Vichar Swatantryano Itihas

Author(s): Khushvadanlal Chandulal Thakor
Publisher: Gujarat Varnacular Society
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032713/1

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vicAra svAtaMtryano itihAsa gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAiTI

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ja 9090 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 . 0 0 zeTha serAbajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAi smAraka graMtha naM. 26 vicAra svAtaMtryano ItihAsa hoI0000 , . 00 anuvAdaka, * khuzavadanalAla caMdulAla ThAkara, bI. e, bharUca, 0. 00 chapAvI prasiddha karanAra, gujarAta varnAkyulara sesAITI taraphathI hIrAlAla trIvanadAsa pArekha, bI. e; Asi. sekreTarI, amadAvAda, 00 000 .00 000 0 AvRtti pahelI. sane 1929. prata 1500 saMvata 1985. | kiMmata eka rUpiye za6959 60 600 6000666 00 000

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amadAvAda, salApAsa roDa, dhI DAyama Da jyubilI prinTiMga presamAM parIkha devIdAsa chaganalAle chApyuM.

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zeTha serAbajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAI graMthamALAne UpaghAta. i. sa. 1864 mAM muMbaInA marahuma zeTha serabajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAI amadAvAda padhAryA hatA, tyAre temaNe gujarAtanA juvAna mANasemAM buddhinAM kAma karavAnI hoMza vadhAravAne tathA gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAiTInAM upayogI kAmane puSTi ApavA sArU rU. 2500] sosAITIne soMpyA hatA; ane evI IcchA jaNAvI hatI ke, tenI promIsarI noTo laI tenA vyAjamAMthI InAma ApI zuddha gujarAtImAM sArA nibaMdha tathA pustaka racAvavAM. te pramANe A phaMDamAMthI Aja sudhImAM nIcenAM pustako taiyAra karAvI sAITIe chapAvelAM che - 1. gujarAtI bhASAne ItihAsa (3 jI AvRtti). 2. daivajJa darpaNa 3. gujarAtanA bhikhArIe. 4. bhikSuka viSe nibaMdha. 5. arthazAstra. 6. strI nItidharma (pamI AvRtti). che. gujarAtanA UtkarSanAM sAdhana viSe nibaMdha. 8. dukALa viSe nibaMdha. 9. seviMga benkanI agatya viSe. 10. sthAnika svarAjya. 11. arthazAstranAM mULato (3jI AvRtti. 12. jJAna vacana. 13. prAcIna bharatakhaMDane mahimA.

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14. presiDaTa lIMkananuM ciratra. 15. meAhisanInAM nItivacane. 16. mArkApAlAnA pravAsa. 17. jIvatattva. 18. vanaspati tattvajJAna. 19. navarAzanA vakhatamAM gammata ane jJAna. 20. khetara, vADI ane bagIcAnI upaja vadhAranArAM khAtara viSe niba~dha. 21. briTiza hiMdane Arthika itihAsa bhA. 1. 22. agnimAMdya. 23. nirAgI rahevAnA upAya. 24. yajJa rahasya. 25. saundraya ane lalitakaLA. 26. vicAra svAtaMtryane itihAsa

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anuvAdakanI prastAvanA. - Terensa mesvinI kRta ' prinsipalsa ej krIDama ' nuM bhASAMtara karavAnA prayAsamAM saphaLatA maLavAthI parabhASAnAM uttama pustakAnA anuvAda karavAnI preraNA janmI. evAmAM gujarAta vantkyulara seAsAiTi taraphathI prasiddha thayelI inAmI pustakAnI yAdI jovAmAM AvI; ane preA. barInA History of the Freedom of Thought nAmanA pustakanuM-vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa--e nAmathI anuvAda karavAnI taka prApta thaI. prastuta pustakamAM adhikAra ane buddhi vaccenI laData carcalI che tathA ati saMkSepamAM vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa AlekhyAM che. pustakamAM ApelI hakIkata kevaLa pazcimanA sudhArAne lagatI che. dhaNA TUMkA sAra rUpe kahIe teA, prAcIna grIsamAM ane rAmamAM carcAsvAtaMtrya tathA vicArasvAtaMtrya kevAM jesamAM hatAM; tyArapachI khristIdhama rUpe eka adRSTa, haThIlI zakti AvI teNe manuSyanAM manane kevI meDIe paherAvI, tenA vicAra para kuvA aMkuza mUkyA; tenA svAtatryane kevI niya rIte kacaDI nAMkhyuM; nirdoSa svataMtra vicArakA tathA cUDela gaNAtI strIo para dharakSA, rASTrarakSA ane sAmAjika hitanA eThAM taLe dhama saMsthAe kevA pArAvAra ane jagatamAM joTA vinAne julma gujAryAM; buddhinI gati Thita karI nAMkhI, satyAnveSaNanA eka ja ameAtra sAdhanarUpa manAtA carcAsvAtaMtryane kacaDI nAMkhI, satyanI saMhitAnAM salilane pragatinA sAgara pratye satata uchALA mAratAM aTakAvI, tene sukavI; saMkucita karI rUDhi ane aMdhazraddhAnA a~dha khAmeAciyAM pa kevI rIte banAvyAM te tathA gumAvelA ane lagabhaga prANazeSa banelA svAtaMtryane kevAM meghAM balidAne, kevAM kAramAM satata yuddheA, navA saMkSeAlaka vicAro, tattvavicAra, vaijJAnika zodha ane aiti

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hAsika vivecana jevAM sAdhano dvArA manuSyoe kevI vIratA ane vairyathI pAchuM meLavyuM te hakIkata prastuta pustakamAM carcA che. A pustakamAM AlekhelA vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa vicAratAM bhAratavarSamAMnA vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa sahaja ja AMkha AgaLa tarI Ave che. paNa prastAvanA TUMkI lakhavAnI eTale sthaLasaMkecane lIdhe e bInA vistArapUrvaka ahiM carcAya ema nathI. pazcimanA dezamAMnA ahiM AlekhelA citra sAme bhAratanuM citra mUkatAM haSa ane zeka, abhimAna ane zarama evI mizrita lAgaNI prakaTa thAya che ati prAcIna kALathI bhAratabhUmimAM aneka dArzanike 5 myA che, aneka dharmo ane dharmapaMthe janma pAmyA che; eTaluM ja nahi paNa hiMdanA aneka mULa dharmo uparAMta pArasI, khristI, mahammadIya, yahudi Adi paradharmo paNa A bhUmi para Azraya ane piSaNa pAmyAM che. prAcIna kALathI Aja sudhImAM vaidika, brAhmaNa, bauddha, jaina, zaiva, vaiSNava, zIkha vagere aneka dharmo-A badhAnI zALAonuM te sUcana mAtra basa che-kALakrame ahiM jagyA ane vikasyA che. cheka najadikanA kALamAM brahmasamAja ane tenI vividha zAkhAo, AryasamAja ane chevaTe brahmavidyAvAdI ane AtmavidyAvAdI samAjaH e sarvano pracAra paNa ahiM thayo che. paNa kahevAtA zrI zaMkarAcArye karelA bauddha dharmane nAza sivAya kaI paNa kALe A bhUmi para dharmarakSAne bahAne nirdoSanAM lohI reDAyAM nathI. pazcimanA dezo sAthene ApaNe A vidha ApaNAM harSa ane abhimAnanuM kAraNa che. bIjI bAjU, dUra dUranA bhUtakALathI vArasAmAM maLelAM aMdhazraddhAvALI mAnyatAo, dhArmika hema, vicitra gUgrAha, camatkAranI azraddheya kathAo, ayutika jaDagrAho (Dogmas) ane dharmadhatiMgone pragatizIla deze tattvavicAra, vaijJAnika zodho, aitihAsika vivecana, ane navA saMkSebhaka vicAronA pracAra dvArA lagabhaga TALI zakyA che, tathA rahyA che tyAre bhAratanI nivRtti priya prajA enI pragatimAM aTakAyata nAMkhatI

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A khAIone enA juga jUnA ajJAnane lIdhe oLaMgI nathI zakI e ApaNAM zeka ane zaramanI kathA che. A pustakanA vAcanathI ApaNane e vahemo vagerenA durbhAdya dUrgo teDavAnI preraNA thAya tathA bhAratamAMnA vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa suvyavasthita rIte lakhavAnI vRtti pedA thAya te anuvAda saphaLa thaye mAnIza. prastuta pustakanA lekhaka pro. bairI ati ziSTa lekhaka che. vAcakane pustakane pAne pAne emanAM uMDA abhyAsa ane vizALa vAcananA darzana thAya che. emanI lekhanazailI ghaDAyelI ane paripakva che. zabdasaMkSepa ane arthabAhulya vA arthagAMbhIrya e A pustakamAMnAM viziSTa lakSaNo hoI pustakanA anuvAdanuM kArya kaThaNa karavAmAM e be kAraNabhUta banyAM che. Ama chatAM lekhakane anyAya na thAya, mULa vicArone hAni na pahoMce e mATe yathAzakti kALajI lIdhI che tathA e vicAre vAcakane sugamya thAya te mATe anuvAdanI bhASA mULa vicArane anurUpa ane banI teTalI sarala rAkhavA prayatna karyo che. viSayanI viziSTatAne lIdhe mULa pustakamAM aneka pAribhASika zabdo AvyA che. temane anuvAda karatI vakhate AdhArabhUta zabdakeSone, tathA zrIyuta vi. pra. bhaTTanA pAribhASika zabdakoSane sAre AdhAra lIdhe che. A uparAMta je pAribhASika zabdo mATe ApaNI bhASAmAM rUDha prayogo nathI tevA keTalAka mATe yathAmati navA zabdaprayogo jyA che. bhASAne kaDhaMgI thatI, banyuM tyAM sudhI, aTakAvI che. chatAM AvAM puratone ApaNI bhASAmAM utAravAnI muzkelIne lIdhe daSA to rahI gayA ja haze. sujJa vAcake doSa tarapha dRSTi na karatAM, mULa lekhakanA suMdara vicAre tarapha vaLaze e ja vijJAsa. A pustakano anuvAda karavAmAM mAro utsAha TakAvI rAkhavA mATe tathA keTalIka agatyanI sUcanAo karavA mATe zrIyuta vi. ma. bhaTTanA tathA pre. baLavaMtarAya ThAkorane AbhAra mAnuM chuM. khuzavadanalAla caM, ThAkara

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 1 luM vicAra svAtaMtra ane bAdhaka zaktio ... , 2 nuM buddhi svAtaMtrya , 3 je buddhi niyaMtraNa , 4thuM chuTakArAnI AzA ,, 5 muM dhArmika svAtaMtrya ... ... ... 86 , 6 ThuM buddhivAdane vikAsa ... ... ... 124 , 7 muM buddhavAdanI prarmAta

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vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa. prakaraNa 1 luM. vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio - vicAra svataMtra che evI sAmAnya ukti che. jyAM sudhI manuSya pitAnA vicAra jAhera na kare tyAM sudhI game te viSayano vicAra karatAM tene kadI aTakAvI zakAya nahi. enI vicArasRSTine kevaLa be sImAbaMdhane che-enA anubhavanI maryAdA tathA enI kalpanAzakti. paNa Ama gupta rIte vicAra karavAnI svAbhAvika chUTanI kiMmata nahi jevI ja che. evI svataMtratA hovA chatAM je vicArakane tenA vicArano pracAra karatAM aTakAvavAmAM Ave te tene duHkha thAya ja. vicArasvAtaMtraya para aMkuza mUkavAnI nItine A eka ja geraphAyado nathI. e nItine lIdhe vicArakane duHkha thAya che e te kharuM, paraMtu taduparAMta tenI AjubAjunA lekene enA vicAro gupta rahevAthI kaze ja lAbha maLato nathI. vizeSamAM daDha pratItione dAbI rAkhavI e paNa ghaNuM muzkela vAta che. je kaI mANasane tenI vicArazreNI tenI AsapAsanA mANasanA AcArane niyamita karanArA vicAre ke rivAjo viSe zaMkA uThAvavAne, temanI mAnyatAone asvIkAra karavAne ane temanA jIvanamArgo karatAM uccatara mArgonI jhAMkhI karavA prere to e pitAnA vicAro sAcA che evI tenI khAtarI thaI gaI hoya te paNa te manuSya cUpa rahIne, amuka zabdo jANyA ajANyA ucArIne ke pachI potAnA sAmAnya valaNathI paNa AjUbAjUnA lokothI pote bhinna vicArane che evuM jaNAvyA vagara rahI zake ema banavAnuM ja nahi. bhUtakALamAM sekre

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vicArasvAtaMtra ane bAdhaka zaktio. TisanI mAphaka keTalAka mANasoe pitAnA vicArone dAbI rAkhavA karatAM matane pyAruM gaNyuM che. Aje paNa keTalAka matane ja pasaMda kare. Ama vANI svAtaMtrya vicArasvAtaMtryamAM samAyeluM ja che. vANI svAtaMtrya vinAnuM vicArasvAtaMtrya nakAmuM che. hAlamAM ghaNuM sudharelA dezamAM vANusvAtaMtrya bahu sAmAnya thaI paDayuM che. enI sAthe ApaNe eTale gADha paricaya che ke e eka kudaratI hakka ja hoya ema bhAse che. paNa A hakka meLavyAne haju jhAjha vakhata thaye nathI, ane lohInI ghaNI nIke oLaMgIne ja enI prAptinA paMthe paLI zakAyuM che. vyaktigata vicArone prasiddha karavAnI ne sarva prazno para carcA calAvavAnI chUTa aniSTa nathI, paraMtu hitakara ja che e vAta samaju janomAM hRdayamAM ThasAvatAM saikAo lAgyAM che. keTalAka khAsa apavAdo sivAya samAja sAmAnya rIte vicArasvAtaMtrya eTale ke navA vicAronI sAme thayo che. AnuM kAraNa zodhavuM saheluM che. mANasa svabhAvathI ja ALasu hoya che. mArgamAM ochAmAM ochI naDatare Ave tevA mArga tarapha tenuM mana vaLe che. zaMkA karyA vagara svIkArI lIdhelI ane pachIthI cUstapaNe jIvanamAM apanAvelI mAnyatAothI ja sAmAnya manuSyanI manaHsRSTi bharelI hoya che. enI A paricita sRSTinI kAyamanI vyavasthAne uMdhI vALe evI hara eka vastu sAme eno jusso svAbhAvika uchaLI uThe che. je je mAnyatAo e dharAve che temAMnI keTalIkathI bhinna evo ekAda na vicAra udabhave ke ene pitAnI mAnasika vyavasthA palaTavI paDe ja; A vicAra paddhati pheravavAnI rIta zramakAraka che, emAM magajazaktino bhAre vyaya thAya che. stra thayelA vicAre tathA susthApita saMsthAo viruddhanA vicAre ke abhiprAya, enA tathA enA jevA vicAra dharAvanArA sAthIone meTA samUhanI najare aniSTa lAge che, kAraNa te vicAre) temane anukULa hotA nathI.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. - kevaLa mAnasika tandrAthI nipajato kaMTALe bIkanI sAkSAta lAgaNIthI vRddhi pAme che. samAjanA cAlu baMdhAraNamAM kaI paNa prakAranA pheraphArathI tenA pAyAne dhakko lAge ja evI pragati virodhI preraNA rIDhI thaIne pragatividhI siddhAMtamAM pariName che. rAjyanuM hita tenI saMsthAo temaja saMpradAyamAM aNumAtra paNa pheraphAra vinAnI sthiratA para AdhAra rAkhe che, evI mAnyatAne loko haju Aja kAlaja choDavA lAgyA che. jyAM jyAM evI mAnyatA pracalita che tyAM tyAM navA vicAre hAnikAraka ane naDatarakartA manAya che, ane je kaMI manuSya sthApita siddhAMtanAM kAraNe viSe ekAda pratikULa prazna pUche te te mANasa bhayaMkara lekhAya che. - pragatividhI preraNA temaja temAMthI pariNamate teja siddhAMta dharma paranA mUDha vizvAsathI vadhu daDha bane che. je sarva rUDhio ane vicAre sameta samAjabaMdhAraNane dhArmikamata sAthe gADha saMbaMdha hoya tathA te baMdhAraNa daivI AzrayathI khIla manAtuM hoya to e samAjavyavasthAnI TIkA karavI e devaniMdA barAbara che ane dharmamatane vaDa e to daivI sattAnA kepane sIdhuM AmaMtraNa ApavA jevuM che. dharmAdhikArIo, varNa (caste) ane varga (class) jevA samAjanA pratApI vibhAge cAlu praNAlikA tathA tenA mULabhUta vicArenA rakSaNamAM potAnA lAbha jue che. e praNAlikA virUddhanA navA vicAra sAme te vibhAgo jhuMbeza uThAve che, ane emanI laDatane pariNAme pragati virodhI vRttine puSTi maLe che. dAkhalA tarIke ema dhAre ke eka prajA evuM mAne che ke sUryagrahaNa, e te amane upayogI saMdeze ApavA mATe amAsa iSTa devatAe karelI nizAnI che, ane koI eka kuzaLa mANasa e grahaNa thavAnuM sAcuM kAraNa zodhI kADhe che. enA dezabaMdhuone prathama te enI zedha. gamatI nathI, kAraNa emanA anya vicAra sAthe e

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ja vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio. dhane meLa besADe e ja kaThina vAta che. bIjuM, emanI najamAM samAjane atyaMta lAbhadAyI nivaDe evI jaNAtI racanAmAM e dhathI uMdhucatuM thavAno saMbhava hoya che; AthI emane e kuzaLa pRzyanI zodha harakatakartA lAge che. aMtamAM, e zeAdha jANe emanA IzvaranuM apamAna na hoya ema dhArI teo tenAthI bhaDake che. daivI. cihanane artha tathA hetu samajAvavA e jemanI eka pharaja che evA dharmAdhikArIo emanI sattAne jokhamamAM nAMkhe evA siddhAMtathI khaLabhaLI uThe che.. cheka prAcIna samayamAM AvA svArthanuM jora ghaNuM cAlatuM hovAthI pragatizIla samAjomAM parivartana thavAmAM DhIla thaI haze ane keTalAka samAje saheja paNa pragati karatA aTakayA haze. paraMtu AkhA ItihAsamAM temanI gheADI ghaNuM asara to cAlu rahIja che. evA svArthI hetuothI jJAnaprApti ane pragatinA mArgomAM aMtarAya ubhAM thayAM che. cheka AgaLa vadhI gayelA samAjo sAme e hetuonuM jora nabaLuM paDayuM che, temanA (samAjonA) vikAsane rokavAnI ke navuM jUnuM kare evA vicArene phelAve thato baMdha karI devAnI Aja temanI zakti nathI, paNa tevA samAjamAM ye e svArthanI asara ApaNe nihALI zakIe. navA vicArane naDatararUpa mAnanArA Aje paNa ghaNuo. ApaNuM najare paDe che. samaSTivAda (Socialism)thI abhaDAI janArAo paikI evA ghaNuM ye che. teo tenI viruddha yA tarapheNamAM thatI dalIlone vicAra sarakho karatA nathI. paNa e vicArathI temanI mAnasamRSTimAM vikSebha utpanna thAya tathA emanI paricita vastusthitinI sakhata jhATakaNI thavAno saMbhava hoya che eTalAja kAraNathI teo samaSTivAdathI kaMTALApUrvaka vimukha thAya che. vaLI rakhene dhArmika maMjurIAta sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA bhUlabharelA vicArasamUhanI hastIne hAni pahoMce evI bIkathI ApaNuM apUrNa lagnasaMsthAmAM pheraphAra karavAnI sUcanA para vicAra paNa karavAnI nA pADanAra

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vicArasvAta tryanA itihAsa. Aja ghaNAM che. Ama karavAmAM te vAjabI hAya ane na ce hAya. te vAjabI ja heAya te temAM temane doSa nathI. prAcIna samAjonI pragatine aMtarAyarUpa je kAMi svArthA hatA te ja svArthothI teo paNa prerAyA che. eka bAjU svAtaMtryanA vAtAvaraNamAM vRddhi pAmelI AvI mane vRttivALA leAkeAnuM ane bIjI bAjU sadA navA vicArAnI zodhamAM phuranArA tathA evA vadhu vicAre phelAyA nathI e joI kheda pAmanArA leAkeAnuM ApaNe samakAlina astitva joie chIe, tyAre je je samayamAM AvA navIna vicArane cAhanArAnA abhiprAyathI prajAmata ghaDAyeA hateA te samayamAM vicArane kevI meDIe hatI tathA jJAnanA mArgamAM keTalA badhA aMtarAyA hatA tenI ApaNe jhAMkhI karI zakIe chIe. have adhikAra (Authority) ke potAnA pADeAzInA pUrvagrahA (Prejudices)nI gaNanA karyAM vagara peAtAnA vicArAne prasiddha karavAnI chUTa cAlu samayamAM je ke eka custhApita siddhAMta samAna thaI gaI che te paNa peAtAnA vicArane jatA karavA karatAM mAtane vadhAvI lenArAemAMthI peAtAnA vicArAne yukti:purasara acAva karI zake evA thoDAka ja haze, ema huM mAnuM chuM. vANIsvAtanya e manuSyane svAbhAvika ane vaMzApabhAgya janma siddha hakka che evuM ApaNe mAnI laie ema chIe, temaja vANIsvAtaMtrya viruddha je kAMi kahevAmAM Ave e sarva sAme A ja pUratA javAba che, ema paNa ApaNe kalpI laie ema chIe. paNa AvA hakka kevI rIte pratipAdita karave e ja muzkelInI vAta che. jo mANasane kAI paNa 'kudaratI hakA' hAi zake te te eja cheH-(1) peAtAnI jIMdagI TakAvavAneA (udara poSaNanA mArga rodhavAnA) tathA (2) prajotpatti karavAne. tepaNa samAja A banne hakkone amala karavAnI bAbatamAM aMkuza mUke che. bhUkhe maratA mANasane jAnuM anna levAnI manA hAya che; varNasaMkara prajotpatti sAme

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vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio. keTalAka kAyadA tathA rivAje rUpI aTakAyata hoya che; ane AvA svAbhAvika hakako para aMkuza mUkavAmAM samAja nyA mArgeja varte che ema sau koI kabula kare che; kAraNa A be aMkuza sivAya samAjamAM suvyavasthA asaMbhavita che. AthI vicAraprasiddhi e eka Avo ja hakka che ema ApaNe maMjura rAkhIe to teTalAja kAraNathI temAM kAMI DakhalagIrI na ja thAya agara samAja tenA (vicAra prasiddhi) para aMkuza mUke to te anyAyI ja kahevAya, evI vAMdhA bharI dalIlo uThAvAya nahi. paNa vicAraprasiddhi e evoja eka hakaka che eTaluM kabula karavuM e te hada karatAM meTI kabulAta karI kahevAya. kAraNa (upara ApelAM) bIjAM udAharaNomAM samAjanAM baMdhane sau koIne lAgu paDe che, paraMtu vicArasvAtaMtrya viSenI mayaoNdA te krAMtikAraka, rUDhivirUddha vicAra dharAvanArI pramANamAM nAnI saMkhyA mATe ja che, kAMI badhA ja ne e maryAdA lAgu paDatI nathI. satya vAta to e ja che ke "kudaratI hakko' viSenA khyAla para kaI vAjabI dalIla mejI zakAya nahi. kAraNa emAM samAja tathA tenA sabhyo vaccenA saMbaMdha viSe eka apratipAdya tarka samAyelo che. * bIjI bAjU samAjanA taMtra mATe javAbadAra leke evI dalIla karI zake ke "samAja viruddha kartavya aTakAvavAnI hamArI jeTalI pharaja che teTalI ja pharaja hAnikAraka vicAro aTakAvavAnI paNa che. vaLI teo ema paNa kahI zake ke manuSya tenA pADozIno ghoDo cerIne ke tenI dharmapatnI sAthe aghaTita prema karIne samAjane jeTalI hAni karI zake te karatAM samAjaviruddha vicAro phelAvIne te vadhu nukasAna karI zake. rASTra (State)nA hita mATe teo javAbadAra che ane amuka vicAranA pracArathI samAjanA pAyArUpa rAjakIya, dhArmika ke naitika dhAraNAone dhake pahoMce evI temane bhIti lAge to bIjA badhA bhInI mAphaka tevA vicArathI paNa samAjane ugArI levAnI temanI pharaja che. *

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. vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa- 7 * vicArasvAtaMtryane maryAdita karavAnI jarUra jaNAvatI AvI: dalIlone sacoTa javAba AgaLa upara yogya sthaLe apAze. vicAra- . svAtaMtryane kacaDI nAkhavuM e eka bhUla che evI vAta cirakALa sudhI keAine spaSTa thaI na hatI. e bhUla ja che evA anumAna para AvatAM varSonAM varSo vItI gayAM, ane haju te duniyAnA mAtra eka bhAganI ja e viSe khAtarI thaI che. mArI najare te e anumAna sarvathI vadhu upayogI che ane e anumAna A pustakamAM carcalI adhikAra ane buddhi vaccenI laDatanuM pariNAma che. adhikAra (Authority) zabda para jarA vistRta vivecana karavAnI jarUra che. je hame koIne pUcho ke "bhAI hame amuka vastu zI rIte jANI ?" te te kaheze "ene mATe hArI pAse sAruM pramANa che," athavA "he te cepaDImAM vAMcI" ke "e to sAmAnya jJAnanI vAta che agara "huM te nizALamAM zIkhyo." A dareka uttarano artha e ja che ke teNe A jJAna bIjA pAsethI meLavyuM che, temanA jJAnamAM zraddhA rAkhI che, temanI hakIkatanA sAcA juThApaNAMnI teNe khAtarI karI nathI ke temanI karelI bAbata para teNe svataMtra vicAra calAvyuM nathI. kharekhara, ghaNuM mANasanAM jJAna tathA mAnyatAone. moTo bhAga A ja prakAra hoya che, eTale ke mAtapitA, zikSaka, oLakhANa pIchANavALAo, pustako ke chApAMo vageremAMthI kharAkheTAne vicAra karyA vinA grahaNa karelo hoya che. aMgreja bALaka phrenca bhASA zIkhatI vakhate zabdonA artho tathA rUpAkhyAna zikSakanA kahevAthI ke vyAkaraNanA AdhAre kharAM mAnI le che. nakazAmAM amuka sthaLe ghIca vastIvALA kalakattA nAmanA nagarano nirdeza karavAmAM Avyo che e hakIkata ghaNuM lekAe bIjAnA pramANa para svIkArelI che. nepalIana ane sIjhara eka same hatA e vAta paNa AvI ja che. khagoLavidyAnA suvidita siddhAMto te vidyAnA khAsa,

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8 vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio. abhyAsI sivAya bIjA te eja rIte jANe che. ane A khoTuM nathI. kAraNa je bIjAnA AdhAre amuka jJAna svIkAravAmAM ApaNe vAjabI na gaNatA hota to kharekhara dareka mANasanuM jJAna cheka ja saMkucita hota e dIvA jevuM spaSTa che. paNa anyanA AdhAre amuka jJAna svIkAravAmAM ApaNe eka zarate ja vAjabI karIe chIe. je hakIkata ApaNe aMdezA vagara svIkArI zakIe te puravAra thaI zakavI joIe. upara ApelAM dRSTAMta AvAM che, arthAta siddha thaI zake evAM che. jyAre aMgreja bALaka phrAnsa jAya agara tenAmAM phrenca bhASAnuM ekAda pustaka vAMcavA pUratI zakti Ave tyAre tene khAtarI thAya ja ke bIjAne AdhAre svIkAreluM jJAna sAcuM che. dinapratidina mahArI sAme evA purAvAo khaDA thAya che ke jo huM mahenata lauM to kalakattA zaheranuM astitva huM ja puravAra karI zakuM ema mahane siddha thatuM jAya che. paNa Aja rIte nepalIana nAmane eka vIra nara duniyA para thaI gaye e bAbatanI huM khAtarI karI na zakuM; chatAM je mahane e bAbatamAM zaMkA hoya te mAtra sAdI vicAraNathI huM eTalI to khAtarI pAmuM ja ke tenI hastInA InkAra viruddha hajAre hakIkato mejuda che. pRthvI sUryathI 93,000000 mela dUra che e viSe mane zaMkA nathI. kAraNa badhA khagoLavettAo ema mAne che ke e hakIkata prayogasiddha che. badhAja eka mata para kema AvyA e vAta be rIte samajAvI zakAya ema che. eka te, pRthvI ane sUrya vaccenA attaranI gaNatarI prayogasiddha che ane bIjuM e ke e gaNatarI karavAnI je kaI tasdI le te paNa eja nirNaya para Ave. paNa ApaNo badhe ja mAnasika saraMjAma A prakArane nathI hote. sAmAnya manuSyonA vicAro, pratipAdya temaja bIjAne AdhAre svIkArelI hakIkato tathA apratipAdya vicAre ane mAnyatAothI bharelA hoya che. trimUrti (Trinity) viSenI mAnyatA dharmAdhikArI

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vicArasvAta'tryane itihAsa. enA mata para AdhAra rAkhe che ane kalakattA nAmanuM. eka zahera pRthvItala para che e mAnyatAthI taddana judAja prakAranI che. dharmAdhikArIonA pramANa sivAya pahelI hakIkata sAbIta karavAnuM ApaNI pAse anya sAdhana nathI. chatAM jo ApaNe tene svIkArI laie tA tenuM kAraNa eTaluM ja haze ke eveA mata (trimUrtti viSeneA) darzAvanAra vyaktimAM ApaNane uMDI zraddhA hoya che ane tenAM kathane siddha karavA kaThina hoya chatAM zraddhAvaza thai ApaNe te kathatene vajana ApIe chIe. mAnyatA mAnyatA vaccene A bheda kadAca eTaleA spaSTa bhAse che ke te jaNAvavAnI bhAgyeja jarura jaNAya. chatAM e bheda cheka spaSTa karI batAvavA e agatyanuM che. ati prAcIna kALane mANasa tenA pUnne pAsethI zIkhyA hatA je TekarIomAM rIMche tathA bhUta pizAce che. paNa teNe eka rIMchane joyo ane tenA pUrvajonI kahelI pahelI vAtanI khAtarI karI lIdhI. have jo tene kAi paNa kALe bhUtipazAcanA beTA thayA na hoya te rIMcha ane bhUtapizAca viSenI tenA pUrvajonI kahelI vAteAmAM bheda che e vAta te adbhutazaktivALA mANasa hAya teA ja tene sphure, nahi te na sphure. e kadI kazI lIla kare te| AvIja kare ke, jema rIMche! viSenI mhArA pUrva kahelI vAta sAcI hatI tema bhUtapazAce viSenI paNa sAcI hAvI joi e. ma yayugamAM je manuSya bIjAnA anubhava ke pramANa anusAra ema mAnatA ke kAnsTATinepala nAmanuM eka zahera (duniyAmAM) che tathA dhUmaketu e IzvarIkepa darzAvanArAM cihno che. tene e e khAtA viSenA purAvAnA prakArane bheda parakhAte nahi. hajI paNa kAi kAI samaya tame AvI matalabanI dalIle| sAMbhaLeA ce kharAH- " jyAre huM bIjAnA AdhAre kalakattAnI hastI bIjAnA ja kahevAthI bhUtapizAcanI vAtamAM kAra nathI zuM ? svIkAruM chuM tyAre mane adhi mAnavAne

