna pipAsA zAnta nahIM haI aura ve apane gurudeva kI AjJA se gItArtha muniyoM ke sAtha ujjayinI phuNce| vahAM AcArya bhadraguptasUri kI sevA meM unake svargagamana taka unake dvArA Adeza diye gaye niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue Arya vajrasvAmI ke samIpa pahuMce evaM unake antevAsI banakara vidyAdhyayana karane lge| . idhara mA~ rUdrasomA ne putra ke viyoga meM atyadhika santapta ho AryarakSita ko bulAne ke liye apane dvitIya putra phalgurakSita ko unake samIpa bhejaa|| phalgurakSita ne apanI mAtA kA sandeza sunAte hue AryarakSita se kahA, 'he bhAI! Ao, pUrA parivAra tumheM dekhane ko utsuka hai|" "yadi yaha satya hai, phlgurkssit| to sarvaprathama tuma bhI dIkSA lekara vidyAdhyayana kro| sampUrNa vidyAoM ke sAtha samagra jainadarzana kA adhyayana kara hama donoM eka sAtha hI pUre parivAra evaM mAtAjI se milane cleNge|" AryarakSita ne prasanna hokara phalArakSita se khaa| phalgurakSita ne vicAra kara apane agraja kI bAta mAna lI evaM dIkSA lekara unhIM ke samIpa vidhyayana karane lge| eka dina adhyayana karate karate vicAramagna ho socane lagA evaM guru vajrasvAmI se usane pUchA- "gurudeva! dazamapUrva kI yavikAoM kA to maiM adhyayana prAyaH samApta kara cukA hUM aba kitanA adhyayana aura zeSa hai?" - kucha dina aura gahana adhyayana meM vyatIta hone ke pazcAt punaH AryarakSita ne gurudeva se vahI prazna kiyaa| "aaryrkssit| abhI tumane merU meM sarasoM jitanA aura sAgara meM bindu jitanA adhyayana kiyA hai| isa prakAra apAra evaM gahanatama viSaya meM se abhI eka hI caraNa liyA hai, abhI ananta ananta zeSa hai|" vajrasvAmI kA ukta kathana sunakara AryarakSita natasira ho punaH jJAna kI sAdhanA evaM tattva kI ArAdhanA meM laga gye| punaH eka dina avasara pAkara AryarakSita ne vajrasvAmI se nivedana kiyA, "bhagavana! mujhe dekhane ke liye mere sambandhI utsuka ho rahe haiN| yaha dekhiye phalgurakSita, merA anuja mujhe bulAne AyA hai| kRpayA mujhe eka bAra jAne kI anumati diijiye| maiM tatkAla hI vahAM se punaH lauTakara apane adhyayana meM rata ho jaauuNgaa| vajrasvAmI ne Adeza dete hue kahA- "vatsa! yadi tuma jAnA hI cAhate ho to jaao| tumheM AzIrvAda detA hUM ki adhIna jJAna tumhArI AtmA ke liye kalyANakArI ho|" [135] 135 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Arya vajrasvAmI kI AjJA prApta kara AryarakSita dazapura kI ora vihAra karane ke pUrva apane dIkSA guru AcArya tauzalIputra ke darzanArtha unake samIpa gaye / AcAryadeva ne apane ziSya AryarakSita ko sarvathAyogya samajhakara AcArya pada de diyA evaM dUsare bhava kI sAdhanA meM laga gye| AcArya hokara AryarakSita ne dazapura kI ora vihAra kiyaa| nagara ke samIpa pahuMcate hI phalgurakSita ne prathama jAkara mAtA ko zubha saMdeza diyaa| adhika divasoM ke pazcAt apane putra ke Agamana kA zubha saMdeza sunakara rUdrasomA atyadhika prasannatA se pulakita ho uThI evaM putra ke svAgata meM juTa gii| jaba pitA somadeva evaM mAtA rUdrasomA anya sambandhiyoM evaM nAgarikoM ke sAtha nagara ke bAhyodyAna meM pahuMce to darzana kara ve donoM mugdha raha gaye / rUdrasomA prArambha se hI jaina matAvalambI zrAvikA thii| apane putra ke dIkSita muniveza meM darzanakara usake nayanoM meM harSAzru bhara Aye aura vaha apane Apako dhanya mAnane lgii| AcArya AryarakSita ne apane mAtA pitA evaM janasamudAya ko aisA prabhAvotpAdaka AtmakalyANakArI maMgalamaya upadeza diyA ki sabhI dIkSita hone ke liye prArthanA karane lage aura pravrAjya svajanAna sarvAn, saujanya prakaTIvRtaka / / AryarakSita ne mAtA pitA, bhAryA tathA anyaparivAra janoM evaM dUsare bhAvika manuSyoM ko dIkSA dekara munivrata de diyA evaM isa prakAra apanI sajjanatA kA zubha paricaya dete hue vaha kArya kiyA jo prAyaH birale hI jana kiyA karate haiN| jaina itihAsa ke pUrvAcAryoM ke itihAsa kA sUkSma adhyayana karane para yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya AryarakSitasUri pUrvAcAryoM meM mahAn paramojjavala, yazasvI evaM sarvatomukhasI, pratibhAsampanna jainAcArya ho gaye haiN| nizcita hI ve apane samaya meM udbhaTa advitIya vidvAn evaM tatvavettA, Adarza Acarya the| unakI isa alaukika vidvatA evaM abhUtapUrva devopama jIvana se mAlava deza ke prAcIna dazapura ko vastutaH gauravazAlI mahAn pada prApta huA hai| AcArya AryarakSitasUri ne na kevala apane hI kSetra meM, apitu yatra-tatrasarvatra vicaraNa karate hue jahAM-jahAM samAja ajJAnAMdhakAra meM lipta ho kupathagAmI ho rahA thA, yA pUrva se hI thA, usako vizuddha jainadarzana kA prakAza dAna kara sanmArga pradarzita kiyA jisa para calakara asaMkhya samudAya ne Atma kalyANa kiyaa| usa samaya kI suSUpti ko jAgrati meM pariNita kara samAja meM zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA meM AcArya pravara ne jo abhivRddhi kI vastutaH vaha asAdharaNa hI thii| eka bAra jo bhI vyakti Apake samparka meM Ate ki unheM sahasA jJAna kA camatkAra-pUrNa 136 For Personal & Private Use Only

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divya prakAza prApta hotA thaa| ve jAgrata hokara zrAvakatva grahaNa krte| sAdhutva eMva AcAryatva ko paryAptarItyA sArthaka karate hue AcArya AryarakSitasari ne apane svayaM kA kalyANa karate hue 'sva' meM hI para ke darzana kara samudAravRtti se vibhinnarItyA jo kalyANa kiyA vaha apane samaya kA eka anupama Adarza hI hai| vaise AryarakSitasUri kA ziSya samudAya bhArI saMkhyA meM thA hI, kintu unake mukhya ziSyoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai kiH tatra gacche ca catvAro, mukhyAstiSThanti sAdhavaH Adho durbalikA puSpo, dvitIyaH phlgrkssitH| vindhya stutIyako goSThA-mahAlakSca cturthkH|| unake gaccha meM mukhyataH AryarakSita ke cAra ziSya the- durbalikApuSpa, phalgurakSita, vindhya, evaM goSThamAhila ye cAroM hI cAroM dizAoM meM prasiddhi prApta vidvAn evaM tattvajJAnI the| inakI vidvatA ke sAmane kisI bhI viSaya kA koI bhI zAstrapAraMgatadhurandhara paMDita zAstrArtha ke liye sAhasa nahIM karatA thaa| kahate haiM ki eka samaya goSThamAhila ne mathurA meM kisI vidvAna ko zAstrArtha meM aisA parAjita kiyA ki vaha unakI manasvitA para mugdha ho apane ahaMtva kA parityAga kara inakA ziSya bana gyaa| isameM goSThAmAhila ke sAtha hI inake guru AryarakSita evaM zeSa tInoM ziSyoM ke prakANDa pAMDitya evaM unakI tajjanyanirmala yazasvitA kA cAroM ora vyApaka rUpa se pracAra tathA prasAra ho gyaa| . AcArya AryarakSitasUri ne bahujana hitAya va sukhAya sArvajanika hita dRSTayA sabase uttama evaM mahAn kArya kiyA hai unhoMne dUradarzitA se yaha jAnakArI ki vartamAna ke sAtha hI bhaviSya meM bhI jainAgamoM kI gahanatA evaM dusahavRtti se asAdharaNa medhAvI bhI eka bAra unheM samajhane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava karegA, isaliye AgamoM ko cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| ve yahAM taka samajha gaye the ki- .. .. . catujhaMkavasUtrArthAkhyA ne syAtko pi na kssmH| - ina vidyA vyasanI parama manasvI cAroM ziSyoM meM se bhI koI eka eka sUtra kI vyAkhyA karane meM pUrNataH samarthana ho skegaa| aisI sthiti meM kisI dUsare kI zakti nahIM ki vizuddha vyAkhyA kara unheM apane jIvana meM AtmasAta kara ske| isake pazcAt AryarakSitasUri ne una AgamoM ko pRthaka cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| isake atirikta Apane anuyoga dvAra sUtra kI bhI racanA kI jo jaina darzana kA pratipAdaka mahattvapUrNa Agama mAnA jAtA hai| [137]. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vajrasvAmI kI mRtyu ke 13 varSa bAda taka AryarakSitasUri yugapradhAna rhe| AryarakSita kA nirvANa dazapura meM hI huA thaa| 10 . (6) AryavajrasvAmI : jaina granthoM meM Arya vajra kA nAma bar3e Adara se liyA gayA hai| "zrI dusamA kAla samaNa saMgha mAye" meM diye gaye prathamodaya yugapradhAna paTTadhara ye batAye gaye haiM aura likhA hai ki unhoMne ATha varSa gRhavAsa kiyA, 44 varSa vrataparyAya pAlA, 36 varSa yugapradhAna rahe aura isa prakAra 88 varSa 7 mAsa kI Ayu bitaayii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 548 varSa pazcAta inakA nidhana haa| 12 jaina granthoM meM sarvatra Aryavajra kA janmasthAna tumbavana batAyA gayA hai| jaina granthoM meM yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki tumbavana avaMti janapada meM thaa| avaMnti ke sambandha meM hemacandrAcArya ne abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi meM likhA hai: ------"mAlavA syukhantayaH (bhUmikAMDa zloka 22) aisA hI ullekha amarakoza meM bhI hai| vaijayaMtI koza meM AtA hai| ------ dazArNasyurvediyArA mAlavAsyuvantayaH (bhUmikAMDa-dezAdhyAya zloka 37) vaijayaMtIkoza mAlavA syukhantayaH (amarakoza dvitIyakAMDa bhUmivarga zloka 9) .. tAtparya yaha huA ki tumbavana avaMti janapada meM thaa| tumbavana evaM anyAnya pramANoM ke AdhAra para jainAcArya vijayendrasUrIzvara ne tumbavana kI samatA gunA jile ke vartamAna tUmaina se kI hai| tUmaina jainadharmAvalambiyoM kA tIrthasthAna bhI mAnA jAtA hai| vajrasvAmI ke pitA dhanagiri isa tumbavana ke rahane vAle the aura tumbavana meM hI Aryavajra kA janma huA thaa| inakA caritra pariziSTa parva sarga 12, upadezAmalA saTIka (207-214), prabhAvakacarita (3-8), RSimaMDala prakaraNa (192-2, 199-1), kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA Adi granthoM meM milatA hai| Arya vajra ke pitA kA nAma dhanagiri thaa| unake liye ivabhaputra likhA hai| ibha zabda kA artha hemacandra ne dezInAmamAlA (prathama varga 1 zloka 79) abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi meM likhA hai, ibhya Ahyo dhanIzvaraH (martyamAMDa-zloka 29) aisA hI ullekha pAiva lacchInAmamAlA meM likhA hai a u ThA ibhA ghaNiNo) meM likhA hai|14 ibha aura vaNiyA donoM samAnArthaka hai| unakA gotra gautama likhA hai| dhanagiri dharmaparAyaNa vyakti the| jaba unake vivAha kI bAta uThatI to ve kanyAvAloM ko kaha Ate the ki maiM to sAdhu hone vAlA hUM, para dhanapAla nAmaka eka zreSThi ne apanI putrI sunandA kA vivAha dhanagiri se kara diyaa| apanI patnI ko garbhavatI |138 For Personal & Private Use Only

