Jain Bauddh aur Gita ka Sadhna Marg

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010202/1

Page #1
THE FREE INDOLOGICAL COLLECTION WWW.SANSKRITDOCUMENTS.ORG/TFIC FAIR USE DECLARATION This book is sourced from another online repository and provided to you at this site under the TFIC collection. It is provided under commonly held Fair Use guidelines for individual educational or research use. We believe that the book is in the public domain and public dissemination was the intent of the original repository. We applaud and support their work wholeheartedly and only provide this version of this book at this site to make it available to even more readers. We believe that cataloging plays a big part in finding valuable books and try to facilitate that, through our TFIC group efforts. In some cases, the original sources are no longer online or are very hard to access, or marked up in or provided in Indian languages, rather than the more widely used English language. TFIC tries to address these needs too. Our intent is to aid all these repositories and digitization projects and is in no way to undercut them. For more information about our mission and our fair use guidelines, please visit our website. Note that we provide this book and others because, to the best of our knowledge, they are in the public domain, in our jurisdiction. However, before downloading and using it, you must verify that it is legal for you, in your jurisdiction, to access and use this copy of the book. Please do not download this book in error. We may not be held responsible for any copyright or other legal violations. Placing this notice in the front of every book, serves to both alert you, and to relieve us of any responsibility. If you are the intellectual property owner of this or any other book in our collection, please email us, if you have any objections to how we present or provide this book here, or to our providing this book at all. We shall work with you immediately. -The TFIC Team.

Page #2
prAkRta bhAratI prakAzana : 11 : jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga lekhaka DA. sAgaramala jaina nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vAgaNamo prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura

Page #3
(c) lekhaka prakAzaka 1. prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna) prAptimthAna 1. nagendrakumAra mAgaramala magaphA, zAjApura (ma0 pra0) 2 motIlAla banAramIdAma, cauka vAgaNamI-1 3. pAzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-mamyAna, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANamI-5 4. prAkRta bhAratI mamthAna, yati zyAmalAlajI kA upAzraya, motIsiMha bhomiyo kA gastA, jayapura-302002 prakAzana varSa san 1982 vIra nirvANa sa0 2508 mUlya : bIsa rupaye mAtra mudraka bAbUlAla jaina phAgulla mahAvIra presa, bhelUpura, vArANasI-5

Page #4
janma vikrama samarpaNa sayama savA aura sAdhanA kI pratimani pajya sAdhvI zrI pAjakuMvarajI ma0 sAla can 1962 mal pAvana naraNA ma marbhAta samarpita dIkSA vikrama samvat 1664

Page #5

Page #6
prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, ( rAjasthAna ) ke dvArA 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga nAmaka pustaka prakAzita karate hue hame atIva prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| Aja ke yuga meM jima dhArmika sahiSNutA aura maha-astitva ko AvazyakatA hai, usake lie dharmoM kA samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, tAki dharmoM ke bIca baDhatI huI khAI ko pATA jA sake aura pratyeka dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha ho sake / isa dRSTi bindu ko lakSya meM rakhakara pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka eva bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke pramukha vidvAn DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzano para eka bRhadkAya zodha-prabandha Aja se lagabhaga 15 varSa pUrva likhA thaa| usI ke sAdhanA pakSa se sambandhita kucha adhyAyo se prastuta grantha ko sAmagrI kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai / hame AzA hai ki zIghra hI unakA mahAprabandha prakAza meM AyegA, kintu usake pUrva paricaya ke rUpa meM yaha laghu pustaka pAThako ke samakSa prastuta kara rahe haiM tAki ve unake vidvattApUrNa prayAsa kA kucha AmvAda le skeN| prAkRta bhAratI dvAga isake pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma, AcArazAstra evaM prAkRta bhASA ke 10 grantho kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, usI krama meM yaha umakA 11vAM prakAzana hai / isake prakAzana meM hame lekhaka kA vividha rUpo meM jo mahayoga milA hai usake lie hama unake AbhArI hai / mahAvIra presa, bhelapara ne isake mudraNa kArya ko mundara va kApUrNa Dhaga meM pUrNa kiyA, etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI hai| devendrarAja mehatA vinayasAgara maciva saMyukta saciva prAkRta bhAratI masthAna jayapura, (rAjasthAna)

Page #7
prAkkathana bhAratIya darzana kA jIvana me ghaniSTha sambandha hai| isame vibhinna dArzanika tattvoM ke pratipAdana ke mAtha hI mAnava jIvana ke parama lakSya evaM usakI prApti ke upAya ke mambandha meM gambhIra tathA vyApaka vicAra huA hai| vibhinna dArzanika mampradAyoM tathA parampagI ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se viziSTa mAdhanA mArgoM kI sthApanA kI hai| prastuta pamnaka meM jaina darzana ke khyAtilabdha vidvAn tathA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna ke nirdezaka DAkTara mAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke mAdhanA mArga kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| yaha adhyayana vidvattApUrNa, gambhIra evaM vicArotpAdaka hai / imI ke mAtha hI anyanta garala aura subodha hai / imakI mabame mukhya vizeSatA hamArI dRSTi meM yaha hai ki vidvAna lekhaka ne upagakta mAghanA mArgoM ke pratipAdana tathA mUlyAMkana meM svaya ko kigI prakAra ke pUrvAgraha, pakSapAta tathA saMkucita dRSTikoNa meM pUrNarUpa meM mukta rakhA hai| jaina darzana tathA paramparA me gambhIra AsthA rakhate hae. lekhaka ne bauddha aura bhagavadgItA ke mAdhanA mArgoM ke pratipAdana meM pUrI udAratA tathA niSpakSa dRSTikoNa kA paricaya diyA hai| sulanAtmaka adhyayana kI isI vidhi ko Adhunika vidvan samAja na marvazreSTha svIkAra kiyA hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM isa dRSTi meM lekhaka kA yaha prayAma atyanta stutya tathA anukaraNIya hai / bhAratIya dharma ta pA mamkRti anekatA meM ekatA ke mArvabhauma siddhAnta para pratiSThita hai| sAdhanA mArga bhI isI gatya kA udghATana karatA hai| prastuta grantha me yaha spaSTa rUpa se digvAyA gayA hai ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke sAdhanA mArga svatantra aura bhinna hote hue bhI mUlata eka hai / mamanva kA prApti bhAratIya naitika sAdhanA athavA yoga kA mukhya lakSya ha / rAga-dveSa Adi samasta mAnasika vikAro tathA antardvadvoM meM mukta hone para hI manuSya ko mamatva kI prApti hotI hai, use apane vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna hotA hai, yaha bhAratIya darzana kI mAnyatA hai aura cetanA ke isI uccatama dharAtala ko prApta karana ke liye mukhya mpa meM vibhinna sAdhanA mArgoM athavA yogoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / manaSya apanI cetanA meM AmUla parivartana karane tathA deza aura kAla kI sImA se mukta cetanA ke avicala aura ananta svarUpa ko prApta karane me martha hai, yaha bhAratIya AdhyAtmika darzana kA udghopa hai / nivartaka dharma ke anusaraNa se hI manuSya ko samatva kI tathA mokSa kI prApti sambhava hai| samyak jJAna tathA sadAcaraNa se sampanna vyakti ho mahAn nivartaka dharma mArga para calane meM sakSama hotA hai| ina saba maulika tathyoM kA lekhaka ne pANDityapUrNa vizleSaNa tathA pratipAdana kiyA hai| pravartaka dharma tathA

Page #8
-5 nivartaka dharma me mUlata koI virodha nahI hai yaha bhI lekhaka ne spaSTa rUpa me dikhAyA hai / samAja eva vyakti ke kalyANa va utthAna ke liye dono hI prakAra ke dharma Avazyaka hai| ina dono mArgoM ke viSaya meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNa me jo antara hai usakA bhI vidvAn lekhaka ne spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai / prastuta pustaka snAtakottara darzanazAstra ke vidyArthiyo, zodha chAtro tathA anya samasta vidvAno aura jijJAsuo ke liye upayogI siddha hogI jo bhAratAya darzana nathA sAdhanA ke gambhIra tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayana me ruci rakhata hai / isa prakAra ke uccastarIya tathA prAmANika grantha kA praNayana kara DAkTara mAgaramala jaina ne mAdhanA mArga para upalabdha sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| isake liye mahRdaya tathA vicArazIla dArzanika samAja unakA AbhArI hogaa| ma. rAmazaMkara mizra prophesara eva adhyakSa darzanavibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANamI,

Page #9
prAstAvika mAnava astitva hi-yAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai / vaha svabhAvata. paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendro para sthita hai / vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu dono kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai / yaho kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staro para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAmanAoM meM cAlita hai aura vahA~ uma para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai kintu caittamika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usAsAnanya hai / zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu cainamika stara para svatantra hai makta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA me jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka aha (Id) ne janazAmita hai to dUsarI ora ArdazAtmA ( Super Ego ) meM prabhAvita bhA | gaganAtmaka aha ( Id) usakI zArIrika mAgo kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, nirdvandva eva nirAkula tana-gamatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake lie ina donoM meM me kisI ko bhaNa upakSA asambhava hai / unaka jIvana kI saphalatA ina bIca eka mAgasantulana banAna meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astittva ke ye do chora hai / usakI jIvanadhArA ina dono kA sparza karata hue inake bIca bahatI haiM / usakA nija svarUpa hai / jo pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmo kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa mAnava jIvana me zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitamika vikAsa viveka ko janma denA ha / prApta vAmanA apanI santuSTi ke lie 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke lie 'mayama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai / kyoki sarAga - viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai / vAmanA bhogo para jItI hai aura viveka virAga para / yahI do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyo kA nirmANa hotA hai / eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hone hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura virAga / zramaNa paramparA me iname se pahalI ko mithyA daSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak dRSTi ke nAma me abhihita kiyA gayA hai / upaniSad meM inheM kramaza. preya aura zreya kahA gayA hai / kaThopa

Page #10
niSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote hai| usame se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema rUpa preya ko aura vivekavAna puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke lie bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke lie karma apekSita hai, isI bhoga-pradhAna jIvana dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai / dUsarI ora viveka ke lie vigaga (saMyama) aura virAga ke lie AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita hai, isI AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi se tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| iname pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura marI me nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA ataH umane apanI mAdhanA kA lakSya sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI banAyA / jahA~ aihika jIvana meM umane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kAmanA kI, vahI pAralaukika jIvana me svarga (bhautikamuSa muvi pAo kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya ghApita kiyA / Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alAtika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM ke upalabdhi ke prayAmo ko maphala yA viphala banA gakatI hai evaM umakI sukha-suvidhAeM usake apane puruSArtha para hI nahI apitu ina zaktiyo kI kRpA para nirbhara hai, to inhe pramanna karane ke lie vaha eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unhe bali aura yamo ke mAdhyama meM mantuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA-(1) zraddhA pradhAna bhakti-mArga aura (2) yajJa-yAga pradhAna karma-mArga / dUmage ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaga me nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt zArIrika vAmanAoM eva laukika epaNAno meM pUrNa mukti ko mAnava jIvana kA lakSya mAnA Ara ima hetu jJAna aura vigagakA pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana mAmAjika eva pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thA, ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke kama-kSetra se kahI dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri-kandagaoM meM le gayA, jahA~ eka aura daihika mUlyo evaM vAmanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisameM baigagyamUlaka nA-mArga kA vikAsa hA, dUmarI ora uma ekAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra gbule, jijJAmA kA vikAsa huA, jisame cintanapradhAna jJAna mArga kA udbhava huA / isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do mukhya zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-(1) jJAna-mArga aura (2) tapa maarg| mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitamika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna mAriNI ke mAdhyama meM adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

Page #11
manuSya cetanA vAmanA viveka bhoga virAga abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas svarga mokSa (nirvANa) kama saMnyAsa pravRtti pravartaka dharma nivRtti nivartaka dharma Atmopalabdhi alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka bhakti-mArga karma-mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAma bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para humA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmo ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para uname rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAriNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA haipravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) (dArzanika pradeya) (1) jaivika mUlyoM ko prdhaantaa| (1) AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA / (2) vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi / (2) niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi / (3) smssttivaadii| (3) vyssttivaadii| (4) vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI (4) vyavahAra me naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda kA phira bhI dRSTi puruSArthavAdI / samarthana /

Page #12
(5) iishvrvaadii| (6) IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa / (7) mAdhanA ke bAhya mAdhano para bl| (8) jIvana kA lakSya svarga eva Izvara ke sAnnidhya kI prApti / (5) aniishvrvaadii| (6) vaiyaktika prayAso para vizvAsa, karma middhAnta kA samarthana / (7) Antarika vizuddhatA para bala / (8) jIvana kA lakSya mokSa eva nirvANa kI prApti / (sAMskRtika pradeya) (sAMskRtika pradeya) (9) varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA (9) jAtivAda kA virodha, vaNa-vyavasthA janmanA AdhAra para mamarthana / kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para mamarthana / (10) gRhastha-jIvana kI prdhaantaa| (10) manyAma jIvana kI pradhAnatA / (11) sAmAjika jIvana shailii| (11) ekAkI jIvana zailI / (12) rAjatantra kA samarthana (12) janatantra kA samarthana / (13) zaktizAlI kI puujaa| (13) gadAcArI kI puujaa| (14) vidhi-vidhAno eva karmakANDo kI (14) dhyAna aura tapa ko pradhAnatA / prdhaantaa| (15) brAhmaNa samthA (pahita-varga) kA (15) zramaNa mammA kA vikAma / vikAma / (16) upAmanA-mUlaka / (16) gamAdhi mUlaka / pravartaka dharma meM prArambha me jaivika mUlyo kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedo meM jaivika AvazyakatAo kI pUrti me sambandhita prArthanAo ke svara adhika mukhara hue hai / udAharaNArthahama sau varSa jIva, hamArI mantAna baliSTha hove, hamArI gAye adhika dUdha deve, vanaspati pracura mAtrA me ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rUpa apanAyA, unhoMne mAmArika jIvana ko dukhamayatA kA rAga alApA / unakI dRSTi me zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura mamAra dukho kA mAgara / unhone sasAra aura zarIra dono se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya mAmA / unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAo kA niSedha, anAmakti, virAga aura Atma-mantoSa hI sarvocca jIvanamUlya hai| eka ora jaivika malyo kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha hA ki pravartaka dharma meM

Page #13
jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko marvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aimI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisame zArIrika mAgoM kA ThukaganA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura adhyAtma ke pratIka bana gaye / pravartaka dharma jaivika malyo para bala data hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa meM ve mamAjagAmI bana kyoki daihika AvazyA nA kI pUrNa santuSTi no samAja jIvana me hI mambhava thI, kintu vigaga aura nyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma mamAja vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gaye / yadyapi daimRnyo kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the. kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha denA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI mantuSTi ke lie umake vaiyaktika prayAmo ke bAvajUda bhI unakI pUrti yA ApUni kinhI alaukika prAkRtika zaktiyo para nirbhara hai to vaha devavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tanva ke mpa meM usane Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura usakI kRpA kI AkAkSA karane lgaa| damaka viparIna nivartaka dharma vyavahAra me naSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hone hae bhI kama middhAnta ke prati AsthA * kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura makti mvaya umake kAraNa hai, ata nivartaka dharma pampArthavAda aura vaiyakti prayAmoM para AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, pampAthavAda aura karma siddhAnta umake pramukha tattva bana gaya / mAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alokika daivIya ktiyo kI pramannatA ke nimitta kama kANDa aura vAdya vidhi-vidhAno (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAma huA; vahI nivartaka dharmo ne citta-gaddhi aura madAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA karma-kANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka mAnA / sAskRtika pradeyo kI daNTi meM pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, brAhmaNa mamthA (pugehinavarga) ke pramukha mamarthaka rahe / brAhmaNa manuSya aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA umane apanI AjIvikA ko surakSita banAye rakhano liA eka ora samAja jIvana meM apane varnamva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAno kI aupacA ravatA meM ulA diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa UMca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne mayama, zAna aura tapa kI eka marala mAdhanA paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNavyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa masthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyA / usame brAhmaNa ra sthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMgho kA vikAsa huA-jisame sabhI jAti aura varga ke logo ko samAna sthAna milA gajya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahAM pravataka dharma rAjatantra aura anyAya ke pratikAra kI nIti ke mamarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka banatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rahe /

Page #14
- 11 - samanvaya kI dhArA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unaka sAskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeya ko samajha sakate hai kintu yaha mAnanA eka bhrAnti pUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAye rakhA hai / eka hI deza aura pariveza me rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke lie yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rahe / ataH jahA~ vaidika dhArA meM zramaNa dhArA (nivartaka dharma paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNa dhArA meM vaidika dhArA ( pravartaka dharma paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai / ataH Aja ke yuga me koI dharma paramparA na to ekAnta nivRtti mArga kI poSaka hai aura na ekAnna pravRtti mArga kI poSaka ha / vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM ekAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyavahArika mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka hai aura na manovaijJAnika / manuSya jaba taka manuSya ha zarIra ke mAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai taba taka ekAnta pravRtti aura ekAnta nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga marIcikA meM jInA hai / vastuta AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajhe aura pravRti tathA nivatti ke tattvo me samucita samanvaya meM eka aisI jIvana zailI khoje, jo vyakti aura samAja dono ke lie kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika matrAsa se mukti dilA sakeM / bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hA 1 rahe hai / pravartaka bAga ke pratinidhi hindU dharma meM aise samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa IzAvAsyApaniSad aura bhagavadgItA haiM / bhagavadgItA me pravRtti mArga aura nivani mArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| yadyapi nivartaka dhArA kA pratinidhi jainadharma zramaNa paramparA ke mUla svarUpa kA rakSaNa karatA rahA hai, phira bhI paravartI kAla meM usakI sAdhanA paddhati meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hI hai / zramaNa paramparA ko eka anya dhArA ke rUpa me vikasita bauddhadharma me to pravartaka dhAga ke tatvo kA utanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa meM kAphI dUra ho gayA / kintu yadi hama kAlakrama meM hue ina parivartanoM kA dRSTi se ojhala kara da, to itanA nizcita hai ki apane mUla dhArA ke thoDe bahuta antarI kA choTavara, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI mAdhanA paddhatiyA~ eka dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa hai / prastuta prayAsa meM hamane ina tIno kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kI nikaTatA ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jahA~ jo antara dikhAI diye, unakA bhI yathAsthala makata kara diyA hai / ima tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM hamane yathA sambhava taTastha dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai /

Page #15
jaina dharma ko kendra meM rakhakara jo tulanA kI gayI hai, usakA eka mAtra kAraNa usa dhArA me hamArA nikaTa paricaya hI hai, anya koI abhiniveza nhii| jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI mAdhanA kA mUla kendra caittasika samatva yA cetanA kI nigakula dazA hai / ataH sarvaprathama mamantra yoga kI carcA kI gaI hai / isake bAda trividha sAdhanA mArga aura 5 vidyA (mithyAnva) kA vivecana hai / usake pazcAt samyagdarzana (zraddhA) sabhyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) mamyak cAritra (karma yog| aura mamyak napa kA mamatva kI siddhi ke mAdhanoM ke rUpa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM pravatti aura nivRtti kI vibhinna pariprekSyoM meM carcA kI gara ha ri yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki nono bAga meM unakA kyA aura kima rUpa meM sthAna hai| prastuta tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM hame jina granthoM aura granthakAro kA pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM mahayoga milA, una sabake prati hama hRdaya se AbhArI hai / kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga ke adhyakSa eva bhAratIya dharma darzana ke gambhIra vidvAna hA0 gamazakara jI mizra ne isa pustaka kA prAkkathana likhane kI kRpA kI etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI hai| prAkRta bhAratI mamthAna ke saciva zrI devendrarAja mehatA ke bhI hama atyanta AbhArI hai, jinake mahayoga me yaha prakAzana sambhava ho makA hai| mahAvIra presa ne jisa tatparatA aura sundaratA ge yaha kArya mampanna kiyaa| usake lie unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA hamArA kartavya hai / anta me hama pArzvanAtha vigAzrama parivAra ke DaoN0 harihara siMha, zrI mohana lAlajA, yI magara prakAza mehatA tathA zodha chAtra zrI ravizaMkara mizra, zrI aruNa kumAra siMha, zrI bhikhAro gama yAdava aura zrI vijayakumAra jaina ke bhI AbhArI hai, jinase vividharUpo me mahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai / vArANasI, 15 agasta 1982, sAgaramala na

Page #16
viSaya-sUcI adhyAya : 1 samatva yoga 1-20 naitika sAdhanA kA kendrIyatatva samatva-yoga (1); jaina-AcAra darzana me mamatva-yoga (3); jaina darzana meM viSamatA (dukha) kA kAraNa (4), jaina dharma me samatva-yoga kA mahatva (5), jaina 'garma ga mamatva-goga aa gartha (6), jaina Agamo me mamatva-yoga kA nirdeza (7), boddha AcAra-dagana meM gama-va-goga (7); gItA ke AcAra darzana me mamatva-yoga (9); gItA meM gamanva sA artha (14); gItA meM mamatvayoga kI zikSA (14); samanvayoga kA vyavahAra pakSa (16); samatvayoga kA vyavahAra pakSa aura jaina :STi (19), mamatvayoga ke niSThAsUra (19); mamatvayoga ke kriyAnvayana re cAra satra-vRtti meM anAmakti (19); vicAra meM anAgraha (20); vaiyaktika jI (na meM nagagra (20); mAmAjika AcaraNa me A~'mA (0) / adhyAya : 2 trividha sAdhanA-mArga 21-36 vividha sAdhanA-mArga hI kyo ? 121); bauddha darzana meM vividha mAdhanAmArga (21); gItA kA trividha mAdhanAmArga (22), pAzcAtya cintana meM vividha mAdhanApatha (22), mAdhana-traya kA parampara ma bandha (23), mamyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA parvApara mambandha (23); bauddha vicAraNA ma jJAna aura zraddhA kA sambandha / 5), gItA ma zraddhA aura jJAna kA sambandha (2 ); samyagdarzana aura mamyakacAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha (27), bauddhadarzana aura nItA kA dRSTikoNa (28); samyagjAna aura samyakcAritra kI pUrvAparatA (28); mAdhana-traya meM jJAna kA sthAna (29), mamyagdagana, mamyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra kA pUrvApara mambandha bhI ekAtika nahI (10); jJAna aura kriyA ke mahayoga se mukti (31), vaidika-parampaga me jJAna aura kriyA ke mamanvaya me mukti (33); bauddha-vicAraNA meM prajJA aura gIla kA mambandha (33); tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra (34); mAnavIya prakRti aura trividha sAdhanA-patha (35) /

Page #17
- 14 - adhyAya : 3 avidyA (mithyAtva) 37-46 mithyAtva kA artha (38); jaina darzana me mithyAtva ke prakAra-ekAnta (38); viparIta (39.); vanayika (39), mazaya (30); ajJAna (40); mithyAtva ke 25 bheda (40), bauddha darzana me mithyAtva ke prakAra (41); gItA me ajJAna (81); pAzcAtya darzana meM mithyAtva kA pratyaya-jAtigata mithyA dhAraNA, vyaktigata mithyA vizvAma, bAjArU mithyA vizvAsa, raMgamaMca kI bhrAnti (42), jaina darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa (42); bauddhadarzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa (43); bauddha darzana ko avidyA kI samIkSA (44); gItA evaM vaMzAnta meM vidyA kA mvampa (4.), vedAnta kI mAyA kI samIkSA (46), upamaha ra (46) / adhyAya : 4 samyagdarzana 47-69 samyaktva kA artha (45); darzana kA artha (48), samyagdarzana ke vibhinna artha (08), jaina AcAra darzana meM mamyagdarzana kA sthAna (51); bauddha darzana meM mamyagdarzana kA sthAna (52); vaidika parampaga eva gItA meM samyagdarzana (zraddhA) kA sthAna (53), jainadharma me mamyagdarzana kA svarUpa evaM samyagdarzana ke damabheda (54-55), mamyaktva kA vividha vargIkaraNa(a) kAraka gamyakatva, gecaka mamyaktva, dIpaka samyaktva (55); (ba) aupazamika samyaktva, kSAyika samyaktva kSAyopazamika mamyaktva (56); samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa-(a) dravya samyaktva aura bhAva samyaktva (57), (gha) nizcaya samyaktva aura vyavahAra mamyaktva (57), (ma) nimargaja samyaktva aura adhigamaja samyaktva (57), mamyaktva ke 5 aga-sama, savega, nirveda, anukampA, Astikya (58), mamyaktva ke dUSaNa (aticAra)-zakA, AkAkSA, vicikitmA, mithyA dRSTiyo kI prAmA, mithyA dRSTiyo kA ati paricaya (59), samyagdarzana ke ATha darzanAcAra-nizzakatA, niSkAkSatA, nivicikitsA, amRDhaSTi, upavRhaNa, sthirIkaraNa, vAtsalya, prabhAvanA, (60-64), samyagdarzana ko sAdhanA ke chaha sthAna (64), bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa (64); gItA me zraddhA kA svarUpa eva vargIkaraNa (66); upamahAra (68) / adhyAya : 5 samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 70-82 jaina naitika sAdhanA meM jJAna kA sthAna (70), bauddha-darzana meM jJAna kA sthAna (71); gItA meM jJAna kA sthAna (71); samyagjJAna kA svarUpa (71); jJAna

Page #18
- 15 ke stara (72); bauddhika jJAna (73); AdhyAtmika jJAna (74); naitika jIvana kA lakSya AtmajJAna (75); AtmajJAna kI mamamyA (76); AtmajJAna kI prAthamika vidhi bhedavijJAna (77); jaina darzana me bheda vijJAna (78); bauddha-darzana meM bhedAbhyAsa (78); gItA me Atma-anAtma viveka (bheda-vijJAna) (80); niSkarSa (82) / adhyAya : 6 samyak cAritra (zola) 83-95 samyagdarzana me samyakcAritra kI ora (83); mamyakcAriya kA svarUpa (84); cAritra ke do rUpa, (85); nizcaya dRSTi me cAritra (85); vyavahAracAritra (85); vyavahAracAritra ke prakAra (86); cAritra kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa (86); cAritra kA paMcavidha vargIkaraNa-mAmAyika cAritra, chedopasthApanIyacAritra, parihAravizuddhi cAritra, mUTamamampagaya cAritra, yathAkhyAta cAritra (87); cAritra kA vividha vargIkaraNa (87); bauddha darzana aura mamya cAritra (87); zIla kA artha (88); zIla ke prakAra--dvividhavargIkaraNa (88); trividha vargIkaraNa (89); zIla kA pratyupasthAna (90); zIla kA padasthAna (90); zola ke guNa (90); aSTAga mAdhanApatha aura zIla (91); vaidika paramparA me zIla yA madAcAra (92); gIla (12); mAmayAcArika (92); ziSTAcAra (93): sadAcAra (93); upamaMhAra (1.4) / adhyAya : 7 samyaka tapa tathA yoga-mArga (96-110) naitika jIvana evaM tapa (96); jaina mAdhanA-paddhati me tapa kA myAna (98); hindU sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna (0.9.); bauddha mAnanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna (90); tapa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa (101); jaina-mAnanA meM tapa kA prayojana (102); vaidika mAdhanA meM tapa kA prayAjana (103); bauddha mAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana (103); jaina sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa (104); zArIrika yA bAhya tapa ke bheda-anagana, UnodarI, rama parityAga, bhikSAcaryA, kAyakleza, saMlInatA (104-105); AdhyAntara tapa ke bhedaprAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutmarga, dhyAna-dharmadhyAna, zukradhyAna, (105-108); gItA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa (109); bauddha mAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa (110); aSTAMga yoga aura jainadarzana (112); tapa kA mAmAnya svarUpa : eka mUlyAMkana (114) /

Page #19
- 16 - adhyAya : 8 nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 120-142 __ nivRni mArga evaM pravRni mArga kA vikAsa (120); nivRtti-pravRtti ke vibhinna artha-(120); pravRti aura nivRtti makriyatA evaM niSkriyatA ke artha me jainadRSTikoNa (121); bAda dRSTikoNa (122); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (122); gRhastha dharma banAma maMnyAma dharma-jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa (123); maMnyAma mArga para adhika bala (124); jaina aura bauddha darzana me saMnyAma nigapada mArga (124), kyA manyAma palAyana hai ? (125); gRhastha aura maMnyAma jIvana kI zreSThanA' (126); gotA kA dRSTikANa, zakara kA maMnyAgagArgIya dRSTi koNa (128); tilaka kA karmamArgIya dRSTikoNa (128); gItA kA dRSTikoNa mamanvayAtmaka (129); niSkarSa (130); bhogavAda banAma vairAgyapAda (131);-jaina dRSTikoNa (132); bauddha dRSTikoNa (134); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (135); vidheyAtmaka vanAma niSedhAtmaka naitikatA (135);jaina dRSTikoNa (135 ; bauddha dRSTikoNa (137); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (137); vyaktiparaka banAma mamAjaparaka nItizAstra (137); pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM Avazyaka (1:9); dono kI sImAe~ evaM kSetra (140);-jaina dRSTikoNa (180); bauddha dRSTikoNa (141); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (141); upasahAra (141) /

Page #20
samatvayoga 1. naitika sAdhanA kA kendrIya tatva samatva-yoga mamatva kI sAdhanA hI sampUrNa AcAra-darzana kA mAra hai| AcAragata saba vidhiniSedha aura prayAma isI ke lie hai| jahA~ jahA~ jIvana hai, cetanA hai, vahAM vahAM mamatva banAe rakhane ke prayAsa dRSTigocara hote hai| catagika jIvana kA mUla svabhAva yaha hai ki vaha bAhya evaM Antarika uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM me utpanna vikSobhoM ko samApta kara sAmyAvasthA banAye rakhane kI koziza karatA hai / phrAyaDa likhate hai ki caitasika jovana aura sambhavatayA snAyavika jIvana kI bhI pramukha pravRtti hai-Antarika uddIpakoM ke tanAva ko samApta karanA evaM sAmyAvasthA ko banAye rakhane ke liye sadaiva prayAsazIla rahanA / ' eka laghu koTa bhI apane ko vAtAvaraNa se mamAyojita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| cetana kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha madeva mamatva kendra kI ora bar3hanA cAhatA hai / samatva ke hetu prayAsa karanA hI jIvana kA mAgtattva hai / satata zArIrika evaM prANamaya jIvana ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa cetana bAhya uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM se prabhAvita hone kI pravRni vikamita kara letA hai / pariNAma svarUpa cetana jIvanopayogI anya padArtho me mamatva kA AropaNa kara apane mahaja mamatvakendra kA parityAga karatA hai / satata abhyAsa eva sva-svarUpa kA ajJAna hI use mamatva ke kendra se cyuta karake bAhya padArthoM meM Amakta banA detA hai| cetana apane zuddha draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIpana ko bhUla kara bAhya vAtAvaraNajanya parivartanoM se apane ko prabhAvita samajhane lagatA hai / vaha zarIra, parivAra eva mamAra ke anya padArthoM ke prati mamatva rakhatA hai aura ina para-padArthoM kI prApti-aprApti yA mayoga-viyoga meM apane ko sukhI yA duHkhI mAnatA hai| usame 'para' ke prati AkarSaNa yA vikarSaNa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| vaha 'para' ke mAtha rAgAtmaka sambandha sthApita karanA cAhatA hai / imI rAgAtmaka sambandha se vaha bandhana yA du kha ko prApta hotA hai / 'para' meM Atma-buddhi se prANI meM asaMkhya icchAoM, vAsanAo, kAmanAo evaM udvego kA janma hotA ha / prANI inake vazIbhUta ho kara inakI pUrti va tRpti ke lie sadaiva Akula banA rahatA hai| yaha AkulatA 1. Beyond the Pleasure Principle-s. Froud. uddhRta-adhyAtmayoga aura citta-vikalana, pR0 246

Page #21
bena, bora aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga hI usake duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai| yadyapi vaha icchAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA unheM zAnta karanA cAhatA hai, parantu nayI-nayo kAmanAoM ke utpanna hote rahane se vaha sadaiva hI Akula yA azAnta banA rahatA hai aura bAhya jagat meM unakI pUrti ke lie mArA-mArA phiratA hai| yaha Asakti yA gaga na kevala use mamatva ke svakendra se cyuta karatA hai, varan use bAhya padArthoM ke AkarSaNa kSetra meM gvIMcakara usameM eka tanAva bhI utpanna kara detA hai aura isase cetanA do kendroM meM ba~Ta jAtI hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai, yaha manuSya anekacitta hai, arthAt anekAneka kAmanAoM ke kAraNa manuSya kA mana bikharA huA rahatA hai| vaha apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti kyA karanA cAhatA hai, eka taraha chalanI ko jala se bharanA cAhatA hai| ina do staroM para cetanA meM doharA saMgharSa utpanna ho jAtA hai1. cetanA ke AdarzAtmaka aura vAsanAtmaka pakSoM meM (ise manovijJAna meM 'IDa' aura 'supara igo' kA saMgharSa kahA hai) tathA 2. hamAre vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA usa bAhya pariveza ke sAtha, jisameM vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti cAhatA hai| isa vikendrIkaraNa aura tajjanita saMgharSa meM AtmA kI sArI zaktiyAM vikhara jAtI haiM, kuNThita ho jAtI haiM / naitika sAdhanA kA kArya isI saMgharSa ko samApta kara cetana samatva ko yathAvat kara denA hai, tAki usa kendrIkaraNa dvArA vaha apanI UrjAoM ko jor3akara Atmazakti kA yathArtha prakaTana kara ske| eka anya dRSTi se vicAra kare to hama bAhya jagat meM rasa lene ke lie jaise hI usameM apanA AropaNa karate haiM, vaise hI eka prakAra kA dvaita prakaTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM hama apanepana kA AropaNa karate haiM, Asakti rakhate haiM, vaha hamAre lie 'sva' bana jAtA hai aura usase bhinna yA virodhI 'para' bana jAtA hai / AtmA kI samatva ke kendra se cyuti hI use ina 'sva' aura 'para' ke do vibhAgoM meM bA~Ta detI hai| naitika cintana meM inheM hama kramazaH rAga aura dveSa kahate haiN| rAga AkarSaNa kA siddhAnta hai aura dveSa vikarSaNa kaa| apanA-parAyA, rAga-dveSa athavA AkarSaNa-vikarSaNa ke kAraNa hamArI cetanA meM sadaiva hI tanAva, saMgharSa athavA dvandva banA rahatA hai, yadyapi cetanA yA AtmA apanI svAbhAvika zakti ke dvArA sadaiva sAmyAvasthA yA saMtulana banAne kA prayAsa karatI rahatI hai| lekina rAga evaM dveSa kisI bhI sthAyI santulana kI avasthA ko sambhava nahoM hone dete| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya naitikatA meM rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA samyaka jIvana kI anivArya zarta mAnI gaI hai| bhAratIya naitika cintana sadaiva hI isa dRSTi se jAgarUka rahA hai| jaina naitikatA kA vItarAgatA yA samatvayoga (samabhAva) kA Adarza aura bauddha naitikatA kA samyak samAdhi yA vItatRSNatA kA Adarza rAga-neSa ke isa dvandva se Upara uThakara samatva 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 3 / 2 / 114

Page #22
samatva-yoga ( sAmyAvasthA) meM sthAyI avasthiti hI hai / gItA kA naitika Adarza bhI isa dvandvAtIta sAmyAvasthA kI upalabdhi hai / kyoMki vahI abandhana kI avasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra icchA (rAga) evaM dveSa se samutpanna yaha dvandva hI ajJAna hai, moha hai / isa dvandva se Upara uThakara hI paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA sambhava hotI hai| jo isa dvandva se vimukta ho jAtA jAtA hai / isa prakAra rAga-dveSAtIta AcAra- darzanoM kI naitika sAdhanA kA hai vahI paramapada mokSa yA nirvANa ko prApta ho samatva - prApti kI dizA meM prayatna hI samAlocya kendrIya tattva hai / $ 2. jaina - AcAradarzana meM samatva-yoga jaina- vicAra meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke mArga ko samatva-yoga kaha sakate haiM / ise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM sAmAyika kahA jAtA hai / samagra jaina naitika tathA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko eka hI zabda meM samatva kI sAdhanA kaha sakate haiM / sAmAyika zabda sam upasarga pUrvaka ay dhAtu se banA hai / ay dhAtu ke tIna artha haijJAna, gamana aura prApaNa / jJAna zabda viveka buddhi kA, gamana zabda AcaraNa yA kriyA kA aura prApaNa zabda prApti yA upalabdhi kA dyotaka hai| sam upasarga unako samyak yA ucitatA kA bodha karAtA hai / samyak kI prApti hI samyaktva yA samyakdarzana hai / kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra samyak kriyA vidhi-pakSa meM samyakcAritra aura bhAvapakSa meM samyagdarzana (zraddhA) hai / dUsare kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM samyak jJAna zabda meM darzana bhI antarnihita hai / sam kA eka artha rAgadveSa se atIta avasthA bhI hai aura am dhAtu kA prApaNa yA prAptiparaka artha lene para usakA artha hogA rAga-dveSa se atIta avasthA kI prApti, jo prakArAntara se mukti kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra sAmAyika ( samatvayoga ) zabda eka ora samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra rUpa trividha sAdhanA-patha ko apane meM samAhita kiye hue hai to dUsarI ora isa trividha sAdhanA patha ke sAdhya (mukti) se bhI samanvita hai / 1 AcArya bhadrabAhu ne Avazyakaniyukti meM sAmAyika ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM: 1. samyaktva - sAmAyika, 2. zruta-sAmAyika aura 3. cAritra - sAmAyika | cAritra sAmAyika ke zramaNa aura gRhastha sAdhakoM ke AcAra ke AdhAra para do bheda kiye haiM / samyaktva sAmAyika kA artha samyagdarzana, zruta-sAmAyika kA artha samyagjJAna aura cAritra sAmAyika kA artha samyakcAritra hai / inhe Adhunika manovaijJAnika bhASA meM cittavRtti kA samatva, buddhi kA samatva aura AcaraNa kA mamatva kaha sakate haiN| isa prakAra jainavicAra kA sAdhanA patha vastuta samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hI hai, jo mAnava-cetanA ke tIna 1. gItA 4 / 12 1515 3. vahI, 2. vahI, 7 / 27-28 4. Avazyaka niryukti 796

Page #23
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga pakSa bhAva, jJAna aura saMkalpa ke AdhAra para trividha bana gayA hai| bhAva, jJAna aura saMkalpa ko mama banAne kA prayAsa hI samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA hai / jaina darzana meM viSamatA (duHkha) kA kAraNa yadi hama yaha kahe ki jainadharma ke anusAra jIvana kA sAdhya mamatva kA saMsthApana hai. mamatva-yoga kI sAdhanA hai, to sabase pahale hameM yaha jAna lenA hai ki mamatva se cyuti kA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaina darzana meM mohajanita Amakti ho AtmA ke apane svakendra se cyuti kA kAraNa hai / AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki moha-lobha se rahita AtmA kI avasthA sama hai', arthAt moha aura kSobha se yukta cetanA yA AtmA kI avasthA ho viSamatA hai| paMDita sunalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "zArIrika evaM prANamaya jIvana ke abhyAga ke kAraNa cetana apane mahaja samatva kendra kA parityAga karatA hai / vaha jaise-jaise anya padArthoM meM rasa letA hai, vaise-vaima jIvanopayogI anya padArthoM me apane astitva (mamatva ) kA AropaNa karane lagatA hai / yaha usakA svayaM apane bAre me moha yA ajJAna hai / yaha ajJAna hI ume samatva kendra me se cyuta karake itara parimita vastuoM me rasa lene vAlA banA detA hai / yaha rasa (Amakti) hI rAga dveSa jaise klezoM kA preraka tattva hai / isa taraha citta kA vRtticakra ajJAna evaM klezo ke AvaraNa se itanA adhika AvRtta evaM avaruddha ho jAtA hai ki usake kAraNa jIvana pravAhapatita hI banA rahatA hai-- ajJAna, avidyA athavA moha, jise jJeyAvaraNa bhI kahate hai, cetanagata samatva - kendra ko hI AvRtta karatA hai, jabaki usame paidA hone vAlA kleza cakra, ( rAgAdi bhAva ) bAhya vastuoM meM hI pravRtta rahatA hai / sArI viSamatAe~ karma-janita hai aura karma rAga-dveSa janita hai / isa prakAra AtmA kA rAga-dveSa se yukta honA hI viSamatA hai, duHkha hai, vedanA hai aura yahI duHkha viSamatA kA kAraNa bhI hai / samatva yA rAga-dveSa se atIta avasthA AtmA kI svabhAva-dazA hai / rAga-dva eSa se yukta honA vibhAva-dazA hai, parapariNati hai / isa prakAra parapariNati, vibhAva yA viSamabhAva kA kAraNa rAgAtmakatA yA Asakti hai / Amakti se prANI sva se bAhara cetanA se bhinna padArthoM yA parapadArthoM kI prApti yA aprApti me mukha kI kalpanA karane lagatA hai| isa prakAra cetana bAhya kAraNoM se apane bhItara vicalana utpanna karatA hai, padArthoM ke saMyoga-viyoga yA lAbha-alAbha me sukha-duHkha kI kalpanA karane lagatA hai / cittavRtti bahirmukha ho jAtI hai, sukha kI khoja me bAhara bhaTakatI rahatI hai / yaha bahirmukha cittavRtti cintA, AkulatA, vikSobha Adi utpanna karatI hai aura cetanA yA AtmA kA santulana bhaMga kara detI hai / yahI citta yA AtmA kI viSamAvasthA samagra doSoM evaM anaitika AcaraNoM kI janma bhUmi hai / viSama bhAva yA rAga-dva eSa hone se kAmanA, vAsanA. mUrcchA. ahaMkAra, parAzrayatA, AkulatA, nirdayatA, saMkIrNatA, svArtha 1. pravacanasAra, 115 2, samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR0 86

Page #24
samasva-yoga paratA, sukha-lolupatA Adi doSo kI vRddhi hotI rahatI hai jo vyakti, parivAra, samAja eva vizva ke lie viSamatAo kA kAraNa banatI hai / makIgaMtA, svArthaparatA eva sukhalolupatA ke kAraNa vyakti anya vyakti se yena kena prakAreNa apanA svArtha sAdhanA cAhatA hai / usake ina kRtyo eva pravRttiyo se parijana, mamAja daza va vizva kA ahita hotA hai / pratikriyAsvarUpa doharA saMgharSa padA hotA / eka ora usakI vAsanAo ke madhya Antarika saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai, to dUsarI ora usakA bAhya vAtAvaraNa se arthAt samAja, deza aura vizva se saMgharSa calatA rahatA ha / 0 isI magharSa kI samApti ke lie aura viSamatAo sa Upara uThana ke lie samatvayoga kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai / samatva-yoga rAga-dveSa-janya cetanA kI sabhI vikRtiyo dUra kara AtmA ko apanI svabhAva-dazA me athavA usake apana sva-svarUpa me pratiSThita karatA ha 1 jainadharma meM samatva yoga kA mahatva samatva-yoga ke mahattva kA pratipAdana karata hue jainAgamo meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe digambara ho yA zvetAmbara, boddha ho athavA anya kisI mata kA, jo bhI samabhAva me sthita hogA vaha nissaMdeha mokSa prApta karagA / " eka jAdagI pratidina lAkha sva | mudrAo kA dAna karatA hai ora dUsarA samanvayAga kI sAdhanA karatA hai, kintu vaha stamudrAjA kA dAnI vyakti samatva yAga sAlaka kA samAnatA nahI kara sktaa|" karADo janma taka nirantara ugra tapazcaraNa karanavAlA mAvaka jina karmA || nA nahIM kara sakatA, unako samabhAva kA sAdhaka mAtra Adhe hA kSaNa ma naSTa kara anA 1 na koI kitanA hI tIvra tapa ta japa japa athavA muniveza vANasya kANDarUpa caari| kA pAlana kareM, parantu samatAbhAva ke vinA na kimAna huA aura na hogA / " jI bhI mAnaka atItakAla me mAjha gae haiM, vartamAna meM jA rahe hai, aura yama jAyeMge, yaha saba mamatvayoga kA prabhAva ha / " AcArya hamacandra samabhAva kI sAdhanA ko rAgavijaya kA mArga batAna hue kahata hai ki tIvra Ananda kA utpanna karane vAle samabhAva rUpI jala meM avagAhana karane vAle pumpA kA rAga-dva eSa rUpI mala sahaja naSTa ho jAtA hai / samatAbhAva ke avalambana meM annamuhUrta meM manu jina karmA kA nAza kara DAlatA hai, ve tIvra tapazcaryA meM karoDo janmo me bhI nahI naSTa ho sakA / jaima Apasa me 1. seyambaro vA Amambaro vA buddho vA tahava anno vA / samabhAvabhAviyappA lahaD mukkha na sadahA / / - haribhadra 2 - 5. sAmAyika sUtra ( amaramuni ) pR0 63 para uddhRta / 6-7. yogazAstra, 4 / 50-53 /

Page #25
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga cipakI huI vastueM bAMsa Adi kI salAI se pRthak kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra paraspara baddha-karma aura jIva ko mAdhu samatvabhAva kI zalAkA se pRthak kara dete hai / samabhAva rUpa sUrya ke dvArA rAga-dvepa aura moha kA aMdhakAra naSTa kara dene para yogI apanI AtmA meM paramAtmA kA svarUpa dekhane lagate hai / jainadharma meM samatvayoga kA artha samatvayoga kA prayoga hama jisa artha meM kara rahe hai usake prAkRta paryAyavAcI zabda hai - sAmAiya yA mamAhi / jaina AcAryoM ne ina zabdoM kI jo aneka vyAkhyAeM kI haiM, unake AdhAra para mamatva-yoga kA spaSTa artha bodha ho makatA hai / 1. sama arthAt rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM me rahita mana sthiti prApta karanA samatvayoga ( sAmAyika ) ha / 2. zama (jimakA prAkRta rUpa bhI mama hai ) arthAt krodhAdi kapAyoM ko zamita ( zAta) karanA samatvayoga I 3. sabhI prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva rakhanA samatvayoga hai / 4. sama kA artha ekIbhAva hai aura aya kA artha gamana hai arthAt ekIbhAva ke dvArA bahirmukhatA ( parapariNati ) kA tyAgakara antarmukha honA / dUsare zabdoM me AtmA kA svasvarUpa meM ramaNa karanA yA svabhAva - dazA me sthita honA hI mamatvayoga ha / 5. sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmatrat dRSTi rakhanA mamatvayoga haM / 6. sama zabda kA artha acchA ha aura ayana zabda kA artha AcaraNa hai, ata acchA yA zubha AcaraNa bhI samatvayoga ( sAmAyika ) hai 13 niyamasAra aura anuyogadvArasUtra " me AcAryoM ne isa samatva kI sAdhanA ke svarUpa kA bahuta hI spaSTa varNana kiyA hai| sarva pApakarmoM me nivRtti, samasta indriyoM kA susamAhita honA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva evaM Atmavat dRSTi, tapa, saMyama aura niyamoM ke rUpa me sadaiva hI AtmA kA sAnnidhya, samasta rAga aura dveSajanya vikRtiyoM kA abhAva, Arta eva raudra cintana, hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, ghRNA, bhaya evaM kAmavAsanA Adi manovikAroM kI anupasthiti aura prazasta vicAra hI Arhat darzana meM samatva kA svarUpa hai / 1-4. yogazAstra, 4 / 50-53 / 5. (a) sAmAyikasUtra ( amaramunijI ), pR0 27-28 / (ba) vizeSAvazyakabhASya -- 3477-3483 / 6. niyamasAra, 122-133 7. anuyogadvAra, 127-128

Page #26
samasyA- yoga jaina AgamoM meM samatvayoga kA nirdeza jainAgamoM meM samatvayoga sambandhI aneka nirdeza yatra-tatra bikhare hue hai, jiname se kucha prastuta haiM / Arya mahApuruSoM ne samabhAva me dharma kahA hai / " sAdhaka na jIne kI AkAMkSA kare aura na marane kI kAmanA kare / vaha jIvana aura maraNa donoM me kisI taraha kI Asakti na rakhe, samabhAva se rahe / 2 zarIra aura indriyoM ke klAnta hone para bhI sAdhaka samabhAva rakhe / idhara-udhara gati evaM halacala karatA huA bhI sAdhaka nidya nahI hai, yadi vaha antaraMga me avicala evaM samAhita hai / ataH sAdhaka mana ko U~cAnIcA ( DAMvADola ) na kare / sAdhaka ko andara aura bAhara sabhI granthiyo ( bandhanarUpa gA~ThoM) se mukta hokara jIvana-yAtrA pUrI karanI cAhie / " jo samasta prANiyo ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI zramaNa hai / " samatA se hI zramaNa kahalAtA hai / tRNa aura kanaka ( svarNa ) me jaba samAna buddhi ( samabhAva ) rahatI hai, tabhI use pratrajyA kahA jAtA hai / jo na rAga karatA hai, na dva eSa vahI vastutaH madhyastha ( gama ) hai. zepa saba amadhyastha hai / ataH sAdhaka sadaiva vicAra kare ki saba prANiyoM ke prati merA samabhAva hai, kimI se merA vaira nahI hai / " kyoMki cetanA (AtmA) cAhe vaha hAthI ke zarIra me ho, manuSyake zarIra ho yA kunthuA ke zarIra meM ho, cetana tattva kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai / " isa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana kA nirdeza yahI hai ki Antarika vRttiyoM me tathA sukha-dukha, lAbha-alAbha, jIvana-maraNa Adi paristhitiyoM meM sadaiva samabhAva rakhanA cAhie aura jagat ke sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhakara vyavahAra karanA caahie| saMkSepa meM vicAroM ke kSetra meM samabhAva kA artha ha tRSNA, Amakti tathA rAga-dveSa ke pratyayoM se Upara uThanA aura AcaraNa ke kSetra meM samabhAva kA artha hai jagat ke sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna mAnakara unake prati Atmavat vyavahAra karanA; yahI jaina naitikatA kI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai / 3. bauddha AcAra-darzana meM samatva-yoga kA sama yA samyak honA Avazyaka hai| bauddha darzana anivArya aMga hai / pAlibhASA kA 'sammA' zabda sam bauddha AcAra-darzana meM sAdhanA kA jo aSTAMgika mArga hai usameM pratyeka sAdhana-pakSa me samatva pratyeka sAdhana-pakSa kA aura samyak donoM arthoM kI ava 1. AcArAMga 1 8 3 2 2 4. vahI, 2 / 3 / 1 5. 7. uttarAdhyayana 25 / 32 8. 10. niyamasAra, 104 vahI, 118824 vahI, 188 11 boghapAhuDa, 47 11. bhagavatI sUtra, 78 3. vahI, 118 / 8 / 14 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 24 Avazyaka niryuSita, 804 ".

Page #27
baina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mAgaM dhAraNA karatA hai / yadi mamyak zabda kA artha 'acchA' grahaNa karate haiM to prazna yaha hogA ki acche se kyA tAtparya hai ? vastuta. bauddha-darzana meM inake samyak hone kA tAtparya yahI ho sakatA hai ki ye mAdhana vyakti ko rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThane kI dizA meM kitane sahAyaka hai / inakA samyaktva gaga-dvepa kI vRttiyoM ke kama karane meM hai athavA samyak hone kA artha hai rAga-dvapa aura moha se rahita honaa| rAga-dvapa kA prahANa hI samanva-yoga kI sAdhanA kA prayAma hai / ___ bauddha aSTAMga Arya mArga me antima mamyak mamAdhi hai / yadi hama samAdhi ko vyApaka artha me grahaNa kare to nizcita hI vaha mAtra dhyAna kI eka avasthA na hokara cittavRtti kA 'samatva' hai, citta kA gaga-dvega me ganya honA hai aura ima artha meM vaha jaina-parampaga ko 'samAhi' ( mamAdhi-mAmApika ) se bhI adhika dUra nahIM hai / mUtrakRtAgacUNi meM kahA gayA hai ki gaga-dvaMpa kA parityAga mamAdhi hai' / vastutaH jaba taka cittavRttiyA~ mama nahI hotI, taba taka magadhi-lAbha mabhava nhii| bhagavAna buddha ne kahA hai, jinhoMne dharmoM ko ThIka prakAra se jAna liyA hai, jo kimI mata, pakSa yA vAda me nahI hai, ve sambuddha hai, samadraSTA hai aura viSama sthiti meM bhI unakA AcaraNa mama rahatA hai / buddhi, dRSTi aura AcaraNa ke mAtha lagA huA gam pratyaya bauddha-darzana me samatvayoga kA pratIka hai jo baddhi, mana aura AcaraNa tIno ko mama banAne kA nirdeza detA hai / maMyutta nikAya me kahA hai, 'AryoM kA mArga sama , Arya vipasthiti me bhI sama kA AcaraNa karate hai / dhammapada me buddha kahate hai, jo gamatya-buddhi se AcaraNa karatA hai tathA jimakI vAmanAe~ zAnta ho gayI hai-'jo jitandripa hai. magama evaM brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati daNDa kA nyAga kara cakA he arthAt mabhI ke prati maitrIbhAva rakhatA hai. kimI ko kaSTa nahI detA hai, aisA vyakti cAhe vaha AbhUSaNo ko dhAraNa karane vAlA gRhastha ho kyoM na ho, vastutaH zramaNa hai. bhikSuka hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM 'sama' kA artha kapAyoM kA upazama hai / isa artha meM bhI bauddha vicAraNA samatvayoga kA samarthana karatI hai| majjhimanikAya me kahA gayA hai-'rAga-dvaMpa evaM moha kA upazama hI parama Arya-upazama hai| bora paramparA meM bhI jaina paramparA ke samAna hI yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki samatA kA AcaraNa karane vAlA hI zramaNa hai| samatva kA artha Atmavat dRSTi svIkAra karane para bhI bauddha vicAraNA meM usakA sthAna nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hotA hai| suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jaisA mai hU~ vaise hI jagat ke sabhI prANI hai, isalie sabhI prANiyoM ko 3. vahI, 1 / 2 / 6 1. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, 1 / 2 / 2 2. saMyutta nikAya, 1 / 108 4. dhammapada, 142 5. majjhimanikAya, 3 / 4012 6. dhammapada 388 tulanA kIjie-uttarAdhyayana, 25 / 32

Page #28
samatva-paula apane samAna samajhakara AcaraNa kreN'|' samatva kA artha rAga dveSa kA prahANa yA rAga-dveSa kI zUnyatA karane para bhI usakA bauddha vicAraNA meM mamatvoga kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai| udAna meM kahA gayA hai ki rAga-dveSa aura moha kA pa hone se nirvANa prApta hotA hai| bauddha-darzana meM varNita cAra brahmavihAra athavA bhAvanAo me bhI samatvayoga kA cintana parilakSita hotA hai / maitrI, karuNA aura maditA ( pramoda ) bhAvanAo kA mukhya AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hai isI prakAra mAdhyamtha bhAvanA yA upekSA ke lie sukhaduHkha, priya-apriya, lauha-kAMcana me samabhAva kA honA Avazyaka hai / vastutaH bauddha vicAraNA jisa mAdhyasthavRtti para bala detI hai, vaha samatvayoga hI hai / 4. gotA ke AcAra-darzana meM samatvayoga ___gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA mUla svara bhI samatva'poga kA gAnA ' / gItA ko yogazAstra kahA gayA hai / yoga zabda yuj dhAtu se banA hai, yuj dhAtu ' arthoM meM AtA hai| usakA eka artha hai joDanA, sayojita karanA aura dUsare hi matulita karanA, mana. sthirtaa| gItA dono artho me ume svIkAra karato hai| pahale artha meM jo jor3atA hai, vaha yoga hai athavA jisake dvArA juDA jAtA hai yA jo juDatA hai vaha yoga hai, arthAt jo AtmA ko paramAtmA se joDatA hai vaha goga hai| dUgare artha meM roga vaha avasthA hai jimame mana sthiratA hotI hai| DA0 gadhAkRSNana ke zabdo ma yoga kA artha hai apanI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ko eka jagaha ikaTThA karanA, unha satu lata karanA aura bddhaanaa|" gItA sarvAgapUrNa yoga-zAstra prastuta karatI hai| lAkana prazna uThatA hai ki gItA kA yaha yoga kyA hai ? gItA yoga zabda kA prayoga kabhI jJAna ke gAya kamo phama mAtha aura kabhI bhakti athavA dhyAna ke artha me karatI hai| jana yaha nizcaya pAnA anyanta kaThina hai ki gItA meM yoga kA kauna-mA mpa mAnya hai| yadi gItA eka yoga-zAstra hai tA jJAnayoga kA zAstra hai yA karmayoga kA zAstra ha athavA bhaktibhAga kA zAna hai? yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| AcArya zakara ke anumAra gItA jJAnayoga kA pratipAdana karatI hai / tilaka ume karmayoga-zAstra kahate hai / ve likhata hai ki yaha nirvivAda middha hai ki gItA meM yoga zabda pravRtti-mArga arthAt karmayoga ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| zrI rAmAnujAcArya, nimbArka aura zrI vallabhAcArya ke ana mAra gItA kA pratipAdya viSaya bhaktiyoga hai| gAdhIjI ume anAmaktiyoga kahakara kama aura bhakti kA mamanvaya karate 1. suttanipAta, 343717 2. udAna, 86 3. yujyane etaditi yogaH, yujyate anena iti yoga , yujyeta nammina iti yogaH 4. yogasUtra, 112 5. bhagavadgItA (ga.), pR0 55 6. gItA (zA0), 211 7. gItArahasya, pR0 60 8. gItA (rAmA0), 11 pUrva kathana

Page #29
jaina, baura mara gItA kA sAmanA mArga hai / DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan usame pratipAdita jJAna, bhakti aura karmayoga ko eka-dUsare kA pUraka mAnate hai / lekina gItA meM yoga kA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai, isakA uttara gItA ke gambhIra adhyayana se mila jAtA hai| gItAkAra jJAnayoga, karmayoga, aura bhaktiyoga zabdoM kA upayoga karatA hai, lekina mamamta gItA zAstra meM yoga kI do hI vyAkhyAeM milatI hai:1. samatvaM yoga ucyate (2048) aura 2. yogaH karmasu kauzalam (2050) / ataH ina donoM vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para hI yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yoga zabda kA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai ? gItA kI puSpikA meM prakaTa hai ki gItA eka yogazAstra hai arthAt vaha yathArtha ko Adarza se jor3ane kI kalA hai, Adarza aura yathArtha me santulana lAtI hai / hamAre bhItara kA asantulana do staroM para hai, jIvana me doharA saMgharSa cala rahA hai / eka cetanA ke zubha aura azubha pakSoM meM aura dUmaga hamAra bahirmamvI sva aura bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya / gItA yoga kI ina do vyAkhyAoM ke dvAga ina donoM saMgharSoM meM vijayazrI prApta karane kA saMdeza detI hai| saMgharSa ke uma rUpa kI, jo hamArI cetanA ke hI zubha yA azubha pakSame yA hamArI AdarzAtmaka aura vAsanAtmaka AtmA ke madhya cala rahA hai, pUrNataH mamApti ke lie mAnamika samatva kI AvazyakatA hogii| yahA~ yoga kA artha hai 'mamatvayoga' kyoki ima stara para karma kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yahAM yoga hamArI vAmanAnmaka AtmA ko pariSkRta kara ume AdarzAtmA yA paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA hai / yaha yoga AdhyAtmika yoga haiM, mana kI sthiratA hai, vikalpoM evaM vikAroM kI zUnyatA hai| yahAM para yoga kA lakSya hamAre apane hI andara hai| yaha eka Antarika samAyojana hai, vaicArika eva mAnamika mamatva hai| lekina uma magharSa kI samApti ke lie jo ki vyakti aura usake vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hai, karma-yoga kI AvazyakatA hogii| yahAM yoga kI vyAkhyA hogI 'yoga karmasu kauzalam' yahA~ yoga yukti hai, upAya hai jisake dvArA vyakti vAtAvaraNa meM nihita apane bhautika lakSya kI prApti karatA hai / yaha yoga kA vyAvahArika pakSa hai jisame jIvana ke vyAvahArika stara para samAyojana kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH manuSya na nirI AdhyAtmika sattA hai aura na nirI bhautika sattA hai| usameM zarIra ke rUpa me bhautikatA hai aura cetanA ke rUpa me AdhyAtmikatA hai / yaha bhI sahI hai ki manuSya hI jagat meM eka aimA prANI hai jisame jaDa para cetana ke zAsana kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai| phira bhI mAnavIya cetanA ko jisa bhautika AvaraNa meM rahanA par3a rahA hai, vaha usakI nitAta avahelanA nahI kara sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavIya cetanA ko do staroM para samAyojana karanA hotA hai-1. caitasika (AdhyAtmika) 1. bhagavadgItA (rA0), pR0 82

