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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY
nature it is freed from subjection to time or as it is said, it is released from rebirth. He becomes siddha paramești, the perfect being. The Siddha is worshipped because he represents the final spiritual perfection. The arhat, the siddha, the sangha and the dharma and the four objects of supreme value worthy of adoration. Jainism emphasizes the potential divine stature of man and its teacaing claims to be of universal application.
1812
Gustav Rors-The Terminology of the Karana scquence. (Pr. & Tr. A.I.O. Con. 18th Sess. 1955. Annamalainagar, 1958).
Pp. 250-259. How could the state of a Tirthankara be reached? What stations had a man to pass to be at home on such heights of complete perfection. 16 Karanas leading to the state of a Tirthankara; i.e., by meditating upon the sixteen forms (bhavanā) of penance, and according to the Svetāmbaras there are 20 karanas.
Conclusion: The 16 karana sequence cannot only be traced in Tattvarthasūtram and later Dig. texts but also in more ancient Dig. literature such as Mahabandha and Şațkhandagama but that the Shvet. 20 karana sequence cannot be traced in the more ancient parts of the Angas and Upangas. The karana sequence leading to the state of a Tirthankara originated in circles close to the Digambaras. It seems that the Shvet. after the separation of the two groups have included the karana sequence and enlarged upto 20 karanas.
1813
C. B. SHETH-The fain Acharya. (Proc., IHC, XXIInd Session), Bombay, 1959.
P. 178. The Panchindiya Sūtra prescribes thirty-six qualifications for the Achārya. He must be able to control the five senses. He must be endowed with five samities and three guptis.
1814
Madan Mohan SINGH-Brahmanism as described in early Buddhist texts. (Proc., IHC. XXIst Session), Bombay, 1959.
Pp. 102-103. Though people responded to the teachings of the Buddha and Mahāvira, yet it is revealed from the Buddhist literature that Brahmanism remained the dominant religion of the age. The rules laid down for Jain monks show closer similarity to those of the Brahmana mendicants. Though the Jains revolted against the authority of the Brahmanas and the efficancy of the Vedic rajñas and
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