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chor3akara dhanagiri ne siMhagiri se dIkSA le lii| kAlAntara meM bacce kA janma huA to apane pitA ke dIkSA lene kI bAta sunakara bAlaka ko jAti smaraNa jJAna huaa| mAtA kA moha kama karane ke liye bAlaka dina rAta royA krtaa| eka dina dhanagiri aura samita bhikSA ke liye jA rahe the| usa samaya zubha lakSaNa dekhakara unake guru ne Adeza diyA ki jo bhI bhikSA mile le lenaa| ye donoM sAdhu bhikSA ke liye cale to sunandA ne (jo bacce se Uba gayI thI) bacce ko dhanagiri ko de diyaa| usa samaya bacce kI umra 6 mAsa kI thii| dhanagiri ne bacce ko jholI meM DAla liyA aura lAkara guru ko sauMpa diyaa| atibhArI hone ke kAraNa guru ne bacce kA nAma vajra rakha diyA aura pAlana poSaNa ke liye kisI gRhastha ko de diyaa| zrAvikAoM aura sAdhviyoM ke samparka meM rahane se bacapana meM hI bAlaka ko gyAraha aMga kaMThastha ho gye| bAlaka kI Ayu jaba tIna varSa kI huI taba usakI mAtA ne rAjA kI sabhA meM vivAda prastuta kiyaa| rAjasabhA meM bAlaka ko usakI mAtA ne bar3e pralobhana dikhAe parantu bAlaka usa aura tanika bhI AkarSita nahIM huA aura dhanagiri ke pAsa jAkara unakA rajoharaNa uThA liyaa| ___ . ATha varSa kI umra meM vajra ko guru ne dIkSA de dii| usI kama umra meM hI devatAoM ne unheM vaikriyalabdhi aura AkAzagAminI vidyA de dii| vajrasvAmI ne ujjayinI meM bhadragupta se dasa pUrva kI zikSA grahaNa kii| kAlAntara meM Aryavajra pATaliputra gye| vahAM rukmiNI nAmaka eka zreSThi kanyA ne Arya vajra se vivAha karanA cAhA, parantu Aryavajra ne use dIkSA de dii| pATaliputra se Aryavajra purikA nagarI aaye| vahAM ke bauddha rAjA ne jina maMdiroM meM puSpoM kA niSedha kara diyA thA ataeva paryuSaNa meM zrAvakoM kI vinatI para AkAzagAminI vidyA dvArA mAhezvarIpurI jAkara eka mAlI se puSpa ekatra karane ko kahA aura svayaM himavata para jAkara zrI devIpradatta hutAzanavana se puSpoM ke vimAna dvArA purikA Aye aura jina zAsana kI prabhAvanA kI tathA bauddha rAjA ko bhI jaina bnaayaa|18 prakaTa hai ki ina kiMvadantiyoM kA koI artha nhiiN| eka dina Aryavajra ne kapha ke upazamana ke uddezya se kAna para rakhI soMTha pratikramaNa ke samaya bhUmi para gira gyii| isa pramAda se apanI mRtyu nikaTa AyI jAnakAra Aryavajra ne, apane ziSyoM ko bulAkara kahA, "aba bAraha varSa kA duSkAla pdd'egaa| jisa dina mUlyavAlA bhojana tumheM bhikSA meM mile usase agale dina subaha hI subhikSa ho jaavegaa|" yaha kahakara unhoMne ziSyoM ko anyatra vihAra karA diyA aura svayaM rathAvarta parvata para jAkara anazana karake devaloka cale gye| yaha 139 For Personal & Private Use Only

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rathAvarta parvata vidizA ke nikaTa thaa| isakA nAma gajAgrada giri aura indrapada bhI hai| AcArya vajra ke jIvana se sambandhita nimnAMkita nagara batAye jAte haiM:tumbavana, ujjayinI, pATaliputra, purikA, himavata, hutAzanavana evaM rthaavrt|" Arya vajrasvAmI kI dIkSA vIra nirvANa saM.490 meM yugapradhAna pada prApti vI.ni.saM.534 meM tathA nirvANa 570 meM haa|18 (7) AcArya kAlaka: AcArya kAlaka eka rAjavaMza meM janma the| kAlAntara meM ve jaina muni ho gye| eka ghaTanA se unakA mahattva vizeSa bar3ha gayA hai| unakI sAdhvI bahina sarasvatI para Asakta hokara ujjayinI ke. rAjA gardabhilla ne usako apane antaHpura meM DAla diyaa| sUri kAlaka ne bahuta anunaya vinaya kI parantu kAmAMdha rAjA gardabhilla nahIM maanaa| kruddha hokara kAlakAcArya ne rAjA gardabhilla ko unmUla karane kA saMkalpa kiyA aura avantideza kA parityAga karake siMdhudeza (zakakula) ko prasthAna kiyaa| vahAM ke 96 sAhi (sAmanta) se vahAM kA nareza (sAhAnusAhi) aprasanna thaa| AcArya kAlaka kI salAha lekara ve 96 sAhi. "hinduka deza" ko cale diye| unhoMne pahile saurASTra jItA, phira ujjaina Akara gardabhilla rAjA para vijaya prApta kii| kAlaka kI sahAyatA se ujjaina meM zakoM kA rAjya prArambha huaa| kAlAntara meM prajA zaka rAjya se taMga A gii| taba gardabhilla ke putra vikramAditya ne senA ekatra karake zakoM ko yuddha meM parAjita kiyaa| isa kathAnaka se jaina AcArya kAlaka kA sarvavyApI prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| (8) siddhasena divAkara : paM.sukhalAla ne zrI siddhasena divAkara ke viSaya meM isa prakAra likhA hai- "jahAM taka maiM jAna pAyA hUM, jaina paramparA meM tarkavidyA kA aura tarkapradhAna saMskRta vAMgamaya kA Adi praNetA hai siddhasena divaakr|" siddhasena kA sambandha, unake jIvana kathAnakoM ke anusAra ujjayinI aura usake adhipati vikrama ke sAtha avazya rahA hai, para yaha vikrama kaunasA? yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| abhI taka ke nizcita pramANoM se jo siddhasena kA samaya vikrama kI pAMcavI aura chaThI zatAbdI kA madhya jAna par3atA hai use dekhate hue adhika saMbhava yaha hai ki vaha rAjA candragupta dvitIya yA usakA pautra skandagupta rahA hogA jo vikramAditya rUpa se prasiddha hue| sabhI naye purAne ullekha yaha kahate haiM ki siddhasena janma se brAhmaNa the| __siddhasena ne gadya meM kucha likhA ho to patA nahIM hai| unhoMne saMskRta meM battIsiyA racI hai jinameM se ikkIsa abhI labhya hai| unakA prAkRta meM racA, "sammatiprakaraNa" jainadRSTi aura mantavyoM ko tarka zailI se spaSTa karane tathA sthApita karanevAlA jaina vAGamaya meM sarvaprathama grantha hai jisakA Azraya uttaravartI 140 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sabhI zvetAmbara digambara vidvAnoM ne liyA hai| siddhasena hI jaina paramparA kA Adya saMskRta stutikAra hai| zrI bRjakizora caturvedI22 ne siddhasena divAkara ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki jaina granthoM meM siddhasena divAkara ko sAhityika evaM kAvyakAra ke atirikta naiyAyika aura tarkazAstroM meM pramukha mAnA hai| siddhasena divAkara kA sthAna jaina itihAsa meM bahuta UMcA hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM sampradAya unake prati eka hI bhAva se zraddhA rakhate haiN| unake do stotra atyanta prasiddha haiN| kalyANamaMdira stotra aura vardhamAna dvAtriMzikA stotr| __yaha samrATa vikramAditya ke guru aura samakAlIna mAne gaye haiN| zvetAmbara sampradAya naiyAyika ke anusAra mahAvIra bhagavAna ke nirvANa ke 470 varSa vyatIta hone para samrATa vikramAditya ko jainadharma kI dIkSA dI gaI thI jisake anusAra vikrama saMvat 1 hotA hai| Izvaracandra vidyAsAgara ne siddhasena divAkara ko hI vikrama ke navaratnoM meM se kSapaNaka honA siddha kiyA hai| digambara sampradAya ke anusAra siddhasena divAkara kA prAdurbhAva unakA kAla mahAvIra bhagavAna ke nirvANa ke anantara 714 se 798 varSa taka rahA hai| isa hisAba se unakA kAla IsvI san 187 se 271 taka rahA hai| zrI siddhasena ke guru kA nAma vRddhavAdisUri batAyA jAtA hai jo siMhagiri aura pAlika ke samakAlIna the| vaibara ne apane "iMDiza sTUDIna" meM vikramAditya aura siddhasena didavAkara kI kaI kathAoM aura kiMvadaMtiyoM kA hAla batalAyA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki jainadharma kI dIkSA lene para vikramAditya kA nAma 'kumudacandra ho gayA thaa| jaikobI kA vicAra hai ki "kalyANa maMdira stotra" ke kAvyakAra ne kumudacandra kA nAma diye jAne kI kathA binA pramANa likha dI hai| jaikobI ke anusAra siddhasena divAkara kA. kAla 670 IsvI ke lagabhaga hai| zrI zatISacandra vidyAbhUSaNa ne siddhasena divAkara kA kAla san 480 se 550 IsvI taka mAnA hai| ___ DaoN.jyotiprasAda jaina anekAneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki saddhisena divAkara kA samaya 550-600 IsavI sana hai| 29 ___(9) AcArya mAnatuMga : Acarya mAnatuMga24 ke viSaya meM DaoN.naimicandra zAstrI ne likhA hai ki manuSya ke mana ko sAMsArika aizvaryoM, bhautika sukhoM evaM aindriyika bhogoM se vimukha kara buddhi mArga aura bhagavad bhakti meM lIna karane ke liye jaina kavi mAnatuMga ke mayUra aura bANa ke samAna stotra kAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai| inakA bhaktAmara stotra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se samAdRta hotA hai ki kavi kI yaha racanA itanI lokapriya rahI hai jise isake [141] For Personal & Private Use Only