Page #30
stara para aura 2. bhautika stara para / gItAkAra dvArA prastuta yoga kI upayukta do vyAkhyAe~ kramazaH ina do staroM ke sandarbha me hai / vaicArika yA caitasika stara para jisa yoga kI sAdhanA vyakti ko karanI hai, vaha samatvayoga hai / bhautika stara para jisa yoga kI sAdhanA kA upadeza gItA meM hai vaha karma kauzala kA yoga hai| tilaka ne gItA aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki yoga zabda kA artha yukti, upAya aura sAdhana bhI hai' / cAhe hama yoga zabda kA artha joDanevAlA' svIkAreM yA tilaka ke anusAra yukti yA upAya mAne, dono hI sthitiyo me yoga zabda sAdhana ke artha meM hI prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / lekina yoga zabda kevala mAdhana ke artha me prayukta nahI huA hai / jaba hama yoga zabda kA artha mana sthiratA karane hai to vaha sAdhana ke rUpa me nahI hotA hai, varan vaha svata sAdhya hI hotA hai| yaha mAnanA bhramapUrNa hogA ki gItA me citta-samAdhi yA samatva ke artha meM yoga zabda kA prayoga nahI hai / svayaM tilakajI hI likhate hai ki gItA me yoga, yogI, athavA yoga zabda me bane hue mAmAsika zabda lagabhaga assI bAra Aye hai, parantu cAra pAMca sthAno ke mivA (6 / 12-23) yoga zabda se 'pAtaMjala yoga' (yogazcittavRttinirodha ) artha kahI bhI abhipreta nahI ha-sirpha yukti, mAghana, kuzalatA, upAya, joDa, mela yahI artha kucha hera-phera ga mamacI gItA meM pAye jAte hai| isame itanA to siddha ho hI jAtA hai ki gItA meM yoga zabda mana kI sthiratA yA samatva ke artha me bhI prayukta huA hai / mAtha hI yaha bhI middha ho jAtA hai ki gItA do arthoM meM yoga zabda kA upayoga karatI hai, eka mAvana kA artha me dUsare sAdhya ke artha me / jaba gItA yoga zabda kI vyAkhyA 'yoga samaga kaugalama' ke artha meM karatI hai, to yaha sAdhana-yoga kI vyAkhyA hai| vastuta hamAra bhautiA stara para athavA cetanA aura bhautika jagat (vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa) va madhya jima mamAyojana kI AvazyakatA hai, vahA~ para yoga zabda kA yahI artha vivakSita hai / tilaka bhI likhate hai eka hI karma ko karane ke aneka yoga yA upAya ho sakate hai, parantu uname meM jo upAya yA sAdhana uttama ho usIko yoga kahate hai / yoga karmasu kaugalam kI vyAkhyA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki karma me kuzalatA yoga hai| kisI kriyA yA karma ko kuzalatA pUrvaka sampAdita karanA yoga hai| isa vyAkhyA se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki hamame yoga karma kA eka sAdhana hai jo usakI kuzalatA meM nihita hai arthAt yAga karma ke lie hai| gItA kI yoga zabda ko dUsarI vyAkhyA 'samatva yoga ucyate' kA mIdhA artha yahI hai ki 'mamatva ko yoga kahate hai|' yahA~ para yoga mAdhana nahI, mAdhya hai| isa prakAra gItA yoga zabda kI dvividha vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai, eka mAdhana yoga kI aura dUsarI mAdhya-yoga kii| 1. amarakoza, 3 / 3 / 22, gItArahasya, pR0 56-59 2-3. gItA (zA.) 107 4. yogamUtra, 112 5-6. gItArahasya, pR0 57

Page #31
jaina, baukha aura gotA kA sAmanA mArga isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki yoga do prakAra kA hai-1 mAdhana-yoga aura 2. sAdhya-yoga / gItA jaba jJAnayoga, karmayoga yA bhaktiyoga kA vivecana karatI hai to ye umakI sAdhana yoga kI vyAkhyAe~ hai / mAghana aneka ho sakate hai jJAna, karma aura bhakti sabhI sAdhana-yoga hai, sAdhya-yoga nhii| lekina mamatvayoga mAdhya-yoga hai| yaha prazna phira bhI uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki mamatva yoga ko hI mAdhya yoga kyo mAnA jAye, vaha bhI mAdhana yoga kyoM nahI ho sakatA hai ? isake lie hamAre taka isa prakAra hai : 1. jJAna, karma bhakti aura dhyAna mabhI 'mamatva' ke lie hote hai, kyoMki yadi jJAna, karma, bhakti yA dhyAna gvayaM mAdhya hote to inakI yathArthatA yA zubhatva svaya iname hI nihita hotaa| levina gItA yaha batAtI hai ki binA mamanva ke jJAna yathArtha jJAna nahI banatA, jo gamanvaSTi gyatA hai vahI jJAnI hai'; vinA mamatva ke karma akarma nahI bntaa| mamatva ke abhAva me karma kA bandhakalna banA rahatA hai, lekina jo middhi aura amiddhi meM mamatva ge yAta hotA hai, usake ligA karma bandhaka nahI banate / isI prakAra vaha bhakta bhI maccA bhakta nahI hai, jigame mamatva kA abhAva hai| mamatvabhAva se yathArtha bhakti kI upalabdhi hotI hai / mamatva ke Adarza me yukta hone para hI jJAna karma aura bhavina apanI yathArthatA ko pAte hai / samatva vaha 'gAra' hai jigakI upasthiti ma jJAna, narma Ara bhanita kA koI mUlya yA artha hai| vagnata jJAna meM aura bhakti jabataka mamanva ge yunata nahI ti hai, uname mamatva kI avamAraNA nahI hotI hai, tabataka jJAna mAtra jJAna nahatA hai, vaha jJAnayoga nahI hotaa| karma mAtra karma rahatA hai, parmayoga nahI janatA aura bhakti bhI mAtra zraddhA yA bhakti hI rahatI hai, vaha bhaktiyoga nahIM banatI hai kyoki ina savama hama me nihita paramAtmA me joDane kI mAma" nahI aatii| 'mamanva' hai vaha zakti ha jimame jJAna jJAnayoga ke rUpa meM, bhakti bhaktiyoga ke rUpa meM aura karma karmayoga ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI jJAna, darzana (zraddhA) aura cAritra (karma) jabataka mamatva me yukta nahI hote, mamyak nahI banataM aura jabataka ye mamyaka nahI banate, tabataka mokSamArga ke aMga nahI hote hai| 2. gItA ke anusAra mAnava kA sAdhya paramAtmA kI prApti hai, aura gItA kA paramAtmA yA brahma sama' hai| jinakA mana samabhAva' meM sthita hai ve to samAra meM rahate hue bhI mukta hai kyoki brahma bhI nirdoSa eva sama hai| ve usI samatva me sthita hai jo brahma hai aura isalie ve brahma me hI hai / " ime spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kaha sakate hai ki jo 'samatva' me sthita hai ve brahma me sthita hai, kyoMki 'sama' hI brahma hai / gItA me Izvara ke 1. gItA, 5 / 18 2. vahI, 4 / 22 3. vahI, 8154 4. vahI, 5 / 19, gItA (zAM) 5 / 18 5. gItA, 5 / 19

Page #32
samatva-yoga 13 isa samatva rUpa kA pratipAdana hai| naveM adhyAya meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM meM 'sama' ke rUpa me sthita hU~' / terahaveM adhyAya me kahA hai ki sama-rUpa paramezvara sabhI prANiyoM meM sthita hai; prANiyoM ke vinAza se bhI usakA nAza nahIM hotA hai jo isa samatva ke rUpa meM usako dekhatA hai vahI vAstavika jJAnI hai, sthita paramezvara ko samabhAva se dekhatA huA vaha apane dvArA apanA hI ghAta nahI karatA arthAt apane mamatvamaya yA vItarAga svabhAva ko naSTa nahI hone detA aura mukti prApta kara letA hai / kyoMki sabhI meM samarUpa meM 3. gItA ke chaThe adhyAya meM paramayogI ke svampa ke varNana meM yaha dhAraNA aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai / gItAkAra jaba kabhI jJAna, karma yA bhaktiyoga me tulanA karatA hai to vaha unakI tulanAtmaka zreSThatA yA kaniSThatA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, jaMge karmasaMnyAma me karmayoga zreSTha hai 3. bhaktoM me jJAnI bhakta mujhe priya haiM / lekina vaha na to jJAnayogI ko paramayogI kahatA hai, na karmayogI ko paramayogI kahatA hai aura na bhakta ko hI paramayogI kahanA hai, varan usakI dRSTi me paramayogI to vaha hai jo sarvatra mamatva kA darzana karatA hai / gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yogI kI pahacAna to samatva hI hai / vaha kahatA hai 'yoga se yukta AtmA vahI hai jo samadarzI hai / " gamatva kI sAdhanA karanevAlA yogI hI saccA yogI hai| cAhe sAdhana ke rUpa meM jJAna, karma yA bhakti ho yadi uname mamatva nahIM AtA, to ve yoga nahI hai / ) rUpa yoga kahA hai, mujhe mana kI AdhAra dikhalAI nahIM detA hai, 4. gItA kA yathArtha yoga mamatva-yoga hai, isa bAta kI siddhi kA eka anya pramANa bhI hai| gItA ke chaThe adhyAya me arjuna svayaM hI yaha kaThinAI upasthita karatA hai ki 'he kRSNa, Apane yaha mamanvabhAva ( mana kI mamatA caMcalatA ke kAraNa isa samatvayoga kA koI sthira arthAt mana kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa isa mamatva ko pAnA sambhava nahI hai / isase yahI middha hotA hai ki gItAkAra kA mUla upadeza to isI gamatva-yoga kA hai, lekina yaha samatva mana kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa saha / nahI hotA hai | ataH mana kI caMcalatA ko mamApta karane ke lie jJAna, karma, tapa, dhyAna aura bhakti ke sAdhana batAye gaye hai / Age zrIkRSNa jatra yaha kahate haiM ki he arjuna, tapasvI, jJAnI, karmakANDI sabhI se yogI adhika hai ataH tU yogI ho jA, to yaha aura bhI adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItAkAra kA uddezya jJAna, karma, bhakti athavA tapa kI sAdhanA kA upadeza denA mAtra nahIM 1. gItA, 9 / 29 4. vahI, 7 / 17 7. vahI, 6 / 32 2. vahI, 13 / 27 - 28 5. vahI, 6 / 32 8. vahI, 6 / 46 3. vahI, 5 / 2 6. vahI, 6 / 29

Page #33
jaina, bIra aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga hai / yadi jJAna, karma, bhakti yA tapa rUpa sAdhanA kA pratipAdana karanA hI gItAkAra kA antima lakSya hotA, to arjuna ko jJAnI, tapasvI, karmayogI yA bhakta banane kA upadeza diyA jAtA, na ki yogI banane kA / dUsare, yadi gItAkAra kA yoga se tAtparya karmakauzala yA karmayoga, jJAnayoga, tapa (dhyAna) yoga athavA bhaktiyoga hI hotA to inameM pArasparika tulanA honI cAhie thI; lekina ina sabase bhinna evaM zreSTha yaha yoga kaunasA hai jimake zreSThatva kA pratipAdana gItAkAra karatA hai evaM jise aMgIkAra karane kA arjuna ko upadeza detA hai ? vaha yoga samatva-yoga hI hai, jisake zreSThatva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / mamatva-yoga me yoga zabda kA artha 'jor3anA' nahIM hai, kyoMki aisI avasthA meM samatva-yoga bhI mAdhana-yoga hogA, mAdhya-yoga nhiiN| dhyAna yA samAdhi bhI samatvayoga kA mAdhana hai|' gItA meM samatva kA artha gItA ke mamatva-yoga ko samajhane ke lie yaha dekhanA hogA ki samatva kA mItA meM kyA artha hai ? AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM ki samatva kA artha tulyatA hai, Atmavat dRSTi hai, jaise mujhe sukha priya evaM anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya evaM pratikUla hai vaise hI jagat ke samasta prANiyoM ko sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya evaM pratikUla hai| isa prakAra jo saba prANiyoM meM apane hI samAna sumba evaM duHkha ko tulyabhAva se anukUla evaM pratikUla rUpa meM dekhatA hai, kimI ke bhI pratikUla AcaraNa nahI karatA, vahI samadarzI hai| sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi rakhanA samatva hai| lekina samatva na kevala tulyadRSTi yA Atmavat dRSTi hai, varan madhyastha dRSTi, vItarAga dRSTi evaM anAsakta dRSTi bhI hai / sukhaduHkha Adi jIvana ke sabhI anukUla aura pratikula saMyogoM meM samabhAva rakhanA, mAna aura apamAna, siddhi aura asiddhi me mana kA vicalita nahI honA, zatru aura mitra donoM meM mAdhyasthavRtti, Asakti aura gaga-dveSa kA abhAva ho samatvayoga hai| vaicArika dRSTi se pakSAgraha evaM saMkalpa-vikalpoM se mAnasa kA mukta honA hI samatva hai| gItA meM samatva-yoga kI zikSA ___ gItA meM aneka sthaloM para samatva-yoga kI zikSA dI gayI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, he arjuna, jo sukha-duHkha me samabhAva rasvatA hai usa dhIra (samabhAvI) vyakti ko indriyoM ke sukha-duHkhAdi viSaya vyAkula nahIM karate, vaha mokSa yA amRtatva kA adhikArI hotA hai| sukha-duHkha, lAbha-hAni, jaya-parAjaya Adi meM samatvabhAva dhAraNa kara, phira yadi tU yuddha karegA to pApa nahIM lagegA, kyoMki jo samatva se yakta hotA hai usase koI pApa hI nahIM hotA hai / he arjuna, Asakti kA tyAga kara, siddhi evaM asiddhi meM samabhAva 1. gItA 2 / 43 2. gItA (zAM0), 6 / 32 3. gItA 2015 4. vahI, 2 // 38, tulanA kIjie-AcArAMga, 1332

Page #34
samatva-yoga 15 rakhakara, samatva se yukta ho; tU karmo kA AcaraNa kara, kyoMki yaha samatva hI yoga hai / ' samatva - buddhiyoga se sakAma karma ati tuccha hai, isalie he arjuna, samatva - buddhiyoga kA Azraya le kyoMki phala kI vAsanA arthAt Amakti rakhanevAle atyanta dIna hai / samatvabuddhi se yukta puruSa pApa aura puNya donoM se alipta rahatA hai ( arthAt samabhAva honepara karma bandhana kAraka nahI hote ) / isalie samatva - buddhiyoga ke lie hI ceSTA kara, samatva buddhirUpa yoga hI karma - bandhana se chUTane kA upAya hai, pApa-puNya se bacakara anAsakta evaM sAmyabuddhi se karma karane ko kuzalatA hI yoga hai| 3 jo svAbhAvika upalabdhiyoM meM santuSTa hai, rAga-dveSa eva IrSyA se rahita nirdvandva evaM siddhi-asiddhi me samabhAva me yukta hai, vaha jIvana ke sAmAnya vyApAro ko karate hue bhI bandhana me nahI AtA hai / " he arjuna, aneka prakAra ke siddhAntoM se vicalita tarI buddhi jaba samAdhi - yukta ho nizcala evaM sthira ho jAyegI, taba tU samatvayoga ko prApta ho jAyegA / " jo bhI prANI apanI vAsanAtmaka AtmA ko jItakara zIta aura uSNa, mAna aura apamAna, sukha aura duHkha jaisI virodhI sthitiyo me bhI sadaiva prazAnta rahatA hai arthAt samabhAva rakhatA hai vaha paramAtmA me sthita hai / jisakI AtmA tattvajJAna eva AtmajJAna se tRpta hai jo anAsakta evaM saMyamI hai, jo lauha evaM kAcana dono ma samAnabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI yogI yoga (samatva-yoga) se yukta hai, aisA kahA jAtA hai| jo vyakti suhRdaya, mitra, zatru, taTastha, madhyastha, dveSI evaM bandhu ma tathA dharmAtmA evaM pApiyo me samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI ati zreSTha hai athavA vahI mukti ko prApta karatA hai / " jo mabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA meM evaM apanI AtmA ko sabhI prANiyo meM dekhatA hai arthAt sabhI ko samabhAva se dekhatA hai vahI yuktAtmA hai| jo sumbandu gvAdi avasthAoM me sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samabhAva me dekhatA hai, vahI paramayogI hai indriyo ke samUha ko bhalIbhA~ti saMyamita karake sarvatra mamatvabuddhi meM sabhI prANiyoM ke kalyANa me nirata hai, vaha paramAtmA ko hI prApta kara letA hai / 15 jo na kabhI hapita hotA hai, na dveSa karatA hai, na zoka karatA hai, na kAmanA karatA hai tathA jo zubha aura azubha sampUrNa karmoM ke phala kA tyAgo hai, vaha bhaktiyukta puruSa mujhe priya hai / 12 jo puruSa zatru-mitra me aura mAna-apamAna meM mama hai tathA gardI-garmI aura sukha-duHkhAdi dvandva me mama hai aura saba samAra me Amakti meM rahita hai tathA jo nindAstuti ko / deg jo apanI 1. gItA 2048 4. vahI, 4 / 23 7. vahI, 68 10. vahI, 6 / 32 13. vahI 6 / 7 2. vahI, 2149 5 vahI, 2153 8. vahI, 6 / 9 ( pAThAntara - vimucyane) 11. vahI, 12 / 4 3. vahI, 2050 6. vahI, 6 / 7 9. vahI, 6 / 29 12. vahI, 12 / 17

Page #35
jaina, boDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga mamAna mamajhane vAlA aura mananazIla hai, arthAt Izvara ke svarUpa kA nirantara manana karanevAlA hai evaM jima kima prakAra se bhI mAtra zarIra kA nirvAha hone meM sadA hI mantuSTa hai aura rahane ke sthAna me mamatA se rahita hai, vaha sthira-buddhivAlA, bhaktimAna puruSa mujhe priya hai| isa prakAra jAnakara, jo puruSa naSTa hote hue saba carAcara bhUtoM meM nAgarahita paramezvara ko mamabhAva meM sthita dekhatA hai, vaha vahI dekhatA hai| kyoMki vaha purupa mabame mamabhAva meM sthita hue paramezvara ko dekhatA huA apane dvArA Apako naSTa nahIM karatA hai, arthAn zarIra kA nAza hone se apanI AtmA kA nAza nahI mAnatA hai, imame vaha pagagagati ko prApta hotA hai| mamatva ke abhAva meM jJAna yathArtha jJAna nahI hai cAhe vaha jJAna kitanA hI vizAla kyo na ho| vaha jJAna yoga nahIM hai / mamanva-darzana yathArtha jJAna kA anivArya aga hai / mamadarzI hI maccA paNDina yA jAnI hai| jAna kI mArthakatA aura jJAna kA antima lakSya mamatva-darzana hai|" samanvamaya brahma yA Izvara jo hama saba meM nihita hai, usakA boSa karAnA ho jJAna aura darzana kI mArthakatA hai| isI prakAra samatva bhAvanA ke udaya se bhakti kA maccA mvarUpa pragaTa hotA hai| jo mamadarzI hotA hai vaha parama bhakti ko prApta karatA hai / gItA ke aThArahave adhyAya meM kRSNa ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jo samatvabhAva me sthita hotA hai vaha merI paramabhakti ko prApta karatA hai| bArahaveM adhyAya meM sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa bhI mamatva vRtti kA udaya mAnA gayA hai / jaba samatvabhAva kA udaya hotA hai tabhI vyakti kA karma akarma banatA hai| samatva-vRtti se yukta hokara kiyA gayA koI bhI AcaraNa bandhanakArI nahI hotA, usa AcaraNa se vyakti pApako prApta nahI hotA / isa prakAra dhyAna-yAga kA parama sAdhya bhI vaicArika samatva hai| samAdhi kI eka paribhASA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki jisake dvArA citta kA samatva prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha samAdhi hai| jJAna, karma, bhakti aura dhyAna mabhI mamatva ko prApta karane ke lie hai| jaba ve samatva se yukta ho jAta hai taba apane sacce ravarUpako prakaTa karate hai / jJAna yathArtha jJAna bana jAtA hai, bhakti parama bhakti ho jAtI hai, karma akarma ho jAtA hai aura dhyAna nivikalpa sammAdhi kA lAbha kara letA hai / 5. samatvayoga kA vyavahAra pakSa samatvayoga kA tAtparya netanA kA saMgharSa yA dvandva se Upara uTha jAnA hai| vaha 1. gItA 12 / 19 4. vahI, 5 / 18 7. vahI, 12 / 17-19 2. vahI, 13327 5. vahI, 13 // 27-28 8. vahI, 2038 ___3. vahI, 13128 6. vahI, 18154 9. vahI, 2053 5. "

Page #36
samatvayoga nirAkula, nirdvandva aura nirvikalpa dazA kA sUcaka hai / samatva-yoga jIvana ke vividha pakSoM meM eka aimA sAMga santulana hai jisame na kevala caitasika e. vaiyaktika jIvana ke saMgharSa samApta hote haiM, vagna sAmAjika jIvana ke saMgharSa bhI mamApta ho jAte hai, zarta yaha hai ki samAja ke sabhI sadasya usakI mAdhanA me prayatnazIla ho| samatvayoga meM indriyA~ apanA kArya to karatI hai, lekina uname bhogAsakti nahI hotI hai aura na indriyoM ke viSayo kI anubhUti cetanA me rAga aura dveSa ko janma detI hai / cintana to hotA hai, kintu umase pakSavAda aura vaicArika dugagrahoM kA nirmANa nahI hotA / mana apanA kArya to karatA hai, lekina vaha cetanA ke mammumva jise prastuta karatA hai, ume raMgIna nahI banAtA hai| AtmA vizuddha draSTA hotA hai| jIvana ke sabhI pakSa apanA apanA kArya vizuddha rUpa me binA kimo magharga ke karane hai| manuSya kA apane pariveza ke mAtha jo maMgharSa hai, ugake kAraNa ke rUpa me jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti itanI pramukha nahI hai jitanI ki vyakti ko bhogAmakti / saMgharSa kI tIvratA Asakti kI tIvratA ke sAtha baDhatI jAtI hai| prakRta-jIvana jInA na to itanA jaTila hai aura na itanA saMgharSapUrNa ho / vyakti kA Antarika saMgharSa jo usakI vibhinna AkAMkSAoM aura vAmanAoM ke kAraNa hotA hai usake pIche bhI vyakti kI tRSNA yA Asakti hI pramukha hai| isI prakAra vaicArika jagan kA mAga magharSa Agraha, pakSa yA daSTi ke kAraNa hai / vAda, pakSa yA dRSTi eka ora matya ko mImita karatI hai, dUsarI ora Agraha me matya ke anya ananta pahalU AvRta raha jaa| hai / bhogAmakti svArtho kI maMkIrNatA ko janma detI hai aura AgrahavRtti vaicArika gaMkIrNatA ko janma detI hai| makIrNatA cAhe vaha hitoM kI ho yA vicAroM kI, maMgharSa ko janma detI hai| gamamna mAmAjika saMgharSoM ke mUla meM yahI hitoM kI yA vicAroM kI maMkINatA kAma kara rahI hai| java Amakti, lobha yA gaga ke rUpa me pakSa upampita hotA hai to drupa yA ghRNA ke mpa me pratipakSa bhI upasthita ho jAtA hai / pakSa aura pratipakSa kI yaha upasthiti AMtarika magharSa kA kAraNa hotI hai| mamanvayoga gaga ora dveSa ke dvandra meM Upara uThAkara vItarAgatA kI Ara le jAtA hai / vaha Antarika mantulana hai| vyakti ke lie yaha Antarika mantulana hI pramukha ha / Antarika mantulana kI upasthiti meM vAdya jAgatika vikSobha vicalita nahI kara makate hai / jaba vyakti Antarika mantulana me yukta hotA hai to umaya AcAra-vicAra aura vyavahAra meM bhI vaha santulana prakaTa ho jAtA hai| usakA koI bhI vyavahAra yA AcAra bAhya amantulana kA kAraNa nahI banatA hai| AcAra aura vicAra hamAre mana ke bAhya prakaTana hai, vyakti ke mAnasa kA vAhya jagat meM pratibimba hai / jisame Antarika santulana yA samatva hai, usake AcAra aura vicAra bhI samatvapUrNa hAte hai| itanA hI nahIM,

Page #37
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga vaha vizva vyavahAra me eka sAga santulana sthApita karane ke lie bhI prayatnazIla hotA hai, umakA mantulita vyaktitva vizva vyavahAra ko prabhAvita bhI karatA hai evaM usake dvArA sAmAjika jIvana kA nirmANa bhI ho makatA hai / phira bhI sAmAjika jIvana me aisA vyaktitva eka mAtra kAraka nahI hotA ata usake prayAsa sadaiva hI saphala hoM yaha anivArya nahI hai / sAmAjika samatva kI saMsthApanA mamatvayoga kA sAdhya to hai, lekina usakI siddhi vaiyaktika samatva para nahI varan samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ke sAmUhika prayatno para nirbhara hai / phira bhI mamatva yogI ke vyavahAra se na to sAmAjika saMgharSa utpanna hotA hai aura na bAhya maghapa, kSubdhatAo aura kaThinAIyo se vaha apana mAnasa ko vicalita hone detA hai / samatvayoga kA mUla kendra Antarika satulana yA samatva haiM, jo ki rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / 18 samatva yoga bhAratIya sAdhanA kA kendrIya tattva hai lekina isa samatva kI upalabdhi kaise ho sakatI hai yaha vicAraNIya hai / sarvaprathama to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzana samatva kI upalabdhi ke lie trividha sAdhanA patha kA pratipAdana karate hai | cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura sakalpa pakSa ko samattva se yukta yA samyak banAne hetu jahA~ jaina darzana samyak jJAna, samyak darzana aura samyak cAritra kA pratipAdana karatA hai vahI bauddha darzana prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kA aura gItA jJAnayoga karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kA pratipAdana karatI hai / kevala itanA hI nahI apitu ina AcAra darzano ne hamAre vyAvahArika aura sAmAjika jIvana kI samatA ke liye bhI kucha dizA nirdezaka sUtra prastuta kiye hai / hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana kI viSamatAe~ tIna hai - 1. Asakti 2. Agraha aura 3. adhikAra bhAvanA / yahI vaiyaktika jIvana kI viSamatAe~ sAmAjika jIvana me varga- vidveSa zoSakavRtti ra dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika matAndhatA ko janma detI hai aura pariNAma svarUpa hiMsA, yuddha aura varga saMgharSa panapate hai / ina viSamatAo ke kAraNa udbhUta sagharSo ko hama cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate hai (1) vyakti kA Antarika saMgharSa - jo Adarza aura vAsanA ke madhya haiM, yaha icchAoM kA sagharSa hai / ise caitasika viSamatA kahA jA sakatA hai / isakA sambandha vyakti svayaM se hai / ( 2 ) vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa kA saMgharSa -- vyakti apanI zArIrika AvazyakatAoM aura anya icchAo kI pUrti bAhya jagat meM karatA hai / ananta icchA aura sImita pUrti ke sAdhana isa magharSa ko janma dete hai / yaha Arthika sagharSa athavA mano- bhautika saMgharSa ha / (3) vyakti aura samAja kA magharSa - vyakti apane ahaMkAra kI tuSTi samAja me karatA hai, usa ahaMkAra ko poSaNa dene ke lie aneka mithyA vizvAso kA samAja me sRjana karatA hai / yahI vaicArika saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai| UMca-nIca kA bhAva, matAnvatA aura vibhinna vAda usI ke pariNAma hai / dhArmika

Page #38
samasvayoga (4) samAja aura samAja kA sagharSa-jaba vyakti sAmAnya hitoM aura sAmAnya vaicArika vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para samUha yA guTa banAtA hai to sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA udaya hotA hai / isakA AdhAra Arthika aura vaicArika dono hI ho sakatA hai| samatvayoga kA vyavahAra pakSa aura jaina dRSTi jaisA ki hamane pUrva me dekhA ki ina samagra saMgharSoM kA mUla hetu Asakti, Agraha aura saMgraha vRtti meM nihita hai| ata jaina dArzanikoM ne unake nirAkaraNa ke hetu anAsakti, anAgraha, ahiMmA tathA asaMgraha ke middhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| vastutaH vyAvahArika dRSTi se cittavRtti kA samatva, anAmakti yA vItarAgatA me, buddhi kA samatva anAgraha yA anekAnta me aura AcaraNa kA samatva ahiMmA eva aparigraha me nihita hai| anAsakti, anekAnta, ahisA aura aparigraha ke middhAnta hI jainadarzana me samatvayoga kI sAdhanA ke cAra AdhAra stambha hai / jaina-darzana ke samatvayoga kI sAdhanA ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se nimna prakAra prastuta kiyA jA makatA haisamatvayoga ke niSThAsUtra (a) saMgharSa ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna ho jIvana ke vikAsa kA saccA varSa-samatvayoga kA pahalA mUtra hai magharpa nahI, sagharSa yA tanAva ko samApta karanA hI vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ko pragati kA maccA svarUpa hai| astitva ke lie saMgharSa ke sthAna para jaina-darzana sagharSa ke nigakaraNa meM astitva kA mUtra prastuta karatA hai| jIvana magharSa me nahI varan umake nigakaraNa meM hai| jaina-darzana na to ima siddhAnta meM AsthA rakhatA hai ki jIvana ke lie saMgharSa Avazyaka hai aura na yaha mAnatA hai ki "jIo aura jIne do" kA nArA hI paryApta hai| umakA middhAnta hai jIvana ke lie jIvana kA vinAza nahA, varan jIvana ke dvArA jIvana kA vikAsa yA kalyANa (parasparopagra ho jIvAnAm-tatvAryasUtra) jIvana kA niyama sagharSa kA niyama nahI varan paraspara sahakAra kA niyama hai / (ba) sabhI manuSyoM ko maulika samAnatA para AsthA -AtmA kI dRSTi se sabhI prANI mamAna hai, yaha jainadarzana kI pramukha mAnyatA hai / isake mAtha hI jaina AcAryoM ne mAnava jAti kI ekatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| varNa, jAti, mampradAya aura Arthika AdhAroM para manuSyo me bheda karanA manuSyo kI maulika mamatA ko dRSTi me ojhala karanA hai / sabhI manuSya, manuSya-mamAja me mamAna adhikAge meM yakta hai| yaha niSThA mAmyayoga ke sAmAjika sandarbha kA Avazyaka aMga hai / im| mala meM mabhI manuSyo ko samAna adhikAra me yukta mamajhane kI dhAraNA rahI huI hai| yaha mAmAjika nyAya kA AdhAra hai jo sAmAjika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai / samatvayoga ke kriyAnvayana ke cAra sUtra (1) vRtti meM anAsakti :-anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa yaha samatvayoga kI

Page #39
baina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga sAdhanA kA prathama mUtra hai| ahaMkAra, mamatva aura tRSNA kA visarjana mamatva ke sarjana ke liye Avazyaka hai / anAmakta vRtti meM mamatva aura ahaMkAra donoM kA pUrNa mamarpaNa Avazyaka hai / jaba taka aham aura mamatva banA rahegA, mamatva kI upalabdhi maMbhava nahI hogI, kyoMki gaga ke mAtha dvepa aparihArya rUpa se jur3A huA hai / jitanA aham aura mamatva kA vimarjana hogA utanA ho mamatva kA marjana hogaa| anAsakti-caitamika saMgharSa kA nigakaraNa karatI hai evaM caitamika mamatva kA AdhAra hai| binA caitamika samatva ke sAmAjika jIvana me mAmya kI udbhAvanA nahI ho sktii| (2) vicAra meM anAgraha :-jainadarzana ke anumAra Agraha ekAMta hai aura isaliye mithyAtva bhI hai / vaicArika anAgraha mamatvayoga kI eka anivAryatA hai / Agraha vaicArika hiMsA bhI hai, vaha dUsare ke mantra ko asvIkAra karatA hai tathA mamagra vaicArika sampradAyoM evaM vAdoM kA nirmANa kara vaicArika saMgharSa kI bhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai| ata' vaicArika samanvaya aura vaicArika anAgraha mamatvayoga kA eka aparihArya aMga hai / yaha vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai / jainadarzana ime anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| (3) vaiyaktika jIvana meM asaMgraha :-anAsakta vRtti ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM utArane ke liye asagraha Avazyaka hai| yaha vaiyaktika anAmakti kA mamAja-jIvana me vyakti ke dvArA diyA gaga pramANa hai aura sAmAjika mamatA ke nirmANa kI Avazyaka kaDI bhI hai / sAmAjika jIvana meM Arthika viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa asaMgraha kI vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hai / (4) samAjika AcaraNa meM ahiMsA :-jaba pArasparika vyavahAra ahiMmA para adhiSThita hogA tabhI sAmAjika jIvana meM zAti aura mAmya gambhava hoge / jainadarzana ke anusAra ahiMsA kA mUla AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hai aura ahiMsA kI vyavahAryatA anAsakti para nirbhara hai / vatti me jitanI anAsakti hogI, vyavahAra meM utanI hI ahiMmA pragaTa hogii| jaina AcAroM kI dRSTi meM ahiMmA kevala niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai, vagn vaha vidhAyaka bhI hai / maitrI Ara karuNA usake vidhAyaka pahalU hai| ahiMsA sAmAjika saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa karatI hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana ke anumAra vRtti me anAmakti, vicAra me anekAnta, anAgraha, vaiyaktika jIvana meM asaMgraha aura sAmAjika jIvana meM ahiMsA yahI mamatvayoga kI sAdhanA kA vyavahArika pakSa hai|

Page #40
trividha sAdhanAmArga jaina darzana mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha mAdhanA mArga prastuta karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prArambha me hI kahA hai samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura gamyakanAritra mokSa yA mArga hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra me sampajJAna samyagdarzana samyakacAritra aura gamyaka tapa aime caturvidha mokSa mArga kA bhI viAna ha / jaina AcArgoM ne tA kA antarbhAva cAritra meM kiyA hai aura isalie paravartI sAhitya meM imI vividha mAdhanA mArga kA vijJAna milatA hai| uttagadhyayana meM bhI jJAna darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM sivita mAdhanA patha kA vidhAna / AcArya kundakunda ne gamayanAra eva niyamagAra me, jAcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM, AcArya :macandra ne yogadAAs ma pivitra sAdhanA patha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| trividha sAdhanA-mArga ho kyoM ? -yaha prazna uTha sakatA , f. vividha sAdhanA mArga kA hI vidhAna kyo kiyA gayA hai ? vastutaH trividha mAnanA mArga ke vidhAna meM pUrvavartI Rpiyo eva AcAryoM kI gahana manovaijJAnika sajha raho / / manovaijJAnika daSTi ga mAnavIya patanA ke tIna pakSa mAne gaye haiM-jJAna bhAva Ara mApa / nani jovana kA gAdhya cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSo kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai / ata yaha Avazyaka hI thA ki ina tIno pakSo ke vikAsa ke lie vividha sAdhanA-patha kA vina kiyA jaay| caMtanA ke bhAyAtmaka pakSa ko samyak banAna ke lie / ma gahA vikAra nA liA sampagdarzana yA zraddhA kI mAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA / mI prakAra jJAnAtmaka patA ke rijhAna kA aura sakalpAtmaka pakSa ke lie mamyakcAritra kA vidhAna hai| isa prakAra hama damanaM hai ki trividha sAdhanA-patha ke vidhAna ke pIche eka manAnAniSTi nahI .. / bauddha darzana meM trividha sApanA mAgaM-bauddha darzana ma bhI trivi mAnanA mArga kA vidhAna hai / prAcIna bauddha gratho meM imI kA vidhAna adhika ha / paMga buddha ne aSTAga mArga kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai| lekina yaha aSTAga mArga bhI vividha mAdhanA mArga meM hI antarbhUta hai| bAddha darzana meM trividha mAdhanA mArga'' pa ma gIla, mamAdhi aura prajJA kA vidhAna hai / kahI kahIM zIla, mamAdhi aura prajJA 4 sthAna para vIya, zraddhA aura prajJA kA bhI vidhAna hai / vastutaH vIrya zIla kA aura zraddhA gamAtri kI pratIka hai / 1. tattvArthasUtra 11 2. uttarAdhyayana 28 / 2 2. (a) atthi maddhA tato viriyaM paJcA ca mama vijjati / -suttanipAna 818 (ba) savvadA mIla sampanno (iti bhagavA) paJcavA mummaahito| ajjhattacintI satimA oghaM tarati duttaraM ||-suttnipaat 9 / 22

Page #41
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga zraddhA aura samAdhi donoM mamAna imalie hai ki donoM meM citta vikalpa nahI hote haiN| samAdhi yA zraddhA ko samyak darzana se aura prajJA ko mamyak-jAna se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| bauddha darzana kA aSTAga mArga mamya-dRSTi, mamyak-saMkalpa, samyak-vANI, samyak-karmAnta, samyak-AjIva, mamyak-vyAyAma, mamyaka-smRti aura mamyaka-samAdhi hai / inameM samyak-vAcA, mamyak-karmAnta aura samyak-AjIva ina tInoM kA antarbhAva zIla me, samyak vyAyAma, samyak-smRti aura mamyava-mamAdhi ina tInoM kA antarbhAva citta, zraddhA yA samAdhi me aura samyaka-paMkalpa aura mamyaka-dRSTi ina do kA antarbhAva prajJA meM hotA hai| isa prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI maulika rUpa se trividha mAdhanA mArga hI prarUpita hai| gotA kA triviSa sAdhanA-mArga-gItA me bhI jJAna, karma aura bhakti ke rUpa me vividha sAdhanA-mArga kA ullekha hai| inhe jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA meM dhyAnayoga kA bhI ullekha hai / jima prakAra jaina-darzana meM tapa kA svatantra vivecana hote hue bhI ume samyakacAritra ke antabhUta liyA gayA hai usI prakAra gItA meM bhI dhyAnayoga ko karmayoga ke adhIna mAnA jA sakatA hai| gItA me prasagAntara se mokSa kI upalabdhi ke mAdhana ke rUpa me praNipAta, pariprazna aura sevA kA bhI ullekha hai / ' iname praNipAna zraddhA yA bhakti kA, pariprazna jAna kA aura sevA karma kA pratinidhitva karata hai / yoga-darzana meM bhI jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura kriyAyoga ke rUpa meM imI trivira gAvanA mArga kA prastutIkaraNa huA hai / vaidika parampaga me ima trividha sAyanA mArga / prastutIkaraNa ke pIche eka dArzanika dRSTi rahI hai| umame paramamattA yA brahma ke tIna pakSa matya, mundara ora giva mAne gaye hai| brahma jo ki naitika jIvana kA mAdhya haiM ina tIna pakSA me yukta hai aura ina tIno kI upalabdhi ke lie hI vividha mAdhanA-mArga za vidhAna kiyA gayA / matya ko upalabdhi ke lie jJAna, sundara kI upalabdhi ke lie bhAva yA zraddhA aura ziva kI upalabdhi ke lie mevA yA karma mAne gaye haiN| upanipadoM meM zravaNa, manana Ara nididhyAmana ke rUpa meM bhI trividha sAdhanA-mArga nirUpita hai| gaharAI se dave no zravaNa zraddhA, manana jJAna aura nididhyAsana karma ke antargat A jAte hai| isa prakAra vaidika paramparA me bhI vividha sAdhanA-mArga kA vidhAna hai| pAzcAtya cintana meM triviSa sApanA-papa-pAzcAtya paramparA me tIna naitika Adeza upalabdha hote haiM-1. svayaM ko jAno ( Know Thyself ), 2. svayaM ko svIkAra karo ( Accept Thvself) aura 3 sva ya hI bana jAo ( Be Thysclf )2 pAzcAtya cintana ke tIna naitika Adeza jJAna darzana aura cAritra ke samakakSa hI hai| 1. gItA 4 // 34, 4 / 39 2. sAikolAjI enDa mAralsa, pR0 180

Page #42
triviSa sApanA-mArga AtmajJAna meM jJAna kA tattva, Atma-svIkRti meM zraddhA kA tattva aura Atma-nirmANa meM cAritra kA tattva svIkRta hI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAyeM hI nahIM, pAzcAttya vicAraka bhI ekamata haiM / tulanAtmaka rUpa me unhe nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai :jaija-varzana bauddha-rzana gItA upaniSad pAzcAtya-darzana samyagjJAna prajJA jJAna, pariprazna manana Know Thyself samyagdarzana zraddhA,citta, mamAdhi zraddhA, praNipAta zravaNa ..ccept Thyself samyakacAritra zola, vIrya karma, mevA nididhyAmana B. Thysor sAdhana-traya kA paraspara sambandha-jaina AcAryo na netika gAdhanA ke lie ina tInoM mAdhanA-mArgoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anumAra naitika mAdhanA kI pUrNatA trividha sAdhanApatha ke samagra paripAlana meM hI sambhava hai / jaina-vicAraka tInoM ke mamaveta me hI mukti mAnate hai| unake anumAra na akelA jJAna, na akelA karma aura na aba lI bhakti mukti dene meM samartha hai| jaba ki kucha bhAratIya vicArako ne iname meM kigI eka ko hI mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zakara kaMbala jJAna ge aura gamAnuja kevara bhakti me mukti kI gabhAvanA ko svIkAra karate hai, lekina jaina-dArzanika aimI kisI ekAntavAditA me nahI paData hai / unake anugAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta mAdhanA me hI mokSa-giddhi mabhava hai| inameM se kigI ema. ke abhAva meM mokSa yA naitika mAdhya kI prApti mambhava nhiiN| uttagadhyayanamU / me kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahI hotA aura jimame jJAna nahI hai umakA AcaraNa mamyaka nahIM hotA aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva me Amakti meM mukta nahIM huA jAtA hai aura jo Amakti meM mukta nahI umakA nirvANa yA mAkSa nahI haataa|' iga prakAra kA prakAra yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki nirvANa yA naitika pUrNatA kI prApti ke lie ina tAno kI eka mAtha AvazyakatA hai / vastuta naitika mAdhya ke rUpa meM jiga pUrNatA kI mvIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha cetanA ke kimI eka pakSa kI pUrNatA nahIM, varan nInoM pakSo kI pUrNatA hai aura isake lie mAdhanA ke tInoM pakSa Avazyaka hai| ___ yadyapi naitika sAdhanA ke lie samyagjJAna, mamyagdarzana aura mamyakcAritra yA zola, mamAdhi aura prajJA athavA zraddhA, jJAna aura karma tIno Avazyaka hai, lekina inameM sAdhanA kI dRSTi meM eka pUrvAparatA kA krama bhI hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA pUrvApara sambandha--jJAna aura darzana kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jaina vicAraNA me kAphI vivAda rahA hai| kucha AcArya darzana ko prAthamika 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 30

Page #43
24 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga mAnate hai to kucha jJAna ko, kucha ne dono kA yaugapadya ( mamAnAntaratA ) svIkAra kiyA hai / yadyapi AcAra - mI mAmA kI dRSTi meM darzana kI prAthamikatA hI prabala rahI hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra me kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahI hAtA / " isa prakAra jJAna kI apekSA darzana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai / tanvArthamUnakAra umAsvAti ne bhI apane grantha meM darzana ko jJAna aura cAritra ke pahale sthAna diyA hai| AcArya kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM kahate hai ki dharma ( sAdhanAmArga ) darzana-pradhAna hai / 3 lekina dUsarI ora kucha sandarbha aige bhI hai jinameM jJAna ko prathama mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM, usI adhyAya meM mola mArga kI vivecanA meM jo krama hai usameM jJAna kA sthAna prathama ha / vastutaH sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se bhI jJAna aura darzana meM kise prAthamika mAnA jAya, yaha nirNaya kannA gahaja nahIM hai / isa vivAda ke mUla me yaha tathya hai ki zraddhAvAdI dRSTikoNa samyagdarzana ko prathama sthAna detA hai, jaba ki jJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa zraddhA ke samyaka hone ke 1 e jJAna kI prAthamikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / vastutaH isa vivAda me koI ekAntika nirNaya lenA anucita hI hogA / yahA~ samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa hI maMgata hogA / navatattvaprakaraNa me aisA hI samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai jahAM dono ko ekadUsare kA pUrvApara batAyA hai / kahA hai ki jo jIvAdi natra padArtho ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai usa samyaktva hotA hai| isa prakAra jJAna ko darzana ke pUrva batAyA gayA hai, lekina agalI pakti meM hI jJAnAbhAva meM kevala zraddhA se hI samyaktva kI prApti mAna lI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vastutattva svataH nahI jAnatA huA bhI usake pati bhA. se zraddhA karatA hai uge samyaktva ho K jAtA - hama apane dRSTikoNa se inameM se kise prathama sthAna da inakA nirNaya karane ke pUrva darzana zabda ke artha kA nizcaya kara lenA jarUrI hai / dani zabda ke do artha hai1. yathArtha dRSTikoNa aura 2 zraddhA / yadi hama darzana kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha lete hai to hame sAdhanA-mArga kI dRSTi se use prathama sthAna denA caahie| kyoMki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa hI mithyA hai, athArtha hai to na to usakA jJAna samyak (yathArtha ) hogA aura na cAritra ho / yathArtha daSTi ke abhAva me yadi jJAna aura cAritra manyak pratIta bhI ho, to bhI ve samparka nahI kahe jA sakane / vaha to mayogika prasaMga mAtra hai / aisA sAdhaka digbhrAta bhI ho sakatA hai jisakI dRSTi hI dUSita hai, vaha kyA satya ko jAnegA aura usakA AcaraNa karegA ? dUsarI ora yadi hama samyagdarzana kA zraddhAparaka 1. uttarAdhyayana 28|30 2. tattvArthasUtra 1 / 1 1 3. darzanapAhuDa, 2 4. 5. navatattva prakaraNa 1 uddhRta - AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 151 , uttarAdhyayana, 28 2

Page #44
miviya sAdhanA-mArga artha lete hai to usakA sthAna jJAna ke pazcAt hI hogaa| kyoki avicala zraddhA to jJAna ke bAda hI utpanna ho sakatI hai / uttagadhyayanagUtra me bhI darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha karate samaya use jJAna ke bAda hI sthAna diyA gayA hai| granthakAra kahate hai ki jJAna se padArtha ( tatva ) svarUpa ko jAne aura darzana ke dvAga usa para zraddhA kreN|' vyakti ke svAnubhava ( jJAna ) ke pazcAt hI jo zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, umame jo sthAyitva hotA hai vaha jJAnAbhAva me prApta huI zraddhA me nahI ho gktaa| jJAnAbhAva ma jo zraddhA hotI hai, usame sazaya hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai / gI zraddhA yathArtha zraddhA nahI varan andha zraddhA hI ho sakatI hai / jina-praNIta tattvo meM bhI yathArtha zraddhA to unake svAnubhava evaM tArkika parIkSaNa ke pazcAt hI ho gakatI hai / yadyapi mAdhanA ke lie, AcaraNa ke lie zraddhA anivArya tattva hai, lekina vaha jJAna-pramUta honI caahie| ratnarAdhyAnamUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma kI gagIkSA prajJA ke dvArA kare, takarI tatva kA vizleSaNa kareM / ' ___ isa prakAra yathArtha dRSTiparaka artha meM mamyagdarzana ko jJAna ke pUrva lenA cAhie, jaba ki zraddhAparaka artha me use jJAna / pazcAt gthAna denA cAhie / bauddha-vicAraNA meM jJAna aura zraddhA kA sambandha-bauddha-vicAraNA na samyagdarzana yA samyagdRSTi zabda kA yathArtha daSTikoNaparaka artha svIkArA hai aura aSTAgika mAdhanAmArga meM ume prathama sthAna diyA hai| yadyapi Aga gAdhanA-gArga meM jJAna kA koI svatantra sthAna nahI hai, tathApi vaha mampaSTi meM hI gamAhita hai| Azika rUpa meM ume mabhyak smati ke adhIna bhI mAnA jA sakatA .: / tathApi bAddha gAdhanA ke vividha mArga zIla, mamAdhi, prajJA meM jJAna ko svatantra sthAna bhI pradAna kI hai / cA.' buddha na AtmadIpa evaM AtmazaraNa ke svarNima mutra kA udyApa kara zraddhA ko apanA gvAvalambana kA pATha par3hAyA ho, phira bhI bauddha AcAra-darzana meM zraddhA kA hAvapUrNa gthAna gabhI yago me rahA hai| suttanipAta meM Alavaka yakSa ke prati buddha mvaya kahata hai ki managya kA zreSTha dhana zraddhA hai| manuSya zraddhA meM isa maMmAgrUpa bATa ko pAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jJAna kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM zraddhA ko svIkAra karake baddha gItA kI vicAraNA ke atyadhika nikaTa A jAte hai| gItA re mamAna hI buddha munipAta meM Alavaka yakSa se kahate hai, "nirvANa kI ora le jAnevAle ahaMto ke prama meM zraddhA gyanavAlA apramatta aura vicakSaNa purupa prajJA prApta karatA ha / '5 'thaddhAvAllabhana jJAna' aura 'mahAno labhate paJca' kA zabda-mAmya donoM AcAra-darzanoM me nikaTanA dakhanevAle vidvAnoM ke lie vizeSarUpa se draSTavya hai| lekina yadi hama zraddhA ko AsthA ke artha meM grahaNa kara hai to buddha kI dRSTi meM 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28135 2. vahI, 23 / 25 3. suttanipAta, 102 4. vahI, 1064 5. vahI, 106

Page #45
jaina, boDa aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga prajJA prathama hai aura zraddhA dvitIya sthAna para / maMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate hai ki zraddhA puruSa kI sAthI hai aura prajA Tama para niyantraNa karatI hai|' isa prakAra zraddhA para viveka kA sthAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| buddha kahate hai, zraddhA me jJAna bar3A hai| isa prakAra buddha kI dRSTi meM jJAna kA mahattva adhika middha hotA hai / yadyapi buddha zraddhA ke mahatva ko aura jJAna-prApti ke lie umako AvazyakatA ko svIkAra karate hai, tathApi jahA~ zraddhA aura jJAna meM kimI kI zreSThatA kA prazna AtA hai ve jJAna (prajJA) kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hai| bauddha-mAhitya meM bahucarcita kAlAmamutta bhI isakA pramANa hai / kAlAmoM ko upadeza dete hue buddha svaviveka ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna dete hai / ve kahate hai 'he kAlAmoM, tuma kisI bAta ko imalie svIkAra mata karo ki yaha bAta anuzruta hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra kage ki yaha bAta parampagagata hai, kevala imaliA mata svIkAra kage ki yaha bAta isI prakAra kahI gaI hai, kevala igalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha hamAre dharma-gratha (piTaka) ke anukUla hai, kevala, imaliA mata pIkAra karo ki yaha tarka-mammata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra kage ki yaha nyAya (gAstra) mammana hai, kevala ilie mata svIkAra karo ki makA AkAra-prakAra (kathana kA Dhaga) mundara hai, kevala imalie mana svIkAra kage ki yaha hamAre mata ke anukUla hai. kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki kahane vAle kA vyaktitva AkarSaka hai, . prala ilie mata svIkAra kage ki kahane vAlA zramaNa hmaar| pUjya hai / ha kA lAmA. (yadi) tuma jaba AtmAnubhava me apana Apa hI yaha jAno ki ye bAte akuzala hai, ye bAta dApa hai ya bAne vijJa puruSo dvArA nidita hai, ina bAto ke anusAra valana ga jahita hAtA hai, duga hotA ha-to he kAlAmo, tuma una bAto ko choDa do' / buddha kA uparyukta kathana zraddhA ke Ara mAnavIca viv| kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdaka hai| lekina isakA artha yaha nahI hai ki buddha mAnavIya prajJA kA zraddhA ma pUrNatayA nirmakta kara dete hai / buddha kI dRSTi me jJAna vihIna zraddhA manuSya ke svaviveka rUpI cakSu ko mamApta kara use andhA banA detI ha aura zraddhA-vihIna jJAna manuSya ko sazaya ora tarka ke marUsthala me bhaTakA detA hai| isa mAnavIya prakRtti kA vizleSaNa karata hue visuddhimagga meM kahA hai ki balavAna zraddhAvAlA kintu manda prajJA vAlA vyakti binA soce-samajhe hara kahI vizvAsa kara letA hai aura balavAn prajJAvAlA kintu manda zraddhAvAlA vyakti kutAkika (pUrta) ho jAtA hai, vaha aupavi se utpanna honevAle roga ke mamAna hI amAdhya hotA hai| isa prakAra buddha akSA a ra viveka ke madhya eka mamanvayavAdo dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hai| unasarI dRSTi meM jJAna meM yukta zraddhA aura zraddhA se yukta jJAna hI mAdhanA ke kSetra me sacce dizA-nirdezaka ho sakate hai / 1. saMyuttanikAya, 111159 2. vahI, 4 / 4128 3. aMguttaranikAya, 365 4. gItA, 4 / 39

Page #46
triviSa sAdhanA-mArga 27 gItA meM par3A aura jJAna kA sambandha-gotA ke anumAra zraddhA ko hI prathama sthAna denA hogaa| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki zraddhAvAn hI jJAna prApta karatA hai / ' yadyapi gItA meM jJAna kI mahimA gAyI gayI hai, lekina jJAna zraddhA ke Upara apanA sthAna nahI banA pAyA hai, vaha zraddhA kI prApti kA eka sAdhana hI hai / zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate hai ki nirantara mere dhyAna me lIna aura prItipUrvaka bhajane vAle logoM ko mai buddhiyoga pradAna karatA hU~ jisase ve mujhe prApta ho jAte hai| yahAM jJAna ko zraddhA kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra gItA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki yadi sAdhaka mAtra zraddhA yA bhakti kA sambala lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra me Age baDhe to jJAna use IzvarI anukampA ke rUpa meM prApta ho jAtA hai| kRSNa kahate hai ki zraddhAyakta bhaktajanoM para anugraha karane ke lie maiM svayaM unake antaHkaraNa meM sthita hokara ajJAnajanya andhakAra ko jJAnarUpI prakAza se naSTa kara detA huuN| isa prakAra gItA meM jJAna ke sthAna para mAvanA kI dRSTi meM zraddhA hI prAthamika siddha hotI hai| lekina jaina-vicAraNA meM yaha sthiti nahI hai| yadyapi umameM zraddhA kA kAphI mAhAtmya nirUpita hai aura kabhI to vaha gItA ke ati nikaTa Akara yaha bhI kaha detI hai ki darzana (zraddhA) kI vizuddhi se jJAna ko vizuddhi ho hI jAtA hai arthAna zraddhA ke samyak hona para samyak jJAna upalabdha ho hI jAtA hai, phira bhI umameM baddhA jJAna aura svAnubhava ke Upara pratiSThita nahI ho sktii| igake pAcha jo kAraNa hai vaha yaha ki gItA meM zraddha ya itanA mamartha mAnA gayA hai ki vaha apane upAsaka ke haNya meM jJAna kI AbhA ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina-vicAraNA meM paddhaya ( pAmpa) upAyaka ko apanI ora se kucha bhI dene meM asamartha hai, mAdhaka ko mvaya hI jJAna upalarUpa karanA hotA hai| samyagdarzana aura samyakacAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha-cAritra aura jAna-darzana ke pUrvApara mambandha ko lekara jaina-vicAraNA meM koI vivAda nahIM haiN| cAritra kI apekSA jJAna aura darzana ko prAthamikatA pradAna kI gaI hai| cAritra mAdhanA-mArga meM gati hai jaba jJAna sAdhanA patha kA bodha hai aura darzana yaha vizvAma jAgrata karatA hai ki yaha patha use apane lakSya kI ora le jAnevAlA hai| mAmAnya pathika bhI yadi patha ke jJAna evaM isa dRDha vizvAsa ke abhAva me ki vaha patha umake vAchina lakSya kA jAtA hai, apane lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, to phira AdhyAtmika mAdhanA mArga kA payika binA jJAna aura AsthA (zraddhA) ke kaime Age bar3ha makatA hai / unagadhyayanamatra meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAna se (yathArtha sAdhanA mArga ko) jAne, darzana ke dvArA uma para vizvAga kareM aura cAritra se usa sAdhanA mArga para AcaraNa karatA huA tapa meM apanI AtmA kA parizodhana kare / / 1. gItA 1010 3. visuddhimagga, 4 / 47 2. vahI, 10 / 21 4. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 35

Page #47
jana, boDa aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga yadyapi lakSya ke pAne ke lie cAritrarUpa prayAma Avazyaka hai, lekina prayAsa ko lakSyonmukha aura samyak honA caahie| mAtra andhe prayAmoM me lakSya prApta nahIM hotA / yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahI hai to jJAna yathArtha nahIM hogA aura jJAna ke yathArtha nahIM hone para cAritra yA AcaraNa bhI yathArtha nahI hogA / isaliye jaina AgamoM me cAritra se darzana (zraddhA) kI prAthamikatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki mamyarzana ke abhAva meM samyakcAgtri nahIM hotaa|' bhaktaparijJA meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana meM bhraSTa (patita) ho vAstavika bhraSTa hai, nAgtri meM bhraSTa bhraSTa naha hai, kyoki jona me yukta hai vaha saMmAra meM adhika pa*i bhramaNa nahI karatA jabaki darzana meM bhraSTa vyakti saMmAra meM mukta nahI hotA! kadAcita cAritra me rahita middha bhI ho jAve, lekina darzana se rahita kabhI bhI mukta nahI hotA / vastRtaH dagTikoNa yA bar3A hI eka aimA tattva hai jo vyakti ke jJAna aura AcaraNa kA mahI dizA-nirdeza karatA / AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArAganiyukti me kahate hai ki mamyaka dRSTi meM hI tapa jAna jAra mAcaraNa maphala hote hai| saMta Anandaghana darzana kI mahattA ko middha karata hue anantajina ke stavana meM kahate hai zuddha zraddhA binA marva kiriyA karI, chAra (gagva) para lIpaNu naha jANo ra / bauddha-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa-jena-jana ke mamAna -zana aura gItA me bhI zraddhA ko AcaraNa kA pUvatI mAnA gayA hai| saMyattanikAya meM buddha kahA hai ki zraddhA pUrvaka diyA humA dAna hI pragAnI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu aura Anandaghana tathA bhagavAn buddha ke upargakta daSTi koNa ke gamAna hI gItA me thAkRSNa va hataM he ki hai arjuna, binA zraddhA ke kiyA huA havA diyA haA dAna, tapA haA napa kAra jo kucha bhI kiyA huA karma / vaha mabhI amat (amamyak ) kahA jAtA - vaha na to iga loka me lAbhadAyaka haM na paraloka meM / tattirIya upaniSad meM bhI yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo bhI dAnAdi karma karanA cAhie unheM zraddhApUrvaka ho karanA cAhie azraddhApUrvaka nahI / / isa prakAra hama dakhane hai ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAe~ sAcaraNa ke pUrva zraddhA ko sthAna detI hai / vastuta. zraddhA AcaraNa ke antas meM nihina eka aimA tanva hai jo karma ko ucitatA pradAna karatA ha / naitika jIvana ke kSetra ma vaha eka Antarika akuza ke rUpa meM kArya karatI ha aura imalie vaha karma meM prathama hai / samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra ko pUrvAparatA-jana-vicArako ne cAritra ko jJAna ke bAda hI rakhA hai| dazavakAlikamUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki nA jIva aura ajIva ke 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2829 2. bhaktaparijJA, 65-66 3. AcArAMganiryakti. 221 4. saMyutta nikAya 1 / 1133 5. gItA, 17 / 28 6. taittirIya upaniSad zikSAvallI