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10 vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio. . have haraeka yugamAM kevaLa lokamata, (Church) dharmasaMdha ke dharmapustakanA ja AdhAra para amuka asiddha ke apratipAdya siddhAMta lokoe svIkAravA evI temane AjJA karavAmAM AvI che, ane teo e pharamAne mAnya rAkhe evI temanI pAse AzA rAkhavAmAM AvI che. A bAbatamAM itihAsa sAkSI pUre che. kudarata ane manuSya viSe azAstrIya rIte bAMdhavAmAM AvelI mAnyatAothI sIdhI ke ADakatarI rIte dharma tathA samAjanuM hita sadhAyuM che; ane AthI ja buddhine. upayoga karavAnI kuTevavALA (?) lokonI TIkAo sAme e mAnyatAenuM zarIrabaLathI rakSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. zarIrabaLa vAparI dhamAMdhikArIo tathA samAjanA javAbadAra taMtrIoe e mAnyatAene akhaMDa rAkhavA prayatna karyo che. je pitAno ekAda pADozI pratipAdya viSayamAM azraddhA batAve te koI mANasa tethI khAsa cheDAI jato nathI; e bInA para koI lakSa ApatuM nathI. eka same nepalIana nAmane nara pRthvI para hatA tathA pANI okSijana (prANavAyu) tathA hAiDrojana (aMbutattvonuM baneluM che, e be prayogadvArA siddha thaI zake evI bAbatane je kAI nAstika inkAra kare te te kevaLa hAsyAspada thAya che. paNa je kaI IzvaranA astitva viSe ke AtmAnA amaratva jevA apratipAdya siddhAMtano asvIkAra kare to te bhAre itarAjI hore che, ane eka samaye to tevAne motane zaraNa paNa javuM paDayuM hota. madhyayuganA ApaNe koI manuja baMdhue kensTATinepalanI hastI viSe zaMkA uThAvI hota te bahu bahu te tene mUrkha kahevAmAM Avyo hota, paNa je teNe dhUmaketu thavAnAM (dharmAdhikArIo batAvatA hoya te) kAraNo viSe zaMkA uThAvI hota te te te AphatamAM AvI paDyuM hota. jerusalema viSe bAIbalamAM ullekha che mATe tenI hastIne InkAra karavA koIe mAthuM uMcakyuM hota te tene loka ane dharmAdhikArIo hasI kADhe eTalethI vAta patI na hota; enA para julamane pAra rahyuM na hota.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 11. madhyakAlIna yugamAM yUreApanI mAnasika vRtti kAMI vicitra ja hatI. jUnA vicArakeAnI julamI sattAe leAkahrazyamAM jaDa dhAlI hatI. emaNe sthApita karelA siddhAMta yuktipuraHsara che evuMja hasAvavAmAM AvatuM. hAya tenuM samarthana karavAmAM ja buddhine nirNaya thatA. svataMtra buddhine sthAna hatuMja nahi. paNa buddhi kAI paNa kALe Apakhuda aMkuze ke aMtarAyAne mAnya rAkheja nahi. ane rAkhe te buddhi buddhi rahI zake ja nahi. anubhavanI sRSTi e buddhinA tAbAne mulaka che. AthI je pradezamAM buddhi kama na mUkI zake te pradeza buddhine majura nathI; e jUnA vicArakAnA pramANurUpa manAtA sthApita vicArAnAM satyAsatya jhINavaTathI tapAsyA vagara te pAtAnA eka paNa hakka vicArakAnI sattAne svAdhIna kare ema nathI ja. Ama vicArana! samagrapradezamAM peAtAnA niraza hakAnuM buddhi je chellA pATalAnuM pratipAdana kare che tene buddhivAda evuM nAma ApavAmAM Ave che; ane Ajane dine paNa e nAmane je kAMi thADeA ghaNA baTTo lAgelA che te parathI buddhi ane tene bAdhaka zakti vacce kevI kaDavAzabharI laData cAlatI te ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. buddhivAda zabdanA prayAga khAsa karIne dharmavidyAnA (Theology ) kSetramAM thAya che, kAraNa ke e dharmavidyAnA kSetramAMja buddhinI sattAnA pratipAdana sAme tIvra ane haThIleA virAdha darzAvavAmAM AvyeA hatA. dharmavidyAnA kSetramAM eka bIje zabda paNa ghaDI ghaDI vaparAya che. e zabda te svataMtra vicAra' (Free Thought ). sarva khAdya adhikAranI avagaNanA karI, muddhi ane ataranA avAja anusAra vavAnI paddhatine svataMtra vicAra kahI zakAya. adhikAra ane buddhi vaccenI AkhI laDatamAM buddhi karatAM adhikArane vadhAre lAbhadAyI saMjoge prApta thayA hatA. buddhisvAtaMtrya mATe prANane paNa khapAvI de evA lAkanI saMkhyA hara eka yugamAM ghaNI ja nhAnI hoya che ane saMbhava che ke A dazA bhaviSyamAM lAMbA kALa sudhI Take. buddhine

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12 vicArasvAtaMtrya ane bAdhaka zaktio. kevaLa ekaja zastra vaDe yuddha kheDavAnuM hatuM--e zastra te lIla athavA tarka. paraMtu adhikAranAM zastra nAnAvidha hatA-koI vAra zArIrika ke naitika baLAtkAra, te kehavAra kAyadesara damananIti, te vaLI trIjI vAra sAmAjIka asaMtoSa; Ama adhikAra aneka sAdhane kAme lagADato. vaLI keTalIka vAra te zatrunI taravAra paNa vAparato, paNa pariNAme tene pitAne ja ghA thatA. buddhi ane adhikAra vaccenA yuddhamAM adhikAranI laDAyaka sthitimAM eka khAmI. e hatI ke adhikAranA badhA senAnIo Akhare manuSya ja hatA ane mane ke kamane temane buddhinA mArgo svIkAravA ja paDatA. pariNAme temanuM ghara phuTatuM, temanI mAMhomAMhe pakSe ubhA thatA. Ama hovAthI buddhine (to pitAnA vijaya sthApavAnI uttama) taka prApta thaI. jANe zatrunI chAvaNImAM ane tenA hitamAM ja kAma karatI na hoya tevI dazAmAM buddhi pitAnA vijayanI bAjI ramyA karatI hatI. koI kAI loko kaheze ke adhikAra mATe eka alaga, yogya pradeza che. temAM buddhine mAthuM mAravuM ghaTatuM nathI; ane udAharaNamAM kaheze ke je siddhAMta anubhavAtIta che ane tethI ja prayogadvArA judA ke sAcA TheravavA azakaya che tevA siddhAMtamAM te prAcIna ciMtakonAM pramANamAM zraddhA rAkhe ja chuTake. alabatta juThA na TharAvI zakAya evA agaNita siddhAte navesarathI yejI zakAya; jemanAM hRdayamAM anahada zraddhA hoya teo e siddhAMta mAnavAne svataMtra che; paNa jyAM sudhI temanuM juThANuM pUravAra nathI thayuM tyAM sudhI e badhA ja zraddhApAtra che evuM te kaI ja nahi kahe. je mAtra thoDAja siddhAMta zraddhApAtra hoya te pachI e siddhAMta kayA che eno nirNaya karavA mATe buddhi sivAya bIjuM kayuM sAdhana che? adhikAra eka sAdhana che, ema kahevAmAM Ave che te nahi cAle. temAM eka moTI muzkelI ADe Ave che; kemake adhikAra para svIkArAyalI ghaNI mAnyatAo aMte juThI karI che ane sadaMtara paDatI.

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. vicArasvAtaMtrya itihAsa, mUkavAmAM AvI che. Ama chatAM, pracalita dharmavidyA pramANene sattA vAra dharmamata (Theological Doctrine) ApaNe juThe na TharAvI zakIe tyAM sudhI tene inkAra karavAno ApaNane adhikAra nathI ema keTalAka kahe che. paNa huM eTaluM ja jaNAvavA mAguM chuM ke siddhAMtane juThe sAco TharAvavAne bhAra, zaMkA ke inkAra karanArane zira hote ja nathI. e bhAra siddhAMta pratipAdana karanArane zira che. A saMbaMdhamAM mahane eka vAta yAda Ave che. eka same vAtavAtamAM eka manuSya naraka (nA astitva) saMbaMdhamAM jarA anAdarabharI TIkA karI. AthI naraka jevI saMsthA che evuM custapaNe mAnanAra eka bhAI jarA vijayaghoSa karI pelA manuSya pratye bolI uThayoH-paNa bhAI vicitra vAta to e che ke naraka nathI evuM hame sAbIta nahi karI zake." vAha! je hamane ema kahevAmAM Ave ke siriasa tArAnI AjUbAjU pharanArA grahamAM aMgrejI bhASAmAM vAtacIta karI jANanArI tathA (Eugenics) suprajananavidyA para carcA karavAmAM vakhata gALanArI gardabha jAti vase che, me e vAta juThI TharAvI te na zako, paNa tethI kAMI e hakIkta mAnavA jevI te thoDI ja Thare che? kAI hakIkata pharI pharI kahevAmAM Ave te sUcanAnA sabaLa baLane lIdhe keTalAka manuSyo te mAnavAne tatpara thAya paNa kharA. jAhera khabara ApavAnI AjanI paddhati mAphaka ekane eka vAta bhArapUrvaka pharI pharI jaNAvavAthI sUcanAnA baLe karIne ghaNuM pramANabhUta siddhAMta sthapAyA che ane ghaNA dhArmika paMthe pracAramAM AvyA che. sabhAge buddhi paNa e madadano upayoga karavA zakitamAna thaI che. A pustakanI hakIkta pazcimanA sudhArAne lagatI che. grIsa dezamAM buddhinI kevI dazA hatI e bAbatanuM varNana A ItihAsa (pustaka)mAM prathama ApyuM che. pustakamAM mAtra khAsa AkarSaka mukhya mukhya banAve carcavAno prayAsa karyo che. hame bahu vistAramAM utaryA 1. traNa Thaga ane brAhmaNanI vAta,

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14 vicAra svAtaMtra ane bAdhaka zaktio. nathI. A pustaka eka vizALa ane aTapaTA viSayanI mAtra prastAvinA rUpa che. e viSayanI egya carcA karatAM to dharma, dharmarsa, aneka pAkhaMDe, atyAcAra vagerenA itihAsa uparAMta tattvajJAna, bhautika zA ane rAjadvArI siddhAMtanA itihAsane paNa cheDavA paDe. soLamA saikAthI te TheTha kAnsanA baLavA sudhImAM je je upagI, atihAsika banAvo banyA te sarvane vicArasvAtaMtryanI laData sAthe cheDo ghaNo saMbaMdha hato. buddhisvAtaMtryane aMtarAya ke madadarUpa nivaDelA evA, jUne sudhAre nAbuda thayo tyArapachInA, bauddhika ke sAmAjIka baLonI dizAo ane AMtar kriyAonI pUrI neMdha letAM Akho jIvanakALa vItI jAya ane temane varNavatAM ghaNuM thothAMnI jarUra paDe. AvA ke AthI moTA pustaka dvArA koI paNa lekhaka bahu bahu to eTaluM ja karI zake ke buddhi ane adhikAra vaccenI laDatane sAmAnya citAra Ape; e laDatanA je je khAsa banAvIne teNe abhyAsa karyo hoya temane vistArapUrvaka carco.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane tihAsa. prakaraNa 2 jI. 15 - buddhisvAta trya arvAcIna saMskRti grIka prajAne keTalI AbhArI che eve ApaNane kAi prazna kare ke turataja javAbamAM grIka leAkeAe sAhitya ane kaLAnA kSetrAmAM je je siddhi meLavI te kudaratI rIte ApaNane pahelI sphurI Ave che; paraMtu A javAba saMpUrNa sAce kahI zakAya nahi. e praznane vadhAre sAcA javAba te e kahevAya ke vicAra ane vivecananI svataMtratAnA pravata kA tarIke zrIkeAnA ApaNe atyaMta RNI chIe. kevaLa temanA tattvajJAnanA vicAre, vijJAnanA kSetramAMnI temanI pragati ke rAjadvArI saMsthAonA prayAgeAja temanI mAnasika svataMtratAnA pariNAma rUpa hatA ema nathI, paraMtu sAhitya ane kaLAnI temanI zreSThatAnuM kAraNa paNa eja mAnasika svataMtratA hatuM. dAkhalA tarIke, jIvananI svataMtra carcA karatAM temane aTakAvavavAmAM AvyA heta te temanuM sAhitya AjanI ucca sthitimAM na hota. paNa emaNe meLavelI siddhionI vAta te! dUra rahI; manudhya--udyoganA ghaNAkharAM kSetramAM emaNe je je adbhuta siddhie meLavI te te temaNe kadAca na meLavI heAta teApaNa emaNe pratipAdita karelA svataMtratAnA siddhAMtane lIdhe mAnavajAtinA kalyANakArAmAM grIka leAkeAnuM sthAna uccaja hAta; kAraNa e pratipAdana manuSyanI pragati karAvanAruM sama kAraNa hatuM. grIka leAkeAe vizva vize udAra ane vizALa dRSTi kevI rIte saMpAdita karI tathA potAnA vivecana ane zedhakabuddhinA kSetra vistArane amaryAdita ane ativizALa rAkhavA puratAM icchA ane hiMmata kevI rIte prApta karyA te samajAvavA jeTaluM temanA prAcIna itihAsanuM ApaNane jJAna nathI. ApaNe trIkeAnuM A lakSaNa svIkArI levAnuM ' che. grIka prajA bhinna bhinna jAtinI banelI hatI ane te sarvamAM

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buddhisvAtaMtrya. mukhya lakSaNe sAmAnya hatAM chatAM temanA svabhAva,rivAja ane saMpradAyo bhinna hatA, e badhuM ApaNe yAda rAkhavuM joIe. keTalAka, bIjAnI sarakhAmaNImAM, pragatividhI, pachAta tathA buddhirahita hatA. A prakaraNamAM "grIka" eTale badhAja grIka lake nahi paraMtu saMskRtinA itihAsamAM amUlya phALo ApanAra AnIana ane ethenIana leke evo ja te zabdano artha kare. ezIA mAineramAM AveluM A AyoniA vicArasvAtaMvyanuM janmasthAna hatuM. cUrepanA vijJAna ane tatvajJAnanA ItihAsanI zarUAta AniAmAMja thaI hatI. I. sa. pUrve 5 mA ane 6 ThA saikAomAM prAcIna tattva vicArakee ahiMAja pitAnI buddhine upayoga karI, A vizvanAM utpatti ane baMdhAraNanAM mULa khoLI kADhavAnA yatno AdaryA hatA. temanA para paNa pracalita maMta nI theDI ghaNuM asara to thayelI paraMtu temaNe yathAzAstra (Orthodox) abhiprAya ane dhArmikamatanA khaMDananuM kArya te zaruM karyuM hatuM. vicAra svAtaMtryanA agresara himAyatIomAM kanekenIjha (Xenophanes) khAsa vajanadAra ke samartha na hovA chatAM prathama sthAna bhogave che; kAraNa ke eno upadeza janasamAje je sahiptAthI sAMbhaLyo te parathI agresare kevA svataMtra vAtAvaraNamAM viharatA hatA te spaSTa thAya che. te eka zaherathI bIje zahera bhaTakata ane nItinI dRSTie devadevIo viSenI rUDha mAnyatAo sAme vAMdho uThAvate ane grIka loko temanA pitAnA de para mAnavaguNadharmonuM AropaNa karatA hatA. arthAta de mANaso jevAM kAma karatA hatA-e vAtane te hasI kADhato. "jo baLadane mANasonA hAtha ane mAnasika zaktio hota to teo pitAnA devane baLada-AkAranA banAvata." Ama pracalita dharmakriyA para karelo humalo e ( vAstavika rIte ) jUnA kavio ane khAsa karIne purANa viSayamAM sarvazreSTha pramANa

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 17 rUpa manAyelA kavi heAmaranA sAcApaNAM sAme uThAvelI takarAra ja hatI. je kAmeA manuSyAne hAthe thAya te paNa ghaNAM zaramapAtra ke dhRNAjanaka gaNAya, evAM kAmeA devAe kayA che ema manAvavA khAtara jhenephenIjhe (Xenophanes) heAmaranI sakhta jhATakaNI kADhI. A prakAre vaMzapara parAthI utarI AvelI mAnyatAo sAme takArAra uThAvatAM ke hemara duSTa ane anItimAna hatA evuM tene zira kalaka lagADatAM phjhenephenIjhane kAie aTakAvavAnA prayatna sarakhA karyAM hAya evuM ApaNI jANamAM nathI. hemaranAM kAvyeA izvarAkta vANI tarIke kadI paNa manAtAM na hatAM e ApaNe yAda rAkhavuM joI e. kavi hAmara grIka leAkeAnA bAIbala rUpa hatA evuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che, paNa A kathana satyathI cheka vegaLu che. sadbhAgye grIka leAkeAne bAIbala hatuMja nahi ane e hakIkata temanA svAtaMtryanA udgArarUpa ane mukhya kAraNarUpa hatI. bAibalanA abhAve temanAmAM vicAra svAtaMtryanA udaya thayA. heAmaranAM kAvye sAMsArika, vyAvahArika hatAM, dhArmika nahi; ane kAI paNa dhArmika pustakanA karatAM te kAvyAmAM echI anIti, echI asabhyatA, AkhuM jaMgalIpaNuM che e hakIkata lakSamAM levI ghaTe che. heAmaranAM kAvyeA bhAre pramANurUpa manAtAM enI te nA pADI zakAya nahi, paNa dharma pustakAnI mAphaka te kAvyeA prajAne baMdhanakAraka, prajAnA AcAra-vicAranAM niyAmaka na hatAM; ane AthI bAIbala sAme TIkA karanArane jeTalI aTakAyata karavAmAM AvatI teTalI heAmara sAme AkSepa karanArane kadI karavAmAM AvatI na hatI. prastuta viSaya catI veLA svataMtratA vadhavAnuM eka bIjuM kAraNu ApaNe lakSamAM levuM joie. e kAraNa te (The absence of sacerdotalism) pAdarIzAhInA pakSapAtane abhAva-pAdarIenI rIti taraphanA pakSapAtane abhAva. peAtAnA lAbhArthe AkhA samAja para sitama gujAre ane rUDha mAnyatAo virUddha uThAvavAmAM

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18 , buddhisvAtaMtrya. AvatA pikArane dAbI zake eTalI badhI sattA pAdarIo kadIye prApta karI zakyA na hatA. jAhera prajAne sAmAnya adhikAra rASTra sattAnA (civil authorities) potAnA hAthamAM hato. kadAca keTalAMka pAdarI kuTuMba atizaya lAgavaga bhegavatAM haze te paNa temane kAMI khAsa gaja vAgato nahi. sAdhAraNa niyama pramANe pAdarIo rAjyanA nekaro hatA ane dharmakriyAnI sAMketika vigate sivAya bIjI koI paNa bAbatamAM temanA zabdone kaI mAna ApatuM nahiM. have prAcIna tatvavettAo viSe pharI vicAra karIe. meTe bhAge teo jaDavAdI hatA. emanA takane saMgraha buddhivAdanA ItihAsamAM rasika prakaraNarUpa che. A tasavavettAomAMthI hIreklITasa ane DimekriTasa e be mahAna vicArakonAM nAma pasaMda karIzuM; kAraNa ke bIjA badhAM karatAM e bee kevaLa uMDA ane kaThaNa mananane aMte A brahmANDane rahasya viSe navIja paddhatie vicAra calAvavA tathA sAmAnya akkalamAM na utare evA nirvicAre baMdhAelA siddhAMto jUThA pADavA sAru buddhine vadhAre keLavI. skUla vastumAtramAM je nityatva ane nizvaLatA ApaNuM indriyane bhAse che te kevaLa juThe bhAsa che tathA A vizva temaja bhautika vastu mAtra pratikSaNa badalAyA kare che evuM hIrelITase jyAre pahelI ja vAra jaNAvyuM tyAre leke camakI uThayA hatA. DimekriTase vizvanI utpatti saMbaMdhamAM vicAranA ItihAsamAM cheka sAmpratakALanA prAkRtika ane rasAyanika siddhAMta sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA, 17mA saikAmAM punarjIvana pAmelA paramANuvAdane sthApita karIne kharekhara eka ajaba parAkrama karyuM. dharmAdhikArIoe satya tarIke ThokI besADelI vidhetti viSenI kalakalpita vAtethI A prakhara bhejAone kazIye baMdhane naDayAM nahi. A badhA tAtvika vicArethI sekrisTa tarIke jAhera thayelA zikSaNazAstrIone mArga taiyAra thayo. pAMcamI sadI adhavArI gaI tyAra pachI A loko prakAzamAM AvavA lAgyA. temaNe samasta

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 19 grIsa dezamAM potAnA kayajJa zarU karyAM, satata musApharI karI ane yuvaka vane jAhera jIvana mATe tAlIma ApI tathA buddhine upayega karavAnuM temane zikSaNa ApyuM. zikSaNazAstrIe tarIke temanAM dhyeya vyavahArika hatAM. sthUla vizvaviSenA prazna cheDIne te mAnavajIvanane lagatA nIti ane rAjanItinA praznA cheDavA lAgyA. A kAmamAM temane satya ane bhrAMtinA viveka karavAnI meATI muzkelI naDI, ane teemAMnA ati sama tattvavettAoe jJAna, taka zailI ane buddhinA sAdhanarUpa vANI e traNenAM lakSaNA viSe saMzAdhana calAvyAM. emanA khAsa siddhAMtA game te he| paraMtu temanI sAmAnya vRtti te svataMtra zodha ane vivecana karavA tarapha hatI. temaNe sa vastunuM satya buddhinI kasATI para kasavAne prayatna AdaryAM. pAMcamI sadInA uttara bhAgane ApaNe prakheAdhakAla kahI zakIe. ahiM eTale ullekha karavA jarUrI jaNAya che ke grIka leAkeAe paradezeA saMbaMdhI je kAMI jJAna meLavyuM hatuM tene pariNAme adhikAra sAmenI temanI zaMkAzIla vRtti vRddhiMgata thaI. jyAM sudhI manuSyane mAtra potAnA dezanA rivAjonI mAhitI hAya che tyAM sudhI te temane cheka kudaratI mAnI le che; paraMtu jyAre te paradezagamana karIne peAtAnA rivAjothI taddana bhinna rivAjo ane jIvanAdarzI pracAramAM AvelA jue che tyAre rivAja agara TevanI sattA keTalI prakhaLa che te tenA samajavAmAM Ave che, ane nIti ane dhama dezakALa anusAra haiya che evuM te zIkhe che. gaMgA ke yukreTisa nadInA taTa paranA kAI pradezamAM janmavAthI huM jarUra judA dharma siddhAMtA mAnatA heta evI jema ekAda khristI tarIke ucharelA manuSyane khAtarI thavAthI tenAmAM bhinna vicArA jAge che tema AvI zodha ane pratItine pariNAme adhikAranuM khaLa DhIluM thatuM jAya che ane azAMtikAraka vicAre janma pAme che. bauddhika svataMtratAne lagatI A hilacAle!, alabatta, haMmeza

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buddhisvAtaMtrya. mujaba, janasamUhanA mAtra nhAnA bhAgeja hAtha dharI hatI. Amava tA jyAM jue tyAM atyaMta vhemI mAluma paDatA. devAnI kRpA paraja temanAM zaherAnI hastI ane sahisalAmatI avalakhita hatAM ema leAkeA mAnatA. sAmAnya janatAmAM jaDa dhAlI beThelA A (dhArmika) mUgrAhAne dheAkeA paheAMce evA vicArAne pracAra thAya te navIna taka siddhAMtanA pravakane jIlamanA bhAga thavuM paDe evI sadaMtara bhIti rahetI. AvuM ethensamAM baneluMye kharUM. pAMcamI sadInA madhyamAM ethensa thrIsanuM atyaMta baLavAna rAjya banyuM hatuM temaja kalA ane sAhityanAM kSetramAM ucca sthAna bhAgavatuM. te pUrNa prajA sattAka rAjya hatuM. rAjakIya carcA tyAM chUTathI thatI hatI. A samaye ethensanA rAjyanA sukAnI perikilasa nAmanA rAjanItinipuNa purUSa hatA. te jAte (free-thinker) navIna vicAraneA hateA athavA tenA samayanA eke eka vyutkrAMtikAraka vicArathI te suparicita hatA ema kahIe te paNa cAle. AyAnIAthI ethensamAM upadeza kavA AvelA enekasegeArAsa (Anaxagoras) nAmanA tattvajJAnI sAthe tene khAsa dharAeA hatA. laukika devA saMbaMdhamAM enekasegeArAsa naryAM nAstika hatA. rAjadvArI bAbatemAM perilisa sAme matabheda dharAvanArA tenA zatruee enekasegArAsa para humaleA karI perakalasane parAkSa rIte dhA karyAM. e virAdhIoe devaniMdAne lagatA eka kAyadA rajI karI, pasAra karyAM. A kAyadAnI rUe nAstikA temaja svarga saMbaMdhI siddhAMtA zIkhavanAra vyakitao para kAma calAvI zakAtuM. enekasegeArAsa te evA ja upadeza karatA ke devA mAtra kalpita che ane sAmAnya ethenIana je ne savAra sAMja pUjatA te sUrya khaLatI kAI dhAtunA mATeA gALAja che. AthI tenA para devaniMdaka hAvAne AreApa puravAra karavA e ghaNuM saheluM hatuM. perikilasanI lAgavagane lIdhe enekasegArAsa mRtyunA mukhamAMthI ugA~. paNa tene bhAre daMDa thayA hatA ane ethensa cheADI lempesekayusa 20

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vicArasvAtatryane itihAsa. 21 (Lampesacus) javuM paDayuM hatuM. A khIje sthaLe te sArA Adara satkAra pAmele. "C ,, 66 dharma virUddha vicAra phelAvanArane julamanA bhAga thavuM paDatuM e puravAra karavA mATe khIjAe dAkhalAo che. preATegeArAsa nAmanA eka mahAna sAprIsTe " devA viSe " e nAmanuM eka pustaka prasiddha karyuM. devA che ke nahi e vAta muddidvArA kAi jANI zake nahi evuM puravAra karavAne e pustakanA hetu hAya ema bhAse che. tenA zarUAtanA zabdo A mujaba hatA; devA viSe mane prazna karavAmAM Ave te tee che ke nathI e huM kahIza nahi. A mAmata ApaNe jANI zakatA nathI tenAM ekathI vizeSa kAraNe che. eka te viSayaja gUDha che ane bIjuM manuSyajIvana ghaNuM TuMkuM che." preTegeArAsa upara paNa devinaMdaka hAvAnA AreApa mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA ane tene paNa ethensa che|DavuM paDayuM hatuM. Ama chatAM navIna vicArAne ugatAja dAkhI devA mATe kAI khAsa niyamita (damana) paddhati na hatI. preATegArAsanA graMthanI nakala ekatra karI saLagAvavAmAM AvI hatI; paraMtu je vicAre phelAvavA khAtara eneksegeArAsane zikSA karavAmAM AvI hatI teja vicArAthI bhareluM eneksegArAsanuM pustaka ethensanA ceApaDIovALAonI dukAne sAmAnya kiMmate vecAtuM hatuM. vaLI DAyeAnIasanA mAnamAM thatAM utsavA vakhate bhajavAtA nATaya prayAgA ne ke kevaLa dhArmika vidhie rUpaja lekhAtA teA paNa buddhivAdIya vicArAe raMgabhUmi para paNa AkramaNa karavA mAMDayuM hatuM. curIpIDIsa (Euripides) nuM hRdhdha A navIna vicArapaddhatithI saMpUrNa ra'gAyeluM hatuM ane tenAM (Tragedies) karUNAMta nATakanAM valaNa viSe bhale game te abhiprAya baMdhAya chatAM te peAtAnAM nATakanAM pAtrAne mukhe dhaNA zAstravirAdhI vicAra| jAhera karAvatA eTaluM te! ApaNe kabula karavuM ja joie. eka suprasiddha rAjanItine tenA para devaniMdA karavAne Are pa-mUkI, pheAjadArI karI. pAMcamI

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22 buddhisvAtaMtrya. sadInA chellAM trIsa varSa daramyAna zikSita vargomAM pracalita dharma mata sAme baMDakhera vRtti ghaNu phelAI ema ApaNe mAnI zakIe. A samaye svataMtratA viruddha vyavasthita damananIti calAvavI azakya hatI, kAraNa ke bhArI lAgavagavALA buddhivAdIone eka meTe vibhAga e samaye hastI dharAvate. vaLI devarnidAne lagatA kAyadAnI eka mukhya khAmI e hatI ke tene upayoga aMgata ane pAkSika kAraNe mATe thaI zakato. ApaNuM jANamAMnI ghaNuM phejadArIo kharekhara AvAja hetuothI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. bIjA mukadamAo kharekharI dharmadhatA, kharekharA dharmajhanUna athavA te rakhene nAstika vicAra atiziSTa ane nirudyamI vargo uparAMta bIjA loko para paNa asara kare evI bhItithI ubhA karavAmAM AvyA heya; bAkI ghaNuMkharAM to aMgata ke pAkSika kAraNathI ja ubhA karavAmAM AvelA. grIka prajAmAM ane pAchaLathI mana prajAmAM eka evo sarvamAnya siddhAMta hato ke sAmAnya prajA mATe dharma hitakArI ane Avazyaka che. dharmanA satyamAM je lokone zraddhA na hatI te paNa eka rAjadvArI saMsthA tarIkenI tenI upayogitA svIkAratA ane sAdhAraNa rIte tattvavettAo lekasamUhamAM saMbhaka satya phelAvavAne yatna paNa karatA nahi. AjanA karatAM e samaye, sthApita dharmamamAM nahi mAnanArA lake te mane bAhya rIte vaLagI rahe e eka rivAja vadhu sAmAnya thaI paDe. grIka rAjadvArI purUSa ane vicArakenA jIvanakAryakramamAM ucca loka-zikSa ne sthAna na hatuM. e lekazikSaNane temanA jIvanakAryakramamAM sthAna apAyuM heta to paNa te zikSaNa mATenA prayogo te yugamAM bhAgye ja vyavahArasiddha nivaDayA heta evI dalIla karanArane satyathI bahu dUra lekha na jAIe. chatAM AthI bhinna vicAra dharAvanAra eka suvikhyAta ethenIyana pAke. A ethenIyana te tattvavettA sekreTIsa. e sauthI mahAna zikSaNazAstrI hatA ane garIba hovA chatAM bIjAonI mAphaka paisA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. lIdhA vagara e upadeza Apate hate. e carcAThArA upadeza karate. A carcAnuM ghaNuM vAra kAMI vAstavika pariNAma nahotuM AvatuM; paNa amuka pracalita vicAra (received opinion) apratipAda che, tathA satyano nirNaya kara muzkela che, eTaluM batAvavA pUratI to te carcAnI asara thatI ja. jJAna ane saguNa viSe sokreTIsa kharekhara amuka cokkasa vicAro dharAvato. tattvajJAnanA itihAsamAM e vicAro ati mahattvanA che, paraMtu ApaNane to carcA ane vivecanamAM sokreTIsa je utsAha dAkhavate teTalA pUratI ja tenI agatya che. je koI tenuM kahyuM sAMbhaLatuM tenI sAthe sokreTIsa pAtrApAtrane. viveka karyA vagara vArtAlApamAM utarate ane dareka straDha mAnyatAnuM satya bahumatinA abhiprAya ke Ata gaNAtAM purUSonAM kathana anusAra na kasatAM, nikhAlasa citte buddhi ke tarkadvArA kasavAne e sarva keAIne upadeza karata. TUMkANamAM, amuka abhiprAyanuM satya tapAsavA mATe ghaNuM lokee je dheraNa svIkAryuM hoya te sivAyanAM bIjAM ghero zodhI kADhavAnuM e lokone upadeza. AgAmI jamAnAnA tattvavettAo thavAnuM jemanA bhAgyamAM lakhAyeluM hatuM tathA ethensanA itihAsamAM jemaNe AgaLa paDato bhAga bhajavyuM hatuM evA keTalAye yuvake sokreTIsanuM ziSyamaMDaLa bhAvatA. ethenIana prajAne hAthe ekAda dainika patra cAlatuM hota to patrakAroe sokreTIsane bhayaMkara AdamI tarIke dhikkArI kADhaye hota. teo eka (comedy) sukhAvasAnI nATaka dvArA tattvavettAo, serIsTa ane temanA mithyA siddhAMtane vAraMvAra hAsyAspada banAvatA. erIsTephensanAM vAdaLa-The clouds of Aristophanes nAmanA eka nATakamAM sekreTIsane devaniMdApUrNa ane dhvasAtmaka vicArenA eka lAkSaNika himAyatI tarIke niMdavAmAM Avyo che. A prakAranI kanaDagate chatAM eka paNa aniSTanA bhaMga thayA vinA potAnA baMdhujanane upadeza ApavAnuM satata kAma karatA karatA sekreTIsa vRddhA

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24 buddhisvAtaMtrya. vasthAe pahoMce. pachI I. sa. pUrva 399nI sAlamAM 70 varSanI pAkaTa uMmare tenA para nAstika hovAnA tathA yuvakenI nItimAM bagADa karavAnA Aropasara phojadArI cAlI tathA tene mArI nAMkhavAmAM AvyuM. ethenIana lekanI daSTimAM sekreTIsa samAjane kharekhara hAnikartA jaNAye hoya te te ATalA lAMbA kALa sudhI temaNe sekreTIsane nIbhAvI lIdhe e mane AzcaryakArakaja lAge che. huM te niHsaMzaya mAnuM chuM ke tenA para rAjadvArI hetuone lIdhe tahemata mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM amaryAdita prajA zAsana (Democracy) rAjya tarapha tenI sahAnubhUti hoya athavA ajJa bahumatinI IcchA samAjane kalyANakAraka thaI paDe e siddhAMta tene hoya e hakIkate sokreTIsanI lAkSaNika vicArapaddhati jotAM asaMbhavita hatI. matAdhikArane maryAdita karavA cAhanArA loko sAthe tenI kadAca sahAnubhUti hatI e manAtuM. sthApita rAjyabaMdhAraNa virUddha cAlatI laDatane pariNAme rAjyabaMdhAraNa keTalIka vAra uMdhu paDayA pachI, jyAre prajAzAsana phattehamaMda nivaDayuM tyAre prajA zAsanane viSedha karanArA sAme kaDavAzanI tIvra lAgaNe ubhI thaI ane bIjA keTalAkanI sAthe sekreTIsa paNa e kaDavAzano bhoga thaI paDaze. je tenI IcchA hatI te sokreTIsa sahelAIthI zikSA mukta thaI zake heta. bhaviSyamAM upadeza na karavAnI teNe bAMhedharI ApI hota to cokkasa tene lagabhaga nirdoSaja TharAvavAmAM Avata. vastusthiti evI hatI ke sokreTIsanA mukadamA mATe nyAyAdhIza tarIke nImAyelA 501 sAmAnya ethenIana lokomAMnA lagabhaga aDadhA jeTalAe tene nirdoSa tarIke cheDI devAne abhiprAya darzAvyo hato. je A kSaNe paNa teNe pitAnI uddAma, kaDaka rIti heja palaTI hota te te matanI zikSA pAye na hota. paNa A mahAna prasaMgane pahoMcI vaLavA e kaTibaddha thayA. ane eka ajaba sAMketika bhASaNa dvArA carcAsvAtaMtryano hakka teNe - juo enasAIkalopiDiA briTAnikAnI chellI AvRttimAne sekreTisa para jekasanane lekha.