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pratyeka aMtima caraNa ko lekara samasyA pUrtyAtmaka stotra kAvya likhe jAte rahe haiN| isa stotra kI kaI samasyA pUrtiyAM upalabdha hai| AcArya kavi mAnatuMga ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM aneka virodhI vicAradhArAyeM pracilata haiN| bhaTTAraka sakalacandra ke ziSya brahmacArI rAyamalla kRta 'bhaktAmaravRtti' meM jo ki vikrama saMvat 1667 meM samApta huI hai, likhA hai ki dhArAdhIza bhojarAja kI sabhA meM kAlidAsa, bhAravi, mAgha Adi kavi rahate the| mAnatuMga ne 48 sAMkaloM ko tor3akara jainadharma kI prabhAvanA kI tathA rAjA bhoja ko jainadharma kA zraddhAlu bnaayaa| dUsarI kathA bhaTTAraka vizvabhUSaNa kRta "bhaktAmara carita" meM hai| isameM bhoja, bhartRhari, zubhacandra, kAlidAsa, dhanaJjaya, vararUci aura mAnatuMga ko samakAlIna likhA hai| isa AkhyAna meM dvisaMdhAna mahAkAvya ke racayitA dhanaJjaya ko mAnatuMga kA ziSya bhI batAyA hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki inakI samasAmayikatA sarvathA asiddha aura asaMbhava hai| ___ AcArya prabhAcandra ne kriyAkalApa kI TIkA kI utthAnikA meM likhA hai ki mAnatuMga zvetAmbara mahAkavi the| eka digambarAcArya ne unako mahAvyAdhi se mukta kara diyaa| isase unhoMne digambara mArga grahaNa kara liyA aura pUchA bhagavan! aba maiM kyA karUM? AcArya ne AjJA dI ki paramAtmA ke guNoM kA stotra bnaao| phalataH AdezAnusAra 'bhaktAmarastotra' kA praNayana kiyA gyaa| vikrama saMvat 1334 ke zvetAmbarAcArya prabhAcandrasUri kRta prabhAvaka carita meM mAnatuMga ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki ye kAzI ke nivAsI dhanadeva seTha ke putra the| pahale inhoMne eka digambara muni se dIkSA lI aura inakA nAma cArUkIrti mahAkIrti rakhA gyaa| anantara eka zvetAmbara sampradAya kI anuyAyinI zrAvikA ne unake kamaNDala ke jala meM trasajIva batalAye jisase unheM digambarAcArya se virakti ho gayI aura jitasiMha nAmaka zvetAmbarAcArya ke nikaTa dIkSita hokara zvetAmbara sAdhu ho gaye aura usI avasthA meM bhaktAmara stotra kI racanA kii| vi.saM.1369 meM merUtuMga kRta prabandhacintAmaNi meM bhI ullekha hai| mAnatuMga ke sambandha meM eka iti vRtta zvetAmbarAcArya guNAkara kA bhI upalabdha hai| unhoMne bhaktAmara stotra vRtti meM jisakI racanA vi.saM.1426 meM huI, prabhAvakacarita ke samAna hI mayUra aura bANa ko zvasura evaM jAmAtA batAyA hai tathA inake dvArA racita sUryazataka aura caNDIzataka kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| rAjA kA nAma vRddha bhoja hai jisakI sabhA meM mAnatuMga upasthita hue the| kItha ne mAnatuMga ko bANa kA samakAlIna anumAna kiyA hai|25 prasiddha itihAsajJa paM.gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ne apane sirohI kA itihAsa nAmaka [142 For Personal & Private Use Only

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grantha meM mAnatuMga ko harSa kA samakAlIna mAnA hai| zrIharSa kA rAjyAbhiSeka I.san 606 (vi.saM.663) meM huaa| ___ bhaktAmara stotra ke prArambha karane kI zailI puSpadaMta ke zivamahimna stotra se prAyaH milatI hai| prAtihArya evaM vaibhava varNana meM bhaktAmara para pAtra kesarI stotra kA bhI prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| ataeva mAnatuMga kA samaya 7vIM sadI hai| yaha sadI mayUra, bANabhaTTa Adi ke camatkArI stotroM kI racanA ke liye prasiddha bhI hai| __ bhArata kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki IsvI san 5vIM zatAbdI meM maMtra taMtra kA pracAra vizeSa rUpa se huA hai| 5vIM zatAbdI meM mahAyAna aura kApAlikoM ne bar3e-bar3e camatkAra kI bAteM kahanA Arambha kii| ataeva yaha kliSTa kalpanA na hogI ki usa camatkAra ke yuga meM AcArya mAnatuMga ne bhI bhaktAmara stotra kI racanA kI ho| ataeva mAnatuMga kA samaya 7vIM zatAbdI uttarArdha hai| (10) jinasena : AcArya jinasena punATa sampradAya AcArya paramparA meM hue| punATa karnATaka kA hI purAnA nAma hai, jisako hariSeNa ne dakSiNApatha nAma diyA hai| ye jinasena AdipurANa ke kartA zrAvaka dharma ke anuyAyI evaM paMcastupAnvaya ke jinasena se bhinna the| ye kIrtiSeNa ke ziSya the| jinasena kA harivaMza itihAsa pradhAna carita kAvya zreNI kA grantha hai| isa grantha kI racanA vardhamAnapura (dhAra jile kA badanAvara) meM huI thii| isakA racanA kAla lagabhaga navam zatAbdI ke madhya baiThatA hai| digambarIya sampradAya ke saMskRta kathAsaMgrahoM meM isakA tIsarA sthAna hai| (11) hariSeNa : punATa saMgha ke anuyAyiyoM meM eka dUsare AcArya hariSeNa hue| inakI guru paramparA maunI bhaTTAraka zrI hariSeNa, bharatasena, hariSeNa isa prakAra banatI hai| kathAkoza kI racanA. inhoMne vardhamAnapura yA bar3havANa (dhAra jile kA badanAvara) meM vinAyakapAla rAjA ke rAjyakAla meM kii| vinAyakapAla pratihAra vaMza kA rAjA thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI kannauja thii| isakA eka 988 vi. kA dAnapatra milA hai| isake eka. varSa bAda arthAt 989 vi. (853 zaka saM.) meM kathAkoza kI racanA huii| hariSeNa kA kathAkoza sAr3he bAraha hajAra zloka parimANa kA vRhada grantha hai| (12) AcArya devasena : AcArya vasunaMdi ke sambandha meM aitihAsika dRSTi se kucha vivAda hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke mata se bhAvasaMgraha ke racayitA vimalasenagaNi ke ziSya devasena 'laghunayacakra' ke racayitA devasena se bhinna the aura unhoMne ukta grantha ke atirikta 'sulocaNAcarita' nAmaka eka apabhraMza grantha bhI likhA, kintu ina do devasena vyaktiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaba taka prAmANika sAmagrI nahIM milatI hai taba taka [[1431 For Personal & Private Use Only