Page #48
triviSa sAdhanA-mArga svarUpa ko nahI jAnatA, aisA jIva aura ajIva ke viSaya meM ajJAnI sAdhaka kyA dharma (sayama) kA AcaraNa karaMgA ? uttarAdhyApanamUtra meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki samyagjJAna ke abhAva me madAcaNa nahI hotA / dga prakAra jena-darzana jJAna ko cAritra ke pUrva mAnatA hai / jaina dArzanika yaha to svIkAra hai ki mamyA AcaraNa ke pUrva samyak jJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve yaha svIkAra nahIM karate hai ki akelA jJAna hI mukti kA mAdhana hai / jJAna AcaraNa kA m vI javara" ' yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki jJAna ke abhAva me cAritra mamyaka nahIM ho sktaa| lekina yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA jJAna hI mokSa kA mUla hetu ha ? sApana-traya meM jJAna kA sthAna-jainAcAya amRtacandramUri jJAna ko cAritra se pUrvatA ko siddha karate hue eka camma mImA sparza kara leA hai| ve apanI gamagAra nIkA meM ligvate hai ki jJAna hI mokSa kA haMtu ha, kyoki jJAna kA abhAva hone meM ajJAniyo meM aMtaraMga vrata, niyama, madAcaraNa ora tapamyA Adi kI upasthiti hone hA bhI mokSa kA abhAva hai / kyoMki ajJAna to bandha kA hetu hai, jabaki jJAnI meM jJAna kA gadbhAva hone me bAhya vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa, tapa Adi kI sanapasthiti hone para bhI mokSa kA madbhAva hai| AcArya zakara bhI yaha mAnA hai ki eka hI kArya jJAna ke abhAva meM bandhana kA hetu Ara jJAna kI upasthiti meM gAda kA hetu hotA hai / igane yahI siddha hotA hai ki karma nahI, jJAna hI mokSa kA hatu hai|' aacaa| amRta candra bhI zAna ko trividha mAdhanoM meM pramukha mAnate hai| unakI dRSTi meM mamyagdargana aura mamyakcAgthi bhI jJAna ke hI rUpa hai / ve likhate hai ki mokSa ke kAraNa mamyagdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra hai / jIvAdi tatvo ke yathArtha zraddhAna paga to jA jJAna hai vaha to mamyagdarzana hai aura unakA jJAna-svabhAva ma jJAna honA gamyagjJAna , nathA gAdi ke tyAga-gvabhAva meM jJAna kA honA samyakcAritra hai / isa prakAra jJAna hI paramArzana mAsa kA kAraNa hai| yahAM para AcArya darzana aura cAri / ko jJAna ke anya do pa.ge ke kaga meM giddha kara mAtra jJAna ko hI mokSa kA hetu siddha karate haiN| unake pTikoNa ke anumAra darzana aura cAritra bhI jAnAtmaka hai, jJAna kI hI paryA / hai / |dypi yahA~ hame yaha mmaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcArya mAtra jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa ke madbhAva kI kalpanA karate haiM, phira bhI ve antaraga vAgyi kI upasthiti meM inakAra nahIM karane hai / antaraMga cAritra to kapAya Adi ke jaya ma mAdhoM meM sthita hAtA hai| mAdhaka aura sAdhya vivaMcana meM hama dakhata hai ki gAyaka AnmA pAramArthika dRSTi ga jJAnamaya hI hai 1. dazavakAlika 4 / 2 3. vyavahArabhASya, 7 / 217 5. gItA (zA0), a0 5 pIThikA 2. uttagadhyayana 28 / 30 4. mamayamAraTIkA, 153 6. samayasAraTIkA, 155

Page #49
jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAdhanAmArga aura vahI jJAnamaya AtmA umakA mAdhya hai / ima prakAra jJAnasvabhAvamaya AtmA hI mokSa kA upAdAna kAraNa hai / kyoki jo jJAna hai, vaha AtmA hai aura jo AtmA hai vaha jAna hai|' ataH mokSa kA hetu jJAna hI siddha hotA hai / / isa prakAra jaina-AcAryoM ne mAdhana-traya me jJAna ko atyadhika mahattva diyA hai / AcArya amRtacandra kA upayaMkta dRSTikoNa to jaina-darzana ko zaMkara ke nikaTa khar3A kara detA hai| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki jana-dRSTi me jJAna hI mAtra mukti kA sAdhana hai jainavicAraNA ke maulika mantavya meM dUra honA hai| yadyapi jaina sAdhanA meM jJAna mokSa-prApti kA prAthamika eva anivArya kAraNa hai, phira bhI vaha eka mAtra kAraNa nahI mAnA jA sakatA / jJAnAbhAva meM makti sambhava nahIM hai, kintu mAtra jJAna me bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hai / jaina-AcAryoM ne jJAna ko mukti kA anivArya kAraNa svIkAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki zraddhA aura cAritra kA Adarzonmugva evaM samyak hone ke lie jJAna mahattvapUrNa tathya hai, samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM zraddhA andhazraddhA hogI aura cAritra yA sadAcaraNa eka aimI kAgajI mudrA ke samAna hogA, jimakA cAhe bAhya mUlya ho, lekina Antarika mUlya zUnya hI hai| AcArya kundakunda, jo jJAnavAdI paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate hai ve bhI spaSTa kahate hai ki kore jJAna se nirvANa nahI hotA yadi zraddhA na ho aura kevala zraddhA se bhI nirvANa nahI hotA yadi sayama (madAcaraNa) na ho| jaina-dArzanika zakara ke samAna na to yaha svIkAra karate hai ki mAtra jJAna se mukti ho sakatI hai, na rAmAnuja prabhRti bhaktimArga ke AcAryoM ke samAna yaha svIkAra karate hai ki mAtra bhakti se mukti hotI hai / unhe mImAMsA darzana kI yaha mAnyatA bhI grAhya nahI hai ki mAtra karma se mukti ho sakatI hai / ve to zraddhAsamanvita jJAna aura karma donoM se mukti ko sambhAvanA svIkAra karate hai| ___samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritrakA pUrvApara sambandha bhI aikAtika nahIMjaina vicAraNA ke anasAra sAdhana-traya me eka krama to mAnA gayA hai yadyapi isa krama ko bhI aikAntika rUpa meM svIkAra karanA umakI syAdvAda kI dhAraNA kA atikramaNa hI hogaa| kyoMki jahA~ AcaraNa ke mamyak hone ke lie samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana Avazyaka hai vahIM dUsarI ora samyagjJAna evaM darzana kI upalabdhi ke pUrva bhI AcaraNa kA samyak honA Avazyaka hai / jainadarzana ke anusAra jabataka tIvratama (anantAnubandhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha cAra kapAye samApta nahIM hotI taba taka samyak-darzana aura jJAna bhI prApta nahI hotA / AcArya zakara ne bhI jJAna kI prApti ke pUrva vairAgya kA honA Avazyaka mAnA hai / isa prakAra sadAcaraNa aura saMyama ke tattva samyak-darzana aura jJAna ko 1. samayasAra, 10 2. samayasAraTIkA, 151 3. pravacanasAra, cAritrAdhikAra, 3

Page #50
triviSa sAdhanA-mArga 31 upalabdhi ke pUrvavartI bhI siddha hote haiM / dUsare, ima krama yA pUrvAparatA ke AdhAra para bhI sAdhana-traya meM kisI eka ko zreSTha mAnanA aura dUsare ko gauNa mAnanA jainadarzana ko svIkRta nahIM hai / vastutaH mAnana-traya mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSoM ke rUpa meM hI sAdhanA. mArga kA nirmANa karate hai / cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM meM jaimI pArasparika prabhAvakatA aura aviyojya sambandha rahA hai, vaimI hI pAramparika prabhAvakatA aura aviyojya sambandha ina tInoM pakSoM meM bhI hai| jJAna aura kriyA ke sahayoga se mukti-mAdhanA-gArga meM jJAna aura kriyA ( vihita AcaraNa ) ke zreSThantra ko lekara vivAda calA A rahA hai / gaidika yaga meM jahAM vihita AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai vahA~ oganipadika gaga meM jJAna para bala diyA jAne lgaa| bhAratIya cintakoM ke samakSa prAcIna mamaya meM hI yaha mamampA rahI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca sAdhanA kA yathArtha tattva kyA hai ? jaina-parampaga na prArambha me ho mApanA-mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA kA samanvaya kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI yuga meM jaba zramaNa paramparA dehadaNDana-paraka tapa-mAdhanA me aura padika paramparA yajJayAgaparaka kriyAkANDoM meM hI sAdhanA kI itithI mAnakara gAdhanA ke mAtra AcaraNAtmaka pakSa para bala dene lagI thI, to unhoMne use jJAna meM mamanvita ne kA prayAsa kiyA thA / mahAvIra aura unake bAda jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM ge gamti mASanA-patha kA upadeza diyA / jaina-vicArakoM kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki makti na to mAtra jJAna meM prApta ho sakatI hai aura na kevala madAcaraNa meM / jJAnamArgI aupaniSadika evaM mArUpa paramparAoM kI mamIkSA karata sue utta gadhyayana mUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA ki kucha vicAraka mAnata hai ki pApa kA tyAga kie binA hI mAtra Aryatattva (yathArthatA) ko jAnakara hI AtmA mabhI duHkhoM se chUTa jAtI hai lekina bandhana aura mukti ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle ye vicAraka sayama kA AcaraNa nahI karate hue kevala vacanoM meM ho AtmA ko AzvAsana dete hai| sUtrakRtAga meM kahA hai ki manuSya cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, bhikSuka ho, aneka zAstroM kA jAnakAra ho athavA apane ko dhArmika prakaTa karatA ho yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahI hai to vaha apane karmoM ke pAraNa dukhI hI hogaa| aneka bhASAoM evaM zAstroM kA jJAna AtmA ko zaraNabhUta nahIM hotA / mantrAdi vidyA bhI use kaise bacA sakatI hai ? asad AcaraNa meM anurakta apane Apa ko paMDita mAnane vAle loga vastutaH makha hI hai / AvazyakaniyaMkti meM jJAna aura cAritra ke pAramparika sambandha kA vivecana vistRta mpa meM hai| usake kucha aMga ima mamamyA kA hala khojane meM hamAre mahAyaka ho sakeMge / niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kahata hai ki 'AcaraNavihIna aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA bhI maMmAra-mamudra meM pAra nahI hone / mAtra zAstrIya jJAna meM, binA AcaraNa ke koI 1. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 9-10 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 17 3. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 11

Page #51
32 jaina, baukha mora gItA kA sAdhanA mArga mukti prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jima prakAra nipuNa cAlaka bhI vAyu yA gati kI kriyA ke abhAva meM jahAja ko icchina kinAre para nahI pahu~cA makatA vaise hI jJAnI AtmA bhI tapa-saMyama mpa madAcaraNa ke abhAva meM mokSa prApta nahI kara sktaa|' mAtra jAna lene se kArya-middhi nahIM hotI / taignA jAnate hue bhI koI kAyaceSTA nahI kare to DUba jAtA haiM, vaime hI zAstroM ko jAnate hue bhI jo dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha DUba jAtA hai| jaime candana Dhone vAlA candana se lAbhAnvita nahIM hotA, mAtra bhAra-vAhaka hI banA rahatA hai vaime hI AcaraNa me hIna jJAnI jJAna ke bhAra kA vAhaka mAtra hai, isase use koI lAbha nahIM hotA / jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha ko loka-prasiddha aMdha-paMgu nyAya ke AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue AcArya limvate hai ki jaise vana meM dAvAnala lagane para paMgu use dekhate hue bhI gati ke abhAva me jala maratA hai aura andhA samyak mArga na khoja pAne ke kAraNa jala maratA hai vaige hI AcaraNavihIna jJAna paMgu ke samAna hai aura jJAnacakSu vihIna AcagNa andhe ke mamAna hai| AcaraNavihIna jJAna aura jJAna-vihIna AcaraNa donoM nirarthaka hai aura saMmAra mpI dAvAnala me sAdhaka ko bacAne meM asamartha haiM / jisa prakAra eka cakra me ratha nahI calatA, akelA andhA akelA paMgu icchita sAdhya taka nahIM pahuMcataM, vaise hI mAtra jJAna athavA mAtra kriyA se mukti nahIM hotI, varan donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI haiN| bhagavatImUtra meM jJAna aura kriyA meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karane kI vicAraNA ko mithyA vicAraNA kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne mAdhaka kI dRSTi se jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha kI eka caturbhagI kA kathana isI saMdarbha meM kiyA hai 1. kucha vyakti jAna gampanna hai, lekina cAritra-sampanna nahIM haiM / 2. kucha vyakti cAritra mampanna hai, lekina jJAna-sampanna nahI haiM / 3. kucha vyakti na jJAna sampanna hai, na cAritra sampanna hai / 4. kucha vyakti jJAna sampanna bhI hai aura cAritra-sampanna bhI haiM / mahAvIra ne inameM me saccA mAdhaka ume hI kahA jo jJAna aura kriyA, zruta aura zIla donoM se sampanna hai| imI ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka nimna rUpaka bhI diyA jAtA hai1. kucha mudrAyeM aisI hotI hai jinameM dhAtu bhI khoTI hai mudrAMkana bhI ThIka nahIM hai / 2. kucha mudrAeM aisI hotI hai jiname dhAtu to gaddha hai lekina mudrAMkana ThIka nahIM hai| 3. kucha mudrAe~ aimI hai jiname bAtu azuddha hai lekina mudrAMkana ThIka hai / 4. kucha mudrAe~ aimI haiM jiname dhAtu bhI zuddha hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hai| 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 95-97 2. vahI, 1151-54 3. vahI, 100 4. vahI 101-102 5. bhagavatIsUtra 8 / 10 / 41

Page #52
trividha sAdhanA - mArga 33 bAjAra meM vahI mudrA grAhya hotI hai jisame dhAtu bhI zuddha hotI hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hotA hai / isI prakAra maccA sAdhaka vahI hotA hai jo jJAna - sampanna bhI ho aura cAritra sampanna bhI ho| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA donoM hI naitika sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| jJAna aura cAritra donoM kI samavetasAdhanA se hI duHkha kA kSaya hotA hai / kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA donoM hI ekAnta hai aura ekAnta hone ke kAraNa jaina darzana kI anekAntavAdI vicAraNA ke anukUla nahI hai / vaidika paramparA meM jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya se mukti - jaina- paramparA ke samAna vaidika paramparA meM bhI jJAna aura kriyA dono ke samanvaya me hI mukti kI sambhAvanA mAnI gayI hai / nRsiMhapurANa meM bhI Avazyakaniyukti ke samAna sundara rUpako ke dvArA ise siddha kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jaise rathahIna azva aura azvahIna ratha anupayogI hai vaise hI vidyA - vihIna tapa aura tapa-vihIna vidyA nirarthaka haiM / jaise do paMkhoM ke kAraNa pakSI kI gati hotI he vaise hI jJAna aura karma dono ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai / ' kriyAvihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna kriyA donoM nirarthaka hai / yadyapi gItA jJAnaniSThA aura karmaniSThA donoM ko hI svatantra rUpa se mukti kA mArga batAtI hai / gItA ke anusAra vyakti jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga tono meM meM kisI eka dvArA bhI mukti prApta kara sakatA hai, jaba ki jaina paramparA meM inake gamaveta meM hI mukti mAnI gayI hai / bauddha-vicAraNA meM prajJA aura zola kA sambandha - jaina-darzana ke samAna bauddha darzana bhI na kevala jJAna (prajJA) kI upAdeyatA svIkAra karatA hai aura na kevala AcaraNa kI / usakI dRSTi me bhI jJAnazUnya AcaraNa aura kriyAzUnya jJAna nirvANa mArga me sahAyaka nahI hai / usane samyagdRSTi aura samyaksmRti ke sAtha hI mamyak vAcA, samyak - AjIva aura samyak karmAnta ko svIkAra kara isI tathya kI puSTi kI hai ki prajJA aura zola ke samanvaya me hI mukti hai / buddha ne kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA donoM ko apUrNa mAnA hai / jAtaka meM kahA gayA hai ki AcaraNarahita zruta se koI artha siddha nahI hotA / dUsarI ora buddha kI dRSTi meM natika AcaraNa athavA karma cina kI ekAgratA ke lie hai / ve eka sAdhana hai aura isalie paramasAdhya nahI ho sakane / mAtra zIlavrata parAmarza athavA jJAnazUnya kriyAe~ bauddha sAdhanA kA lakSya nahIM hai, prajJA kI prApti hI eka aisA tathya hai, jisase naitika AcaraNa banatA hai| DA0 TI0 Ara0 vhI0 mUrti ne zAntideva kI bodhicaryAvatAra kI paMjikA evaM aSTamahasrikA meM bhI isa kathana kI puSTi ke lie pR0 1. nRsiMhapurANa, 61 / 9. / 11 2. uddhRta dI kvesTa AphTara paraphekAna, 63 3. jAtaka, 5 / 373 / 127 3

Page #53
jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga pramANa upasthita kiye haiN| bauddha-vicAraNA meM zIla aura prajJA donoM kA samAna rUpa se mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| suttapiTaka ke grandha theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai-"saMsAra meM zIla hI zreSTha hai, prajJA hI uttama hai / manuSyoM aura devoM meM zIla aura prajJA se hI vAstavika vijaya hotI hai| bhagavAn buddha ne zIla aura prajJA meM eka sundara samanvaya prastuta kiyA hai| dIghanikAya meM kahA hai ki zIla se prajJA prakSAlita hotI hai aura prajJA ( zAna ) se zIla ( cAritra) prakSAlita hotA hai / jahAM zIla hai vahA~ prajJA hai aura jahA~ prajJA hai vahA~ zIla hai| isa prakAra buddha kI dRSTi meM zIlavihIna prajJA aura prajJAvihIna zIla donoM hI asamyak haiN| jo jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM meM mamanvita haiM, vahI saba devatAoM aura manuSyoM meM zreSTha hai| AcaraNa ke dvArA hI prajJA kI zobhA bar3hatI hai| isa prakAra buddha bhI prajJA aura zIla ke samanvaya meM nirvANa kI upalabdhi saMbhava mAnate haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki prArambhika bauddha darzana zIla para aura paravartI bauddha darzana prajJA para adhika bala detA rahA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra-jaina paramparA meM mAdhana-traya ke samaveta meM hI mokSa kI niSpatti mAnI gaI hai| vaidika paramparA meM jJAna-niSThA, karmaniSThA aura bhaktimArga ye tInoM hI alaga-alaga mokSa ke mAdhana mAne jAte rahe haiM aura ina AdhAroM para vaidika paramparA meM svatantra sampradAyoM kA udaya bhI huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM prArambha se hI karma-mArga aura jJAna-mArga kI dhArAe~ alaga alaga rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahI hai / bhAgavata sampradAya ke udaya ke sAtha bhaktimArga eka naI niSThA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| isa prakAra vedoM kA karmamArga, upaniSadoM kA jJAnamArga aura bhAgavata sampradAya kA bhaktimArga tathA inake sAtha sAtha hI yogasampradAya kA dhyAna-mArga sabhI eka-dUsare se svatantra rUpa meM mokSamArga samajhe jAte rahe haiM / sambhavataH gItA eka aisI racanA avazya hai jo ina sabhI sAdhanA vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| yadyapi gItAkAra ne ina vibhinna dhArAoM ko sameTane kA prayatna to kiyA, lekina vaha unako samanvita nahIM kara pAyA yahI kAraNa thA ki paravartI TokAkAroM ne apane pUrva-saMskAroM ke kAraNa gItA ko inameM se kisI eka sAdhanA-mArga kA pratipAdaka batAne kA prayAsa kiyA aura gItA meM nirdezita sAdhanA ke dUsare mArgoM ko gauNa btaayaa| zaMkara ne jJAna ko, rAmAnuja ne bhakti ko, tilaka ne karma ko gItA kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya mAnA / lekina jaina-vicArakoM ne isa vividha sAdhanA-patha ko samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa kA 1. do senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR0 30-31 2. theragAthA, 1703. dIghanikAya, 1 / 4 / 4 4. majjhimanikAya, 2035 5. aMguttaranikAya tIsarA nipAta pR0 104

Page #54
vividha sAdhanA-mArga 35 kAraNa mAnA aura yaha batAyA ki ye tInoM eka-dUsare se alaga hokara nahIM, varan samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa ko prApta karA sakate haiM / usane tInoM ko samAna mAnA aura unameM se kisI ko bhI eka ke adhIna banAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| hameM isa bhrAMti se bacanA hogA ki zraddhA, jJAna aura AcaraNa ye svatantrarUpa meM naitika pUrNatA ke mArga ho sakate haiM / mAnabIya vyaktitva aura naitikasAdhya eka pUrNatA hai aura use samaveta rUpa meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai / bauddha paramparA aura jaina paramparA donoM hI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa nahIM rakhate haiM / bauddhaparamparA meM bhI zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA prajJA, zraddhA aura vIrya ko samaveta rUpa meM hI nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra bauddha aura jaina paramparAe~ na kevala apane sAdhana mArga ke pratipAdana meM varan sAdhana-traya ke balAbala ke viSaya bhI samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiM / vastutaH naitika sAdhya kA svarUpa aura mAnavIya prakRti, donoM hI yaha batAte haiM ki trividha sAdhanA - mArga apane samaveta rUpa meM hI naitika pUrNatA kI prApti karA sakatA hai / yahA~ ima trividha sAdhanA patha kA mAnavIya prakRti aura naitika sAdhya se kyA sambandha hai ise spaSTa kara lenA upayukta hogA / mAnavIya prakRti aura trividha sAdhanA patha - mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna kArya haiM1. jAnanA; 2. anubhava karanA aura 3. saMkalpa karanA / hamArI cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa na kevala jAnanA cAhatA hai, varan vaha satya ko hI jAnanA cAhatA hai / jJAnAtmaka cetanA nirantara satya kI khoja meM rahatI hai / ataH jisa vidhi se hamArI jJAnAtmaka zvetanA satya ko upalabdha kara sake use ho samyak jJAna kahA gayA hai / samyak jJAna cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko satya kI upalabdhi kI dizA meM le jAtA hai / cetanA kA dUsarA pakSa anubhUti ke rUpa meM Ananda kI khoja karatA hai / samyagdarzana cetanA meM rAga-dveSAtmaka jo tanAva haiM, unheM samApta kara ume Ananda pradAna karatA hai / cetanA kA tIsarA saMkalpanAtmaka pakSa zakti kI upalabdhi aura kalyANa kI kriyAnvita cAhatA hai / samyak cAritra saMkalpa ko kalyANa ke mArga meM niyojita kara ziva ko upalabdhi karatA haiN| isa prakAra samyagjJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA yaha trividha sAdhanA-patha cetanA ke tInoM pakSoM ko sahI dizA meM nirdezita kara unake vAMchita lakSya sat, sundara aura ziva athavA ananta jJAna, Ananda aura zakti kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| vastutaH jIvana ke sAdhya ko upalabdha karA denA hI isa trividha mAdhanA patha kA kArya hai| jIvana kA sAdhya ananta evaM pUrNa jJAna, akSaya Ananda aura ananta zakti kI upalabdhi hai, jise trividha sAdhanA - patha ke tInoM aMgoM ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko samyakjJAna ko dizA meM niyojita kara jJAna kI pUrNatA ko, cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyagdarzana meM niyojita kara akSaya Ananda kI aura cetanA ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko

Page #55
jaina, boDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga samyakcAritra meM niyojita kara ananta zakti kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura mAdhanA-patha tInoM meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpamaya cetanA sAdhaka hai aura yahI cetanA ke tInoM pakSa samyaka dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha kahalAte haiM aura ina tInoM pakSoM ko pUrNatA hI sAdhya hai / sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanA-patha bhinna-bhinna nahIM, varan cetanA kI vibhinna avasthAeM haiN| unameM abheda mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM aura AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isa abheda ko atyanta mArmika zabdoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai / AcArya kundakunda samayamAra meM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai|' AcArya hemacandra imI abheda ko spaSTa karate hue yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki AtmA hI samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra hai, kyoMki AtmA isI rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai / AcArya ne yaha kahakara ki AtmA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai, mAnavIya manovaijJAnika prakRti ko hI spaSTa kiyA hai / jJAna, cetanA aura saMkalpa tInoM samyak hokara sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa kara dete haiM aura yahI pUrNa hokara sAdhya bana jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhaka, sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya meM abheda hai| mAnavIya cetanA ke uparyukta tInoM pakSa jaba samyak dizA meM niyojita hote haiM to ve sAdhanA-mArga kahe jAte haiM aura jaba ve asamyak dizA meM yA galata dizA meM niyojita hote haiM to bandhana yA patana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM / ina tInoM pakSoM kI galata dizA meM gati hI mithyAtva aura mahI dizA meM gati samyaktva kahI jAtI hai / vastutaH samyaktva kI prApti ke lie mithyAtva (avidyA) kA visarjana Avazyaka hai| kyoMki mithyAtva hI anaitikatA yA durAcAra kA mUla hai / mithyAtva kA AvaraNa haTane para samyaktva rUpI mUrya kA prakAza hotA hai| 1. samayasAra, 277 2. yogazAstra, 41

Page #56
avidyA ( mithyAtva) jainAgamoM me ajJAna aura ayathArtha jJAna donoM ke liA. 'mithyAtva' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / yahI nahIM, kucha sandarbho meM ajJAna, ayathArtha jJAna, mithyAtva aura moha mamAna artha meM bhI prayukta hue hai| yahAM ajJAna zabda kA prayoga eka vistata artha meM kiyA jA rahA hai jisame ukta zabdoM kA artha bhI nihita hai / naitika dRSTi se ajJAna naitika Adarza ke yathArtha jJAna ke abhAva aura zubhAzubha viveka kI kamI ko vyakta karatA hai| jaba taka manuSya ko sva-svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahI hotA-arthAt mai kyA hai, mega Adarza kyA hai, yA mujhe kyA prApta karanA hai ? taba taka vaha naitika jIvana meM praviSTa nahI ho gktaa| jaina vicAraka kahate hai ki jo AtmA ko nahI jAnatA, jaDa padArtho ko nahI jAnatA, vaha saMyama kA kaise pAlana ( naitika sAdhanA ) karegA?" __ RSibhASitasUtra me taruNa sAdhaka arhat RSi gAyApatipatra kahate hai-ajJAna hI bahuta bar3A dukha hai / ajJAna me hI bhaya ( duHkha ) kA janma hotA hai, gamasta dahayAriyoM ke lie bhava-paramparA kA mUla vividharUpoM meM vyApta ajJAna hI hai| janma, jaga aura mRtyu, zoka, mAna aura apamAna gabhI jIvAtmA ke ajJAna me utpanna hue hai| maMmAra kA pravAha ( saMtati ) ajJAnamUlaka hai / bhAratIya naitika cintana meM mAtra kamoM kI zubhAzubhatA para hI vicAra nahI kiyA gayA, varan zubhAzubha karmoM kA kAraNa jAnane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kyoM eka vyakti azubha kRtyoM ko ora prerita hotA hai aura kyoM dUmaga vyakti zubhakRtyo kI ora prerita hotA hai ? gItA me arjuna yaha prazna uThAtA hai ki he kRSNa, nahI cAhane hue bhI kisakI preraNA se prerita ho yaha purupa pApa-karma me niyojita hotA hai|' ___ jaina-darzana ke anumAra isakA uttara yaha hai ki mithyAtva hI azubha kI ora pravRtti karane kA kAraNa hai| buddha kA bhI kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI azubhAcaraNa aura samyaka dRSTi hI sadAcaraNa kA kAraNa hai / " gItA kahatI hai ki rajoguNa meM samudbhava kAma hI jJAna ko AvRttakara vyakti ko balAt pApa-karma kI ora prerita karatA hai / isa prakAra 1. dazavakAlika, 4 / 12 2. isibhAsiyAImuna, gahAvaijjaM nAmajjhayaNaM 3. gItA, 3636 4. imibhAmiyAiMsutta, 21 // 3 5. aMguttaranikAya, 1317

Page #57
jaina, baukha aura gItA kA sAmanA mAga boTa, jaina aura gItA ke tInoM AcAra-darzana isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti kA kAraNa mithyA dRSTikoNa hai / mithyAtva kA artha-jaina-vicArakoM kI dRSTi me vastutattva kA apane yathArtha svarUpa meM bodha na honA hI mithyAtva hai| mithyAtva lakSya-vimukhatA hai, tattvaruci kA abhAva hai athavA satya ka prati jijJAmA yA abhIpsA kA abhAva hai| buddha ne avidyA ko vaha sthiti mAnA hai jisake kAraNa vyakti paramArtha ko samyak rUpa se nahI jAna paataa| buddha kahate haiM, AsvAda dopa aura mokSa ko yathArthataH nahI jAnatA hai yahI avidyA hai|' mithyA svabhAva ko spaSTa karate hA buddha kahate hai, jo mithyAdRSTi hai-mithyAsamAdhi hai-isIko mithyA svabhAva kahate hai| mithyAtva eka aimA dRSTikoNa hai jo satya kI dizA me vimukha hai| saMkSepa meM mithyAtva amatyAbhiruci hai, gaga aura dvepa ke kAraNa dRSTikoNa kA vikRta ho jAnA hai / jana-rzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra-AcArya pUjyapAda ne mithyAtva ko utpatti kI dRSTi se do prakAra kA batAyA hai-1. naisargika ( anajita ) arthAt mohakarma ke udaya se hone vAlA tathA 2. paropadeza pUrvaka arthAt mithyAdhAraNA vAle logoM ke upadeza se svIkAra kiyA jAne vaalaa| yaha ajita mithyAtva cAra prakAra kA hai-(a) kriyAvAdI-AtmA ko kartA pAnanA, (ba) akriyAvAdI-AtmA ko akartA mAnanA, (sa) ajJAnI-matya kI prApti ko maMbhava nahI mAnanA, (da) vainayika-gar3ha paramparAoM ko svIkAra karanA / svarUpa kI dRSTi se jainAgamoM meM mithyAtva ke pAca prakAra bhI varNita hai 1. ekAnta-jaina tanvajJAna meM vastRtanva anantadharmAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| umame mAtra ananta guNa hI nahI hone hai varan guNoM ke virodhI yugala bhI hote haiN| ataH vastutattva kA ekAMgI jJAna pUrNa satya ko prakaTa nahIM krtaa| vaha AMzika satya hotA hai, pUrNa satya nahI / AMzika matya jaba pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai to vaha mithyAtva ho jAtA hai / na kevala jaina-vicAraNA, varan bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI aikAntika jJAna ko mithyA kahA gayA hai / buddha kahate hai-'bhAradvAja ! sanyAnurakSaka vijJa puruSa ko ekAMza se yaha niSThA karanA yogya nahI hai ki yahI satya hai aura bAkI saba mithyA hai / ' buddha isa sAre kathana meM isI bAta para jora dete hai ki sApekSa kathana ke rUpa me hI satyAnurakSaNa hotA hai, anya prakAra se nahI / ' udAna meM bhI kahA hai ki jo ekAMtadarzI haiM ve hI vivAda karate haiN| 1. saMyuttanikAya, 21 / 3 / 3 / 8 2. vahI, 43 / 3 / 1 3. tattvArthasUtra, sarvArthasiddhiTIkA ( pUjyapAda ), 81 4. majisamanikAya caMkisutta 2 / 5 / 5 pR0 400 5. udAna, 6 / 4

Page #58
aviyA (mivyAtva) 2. viparIta-vastutattva ko svarUpa meM grahaNa na kara viparIta rUpa meM grahaNa karanA bhI mithyAtva hai| prazna ho sakatA hai ki jaba vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai aura usameM virodhI dharma bhI hai to mAmAnya vyakti, jisakA jJAna agagrAhI hai, isa viparIta grahaNa ke doSa se kaise baca sakatA hai, kyoMki usane vastutattva ke jisa pakSa ko grahaNa kiyA usakA virodhI dharma bhI umameM upasthita hai ataH usakA mamasta grahaNa viparIta hI hogA! isa vicAra me bhrAnti yaha hai ki yadyapi vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai, lekina yaha to sAmAnya kathana hai| eka apekSA se vastu me do virodhI dharma nahI hote, eka ho apekSA me AtmA ko nitya aura anitya nahI mAnA jAtA hai| AtmA dravyArthika dRSTi se nitya hai to paryAyAthika dRSTi se anitya hai, ataH AtmA ko paryAyArthika dRSTi se bhI nitya mAnanA viparIta grahaNa rUpa mithyAtva hai| buddha ne bhI viparIta grahaNa ko mithyAdRSTitva mAnA hai aura vibhinna prakAra ke viparIta grahaNoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai / ' gItA meM bhI viparIta grahaNa ko ajJAna kahA gayA hai / adharma ko dharma aura dharma ko adharma ke rUpa me mAnane vAlI buddhi ko gItA meM tAmama kahA gayA hai (gItA, 18 / 32) ___3. anayika-binA bauddhika gaveSaNA ke paramparAgata tathyoM, dhAraNAoM, niyamopaniyamoM ko svIkAra kara lenA bainayika mithyAtva hai| yaha eka prakAra kI rUDhivAditA hai / vainayika mithyAtva ko bauddha dRSTi se zIlavrata-pagamarza bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / ime hama karmakANDI manovRtti bhI kaha makata hai| gItA meM iga prakAra ke rUr3ha-vyavahAra kI nindA kI gayI hai| gItA kahatI hai aisI kriyAe~ janma-maraNa ko bar3hAnevAlI aura triguNAtmaka hotI hai / 4. saMzaya-maMzayAvasthA ko bhI jaina-vicAraNA me mithyAtva yA ayathArthatA mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina-dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM mazaya ko naitika vikAma kI dRSTi meM anupAdeya mAnA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina-vicArako ne mazaya ko isa koTi meM rakhakara usake mUlya ko bhUlA diyA hai| jaina-vicAraka bhI Aja ke vaijJAnikoM kI taraha saMzaya ko jJAna kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate hai / jainAgama AcArAgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, jo saMzaya ko jAnatA hai vahI maMmAra ke svarUpa kA parijJAtA hotA hai, jo saMzaya ko nahIM jAnatA vaha maMmAra ke svarUpa kA bhI parijJAtA nahIM ho sakatA hai|' lekina sAdhanAmaya jIvana me saMzaya se Upara uThanA hotA hai / AcArya AtmArAmajI AcArAMgamUtra ko TIkA meM likhate haiM, saMzaya jJAna kagane meM mahAyaka hai, parantu yadi vaha jijJAsA ko sarala bhAvanA kA parityAga karake kevala maMdeha karane kI kuTila vRtti apanAtA hai to vaha patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai / saMzaya vaha sthiti hai jisameM prANI sat 1. aMguttaranikAya, 1111 2. gItA, 2 / 42-45 3. AcArAMga, 1 / 5 / 1 / 144 4. AcArAMga-hindITIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 409

Page #59
jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sApanA mArga aura asat ko koI nizcita dhAraNA nahI rakhatA / yaha anirNaya ko avasthA hai / sAMzayika jJAna matya hote hue bhI mithyA hai / naitika dRSTi me aimA sAdhaka kaba patha-bhraSTa ho sakatA hai, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| vaha to lakSyonmuyatA aura lakSyavimukhatA ke madhya hiMDole kI bhAti jhUlatA huA apanA samaya vyartha gaeNvAtA hai / gItA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki saMzaya kI avasthA me lakSya prApta nahI hotaa| magayo AtmA vinAza ko hI prApta hotA hai|' 5. ajJAna-jana vicArakoM ne ajJAna ko pUrvAgraha, viparIta-grahaNa, saMzaya aura aikAntika jJAna me pathaka gAnA hai / uparyakta cAge mithyAtva ke vidhAyaka pakSa kahe jA sakate hai / kyoki inameM jJAna to upasthita hai, lekina vaha ayathArtha hai / iname jJAnAbhAva nahI, vagn jJAna kI ayathArthatA hai jabaki ajJAna jJAnAbhAva hai / ataH vaha mithyAtva kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa prastuta karatA hai| jJAna naitika-mAdhana kA maba se adhika bAdhaka tattva hai, kyoMki jJAnAbhAva me vyakti ko apane lakSya kA bhAna nahI ho sakatA hai, na vaha kartavyAkartavya kA vicAra kara makatA hai| zabhAzubha meM viveka karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva ajJAna hI hai / aise ajJAna kI avasthA meM naitika AcaraNa mabhava nahI hotaa| mithyAtva ke 25 bheva--mithyAtva ke 25 bhedoM kA ullekha pratikramaNamUtra me hai jimame me 10 bhedo kA ullekha sthAnAgamUtra me ha, zeSa mithyAtva ke bhedo kA varNana mUlAgama grantho meM yatratatra bikhaga huA milatA hai / ye 25 bheda isa prakAra hai (1) dharma ko adharma mamajhanA, (-) aparma ko dharma mamAnA, (3) saMsAra (badhana) ke mArga ko makti kA mArga mamajhanA (6) makti ke mArga ko bandhana kA mArga mamajhanA, (5) jaDa padArtho ko cetana ( jIva ) mamajhanA (6) jAtmatattva (jIva) ko jaDa padArtha (ajIva) samajhanA, (7) asamyak jAcaraNa karanevAlo ko sAdhu samajhanA (8) samyak AcaraNa karanevAle ko amAgha mamajhanA, (2) maktAtmA ko baddha mAnanA, (10) gaga-dveSa se yukta ko mukta samajhanA / 2 (11) Abhigrahika mithyAtva-paramparAgata rUpa meM prApta dhAraNAoM ko binA samIkSA ke apanA lenA athavA umame jakaDe rahanA / (12) anAbhiahika mithyAtva-satya ko jAnate hue bhI ume svIkAra nahI karanA athavA sabhI matoM ko samAna mUlya kA smjhnaa| (13) Abhinivezika mithyAtva-abhimAna kI rakSA ke nimitta asatya mAnyatA ko haThapUrvaka pakaDe rhnaa| (14) mAMzayika mithyAtva-saMzaya prasta bane rahakara satya kA nizcaya nahI kara paanaa| (15) anAbhoga mithyAtva-viveka athavA jJAna kSamatA kA abhAva / (16) laukika mithyAtva-loka rUr3hi me avicAra pUrvaka baMdhe rahanA / (17) lokAttara mithyAtva-pAralaukika upalabdhiyo ke nimitta svArthavaza dharma-mAdhanA karanA / (18) kupravacana mithyAtva-mithyA dArzanika vicAraNAoM ko grahaNa karanA / (19) nyUna mithyAtva-pUrNa satya ko Azika satya athavA tattva svarUpa 1. gItA 4 / 40 2. sthAnAga 10, tulanA kIjie-aMguttaranikAya, 1110-12

Page #60
paSita (mimAtya) ko aMzataH athavA nyUna mAnanA / (20) adhika mithyAtva-AMzika satya ko usase adhika athavA pUrNa satya samajha lenA / (21) viparIta mithyAtva-vastu tattva ko usake viparIta rUpa meM samajhanA / (22) akriyA mithyAtva-AtmA ko aikAntika rUpa se akriya mAnanA athavA jJAna ko mahattva dekara AcaraNa ke prati upekSA rakhanA / (23) ajJAna mithyAtva-jJAna athavA viveka kA abhAva / (24) avinaya mithyAtvapUjya varga ke prati samucita sammAna prakaTa na karanA athavA unakI AjJAoM kA paripAlana na karanA / (25) AzAnatA mithyAtva-pUjya varga kI nindA aura AlocanA karanA / ___ avinaya aura AzAtanA ko mithyAta imalie kahA gayA ki inakI upasthiti se vyakti gurujanoM kA yathocita sammAna nahI karatA hai aura phalasvarUpa uname milane vAle yathArtha bodha se vaMcita rahatA hai / baukha-zana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra-bhagavAn buddha ne gaddhamaM kI vinAzaka kucha dhAraNAoM kA vivecana aguttaranikAya meM kiyA hai jo ki jaina vicAraNA ke mithyAtva kI dhAraNA ke bahuta nikaTa hai / tulanA ke lie yahA unakI saMkSipta gUcI prastuta kI jA rahI hai jisake AdhAra para yaha jAnA jA sake ki donoM vicAra-paramparAoM meM kitanA adhika sAmya hai| 1. dharma ko adharma batAnA, 2. adharma ko dharma batAnA, 3. bhikSa aniyama (avinaya) ko bhikSuniyama (vinaya) batAnA, 4. bhikSu niyama ko aniyama banAnA, 5. tathAgata (buddha) dvAga abhApita ko tathAgata bhApita kahanA, 6 thAgata dvArA bhApita ko abhASita kahanA, 7. tathAgata dvArA anAcarita ko Acarita rahanA / tathAgata dvAga Acarita ko anAcarita kahanA, 9 tathAgata dvArA nahI banAye hue (aprajJAna) niyama ko prajJapta kahanA, 10. tathAgata dvArA prajJapta (banAye hue niyama) ko aprajapna batAnA, 11. anaparAdha ko aparAdha kahanA, 12. aparAdha ko anaparAdha kahanA, 13. lagha aparAdha ko guru aparAdha kahanA, 14. guru apagadha ko laghu apagadha kahanA, 1. gambhIra apagadha ko agambhIra kahanA, 16. agambhIra aparAdha ko gambhIra kahanA, 17 nivizeSa apagadha ko savizeSa kahanA, 18. mavizeSa aparAdha ko nirvizeSa kahanA, 19. prAyazcitta yogya (sapratikarma ) Apatti ko prAyazcitta ke ayogya kahanA, 20. prAyazcitta ke ayogya (apratikarma) Apatti ko prAyazcitta ke yogya (mapratikarma) khnaa| gItA meM ajJAna-gItA ke moha, ajJAna yA tAmaga jJAna hI mithyAtva kahe jA sakate hai| isa AdhAra para gItA me mithyAtva kA nimna svampa upalabdha hotA hai1. paramAtmA loka kA marjana karane vAlA, karma kA kartA evaM karmoM ke phala kA saMyoga karanevAlA hai athavA vaha kimI ke pApa-puNya ko grahaNa karatA hai, yaha mAnanA ajJAna hai (5-14-15) / 2. pramAda, Alasya aura nidrA ajJAna hai (14-8) / 3. dhana, parivAra 1. aMguttaranikAya, 1310-12

Page #61
maina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga evaM dAna kA ahaMkAra karanA ajJAna hai (16-15) 4. viparIta jJAna ke dvArA kSaNabhaMgara yA nAzavAna zarIra meM Atmabuddhi rakhanA tAmasika jJAna hai (18-22) / isI prakAra asad kA grahaNa, azubha AcaraNa (16-10) aura saMzayAtmakatA ko bhI gItA meM ajJAna kahA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM mithyAtva kA pratyaya-mithyAtva yathArthatA ke bodha meM bAdhaka tattva hai| vaha eka aimA raMgIna cazmA hai jo vastutattva kA ayathArtha athavA bhrAnta rUpa hI prakaTa karatA hai| bhArata ke hI nahI, pAzcAttya vicArakoM ne bhI satya ke jijJAsu ko mithyA zaraNAoM se pare rahane kA saMketa kiyA hai / pAzcAtya darzana ke navayuga ke pratinidhi phrAMsisa bekana zuddha aura nirdoSa jJAna kI prApti ke lie mAnasa ko nimna cAra mithyA dhAraNAo se mukta rakhane kA nirdeza karate hai / cAra mithyA dhAraNAeM ye hai 1. jAtigata mithyA dhAraNAeM ( Idola Tibius )-sAmAjika saMskArA se prApta mithyA dhaarnnaaeN| 2. vyaktigata mithyA vizvAsa ( Idola Specus ) vyakti ke dvArA banAI gaI mithyA dhAraNAeM (pUrvAgraha) / 3. bAbAsa miyA vizvAsa ( Idola Fori ) asaMgata artha Adi / 4. raMgamaMca kI bhrAnti ( Idola Theatri )-mithyA siddhAMta yA maanytaaeN| ve kahate hai ina mithyA vizvAso (pUrvAgrahoM) se mAnasa ko mukta kara hI jJAna ko yathArtha aura nirdoSa rUpa me grahaNa karanA caahie| jaina-varzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa-jaina-darzana meM avidyA kA paryAyavAcI zabda 'moha' bhI hai / moha sat ke saMbaMdha me yathArtha dRSTi ko vikRta kara galata mArga-darzana karatA hai aura asamyak AcaraNa ke lie prerita karatA hai| paramArtha aura matya ke sabaMdha me jo aneka bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banatI hai aura pariNAmataH jo durAcaraNa hotA hai usakA AdhAra moha hI hai / mithyAtva, moha yA avidyA ke kAraNa vyakti kI dRSTi dUSita hotI hai aura paramamUlyoM ke saMbaMdha me bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ bana jAtI hai / vaha unheM hI paramamUlya mAna letA hai, jo ki vastutaH paramamUlya yA sarvocca mUlya nahIM hote hai| ___avidyA aura vidyA kA antara karate hue samayasAra me AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki jo puruSa apane se anya para-dravya (sacitta-strIputrAdi, acitta-svarNarajatAdi, mizra-grAmanagarAdi) ko aisA samajhe ki 'mere hai, ye mere pUrva meM the inakA maiM bhI pahale thA tathA ye mere AgAmI hoMge, maiM bhI inakA AgAmI hoUMgA' aisA jhUThA Atmavikalpa karatA hai vaha mUDha hai aura jo puruSa paramArtha ko jAnatA huA aisA jhUThA vikalpa nahIM karatA vaha mUr3ha nahIM hai, jJAnI hai / / 1. hisTrI Apha philAsaphI (thilI), pR0 287 2. samayasAra, 20, 21, 22, tu0 gItA 16313

Page #62
avidyA (miyAtya) 43 jaina-darzana meM avidyA yA midhyAtva kevala AtmaniSTha ( Subjective) hI nahIM hai, varan vaha vastuniSTha bhI hai| jaina darzana me mithyAtva kA artha hai - jJAna kA abhAva yA viparIta jJAna / usameM ekAMta yA nirapekSa dRSTi ko bhI mithyAtva kahA gayA hai / tattva kA sApekSa jJAna hI samyak jJAna hai aura aikAtika dRSTikoNa mithyAjJAna hai / dUsare, jainadarzana me akelA mithyAtva hI bandhana kA kAraNa nahI hai / bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hote hue bhI vaha sarvasva nahI hai / mithyAdarzana ke kAraNa jJAna dUSita hotA hai aura jJAna ke dUSita hone se cAritra dUSita hotA hai / isa prakAra mithyAtva anaitika jIvana kA prArambhika bindu hai aura anaitika AcaraNa usakI antima pariNati hai / naitika jIvana ke lie mithyAtva se mukta honA Avazyaka hai, kyoki jaba taka dRSTi dUSita hai jJAna bhI dUSita hogA aura jaba taka jJAna dUSita hai taba taka AcaraNa bhI gamyak yA naitika nahI ho sakatA / naitika jIvana kI pragati ke lie prathama zarta he mithyAtva se mukta honA / jaina- dArzanikoM kI dRSTi me mithyAtva kI pUrva -koTi kA patA nahI lagAyA jA sakatA, yadyapi vaha anAdi hai kintu vaha ananta nahI / jaina darzana kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI me kahe to bhavya jIvo kI apekSA se mithyAtva anAdi aura mAnta hai aura abhavya jIvoM kI apekSA se vaha anAdi aura ananta hai / AtmA para avidyA yA mithyAtva kA AvaraNa kabase hai, isakA patA nahI lagAyA jA sakatA, yadyapi avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti pAyI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana me mithyAtva kA mUla 'karma' aura 'karma' kA mUla mithyAtva hai / eka ora mithyAtva kA kAraNa anaitikatA hai to dUsarI ora anaitikatA kA kAraNa mithyAtva hai / isI prakAra samyaktva kA kAraNa naitikatA aura naitika kA kAraNa samyaktva hai / naitika AcaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA udbhava hotA hai / samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa naitika AcaraNa hotA hai / bauddha darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa - bauddha darzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hI mAnI gayI hai / avidyA se utpanna vyaktitva hI jIvana kA mUlabhUta pApa hai / janma-maraNa kI paramparA aura duHkha kA mUla avidyA hai| jaise jaina-darzana me midhyAtva kI pUrvakoTi nahIM jAnI jA sakatI, vaise hI bauddha darzana me bhI avidyA kI pUrvakoTi nahI jAnI jA sakatI / yaha eka aimI sattA hai jise mamajhanA kaThina hai / hameM binA adhika gaharAI me gaye isake astittva ko svIkAra kara lenA hogA / usameM avidyA vartamAna jIvana kI anivArya pUrvavartI avasthA hai, isake pUrva kucha nahI, kyoki janma-maraNa kI prakriyA kA kahI Arambha nahI khojA jA sktaa| lekina dUsarI ora isake astittva se inakAra bhI nahI kiyA jA sakatA / svayaM jIvana yA janma maraNa kI paramparA isakA pramANa hai ki avidyA upasthita hai / avidyA kA udbhava kaise hotA hai yaha nahI batAyA jA sakatA / azvaghoSa ke anusAra, "tathatA" me hI avidyA kA janma hotA hai|' DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan 1. uddhRta - jaina sTaDIja, pR0 133

Page #63
jaina, baukha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga kI dRSTi me bauddha-darzana me avidyA uma parama sattA, jise AlayavijJAna, tathAgatagarbha, zunyatA, dharmadhAtu evaM tathatA kahA gayA hai, kI vaha zakti hai jo vizva ke bhItara se vyaktigata jIvanoM kI zRMkhalA ko utpanna karatI hai| yaha yathArtha sattA ke hI andara vidyamAna niSedhAtmaka tanva hai| hamArI mImita buddhi imakI taha meM isase adhika aura praveza nahIM kara sktii|' sAmAnyatayA avidyA kA artha cAra AryasatyoM kA jJAnAbhAva hai| mAdhyamika evaM vijJAnavAdI vicArakoM ke anumAra indriyAnabhRti ke viSaya-ima jagat kI koI svataMtra sattA nahI hai, yaha parataMtra evaM mApekSa hai, ise yathArtha mAna lenA hI avidyA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM ayathArtha anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA hI avidyA kA kArya hai| isI me vaiyaktika ahaM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura yahI tANA kA janma hotA hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra bhI avidyA Ara taSNA ( anaitikatA ) meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa sabaMdha hai| avidyA ke kAraNa tRSNA aura tRSNA ke kAraNa avidyA utpanna hotI hai| jiga prakAra jaina-darzana meM moha ke do rUpa darzana-moha aura cAritra-moha hai, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM avidyA ke do kArya jJeyAvaraNa eva klegAvaraNa hai / jJeyAvaraNa kI tulanA darzana-moha se aura klezAvaraNa kI tulanA cAritra-moha meM kI jA makatI hai| jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM mAyA ko anirvacanIya kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra bAddha-parampaga meM bhI mavidyA sat aura amata dono hI koTiyo me pare hai| vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke sampradAyoM kI dRSTi me nAnAmpAtmaka jagat ko paramArtha mAna lenA avidhA hai / meyanAtha ne abhUtaparikalpa ( anekatA kA jJAna ) kA vivecana karate hue kahA ki use gata aura asat donoM hI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha sat ilie nahIM hai kyoki paramArtha me anekatA yA dvaita kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura vaha asat iAlA nahIM ha ki usake prahANa se nirvANa kA lAbha hotA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhata hai ki bauddha-darzana ke paravartI sampradAyoM me avidyA kA svarUpa bahuta-kucha vedAntika mAyA ve gamAna bana gayA hai / boDa-darzana ko avidyA kI samIkSA-cauddha-darzana ke vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI sampradAyo me avidyA kA jo svarUpa nirdiSTa hai vaha AlocanA kA viSaya hI rahA hai / vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI vicAraka apane nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para indriyAnubhUti ke viSayoM ko avidyA yA vAsanA ke kAlpanika pratyaya mAnate hai / dUsare, unake anusAra avidyA AtmaniSTha ( Subjective | hai| jaina dArzaniko ne unakI isa mAnyatA ko anucita hI mAnA hai, kyoki prathamataH anubhava ke viSayo ko anAdi avidyA ke kAlpanika pratyaya mAnakara indriyAnubhUti ke jJAna ko amatya batAyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kI daSTi me indriyAnubhUti ke viSayo ko amat nahIM mAnA jA sakatA; 1. bhAratIya darzana, pR0 382- 383 2. jaina sTaDIja, pR0 132-133 para uddhRta /

Page #64
avidyA ( midhyAtva) 45 kyoMki ve tarka aura anubhava donoM ko hI yathArtha mAnakara calane hai / unake anusAra tArkika jJAna ( bauddhika jJAna ) aura anumUlyAtmaka jJAna dono hI yathArthatA kA bodha karA sakate hai / bauddha dArzaniko kI yaha dhAraNA ki avidyA kevala Atmagata hai, jainadArzaniko ko svIkAra nahI hai / ve avidyA kA vastugata AdhAra bhI mAnate hai / unakI dRSTi me bauddha dRSTikoNa eAgI hai / voddha-darzana ko avidyA kI vistRta samIkSA DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA ne apanI pustaka 'sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI' me kI hai / gItA evaM vadAnta meM avidyA kA svarUpa - gItA me - / gItA me ajJAna aura mAyA kA aviyA, ajJAna aura mAyA sAmAnyatayA do bhinna arthoM zabda kA prayoga huA meM hI prayoga huA hai / ajJAna vaiyaktika he ora mAyA IzvarIya ajJAna kA artha paramAtmA ke usa vAstavika svampa ke jJAna kA vaha jagat meM vyApta hote hue bhI usame pare ha / gItA meM ajJAna zabda viparIta jJAna, , moha, anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA Adi aneka artho meM prayukta huA hai| jJAna ke sAttvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa prakAro kA vivecana karate hue gItA me spaSTa batAyA gayA hai ki anekatA ko yathArtha mAnanevAlA dRSTikoNa yA jJAna rAjasa hai, isI prakAra yaha mAnanA ki paramatattva mAtra itanA hI hai yaha jJAna tAmasa ha / gItA meM mAyA ko vyakti ke duHkha eva bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kyoki yaha eka bhrAnta Azika cetanA kA poSaNa karatI hai aura usa rUpa me pUrNa yathArthatA kA grahaNa sambhava nahI hotA / phira bhI mAyA Izvara kI eka aisI kAryakArI zakti bhI hai jisake mAdhyama se paramAtmA isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat meM apane ko abhivyakta karatA hai| vaiyaktika dRSTi meM mAyA paramArtha kA AvaraNa kara vyakti ko usake yathArtha jJAna meM vacita karatI hai, jaba ki paramamattA ko apekSA se vaha usakI eka zakti hI siddha hotI hai / vedAnta darzana meM avidyA kA artha advaya paramArtha me anakatA kI kalpanA hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad me kahA gayA hai ki jo advaya meM anekatA kA darzana karatA hai vaha mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| isake viparIta anekatA meM ekatA kA darzana maccA jJAna hai / IzAvAsyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sabhI ko paramAtmA se aura paramAtmA me sabhI ko sthita dekhatA hai usa ekatvadarzI ko na vijugupmA hotI hai aura na ume koI moha yA zoka hotA hai / vedAnta paramparA meM avidyA jagat ke prati Asakti eva mithyA dRSTikoNa hai aura mAyA eka aisI zakti hai jisase yaha anekatAmaya jagat astittvavAn pratIta hotA hai / maay| isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat kA AvAra hai aura avidyaa| hame usase bAMdhe rakhatI hai / vedAnta darzana meM mAyA advaya avikArya paramamattA kI jagat ke rUpa me zakti hai| gItA me abhAva hai jima rUpa me 1. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie, jaina sTaDIja, pR0 126- 137 evaM 201-215 2. gItA 18 / 21-22 3. vRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4|4|19 4. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6-7

Page #65
46 baina, goDa bora gItA sAnA mArga pratIti hai / vedAnta meM mAyA na to sat hai aura na asat hai, use catuSkoTi vinimukta kahA gayA hai| vaha sat isalie nahIM hai ki usakA nirasana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha asat isalie nahIM hai ki usake AdhAra para vyavahAra hotA hai| vedAnta darzana meM mAyA jagat kI vyAkhyA aura usakI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai aura avidyA vaiyaktika mAsakti hai| vedAnta ko mAyA ko samIkSA-vedAnta-darzana meM mAyA eka ardha satya hai jabaki tArkika dRSTi meM mAyA yA to satya ho sakatI hai yA asatya / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra satya sApekSa avazya ho sakatA hai lekina ardha satya (Quasi-Real) aisI koI avasthA nahIM ho sktii| yadi advaya paramArtha ko nAnArUpAtmaka mAnanA avidyA hai, to jainadArzanikoM ko yaha dRSTikoNa svIkAra nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAeM avidyA kI isa vyAkhyA meM ekamata hai ki avidyA yA moha kA artha hai anAtma yA 'para' meM Atma-buddhi / upasaMhAra-ajJAna, avidyA yA moha hI samyak pragati meM sabase bar3A avarodha hai / hamAre kSudra vyaktitva aura paramAtmatva ke bIca sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| usake haTate hI hama apane ko apane meM hI upasthita paramAtmA ke nikaTa khar3A pAte haiN| phira bhI prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti kaise ho? vastutaH avidyA se mukti ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahI ki hama avidyA yA ajJAna ko haTAne kA prayatna kareM, kyoMki usake haTAne ke sAre prayAsa vaise hI nirarthaka hoMge jaise koI aMdhakAra ko haTAne kA prayatna kare / jaise prakAza ke hote hI aMdhakAra samApta ho jAtA hai vaise hI jJAna rUpa prakAza yA samyagdRSTi ke utpanna hote hI ajJAna yA avidyA kA aMdhakAra samApta ho jAtA hai / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI nahIM ki hama avidyA yA mithyAtva ko haTAne kA prayatna kareM, varan AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kI jyoti ko prajjvalita kareM tAki avidyA yA ajJAna kA tAmisra (andhakAra) samApta ho jAya / 1. vivekacUDAmaNi, mAyA-nirUpaNa, 111

Page #66
samyak-darzana jaina-paramparA meM samyak - darzana, samyaktva evaM samyak dRSTi zabdoM kA prayoga samAna artha meM huA hai / yadyapi AcArya jinabhadra ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM samyaktva aura samyak - darzana ke bhinna bhinna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / mamyaktva vaha hai jisake kAraNa zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra samyak banate hai / samyaktva kA artha-vistAra samyak darzana se adhika vyApaka hai, phira bhI mAmAnyatayA samyak darzana aura samyaktva zabda eka hI artha prayukta kiye gaye haiM / vaise samyagdarzana zabda me samyaktva nihita hI hai / samyaktva kA artha - sAmAnya rUpa meM samyak yA samyaktva zabda satyatA yA yathArthatA kA paricAyaka hai, jise 'ucitatA' bhI kaha sakate haiM / samyaktva kA eka artha tattva-ruci hai / isa artha meM samyaktva satyAbhiruci yA satya kI abhIpsA hai| uparyukta donoM arthoM meM samyak darzana yA samyaktva naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina naitikatA kA carama Adarza AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai, lekina yathArtha kI upalabdhi bhI to yathArtha me sambhava hotI hai / yadi hamAga sAdhya 'yathArthatA' kI upalabdhi hai, to usakA sAdhana bhI yathArtha ho caahie| jaina vicAraNA sAdhya aura mAdhana kI ekarUpatA meM vizvAsa karatI hai / vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki anucita sAdhana se prApta kiyA gayA lakSya bhI anucita hI hai / samyak ko samyak se hI prApta karanA hotA hai, asamyak se jo bhI milatA hai yA prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhI asamyak hI hotA hai / ataH AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa kI prApti ke liye jina sAdhanoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA, unakA samyak honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA / vastutaH jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA naitika mUlya unake samyak hone meM hai aura tabhI ve mukti yA nirvANa ke sAdhana banate haiM / yadi jJAna, darzana aura cAritra mithyA hote haiM to bandhana kA kAraNa banate haiM / bandhana-mukti jJAna, darzana aura cAritra para nirbhara nahIM, varan unake samyak aura mithyApana para AdhArita hai / AcArya jinabhadra ke anusAra yadi samyaktva kA arthaM tattvaruci yA satyAbhIpsA lete haiM to samyaktva kA naitika sAdhanA me mahattvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai / naitikatA kI sAdhanA Adarzonmukha gati hai, lekina jisake kAraNa vaha gati hai, sAghanA hai, vaha to satyAbhIpsA hI hai / sAdhaka meM jabataka satyAbhIpsA yA tattva ruci jAgRta nahI hotI, 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya. 1787-90 2. abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 5. pRSTha 2425