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 25 vyAjakhI TheravI batAvyeA. sokreTIsanA ati muddhizALI ziSya ane tattvaciMtaka pleTAe [dhI epeleAjI evu sekreTisa] sekreTIsane bacAva nAmanuM pustaka racyuM che. AmAM enA bacAvanuM sAmAnya valaNa batAvavAmAM AvyuM che. anya zaherIe je devAne pUjatA temane sokreTIsa svIkAratA nahi . eve tenA para AreApa mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. tene te satASakAraka javAba vALI zakayeA nathI ema pleTAnA pustaka parathI spaSTa thAya che. A Arepa viruddha teNe jeje khulAsAe ApyA te enAM bhASaNAne khAmIbharelA bhAga che. paNa yuvakeAnI nIti bagADavA vizenA AreApanA carcAsvAtaMtrya mATenI suMdara lIle| ApI te sacoTa javAba vALI zakayA hatA. AkhA khacAva (apology) mAM A ja bhAga ati upayegane che ane Aja sudhI paNa te asala jeTaleAja asarakAraka che. huM dhArUM chuM tyAM sudhI te nIcenA be mukhya muddAo para bhAra mUke che. dd 66 (1) e kahe che keH--kAi paNa mAnuSI sattA ke adAlata jabaradastI agara baLAtkAra kare teA paNa pAtAnA aMtaHkaraNa virUddha kArya karavAnI game te jokhame bedhaDaka nA pADavI e vyakti mAtranI anivArya pharaja che. arthAt manuSyakRta kAyadA karatAM vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanA avAjanuM caDhIAtApaNuM sekreTIsa pratipAdita kare cheH potAnA tamAma jIvanakAryane te dhArmika zeAdhamAM parAvAyelA jIvana tarIke oLakhAve che. tAttvika vivecanamAM racyApacyA rahevAmAM pAte aMtaranA kAI akaLa mAdakanA avAjane vaza va che ema tene peAtAne khAtarI thaI lAge che ane potAnA aMtaHkaraNanI uMDI pratIti TALI devA karatAM mRtyumukhamAM homAvA mATe sekreTIsa vizeSa tatpara thAya che. te kahe che keH--e ethenIana leAkeA ! huM satya mATenI zeAdhanA prayatnA tyajI dauM e zarateja jo tame mane nirdoSa TharAvI cheDavA mAgatA hai| tA, huM AbhArapUrvaka jaNAvavAnI rajA lauM chuM ke huM te! izvaranI AjJA pALIza. teja prabhue-nahiM ke tame-mane

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buddhisvAtaMtrya. mAruM jIvanakArya saMpyuM che. AthI jyAM sudhI mArAmAM prANa ane strength baLa haze tyAM sudhI huM tatvaciMtana haragIjha nahi choDuM. jene jene huM maLIza tene uddezIne kahIza "bhalA AdamI! jJAnaprApti, satyasaMzAdhana ane AtmonnatinA mArgonI avagaNanA karI, dhana ane mAna akarAma para Asakti lagADatAM tane zarama nathI AvatI zuM ?" meta zI vastu che te huM jANato nathI. kadAca te sArI vastu hoya; paNa huM eTaluM te jANuM chuM ke hAthe upADelI laData choDI bhAgI javuM e te burI vastu che, ane je vastu burI hovAnI mArI uDI pratIti che te vastu karatAM je vastu sArI nivaDavAno saMbhava hoya tene huM vadhAre pasaMda karuM chuM. (arthAta dharmalaData paDatI mUkavA karatAM motane vadhAvI levuM mane vadhAre pasaMda che.) (Free discussion) carcAsvAtaMtryathI thatA jAhera lAbho para sokreTIsa khAsa bhAra mUke che. lokone uddezIne te lakhe che -"huM kadAca tamArA AcAra vicArane kaDaka ane utsAhapreraka TIkAkAra chuM, kAraNa ke eka ghaDI samajAvIne te bIjI ghaDI Thapake ApIne huM tamane satya paMthe deravavA khaMtapUrvaka mathuM chuM, tamArA abhiprAyonI satata kasoTI karuM chuM, ane amuka vastunuM jJAna meLavyAnuM tamAruM mithyAbhimAna, tamAruM ajJAna puravAra karI udhADu pADuM chuM. je vastu mAre mukhethI tame sAMbhaLe che tenI pratidina carcA thAya emAM mAnavajAtinuM sarvotkRSTa kalyANa samAyeluM che. je jIvanane AvI carcAnI kaseTIthI kasavAmAM na Ave te e jIvana jIvavA lAyaka nathI." Ama vicArasvAtaMtryanA vAjabIpaNAnA A sauthI pahelA ekarAramAM be mahattvanI bAbate pratipAdita thayelI ApaNane mAluma paDe che. (1) vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNane akhaMDanIya hakaka-jenA para bhaviSyanI svAtaMtrya mATenI laData maMDAvAnI hatI te-ane (2) carcA ane vivecananI sAmAnya agatya. pahelo hakka vivAdasiddha nathI,

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vicArasvAta Mtryane itihAsa. 27: kevaLa aMtarnIna para ceAjAyelA che. krAi eka prakAranA devatA naitika siddhAMtanA astitva viSenI mAnyatA para e hakka AdhAra rAkhe che; ane sekreTIsanA jevA aMgata anubhava na thavAthI e ema mAnavAnA InkAra kare che temane mATe sekreTIsanI lIlA nakAmI che; paraMtu 2000thIye vadhAre varSonA anubhava bAda vicAra--svAtaMtryanA vyAjabIpaNAMnA ekarAramAM jaNAvelA vivecana svAtaMtryane khIjo hakka, khuda seAkreTIse paNa nahi kapyA hoya evA dhaNAe saMbaMdheAmAM vadhAre vistArathI prayeAjI zakAya. je sajoge vacce sekreTisanA gunhAnI tapAsa zaru thai te parathI ethensamAM te samaye je matAMtarakSamA tathA akSamA hatAM te spaSTa thAya che. cirakALa sudhInuM sokreTisanuM muktapaNuM, Akhare tenA para rAjadvArI ane kadAca aMgata kAraNAsara taheAmata mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te hakIkata, tenI tarapheNamAM nyAyAdhIzeA sArI saMkhyAmAM hatA. e khInAH- A badhA parathI eTaluM pratIta thAya che ke te samaye sAdhAraNa vicArasvAtaMtrya hatuM, ane je asahiSNutA bhAsatI te teA aMtare aMtare AvezamAM AvatI ane kAMI vRdA ja hetu siddha karavA mATe. tattvaciMtaka erisTATalanA dAkhalA parathI uparanI hakIkata vadhAre spaSTa thaze. upalA banAva bAda 70 vaSe devaniMdA karavAnA Aropasara peAtAnA para mukaddamA cAlaze evI bhItithI teNe ethensaneA tyAga karyAM hatA. paNa A Aropa te viAdhI rAjadvArI pakSanA kAi eka sabhya para parAkSa rIte dhA karavAnA hetuthI karavAmAM AvyA hatA. abhiprAyAne kacaDI nAMkhavA mATe vyavasthApUrvaka mana kadI thayuM ja na hatuM. jagatabharanA tattvajJA sAmAnya rIte hiMsAne vakhADanArA hoya che; game tevAM gaMbhIra kAraNe! hAya chatAM leAhI reDavAnA prasaMgeA ubhA thAya ke turata emanAM hayAM kaMpI uThe che. julama athavA sitamathI, sAmAnya niyama pramANe, tattvane se| gAu dUra hoya che.

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buddhisvAtaMtrya. AthI, grIsa dezamAM sitamaMgAra paddhati kema pracAra pAmI e vAtane nirNaya karatI vakhate ApaNe philasuphAnA ullekha karavA paDe che--e sitamagAra paddhati grIsamAM pracalita karavAmAM philasuphAnA hAtha hatA e kahevuM paDe che-e kadAca vicitra lAgaze. sekreTIsanA ati muddhizALI ziSya pleTAe tenI uttara avasthAmAM eka kAlpaniMka rASTra racanAnuM pustaka lakhyuM hatuM. emAM eNe badhA pracalita dharmAMthI atyaMta bhinna dharmanuM pratipAdana karyuM ane jaNAvyuM ke eNe (pleTa e ) nakkI karelA devAne na mAnanArAne keda karavAmAM Avaze athavA meAtanI zikSA karavAmAM Avaze. pleTAnI praNAlikAnA A peAlAdI ceAkaDAmAM carcAsvAtaMtryane khIlakula sthAna na hatuM. chatAM A kAlpanika rAjyeAjanA dhaDavAmAM eNe je valaNu aMgIkAra karyuM che temAMnI khAsa rasika khInA tA e che ke amuka dharmo sAce che ke nahiM te jANavAnI te bahu paravA karatA nahi; e dharmanI naitika upayeAgitA che ke nahi eTaluMja vicAravAnI tene kALajI rahetI. vArtAo dvArA nItijJAnane pracAra karavA te taiyAra hatA. mekapriya dha kathAo ane purANane te dhikkAratA. AnuM kAraNa, A kathAe satya na hatI e nathI, paraMtu e kathAethI sAdhutAne paMthe paLavuM azakaya hatuM te che. 28 ethensamAM apAtI dhaNI chUTanuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke sokreTIsanA vArtAlApa para AdhAra rAkhatI phIlasuxIonI paraMparA nIkaLI. TheTha svAtaMtryanA navayugamAM Adhunika vijJAnanA janma thayA tyAM sudhI mAnavajAtinI pragati para pleTA, erIsToTala, (Stoics) titikSAvAdI, (Epicureans) sukhavAdI ane (Sceptics) saMzayavAdI tattvajJAnIonA taka prayeAgathI, bIjI kAi paNa akhaMDa bauddhika hIlacAla karatAM vadhAre uMDI asara thaI che. sukhavAdI, (epikyurIana) titikSAvAdI (sTAIsa) temaja saMzayavAdIonA (skrapTiksa) siddhAMto vyaktinA AtmAne zAMti ane

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. preraNA apAvavA kAjeja hatA. I. sa. pUrve 3 jA saikAthI samasta grIsa dezamAM temano atyaMta pracAra karavAmAM Avyo hato ane e samayathI mAMDIne suzikSita grIka loko thoDA ghaNu pramANamAM buddhivAdI banyA hatA ema ApaNe kahI zakIe. epIkyurasanA upadezamAM dharmaviruddha spaSTa valaNa dRSTigocara thAya che. ene te emaja lAgatuM ke hareka dharmanuM mULa kAraNa manuSyanA hRdayamAM vaselI bIkanI lAgaNuM che, rakhene dharma tarapha nahi vaLIe te keNa jANe zuM ye thaze evI bIkathIja leke kharekharAM ke pachI mAtra dekhAdekhIthI dharma tarapha vaLe che. AvI bIkamAMthI mANasanuM mana mukta karavuM e epIyuratanA upadezane mukhya hetu hate. epIyurasa Materialist jaDavAdI hato tathA vidyotpatti saMbaMdhamAM paramANuvAda viSenA siddhAMta mAnato ane A vizvano keI daivI niyaMtA che e vAtano te InkAra karato. alabatta tene devAnA astitva viSe zraddhA to hatIja paNa manuSya sAtheno devono saMbaMdha vicAravAmAM Ave to enA devo hatA te e na hatA jevAjaH kAraNa ke teo dUra, sudUra AvAsamAM vasatA ane manuSyanA kalyANa tarapha jANe durlakSa karIne zAzvata ane zubha zAMti bhagavatA hatA. e devo te Adarza sukhavAdI jIvananA sAkSAta udAharaNarUpa hatA. abhuta kAvyazaktivALo eka kavi epIyUrasanI A phIlasuNIne eka kAvyadvArA pracAra karavA prerAyo e kharekhara epIkyurIana philasuphInuM kaMIka gUDha AkarSaNa ja samajavuM. i. sa. 1 lA sikAmAM prasiddha thaI gayelo remana kavi bhukriTiasa, epIyarasane mAnavajAtine uddhAraka-tAraNahAra lekho ane teNe On the Nature of the world ona dha necara evu dha uvalDa nAmanA kAvyamAM epIkyurasanI philasuphanA janmane "zubha saMdezaka jAhera karavAno nizcaya karyo hate. dharmaviSayamAM atyaMta rasa lenArA eka * khristI dharmanA arthamAM.

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30 buddhisvAtaMtrya. protsAhI purUSanI utsuktAthI te dharmane vakhoDI kADhe che. tenI pratye virodha, aNagamA ane tiraskAranA zabdo sAte suramAM uccAre che ane dharmane nAme thayelAM ghera kukarmone krodhAgnithI dhagadhagatA zabdomAM te niMdI kADhe che. nAstika senAnA eka senAnI jema te svarganA killAnI sAme kUca kare che. zAstrIya dalIlo jANe nUtana vizvanA ujajavala AviSkAra rUpa na hoya ema te temane samajAve che; ane saMpUrNa zAMtinA dhyeyayukta siddhAMta sAthe tenA Avezayukta utsAhane ajaba yoga thAya che. agara je grIka vicArakoe samasta kArya sAdhyuM hatuM ane lyukriTiasanuM leTIna kAvya avamAnita (Prostrate) deve paranA vijayanuM gIta mAtra hatuM, topaNa vicArasvAtaMtryanA ItihAsamAM kAvyamAM tarI AvatA niDara, sahadaya jussAne lIdhe e kAvya sadA ucca sthAna bhogavaze. zAstraviruddha vicAra dharAvanAra lokasamUhane badale je zAstramatAnusArI janatA samakSa e kAvya prasiddha thayuM hota vicArasvAtaMtryanA (free thought) ItihAsamAM e adhika rasika thaI paDayuM hota. paNa lyujhiTisanA samayanA zikSita remane te dharmanI bAbatamAM zaMkAzIla hatA. keTalAka epIkyurIana mata mAnatA; ane AthI ApaNe ema mAnI zakIe ke ghaNuM remane adharmanA uddAma himAyatI (lyukriTisa)nI dhRSTatAbharI dalIlathI kazI asara ke kaze. AghAta pahoMcyAM nahi hoya. svAtaMtrya mATenI laDatamAM (sTaIka) titikSAvAdIone phALe khAsa noMdhavA lAyaka che. carcAsvAtaMtrya vinAnA vAtAvaraNamAM e philasuphI bhAgyeja khIlI hota. jAhera sattA virUddha vyakitanA hakakanuM e philasuphI pratipAdana karatI. kAyadAo anyAyI hoI zake ane prajAe kadAca uMdhe mArge caDhI jAya e vAte sokreTIsane dhyAnamAM - AvI hatI kharI, paNa samAjane mArgadarzaka nivaDe evo eke siddhAMta sokreTIsane ja na hatuM. prajAonA rivAjo ane likhita kAyadAo karatAM prAcIna ane uccatara e kudaratane kAnuna

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vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa. 31 (AIka) titikSAvAdIonI daSTie samAjane mArgadarzaka thaI paDe e lAgyo ane A siddhAMtanI asara (sToI) titikSAvAdIo uparAMta samasta remana Alama ane tene dhArAzAstra para thaI - A philasuphIone vicAra karatAM ApaNe grIsathI remanI vAta upara utarI paDayA. agAunA romana sAmrAjyamAM ke pAchaLanA rAmana prajAsattAkamAM vyakitanA abhiprAya para koI paNa prakAranA aMkuza mUkavAmAM AvyA na hatA, ane tethI ja vyakitanA hakake prathama carcanArI A philasuphIo bahoLo phelAvo pAmI. ghaNuM AgevAna lekene Religion of the State sarakArI dharmamAM zraddhA na hatI, paraMtu azikSita janatAne vyavasthAmAM rAkhavA mATe teo dharmane upayogI samajatA. sAdhAraNa janatAnA kalyANarthe mUDha vizvAsa utpanna karavAnI romana paddhatine eka grIka itihAsakAra mukatakaMThe vakhANe che. sIserenuM AvuM ja valaNa hatuM. samAjanA hitArthe asatya dharma paNa anivArya che evI asalanA nAstikanI mAnyatA hatI. eka yA anya rUpe hAla paNa e mAnyatA sAmAnya che. dharmone bacAva temanAmAMnA satyane lIdhe nahi paNa temanI upayogItAne lIdhe ja karavAmAM Ave che. rAjane kArabhAra vyavasthita rahe mATe dharmanI jarUra che ane pitAne asatya jaNAtuM hoya evA dharmane paNa nIbhAvavo e rAjakartAnI pharaja che, ema mekIAvelI upadeze che. have bIjA sakAmAM prasiddha thaI gayelA chellA grIka sAhityakAra lyuzIana viSe kaMIka kahevAnI jarUra che. enAM lakhANanI asara badhA para thatI. lokapriya purANa kathAone te chaDecoka niMdI kADhate. zikSita nAstikavargane AnaMda ApavA uparAMta enAM kaTAkSamaya gItanI bIjI kaMI asara thaI ke kema e kahevuM muzkela che. (Zeus in a Tragedy Port) "jhIasa ina e TrejeDI pATa " e enuM . sauthI vadhAre asarakAraka upahAsayukata gIta che. je koI Adhunika

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32 muddhisvAta trya. lekhaka niMdApUrvaka trimUrtinI divyAkRti (pitA, putra ane pavitra AtmA ) te mahAna saMtA ane pavitra puIrastA sAthe svargIya dhUmakhaMDamAM beThA beThA cAlu yugamAM IMglAMDamAM thayelA Unbelief azraddhAnA bhaye|tpAdaka pracAra viSenI carcAmAM parAvAyelA ane pachI TelIphAna yaMtranI madadathI laMDana zaheranI jAhera vyAsapITha para navIna vicAraka ane ekAda pAdarI vacce cAlatA jhaghaDe anAyAse sAMbhaLatA darzAve teA luzIane je sthiti kalpI che tenI kharAkhara sarakhAmaNI thai zake. luzIananA gItAmAM devAne Anthropomorphism mAnavalakSaNArApaNunA siddhAMtanI khevakI para jeTalI AkarI ane saceTa TIkA karavAmAM AvI che eTalI khIje kaze kakrie thai nathI. ,, (rAmana) sAmrAjyamAM pravartelA badhA dharmAM, matA--ne 5thA tarapha sahiSNutA dAkhavavI eja rAmana rAjyapaddhatinuM sAmAnya dhAraNa hatuM. devaniMdA karavA badala e rAjyamAM zikSA karavAmAM AvatI na hatI. zahenazAha TIerIasanA eka sUtramAM A vAta prakaTa karavAmAM AvI che. " devAnuM apamAna thatuM heAya te bhale deve jAte te vicArI le. Ama chatAM khristI kAma tarapha kSamAzIlatA dAkhavavAmAM AvatI na hatI e eka apavAda rUpaja gaNAya. A pArvAMtya dharma pratye calAvavAmAM AvelI kaDaka vartaNukane pariNAme yUropamAM dhArmika jIlameAnA pAyeA naMkhAyA ema kahI zakAya. sama, mAyALu ane sheja paNa dhama~nmAda vinAnA zahenazAheAe paNa khristI kAma sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM A apavAdarUpa rIti kema aMgIkAra karI e samajavuM rasika thaI paDaze. cirakALa sudhI bahu gheADA rAmanA khristIone jANatA hatA ane je kAI temane viSe kaMI jANatA teo temane yahUdI prajAnA eka paMca tarIkeja gaNatA. yahudI dharmanA siddhAMtA ane asahiSNutAne lIdhe paradhama pratye kSamAzIlatAthI vanArA akhristI vRtti

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 33 dhAstI lAgatI pUjake te dhUma tarapha vhema ane dhRtarASTrapUka jotA. keTalIka vAra yahudI dhama pALanArAe ane rAmana rAjyAdhikArIo vacce athaDAathaDI thatI hatI ane khATI bhaMbheraNIthI rAmana rAjya yahudIdhama para humaleA karatuM, te paNa sAmAnya rIte rAmana samrATe e dharmane cheDatA na hatA ane yahudIonI dhamAdhatAthI emanA viruddha je tiraskAra prakaTelA temAMthI teone ugArI levAnI kAyamanI nIti teo amalamAM mUkatA hatA. Ajanma yahudI lAkamAM ja jyAM sudhI yahudI dharmanI asara rahI tyAM sudhI te| rAmana leAkeA tene sAMkhI rahyA, paNa e yahudI dharmo vizeSa phelAvAnI gaI tema tema dhAmika prazna navuM svarUpa pakaDavA lAgyA. samasta vizvamAM sthApita thayelA ane parasparanI sahAnubhUtithI khIlatA dha thAthI tadna bhinna tathA manuSyajAtinA zatrurUpa lekhAtA ghaNA anuyAyIovALA dhama heALA phelAvA pAme e joI rAjakartAe bhaDake, temanA hRdayamAM gaMbhIra zaMkA ane vhema jAgRta thAya e taddana saMbhavita hatuM. yahudI sivAyanI anya prajAemAM yahudI dharmAM phelAya te te rAjyane jarura bhayarUpa nivaDe ema bhAsatuM; kAraNa e dharmanuM tattva rAmana samAjanA mULa aMdhAraNane tathA saMpradAyAne pratikULa hatuM. samrATTa DaeNAmiziana te| yahudIdhanA pracAramAM rAmana sAmrAjyanAM nAzanAM bIja jotA hatA ema lAge che. AthI teNe rAmana zaherIone paradharmImAM vaTalAtAM aTakAvavA mATe cAMpatA ane AkarA IlAja amalamAM mUkayA. yahudI virUd maMDAyelAM tenI sattAnAM zastrAnA keTalAka khristI paNa bhAga thaI paDayA haze. enA vana parathI ema lAgatuM ke yahudI ane khristI vaccenA bheda bhAgye ja tene khabara haze, ne vaLI tenI dRSTimAM e emAM kazA taphAvata hatA ja nahi. yahudIdhama tathA temAMthI ja janmeleA khristI dhama` e banne rAmana samAja pratye asahiSNutA ane virAdha darzAvavAnI khAkhatamAM eka sarakhAMja hatA. e me 3

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34 buddhisvAtaMtrya. dharmomAM aMtara mAtra eTaluM ja hatuM ke yahudIo ghaNA cheDAne svadharmamAM ANuM zakayA tyAre khristIoe ghaNAone dharmabhraSTa karI pitAnA dharmamAM dAkhala karyA. TUMjana rAjya karatA hatA tyAre "khristI thavuM eTale mRtyunI zikSAne pAtra gunho karavo' evo siddhAMta pratipAdita thayo hato. tenA samayathI khristI dharmane bInakAyadesara lekhavAmAM AvyuM. "khristI thanAra matanI zikSA pAmaze' e matalabane kAyade Trejane karelo. paraMtu vyavahAramAM A kAyadAnuM acUka daSTithI akSarazaH pAlana thatuM nahi. kAraNa ema paNa hoya ke zahenazAhe lohInuM eka paNa TIpuM reDayA vagara khristI dharmane samULa ukheDI nAMkhavA mAgatA. Trejane kADhelI rAjAjJA parathI A vAta spaSTa thaze. khAsa prayatna pUrvaka khristIone vINI kADhavA nahi, temanA viruddha nanAmA AponI noMdha karavI nahi; je kaI khristIonA gunhA viSe khabara Ape teNe tenA para Aropa puravAra kare paDaze, nahi te juThA Aropa mUkavAnA gunhA mATe je kAyadAo che temanI rUe temane zikSA phasmAvavAmAM Avaze." khristI loko samajI gayA ke (Edict) A anuzAsana kharuM jotAM temanA rakSaNA ja che. bIjA saikAmAM keTalAka mukaddamA cAlyA hatA, ghaNAne dehAMta-daMDa bhegava paDe hate. khristIo ye dharma zahIdanI kItine varavA kAje kaSTone vadhAvI letAM. Ama chatAM temanA pratye khAsa krara vartaNuka calAvavAmAM AvatI na hatI. pakaDAyA bAda teo nAsI jatAM te sattAdhIze joyuM na joyuM karatAM e viSenA purAvA paNa che. Ama khristIo para julama gujAravAnuM kharuM kAraNa te paradharmanA pracArathI bhaya mugdha thayelI mana prajAnI uzakeraNI hatI. remana sattAdhIzonI IcchAthI evA sItama varSAtA. nahideva mAtranI ceka niMdA karanArA ane A vizvanA nAza mATe prArthanA karanArA A gUDha porvAtya dharmanA anuyAyIothI jAhera

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vicArasvAtaMtryane kAtahAri prajA bhaDakI jatI. devage kadAca rela Ave ke dukALa paDe ane khAsa karIne Aga lAge te e badhuM khristIonI melI vidyAne lIdhe ja thAya che ema jAhera prajA mAnI letI. khristI havAne Arepa jene zira mUkAte tenA para Aropa sAce che ke juTho e bAbatane nirNaya karavA mATe AropI pAse deva agara deva (Deified) paMktimAM gaNAtA samrATenI mUrtio samakSa dhUpa mUkavAnI mAgaNI karavAmAM AvatI. AropI A mAgaNuM pramANe varte che te nirdoSa TharI chUTI jato. zahenazAhanI mUrtionI pUjA sAme khristIe vAMdho uThAve eja hakIkata manA (khristIonA) bhayAvaha dharmanuM eka ati amaMgaLa cihana che ema remana loko mAnatA. romana zahenazAhae pracalita karelI A pUjAno hetu bhinna bhinna dharmapaMthe ane devo mAnanArI judI judI prajAnuM baneluM sAmrAjya eka ane avibhakta che ema sUcavavAne hate. saMpa ane vaphAdArI vadhAravAnA rAjadvArI hetuthI e pUjA zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. AthI e pUjAnI avagaNanA karanArane AtmA dehI che evI zaMkA utpanna thAya che te AzcaryakAraka nathI. paNa koI paNa zaherIne A pUjAmAM bhAga levAnI pharaja nahatI e vAta noMdhamAM levI joIe. lazkarI ke bInalazkarI amaladAre tarIke samAjane sevA ApanAra sivAyanI sAmrAjyanI bIjI vyaktio pAse e pUjAne custapaNe vaLagI rahevAnI mAgaNI karavAmAM AvatI ja nahi. A badhAnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke khristI loka lazkarI ke amaladArI nokarImAMthI bAtala rahyA. A samaye prasiddha thayelA khristI dharmanA bacAvanA lekha jo zahenazAhae vAMcyA hota to khristI dharma bhArI rAjadvArI Aphata pa hato evI temane khAtarI thAta e lekhanI lITIone bhAvArtha yathArtha samajavAthI spaSTa samajAta ke na kare nArAyaNa ane khristI lokanuM caDhI vAgyuM to teo rAjyanA bIjA dharmapathane kanaDagata