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unheM meM mAnanA ucita nahIM jAna par3atA hai | 28 devasena tathA padmanaMdi kuMdakuMda anvaya ke the| unakA kAla dazavI zatAbdI vikramI ke lagabhaga thA kyoMki darzanasAra kI puSpikA meM unhoMne likhA hai ki dhArA nagarI meM nivAsa karate hue pArzvanAtha ke maMdira meM mArga sudi 10 vi.saM. 990 ko unhoMne apanA ukta grantha samApta kiyaa| ArAdhanAsAra aura tatvasAra bhI unhoMne hI likhe| inhoMne aura bhI anya granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinakA paricaya yathAsthAna diyA jaayegaa| (13) AcArya mahAsena : AcArya mahAsena lAibAgar3a ke pUrNacandra the / AcArya jayasena ke praziSya aura guNAkarasena sUri ke ziSya the| sambhava haiN| AcArya mahAsena ke gurujanoM ke vihAra se dhArAnagarI pavitra huI ho / mahAsena siddhAntajJavAdI vAgmI, kavi aura zabda brahma ke mizrita dhAma the / yazasviyoM dvArA sammAnya sajjanoM meM agraNI aura pAparahita the| yaha paramAra vaMzI rAjA muMja dvArA pUjita the| samyakadarzana, jJAna cAritra aura tapa kI sImA svarUpa the aura bhavyarUpI kamaloM ko vikasita karane vAle bAndhaka sUrya the| tathA sindhurAja ke mahAmAtya zrIparpaTa ke dvArA jinake caraNa kamala pUje jAte the aura unhIM ke anurodhavaza 'pradyumnacarita' kI racanA vikrama kI 11vIM zatAbdI ke madhyabhAga meM huI hai| mahAsenasUri kA samaya vikrama kI 11vIM zatAbdI kA madhyabhAga hai, kyoMki dhArAdhipa muMja ke do dAna patra vi. saM. 1031 aura vi. saM. 1036 ke prApta hue hai| AcArya amitagati dvitIya ne inhIM muMjadeva ke rAjyakAla meM vi. saM. 1050 pauSa zuklA maMcamI ke dina 'subhASitaratnasandoha' kI racanA kI thii| jaisA ki usa grantha ke aMtima prazastipada se prakaTa hotA hai| isase muMja kA rAjya saM. 1031 se 1050 taka to sunizcita hI hai aura kitane samaya taka rahA yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| zrI naMdalAla lor3hA ne muMja kA samaya vi. saM. 1030 se 1054 taka kA batAyA hai| 30 para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki telapadeva ne saM. 1050 yA 1054 meM madhyavartI samaya meM muMja kA vadha kiyA thA / cUMki mahAsena muMja dvArA pUjita the aura ve saMbhavataH vahAM hI nivAsa karate the ataeva ukta grantha unhIM ke rAjyakAla meM racA gyaa| muMja kI mRtyu ke bAda kucha samaya rAjya zAsana rAjA siMdhula ne, jo ki suprasiddha rAjA bhoja ke pitA the, kiyaa| unakI mRtyu gujarAta nareza solaMkI rAjA cAmuNDarAya ke sAtha yuddha meM vi. saM. 1066 se kucha pUrva huI thii| mahAsena ne apanI kRti meM koI racanA kAla nahIM diyA aura na unakI anya racanAoM kA hI patA calatA hai| 144 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(14) AcArya amitagati (dvitIya) : AcArya amitagati dvitIya mAthurasaMgha ke AcArya the jo mAdhavasenasUri ke ziSya aura nemiSeNa ke praziSya the| ye amitagati vAkpatirAja muMja kI sabhA ke ratna the| ye bahuzruta vidvAna the| inakI racanAeM vividha viSayoM para upalabdha haiN| inakI racanAoM meM eka paMcasaMgraha vi. saM. 1073 meM masUtikApura vartamAna masUdavilodA meM jo ki dhArA ke samIpa hai, banAyA thA / ina saba ullekhoM se sunizcita hai ki amitagati dhArA nagarI aura usake AsapAsa ke sthAnoM meM rahe the| unhoMne prAyaH apanI sabhI racanAeM dhArA meM yA usake samIpavartI nagara meM prastuta kii| bahuta sambhava hai ki AcArya amitagati ke gurujana dhArA yA usake samIpavartI sthAnoM meM rahe hoN| amitagati ne saM. 1050 se 1073 taka 23 varSa ke kAla meM aneka granthoM kI racanA vahAM kI thii| 31 kItha ne amitagati ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki amitagati kSemendra se ardhazatAbdI pahale hue the| unake subhASitaratna saMdoha kI racanA 994 meM huI thI. aura unakI dharmaparIkSA bIsa varSa anantara likhI gii| subhASitaratna saMdoha meM battIsa pariccheda (nirUpaNa) hai jinameM se pratyeka meM sAdhAraNa eka hI chanda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| amitagati bahumukhI pratibhA ke vidvAna the| jainadharma ke atirikta saMskRta ke kSetra meM bhI unakA UMcA sthAna mAnA jAtA hai / vi. saM. 953 meM mAthuroM ke guru rAmasena ne kASThAsaMgha kI eka zAkhA mathurA meM mAthura saMgha kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| amitagati isI mAthura saMgha ke anuyAyI the| amitagati kI guru paramparAvIrasena- devasena- amitagati ( prathama ) - nemiSeNa, mAdhavaSeNa, amitagati aura ziSya paramparA-zAMtiSeNa amarasena- zrISeNa candrakIrti, amarakIrti isa prakAra rahI hai| 33 amitagati mAlava ke paramAravaMzI dhArA nareza muMja aura siMdhu ke samakAlIna the| muMja kA dUsarA nAma vAkpatirAja thA, jo svayaM bhI vidvAn evaM vidvAnoM kA Adara karanevAlA thaa| amitagati kA sthiti kAla 11vIM zatAbdI vikramI kA pUrvArddha jAna par3atA hai| (15) munizrIcandra : ye lAr3a bAgar3a saMgha aura balAtkAra gaNa ke AcArya zrInandI ke ziSya the| ve dhArA ke nivAsI the| inhoMne apane granthoM kI racanA dhArA meM rahakara hI kI hai jo mahattvapUrNa hai| inake dvArA racita TIkAoM kI prazastiyoM meM sAgarasena aura pravacanasena nAma ke do saiddhAntika vidvAnoM kA ullekha AtA hai ye donoM saiddhAntika bhI dhArA ke hI nivAsI the| isase vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya dhArA meM aneka jaina vidvAn aura muni nivAsa karate the| a (16) AcArya mANikakyanaMdI : AcArya mANikyanaMdI darzanazAstra ke For Personal & Private Use Only 145

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taladRSTA vidvAn aura trailokyanaMdI ke ziSya the| ye dhArA ke nivAsI the aura vahAM darzanazAstra kA adhyApana karate the| inake aneka ziSya the| ___ mANikyanandI ke aneka vidyA ziSyoM meM se yahAM sirpha do ziSyoM kA hI paricaya jJAta ho sakA hai| unameM nayanaMdI unake prathama vidyA ziSya the| unhoMne apane "sakala vidhi vidhAna" nAmaka kAvya meM mANikyanaMdI ko mahApaMDita batalAne ke sAtha-sAtha unheM pratyakSa-parokSa rUpa pramANa jala se bhare aura naya rUpa caMcala taraMga samUha ke gaMbhIra uttama, saptabhaMga rUpa kallola mAlA se vibhUSita jinazAsana rUpa nirmala sarovara se yukta aura paMDitoM kA cUr3AmaNi prakaTa kiyA hai| nayanandI ne apanI pustaka 'sudarzanacarita' meM apanI guru paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai yathA padmanaMdI-viSNunaMdI-vizvanaMdI-vRSabhanaMdI-rAmanaMdI aura trailokyanaMdI ye saba vidvAna mANikyanaMdI se pUrvavartI haiN| sambhavataH ina nanyanta nAmavAle vidvAnoM kI paramparA dhArA yA dhArA ke samIpavartI sthAnoM meM rahI ho, kyoMki mANikyanaMdI aura prabhAcandra to dhArA ke hI nivAsI the aura mANikyanaMdI ke guru praguru bhI dhArA ke nivAsI rahe hoM to isameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nhiiN| (17) nayanaMdI: jaisA Upara ullekha ho cukA hai, nayanaMdI AcArya mANikyanaMdI ke ziSya the| svayaM nayanaMdI ne apane Apako mANikyanaMdI kA prathama vidyA ziSya likhA hai| muMja ke bAda jaba dhArA meM rAjA bhoja kA rAja huA to usake rAjakAla meM dhArA kA utkarSa apanI caramasImA para pahuMca gayA thaa| cUMki rAjA bhoja svayaM vidyAvyasanI vIra pratApI rAjA thA, usa samaya dhArA kA sarasvatIsadana khUba prasiddha ho rahA thaa| aneka deza-videzoM ke vidyArthI usameM zikSA pA rahe the| aneka vidvAn aura kavi vahAM rahate the| . . nayanaMdI ke dIkSA guru kauna the aura kahAM ke nivAsI the, unakA jIvana paricaya kyA hai? yaha jJAta nahIM hotaa| ye kAvya zAstra meM vikhyAta the| sAtha hI prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke viziSTa vidvAn the| chandaHzAstra ke bhI ye parijJAnI nayanaMdI kI dUsarI kRti 'sakalavihivihANa' kAvya hai| isakI prazasti itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai| usameM kavi ne grantha banAne meM preraka harisiMha muni kA ullekha karate hue apane se pUrvavartI jaina jainettara aura kucha samasAmayika vidvAno kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se mahattvapUrNa hai| samasAmayika vidvAnoM meM zrIcandra, prabhAcandra aura zrIkumAra kA, jinheM sarasvatIkumAra kahate the kA ullekha hai| kavivara nayanaMdI ne rAjA bhoja, 146 For Personal & Private Use Only