Page #67
48 jaina, boTa aura gItA kA sApanA mArga tabataka vaha naitika pragati kI ora agrasara hI nahI ho sakatA / satya kI pyAsa hI aisA tattva hai jo mAdhaka ko mAdhanA-mArga meM prerita karatA hai, pyAsA hI pAnI kI khoja karatA hai, tattva-kaci yA manyAbhIpmA meM yakta vyakti hI Adarza kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanamUtra meM samyaktva ke donoM arthoM ko samanvita kara diyA gayA hai / graMthakartA kI dRSTi me yadyapi mamyaktva yathArthatA kI abhivyakti karatA hai, lekina yathArthatA kI jimase upalabdhi hotI hai usake liye satyAbhIpsA yA ruci Avazyaka hai| varzana kA artha-darzana zabda bhI jainAgamoM meM aneka artho meM prayukta huA hai / jIvAdi padArthoM ke svampa devanA, jAnanA, zraddhA karanA 'darzana' haiN|' sAmAnyatayA darzana zabda dekhane ke artha meM vyavahRta hotA hai, lekina yahAM darzana zabda kA artha mAtra netrajanya bodha nahI hai / usame indriya-bAdha, mana-bodha aura Atma-bodha sabhI sammilita hai| darzana zabda ke artha ke mambandha meM jaina-parampaga meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai / darzana ko jJAna se alaga karate hue vicArakoM ne darzana ko antarbodha yA prajJA aura jJAna ko bauddhika jJAna kahA hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para darzana zabda kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha kiyA gayA hai / darzana zabda ke sthAna para 'dRSTi' zabda kA prayoga, usake dRSTikoNaparaka artha kA dyotaka hai / prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM darzana zabda ke sthAna para dRSTi zabda kA prayoga adhika milatA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM darzana zabda kA artha 'tattvazraddhA' hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya me darzana zabda deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA yA bhakti ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai / isa prakAra jaina paramparA me samyak darzana apane me tattva-sAkSAtkAra, Atma-sAkSAtkAra, antarbodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti Adi arthoM ko sameTe hue haiN| ina para thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karanA apekSita hai / samyak darzana ke vibhinna artha ___ samyak-darzana zabda ke vibhinna artho para vicAra karane se pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki inameM se kauna-sA artha aitihAsika dRSTi se prathama thA aura usake pazcAt kina-kina aitihAsika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa yahI zabda apane dUsare artha meM prayukta huaa| prathamataH hama dekhate ha ki buddha Ara mahAvIra ke samaya meM pratyeka dharma-pravartaka apane siddhAnta ko samyak-dRSTi aura dUsare ke siddhAnta ko mithyAdRSTi kahatA thaa| bauddhAgamoM meM 62 mithyAvRSTiyoM evaM jainAgama sUtrakRtAga me 363 mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / lekina vahA para mithyAdRSTi zabda azraddhA athavA mithyA zraddhA ke artha me nahI, varan 1. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR0 2425 2. sama prAblems ina jaina sAikolAjI pR0 32 3. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 8, pR0 2525 4. tattvArthasUtra 12 5. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 35 6. sAmAyikasUtra-samyaktva pATha

Page #68
galata dRSTikoNa ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| bAda meM jaba yaha prazna uThA ki galata dRSTikoNa ko kisa sandarbha me mAnA jAya, to kahA gayA ki jova (Atmatattva) aura jagat ke sambandha me jo galata dRSTikoNa hai, vahI mithyAdarzana yA mithyAdRSTi hai| isa prakAra mithyAdRSTi se tAtparya huA AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya me galata dRSTikoNa / usa yuga meM pratyeka dharma pravartaka AtmA aura jagat ke svarUpa ke viSaya me apane dRSTikoNa ko samyak dRSTi athavA samyagdarzana tathA virodhI ke dRSTikoNa ko mithyAdRSTi athavA mithyAdarzana kahatA thaa| bAda me pratyeka mampradAya jIvana aura jagat sambandhI apane dRSTikoNa para vizvAsa karane ko samyagdRSTi kahane lagA aura jo loga viparIta mAnyatA rakhate the unako mithyAdRSTi kahane lgaa| isa prakAra samyakadarzana zabda tattvArtha (jIva aura jagat ke svarUpa ke) zraddhAna ke artha me rUDha huaa| lekina tattvArthazraddhAna ke artha me bhI mamyak-darzana zabda apane mUla artha se adhika dUra nahI huA thA, yadyapi ugakI bhAvanAgata dizA badala cukI thI / usameM zraddhA kA tatva praviSTa ho gayA thA; lekina vaha zraddhA thI tattva svarUpa ke prati / vaiyaktika zraddhA kA vikAsa bAda kI bAta thI / zramaNa-paramparA me lambe samaya taka samyagdarzana kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha hI grAhya rahA thA jo bAda me tattvArthapradhAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huA / yahA~ taka to zraddhA me bauddhika pakSa nihita thA, zraddhA jJAnAtmaka thii| lekina jaise-jaise bhAgavata mampradAya kA vikAsa huA, usakA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha zramaNa-paramparAoM para bhI par3A / tattvArtha ko zraddhA buddha aura jina para kendrita hone lagI aura vaha jJAnAtmaka se bhAvAtmaka aura nirvaiyaktika se vaiyaktika bana gyii| isane jaina aura bauddha paramparAo me bhakti ke tatva kA vapana kiyaa|' Agama evaM piTaka graMthoM ke sakalana evaM lipivaddha hone taka yaha maba kucha ho cukA thaa| ata. Agama aura piTaka prayo me samyakdarzana ke ye sabhI artha upalabdha hote hai / vastuta mamyak-darzana kA bhASAzAstrIya vivecana para AdhArita yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha ho umakA prathama evaM mUla artha hai, lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa tA mAtra vItagaga purupa kA hI ho sakatA hai / jahA~ taka vyakti rAga aura dveSa me yukta hai, usakA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM ho makatA / ima prakAra kA samyak-darzana yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa to mAvanAvasthA ne mambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sAdhanA kI avasthA sarAga avasthA hai / sAdhaka AtmA me rAga-dveSa ko upasthiti hotI hai, sAdhaka to sAdhanA hI imalie kara rahA hai ki vaha ina dono me mukta ho| isa prakAra yathArtha daSTikoNa to mAtra middhAvasthA meM hogaa| lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA to sAdhaka ke lie hai, siddha ko to vaha svAbhAvika rUpa meM prApta hai| yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke abhAva me vyakti kA vyavahAra tathA sAdhanA mamyak na hI ho mktii| kyoki ayathArtha dRSTikoNa jJAna aura jIvana ke vyavahAra ko samyak nahI banA makatA / yahA~ eka samasyA 1. dekhiye, sthAnAga 5 / 2

Page #69
50 jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga utpanna hotI hai ki yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA sAdhAnAtmaka jIvana meM abhAva hotA hai aura binA yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke sAdhanA ho nahIM sktii| yaha samasyA eka aisI sthiti meM DAla detI hai jahAM hameM sAdhanA-mArga kI sambhAvanA ko hI asvIkRta karanA hotA hai / yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke binA sAdhanA sambhava nahIM aura yathArtha dRSTikoNa sAdhanA-kAla meM ho nahIM sktaa| lekina isa dhAraNA meM bhrAnti hai| mAdhanA-mArga ke lie yA dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ke lie, dRSTi kA gaga-dveSa me pUrNa vimukta honA Avazyaka nahIM hai; mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ayathArthatA aura usake kAraNa ko jAne / aisA sAdhaka yathArthatA ko na jAnate hue bhI samyagdRSTi hI hai, kyoMki vaha asatya ko asatya mAnatA hai aura usake kAraNa ko jAnatA hai| ataH vaha bhrAnta nahIM hai, amatya ke kAraNa ko jAnane se vaha umakA nirAkaraNa kara matya ko pA mkegaa| yadyapi pUrNa yathArtha dRSTi to eka sAdhaka meM sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI umakI rAgadveSAtmaka vRttiyoM meM jaba svAbhAvika rUpa se kamI ho jAtI hai to ima svAbhAvika parivartana ke kAraNa use pUrvAnubhUti aura pazcAnubhUti meM antara jJAta hotA hai aura ima antara ke kAraNa ke cintana meM use do bAteM mila jAtI hai eka to yaha ki usakA dRSTikoNa dUSita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki usakI dRSTi kI dUSitatA kA amuka kAraNa hai| yadyapi yahA~ matya to prApta nahIM hotA, lekina apanI asatyatA aura usake kAraNa kA bodha ho jAtA hai, jisake pariNAma svarUpa usameM satyAbhIpsA jAgRta ho jAtI hai| yahI satyAbhIpsA usa matya yA yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahu~cAtI hai aura jitane aMza meM vaha yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahuMcatA hai utane hI aMza meM usakA jJAna aura cAritra zuddha hotA jAtA hai| jJAna aura cAritra kI zuddhatA se punaH rAga aura dveSa meM kramazaH kamI hotI hai aura usake phalasvarUpa umake dRSTikoNa meM aura adhika yathArthatA A jAtI hai| isa prakAra kramazaH vyakti svataH hI sAdhanA kI carama sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM kahA hai ki jala jaise-jaise svaccha hotA jAtA hai, tyoM-tyoM draSTA usameM pratibimbita rUpoM ko spaSTatayA dekhane lagatA hai| usI prakAra antara meM jyoM-jyoM malinatA samApta hotI hai; tanva-ruci jAgrata hotI hai, tyoM-tyoM tattvajJAna prApta hotA jAtA hai|' ise jaina paribhASA meM pratyeka buddha (svataH hI yathArthatA ko jAnanevAle) kA sAdhanA-mArga kahate haiN| lekina pratyeka sAmAnya sAdhaka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ko isa prakAra prApta nahIM karatA hai, na usake lie yaha sambhava hI hai; satya kI svAnubhUti kA mArga kaThina hai| satya ko svayaM jAnane kI vidhi kI apekSA dUsarA sahaja mArga yaha hai ki jinhoMne svAnubhUti se satya ko jAnakara usakA jo bhI svarUpa batAyA hai usako svIkAra kara lenA / ise hI jaina zAstra 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 1163

Page #70
sampayana kAroM ne tattvAryazraddhAna kahA hai arthAt yathArtha dRSTikoNa se yukta vItarAga ne sattA kA jo svarUpa prakaTa kiyA hai, use svIkAra krnaa| mAna lIjie, koI vyakti pitta-vikAra se pIr3ita hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha kisI zveta vastu ke yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita hogaa| usake lie vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prApta karane ke do mArga ho sakate haiN| pahalA mArga yaha ki usakI bImArI meM svAbhAvika rUpa se jaba kucha kamI ho jAve aura vaha apanI pUrva aura pazcAt kI anubhUti me antara pAkara apane roga ko jAne aura prayAsa se roga ko zAnta kara vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA bodha prApta kare / dUsarI sthiti meM kisI cikitsaka dvArA yaha batAyA jAye ki vaha pittavikAroM ke kAraNa zveta vastu ko pIta varNa kI dekha rahA hai| yahAM cikitsaka kI bAta ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI use apanI rugNAvasthA arthAt apanI dRSTi kI dUSitatA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura sAtha hI vaha usake vacanoM para zraddhA karake vastutattva ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAna bhI letA hai| samyagdarzana ko cAhe yathArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArthazraddhAna, unameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se antara nahIM hai| antara hai unakI upalabdhi kI vidhi meM / eka vaijJAnika svataH prayoga ke AdhAra para kisI satya kA udghATana karatA hai aura vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| dUsarA vaijJAnika ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake bhI vastutattvake yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| donoM dazAoM meM vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha hI kahA jAyegA, yadyapi donoM kI upalabdhi-vidhi meM antara hai / eka ne use tasvamAkSAtkAra yA svataH kI anubhUti meM pAyA to dUsare ne zraddhA ke mAdhyama se| vastutattva ke prati dRSTikoNa ko yathArthatA jina mAdhyamoM se prApta kI jA sakatI hai, ve do haiM-yA to vyakti svayaM tattva-sAkSAtkara kare athavA una RSiyoM ke kathanoM para zraddhA kare jinhoMne tattva-sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| tattva-zraddhA to mAtra usa samaya taka ke lie eka anivArya vikalpa hai jabataka mAdhaka tattvamAkSAtkara nahI kara letA / antima sthiti to tattvasAkSAtkAra kI hI hai / paM0 mukhalAlajI likhA hai, nattvazraddhA hI mamyak dRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha antima nahI haiM, antima artha tA tanvamAkSAtkAra hai / tattva-zraddhA to tattva-sAkSAtkAra kA eka mopAna mAtra hai, vaha mopAna dRr3ha ho tabhI yathocita puruSArtha se tattva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai|' jaina AcAra darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna-mamyagdarzana jaina AcAra-vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai / nandisUtra meM samyagdarzana ko saMgharUpI mumeru parvata ko atyanta mudRr3ha aura gahana bhUpIThikA ( AdhAra-zilA ) kahA gayA hai jima para jJAna aura cAritra rUpI uttama dharma kI mekhalA arthAt parvatamAlA sthira hai| jaina AcAra meM samyagdarzanako mukti 1. jainadharma kA prANa, pR0 24 2. nandisUtra, 1112

Page #71
52 jaina, boTa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga kA adhikAra-patra kahA jA makatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki samyagdarzana ke binA samyak jJAna nahIM hotA aura samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM sadAcAra nahIM AtA aura sadAcAra ke abhAva meM karmAvaraNa se mukti sambhava nahIM aura karmAvaraNa se jakar3e hA prANI kA nirvANa nahIM hotaa|' AcArAMgamUtra meM kahA hai ki samyagdRSTi pApAcaraNa nahIM krtaa| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA mat athavA amat honA kartA ke dRSTikoNa (darzana) para nirbhara hai mamyak dRSTi se niSpanna AcaraNa sadaiva man hogA aura mithyA dRSTi me niSpanna AcaraNa madeva amat hogaa| isI AdhAra para sUtrAkRtAMgasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vyakti vidvAn hai, bhAgyavAn hai aura parAkramI bhI hai; lekina yadi umakA dRSTikoNa asamyak hai to usakA dAna, tapa Adi mamasta puruSArtha phalAkAMkSA me hone ke kAraNa azuddha hI hogaa| vaha use mukti kI ora na le jAkara bandhana kI ora hI le jaavegaa| kyoMki amamyaka darzI hone ke kAraNa vaha marAga dRSTi vAlA hogA aura Amakti yA phalAzA me niSpanna hone ke kAraNa usake sabhI kArya sakAma hoMge aura sakAma hone se usake bandhana kA kAraNa hoNge| ataH asamyagdRSTi kA sArA puruSArtha azuddha hI kahA jAyegA, kyoMki vaha usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hogaa| lekina isake viparIta samyagdRSTi yA vItarAgadRSTi sampanna vyakti ke sabhI kArya phalAzA se rahita hone se guddha hoNge| isa prakAra jaina-vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki samyagdarzana ke abhAva se vicAra pravAha sarAga, sakAma yA phalAkAMkSA se yukta hotA hai aura yahI karmoM ke prati rahI huI phalAkAMkSA bandhana kA kAraNa hone se puruSArtha ko azuddha banA detI hai jabaki samyakadarzana kI upasthiti meM vicAra-pravAha vItarAgatA, niSkAmatA aura anAsakti kI ora bar3hatA hai phalAkAMkSA samApta ho jAtI hai, ataH samyagdRSTi kA sArA puruSArtha parizuddha hotA hai| boDa-varzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna-bauddha-darzana meM samyagdarzana kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha buddha ke nimna kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / aMguttaranikAya me buddha kahate haiM ki "bhikSuoM, maiM dusarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahI jAnatA, jisame anutpanna akuzala-dharma utpanna hote hoM tathA utpanna akuzala-dharmoM meM vRddhi hotI ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuoM, mithyA dRSTi / bhikSuoM, mithyA-dRSTi vAle me anutpanna akuzala-dharma paidA ho jAte haiM / utpanna akuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vipulatA ko prApta ho jAte haiM / bhikSuoM, maiM dUsarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahIM jAnatA jisase anutpanna kuzala-dharmo meM vRddhi hotI ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuoM samyak dRSTi / bhikSuoM, samyak dRSTivAle meM anutpanna kuzala-dharma utpanna ho jAte hai / utpanna 1 uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 30 2. AcArAMga, 1 / 3 / 2 3. sUtrakRtAMga 138 / 22-23

Page #72
samyagdarzana 53 kuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vilaputA ko prApta ho jAte hai|' isa prakAra buddha samyaka-dRSTi ko naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnate hai / unakI daSTi me mithyA dRSTikoNa saMsAra kA kinArA hai aura samyaka-dRSTikoNa nirvANa kA kinArA hai / buddha ke ye vacana yaha spaSTa kara dete hai ki bauddha-darzana me samyak-dRSTi kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| vadika paramparA evaM gItA meM samyaka-varzana (ghaTA) kA sthAna-vaidika paramparA me bhI mamyak-darzana ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| manammati meM kahA gapA hai ki gamyaka dRSTi sampanna vyakti ko karma kA bandhana nahI hotA hai lekina gamAk-darzana se pihona vyakti saMsAra me paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| ___ gItA me yadyapi namyak-darzana zabda kA abhAva hai, tathApi mamyak darzana ko zraddhAparaka artha me lene para gItA me usakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna giddha ho jAtA hai| paddhA gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke kendrIya tatvoM meM se eka hai| 'zraddhAvAllabhata jJAna' kaha kara gItA ne usakA mahatva spaSTa kara diyA hai / gItA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti kI jaigI zraddhA hotI hai, umakA jIvana ke prati jaimA dRSTikoNa hotA hai, vaigA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| gItA me zrIkRSNa ne yaha kaha kara samyak darzana yA zraddhA ke mahatva ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki yadi durAcArI vyakti bhI majhe bhajatA hai arthAta mere prati zraddhA ragatA hai to use mAdhu hI mamajho, kyoMki vaha zIghra hI dharmAtmA ho cira zAti ko prApta ho jAtA hai / " gItA kA yaha kathana AcAgaga ke uma kayana ge ki mamyaka tI koI pApa nahI karatA, kAphI adhika mAmya rakhatA hai| AcArya zakara ne apane gItAbhASya meM bhI mamyak-darzana ke mahatva ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki gambhaka varNana niSTa puruSa mamAra ke bIjarUpa avidyA Adi dopoM kA unmUlana nahIM kara gake aimA kadApi gabhava nahIM ho makatA arthAt mamyagdarzanayakta purupa nizcitarUpa meM nirvANa-lAbha karatA hai / AcArya zaMkara ke anumAra jabataka mamyagdarzana nahIM hotA, tabataka gaga (vipapAmakti) kA ucchaMda nahI hotA aura jabataka gaga kA ucchada nahI hotA, makti mabhava nhii| samyakdarzana AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prANa hai / jisa prakAra cetanArahita garIra zava hai usI prakAra samyagdarzana me rahita vyakti calatA-phiratA zava hai| jeMge zava loka meM tyAjya hotA hai, vaise hI AdhyAtmika jagan me yaha cala gava tyAjya hai| vastutaH mamyakdarzana eka jovana-dRSTi hai| binA jIvana-dRSTi ke jIvana kA koI artha nahI rahatA / vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi jaimI hotI hai umI rUpa meM umake caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai / gItA meM kahA hai ki vyakti zraddhAmaya hai, jaimI zraddhA hotI hai vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA 1. aMguttaranikAya, 1 / 17 4. gItA, 17 / 3 7. bhAvapAhuDa, 143 2. vahI 10 / 12 5. vahI, 9 / 20-31 3. manusmRti, 674 6. gItA (zAM0) 18 / 12

Page #73
jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga hai| asamyak jIvanadRSTi patana kI ora aura samyak jIvanadRSTi utthAna kI ora le jAtI hai| isalie yathArtha jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai / ise hI bhAratIya paramparA meM samyagdarzana yA zraddhA kahA gayA hai| ___ yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi kyA hai yadi ima prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki samAlocya sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM anAsakta evaM vItarAga jIvana dRSTi ko hI yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi mAnA gayA hai / jainadharma meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa samyaktva kA dazavidha vargIkaraNa uttagadhyayanasUtra me mamyagdarzana ke, usako utpatti ke AdhAra para, dama bheda kiye gaye hai, jo nimnalikhita hai :1. nisarga (svabhAva) ruci-jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa vyakti meM svataH hI utpanna ho jAtA hai vaha nimargaruci samyaktva hai| 2. upavezAca-botarAga kI vANI (upadeza) ko munakara jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa yA zraddhAna hotA hai vaha upadezAci mamyaktva hai / 3. AmAci-vItarAga ke naitika AdezoM ko mAna kara jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa utpanna hotA hai athavA tanva-zraddhA hotI hai vaha AjJAruci samyaktva hai / 4. sUtrASi-aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAdya graMthoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para jo yathArtha ___ dRSTikoNa yA tattva-zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha sUtraruci samyaktva hai| 5. bojaci-yathArthatA ke svalpa bodha ko svacintana ke dvArA vikasita karanA bIjaruci samyaktva h| 6. abhigamaci-aMgasAhitya evaM anya graMthoM kA artha evaM vyAkhyA sahita adhyayana karane se jo tattvabodha evaM tattva zraddhA utpanna hotI hai vaha abhigamaruci samyaktva hai| 7. pistAraruSi-vastu tattva ( SadravyoM ) ke aneka pakSoM kA vibhinna apekSAoM ( dRSTikoNoM ) evaM pramANoM se avabodha kara unakI yathArthatA para zraddhA karanA vistAra-ruci samyaktva hai| 8. kriyAdhi-prArambhika rUpa meM sAdhaka jIvana kI vibhinna kriyAoM ke AcaraNa meM ruci ho aura usa sAdhanAtmaka anuSThAna ke phalasvarUpa yathArthatA kA bodha ho, vaha kriyAci samyaktva hai| 9. saMkSeparuSi-jo vastu tattva kA yathArtha svarUpa nahIM jAnatA hai aura jo AIt pravacana ( jJAna ) meM pravINa bhI nahI hai, lekina jisane ayathArtha ( mithyA1. gItA, 173

Page #74
dRSTikoNa ) ko aMgIkRta bhI nahI kiyA, jisameM yathArtha jJAna kI alpatA hote hue bhI mithyA (asatya) dhAraNA nahI hai, vaha saMkSepa ruci samyaktva hai| 10.dharmaruci-tIrthakara praNIta sat ke svarUpa, Agama sAhitya eva naitika niyamoM para Astikya bhAva yA zraddhA rakhanA, unhe yathArtha mAnanA dharmaruci samyaktva hai|' samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa-apekSA bheda se gamyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai / jaise kAraka, rocaka aura dIpaka / 1 kArakasamyaktva-jiga yathArtha dRSTikoNa (samyaktva) ke hone para vyakti madAcaraNa yA mamyakcAritra kI mAdhanA me agramara hotA hai vaha kAraka mamyaktva hai / kAraka samyaktva aisA yathArtha dRSTikoNa hai, jisameM vyakti Adarza kI upalabdhi ke hetu makriya evaM prayAmazIla bana jAtA hai / naitika dRSTi meM kaha to kAraka mabhyaktva zubhAzubha viveka kI vaha avasthA hai, jisame vyakti jisa zabha kA nizcaya karatA hai usakA AcaraNa bhI karatA hai / yahA~ jJAna aura kriyA meM abheda hotA hai / mukagata kA yaha vacana ki 'jJAna hI sadguNa hai' isa avasthA meM lAgU hotA hai| 2. rocaka samyaktva-gecaka mamyaktva matya-bodha kI avagthA hai, jisameM pakti gama ko zubha aura azubha ko azubha ke mpa me jAnatA hai aura zubha-mApti kI ucchA bhI karatA hai, lekina usake lie prayAma nahI karatA / manyAmatya viveka hone para bhI ganya kA AcaraNa nahI kara pAnA gecaka mamyaktva hai| jaise kAI gegI apanI maraNAvasthA eva usake kAraNa ko jAnatA hai, gega kI auSadhi bhI jAnatA hai aura roga meM makta honA bhI cAhatA hai, lekina auSadhi grahaNa nadI krtaa| vaime hI rocaka samyakya vAlA vyakti mamAra ke dukhamaya yathArtha mvarUpa ko jAnatA hai, usase mukta hAnA bhI cAhatA hai, use mokSa-mArga kA bhI jJAna hotA hai, phira bhI vaha samyak cAritra kA pAlana cAritramohanIya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa) nahI kara paataa| yaha avasthA mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ke uma vacana ke tulya hai, jimameM kahA gayA hai ki dharma ko jAnate hue bhI maMge umameM pravRni nahI hotI aura adharma ko jAnate hue bhI merI usase nivRtti nahIM hotA hai| 3 dIpaka samyaktva-yaha avasthA hai jisame vyakti apane upadeza meM dUmage meM tattvajijJAmA utpanna kara detA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa honevAle unake yathArtha bodha kA kAraNa banatA hai| dIpaka samyaktva vAlA vyakti vaha hai jo dUmage ko manmArga para lagA dene kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai, lekina svayaMkumArga kA hI pathika banA rahatA hai| jaise koI nadI 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 16 2. vizepAvazyakabhASya, 26.5 3. uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 360

Page #75
baina, bIDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga ke taura para khar3A vyakti kimI madhya nadI meM thake hue tagaka kA utsAhavardhana kara use pAra lagane kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai, yadyapi na to svayaM nairanA jAnatA hai aura na pAra hI hotA hai| samyaktva kA vividha vargIkaraNa eka anya prakAra se bhI kiyA gayA hai, jisakA AdhAra karma-prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama hai / jaina vicAraNA meM anantAnubaMdhI (tIvratama) krodha, mAna, mAyA (kapaTa), lobha tathA midhyAnva moha, mizra-moha aura mamyaktva-moha sAta karmaprakRtiyA~ mamyaktva (yathArtha bodha) kI virodhI hai / isame mamyaktva mohanIya ko chor3a zeSa chaha karma prakRtiyA~ udaya meM hotI hai to mamyaktva kA pragaTana nahI ho paataa| samyaktva moha mAtra gamyaktva kI nirmalatA aura vizuddhi meM bAdhaka hai| karma-prakRtiyoM kI tIna sthitiyAM hai :-1. kSaya 2 upazama ora 3 kSayopazama / imI AdhAra para mamyaktva kA yaha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai .-1 aupazamika samyaktva 2 kSAyika samyaktva aura 3. kSAyopazamika samyaktva / 1. opAmika samyaktva-uparyakta (kriyamANa) karma-prakRtiyo ke upazamita (dabAI huI) hone para jo gamyaktva guNa pragaTa hotA hai vaha aupamika samyaktva hai| isame sthAyitva kA abhAva hotA hai / zAstrIya dRSTi meM yaha antarmaharta (48 minaTa) se adhika nahI TikatA / upazamita karma-prakRtiyAM (vAganAeM) puna jAgRta hokara ise vinaSTa kara detI hai| 2. bhAyika samyaksya-uparyakta mAto karma-prakatiyo ke kSaya ho jAne para jo samyaktva rUpa yathArtha bo praSTa hotA hai, vaha kSAyika mamgaktva hai| yaha yathArtha-bodha sthAyo hotA hai aura eka bAra prakaTa hone para kabhI naSTa nahI hotaa| zAstrIya bhASA meM yaha sAdi evaM ananta hotA hai| 3. bAyopazamika samyaksva-mithyAtvajanaka udayagata (kriyamANa) karma-prakRtiyoM ke kSaya ho jAne para aura anudita (mattAvAna yA macita) karma-prakRtiyoM kA upazama ho jAne para jo samyaktva prakaTa hotA hai vaha Ayopazamika mamyaktva hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se yaha asthAyI hI hai. phira bhI eka lambo samayAvadhi (chAchaThasAgaropama se kucha adhika) taka avasthita raha sakatA hai| aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika samyaktva kI bhUmikA meM samyaktva ke rasa kA pAna karane ke pazcAt jaba mAdhaka puna mithyAtva kI ora lauTatA hai to loTane kI isa kSaNika avadhi me vAnta samyaktva kA kiMcit saMskAra avaziSTa rahatA hai| jaise vamana karate samaya pamita padArtho kA kucha svAda AtA hai vaise hI samyaktva ko vAnta karate samaya samyaktva kA bhI kucha AsvAda rahatA hai / jIva kI aisI sthiti sAsvAdana samyaktva kahalAtI hai|

Page #76
sAtha hI jaba jIva kSAyopazamika samyaktva kI bhUmikA se kSAyika samyaktva kI prazasta bhUmikA para Age bar3hatA hai aura isa vikAsa-krama me jaba vaha samyaktva mohanIya karma-prakRti ke karma dalikoM kA anubhava kara rahA hotA hai, to samyaktva kI yaha avasthA 'vebaka samyaktva' kahalAtI hai / vedaka samyaktva ke anantara jIva kSAyika samyaktva ko prApta kara letA hai| vastutaH sAsvAdana aura vedaka samyaratva samyaktva kI madhyAntara avasthA haipahalI samyaktva se mithyAtva kI ora girane mamaya aura dUgarI kSAyopagimaka gabhyaktva se kSAyika samyaktva kI ora bar3hate samaya hotI hai| samyaktva kA viviSa vargIkaraNa-mamyaktva kA vizlepaNa aneka apekSAoM se kiyA gayA hai tAki usake vividha pahaluoM para mamucita prakAza DAlA jA ske| gamyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa cAra prakAra se kiyA gayA hai / (a ) dravya samyaktva aura bhAva samyaktva ( 1 ) dravya samyaktva-vizuddha rUpa meM pariNata kiye hue mithyAnva ke karma-paramANu dravya-samyaktva hai| ( 2 ) bhAva-samyaktva-uparyukta vizuddha pudgala vargaNA . nimitta meM hone vAlI tattva-zraddhA bhAva-samyaktva hai| (ba) nizcaya-samyaktva aura vyavahAra-samyaktvaM (1) nizcaya samyaktva-rAga, dveSa aura mAha kA atyalpa ho jAnA, para-padArthoM se bheda jJAna evaM svasvarUpa meM ramaNa, deha meM rahate hue dehAdhyAma kA chUTa jAnA, nizcaya samyaktva ke lakSaNa hai / maMga zuddha svarUpa anantajJAna, ananta darzana aura ananta Ananda maya hai / para-bhAva yA Amakti hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai aura svasvabhAva meM ramaNa karanA hI mokSa kA hetu hai / maiM svayaM hI apanA Adarza hUM, deva, guru aura dharma merA AtmA hI hai / aisI dRr3ha zraddhA kA honA hI nizcaya samyaktva hai / Atmakendrita honA yahI nizcaya samyaktva hai| (2) vyavahAra samyaktva-vItarAga me deva buddhi ( Adarza buddhi ), pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana karane vAle muniyoM meM guru buddhi aura jina praNIta dharma meM siddhAnta buddhi rakhanA vyavahAra samyaktva hai| (sa) nisargaja samyaktva aura adhigamaja samyaktva: (1) nisagaMja samyaktva-jima prakAra nadI ke pravAha meM par3A huA patthara binA prayAsa ke hI svAbhAvika rUpa se gola ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra saMmAra me bhaTakate hue prANI ko anAyAsa hI jaba karmAvaraNa ke alpa hone para yathArthatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai, 1.-2. pravacanasArodAra ( TIkA ), 149 / 942 3. sthAnAMgamUtra, 21170

Page #77
jaina, bauDa aura gotA kA sAmanA nA to aisA sanya-bodha nimargaja ( prAkRtika ) hotA hai| binA kimI guru Adi ke upadeza ke, svAbhAvika rUpa meM svata. utpanna hone vAlA, satya-bodha nisargaja mamyaktva kahalAtA hai| (2) adhigamana samyaktva-guru Adi ke upadaMza rUpa nimitta se honevAlA satyabodha yA samyaktva adhigamaja samyaktva kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika na to vedAnta aura mImAmaka darzana ke anusAra satya-patha ke nitya prakaTana ko svIkAra karana hai aura na nyAya vaizeSika aura yoga darzana ke samAna yaha mAnate hai ki matya-patha kA prakaTana Izvara ke dvArA hotA hai / ve tA yaha mAnate hai ki jIvAtmA me satya bodha ko prApta karane kI svAbhAvika zakti hai aura vaha binA kisI dUmare ko mahAyatA ke bhI matya-patha kA bodha prApta kara makatA hai, yadyapi pinhI viziSTa AtmAo (sarvajJa tIrthakara) dvArA ganya-patha kA prakaTana evaM upadeza bhI kiyA jAtA hai / ' samyaksva ke pAMca aMga-gamyaknya yathArthatA hai, manya hai| isa gatya kI mAdhanA ke lie jaina vicArako ne pAca ago kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jaba taka mAdhaka inheM nahI apanA letA hai, vaha yathArtha yA manya kI ArAdhanA eva upalabdhi meM samartha nahI ho pAtA / samyaktva ke va pAca aga iga prakAra hai 1. sama-mamyaktya kA pahalA lakSaNa hai mama / prAkRta bhASA ke 'mama' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM tIna rUpa hota hai .-1 mama, . zama, 3 yama / ina tIno gando ke aneka artha hota hai / 'mama' zabda ke hI do artha hota hai-pahale artha me yaha mamAnabhUti yA tulyatAbodha hai arthAt mabhI prANiyo ko apane mamAna smjhnaa| ima artha meM yaha 'Atmavat marvabhanepa' ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai, jo ahiMmA kA AdhAra hai| dUsare artha me ime cittavRtti kA mamabhAva kahA jA makatA hai arthAt mukha-dukha hAni-lAbha eva anukUla-pratikUla dono sthitiyo me samabhAva rakhanA, citta ko vicalita nahI hone denA / sama citta-vRtti manulana hai| saMskRta 'zam' ke rUpa ke AdhAra para isakA artha hotA hai zAta karanA arthAt kaSAyAgni yA vAmanAo ko zAta karanA / saMskRta ke tIsare rUpa 'zrama' ke AdhAra para isakA nirvacana hogA-samyak 'prayAsa' yA puruSArtha / 2. savega-savega zabda kA zAbdika vizleSaNa karane para usakA nimna artha dhvanita hotA hai sam + vega, sam-mamyak ucita, vega-gati arthAt mamyak gati / mama zabda AtmA ke artha me bhI A sakatA hai| isa prakAra isakA artha hogA AtmA kI ora gati / sAmAnya artha meM savega zabda anubhUti ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai| yahA~ isakA tAtparya hogA svAnubhUti, AtmAnubhUti athavA AtmA ke Anandamaya svarUpa kI anubhUti / manovijJAna meM AkAkSA kI tIvratama avasthA ko bhI saMvega kahA jAtA hai| isa prasaMga me isakA artha hogA satyAbhIpsA arthAt satya ko jAnane kI tIvratama AkAMkSA, kyoMki 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 268

Page #78
samyagdarzana 59 jisameM satyAbhIpsA hogI vahI satya ko pA sakegA / satyAbhIpsA se hI ajJAna se jJAna kI ora pragati hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra me saMvaMga kA pratiphala batAte hue mahAvIra kahate haiM ki saMvega se midhyAtva (ayathArthatA) kI vizuddhi hokara yathArtha darzana kI upalabdhi ( ArAdhanA ) hotI ha / 3. nirveda - nirveda zabda kA artha hai udAsInatA, vairAgya, anAsakti / sAmArika pravRttiyoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakhanA, kyoMki isake abhAva me sAdhanA ke mArga para calanA sambhava nahI hotA / vastutaH nirveda niSkAma bhAvanA yA anAsakta dRSTi ke vikAsa kA Avazyaka aMga hai / 4. anukampA - isa zabda kA zAbdika nirvacana isa prakAra he anu + kampa / anu kA artha hai tadanusAra, kampa kA artha hai kampita honA arthAt kisI ke anusAra kampita honA / dUsare zabdo meM dUsare vyakti ke duHkha meM pIDita hone para tadanukUla anubhUti utpanna honA hI anukampA hai| vastutaH dUsare ke sukha-dukha ko apanA sukha-dukha samajhanA hI anukampA hai / paropakAra ke naitika siddhAnta kA AdhAra hI anukampA ha / ise sahAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / 5. Astikya - Astikya zabda AstikatA kA dyotaka hai| isake mUla meM asti zabda hai jo mattA kA vAcaka hai / Astika kise kahA jAye, isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpo me diyA gayA hai| kucha ne kahA jo Izvara ke astitva yA mattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai vaha Astika hai, dUsaro ne kahA jo vedoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai vaha Astika hai / lekina jaina vicAraNA me Astika aura nAstika ke vibheda kA AdhAra bhinna hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra jo puNya-pApa, punarjanma karma siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai, vaha Astika hai / - samyaktva ke dUSaNa (aticAra) -- jaina - vicArako kI dRSTi ma yathArthatA yA samyaktva ke pA~ca dUSaNa ( aticAra) mAne gaye hai jo satya yA yathArthatA ko apane vizuddha svarUpa se jAnane athavA anubhUta karane meM bAdhaka hai / aticAra vaha doSa hai jisame vrata-bhaga to nahI hotA lekina usakI samyaktA prabhAvita hotI hai-- samyaka dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ko prabhAvita karane vAle tIna dopa hai - 1 cala, 2 mala aura 3 agADha | cala dopa se tAtparya yaha hai ki vyakti antaHkaraNa meM to yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke prati dRDha rahatA hai, lekina kabhI kabhI kSaNika rUpa meM bAhya Avego meM prabhAvita ho jAtA hai / mala va doSa hai jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI nirmalatA ko prabhAvita karate hai / mala pAca ha : 1. zaMkA - vItarAga yA arhat ke kathano para zakA karanA usakI yathArthatA ke prati sadehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhanA / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 29 / 1

Page #79
jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sAmanA mA 2. AkAMkSA-svadharma ko chor3akara para-dharma kI icchA karanA yA AkAMkSA krnaa| naitika evaM dhArmika AcaraNa ke phala kI kAmanA krnaa| naitika karmoM kI phalAsakti bhI sAdhanA-mArga meM bAdhaka tattva mAnI gayI hai| 3. vicikitsA-naitika athavA dhArmika AcaraNa ke phala ke prati saMzaya karanA arthAt madAcaraNa kA pratiphala milegA yA nahI aimA maMzaya krnaa| jaina-vicAraNA meM naitika karmoM kI phalAkAkSA evaM phala-maMzaya donoM ko hI anucita mAnA gayA hai / kucha jainAcAryoM ke anusAra isakA artha ghRNA bhI hai| rogI evaM glAna vyaktiyoM ke prati ghRNA rakhanA / ghRNAbhAva vyakti ko mevApatha se vimukha banAtA hai| 4. mithyA dRSTiyoM ko prazaMsA-jina logoM kA dRSTikoNa samyak nahI hai aise ayathArtha dRSTikoNavAle vyaktiyoM athavA maMgaThanoM kI prazaMsA karanA / 5. miyA vaSTiyoM kA ati paricaya-sAdhanAtmaka athavA naitika jIvana ke prati jinakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha hai aima vyaktiyoM me ghaniSTha sambandha rkhnaa| maMgati kA asara vyakti ke jIvana para kAphI adhika hotA hai| caritra ke nirmANa evaM patana donoM para hI saMgati kA prabhAva par3atA hai, ataH madAcArI pakA kA anaitika AcaraNa karane vAle logoM se ati paricaya yA ghaniSTha sambandha rakhanA ucita nahIM mAnA gayA hai / kavivara vanAramIdAga jI ne nATaka samayamAra meM gamyaktva ke aticAroM ko eka bhinna sUcI prastuta kI hai| unake anumAra mamyak dazana ke nimna pA~ca aticAra hai :-- 1. lokabhaya, 2. sAmArika mugvoM ke prati Amakti, 3. bhAvI jIvana me sAmArika sukhoM ke prApta karane kI icchA, 4. mithyAgAstroM kI prazamA eva 5. mithyA-matiyoM kI sevA / / ___ agAr3ha dopa vaha dopa hai jisame asthiratA rahatI hai / jima prakAra hilata hue darpaNa me yathArtha rUpa to dikhatA hai. lekina vaha asthira hotA hai| isI prakAra asthira citta meM satya prakaTa to hotA hai, lekina asthira rUpa me / jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra uparyukta doSoM kI sambhAvanA kSAyopazimaka samyaktva me hotI hai, upazama samyaktva aura kSAyika samyaktva meM nahI hotI, kyoMki upazama samyaktva ko samayAvadhi hI itanI kSaNika hotI hai ki doSa hone kA samaya nahI rahatA aura kSAyika samyaktva pUrNa zuddha hotA hai, ataH vahA~ bhI doSoM ko mambhAvanA nahI rahatI / samyagdarzana ke ATha varzanAcAra-uttarAdhyayanasUtra me samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke ATha aMgoM kA varNana hai / darzana-vizuddhi evaM usake maMvarddhana aura saMrakSaNa ke lie inakA pAlana Avazyaka hai / ATha aga isa prakAra hai : 1. dekhiye-gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa gAthA 29 kI aMgrejI TIkA je0ela0 jainI, pRSTha 22 2. nATakasamayasAra, 13338

Page #80
samyagdarzana (1) nizzaMkita, ( 2 ) niHkAkSita, ( 3 ) nirvicikitsA, ( 4 ) amUDhadRSTi, (5) upavRhaNa, ( 6 ) sthirIkaraNa, (7) vAtsalya aura (8) prbhaavnaa|' (1) nizzaMkatA-maMzayazIlatA kA abhAva hI nizzaMkatA hai / jina-praNIta tattva darzana me zakA nahI karanA, use yathArtha evaM satya mAnanA hI nizzakatA hai / saMzayazIlatA sAdhanA kI dRSTi me vidhAtaka tattva hai / jima sAdhaka kI mana sthiti saMzaya ke hiMDole meM jhUla rahI ho vaha isa saMmAra me jhUlatA rahatA hai ( parizramaNa karatA rahatA hai ) aura apane lakSya ko nahI pA sakatA / gAdhanA ke lakSya kI prApti ke lie mAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha tInoM para avicala zraddhA honI cAhie / mAdhaka meM jisa kSaNa bhI ina tInoM meM se eka ke prati bhI saMdeha utpanna hotA hai, vaha mAdhanA me cyata ho jAtA hai yahI kAraNa hai ki jana sAdhanA nizzaMkatA ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai| nigzakatA kI ima dhAraNA ko prajJA aura tarka kI virodhI nahI mAnanA caahie| maMzaya jJAna ke vikAma me sAdhana ho sakatA hai, lekina use sAdhya mAna lenA athavA sazaya meM hI phaka jAnA mAdhaka ke lie upayukta nahI hai mUlAcAra meM nizzaMkatA ko nirbhayatA mAnA gayA hai / naitikatA ke lie pUrNa nirbhaya jIvana Avazyaka hai| bhaya para sthita naitikatA gaccI naitikatA nahI hai| (2) niSkAmatA-svakIya Anandamaya paramAtmamvarUpa meM niSThAvAn rahanA aura kimI bhI para-bhAva kI AkAkSA yA icchA nahI karanA nikSatA hai / mAdhanAtmaka jIvana me bhautika vaibhava, aihika tathA pAralaukika mugva ko lakSya banAnA hA jana darzana ke anusAra "kAkSA" hai| kisI bhI laukika aura pAralaukika kAmanA kA lekara mAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM praviSTa honA jaina vicAraNA ko mAnya nahI hai / vaha aimI mAdhanA ko vAstavika sAdhanA nahIM kahatI hai, kyoki vaha Atma-ndrita nahI hai / bhautika mugkho aura upalabdhiyoM ke pIche bhAganevAlA sAdhaka camatkAra aura pralobhana ke pIche kimI bhI kSaNa lakSyacyuta ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra jaina-sAdhanA me yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mAdhaka ko mAdhanA ke kSetra meM praviSTa hone ke lie niSkAkSita athavA niSkAmabhAva se yukta honA caahie| AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthamiddhayupAya me niSkAsanA kA artha-'ekAntika mAnyatAoM se dUra rahanA' kiyA hai| isa AdhAra para anAgraha yukta dRSTikANa mamyaktva ke lie Avazyaka hai| (3) nirvicikitsA-vicikitmA ke do artha hai : (a) maiM jo dharma-kriyA yA mAdhanA kara rahA hai, isakA phala mujhe milegA yA nahI, merI yaha mAdhanA vyartha to nahIM calI jAvegI, aimI AzaMkA rakhanA "vicikitsA" 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28131 2. AcArAga, 1 / 5 / 5 / 163 3. mUlAcAra. 2052-53 4. rannakaraNTakathAvakAcAra, 12 5. puruSArtha siddhaghupAya 23

Page #81
baiga, bora aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra sAdhanA athavA naitika kriyA ke phala ke prati zaMkAkula bane rahanA vicikitsA hai / zaMkAla hRdaya mAdhaka meM sthiratA aura dharya kA abhAva hotA hai aura usakI sAdhanA maphala nahI ho pAtI / ataH mAdhaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha isa pratIti ke sAtha nainika AcAraNa kA prArambha kare ki kriyA aura phala kA avinAbhAvI sambandha hai aura yadi naitika AcaraNa kiyA jAvegA to nizcita rUpa se usakA phala hogA hI / isa prakAra kriyA ke phala ke prati sandeha na honA hI nivicikitsA hai| (ba) kucha jainAcAyoM ke anumAra tapasvI evaM saMyamaparAyaNa muniyoM ke durbala, jarjara zarIra athavA malina yazabhUpA ko dekhakara mana meM glAni lAnA vicikitmA hai, ataH sAdhaka kI vezabhUpA evaM zarIrAdi bAhya rUpa para dhyAna na dekara usake sAdhAnAtmaka guNoM para vicAra karanA cAhie / vaMgabhUpA evaM zarIra Adi bAhya saundarya para dRSTi ko kendrita na karake ume Atma-maundarya para kendrita karanA hI saccI nirvicikitsA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kA kathana hai, zarIra to svabhAva se hI apavitra hai, usakI pavitratA to samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritrarUpa ratnatraya ke madAcaraNa se hI hai ataeva guNIjanoM ke zarIra se ghRNA na kara usake guNoM me prema karanA nivicikitsA hai|' 4. amaDhaSTi-mar3hatA arthAt ajJAna / heya aura upAdeya, yogya aura ayogya ke madhya nirNAyaka kSamatA kA abhAva hI mUr3hatA hai| mRr3hatAeM tIna prakAra haiM-1. devamUr3hatA, 2. lokamUr3hatA, 3. samayamRDhatA / (a) devamar3hatA-gAdhanA kA Adarza kauna hai ? upAsya banane kI kSamatA kisameM hai ? aise nirNAyaka jAna kA abhAva hI devamUr3hatA hai, isake kAraNa sAdhaka galata Adarza aura upAsya kA cayana kara letA hai / jisameM upAsya athavA sAdhanA kA Adarza banane kI yogyatA nahI hai ume upAsya banA lenA devamUr3hatA hai| kAma-krodhAdi Atma-vikAroM ke pUrNa vijetA, vItarAga evaM avikala jJAna aura darzana se yukta paramAtmA ko hI apanA upAsya aura Adarza banAnA hI deva ke prati amRDhadRSTi hai| (ba) lokamar3hatA-loka-pravAha aura rUr3hiyoM kA andhAnukaraNa hI lokamUr3hatA hai| AcArya mamantabhadra kahate hai ki 'nadiyoM evaM sAgara meM snAna karane se AtmA kI zuddhi mAnanA, pattharoM kA Dhera kara usase mukti samajhanA athavA parvata se girakara yA agni meM jalakara prANa-vimarjana karanA Adi lokamUr3hatAeM haiN| (sa) samayamar3hatA-samaya kA artha siddhAnta yA zAstra bhI hai| isa artha meM saiddhAntika jJAna yA zAstrIya jJAna kA abhAva samaya-mUr3hatA hai / 5. upabRMhaNa-bRhi dhAtu ke sAtha upa upasarga lagAne se upabRMhaNa zabda niSpanna huA hai jisakA artha hai vRddhi karanA, poSaNa karanA / apane AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa 1. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, 23 2. vahI, 22

Page #82
karanA ho upabRMhaNa hai / ' samyak AcaraNa karanevAle guNIjanoM kI prazasA Adi karake unake samyak AcaraNa me yoga denA upabRhaNa hai / (6 ) sthirIkaraNa kabhI-kabhI aise avamara upasthita ho jAte hai jaba sAdhaka bhautika pralobhana eva mAdhanAsambandhI kaThinAiyo ke kAraNa pathacyuta ho jAtA hai| ataH aise avasaroM para svayaM ko pathacyuta hone se bacAnA ora pathacyuta sAdhako ko dharmamArga me sthira karanA sthirIkaraNa hai| mamyagdRSTimampanna sAdhako ko na kevala apane vikAsa ko cintA karanI hotI hai varan unakA yaha bhI kartavya hai ki vaha aise sAdhako ko jo dharma-mArga me vicalita yA patita ho gaye hai unhe dhama-mArga ma sthira kare / jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti yA samAja kI bhautika sevA maccI sevA nahI hai, maccI sevA to hai use dharma-mArga me sthira karanA / jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai ki vyakti apane zarIra ke camar3e ke jUte banAkara apane mAtA-pitA ko pahinAve arthAt unake prati itanA adhika Atmotsarga kA bhAva rakhe to bhI vaha unake RNa me uRNa nahI ho sktaa| vaha mAtApitA ke RNa se uRNa tabhI mAnA jAtA hai jaba vaha unhe mArga me sthira karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM unakI sAdhanA me mahayoga detA hai| ata dharma-mArga se cyuta honevAle vyaktiyoM ko dharma-mArga meM punaH sthira karanA mAdhaka kA kartavya mAnA gayA hai / patana do prakAra kA hai --1. darzana vikRti arthAt daSTikoNa ko vikRti aura 2 cAritra vikRti arthAt dharma-mArga se cyata honA / dono hI sthitiyo meM ume yathocita bodha dekara sthira karanA caahie| (7) vAtsalya-dharma kA AcaraNa karanevAle mamAna gaNa-zIla mAthiyoM ke prati premabhAva rakhanA vAnmalya hai / AcArya mamantabhadra kahate hai 'svamiyoM evaM guNiyoM ke prati niSkapaTa bhAva meM prIti rakhanA aura unakI yocita mevA-gazRpA karanA vAtmanya hai| vAtmalya me mAtra mamarpaNa aura prapati kA bhAva hotA hai| vAtmanya dharma-gAgana ke prati anurAga hai / vAtmalya kA pratIka gAya aura govatma (bachaDA ) kA prema hai| jisa prakAra gAya binA kimI pratiphala kI apekSA ke bachaDe ko makaTa meM dekhakara apane prANoM ko bhI jokhima meM DAla detI hai, imI prakAra mamyagdaSTi mAdhaka kA bhI yaha kartavya hai ki vaha dhArmikajano ke mahayoga aura mahakAra ke lie kucha bhA uThA na rakheM / vAtmalya maMgha-dharma yA sAmAjika bhAvanA kA kendrIya tattva hai| (8) prabhAvanA-mAdhanA ke kSetra meM mva-para kalyANa kI bhAvanA hotI hai| jaise puSpa apanI suvAsa me ssya bhI suvAmina hotA hai aura dUsaro ko bhI suvAmita karatA hai vaise hI mAdhaka sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI maugbha meM mvaya bhI murabhita hotA hai aura jagat 1. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 27 2. vahI, 28 3. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 17

Page #83
64 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga ko bhI surabhita karatA hai / mAghanA sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI surabhi dvArA jagat ke anya prANiyoM ko dharma mArga kI ora AkarSita karanA hI prabhAvanA hai| prabhAvanA ATha prakAra kI hai : - ( 1 ) pravacana, (2) dharma-kathA, (3) vAda, (4) naimittika, (5) tapa, (6) vidyA, (7) prasiddha vrata grahaNa karanA aura (8) kavitvazakti / samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke chaha sthAna - jima prakAra bauddha sAdhanA ke anusAra 'duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai, duHkha me nivRtti ho sakatI hai aura duHkhanivRtti kA mArga hai' ina cAra Arya satyoM kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai, usI prakAra jaina-mAghanA ke anusAra paT sthAnaka ( chaha bAtoM ) kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai - (1) AtmA hai, (2) AtmA nitya hai, (3) AtmA apane karmoM kA kartA hai, (4) AtmA kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, (5) AtmA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai aura (6) mukti kA upAya ( mArga ) hai / jaina tattva-vicAraNA ke anumAra ina paTsthAnakoM para dRDha pratIti samyagdarzana ko sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai / dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA evaM sadAcAra donoM hI ina para nirbhara haiM; ye paTsthAnaka jaina-naitikatA ke kendra bindu haiM / bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa - bauddha paramparA meM samyagdarzana ke sAmAnArthI samyagdRSTi, samyagsamAdhi, zraddhA evaM citta zabda milate hai / buddha ne apane trividha sAdhanAmArga me kahI zola, samAdhi aura prajJA, kahIM zIla, citta aura prajJA aura kahIM zIla, zraddhA aura prajJA kA vivecana kiyA haiM / bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi, citta aura zraddhA kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA eka hI artha me huA hai| vastutaH zraddhA citta vikalpa kI zUnyatA kI ora hI le jAtI hai| zraddhA ke utpanna ho jAne para vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiM / usI prakAra samAdhi kI avasthA meM bhI citta-vikalpoM kI zUnyatA hotI hai, ataH donoM ko eka hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| zraddhA aura samAdhi donoM hI cina kI avasthAe~ haiM, ataH unake sthAna para citta kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki citta kI ekAgratA hI samAdhi hai aura citta kI bhAvapUrNa avasthA hI zraddhA hai / ataH citta, samAdhi aura zraddhA eka hI artha kI abhivyakti karate hai / yadyapi apekSA bheda se inake arthoM meM bhinnatA bhI hai| zraddhAbuddha, saMgha aura dharma ke prati ananya niSThA hai to samAdhi citta kI zAnta avasthA hai / bauddha paramparA meM samyagdarzana kA artha sAmya bahuta kucha samyagdRSTi me hai / jima prakAra jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana tattva zraddhA hai usI prakAra bauddha darzana me samyagdRSTi cAra Arya satyoM ke prati zraddhA hai / jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana kA artha deva, 1. puruSArthasiddha yupAya, 30 2. AtmA che, te nitya che, che kartA nijakarma / che bhoktA vaNI mokSa che, mokSa upAya sudharma // - AtmasiddhizAstra, pRSTha 43

Page #84
samyamAna guru aura dharma ke prati niSThA mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM zraddhA kA artha baddha, saMgha aura dharma ke prati niSThA hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM deva ke rUpa meM arahaMta ko sAdhanA kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM buddha aura buddhatva mAnya hai| sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM donoM hI dharma ke prati niSThA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jahAM taka sAdhanA ke patha-pradarzaka kA prazna hai, janaparamparA meM patha-pradarzaka ke rUpa meM guru ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki bauddha-paramparA usake sthAna para saMgha ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana ke dRSTikoNaparaka aura zraddhAparaka aise do artha svIkRta rahe haiM / jabaki bauddha-paramparA meM zraddhA aura samyagdRSTi ye do bhinna tathya mAne gaye haiM / phira bhI donoM samaveta rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke samyagdarzana ke artha kI avadhAraNA ko bauddha-darzana meM bhI prastuta kara dete haiN| ___ bauddha-parampaga meM samyagdRSTi kA artha duHkha, dugva ke kAraNa, du.gva nivRtti kA mArga aura duHkha-vimukti ina cAra Arya-satyoM kI svIkRti hai / jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM vaha jIvAdi nava tattvoM kA zraddhAna hai, umI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM vaha cAra Arya-gatyoM kA zraddhAna hai| yadi hama samyagdarzana ko tanvadRSTi yA tattva-zraddhAna se bhinna zraddhAparaka artha meM lene hai to bauddha-paramparA me umakI tulanA zraddhA me ko jA makatI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM zraddhA pA~ca indriyoM meM prathama indriya, pA~ca baloM meM antima bala aura srotApanna avasthA kA prathama aMga mAnI gaI hai| bauddha-parampaga meM zraddhA kA artha citta ko pramAdamayI avasthA hai| jaba zraddhA citta meM utpanna hotI hai to vaha citta ko prIti aura pramoda meM bhara detI hai aura cittamaloM ko naSTa kara detI haiN| bauddha-parampaga me zraddhA andhavizvAsa nahI, vagna eka buddhi-sammata anubhava hai / yaha vizvAsa karanA nahI, vagn mAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt utpanna tanva-niSThA hai / buddha eka ora yaha mAnate hai ki dharma kA grahaNa svayaM ke dvArA jAnakara hI karanA cAhie / samagra kAlAmamuna me unhoMne isa mavistAra spaSTa kiyA hai| dUsarI ora ve yaha bhI Avazyaka samajhate hai ki pratyeka vyakti buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke prati niSThAvAn rahe / buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se mamanvita karake calana hai| majjhimanikAya meM buddha yaha spaSTa kara dete hai ki mamIkSA ke dvAga hI ucita pratIta hone para dharma ko grahaNa karanA cAhie / ' viveka aura mamIkSA madaiva hI buddha ko svIkRta rahe hai / buddha kahate the ki bhikSuoM, kyA tuma zAstA ke gaurava se to 'ho' nahIM kaha rahe ho ? bhikSaoM, jo tumhArA apanA dekhA huA, apanA anubhava kiyA huA hai kyA umI ko tuma kaha rahe ho ? isa prakAra buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se mamanvita karate hai| sAmAnyatayA bauddha-darzana 1. majjhimanikAya, 157 ____2. vaho, 1 / 4 / 8 18

Page #85
jana, bauddha aura gotA kA sAmanA mArga me zraddhA ko prathama aura prajJA ko antima sthAna diyA gayA hai| sAdhanAmArga kI dRSTi se zraddhA pahale AtI hai aura prajJA usake pazcAt utpanna hotI hai| zraddhA ke kAraNa hI dharma kA zravaNa, grahaNa, parIkSaNa aura vIryArambha hotA hai| naitika jIvana ke lie zraddhA kaise Avazyaka hotI hai, isakA sundara citraNa bauddha-paramparA ke maundarananda nAmaka grantha me milatA hai / umame buddha nanda ke prati kahate hai ki pRthvI ke bhItara jala hai yaha zraddhA jaba manuSya ko hotI hai taba prayojana hone para pRthvI ko prayatnapUrvaka khodatA hai| bhUmi se anna kI utpatti hotI hai, yadi yaha zraddhA kRpaka meM na ho to vaha bhUmi meM bIja hI nahI DAlegA / dharma kI utpani me yahI zraddhA uttama kAraNa hai| jaba taka manuSya tattva ko dekha yA suna nahI letA, nava taka umakI zraddhA sthira nahI hotii| mAdhanA ke kSetra meM prathama avasthA me zraddhA eka parikalpanA ke rUpa meM grahaNa hotI hai aura vahI anta me tattva-sAkSAtkAra bana jAtI hai / buddha ne zradvA aura prajJA athavA dUsare zabdo me jIvana ke bauddhika aura bhAvAtmaka pakSo meM mamanvaya kiyA hai| yaha aisA mamanvaya hai jisame na to zraddhA andhazraddhA banatI hai aura na prajJA kevala bauddhika yA tarkAtmaka jJAna bana kara raha jAtI hai| jima prakAra jaina-darzana me mamyagdarzana ke zakA, AkAkSA, vicivitmA Adi doSa hai umI prakAra bauddha-parampaga meM bhI pAMca nIvaraNa mAne gaye hai| ve isa prakAra hai :1 kAmacchanda ( kAmabhogo ko cAha ), 2. avyApAda ( avihisA), 3. sthAnamRda ( mAnamika aura caitamika Alasya ), 4 auddhatya-kokRtya ( citta kI caMcalatA ) aura 5. vicikitmA (zakA ) / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to bauddha-paramparA kA kAmacchanda jaina-paramparA ke kAmA nAmaka aticAra ke mamAna hai| isI prakAra vicikitmA bhI dono darzanI meM svIkRta hai / jaina-paramparA me sagaya aura vicikitsA dono alaga-alaga mAne gaye hai, lekina bauddha-parampaga dono kA antagbhAva eka meM hI kara detI hai| isa prakAra kucha mAmAnya matabhedo ko choDa kara jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa eka-dUsare ke nikaTa hI Ate hai| gItA meM bar3A kA svarUpa evaM vargIkaraNa-gItA meM samyagdarzana ke sthAna para zraddhA kA pratyaya grAhya hai / jaina-paramparA me sAmAnyatayA samyagdarzana dRSTiparaka artha me svIkAra huA hai aura adhika se adhika usame yadi zraddhA kA tatva samAhita hai to vaha tanva zraddhA hI hai / lekina gItA meM zraddhA zabda kA artha pramukha rUpa se Izvara ke prati ananyaniSThA hI mAnA gayA hai, ata. gItA meM zraddhA ke svarUpa para vicAra karate samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-darzana meM zraddhA kA jo artha hai vaha gItA me nahI hai / yadyapi gItA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika jIvana ke lie saMzayarahita honA 1. visuddhimagga, bhAga 1 pR0 51 (hindI anuvAda)