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36 buddhisvAtaMtrya. karyA vinA rahe ja nahi. khristIo pite je pararAjyanI saMskRtimAM jIvanavyavahAra calAvatA hatA te pratye temane atyaMta tiraskAra hato. A hakIkata khristI dharmano bacAva karanArAo thoDe ghaNe aMze gupta rAkhavA mathatA paNa TeTiana nAmanA tatkAlIna eka lekhakanA graMthamAM e vAta spaSTa tarI Ave che. je rAjyamAM khristI sattA jAmI hoya tyAM anya dharmIonA AdhAra tarapha sahiSNutAne sadaMtara abhAva hoya evuM te samayanA khristI sAhityanA vAcakane lAgyA vinA raheze nahi. Ama, sarva dharma pratye kSamAzIlatAthI vartanArA zahenazAhae khristI dharma pratye apavAdarUpa vartaNuka calAvI tenuM kAraNa eTaluM ja ke teo bIjA sarva dharma pratyenI kSamAzIlatAnuM rakSaNa karavA mAgatA hatA. (khristI dharmano pracAra jema jema vadhatuM jAya tema tema anya dharmo pratye sahiSNutA ghaTatI javAnI temane dahezata lAgatI.) khristI dharmanI manA karelI hovA chatAM, trIjA saikAmAM tenI dhArmika kriyAo khullI rIte sAMkhI rahevAmAM AvI. khristI dharmagurUoe khullI rIte pitAnA dharmadevaLAnI vyavasthA karavA mAMDI. keI paNa prakAranI DakhalagIrI vagara pAdarIonI pariSade maLatI. damananItinA bahu DAM, kSaNika ane sthAnika chamakalAM thatAM; mAtra eka ja gaMbhIra atyAcAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. ( A julamanI zarUAta 'DIsIase I.sa. 250 mAM karI ane velerIane te jArI rAkhI.) pAchaLa pAchaLathI te khristIoe zahIdanuM khAsuM purANaje racyuM hatuM-kai hajAra khristI dharma mATe marI phITayA hatA-e kharuM che tathApi vAstavika rIte A AkhI trIjI sadImAM ghaNA thoDA lekane dhArmika sitamano bhoga banI potAnA prANanI Ahuti ApavI paDelI. je zahenazAhonA chatra heThaLa khristI dharmagurUo saMpUrNa zAMti ane svAtaMtrya bhagavatA teja zahenazAha para ghaNA julame gujAryAno Aropa mUkavAmAM Avate.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa pachI te mulakI avyavasthAne eka lAMbe yuga cAle, e samaya daramyAna sAmrAjyanA pAyA hAlI uThayA hatA, paNa kharI aNunI veLAe zahenazAha DAkalIzIane tene ugArI lIdhuM. rAjya vahIvaTamAM teNe maulika punarghaTanA karI ane eka vadhu sadI mATe teNe remana sattAne saMpUrNataH akSata jALavI rAkhI. remanatvane punaruddhAra karI rAjasattAnI uMDI jaDa besADavAnI tenI nema hatI ane teNe rAjadharmamAM navacetana reDavAne yatna karyo. pitAne hetu bara ANavA mATe khristIonI vadhatI jatI asara teNe aTakAvavA mAMDI. khristIonI bahumatI na hovA chatAM teo ghaNI meTI saMkhyAmAM hatA; A vastusthiti bhaviSyamAM bhayakAraka nivaDe evI zaMkAthI zahenazAhe vyavasthita damananIti calAvI. e ghora nirdaya nIti cirakALa TakI. pratiSiddha dharmane kacaDI nAkhavA mATe e (damananIti) sArvatrika, vyavasthita ane sahadaya prayAsa hate. paNa e prayAsa niSphaLa nivaDya; kAraNa, khristIo eTalA vadhI gayA hatA ke temanI jaDa ukheDavI e durghaTa hatuM. DAyakalIzIananA rAjatyAga pachI romana sAmrAjyanA judA judA bhAgamAM rAjya karato bAdazAhone DAyAkalIzIananI nIti upayogI ke yogya lAgI nahi ane (311-313 sudhImAM) dharmasahiSNutAnAM anuzAsane paNa nIkaLyAM. damananIti baMdha thaI dharmAsvAtaMtryanA ItihAsamAM A anuzAsana ati upayogI che. pUrva prAMtamAM prasiddha thayeluM prathama anuzAsana A mujaba hatuM. ame joyuM ke khristI lake bhramamAM paDyA che. temanA pUrva jenA dhArmika AcAra vicArene temaNe tilAMjali ApI che, bhUtakALanI kriyAone uddhatAIthI tucchakArI, temaNe mananA taraMge anusAra avicArI dhArAdhoraNe ane abhiprAya bAMdhyAM che ane amArA sAmrAjyanA judA judA prAMtomAMthI eka seLabheLIA samAja teo bhegI karI beThA che. temane A bhramamAMthI mukta karI

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, buddhisvAtaMtrya. punaH kudarata ane buddhinA mArga caDhAvavA ame khAsa utsuka hatA. pharajIAta pUjA viSenA amArA kAyadAthI ghaNuM khristIo bhaya saMkaTamAM AvyA; ghaNA mRtyunA mukhamAM homAyA; ane potAnI niMdya mUrkhAI jArI rAkhanArA bIjA ghaNuo koI paNa prakAranI jAhera dharmakriyA karI zakatA nahotA e paNa ame joyuM. AthI evA du:khI janone amArI svAbhAvika kAyamanI rahemadilI darzAvavAnI amane vRtti thaIpha mATe je tevA loko sthApita kAyadA Established law and Government kAnune ane sarakArane yogya mAna ApI vartavA kabule te ame temane temanAM khAnagI dharmamata pAlana karavAnI tathA koI paNa prakAranI vhIka ke kanaDagata vagara temanA devaLamAM chuTathI ekatra thavAnI paravAnagI ApIe chIe. mIlana ( Milan) nuM anuzAsana' ne nAme mazahura thayeluM, bIjuM konTenTAInanuM anuzAsana paNa Aja matalabanuM hatuM. sahiNutA sthApavAnA kAraNamAM konTenTAIne jaNAvyuM hatuM ke e dvArA prajAnAM sukha ane zAMti jALavavAnI mahArI abhilASA tRpta thaze ane pariNAme svargamAM vaselA Izvarane zAMta karavAnI mahArI AzA saphaLa thaze. Ama mIlananA anuzAsana' dvArA bakSavAmAM. AvelI matAMtarakSamAM lokamAM sukhazAMti phelAvavAnI ane prabhune khuza rAkhavAnI zahenazAhanI abhilASA para vejAI hatI. romana sarakAra ane khristIo vaccenA saMbaMdhane aMge vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratAno tathA damananItinA vAjabIpaNAne prazna upasthita thayo. (nIcenI ghaTanA parathI e prazna kevI rIte upasthita thaye te spaSTa samajAze.) hareka dharmamata ane paMtha tarapha kSamAnI dRSTithI jenArA ane kevaLa rAjadharma pALanArA rAjyane mAluma paDe che ke khuda tenI vacamAMja pitAthI bhinna, eke eka dharma saMpradAyanA haDahaDatA zatru samAna, tathA sattA prApta thaye anya dharma saMpradAyane

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vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa. kacaDI nAMkhe evo, samAja ubhe thayo che. AtmarakSaNa sarakAra AvA parivartanakAraka vicAre phelAtA aTakAvavAno nirNaya kare che ane te dharmanA amuka siddhAMta khAtara nahi, paraMtu te siddhAMtanI samAja para je asara thAya te vicArIne evA dharmapAlanane eka guhA tarIke gaNe che. have pitAnA aMtaranA avAjane dAbI dIdhA vagara ane narakavAsa vaherI lIdhA vagara AvA samAjanA sabhyo pitAne nirAka (exclusive) siddhAMta cheDI zake nahi. rAjya taraphanI badhI pharajo karatAM aMtaHkaraNanA chuTApaNAno siddhAMta caDhIyAta che. A chUTApaNAnA navA hakka mATenI laData pitAnI sanmukha ubhI thayelI joI rAjya te hakka kabulavA asamartha nivaDe che. pariNAme damananIti zarU thAya che. (Aja prakAre remana sarakAra ane khristI dharma vaccenA saMbaMdhe karI vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratA ane tene dAbI devA mATenI damananItino prazna ubho thayo.) cheka prAcInamatAvalaMbI ane pUrNacusta mUrtipUjakanA daSTibiMduthI paNa khristIo para je sitama gujAravAmAM Avyo tene bacAva thaI zake ema nathI, kAraNa temAM nakAmuM lohI reDAyuM. bIjI rIte kahIe to e damananIti kharekhara eka gaMbhIra bhUla ja hatI; kemake te niSphaLa nIvaDI. kAraNa jyAre jyAre nIcenAM vaikalpika aniTomAMthI prasaMdagI karavAnI hoya che tyAre patthara karatAM ITa picI e nyAye bemAMthI damananItinI pasaMdagI karavAmAM Ave che. A be vaikalpika aniSTo nIce mujabanAM che (1) hiMsA, (damananItinI himAyata karanAra koI paNa vicArazIla manuSya ane aniSTa lekhavAmAM AnAkAnI nahiM kare.) ane (2) hAnikAraka vicArene pracAra. bIjuM aniSTa vadhAre hAnikartA che e bahAne te aniSTanA nivAraNArthe paheluM aniSTa pasaMda karavAmAM Ave che. paNa je ISTa hetu siddha thAya evI yuktipUrvaka damananIti vyavasthita na thAya te ekane badale be aniSTo ubhAM thAya che ane bhinna

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buddhisvAtaMtrya. vicAra dharAvanArA para gujArelA julame vAjabI karI zakatA nathI. khuda zahenazAho potAnA dRSTibiMduthI khristIone samAjavirUddha ane bhayakAraka lekhe tene mATe temanI pAse vAjabI kAraNe hatAM, paNa temaNe te khristI dharmanuyAyIone bIlakula cheDavA na hatA, agara cheDayA te to khristI dharmanuM mULa ukheDI nAkhavA mATe vyavasthita AkarAM pagalAM levAM joItAM hatAM. je zarUAtathI ja temaNe vyavasthita rIte AkarI tapAsa karI hota to kadAca teo khristI dharmanuM nAmanizAna bhUMsI zakyA hota. kAMI nahi te A pagaluM mutsaddIne chAje evuM to gaNAtaja paNa ati tIvra pagalAM temane sUjhayA paNa na hatAM ane anubhavahINA te lokone temanA sanmukha khaDe thayelo prazna samajAya paNa na hatuM. dhamakI ane DarAmaNIthI temaNe phattehanI AzA rAkhI. samAjane hAnikAraka lAgatA bhinna vicAre dAbI devA mATenA temanA prayAse asthAyI, DAmADoLa, kSaNika AvezavALA, bIna asarakAraka ane hAsyAspada hatA. ra50 thI 303 sudhI je julama varSAvavAmAM AvyA te phohamaMda nivaDavAnI muddala AzA na hatI. A saMbaMdhamAM khristI dharmane sAhityane dAbI devA mATe prayatna sarakhAye karavAmAM Avyo na hato e bInA khAsa dhyAnamAM levI ghaTe che. ISTa hetu siddha thAya to paNa paradharmI para julama gujAra e vAjabI che ke kema evA ati agatyanA prazna para te vicAra sarakheye karAyo na hato. vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNa ane adhikAra tathA rASTranA manAtA hita vaccenA virodha para AkhI laData cAlI rahI hatI. adazya mAleka pratyenI AjJAMkitatA ane manuSyakRta kAyadA taraphanI pAlanabuddhine meLa na bese tyAre zuM thAya? zuM vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNane game te jokhame mAna ApavAnI rAjyanI pharaja che ? ke mAtra maryAdAmAM ? ane te kevI ane keTalI ? A praznano ukela karavAnuM kAma khristIoe upADI lIdhuM nathI; emAM temane rasa na

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 41 paDaze. khristI dharmathI bhinna dharma pALanArI sarakAra pAse temaNe (khristIoe) kevaLa pitAne mATe svAtaMtryanA hakakane dAvo karyo ane je te sarakAre khristIonI niMdA ane tiraskArane pAtra banelA nAstika dharmane dAbI dIdhuM hota to kadAca khristIoe sarakAranA kRtyane prazaMsApUrvaka vadhAvI lIdhuM hota ema kahI zakAya. game tema che, paNa je khristI rAjyasattA sthapAta te khristIo piteja ubhe karela vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanA chuTApaNAne siddhAMta jarUra bhUlI jAta. zahIda pitAnA aMtaHkaraNane je vAjabI lAgyuM hatuM tene mATe-pitAnA aMtaHkaraNanA avAjane mAna ApavA mATe maryA; paraMtu svAtaMtrya mATe-game te dharmanA mANasa mAtranA aMtaHkaraNanA chUTApaNA mATe-teo maryA nathI. remana carcA-saMpradAya pitAnA amalanI bahAranAM Adhunika rAjyo pAse pitAnA anuyAyIonA chUTApaNAno dAvo kare che, paNa je pitAne sattA hoya te teja hakka bIjAne ApavAnI temanI pharaja thaI paDe e vAta teo kabulatA nathI. - grIsa ane rAmane purANe ItihAsa ApaNe tapAsIzuM te ApaNane mAluma paDaze ke vicArasvAtaMtrya e zvAsozvAsarUpa hatuM. AthI vicArasvAtaMtryanA hakka para kaI kaze vicAra karatuM ja nahi. ethensamAM sAta ATha vicArakone (Heterodoxy) baMDara dharmamata dhAraNa karavA badala zikSA karavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa A AThamAMnA ghaNuM ane kadAca badhAnA saMbaMdhamAM evA mata svIkAravAnI vAta to eka bahAnA rUpaja hatI. ( zikSA ke daMDa thavAnuM kharuM kAraNa te te loko pratyenI zreSabuddhija hatI.) chatAM e TheSabuddhithI jJAnanI pragatinA mArgamAM kazA aMtarAya ubhA thayA na hatA tathA azAstrIya adhikAranA vajanathI vijJAna paNa aTakayuM na hatuM. e sAmAnya vAta upalA mukadamAothI kheTI TharatI nathI. zikSita grIke buddhisvAtaMtryane cAhanArA hovAthI paradharmIo pratye

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ra buddhisvAtaMtrya. sahiSNutA dAkhavatA. buddhinuM Tadu na cAle evI koI paNa sattA grIkee sthApI na hatI. pUrNa carcA, vivecana ke samajuti ApyA sivAya koI paNa raste lokenA mana para amuka abhiprAya teo ThasAvI detA na hatA. jemAM eka nAnuM bALaka bIjAnA pramANa para "agocara dhAma nI vAta mAnya rAkhe che, tema vagara vicAre svarganA jevI ja koI vAta svIkArI levAnI ke pitAne acUka manAvatI sattA samakSa temanI buddhi namAvavAnI zikSita grIka leke bIjAo pAse AzA rAkhatA na hatA. paNa A svAtaMtrya keI buddhipUrvaka svIkArelI nIti ke uDI pratItinuM pariNAma na hatuM, ane tethI te aniyamita ane anisthita rahyuM. vicAra svAtaMtrya, dhArmika svAtaMtrya, kSamA zIlatA vagerenA ane samAja para ThasAvavAmAM AvyA na hatA. AthI koIe te pratane gaMbhIrapaNe vicArelA nahi. romana sarakAra sanmukha jyAre khristI dharmano prazna AvI ubhe tyAre khristI jevA eka nhAnA, aprasiddha, ane mUrtipUjaka vicArakanI dRSTie arasika ane ati pratikULa bhAsatA saMpradAya pratyenI vartaNUkamAM eka ati upayogI sAmAjIka siddhAMta samAyeluM che evuM koIne bhAseluM nahiM. vicAra svAtaMtryanA siddhAMtanuM dRDha pratipAdana karavA mATe julamanA nIti ane prayoga viSenA lAMbA anubhavanI jarUra hatI. khristI saMpradAye damananItinI je kaDhaMgI nIti aMgIkAra karI ane tenAM je pariNAme AvyA, tene lIdhe aMte buddhi prastuta prazna carcavA prerAze tathA bauddhika svAtaMtryanA vAjabIpaNAnAM kAraNe tene zodhI kADhavAM paDaze. grIka ane romanonI saMskRtine temanA graMthamAM tarI AvatA AtmA uMDA aMdhakAranAM lAMbA kALa pachI vizvane punaH parama tejathI prakAzita karaze ane AjasudhI temaNe anAyAse bhogavelA buddhinA sAmrAjyanuM punaH sthApana karavAmAM madada rUpa nivaDaze.

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prakaraNa 3 ju. buddhiniyaMtraNa. madhyayuga, matAMtarakSamAnuM anuzAsana nikaLyA pachI daza varSe kensenTAIne khristI dharmane svIkAra karyo. dharmaviSayamAM A banAva asAdhAraNa mahattvanuM hatuM. e prasaMgathI mAMDIne sahastravarSa paryata buddhisvAtaMtrya ane vicArasvAtaMtryane dAbI devAmAM AvyAM ane jJAnanI pragatinA mArgamAM durbhedya divAle ubhI thaI. pariNAme jJAna hatuM tyAMnuM tyAM ja aTakyuM e vastu sthitinI ApaNe AlocanA karIe. je be saikA daramyAna khristI dharma pratiSiddha lekhAye hatA te sikAomAM khristIo evI dalIla karatA ke keIpaNa dharmano aMgIkAra karavo e manuSyanI potAnI marajInI vAta che. amuka dharma svIkArAvavA mATe koI paNa vyakti para dabANa thaI zake nahi. AvI dalIlo rajU karI te samaye khristIo dhArmika svAtaMtryane dAvo karatA. paraMtu jyAre temane paMtha sarvopari thayo ane rAjya taraphathI paNa khristI dharmane saMgIna Azraya maLe tyAre khristIoe "dharma svIkAra kevaLa aicchika vastu che" evA pitAnA jUnA abhiprAyane tilAMjali ApI eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu vizvanAM gUDha to viSenA manuSyonA abhiprAyomAM ekatA ANavAnuM AzA bharyuM sAhasa temaNe utsAhapUrvaka upADayuM ane vicAra svAtaMtryane kacaDI nAkhavAnI vadhatI ochI vyavasthita nigrahanIti amalamAM mUkI. zahenazAha ane sarakAre paNa A nIti kaMIka aMze rAjakIya kAraNosara svIkArI. ati tIvra dhArmika matabhede rAjyanI

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44 buddhiniyaMtraNa. AbAdI tathA ekatAne aDacaNurUpa samajI, temaNe e nItine aMgIkAra karyAM. paNa A julamanI nIti amalamAM mUkavAmAM rAjahitarakSaNa e mukhya kAraNa na hatuM. khristI dharmAdhikArIe ema mAnatA ke khristIdhama eja kevaLa meAkSanA mAga che. A mAnyattAmAM ja julamanI vyavasthita nIti amalamAM mUkavA mATenuM mukhya tattva samAyeluM che. peAtAnI sarvopari dazAmAM khristIee kevA vicAra khAMdhyA hatA te nIce dRSTi nAkhavAthI spaSTa thaze. (1) khristIdhama eja meAkSanuM sAdhana che. (2) ItaradharmIe sadAkALa narakamAM saDe che. khristIdhama viruddha vana rAkhanArane mahAna gunhegAra lekhI Izvara AkarI zikSA kare che. (3) manuSyanuM zAzvata hita rakSavA mATe AvuM vana aTakAvavuM joI e ane eka mAtra sAcA khristI dharma sa` pAse paLAvavA joIe. (4) pAkhaMDamatadhArI asAdhAraNa gunhegAra che. tene narakamAM atiaAra yAtanAe bhAgavavI paDaze. e yAtanAomAMthI tene uJAravA mATe, tenA pAkhaMDa dharmanI jherI jvALAthI tene aspRSTa rAkhavA mATe, tenA para hileAkamAM game tevA niya julame| gujAravAmAM kazI hAni nathI; kAraNa tene je yAtanAe bhAgavavI paDe tenA pramANamAM A zikSA kazI ja nathI. (5) mANasa sadguNI hAya, paNa je te vihita dharma viruddha vatta te| te Izvarane mahAna aparAdhI thAya che, AthI enA sadguNA tarapha dRSTi karIne ene enA gunhA mardInI zikSAmAMthI mukta karI zakAya nahi. (6) samAjanA sAmAnya sadguNe manuSyAtmAnI aMtima unnatinI sarakhAmaNImAM dugu Nu samAna ja che. (7) je bALakA khristI dharmAnusAra jaLasarakAra ( khAptijham )

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. kapa pAmyA vinA maraNa pAme, te kayAmatanA aMtima nyAyanAdivasa sudhI narakamAM ragadoLAyA ja kare. khristIo AvA vicAro dharAvatA hovAthI matAMtarakSamAnuM temanAmAM kevaLa zanya hatuM. anya dharmIo pratyenI temanI asahi SNutA temanA uparanA vicAre jatAM kAMI vilakSaNa nivaDe emAM Azcarya nathI. 1 khristI dharmamAM paradhama pratye asahiSNutAnAM tA dAkhala thayAM tenuM kAraNa kevaLa siddhAMtanI vAstavikatA ThasAvavA mATe khristI e je dalIlabAjI calAvI teja nathI. temanA dhArmika graMthanuM AMtara svarUpa paNa kaMIka aMze A pariNAmanuM utpAdaka che. prAcIna khristIoe utaratI bhUmikAnI saMskRtinA vicAre darzAvanArAM ane aziSTatAthI ubharAtAM yahudI lakhANone pitAnAM zAzvemAM, durbhAgye, samAveza karyo hato, prAcIna karAramAM nirdayatA, hiMsA ane dharmadhatAnAM sUtro ane mRtye ghaDI ghaDI vAcakane dRSTigocara thAya che. e karAra Izvaraprerita che evuM zraddhApUrvaka mAnanAra to e jAlIma kRtyane yogya ja lekhe; paNa khristIonA A dhArmika graMthanuM AMtara svarUpa aniSTakArI ane cittane nItibhraSTa karanAruM che, kAraNa emAMnAM sUtrothI ane kRtyothI manuSyanI nItimAM bagADa thayelo che. e bIgADane lIdhe keTalI hAni thaI e cokakasa nirNita karavuM kaThaNa che; chatAM ATaluM te ApaNe niHsaMdeha kahI zakIe ke ethI karIne dhArmika julama varSAvavA mATenA jarUrI zastrAstra taiyAra thayAM. dhArmika graMthe naitika ane mAnasika pragatimAM mahAna aMtarAya rUpa che, kAraNa ke evA graMthomAM amuka yuganA vicAre ane rItarIvAjo devanirNita, sanAtana ane anullaMghanIya che, evuM pratipAdana hoya che. dhArmika graMthenI A asara khristIonA AcAra ane vyavahAra para ghaNuM pahoMcI. ati prAcInakALanAM pustakene akSarazaH

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4 buddhiniyaMtraNa. mAnya rAkhI khristI dharma mAnavavikAsanI gatine ku MThita karI nAkhI. khristIoe temanA dharma vidhAnamAMthI heAvAhane bAtala karyAM heta ane prAcIna karAranI preraNAnA InkAra karI, nUtana karArathI sateASa mAnyA hota teA ItihAsamAM jarura ati mahattvanuM pari vana thAta evI kAI mAnyatA dharAve teA te svAbhAvika che. mahAna kensTenTAIna ane tenA vArasAnA samayamAM pAkhaDI khristI samAjo tathA jaMgalI mUrttipUjakA (Pagans) nA deve viruddha eka pachI eka kramAna nikaLavA lAgyAM. khristIonI A krara pravRtti i.pU. 363 daramyAna dhama bhraSTa julIane kSaNabhara aTakAvI peAtAnA e varSoMnA TUMkA rAjyamAM jUnI vastu vyavasthAne punarjIvita karavAnA hetuthI teNe sArvatrika (dha`) svAtaMtrya jAhera karyuM; paraMtu khristIone jAherazALAomAM upadeza ApavAnI manAI karIne eNe anyadharmIonI sarakhAmaNImAM khristIone geralAbha d. julIananA A kRtyathI pratimApUjAne nAza alpakALa mATe aTakayA. pAkhaMDI samAjo kSaNika svAtaMtrya bhAgavatA thayA, tathA khristIonA julamamAMthI ati TUMka samaya mATe ugarI gayA. Akhare 1 lA thIeDesIasanA kaDaka kAyadAonA amalathI jaMgalI mUrti pUjakonA dharma chinna bhinna thaI gayA. thIeDeAsIasanA samaya pachI bIjI eka sadI sudhI e dharmI eka yA bIje sthaLe ane khAsa karIne rAma ane ethensamAM Tagumagu dazAmAM TakI rahyA. tenuM mahattva nahi jevuM hatuM. khristIo mRtaprAyaH dazAmAM pravartatI prAcIna saMskRtine nirmULa karavAne badale paraspara spardhA karavAmAM rAkAyA hatA. Ama na hAta tA uparyukata dharmAvizeSa satvara bhasmazeSa thayeA heAta. paNa AvA Akasmika sajogenI sahAya tenuM astitva akhaMDita TakAvI rAkhavA samartha na hatI. khristIdhama mekSanA mA che evA evA vicitra vicAro dharAvanArA khristIoe peAtAnA dharmI anya pAse kabUlAvavA mATe sAdha

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa 4 nanI kazI maNuM rAkhI nahi. pAkhaMDIone matanI zikSA pharamAvavAnuM paNa temaNe egya lekhyuM. cothI sadImAM khristIana nAmanA eka pAkhaMDIne phAMsI devAmAM AvI hatI. e samayathI mAMDIne pAkhaMDamatadhArIone dehAMta zikSA karavAnI prathA zaru thaI. A yuganA eka akhristI lekhakane bhinna bhinna khristIpathanA anuyAyIone paraspara sahAnubhUti darzAvavAne sadupadeza Apate joI ApaNane AnaMda thAya che. zahenazAha velensane karelA eka saMbadhanamAM themIsTIame tene vinaMti karelI ke " zahenazAha ! tamArAthI bhinna mata dharAvanArA khristIo viruddha kADhelAM anuzAsane rada kare, eja saMbodhanamAM eNe sahiSNutAnA siddhAMtanuM pUrNa vivecana kareluM. ApaNe e sadAsmaraNIya zabdo vAMcIe. vyaktionI dhArmika mAnyatAo eka evuM kSetra che ke jyAM sarakAranI sattAnI dhArI asara thaI zake nahi. baLAtkArane vaza thaI manuSya kadAca vighamI sarakAranI sattAne namatuM Ape to paNa hRdayapalaTe asaMbhavita che. julamane pariNAme satyadharmane sthAne dAMbhika dharmapAlana zaru thAya che. dareka dharmapaMthane tenI IcchAnusAra vartAvA devo joIe. prajA mAtranA sAmAnya hita prati lakSa rAkhIne, rAjya vahIvaTa karAvanAra sarakAra-prAcInamatAvalaMbIo ane pAkhaMDIo pratye e hitanI vRddhi thAya evuM rAjataMtra calAvavuM joIe. Izvara jAte ema spaSTa darzAve che ke - pUjAnAM vividha vidhAna hoya evI mahArI IcchA che. Izvarane pahoMcavAnA manuSya pAse aneka mArgo che. dharma viSayamAM koI paNa dharmaguru saMta ogasTAIne karatAM vadhAre vajanadAra lekhAyo nathI. sarvazreSTha pramANurUpa A saMta ogasTAIne Isue eka vArtAmAM "temane aMdara AvavAnI pharaja pADe" (baLAtkAre vidharmIo pAse hamAre eka mAtra sAco dharma kabUlAvo) evA je zabdo vAparyo che te zabdonA AdhAre bhAvi

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buddhiniya traNa. 48 prajAnA anusaraNArthe dharmane nAme julama gujAvAnI nIti pratipAdita karI hatI. 12 mA zatakanA aMta paryaMta saMpradAye pAkha`Damata bhUMsI nAkhavA mATe AkarA yatne AryAM hatA. dharmane nAme julama gujAravAmAM Avye; paraMtu damananIti vyavasthita na hatI. dharakSA ane dharmAMnnatinA kevaLa paramArthika dRSTibiMduthI teee te zaru karyAM na hatA. pAkhaMDamata unmULa karavAnA prayAsamAM teo potAnA ahika lAbhArakSavAnA hetuthI prerAyA hatA. ane kAI asatya siddhAMtanA pracArathI devaLanI Avaka ghaTavAneA ke samAjane hAni pahoMcavAne bhaya lAgatA tyAre ja gurue tIvra pagalAM bharatAM e bAbata sapramANa che. 12 mA zatakanA aMte trIjo IneAsanTa pApa thayA ane enA amala daramyAna pazcima cUrApanA khristIpathI carcosaMpradAyA sattAnI parAkASThAe pahoMcyA. khristI mulakamAMthI pAkha DIenA paga kADhavAnA mArgo e nesanTa ane enA anugAmI dharmaguruoe yeAjele; ane A yAjanAne nipaNe amalamAM mUkavA mATe paNa eja leAkeA javAbadAra che. phrAnsanA legveDeka gAmamAM elakhIjeeIsa (Albigeois) nAmanA pAkhaDI leAkanI meATI vastI hatI. A leAkeAnA vicAra| . khAsa karIne khristIdhama pratye aprIti phelAve evA gaNAtA. elbIjeeisa lujhanA amIranA udyamI ane AbadAra prajAjaneA hatA. paNa e pAdara virAdhI ( Anti-clerial ) leAka pAsethI dharmaguruone jIja jevI rakama maLatI; eTale neAsanTe TulujhanA amIrane tenA rAjyanI hadamAMthI e pAkhaMDIone dUra karavAnI AjJA karamAvI. paNa amIre pASAjJAne taracheADI. tethI pApe elbIjeesa sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM ane e yudghamAM je kASTha bhAga le tene sa` pApamAMthI mukti ApavAnuM ane taduparAMta dhama yuddhamAM jhUjhanArA yAddAone sAmAnya rIte je kAMi adhyA ApavAmAM AvatA te paNa ApavAnuM teNe vacana ApyuM. pariNAme, dhAra khUnakhAra yuddhanI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. jala khAssI paraMparA cAlI. sAImana DI menTa nAmanA aMgreje temAM bhAga lIdhe. A dharmayuddhamAM seMkaDe ane hajAro strI puruSa ane bALakane bALI mUkavAmAM ane phAMsIe caDhAvavAmAM AvyAM. TulujhanI prajAno virodha Ama dAbI devAmAM Avyo paNa pAkhaMDamata nAbuda karI zakAya nahi. Akhare 1299 mAM TulujhanA amIranI apamAnakAraka hAra thaI ane laDAI baMdha thaI. - A banAvanI mukhya asara e thaI ke tyAra pachI dharmaguruee yUrepanA jAhera kAyadAomAM eka evuM navuM tattva umeryuM ke koI paNa samrATa pitAnA mulakamAMthI avihita dharmasaMpradAyane umULa karavAnI javAbadArI Ape to ja te gAdI bhogavI zake. A pheraphAra thayA pachI je pitAnI AjJA thavA chatAM keI nareza pAkhaMDIo para sitama varSAvavAnI AnAkAnI kare te tenA para sakhI hatI. tenA mulaka parane tene hakka jhuMTavI levAmAM Avate ane tenA pradezomAM nirdaya lUMTa calAvavA mATe dharmaguruo game te mANasane lalacAvatA. Ama pApoe dharmapATasthasattA sthApita karI hatI ane e rAjapraNAlikAmAM pAkhaMDIo para julama varSAvIne dharmanI 'vizuddhatA jALavI rAkhavAnI mahAna pharajanA mukAbalAmAM anya sarva dharmo ane lAbhe gauNa lekhavAmAM AvatA. paNa pAkhaMDamatanuM nikaMdana karavA mATe tenAM guptamAM gupta Azraya sthAno zodhI kADhavAnI jarUra hatI. ebIjeesIsane kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA, paraMtu temanA siddhAMtanI jherI asara cAluja hatI. keI AkarI damananIti, koI avirata kAryakrama amalamAM mUkAya to ja khristI dharmaguruonAM dhAryo beya hAMsala thavAno saMbhava hato. AthI Azare I. sa. 1233mAM navamA gregarI nAmanA pipe pAkhaMDIone vINuM vINIne zodhI kADhavA mATe inkavIjhIzana (romana kethelika dharmathI ulaTuM mata dharAvanAra mANasonI tapAsa karI temane zikSA karanArI sabhA) ne nAme itihAsa mazahura thayelI vyavasthita