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harisiMha Adi ke nAmollekha ke sAtha-sAtha baccharAja aura prabhu Izvara kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unheM vikramAditya kA mAMDalika prakaTa kiyA hai| kavi ne vallabharAja kA ullekha kiyA hai jisane durlabha pratimAoM kA nirmANa karAyA thA aura jahAM rAmanaMdI, jayakIrti aura mahAkIrti pradhAna the| ataH nayanaMdI ke ullekha itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| (19) prabhAcandra : prabhAcandra mANikyanaMdI ke anya ziSyoM meM pramukha rahe haiN| ve unake parIkSAmukha nAmaka sUtra grantha ke kuzala TIkAkAra bhI haiM aura darzana, sAhitya ke atirikta ve siddhAnta ke bhI vidvAna the| AcArya prabhAcandra ne ukta dhArA nagarI meM rahate hue kevala darzanazAstra kA hI adhyayana nahIM kiyA, pratyuta dhArAdhipa bhoja ke dvArA pratiSThA pAkara apanI vidvattA kA vikAsa bhI kiyaa| sAtha hI vizAla dArzanika granthoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| prameyakamalamArtaNDa (parIkSAmukha TIkA) nAmaka vizAla dArzanika grantha suprasiddha rAjA bhoja ke rAjakAla meM hI racA gyaa| kucha grantha rAjA jayasiMhadeva ke rAjakAla meM race gye| kucha granthoM ke viSaya meM yaha vidita nahIM hotA hai ki kisake rAjakAla meM race gaye? - ye prabhAcandra vahI jJAta hote haiM jo zravaNa belagolA ke zilAlekha naM.4 ke anasAra mUla saMghAntargata naMdIgaNa ke bheda rUpa dezIyagaNa ke gollAcArya ke ziSya eka aviddhakarNakaumAratati padmanaMdI saiddhAMtika kA ullekha hai, jo karNa saMskAra hone se pUrva hI dIkSita ho gaye the, unake ziSya aura kulabhUSaNa ke sadharmA eka prabhAcandra kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jisameM kulabhUSaNa ko caritrasAgara aura siddhAntasamudra ke pArAgAmI batalAyA gayA hai, aura prabhAcandra ko zabdAmmoharUhabhAskara tathA prathitatarka graMthakAra prakaTa kiyA hai| isa zilAlekha meM muni kulabhUSaNa kI ziSya paramparA kA ullekha nihita hai yathA___ aviddhakarNAdika padmanaMdI saiddhAMtikAravyo jani yasma loke| kaumAradevavratitAprasisiddharjIyAstu sajjJAnanidhiH sdhiirH|| zabdAmbhoruhabhAskaraH prathita tarka graMthakAraHprabhAcandrAkhyomunirAja . paMDitapravararU zrI shriikundkundaanvyH| tasya zrIkulabhUSaNAkhyasumane ziSyAM vineystutH| savRttaH kulacandradevamunipassiddhAnta vidyaanidhiH|| zravaNa belagola ke 55veM zilAlekha meM mUlasaMgha dezIyagaNa ke devendra saiddhAntika ke ziSya caturmukha deva ke ziSya gopanaMdI aura inhIM gopanaMdI ke sadharmA prabhAcandra kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai| jo prabhAcandra dhArAdhIzvara rAjA bhoja dvArA pUjita [147 For Personal & Private Use Only

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the aura nyAyarUpa kamala samUha ko vikasita karane vAle do-do maNi bhAskara) sadRza the aura paMDitarUpI kamaloM ko vikasita karane vAle sUrya tathA rUdravAdi diggaja vidvAnoM ko vaza meM karane ke liye aMkuza ke samAna the tathA caturmukhI deva ke ziSya the| donoM hI zilAlekhoM meM ullikhita prabhAcandra eka hI vidvAn jAna par3ate haiN| hAM dvitIya lekha 55 meM caturmukha deva kA nAma nayA jarUra hai, para yaha sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki prabhAcandra ke dakSiNa deza se dhArA meM Ane ke pazcAt dezIyagaNa ke vidvAna caturmukha deva bhI unake guru rahe ho to koI Azcarya nahIM, kyoMki guru bhI to kaI prakAra ke hote haiM, dIkSA guru-vidyA guru aadi| eka-eka vidvAn ke kaI-kaI guru aura kaI-kaI ziSya hote the| ataeva caturmukha deva bhI prabhAcandra ke kisI viSaya ke guru rahe hoM, aura isaliye ve unheM samAdara kI dRSTi se dekhate hoM to koI Apatti kI bAta nhiiN| aba rahI samaya kI bAta so Upara yaha batalAyA jA cukA hai ki prabhAcandra ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa ko rAjA bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM banAyA hai| rAjA bhoja kA rAjakAla saM.1070se 1110 taka thaa| usake rAjakAla ke do dAnapatra saM.1076 aura saM. 1079 ke mile haiN| AcArya prabhAcandra ne devanaMdI kI tatvArthavRtti ke viSamapadoM kA eka vivaraNAtmaka TippaNa likhA hai| usake prArambha meM amitagati ke saMskRta paMcasaMgraha kA nimnAMkita padya uddhRta kiyA hai.. vargaH zakti samUho NoraNUnAM karNanoditAM vargaNAnAM samUhastu spardhaka spardhakApa haiH|| amitagati ne apanA yaha paMcasaMgraha masUtikApura meM jo vartamAna meM masUdaviloda grAma ke nAma se prasiddha hai, vi.saM.1073 meM banAkara samApta kiyA hai| amitagati dhArAdhipa muMja ke sabhAratna bhI the| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki prabhAcandra ne apanA ukta TippaNa vi.saM.1073 ke bAda banAyA hai, yaha bAta abhI vicAraNIya hai| nyAyavinizcaya ke vivaraNa ke kartA AcArya vAdirAja ne apanA pArzvanAthacaritta zaka saMvat 947 (vi.saM. 1082) meM banAkara samApta kiyaa| yadi rAjA bhoja ke prArambhika rAjakAla meM prabhAcandra ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa banAyA hotA to vAdirAja usakA ullekha avazya hI krtaa| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya taka prameyakamalamArtaNDa kI racanA nahIM huI thii| hAM, sudarzanacarita ke kartA muni nayanaMdI ne, jo mANikyanaMdI ke prathama vidyA ziSya the aura prabhAcandra ke samakAlIna gurubhAI bhI the, apanA 'sudarzanacarita' vikrama saMvat 1100 meM banAkAra samApta 148 For Personal & Private Use Only

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para ": kiyA thaa| usake bAda sakalavidhi vidhAna nAma kA kAvya grantha banAyA, jisase pUrvavartI aura samakAlIna aneka vidvAnoM kA ullekha karate hue prabhAcandra kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, parantu usameM unakI racanAoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prameyakamalamArtaNDa kI racanA saM.1100 ke bAda kisI samaya huI hai aura nyAya kumudacandra saM.1112 ke bAda kI racanA hai, kyoMki jayasiMha rAjA bhoja ke (saM.1110) bAda kisI samaya uttarAdhikArI huA hai| nyAya kumudacandra jayasiMha ke rAjakAla meM racA gayA hai| isase prabhAcandra kA samaya vikrama kI 11vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha 12vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha honA caahiye| 39 ___(19) AzAdhara : paMDita AzAdhara saMskRta sAhitya ke apAradarzI vidvAn the| ye mAMDalagar3ha ke mUla nivAsI the kintu mevAr3a para musalamAna bAdazAha zahAbuddIna gaurI ke AkramaNoM se trasta hokara mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI dhArAnagarI meM apane svayaM evaM parivAra kI rakSA ke nimitta anya logoM ke sAtha Akara basa gaye the| paM.AzAdhara bagheravAla jAti ke zrAvaka the| inake pitA kA nAma sallakSaNa evaM mAtA kA nAma zrIratnI thaa| sarasvatI nAmaka inakI patnI thI jo bahuta suzIla evaM suzikSitA thii| inake eka putra bhI thA, jisakA nAma chAhar3a thaa| inakA janma kisa saMvata maiM huA yaha to nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para inakA janma vi.saM.1234-35 ke lagabhaga anumAnita kiyA jAtA hai| dhArAnagarI usa samaya sAhitya evaM saMskRti kA kendra thI isIliye unhoMne bhI vahIM vyAkaraNa evaM nyAyazAstra kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyaa| dharAnagarI ke sAhitya evaM saMskRti kA parijJAna evaM nalakacchapura (nAlachA) meM sAdhu jIvana prApta huA thaa| nAlachA kA neminAtha. caityAlaya unakI sAhityika gatividhiyoM ko kendra bana gyaa| ve lagabhaga 35 varSa taka nAlachA meM hI rahe aura vahI eka niSThA se sAhitya sRjana karate rhe|" paMDita AzAdhara bahuzruta aura bahumukhI pratibhA ke vidvAna hue| kAvya alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa, koza darzana, dharma aura vaidyaka Adi aneka viSayoM para unhoMne grantha likhe| ve dharma ke bar3e udAra the| 42 - inameM jAtIyagata saMkIrNatA kA abhAva thaa| ataH bagheravAla jAti meM utpanna hone para bhI samUce jainadharma ke utthAna meM apane jIvana ko arpaNa kara diyaa| inakA kula rAja-sammAna prApta thaa| ataH ye cAhate to kisI acca pada para AsIna hokara aiza-ArAma kI jindagI gujArate kintu inhoMne usa samaya phaile hue ajJAna ko dUra karane ke liye nAlachA ke nemi caityAlaya meM eka niSThatA ke sAtha 149 For Personal & Private Use Only

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rahakara karIba 35 varSa gujaare| yahIM para hI ve svayaM adhyayana karate aura adhyApana kArya ke sAtha-sAtha grantha racanA bhI karate rahe the|43 / paM.AzAdhara ke jIvana vRtta ke sambandha meM paM.paramAnanda jaina zAstrI likhate haiM ki san 1192 meM zAhabuddIna gaurI ne pRthvIrAja ko kaida kara dillI ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA aura ajamera para adhikAra kara liyaa| taba AzAdhara ke pitA vagairaha mAMDalagar3ha chor3akara dhArA meM Aye hoNge| usa samaya AzAdhara kI avasthA adhika nahIM thii| sambhavataH ve kizora hI rahe hoMge, kyoMki unhone vyAkaraNa aura nyAyazAstra dhArA meM Akara hI paMDita mahAvIra se par3he the|".. ___ mAlava nareza arjunavarmA kA bhAdrapada sudi 15 budhavAra saM.1272 kA eka dAnapatra milA hai, usake anta meM likhA hai, "racitanaMdI mahAsaMdhi-rAjA slkhnnsNmtenraajgurunnaamdnen|" yaha dAna-patra mahAsAMdhi vigrahika maMtrI rAjA salakhaNa kI sammati se rAjaguru madana ne rcaa| inhIM ke rAja meM azAdhAra nAlache meM rahe the| rAjaguru madana bhI vahI hai jinheM AzAdhara ne kAvyazAstra par3hAyA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki ukta rAjA salakhaNa hI sambhava hai ki AzAdhara ke pitA salakhaNa ho| jaba AzAdhara kA parivAra dhAra meM AyA thA usa samaya pararASTra maMtrI vilhaNa kavIza the| sambhava hai unake bAda apanI yogyatA ke kAraNa salakhaNa ne uktapada prApta kara liyA ho to koI Azcarya kI bAta nhiiN|45 AzAdharajI dhArA se salakhaNapura saM.1282 ke AsapAsa gaye the aura ve usa samaya gRhasthAcArya ke pada para pratiSThita the| kyoMki unhoMne vahAM nirmita 'ratnatrayavidhi' meM apane ko "gRhasthAcArya, kujara" batalAyA hai| usa samaya ve pAkSika zrAvaka ke vratoM kA anuSThAna kara rahe the| vahAM paramAravaMzI devapAla ke rAjya meM mallaha ke putra nAgadeva kI dharmapatnI ke liye, jo ukta rAjya meM cuMgI va Taiksa vibhAga meM kAryarata thA, saMvat 1282 meM saMskRta gadya meM "ratnatrayavidhi' nAma kI kathA likhI thii| racanA saMvata kI dRSTi se yaha sabase purAnI jAna par3atI hai aura bAda ko ve jainadharma ke pracAra kI dRSTi se nalakacchapura meM rahane lage the| (20) kavi dAmodara : vi.saMvat 1287 meM dAmodara nAma ke eka vidvAn kavi gurjara deza se calakara mAlava deza meM Aye aura vahAM ke salakhaNapura ko dekhakara saMtuSTa hue| unhoMne vIra jinake caraNoM meM namaskAra kiyA aura stuti kii| usa samaya salakhaNapura meM amalabhadra nAma ke saMghavI rahate the, jo kAma ke bANoM ko vinaSTa karane ke liye tapazcaraNa karate the| aSTamadoM ke vinAza karane meM vIra aura bAIsa parISahoM ke sahane maiM dhIra the| karma zatruoM kA nAza karane vAle sUrya the| kaSAya aura tIna zalyoM ke vinAzaka dhImanta, santa aura saMyama ke nidhAna the| [1501] For Personal & Private Use Only