Page #86
samyagdarzana Avazyaka hai / zraddhArahita yajJa, tapa, dAna Adi sabho naitika karma nirarthaka mAne gaye haiN|' gItA meM zraddhA tIna prakAra kI varNita hai-1. sAtvika, 2. rAjasa aura 3. tAmasa / sAtvika zraddhA satvaguNa se utpanna hokara devatAoM ke prati hotI hai| rAjama zraddhA yajJa aura rAkSasoM ke prati hotI hai, isameM rajoguNa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| tAmama zraddhA bhUta-preta Adi ke prati hotI hai / jaise jaina-darzana meM saMdeha samyagdarzana kA doSa hai, vaise hI gotA meM bhI saMzayAtmakatA doSa hai| jima prakAra jaina-darzana meM phalAkAMkSA samyagdarzana kA aticAra ( doSa ) mAno gaI hai, umI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ko naitika jIvana kA doSa mAnA gayA hai / gotA ke anumAra jo phalAkAMkSA se yukta hokara zraddhA rakhatA hai athavA bhakti karatA hai vaha sAdhaka nimna koTi kA hI hai / phalAkAMkSAyukta zraddhA vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pragati ko dRSTi se Age nahIM le jAtI / gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate hai ki jo loga viveka-jJAna se rahita hokara tathA bhogoM kI prApti viSayaka kAmanAoM se yukta ho mujha paramAtmA ko chor3a devatAoM kI zaraNa grahaNa karate hai, maiM una logoM kI zraddhA unameM sthira kara detA hU~ aura uma zraddhA se yukta hokara ve una devatAoM kI ArAdhanA ke dvArA apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti karate hai / lekina una alpa-buddhi logoM kA vaha phala nAzavAn hotA hai| devatAoM kA pUjana karane vAle devatAoM ko prApta hote haiM, lekina mujha paramAtmA kI bhakti karanevAlA mujhe hI prApta hotA hai|' gItA meM zraddhA yA bhakti cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai-(1) jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt hone vAlI zraddhA yA bhakti-paramAtmA kA mAkSAtkAra kara lene ke pazcAt unake prati jo niSThA hotI hai vaha, eka jJAnI kI niSThA mAnI gaI hai / (2) jijJAsA kI dRSTi se paramAtmA para zraddhA rakhanA, zraddhA yA bhakti kA dUmarA rUpa hai| isameM zraddhA to hotI hai lekina vaha pUrNatayA maMzayarahita nahI hotI, jaba ki prathama sthiti meM honevAlI zraddhA pUrNatayA saMgayarahita hotI hai| mazayarahita zraddhA to sAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt hI sambhava hai / jijJAsA ko avasthA meM maMzaya banA hI rahatA hai| ataH zraddhA kA yaha stara prathama kI apekSA nimna hI mAnA gayA hai| (3) tIsare stara kI zraddhA Arta-vyakti ko hoto hai| kaThinAI meM phaimA vyakti jaba svayaM apane ko umame ubArane meM asamartha pAtA hai aura isI dainyabhAva se kimI uddhAraka ke prati apanI niSThA ko sthira karatA hai, to usakI yaha zraddhA yA bhakti eka duHkhI yA Arta vyakti kI bhakti hI hotI hai| zraddhA yA bhakti kA yaha stara pUrvokta donoM staroM se nimna hotA hai| (8) zraddhA yA bhakti kA cothA stara vaha hai jimame zraddhA kA udaya svArtha ke vazIbhUta hokara hotA hai| yahAM zraddhA kucha 1. gItA, 17 / 13 2. vahI, 4 / 40 3. vahI, 1712-4 4. vahI, 7 / 20-23

Page #87
jana, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga pAne ke lie kI jAtI hai| yaha phalAkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI zraddhA atyanta nimna stara kI mAnI gayI hai| vastutaH ise zraddhA kevala upacAra meM hI kahA jAtA hai / apanI mUla bhAvanAoM meM to yaha eka vyApAra athavA Izvara ko Thagane kA eka prayatna hai / aisI zraddhA yA bhakti naitika pragati meM kisI bhI artha meM sahAyaka nahIM hotii| naitika dRSTi se kevala jJAna ke dvArA athavA jijJAsA ke lie kI gayI zraddhA kA ho koI artha aura mUlya ho sakatA hai|' tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki gItA meM svayaM bhagavAna ke dvArA aneka bAra yaha AzvAsana diyA gayA hai ki jo mere prati zraddhA rakhegA vaha bandhanoM se chUTakara anta meM mujhe hI prApta hogaa| gItA meM bhakta ke yogakSema kI jimmedArI svayaM bhagavAna hI vahana karate hai, jabaki jaina aura bauddha darzanoM meM aise AzvAsanoM kA abhAva hai| gItA me vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati jima niSThA kA udbodhana hai, vaha sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM anupalabdha hI hai / upasaMhAra-samyagdarzana athavA zraddhA kA jIvana meM kyA mUlya hai isa para bhI vicAra karanA apekSita hai| yadi hama samyagdarzana ko dRSTiparaka artha meM svIkAra karate haiM, jaisA ki sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha vicAraNAoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, to usakA hamAre jIvana meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai / samyagdarzana jIvana ke prati eka dRSTikoNa hai / vaha anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA kA kendrIya tattva hai| hamAre caritra yA vyaktittva kA nirmANa isI jIvanadRSTi ke AdhAra para hotA hai| gItA meM isI ko yaha kaha kara batAyA hai ki yaha puruSa zraddhAmaya hai aura jaisI zraddhA hotI hai vaimA hI vaha bana jAtA hai / hama apane ko jo aura jaisA banAnA cAhate haiM vaha isI bAta para nirbhara hai ki hama apanI jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa bhI usI ke anurUpa kreN| kyoMki vyakti kI jaisI dRSTi hotI hai vaisA hI usakA jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai aura jaisA usakA jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai vaisA hI usakA caritra bana jAtA hai / aura jaisA usakA caritra hotA hai vaisA hI usake vyaktitva kA ubhAra hotA hai| ataH eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA nirmANa jIvana kI sabase prAthamika AvazyakatA hai / __ yadi hama gItA ke anusAra samyagdarzana athavA zraddhA ko Astika buddhi ke artha meM lete haiM aura use samarpaNa kI vRtti mAnate hai to bhI usakA mahattva nirvivAda rUpa se bahuta adhika hai| jIvana duHkha, pIr3A aura bAdhAoM se bharA hai| yadi vyakti isake bIca rahate hae kisI aise kendra ko nahIM khoja nikAlatA jo ki use ina bAdhAoM aura pIr3AoM se ubAre to usakA jIvana sukha aura zAntimaya nahI ho sakatA hai| jisa prakAra parivAra meM bAlaka apane yogakSema kI sampUrNa jimmedArI mAtA-pitA para chor3akara 1. gItA, 716 // 2. vahI, 18665-66 /

Page #88
samyamana cintAoM se mukta evaM tanAvoM se rahita sukha aura zAntipUrNa jIvana jItA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka vyakti bhI apane yogakSema kI samasta jimmedAriyoM ko paramAtmA para choDa kara eka nizcinta, tanAvarahita, zAnta aura sukhada jIvana jI sakatA hai / isa prakAra tanAvarahita, zAnta aura samatvapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie samyagdarzana se yA zraddhA yukta honA Avazyaka hai / usI se vaha dRSTi milatI hai jisake AdhAra para hama apane jJAna ko bhI sahI dizA meM niyojita kara use yathArtha banA lete haiM /

Page #89
samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) jana naitika sAdhanA meM jJAna kA sthAna-ajJAna dazA meM viveka-zakti kA abhAva hotA hai aura jabataka vivekAbhAva hai, taba taka ucita aura anucita kA antara jJAta nahI hotaa| isIliA dazakAlikamUtra meM kahA hai bhalA, ajJAnI manuSya kyA (mAdhanA' karegA? vaha zreya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) ko kaise jAna makegA jaina-mAdhanA-mArga meM praviSTa hone kI pahalI zarta yahI hai ki vyakti apane ajJAna athavA ayathArtha jJAna kA nigakaraNa kara samyak (yathArtha) jJAna ko prApta kare / mAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke li jaina RpiyoM kA cira-sandeza hai ki prathama jJAna aura tatpazcAt ahiMsA kA AcaraNa; mayamo mAdhaka kI sAdhanA kA yahI krama hai| mAdhaka ke lie sva-paramvarUpa kA bhAna, heya aura upAdeya kA jJAna aura zubhAzubha kA viveka mAdhanA ke gajamArga para baDhane ke lie Avazyaka hai / uparyakta jJAna ko sAdhanAtmaka jIvana ke lie kyA AvazyakatA hai isakA kramika aura sundara vivecana darzavakAlikamUtra meM milatA hai| usame AcArya lignata hai ki jo AtmA aura anAtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai aigA jJAnavAna mA ka mAdhanA (mayama) ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhAMti jAna letA hai, kyoki jo AtmamvarUpa aura jaDamvarUpa ko yathArtha rUpeNa jAnatA hai. vaha mabhI jIvAtmAo ke samAra-paribhramaNa rUpa vividha (mAnava-pazuAdi) gatiyo ko jAna bhI letA hai aura jo ina vividha gatiyo ko jAnatA hai, vaha (isa paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rUpa) puNya, pApa, bandhana tathA mokSa ke svarUpa ko bhI jAna letA hai| puNya, pApa, baMdhana aura mokSa ke svarUpa ko jAnane para mAdhaka bhogo ko nimmAratA ko samajha letA hai aura uname virakta (Asakta) ho jAtA hai| bhogoM me virakta hone para bAhya aura Antarika sAsArika sayogoM ko choDakara municaryA dhAraNa kara letA hai / tatpazcAta utkRSTa saMvara (vAsanAo ke niyantraNa) meM anuttara dharma vA AsvAdana karatA hai, jisase vaha ajJAnakAlimA-janya varma-mala ko jhAi detA hai aura kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ko prApta kara tadantara mukti-lAbha kara letA hai| uttarAdhyayanamtra meM jJAna kA mahattva batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna ajJAna eva mohajanya andhakAra ko nATa kara sarva tathyoM (yathArthatA) ko prakAzita karatA hai / satya ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA ekameva sAdhana jJAna hI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate hai, jJAna hI manuSya-jIvana kA mAra hai / " 1. annANI ki kAhI kiM vA nAhii cheya pAvaga ? darzavavAlika. 8 / 10 (uttarArdha) / 2. par3hamaM nANaM tao dayA evaM ciTThai savvasaMjae / vahI, 4 / 10 (pUrvArdha) / 3. vahI, 4 / 14-27 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 3212 5. darzanapAhui, 31

Page #90
samyagjJAna vyakti Asrava, azuci, vibhAva aura duHkha ke kAraNoM ko jAnakara hI unase nivRtta ho sakatA hai|' bIDa-varzana meM jJAna kA sthAna-jaina-sAdhanA ke samAna bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI ajJAna ko baMdhana kA aura jJAna ko mukti kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / suttanipAta ne buddha kahate haiM, avidyA ke kAraNa hI (loga) bArambAra janma mRtyu rUpI saMsAra meM Ate haiM, eka gati se dUsarI gati (ko prApta hote hai) / yaha avidyA mahAmoha hai, jimake Azrita ho (loga) saMmAra meM Ate hai / jo loga vidyA se yukta haiM, ve purnajanma ko prApta nahIM hone / jima vyakti meM jJAna aura prajJA hotI hai vahI nirvANa ke mamIpa hotA hai / bauddha-darzana ke trividha sAdhanA-mArga meM prajJA anivArya aMga hai| gItA meM zAna kA sthAna-gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM bhI jJAna kA mahanvapUrNa sthAna hai| zaMkaraprabhati vicArakoM kI daSTi meM to gItA jJAna ke dvArA hI mukti kA pratipAdana karatI hai| AcArya zaMkara kI yaha dhAraNA kahAM taka mamacita hai, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai, phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki gItA kI daSTi meM jJAna makti kA gAdhana hai aura ajAna vinAza kaa| gItAkAra kA kathana hai ki ajJAnI, azraddhAla aura mazarayukta vyakti vinAza ko prApta hote hai"| jabaki jJAnarUpI naukA kA Azraya lekara pApI se pApI vyakti pApampI mamudra me pAra ho jAtA hai| jJAna-agni mamamma karmoM ko bhamma kara detI hai / ima jagat meM jJAna ke mamAna pavitra karane vAlA anya kucha nahIM hai|' samyagjJAna kA svarUpa-jAna makti kA mAdhana hai, lekina kauna mA jJAna gAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka hai ? yaha vicAraNIya hai| AcArya yazovijayanI jJAnamAra me likhA hai ki mokSa ke hetRbhata eka pada kA jJAna bhI zreSTha hai, jabaki mokSa kI mAdhanA meM anapayogI vistRta jJAna bhI vyartha hai| aima vizAlakAya granthoM kA adhyayana naitika jIvana ke lie anupayogI hI hai jisame Atma-vikAsa sambhava na ho| jaina naitikatA yaha batAtI hai ki jima jAna se mbampa kA bodha nahI honA, vaha jJAna mAdhanA meM upayogI nadI hai, alpatama mamyagjJAna bhI mAdhanA ke lie zreSTa hai / jaina-mAyanA meM samyagjJAna ko hI mAvanatraya meM mthAna diyA gayA hai| jaina cintakoM kI dRSTi meM jJAna do prakAra kA ho gakatA hai, eka gamyaka aura dUnaga mithyaa| mAmAnya gabdAvalI meM inheM yathAryamAna aura ayathArthajAna kaha gakate haiN| ataH yaha vicAra apekSita hai ki kaunamA jJAna sambana hai ora kAnamA jAna mithyA hai ? 1. mamayamAra, 72 2. munanipAna, 3816-7 3. dhammapada, 370 4. gItA (gAM), 2110 5. gItA, 4 / 40 6. vahI, 4 / 36 7. vahI, 4 / 37 8. vahI, 4 // 38 1. jJAnamAra 52

Page #91
72 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga sAmAnya sAdhakoM ke lie jainAcAryoM ne jJAna kI samyaktA aura asamyaktA kA jo AdhAra prastuta kiyA, vaha yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ke upadezarUpa gaNadhara praNIta jainAgama yathArthajAna hai aura zeSa mithyAjJAna hai / ' yahA~ jJAna ke samyak yA mithyA hone kI kasauTI Aptavacana hai / jainadRSTi meM Apta vaha hai jo rAgadveSa se rahita vItarAga yA arhat hai / nandIsUtra meM imI AdhAra para samyak zruta aura mithyA zruta kA vivecana huA hai / lekina jainAgama hI samyagjJAna hai aura zepa mithyAjJAna hai, yaha kamauTI jainAcAryoM ne mAnya nahIM rkhii| unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki Agama yA grantha jo zabdoM ke saMyoga se nirmita hue haiM, ve apane ApameM na to samyaka haiM aura na mithyA, unakA samyak yA mithyA honA to adhyetA ke dRSTikoNa para nirbhara hai| eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa vAle (samyaka dRSTi) ke lie mithyA zruta (jainatara Agama grantha) bhI samyakathuta hai jabaki eka mithyAdRSTi ke lie samyak zruta bhI mithyAzruta hai / isa prakAra adhyetA ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA ko bhI jJAna ke samyak athavA mithyA hone kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai / jainAcAryoM ne yaha dhAraNA prastuta kI ki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa zuddha hai, satyAnvepI hai to usako jo bhI jJAna prApta hogA; vaha bho samyak hogaa| isake viparIta jimakA dRSTikoNa durAgraha durabhiniveza se yukta hai, jisameM yathArtha lakSyonmugvatA aura AdhyAtmika jijJAsA kA abhAva hai, usakA jJAna mithyAjJAna hai| zAna ke stara-'sva' ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA jJAna kA kArya hai, lekina kaunasA jJAna sva yA AtmA ko jAna sakatA hai, yaha prazna adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya cintana meM isa para gaharAI me vicAra kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM eka aura buddhi jJAna aura asammoha ke nAma se jJAna kI tIna kakSAoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai, to dUsarI ora sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmama isa prakAra se jJAna ke tIna staroM kA bhI nirdeza hai| jaina-paramparA me mati, zruti, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala isa prakAra se jJAna ke pAMca staroM kA vivecana upalabdha hai| dUmaro ora apekSAbheda se laukika pratyakSa (indriyapratyakSa) parokSa (bauddhikajJAna aura Agama) aura alaukika pratyakSa (Atma-pratyakSa) aise tIna stara bhI mAne jA sakate hai / AcArya haribhadra ne jaina-dRSTi aura gItA kA samanvaya karate hue indriyajanya jJAna ko buddhi, AgamajJAna ko jJAna aura sadanuSThAna (apramattatA) ko asammoha kahA hai| itanA hI nahIM, AcArya ne unameM buddhi (indriyajJAna) evaM bauddhikajJAna kI apekSA jJAna (Agama) aura jJAna kI apekSA asammoha (apramattatA) kI kakSA UMcI mAnI hai / bauddha-darzana me bhI indriyajJAna, bauddhika jJAna aura lokottara jJAna aise 1. abhidhAna-rAjendra khaNDa 7, 10515 2. vahI, pR0 514 3. gItA, 10 / 4 4. vahI, 18 / 19 5. tattvArthasUtra, 19 6. yogadRSTisamuccaya 119

Page #92
samyagjJAna tIna stara mAne jA sakate haiM / trizikA meM lokottara jJAna kA nirdeza hai / ' pAzcAtya dArzanika sponojA ne bhI jJAna ke tIna stara mAne haiM / 2 1. indriyajanya jJAna, 2. tArkika jJAna aura 3. antarbodhAtmaka jJAna / yahI nahIM, spInojA ne bhI inameM indriya-jJAna kI apekSA tAkika jJAna ko aura tArkika jJAna kI apekSA antarbodhAtmaka jJAna ko zreSTha aura adhika prAmANika mAnA hai / unakI dRSTi meM indriyajanyajJAna aparyApta evaM aprAmANika hai, jabaki tArkika evaM antarbodhAtmaka jJAna prAmANika hai / isame bhI pahale kI apekSA dUsarA adhika pUrNa hai| jJAna kA prathama stara indriyajanya jJAna hai| yaha padArthoM ko yA indriyoM ke viSayoM ko jAnatA hai / jJAna ke isa stara para na to 'sva' yA AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai aura na naitika jIvana hI / AtmA yA sva kA jJAna isa stara para isalie asambhava hai ki eka to AtmA amUrta evaM atIndriya hai / dUsare, indriyA~ bahirdRSTA haiM, ve Antarika 'sva' ko nahIM jAna sktiiN| tIsare, indriyoM kI jJAna-zakti 'sva' para Azrita hai, ve 'sva' ke dvArA jAnatI hai, ataH 'sva' ko nahIM jAna sktii| jaise A~kha svayaM ko nahI dekha sakatI, usI prakAra jAnane vAlI indriyA~ jisake dvArA jAnatI hai ume nahIM jAna sktiiN| jJAna kA yaha stara naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se imalie mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai ki isa stara para AtmA pUrI taraha parAzrita hotI hai| vaha jo kucha karatA hai, vaha kinhIM bAhyatanvoM para AdhArita hokara karatA hai; ataH jJAna ke isa stara me AtmA paratantra hai / jaina-vicArakoM ne AtmA kI dRSTi se ise parokSajJAna hI mAnA hai, kyoMki isameM indriyAdi nimitta kI apekSA hai| bauddhika jJAna-jJAna kA dUsarA stara vauddhika jJAna yA Agama jJAna kA hai| jJAna kA bauddhika stara bhI Atma-sAkSAtkAra yA sva-bodha kI avasthA to nahI hai, kevala parokSa rUpa meM isa stara para AtmA yaha jAna pAtA hai ki vaha kyA nahI hai / yadyapi isa stara para jJAna ke vipaya Antarika hote haiM, tathApi isa stara para vicAraka aura vicAra kA dvaita rahatA hai / jJAyaka AtmA Atmakendrita na hokara para-kendrita hotA hai| yadyapi yaha para ( anya ) bAhya vastu nahIM, svayaM usake hI vicAra hote haiM / lekina jaba taka para-kendritatA hai, taba taka saccI apramattatA kA udaya nahIM hotA aura jaba taka apramattatA nahIM AtI, AtmasAkSAtkAra yA paramArtha kA bodha nahI hotA hai| jaba taka vicAra hai, vicAraka vicAra meM sthita hotA hai aura 'sva' meM sthita nahIM hotA aura 'sva' meM 1. trizikA 20. uddhRta mahAyAna pR0 72 2. spInojA aura usakA darzana, pR0 86-87

Page #93
bana, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga sthita hue binA AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotaa| yadyapi isa stara para 'sva' kA grahaNa nahIM hotA, lekina para ( anya ) kA para ke rUpa meM bodha aura para kA nirAkaraNa avazya hotA hai| isa avasthA meM jo prakriyA hotI hai vaha jaina-vicAraNA meM bheda-vijJAna kahI jAtI hai / Agama-jAna bhI pratyakSa rUpa se tattva yA AtmA kA bodha nahIM karatA hai, phira bhI jame citra athavA nakzA mUla vastu kA nirdeza karane meM mahAyaka hotA hai, vaise hI Agama bhI tanvopalabdhi yA AtmajJAna kA nirdeza karate hai| vAstavika tanva-bodha to aparokSAnubhUti me hI mambhava hai / jima prakAra nakzA yA citra mUlavastu me bhinna hote hue bhI umakA saMketa karatA hai, vaise hI bauddhika jJAna yA Agama bhI mAtra saMketa karate hai-lakSyate na tu ucyate / mAdhyAtmika jJAna-jJAna kA tomaga stara AdhyAtmika jJAna hai| isI stara para Atma-bodha, mva kA mAkSAtkAra athavA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hotI hai| yaha nirvicAra yA vicArazUnyatA kI avasthA hai / ima stara para jJAtA, jJAna aura jeya kA bheda miTa jAtA hai / jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya mabhI 'AtmA' hotA hai / jJAna kI yaha nivicAra, nirvikalpa, nirAzrita avasthA hI jJAnAtmaka mAdhanA ko pUrNatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA mAdhya jJAna kI imI pUrNatA ko prApta karanA hai| jaina daSTi meM yahI kevalajJAna hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate hai ki jo marvanayoM ( vicAra-vikalpo ) meM zUnya hai, vahI AtmA ( mamayamAra ) hai aura vahAM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kahA jAtA hai|' AcArya amRtacandra bhI likhate hai-vicAra kI vidhAoM meM rahita, nirvikalpa mba-gvabhAva me sthita aimA jo AtmA kA mAra tattva ( mamayamAra ) hai, jo apramatta puruSoM ke dAga anubhUta hai, vahI vijJAna hai, vahI pavitra-pugaNapurupa hai / ume jJAna ( AdhyAmika jJAna ) kahA jAya yA darzana (AtmAnubhUti) kahA jAya yA anya kimI nAma me kahA jAya, vaha eka hI hai aura aneka nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| bauddha-AcArya bhI isI rUpa meM ima lokottara AdhyAtmika jJAna kI vivecanA karate hai| vaha kisI bhI vAhya padArtha kA grAhaka naho hone se 'acita' hai, bAhya padArtho ke Azraya kA abhAva hone meM anupalabdha hai vahI lokottara jJAna hai / klezAvaraNa aura jeyAvaraNa ke naSTa ho jAne meM vaha Ani-citta (AlayavijJAna ) nivRtta ( parAvRta ) hotA hai pravRtta nahIM hotA hai| vahI anAmatra dhAtu ( AvaraNarahita ), atarkagamya, kugala, dhruva, AnandamA vimuvinakAya aura makAya kahA jAtA hai| ___ gItA me bhI kahA hai ki jo sarva-saMkalpoM kA tyAga kara detA hai, vaha yoga mArga meM ArUr3ha kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki samAdhi ko avasthA meM vikalpa yA vyavamAyAtmikA buddhi 1. samayasAra, 144 2 mayayamAgTIkA, 93 3. trizikA 29-30 uddhata mahAyAna, pR0 70-71 4. gotA, 6 / 4

Page #94
nahIM hotii|' DA. rAdhAkRSNana bhI AdhyAtmika jJAna ke sambandha me likhate hai ki "(jaba) vAsanAeM mara jAtI hai, taba mana meM eka aisI zAnti utpanna hotI hai jisame Antarika niHzabdatA paidA hotI hai / isa niHzabdatA me antardRSTi ( AdhyAtmika jJAna ) utpanna hotI hai aura manuSya vaha bana jAtA hai jo ki vaha tattvata hai|" isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana jJAna ke isa AdhyAtmika stara para hI jJAna kI pUrNatA mAnate hai / lekina prazna yaha hai ki ima jJAna kI pUrNatA to kaige prApta kiyA jAye ? bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ima gandarbha me jo mArga prastuta karane hai ume bheda-vijJAna yA Atma-anAtma-viveka kahA jA makatA hai / yahAM bheda-vijJAna kI prakriyA para kiMcit vicAra karalenA ucita hogaa| naitikajIvana kA lakSya AtmajJAna-bhAratIya naitira cintana Atma-jijJAgA meM prArambha hotA hai| jaba taka Atma-jijJAmA utpanna nahI hotI, taba taka naitika vikAsa kI Ara agrasara hI nahI huA jA sakatA / jaba taka bAhya dRSTi hai aura Atma jijJAgA nahIM hai, taba taka jaina-darzana ke anumAra naitika vikAsa sambhava nahI / AtmA ke gaccaM svarUpa kI pratIti honA hI nitAta Avazyaka hai, gahI mamyagjJAna hai| Rgveda kA Rpi igI A-majijJAmA kI utkaTa vedanA se pukAra kara kahatA hai, 'yaha mai kona ha athavA kaimA ha danako mai nahI jaantaa|"3 pramukha jainAgama AcAgagamUtra kA prArambha bhA Anma-jijJAgA ge hotA hai / umame kahA hai ki aneka manuSya yaha nahI jAnate ki mai kahA~ meM AyA h| maMga bhavAntara hogA yA nahI ? mai kona hUM? yahA~ meM kahA jAUMgA 24 jaina-darzana kA nika Adarza AtmA ko apane zuddha svarUpa meM upalabdha karanA / / naitikatA Atmopalabdhi kA prayAma hai aura Atma-jJAna naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM mvasvarUpa (paramArtha) kA hI jJAna hai, jo apane Apako jAna letA hai ume gavijJAta hA jAtA hai / mahAvIra kahate hai ki eka (AtmA) ko jAnana para maba jAnA jAtA hai / 5 upaniSad kA Rpi bhI yahI kahatA hai ki uma eka (Anman) ko vinAta kara lena para gA vinAta ho jAtA hai / jaina boddha aura gItA mI vicAraNAe~ isa viSaya meM eka mata hai jinAtma me Atmabuddhi, mamanvabuddhi yA merApana hI bandhana kA kAraNa / / vastuna jo hamAga bampa nahI hai use apanA mAna lenA hI bandhana hai| gIli natika jIvana me svarUpabodha Avazyaka mAnA gayA / svampa-bodha jima kriyA meM upalabdha hotA hai use jaina-darzana meM bhedavijJAna kahA gayA hai / AcArya amRtacandramri kahate haiM ki jo siddha hue hai ve bheda-vijJAna 1. gItA, 16 2. bhagavadagItA (ga.), pa0 58 3. RgvaMda, 1164 / 37 8. AcAgaga, 1 / 11 5. vahI, 1 / 3 / 4 6. chAndogyopaniSad, 6 / 1 / 3

Page #95
76 ana, boddha aura gItA kA sAthamA mAga se hI hue haiM aura jo karma se baMdhe hai ve bheda-vijJAna ke abhAva meM baMdhe hue hai / ' bheda-vijJAna kA prayojana Atmatatva ko jAnanA hai| naitika jIvana ke lie Atmatattva kA bodha anivArya hai / prAcya evaM pAzcAtya sabhI vicAraka Atmabodha para bala dete haiM / upaniSad ke Rpiyo kA saMdeza hai - AtmA ko jAno / pAzcAtya vicAraNA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie AtmajJAna, Atma-svIkaraNa (zraddhA) aura Atmasthiti ko svIkAra karatI hai / AtmajJAna kI samasyA -sva ko jAnanA apane Apa meM eka dArzanika samasyA hai, kyoki jo bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha 'sva' kaise hogA ? vaha to 'para' hI hogA / 'sva' to vaha hai, jo jAnatA hai / sva ko jJeya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / jJAna to jJeya kA hotA hai, jJAtA kA jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai ? kyoMki jJAna kI pratyeka avasthA meM jJAtA jJAna ke pUrva upasthita hogA aura isa prakAra jJAna ke hara prayAma meM vaha ajJeya hI banA rahegA / jJAtA ko jAnane kI ceSTA to A~kha ko umI AMkha se dekhane kI ceSTA jaisI bAta hai / jaise naTa apane kaMdhe para car3ha nahIM sakatA, vaise hI jJAtA jJAna ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / jJAtA jise bhI jAnegA vaha jJAna kA viSaya hogA aura vaha jJAtA me bhinna hogA / dUmare, AtmA yA jJAtA svataH ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakegA kyoMki usake jJAna ke lie anya jJAtA kI AvazyakatA hogI aura yaha sthiti hameM anavasthA doSa kI ora le jAyegI / * imalie upaniSad ke RSiyoM ko kahanA par3A ki are ! vijJAtA ko kaise jAnA jAye / kenopaniSad meM kahA hai ki vahA~ taka na netrendriya jAtI hai, na vANI jAtI hai, na mana ho jAtA hai / ataH kisa prakAra usakA kathana kiyA jAye vaha hama nahIM jAnate / vaha hamArI samajha me nahI AtA / vaha vidita se anya hI hai tathA avidita se bhI pare hai / 3 jo vANI me prakAzita nahI hai, kintu vANI hI jisase prakAzita hotI hai, jo mana se manana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA balki mana ho jisase manana kiyA huA kahA jAtA hai, jime koI netra dvArA dekha nahIM sakatA varan jisakI sahAyatA se netra dekhate haiM, " jo kAna se nahIM sunA jA sakatA varan zrotroM meM hI jisase sunane kI zakti AtI hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AtmA samagra jJAna kA AdhAra hai, vaha apane dvArA nahI jAnA jA sakatA / jo samagra jJAna ke AdhAra meM rahA hai use uma rUpa me to nahA jAnA jA sakatA jisa rUpa meM hama sAmAnya vastuoM ko jAnate haiM / jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki jaise sAmAnya vastue~ indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAnI jAtI haiM, vaise AtmA ko nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / uttarAdhyayana meM kahA hai ki AtmA indriyagrAhya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha amUrta hai / 1. samayasAra TIkA, 131 3. kenopaniSad, 114 5. vahI, 117 7. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 19 2 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2|4|14 4. vahI 15 6. vahI, 17

Page #96
samyamAna 77 pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM kAMTa bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmA kA jJAna jJAtA aura jJeya ke AdhAra para nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki AtmA ke jJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda nahI raha sakatA, anyathA jJAtA ke rUpa meM vaha sadA hI ajJeya banA rhegaa| vahA~ to jo jJAtA hai vahI jJeya hai, yahI AtmajJAna kI kaThinAI hai| buddhi asti aura nAsti kI vidhAoM se sImita hai, vaha vikalpoM se pare nahI jA sakatI, jabaki AtmA yA sva to buddhi kI vidhAoM se pare hai / AcArya kundakunda ne use nayapakSAtikrAnta kahA hai / baddhi kI vidhAeM yA nayapakSa jJAyaka AtmA ke AdhAra para hI sthita hai / ve AtmA ke samagra svarUpa kA grahaNa nahI kara sakate / use tarka aura buddhi se ajJeya kahA gayA hai|' maiM sabako jAna sakatA hU~, lekina usI bhAMti svayaM ko nahI jAna sktaa| zAyada isIlie AtmajJAna jaisI ghaTanA bhI duruha banI huI hai| isIlie sambhavataH AcArya kundakunda ko bhI kahanA par3A, AtmA baDI ka ThanatA se jAnA jAtA hai| nizcaya hI AtmajJAna vaha jJAna nahI hai jisase hama paricita hai| AtmajJAna meM jJAtA-jJeya kA bheda nahI hai| isIlie use paramajJAna kahA gayA hai, kyoMki use jAna lene para kucha bhI jAnanA zeSa nahI rahatA / phira bhI umakA jJAna padArtha-jJAna kI prakriyA se nitAnta bhinna rUpa me hotA hai / padArtha-jJAna me viSaya-viSayI kA sambandha hai, AtmajJAna meM viSaya-viSayI kA abhAva / padArtha jJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya hote hai lekina AtmajJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda nahIM rhtaa| vahA~ to mAtra jJAna hotA hai| vaha zuddha jJAna hai, kyoMki umameM jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya tInoM alaga alaga nahI rahataM / ima jJAna kI pUrNa guddhAvasthA kA nAma hI AtmajJAna hai, yahI paramArthajJAna hai / lekina prazna to yaha hai ki aimA vipaya aura. viSayI se athavA jAtA aura jJeya se rahita jJAna upalabdha kaise ho? AtmajJAna kI prAthamika vidhi bheva-vijJAna-yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva ko jJAtA-jJeyarUpa jJAna ke dvAga nahI jAnA jA sakatA, lekina anAtma-tanva to aimA hai jise jJAtA jJeyarUpa jJAna kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai / mAmAnya vyakti bhI ima mAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna sakatA hai ki anAtma yA usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA hai / anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara usameM vibheda sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa prakAra parokSa vidhi ke mAdhyama se AtmajJAna kI dizA meM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| mAmAnya buddhi cAhe hame yaha na batA sake ki paramArtha kA svarUpa kyA hai, lekina vaha yaha to mahaja rUpa meM batA sakatI hai ki yaha paramArtha nahIM hai / yaha niSedhAtmaka vidhi hI paramArtha bodha kI ekamAtra paddhati hai, jisake dvArA mAmAnya mAdhaka paramArthabodha kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA me isa vidhi kA bahulatA me nirdeza 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 5 / 6 2. mokkhapAhuDa, 65

Page #97
78 jana, boTa aura motA kA sAmanA mArga huA hai| ise hI bheda-vijJAna yA Atma-anAtmaviveka kahA jAtA hai| agalI paMktiyoM meM hama imI bheda vijJAna kA jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AdhAra para varNana kara rahe haiN| __ jaina-darzana meM bheva-vijJAna-AcArya kundakunda ne bheda-vijJAna kA vivecana isa prakAra kiyA hai-rUpa AtmA nahI hai kyoMki vaha kucha nahI jAnatA, ataH rUpa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai / varNa AnmA nahI hai kyoMki vaha kucha nahI jAnatA, ataH varNa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai / gandha AtmA nahI hai kyoMki vaha kucha nahI jAnatA, ataH gandha anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| rama AtmA nahI hai kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ataH rama anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| sparza AtmA nahI hai kyoki vaha kucha mahI jAnatA, ataH mparza anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| karma AtmA nahIM hai kyoki kama kucha nahI jAnate, ataH karma anya hai AtmA anya hai / adhyavamAya AtmA nahI hai kyoMki adhyavasAya kucha nahI jAnate (manobhAva bhI kisI jJAyaka ke dvArA jAne jAte hai ataH ve svataH kucha nahI jAnane-krodha ke bhAva ko jAnane vAlA zAyaka umame bhinna hai ), ataH adhyavasAya anya hai aura AtmA anya hai|' AtmA na nAraka hai, na tiryaca hai, na manuSya hai, na deva hai na bAlaka hai, na vRddha hai, na taruNa hai, na gaga hai, na dveSa hai, na moha hai, na krodha hai, na mAna hai, na mAyA hai, na lobha hai / vaha isakA kAraNa bhI nahIM hai aura kartA bhI nahIM hai (niyamagAra 78-81) / isa prakAra anAtma-dharmoM (guNoM) ke cintana ke dvArA AtmA kA anAtma ge pArthakya kiyA jAtA hai / yahI prajJApUrvaka Atma-anAtma me kiyA huA vibheda bheda-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| imI bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara umame Atma-buddhi kA tyAga karanA ho samyagjJAna kI sAdhanA hai| bIDa-darzana meM bherAbhyAsa-jisa prakAra jaina-sAdhanA meM samyagjJAna yA prajJA kA vAstavika upayoga bhedAbhyAsa mAnA gayA, usI prakAra bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI prajJA kA vAstavika upayoga anAtma kI bhAvanA meM mAnA gayA hai / bhedAmyAsa kI mAdhanA me jaina sAdhaka vastutaH svabhAva ke yathArthajJAna ke AdhAra para mvasvampa (Atma) aura parasvarUpa (anAtma) me bheda sthApita karatA hai aura anAnma me rahI huI Atma-buddhi kA parityAga kara anta meM apane mAdhanA ke lakSya nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai / bauddha sAdhanA me bhI sAdhaka prajJA ke sahAre jAgatika upAdAnoM (dharma) ke svabhAva kA jJAna kara unake anAtma svarUpa me Atma-buddhi kA parityAga kara nirvANa kA lAbha karatA hai / anAtma ke svarUpa kA jJAna aura usame Atma-buddhi kA parityAga donoM darzanoM meM sAdhanA ke anivArya tattva hai / jisa prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne rUpa, rasa, varNa, deha, indriya, mana, adhyavamAya Adi ko anAtma kahA, usI prakAra bauddha-AgamoM meM bhI deha, indriyA~, unake viSaya zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza tathA mana Adi ko anAtma kahA gayA hai aura donoM ne sAdhaka ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA ki vaha unameM Atma-buddhi na rakhe / lagabhaga samAna zabdoM 1. samayamAra, 392-403

Page #98
samyagjJAna 79 aura zailI meM donoM hI anAtma bhAvanA yA bheda - vijJAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM, jo tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayanakartA ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isa sandarbha buddha vANI hai / "bhikSuoM, cakSu anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai vaha na merA hai, na mai hU~, na merA AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA cAhie / " "bhikSuoM, ghrANa anitya hai, jihvA anitya hai, kAyA anitya hai, mana anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merA AtmA hai, ime yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA cAhie / " 'bhikSuoM, rUpa anitya hai, jo anitya hai vaha duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vahana merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ime yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA cAhie / " 'bhikSuo, zabda anitya hai / gdh| rama / sparza / dharma anitya hai, jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na mai hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA cAhie / ' 'bhikSuoM / ime jAna paNDita AryazrAvaka cakSu me vairAgya karatA hai, zrotra me, ghrANa me, jihvA me, kAyA meM, mana me vairAgya karatA hai / vairAgya karane me, rAgarahita hone se vimukta ho jAtA hai / vimukta hone meM vimukta ho gayA aimA jJAna hotA hai / jAti kSINa huI, brahmacarya pUrA ho gayA, jo karanA thA so kara liyA, punaH janma nahI hogA - jAna letA hai / ' 'bhikSuo | atIta aura anAgata rUpa anAtma hai vartamAna kA kyA kahanA gndh..........| rm''''| sparza / dhrm| ? zabda" | bhikSuoM / ise jAnakara paNDita AryazrAvaka atIta rUpa me bhI anapekSa hotA hai, anAgata rUpa kA abhinandana nahI karatA aura vartamAna rUpa ke nirveda, virAga aura virodha ke lie yatnazIla hotA hai / ' zabda / gandha N'' / rm"'"| sparza | dhrm| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki donoM vicAraNAe~ bhedAbhyAsa yA anAtma-bhAvanA ke cintana meM eka-dUsare ke atyanta nikaTa hai / bauddha-vicAraNA meM samasta jAgatika upAdAnoM ko 'anAtma' siddha karane kA AdhAra hai unakI anityatA evaM tajjanita duHkhamayatA | jaina- vicAraNA ne apane bhedAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA me jAgatika upAdAnoM meM anyatva bhAvanA kA AdhAra unakI mAMyogika upalabdhi ko mAnA hai, kyoMki yadi sabhI 1. saMyuttanikAya, 34|1|1|1; 34 |1| 1 |4; 34 / 1 / 1 / 12

Page #99
Dana, boTa aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga saMyogajanya hai, to nizcaya hI saMyoga kAlika hogA aura isa AdhAra para vaha anitya bhI hogaa| buddha aura mahAvIra, donoM ne jJAna ke samasta viSayoM meM 'sva' yA AtmA kA abhAva dekhA aura unameM mamatva-buddhi ke niSedha kI bAta kahI / lekina buddha ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se yahIM vizrAnti lenA ucita mamajhA / unhoMne sAdhaka ko yahI kahA ki tujhe yaha jAna lenA hai ki 'para' yA anAtma kyA hai, 'sva' ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA vyartha hai| isa prakAra buddha ne mAtra niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM anAtma kA pratibodha karAyA, kyoMki AtmA ke pratyaya meM unheM ahaM, mamatva, yA Asakti kI dhvani pratIta huI / mahAvIra kI paramparA ne anAtma ke nirAkaraNa ke sAtha AtmA ke svIkaraNa ko bhI Avazyaka maanaa| para yA anAtma kA parityAga aura sva yA Atma kA grahaNa yaha donoM pratyaya jaina-vicAraNA meM svIkRta rahe hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, yaha zuddhAtmA jisa taraha pahale prajJA se bhinna kiyA thA usI taraha prajJA ke dvArA grahaNa krnaa|' lekina jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA yaha vivAda isalie adhika mahattvapUrNa nahI rahatA hai ki bauddha-paramparA ne Atma zabda se 'merA' yaha artha grahaNa kiyA jabaki jaina-paramparA ne AtmA ko paramArtha ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA / vastutaH rAga kA prahANa ho jAne para 'merA' to zeSa rahatA hI nahIM, rahatA hai mAtra paramArtha / cAhe use AtmA kaheM, cAhe zUnyatA, vijJAna yA paramArtha kaheM, antara zabdoM meM ho sakatA hai, mUla bhAvanA meM nahIM / gotA meM mArama anAtma viveka (bheva-vijJAna)--gItA kA AcAra-darzana bhI anAsakta dRSTi ke udaya aura ahaM ke vigalana ko naitika sAdhanA kA mahattvapUrNa tathya mAnatA hai / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM hame uddhAra kI utanI AvazyakatA nahIM hai jitanI apanI vAstavika prakRti ko pahacAnane kI hai| apanI vAstavika prakRti ko kaise pahacAneM ? isake sAdhana ke rUpa meM gItA bhI bheda-vijJAna ko svIkAra karatI hai / gItA kA terahavAM adhyAya hame bheda-vijJAna sikhAtA hai jise gItAkAra ne 'kSetra-kSetrajJa jJAna' kahA hai| gItAkAra jJAna kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahatA hai ki kSetra aura kSetrajJa ko jAnane vAlA jJAna hI vAstavika jJAna hai| gItA ke anusAra yaha zarIra kSetra hai aura isako jAnane vAlA jJAyaka svabhAva-yukta AtmA hI kSetrana hai| vastutaH samasta jagat jo jJAna kA viSaya hai, vaha kSetra hai aura paramAtmasvarUpa vizuddha Atma-tattva jo jJAtA hai. kSetrajJa hai| inhe kramazaH prakRti aura puruSa bhI kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra kSetra-kSetrajJa, prakRti aura puruSa yA anAtma aura Atma kA yathArtha viveka yA bhinnatA kA bodha hI jJAna hai / gItA meM sAMkhya zabda Atma-anAtma ke jJAna ke artha meM prayukta huA hai aura usakI vyAkhyA meM 1. samayasAra, 296 2. bhagavadgItA (rA0) pR0 54 3. gItA, 1332 4. vahI, 1331

Page #100
samyamAna AcArya zaMkara ne yahI dRSTi apanAyI hai / ve likhate hai ki 'yaha triguNAtmaka jagat yA prakRti jJAna kA viSaya hai, maiM unase bhinna hU~ ( kyoki jJAtA aura jJeya, nATA aura dRzya eka nahI ho sakate hai), unake vyApAroM kA draSTA yA sAkSImAtra hU~, uname vilakSaNa haiN| isa prakAra AtmasvarUpa kA cintana karanA hI mamyagjJAna hai / ' jJAyakamvarUpa AtmA ko apane yathArtha svarUpa ke bodha ke lie jina anAtma tathyoM se vibheda sthApita karanA hotA hai, ve haiM-paMcamahAbhUta, ahabhAva, vipayayakta buddhi, sUkSma prakRti, pAcajJAnendriyAM, pAMca karmendriyAM, mana, rUpa, rama, gandha, zabda aura sparza-pAcoM indriyoM ke pAMca viSaya, icchA, dveSa, sukha-duHkha, sthUla deha kA piNDa ( garIra ) mukha-du.khAdi bhAvo kI cetanA aura dhAraNA / ye sabhI kSetra hai arthAt jJAna ke viSaya hai aura isalie jJAyaka AtmA isame bhinna hai / 2 gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki 'AtmA ko anAtma me apanI bhinnatA kA bodha na honA hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai / ' jaba yaha purupa prakRti meM utpanna hue viguNAtmaka padArtho ko prakRti meM sthita hokara bhogatA hai to anAtma prakRti meM Atma-baddhi ke kAraNa hI vaha aneka acchI-burI yoniyoM meM janma letA hai / ' dugare zabdo meM anAtma meM Atma-buddhi karake jaba usakA bhoga kiyA jAtA hai to uga Atmavaddhi ke kAraNa hI AtmA bandhana meM A jAtA hai / vastuta. ima zarIra meM sthita hotA huA bhI AtmA gage bhinna hI hai, yahI paramAtmA hai| yaha paramAtmamvarUpa AnmA gagera Adi viSayoM meM Atmabuddhi karake hI bandhana me hai / jaba no ime bheda-vijJAna ke dvAga apane yathArtha svampa kA vodha ho jAtA hai, vaha mukta ho jAtA hai / anAtma ke prati Atma-buddhi ko mamApta karanA yahI bheda-vijJAna hai aura yahI kSetra-kSejJatra-jJAna hai / imI ke dAga anAtma evaM Ama ke yathArtha svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai / yahI mukti kA mArga hai| gItA kahatI hai jo vyakti anAtma triguNAtmaka prakRti aura paramAtmamvarUpa nAyaka AtmA ke yathArtha mbampa ko tatvadRSTi me jAna letA hai, vaha isa mamAra meM rahatA huA bhI tantra mpa ge ga mamAra me Upara uTha gayA hai, vaha punarjanma ko prApta nahI hotA hai|" isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina-darzana ke mamAna gItA bhI imI Atma-anAtmaviveka para jora detI hai / donoM ke niSkarSa samAna hai| gargaramtha nAyaka svarUpa AtmA kA bodha hI donoM AcAra-darzanoM ko svIkAra hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa jJAna-ami ke dvAga anAtma meM Atmabuddhi rUpa ajJAna ke chedana kA nirdeza karate hai, ' to AcArya kundakunda prajJA-chenI meM ima Atma aura anAtma (jaDa) ko alaga karane kI bAta kahata hai|' 1. gItA (zAM) 13 / 24 3. vahI, 13 / 21 5. vahI, 16123 7. samayasAra 294 2. gItA, 1315.6 8. vahI, 13 / 31 6. vahI, 4 / 42

Page #101
jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM yaha bheda - vijJAna lakSya hai / yahI mukti yA anAtma-viveka yA kSetra-kSetrajJa jJAna ho jJAnAtmaka sAdhanA kA nirvANa kI upalabtri kA Avazyaka aMga hai taba taka anAtma me Atma- buddhi kA parityAga nahI hogA, taba taka Amakti samApta nahI hotI aura Asakti ke samApta na hone se nirvANa yA mukti kI upalabdhi nahI hotI / AcArAgasUtra meM kahA hai jo 'sva' se anyatra dRSTi nahI rakhatA vaha 'sva' se anya ramatA bhI nahI hai aura jo 'sva' meM anyatra ramatA nahI hai vaha 'sva' me anyatra buddhi bhI nahI rakhatA hai / ' isa Atma-dRSTi yA tattva-svarUpa dRSTi kA udaya bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA hI hotA hai aura isa bheda - vijJAna kI kalA meM nirvANa yA paramapada kI prApti hotI hai / bheda - vijJAna vaha kalA hai jo jJAna ke vyAvahArika stara se prArambha hokara sAdhaka ko usa AdhyAtmika stara para pahu~cA detI hai, jahA~ vaha vikalpAtmaka buddhi se Upara uThakara Atma-lAbha karatA hai / niSkarSa - bhAratIya paramparA meM samyagjJAna, vidyA athavA prajJA ke jima rUpa ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, vaha mAtra bauddhika jJAna nahI hai / vaha tArkika vizlepaNa nahI, varan eka aparokSAnubhUti haiM / bauddhika vizleSaNa paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra nahI karA sakatA, isalie yaha mAnA gayA ki bauddhika vivecanAo se Upara uThakara hI tattva kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM paramparAe~ samAna rUpa me yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki kevala zAstrIya jJAna se tattva kI upalabdhi nahI hotI / jahA~ taka bauddhika jJAna kA prazna hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se naitika jIvana ke sAtha juDA huA nahI hai / yaha sambhava hai ki eka vyakti vipula zAstrIya jJAna evaM tarka-zakti ke hote hue bhI sadAcArI na ho / bauddhika stara para jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita banA rahatA hai, lekina AdhyAtmika stara para yaha dvaita nahI rahatA / vahA~ sadAcaraNa aura jJAna sAtha-mAtha rahate hai / sukarAta kA yaha kathana ki 'jJAna hI sadaguNa hai' jJAna ke AdhyAtmika stara kA paricAyaka hai| jJAna ke AdhyAtmika stara para jJAna aura AcaraNa ye do alaga alaga tathya bhI nahI rahate / jJAna kA yahI svarUpa naitika jIvana kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai / isame jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM eka dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| 82 1. AcArAMga 112:2 1

Page #102
samyakcAritra (zIla) samyagdarzana se samyakacAritra kI ora AdhyAtmika jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zraddhA aura jJAna meM kAma nahI cltaa| unake lie AcaraNa jarUrI hai| yadyapi samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA samyakcAritra ke pUrva honA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve binA samyakcAritra ke pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM hote| darzana apane antima artha tattva-sAkSAtkAra ke rUpa meM tathA jJAna apane AdhyAtmika stara para cAritra me bhinna nahI raha pAtA / yadi hama samyagdarzana ko zraddhA ke artha meM aura samyagjJAna ko bauddhika jJAna ke artha me grahaNa kare, to samyak-cAritra kA sthAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai / vastuta ima rUpa me samyakacAritra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA antima caraNa hai| AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA me baDhane ke lie, sabase pahale yaha Avazyaka ha ki jaba taka hama apane me sthita uma AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA paramAtmAkA anubhava na karaleM, taba taka hame una logo ke prati, jinhone uma AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA paramAtmA kA mAkSAtkAra kara liyA hai, AsthAvAna rahanA cAhie eva unake kathanoM para vizvAsa karanA cAhie / lekina deva, guru, zAstra aura dharma para zraddhA yA AsthA kA yaha artha kadApi nahI hai ki buddhi ke daravAje banda kara liye jAyeM / mAnava me cintana-zakti hai yadi umako ima cintana-zakti ko vikAsa kA yathocita avamara nahI diyA gayA hai to na kevala umakA vikAsa hI apUrNa hogA, varan mAnavIya AtmA uma AsthA ke prati vidroha bhI kara utthegii| jIvana ke tArkika pakSa ko santuSTa kiyA jAnA cAhie / isIlie zraddhA ke mAtha jJAna kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai, anyathA zraddhA andhI hogii| zraddhA jaba taka jJAna eva svAnubhUti se mamanvita nahI hotI vaha paripuSTa nahIM hotii| aimI apUrNa, asthAyI aura bAhya zraddhA sAdhaka jIvana kA aga nahI bana pAtI hai / mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa vyakti ne svaya ke cintana dvArA jJAna upalabdha nahIM kiyA, varan kevala bahuta mI bAto ko sunA bhara hai, vaha zAstra ko samyak rUpa me nahI jAnatA; jaise camacA dAla ke svAda ko nahI jaantaa|' isalie jaina-vicAraNA me kahA gayA hai ki prajJA se dharma kI samIkSA karanA cAhie; tarka se tattva kA vizleSaNa karanA caahie| lekina tArkika yA bauddhika jJAna bhI antima nahI hai / tAkika jJAna jaba taka anubhUti se pramANita nahI hotA vaha pUrNatA taka nahI 1. mahAbhArata, 2055 / 1 2. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 25

Page #103
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga pahuMcatA hai / tarka yA buddhi ko anubhUti kA mambala cAhie / darzana parikalpanA hai, jJAna prayoga-vidhi hai aura cAritra prayoga hai| tIno ke sayoga me matya kA mAkSAtkAra hotA hai| jJAna kA mAra AcaraNa hai aura AcaraNa kA mAra nirvANa yA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai|' satya jaba taka svaya ke anubhavo meM prayoga-middha nahIM bana jAtA, tabataka vaha matya nahI hotA / satya tabhI pUrNa matya hotA hai jaba vaha anubhUta ho / imIlie uttagadhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki jJAna ke dvAga paramArtha kA svarUpa jAne, zraddhA ke dvArA svIkAra kare, aura AcaraNa ke dvAga umakA sAkSAtkAra kre| yahAM mAkSAtkAra kA artha hai matya, paramArtha yA sattA ke mAtha ekarama ho jAnA / zAstrakAra ne parigrahaNa zabda ko jo yojanA kI hai vaha vizeSa rUpa meM draSTavya hai| bauddhika jJAna to hamAre sAmane citra ke samAna paramArtha kA nirdeza kara detA hai / lekina jima prakAra me citra aura yathArtha vastu ma mahAn antara hotA hai umI prakAra paramArtha ke jJAna dvArA nirdezita svarUpa meM aura tattvata paramArtha meM bhI mahAn antara hotA hai / jJAna to dizA-nirdeza karatA hai, gAkSAvAra to svayaM karanA hotA hai / mAkSAtkAra kI yahI prakriyA AcAraNa yA cAritra hai| matya, paramArtha, Atma yA tattva jisakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAnA hai vaha to hamAre bhItara madeva hI upasthita hai / lekina jima prakAra malina, gadale eva asthira jala me kucha bhI prativimbita nahI hotA usI prakAra vAmanAo, kapAyo aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyo se malina eva asthira banI huI cetanA me satya yA paramArtha pratibimbita nahI hotA / prayAsa yA AcaraNa satya ko pAne ke lie nahI, varan vAsanAo eva rAga-dveSa kA vRttiyo me janita ima malinatA yA asthiratA ko samApta karane ke liA Avazyaka hai| jaba vAmanAo kI malinatA samApta ho jAtI hai, rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa se citta sthira ho jAtA hai to satya pratibimbita ho jAtA hai aura sAdhaka ko parama zAnti, nirvANa yA brahma-bhAva kA lAbha ho jAtA hai / hama vaha ho jAte hai jo ki tattvata hama hai / samyakacAritra kA svarUpa-samyakcAritra kA artha ha citta athavA AtmA kI vAmanAoM kI malinatA aura asthiratA ko samApta karanA / yaha asthiratA yA malinatA svAbhAvika nahI, vagn vaibhAvika hai, bAhyabhautika eva tajjanita Antarika kAraNo se hai / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAeM isa tathya ko svIkAra karatI hai| mamayamAra me kahA hai ki tattva dRSTi se AtmA zuddha hai / bhagavAn buddha bhI kahate hai ki bhikSuA, yaha citta svAbhAvika rUpa meM zuddha hai / ' gotA bhI use avikArI kahatI hai| AtmA yA citta kI jo azuddhatA hai, malinatA hai, asthiratA yA cacalatA hai, vaha bAhya hai, amvAbhAvika hai| jaina-darzana usa malinatA ke kAraNa ko karmamala mAnatA hai, gItA ume triguNa 1. AcArArgAnayukti, 244 2. samayamAra, 151 3. aMguttaranikAya, 1 / 5 / 9 4. gItA, 2 / 25

Page #104
samyaka cAritra (jhIla) 85 kahatI hai aura bauddha darzana me ume bAhyamala kahA gayA hai / svabhAvataH nIce kI ora bahane vAlA pAnI dabAva se Upara caDhane lagatA hai, svabhAva se zItala jala agni ke saMyoga se uSNatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AtmA yA citta svabhAva se zuddha hote hue bhI trigaNa, karmo yA bAhyamalo me azuddha bana jAtA hai| lekina jaise hI dabAva samApta hotA hai pAnI svabhAvataH nIce kI ora bahane lagatA hai, agni kA sayoga dUra hone para jala zItala hone lagatA hai / ThIka isI prAkara bAhya sayogoM se alaga hone para yaha AtmA yAcina puna apanI svAbhAvika samatvapUrNa avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai / samyak AcaraNa yA cAritra kA kArya ina mayogo meM AtmA yA citta ko alaga rakha kara svAbhAvika samatva kI dizA meM le jAnA ha / saMsthApana mAnA jo dharma hai vaha jaina AcAra-darzana meM samyak cAritra kA kArya AtmA ke samatva kA gayA hai / AcArya kundakunda kahane hai ki cAritra hI vAstava meM dharma hai, samatva hai aura moha eva kSobha se rahita AtmA kI zuddha dazA ko prApta karanA samatva hai / " pacAstikAyamAra meM ise adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samabhAva ho cAritra hai | cAritra ke do rUpa - jaina- paramparA meM cAritra do prakAra nirUpita hai -1 vyavahAravAritra aura 2 nizcayacAritra / AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa yA AcaraNa ke vividhavidhAna yavahAracAritra hai aura AcaraNa kA bhAvapakSa yA antarAtmA nizcayacAritra hai / jahA~ taka naitikatA ke vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai athavA vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA prazna ha, nizcayacAritra hI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| lekina jahAM taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, cAritra kA yaha bAhyapakSa hI pramukha hai / nizcayadRSTi se cAritra - cAritra kA saccA svarUpa samanva kI upalabdhi hai / cAritra kA yaha pakSa AtmaramaNa ho hai / nizcayacAritra kA prAdurbhAva kevala apramatta avasthA meM hI hotA hai / apana cetanA kI avasthA me honevAle sabhI kArya zuddha ho mAne gaye hai | cetanA me jaba gaga, dveSa, kapAya aura vAmanAo kI agni pUrI taraha zAnta ho jAtI hai, tabhI sacce naitika evaM dhArmika jIvana kA udbhava honA hai aura aisA hI madAcAra mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai / apramatta cetanA jo ki nizcaya cAritra kA AdhAra hai rAga, dveSa, kapAya, viSayavAsanA, Alasya aura nidrA me rahita avasthA hai / mAdhaka jaba jIvana kI pratyeka kriyA ke sampAdana me jAgrat hotA hai, usakA AcaraNa bAhya Avego aura vAmanAo me cAlita nahI hotA hai, tabhI vaha macce artho meM nizcayacAritra kA pAlanakartA mAnA jAtA hai / yahIM nizcaya cAritra mukti kA sopAna hai / vyavahAracAritra -- vyavahAracAritra kA sambandha hamAre mana, vacana aura karma kI 2. pacAstikAyamAra, 107 1. pravacanasAra, 17

Page #105
jana, boddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga zuddhi tathA usa zuddhi ke kAraNabhUta niyamoM se hai / sAmAnyatayA vyavahAracAritra meM paMcamahAvratoM, tIna guptiyoM, paMcasamitiyoM Adi kA sAmAveza hai / vyavahAracAritra bhI do prakAra kA hai-1. samyaktvAcaraNa aura 2. maMyamAcaraNa / vyavahAracAritra ke prakAra-cAritra ko dezavratIcAritra aura marvavatIcAritra aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / dezavratIcAritra kA sambandha gRhastha-upAsakoM me aura sarvavratIcAritra kA sambandha zramaNa varga se hai / jaina-parampaga me gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aSTamUlaguNa, SaTkarma, bAraha vrata zaura gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana AtA hai| zvetAmbara parampaga meM aSTamUlaguNoM ke sthAna para maptavyamana tyAga evaM 35 mArgAnumAge gaNoM kA vidhAna milatA hai / imI prakAra umamaM paTkarma ko paDAvazyaka kahA gayA hai / zramaNAcAra ke antargata paMcamahAvrata, rAtribhojana niSedha, pacamamiti, tIna gupti, dama yatidharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~, bAIsa parIpaha, aTThAisa mUlaguNa, bAvana anAcAra Adi kA vivecana upalabdha hai / isake atirikta bhojana, vastra, AvAma sambandhI vidhi niSedha hai / ina sabakA vivecana gRhasthAcAra aura zramaNAcAra ke pramaMgoM me huA hai| cAritra kA vargIkaraNa gRhastha aura zramaNa dharma ke atirikta anya apekSAoM se bhI huA hai| cAritra kA caturviSa vargIkaraNa-sthAnAMgasUtra meM nirdoSa AcaraNa ko apekSA se cAritra kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise ghaTa cAra prakAra ke hote hai vaise hI cAritra bhI cAra prakAra kA hotA hai| ghaTa ke cAra prakAra hai-1. bhinna (phUTA huA), 2. jarjarita, 3. parisrAvI aura 4. aparisrAvI / isI prakAra cAritra bhI cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-1. phUTe hue ghar3e ke samAna arthAt jaba sAdhaka aMgIkRta mahAvratoM ko sarvathA bhaMga kara detA hai to usakA cAritra phUTe ghar3e ke samAna hotA hai| naitika dRSTi se usakA mUlya samApta ho jAtA hai / 2. jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna-sadoSacAritra jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna hotA hai / jaba koI muni aisA aparAdha karatA hai jisake kAraNa umakI dIkSA-paryAya kA cheda kiyA jAtA hai to aise muni kA cAritra jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna hotA hai / 3. paritrAvI-jisa cAritra me sUkSma dopa hote haiM vaha cAritra parisAvI kahA jAtA hai| 4. aparitrAvI-nirdoSa evaM niraticAra cAritra aparikhAvI kahA jAtA hai| cAritra kA paMcaviSa vargIkaraNa-tattvArthasUtra ( 9 / 18 ) ke anusAra cAritra pAMca prakAra kA hai-1. sAmAyika cAritra, 2. chedopasthApanIya cAritra, 3. parihAravizuddhi cAritra, 4. sUkSmasamparAyacAritra aura 5. yathAkhyAta cAritra / 1. sAmAyika cAritra-vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se nivRtti tathA samabhAva kI prApti sAmAyika cAritra hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se hiMsAdi bAhya 1. sthAnAMga, 41595