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50 budhiniyaMtraNa, paripATI yojI kADhI ane cothA ane sane 125mAM eka dharmapatrikA (Bull) kADhI e sabhAnI sattAne pUrNatAe pahoMcADI. A dharmapatrikA anusAra julamanA prayogaprabaMdho pratyeka zahera ane rAjyanAM samAjazarIranAM mukhya aMge lekhAyAM. dharma viSayamAM manuSyanuM vicAra svAtaMtrya dAbI devA mATenuM A ati baLavAna yaMtra (Inquisition) itihAsamAM advitIya che. - carca upADelA kAmane pAra utAravA mATe dharmopadezake asamartha hatA, ethI khristI dharmanI sattA nIcenA eke eka jIllAmAMthI gya sAdhuonI pasaMdagI karI, pAkhaMDIone vINuM vaNane zodhI kADhavA mATe pipa taraphathI temane akhatyAra ApavAmAM Avyo. A tapAsa karanArAonI sattA amaryAdita hatI. nahi temanI kazI javAbadArI ke nahi temanA kAryanuM koi nirIkSaka. pAkhaMDIone damavAnI romana kethalika dharmaguruoe Ama ati kaDaka nIti che. paraMtu e guruonA aneka prayatno chatAM laukika rAjakartAonI vaNamAgI madada vagara sabhA susthApita thAta nahi. samakAlIna laukika rAjakartAoe taddana svataMtra rIte pAkhaMDamata aTakAvanArAM nirdaya dhArAdhoraNo racyAM hatAM. koIpaNa zAstrane izvarakta nahi mAnanAra-navIna vicAraka bIjA pheDarike paNa jarmanI ane ITalimAMnA pitAnA vistAravALA rAjya mATe evA kAyadA ghaDyA hatA ke pAkhaMDI mAtrane rAjyanI hada bahAra kADhI mUkavA; emanAmAMnA jeo potAnA siddhAMtano InkAra na kare temane agnimAM hemI devA ane jeo InkAra kare temane mAtra kedamAM pUravA. paNa jeo vaLI pAchA pitAnA jUnA siddhAMta pramANe varta temane phAMsIe laTakAvavA, temanI mAlamilkata japta karavI, temanAM ghare naSTa karavA tathA temanA bALako je potAnA bApa ke kaI bIjA pAkhaMDIne ughADA na pADe te temane be peDhI sudhI sArI AvakavALI padavIo mATe nAlAyaka gaNavAM. - pheDarikanA rAjakAnune ghaDAyA tyArathI pAkhaMDIone daMDavA

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 51 mATe lI cAgya zastra gaNAyuM. A ati niya prakAranI meAtanI zikSA sauthI pahelAM sane 1017mAM eka phrenca zahenazAhe pAkhaDIone karI kahevAya che. ApaNe yAda rAkhavuM joie ke madhyayugamAM ane tyArapachI paNa ghaNAM varSoM sudhI dareka prakAranA gunhA mATe atyaMta nirdaya sajA kramAvavAmAM AvatI. udAharaNa tarIke IMgleMDamAM AThamA hennInA rAjyakALamAM jhera denArAone maratAM sudhI dhIkadhIkatA pANImAM ukALyAnI vAta che. pAkhaMDa atiduSTa gunho lekhAte hAvAthI tene nAbuda karavAnuM kAma narakanA dAruNudaLane jItavA areAbara-narakanAM dvAra sadA mATe baMdha karavA samAna gaNAtuM. AthI pAkhaDIo viruddha je je dhArAdheAraNA thayAM tene jAhera prajAne majajIta TekA hatA. inkvIjhIzananI pUrI sattA jAmI tyAre pazcima taraphanI khristI AlamamAM tenI jALa eTalI patharAI ke keAI paNa pAkha'DI bhAgyeja temAMthI ugarI zakatA. judA judA pradezAmAM tapAsa karanArA paraspara sahacArathI varttatA ane ekamekane savistara khabara pUrI pADatA. iMgleDetara yurApIya pradeza-Continental EuropemAM paraspara saMbaMdha dharAvatI aneka adAlatA ubhI thaI hatI. mAtra iMgleMDa mhAra rahyuM hatuM; paraMtu tyAM paNa ceAthA ane pAMcamA henrInA samayathI eka khAsa kAnunadvArA pAkhaMDIne lIe caDhAvI pAkhaMDamata aTakAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. ( A kAyado ghaDAyA-1400 mAM, rada thayA 1533 mAM. merInA samayathI karI amalamAM mUkAyA hatA--chevaTe 1676 mAM sadaMtara rada thayA. ) inkvIjhIzanane nAme mazahura thayelI dharmAMsabhA mataiya sthApavAnA kAryamAM speInamAM sauthI vizeSa saphaLa nivaDI. 19mA zataka sudhI hayAtI bhAgavatI speinamAMnI sabhAe ghaNAM kAryo sAdhyAM; temAM, peAtAnA jUnA islAmI rItirivAjo ane dharmavicArAne vAdArIthI vaLagI rahelA bhraSTa sUraleAkeAne speinamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAnuM

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para buddhiniyaMtraNa. kAma paNa teNe pAra pADayuM. paNa e sabhAe speInanI kevaLa ATalIja sevA karI nahatI. kahevAya che ke eja sabhAe aneka prayAse. karI speInamAMthI yahudI dharmane nirmULa karyo tathA dezane peTesTaMTa dharmopadezakanA AvezabharyA AkhyAnanI jherI asaramAMthI ugArI lIdho. paraMtu speinane proTesTaMTa matanI asaramAMthI aNizuddha ugArI levAnuM mAna peInanI tapAsakAriNI sabhA (Inquisition)ne ghaTe che e kathana sAbIta karavuM azakya che; kAraNa ke proTesTaMTa matapracAsnAM bIja peInamAM ropAyAM heta topaNa e pratikULa pradezamAM te bIje phaLa nahi. A jotAM speinamAMthI proTesTaMTa mata dUra karavAnuM mAna tapAsakAriNI sabhAne arpavuM ayogya manAze. chatAM e sabhAnI saphaLatA mATe zaMkA lAvI zakAya ema nathI. peInamAMnI sabhAnA prayAsothI vicArasvAtaMtryane cheka dAbI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM e vAta nirvivAda che. pAkhaMDIe ene vicUMTI kADhavA mATe tapAsakAriNI sabhAe aneka sAdhano yojyAM, emAM Edict of Faith dharmAnuzAsana e sauthI vadhAre asarakAraka sAdhana hatuM. A AjJApatra anusAra tapAsakAriNuM sabhAnI sevA karavA mATe lekenAM nAma noMdhavAmAM AvatAM ane pAkhaMDIo saMbaMdhI khabara pUrI pADavAnI mANasa pAse mAgaNuM karavAmAM AvatI. vadhArAmAM vakhatovakhata amuka amuka jIllAnI mulAkAta levAmAM AvatI ane je lekene pAkhaMDI viSe kazI mAhitI hovAnI zaMkA lAgatI tevAone turata sabhA eka pharamAnadvArA AjJA ApatI ke hamAre sabhA samakSa jAte hAjara thaI, hamane maLelI badhI bAtamI jAhera karI javI, nahite tamane zikSAe pharamAvavAmAM Avaze ane lokika ane pAramArthika lAbhothI. hamane vaMcita rAkhavAmAM Avaze. vastusthiti AvI ubhI thaI hovAthI, dhA-muraleke 'dha muslima, lohIe (1) araba (2) Aphrikana (3) speniza (4) mizra ] -

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 53 kaIpaNa manuSya tenA pADozIonA ke kuTubIonA paNa vahemamAMthI mukta rahI zakato nahi. AkhI prajAne vaza karavA, tenI buddhine kuMThita karI nAkhavA ane tenI pAse aMdhapaNe dhArI AjJAe paLAvavA mATe tapAsakAriNI sabhAnI sthApanA karatAM vadhu vicakSaNa yukita keIe zodhI kADhI nathI. jo keIpaNa saMsthAmAM game te manuSya para pAkhaMDI hovAne daSAropa kare ene ucca dhArmika pharaja tarIke gaNavAmAM AvyuM hoya to te A sabhAnI yojanAmAM zakya thayuM hatuM. e paripATImAM ja evI aniSTa kRtine dhArmika pharajanuM mahatva apAtuM hatuM. peInamAM pAkhaMDIonI tapAsa calAvatI vakhate satyano nirNaya karavA mATe nyAyI, sayuktika sAdhanone nApasaMda karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. vagara purAve kedIne gunhegAraja kalpavAmAM Avato ane potAnI nirdoSatA puravAra karavAno bhAra ene zira raheto. enI tapAsa calAvanAra nyAyAdhIza ja kharuM jotAM enA para phariyAda maMDAvanAra hate. game teTalA apratiSThita puSe enI viruddha sAkSI tarIke jeTalA Ave teTalA kabUla rAkhavAmAM AvatA. pharIAdapakSa taraphanA sAkSI svIkAravA mATenA kAyadA bahu DhIlA hatA. bacAvapakSanA sAkSIo nApasaMda karavA mATenA kAyadAo kaDaka, anulaMdhanIya hatA. yahudIo, mUraloko ane nokare kedI viruddha sAkSI ApavA chuTA hatA, paraMtu tenI tarapheNamAM purAvo ApavAnI temane manAI hatI. kedInA dUranA sagAsaMbaMdhIone paNa A ja niyama lAgu pADavAmAM AvatA. sabhA nyAya ApatI veLAevA siddhAMta pALatI keekadASita puruSa chuTI jAya tenA karatAM sonirdoSa manuSya kaSTa bhegavee vadhAre sAruM che. sabhAe pAtharelI jALamAM je koI zikAra phasAvatuM, eNe prakaTAvelI citAmAM je koI ibdhana umerI ApatuM, tene papanI kRpApI bakSisa ApavAmAM AvatI. AvAM nirdaya pagalAM bharanArI sabhAne daMbha paNa jarA jovA jevo hato. sabhA taraphanA nyAyAdhIza

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54 buddhiniya traNa. jAte phAMsInI sajA pharamAvatA nahatA; kAraNa ke ahiMsA paramoSamAM 1 khristI dharmaguruoe tA hiMsAthI hajAra gAu vegaLA rahevuM joie. dharmAsanastha nyAyAdhIze eTaluMja jAhera karatA ke kedI pAkha`DI che-- e sudhare ke zuddha thAya evI kazI AzA bhAsatI nathI. ATalA TUMkA vicArA darzAvI, nyAyAdhIzeA rAjakartAone kedIe svAdhIna karI detA. paNa temane daMbha ATalethIja aTakatA nahatA.. dharmAdhyakSA gaMbhIratApUrvaka pheojadArI nyAyAdhIzAne AjJA karatA ke kedIe pratye dhyA--kRpA--darzAvavA. kiMtu kedIe prati kyA darzAvavAnI A kevaLa bAhyAcArayukta mAgaNI rAjakartAe vadhAvI zakatA nahi. temane te kedIone mAtanI zikSA karamAgyeja chuTakA hatA. ethI anyathA varSe te rAjyavahIvaTa karanAra sarakAra pAkhaMDamatane TekA Ape che evuM vhemI anumAna satvara bAMdhavAmAM AvatuM ane pariNAme e sarakArAnI paNa pAkhaDIo jevI ja vaLe thatI. tapAsakAriNI sabhA tarathI sAMpavAmAM AvelA kedIone kAi rAjakuMvara ke amaladAra yeAgya zikSA na karamAve te tene khristI dharma maMDaLamAMthI bAtala karavAnI kenana lA (rAmana kethalika smRti )mAM spaSTa AjJA hatI. AvI dharmAnA ane AvA kAyadAe hAvAthI pAkhaDIone khUba damavAmAM AvatA; nirAdhAra vRddha puruSA, niHsahAya abaLA ane nirvivekI, nirdoSa bALakAne zailI para caDhAvavAmAM AvatAM. Ama chatAM rAmana kethalika dhathI ulaTuM mata dharAvanAra mANase nI tapAsa karI temane zikSA karanArI inkvIjhIzana nAmanI sabhAnI krUratA viSe ApaNe AvezamAM te AvezamAM ayeAgya mata bAMdhavuM na joie. ApaNe eTaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joie ke prajAjanAe phAMsIne lAkaDe caDhelA leAkeAnI saMkhyA viSe atizayeAkti bharelI kalpanA calAvI che, chatAM e sabhAnI kAyaprathAthI, tathA lagabhaga meAta jevI niya sajAethI leAkane je je yAtanAe bhAgavavI paDelI tenuM varNana yathA che.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 55 romana kethalika dharmaguruoe tapAsakAriNuM sabhAe vINuM kADhelA pAkhaMDIone damavA mATe je nyAyarIti amalamAM mUkI tenAthI IgleMDetara yuropIya pradezanA phojadArI kAyadAzAstra para ghaNI mAThI asara thaI. lI nAmano itihAsakAra kahe che ke tapAsakAriNI sabhAnI sthApanAthI thayelAM aniSTomAMnuM sauthI gaMbhIra e hatuM ke TheTha 18mI sadInA aMta sudhI yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezamAM pAkhaMDamata nimULa karavA mATe e sabhAe je paddhati svIkArI hatI te game te prakAranA AropInI tapAsa calAvavA mATe Adarza manAvA lAgI. e ja paddhatisara dareka gunhAnI tapAsa karavAne dhAre paDI gayo. A sabhAnA sabhyone uddezI gIbena kahe che ke teo bevakuphI bharelI, kSullaka vAtonuM nidaya AcaraNathI rakSaNa karatA hatA. A sabhAsadone ghaNIvAra ati krUra, rAkSasI prakRtinA lekhavAmAM AvyA che chatAM emanI ane emanI IcchAnusAra vartanArA rAjakartAonI tarapheNamAM eTaluM kahI zakAya kharuM ke AdikALamAM devatAone manuSyanA bhege ApanArA dharmaguruo ane zahenazAhe karatAM teo jarA paNa duSTatara na hatA. pavana pitAne anukULa thAya evI IcchAthI devane prasanna karavA mATe pitAnI putrI IzajInIAnI AhUti ApanAra grIka rAjA egememana atyaMta premI pitA haze ane evI AhUti ApavAnI tene salAha ApanAra dharmaguru paNa vaNe pavitra ane pramANika puruSa haze. paNa emanAM kRtyo kevAM jAlIma che! egemegnana ane tenA gurunI mAphaka ja madhyayugamAM ane tyAra pachI ghaNAM varSo sudhI dayALu prakRtinA ane nItiniyamanA pAlana mATe vizuddha prema dharAvanArA mANaso paNa pAkhaMDIonI gaMdha AvatAM ja pitAne mULa svabhAva bhUlI, dayAhIna thatA. temanI mAnyatAo ja temane jAlIma kRtyo karavA preratI. egemeksana ane tenA gurune ApaNe krUra lekhyA nathI te pachI tapAsakAriNuM sabhAnA sabhyone ApaNe julamagAra kema lekhIe? doSa mAnyatAno hatA, mAnyatA dharAvanArane

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pada muddhiniya traNa. nahi. khristIonA nirAsaka meAkSanA siddhAMtamAMthI ja pAkha Damata pratye krUra tiraskAra janmele. e tiraskAra eka jAtanA cepI jaMtu jevA hatA. pariNAme sabhyAmAM pAkhaDIonI UMDI sUga pedA thaI ane emanI mAnyatAee emane atikrUra karyo karavA preryAM. A siddhAMta viSe evA paNa ullekha karavAmAM AvyA che ke ene lIdhe manuSyanA satya mATenA Agraha ochA thaI gayA. khristI dha pramANe na vavAthI manuSyanuM zAzvata bhAvi jokhamamAM AvI paDe ema hAvAthI kAI paNa prakAre,-pachI kapaTa ke juThANuM paNa cAlee khristImata sa pAse kabUlAvavA e anivAya ane vAjabI kavya manAtuM. nItimAM vRddhi kare evI kalpita vAte ane cumakArAnI kathAe taddana navI ja kalpI kADhatAM kAI acakAtuM na hatuM. Ama e siddhAMtanA pariNAme manuSyanI satyabuddhinA lepa thayA hatA. sattaramI sadInA samAraMbha sudhI niHsvArthI satyapremane sadaMtara abhAva hatA. satyane kevaLa satya mATe ja prema e sadI pahelAM lAkahRdayamAM prakaTe evI AzA paNa na hatI. Ama khristIdhamanA nirAsaka meAkSane siddhAMta ane tenI sAthe sabaMdha dharAvatA pApa, naraka ane aMtima nyAya vagerenA siddhAMtathI AvAM gaMbhIra pariNAmA AvyAM, te khristIdharmanA bIjA siddhAMtA ane temanA AnuSaMgika siddhAMtAnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke temane lIdhe madhyayugamAM jJAnanI pragatinA mArgamAM eka madyuta Aila ubhI thaI. vijJAnazAstranI vRddhinAM dvAra baMdha thayAM tathA TheTha egaNIsamI sadInA madhyakALa sudhI vijJAnanI pragatimAM aneka aMtarAye ubhA thayA karyA. vaijJAnika ze!dhanAM pratyeka agatyanA kSetramAM khATA vicArAne khUba phelAvA thayA hatA ane rAmana kethalika dha guru AbilanuM acUka pramANa ApI e vicArAne sAcA jAhera karatA. AibalamAMnuM badhuMja sAcuM, bAIbala hAranuM ane viruddhanuM sa kAMI juduM. ane tethIja daMDapAtra, evI zraddhAjanya mAnyatA madhya

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. yugamAM supracalita hatI. dhaNAM zAstrAnI svataMtra zodha karavAnI manA hatI. manuSyeAnAM pApeA mATe isue kabjeA sahyAM ane pariNAme manudhye| pApamukta thayA evA khristIonA pApamuktinA siddhAMta ane tenI sAthe avicchinna rIte saMkaLAyalI vizvAtti ane khAvA AdamanA patananI yahudI kathAe ene AdhAre bhUstaravidyA, prANIvidyA ane manuSyazAstrane AMgaLI aDakADavAnI manA hatI. traNenuM svataMtra satyAnveSaNa karavAne pratibaMdha hatA. bAibalanA lakhANane akSarasaH a karatAM sUrya pRthvInI AjUbAjU kare che evuM satya temAM dRSTigeAcara thAya che; paNa e satya vijJAnanI dRSTie apratipAdya hAya to ye tene mAnye ja chuTakA. (Antipodes) pAtALa viSenA siddhAMtane rAmana dharmaguruo juDA mAnatA, tarachoDI kADhatA. ( kAraNa Aibalane e siddhAMtane TekA nathI. ) khAila mhArane ke viruddhane vicAra darzAve tenA bhAgaja lAgatA. seALamA zatakamAM jene agnimAM hemavAmAM AvyA hatA te sarveTasa para eka evA AreApa mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA ke bAibalamAM jene rasakasathI ubharAtI bhUmi tarIke varNavI che te jIDI (Judea)nI bhUmi taddana verAna che evA eka grIka bhUgALavettAnA kathanane te ( sarvesa ) vizvAsapUrvaka mAnatA. hipokreTisa Hippocrates nAmanA grIka vaide anubhava ane paddhatisara zeAdha e enA pAyApara vaidyavidyAnAM adhyayana ane rAgacikitsA ceAjyAM hatAM. paNa anubhava ane paddhatisara zeAdha madhyayugane kyAMthI pAlave ? madhyayuganAM manuSyA pAchA asaMskArI yuganA prAcIna vicArA mAnavA lAgyA hatA. zetAnanI dunatA ke IzvarI kApa jevAM gUDha kAraNAthI rAgAdi zArIrika pIDAonA udbhava manAtA; saMta AgasTAIna kahetA ke khristIomAM rAge phelAyA enuM kAraNa bhUtapizAceA ane temanI 'melIvidyA, te lUthara ke zveta e rAgAnuM mULa kAraNa zetAna, zetAna ne zetAna. janasamAjamAM AvI AvI mAnyatA pracalita thai hovAthI, prakRtibAhya kAra 57

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buddhiniya traNa. 58 NeAnAM kAryo dUra karavA mATe alaukika upAyeA ceAjAya e sayuktika ja hatuM. eTale camatkArAnuM dhatIMga ubhuM thayuM, kahe ke, camatkArAnA vyApAra zaru thayA; ante kethalika carconI trijorIe! sArI AvakathI ubharAvA lAgI. vaida leAkeA jAdugarA ane azraddhALu nAstika che evA vAraMvAra temanA para zaka jatA. zarIra (chedana) zAstranI manA karavAmAM AvI hatI. mRtazarIranA punarutthAna viSenA khristIonA siddhAMta kadAca A manA karAvavAmAM kAraNabhUta hatA. 18 mI sadImAM dharmopadezakAe zItaLA kaDhAvavAnA dhArAnA virAdha karyAM hatA e hakIkata zuM puravAra kare che ? e ja ke madhyayugamAM rAganAM mULa kAraNA viSe manuSyeAnA je vicArA hatA te 18 mI sadI sudhI vadhate oche aMze jIvaMta ja hatA. rasAyaNazAstra aniSTakArI lekhAtuM ane 1317 mAM dhamaguru pApe tene tiraskArI kADhyuM hatuM. peAtAne prAcIna matanA ati utsAhI anuyAyI tarIke oLakhanAra tathA zAstranA prAcInamatane pratikULa vaijJAnika zodha mATenI sahajamuddhithI vibhUSita thayelA rAjara ekanane cirakALa paryaMta kArAvAsamAM saDavuM paDayuM hatuM e bInA madhyakAlIna prajAne vijJAnanI keTalI sUga hatI tenA udAharaNarUpa che. ApaNe upara joyuM ke dhArmika mAnyatAothI vijJAna pratye janatAmAM tiraskAra ubheA thayA hatA, paraMtu Ama na thayuM hAta te paNa prAkRtikavijJAna jJAna bhAgyeja kazI pragati karI zakyuM hota e vAta saMbhavita che, kAraNa khristIdharmanI sattA uMDI jAmI tyAra pahelAMnA 500 vamAM zrIkeAnA vijJAnazAstramAM navI zeAdhene khIlakula umerA thayA na hatA. i. sa. pUrve lagabhaga 200 nI sAla pachI eka paNa agatyanI zodha thai na hatI. A gatistambhanuM kAraNa samajAvavuM saheluM nathI chatAM enuM mULa grIka ane rAmana rAjyAnI sAmAjIka sthitimAM zeAdhyuM zeAdhAya ema che, eTaluM ApaNe khAtarIpUrvaka kahI zakIe. tadanusAra, janasamAjanA mATA bhAga para dRDha sattA jamAvI beThelI khristIenI dhArmika mAnyatAonuM vighna vijJAnanA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 59 mArgamAMthI dUra thayuM hota to paNa madhyakALanI sAmAjIka dazA vijJAnaprema-vastunA satyanI taTastha rIte zedha karavAnI vRtti-ne pratikULa nivaDI hota ema ApaNe anumAna bAMdhI zakIe. tema 13 mI sadImAM dRSTigocara thatI navI sAmAjIka sthiti kaMIka paripakvatAe pahoMcatA sudhI game te saMjogomAM vijJAnane punaHjanma mulatavI ja rahyA heta evI aTakaLa paNa karI zakIe. Ama dhArmika mAnyatAenA vidhranA abhAve paNa sAmAjIka durdazAne lIdhe vijJAnanI pragati aTakI hota. madhyayugamAM vijJAnanI pragati aTakAvavAnuM eka ane advitIya kAraNa dhArmika mAnyatAone pracAra e ja hatuM evuM pratipAdana karavuM vadhAre paDatuM lekhAze. kiMtu madhyayuga pachI paNa je dhArmika pUrvagraha astitvamAM hato tenAthI kadAca mukhyatve jJAna pracAranA kAryane hAni pahoMcI hoya. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe te, prAcIna ane arvacIna saMskRtinI vacamAMnA ajJAnAMdhakAramaya yugamAM khristI dharmasiddhAMtothI vijJAnanI pragatimAM je aDacaNe pahoMcI tenA karatAM te e siddhAMtanA astitva chatAM vijJAna jyAre punarjIvana pAmyuM tathA pharI pAchuM kadI nirmULa na thAya evI sabaLa dazAe pahoMcyuM te samaye e siddhAMtathI vijJAnanI pragaitimAM je aMtarAye ubhAM thayAM te kadAca vadhAre hAnikartA nivaDayAM. bhUtapizAca, jAdu ane DAkaNavidyA viSenI mAnyatAo madhyayuge prAcInakALa pAsethI vArasAmAM meLavI hatI. paraMtu e mAnyatAoe madhyayugamAM vadhu ugra ane ghera svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. pariNAme akhila vizvamAM trAsa trAsa vartAI rahyuM hatuM. duniyA bhayaMkara banI hatI ane cAre bAjuthI khAvA dhAtI hoya evI bhAsatI hatI. ""amArI comera bhUtapizAco ghUme che'; "teo amane IjA karU vAnI taka zodhyA kare che: "ga, tophAna, grahaNa, duSkALa Adi upadro zetAnanI ja lIlA che." " evuM evuM te samayanA loke parama zraddhApUrvaka mAnatA. paNa temanI daDha zraddhA ATalethI ja aTakI

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* * budhiniyaMtraNa. nahi. sAthe sAthe teo eTalIja zraddhAthI ema paNa mAnatA ke e badhA upadravo rUpI zatruone pahoMcI vaLavA mATe dharmaguruo samartha hatA-e upadrano aMta ANavA mATe temanI kriyAo sabaLa hatI. keTalAka prAcIna khristI zahenazAhae jAduviruddha dhArAdhoraNe jyAM hatAM, chatAM cUDelavidyAne nirmULa karavA mATe kaI vyavasthita prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo na hato. e ja sadImAM eka evo bhayaMkara banAva banyo ke manuSyanA hadayamAM ghara karI beThelI bhUtapizAca ane zetAna viSenI bIka vadhu dRDha banI. A banAva te AkhA yurepane nirjana, verAna karI nAkhanAra bleka Detha (Black Death) ne nAme prasiddha thayelI mahA marakI, maMtrataMtra, kUDakAmaNanA Aropasara roja roja vadhune vadhu tapAsa cAlavA mAMDI ane 300 varSa sudhI cUDelavidyAnI zedha karI, e vidyAnA upayoga karanArA mukhyatve strIo-no nAza kare e ja yuropIya saMskRtinuM dRDha athavA sthAyI lakSaNa thaI paDayuM. cUDelavidyAnA astitva viSe bAIbala (dharmagraMthomAM pramANa hatuM ane e vidyAnA pracArane aTakAvavA mATe julama gujAranArane dharmagraMthane Teko hatA. "hAre cUDelane jIvatI rahevA na devI' evI sarvazreSTha adhikArInI spaSTa AjJA hatI. AThamA inosanTa nAmanA pape A viSaya para 1484 mAM eka dhArmika pharamAna kADhayuM hatuM. temAM teNe evuM pratipAdita kareluM ke marakI ane tophAne e badhAM cUDelanAM ja kArastAna che. tAjubInI vAta e che ke samartha buddhizALI puruSo paNa cUDela strIo pAse zetAnI, paizAcI sattA che evuM mAnatA. madhyayugane janasamAja kharekhara atyaMta vahemI ane aMdhazraddhALu hatA. cUDele (gaNatI strIo) pratye je nirdaya vartaNuka dAkhavavAmAM AvI hatI tenAthI vadhu karaNa, hRdayadrAvaka kathA bIjI koI che ja nahi ane iMgleMDa ane skeTaleMDamAM julamanI je jhaDI varSa tenI tele Ave e julama bIjA koI dezamAM varSAvavAmAM Avyo na hato. huM A hakIkatane ullekha karuM chuM tenAM be kAraNe che. eka

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vicArasvAtaMtrane itihAsa. 61 te, A badhe julama dhArmika siddhAMtanuM ja pariNAma hatuM, dharmane nAme ja gujAravAmAM Avelo e darzAvavAnuM ane bIjuM buddhivAdanA pracArathI ja julamanI e paraMparAne aMta Avyo e vAcakanA hadaya para ThasAvavAnuM Ama, jeTalo vakhata khristI dharmanI sattA sarvopari hatI teTalo vakhata manuSyanA hRdayakSetranI cAre bAjU khristI dharma kArAgRhanI je divAla caNa hatI te vacce buddhi zaMkhalAmAM jakaDAI paDI hatI. alabatta, A samayamAM buddhi cheka niSkriya, pravRttihIna thaI gaI na hatI, paraMtu tenI pravRtti pAkhaMDamatamAM rUpAMtara pAmI hatI. athavA uparanuM kArAgRhanuM rUpaka kAyama rAkhIne kahIe te je loko khristIdharma siddhAMtanI daDha zaMkhalA teDI zakyA teo ghaNe bhAge e kArAgRhanI divAlone kUdavAne asamartha hatA. temanAmAM amuka mAnyatAo navesarathI bAMdhavA pUratuM ja svAtaMtrya AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu temanI A mAnyatAo paNa prAcIna-matanI jema khristI dharmanI devakathAone AdhAre ja ghaDAyelI hatI. alabatta, keTalAka apavAda paNa hatA. 12 mI sadInA aMtakALe parabhUmi taraphathI uttejana maLavA lAgyuM hatuM. erisTalanI philasuphI pazcimanA khristI pradezonA vidvAnane vidita thavA lAgI hatI. A vidvAnonA guruo yahudIo ane IslAmI hatA. prAcIna grIka tattvavicAranA jJAnathI IslAmImAM amuka aMze vicAra svAtaMtrya jAgRta thayuM hatuM. ane erisToTalanI philasuphIne AdhAre lakhAyelA nAstika Free-thinker evosa ( bAramI sadImAM ) nA graMthAe khristI mulakamAM buddhivAdanuM alpa mAM vahetuM karyuM hatuM. A evosa jaDa padArthonI zAzvatatAne mAnanAre hata; amaratvane siddhAMta ene agrAhya hate. evaresanA sAmAnya vicArene ApaNe sarva brahmamayavAda (Pantheism) tarIke varNavI zakIe. (paNa) islAmanA prAcInamatAvalaMbI dharmAdhikArIo sAthenI khaTapaTa dUra karavAnA hetuthI eNe "Adha satya" ne siddhAMta pratipAdita karyo

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62 buddhiniyaMtraNa. hate; eTale ke (1) dArzanika ane (2) dhArmika evAM be svataMtra ane paraspara virodhI tattvonA sahavartanane siddhAMta teNe pratipAdita karyo hato. Ama chatAM speInanA khaliphAnA darabAramAMthI ene dUra thavuM paDayuM hatuM. paNa enI sevA cheka niSphaLa na nivaDI. perisanA vizvavidyAlayamAM enA upadezathI nAstikone eka paMtha ubhe thayo hatuM. teonuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM ke vikatpatti, IsunA punarUtthAna ane bIjA agatyanA siddhAMta dharmanI dRSTie sAcA hoI zake, paraMtu buddhinI kaseTI para temanAM satya karatAM e siddhAMte juThA bhAse che. saraLa citta puruSane A mAnyatA AtmAnA amaratvane siddhAMta ravivAre sAce che ane anya divasee juThe che athavA AdipracAranuM maMtavya divAnakhAnAmAM juThuM ane rasoDAmAM sAcuM che evuM koI kahe tenA jevI lAgaze. 21 mA jena nAmanA pipe A hAnikAraka pravRttine naSTa karI tathA "dha satya"nA saMrakSaka siddhAMtane tiraskArI kADhayo. evaresanA temaja tevA bIjA siddhAMtone pracAra thavAthI, eka ati sUkSma vicAraka ane saMzayavAda pratye svAbhAvika mAnasika valaNa dharAvanArA dakSiNa ITalInA ephavIno gAmanA Tomasa nAmanA vatanIe pitAnuM dharmavAdanuM pustaka bahAra pADayuM. enA samaya paryata nAstikatAnA upadezaka ane nAstikanA nAyaka tarIke gaNAyelA erisToTalane Tomase prAcIna matAvalaMbI tarIke oLakhAvyo ane AjanI ghaDIe paNa remika carcomAM pramANabhUta manAtI ghaNI vicakSaNa philasuNI jI kADhI. paNa dharmane erisToTala ane buddhi bane bhayapa citra che. erisToTalanA vicAre jotAM ene prAcInamatAvalaMbI gaNuMvAya ane dharmamAM zraddhA uparAMta buddhinuM tattva umerAya te dharmasattA vadhu jAmavAne badale zithila thavAnI bhIti che; ane Tomase pitAnA nibaMdhamAM je keTalAka prazanone ukela karyo che tethI zaMkAzIla AtmAnA saMdeho zAMta thavA karatAM e ja nibaMdhamAM eNe sacoTa rIte ubhI karelI zaMkAothI zraddhALu hRdaya paNa DAmADoLa thavAno. vadhAre saMbhava lAge che.

