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1840
JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY
sūtra 142. (c. 100
Pp. 11-12. Numeral terminology in Anuyogadvāra, B.C.).
P. 13. Notational Places--the first use of the word 'place' for the denomination is met with in the Jaina work Anuyogadvārasūtra (c. 300 B.C.); Mahāvira (850 - Gaạita-săra-sangraha, 1163-68) gives twenty-four notational places.
P. 15. Numerals in spoken Languages-substractive (Gss. i. 4); Multiplicative: (Gss, i. 28; i. 27).
P. 33. Numerical notation, using distinct letters or syllables of the alphabet, the name akşarapalli given to this system by the Jainas, to distinguish it from the decimal notation, the ankapalli.
P. 37. Invention of the Brahmi script and the numeral notation according to the Samvāyānga-sutra (fourth century B.c.) and Pannavanā-sutra (c. 168 B.C.) each gives a list of 18 scripts.
Pp. 42-43. The decimal place-value system epigraphic instances; 18. 862 A.D. Deogarh Jaina inscription of Bhojadeva (Ex. In. iv, p. 309) The dates Vikrama Samvat 919 and the corresponding Saka Saṁvat 784 are both given in decimal figures.
Pp. 55-57. Words denoting numbers—3 is expressed by ratna (Jaina) used by Mahāvīia only; others take it for Five. 5 is expressed by Karaniya - that which ought to be done; according to the Jainas ahimsā, sunţta, asteya, brahmacarya, and aparigraha. 6 is expressed by dravya (used by Mahāvíra). 7 is expressed by tatva (used by Mahāvira because the Jainas recognise seven tatvas; used for five by others), pannagabhaya) used by Mahavira). 8 is expressed by Karman (used by Mahāvira for 8 and by others for 10), tami (used by Mahāvira) and mada (used by Mahavira only); 9 is expressed by padartha (used by Mahāvira only). 24 is expressed by gayatri, Jinä, arhat, siddha 25 is expressed by tatva, also for 7 by Mahavira).
P. 61. Word numerals-Jinabhadra gani (575) has used word symbols with the left to right arrangement to express numbers (Bịhat-kşetra-samāsa, i, 69). In the beginning opinion was divided as to which method of arrangement (right or left) should be followed in the word system (of numerals).
P. 79. The Zero Symbol : The writings of Jinabhadra Gani (529-589) a contemporary of Varahamihira, offer conclusive evidence of the use of zero as a distinct numerical symbol. The zero of Jinabhadra Gaņi is certainly not a mere concept of nothingness, but is a specific numerical symbol used in arithmetical calculation,
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