________________
JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY
1343
by Jain authors to the literatures of Kannada and Tamil. The Jain temple built at Aihole by Ravikirti in the reign of of Pulakesin II, is said to have been the abode of all excellencies ard Jain temples and monasteries continued to be built everywhere in the extensive dominions ruled by the Chalukyas and the Rāshtrakūtas. Rashtraküta Amoghavarsha I, sound solace by retiring to a Jain monastery more than once in the course of his long reign. Many of the early Western Ganga monarchs were followers of Jainism, and it also found patronage under the Eastern Chālukyas, Amma II, (mid-tenth century) built two Jinalayas and established satras (feeding houses) attached to them where sramaņas (Jaina monks) of all the four castes were to be fed. Jainism had much more in common with Hinduism than Buddhism. In 812 a Jain temple was endowed for the removal of trouble caused to a Chālukya Vimalāditya by the planet Saniscara (Saturn). In many Jain grants we find that the donors are required to use the proceeds of the endowment for their daily rites and observances in terms identical with those employed in Hindu donations; and influential guids of merchants often included a strong Jain wing in their membership. Soon after the establishment of Vijayanagar, Jains complained to king Bukkarāya of persecutions by the Vaishṇavas. The monarch interceded (1368) and declared that both parties should practise their respective religions with cqual freedom and without mutual interference. Though Jainism has been steadily losing ground it has not altogether disappeared from the country--particularly in parts of Gujarat.
P. 426. Khandagiri Udayagiri caves---35 in number : there are many unidentified sculptured scenes from Jain legends in the gumphầs. The courtyard of the Ranigumphä, there is reason to think, constituted an open-air-theatre, In it are the remains of channels for the distribution of water throughout the structure. In the Ganesa-gumphā the entrance steps are flanked with figures of elephants, the first appearance of the sculptured-animal motif at the entrance to a rook-cut hall which was developed with such wonderful effect later at Ellora and Elephanta (where, however, the elephants are replaced by lions).
P. 453. Two Jain monuments at Sravana Belgola, creations of Chāmundarāya the minister of the Ganga king Rachamalla IV, Chāmundarāya basadi it measures 70 ft. in length and its width is 36 ft. ; built originally about 980 although in its present form the structure is typical of Chola architecture of the early 12th century. Image of Gommata, eight 56 ft. carved out in 983 represents the ascetic standing entirely nude and absorbed in meditation. Two other monoliths, were made in Kanara; one over 40 ft. high at Kārkal in 1432, and the other at Yenur, about 35 fc. high, in 1604. Mänastambha a common feature to a Jain temple of the South Some of these free-standing pillars are over 50 ft. in height and are themselves impressive works of art. These stand in front of the temple on a wide square base of several moulded steps. The column is generally square in the lower
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