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 63 haraeka yugamAM Amatema verAyalI chAnIchapanI azraddA te haze ja, pachI bhale tenAM piraNAme gaMbhIra na AvyAM heAya. mAsIjha, Isukhrista ane mahamada e traNa dhUrtoe AkhI duniyAne chetarI evI devaniMdAtmaka vAta teramI sadImAM pracalita hatI. arvAcIna yuganA prathama puruSa tarIke lekhAtA svataMtravicAraka khIjA phreDarika para A vAta ubhI karyone AreApa AvyuM| hatA. uparanA ja vicAra jarA namra svarUpamAM eTalAja jUnA kALanI traNa vIMTIvALI vAtamAM pradarzita karavAmAM AvyA che. e vAta nIce mujaba che. eka tavagara yahudI pAsethI paisA kaDhAvavAnA hetuthI eka musalamAna bAdazAhe tene potAnA darabAramAM hAjara thavAnuM teDuM meAkalyuM ane tene phasAvavA mATe jALa pAtharI. bAdazAhe te yahUdine kahyuM ke "dosta, mheM sAMbhaLyuM che ke tuM dhaNA DAhyA mANasa che, te kahe ke yahudi, IslAmI ane khristI e traNa dharmomAM thane kayA sauthI vadhAre sAceA lAge che ? yahUdi samajI gayA ke bAdazAhe jALa bIchAvI che. AthI teNe nIce pramANe ADakatarA javAba ApyA. 66 * zahenazAhe Alama ! eka same eka ati dhanavAna manuSya hatA. tenA khajAnAmAM eka bahu kiMmatI vIMTI hatI. A vIMTI tenA vaMzajonA amara vArasAmAM mUkI javAnI enI abhilASA hatI. AthI teNe evuM vasIatanAmuM banAvyuM ke mhArA mRtyu pachI A vIMTI jenI pAse hAya tene mhArI milkatanA vArasa samajavA. nike jene e vIMTI ApI te putra paNa peAtAnI rIti anusAra varto ane Ama e vIMTI eka pachI eka bIjAne ema karatAM ghaNAMne hAtha gaI. Akhare te eka evA manuSyanA hAthamAM gaI jene traNa putra! hatA ane je traNe para tene samAna prIti hatI. * mhArA mRtyu pachI mhAre e vIMTI kAne sAMpavI yAgya che, e viSayA niya karavA A manuSya asama nivaDayAthI teNe traNe putrAne khAnagImAM e vIMTI ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM; ane te traNene saMtASavA mATe 6 "9

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64 buddhiniyaMtraNa. teNe sAnIne khelAvI pelI vIMTInA jevI ja bIjI e vIMTIe karAvI. e manuSya pAte mULa vIMTI kayI ane navI e kayI te parakhI zakyA nahi. peAtAnA aMtakALe maraNa zayyA para paDayA paDayA teNe putrAne eka pachI eka elAvI darekane eke eka vIMTI ApI; AthI traNe jaNAM tenA mRtyubAda peAtAne hakkadAra vArasa samajavA lAgyA. paraMtu vIMTIomAM ritamAtra paNa pheraphAra na hovAthI eka paNa putra peAtAnA hakka puravAra karI zakyA nahi; ane kANu sAcA hakkadAra e carcA Aja sudhI anirNita ubhI ja che. nAmadAra zahenazAha! zrvare traNa judI judI prajAne ApelA A traNa yahudi, islAmI ane khristIdhama viSe paNa temaja samajavuM. dareka dharmanA anuyAyIo pAtAnA ja dhama sAcA lekhe che, paraMtu vastutaH kayA dharma sauthI vadhAre sAcA che e prazna haju ubhA che, pelI traNa vIMTIonI mAphaka e praznAne hajI niNaeNya thaI zakyA nathI. 18 mI sadImAM jarmana kavi lesiMge asahiSNutAnI avAstavikatA darzAvavAnA hetuthI. uparyukta kathAne AdhAre nAthana dha seja' Nathan the Sage nAmanuM nATaka racyuM te samaye e kathA ati prasiddha thaI hatI. ??

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. prakaraNa 4 bhu. pa chuTakArAnI AzA. je bauddhika ane sAmAjIka pravRttine prabhAve madhyayuganA aMdhakAra vilIna thavAnA hatA ane muddine Akhare tenA kArAvAsamAMthI cheDAvanArAne mAga saraLa thavAnA hatA te pravRtti ITalimAM, 13mI sadImAM zaru thai hatI. ati zraddhA ane bALAbheALApaNAne lIdhe manuSyanA aMtarAtmAmAM ajJAnane je dhUsara paDadA ubhA thayA hatA ane jene lIdhe teo peAtAnuM svarUpa temaja vizva sAthenA temane saMbaMdha samajavAne azaktimAna nivaDayA hatA te paDadA dhIre dhIre khasI javA lAgyA hatA. mANasane peAtAnA svataMtra vyaktitvanuM bhAna thavA lAgyuM hatuM. deza ke kAmathI taddana svataMtra rIte peAtAnI paNa kaMIka kiMmata che evI tene cetanA prakaTI hatI ane madhyayugane ajJAnAMdhakAra vilIna thatAM tene navayuganA aruNAkyanuM darzana thavA lAgyuM hatuM. A parivatana, keTalAMka prajAsattAka ane keTalAMka ekahaththu ane julamI rAjasattAvALAM nhAnAM nhAnAM rAjyAnI rAjadvArI ane sAmAjIka paristhitinAM pariNAmarUpa hatuM. Ama svataH prAdurbhAva pAmatI navIna mAnavasRSTine potAnA manerathenI siddhi mATe upayAga karavA IcchanAra vyaktine e sRSTine mATe kAi prerakanI jarura jaNAI ane rAma ane grIsanA prAcIna sAhityamAM tene Ipsita preraNAnuM khIja jaNAyuM. madhyayuganA ajJAnAMdhakAramAMthI mukta thayelI A navasRSTi e prAcIna sAhityamAMthI cetana ane preraNA pAmI tethI IMTelimAM zaru thaI je navajIvana yuropanA TheTha uttara pradezAmAM paNa phelAyuM tene Renaissance rainAmAM athavA punaH pratyeAdhakAlane nAme oLakhavAmAM Ave che. prAcIna sAhitya mATe Ama prabuddha thayelI abhirucithI navIna pravRttinuM sva 5

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chuTakArAnI AzA. rUpa spaSTa thayuM tathA tenI pragatine vadhu jhAka maLyA. navA Adarzo paNa jAgRta thayA tema navAM dRSTibiMdu paNa sUcita thayAM; chatAM e abhiruci tA caudamA sakAmAM je bhAva-parivartana dRSTigAcara thavA mAMDayuM hatuM tenuM mAtra bAhya svarUpaja hatuM. e parivatane kAI khIjAM svarUpa paNa dhAraNa karyuM hota. enuM kharuM nAma Humanism -saMskArI sahRdayatA che. paraMtu pote saMskRtinA navIna yugamAM saMkramaNa kare che evuM lokAne te samaye lAgeluM nahi, tema raeNnAsAMthI thayelA buddhivikAsane lIdhe prAcIna matA viruddha jAhera ke sArvatrika bauddhika khaLavA paNa jAgelA na hatA. madhyakAlIna prAcInamatAnA zikSaNanI asaramAMthI duniyA kramazaH mukta thatI hatI ane e zikSaNa vinA ja bhAva dhAraNa karatI jatI hatI; paraMtu A virAdha ekAeka nikaLyA nahatA. sattaramI sadInA samAraMbha sudhI adhikAra ane buddhi vacce vyavasthita vigraha zaru thayA na hatA. Humanists-saMskArI sahRdyatAvAdIone-dhama zAstrIe ke dharmanA ayuktika sAMpradAyika matA sAme khAsa kazA virAdha na hatA, paraMtu A vizva paratve temanAmAM kevaLa mAnuSI jijJAsA jAgRta thayelI ane temAMja temanuM lakSa parAvAyeluM. madhyakAlIna daSTikANa karatAM emane daSTikANu jUdo hatA. anItinA vicArAthI--athavA khristIonI mAnyatA anusAra kahIe te jherI jaMtuothI--bharapUra evA (Pagan) jaMgalI mUrtipUjakAnA sAhityane teo AdarapUrvaka abhyAsa karatA hatA. zikSaNanI vyAvahArika khajUM ja ati agatyanI gaNAvA lAgI hatI ane dhama tathA IzvaravidyAne judAM ja khAnAMmAM mUkavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. e e para khAsa dhyAna apAtuM na hatuM. Ama prAcIna dharma ane navA vicArA vacce kramazaH virAdha jAmatA jatA hatA. e virAdhanuM jemane bhAna hatuM evA vicArazIla puruSo prAcInadhama ane navA vicArAnA meLa besADavAnA yatna AdaratA hatA. paraMtu renAmAMnA jamAnAnA vicArakAnuM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 67 sAmAnya valaNa e benAM kSetro nekhAM rAkhavA tarapha ane buddhipUrvaka dharmamatane kharekhara adhIna thayA vagara mAtra bahArathI, upara uparathI tene vaLagI rahevA tarapha hatuM. renAsAnI A dvimukhatA menTenane dAkhalo ApI huM puravAra karIza. enA nibaMdhamAM buddhivAda tarapha spaSTa valaNa daSTigocara thAya che, paraMtu prAcIna kethalika mata ene grAhya hatuM evuM darzAvanArAM vacane e nibaMdhamAM vAraMvAra mAluma paDe che. be bhinna daSTibiMduone meLa besADavAne e nibaMdhAmAM prayAsa thayo nathI; vastutaH dharma ane buddhine saMkalanAre kaI setu ja nathI evuM saMdigdha mata monTena jAhera kare che. IzvaravidyAnA pradezamAM mAnavabuddhine praveza thaI zakeja nahi ane dharmane eTaluM ucca sthAna apAvuM joIe ke buddhi tyAM pahoMcI zake ja nahi, ke kazI DakhalagIrI karI zake ja nahi. dhamane namratApUrvaka svIkAra tha joIe. AvA tenA vicAre hatA. paNa te namratApUrvaka dharmane svIkArate. chatAM tenA AtmA para pracalita dharmanuM prabhutva na hatuM. sisere, senekA ane luTArka jevA prAcIna kALanA tattvavettAo ane sujJapuruSa enI mAnasika sRSTi racatA hatA. mRtyune prazna carcatI vakhate te khristI dharmamAMnAM sAtvanone AdhAra zaidha na hato, paraMtu sisere vagerenA vicArono Azraya lete. phrAnsanA je dhArmika vigraha teNe jAte joyelA te vigraho ane saMta bArthelomyunA divase thate saMhAra joIne menTenane saMzayavAdamAM vadhu uDI zraddhA beThI. dhArmika julame viSe enA je vicAro hatA te nIcenI TIkA parathI spaSTa samajAya che. pitAnA abhiprAyane lIdhe bIjAone jIvatAM zekavAM e pitAnAM matanI uMcI kiMmata AMkavA barAbara che." monTenanA saMzayavAdanAM nigamano (Logical Results) enA mitra cerene (Charron) 1601nI sAlamAM pitAnA "DahApaNa viSe" On wisdom nAmaka graMthamAM jAhera karyA hatAM.

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}e chuTakArAnI AzA. A pustakamAM ema upadezavAmAM AvyuM che ke kharI nItinuM mULa dha nathI; ane graMthakAra khristIdhama ne lIdhe je aniSTA utpanna thayAM te darzAvavA mATe te dharmonA itihAsanuM avaleAkana kare che. AtmAnA amaratvanA siddhAMta viSe te lakhe che ke e siddhAMta sauthI vadhu mAnya thayelA che, janahitArthe e siddhAMtamAMnI zraddhA atyaMta zreyaskara che, paraMtu mAnavabuddhi ane tasiddha dalIleAthI kasIe teA e khIlakula saMgIna lAgatA nathI. paNa graMthakAre A abhiprAya tathA khIjA keTalAka phakarAe bIjI AvRttimAMthI kADhI nAMkhyA hatA. cerezananA samayanA eka jejhuTe (Jesuit) atibhayaMkara ane duSTa anIzvaravAdIomAM cereAnanI gaNanA karAvI che. kharuM jotAM cereAna kevaLezvaravAdI hatA, paraMtu te jamAnAmAM ane tyAra pachI paNa cirakALa sudhI khristetara kevaLezvaravAdIne anIzvaravAdI tarIke eLakhAvatAM keAI acakAtuM niha. jo cereAnane ceAthA hetrIne Azraya na heAta te tenA pustakane japta karavAmAM AvyuM hAta ane tenA para paNa gujarI hota. e pustaka ApaNane renAsAMyuga-jene menTena pratinidhirUpa hatA tenA vAtAvaraNamAMthI vadhate eche aMze AkramaNazIla buddhivAdanA navayugamAM laI jatuM hAvAthI khAsa agatyanuM che. 14, 15 ane 16mA zatakamAM pahelavahelAM ITAlimAM ane pachI khIjA dezamAM Humanism sarakArI sahrayatAnA pracArathI buddhisvAtaMtryanI zaruAta thAya ane jJAna punaH pragati karI zake evuM vAtAvaraNa upasthita thayuM tathA bhaviSyamAM thanArA adhikAranA parAjayamAM atyaMta madadagAra nivaDanArI mudraNakaLAnI ane pRthvInA keTalAka navA bhAgeAnI zeAdhe thaI. paNa svAtaMtryane vijaya kevaLa muddhithI ja thaI zake ema na hatuM. e vijaya khIjA kAraNeA para paNa avalaMbita hatA. pApanI sattAnI paDatI, rAma dhama rAjyanI avanati, ane je rAjyAmAM sAMsArika lAbhAnI dRSTie dharmAdhikArIonI rItinIti nirmAMtI ane

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. nizcita thatI tathA jemAM Adhunika rAjyanAM utpatti ane vikAsanuM bIja hatuM tevAM majabuta rAjyane udbhava-e badhA samayanA mukhya rAjadvArI banA hatA. A saMjogone lIdhe dharmasudhAraNa (Reformation)nI pravRtti phattehamaMda nivaDavAno saMbhava pedA thaye. jarmanInA uttara pradezamAM e pravRttine vijaya maLyo tenuM kAraNa e hatuM ke tyAMnA rAjAonI dRSTi sAMsArika lAbha tarapha hatI ane carcanA . kabajAnI jamIna japta karavAmAM temane lAbha hate. IMgleMDamAM lekee A hilacAla upADI lIdhI na hatI, paNa rAja taraphathI pitAnA lAbhArthI pheraphAra dAkhala karavAmAM Avyo hate. dharmasudhAraNAnI pravRtti zaru thavAnuM mukhya kAraNa carcanI bhraSTatA ane tenI atighora damananIti e hatuM. carcane vahIvaTa sAMsArika lAbhonI dRSTie cAlatuM hovAthI, carcanI dhArmika sattAne, sAMsArika hite vadhAravAnA upayogamAM laI laukika aizvarya prApta karavuM eja cirakALa sudhI remana AcAryonI uccatama nema hatI. yurepanAM badhAM rAjyae pitAne nayavyavahAra A ja mAnyatA para ye hate. caudamI sadIthI dareka jaNa carcamAM sudhAro karavAnI AvazyakatA kabulatuM hatuM ane sudhArAnAM vacane paNa apAyAM hatAM, paraMtu vastusthiti era bagaDI ane baLa kare eja eka mArga rahe. lUtharanA netRtva nIce je baLavo jAge te ayuktika jaDagrAhe (Dogmas) sAmenI buddhinI laDatanuM pariNAma na hatuM, kiMtu te samayanA sauthI mahAna anartha tarIke manAtuM mekSApatrikAonuM vecANa karI dharmaguruoe paisA kaDhAvavAnI je rItio svIkArI hatI ane tema karI lekamAM pitAnA viruddha je lAgaNI prakaTAvI hatI te pAdarIvirodhI lAgaNInuM pariNAma hatuM. pipa, manuSyane tenA pApamAMthI kharekhara mukta karI zake ke kema e-popanI mokSapatrikAomAM samAyelA siddhAMtanApraznane lUthare pure abhyAsa karyo hovAthI, vihita saMpradAyamAM tene zraddhA rahI nahi ane te avihita, pAkhaMDI mata dharAvato thayo.

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70 chuTakArAnI AzA. | (lathare upAlI) dharmasudhAraNAnI pravRttithI dhArmikasvAtaMtrya tathA AtmanirNayane hakka pratipAdita thayAM e mAnyatA mULamAM ja bhramayukta che; chatAM jemaNe ItihAsa mAtra upara uparathI ja vAMco che evA ghaNA manuSyo eja kathana kharuM mAne che. A pravRttithI sIdhuM dhAmikasvAtaMtrya maLyuM ja nathI. ene pariNAme mAtra evA navA rAjadvArI ane sAmAjIka saMge ubhA thayA ke e saMjogomAM aMte dhArmika svAtaMtrya meLavavAnuM zakya banyuM ane e pravRttinI svasiddhAMtaviruddhatAne lIdhe enAM evAM pariName AvyA ke e sudhArAnI hilacAlanA netAo paNa e pariNAme joIne kakaLI uThayA hata. paraMtu AgevAna sudhArakonA hadayamAMthI matAtaMrakSamAM jeTalI dUra hatI eTalI dUra bhAgye ja bIjI kaI vastu haze. potAnAthI viruddha vicAre emanAthI leza mAtra paNa khamAtA na hatA. temaNe eka adhikArane uthApI tene sthAne bIje sthApita karyo. romana kethalika dharmAdhikArIonI sattAne ThekANe temaNe bAIbalanI sattA sthApI, ane e bAIbalamAMnAM lakhANane artha lUthara ke kaeNlvinanA vicAre anusAra nakkI thata; eTale vastutaH kethalika dharmAdhikArIone badale lUthara ane kelvinane amala zaru thayo. asahiSNutAnI bAbatamAM te jUnA ane navAM carce eka ekathI gAMtyAM jAya evAM na hatAM -bemAM keNa jarA narama e kahevuM kaThaNa hatuM. dhArmika yuddha thayAM te kAMI svAtaMtrya-sAcA, sarvatrika svAtaMtryanI sthApanA mATe nahetAM thayAM, paraMtu amukaja siddhati mATe kheDAyAM hatAM, ane je phrAnsamAM preTesTaMTa loka phattehamaMda nivaDayA hota te kAlikoe temane je hakake ApyA hatA tethI vadhAre hake proTesTaMTa leka na Apata-proTesTa paNa kaeNthalika saMbaMdhamAM vadhu udAra nIti akhatyAra na karata-e vAta niHsaMdeha che. vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratA ane pUjAsvAtaMtrane lUthara pAko virodhI hato, kAraNa zAstrane artha e je rIte samajatA ane karatA hatA te mujaba pUjAsvAtaMtrya ane aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtra

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 71 tratAnA siddhAMtA zAstrathI asaMgata hatA. jyAre e ane enA pakSanA mANusA damananItinA bhAga thai paDavAne bhaya rahetA tyAre damananItinA ane pAkhaMDIone khALI mUkavAnI prathAne lUthara tIvra virAdha karatA kharo, paraMtu jyAre tenI sthiti sahisalAmata thaI ane tenI sattA jAmI tyAre teNe pAtAnA kharA abhiprAya nIce pramANe jaNAvyA hatA. pAkhaMDamata tiraskArapAtra che mATe tene nirmULa karI, prajA pAse sAcA siddhAMta paLAvavAnI rASTranI raja che; jema khIjI (laukika) khAbAmAM prajA rASTranI AjJA pUrNapaNe pALe che tema dhArmika khAtAmAM paNa prajAjanAe behada rAjabhakti dAkhavavI joI e. dharmanI rakSA karavI e rASTranuM aMtima dhyeya che. jaLasaMskAra (khAsIjhama)nI kriyAne virAdha karanArAo ( Anabaptists ) para talavAra calAvavI joie. amArA ja siddhAMtAnAM pAlanathI meAkSa maLI zake evA je nirAsaka meAkSanA siddhAMta preTesTaTa ane kaeNthalika leAkeA lai beThA hatA tenuM pariNAma bannenI bAbatamAM eka sarakhuM ja AvyuM. asahiSNutAne lIdhe kruthvinanI kIrti kAjaLathIye kALI che. te, lUtharanI mAkaeN, rAjakartAne niraMkuza sattA ApavAnA himAyatI na hatA, kiMtu dhama pATastha rAjasattA sthApavAnI tarapheNamAM hate, ane eNe jInIvAmAM dhama pATastha rAjasattA sthApI hatI. ahiM svataMtratAne cheka kacaDI nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI, kheATA siddhAMtA phelAvanArane keda, dezanikAla ke meAtanI sajA karIne teNe evA siddhAMtA dAkhI dIdhA hatA. sarveTasane eNe je zikSA karI e pAkhaMDamata viruddha kaeNlvine je jhuMbeza calAvI temAMnuM sauthI vadhAre yazasvI parAkrama che. A sarveTasa speInane vatanI hatA ane eNe trimUrtivAda viruddha lekha lakhyA hatA tethI (kaMIka aMze kaeNlvinanI khaTapaTathI) ene (Lyons) lInsamAM keda karavAmAM AvyA hatA. tyAMthI nA'sIne te TheTha jInIvA

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72 chuTakArAnI AzA.. pahoMcyA hatA. joke kAyAnI dRSTie jInIvAne enA para mukamA calAvavAnA kazA adhikAra na hatA tApaNu pAkhaMDI hAvAnA taheAmatasara tyAM enA para mukadamA calAvavAmAM Avye ane 1353 mAM agnimAM tenI AhutI ApavAmAM AvI. dhArmika julamanA niyame julamanI AkhI ripATIyeAjI kADhanAra Melanchthon melekathAne A kAya vadhAvI lIdhuM ane e bhAvi prajAe khAsa anusaravA jevuM che ema kahI, tenI stuti karI. paraMtu bhaviSyanI prajAne te eka divasa e " anukaraNIya kArya"thI zaramAvuM paDayuM. jInIvAnA kaeNlvina 5thIone 1903mAM pazcAttApamAM eka smAraka ubhuM karavuM paDayuM. A smAraka nIce lakhyuM che keH-- " * enA samayanI aThTha ApaNA mahAn sudhAraka 'kaeNlvine sAmAnya thaI paDelI bhUla karavAnA gunhA karyAM. ( Ama samaya para doSa DhALI daI kaeNlvinaneA bacAva karavAne, tene nirdoSa TharAvavAnA, prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA che, chatAM kaeNlvinisTane ja enA kRtyathI kamakamAM AvatA e vAta DhaMkAi jatI nathI-ulaTI e smArakanA lakhANamAMthI te parAkSa rIte upara tarI Ave che. ) Ama (rAmana dharma saMsthA) carcathI chuTA paDanArA sudhArA paNa dharma svAtaMtrya sthApavAnI jarA paNa paravA karatA na hatA. teo te mAtra 'satya'emanI dRSTie je satya lAge tenI ja darakAra karatA hatA. rAmana dharmAdhikArIonuM dhyeya duniyAmAMthI pAkhaMDInuM nAmanizAna bhUMsI nAMkhavAnuM hatuM, tyAre proTesTa MTAnA hetu proTesTaMTa mulakAmAMthI vipakSIone hAMkI kADhavAnA hatA. badhI prajA eka ja vADAmAM gAMdhAya, eka paMthamAM dAkhala thAya, ane rAjA kahe te dharmanuM pAlana kare evA Azaya rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. Aja siddhAMta kaeNthalika zahenazAha ane jarmanInA preTesTaMTa rAjAe vaccenI laDatanA aMta ANanArI saMdhimAM (1555) pratipAdita karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ketherAina Di meDIsIe phrenca greTesTaTAnA saMhAra karIne, ane hArI IcchA hAya

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 73 te tuM paNa IMgleMDanA kethalikapakSa pratye tevI vartaNuka calAva' evuM rANI ilijhAbethane sUcana karIne, upalA siddhAMta peAtAne mAnya hatA evuM khatAvI ApyuM hatuM. vaLI proTesTaMTa dharmamAM jJAna ke saMskArane uddIpta kare evAM tattva na hatAM. iMgleDetara dezeAmAM pravartelI dhamasudhAraNAnI pravRtti jeTalI svAtaMtryane pratikULa hatI teTalI ja prakheAdha thavAmAM aMtarAyarUpa hatI. AIbalamAM dRrzAvelA vicArothI viruddha vaijJAnika zeAdha karanAra jema pApanA dhArmika jIlamamAMthI ugaravA muzkela hatA tema lUtharanA hAthe paNa bacavA azakya hatA. bAIbalanAM zAstrIya kathanAne rAmana dharmAcAryoM temaja proTesTaTa leAkeA evA artha kADhatA ke khAimala cUDela gaNAtI strIone prANaghAtaka nivaDayuM. bAIbalanAM kathaneAne AdhAre evI strI para pArAvAra julama vaSaeNvavAmAM AvyA. jammUnImAM preTesTaTa dharmanA pracAra thavAthI vidyAvikAsanI pravRtti lAMbA kALa sudhI pAchI harI hatI. dharma sudhAraNAnI pravRttithI sIdhI rIte vicArasvAtaMtrya sthapAyuM nathI tema e pravRttithI prajAjanane jJAnasaMskAra prApta thayA nathI; paNa sudhArakAnI anicchA chatAM e pravRttithI svAtaMtryanI laDatane puSTi maLI hatI. e pravRttinuM pariNAma agragaNya sudhArakoe IccheluM tethI bhinna AvyuM paNa te ADakatarI rIte ane cirakALa vItyA pachI ja. prathama te pazrimanA khristI pradezAmAM je meTA pakSeA ubhA thayA hatA tathA eka sarvopari dharmAdhikArIne sthAne aneka dharmAdhikArIo potapotAnI dhasattA jamAvI beThA hatA--eka devane badale aneka devenI pUjA dAkhala karI beThA hatA--tethI sAdhAraNa rIte dharma guruenI sattA DhIlI thaI. dhArmika saMpradAya chinnabhinna thaI gayA. bIjuM, proTesTaTa rAjyamAM sarvopari dhArmika sattA rAjAne seAMpavAmAM AvI hatI; rAjAne dha saMsthAnuM hita rakSavA uparAMta anya lAbhA paNa saMbhALavAnA hatA; ane rAjadvArI kAraNeAsara dhArmika asahiSNutAnA

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74 chuTakArAnI AzA. siddhAMta tene vahelo meDe saheja DhIle kare ja paDe e cekhuM hatuM. rAjahita rakSavAnI bAbata ubhI thAya tyAre tenAthI, dharmaguruo jema vipakSIo pratye asahiSNutA darzAvatA hatA tema, banI zake nahi; kAraNa tema kare te tenAM rAjadArI peMtarA mAryA jAya. Aja pramANe kethalika rAjyane paNa pAkhaMDIonuM nikaMdana karavAnI temanI dharmapharajane saheja jatI karavI paDI hatI. phrAnsamAM je dhArmika vigraha thayA temane pariNAme proTesTaMTane amuka maryAdAmAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya prApta thayuM hatuM. jarmanImAMnI proTesTaMTa laDatane Teke ApanAra rizelyu nAmanA dharmagurue je nIti (Policy) svIkArelI hatI te sAMsArika lAbho dharmarakSAnA kAryamAM kevA pratibaMdhaka hatA tenI daSTAMtarUpa che. vaLI, carca sAme proTesTaMTae jagADelA baLavAmAM AtmanirNayanA hakkanuM athavA dhArmika svAtaMtryanA siddhAMtanuM pratipAdana thayuM hovAthI e baLavAnuM vAjabIpaNuM buddhinI dRSTie puravAra thatuM hatuM, paraMtu sudhArakee dharmasvAtaMtryanA hakkanuM pratipAdana kevaLa pitAne mATe ja karyuM hatuM ane pitAnA dharmakAnune ghaDI lIdhA pachI temaNe vastutaH tene tilAMjali ApI hatI. keTesTaMTa pakSanI A eka mahAna svasiddhAMtaviruddhatA hatI. eka vAra pharIthI, preTesTaMTa matanI sthiti DAmADoLa thavA mAMDI, nyAya ke tarka dvArA e matane bacAva thaI zake ema na hatuM. proTesTa TanA TAMTIA TesTanA ja galAmAM pese evI vastusthiti utpanna thaI. je ApaNane bIjAnA kahevAthI amuka satya ke dharma mAnavAne hoya te romana carcanA pUjya adhikAra karatAM embarga AgaLa lUthare karelI kabulAta athavA aMgrejI (proTesTanTa matanA ) 39 siddhAMtane zA mATe vadhAre vajana ApavuM joIe ? ApaNe remana carca ke tyAMnA dharmAdhikArIo viruddha nirNaya karIe te ApaNe buddhivivekathI ja tema karavuM joIe. paNa je ApaNe dharmaviSayamAM ekavAra buddhino upayoga zaru karIe te te pachI lUtha,

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 75 kelvina ke evA bIjA koI baMDakhere jyAM buddhine upayoga karavAnuM cheDI dIdhuM hoya tyAM ApaNe zA mATe buddhivicAra baMdha karavo joIe? alabatta, ApaNe te koIne devAMzI ka5tA hoIe to te judI vAta. je ApaNe emaNe tyajelA sarva dhArmika vahe tyajI daIe to khuda temanA pitAnA zabdapramANa sivAya bIjuM e ke adhikAra nathI je ApaNane lUthara vageree mAnya rAkhelA badhA ke theMDA dhArmika vahema cheDI detAM aTakAve. (prajAjanamAM upara pramAzenA vicAranuM maMthana zaru thayeluM ane proTesTaMTa matanuM prAbalya saheja ghaTatuM jatuM hatuM.) A uparAMta, proTesTaMTae zaru karelI bAIbalapUjAthI paNa temaNe nahi dhArelAM pariNAmeM nivaDayAM. savamatenA AdhArarUpa evuM Izvaraprerita bAibalanuM lakhANa have badhAja vAMcI zakatA. jo ke ogaNIsamI sadI sudhI henuM sArvatrika vAMcana zaru thayuM kahI zakAya nahi topaNa A samaye prajAnuM e lakhANa tarapha apUrva dhyAna dorAyuM. e graMthanA abhyAsane pariNAme tenA para TIkA thavA mAMDI; bAIbala graMtha IzvarapraNita che e siddhAMta pratipAdita karavAmAM je muzkelIo naDatI temanI vAstavikatA have samajAvA lAgI; ane bAIbalanuM evuM kaThera ane sUkSma parIkSaNa zaru thayuM ke buddhimAna zraddhALu jananI najaramAM kaMI nahi to bAibalanA. adhikAranA prakAramAM bheda jaNAvA lAge che. bAIbala viSe carcA karavAnI A hilacAla proTesTaMTa vAtAvaraNamAM ja cAlI ane dharmasudhAraNAnI pravRttithI bAIbala je navI sthitimAM mUkAyuM hatuM te sthitine paNa kaMIka aMze e pravRtti zaru thavAmAM kAraNabhUta lekhavI joIe, athavA bIjA zabdomAM kahIe to, bAIbalanI svataMtra carcA karavAmAM dharmasudhAraNAnI pravRtti aMzataH kAraNabhUta che. AvI rIte peTesTaMTa dharma buddhivAdanI pragati saraLa karI ApI tathA svAtaMtryanI laDatamAM pitAnI sevA arpI. paraMtu A svAtaMtryanI laDatane te dharmasudhAraNAnI vAta karatI

