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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY
taking place at Pāvā during the Buddha's life time. HOERNLE suggests 484 B.c. for the death of Mahāvira & 482 B.c, for the Buddha. Gosāla called himself Tisthankara, Jina, Arhant, Kevalin and Aptan.
P. 80. Samyutta Nikāya (i, p. 66) mentions Niganthu ; the Jaina Tamil poem Nilakeci mentions Pūraņa, the leader of the Ajivikas.
P. 83. Purana, like Makkhali, was habitually naked and in the Diuyāvadana (Ed. Cowell & Niel p. 165) ; he is described as a nirgrantha, clothed in the garment of righteousness (dharma-sala-praticchanna) ; the phrase is obviously an euphemism for a state of total nudity.
P. 84. Pūrana & Makkhali taught the same doctrine.
P. 87. Divyāeadana (p. 865) mentions Nirgrantha.
P. 88. Death by ritual suicide was the common end of the Jaina ascetic and similar suicides by Ajivikas.
Pp. 96-97. In Sutta-nipata (381), Ajivikas are clearly distinguished from Niganthas but the Sandaka Sutta (Majjh, i, P. 513) seems to embrance all six of the heretical teachers, including the great leader of the Niganthas, Nigantha Nātaputta or Mahāvīra in the general category of Ajīvikas. In the Dhammapada Commentary Buddha-ghoșa describes the ascetic with unsettled mind, who may start as an acelaka, than become an Ajīvika, than a Nigantha and finally a Tāpasa. The Divya-vadāna, in the story of Asoka, seems to use the terms Ajivaka & Nirgrantha synonymously.
P. 101. Wandering Sophists and ascetics played the biggest part in the development of heretical sanghas of Buddhism, Jainism, and Ajivikism.
P. 106.
The early Ājivikas, like the Jainas, extracted the hair by the roots.
P. 107. The ascetics called, Ājivika appear usually to have lived in a state of nakedness; Representations of naked ascetics occur occasionally in Buddhist art, but in most cases there is no evidence that these are Ājivikas and not members of the Digambara Jaina order. A figure in one of the Ajantā frescos has been identified by FOUCHER, as Pūrana Kassapa (L'Art Greco-Bouddhique, Vol. II, p. 264 also Journal Asiatic 1909, Pp. 21—3) and this is completely naked. Certain sculptures of the Gāndhāra school, depicting the Buddha's parinirvana, also show a naked ascetic, who seems to be the Ajivika in the act of informing the bhikkus Mahākassapa of the great event (Plate III) - Foucher, L'Art Greco-Bouddhique, Vol. i.
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