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Śramana, Vol 55, No. 1-6/January-June 2004
the activities due to carelessness (pramāda), austerity which is possible only for one who has attained special purity and has thorough knowledge of the rules of conduct as well as the energy to observe them in life (parihāraviśuddhi), conduct which is attended by the rise of only the subtlest type of passions (sūkśmasamparāya), (6) and lastly the conduct which is perfect (yathakhyāta).
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The above six viz. (I) self-control (gupti), (2) self-regulation (samiti), (3) moral virtues (dharma), (4) contemplation (anuprekṣā), (5) conquest of afflictions (parisahajaya) and (6) conduct (căritra) constitute the means to the stoppage (samvara) of inflow of new karmic matter." Apart from these six, the Jainas admit austerity (tapas), both physical and mental or external and internal, which effects stoppage (samvara) of the inflow as well as the dissociation (nirjarā) of the accumulated kärmic matter. Each of the external (bahya) and internal (antarika) types of austerity has six sub-classes. Thus fasting, decreased diet, fixing the type of diet by the exclusion of all other types, giving up of strong and delicious diet, selection of a lonely and peaceful habitat, and various types of physical postures that enhance the strength of endurance are the six sub-classes of the external austerity." These forms of external austerity, when rightly followed, result in non-attachment, lightness of body, conquest of the senses, protection of self-control and lastly the dissociation of karmic matter."
The following six are the sub-classes of internal austerity:12 (1) nine fold expiation (prāyaścitta) such as confession of a sin, repentance and the like; (2) four-fold humility (vinaya) such as one observed in the presence of a person who is superior in the purity of attitude or knowledge or conduct and the like; (3) respectful service (vaiyāvṛttya) of these ten viz. the supreme preceptor (ācārya), the preceptor (upadhyāya), an ascetic (tapasvin), an ascetic student (śaikṣa), an ailing ascetic (glāna), the descendant group (gana) of disciples of a sthavira, the decendant group (kula) of disciples of a famous ācārya, the four-fold community (sangha) of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen, ascetics (sādhu) and the associates (samanojña); (4) the five-fold 'study' (svādhyāya) of the scriptures viz. teaching, enquiry, contemplation, correct reading and preaching of their contents; (5) the renunciation (vyutsarga) of the not-self such as the external possession as well as the quasi-self such as the body, the mind, the sense-organs and the passions; and (6) lastly concentration (dhyāna).
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