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chuTakArAnI AzA. vakhate ghaNuM loke jemane vicAra sarakhoye karatA nathI ane jene bIjA badhAM sudhAraka maMDaLo devaniMdaka lekhatA evA sesAInIana nAmanA sudhAraka maMDaLe pitAne sIdhe ane daDha Teke ApI bahu ja AgaLa dhapAvI hatI. e sesAinIana sudhArakenI bahoLI asara viSe AvatA prakaraNamAM ullekha karavAmAM Avaze. dharmasudhAraNAnI hilacAlanA eka bIjA pariNAma viSe haju ApaNe kaMIka lakhavAnuM che. e hilacAlathI romana carcanI hastI jokhamamAM AvI paDI hatI. tenuM astitva TakAvI rAkhavA mATe tathA dharmasudhAraNAnI virodhI pravRttine pahoMcI vaLavA mATe carcAne kacaro sApha karI,-arthAta tene saDe dUra karI tenuM navavidhAna ke tenI punarghaTanA karavAnI dharmAdhikArIone AvazyakatA jaNAI. kethalika dharmAcAryoe upADelI carcAnA navavidhAnanI A pravRtti e dharmasudhAraNAnI hilacAlanuM parokSa pariNAma hatuM. pipa pAla trIjAthI mAMDIne je navA pipe AvyA te kharA manathI dharmarakSA karavA utsuka hatA. emaNe popanI remana kethalika dharmAcAryanI gAdI tathA tenI sAdhana saMpattinI eka saikA sudhI rakSaNAtmaka laData kheDI zakAya evI rIte punarvyavasthA karI. jesyuITa paMthanI sthApanA, tapAsasamitinI sthApanA, TenTanI sabhA, mudraNaniyaMtAnI nimaNuMka -A badhAM remana dharmAcAryomAM je navacetana prakaTayuM hatuM tenA AviSkAra rUpa ja hatAM, ane e sarve dharmasudhAraNAnI proTeraraMTa pravRttithI ubhI thayelI navI vastu sthitine pahoMcI vaLavAnAM sAdhana ja hatAM. romana kethalika dharmAcAryanI (Papacy) gAdImAM je kaMI sudhAre karavAmAM Avyo te romanI dharmasaMsthAmAM zraddhA rAkhanAranuM sadbhAgye ja gaNAya. paraMtu ApaNe A bAbata sAthe kaze saMbaMdha nathI. romana kethalika popee je AtmasudhAraNAnI hilacAla upADI lIdhelI tene mukhya hetu te (vicAra) svAtaMtryane vadhu saphaLatAthI dAbI devAno hate. ApaNe AlekhavA mAMDelA viSayanI carcAmAM A vAta

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77 vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. ApaNane kaMIka khapanI che; eja khAkhata sAthe ApaNA kai paNa saMbaMdha che. sevAnerAlAe klArensamAM pramANika jIvana jIvavAne upadeza karelA te badala jANItA laMpaTa 6ThThA erlekajhAnDara peApanA amala daramyAna tene phrAMsI devAmAM AvI hatI. A sevAnerAlA jo navayugamAM jIvatA hota te! tene kadAca saMtanI paMktimAM besADavAmAM AvyeA hAta, paraMtu giADenA brunAne te jIvatA khALavAmAM AvyA hatA. yunee vizvanI anaMtatAne epIkayurasane siddhAMta svIkArI kaMIka aMze epIkayurasanI philasuphInA AdhAre eka navI dhArmika philasuphI yeAjI hatI. paraMtu izvara dRzya jaDa vastu mAtrane AtmA che e siddhAMta pratipAdita karIne brunee epIkayurasanA jaDavAdane vizvezvaravAdane lagatA agamyavAdamAM pheravI nAMkhyA. pRthvI sUryanI AjUbAjU gALa phare che evI kethalika temaja proTesTaMTa dharmonuyAsIee khATI mAnI avagaNelI kAparanIkasanI teja samaye thayelI zeAdha teNe kharI mAnI ane vadhArAmAM, sthira tArAo mAtra pAta peAtAnA upagrahAyukta judA judA sUrya che e vAta mAnavAnuM eka pagaluM AgaLa bharyuM. khAIkhala graMtha grAmya leAka mATe lakhAyA che ane tethI e graMthane evA leAkanA vicAradASAne anukULa thavuM paDatuM ema brune mAnatA. enI uparanI e mAnyatAe bAibalanA lakhANanuM khaMDana karanArI hatI, chatAM brunee bAIbala sAthe temane meLa besADavAnA yatna karyAM. paNa tenA para pAkhaMDI hovAnA zaka eke ane tethI te ITali cheADIne anukrame sviTrajhaDa, phrAnsa, IMgleMDa ane jarmanImAM jaI rahyA. Akhare 1592 nI sAlamAM tenA eka vizvAsadhAtI mitre tene venIsamAM pAchA pharavA mATe lalacAbyA, jyAM tapAsa samitinI AjJAthI tene pakaDavAmAM Avye. tene rezamamAM sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI ane kempA DijhIArImAM 1600 sAlamAM tene agnimAM hAmI mArI nAMkhavAmAM AvyuM. enI

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chuTakArAnI AzA. A maraNabhUmi para ja thADA varSoM para enuM eka smAraka ubhuM karavAmAM AvyuM che, je joine rAmana kethalika dharmAMcAryoM manamAM baLatarAM karyAM kare che. 78 aneA jagatanA prasiddha puruSomAMnA eka hAvAthI enuM mAta hatuM tenA karatAM vadhu dAruNa mAnavAmAM AvyuM che. e yugamAM iTalie je prasiddha balidAna ApyuM tevuM khIjA kAi deze ApyuM na hatuM. paraMtu bIjA dezAmAM ce pAkhaMDamatA dharAvavA mATe zrune jevI ja nirdoSa vyaktionuM leAhI reDavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ceAthA hetrInAM, khIjAM rAjyAnI sarakhAmaNImAM ( sApekSa dRSTie ), kSamAvata gaNAtAM rAjataMtra daramyAna tathA rizalyU ane mejherInanA rAjakArabhAramAM TheTha 1660 sudhI anya sthaLeA karatAM phrAnsamAM vicAra svAtaMtryane vadhu pramANamAM avakAza hatA. paNa e phrAnsanA Tulujha zaheramAM 1619 nI sAlamAM lyuzIlIe venInI nAmanA vidvAna iTA liana je brunenI mAphaka AkhA yureApamAM bhaTakatA hatA tene anIzvaravAdI ane devaniMdaka tarIke gunhegAra TharAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. tenI jIbha kheMcI kADhavAmAM AvI hatI ane tene saLagAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. ilijhAbetha ane 1 lA jemsanA samayanuM preTesTa Ta dharma pALanAruM IMgleMDa paNa vidharmI pratye julama gujAravAnI AkhatamAM rAmanI tapAsa samitinI hADamAM utare evuM hatuM. paraMtu enA julamanI bhAga banelI vyaktie vizvavikhyAta na hovAthI dharmAMnI baLe kaLe, jora julame, rakSA karavA mATenI IMgleMDanI tIvra utkaMThA ayeAgya rIte bhUlI javAmAM AvI che. Ama chatAM je eka akasmAta na thayA hota te IMgleMDane zire paNa nidAna aneA jeTalA jagaprasiddha pAkhaMDIne purA karavAnuM kalaMka coMTata. kavi mAle+ (Marlowe) para anIzvaravAdI hAvAnA AreApa mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA paNa sarakArI kAma cAlavAnA prasaMga enA mAthA para jhajhUmatA hatA evAmAM eka tuccha takarAra mATe pIThAmAM enuM khuna

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa thayuM. kiDa nAmane bIje nATayakAra je e gunhAmAM sAmela gaNute tene ati duHkha devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. eja samaye sara vaeNlTara rele para paNa pracalita dharmamAM azraddhA rAkhavAnA Sasara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu tene gunhegAra TharAvI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI na hatI. bIjAo ATalA bhAgyazALI na hatA. IlijhAbethanA rAjyamAM narvicamAM khristI dharma viruddha siddhAMte pALavA mATe traNa cAra mANasene agnimAM homavAmAM AvyA hatA. A paikI kerapasa krisTI, kembrIjane sabhAsada phrAnsIsa kedra paNa hatA, dharmane nAme vipakSI para julama gujAravAnI bAbatamAM jAte rasa lenArA pahelA jemsanA rAjyamAM popanA elacI bArthelomyu para prajAnI nItine bagADe evA hAnikAraka vicAro phelAvavAno Aropa mUkavAmAM Avyo hato. rAjAe tene pitAnI rubarumAM bolAvyo hato ane "tuM IsukhristanI roja prArthanA kare che ke nahi ?" evo tene prazna karyo hate. bArthelemyue javAba Apyo hato ke "huM ajJAna hatA tyAre meM tenI prArthanA karelI paraMtu chellAM sAta varSamAM meM tema karyuM nathI." eTale jese tene eka lAta mArIne kahyuM hatuM ke "e duSTa, narAdhama ! dUra thA ! jeNe sAmaTA sAta varSamAM eka paNa divasa amArA tAraNahAranI prArthanA karI nathI tevo manuSya mahAra mahelamAM rahe che, re ! kSaNabhara paNa thaMbhe che, evuM kahevAya e huM sAMbhaLavAmAM mAgato nathI.' bAthI myune thoDA samaya nyugeTamAM keda karavAmAM Avyo hato ane pachI tene kaI divasa paNa ThekANe na Ave evA naThera pAkhaMDI tarIke jAhera karIne 1612 nI sAlamAM smIthaphilDamAM bALI mUkavAmAM Avyo hato. barAbara eka mahinA pachI keniTranA dharmAdhyakSe ulhITamena (Wightman) nAmanA mANasane pAkhaMDamata dhAraNa karavA mATe bALI mUkAvyo hate. azraddhAne kAraNe IgleMDamAM A bhege sauthI chellA ja levAmAM AvyA hatA. alabatta, paradhamasahiSNu yuriTana

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- chuTakArAnI AzA. (cekhalIA') dharmAdhyakSoe 16 38 mAM eka evo kAyado kADhayo. hato ke je kaI trimUrtivAda isunI divyatA, bAIbalanuM jJAna Izvara prerita che e mata athavA maraNottara dazAne siddhAMta InkAraze te matanI zikSAne pAtra thaze ane A inkAra karavAne pAkhaMDa sivAyanA bIjA pAkhaMDamate dharAvavAne jeo gunha karaze temane kArAvAsanI zikSA thaze. paraMtu A kAyadA anusAra koIne dehAMta zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI na hatI. . nAsAnA yugamAM arvAcIna vijJAnanA uddabhavanAM prathama cihane dRSTigocara thayAM hatAM kharAM, paraMtu prAkRtika zepa viruddha madhyayugamAM je bhUlabharelA hemI vicAre astitva dharAvatA hatA te sattaramI sadI pUrve nAbuda thayA na hatA ane iTalimAM te tyAra pachI paNa e vicAranuM prabhutva kAyama rahyuM hatuM. koparanikase 1543 mAM pRthvInI gati saMbaMdhI satya prakaTa karanAre pitAne graMtha prasiddha karyo te samayathI arvAcIna khagoLavidyAne itihAsa zaru thAya che. vicAra svAtaMtryanA itihAsamAM A graMthanI prasiddhi ghaNuM agatyanI che kAraNa ke e graMtha (dharma) zAstra ane vijJAna (zAstra) vacce eka atispaSTa vivAdaviSaya ubho karyo hate. e pustaka prasiddha karavAthI jAheramAM ghaNe uhApeha thaze evuM lAgavAthI ene prakaTa karatI, vakhate ejhIenDare prastAvanAmAM tadana juduM ja lakhyuM ke pRthvI phare che e hakIkata mAtra aTakaLa rUpe mUkavAmAM AvI che, nirNayape nahi. kethalika ane sudhArakee e siddhAMtane tarachoDI kADho ane IzvaravidyAne lagatA dhArmika vahemanI jemanAmAM gaMdha sarakhIye na hatI evA bekana jevA manuSyane paNa e siddhAMtanuM satya gaLe utaryuM nahi. ITAliana khagoLavettA gelIlIoe yaMtradvArA AkAzI padArthonAM je avalokana karyo te parathI kepanikasanA siddhAMtanuM satya nirvivAda TharyuM. e :gelIlIonA durbinathI bahaspatinA upagrahanI zodha thaI. ane sUryamAM eNe je dhAbAM avalokyAM te

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. parathI pRthvI goLa phare che e kaparanikasanA siddhAMtane puSTi maLI. eNnDa DayUkanA rakSaNa nIce te pharensamAM raheto hato te samaye tyAMnI vyAsapITha parathI gelIlIonI saMbhaka zodhano tIvra virodha karavAmAM Avyo hato. pachI be mInikana sAdhuoe tapAsasamitinI dharmasabhAne gelIlIo zikSApAtra che evI khabara ApI. remamAM tenI zodhe upara vicAra calAvAte hatA evI tene khabara maLatAM "tyAMnA dharmAdhikArIonA manamAM koparanikasanA siddhAMtanI khullI satyatA ThasAvavAne huM samartha nivaDIza,' evI zraddhAmAM ne zraddhAmAM te tyAM gayo. paNa IzvaravidyAvida zuM zuM karavAne samartha hatA tene tene khyAla Avyo na hate. 1616nA phebruArI mAsamAM dharmasabhA evA nirNaya para AvI ke koparanikasane siddhAMta svabhAvataH ayukta che ane zAstranI dRSTie vicAratAM, pAkhaMDamata phelAvanAre che. papanA Adezane adhina thaI belAmina nAmanA gue gelIlIone potAnI samakSa bolAvI maMgAvyo ane adhikArI tarIke tene salAha ApI ke tamAre abhiprAya cheDI de ane tene pracAra karavAnuM baMdha kare; nahi te tamArA viruddha kAma calAvAze. gelIlIoe e pharamAna pALavAnuM vacana ApyuM. koparanikasanA pustakane eka pratiSiddha pustakamAM gaNavAmAM AvyuM. A saMbaMdhamAM evI TIkA karavAmAM AvI che ke gelIlIAnA Solar spots "sUryamAM dhAbAM' e pustakamAM zAstranuM saheja paNa nAma levAmAM AvyuM nathI ane e pustaka saMbaMdhamAM (manAI) hukama kADhIne dharmasabhAe dharmaprazrane nahi paraMtu vijJAnane lagatA praznane cukAdo Ave che. (tAtparya e ja ke dharmasabhAe pitAnI maryAdA oLaMgI che ane pitAnA adhikAra bahAranI vAta karI che.) alpakALa mATe gelIlIo cUpa rahe paraMtu e sadAkALa mauna pakaDe e vAta asaMbhavita hatI. AThamA arbana nAmanA navA pApanI dharmasattA daramyAna tene vadhu svAtaMtrya meLavavAnI AzA baMdhAI, kAraNa pipanA maMDaLamAM tenA pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvanArAnI sArI saMkhyA

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82 chuTakArAnI AzA. hatI. prAcIna ane arvAcIna siddhAMtAnI tarapheNunI lIle| para kaze! niNaeNya ApavAnA DeALa karyAM sivAya temane eka ja pustakamAM sAthe sAthe mUkavAnI yukti ajamAvI dharmAdhikArIo sAthenA jhadhaDAmAMthI bacI javAnI teNe AzA bAMdhI. e AzAmAM eNe TAlemika ane kAparanikasa e bannenI saraNI para saMvAdarupe eka prabaMdha lakhyA ane tenI prastAvanAmAM lakhyuM ke A prabaMdhane hetu bannenA vicArezanI viruddhanI ke tarapheNanI lIlA samajAvavAnA che. Ama zabdomAM bhale taTasthavrutti jALavavAmAM AvI paraMtu zabdanA aMtaramAM rahelA bhAvA parathI spaSTa jaNAya che ke lekhakanuM valaNa koparanikasanI saraNI tarapha che. e prabaMdha prakaTa karavA mATe tene rikArDI nAmanA gurunI cAkkasa paravAnagI maLI ema teNe mAnI lIdhuM ane e prabaMdha 1932 mAM prasiddha thayA. paraMtu pApane e khucyA. niyukta adhikArIo dvArA pustakanuM parIkSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM ane gelIlIone tapAsasamiti samakSa khelAvavAmAM Avye.. gelIlIe vRd ane asvastha hatA ane tapAsasamiti samakSa ene je pArAvAra yAtanA bhogavavI paDI tenI kathA bahu karuNAjanaka che. jo tapAsa samitinI adAlatamAM vijJAnanuM zikSaNa pAmele! (Macolano) mekAlenA nAmane eka DAmInikana sabhAsada tarIke na heAta teA gelIlIe para kadAca vadhAre sitama gujA~ hota. adAlatamAM tapAsa daramyAna gelIlIe nAmukkara gayA ke saMvAdomAM meM pRthvI phare che e siddhAMtane puSTi ApI ja nathI ane eNe kahyuM ke potAnA siddhAMta kharA TharAvavA mATe koparanikase je kAraNeA athavA tArkika muddAo rajU karyAM che te niyAtmaka nathI eTaluMja mheM e saMvAdomAM pratipAdita karyuM che. gelIlIene A bacAva enA prabaMdhanI prastAvanAmAM lakhelI hakIkatane maLatA hatA, paraMtu enA uMDA uMDA aMtaHkaraNanI prItithI viruddha hatA. tapAsa samitinI AvI viveka vicArazUnya, mAdha adAlata sAthe bAtha bhIDavAnA prasaMga ubhA thAya tyAre je

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 83 manuSya vIra na hoya te gelIlIene ja mAga anusare. adAlatanI jI eThaka vakhate gelIlIee aNuchAjatI rIte kamula karyuM ke kApanikasanI tarapheNunI keTalIka dalIle! jarA vadhAre bhArapUrvaka rajU karavAmAM AvI hatI ane vaLI kaiAparanikasanA siddhAMtanuM khaMDana karavAnI tatparatA darzAvI. enI chellI tapAsa vakhate enA para asaph atyAcAra varSAvavAnI dhamakI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. tyAre teNe kahyuM hatu ke 1616 nA hukama bahAra paDatAM pahelAM huM koparanikasanI padmatinuM satya pramANeAthI pratipAdita karI zakAya evuM dhAratA, paraMtu te samayathI te mhane TAleminI saraNI sAcI lAgI che. khIje divase teNe poteja pratipAdita kareluM vaijJAnika satya gelIlIoe jAheramAM tiraskArI kADhyuM. ATalI badhI kamulatAnA khalAmAM tene tenA vatanamAM javAnI paravAnagI maLI, paNa te evI zarate ke tyAM teNe kASThane maLavuM nahi. enI jIMdagInA chellA divaseAmAM gelIlIee tenA eka mitrane nIce mujaba lakhyuM hatuM. 66 * kAparaniksanA siddhAMtanA jUThApaNAM viSe khAsa karIne ApaNe kailika leAkeA karI zakA uThAvI zakIe nahi. zAstrAnA akhaMDanIya adhikAra anusAra tenuM khaMDana karavAmAM AvyuM che. keparanikasa ane tenAM ziSyAnAM anumAnA, ekaja saMgIna lIlathI uDAvI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM ke sarvazaktimAna prabhu agaNita judI judI rIte peAtAnI kAryazakti pradarzita karI zake, ApaNAM avaleAkanane pariNAme kAI eka vastu ApaNane amuka rIte banatI mAluma paDe te tethI kAMi IzvaranI sattA para ApaNe kaze! aMkuza mUkavA jeie nahi ane jethI bhaviSyamAM ApaNe chetarAie evI eka paNa vastunuM samarthana karavuM joie nahi. " A lakhANanI ulaTa vANI spaSTa che. aDhAramI sadIne lagabhaga madhya bhAga vItI jatAM sudhI sa maMDaLa saMbaMdhI satya siddhAMtA zIkhavavAnI rAmamAM manA karavAmAM

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84 chuTakArAnI AzA. AvI hatI. ane 1835 nI sAla sudhI gelIlIenAM pustakAne pratiSedha karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A manAi hukamane lIdhe iTalimAM vijJAnanA abhyAsamAM ghaNI khalela pahoMcI hatI. rAmanA dharmAdhyakSAe bahiSkRta prakAzananI je yAdI karI hatI te vicArasvAtaMtryanI laDatamAM mudraNakaLAnI zeAdha keTalI agatyanI hatI e vAta ApaNane yAda karAve che. e zeAdhane lIdhe navA vicArAnA mhALeA phelAvA karavAnuM kAma saheluM thayuM. adhikAra ane mudi vaccenI laDatamAM A kaLAnI zodha buddhine atyaMta madadagAra nivaDe ane tethI ca-saMpradAya dhaNuM jokhamamAM AvI paDe e vAta dharmAdhikArI kaLI gayA; eTale emaNe e navI zodha para potAnI sattAnI rUie banatAM aMkuza mUkavAnAM pagalAM levAM mAMDayAM. vagara paravAnagIe prasiddha karelAM lakhANI viruddha peAtAnuM dhArmika pharamAna kADhIne sane 1501 mAM 6 elekjhAnDara pApe mudraNaniyatA nImavAnI zaruAta karI. kAnsamAM bIjA henrIe adhikArInI paravAnagI vagara pustaka prakaTa karanArAne mAtanI zikSA karavAnA hukama kADhave. jarmanImAM 1529 nI sAlamAM mudraNaniyaMtAnI pachI nikaLI. iMgleMDamAM, ilijhAmethanA samayamAM, rAjyaparavAnagI vagara pustakA chApI zakAtAM nahi ane laMDana, ekSapha ane kembrIja sivAya bIje kAi paNa sthaLe chApakhAnAM kADhavA devAmAM AvyAM na hatAM. chApakhAnAMne lagatAM kAyadAkAnune dhaDavA vagerene badhA vahIvaTa sTAra cembara nAmanI sabhAne hAtha hate!. egaNIsamI sadI sudhI yureApamAM kAi paNa sthaLe chApakhAnAM kharUM svAtaMtrya bhAgavatAM nahatAM. dharma sudhAraNAnI pravRtti temaja rAmanacanI punaHghaTanAnI pravRtti jo ke punaH prameAdhakAlane pratyAdhAta rUpa hatI chatAM renAsAMne pariNAme vyaktivAda, vizva pratye navuMja baudhika valaNu, ane laukika jJAnanI khIlavaNI jevA je ati agatyanA pheraphArA thayA te sanAtana hatA ane kethalika ane preTesTaMTa dharmIonI pratispardhI asa

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vicAravAtaMtryane itihAsa hiSNutA chatAM svAtaMtrya aMtima lakSya para deravAne sarajAyA hatA. buddhithI ane jJAnanI vRddhithI IzvaravidyAvidenI sattAne pAye kevI rIte khodAye te ApaNe AgaLa varNavIzuM. tattvavicAra, etihAsika vivecana tathA vijJAna e traNee jemAM potapotAno bhAga bhajavyo che evI A pravRttimAM pade pade buddhi ane zraddhA (Faith) vacceno vireAdha tIvratara thato gayo che. spaSTa, aspaSTa zaMkA vadhatI gaI; ane Humanism saMskArI sahadayatAnA pracArane lIdhe utpanna thayelA tathA gupta vA prakaTa saMzayavAyukta aihikavAda (Secularism)nA phelAvAthI pAralaukika sukhane badale aihika sukhanI vRddhi karavAmAM loka rasa levA lAgyA. A sthira buddhivikAsanI sAthe sAthe matAMtarakSamA vadhatI gaI ane vicArasvAtaMtryanA himAyatI saMkhyAmAM vadhavA lAgyA. daramyAna rAjakIya paristhitibaLane adhIna thaI rAjasattAone ekaja dharmamatanI rakSA karavAnI pitAnI nIti narama karavI paDatI tathA bIjA khristI paMthenuM duHkha nivAraNa karanArA kAyadA ghaDavA paDatA. Ama aihika ane rAjakIya hita vadhAravAnA kAraNasara vidharmaniSedha athavA nirAsaka kSane siddhAMta khaMDana karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. dhArmika svAtaMtrya e saMpUrNa vicArasvAtaMtryanA mArge caDhavAnuM ati upayogI pagathayuM hatuM,

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- prakaraNa pa muM. dhArmika svAtaMtrya. dhArmika svAtaMtryanAM janma, pratipAdana ane pracArane ItihAsa AlekhatAM ApaNuM dhyAna prathama bhAratavarSa tarapha vaLe che. I.sa. pUrve trIjA saikAmAM dharmapriya ane kSamAzIla prakRtine azoka rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. te samaye bauddha ane brAhmaNa e be para spara virodhI dharmo vacce dharma-kalaha pravartAte hate. eka paNa dharma -paMthane anyAya na thAya evI tIvra IcchAthI bhUSita thayelA kSamAzIla azeke te bane dharmone potAnA rAjyamAM samAna adhikAra ane sanmAna ApyAM tathA dharmasvAtaMtrya ApanArAM anuzAsana kADhayAM. dhArmika svAtaMtryanAM je je pharamAne hAlamAM maLI Ave che te sarvamAM azakanAM anuzAsane prathama hovA tarIke suprasiddha che. yuropa tarapha dRSTi mAMDatA remana bAdazAhanAM anuzAsane ApaNuM najare caDhe che. e anuzAsane pariNAme khristIonA dhArmika julamane aMta Avyo ane dhArmika svAtaMtryanA siddhAMtanuM yogya pratipAdana thayuM. soLamA zatakamAMnA dhArmika kalahane pariNAme A dharmasthAtaMtrane prazna tenA Adhunika svarUpamAM upasthita thaye; ane sadIo sudhI e prazna rAjanItine mukhya vicAraviSaya tathA aneka takarArI patrikAone vivAdaviSaya thaI paDele, matAMtarakSamA eTale apUrNa dhArmika svAtaMtrya, AvA svAtaMtryanA aneka krama che. A kSamA amuka ja khristI dharmamAM athavA to badhA ja khristI paMthe pratye darzAvAya, paraMtu khristetara dharmo pratye nahi; vaLI badhA dharmo pratye sahiSNutA dAkhavavAmAM Ave paNa nAstikamata sahana karavAmAM na Ave; athavA kevaLezvaravAdI kSamApAtra gaNAya

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. kiMtu anIzvaravAdI nahi ja. matAMtarakSamAnI dRSTie nAgarikanA amuka hakakAnI chUTa ApavAmAM Ave, paNa badhAnI nahi; athavA teA zAsaka sattA zAsita vidharmI pratye kSamA darzAve eTale temanAM dharmAnuSThAnamAM zAsaka taraphathI kazI kanaDagatA ubhI karavAmAM na Ave paraMtu vidharmI hAvAne kAraNe teone jAhera padavI ke amuka mukarara dhaMdhAonA adhikAra na ja maLe. Ama matAMtarakSamAmAM samAyalA dhArmika svAtaMtryanA aneka krama che ane e svAtaMtrya apUrNa che. pazcimanA dezAmAM hAla je dhArmika svAtaMtrya bhAgavAya che te matAMtarakSamAnA aneka kramAdvArA prApta thayuM che. 87 matAMtarakSamAnA Adhunika siddhAMtanA udbhava mATe ApaNe trimUrti vAdanuM khaMDana karI ekamUttivAne janma ApanAra iTAliana sudhArakamaMDaLanA AbhArI chIe. dharma sudhAraNA ( Reformation ) nI pravRttine pracAra IMTelimAM thayA hatA, paraMtu rAma e pravRttine dAkhI devAmAM kUttehamada nivaDayuM hatuM. rAmanI damananItine lIdhe dhaNA pAkhaMDamatadhArIe svITjharlenDa nhAsI chuTelA. kaeNlvinanI asahiSNutAmAMthI ugarI javA mATe trimUrttivAdanuM khaMDana karanAra ekamUttivAdI maMDaLane TrAnsilvenIA ane poleMDa nyAsI javAnI pharaja paDelI, jyAM jaI temaNe peAtAnA siddhAMtAnA pracAra karyo hatA. sAsInasa tarIke suprasiddha thayelA phesTo sAjhina uparyukta ekamUttivAdanA prayAjaka hatA. eNe potAnA paMthanI praznAttarImAM vidhI para julama gujAravAnI nItine vakhADI kADhI che. dharmanA hita mATe pazubaLane upayeAga jarurI nathI e mAnyatA sAsInasanA siddhAMtanA pracAranuM ja pariNAma che. lUthara ane kaeNlvine zAstrArtha karavAmAM vyaktinA svataMtra vicArane kazuM sthAna ApyuM na hatuM tyAre sAsAnIaneAe e vicArane eTaluM badhuM vizALa sthAna ApyuM hatuM ke khIjA pAse sAsAInIana siddhAMta svIkArAvavA e temanA siddhAMtathI viruddha gaNAta. khIjA zabdomAM kahIe teA trimUrttivAdanuM sama *

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re dhArmika svAtaMtrya. na karanArA dha mateAmAM buddhivAdanA tattvanA sadaMtara abhAva hatA te A ekamUttivAdI sAsAInIaneAmAM e tattva mATA pramANumAM hatuM. sevAyanA (rahIza) Castellion kesTilIane eka patrikAThArA sarveTasane khALavAnA kAmane vakhADI kADhIne matAMtarakSamA mATe jAhera pAkAra uThAvyA ane tema karI kaeNlvinane tIvra virAdha vhorI lIdhA. e badhI seAsAnIana siddhAMtAnI ja asara hatI. sarveTase trimUrttivAdanA InkAra karI dhama guruonI najare je dhArmika pramAda koM gaNAtA te saMbaMdhamAM kaeNsTilIane sarveTasane nirdoSa lekhyA. kAraNa, bhrAMti e doSAspada nathI evuM te kahetA. prArabdhavAda tathA trimUrttivAda jevA gUDha praznane dhamaguruo je agatya ApatA tene te hasI kADhatA. " yahudI smRti ane khristIdharmazAstra vaccenA athavA te vagara mAgye pApAnI mAphI ApavAnA kRtya ane ekanI pavitratA bIjAne apa`vAnI kriyA e e vaccene taphAvata cA e te rAjA dhADesvAra thaIne Avaze ke rathArUDha thaI, athavA te| zveta vastra dhAraNa karIne Avaze ke lAla,-evA praznAnI kAI carco kare enA jevuM che. jo julama gujAravA e dharmanuM anivArya aMga gaNAtuM heAya teA dharma, dharma nathI, paNa zAparUpa che. cirakALa sudhI mAtra sAsAnIana lokeA ane pele DamAMthI ahikRta thatAM sAsAinIaneAnA jarmanI ane hAleDamAM vasyA bAda temanI asara pAmelA leke ja matAMtarakSamAnI himAyata karanArA hatA. emanI pAsethI ( Anabaptists ) jaLasaMskAravirAdhIAe e siddhAMta grahaNa karyAM. Ama hAleDamAM matAMtarakSamAnI himAyata zaru thai. paraMtu e zarUAta uparyukata matAMtarakSamAnA siddhAMtanA svIkAra karavA pUratI ja na hatI. hAleMDamAM te A siddhAMta uparAMta vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNanA svAtaMtryane siddhAMta paNu pratipAdita thayA. 'AMtara vigraha' ane 'prajAtaMtra' (Commonwealth)

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. nA ItihAsamAM mukhya bhAga bhajavanArA IMgleMDanA (sadhavAdIe) Congregationalists nA paMthanA sthApake aMtaHkaraNa--svAtaMtryanA siddhAMta hAleDamAM dAkhala karyAM hatA. seAsInasanuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM ke A siddhAMta ca paranI rAjyanI sattA dUra karyAM vagara-ca ane rAjyanAM kSetra khAM pADayA vagara--paNa siddha karI zakAya. rAjasattA ane dhamasattAne jemAM suyeAga thAya ane rAjadhavirAdhI pathA pratye jemAM pUNa sahi SNutA darzAvAya evI yeAjanA ghaDI kADhavAne enA vicAra hatA. A prakAranI yAjanAthI jax yureApIya rAjyeAmAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya sid thayuM che. paraMtu A yeAjanA karatAM eka bIjI vadhAre saraLa yeAjanA che;-rAjasattA ane dhasattAnAM kSetra teAkhAM karavAnI tathA pratyeka dharmAMne samAna sthitimAM mUkavAnI. jaLasaMskAravirAdhIone kadAca Aja yAjanA vadhAre pasaMda paDI hota. temane rAjya pratye tiraskAra hatA ane dhArmika svAtaMtryane siddhAMta temanI najare bahu kiMmatI gaNAtA nahatA. jaLasaMskAravirodhI dhama pATastha sattA (anabaptist) Theocracy) nI sthApanA e ja emanI Adarza racanA gaNAI hAta. paraMtu ene abhAve rAjasattA ane dhamasattAnAM kSetre nekhAM karavAnI yeAjanA emane sApekSa dRSTie zreSTha lAgatI. yuropamAM rASTra ane carcanAM kAryakSetre bhinna karavA tarapha leAkamata joie teTalA keLavAyalA na hatA; kAraNa ke meTAM moTAM dha maMDaLe. ekasarakhI rIte ema mAnatAM ke vidharmI pratye kSamA darzAvavI e dharmanI dRSTie dhAra pApa che. paraMtu A yeAjanA sattaramA zatakamAM amerikAnA eka nhAnA khuNAmAM amalamAM mUkAI. je yUriTana ( ceAkhalIA ) leAkeA iMgleMDanA ca` ane rASTranI asahi * x noMdha--A yojanAne * jyurisTikSata / paddhati kahe che, A paddhana timAM rASTrane mAnya eka ca upara rASTranI purI hakumata hoya che ane bIjA carcAne pUrNa svAtaMtrya hAya che.