Page #106
samyakcAritra (jhIla) pApoM se virati bhI sAmAyika cAritra hai / sAmAyika cAritra do prakAra kA hai-(a) itvarakAlika - jo thor3e samaya ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura (ba) yAvatkathita - jo sampUrNa jIvana ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / 87 2. cheopasthApanIyacAritra - jima cAritra ke AdhAra para zramaNa jIvana me vagiThatA aura kaniSThatA kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai vaha chedopasthApanIya cAritra hai / yaha sadAcaraNa kA bAhya rUpa hai, isame AcAra ke pratipAdita niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hotA hai aura niyama ke pratikUla AcaraNa para daNDa dene kI vyavasthA hotI hai / 3. parihAravizuddhicAritra - jima AcaraNa ke dvArA karmo kA athavA doSo kA parihAra hokara nirjaMga ke dvArA vizaddhi ho vaha parihAraviddhivAritra hai / 4. sUkSmasamparAya cAritra - jisa avasthA meM kapAya-vattiyA kSINa hokara kicit rUpa meM hI avaziSTa rahI hoM, vaha sUkSma samparAyacAritra haiM / 5. yathAkhyAtacAritra - kapAya Adi sabhI prakAra dopoM se rahita nirmala evaM vizuddha cAritra yathAkhyAtacAritra hai / yathAkhyAtacAritra nizcayacAritra hai / cAritra kA trividha vargIkaraNa vAmanAoM ke kSaya, upazama aura kSayopazama ke AdhAra para cAritra ke tIna bheda hai / 1. kSAyika, 2. aupazamika aura 3 zrApopazamika / kSAyikacArina hamAre AtmasvabhAva me pratiphalita hotA hai| usakA srota hamArI AtmA hI hai, jaba ki aupazamikacAritra meM yadyapi AcaraNa samyak hotA hai, lekina AtmasvabhAva me pratiphalita nahI hotA / vaha karmoM ke upazama se prakaTa hotA hai / Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kSAyikacAritra meM vAsanAoM kA nigmana ho jAtA hai, jaba ki aupazamika cAritra me mAtra vAganAoM kA damana hotA hai / vAmanAoM kA damana aura vAmanAoM ke niragana meM jo antara hai, vahI antara aupazamika aura kSAyikacAritra meM hai / naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya vAmanAoM kA damana nahI varan usakA nirasana yA parikAra hai / ataH cAritra kA kSAyika prakAra hI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi meM mahatvapUrNa siddha hotA hai / cAritra ke uparyukta sabhI prakAra Atmazodhana kI prakriyAe~ hai / jo prakriyA jitanI adhika mAtrA meM AtmA ko rAga, dveSa aura moha se nirmala banAtI hai, vAmanAoM kI Aga me tapta mAnasa ko zItala karatI hai aura saMkalpoM aura vikalpoM ke caMcala jhaMjhAvAta me bacA kara citta ko zAnti evaM sthiratA pradAna karatI hai aura samAjika evaM vaiyaktika jIvana meM samatva kI saMsthApanA rakhatI hai, vaha utanI hI adhika mAtrA meM cAritra ke ujjvalatama pakSa ko prastuta karatI hai / bauddha darzana aura samyakcAritra bauddha darzana meM samyakcAritra ke sthAna para zIla zabda kA prayoga huA hai / boddha

Page #107
jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga paramparA meM nirvANa kI prApti ke lie zola ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / zIla aura zrata yA AcaraNa aura jJAna donoM hI bhikSa-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| usameM bhI zIla adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / vizuddhimArga meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu alpazruta bhI hotA hai, kintu gIlavAna hai to gIla hI umakI prazaMsA kA kAraNa hai| usake lie zruta apane Apa pUrNa ho jAtA hai, isake viparIta yadi bhikSu bahuzruta bhI hai kintu duHzIla hai to du.zIlatA umako nindA kA kAraNa hai aura usake lie zruta bhI sukhadAyaka nahI hotA hai| __zIla kA artha-bauddha AcAryoM ke anumAra jisase kuzala dharmoM kA dhAraNa hotA hai yA jo kugala dharmoM kA AdhAra hai, vaha gIla hai| madguNoM ke dhAraNa yA gIlana ke kAraNa hI ume mIla kahate hai / kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi se gigartha golArtha hai, arthAt jisa prakAra gira ke kaTa jAne para manuSya mara jAtA hai vaime hI zIla ke bhaMga ho jAne para sArA guNa rUpI zarIra hI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai / imaliA zIla ko girArtha kahA jAtA hai| vizuddhimArga me zIla ke cAra rUpa varNita hai|-1. cetanA gIla 2. caittasika gola 3. maMvara zIla aura 4. anullaMghana gola / 1. cetanA zola-jIva himA Adi meM virata rahane vAle yA vrata-pratipatti (vratAcAra) pUrNa karanevAlI cetanA hI cetanA zIla hai / jIva-himA Adi chor3anevAle vyakti kA kuzala-karmoM ke karane kA vicAra cetanA gIla hai / 2. caitasika zola-jIva hiMmA Adi ne virata rahane vAle kI virati catamika zIla hai, jaise vaha lobha rahita citta meM viharatA hai| ___3. saMvara zIla-savA gIla pA~ca prakAra kA hai-1. pratimokSasaMvara, 2. mmRtisaMvara, 3. jJAnasaMvara, 4. kSAtimavara aura 5. vIryamaMvara / ___4. anullaghana zola-grahNa kiye hae vrata niyama Adi kA ullaMghana na karanA yaha anullaMghana zIla hai| zola ke prakAra vimuddhimagga me gola kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra meM kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ uname se kucha rUpa prastuta hai / zIla kA dvividha vargIkaraNa 1. cAritra-vAritra ke anusAra gola do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAna ke dvArA nirdiSTa 'yaha karanA cAhie' isa prakAra vidhi rUpa meM kahe gaye zikSA-padoM yA niyamoM kA 1. viguddhimArga, bhAga 1, pR0 49 2. vahI, pR09 3. vahI, pR08 4. vahI, pR0 13-14

Page #108
samyakacAritra (zola) 89 pAlana karanA 'cAritra-zIla' hai| isake viparIta 'yaha nahI karanA cAhie' isa prakAra niSiddha karma na karanA 'vAritra-zIla' hai| cAritra-zIla vidheyAtmaka hai, vAritra-zIla niSedhAtmaka hai| 2. nizrita aura anizrita ke anusAra zIla do prakAra kA hai| nizraya do prakAra ke hote hai-tRSNA-nizraya aura dRSTi-nizraya / bhava-sapatta ko cAhate hue phalAkAkSA me pAlA gayA zIla tRSNA-nizrita hai| mAtra zIla se hI vizuddhi hotI hai isa prakAra kI kI dRSTi meM pAlA gayA zIla dRSTi-nidhita hai / tRSNA-nizrita aura dRSTi-nizrita donoM prakAra ke zIla nimna koTi ke hai| taNA-nizraya aura daNTi-nizraya se rahita zIla anizrita-zIla hai / yahI anizrita-zIla nirvANa mArga kA mAdhaka haiN| 3. kAlika AdhAra para zIla do prakAra kA hai / kimI nizcita samaya ta ke lie grahaNa kiyA gayA zIla kAlaparyanta-gIla kahA jAtA hai jabaki jIvana-paryanta ke liA grahaNa kiyA gayA zIla AprANakoTika gIla kahA jAtA hai / jaina parampaga meM inhe kramazaH itvarakAlika aura yAvatkathita kahA gayA hai| 4. maparyanta aura aparyanta ke AdhAra para zIla do prakAra kA hai / lAbha, yaza, jAti athavA dArIra ke kimI aga eva jIvana kI rakSA ke lie jima zIla kA ullaghana kara diyA jAtA hai vaha maparyantazIla hai| udAharaNArtha, kimI vipazIla niyama kA pAlana karane hA jAti-garIra ke kimI aga athavA jIvana kI hAni kI gambhAvanA ko dekhakara uma gIla kA tyAga kara denA / isake viparIta jima gola kA ullaghana kimI bhI sthiti me nahI kiyA jAtA, vaha aparyanta zIla hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi meM ye naitikatA ke gApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSa hai / jaina parampaga meM inheM apavAda aura ungaga mArga kahA gayA hai / 5. laukika aura alaukika ke AdhAra para zIla do prakAra kA hai / jima gIla kA pAlana mAmAjika jIvana ke lie hotA hai aura jo mAyava hai, vaha laukika gIla hai / jima mIla kA pAlana nirveda vigaga aura vimakti ke lie hotA hai aura jo anAsrava hai vaha lokottara zIla hai| jaina-parampaga me unheM kramaza. vyavahAra-caritra aura nizcayacAritra kahA gayA hai| zIla kA vividha vargIkaraNa' __ zIla kA vividha vargIkaraNa pA~ca trikoM meM kiyA gayA hai 1. hIna, madhyama aura praNIta ke anumAra gIla tIna prakAra kA hai| dUmage kI nindA kI dRSTi meM athavA unhe hIna batAne ke lie pAlA gayA gIla hIna hai| laukika zIla yA mAmAjika niyama-maryAdAoM kA pAlana madhyama zIla hai aura lokottara zIla praNIta hai| eka dUsarI apekSA meM phalAkAkSA meM pAlA gayA zIla hona hai / apanI 1. vizuddhimArga, pR0 15-16

Page #109
jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga mukti ke lie pAlA gayA zIla madhyama hai aura sabhI prANiyoM kI mukti ke lie pAlA gayA pAramitA gIla praNIta hai / 2. AtmAdhipatya, lokAdhipatya aura dharmAcipatya kI dRSTi se bhI zIla tIna prakAra kA hai| Atma gaurava yA Atma-sammAna ke lie pAlA gayA zIla AtmAdhipatya hai / loka-nindA se bacane ke lie athavA loka meM sammAna arjita karane ke lie pAlA gayA zIla lokAdhipatya hai / dharma ke mahattva, dharma ke gaurava aura dharma ke sammAna ke lie pAlA gayA zIla dharmAdhipatya hai / 3. parAmRSTa, aparAmRSTa aura pratiprazrabdhi ke anusAra zola tIna prakAra kA hai / mithyAdRSTi logoM kA AcaraNa parAmRSTa zIla hai / mithyAdRSTi logo me bhI jo kalyANakara yA zubha karmoM meM lage hue hai unakA zIla aparAmRSTa hai, jaba ki samyadaSTi ke dvArA pAlA gayA zIla pratiprazravdhi zIla hai / 4. vizuddha, azuddha aura vaimatika ke anusAra zIla tIna prakAra kA hai| Apatti yA doSa se rahita zIla vizuddha zIla hai| Apatti yA dApayukta zAla avizuddha zIla he / dopa yA ullaghana sambandhI bAtoM ke bAre me jo sadeha meM par3a gayA hai, usakA zola vaimatikagola hai / 5. zaikSya, azaikSya aura na-zaikSya-na- azaikSya ke anusAra gIla tIna prakAra kA hai / mithyA dRSTi kA zIla na-zaikSya-na azaikSya hai / samyakadRSTi kA zIla zaikSya hai aura arhat kA zIla azaikSya hai | vizuddhimagga me zIla kA catuvidha aura pacavidha vargIkaraNa bhI aneka rUpoM meM varNita hai / lekina vistAra bhaya evaM punarAvRtti ke kAraNa yahA~ unakA ullekha karanA Avazyaka nahI hai / zIla kA pratyupasthAna -- kAyA kI pavitratA, vANI kI pavitratA aura mana kI pavitratA ye tIna prakAra kI pavitratAe~ zola ke jAnane kA AkAra ( pratyupasthAna ) hai arthAt koI vyakti zIlavAn hai yA duHzIla hai, yaha usake mana, vacana aura karma kI pavitratA ke AdhAra para hI jAnA jAtA hai / zIla kA pavasthAna-jina AdhAroM para zIla ThaharatA hai, unheM zIla kA padasthAna kahA jAtA hai / lajjA aura saMkoca isake padasthAna hai / lajjA aura sakoca ke hone para hI zIla utpanna hotA hai aura sthita rahatA hai, unake na hone para na to utpanna hotA aura na sthira rahatA hai / zIla ke guNa-zIla ke pA~ca guNa haiM - 1. zIlavAna vyakti apramAdI hotA hai aura apramAdI hone se vaha vipula dhana-sampatti prApta karatA hai / 2. zIla ke pAlana se vyakti kI khyAti yA pratiSThA baDhatI hai / 3. sacaritra vyakti ko kahIM bhI bhaya aura saMkoca 1. vizuddhi mArga (bhUmikA), pR0 21

Page #110
sampacAritra (gola) nahIM hotaa| 4. zIlavAna sadaiva hI apramatta cetanAvAlA hotA hai aura isalie usake jIvana kA anta bhI jAgrata cetanA kI avasthA meM hotA hai / 5. zIla ke pAlana me sugati yA svarga kI prApti hai| aSTAMga sAdhanApapa aura zola-buddha ke aSTAga sAdhanA-patha meM mamyak vAcA, mAyak karmAnta aura samyak AjIva ye tIna zIla-skandha hai / yadyapi majjhina nikApa aura abhidharmakoza vyAkhyA ke anumAra zIla-skandha me uparyukta tIno aMgo kA ho mamAva kiyA gayA hai| lekina yadi hama zIla ko na kevala daihika vagn mAnamika bhI mAnate hai to ho mamAdhi-skandha meM se samyakavyAyAma ko aura prajJA-skanga meM meM samyaka mApa ko hI zIla-skandha me mamAhita karanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki gakalpa AcaraNa kA caitanika AdhAra hai aura vyAyAma umakI vRddhi kA prayatna / ataH unhe gIla-skandha meM hI lenA caahie| __yadi hama zIla-skandha ke tInoM aMga tathA mamAni-sandha ke mamyaka vyAyAma aura prajJA-skandha ke mamyak makalpa ko lekara bauddha-darzana meM zIla ke svarUpa ko gamahAne kA prayatna kareM to umakA citra ima prakAra meM hogAmamyak vAcA 1. mRpAvAda viramaNa 2. pizunavacana vigmaNa 3. purupavacana vigmaNa 4 vyarthasaMlApa vigmaNa mamyak karmAnta 1. adattAdAna vigmaNa 2. prANAtipAta viramaNa 3. kAmepamithyAcAra vigmaNa 4. abrahmacarya vigmaNa samyak AjIva (a) bhikSu niyamoM ke anumAra bhikSA prApta karanA (ba) gRhamtha niyamoM ke anumAra AjIvikA ajita karanA samyak vyAyAma 1. anutpanna akuzala ke utpanna nahIM hone dene ke lie prayatna 2. utpanna akuzala ke prahANa ke lie prayatna 3. anutpanna kugala ke utpAdana ke lie prayanna 4. utpanna kugala ke vaipulya ke lie prayatna samyak saMkalpa 1. naiSkarmya saMkalpa 2. avyApAda maMkalpa 3. avihimA maMkalpa yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bauddha-darzana ke zola ke svarUpa para vicAra kare to aimA 1. dekhie-arlI monAsTika buddhijma, pR0 142-43

Page #111
92 jena, boddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga pratIta hotA hai ki vaha jaina-darzana ko mAnyatAoM ke nikaTa hI hai / yadyapi donoM paramparAoM meM nAma aura vargIkaraNa kI paddhatiyoM kA antara hai. lekina donoM kA Antarika svarUpa samAna hI hai / mamyak AcaraNa ke lie jo apekSAyeM bauddha jIvana-paddhati me kI gayI hai ve hI apekSAyeM jaina AcAra-darzana me bhI svIkRta rahI hai / samyak vAcA, samyak karmAnta aura mamyak AjIva ke rUpa me pratipAdita ye vicAra jaina darzana me bhI upalabdha haiM / ataH yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki donoM paramparAe~ eka dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa rahI hai / vaidika paramparA meM zIla yA sadAcAra mamyak cAritra ko hindU dharmasUtroM meM zIla, mAmyAcArika, sadAcAra yA ziSTAcAra kahA gayA hai| gItA kI niSkAma karma aura sevA kI avadhAraNAoM ko bhI samyakcAritra kA paryAyavAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| gItA jisa niSkAma karmayoga kA pratipAdana karatI hai, vastutaH vaha mAtra kartavya buddhi se evaM kartAbhAva kA abhimAna tyAga kara kiyA gayA aimA karma hai, jisame phalAkAkSA nahI hotii| kyoMki isa prakAra kA karma (AcaraNa) karma-vandhana kAraka nahI hotA he ataH ise akarma bhI kahane hai / usa AcaraNa ko jo bandhana hetu na banakara mukti kA hetu hotA hai, jaina paramparA meM samyak cAritra aura gItA me niSkAma karma yA akarma kahA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra niSkAma karma yA karmayoga ke antargata daivIya guNoM arthAn ahimA, Arjava, svAdhyAya, dAna, saMyama, nirlobhatA, zauca bhAdi madguNoM kA sampAdana, svadharma arthAt apane varNa aura Azrama ke kartavyoM kA lana aura lokasaMgraha (loka-kalyANakArI kAryoM kA sampAdana) AtA hai / isake atirikta bhagavadbhakti evaM atithi sevA bhI usakI cAritrika sAdhanA kA eka aMga hai / zola - manusmRti meM zIla, sAdhujanoM kA AcaraNa ( madAcaraNa) aura mana kI prasannatA ( icchA, AkAkSA Adi mAnasika vikSobhoM se rahita mana kI prazAnta avasthA ) ko dharma kA mUla batAyA gayA hai / vaidika AcArya govindarAja ne zIla kI vyAkhyA rAgadveSa ke parityAga ke rUpa me kI haiM ( zIlaM rAgadveSaparityAga ityAha 2 ) / hArIta ke anusAra brahmaNyatA, devapitRbhaktitA, saumyatA, aparopatApitA, anamUyatA, mRdutA, apAruSya, maitratA, priyavAditA, kRtajJatA, zaraNyatA, kAmaNya aura prazantatA - ye teraha prakAra kA guNa samUha zIla hai| sAmayAcArika - Apastamba dharmasUtra ke bhASya meM sAmayAcArika zabda kI vyAkhyA ninna prakAra kI gaI hai - AdhyAtmika vyavasthA ko 'samaya' ( dharmajJamamayaH ) kahate hai vaha 1. manusmRti 26 2. ( a ) manusmRti TIkA 26 vahI (ba) hindU dharmakoza, pR0 631

Page #112
samyakcAritra (zIla) 93 tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - vidhi, pratiSedha aura niyama / AcAroM kA mUla 'samaya' (middhAta ) meM hotA hai / 'samaya' se utpanna hone ke kAraNa ve sAmayAcarika kahalAte hai / " abhyudaya aura niHzreyama ke hetu apUrva nAmaka AtmA ke guNa ko dharma kahate hai / vaidika paramparA kA yaha sAmayAcArika zabda jaina paramparA ke samAcArI ( samayAcArI ) aura sAmayika ke adhika nikaTa hai| AcArAga me 'samaya' zabda samatA ke artha me aura sUtrakRtAga meM 'middhAta' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| jaina paramparA me mamatA me yukta cAra ko 'mAmAyika' aura siddhAnta ( zAstra ) me nimRta AcAra niyamo ko 'gamAcArI' vahA gayA hai / gItA bhI zAstra vidhAna ke anusAra AcaraNa kA nirdeza tara sAmayAcarika yA samAcArI ke pAlana kI dhAraNA ko puSTa karatI hai / ziSTacAra - ziSTa AcAra ziSTAcAra kahA jAtA hai| ziSTa zabda ko vyAkhyA karate hue vaziSThadharma sUtra meM kahA hai ki 'jo strArthamaya kAmanAo me rahita hai, vaha ziSTa hai ( ziSTa punarakAmAtmA ) isa AdhAra para ziSTAcAra kA artha hogA - nizvAma bhAvaga kiyA jAne vAlA AcAra ziSTAcAra hai athavA ni svArtha vyakti kA AcaraNa ziSTAcAra hai| aisA AcAra dharma kA kAraNabhUta hone se pramANabhUta mAnA gayA hai / isa prakara yahA ziSTAcAra kA artha, sAmAnyatayA ziSTAcAra meM hama jo artha grahaNa karata hai, usase bhinna hai / ziSTAcAra nisvArtha yA niSkAma karma hai / niSkAma karma yA sevA kI avadhAraNA gItA maM svIkRta hai hI aura use jaina tathA baddhi paramparAo ne bhI pUrI taraha mAnya kiyA hai / sadAcAra - manu ke anusAra brahmAvarta meM nivArA karane vAle cAro varNoM kA jo paramparAgata AcAra hai vaha madAcAra hai / madAcAra ke tIna bheda hai - 1 - dezAcAra 2 - jAtyAcAra aura 3 kulAcAra | vibhinna pradezo me paramparAgata rUpa se cale Ate AcAra niyama 'dezAcAra' kahe jAte hai / pratyeka deza meM vibhinna jAtiyo ke bhI apaneapane viziSTa AcAra niyama hote hai, ye 'jAtyAcAra' kahe jAte hai / pratyeka jAti ke vibhinna kuloM meM bhI AcAragata bhinnatAe~ hotI hai-- pratyeka kucha kI apanI AcAraparamparAe~ hotI hai, jinhe 'kulAcAra' kahA jAtA hai | dezAvAra, kulAcAra aura jatyAcAra zruti aura smRtiyoM meM pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM ke atirivata hote hai / sAmAnyatayA hindU dharma zAstrakAro ne usake pAlana kI anugAmA kI hai| yahI nahI, kucha smRtikAroM ke dvArA to aise AcAra niyama zruti, smati Adi ke viruddha hone para pAlanIya kahe gaye hai / vRhaspati kA to kahanA hai- bahujana aura cirakAlamAnita deza, jAti aura kula ke AcAra ( zruti viruddha hone para bhI ) pAlanIya hai, anyathA prajA meM kSobha utpanna hotA hai aura rAjya kI zakti aura kopa kSINa ho jAtA hai| yAjJavalkya 1. Apastamba dharmasUtra bhASya ( hagdatta ) 11111-3 3. manusmRti 2 / 17 - 18 2. vaziSTa dharmasUtra 1/6 4. hindU dharmakoza, pR0 625

Page #113
jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga 94 ne AcAra ke antargata nimnalikhita viSaya sammilita kiye hai :- 1. saMskAra, 2. vedapAThI brahmacAriyoM ke cAritrika niyama, 3. vivAha ( pati-patnI ke kartavya ), 4. cAra varNo evaM varNazaMkaroM ke kartavya, 5. brAhmaNa gRhapati ke kartavya, 6. vidyArthI jIvana kI samApti para pAlanIya niyama, 7. bhojana ke niyama, 8. dhArmika pavitratA, 9. zrAddha, 10. gaNapati pUjA, 11. gRhagAnti ke niyama, 12. rAjA ke kartavya Adi / yadyapi sadAcAra ke uparyukta vivecana me aisA lagatA hai ki sadAcAra kA sambandha naitikatA yA sAdhanAparaka AcAra se na hokara loka vyavahAra (loka - rUDhi) yA bAhyAcAra ke vidhiniSedho meM adhika hai / jaba ki jaina-paramparA ke samyak cAritra kA sambandha sAdhanAtmaka evaM naitika jIvana me hai| jainadharma loka vyavahAra kI upekSA nahIM karatA hai phira bhI usakI apanI maryAdAe~ hai ' (1) usake anusAra vahI loka vyavahAra pAlanIya hai jisake kAraNa samyak darzana aura mamyak cAritra ( gRhIta vrata, niyama Adi ) me koI doSa nahI lagatA ho / ataH nirdoSa loka vyavahAra hI pAlanIya hai. sadoSa nahI / (2) dUsare yadi koI AcAra ( bAhyAcAra) nirdoSa hai kintu loka vyavahAra ke viruddha hai to usakA AcaraNa nahI karanA cAhiye ( yadapi zuddhaM tadapi lokaviruddha na samAcaret ) kintu isakA viloma sahI nahI hai arthAt sadoSa AcAra lokamAnya hone para bhI AcaraNIya nahI hai / upasahAra sAmAnyatayA jaina, buddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM samyakcAritra, zIla evaM sadAcAra kA tAtparya rAga-dveSa, tRSNA yA Asakti kA uccheda rahA hai / prAcIna mAhitya me inheM granthi yA hRdayagranthi kahA gayA hai / granthi kA artha gA~Tha hotA hai, gA~Tha bA~dhane kA kArya karatI hai, cUMki ye tattva vyakti ko saMsAra se bA~dhate hai aura paramasattA se pRthak rakhate hai isIliye inhe granthi kahA gayA hai / isa gA~Tha kA kholanA hI sAdhanA hai, cAritra hai yA zIla hai / saccA nirgrantha vahI hai jo isa grantho kA mocana kara detA hai / bhAcAra ke samagra vidhi-niSedha isI ke liye hai / : vastutaH samyakcAritra yA zIla kA artha kAma, krodha, lobha, chala-kapaTa Adi azubha pravRttiyoM se dUra rahanA hai / tInoM hI AcAradarzana sAdhaka ko inase bacane kA nirdeza dete hai / jainaparamparA ke anusAra vyakti jitanA krodha, mAna, mAyA ( kapaTa) aura lobha kI vRttiyoM kA zamana evaM vilayana karegA utanA ho vaha sAghanA yA saccaritratA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hegA / gItA kahatI hai jaba vyakti kAma, krodha, lobha Adi AsurI pravRttiyoM se Upara uThakara ahiMsA, kSamA Adi daivI sadguNoM kA sampAdana karegA to vaha apane ko 2. vahI, pR074-75

Page #114
sampacAritra (zIla) paramAtmA ke nikaTa pAyegA / 'sadguNoM kA sampAdana aura durguNoM se bacAva' eka aisA tattva hai, jahA~ na kevala sabhI bhAratIya apitu adhikAza pAzcAtya AcAradarzana bhI samasvara ho uThane haiM / cAhe inake vistAra-kSetra evaM prAthamikatA ke prazna ko lekara uname matabheda ho / unameM vivAda isa bAta para nahIM hai ki kauna sadguNa hai aura kauna durguNa hai. apitu vivAda isa bAta para hai ki kisa sadguNa kA kisa sImA taka pAlana kiyA jAve aura do madguNoM ke pAlana meM vigegha upasthita hone para kise prAthamikatA dI jAne / udAharaNArtha 'ahimA sadguNa hai' yaha mabhI mAnane hai kintu ahiMsA kA pAlana kima mImA taka kiyA jAve, isa prazna para matabheda rakhate hai / imI prakAra nyAyya ( jasTisa ) aura dayAlutA donoM ko mabhI ne madguNoM ke rUpa me svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu jaba nyAyya aura dayAlatA meM virodha ho arthAna donoM kA eka sAtha sampAdana sambhava na ho to kise pradhAnatA dI jAve, ima prazna para matabheda ho sakatA hai| phira bhI sadguNoM kA yathAzakti sampAdana kiyA jAve ime mabhI svIkAra karate hai / vastutaH samyakcAritra yA zIla, mana, vacana aura karma ke mAdhyama se vaiyaktika aura mAmAjika jIvana meM samatva kI saMsthApana kA prayAma hai, vaha vyakti ke jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM meM eka mAga santulana sthApita kara usake Antarika sagharSa ko gamApta karane kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA kadama hai| itanA hI nahI, vaha vyakti ke gAmAjika pakSa kA bhI saMsparza karatA hai| vyakti aura mamAja ke madhya tathA mamAja aura mamAja ke madhya honavAle magharpo ko sambhAvanAoM ke avamoM ko kama kara mAmAjika mamatva kI mamthApanA bhI samyakcAritra kA lakSya hai| inhI lakSyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina, bauddha aura vaidika parampagao me gRhastha aura zramaNa ke AcAraviSayaka aneka sAmAnya aura viziSTa niyamoM yA vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai|

Page #115
samyak tapa tathA yoga-mArga mAmAnya rUpa meM jaina AgamoM meM sAghanA kA trividha mArga pratipAdita hai, lekina prAcIna AgamoM meM eka catuvidha mArga kA bhI varNana milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana aura darzanapAhuDa meM catuvidha mArga kA varNana hai / ' mAghanA kA cauthA aga 'samyak tapa' kahA gayA hai / jaise gItA me jJAnayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga ke sAtha sAtha dhyAnayoga kA bhI nirUpaNa hai, vaise hI jainaparamparA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke sAtha sAtha samyak tapa kA bhI ullekha hai / paravartI paramparAoM meM dhyAnayoga kA antarbhAva karmayoga meM aura samyak tapa kA antarbhAva samyak cAritra meM ho gayA / lekina prAcIna yuga me jainaparamparA me mamyak tapa kA, bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi mArga kA tathA gItA me dhyAnayoga kA svataMtra sthAna rahA hai / ata tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi meM yahA samyak tapa kA vivecana svataMtra rUpa me kiyA jA rahA hai / sAdhAraNataH yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA meM dhyAnamArga yA samAdhimArga kA vidhAna nahIM hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hI hai| jisa prakAra yoga paramparA me aSTAgayoga kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM isa yogamArga kA vidhAna dvAdazAga rUpa me huA hai / ise hI sampak tapa kA mArga kahA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA ke mamyak tapa kI gItA ke dhyAnayoga tathA bauddha paramparA ke samAdhimArga se bahuta kucha samAnatA hai, jima para hama agale pRSThoM meM vicAra kareMge / naitika jIvana evaM tapa-tapasyAmaya jIvana evaM naitika jIvana paraspara mApekSa pada hai| tyAga yA tapasyA ke binA naitika jIvana kI kalpanA apUrNa hai / tapa naitika jIvana kA oja hai, zakti hai / tapa-zUnya naitikatA khokhalI hai, tapa naitikatA kI AtmA hai / naitikatA kA vizAla prAsAda tapasyA kI Thosa buniyAda para sthita hai / naitika jIvana kI mAtrA praNAlI, cAhe usakA vikAsa pUrva meM huA ho yA pazcima meM, hamezA tapa me otaprota rahI hai| naitikatA kI saiddhAntika vyAkhyA cAhe 'tapa' ke abhAva meM sambhava ho, lekina naitika jIvana tapa ke abhAva meM sambhava nahI / vaiyaktika sukho kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika vyAkhyA kA nimnatama siddhAnta bhI, jo naitika sAdhanA kI itizrI mAna letA hai, tapa- zUnya nahI ho makatA / yaha siddhAnta uma manovaijJAnika tathya ko svIkAra karake calatA hai ki vaiyaktika jIvana me bhI icchAoM kA saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai aura buddhi uname se kimI eka ko cunatI haiM, jisakI mantuSTi 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 2, 3, 35, darzanapAhuDa, 32

Page #116
samyaka tapa tamA boSa-mArga kI jAnI hai aura yaha santuSTi hI sukha upalabdhi kA sAdhana banatI hai| lekina vicAra pUrvaka dekheM to yahA~ bho tyAgabhAvanA maujUda hai, cAhe apanI alpatama mAtrA meM hI kyo na ho, kyoMki yahAM bhI buddhi kI bAta mAnakara hame sagharSazIla vAmanAo meM eka samaya ke lie eka kA tyAga karanA hI hotA hai / tyAga kI bhAvanA hI tapa hai / dUsare tapa kA eka artha hotA hai-prayatna, prayAma, aura ima artha me bhI vahA~ 'tapa' hai, kyoki vAmanA ko pUtti bhI binA prayAma ke sambhava nahI hai| lekina yaha saba to tapa kA nimnatama rUpa hai, yaha upAdeya nahI hai| hamAga prayojana to yahA~ mAtra itanA divAnA thA ki koI bhI naitika praNAlI tapaHzUnya nahI ho sktii| jahA~ taka bhAratIya naitika vicAradhArAo kI, AcAra-darzano kI, bAta hai, unameM se lagabhaga sabhI kA janma 'tapasyA' kI goda me huA, sabhI umIme pale evaM vikagita hue hai / yahA~ to ghora bhautikatAvAdI ajita-kesakambalin aura niyativAdI gozAlaka bhI tapa sAdhanA meM pravRtta rahate hai, phira dUsarI vicAra maraNiyoM meM nihita tapa ke mahattva para to zaMkA karane kA prazna hI nahI uThatA |haaN, vibhinna vicAra-maraNiyo me tapasyA ke lakSya ke mambandha meM mata-bhinnatA ho makatI hai, tapa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra-bheda ho makatA hai, lekina tapasyA ke tathya meM inakAra nahI kiyA jA makatA / tapa-mAdhanA bhAratIya naitika jIvana eva maskRti kA prANa hai| zrI bhagatagiha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM "bhAratIya maskRti meM jo kucha bhI zAzvata hai, jo kucha bhI udAtta eva mahattvapUrNa tattva hai, vaha maba tapasyA me hI mambhata hai, tapasyA me nI ima gaSTa kA bala yA oja utpanna huA hai "tapasyA bhAratIya darzanazAstra kI hI nahI, kintu usake mamamta itihAsa kI prastAvanA hai "pratyeka cintanazIla praNAlI cAhe vaha AdhyAtmika ho cAhe Adhibhautika, mabhI tapasyA kI bhAvanA me anuprANita hai "umake vaMda, vaMdAga, darzana, purANa, dharmazAstra Adi mabhI vidyA ke kSetra jIvana kI gAdhanArUpa tapasyA ke ekaniSTha upAsaka hai|" bhAratIya naitika jIvana yA AcAra-darzana meM tapa ke mahatva ko adhika mpATa karate hue kAkA kAlelakara limvana hai, "buddhakAlIna bhikSao kI tapazcaryA ke pariNAmamvarUpa hI azoka ke mAmrAjya kA aura maurya ( kAlIna ) maskRti kA vistAra ho paayaa| zakarAcArya kI tapazcaryA me hindU dharma kA mamkaraNa huaa| mahAvIra kI tapasyA me ahimA dharma kA pracAra huaa|""""vgaal ve caitanya mahAprabha (jo) mumvaddhi ke hetu eka harra bhI nahI rakhate the, unhI se bagAla kI vaiSNava mamkRti vikasita huii|"5 / yaha saba to bhUtakAla ke tathya hai, lekina vartamAna yuga kA jIvanta tathya hai gAdhI 1. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 71-72 / 2. jIvanamAhitya, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 197-198

Page #117
jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAthamA mArga aura anya bhAratIya netAoM kA tapomaya jIvana, jimane ahiMsaka krAnti ke AdhAra para deza ko svatantratA pradAna kI / vastutaH tapomaya jIvana praNAlI ho bhAratIya naitikatA kA ujjvalatama pakSa hai aura usake binA bhAratIya AcAra -darzana ko cAhe vaha jaina, bauddha yA hindU AcAra-darzana ho, samucita rUpa se samajhA nahI jA sktaa| nIce tapa ke mahattva, lakSya, prayojana evaM svarUpa ke sambandha me vibhinna bhAratIya mAghanA paddhatiyoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko dekhane evaM unakA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi me mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 98 jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna- jaina tIrthakaroM evaM vizeSakara mahAvIra kA jIvana hI, jaina-sAdhanA me tapa ke sthAna kA nirdhAraNa karane ke hetu eka sabalatama sAkSya hai / mahAvIra ke sAdhanAkAla (mADhe bAraha varSa ) me lagabhaga gyAraha varSa to nirAhAra gine jA sakate hai / mahAvIra kA yaha sArA sAdhanA kAla svAdhyAya, Atma-cintana, dhyAna aura kAyotsarga se bharA hai| jisa AcAra-darzana kA zAstA apane jAgRta jIvana meM tapa kA aisA ujjvalatama udAharaNa prastuta karatA ho, usako sAdhanA-paddhati tapaH zUnya kaise ho sakatI hai ? usa zAstA kA tapomaya jIvana atIta meM vartamAna taka jaina sAdhakoM ko tapa sAdhanA kI preraNA detA rahA hai / Aja bhI saikaDoM jaina mAdhaka aise milege jo 8-10 dina hI nahI varan eka aura do-do mAha taka kevala uSNa jala para rahakara tapasAdhanA karata hai, aise aneka hoge jinake bhojana ke dino kA yoga varSa meM do-tIna mAha se adhika nahI baiThatA, zeSa sArA samaya upavAsa Adi tapasyA meM vyatIta hotA hai / jaina - gAdhanA samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai aura yahI samatvayoga AcaraNa ke vyAvahArika kSetra me ahiMsA bana jAtA hai, aura yahI ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka sAdhanA kSetra meM saMyama kahI jAtI hai aura sayama hI kriyAtmaka rUpa me tapa hai / ahimA, saMyama aura tapa apanI / abhivyajanA kI dRSTi alaga-alaga artha bhI gahana vivecanA meM eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI hI pratIta hote hai se cAhe to hama inheM alaga rakha sakate hai aura umI apekSA me Baf karate hai | ahimA, sayama aura tapa milakara hI dharma ke samagra svarUpa ko upasthita karate haiM / saMyama aura tapa ahimA kI do pAkhe haiN| jinake binA ahiMsA kI gati evaM vikAsa avaruddha ho jAtA hai / tapa aura saMyama se yukta ahiMsA dharma kI maMgalamayatA kA udghoSa karate hue jainAcArya kahate hai - 'dharma maMgalamaya hai, kauna sA dharma ? ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapamaya dharma hI sarvotkRSTa tathA maMgalamaya hai / jo isa dharma ke pAlana me dattacitta hai use manuSya to kyA, devatA bhI namana karate hai / ' jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya mokSa yA zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hai aura jo kevala tapa 1. dazakAlika, 111

Page #118
samyak tapa tavA yoga-mAna sAdhanA (avipAka nirjarA) se hI sambhava hai / jaina sAdhanA me tapa kA kyA sthAna hai, isa tathya ke sAkSI jainAgama hI nahI hai varan bauddha aura hindU Agamo meM bhI jaina-sAdhanA ke tapomaya mvarUpa kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai|' hindU sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna-vaidika sAdhanA cAhe prArambhika kAla me tapa pradhAna (nivRttiparaka) na rahI ho, lekina vikAsacaraNa meM zramaNa-paramparA se prabhAvita ho, samanvita ho, tapomaya sAdhanA se yukta ho gayI, vaidika RSi tapa ko mahattA kA sabalatama zabdo me udghoSa karate hai| ve kahate hai, tapasyA se hI Rta aura matya utpanna hue, tapasyA me hI veda utpanna hue, tapasyA se hI brahma khojA jAtA hai', tapasyA me ho mRtyu para vijaya pAyI jAtI hai aura brahmaloka prApta kiyA jAtA hai|5 tapasyA ke dvArA hI tapasvI-jana loka-kalyANa kA vicAra karate hai aura tapasyA se hI loka me vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| itanA hI nahI, ve to tapa rUpa sAdhana ko sAdhya ke tulya mAnate hue kahate hai-'tapa hI brahma hai|" jaina-sAdhanA me bhI tapa ko Atma-guNa mAnakara usa sAdhya aura sAdhana dono rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya manu kahate hai ki tapasyA me RSigaNa trailokya ke cagacara prANiyoM ko dekhate hai. jo kucha bhI durlabha aura dustara isa samAra me hai, vaha maba tapasyA se sAdhya hai| tapasyA kI zakti dUtikrama hai|deg mahApAtakI aura nimna AcaraNa karanevAle bhI tapasyA se tapta hokara kilviSI yoni se mukta ho jAte hai / " tapa kI mahattA ke sambandha meM aura bhI saikaDI mAkSya hindU Agama grantho se prastuta kiye jA sakate hai| lekina vistAra-bhaya se kevala gosvAmI tulamIdAsa jI ke do caraNa prastuta karanA paryApta hogA-ve kahate hai, tapa sukhaprada saba boSa nasAvA tathA 'karau nAha tapa asa jiya jaanii|' bauddha sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna-yaha spaSTa tathya hai ki 'tapa' zabda AcAra ke jima kaThora artha meM jaina aura hindU parampaga meM prayukta huA hai, vaha bauddha mAdhanA me usakI madhyamamArgI mAdhanA ke kAraNa utane kaThora artha meM prayukta nahI huA hai / bauddha sAdhanA me tapa kA artha hai-citta guddhi kA matata prayAma / vauddha-sAdhanA tapa ko prayatna 1. dekhie-zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 2, majjhimanikAya-cUla dukvakvandha sunna 2. Rgveda, 10 / 1901 3. manusmRti, 11 / 243 4. muNDakopanipada, 11138 5. atharvaveda, 11 / 3 / 5 / 19 6. vahI, 19 / 5 / 41 7. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 3 / 4 / 4 / 27 8. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 11, tattirIya upaniSad, 3 / 2 / 3 / 4 9. manusmRti, 11 // 237 10. bahI, 191238 11. vahI, 11 / 239

Page #119
jana, boda aura gotA na sApanA mArga yA prayAsa ke artha meM hI grahaNa karatI hai aura isI artha meM bauddha sAdhanA tapa kA mahattva svIkAra karake calatI hai / bhagavAn buddha mahAmaMgalasutta meM kahate haiM ki tapa, brahmacarya, AryamatyoM kA darzana aura nirvANa kA mAkSAtkAra ye uttama maMgala hai| isI prakAra kAsibhAradvAjasutta meM bhI tathAgata kahate haiM, maiM zraddhA kA bIja botA hU~, usa para tapazcaryA kI vRSTi hotI hai-zarIra vANI se saMyama rakhatA hU~ aura AhAra se niyamita rahakara satya dvArA maiM ( mana-doSoM kI ) gor3AI karatA huuN|2 diThivajjasutta meM zAstA kahate haiM, "kisI tapa yA vrata ke karane se kisI ke kuzala dharma bar3hate haiM, akuzala dharma ghaTate haiM, to use avazya karanA caahie|"3 buddha svayaM apane ko tapasvI kahate haiM-'brAhmaNa, yahI kAraNa hai ki jisase maiM tapasvI huuN|' buddha kA jIvana to kaThinatama tapasyAoM me bharA huA hai / unake apane mAdhanA-kAla evaM pUrvajanmoM kA itihAsa evaM varNana jo hameM bauddhAgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai, unake tapomaya jIvana kA sAkSI hai| majjhimanikAya mahAsohanAdamutta meM buddha sAriputta se apanI kaThina tapazcaryA kA vistRta varNana karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, suttanipAta ke pavajjAsutta meM buddha bibisAra ( rAjA zreNika ) meM kahate haiM ki aba maiM tapazcaryA ke lie pA rahA hU~, usa mArga meM merA mana ramatA hai / yadyapi uparyukta tathya buddha ke jIvana kI tapa-sAdhanA ke mahattvapUrNa sAkSya haiM phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki buddha ne tapazcaryA ke dvArA deha-daNDana kI prakriyA ko nirvANaprApti meM upayogI nahIM mAnA / usakA artha itanA hI hai ki buddha ajJAnamUlaka deha-daNDana ko nirvANa ke lie upayogI nahIM mAnate the, jJAna-yukta tapa-sAdhanA to unheM bhI mAnya pii| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM bhagavAna buddha kI tapasyA meM mAtra zArIrika yantraNA kA bhAva bilakula nahI thA, kintu vaha sarvathA sukha-sAdhya bhI nahIM thii| DA. rAdhAkRSNan kA kathana hai, 'yadyapi buddha ne kaThora tapazcaryA kI AlocanA kI, phira bhI yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki bauddha-zramaNoM kA anuzAsana kisI bhI brAhmaNa grantha meM varNita anuzAsana ( tapazcaryA ) se kama kaThora nahI hai / yadyapi buddha saiddhAntika dRSTi se tapazcaryA ke abhAva meM bhI nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnate haiM, tathApi vyavahAra meM tapa unake anusAra Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / 1. suttanipAta, 16:10 2. vahI, 42 3. aMguttaranikAya, diThivajjamutta 4. majjhimanikAya-mahAsIhanAdasutta 5. suttanipAta, 27 / 20 6. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIyadarzana, pR0 4 7. iNDiyana philAsaphI, bhAga 1, pR0 436

Page #120
samyaka tapa tathA yoga-bhAga 101 buddha ke parinirvANa ke uparAnta bhI bauddha bhikSuoM meM ghutaga ( jaMgala meM raha kara vividha prakAra kI tapazcaryA karanevAle ) bhikSuoM kA kAphI mahattva thA / visuddhimagga evaM milindaprazna meM aise ghutaMgoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| dIpavaMza me kazyapa ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki ve dhutavAdiyoM ke aguA the / ( dhutavAdAnaM aggo so kassapo jinasAsane ) | ye saba tathya bauddha darzana evaM AcAra me tapa kA mahattva batAne ke lie paryApta hai / tapa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM hamane tapa ke mahattva ko dekhA / lekina tapa ke svarUpa ko lekara ina paramparAoM me saiddhAntika antara bhI hai / paurANika granthoM tathA jaina evaM bauddha AgamoM me tapasyA ke svarUpa kA kramika aitihAmika vikAsa upalabdha hotA hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI tapa ke svarUpa ke aitihAsika vikAsa ke sambandha me likhate hai ki 'aisA jJAta hotA hai ki tapa kA svarUpa sthUla meM se sUkSma kI ora kramazaH vikasita hotA gayA hai - tapomArga kA vikAsa hotA gayA aura usake sthUla sUkSma aneka prakAra sAdhako ne apanAye / tapomArga apane vikAsa meM cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai - eka avadhUta mAdhanA, 2 . tApama sAdhanA, 3. tapasvI mAdhanA aura 4 yoga sAdhanA / jinameM kramazaH tapa ke sUkSma prakAroM kA upayoga hotA gayA, tapa kA svarUpa bAhya se Abhyantara banatA gyaa| sAdhanA deha-damana me cittavRtti ke nirodha kI ora bar3hatI gaI / " jaina-sAdhanA tapasvI eva yoga-sAdhanA kA mamanvita rUpa meM pratinidhitva karatI hai jabaki vauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana yoga-sAdhanA kA pratinidhitva karate hai / phira bhI ve sabhI apane vikAsa ke mUla kendra me pUrNa alaga nahIM hai / jaina Agama AcArAgasUtra kA dhUta adhyayana, bauddha grantha vimuddhimagga kA dhUtaMganiddesa aura hindU sAdhanA kI avadhUta gItA ina AcAra-darzanoM ke kisI eka hI mUla kendra kI ora iMgita karate hai / jaina-sAdhanA kA tapasvI mArga tApasa-mArga kA hI ahimaka saMskaraNa hai / bauddha aura jaina vicAraNA meM jo vicAra-bheda hai, usake pIche eka aitihAsika kAraNa hai / yadi majjhimanikAya ke buddha ke usa kathana ko aitihAsika mUlya kA samajhA jAye to yaha pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane prArambhika sAdhaka jIvana me bar3e kaThora tapa kiye the / pa0 mukhalAlajI likhate hai ki usa nirdeza ko dekhate hue aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| ki avadhUta mArga ( tapa kA atyanta sthUla rUpa ) meM jima prakAra ke tapomArga kA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA thA buddha ne vaise hI ugra tapa kiye the / gozAlaka aura mahAvIra tapasvI to the hI, parantu unakI tapazcaryA meM na to avadhUtoM ko aura na tApamoM kI tapazcaryA kA aMza thA / unhoMne buddha jaise tapa-vratoM kA AcaraNa nahI kiyA / buddha tapa kI utkaTa koTi para pahu~ce the, parantu jaba usakA pariNAma unake lie santoSaprada nahIM AyA, taba 1. samadarzI haribhadra, pR0 67 2. vahI, pR0 67

Page #121
102 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga ve dhyAnamArga kI ora abhimukha hue aura tapa ko nirarthaka mAnane aura manavAne lage / zAyada yaha unake utkaTa deha-damana kI pratikriyA ho / ' ___ gItA meM bhI tapa ke yogAtmaka svarUpa para hI adhika bala diyA gayA hai / gotA meM tapa kI mahimA to bahuna gAyI gaI hai, lekina gItAkAra kA jhukAva deha-daNDana para nahI hai, vagn umane to aise tapa ko nimnamtara kA mAnA hai| gItAkAra ne 'tapasvibhyo'dhikoyogI' kahakara imI tathya ko aura adhika spaSTa kara diyA hai / bauddha-paramparA aura gItA napa ke yoga pakSa para hI adhika bala denI hai, jaba ki jaina-darzana meM usake pUrva rUpa bhI svIkRta rahe hai / jaina-darzana kA virodha tapa ke uma mpa se rahA hai jo ahiMmaka dRSTikoNa ke viparIta jAtA hai / buddha ne yadyapi yogamArga para adhika bala diyA aura dhyAna ko paddhati ko vikasita kiyA hai, tathApi tapasyA-mArga kA unhoMne spaSTa virodha bhI nahI kiyaa| unake bhikSaka dhataga vrata ke rUpa meM isa tapasyA-mArga kA AcaraNa karate the| jana-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana-tapa yadi naitika jIvana kI eka anivArya prakriyA hai to ume kimI lakSya ke nimitta honA cAhie / ata yaha nizcaya kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki tapa kA uddezya aura prayojana kyA hai ? jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hai, AtmA kA guddhikaraNa hai| lekina yaha zuddhikaraNa kyA hai ? jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki prANI kAyika, pAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se karma vargaNAo ke pudgaloM (Kaumic Matter) ko apanI ora AkarSita karatA hai aura ye AkarSita karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgala rAga-dvepa yA kapAyavRtti ke kAraNa Atmatatva se ekIbhUta ho, umako zuddha sattA, zakti eva jJAna jyoti ko Avarita kara dete hai / yaha jaDa tattva evaM cetana tatta kA saMyoga hI vikRti hai| ___ ataH zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi ke liye AtmA ko svazakti ko Avarita karane vAle karma pudgaloM kA vilagAva Avazyaka hai / pRthak karane kI isa kriyA ko nirjarA kahate hai jo do rUpoM meM sampanna hotI hai| jaba karma pudgala apanI nizcita avadhi ke pazcAt apanA phala dekara svataH alaga ho jAte hai, vaha savipAka nirjarA hai, lekina yaha naitika sAdhanA kA mArga nahI hai / naitika sAdhanA to mapayAma hai / prayAmapUrvaka karma-pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga karane kI kriyA ko avipAka nirjarA kahate hai aura tapa hI vaha prakriyA hai jisake dvArA avipAka nirjaga hotI hai / isa prakAra tapa kA prayojana hai prayAsapUrvaka karma-pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kara mAtmA kI svazakti ko prakaTa karanA hai aura yahI zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hai / yahI 1. samadarzI haribhadra, pR0 67-68 2. gItA, 185 3. vahI, 1716,19 4. vahI, 6 / 46

Page #122
samyak tapa tapa yoga-mArga AtmA kA vizuddhikaraNa hai, yahI tapa-sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| uttarAdhyayanamUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra tapa ke viSaya meM kahate hai ki tapa AtmA ke parizodhana kI prakriyA hai / ' Abaddha karmoM ke kSaya karane kI paddhati hai| tapa ke dvArA hI mahapiMgaNa pUrva pApakarmoM ko naSTa karate hai / tapa kA mArga rAga-dveSa-janya pApa-karmoM ke baMdhana ko kSINa karane kA mArga hai, jise mere dvArA suno| isa taraha jaina-mAdhanA meM tapa kA uddezya yA prayojana Atma-parizodhana, pUrvavaddha varmapudgoM kA Atma-tattva meM pRthak karaNa aura zuddha Atma-tatva kI upalabdhiI middha hotA hai| vaidika sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana-vaidika mAdhanA, makhyata aupaniSadika gAdhanA kA lakSya Atmana yA brahmana kI upalabdhi rahA hai / aupanipadika vicArabAga spaSTa udghopaNA karatI hai tapa meM brahmA khojA jAtA hai, tapasyA me hI brahma ko jaano| itanA hI nahI aupaniSadika vicAradhAga me bhI jaina-vicAra ke mamAna tapa ko zuddha Atma-tanva kI upalabdhi kA mAdhana mAnA gayA hai| muNDakopaniSad ke tImo muNDaka me kahA hai, yaha AtmA (jo jyotirmaya aura zuddha hai) tapasyA aura matya ke dvArA hI pAyA jAtA hai / aupanipadika parampaga eka anya artha me bhI jaina-paramparA meM mAmya rakhate hue kahatI hai ki napa ke dvAga karma-raja dUra kara mokSa prApta kiyA jAtA hai / muNTakopaniSad ke dvitIya muNDaka kA 11 vA zloka ima mandarbha me vigepa mpa meM draSTavya hai / kahA hai-"jo zAnta vidvAn jana vana meM raha kara bhikSAcaryA karate hue tapa aura zraddhA kA mevana karana hai, ve vigja ho (karma-raja ko dUra kara) mUrya dvAra (Urva mArgo) me vahA pahu~ca jAte hai jahAM vaha purupa (AtmA) amanya eva avyaya A-mA ke rUpa meM nivAga karatA hai|" vaidika parampaga me jahA~ tapa AdhyAtmika gaddhi athavA Atma-zuddhi kA mAdhana hai vahI umake dvArA hone vAlo zarIra aura indriyo kI guddhi ke mahanva kA bhI aMkana kiyA gayA hai / umakA AdhyAtmika jIvana ke mAtha hI mAtha bhautika jIvana meM bhI manbanga jor3A gayA hai aura jIvana ke mAmAnya vyavahAra ke kSetra meM napa kA kyA prayojana hai, yaha spaSTa darzAyA gayA hai / maharSi panajali kahate hai, napa me azuddhi kA kSaya hone se garIra aura indriyoM kI gaddhi ( middhi ) hotI hai| boddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana-bauddha-mAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana pApakAraka 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 35 2. vahI 2017 3. vahI, 28136,3016 8. vahI, 2011 5. muNDakopaniSad, 1138 6. naittirIya upaniSad, 3 / 2 / 3 / 4 7. muNDakopaniSad, 13 / 5 8. vahI, 2 / 11 9. yogasUtra, sAdhanapAda, 43

Page #123
104 jena, boddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga akuzala dharmoM ko tapA DAlanA hai / ima sandarbha meM buddha aura nirgrantha upAsaka siMha senA - pati kA samvAda paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai / buddha kahate hai "he siMha, eka paryAya aisA hai jisame matyavAdI manuSya mujhe tapasvI kaha sake / " vaha paryAya kaunasA hai ? he siMha, maiM kahatA hU~ ki pApakAraka akuzala dharmo ko tapA DAlA jaay| jisake pApakAraka akuzala dharma gala gaye, naSTa ho gaye, phira utpanna nahI hone, use maiM prakAra bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI jaina-mAghanA ke samAna AtmA kI akuzala cittavRttiyoM yA pApa vAmanAoM ke kSINa karane ke lie tapa svIkRta rahA hai / tapasvI kahatA hU~ / 4 isa jaina - sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa jaina AcAra-praNAlI meM tapa ke bAhya (zArIrika) aura Abhyantara (mAnasika) aise do bheda hai / ' ina donoM ke bhI chaha-chaha bheda hai / (1) bAhya tapa - 1. anazana, 2. UnodarI, 3. bhikSAcaryA, 4. rama- parityAga 5. kAyakleza aura 6. maMlInatA / ( 2 ) Abhyantara tapa - 1. prAyazcitta, 2 vinaya, 3. vaiyAvRtya, 4. svAdhyAya, 5. dhyAna aura 6. vyutmagaM / yn zArIrika yA bAhya tapa ke bheda 1. anazana - AhAra ke tyAga ko anazana kahate hai / yaha do prakAra kA hai - eka niti samayAvadhi ke lie kiyA huA AhAra-tyAga, jo eka dina meM lagA kara chaha mAsa taka kA hotA hai / dUsarA jIvana paryanta ke lie kiyA huA AhAra tyAga / jIvanaparyanta ke lie AhAra tyAga kI anivArya zarta yaha hai ki usa avadhi me mRtyu kI AkAkSA nahI honI cAhie / AcArya pUjyapAda ke anusAra AhAra tyAga kA uddezya Atma-saMyama, Asakti meM kamI karanA, dhyAna, jJAnArjana aura karmo kI nirjaga hai, na ki sAMsArika uddezyoM kI pUti / 3 anazana me mAtra deha-daNDa nahI hai, varan AdhyAtmika guNoM kI upalabdhi kA uddezya nihita hai / sthAnAga sUtra meM AhAra grahaNa karane ke aura AhAra tyAga ke chaha chaha kAraNa batAye gaye hai / usameM bhUkha ko pIDA kI nivRtti, mevA, IryApatha, saMyamanirvAhArtha, dharmacintArtha aura prANarakSArtha hI AhAra 'grahaNa' karane kI anumati hai / (2) UnobarI ( ajamodarya) - isa tapa meM AhAra viSayaka kucha sthitiyA~ yA gata nizcita kI jAtI hai / isake cAra prakAra hai - 1. AhAra kI mAtrA se kucha kama khAnA, yaha dravya-nodarI tapa haiM / 2. bhikSA ke lie, AhAra ke lie koI sthAna nizcita kara vahI se milI bhikSA lenA, yaha kSetraUnodarI tapa hai / 3. kisI nizcita samaya para 4. buddhalIlAsArasaMgraha, pR0 280 - 281 2. vahI, 2018 - 28 1. uttarAdhyayana 30 / 7 3. sarvArthasiddhi, 9 / 19

Page #124
samyak tapa tathA yoga-mArga 105 AhAra lenA yaha kAla-UnodarI tapa hai| 4. bhikSA-prApti ke lie yA AhAra ke lie kisI zarta (abhigraha) kA nizcaya kara lenA, yaha bhAva-UnodarItapa hai / saMkSepa me UnodarI tapa vaha hai jisameM kisI vizeSa samaya evaM sthAna para, vizeSa prakAra se upalabdha AhAra ko apanI AhAra kI mAtrA se kama mAtrA me grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / mUlAcAra ke anusAra UnodarI tapa kI AvazyakatA nidrA evaM indriyoM ke saMyama ke lie tathA tapa evaM paT AvazyakoM ke pAlana ke lie hai|' 3. rasa-parityAga-bhojana meM dUdha, dahI, ghRta, taila, miSThAnna Adi sabakA yA uname se kisI eka kA grahaNa na karanA rasa-parityAga tapa hai / rasa-parityAga svAda-jaya hai / naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA ke lie svAda-jaya Avazyaka hai / mahAtmA gAMdhI ne gyAraha pratoM kA vidhAna kiyA, usame asvAda bhI eka vrata hai| rasa-parityAga kA tAtparya yaha hai ki mAdhaka svAda ke lie nahI, varan zarIra-nirvAha athavA sAdhanA ke lie AhAra karatA hai| 4. bhikSAcaryA-bhikSA-viSayaka vibhinna vidhi-niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue bhikSAnna para jIvana yApana karanA bhikSAcaryA tapa hai| ise vRttiparisaMkhyAna bhI kahA gayA hai| isakA bahuta kucha sambandha bhikSuka jIvana se hai / bhikSA ke sambandha me pUrva nizcaya kara lenA aura tadanukUla hI bhikSA grahaNa karanA vRtiparimakhyAna hai / ime abhigraha tapa bhI kahA gayA hai| 5 kAyakleza-vIrAsana, goduhAmana Adi vibhinna Asana karanA, zIta yA uSNatA sahana karane kA abhyAma karanA kAyakleza tapa hai| kAyakleza tapa cAra prakAra kA hai1. Amana, 2. AtApanA--sUrya ko razmiyo kA tApa lenA, gIta ko sahana karanA evaM alpavanna athavA nirvastra rahanA / 3. vibhapA kA tyAga, 4. parikarma-zarIra kI sAja sajjA kA tyAga / 6. saMlonatA-malInatA cAra prakAra kI hai-. indriya malInatA-indriyoM ke vipayo ma vacanA, 2. kapAya-malInatA- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha meM bacanA, 3. yoga salInatA-mana, vANI aura zarIra ko pravRttiyo se bacanA, 4. vivikta zayanAsanaekAta sthAna para monA-baiThanA / mAmAnya rUpa meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki kapAya evaM rAgadveSa ke vAhya nimittoM se bacane ke liye mAdhaka ko zmazAna, zUnyAgAra aura vana ke ekAnta sthAnoM meM rahanA cAhie / Abhyantara tapa ke bheda Abhyantara tapa ko mAmAnya janatA tapa ke rUpa meM nahI jAnatI hai, phira bhI usame 1. mulAcAra, 5 / 153 2. uttarAdhyayana, 30129-36