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usI * salakhaNapura meM malha ke putra nAgadeva rahate the, jo nirantara purNyAjana karate the| vahIM saMyamI guNI aura suzIla rAmacandra rahate the| isase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya usa nagara meM acche dharmAtmA logoM kA nivAsa thaa| vahIM para khaNDelavAla kulabhUSaNa viSayavirakta bhavyajanabAMdhava, kezava ke putra induka yA indracandra rahate the| jo jinadharma ke dhAraka the aura jinabhakti meM tatpara tathA saMsAra se udAsIna rahate the| unhoMne nemijina kI stuti kara bhavya nAgadeva ko zubhASIza dii| taba nAgadeva ne kahA ki rAjya parikara se kyA, manahArI haya gaja se kyA, jabaki mAyA mada, putra, kalatra, mitra sabhI indradhanuSa ke samAna anitya hai| nirmala citta bhavyoM ke . mitra nAgadeva ne kahA, he! dAmodara kavi aisA kAma kIjiye jisase dharma meM na hAni ho| mujhe 'naimijinacaritra banAkara dIjiye, jisase gaMbhIra bhava se Aja tarajAUM aura merA janma saphala ho| taba kavi ne nAgadeva ke anarodha se nemijina kA caritra devapAla ke rAjya meM banAyA / devapAla mAlave kA pAramAravaMzI rAjA thA aura mahAkumAra harizacandra varmA kA jo choTI zAkhA ke verAdhara the, dvitIya putra thaa| kyoMki arjunavarmA ke koI santAna nahIM thii| ataH usa gaddI kA adhikAra inheM hI prApta huA thaa| isakA apara nAma sAhasamalla thaa| isake samaya ke 3 zilAlekha aura eka dAnapatra milA hai| eka vikrama saMvat 1272 san 1218 kA harasor3A gAMva se aura do lekha gvAliyara rAjya se mile haiM jinameM eka vikrama saMvat 1286 aura dUsarA vi.saM. 1289 kA hai| mAMdhAtA se vi.saM. 1292 bhAdo sudi 15 san 1235 kA 29 agasta kA dAnapatra bhI milA hai| yaha usakA aMtima dAnapatra jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki jaba saM. 1,292 san 1235 meM AzAdhara ne triSaSTi smRtizAstra banAyA usa samaya unake putra jaituMgideva kA rAja thaa| saMbhava hai usI varSa devapAla kI kisI samaya mRtyu huI ho aura isaliye jaba AzAdhara ne sAgaradharmAmRta saTIka vi. saM. 1296 meM nalakacchapura ke neminAtha caityAlaya meM banAyA, usameM rAjA kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA, kyoMki usa samaya jaituMg2ideva kA rAja thA / kavi dAmodara ne salakhaNapura ke rahate hue pRthvI para ke putra rAmacandra ke upadeza evaM Adeza se tathA malha putra nAgadeva ke anurodha se neminAtha caritra vi.saM. 1287 meM paramAravaMzI rAjA devapAla ke rAja meM banAkara samApta kiyA thaa| kavi kA vaMza mettama thA aura pitA kA nAma kavimAlhaNa thA, usane dalha kA caritra banAyA thaa| kavi ke jyeSTha bhrAtA kA nAma jinadeva thaa| usa samaya ukta nagara meM muni kamalabhadra bhI vidyamAna the| mAlavA ke pramukha jainAcAryoM ke adhyayana se hama anta meM isa niSkarSa para For Personal & Private Use Only 151

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pahuMcate haiM ki mAlavA meM jo jainAcArya hue haiM ve na kevala dhArmika sAdhu hI the, varan unameM aise bhI AcArya ho cuke haiM, jinhoMne jaina Agama kA sAmAnya janatA ke liye adhyayana sarala ho sake, isa hetu unako alaga-alaga bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| mAlavA ke jainAcArya yogyatama AcArya rahe haiM tathA aneka AcArya aise bhI rahe haiM jo varSoM taka yugapradhAna AcArya ke pada ko suzobhita karate rahe the| isake atirikta jainadharma ke AcAryoM ke mahattva ke atirikta eka sabase bar3I dena ina AcAryoM kI sAhitya ke vibhinna aMgoM kI hai| Aja bhI ina AcAryoM ke sAhitya kA adhyayana vidvAnoM ke dvArA kiyA jA rahA hai| kaI AcAryoM dvArA likhI gaI pustakoM kA ullekha to milatA hai kintu unakI.pratiyAM upalabdha nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM ye kRtiyAM mila jaay| ataH samagra rUpa se mAlavA ke jainAcArya na kevala jainadharma ke liye mahattvapUrNa haiM, varana pUre bhAratIya sAhitya tathA itihAsa ke liye bhI mahattvapUrNa rahe haiN| . saMdarbha sUcI 1 jaina paramparA no itihAsa, bhAga-1, lo, muni hajArImala smRti graMtha se udghata. pRSTha 17-18 15 muni hajArImala smRti graMtha, pRSTha 684 2 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 112-14 | 16 vahI, pRSTha 685 anyathA saMdarbha 17 paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha. pRSTha 137 3 zrI tapAgaccha paTTAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR.43/ 18 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 29-30 4 zrI paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha, pRSTha 135 | 19 sva.bAbUzrI bahAdurasiMhajI siMghI smRti 5 zrI tapAgaccha paTTAvalI. prathama bhAga, pRSTha graMtha, ki.saM., pRSTha 10, 11, 12 44 se 46 | 20 The Jain Sources of the History 6 vahI, pRSTha 68 ____of Ancient Indian, Dr. J.P.Jain, 7 vahI, pRSTha 68 Page 150-51. 8 zrImad rAjendrasUri smAraka grantha, pRSTha 21 saMskRti kendra, ujjayinI. pRSTha 117-18 453 22 The Jain sources of the History of 9 AryarakSitasUri kA paricaya, zrImad rAjendra | Ancient India, Page 164. sUri smAraka graMtha ke AdhAra para hai| 23 anekAMta, varSa 18, kiraNa 6. pRSTha 242, 10 zrI paThThAvalI parAga saMgraha, pRSTha 137 | saM.246 ke AdhAra para anyathA saMdarbha 11 paTTAvalI samuccaya, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 23/ diye jaayeNge| 12 munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha, pRSTha 677 | 24 History of Sanskrit Literature, 13 vahI, pRSTha 683 Page 241-45 14 RSimaMDala prakaraNa zloka 34, upadezamAlA | 25 The Jain sources of the History of saTIka pa.208, pariziSTa parva sarga 12, Ancient India, Page 195 & onward. |152 For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 351- 136 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha 547 za vahI, pRSTha 351-52 37 vahI, pRSTha 548-49 28 guru gopAladAsa vairayA smRti graMtha, pRSTha | 38 vahI, pRSTha 550 544-45 OM anekAMta, varSa 17, kiraNa 2. jUna 1964, 29 zrI mAMDavagar3ha tIrtha, pRSTha 5 pRSTha 67 30 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha | 40 vahI, pRSTha 67 545 41 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, gairolA, 31- saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, pRSTha 7 ... anu.maMgaladeva zAstrI, pRSTha 286-87 42 vIravANI, varSa 18, aMka 13, apraila 66, 32 vahI, pRSTha 344-45 | pRSTha 20 33 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pR.546 / 43 guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, pRSTha - vahI, pRSTha 546 550 OM jaina graMtha prazasti saMgraha, bhAga-1, pRSTha | 44 vahI, pRSTha 550 26 45 vahI, pRSTha 550-51 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya - 10 jainadharma ko mAlavA kI dena jaina dharma ko mAlavA kI dena : kiMvadantiyoM evaM paramparAoM ke AdhAra para mAlavA meM jainadharma kA prAdurbhAva mahAvIrasvAmI ke samaya se hI mAnA jAtA hai| mauryakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma eka vizeSa avasthA meM milatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu : sarvavyApI AcArya ho gaye haiN| unake anuyAyI ke rUpa meM hama rAjA candragupti kA ullekha pAte haiM vidvAnoM ne jise candragupta maurya mAnA hai| eka. aura maurya samrATa samprati kA jainadharma meM vahI sthAna hai jo bauddhadharma meM azoka kA thaa| kahate haiM ki samprati ne jainadharma kI unnati evaM pracAra-prasAra ke liye paryApta prayAsa kiye the| jaisA gArgIsaMhitA ke yuga-purANa se prakaTa hai, usane usa pracAra meM bala aura hiMsA kA bhI upayoga kiyA jisase rakSA grIka rAjA demitriyasa ke sAmayika-AkramaNa dvArA huI aura pariNAmataH usakA nAma 'dharmamItaH pdd'aa| Age AcArya kAlaka kA bhI prabhAva bar3hA unhoMne apane prabhAva se zakoM ko mAlavA ke zAsaka gardabhilla kA darpacUrNa karane ke liye AmaMtrita kiyA gayA aura usa kArya meM ve saphala bhI hue| AryarakSitasUri mAlavA meM hI janmeM, mAlavA hI unakI karmabhUmi rhaa| ye "yuga pradhAna AcArya" ho cuke haiN| inhoMne AgamoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara mahAn kArya kiyaa| guptakAla meM mAlavA meM prathama bAra jainadharma se sambandhita purAtAtvika avazeSa tathA abhilekha milate lagate haiN| usI kAla saprasiddha jainAcArya hae haiM jinhoMne uccakoTi ke sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| rAjapUta kAla jainadharma kI cahuMmukhI unnati kA yuga siddha huaa| isa yuga meM jahAM aneka jainAcAryoM ne sAhitya ke vibhinna aMgoM se sambandhita granthoM kI racanA kii| vahIM sampUrNa mAlavA meM jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa bhI hue aisA ullekha tathA avazeSa milate haiN| jainadharma meM bheda utpanna hone ke tAratamya meM ujjaina kA bhI ullekha huA hai jisase mAlavA ko jaina itihAsa meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| mAlavA meM digambara bhaTTArakoM kI gAdiyAM bhI rahI hai| ujjaina kI gAdI kI paTTAvalI guptakAla se upalabdha hone lagatI hai jisase jainadharma ke paryApta vikasita hone kA saMketa 1 dekhiye vikAsa pahalA lekha [154 For Personal & Private Use Only

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milatA hai| mAlavA meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM kA prAcIna astitva rahA hai kintu bAhulya digambara sampradAya kA hI pramANita hotA hai| isake atirikta mAlavA meM jainadharma ke vibhinna upabhedoM ke astitva ke pramANa bhI unake udaya ke kucha hI bAda milane lagate haiN| isase bhI yaha pramANita hotA hai ki mAlavA meM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA bAhulya prAcIna kAla se hI rahA hai| jaina jAtiyAM lagabhaga samasta mAlavA meM pAI jAtI hai kintu mAlavA meM ye kahAM se kisa prakAra AI isakA koI vyavasthita pramANa nahIM miltaa| mAlavA meM zrImAla vaMza kA prabhAva adhika parilakSita hotA hai kyoMki isakA pramANa milatA hai ki isa vaMza ke loga mAlavA ke sultAnoM ke samaya ucca padoM para AsIna hue| kucha aura vaMzoM ke prabhAvazAlI hone ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie jaina kahI jAne vAlI kalA ke aneka avazeSa mAlavA meM milate haiN| sthApatya kalA ke dRSTikoNa se yadyapi sAhityika ullekha ke anusAra to maMdira mahAvIra svAmI ke samaya se hI honA cAhiye kintu hameM isa kAla kA koI avazeSa nahIM milatA hai| na hI koI avazeSa mauryakAlIna milatA hai kintu IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI se sthApatya kalA ke avazeSa prApta hote haiM jo kalA para paryApta prakAza DAlate haiN| ve avazeSa hai udayagiri (vidizA) kI guphaaeN| inhIM guphAoM meM jainadharma se sambandhita abhilekha bhI mile haiM kintu guptakAlIna jainamaMdira kI abhI taka mAlavA meM prApti nahIM huI hai| vidizA ke pAsa hI gyArasapura ke jainamaMdira bhI ullekhanIya hai kintu jaina maMdiroM kI sabase ullekhanIya upalabdhi Una meM huI hai| Una ke jaina maMdira khajUrAhoM zailI ke haiN| inakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye paryApta rUpa se surakSita bhI haiN| isake atirikta mAlavA meM ullekhanIya jainamaMdiroM kI upalabdhi huI hai jo sthApatya ke uttama udAharaNa haiN| eka bAta aura mahattva kI yaha hai ki kucha aise bhI udAharaNa hai jahAM jainamaMdiroM para anya dharmAvalambiyoM ne apanA adhikAra jamA liyA hai aise hI kucha anya sampradAya ke maMdiroM para jainadharmAvalambiyoM ne bhI adhikara kara unheM jaina maMdira banA liyA hai| isa prakAra eka dharma kA dUsare dharma para atikramaNa bhI pramANita hai| .. jaina mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se bhI mAlavA dhanADhya hai| cauthI zatAbdI IsvI se mAlavA meM jaina mUrtiyoM kI upalabdhi hone lagatI hai| jaina mUrtiyAM kalAtmaka to hai hI sAtha hI ina mUrtiyoM para jo lekha utkIrNa haiM unase vibhinna prakAra kI mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika jAnakArI milatI hai| ina lekhoM meM tatkAlIna rAjA kA bhI ullekha huA hai| unake tithiyukta hone se ye vivAdAspada bhI nahIM hai, yadyapi kaI pratimA [155 For Personal & Private Use Only

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lekha binA tithi ke bhI prApta hue haiN| jaina mUrtiyAM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| jaina citrakalA meM jainadharma se sambandhita mAnyatAoM kA citrAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kA bhI aMkana kiyA jAtA hai jisase hameM bahumUlya jAnakArI mila jAtI hai| isake atirikta jaina citrakalA ke upakaraNa, upayoga meM Ane vAle raMga Adi kI to jAnakArI milatI hI hai kintu jaina citrakalA ne kalA jagata ko eka naI zailI dI hai jise vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza zailI kA nAma diyA hai| mAlavA meM jaina citrakalA ke namUne jaina maMdiroM meM to dekhane ko milate hI haiM kintu jaina granthoM para bhI sandara citrAMkana dekhane ko milatA hai| grantha ke sAtha jo citrAMkana milatA hai vaha grantha kI kathA yA vivaraNa para AdhRta hotA hai| isa prakAra kA citrAMkana apane samaya kI kalAgata vizeSatAoM ko prakaTa karatA hai| astu jainakalA jo ki bhAratIyakalA kA hI prasAra hai, mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI pradAna karatI hai| ____ mAlavA ke jaina tIrthoM kA apanA itihAsa hai| jahAM-jahAM bhI jainatIrtha hai vahAM-vahAM jainadharmAvalambiyoM ne unake mahattva ko aura bhI bar3hA diyA hai| jo jainatIrtha prAcIna hai, unakI prAcInatA jIrNoddhAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa naSTa ho gaI hai| aba unakI prAcInatA viSayaka pramANa-pustakoM taka hI sImita raha gaye haiN| mAlavA meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke tIrtha milate haiM, kintu zvetAmbara matAvalambiyoM meM tIrthoM kA bAhulya yahAM adhika hai yadyapi avazeSoM kI upalabdhi digambara sampradAya ke prAbalya ko pramANita karatI hai| jainavADmaya kI dRSTi se mAlavA paryApta mahattva rakhatA hai| yaha vahIM sthAna jahAM AryarakSitasUri ne janasAmAnya kI suvidhAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AMgama sAhitya ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA thaa| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne kalyANa maMdira stotra ke pATha se tatkAlIna rAjA ko camatkAra batAkara acaMbhita kara diyA thaa| jaina vidvAnoM ne darzana sAhitya, kathA sAhitya, kAvya aura mahAkAvya, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa Ayurveda Adi viSayoM se sambandhita jainaka granthoM kI racanA kara sAhitya ko samRddha kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne apane prabhAva se jaina maMdiroM aura bhaTTArakoM kI gAdiyoM vAle sthAnoM meM zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA karavA kara eka adbhuta paramparA ko janma diyaa| yadi kisI ko pustakAlaya kA Adi svarUpa dekhanA ho to vaha prAcInatama jainazAstra bhaNDAroM kA adhyayana kreN| ye prAcIna zAstra bhaNDAra pustakAlaya ke pratIka haiN| sAtha hI unase yaha lAbha huA ki eka hI sthAna para samasta prakAra ke | 156 For Personal & Private Use Only

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grantha upalabdha ho jAte the aura isa prakAra sAhitya surakSita bhI rahane lgaa| ina zAstra bhaNDAroM meM na kevala jainadharma se sambandhita grantha upalabdha hote haiM varan jainetara dharmoM ke grantha bhI inameM saMgrahita haiN| jaina sAhitya aura zAstra bhaNDAra hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI paryApta mahattvapUrNa hai| kAraNa ki jaina vidvAnoM ne jahAM saMskRta bhASA meM apane sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA vahIM sAmAnya janatA ke nikaTa kI bhASA prAkRta aura 'apabhraMza meM bhI aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| apabhraMza se hindI ke vikAsa para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| apabhraMza tathA prArambhika hindI meM jaina vidvAnoM kI aneka racanAeM milatI haiM jo hindI bhASA ke vikAsa tathA itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye upayogI hai|. ..... jainAcArya kabhI eka sthAna para nahIM rhte| ve eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para vicaraNa karate rahate haiN| yahI paramparA prAcInakAla meM bhI thii| yaha bhI dekhane meM AyA ki yadi eka AcArya ne rAjasthAna meM janma liyA to unakI kartavya bhUmi gujarAta yA mAlavA rahI aura yadi mAlavA meM janma liyA to karmabhUmi rAjasthAna yo anya pradeza rhii| ina jainAcAryoM ne yadyapi sabhI kSetroM meM paryApta rUpa se kArya kiyA kintu bhAratIya prAcIna paramparA kA anusaraNa kara inhoMne svayaM ke viSaya meM kahIM kucha bhI nahIM likhA jisase unake sambandha meM nizcita jAnakArI kA bhAva haiN| phira bhI upalabdha pramANoM se AcAryoM ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki mAlavA meM aneka AcArya yuga-pradhAna the| kucha AcArya jyotiSa ke vidvAna the kucha uccakoTi ke darzanika, tattvavettA, naiyAyika aura kucha mahAkavi kI zreNI ke the, kucha sAhitya ke marmajJa paMDita the| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa 'a' saMdarbha-graMtha sUcI kraM. pustaka kA nAma sampAdaka yA lekhaka prakAzaka kA nAma va tithi kA nAma Agamika evaM dArzanika grantha 1. tattvArtha vArtika mahendrakumAra jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1953 2. devasenakRta darzanasAra paM.nAthUrAma premI 'bambaI, saM.1974 3. sarvArthasiddhi phUlacaMdra siddhAMtazAstrI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, . 1955 prazasti grantha 1. jaina graMtha prazasti jugalakizora mukhtAra dillI, 1954 - saMgraha, bhAga-1 . - 2. jaina pustaka prazasti jinavijaya siMghI jaina sIrIja, 18, saMgraha .. ahamadAbAda, 1943 / 3. . prazasti saMgraha paM.bhujabalI zAstrI ArA, 1999 4. zrI prazasti saMgraha amRtalAla maganalAla jaina vidyA zAlA, dozI ... bhAga 1-2 zAha vAr3AnI pola, ahamadAbAda, 1993 - jaina sAhitya evaM aitihAsika graMtha 1. agravAla jAti kA gulAbacaMda erana hindI sAhitya sadana, prAmANika itihAsa sanAvada, 1938 2. Avazyaka bhASyavRtti -- bambaI, 1916, 1928 3. uttarapurANa osavAla jAti kA sukhasampatarAya bhaMDArI osavAla hisTrI pabliziMga itihAsa va anya hAusa, bhAnapurA, 1934 5. jagata prasiddha naMdalAla lor3hA zrI jaina zvetAmbara saMgha kI aitihAsika per3hI, pIpalI bAjAra, iMdaura, zrI mAMDavagar3ha tIrtha 1960 6. jaina tIrtha sarvasaMgraha .. ahamadAbAda, 1953 bhAga-2 158 For Personal & Private Use Only