Page #125
106 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga tapa kA eka mahattvapUrNa aura ucca pakSa nihita hai / bAhya tapa sthUla haiM, jabaki antaraMga tapa sUkSma haiN| Abhyantara tapa ke bhI chaha bheda haiM / 1. prAyazcita - -apane zubha AcaraNa ke prati glAni prakaTa karanA, usakA pazcAttApa karanA, AlocanA karanA, use variSTha gurujana ke mamakSa prakaTa kara usake lie yogya daNDa kI yAcanA kara, unake dvArA diye gaye daNDa ko svIkAra karanA, prAyazcitta tapa hai / prAyazcita ke abhAva meM madAcaraNa sambhava nahI hai, kyoMki galatI yA doSa honA sAmAnya mAnava prakRti hai / lekina yadi usakA nirAkaraNa nahI kiyA jAtA to usa galatI kA sudhAra sambhava nahIM / prAyazcitta dasa prakAra kA hai - 1. AlocanA - galatI yA asadAcaraNa ke lie pazcAttApa karanA / 2. pratikramaNa - cAritrika patana se punaH lauTa jAnA / apanI galatI ko sudhAra lenA / 3. tadubhayaH - AlocanA aura pratikramaNa donoM ko svIkAra karanA / 4. viveka -- galatI yA amadAcaraNa ko amadAcaraNa ke rUpa meM jAna lenA / 5. kAyotsarga - prAyazcitta svarUpa kAyotsarga karanA athavA asadAcaraNa kA pari tyAga karanA / 6. tapasyA - aparApa yA galatI ke hone para Atmazuddhi ke nimitta upavAsa Adi tapa svIkAra karanA / 7. cheda- -muni-jIvana me dIkSAparyAya kA kama kara denA cheda hai arthAt aparAdhI bhikSu kI zramaNa jIvana ko varIyatA ko kama karanA / 8. mUla - pUrva ke zramaNa jIvana yA dIkSA paryAya ko samApta kara punaH dIkSA denA athavA punaH naye sire me zramaNa jIvana kA prArambha karanA / 9. parihAra - aparAdhI zramaNa ko zramaNa saMsthA me bahiSkRta karanA / 10. zraddhAna - mithyA dRSTikoNa ke utpanna ho jAne para usakA parityAga kara samyaka darzana ko punaH prApta karanA / 2. vinaya - prAyazcita binA vinaya ke sambhava nahIM hai / vinayazIla hI Atmazuddhi ke lie prAyazcitta grahaNa karatA hai / vinaya kA vAstavika artha variSTha evaM gurujanoM kA sammAna karate hue tathA unakI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate hue anuzAsita jIvana jInA hai / vinaya ke sAta bheda hai - 1. jJAna vinaya, 2. darzana vinaya, 3. cAritra - vinaya, 4. manovinaya, 5. vacana- vinaya, 6. kAya-vinaya aura 7. lokopacAra vinaya / ziSTAcAra ke rUpa meM kiye gaye bAhya upacAra ko lokopacAra vinaya kahA jAtA hai / 3. vaiyAvRtya - vaiyAvRtya kA artha sevA-zuzrUSA karanA hai| bhikSu saMgha meM dana prakAra ke sAdhakoM kI sevA karanA bhikSu kA kartavya hai - 1. AcArya, 2. upAdhyAya, 3. tapasvI, 1. tattvArthasUtra, 9 / 22

Page #126
samyak tapa tavA yoga-mArga 107 4. guru, 5. rogI, 6. vRddha muni, 7. sahapAThI, 8. apane bhikSa-saMgha kA sadasya, 9 dIkSA sthavira aura 10. loka sammAnita bhikSu / ina dasa kI sevA karanA vaiyAvatya tapa hai| isake atirikta saMgha (mamAja) kI sevA bhI bhikSu kA kartavya hai| 4. svAdhyAya-svAdhyAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha AdhyAtmika sAhitya kA paThanapAThana evaM manana Adi hai / svAdhyAya ke pA~ca bheda hai 1 vAcanA : sadgrantho kA paThana eva adhyayana krnaa| 2. pRcchanA : utpanna zaMkAo ke nirasana ke lie evaM navIna jJAna kI prApti ke nimitta vidvajjano se praznottara evaM vArtAlApa karanA / 3 anuprekSA : jJAna kI smRti ko banAye rakhane ke lie usakA cintana karanA evaM uma cintana ke dvArA ajita jJAna ko vizAla karanA anuprekSA hai / 4 AmnAya (pagavartana) : AmnAya yA parAvartana kA artha dohaganA hai / ajita jJAna ke sthAyitva ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai| 5 dharmakathA : dhArmika upadeza karanA dharmakathA hai / 5. vyutsarga-vyatmarga kA artha tyAganA yA choDanA hai / vyatmarga ke Abhyantara aura bAhya do bheda hai / bAhya vyutmarga ke cAra bheda hai 1. kAyotsarga : kucha mamaya ke lie zarIra se mamatva ko haTA lenaa| 2. gaNa-vyatmarga : mAdhanA ke nimitta mAmUhika jIvana ko chor3akara ekAta meM akele mAdhanA krnaa| 3. upadhi-vyanmarga : vastra, pAtra Adi muni jIvana ke lie Avazyaka vastuo kA tyAga karanA yA uname kamI karanA / 4 bhaktapAna vyatmarga : bhojana kA parityAga / yaha anazana kA hI rUpa hai / Abhyantara vyansarga tIna prakAra kA hai1 kapAya-vyunmarga : krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra kapAyoM kA parityAga krnaa| 2 samAra-vyunmarga : prANImAtra ke prati gaga-dvepa kI pravRtniyo ko choDakara mabake prati samatvabhAva rakhanA hai| 3. karma-vyunmarga : AtmA kI malinatA mana, vacana aura zarIra kI vividha pravRttiyo ko janma detI hai| ima malinatA ke parityAga ke dvArA zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika pravRttiyoM kA nirodha krnaa| 6. dhyAna-cina kI avasthAo kA kimI viSaya para kendrita honA dhyAna hai| jaina-paramparA me dhyAna ke cAra prakAra hai-1. AtaM-dhyAna, 2. gedra dhyAna, 3. dharmadhyAna aura 4. zukladhyAna / AnadhyAna aura gaidradhyAna citta kI dUSita pravRttiyA~ hai ataH

Page #127
108 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAmanA mArga sAdhanA evaM tapa kI dRSTi se unakA koI mUlya nahIM hai, ye donoM dhyAna tyAjya haiN| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna ye donoM mahattvapUrNa haiM / ataH ina para thor3I vistRta carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| dharma-dhyAna-isakA artha hai citta-vizuddhi kA prArambhika abhyAsa / dharma-dhyAna ke lie ye cAra bAteM Avazyaka hai-1. Agama-zAna, 2. anAsakti, 3. AtmasaMyama aura mumukSubhAva / dharma dhyAna ke cAra prakAra hai : 1. AjJA-vicaya : Agama ke anusAra tattva svarUpa evaM kartavyoM kA cintana krnaa| 2. apAya-vicaya : heya kyA hai, isakA vicAra karanA / 3. vipAka-vicaya : heyake pariNAmoMkA vicAra karanA / 4. saMsthAna-vicaya : loka yA padArthoM kI AkRtiyoM, svarUpoM kA cintana krnaa| saMsthAna-vicaya dharma-dhyAna punaH cAra upavibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai-(a) piNDastha dhyAnayaha kisI tattva vizeSa ke svarUpa ke cintana para AdhArita hai / imakI pArthivI, AgneyI, mArutI, vAruNI, aura tattvabhU ye pA~ca dhAraNAeM mAnI gayI hai / (ba) padastha ghyAna-yaha dhyAna pavitra maMtrAkSara Adi padoM kA avalambana karake kiyA jAtA hai / (sa) rUpastha-dhyAnagaga, dvepa, moha Adi vikAroM me rahita arhanta kA dhyAna karanA haiM / (da) rUpAtIta-dhyAna nirAkAra, caitanya-svarUpa siddha paramAtmA kA dhyAna karanA / zukla-dhyAna-yaha dharma-dhyAna ke bAda kI sthiti hai / zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura niSprakampa kiyA jAtA hai / imakI antima pariNati mana kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha hai / zukla-dhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai-(1) pRthaktva-vitarka-savicAra-isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA kabhI artha kA cintana karate karate zabda kA aura zabda kA cintana karate karane artha kA cintana karane lagatA hai / isa dhyAna meM artha, vyaMjana aura yoga kA saMkramaNa hote rahane para bhI dhyeya dravya eka hI rahatA hai| (2) ekatva-vitarka avicArI-artha, vyaMjana aura yoga saMkramaNa se rahita, eka paryAya-viSayaka dhyAna 'ekatva-zruta avicAra' dhyAna kahalAtA hai| (3) sUkSmakriyA-apratipAtI-mana, vacana aura zarIra vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne evaM kevala zvAsocchvAsa kI sUkSma kriyA ke zeSa rahane para dhyAna kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| (4) mamucchinna-kriyA-nivRtti-jaba mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA nirodha ho jAtA hai aura koI bhI sUkSma kriyA zeSa nahIM rahatI usa avasthA ko samucchinna-kriyA zuklaghyAna kahate hai| isa prakAra zukladhyAna kI prathama avasthA se kramazaH Age bar3hate hue antima avasthA meM sAdhaka kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika sabhI pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha kara anta meM siddhAvasthA prApta kara letA hai jo ki naitika sAdhanA aura yogasAdhanA kA antima lakSya hai|' 1. vizeSa vivecana ke lie dekhie-yogazAstra prakAza 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Page #128
samyak tapa tathA yoga-bhAga gotA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa-vaidika sAdhanA meM tapa kA sarvAMga vargIkaraNa gItA meM pratipAdita hai / gItA meM tapa kA doharA vargIkaraNa hai / eka tapa ke svarUpa kA vargIkaraNa hai to dUsarA tapa kI upAdeyatA evaM zuddhatA kA / prathama svarUpa kI dRSTi se gItAkAra tapa ke tIna prakAra batAte haiM -(1) zArIrika, (2) vAcika aura (3) mAnasika / 1. zArIrika tapa-gItAkAra kI daSTi meM zArIrika tapa haiM-1. deva, dvija, garujanoM aura jJAnIjanoM kA pUjana (satkAra evaM sevA), 2. pavitratA (zarIra kI pavitratA evaM AcaraNa kI pavitratA), 3. saralatA (akapaTa), 4. brahmacarya aura 5. ahiMmA kA paaln| 2. vAcika-vAcika tapa ke antargata krodha jAgrata nahIM karane vAlA zAntiprada, priya evaM hitakAraka yathArtha bhASaNa, svAdhyAya evaM adhyayana ye tIna prakAra Ate haiN| 3. mAnasika tapa-mana kI prasannatA, zAnta bhAva, mauna, manonigraha aura bhAva saMzuddhi / tapa kI zuddhatA evaM naitika jIvana meM usakI upAdeyatA kI dRSTi se tapa ke tIna stara yA vibhAga gItA meM varNita haiM-1. sAtvika tapa, 2. rAjama tapa aura 3. tAmasa tapa / gItAkAra kahatA hai ki uparyukta tInoM prakAra kA tapa zraddhApUrvaka, phala ko AkAMkSA se rahita evaM niSkAma bhAva se kiyA jAtA hai taba vaha sAtvika tapa kahA jAtAhai / lekina jo tapa satkAra, mAna-pratiSThA athavA dikhAve ke lie kiyA jAtA hai to vaha gajasa tapa kahA jAtA hai / __isI prakAra jisa tapa meM mUr3hatApUrvaka apane ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai aura dUsare ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA aura dUsare kA aniSTa karane ke uddezya se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa tapa kahA jAtA hai| vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi meM gItA aura jaina vicAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki gItA ahiMsA, satya, brahmacarya evaM indriyanigraha, Arjava Adi ko bhI tapa kI koTi meM galatI hai, jaba ki jana vicAraNA una para pA~ca mahAvratoM evaM dama yatidharmoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra karatI hai / imI prakAra gItA meM jaina-vicAraNA ke bAhya tapoM para vizeSa vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai / jaina-vicAraNA ke Abhyantara tapoM para gItA meM tapa ke rUpa meM nahIM, vagn alaga se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| kevala svAdhyAya para tapa ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dhyAna aura kAyotsarga kA yoga ke rUpa meM, yAvRtya kA loka-saMgraha ke rUpa 1. gItA, 17 / 14-16 2. vahI, 17 / 17-19 3. tulanA kIjiye-sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 8 / 24

Page #129
110 jaina, bauddha aura potA kA sAmanA mArga meM evaM vinaya para guNa ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / prAyazcitta gItA meM zaraNAgati bana jAtA hai| ___ yadi samagra vaidika mAdhanA kI dRSTi me jaina vargIkaraNa para vicAra kiyA jAye to tapa ke lagabhaga ve sabhI prakAra vaidika sAdhanA meM mAnya hai|| dharmamUtroM vizeSakara vaikhAnasa sUtra tathA anya smRti-granthoM ke AdhAra para ise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAnArAyaNopaniSad me to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki 'anazana se bar3ha kara koI tapa nahIM hai / yadyapi gItA meM anazana ( upavAsa ) kI apekSA UnodarI tapa ko hI adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| gItA yahA~ para madhyamamArga apanAtI hai / gItAkAra kahatA hai, yoga na adhika khAne vAle logoM ke lie mambhava hai, na bilakula hI na khAnevAle ke lie sambhava hai / yuktAhAravihAra vAlA hI yoga kI sAdhanA saralatApUrvaka kara sakatA hai| maharSi pataMjali ne tapa, svAdhyAya evaM Izvara-praNidhAna ina tInoM ko kriyA-yoga kahA hai| bauddha sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa-bauddha-sAhitya meM tapa kA koI mamucita vargIkaraNa dekhane me nahI aayaa| 'majjhimanikAya' ke kandarakasutta meM eka vargIkaraNa hai jisameM gItA ke samAna tapa kI zreSThatA evaM nikRSTatA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ buddha kahate hai ki 'cAra prakAra ke manuSya hote hai (1) eka ve jo Atmantapa haiM parantu parantapa nahI hai| isa varga ke andara kaThora tapazcaryA karanevAle tapasvIgaNa Ate hai jo svayaM ko kaSTa dete hai, lekina dUsare ko nahI / (2) dUsare ve jo parantapa hai Atmantapa nahI / isa varga meM badhika tathA pazu bali denevAle Ate haiM jo dUsaroM ko hI kaSTa dete haiM / (3) tIsare ve jo Atmantapa bhI hai aura parantapa bhI arthAt ve loga jo svayaM bhI kaSTa uThAte hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI kaSTa dete hai, jaise-tapazcaryA mahita yajayAga karanevAle / (4) cauthe ve jo Atmantapa bhI nahI hai aura parantapa bhI nahI hai arthAt ve loga jo na to svayaM ko kaSTa dete haiM aura na auroM ko hI kaSTa dete haiM / buddha bhI gItA ke samAna yaha kahate haiM ki jisa tapa meM svayaM ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai aura dUsare ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai, vaha nikRSTa hai / gItA aise tapa ko tAmasa kahatI hai / buddha apane zrAvakoM ko cauthe prakAra ke tapa ke sambandha me upadeza dete hai aura madhyamamArga ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para aise hI tapa ko zreSTha batAte haiM, jiname na to svapIr3ana hai, na para-pIr3ana / 1. mahAnArAyaNopaniSad, 2112 2. gItA, 6 / 16-17 -tulanA kIjie-sUtrakRtAMga 128 / 25 3. majjhimanikAya kandarakasutta, pR0 207-210

Page #130
samyaka tapa tapA yoga-mArga jaina-vicAraNA uparyukta vargIkaraNa me pahale aura cauthe ko svIkAra karatI hai aura kahatI hai ki yadi svayaM ke kaSTa uThAne se dUsaroM kA hita hotA hai aura hamArI mAnasika zuddhi hotI hai to pahalA hI varga sarvazreSTha hai aura cauthA varga madhyamamArga hai ho, yaha avazya hai ki vaha dUsare aura tIsare varga ke logoM ko kisI rUpa meM naitika yA tapasvI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| yadi hama jaina paramparA aura gItA meM varNita tapa ke vibhinna prabhedoM para vicAra karake dekheM to hame uname se adhikAMza bauddha-paramparA meM mAnya pratIta hote hai (1) bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie ati bhojana varjita hai| sAtha hI eka samaya bhojana karane kA Adeza hai jo jaina-vicAraNA ke UnodarI tapa se milatA hai / gItA me bhI yoga sAdhanA ke lie ati bhojana varjita hai / (2) bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie gmAsakti kA niSedha hai| (3) vauddha sAdhanA meM bhI vibhinna sukhAsanoM kI mAdhanA kA vidhAna milatA hai| yadyapi AmanoM kI sAdhanA evaM zIta evaM tApa sahana karane kI dhAraNA bauddha-vicAgaNA me utanI kaThora nahI hai jitanI jaina-vicAraNA me / (4) bhikSAcaryA jaina aura bauddha donoM AcAra-praNAliyoM meM svIkRta hai, yadyapi bhikSA niyamoM kI kaThoratA jaina mAdhanA me adhika hai / (5) vivikta zayanAsana tapa bhI bauddha vicAraNA meM svIkRta hai / boddha AgamoM me agNyanivAsa, vRkSamUla-nivAma, zmazAna nivAma karanevAle (jaina paribhASA ke anumAra vivikta zayanAmana tapa karanevAle) dhutaga bhikSuoM kI prazasA kI gayI hai| Abhyantarika tapa ke chaha bheda bhI bauddha paramparA me svIkRta rahe hai / (6) prAyazcitta bauddha-paramparA aura baidika paramparA meM svIkRta rahA hai| bauddha AgamoM meM prAyazcitta ke lie pravAraNA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai / (7) vinaya ke sambandha me dono hI vicAra paramparA ekamata haiM / (8) bauddha parampaga meM bhI buddha, dharma, saMgha, rogI, vRddha evaM zikSArthI bhikSaka kI sevA kA vidhAna hai| (9) imI prakAra svAdhyAya evaM umameM vibhinna aMgoM kA vivecana bhI bauddha paramparA meM upalabdha hai| buddha ne bhI vAcanA, pRcchanA, pagavarnanA evaM cintana ko mamAna mahanva diyA hai / (10) vyutmarga ke sambandha me yadyapi buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArgI hai, tathApi ve ise amvIkAra nahI karate hai / vyutmarga ke Antarika prakAra to bauddha paramparA meM bhI umI prakAra svIkRta rahe hai jima prakAra ve jaina darzana meM hai / (11) dhyAna ke sambandha meM bauddha dRSTikoNa bhI jana paramparA ke nikaTa hI AtA hai| bauddha paramparA meM cAra prakAra ke dhyAna mAne gaye haiM 1. mavitarka-savicAra-vivekajanya prItisukhAtmaka prathama dhyAna / 2. vitarka vicAra-rahita-samAdhija prItisukhAtmaka dvitIya dhyAna / 3. prIti aura virAga se upezaka ho smRti aura samprajanya se yukta upekSA smRti sukhabihArI tRtIya dhyAna /

Page #131
112 bena, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga 4. sukha-duHsa evaM saumanasya-daumanasya se rahita asukha-aduHkhAtmaka upekSA evaM parizuddhi se yukta caturtha dhyAna / isa prakAra cAroM dhyAna jaina-paramparA meM bhI thor3e zAbdika antara ke sAtha upasthita haiM / yoga-paramparA meM bhI samApatti ke cAra prakAra batalAye haiM, jo ki jana-paramparA ke samAna hI lagate haiN| samApatti ke ve cAra prakAra nimnAnusAra haiM-1. savitarkA, 2. nivitarkA, 3. savicArA, 4. nivicArA / isa vivecanA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina-sAdhanA meM jisa samyak tapa kA vidhAna hai, vaha anya bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI sAmAnyatayA svIkRta rahA hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM jisa sambandha meM mata bhinnatA hai vaha hai anazana yA upavAsa tapa / bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana upavAsoM kI lambI tapasyA ko itanA mahattva nahIM dete jitanA ki jaina vicAraNA detI hai| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana tapa kI apekSA yoga ko adhika mahattva dete haiM / yadyapi yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki jaina darzana kI tapa-mAdhanA yoga-sAdhanA me bhinna nahIM hai / pataMjali ne jisa aSTAMga yogamArga kA upadeza diyA vaha kucha tathyoM ko chor3a kara jaina-vicAraNA meM bhI upalabdha hai| maSTAMga yoga aura jena-darzana-yoga-darzana meM yoga ke ATha aMga mAne gaye hai-1. yama, 2. niyama, 3. Asana, 4. prANAyAma, 5. pratyAhAra, 6. dhAraNA, 7. dhyAna aura 8. samAdhi / inakA jaina-vicAraNA se kitanA sAmya hai, isa para vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogaa| 1. yama-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye pAMca yama haiM / jaina-darzana meM ye pAMcoM yama paMca mahAvrata kahe gaye haiN| jaina-darzana aura yoga-darzana meM inakI vyAkhyAeM samAna hai| 2. niyama-niyama bhI pAMca hai-1. zauca, 2. santoSa, 3. tapa, 4. svAdhyAya aura 5. IzvarapraNidhAna / jaina darzana meM ye pAMcoM niyama prasaMgAntara se mAnya haiN| jaina-darzana meM niyama ke sthAna para yoga-saMgraha kA vivecana upalabdha hai| jaina Agama samavAyAMga meM 32 yoga-saMgraha mAne hai / yathA 1. apane kiye hue pApoM kI gurujanoM ke pAsa AlocanA krnaa| 2. kisI kI AlocanA sunakara kisI aura ke pAsa na kahanA / 3. kaSTa Ane para dharma meM dRr3ha rahanA / 4. kisI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA na karate hue tapa karanA 5. grahaNazikSA aura AsevanazikSA kA pAlana karanA / 6. zarIra kI niSpratikramatA / 7. pUjA Adi kI AzA se rahita hokara ajJAta tapa karanA / 8. lobhaparityAga / 9. titikSA-- sahana karanA / 10. RjutA (saralatA) / 11. zuci (satya-saMyama) / 12. samyagdRSTi honA / 13. samAdhistha honA / 14. AcAra kA pAlana karanA / 15. vinayazIla honaa|

Page #132
samyaktapa tathA yogamArga 113 16 dhRtipUrvaka matimAn honA / 17 mavegayukta honaa| 18 pranidhi-mAyA (1 paTa) na karanA / 19. suvidhi-sadanuSThAna / 20. savarayukta honA / 21 apane dopo kA nirodha karanA / 22 saba kAmo (viSayo) se virakta rahanA / 23 mUlaguNo kA zuddha pAlana krnaa| 24. uttaraguNo kA zuddha pAlana karanA / 25 vyutmarga karanA / 26 pramAda na krnaa| 27 kSaNa-kSaNa me samAcArI-anuSThAna karanA / 28. dhyAna-mavarayoga krnaa| :0 mAgNAntika kaSTa Ane para bhI apane dhyeya se vicalita na honaa| 30. maga kA parityAga karanA / 31 prAyazcitta grahaNa krnaa| 32 maNakAla me Agadhaka bananA / ___3 Asana-sthira eva baiThane ke sukhada prakAra-vizeSa ko Amana kahA gayA hai / jaina paramparA me bAhya tapa ke pAcaveM kAyA-kleza meM Amano kA bhI mamAveza ha / aupapAtika sUtra eva dazAzrutaskadhasUtra me vIrAsana, bhadrAmana, goduhAmana aura sugvAsana Adi aneka Asano kA vivecana hai| 4 prANAyAma-prANa, apAna, mamAna', udAna aura vyAna ye pAMca prANavAyu hai / ina prANavAyuo para vijaya prApta karanA hI prANAyAma hai| isake recaka, pUraka aura kumbhaka ye tIna bheda hai / yadyapi jaina dharma ke mUla Agamo meM prANAyAma sambandhI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi AcArya zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava aura AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM prANAyAma kA vistRta vivecana hai| 5 pratyAhAra-indriyo kI bahirmukhatA ko mamApta kara unheM antarmagvI karanA pratyAhAra hai / jaina darzana meM pratyAhAra ke sthAna para pratisalInatA zabda kA prayoga huA hai / vaha cAra prakAra kI hai-1 indriya-pratisalInatA, 2 kaSAya-pratimalInatA, 3. yoga-pratisalInatA aura 4 vivikta zayanAsana mvntaa| isa prakAra yoga darzana ke pratyAhAra kA samAveza jaina-darzana kI pratimalInatA meM ho jAtA hai / 6 dhAraNA-citta kI ekAgratA ke lie ume kimI sthAna-vizepa para kendrita karanA dhAraNA hai / dhAraNA kA viSaya prathama sthUla hotA hai jo kramaza sUkSma aura mRkSmanara hotA jAtA hai / jaina Agamo medhAraNA kA varNana svatatra rUpa me nahI milatA, yadyapi umakA ullekha dhyAna ke eka aga ke rUpa me avazya huA hai| ina-parampaga me dhyAna kI avasthA me nAmikAna para daSTi kendrita karane kA vidhAna hai / dazAzrutaskaghamatra me bhikSupratimAo kA vivecana karate hue eka-pudgalanividRSTi kA ullekha hai / 7 dhyAna-jaina-parampaga meM yoga-mAdhanA ke mpa meM dhyAna kA vizeSa vivecana upalabdha hai| 8. samAdhi-cittavRtti kA sthira ho jAnA athavA umakA kSaya ho jAnA mamAvi hai / jaina-paramparA me mamAdhi zabda kA prayoga to kAphI haA hai, lekina mamAdhi ko dhyAna 1, mamavAyAga 32 /

Page #133
114 jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mAgaM 1 se pRthaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai / jaina paramparA meM dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi tInoM dhyAna meM ho mamAviSTha haiM / zukladhyAna kI avasthAe~ samAdhi ke tulya haiM / samAdhi ke do vibhAga kiye gae haiM - 1. saMprajJAta -samAdhi aura 2 asaMprajJAta -samAdhi / saMprajJAta samAdhi kA antarbhAva zukladhyAna ke prathama do prakAra pRthaktvavitarka mavicAra aura ekatva vitarka avicAra me aura amaMprajJAta-samAdhi kA antarbhAva zukla- dhyAna ke antima do prakAra sUkSmakriyA apratipAtI ora samucchinnakriyAnivRtti meM ho jAtA hai / 1 isa prakAra aSTAMga yoga me prANAyAma ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA vivecana jainaAgamoM meM upalabdha hai / yahI nahIM, paravartI jainAcAryo ne prANAyAma kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai / AcArya haribhadra ne to pacAga yoga kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai, jisame yoga ke nimna pA~ca aMga batAye hai: - 1. adhyAtma, 2. bhAvanA, 3. dhyAna, 4. samatA aura 5. vRttisaMkSaya | AcArya haribhadra ne yogadRSTimamuccaya, yoga-bindu aura yogavizikA; AcArya zubhacandra ne jJAnArNava tathA AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra kI racanA kara jaina paramparA meM yoga-vidyA kA vikAma kiyA hai / tapa kA sAmAnya svarUpa eka mUlyAkana - tapa zabda aneka artho me bhAratIya AcAra darzana meM prayukta huA hai aura jaba taka usakI mImAe~ nirdhArita nahIM kara lIjAtI, usakA mUlyAMkana karanA kaThina hai / 'tapa' zabda eka artha me tyAga bhAvanA ko vyakta karatA hai| tyAga cAhe vaha vaiyaktika svArtha evaM hitoM kA ho, cAhe vaiyaktika mukhopalabdhiyoM kA ho, tapa kahA jA sakatA hai / sambhavataH yaha tapa kI vistRta paribhASA hogI, lekina yaha tapa ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ko hI prastuta karatI hai / yahA~ tapa, saMyama, indriya-nigraha aura deha- daNDana bana kara raha jAtA hai| tapa mAtra tyAganA hI nahIM hai, upalabdha karanA bhI hai / tapa kA kevala visarjanAtmaka mUlya mAnanA bhrama hogA / bhAratIya AcAra-dazano ne jahA~ tapa ke visarjanAtmaka mUlyoM kI guNa gAthA gAyI hai, vahI usake sRjanAtmaka mUlya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM tapa ko loka-kalyANa kA vidhAna karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| gItA kI loka-saMgraha kI aura jaina paramparA kI vaiyAvRtya yA saMghasevA kI avadhAraNAe~ tapa ke vidhAyaka arthAt loka-kalyANakArI pakSa ko hI to abhivyakta karatI hai / boddha paramparA jaba "bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya " kA udghopa detI hai taba vaha bhI tapa ke vidhAyaka mUlya kA hI vidhAna karatI hai / sRjanAtmaka pakSa meM tapa Atmopalabdhi hI hai, lekina yahA~ sva-Atman itanA vyApaka hotA hai ki usame sva yA para kA bheda hI nahI Tika pAtA hai aura isIlie eka tapasvI kA Atma-kalyANa aura loka kalyANa paraspara virodhI nahIM hokara eka rUpa hote haiM / eka tapasvI ke AtmakalyANa me loka-kalyANa samAviSTa rahatA hai aura usakA loka-kalyANa Atma-kalyANa hI hotA hai / 1. vistRta evaM sapramANa tulanA ke lie dekhie -- jainAgamoM meM aSTAMga yoga /

Page #134
samyaka tapa tathA yogamArga 115 tapa, cAhe vaha indriya saMyama ho, citta nirodha ho athavA loka-kalyANa yA bahujanahita ho, usake mahattva se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / usakA vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie evaM samAja ke lie mahattva hai / DaoN0 gapha Adi kucha pAzcAttya vicArakoM ne tathA kisI sImA taka svayaM buddha ne bhI tapasyA ko Atma-niryAtana (Self Torture ) yA svapIDana ke rUpa meM dekhA aura isI AdhAra para usakI AlocanA bhI kI hai / yadi tapasyA kA artha kevala Atma-niryAtana yA svapIr3ana hI hai aura yadi isa AdhAra para usakI AlocanA kI gayI haiM to samucita kahI jA sakatI hai| jaina vicAraNA aura gItA kI dhAraNA bhI isase mahamata hI hogI / lekina yadi hamArI sukhopalabdhi ke lie parapIr3ana anivArya ho to aisI sukhopalabdhi samAlocya bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM dvArA tyAjya hI hogI / imI prakAra yadi svapIr3ana yA parapIr3ana donoM meM se kisI eka kA cunAva karanA ho to svapIr3ana ho cunanA hogA / naitikatA kA yahI takAjA hai / uparyukta donoM sthitiyoM meM svapIr3ana yA Atma-niryAtana ko kSamya mAnanA hI par3egA / bhagavAn buddha svayaM aisI sthiti meM svapIr3ana yA Atma-niryAtana ko svIkAra karate haiM / yadi cittavRtti yA vAsanAoM ke nirodha ke lie Atma-niryAtana Avazyaka ho to ise svIkAra karanA hogA / bhAratIya AcAra-paramparAoM evaM vizeSakara jaina AcAra-paramparA meM tapa ke mAtha zArIrika kaSTa sahane yA Atma-niryAtana kA jo adhyAya jur3A hai usake pIche bhI kucha tarkoM kA bala to hai hI / deha - daNDana kI praNAlI ke pIche nimnalikhita tarka diye jA makate hai 1. sAmAnya niyama hai ki sukha kI upalabdhi ke nimitta kucha na kucha duHkha to uThAnA hI hotA hai, phira Atma-sukhopalabdhi ke lie koI kaSTa na uThAnA par3e, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? 2. tapa svayaM ko svecchApUrvaka kaSTaprada sthiti meM DAlakara apane vaicArika samatva kA parIkSaNa karanA evaM abhyAsa karanA hai / 'mukha duHkhe samaM kRtvA' kahanA mahaja ho sakatA hai lekina Thosa abhyAsa ke binA yaha AdhyAtmika jIvana kA aMga nahIM bana sakatA aura yadi vaiyaktika jIvana meM aise mahaja avasara upalabdha nahIM hone haiM to svayaM ko kaSTaprada sthiti meM DAlakara apane vaicArika mamatva kA abhyAsa yA parIkSaNa karanA hogA / lekina zarIra aura AtmA 3. yaha kahanA mahaja hai ki 'maiM caitanya hU~, deha jar3a hai / ' ke bIca, jar3a aura cetana ke bIca, puruSa aura prakRti ke bIca, sat brahma aura mithyA jagat ke bIca jisa anubhavAtmaka bheda-vijJAnarUpa samyagjJAna kI AvazyakatA hai, usakI saccI kamauTI to yahI Atma-niryAtana kI prakriyA hai / deha daNDana yA kAya-kleza vaha agni

Page #135
116 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga parIkSA hai jisameM vyakti apane bhedajJAna kI niSThA kA saccA parIkSaNa kara sakatA hai / uparyukta AdhAra para hamane jisa deha-daNDana yA Atma-niryAtana rUpa tapasyA kA samarthana kiyA hai vaha jJAna-mamanvita tapa hai / jisa tapa meM samatva kI sAdhanA nahIM bhedavijJAna kA jJAna nahIM, aimA deha daNDanarUpa tapa jaina- mAdhanA ko bilakula mAnya nahI hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura tApasa kamaTha ke bIca tapa kA yahI svampa to vivAda kA viSaya thA aura jisameM pArzvanAtha ne ajJAnajanita deha-daNDana ko praNAlI kI nindA kI thI / svAdhyAya tapa kA jJAnAtmaka svarUpa hai / bhAratIya RSiyoM ne svAdhyAya ko tapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara tapa ke jJAna samanvita svarUpa para hI jora diyA hai / gItAkAra jJAna aura tapa ko sAtha-sAtha dekhatA hai / bhagavAn buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ajJAnayukta tapa kI nindA samAna rUpa se kI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate hai ki jo ajJAnIjana mAsa -mAma kI tapasyA karate haiM usakI samApti para kevala kuzAgra jitanA anna grahaNa karate haiM ve jJAnI kI solahavIM kalA ke barAbara bhI dharma kA AcaraNa nahI karate / 2 yahI bAta inhI zabdoM meM buddha ne bhI kahI hai / 3 donoM kathanoM meM zabda sAmya vizeSa draSTavya hai / isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana ajJAnayukta tapa ko heya samajhate haiM / deha-daNDana ko yadi kucha DhIle artha meM liyA jAye to usakI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai / jaise vyAyAma ke rUpa me kiyA huA deha-daNDana (zArIrika kaSTa ) svAsthya rakSA evaM zakti-saMcaya kA kAraNa hokara jIvana ke vyAvahArika kSetra meM bhI lAbhaprada hotA hai, vaise hI tapasyA ke rUpa meM deha- daNDana kA abhyAsa karane vAlA apane zarIra meM kaSTa sahiSNu zakti vikasita kara letA hai, jo vAsanAoM ke saMgharSa meM hI nahIM, jIvana kI sAmAnya sthitiyoM meM bhI sahAyaka hotI hai / eka upavAsa kA abhyAsI vyakti yadi kisI paristhiti meM bhojana prApta nahIM kara pAtA, to itanA vyAkula nahIM hogA jitanA anabhyasta vyakti / kaSTa-sahiSNutA kA abhyAsa AdhyAtmika pragati ke lie Avazyaka hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke binA zArIrika yantraNA apane Apa meM koI tapa nahIM hai, usameM bhI yadi isa zArIrika yantraNA ke pIche laukika yA pAralaukika svArtha haiM to phira use tapasyA kahanA mahAn mUrkhatA hogii| jaina- dArzanika bhASA meM tapasyA meM deha daNDana kiyA nahIM jAtA, ho jAtA hai / tapasyA kA prayojana Atma 1. dekhiye - gItA 16 / 1, 17, 15, 4 10, 428 2. mAse mAse tu jo bAlo kusaggeNaM tu bhuMjae / na so sukkhAyadhammassa kalaM agghai solasi // - uttarAdhyayana, 9 / 44 3. mAse mAse kusaggena bAlo bhuMjeya bhojanaM / na so saMkhatadhammAnaM kalaM agdhati solasi // - dhammapada, 70

Page #136
samyak tapa tathA yogamA gaM 117 parizodhana hai, na ki deha- daNDana / ghRta ko zuddhi ke lie ghRta ko tapAnA hotA hai na ki pAtra ko| usI prakAra Atma-zuddhi ke lie Atma-vikAroM ko tapAyA jAtA hai na ki zarIra ko / zarIra to AtmA kA bhAjana ( pAtra) hone se tara jAtA hai, tapAyA nahIM jAtA / jima tapa meM mAnasika kaSTa ho, vedanA ho, pIr3A ho, vaha tapa nahIM hai| pIr3A kA honA eka bAta hai aura pIr3A ko vyAkulatA kI anubhUti karanA dUsarI bAta hai / tapa meM pIr3A ho sakatI hai lekina pIr3A kI vyAkulatA kI anubhUti nahIM / por3A zarIra kA dharma hai, vyAkulatA kI anubhUti AtmA kA / aime aneka udAharaNa haiM jinameM ina donoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina bAlaka jaba upavAsa karatA hai, to ume bhUkha kI pIr3A avazya hogI, lekina vaha pIr3A kI vyAkulatA ko anubhUti nahI karatA / vaha upavAsa tapa ke rUpa meM karatA hai aura tapa to AtmA kA Ananda hai / vaha jIvana ke sauSThava ko naSTa nahIM karatA, varan jIvana ke Ananda ko pariSkRta karatA hai / punaH tapa ko kevala deha daNDana mAnanA bahuta bar3A bhrama hai| deha daNDana tapa kA eka choTA-sA prakAra mAtra hai / 'tapa' zabda apane Apa meM vyApaka hai / vibhinna sAdhanApaddhatiyoM ne tapa kI vibhinna paribhASAe~ kI haiM aura una sabakA samanvita svarUpa hI tapa kI eka pUrNa paribhASA ko vyAkhyAyita kara sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM jIvana ke zodhana evaM pariSkAra ke lie kiye gaye samagra prayAsa tapa haiM / yaha tapa kI nirvivAda paribhASA hai jisake mUlyAMkana ke prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hI pratIta nahIM hotI hai / jIvana - pariSkAra ke prayAsa kA mUlya sarvagrAhya hai, sarvasvIkRta hai / isa para na kimI pUrvavAle ko Apatti ho sakatI hai na pazcimavAle ko / yahA~ AtmavAdI aura bhautikavAdI sabhI samabhUmi para sthita haiM aura yadi hama tapa kI uparyukta paribhASA ko svIkRta karake calane haiM to niSedhAtmaka dRSTi se tRSNA, rAga, dveSa Adi citta kI samasta akuTAla ( azubha ) vRttiyoM kA nivAraNa evaM vidheyAtmaka dRSTi se mabhI kuzala ( zubha ) vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM kA sampAdana 'tapa' kahA jA sakatA hai / bhAratIya RSiyoM ne hamezA tapa kA virAT artha meM hI dekhA hai / yahA~ zraddhA, jJAna, ahimA, brahmacarya, Arjava, mArdava, kSamA, saMyama, samAvi, matya, svAdhyAya, adhyayana, sevA, satkAra Adi sabhI zubha guNoM ko tapa mAna liyA gayA hai / aba jaina-paramparA meM svIkRta tapa ke bhedoM ke mUlyAMkana kA kicit prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| anazana meM kitanI zakti ho sakatI hai, ise Aja gA~dhI-yuga kA hara vyakti jAnatA hai / hama to usake pratyakSa prayoga dekha cuke haiN| sarvodaya samAja racanA to upavAsa ke mUlya kI svIkAra karatI ho hai, deza meM utpanna anna-saMkaTa ko samasyA ne bhI isa ora 1. gItA, 17 / 14-19

Page #137
118 jana, bauddha aura gotA kA sApanA mArga hamArA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| ina sabake sAtha Aja cikitsaka evaM vaijJAnika bhI isakI upAdeyatA ko middha kara cuke hai / prAkRtika cikitmA praNAlI kA to mUla AdhAra hI upavAsa hai| ___ imI prakAra UnodarI yA bhUkha se kama bhojana, niyamita bhojana tathA rama-parityAga kA bhI svAsthya ko dRSTi meM paryApta mUlya hai / sAtha hI yaha mayama evaM indriya jaya meM bhI sahAyaka hai / gAdhIjI ne to isI meM prabhAvita ho gyAraha vrato meM asvAda vrata kA vidhAna kiyA thaa| yadyapi vartamAna yuga bhikSAvRtti ko ucita nahIM mAnatA hai, tathApi mamAja-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se isakA dUsarA pahalU bhI hai / jaina AcAra-vyavasthA me bhikSAvRtti ke jo niyama pratipAdita hai ve apane Apa meM itane mabala hai ki bhikSAvRtti ke mambhAvita dopo kA nirAkaraNa svataH ho jAtA ha / bhikSAvRtti ke liA aha kA tyAga Avazyaka hai aura naitika dRSTi me usakA kama mUlya nahI hai| isI prakAra Asana-sAdhanA aura ekAtavAma kA yoga-sAdhanA kI dRSTi me malya hai / Amana yoga-sAdhanA kA eka anivArya aMga hai| tapa ke Abhyantara bhedo me dhyAna aura kAyotmarga kA bhI mAdhanAtmaka mUlya hai / punaH svAdhyAya, vaiyAvRtya (mevA) eva vinaya (anuzAsana) kA to sAmAjika eva vayaktika dono dRSTiyo se bar3A mahattva hai| sevAbhAva aura anuzAmita jIvana ye dono sabhya samAja ke Avazyaka guNa hai / IsAI dharma me to ima mevAbhAva ko kAphI adhika mahanva diyA gayA hai| Aja usake vyApaka pracAra kA ekamAtra kAraNa umakI mevA-bhAvanA hI to hai| manuSya ke lie sevAbhAva eka Avazyaka tatva hai jo apane prArambhika kSetra meM parivAra se prArambha hokara 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' taka kA vizAla Adarya prastuta karatA hai| svAdhyAya kA mahattva AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura jJAnAtmaka vikAma dono daNTiyo me hai| eka ora vaha sva kA adhyayana hai to dUsarI ora jJAna kA anuzIlana / jJAna aura vijJAna kI sArI pragati ke mUla me to svAdhyAya hI hai / prAyazcitta eka prakAra se aparAdhI dvArA svayAcita daNDa hai| yadi vyakti meM prAyazcitta kI bhAvanA jAgRta ho jAtI hai to usakA jIvana hI badala jAtA hai / jima samAja meM aise loga ho, vaha samAja to Adarza ho hogaa| ___ vAstava me to tapa ke ina vibhinna ago ke itane adhika pahalU hai ki jinakA samucita mUlyAkana sahaja nahIM / ___ tapa AcaraNa meM vyakta hotA hai| vaha AcaraNa hI hai / use zabdo me vyakta karanA sambhava nahIM hai / tapa AtmA kI USA hai, jise zabdo me bAMdhA nahIM jA sktaa|

Page #138
samyak tapa tathA yogamArga yaha kimI eka AcAra-darzana kI bapautI nahI, vaha to pratyeka jAgRta AtmA kI anubhUti hai| umako anubhUti se hI mana ke kalupa dhulane lagate hai, vAmanAe~ zithila ho jAtI hai, ahaM galane lagatA hai / tRSNA aura kapAro kI agni tapa kI USmA ke prakaTa hote hI nizeSa ho jAtI hai| jaDatA kSINa ho jAtI hai / cetanA aura Ananda kA eka nayA AyAma khula jAtA hai, eka navIna anubhUti hotI hai / zabda aura bhApA mAna ho jAtI hai, AcaraNa kI vANI mukharita hone lagatI hai| tapa kA yahI jIvanta aura jAgRta gAzvata svampa hai jo mArvajanIna aura mArvakAlika hai / sabhI sAdhanA-paddhatiyA ime mAnakara calatI hai aura daza kAla ke anusAra imake kimI eka dvAra se mAdhako ko tapa ke isa bhaga mahala meM lAne kA prayAsa karatI hai, jahA sAdhaka apane paramAtma svarUpa kA darzana karatA hai, Anmana brahma yA Izvara kA mAkSAtkAra karatA hai| tapa eka aimA prazasta yoga hai jo AtmA ko paramAtmA ma joDa detA hai, AtmA kA pariSkAra kara ume paramAtma-svarUpa banA datA hai /

Page #139
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga nivRttimArga evaM pravattimArga kA vikAsa AcAra-darzana ke kSetra me pravRtti aura nivRtti kA prazna sadaiva hI gambhIra vicAra kA viSaya rahA hai| AcaraNa ke kSetra me hI anaikitA ko mambhAvanA rahatI hai, kriyA me hI bandhana kI kSamatA hotI hai| imalie kahA gayA ki karma me bandhana hotA hai / prazna uThatA hai ki yadi karma athavA AcaraNa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai to phira kyo na ise tyAga kara niSkriyatA kA jIvana apanAyA jaaye| bama, isI vicAra ke mUla me nivRtti vAdI athavA naiSkarmyavAdI manyAmamArga kA boja hai / niSpApa jIvana jIne kI umaga me hI nivRttivAdI parampaga manuSya ko karmakSetra meM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDa evaM giriguphAo me le gayI, jahA~ yathAsambhava niSkama jIvana sulabhatApUrvaka bitAyA jA sake / dUmarI ora jina logo ne karmakSetra meM bhAganA to nahI cAhA, lekina pApa ke bhaya evaM bhAvI mugvada jIvana kI kalpanA se apane ko mukta nahIM rakha sake unhone pApa-nivRtti eva jIvana kI magalakAmanA ke lie kimI aimI adRzya mattA meM vizvAma kiyA jo unhe Acarita pApa se mukta kara make aura jIvana me mugva-muvidhAo kI upalabdhi kagaye / itanA hI nahIM, unhone uma mattA ko prasanna karane ke lie aneka vidhi-vidhAno kA nirmANa kara liyA aura yahI me pravRtti mArga yA karmakANDa kI parampaga kA udbhava huaa| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ke itihAma kA pUrvArdha pramukhata ina dono nivartaka eva pravartaka dharmo ke udbhava, vikAsa aura magharSa kA itihAsa hai, jabaki uttarArdha inake samanvaya kA itihAsa hai| jaina, bauddha eva gItA ke AcAra-darzano kA vikAma ina dono paramparAo ke magharSa-yuga ke antima caraNa me huA hai| inhone isa magharSa ko miTAne ke hetu mamanvaya kI naI dizA dI / jaina eva bauddha vicAra-paramparAeM yadyapi nivartaka dharma ko hI zAgvAye thI, tathApi unhone apane andara pravartaka dharma ke kucha tattvo kA mamAveza kiyA aura unhe naI paribhApAya pradAna kii| lekina gItA to samanvaya ke vicAra ko lekara hI Age AyI thii| gItA meM anAmaktiyoga ke dvArA pravRtti aura nivRtti kA sumela karAne kA prayAsa hai| ___ nivRtti-pravRtti ke vibhinna artha-nivRtti eva pravRtti zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hote rahe hai / sAdhAraNatayA nivRtti kA artha hai alaga honA aura pravRtti kA artha hai pravRtta honA yA laganA / lekina ina arthoM ko lAkSaNika rUpa meM lete hue pravRtti aura

Page #140
nivRtti mArga mora pravRtti mArga 121 nivRtti ke aneka artha kiye gaye / yahA~ vibhinna arthoM ko dRSTi me rakhate hue vicAra kreNge| pravRtti aura nivRtti sakriyatA evaM niSkriyatA ke artha meM nivRtti zabda niH + vRtti ina do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai / vRtti se tAtparya kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAyeM hai / vRtti ke sAtha lagA huA nis upasarga niSedha kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra nivRtti zabda kA artha hotA hai kAyika, vAcika evaM, mAnasika kriyAoM kA abhAva / nivRttiparakatA kA yaha artha lagAyA jAtA hai ki kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ke abhAva kI ora bar3hanA, unako chor3anA yA kama karate jAnA, jise hama karma maMnyAsa kaha sakate hai / isa prakAra mamajhA yaha jAtA hai ki nivRtti kA artha jIvana se palAyana hai, mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika karmoM kI niSkriyatA hai / lekina bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM meM se koI bhI nivRtti ko niSkriyatA ke artha meM svIkAra nahI krtaa| kyoMki karma-kSetra me kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kI pUrNa niSkriyatA mambhava hI nahI hai| jaina iSTikoNa-yadyapi jainadharma me mukti ke lie mana, vANI aura garIra kI vRttiyo kA nirodha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai phira bhI umame vizuddha cetanA evaM zuddha jJAna kI avasthA pUrNa niSkriyAvasthA nahI hai| jainadharma to muktadazA meM bhI AtmA meM jJAna kI apekSA meM pariNamanazIlatA (makriyatA) ko svIkAra kara pUrNa niSkriyatA kI ava. dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara detA hai / jahA~ taka daihika evaM laukika jIvana kI bAta hai, jaina-darzana pUrNa niSkriya avasthA kI sambhAvanA ko hI svIkAra nahIM karatA / karma-kSetra me kSaNamAtra ke lie bhI aimI avasthA nahI hotI jaba prANI kI mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samagra kriyAyeM pUrNataH niruddha ho jaayeN| usake anumAra anAmakta jIvanmukta ahaMta meM bhI ina kriyAoM kA abhAva nahI hotA / mamamta vattiyoM ke nirodha kA kAla aise mahApurupoM ke jIvana meM bhI eka kSaNamAtra kA hI hotA hai jaba ki ve apane parinirvANa kI taiyArI meM hote hai| mana, vacana aura zarIra kI mamasta kriyAoM ke pUrNa nigeva kI avasthA (jise jaina pAribhASika zabdoM me ayogIkevalI guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai) kI kAlAvadhi pA~ca hrasva svaroM ke uccAraNa meM lagane vAle samaya ke barAbara hotI hai| isa prakAra jIvanmukta avasthA meM bhI ina kSaNoM ke atirikta pUrNa niSkriyatA ke lie koI avasara hI nahIM hotA, phira mAmAnya prANI kI bAta hI kyA ? jaba AtmA kRtakArya ho jAtI hai, taba bhI vaha arhatAvasthA yA tIrthakara dazA meM niSkriya nahI hotI varan maMgha-sevA aura prANiyoM ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie matata prayatnazIla rahatI hai| nIrthakaratva athavA ahaMtAvasthA prApta karane ke bAda magha-sthApanA aura dharma-cakrapravartana kI mArga kriyAya lokahita kI dRSTi meM kI jAtI hai jo yahI batAtI hai ki jaina vicAraNA na kevala sAdhanA ke pUrvAMga ke rUpa meM kriyAzIlatA ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai

Page #141
122 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga varan sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt bhI sakriya jIvana ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina darzana meM nivRtti ko niSkriyatA ke artha meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha AdhyAtmika jJAnadazA ke atirikta mamasta zArIrika, mAnamika evaM vAcika karmoM kI pUrNa nivRtti hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM aisI niSkriyatA kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai| vaha mAnatI hai ki jaba taka zarIra hai taba taka zarIra dharmo ko nivRtti sambhava nahIM / jIvana ke lie pravRtti nitAnta Avazyaka hai, lekina mana, vacana aura tana ko azubha pravRtti meM na lagAkara zubha pravRtti meM lagAnA naitika sAdhanA kA sattvA mArga hai| mana, vacana evaM tana kA ayukta AcaraNa hI doSapUrNa hai, yukta AcaraNa to guNavardhaka hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa - bauddha AcAra-darzana meM bhI pUrNa niSkriyatA kI sambhAvanA svIkAra nahIM kI gayI hai / yahI nahIM, aise aneka prasaMga hai jinake AdhAra para yaha middha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki boddha-mAdhanA niSkriyatA kA upadeza nahI detI / vinayapiTaka ke calavagga meM arhat darbha vicAra karate haiM ki "maiMne apane bhikSu jIvana ke 7 veM varSa meM hI arhatva prApta kara liyA, maiMne vaha saba jJAna bhI prApta kara liyA jo kiyA jA sakatA hai, aba mere lie koI bhI kartavya zeSa nahI hai| phira bhI mere dvArA saMgha kI kyA sevA ho makatI hai ? yaha mere lie acchA kArya hogA ki maiM saMgha ke AvAsa aura bhojana kA prabandha karU~ / ' ve apane vicAra buddha ke samakSa rakhate hai aura bhagavAn buddha unheM ina kArya ke lie niyukta karate hai ?" itanA hA nahIM. mahAyAna zAkhA meM to bodhisatva kA Adarza apanI mukti kI icchA nahI rakhatA huA sadaiva hI mana, vacana aura tana se prANiyoM ke duHkha dUra karane kI bhAvanA karatA hai / bhagavAn buddha ke dvArA bodhilAbha ke pazcAt kiye gaye saMgha pravartana eva lokamaMgala ke kArya spaSTa batAte hai ki lakSya viddha ho jAne para bhI naiSkarmyatA kA jIvana jInA apekSita nahIM hai / bodhilAbha ke pazcAt svayaM buddha bhI upadeza karane meM anutsuka hue the, lekina bAda meM unhoMne apane isa vicAra ko chor3akara lokamaMgala ke lie pravRtti prArambha kI 13 gItA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA kA AcAra-darzana bhI yahI kahatA hai ki koI bhI prANI kisI bhI kAla meM kSaNamAtra ke lie bhI binA karma kiye nahI rhtaa| sabhI prANI prakRti se utpanna guNoM ke dvArA paravaza hue karma karane hI rahate hai / " gItA kA AcAradarzana to sAdhaka aura siddha donoM ke lie karmamArga kA upadeza detA hai| gItA me zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna, jo puruSa mana meM indriyoM ko vA me kara ke anAsakta huA karmendriyoM se karmayoga kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha zreSTha hai| isalie tU zAstravidhi se niyata kiye hue svadharmarUpa karma ko kara, kyoMki karma na karane kI apekSA karma 1. vinayapiTaka cUlavagga, 4211 3. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga 11115 2. bodhicaryAvatAra, 3 / 6 4. gItA 3 / 5

Page #142
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 123 karanA zreSTha hai tathA karma na karane se terA zarIra-nirvAha bhI siddha nahI hogA / bandhana ke bhaya me bhI karmoM kA tyAga karanA yogya nahI hai / ' he arjuna, yadyapi majhe tInoM lokoM meM kucha bhI kartavya nahIM hai tathA kiMcit bhI prApta hone yogya vastu aprApta nahI hai, to bhI meM karma meM hI bartatA hai / isalie hai bhArata, karma me Asakta hue ajJAnI jana jaige karma karate hai, vaime hI anAsakta huA vidvAn bhI lokazikSA ko cAhatA huA karma kare / gItA kI bhaktimArgIya vyAkhyAe~ to mokSa kI avasthA me bhI niSkriyatA ko svIkAra na kara mukta AtmA ko sadaiva hI Izvara kI mevA me tatpara banAye rakhatI hai / ima prakAra mpaSTa hai ki jaina, bauddha ena gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM nivatti kA artha nikriyatA nahI hai / unake anusAra nivRtti kA yaha tAtparya kadApi nahI hai ki jIvana me niSkriyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAye / na to gAdhanA-kAla meM hI niSkriyatA nA koI sthAna hai aura na naitika Adarza (arhan avasthA yA jIvanmakti) kI upalabdhi ke pazcAt hI niSkriyatA apekSita hai / kRtakRtya hone para bhI nIrthakara, gamyak sambaddha aura pamponama kA jIvana matata rUpa se kRtyAtmakatA kA hI paricaya detA hai, aura batAtA hai / lakSya kI middhi ke pazcAt bhI lokahita ke lie prayAsa karate rahanA cAhie / gRhastha dharma banAma saMnyAsa dharma jaina aura bauddha daSTikoNa-yaha bhI samajhA jAtA hai ki nivatti kA artha manyAmamArga hai arthAt gRhastha-jIvana ke karmakSetra meM palAyana / padi isa artha ke mandarbha meM nirvAna kA vicAra kareM to svIkAra karanA hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma nivataka dharma hai, kyoMki dono AcAra-paramparAo me spaSTa rUpa meM manyAga-dharma kA pradhAnatA rAyaThatA svIkRta hai / jainAgama darzavakAlikamUtra meM kahA gayA hai-"gRhamtha-jIvana gayakta :sanyAsa klezazUnya hai, gRhasthavAma bandhanakAraka hai, manyAma mukti pradAtA hai| gamtha jIvana pApakArI hai, sanyAma nippApa hai|' bauddha graMtha munipAta meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'yaha gahavAma kaMTako me pUrNa hai, vAsanAo kA ghara hai, pravrajyA khule AkAga jamI nirmala hai|" pravRtti aura nivRtti ke ukta artha ke AdhAra para jaina eva bauddha parampaga nivRttilakSI hI ThaharatI hai / dono prAcAra-darzana yaha mAnata hai ki paramadheya kI upalabdhi ke lie jima Atma-mantopa, anAsaktavRti, mAdhyamyabhAva yA samanvabhAva kI apegA hai, vaha gRhastha-jIvana me cAhe amAdhya nahI ho, to bhI mumAdhya to nahIM hI hai / dagava lie jima ekAnta, nirmohI evaM zAnta jIvana kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha gRhastha avasthA me mulabha nahI hai / ataH manyAmamArga hI eka aimA mArga hai jisameM gAdhanA ke lie vighna-bAdhAo kI mambhAvanAe~ kama hotI hai / 1. gItA, 317-9 2. vahI, 322, 20 3. dazavakAlika cUlikA, 1111.12,13 4 . muna nipAta, 27 /

Page #143
124 jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA sApanA mArga saMnyAsa mArga para adhika bala-jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ke anusAra gRhIjIvana naitika paramazreya ko upalabdhi kA eka aimA mArga hai jo sarala hote hue bhI bhaya se pUrNa hai, jabaki saMnyAsa aisA mArga hai jo kaThora hone para bhI bhayapUrNa nahIM hai / gRhIjIvana meM mAdhanA ke mUla tattva arthAt manaHsthiratA ko prApta karanA duSkara hai / saMnyAsamArga mAdhanA kI vyAvahArika dRSTi se kaThora pratIta hote hue bhI vastutaH susAdhya hai, jaba ki gRhastha-mArga vyAvahArika dRSTi se sumAdhya pratIta hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai, kyoMki naitika vikAma ke lie jisa mano-mantulana kI AvazyakatA hai vaha saMnyAsa meM sahaja prApta hai, umameM cita vicalana ke avamara ati nyUna haiM, jabaki gRhastha jIvana meM vana-khaNDa kI taraha bAdhAoM meM bharA hai| jaise girikandarAoM meM surakSita rahane ke lie vizeSa sAhasa evaM yogyatA apekSita hai, vaise hI gRhastha-jIvana meM naitika pUrNatA prApta karanA vizeSa yogyatA kA hI paricAyaka hai| __gRhI-jIvana meM mAdhanA ke mUla tattva arthAn manaHsthiratA ko surakSita rakhate hue lakSya taka pahuMca pAnA kaThina hotA hai / gagadrepa ke prasaMgoM kI upasthiti kI sambhAvanA gRhI-jIvana meM adhika hotI haiM, ataH una prasaMgoM meM rAga-dvepa nahI karanA yA anAsakti rakhanA eka duHsAdhya sthiti hai, jabaki saMnyAsamArga meM ina prasaMgoM kI upasthiti ke avasara alpa hote haiM, ataH isame naitikatA kI samatvarUpI sAdhanA sarala hotI hai / gRhasthajIvana meM mAdhanA kI ora jAne vAlA rAstA phisalana bharA hai, jisame kadama kadama para satarkatA kI AvazyakatA hai / yadi sAdhaka eka kSaNa ke lie bhI AvegoM ke pravAha meM nahIM saMbhalA to phira baca pAnA kaThina hotA hai / vAsanAoM ke bavaMDara ke madhya rahate hue bhI unase aprabhAvita rahanA sahaja kArya nahIM hai| mahAvIra aura buddha ne mAnava kI ina durbalatAoM ko samajhakara hI saMnyAsamArga para jora diyaa| jaina aura bauddha darzana meM saMnyAsa nirApada mArga-mahAvIra yA buddha kI dRSTi meM maMnyAsa yA gRhastha dharma naitika jIvana ke lakSya nahIM hai, varan sAdhana haiM / naitikatA saMnyAsa dharma yA gRhasthadharma kI prakriyA meM nahIM hai, varan citta kI samatvavRtti meM hai, rAga-deSa ke prahANa meM hai. mAdhyasthabhAva meM hai / naitika mUlya to mAnasika samatva yA anAmakti kA hai / mahAvIra yA buddha kA Agraha kamI bhI sAdhanoM ke lie nahIM rhaa| unakA Agraha to sAdhya ke lie hai| hAM, ve yaha avazya mAnate haiM ki naitikatA ke isa Adarza kI upalabdhi kA nigapada mArga saMnyAsadharma hai, jaba ki gRhasthadharma bAdhAoM se paripUrNa hai, nigapada mArga nahIM hai / jaina-darzana ke anusAra, jisame marudevI jaisI nizchalatA aura bharata jaisI jAgarUkatA evaM anAsakti ho, vahI gRhastha jIvana meM bhI naitika paramalakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke nirvANa ko prApta karanevAle sau putroM meM yaha kevala bharata kI hI vizeSatA thI jisane gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue bhI pUrNatA ko prApta kiyaa| zeSa 99 putroM ne to paramasAdhya ko prApti ke lie saMnyAsa kA sukara mArga hI cunA /