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7. jaina paramparA no muni darzanavijaya maMtrI bhIkhAbhAI bhuudhrbhaaii| . itihAsa va anya zAha, bambaI 1952 8. jaina sAhitya aura paM.nAthUrAma premI bambaI, 1942 itihAsa 9. jaina sAhitya no mo.da.desAI zrI jaina zvetAmbara kaoNnphreMsa saMkSipta itihAsa oNphisa, bambaI, 1933 10. jaina sampradAya zikSA zrIpAlacaMdra yati 1910 11. jaina jAti mahodaya, muni jJAnasuMdara phalaudI, saM.1983 prathama khaNDa... 12. tapAgaccha paTTAvalI upAdhyAya dharmasAgara zrI vijayanIti sUrIzvarajI prathama bhAga va anya jaina lAyabrerI, ahamadAbAda, 1940 13. tapagaccha zramaNa vaMzavRkSa jayaMtIlAla choTAlAla jhaverI vAisAtabhAI kI - zAha havelI, ahamadAbAda, dvitIya saMskaraNa 14. triSaSTi zlAkA puruSa saM.jAnasana bar3audA, 1931 carita parva 10, sarga 2 15. paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha kalyANavijaya gaNi zrI jAlaura, 1966 16. paTTAvalI samuccaya - zrI caritra smAraka graMthamAlA vIramagAma, 1933 17. poravAla var3iko ne sI.ema.dalAla bambaI, 1922 itihAsa 18. poravAr3a mahAjanoM. ThA.lakSmaNasiMha caudharI devAsa, 1930 __kA itihAsa 19. bhAratIya saMskRti meM DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina ma.pra.zAsana sAhitya / - jainadharma kA yogadAna pariSad, bhopAla, 1962 20. bhArata ke prAcIna DaoN.jagadIzacaMdra jaina banArasa, 1952 jaina tIrtha 21. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI jJAnasuMdana phalaudI, 1943 ___paramparA kA itihAsa 22. * bhaTTAraka sampradAya DaoN.vidyAdhara jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, johArapurakara zaulApura, 1958 -159 For Personal & Private Use Only

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12. mAlavikA (mAlavA : vi.zrI.vAkaNakara va siddhArtha sAhitya sadana, eka sarvekSaNa) anya ujjaina, 1972 13. meghadUta (kAlidAsa sItArAma caturvedI bhArata prakAzana maMdira, graMthAvalI) alIgar3ha, saM.2019 14. maurya sAmrAjya kA satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra iMDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda, itihAsa , 1985 15. mRcchakaTikama rAmAnuja ojhA va caukhambA saMskRti sIrIja anya oNphisa, vArANasI, 1962 16. rAjasthAna kA itihAsa anu.baladevaprasAda mizra bambaI, 1925 17. zrImad bhagavata gItA .. gItA presa, gorakhapura, 2025 18. saMskRta sAhitya kA vAcaspati geraulA motIlAla banArasIdAsa, itihAsa dillI, 1960 19. saMskRta sAhitya kA anu.maMgaladeva zAstrI .................. itihAsa, bhAga-2 20. saMskRti kendra brajakizora caturvedI - iMDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda, ujjayinI ' sAmAnya grantha 1. guru gopAladasa varaiyA paM.kailAzacaMdra zAstrI a.bhA.digambara jaina vidvata smRti graMtha pariSad, varNI bhavana, sAgara 1967 2. muni hajArImala muni hajArImala smRti graMtha smRti graMtha prakAzana samiti, byAvara 3. vikrama smRti graMtha DaoN.ramAzaMkara tripAThI siMdhiyA oNriyaNTala , va anya iMsTITyUTa, ujjaina, saM.2001 4. zrImad rAjendrasUri agaracaMda nAhaTA va saudharma vRhattapAgacchI jaina smAraka graMtha anya zvetAmbara saMgha, Ahora, 1957 5. sva.bAbU zrI bahAdura- jinavijaya muni bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, siMhajI siMghI bambaI, 1945 smRti graMtha 1955 [161] For Personal & Private Use Only

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Jain Canonical Works 1. Kalpasutra Eng. H.J.Sodhi S.B.E.45, Oxford, Trans. 1895 Jain Literacy & Historical Works 1. Dasa Srimali Jain C.M.Dosid Bombay, 1933 Baniya of Kathiawar 2. History of Jain Dr. S.B.Deo Deccan College, Monachism . Pune, 1956 3. : Jain sources.of. Dr. Jyotiprasad Munshiram Manohar the history of Jain lal, Delhi-6 Ancient India 4. Jainism in Rajas- Dr. K.C.Jain Jain Sanskrit than, Ist Edition Samrakshak Sangh. Sholapur 5. Jain Community Dr. V.A.Sangvey Popular Book Depot, A Social Survey Bombay-7, 1959 6. Sraman Bhagvan Muni Ratnaprabh Ahmedabad) 1947 . Mahavir Vijay 7. The Heart of Mrs. Stevenson Oxford, 1915 Jainism Books on Inseription : 1. Epigraphia Indica Vol. XX 2. Select Inscription D.C. Sircar 1942 TIP Vol. I Books on Literary & Modern History 1. Asok V.A. Smith Oxford .. . 2. Age of Imperial Dr. R.C.Majumdar Bhartiya Vidya Unity, Vol. II & Others Bhavan, Bombay, 1951 3. Classical Age Dr. R.C.Majumdar ---" ----, 1954 & Others 4. Cultural Heritage Dr. D.R.Patil Deptt. of Archaeology of Madhya Bharat M.B.Gwalior, 1952 5. History of the A.B.Keith Oxford, 1928 Sanskrit Literature 6. Malwa in Dr. Raghuvirsingh D.B.Taraporewala & Transition sons, Bombay, 1936 162 For Personal & Private Use Only

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7. 8. 1. 2. Medieval Malwa Tribes & castes of G.Crooke North-Westerh Provinces & Oudh Bibiliography of Dr. H.V.Trivedi Madhya Bharat Part-I Archaeology History of Indian J.Ferguson & Easterh Architecture 3. Jain Miniature paintings from Western India Book on Arts & Archaeology 1. Bombay Gazetteer Vol.IV, Part-I Upendranath Day Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1965 Calcutta, 1896 h 2. Encyclopaedia of J.Hastings Religion & Ethics Vol.I 3. Imperial Gazetteer of India 4. Indore State Gazetteer 1. anekAMta, dillI. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dr. Motichand General Books Journals kalyANa, tIrthaMka, gorakhapura jayAjI pratApa, gvAliyara jaina bhAratI, kalakattA jainasiddhAMta bhAskara, ArA madhyabhArata saMdeza, Jaliger 7. 8. Dept. of Archaeology Madhya Bharat, 1953 9. 10. 11. London, Johan Murray 1899 1. Indian Antiquary 2. Jain Antiquary - Arrah 3. 4. Journal of Oriental Institute, M.S.University of Baroda Progress Report of Archaeological Survey of India, W.C.1919 5. Report of Archaeological Survey of Inda, Vol. II patra-patrikAe~ Sarabhai Manilal Nawab, Ahmedabad, 1949 Distt. Ahmedabad New York, 1925 Oxford 1908 vikrama, ujjaina vikrama kIrti maMdira smArikA, vidyAvANI smArikA, ujjaina 35517 vIravANI, jayapura sAptAhika hindustAna, naI dillI For Personal & Private Use Only 163

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DaoN.tejasiMha gaur3a dvArA likhita pustakeM 1. prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma : eka adhyayana 2. jainadharma kA saMkSipta itihAsa, bhAga-1 3. jIvana aura sRjana (AcArya zrImadvijaya jayaMtasenasUrijI ma. kA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva) 4. pravartaka zrI rameza muni vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 5. AcArya zrImadvijaya vidyAcaMdrasUri : saMkSipta jIvana paricaya sAdhanA aura sarjanA (jyotiSa samrATa munirAjazrI RSabhacaMdravijayajI ma. kA jIvana paricaya) kA mizrI kI miThAsa (yuvAcAryazrI mizrImalajI ma. 'madhukara kA kAvyamaya jIvana paricaya) kastUrI kI mahaka (mAlavaratna upAdhyAyazrI kastUracaMdajI ma. kA saMkSipta jIvana paricaya TOO 9. jaina jyotiSa sAhitya kI paramparA 10. jaina Ayurveda sAhitya kI paramparA 11. zrI hAsAmapurA jaina tIrtha kA itihAsa 12. pUNavAna (mAlavI upanyAsa) yA 1913. vakhata vakhata kI vAta (mAlavI upanyAsa) DS Mon noTa-bIsa se adhika abhinaMdana/smRti graMthoM Adi kA sampAdana Criticatioantasterdanas alonelodawatela