Page #144
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 125 vastutaH gRhastha-jIvana me naitika mAdhya ko prApta kara lenA duHsAdhya kArya hai / vaha to Aga meM khelate hue bhI hAtha ko nahI jalane dene ke mamAna hai / gItA bhI jaba yaha kahatI ki karma-manyAma se karmayoga zreSTha hai to usakA yahI tAtparya hai ki sanyAma kI apekSA gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue jo naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jAtI hai vaha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| lekina isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki gRhastha-jIvana sanyAsamArgako apekSA thA hai| yadi do mArga eka hI lakSya kI ora jAte ho, lekina unameM se eka bAdhAo: pUrNa ho, lambA ho aura dUsarA mArga nirApada ho, kama lambA ho to koI bhI pahale mArga ko zreSTha nahI kahegA / zreSTha mArga to dUmarA hI khlaayegaa| hA, bAdhAo me paripUNa mArga se hokara jo mAdhaka lakSya taka pahu~catA hai vaha avazya ho vizeSa yogya vahA jaayegaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAra-darzana yadyapi manyAmamArga para adhika jora dete hai aura dama artha meM nivanyAtmaka hI hai, tathApi isakA yaha artha kadApi nahI hai ki gRhastha-jIvana meM raha kara naitika sAdhanA ko pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / imakA tAtparya inanA hI hai ki sanyAmamArga ke dvArA naitika sAdhanA yA AdhyAtmika samatva kI upalabdhi karanA adhika sulabha hai| payA sanyAsa palAyana hai ?-jo loga nivRttimArga yA manyAmamArga ko palAyanavAditA kahate hai, ve bhI kisI artha meM ThIka hai / manyAma isa artha meM palAyana hai ki vaha hame usa surakSita sthAna kI ora bhAga jAne ko kahatA hai jisame rahakara naitika vikAsa sulabha hotA hai| vaha naitika vikAsa yA AdhyAtmika samatva kI upalabdhi ke mArga meM vAsanAoM ke madhya rahakara uname saMgharSa karane kI bAta nahI kahatA, varan vAsanAoM ke kSetra se baca nikalane kI bAta kahatA hai / saMnyAsamArga meM mAdhaka vAmanAoM ke madhya rahate hue uname Upara nahI uThatA, varan vaha uname bacane kA hI prayAma karatA hai| vaha una saba prasaMgoM me jahAM ima AdhyAtmika samatva yA naitika jIvana se vicalana kI mambhAvanAoM kA bhaya hotA hai, dUra rahane kA hI prayAma karatA hai| vaha vAsanAoM se maMgharSa kA patha nahI cunatA, vagn vAmanAoM se nigapada mArga ko hI cunatA hai / vaha vAsanAoM me saMgharSa ke avamaroM ko kama karane kA prayAma karatA hai / vaha magharSa ke prasaMgoM se dUra rahanA yA vacanA cAhatA hai / ina maba artho me nizcaya hI manyAmamArga palAyana hai, lekina aimI palAyanavAditA anucita to nahI kahI jA mktii| kyA nigapadamArga cunanA anucita hai ? kyA patana ke bhaya se bacane kA prayAma karanA anucita hai ? kyA una maMgharSoM ke avamageM ko, jiname patana kI sambhAvanA ho, TAlanA anucita hai : manyAma palAyana to hai lekina vaha anucita nahI hai; varan mAnavIya buddhi kA hI paricAyaka hai / 1. gItA, 5 / 2 2. sthU libhadra kA kozA vezyA ke yahA~ cAturmAma karane kA mampUrNa kathAnaka isa tathya ko aura adhika spaSTa kara detA hai|

Page #145
126 jana, boTa aura gItA kA sApanA mArga mamanva ke bhaMga hone ke avasara yA gaga-dvepa ke pramaga gRhastha jIvana meM adhika hote hai aura yadi koI mAdhaka uma avasthA meM mamatva dRSTi rakha pAne meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai nA usake lie yahI ucita hai ki vaha manyAma ke surakSita kSetra me hI vicaraNa kare / jaise cogeM me dhana kI surakSA ke lie vyakti ke mAmane do vikalpa ho sakate haieka to yaha ki vyakti apane meM itanI yogyatA evaM mAhama vikasita kara le ki vaha kabhI bhI coge meM saMgharSa meM pagabhUta na ho, kintu yadi vaha apane meM itanA sAhama nahI pAtA hai, to ucita yahI hai ki vaha kimI surakSita eva nirApada mthAna kI ora calA jAya / imI prakAra manyAma AtmA ke mamatvarUpa dhana kI surakSA ke lie nirApada sthAna meM rahanA hai, jise bauddhika dRSTi me amagata nahI mAnA jA sakatA / jaina-dharma saMnyAsamArga para jo bala detA hai, usake pIche mAtra yahI dRSTi hai ki adhikAza vyaktiyo me itanI yogyatA kA vikAsa nahI ho pAtA ki ve gRhI-jIvana me, jo ki rAga-dveSa ke prasago kA kendra hai, anAsakta yA mamatvapUrNa mana sthiti banAye rakha skeN| ataH unake lie manyAsa ho nigapada kSetra hai / manyAma kA mahattva yA Agraha sAdhana-mArga kI sulabhatA kI dRSTi me hai / mAdhya se pare mAdhana kA mUlya nahI hotaa| jena evaM bauddha dRSTi meM sanyAsa kA jo bhI mUlya hai, sAdhana kI dRSTi me hai / samatvarUpa sAdhya kI upalabdhi kI dRSTi se to jahA~ bhI mamabhAva ko upasthiti ha, vaha sthAna samAna mUlya kA hai, cAhe vaha gRhasya-dharma ho yA mnyaas-dhrm| gRhastha aura saMnyasta jIvana ko zreSThatA? gRhastha aura saMnyAsa jIvana me kauna zreSTha hai isakA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM vicAra huA hai| umI prasaga ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate hai, 'yaha jIvana kA kSetra hai, yahA~ zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA mApataula Atma-pariNati para AdhArita hai| kisI-kimI gRhastha kA jIvana santa ke jIvana me bhI zreSTha hotA hai, yadi vaha apane kartavya-patha para pUrI ImAnadArI ke sAtha cala rahA hai|"kaun choTA hai aura kauna baDA? isakI nApatola sAdhu aura gRhastha ke bhedabhAva me nahI kI jA sktii| sAdhu aura zrAvaka, jo bhI apane dAyitvo ko bhalI prakAra nibhA rahA hai, jindagI ke morce para mAvadhAnI ke mAtha gvaDA huA hai vahI zreSTha aura mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha anekAnta-dRSTi hai / yahA~ veza ko mahattA nahI dI jAtI, bAhya jIvana ko nahI dekhA jAtA, kintu antarAtmA ke vicAro ko TaTolA jAtA hai / kauna kitanA kara rahA hai ( mAtra ) yaha nahI dekhA jAtA, para kauna kamA kara rahA hai isI para dhyAna diyA jAtA hai|' vastuta. jaina-darzana ke anusAra gRhastha aura sanyAsI ke jIvana me zreSThatA aura azreSThatA kA mApa sAmAnya dRSTi aura vaiyaktika dRSTi aise do AdhAge para kiyA jAtA hai / sAmAnyataH saMnyAsadharma zreSTha 1. amarabhAratI, maI 1965, pR0 10

Page #146
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 127 pravRtyAtmaka jIvana aura hai, kyoMki yaha naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA sulabha mArga hai, usame patana kI sambhAvanAoM kI alpatA hai; jaba ki vyaktigata AdhAra para gRhasthadharma bhI zreSTha ho sakatA hai / jo vyakti gRhastha jIvana me bhI anAmakta bhAva se rahatA hai, kIcaDa me raha kara bhI usase alipta rahatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI sAdhAraNa mAdhuo kI apekSA zreSTha hai / gRhastha ke varga me sAdhuoM kA varga zreSTha hotA hai, lekina kucha mAdhuo kI apekSA kucha gRhastha bhI zreSTha hote hai 1 gRhastha ke mAdhu ke nivRtyAtmaka jIvana ke prati jaina- dRSTi kA yahI sAra hai / ume na gRhasthajIvana kI pravRtti kA Agraha hai aura na sanyAsa mArga kI nivRtti kA Agraha hai / use yadi Agraha hai to vaha anAgraha kA hI Agraha hai, anAsakti kA hI Agraha hai / pravRtti aura nivRtti dono hI use svIkAra ha-yadi ve isa anAgraha yA anAsakti ke lakSya kI yAtrA meM sahAyaka hai / gRhastha jIvana aura sanyAma ke yaha bAhya bheda usakI dRSTi me utane mahattvapUrNa nahI hai, jitanI sAdhaka kI mana sthiti eva unakI anAsakta bhAvanA | vezavizeSa yA Azrama vizeSa kA grahaNa mAghanA kA sahI artha nahI hai / uttagadhyayanasUtra me spaSTa nirdeza hai, 'nIvara, mRgacarma, nagnatva, jaTA, jIrNa vastra aura muNDana arthAt sanyAsa jIvana ke bAhya lakSaNa duzIla kI durgati meM rakSA nahI kara sakate / bhikSu bhI yadi durAcArI ho to naraka me baca nahIM sakatA / gRhastha ho athavA bhikSu, gamyak AcaraNa karanevAlA divya loko ko hI jAtA hai / gRhastha ho athavA bhikSu, jo bhI kapAyo eva Asakti se nivRtta hai evaM sayama eva tapa se parivRta hai, vaha divya sthAno ko hI prApta karatA hai gItA kA dRSTikoNa - vaidika AcAra-darzana me bhI pravRtti aura nivRtti kramazaH gRhastha dharma aura sanyAsa dharma ke artha me gRhIta hai / ima artha vivakSA ke AdhAra para vaidika paramparA me pravRtti aura nivRtti kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhane kA prayAsa karane para jJAta hotA hai ki vaidika paramparA mUla rUpa meM cAhe pravRtti paraka rahI ho, lekina gItA ke yuga taka usameM pravRtti aura nivRtti ke tattva samAna rUpa se pratiSThita ho cuke the / paramamAdhya kI prApti ke lie donoM ko hI sAdhanA kA mArga mAna liyA gayA thA / mahAbhArata zAntiparva me spaSTa likhA hai ki 'pravRtti lakSaNa dharma (gRhastha dharma) aura nivRtti lakSaNa dharma ( manyAma dharma ) yaha dAnoM hI mArga vedoM meM samAna rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| gItA me zrIkRSNa kahane hai, ' he niSpApa arjuna, pUrva me hI mere dvArA jIvana zodhana kI ina donoM praNAliyoM kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| uname jJAnI yA cintanazIla vyaktiyoM ke lie jJAnamArga yA sanyAmamArga kA aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ke lie 1. uttarAdhyayana, 5 / 20 3. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 240/60 2. vahI, 5/20 - 23, 28 4. gItA (zA), 313

Page #147
128 jaina, baura aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga karmamArga' kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / yadyapi gItA ke TIkAkAra una donoM meM meM kimI eka kI mahattA ko sthApita karane kA prayAma karate rahe haiN| zaMkara kA saMnyAsamArgIya iSTikoNa-AcArya zaMkara gItA bhASya meM gItA ke una mamamta prasaMgoM kI, jiname karmayoga aura karmamaMnyAma donoM ko mamAna bala vAlA mAnA gayA hai athavA karmayoga kI vizeSatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vyAkhyA isa prakAra prastuta karane kI koziza karate hai ki saMnyAmamArga ko zreSThatA pratiSThApina ho / ve likhate hai, 'pravRttirUpa karmayoga ko aura nivRttirUpa paramArtha yA maMnyAsa ke mAtha jo namAnatA mvIkAra kI gayI hai, vaha kimI apekSA meM hI hai / paramArtha (manyAma) ke sAtha karmayoga kI karta-viSayaka samAnatA hai / kyoMki jo paramArtha manyAmI hai vaha maba karma-mAdhanoM kA tyAga kara cukatA hai, imaliA maba karmoM kA aura unake phalaviSayaka maMkalpoM kA, jo ki pravRtti hetUka kAma ke kAraNa hai, tyAga karatA haiM aura isa prakAra paramArtha maMnyAma kI aura karmayoga ko kartA ke bhAvaviSayaka tyAga kI apekSA me mamAnatA hai| gotA ke eka anya prasaMga kI, jisameM karma-manyAma kI apekSA kamayoga kI vizeSatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, AcArya zaMkara vyAkhyA karate haiM ki 'jJAnarahita kevala maMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga vizeSa hai / isa prakAra AcArya zaMkara yahI siddha karane kA prayAma karate hai ki gItA meM jJAnamahita saMnyAsa to nizcaya hI karmayoga se zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| unake anumAra karmayoga to jJAna-prApti kA mAdhana hai, lekina mokSa to jJAnayoga se hI hotA hai aura jJAnaniSThA ke anuSThAna kA adhikAra saMnyAmiyoM kA hI hai| tilaka kA karmamArgIya daSTikoNa-tilaka ke anusAra gItA karmamArga kI pratipAdaka hai / unakA dRSTikoNa zaMkara ke dRSTikoNa se viparIta hai / ve likhate haiM ki isa prakAra yaha prakaTa ho gayA ki karma-saMnyAsa aura niSkAma-karma donoM vaidika dharma ke svatantra mArga haiM aura unake viSaya me gItA kA yaha nizcita siddhAnta hai ki ve vaikalpika nahI hai, kintu saMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga kI yogyatA vizeSa hai / ' ve gItA ke isa kathana para ki 'karma-saMnyAsa se karmayoga vizeSa hai' (karma saMnyAsAt karmayogo viziSyate) atyadhika bhAra dete haiM aura usako hI mUla-kendra mAnakara mamagra gItA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karanA cAhate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki gItA spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI saMketa karatI hai ki binA saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyehae bhI vyakti parama-siddhi prApta kara sakatA hai / gItAkAra ne janakAdi kA udAharaNa dekara apanI isa mAnyatA ko paripuSTa kiyA hai / ataH gItA ko gRhasthadharma yA pravRttimArga kA hI pratipAdaka mAnanA caahie| 1. gotA, 3 // 3 2. vahI, 33 3. gItA (zAM) 62 4. vahI 5 / 2 5. vahI 3 / 3 6. gItA-rahasya, pR0 320 7. gItA, 3 / 20

Page #148
nivattimArga aura pravRttimArga 129 gotA kA dRSTikoNa samanvayAtmaka-gItA me pravRttipradhAna gRhasthadharma aura nivRnipradhAna sanyAmadharma dono svIkRta hai| gItA ke adhikAra TIkAsAra bhI isa viSaya me kamata hai ki gItA meM donoM prakAra kI niSThA svIkRta hai| dono se hI paramanAdhya kI prApti sabhava hai| lokamAnya tilaka likhate hai 'ye dono mArga athavA niSThA brahmavidyAmalaka hai| donoM meM mana kI niSkAmAvasthA aura zAnti (mamattavRtti) eka hI prakAra kI hai / isa kAraNa donoM mArgo se anna me mokSa prApta hotA hai| jJAna ke pazcAt karma ko (arthAt gRhastha dharma ko) choDa baiThanA aura kAmya (Amaktiyukta) karma choDakara nikAma karma (anAsaktipUrvaka vyavahAra) karate rahanA, yahI ina dono me bheda hai / ' dUsarI ora AcArya zakara ne bhI yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki sanyAma kA vAstavika artha vizeSa paridhAna ko dhAraNa kara lenA athavA gRhastha karma kA parityAga kara denA mAtra nahI hai / vAstavika manyAma to karma-phala, makalpa, Amakti yA vAmanAo kA parityAga karane me hai| ve kahate hai ki kevala agnirahita, kriyArahita purudha hI saMnyAsI yA yogI hai. aimA nahI mAnanA cAhie / karma-phala ke sakalpa kA tyAga hone me hI manyAmitva hai, na kevala agnirahita aura kriyArahita (vyakti) sanyAmI yA yogI hotA hai, kintu jo koI karma karane vAlA (gRhastha) bhI karmaphala aura Amakti ko choDa kara antaHkaraNa kI yaddhipUrvaka karmayoga meM sthita hai, vaha bhI manyAmI aura yogI hai| vastuta gItAkAra kI dRSTi me manyAsamArga aura karmamArga dono hI paramalakSya kI ora le jAne vAle hai jo eka kA bhI mamyakarUpa me pAlana karatA hai vaha donoM ke phala ko prApta kara letA hai| jisa sthAna kI prApti eka manyAmI karatA hai, umI sthAna kI prApti eka anAsakta gRhastha (karmayogI) bhI karatA hai| gItAkAra kA mala upadeza na to karma karane kA hai aura na karma chor3ane kA hai| umakA mukhya upadaza to Asakti yA kAmanA ke tyAga kA hai / gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM naitika jIvana kA mAra to Asakti yA phalAkAkSA kA tyAga hai / jo vicAraka gItA kI ima mUla bhAvanA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra kareMge unhe karma-sanyAma aura karmayoga me avirodha hI dikhAI degaa| gItA kI dRSTi me karma-saMnyAma aura karmayoga, dono naitika jIvana ke bAdya gargara hai, naitikatA kI mUlAtmA mamatva yA niSkAmatA hai| yadi niSkAmatA hai, mamanvayoga kI sAdhanA hai, vItarAgadRSTi hai, to karmamanyAma kI avasthA ho yA karmayoga kI, donoM hI samAna rUpa se naitika Adarza ko upalabdhi kagane hai| imapha viparIta yadi unakA abhAva hai to karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAma dono hI arthazUnya hai, naitikatA kI dRSTi meM unakA kucha bhI mUlya nahIM hai| gItAkAra kA kahanA hai ki yadi sAdhaka apanI paristhiti yA yogyatA ke AdhAra para sanyAmamArga (kamamanyAma) ko apanAtA hai to use yaha 1. gItArahasya, pR0 358 / 2. gItA (zA0), 61 3. vahI, 6 pUrvabhUmikA 4. vahI, 54 5. vahI 55

Page #149
130 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sapanA mArga smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaba taka karmAmakti yA phalAkAkSA samApta nahIM hotI, taba taka kevala karmamanyAma me mukti nahIM mila makatI / dUsarI ora yadi mAdhaka apanI paristhiti yA yogyatA ke AdhAra para karmayoga ke mArga ko cunatA hai to bhI yaha dhyAna me rakhanA cAhie ki phalAkAMkSA yA Amakti kA tyAga to anivArya hai| maMkSepa meM, gItAkAra kA daSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi karma karanA hai to use anAmaktipUrvaka karo aura yadi karma choDanA hai to kevala vAhya karma kA parityAga hI paryApta nahIM hai, karma kI Antarika vAmanAoM kA tyAga hI Avazyaka hai| gItA meM vAhya karma karane aura chor3ane kA jo vidhi-niSedha hai vaha aupacArika hai, kartavyatA kA pratipAdaka nahI hai / vAstavika kartavyatA kA pratipAdaka vidhi-niSedha to Amakti, tRSNA, mamatva Adi ke sambandha meM hai| gItA kA pratipAdya viSaya to samatvapUrNa vItarAgadRSTi kI prApti aura Amakti kA parityAga hI hai / yaha mahatvapUrNa nahI hai ki manuSya pravRtti-lakSaNampa gRhasthadharma kA AcaraNa kara rahA hai yA nivRtti-lakSaNarUpa sanyAmadharma ga pAlana kara rahA hai / mahanvapUrNa yaha hai ki vaha vAmanAo me kitanA Upara uThA hai, Amakti kI mAtrA kitane aga meM nirmUla huI hai aura mamatvadRSTi kI upalabdhi me umane kitanA vikAsa kiyA hai| niSkarSa-yadi hama isa gahana vivecanA ke AdhAra rUpa nivRtti kA artha rAga-dvepa se alipta rahanA mAne to tInoM AcAra-darzana nivRttiparaka hI middha hote hai| jaina darzana kA mUla kendra anekAntavAda jima mamanvaya kI bhUmikA para vikamita hotA hai vaha madhyastha bhAva hai aura vahIM rAga-dveSa se aliptatA hai| yahI jaina-dRSTi meM yathArtha nivRtti hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI likhate hai, "anekAntavAda jaina tattvajJAna kI mUla nIva hai aura rAga-dveSa ke choTe-bar3e prasaMgoM me alipta rahanA (nivRtti) mamagra AcAra kA mUla AdhAra hai| anekAntavAda kA kendra madhyasthatA me hai aura nivRtti bhI madhyasthatA me hI paidA hotI hai| ataeva anekAntavAda aura nivRtti ye donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka evaM poSaka hai / ""jaina-dharma kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora hai| nivRtti yAne pravRtti kA virodhI dUsarA pahalU / pravRtti kA artha hai rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM me rata honA / jIvana me gRhasthAzrama rAgadveSa ke prasaMgoM ke vidhAna kA kendra hai / ataH jisa dharma me gRhasthAzrama (rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM se yukta avasthA) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho vaha pravRtti-dharma, aura jima dharma me (aime) gRhasthAzrama kA nahIM, parantu kevala tyAga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho vaha nivRtti-dharma / jainadharma nivRtti dharma hone para bhI usake pAlana karanevAloM meM jo gRhasthAzrama kA vibhAga hai, vaha nivRtti kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa hai / sarvAMza me nivRtti prApta karane meM asamartha vyakti jitane aMzoM me nivRtti kA sevana na kara sake una aMzoM meM apanI paristhiti ke anumAra vivekadRSTi se pravRtti kI maryAdA kara sakate haiM, parantu usa pravRtti kA vidhAna jainazAstra

Page #150
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 131 nahIM karatA, usakA vidhAna to mAtra nivRtti kA hai"''isa prakAra isa saMdarbha meM nahIM gItA pravRttiparaka nivRtti kA vidhAna karatI hai vahA~ bauddha aura jaina darzana nivRttiparaka pravRtti kA vidhAna karate haiM, yadyapi rAga-dveSa se nivRtti tInoM AcAra darzanoM ko mAnya hai| bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda pravRtti aura nivRtti kA tAtparya yaha bhI liyA jAtA hai ki pravatti kA artha haibandhana ke heturUpa bhoga-mArga aura nivRtti kA artha hai-mokSa ke heturUpa vairAgyamArga / bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda naitika jIvana kI do vidhAe~ haiM / inhI ko bhAratIya aupaniSadika cintana meM preyomArga aura zreyomArga bhI kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai, jIvana meM zreya aura preya donoM ke hI avasara Ate rahate haiN| vivekI purupa preya kI apekSA zreya kA hI varaNa karatA hai, jabaki mandabuddhi avivekI jana zreya ko choDakara zArIrika yoga-kSema ke nimitta preya (bhogavAda) kA varaNa karatA hai / bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya naitika cintana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAeM haiN| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA athavA vAsanA aura buddhi ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmalAbha yA cintanamaya jIvana ke lie vAsanAoM kA parityAga Avazyaka hai / vAsanAeM hI bandhana kA kAraNa haiM, samasta duHkhoM kI mUla haiM / vAmanAe~ indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hI apanI mAMgoM ko prastuta karatI hai, aura unake dvArA hI apanI pUrti cAhatI haiM, ataH zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA zreyaskara hai| banthama vairAgyavAda ke sambandha meM likhate haiM ki una (vairAgyavAdiyoM) ke anusAra koI bhI cIz2a jo indriyoM ko tuSTa karatI hai, ghRNita hai aura indriyoM ko tuSTa karanA aparAdha hai| isake viparIta bhogavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki jo zarIra hai, vahI AtmA hai ataH zarIra kI mAMgoM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika hai / bhogavAda buddhi ke Upara vAmanA kA zAsana svIkAra karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM buddhi vAsanAoM kI dAsI hai| use vahI karanA cAhie jimame vAsanAoM kI pUrti ho / aupaniSadika cintana aura jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM ke vikAsa ke pUrva hI bhAratIya cintana meM ye donoM vidhAe~ upasthita thiiN| bhAratIya naitika cintana meM cArvAka aura kimI mImA taka vaidika paramparA bhogavAdakA aura jaina, bauddha evaM kimI mImA taka sAMkhya-yoga kI paramparA saMnyAsamArga kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| bhogavAda pravRttimArga hai aura vairAgyavAda yA saMnyAmamArga nivRttimArga hai / vairAgyavAdI vicAra-paramparA kA sAdhya cita zAnti, AdhyAtmika paritopa, AtmalAbha evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai, jise dUsare zabdoM meM mokSa, nirvANa yA Izvara sAkSAtkAra 1. jainadharma kA prANa, pR0 126 2. gItA (zAM0), 18630 3. kaThopaniSad 1 / 2 / 2 4. nItipravezikA, pR0 198 para uddhRta /

Page #151
132 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga bhI kahA jA makatA hai / isa sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM ve jAna ko svIkAra karate hai aura karma kA niSedha karate haiM / vivecya AcAra-darzanoM meM bauddha evaM jaina paramparAoM ko nizcaya hI vaigagyavAdI paramparAeM kahA jA sakatA hai| itanA nahI, yadi hama bhogavAda kA artha vAsanAtmaka jIvana lene hai to gItA kI AcAra-paramparA ko bhI vairAgyavAdI paramparA hI mAnanA hogaa| lekina gaharAI se vicAra karane para vivecya AcAra darzanoM ko baMgagyavAda ke uma kaThora artha meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA jaisA ki Amataura para mamajhA jAtA hai / vairAgyavAda ke samAlocaka vairAgyavAda kA artha deha-daNDana, indriya-nirodha aura zarIra kI mAMgoM kA Thu kaganA mAtra karate haiN| lekina jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM vairAgyavAda ko deha-daNDana yA zarIra-yaMtraNA ke artha meM svIkAra nahI kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM kA vikAma bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda ke aikAntika doSoM ko dUra karane meM hI huA hai| inakA naitika darzana vairAgyavAda evaM bhogavAda kI samanvaya-bhUmikA meM hI nikharatA hai| sabhI kA prayAsa yahI rahA ki vaigagyavAda ke doSoM ko dUra kara use kisI rUpa meM santulita banAyA jA sake / aikAntika vairAgyavAda jJAnazanya deha-daNDana mAtra banakara raha jAtA hai, jabaki aikAntika bhogavAda svAtha-sukhavAda kI ora le jAtA hai, jisameM samasta sAmAjika evaM naitika mUlya samApta ho jAte haiM / bhoga evaM tyAga ke madhya yathArtha samanvaya Avazyaka hai aura bhAratIya cintana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane bhoga va tyAga meM vAstavika samanvaya khojA hai / IzAvAsya upaniSad kA RSi yaha samanvaya kA sUtra detA hai| vaha kahatA hai-'tyAgapUrvaka bhoga karo, Asakti mata rkho|" ana-iSTikoNa-jaina-darzana vairAgyavAdI vicAradhArA ke sarvAdhika nikaTa hai, isameM atyukti nahI hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhogavAda kI samAlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'kAma-bhoga zalyarUpa hai, viSarUpa hai aura AziviSa sarpa ke samAna hai / kAma-bhoga kI abhilASA karanevAle kAma-bhogoM kA sevana nahI karate hue bhI durgati meM jAte haiM / '2 'samasta gIta vilAparUpa hai, sabhI nRtya viDambanA hai, sabhI AbhUSaNa bhArarUpa hai aura sabhI kAma-bhoga duHkha pradAtA hai / bajJAniyoM ke lie priya kintu anta me duHkha pradAtA kAma-bhogoM meM vaha sukha nahIM hai, jo zIla guNa meM rata rahanevAle tapodhanI bhikSuoM ko hotA hai|' sUtra kRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai, 'jaba taka manuSya kAminI aura kAMcana Adi jar3acetana padArthoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai, vaha duHkhoM se mukta nahIM ho sktaa|" 'anta meM pachatAnA na par3e, isalie AtmA ko bhogoM se chur3Akara abhI se hI anuzAsita kro| kyoMki kAmI manuSya anta meM bahuta pachatAte hai aura vilApa karate hai| jinhoMne kAma-bhoga 1. IzAvAsyopaniSad 1 2. uttarAdhyayana 9 / 53 3. vahI, 13 // 16-17 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 111 / 2 5. vahI 11347

Page #152
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga aura pUjA-maskAra (ahaMkAra tuSTi ke prapAmoM) kA tyAga kara diyA hai unhoMne rAba-kucha tyAga diyA hai| aise hI loga mokSamArga meM sthira raha sake haiN|'' 'buddhimAn puruSoM me maine sunA hai ki mukha-zolatA kA tyAga karake. kAmanAoM ko zAnta karake niSkAma honA hI vIra kA vIratva hai|"2 'imalie mAyaka zabda-sparza Adi viSayoM meM anAsakta rahe aura nindita karma kA AcaraNa nahIM kare, yahA dharma-siddhAnta kA sAra hai| zeSa mabhI bAteM dharma siddhAnta ke bAhara hai / '3 phira bhA uparyakta vairAgyavAdI tathyoM kA artha deha-daNDana yA Atma-poDa na nahI hai| jaina-vaigagyavAda deha-daNDana kI una saba praNAriyoM ko, jo vairAgya ke mahI arthoM meM dUra hai, kataH svIkAra nahIM karatA / jaina AcAra-darzana meM mAvanA kA mahA artha vAsanA-kSaya hai, anAsakta dRSTi kA vikAma hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA hai / umakI dRSTi me vairAgya antara kI vastu hai, use antara me jAgRta honA cAhie / kevala zarIra-yaMtraNA yA dehadaNDana kA jaina-mAdhanA meM koI mUlya nahI hai| mUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki koI bhale hI nagnAvasthA me phire yA mAsa ke anta meM eka bAra bhojana kare, lekina yadi vaha mAyA me yukta hai to bAra-bAra garbhavAsa ko prApta hogA arthAt vaha bandhana meM mukta nahIM hogaa|'4 jA ajJAno mAma-mAma ke anta meM kuzAgra jitanA AhAra grahaNa karatA hai vaha vAstavika dharma kI molahavoM kalA ke barAbara bhI nahIM hai|" jainadRSTi mpATa kahatI hai ki bandhana yA patana kA kAraNa rAga-deza yukta dRSTi hai, mUrchA yA Amakti hai. na ki kAma-bhoga / vikRti ke kAraNa to kAma-bhoga ke pIche nihita rAga yA Amakti ke bhAva hI hai, kAma-bhAga mvayaM nahI / uttarAdhayanamUtra meM kahA hai, 'kAma-bhoga kimI ko na to mantRSTa kara makana hai, na kimo me vikAra paidA kara sakate hai / kintu jo kAma-bhogoM meM gaga-dvepa karatA hai vahI uma rAga-dveSajanita mAha meM vikRta ho jAtA hai|" jaina dRSTi naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra meM jimakA niSedha karato hai vaha no Amakti yA rAga-dveSa ke bhAva hai| yadi pUrNa anAmakta avasthA meM bhoga mambhava ho to umakA una bhogo meM virodha nahI hai, lekina vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki bhogoM ke bIca rahakara bhogoM ko bhogata hA. uname anAsakta bhAva rakhanA asambhava cAhe na ho lekina mumAdhya bhI nahIM hai / ataH kAma-bhogoM ke niSedha kA mAdhanAtmaka mUlya avazya mAnanA hogaa| mAdhanA kA labdha pUrNa anAmakti yA vItarAgAvasthA hai / kAma-bhogoM kA parityAga umakI upalabdhi kA mAdhana hai / yadi yaha mAdhana mAvya meM mayAjita hai, sAdhya kI dizA meM prayukta kiyA jA rahA hai, taba to vaha grAhya hai, anyathA agrAhya hai / 1. mUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 3 / 4 / 17 3. vahI. 1935 5. unarAdhyayana, 5484 2. vahI, 18018 4. vahI, 1 / 2 / 119 6. vahI, 32 / 101

Page #153
134 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga baukha-dRSTikoNa-bauddha-paramparA meM vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda me mamanvaya khojA gayA hai / buddha madhyamamArga ke dvArA imI mamanvaya ke mUtra ko prastuta karate hai / aMguttara-nikAya meM kahA hai, ' bhioM, tIna mArga haiM:- zithila mArga, kaThora mArga aura 3 madhyama mArga / bhikSuoM, kimI-kimI kA aimA mata hotA hai, aimI dRSTi hotI hai-kAma-bhogoM me dopa nahIM hai| vaha kAma-bhogoMmeM jA par3atA hai| bhikSuoM, yaha zithila mArga kahalAtA hai| bhikSuoM, kaThora mArga kaunamA hai ? bhikSuoM, koI-koI nagna hotA hai, vaha na machalI khAtA hai, na mAma gvAtA hai, na muga pItA hai, na maigya pItA hai. na cAvala kA pAnI pItA hai| vaha yA to eka hI ghara meM lekara gvAnevAlA hotA hai yA eka hI kAra khAne vAlA; do gharoM se lekara khAne vAlA hotA hai yA do hI kaura khAne vAlA "mAna gharoM me lekara gvAne vAlA hotA hai yA mAta kora khAne vAlA / vaha dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai, do dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai "mAta dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai, isa prakAra vaha pandraha dina meM eka bAra khAkara bhI rahatA hai / bhAta khAne vAlA bhI hotA hai, AcAma gvAne vAlA bhI hotA hai, khalI khAnevAlA bhI hotA hai, tinake (ghAma) khAnevAlA bhI hotA hai, gobara gvAnevAlA bhI hotA hai, jagala ke peDoM meM gire phala-mala khAne vAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha mana ke kapar3e bhI dhAraNa karatA hai, kuza kA banA vastra bhI pahanatA hai. chAla kA vastra bhI pahanatA hai, phalaka (chAla) kA vastra bhI pahanatA hai, kezoM meM banA kambala bhI pahanatA hai, pUMcha ke bAlA kA banA kambala bhI pahanatA hai, ullU ke pageM kA banA vastra bhI pahanatA hai / vaha kega-dAr3hI vAlacana karanevAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha baiThane kA tyAga kara nirantara khaDA hI rahane vAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha ukaI baiTha kara prayatna karanevAlA bhI hotA hai, vaha kaoNToM kI zaiyyA para monevAlA bhI hotA hai| prAtaH, madhyAhna, sAyaM-dina meM tIna bAra pAnI meM jAnevAlA hotA hai| isa taraha vaha nAnA prakAra meM zarIra ko kaSTa yA pIr3A pahuMcAtA huA vihAra karatA hai / bhikSuoM, yaha kaThora mArga kahalAtA hai / bhikSuoM, madhyamamArga konamA hai / bhikSuoM, bhikSu zarIra ke prati jAgarUka rahakara vicaratA hai / vaha prayatnazIla, jJAnayukta, smRtimAna ho, loka me jo lobha. vaira, daurmanamya hai, use haTAkara viharatA hai, vaMdanAoM ke prati "citta ke prati dharmoM ke prati jAgarUka rahakara vicaratA hai / vaha prapanna-zIla, jJAna-yukta, smRti-mAna ho loka me jo lobha aura daurmanasya hai use haTAkara viharatA hai| bhikSuoM, yaha madhyamamArga kahalAtA hai / bhikSuoM, ye tIna mArga hai / ' buddha kaThoramArga (deha-daNDana) aura zithilamArga (bhogavAda) donoM ko hI amvIkAra karate hai / buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika jIvana kA mArga madhyama mArga hai / udAna meM bhI buddha apane imI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM, 'brahmacarya (maMnyAma) ke mAtha vratoM kA pAlana 1. aMguttaranikAya, 36151

Page #154
nivattimArga aura pravattimArga 135 karanA ho mAra hai-yaha eka anna hai| kAma-bhAgoM ke mevana me koI doSa nahI-yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke antoM ke sevana se maskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA baDhatI hai|'' isa prakAra buddha apane madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda me yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate hai| gotA kA daSTikoNa-gItA kA anAmakti mUlaka karma yoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda (deha-daNDana) kI mamamyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| gonA bhI vaigagya kI mamarthaka hai| gItA meM aneka sthalo para baigagyabhAva kA upadeza hai, kina gItA vaigagya ke nAma para honevAle deha-daNDana kI prakriyA ko vigege hai| gItA meM kahA hai ki AgrahapUrvaka zarIra ko pITA dene ke lie jo tapa kiyA jAtA hai vaha nAmasatapa hai| isa prakAra bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda ke gndarbha meM gItA mI mamanyayAmA evaM mantulina dRSTikoNa prastuta karatI hai / vidheyAtmaka banAma niSedhAtmaka naitikatA nivatti aura pravRtti kA vicAra niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAnaka naitikatA kI daSTi me bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / jo AcAra-darzana nipe ganmaka naitikatA ko prakaTa karate hai vaM kucha vicArakoM kI daSTi meM nivRtti parama hai aura jo AcAra-danidheiyAtmaka naitikatA ko prakaTa karate hai ve pravRtiparaka hai| ___ ima artha meM vivecya AcAra darzanI meM kAI bhI AcAra-dagana ekAnta rUpa se na to nivRtiparaka hai na prayanigarakA pratyeka nipa kA eka vivAtmaka pakSa honA hAra pratyeka vidheya kA eka nipaMdha pakSa hAtA hai| jahA taka jana, bAda ara gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kI bAta hai, mabhI meM naitika AcaraNa ke vidhi nipatha mUtra tAna-bAna ke ga ga ekadUsare meM mile hue hai| __jana dRSTikoNa-yadi hama jaina AcAra-darzana nanika DA naM ko mAdhAraNa daSTi se dekhe to hama hara kahI niSedha kA gbara hai gunAI datA hai| jI hiMmA na kA, aTa na bolo. corI na kage, yabhicAra na kage magrA na kage, krodha na kage, lAbha na kage, abhimAna na kge| daga prakAra mabhA dizAtrA meM nippa kI dIgara baTI haH hai| vaha mAtra nahIM karane ke lie kahatA hai, karane / gi kara nahIM kahatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki mAmAnya jana ume nivRttiparaka kaha detA hai / lekina yadi gahagarda ga vicAra ko no jJAna hogA ki yaha dhAraNA mAga manya nahI hai / upAdhyAra amaramanijI jaina AcAra-darzana ke nipedhaka mUtroM kA hArda prakaTa karata hA yinaM hai ki 'yaha manya hai, kina-darzana ne nivRni kA uccatama Adarza pramnata kiyA hai| usake pratyaka citra meM nipani kA raMga 1. udAna, 68 2. gItA, 6 / 35, 13.8, 18152 3. vahI, 1715, 17119

Page #155
136 jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga bharA huA hai, kintu dRSTi jaga mApha ho, svaccha aura tIkSaNa ho to usake raMgoM kA vizlepaNa karana para yaha mamajhA jA makatA hai ki niSedhaka mUtroM kI kahA~, kyA upayogitA hai, nivRti ke svara meM kyA mala bhAvanAe~ dhvanita hai ? jaina-darzana eka bAta kahatA hai ki vaha dagbo ki tumhArI pravRtti nivRnimalaka hai yA nhiiN| tuma dAna kara rahe ho, dIna du.khiyo kI mevA ke nAma para kucha paimA luTA rahe ho, kinta dUsarI ora yadi zopaNa kA kucakra bhI cala rahA hai to isa dAna aura mavA kA kyA artha hai ? mau-mo ghAva karake eka-do ghAvo kI marahama-paTTI karanA mevA kA kaunamA Adarza ha" vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AcaraNa ke mUla meM yadi nivRti nahI hai tA pravani kA bhI koI artha nahI rahatA hai / pravRtti ke mUla me nivRtti Avazyaka hai / mevA, paropakAra, dAna Adi sabhI natika vidhAnA ke poche anAmakti eva mbahina ke parityAga ke niSedhAtmaka mvage kA honA Avazyaka hai anyathA naitika jIvana ko mumadhuratA eva samamvaratA naSTa ho jaayegii| nipaMdha ke abhAva me vidheya bhI arthahIna hai| vidhAna ke pUrva prastuta niSedha hI uma vidhAna kA maccI yayAryatA pradAna karatA hai| mevA, paropakAra, dAna ke mabho naitika vivi-Adago ke pIche sakRta ho rahe niSedhaka mvara ke abhAva me una vidhi-Adazo kA mUlya gRnya ho jAyegA, naitikatA kI daSTi meM unakA koI artha hI nahIM rahegA / jaina AcAra-darzana meM yatra-tatra-marvatra jo niSedha ke svara sunAI dena hai, unake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai| usake anusAra niSedha ke AdhAra para kiyA huA vidhAna hI AcaraNa ko gamajvala banA makatA hai| niSedhAtmaka naitika Adaza naitika jIvana ke mundara citra nirmANa ke lie eka mundara, svaccha eva mamapAvami pradAna karate hai, jisa para vidhimUlaka naitika Adezo kI tUlikA uma nundara citra kA nirmANa kara pAtI hai / niSedha ke dvArA prastuta svaccha eva mamapArzvabhUmi ho vidhi ke citra ko maundarya pradAna kara sakatI hai| makSepa meM jaina AcAra-dazana kI naitikatA apana bAhya pa ma niSedhAtmaka pratIta hotI hai, lekina isa niSetra meM bhI vidheyakatA chipI hai| yahI nahI, jainAgamo me aneka vidhiAraka Adeza bho milane hai / jaina AcAra-darzana meM vidhi-nipedha kA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai ? ime pa0 sukhalAlajI ina dAbdo meM vyakta kiyA ha-jainadharma prathama to dopa viramaraNa ( niSedha yA tyAga ) rUpa zIla-nizAna karatA hai ( arthAt niSedhAtmaka naitikatA prastuta karatA hai ), parantu cetanA aura puSpArtha aima nahIM hai ki ve mAtra amuka dizA me niSkriya hokara paDe rhe| ve to apana vikAma ko bhUkha dUra karane ke lie gati ko diyA DhU~Dhane hI rahate haiM, imalie jainadharma ne niti ke sAtha hA zuddha pravRtti / vihita AcaraNarUpa cAritra ) ke vidhAna bhI kiye hai| usana kahA ha ki malina vRti meM AtmA kA ghAta na hona danA aura umake rakSaNa me ho ( svadayA me hI ) buddhi aura puruSArtha kA upayoga karanA caahie| 1. zrI amarabhArato apraila 1966 10 20-21 /

Page #156
137 nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga pravRtti ke isa vidhAna me se hI satya-bhASaNa, brahmacarya, santopa Adi vividha mArga niSpanna hone hai / ' bauddha dRSTikoNa-bauddha AcAra-darzana meM niSedhAtmaka naitikatA kA svara mukhara huA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna bhagavAn buddha ne bhI naitika jIvana ke lie aneka niSedhAtmaka niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| lekina kevala isa AdhAra para bauddha AcAra-darzana ko niSedhAtmaka nItizAstra nahIM kaha skte| buddha ne AcaraNa ke kSetra meM niSedha ke niyamoM para bala avazya diyA hai, phira bhI bauddha AcAra-darzana ko niSedhAtmaka nahI mAnA jA sakatA / buddha ne gahastha upAsakoM aura bhikSuoM donoM ke lie aneka vidheyAtmaka kartavyoM kA vidhAna bhI kiyA hai jiname pArasparika sahayoga, loka-maMgala ke kartavya mammilita hai / loka-magala kI sAdhanA kA svara buddha kA mUla svara hai / ___ gotA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA ke AcAra-darzana me to niSedha kI apekSA vidhAna kA svara hI adhika prabala hai| gItA kA mUlabhUta daSTikoNa vidheyAtmaka naitikatA kA hai| zrIkRSNa yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhate hai ki yadyapi mAnamika zAnti aura mana kI sAmyAvasthA ke lie viSaya-vAmanAoM me nivRtta honA Avazyaka hai, tathApi isakA artha kartavyamArga me bacanA nahI hai| mAmAjika kSetra me hamAra jo bhI uttaradAyitva hai unakA hame apane varNAzrama-dharma ke rUpa meM paripAlana avazya hI karanA caahie| gItA ke mamagra upadeza kA mAra to yahI hai ki arjuna apane kSAtradharma ke kartavyoM kA pAlana kare / mamAjasevA ke rUpa me yajJa aura lokamaMgraha gItA ke anivArya tattva hai / ataH kahA jA makatA hai ki gItA vidheyAtmaka naitikatA kI samarthaka hai, yadyapi vaha vidhAna ke liye anAsaktirUpI nipedhaka tattva ko bhI Avazyaka mAnatI hai / vyaktiparaka banAma samAjaparaka nItizAstra nivRtti aura pravRti ke viSaya meM eka vicAra-dRSTi yaha bhI hai ki jo AcAra-darzana vyaktiparaka nItizAstra kA pratipAdana karate hai, ve nivRttiparaka hai aura jo AcAradarzana mamAjaparaka nItizAstra kA pratipAdana karate hai ve pravRttiparaka hai / kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki jo AcAra-darzana bhogavAda me vyaktiparaka ( svArtha-mugvavAdI ) dRSTi rakhane hai, ve nivRttiparaka nahI mAne jA makane / saMkSepa me jo loka-kalyANa ko pramanvatA dene hai ve pravRttimArgI kahe jAte hai tathA jo AcAra-darzana vaiyaktika AtmakalyANa ko pramukhatA dete hai ve nivRttimArgI kahe jAte hai / paM0 mugvalAlajI limbane hai, 'pravartaka dharma kA mazkSepa sAra yaha hai ki jo aura jaimI mamAja-vyavasthA ho use isa taraha niyama aura kartavyabaddha banAnA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka madasya apanI-apanI sthiti aura kakSA me mugvalAbha kare / pravartaka dharma kA uddezya mamAja-vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha janmAntara 1. jainadharma kA prANa, pR0 126-127

Page #157
138 jana, boddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga kRpaNa icchA kA kA sudhAra karanA hai / pravartaka dharma samAjagAmI thA, isakA matalaba yaha thA ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM rahakara hI mAmAjika kartavya ( jo aihika jIvana se sambandha rakhate haiM ) aura dhArmika kartavya ( jo pAralaukika jIvana me sambandha rakhate hai ) kA pAlana kare / vyakti ko mAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM kA pAlana karake apanI saMzodhana karanA iSTa hai, para uma ( mukha kI icchA ) kA nirmUla nAza karanA na zakya hai aura na iSTa / pravartaka dharma ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie gRhasthAzrama jarUrI hai / ume lA~ghakara koI vikAsa nahI kara sakatA / nivartaka dharma vyaktigAmI hai / vaha AtmamAkSAtkAra kI utkRSTa vRtti me utpanna hone ke kAraNa jijJAsu ko - Atmatatva hai yA nahI ? hai to kaisA hai ? kyA usakA mAkSAtkAra saMbhava hai ? aura hai to kina upAyoM me saMbhava hai ?- - ina praznoM kI ora prerita karatA hai| ye prazna aise nahI hai ki jo ekAnta, cintana, dhyAna, tapa aura asaMgatApUrNa jIvana ke sivAya sulajha sakeM / aisA mancA jIvana khAsa vyaktiyoM ke lie hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| unakA mamAjagAmI honA sambhava nahI / '' ataeva nivartaka dharma samasta sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahI mAnatA / usake anusAra vyakti ke lie mukhya kartavya eka hI haiM aura vaha yaha ki jisa taraha ho Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA aura usame rukAvaTa DAlanevAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kare / ' bhAratIya cintana meM naitika darzana kI mamAjagAmI evaM vyaktigAmI, yaha do vidhAe~ to avazya rahI hai / parantu inameM kabhI bhI Atyantika vibheda svIkAra kiyA gayA ho aisA pratIta nahI hotaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAra-darzanoM meM prArambha meM vaiyaktika kalyANa kA svara hI pramukha thA, lekina vahAM para bhI hame sAmAjika bhAvanA yA lokahita ne parAGmukhatA nahI dikhAI detI hai / buddha aura mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA svayaM hI ina AcAra - darzanoM kI mAmAjika bhAvanA kA prabalatama mAdhya hai / dUsarI ora gItA kA AcAra-darzana jo loka magraha athavA samAja kalyANa kI dRSTi ko lekara hI Age AyA thA, usame bhI vaiyaktika nivRtti kA abhAva nahI hai / tInoM AcAra-darzana lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA ko Avazyaka mAnate hai, lekina usake lie vaiyaktika jIvana me nivRtti Avazyaka hai / jaba taka vaiyaktika jIvana me nivRtti kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa nahI hotA, taba taka loka-kalyANa kI sAdhanA sambhava nahI hai / Atmahita arthAt vaiyaktika jIvana me naitika stara kA vikAsa lokahita kA pahalA caraNa hai / maccA loka-kalyANa tabhI sambhava hai, jaba vyakti nivRtti ke dvArA apanA naitika vikAsa kara le / vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa evaM Atma-kalyANa ke abhAva me lokahita kI sAdhanA pAkhaNDa hai, dikhAvA hai / jimane Atma-vikAsa nahI kiyA hai, jo apane vaiyaktika jovana ko naitika vikAsa kI bhUmikA 1. jainadharma kA prANa, pR056, 58, 59

Page #158
nivRtti mArga aura pravRttimArga 139 para sthita nahI kara pAyA hai, usame loka magala kI kAmanA sabase baDA bhrama hai, chalanA hai| yadi vyakti ke jIvana meM vAsanA kA abhAva nahI hai, usako lobha kI jvAlA gAnta nahI huI hai, to usake dvArA kiyA jAnevAlA lokahita bhI iname hI udbhUta hogA / usake lokahita me bhI svArtha eva vAsanA chipI hogI aura aisA lokahita jo vaiyaktika vAmanA evaM svArtha kI pUrti ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai, lokahita hI nahI hogA / upAdhyAya amaramanijI jaina dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue likhate hai, 'vyaktigata jIvana meM jaba taka nivRtti nahI A jAtI taba taka samAja sevA kI pravatti vivaddha nahI ho sakatI / apane vyaktigata jIvana me maryAdAhIna bhoga aura AkAkSAoM meM nirvAtti lekara samAjakalyANa ke lie pravRtta honA jaina darzana kA pahalA nItidharma hai| vyaktigata jIvana kA zodhana karane ke lie amatkarmo se pahale nivRtti karanI hotI hai| jaba nivatti AyagI to jIvana pavitra aura nirmala hogA, anta karaNa vizuddha hogA aura taba jo bhI pravatti hogI vaha loka-hitAya eva loka-sukhApa hogii| jaina darzana kI nivatti kA hArda vyaktigata jIvana meM nivatti aura sAmAjika jIvana meM pravatti hai / lokapevaka yA janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArtha evaM dranhoM se dUra rahe, gaha jaina-darzana kI AcAra mahilA kA pahalA pATha hai / " Atmahita ( vaiyaktika naitikatA ) aura lokahita ( sAmAjika naitikatA ) paraspara virodhI nahI hai, ve netika pUrNatA ke do pahalU hai / Atmahita meM parahita aura pati meM Atmahita samAhita hai / AtmakalyANa aura lokakalyANa eka hI sikke ke do pala hai, jinheM alaga dekhA to jA maktA hai, alaga kiyA nahI jA raktA | jaina, vaddha gItA kI vicAradhArAeM AtmakalyANa (nivati) aura loka kalyANa (pravani) ko alaga-alaga dekhatI to hai, lekina unheM eka-dUsare se pathA- pathak karane kA prayAga nahIM karatA / pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM Avazyaka nivani aura pravRtti kA samagra vidhenana hame sa niSkarSa para pahuMcAtA hai ki hama nivani yA pravatti kA cAhe jo artha grahaNa kare, hara sthiti me, ekAnta rUpa se nivatti yA pravRtti ke siddhAnta ko lekara kisI bhI AcAra-darzana kA sarvAga vikAsa nahI ho makanA / jaise jIvana meM AhAra aura nihAra donoM Avazyaka hai, itanA hI nahI unake madhya samacita gantulana bhI Avazyaka hai, vaige hI pravRtti aura nivRtti dono Avazyaka hai / pa0 sukhalAla jI kA vicAra hai ki samAja ko bhI ho vaha mAtra nivRtti kI bhUla bhulaiyA para jIvita naho raha nakatA aura na nitAta pravati hI gAdha makatA hai| yadi pravRtti cakra kA mahatva mAnane vAle Akhira meM pravRtti ke tuphAna aura AMdhI meM phamakara mara sakate hai to yaha bhI saca hai ki pravRtti kA Azraya liye binA mAtra nivRtti havAI kilA bana jAtI hai| aitihAsika aura dArzanika satya yaha hai ki pravRtti aura nivRtti mAnava kalyANa rUpI sikke ke do pahalU hai| dopa galatI, buga aura , zrI amara bhAratI ( apraila 1966 ), pR0 21

Page #159
180 jana, bora aura gotA kA sAdhanA mArga akalyANa meM taba taka koI nahIM baca nahI makatA, jaba taka ki doSa-nivRtti ke sAtha-sAtha madguNa pregka aura kalyANa maya pravRtti me pravRtta na huA jAya / bImAra vyakti kevala kupathya ke bhavana meM nivRtta hokara hI jIvita nahI raha makatA, ume roga nivAraNa ke lie pathya kA mavana bhI karanA hogA / zarIra meM dUpita rakta ko nikAla DAlanA jIvana ke lie agara jarUrI hai to umame naye rakta kA macAra karanA bhI utanA hI jarUrI hai|' pravRtti aura nivRtti ko sImAeM evaM kSetra-jana-darzana kI anekAtavAdI vyavasthA yaha mAnatI hai ki na pravRttimArga hI zubha ha aura na ekAnarUpa me nivRttimArga hI zubha hai| pravani aura nivRtti dono meM zubhatva-azubhatva ke tattva hai| pravRtti zubha bhI hai aura azubha bhI / imI prakAra nivRtti zubha bhI hai aura azubha bhI / pravRtti aura nivRtti ke apane-apane kSetra hai, svasthAna hai aura apane-apane svasthAnoM meM ve zubha hai, lekina paramthAno yA kSetro meM ve azubha hai / na kevala AhAra se jIvana-yAtrA sambhava hai aura na kevala nihAra se / jIvana-yAtrA ke liA dono Avazyaka hai, lekina mamyak jIvana-yAtrA ke lie dono kA apane-apane kSetro meM kAryarata honA bhI Avazyaka hai / yadi AhAra ke aga nihAra kA aura nihAra ke aga AhAra kA kArya karane lage athavA AhAra yogya padArthoM kA nihAra hone lage aura nihAra ke padArthoM kA AhAra kiyA jAne lage to vyakti kA svAsthya caupaTa ho jaayegaa| va hI tanva jo apane svasthAna evaM dezakAla me zubha hai, parasthAna meM azubha rUpa meM pariNata ho jaayeNge| jaina dRSTikoNa-bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM ko naitika vikAsa ke liye Avazyaka kahA hai| itanA hI nahI, unhone pravRtti aura nivRtti ke apane-apane kSetro kI vyavasthA bhI kI aura yaha batAyA ki ve svakSetro me kArya karate hue hI naitika vikAsa kI ora le jA sakatI hai| vyakti ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha pravRtti aura nivRtti ke svakSetro eva sImAo ko jAne aura unakA apane-apane kSetroM meM hI upayoga kare / jisa prakAra moTara ke lie gatidAyaka yatra (ekmIleTara ) aura gatinirodhaka yatra ( breka ) dono hI Avazyaka hai, lekina sAtha hI moTara cAlaka ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dono ke upayoga ke avasaro yA sthAno ko samajhe aura yathAvamara evaM yathAsthAna hI unakA upayoga kare / dono ke apane-apane kSetra hai; aura una kSetroM me hI unakA samucita upayoga yAtrA kI saphalatA kA AdhAra hai| yadi cAlaka utAra para ka na lagAye aura caDhAva para eksIleTara na dabAye athavA utAra para ekmoleTara dabAye aura caDhAva para breka lagAye to moTara naSTa-bhraSTa ho jaaygii| mahAvIra ne jIvana 1. dekhiye-jainadharma kA prANa; pR0 68 /

Page #160
nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 141 kI vyAvahAritA ko gaharAI me mamajhA thaa| sAdhu aura gRhastha dono ke lie hI pravRtti aura nivRtti ko Avazyaka mAnA, lekina mAtha-sAtha yaha bhI kahA ki dono re alagaalaga kSetra hai / eka prabuddha vicAraka ke rUpa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-"eka ora se virata hoo, eka ora pravatta hoo, amayama se nivRtta hoo, aura sayama meM pravatta hoo|'' yaha kathana unakI painI dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| isame pravRtti aura nitti ke kSetro ko alaga-alaga karana hue maphala niyatA ke rUpa meM unhone kahA amayama arthAt vAmanAo kA jovana', samatva se vicalana kA, patana kA mArga hai| yaha jIvana kA utAra hai, ata yahA breka lagAo, niyatraNa kge| ima dizA meM nivRtti ko apnaao| sayama arthAt Adarza mUlaka jIvana vikAma kA mArga hai, vaha jIvana kA caDhAva ha, umame gati dene kI AvazyakatA hai, ata uma kSetra me pravRtti ko apnaao| bauddha dRSTikoNa-bhagavAn buddha ne bhI pravRtti-nivRtti me samanvaya sAdhata hue kahA hai ki zolavata-parAmarza arthAt sanyAma kA bAhya rUpa se pAlana karanA hI sAra hai yaha eka anta hai, kAma-bhogo ke mevana meM koI doSa nahI, yaha dUsarA anta hai / anto ke mavana meM saskAge ko vRddhi hotI hai / ata sAdhaka ko pravRtti aura nivRtti ke sandarbha me ativAdI yA ekAtika dRSTi na apanAkara eka samanvayavAdI dRSTi apanAnA caahie| gotA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA kA AcAra-darzana ekAta mpa ge pravRtti yA nivRtti kA mamarthana nahIM krtaa| gItAkAra kI dRSTi me bhI samyak AcaraNa ke lie pravRtti aura nivRtti dono hI Avazyaka hai / itanA hI nahI, manuSya ma isa bAta kA jJAna honA bhI Avazyaka hai ki kauna se kAryoM meM pravRtti Avazyaka hai aura kauna se kAryoM meM nivRtti / gItAkAra kA kahanA hai ki jima vyakti ko pravRtti aura nivRtti kI samyaka dizA kA jJAna nahI hai, arthAt jo yaha nahI jAnatA ki puruSArtha ke sAdhana rUpa kisa kArya meM pravRtta honA ucita hai aura usake viparIta anartha ke hetu kima kArya meM nivRtta honA ucita hai, vaha AsurI sampadA se yukta hai / jimameM pravRtti aura nivRtti ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna nahI hai, aise AsurI prakRti ke vyakti me na to zuddhi hotI hai, na sadAcAra hotA hai aura na satya hotA hai / upasaMhAra-isa prakAra vivecca AcAra-darzanI meM pravRtti aura nivRtti dono ko mvIkAra kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa nivRti pradhAna pravRtti kA hai / vaha nivRtti ke lie pravRtti kA vidhAna karatA hai / bauddha-darzana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti dono kA mamAna mahanva hai / yadyapi prAraMbhika bauddha-darzana nivRnyAnmaka pravRtti kA hI samarthaka thaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa pravRtti pradhAna nivRtti kA hai| vaha pravRni ke lie nivRtti kA vidhAna karatI hai| jahAM taka sAmAnya vyAvahArika jIvana kI bAta hai, hame 1. uttarAdhyayana, 3112 . udAna, 68 3. gItA (zA0), 167

Page #161
142 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| donoM ko apanI-apanI sImAeM evaM kSetra hai, jinakA atikramaNa karane para unakA lokamaMgalakArI svarUpa naSTa ho jAtA hai / nivRtti kA kSetra Antarika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana hai aura pravRtti kA kSetra bAhya evaM sAmAjika jIvana hai| donoM ko eka-dUsare ke kSetra kA atikramaNa nahIM karanA caahie| nivRtti umI sthiti meM upAdeya ho sakatI hai jabaki vaha nimna sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhe:1. nivRtti ko lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie / 2. nivRtti kA uddezya mAtra azubha me nivRtti honI cAhie / 3. nivRtyAtmaka jIvana meM mAtraka ko matata jAgarUkatA honA cAhie nivRtti mAtra AtmapIr3ana banakara na raha jAve, varan vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa me sahAyaka bhI ho / isI prakAra pravRtti bhI usI sthiti meM upAdeya haiM jabaki vaha nimna sImAoM kA dhyAna rakheM : 1. yadi nivRtti aura pravRtti apanI-apanI sImAoM meM rahate hue paraspara avirodhI hoM to aisI sthiti meM pravRtti tyAjya nahIM hai / 2. pravRtti kA uddezya hamezA zubha honA cAhie / 3. pravRtti meM kriyAoM kA sampAdana vivekapUrvaka honA cAhie / 4. pravRtti rAga-dveSa athavA mAnasika vikAroM ( kaSAyo ) ke vazIbhUta hokara nahI kI jAnI cAhie / isa prakAra nivRtti aura pravRtti apanI maryAdAoM meM rahatI hai to ve jahA~ eka ora sAmAjika vikAsa evaM lokahita meM sahAyaka ho sakatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vyakti ko AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bhI le jAtI haiM / azubha se nivRtti aura zubha me pravRtti hI naitika AcaraNa kA saccA mArga hai / ' - trilokazatAbdI abhinandana graMtha, lekha-khaNDa, 1 uddhRta pR0 43

Page #162

Page #163

Page #164
_