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dhArmika svAtaMtrya. SNutAthI trAsIne nyu igleMDamAM jaI vaselA teo jAte eMglIkana ane kethalika temaja bekhisTa ane kakara paMthe pratye asahisNutA darzAvavAmAM IgleMDanA carca ane rAjya karatAM kaI rIte utaratA na hatA. emaNe paradezamAM dharmapATastha sattA sthApanA karI hatI ane temAMthI vidharmIone bAtala karyA hatA. eka rojara viliapsa nAmanA mANase heleMDanA Arjiniyana pakSanA mANasane rAjyasattAthI dharmasattA nokhI karavAne siddhAMta grahaNa karyo hate. myuriTana lokene rejara viliamsanA A navA vicAre cA nahi. pAkhaMDamata phelAvavAnA tehamatasara tene mesegyuseTsamAMthI bahiSkRta karavAmAM Avyo eTale rojara vilianse mUriTana (cekhalIA) saMsthAnavAsIonA julamanA bhaMga thayelA mANasenA Azraya mATe previDansa saMsthAnanI sthApanA karI. A saMsthAnamAM teNe bahuzAsana rAjapaddhati (Democratic constitution) dAkhala karI. ane A paddhati anusAra mAjIsTreTene adhikAra kevaLa rAjakIya ane sAMsarika bAbatene nikAla karavA pUrato rahyo, dhArmika bAbatamAM teo mAthuM mArI zakatA nahi. reDa (Rhode)nA TApumAM praviDansa uparAMta bIjAM zahere satvara sthapAyAM; rAjA bIjA cArlsa eka (Charter) zAsana taMtrane paTe ApI rajaranA rAjya baMdhAraNane hAlI ApI ane A rAjapaddhatimAM game te khristI paMthamAM mAnanArA zaherIone badhA rAjadvArI hakkA bakSavAmAM AvyA. ahiM khristI dharmatara prajAne kazI kanaDagata karavAmAM AvatI na hatI, paraMtu khristIonI mAphaka temane nAgarikanA badhA hakake ApavAmAM AvyA na hatA. ATale aMze, A navA rAjyamAM pUrNa svAtaMtryanI khAmI hatI, chatAM yahudione turataja nAgarikanA pUrNa hakake bakSavAmAM AvyA hatA e hakIkata reDanA TApumAMnuM vAtAvaraNa kevuM svataMtra hatuM tenI sAkSI pUre che. vidhamI pratye kSamAzIla ane dharmataMtramAM rAjyanI sattA dUra karavAnA siddhAMtanuM akSarazaH pAlana karanAruM prathama Adhunika rAjya sthApana karavAnuM mAna Ama rejara viliamsane ghaTe che.

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihA rAmana kaeNthalikAnA merileDa saMsthAnamAM paNa matasvAtaMtryano siddhAMta pratipAdita thayA hatA, paraMtu uparanA karatAM judIja rIte. leDa AlTimeAranI lAgavagane lIdhe 1649mAM dhArmika svAtaMtryanA prathama pharamAna tarIke suprasiddha thayelA ane dhArAsabhAnA sabhyAnI saMmatithI pasAra thayeleA tathA badhA khristIone pUrNa svAtaMtrya ApanArA matAMtara kSamAnA kAyadA' nikaLyeA. je kAI mANasa Isu khristane mAne tene tenA dhama pAlanamAM kAI paNa rIte herAna karavAmAM AvatA na hatA. paraMtu khristIonA vADA bhAranA pathAnA saMbaMdhamAM e kAyado ghaNA kaDaka hatA. je kASTha devaniMdA kare ke trimUrttivAdane asatya TharAvavA prayAsa kare athavA te traNamAMthI game te ekane niMde tene meAtanI sajA karavAnI e kAyadAmAM dhamakI hatI. merile DamAMnA A matAMtarakSamAnA kAyadAthI vanIAmAM vaselA proTesTaMTa sasthAnavAsIe eTalA badhA AkarSAyA ke TUMka samayamAM merileMDamAM proTesTaMTa leAkeAnI meTI vastI thaI; ane rAjadvArI khAtAmAM temane prAdhAnya maLyuM ke turata temaNe pepisTa (pApapathI ) ane preleTisTa leAkeAnuM matasvAtaMtrya jhuMTavanArA kAyado dAkhala karyAM. (1654) vaLI. pAchI 1660nI sAlamAM bAlTimeAranA anuyAyIonA hAthamAM sattA AvI, paraMtu 7 jo viliama gAdI para AvyeA ke turata pharI preATesTaMTAnI sattA jAmI, ane merileDamAM kethalikAe je matasvAtaMtrya sthApita karyuM hatuM tenA aMta AvyA. 91 paNa rA'DanA TApumAM temaja merileDamAM je svAtaMtrya sthapAyuM te pUrNa na hatuM. paraMtu sAsInasanA siddhAMtanA AdhAre pratipAti karavAmAM AveluM re'Da TApumAMnuM svAtaMtrya merile DamAMnA svAtaMtrya karatAM vadhu vyApaka ane vadhu agatyanuM hatuM. IMgleMDanA pArata MtryamAMthI sadaMtara mukta thayA pachI saMsthAnAe je saMyuktarAjyabaMdhAraNa Federal Constitution ghaDayuM te kevaLa sAMsArika bAbatane lagatuM hatuM. chatAM uparyukta saMyukta rAjyabaMdhAraNa sAthe joDAyalAM bhinna

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kara ' dhArmika svAtaMtrya bhinna saMsthAne rAjya ane dharmanAM kSetra mAM rAkhavAM ke nahi e viSeno nirNaya karavAmAM svataMtra hatAM. amerikana rAjyamAM banne kSetre paraspara asaMbaddha rAkhavAne lagabhaga niyamaja thaI paDe enuM khAsa kAraNa kadAca e che ke e sivAya koI anya paripATimAM paMtha paMtha vacce paraspara sahiSNutA sthApavI muzkela thaI paData. amerikana rAjyamAM je ke meTe bhAge matasvAtaMtrya ane dhArmika svAtaMtrya sthapAyAM che, game te paMtha pitAnA aMtaranA avAjane pramANa gaNuM yatheccha nyAya vyavahAra calAvI zake che, chatAM sarva paMthane rAjadvArI hakekA ke nAgarika tarIkenA hakakA sarakhA maLyA nathI. merileMDa ane keTalAMka dakSiNanAM rAjyamAM anIzvaravAdIone haju paNa rAjyanI padavIo mATe lAyaka gaNavAmAM AvyA nathI. have IgleMDa tarapha vaLIe. iMglenDamAM paNa je InDipenDanTa pakSanuM dhAryuM thayuM hatuM te prajAtaMtra (Commonwealth) nA samayamAM (tyAM paNa) rAjya ane dharmanAM kSetre khAM karavAne akhatare ajamAvAyo heta. paraMtu male potAnA adhikAranA baLe e paddhati amalamAM AvavA dIdhI nahi. navA prajAkIya carcAmAM prekSmI Teriana inDipenDanTa ane Bapists (jaLasaMskAravAdIo) sarvane sthAna hatuM paraMtu romana kethalika ane eNplikana sivAyanA khristI paMthane pUjAsvAtaMtrya ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pArlAmenTa (pratinidhi sabhA) ne adhikAra heta te A apUrNa svAtaMtryane paNa teNe mAtra nAmanuM ja karI nAMkhyuM. heta, preaiTeriana loke matAMtarakSamAne zetAnanuM kArya lekhatA ane zakya heta te temaNe -InDipenDanTa pakSane raMjADavAmAM bAkI rAkhyuM na hota. paraMtu kemalanA Apakhuda rAjataMtramAM eMglikana pakSanA mANase paNa zAMtithI rahetA ane yahudI pratye paNa sahiSNutA dAkhavavAmAM AvatI. prastuta samathamAM daze dizAmAMthI sAmAnya kAraNosara matAMtara kSamA ane dharma svAtaMtrya pratipAdita karavAnI himAyata karanArA pokAre uThatA hatA.

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vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa e pikAmAM kavi miTana je dharma ane rAjyanAM kSetre bhine karavAnI tarapheNamAM hato tene pokAra ghaNe prabaLa hate. matAMtara kSamAnA custa himAyatI tarIke milTana suprasiddha che. - - rAjAjJA vagara prakaTa thanArA lekhe para kaI paNa prakAranAM baMdhana na rAkhavAnI mAgaNI karanArA Areopagitika eriopa. gAITikA nAmanA pitAnA graMthamAM milTane chApakhAnAnA svAtaMtrya. mATe tIvra jhubeza uThAvI che. chApakhAnane chUTa ApavA mATe eNe vAkyAturyayukta je je dalIle raju karI che te sAmAnyataH hareka prakAranA vicArasvAtaMtrya mATenI majabuta dalIlo che. e graMthamAM eNe batAvI. ApyuM che ke chApakhAnAM para mukaniyaMtI nImavAthI manuSya potAne suvijJAta jJAnanA pradezamAM pitAnI buddhi vAparate aTakaze eTaluM ja nahi. (tenI buddhi e sakhtIne pariNAme sthUla thatI jaze eTaluMja nahi, paraMtu dhArmika ane vyavahArika kSetramAM jJAnanI pragati aTakI jaze, banne kSetramAMnAM satyanA anveSaNamAM buddhinI gati kuMThita thaze, sarva prakAranI vidyAne adya paryata maLatuM uttejana baMdha thaze ane satyanI zodha sadaMtara aTakI jaze, Ama anarthanI paraMparA ubhI thaze. navA navA abhiprAye prakaTa karavAthIja satyanI pragati thaI zake che; svataMtra carcAthI ja satyAnveSaNa thaI zake che; e satye ApaNe avagaNavAM na joIe. satyanI saritAnAM salila pragatinA sAgara pratye satata uchALAM mAratAM nahi vahe to te sUkAI saMkucita thaIne rUDhi ane aMdhazraddhAnA kAdavavALA baMdha khAbociyAM rUpa thaI jaze. pustakaprasiddhinA kArya para je AcAra daSTAne kaDaka DoLo pharateja rahe te koI paNa kSetramAM pragati karavAnI AzA AkAzakusumavata che. bekana paNa kahe che ke mudraNaniyaMtAnI pasaMdagIthI prakaTa thatAM pustake mAtra pracalita samayanA vicAronA vAhaka hoya che, emanAM dvArA pragatino mArga saraLa thato nathI. je je dezamAM mudraNaniyaMtA nImavAnI paddhatinuM kaDaka pALane karavAmAM AvyuM che te te dezanA.

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94 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. dAkhalA parathI ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke e paddhati prajAnI nItimAM vRddhi karavAmAM upayogI nivaDI nathI. "iTali ane peIna tarapha dRSTi kare ane juo ke jyArathI pustako para tapAsanI sakhtI zaru thaI che tyArathI e bemAMthI koI rati mAtra paNa vadhAre sAruM, vadhAre prAmANika, vadhAre jJAnayukta ke vadhAre pavitra thayuM che? jarA ye nahi) hA, speina kadAca ema kahI zake ke ahinI prajA vadhAre rUDhicUsta thaI che. paNa tethI zuM? nIti viSayamAM enI jarA paNa pragati thaI ja nathI. mudraNaniyaMtA nImavAnI prathA kalpavAmAM AvatA te phAyadA karatI nathI ja, balka hAni kare che. milTana te rASTriya svAtaMtra karatAM paNa vicAra svAtaMtryane vadhAre uMcuM sthAna Ape che. bIjAM badhAM svAtaMtryo karatAM mahane mahArA aMtaHkaraNanA avAja anusAra jJAna meLavavAnI, bolavAnI ane svataMtra carcA karavAnI chUTa Apo." eja mahane sarvathI priya che. prajAtaMtra (Commonwealth) nA aMta pachI rAjAzAsana (Monarchy) punarjIvana pAmyuM ane eMglikana carca (Church) pharIthI sattArUDha thayuM. A samayamAM (Dissenters) DisenTarsa viruddha damananIti zaru thayuM, kAyadAo ghaDAyA ane dhArmika svAtaMvyanuM nAmanizAna bhUsAI gayuM. pachI baLa jAge ane e baLavAne pariNAme 1689 nI sAlamAM matAMtarakSamAne kAyado pasAra thayo. AjanI ghaDIe IgleMDa je dhArmika svAtaMtrya bhagave che te e kAyadAnuM miSTa phaLa che. A kAyadAnI ruIe preaiTeriana, (Congregationalists) saMghavAdIo, jaLasaMskAravAdIo ane kakarane pUjAsvAtaMtryane adhikAra maLyo. paraMtu kethalike ane ekamUrtivAdIo (Unitarians) ne irAdApUrvaka bAtala rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. bIjA cArlsanA svAtaMtryane kacaDI nAMkhanArA kAyadAo e be paMthe viruddha kAyama ja rahyA. A matAMtara kSamAne kAyade" aMgrejI mutsaddIgIrInuM lAkSaNika udAharaNa che. nyAya dRSTithI jotAM e kAyado ayuktika,

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 95 asaMgata ane ayogya hato. kSamA akSamAnuM temAM mizraNa hatuM, chatAM te samayanA lokonA mata anusAra ane saMjogone taddana anurUpa hato. eja 1689 nA varSamAM jahona leMkane pahelo suprasiddha matAMtarakSamAne lagate patra" prakaTa thayo. tyAra pachI bIjA traNa patra prasiddha thayA, jemAM tenA siddhAMtane pUrNa vistArathI samajAvavAmAM Avyo che. A nibaMdhanI mukhya dalIla evA siddhAMta para jAyelI che ke paurasarakAranuM kAryakSetra dharmanAM kAryakSetrathI tadana bhinna che, rAjane dharmaviSayamAM mAthuM mAravAne vAjabI adhikAra nathI; rAjya e te pitAnA sabhyonAM aMdagI, mAlamilkata, Arogya ane svAtaMtrya rakSanAre eka samAja ja che. sAmAjIka unnati karavI e rAjadharmanI parAkASThA che. bIjA mANasonI jema rAjyanA nyAyAdhIzane paNa vyaktinI naitika ke AdhyAtmika unnati sAdhavAnuM kAma saMpAyeluM nathI. e kartavya dharmaguruonuM che. phejadArI nyAyAdhIza te mAtra bahAranI sattA, sthUla sattA vAparI zake, paraMtu saddharmanuM lakSaNa e che ke tenI aMtarAtmAne pratIti thavI joIe. aMtarindriyane jemAM vizvAsa utpanna thAya te ja sAce dhama, uparaceTiyA kabulAta ane aMtaramAM uMDI uDI zaMkA e pAkhaMDa dharma-sagavaDIe dharma-kAyarano dharma, sAco dharma nahija dharmanAM satya manamAM ThasavAM joIe. paNa mana prabhue evuM ghaDyuM che ke baLAtkAra, julama ke dabANathI te vaza thaI zake nahi. phojadArI nyAyAdhIzenI sakhI AmaniSphaLa nivaDe che. vaLI amuka dharma sarva pAse kabulAvavA mATe rASTra kAyadAo ghaDe e paNa agya che, mUkhAmI bhareluM che. kAraNa zikSA vinA kAyadA nakAmA ane zikSA pratItijanaka na hovAthI zikSA pharamAvavI e ayogya ane asabhya pagaluM gaNAya. vaLI, zikSAthI manuSyanI mAnyatAo pheravI zakAtI hoya te

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96 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. paNa e mArge mekSa sAdhava asaMbhavita che. je badhA ja aMdha zraddhAthI rAjyakartAonI IcchAne vaza thAya ane rAjadharma svIkAre te zuM ? narakyAtanA ane aihika duHkhamAMthI vadhu mANaso ugarI zake evI cakkasa AzA bAMdhI zakAya ? kadI nahi. kAraNa A. duniyAnA rAjakartAonA dharma judA judA che; AthI sAco dharma te kevaLa eka ja rAjyamAM pracalita hoya. pariNAme bIjA rAjyanI prajAo "jenika nAyamAna sabhA e nyAye asatya dharmamAM mAnanArA rAjAne anusarIne pAyamAla thaI jAya. ahA ! A prathAthI mahAna viniSTa upaje. aMdhazraddhAthI rAjadharmane anusaravAmAM A eka ja hAni nathI. e paddhati pracAramAM AvavAmAM manuSyanA sukha duHkhane AdhAra temanA ISTa deva devIo para na rahetAM temanI janma bhUmi para raheze. A temanI devabhAvanA keTalI ajugatI lAge che! baLAtkAre prajA pAse rAjadharma svIkArAvavAmAM manuSyane AtmaddhAra azakya che. laiMka potAnA nibaMdhamAM AvI ja matalabanI dalIla para bhAra mUke che. je prajAjano pAse rAjadharma baLAtkAre svIkArAvavAmAM rAjyane vAjabI lekhIzuM te pariNAma e Avaze ke je eka be rAjyamAM sAce dharma pravartata haze te sivAyanAM badhAM ja rAjyonI prajAne asatya dharma grahaNa karavAnI pharaja paDaze, rAjakamanA vAjabIpaNanI dalIlanA baLe je IgleMDamAM preTesTaTa dharmane uttejana ApavAmAM Ave te e niyamAnusAra kAnsamAM kethalika dharmane pracAra karavAmAM Avaze. je igleMDamAM yogya, sAcuM ane kalyANa kAraka lekhAya te rema, cIna ane jInIvAmAM paNa sAcuM lekhAze. Ama aneka asatya pAkhaMDamate rAjyasattAne pariNAme pracAramAM Avaze. asahiSNutAthI AvI vastusthiti upasthita thAya che, ane AthI vadhu burI dazA zI hoI zake ? mATe matAMtarakSamA avazya svIkArya che; kAraNa enA vAtAvaraNamAM ja satyadharmane supracalita thavAnI uttama taka prApta thAya che. '

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vicArasvAta tryane itihAsa. lAka mUrtti pUjakAne-uttara amerikAnA InDIanApUrNa svAtaMtrya ApavAnA matane che, ane je dharmaguruoe dha jhanunathI uzkerAi e nirdoSa mUrttipUjakAne temaneA prAcInadhama tyajavAnA khaLAtkAra karyAM hatA temanI te sakhta jhATakaNI kADhe che. paNa khristI dharmAMnA vADA bhAranA pathAne paNa svAtaMtrya ApavAnI lAka himAyata kare che. chatAM e je svAtaMtrya pratipAdita karavA mAge che te pUrNa nathI. prathama to e rezamana kethilakAne dharmAM svAtaMtrya ApavAnI viruddha che. lAka emane khAtala rAkhavAnI himAyata kare che enuM kAraNu kAMi rAmana kethalikAnA dharmasiddhAMtA nathI. lAka kahe che ke rAmana kelikA-- 97 (1) pAkhaDamatadhArIe ( emanAthI judA dhamamatanA mANasA) vizvAsa rAkhavA lAyaka nathI; mATe emane nAza karavA joie. (2) rAjAne dha paMthamAM bahiSkRta karI zakAya ane pathabhraSTa karavAmAM AvelA rAjAnA adhikAra enI rAjagAdI parathI kADhI nAMkhI, enAM rAjya ane gAdI japta karavAM joIe: evuM upadeze che; tathA trIjuM, te paradezI rAjA-pepa-te Azraya zeAdhe che ane tenI sevA uDAve che,-mATe emane dhArmika svAtaMtryathI vaMcita rAkhavA joIe. AvAM traNa kAraNeAsara leAka rAmana kezilakAne dhArmika svAtaMtryamAMthI bAtala rAkhavAnI himAyata kare che. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe teA lAka kethalikAne rAjyane nukasAnakarto lekhe che ane tethI temane svAtaMtrya ApavA taiyAra nathI. khIje naMbare, te anIzvaravAdIne svAtaMtrya ApavAnI viruddha che. enuM kahevuM evuM che ke je kAI izvaranuM astitva ja svIkAratA na. hAya tenA AcAravicAre tarapha kSamAdaSTi rAkhavI yAgya nathI. anIzvaravAdIone te| daye ja chuTakA. emane te sakhAya ja kema ? vacana, karAra ke sAgaMdanAmAM jevAM sAmAjIka baMdhane anIzvaravAdIne kAI rIte baMdhanakAraka thAya ja nahi, je Izvarane dheALI pIe te vacanA, 7

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er dhArmika svAtaMtrya. karAra ke seAga MdanAmAne zuM mAnya rAkhaze? vaLI, jeo pAtAnA anIzvaravAdathI dhama mAgane unmULa kare temane dharmane khAne mata svAtaMtryanA hakkanA dAvA karavAnA adhikAra nathI. anIzvaravAdanI rakSA thavI joie evI kadAca mAgaNI thAya teA paNarAjye te tarapha AMkha ADA kAna karavA joie. anIzvaravAda e dharma nathI paNa dhanA abhAva che; ane evA dha zUnya matanI rakSA karavA rAjya a~dhAyaluM nathI. lAkanA svAtaMtryanA vicAra ATale aMze maryAdita hatA. dharma svAtaMtryanA adhikArIemAM kaeNthalika ane anIzvaravAdIne lArka apavAdarUpa gaNyA e parathI pratIta thAya che ke lAka tenA samayanA pUrvagrahonI ayeAgya asaramAMthI mukta na hatA. lAkanI dRDha mAnyatA hatI ke je vastue manuSyanI zaktithI para heAya te viSe kAyadAnAM baMdhane ubhA karI sakhtI gujAravI e kevaLa mUrkhAmI che. eka ke anya vastune satya mAnavI e ApaNI icchA hAranI vAta che. tenI A mAnyatAmAM raheluM tattva jema rAmana kethelika pathane tema preTesTaTa paMthane ane jema anIzvaravAdIoe temaja kevaLezvaravAdIone sarakhI rIte lAgu paDe che. AmAMnA game te matane satya mAnavA manAvavAmAM manuSyecchA ke kAyadAnAM baMdhane nakAmAM che. kAi ucca, agamya sattA, aMtaHkaraNanA kArda gUDha prerita bhAveA, eka athavA bIjA dharmanA satya tarapha manuSyAne prere che. rAmana kelikA ane atIzvaravAdIone apavAdarUpa gaNavAmAMlAke potAnA dRDha matane pratikULa valaNa svIkAryuM hatuM, paNa kadAca lAka ema mAnatA hatA ke anIzvaravAdIonA tattvavicAra vAdIonI icchAnusAra ghaDAyA hatA; ane tenI AvI mAnyatA hovAthI teNe anIzvaravAdIone apavAdarupa gaNavAnI hiMmata karI hAya. enA samakAlIna spAinejhA vastutaH anIzvaravAdI na hatA chatAM sAkAra izvaramAM tene zraddA na hAvAthI te ( spAinAjhA) anIzvaravAdI lekhAtA. eTalA mATe leka tene peAtAnA rAjyamAM pesavA ja na deta.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 99 game tema hA; lAkanA svAtaMtrya vicAra maryAdita che, chatAM enuM 'matAMtarakSamA'nuM pustaka ati upayegI ane amUlya che . ane e graMthamAMnI lIlAne AdhAre khuda graMthanA katAM dhAratA hatA tethI vadhAre AgaLa ApaNe matAMtarakSamA ane buddhivAdanA kSetramAM pragati karI zakayA chIe. virAgane badale rAgavRttine e graMthamAM prAdhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM che ane dharma saMsthAmAM uthalapAthala karavAnI temAM bhalAmaNa che. carca -dhamasa pradAya e te mAtra svataMtra ane yAdacchika samAja che. e samAjane kAI paNa mhAne vidharmI para baLAtkAra karavAnA adhikAra nathI. lAkanA vicArA spaSTa samajavA mATe ApaNe eNe karelA eka ullekha lakSamAM laie. jo nAstikeAne maLajorIthI vaTalAvavAnA hoya to kAi paNa carca-dhama saMpradAyanA kAi paNa dharma gurU peAtAnAM apAra sattA ane sainikadaLane khaLe te kAma karI zake tenA karatAM peAtAnA svagIya sainikeAnI sahAyathI te kAma sahelAithI karavAne izvara vadhAre samartha che.' zahenazAha TIeriyase uccArelA-devAnuM apamAna thatuM hAya te! bhale devA vera vALavAne vicAra karI le '-e vAkya ane lAkanA kathanamAM khAsa phera nathI. phera mAtra pramANane che. lAkanuM kathana TImeriasanA kathana karatAM saheja namra che. bannenuM tAtpa ekaja cheH--asatya ane pAkhaMDImatAnA sthApana ke pracArathI Izvara nArAja thatA hoya te te matAne dAkhI devAnuM kAma IzvaranuM che, kAI dha saMsthAnuM nathI. uddAma Anglicans eplikanene Nonconformists nenkenkemisTa pratye sahiSNutA darzAvAya e samULaguM rucatuM na hatuM. AthI 18 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM eglikana pakSa bhAre lAgavaga dharAvatA thayA tyAre nenkanphamisTanI svataMtratA jokhamamAM AvI paDI. AvI bhayakAraka vastusthitithI uzkerAi pheza nAmanA eka custa nenkanyUmi sTe matAMtarakSamAnA siddhAMta para vakrAktiyukta humalA karanAruM (The shortest way with the Dissenters dha zezaTesTa

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100 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. ve uvItha dha DisenTarsa nAmanuM laghu pustaka lakhyuM. DisenTarsa dharma viSayamAM ati rIDhA baMkhora che, temanA pratye namra nItithI vartavuM nirarthaka che, emanI khAnagI sabhAonA ekeeka upadezaka vaktAne phAMsIne lAkaDe laTakAvavo joIe tathA evI dharmadrahI sabhAomAM hAjarI ApanArAne paNa dezanikAla karavA joIe, evI evI DisenTarsa viruddha mArmika, karaDAkIbharI sUcanAo e graMthamAM karavAmAM AvI che. A mArmika zabdamAM Diphene eMglikana pakSanA asahiNuM vicArenI je uMDI sUga hatI te spaSTa thAya che. prathama te eMglikana pakSanA vicAronA A atiramujI paraMtu gaMbhIra satyamaya tAdaza ThaThThAcitrathI DisenTarsa bIcArA bhayagrasta thayelA, kiMtu eMglikana carcAne dharmaguruo DiphenA pustakanI vakaeNkita bAbara kaLI gayA, ane kedhAvezamAM AvI jaI temaNe Diphene daMDa karyo, tene traNavAra jAheramAM apamAnita karyo ane nyuDeMTanA kArAgRhamAM mekalya. paraMtu IgleMDanA Teri-saMrakSaNavAdI pakSe matAMtarakSamAne je virodha karyo tenI asara alpasthAyI nivaDI. aDhAramA zatakamAM khristI dharmapathanA anuyAyIonAM hadayo matAMtarakSamAnI ucca bhAvanAthI alpAdhika raMgAvA lAgyAM hatAM ane navA paMthanI sthApanA paNa thavA mAMDI hatI. adhikArAdharmAdhikArIo ochA dhamadha thayA hatA ane carcanA ghaNuM AgevAna dharmaguruo para buddhivAdanI asara pahoMcI hatI. vastusthiti eTalI badhI palaTAI hatI ke je trIjA jyorja rAjA ADA na AvyA hota te 18 mI sadInA aMta pahelAM kethalikanI badhI apAtratA dUra thaI gaI hata. e lekene uccAdhikAra mATe nAlAyaka TharAvanArAM kAraNe dUra karavAne kAyado pasAra karavA mATe baneM uttama vAkacAturya vAparyuM hatuM, ane piTa paNa e sudhAro jovA ati utsuka hatuM, chatAM 1829 nI sAla sudhI e kAyado pasAra thayo nahi ane thaye te paNa AyaleMDamAM baLa

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa jAgavAnI bhIti utpanna thaI tyAre ja. daramyAna 1813nI sAlamAM ekamUttivAdIone kAyadAnuM rakSaNa ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, chatAM temanI pUrepUrI apAtratA te 1840-50 vaccenA varSomAMja dUra thaI hatI. yahudione te TheTha 1858 sudhI nAgarikanA pUrNa hakake maLyA na hatA. ' 19mA zatakamAM IgleMDa je dhArmika svAtaMtrya bhagavatuM thayuM e mukhyataH udAramatavAdIonA sasta prayAsanuM ja pariNAma hatuM. udAra matavAdIo (Liberals) nuM aMtima dhyeya dharmasattAne rAjya ane prajAnA kalyANArthe upayoga karavAne tathA rAjasattA ane dharmasattAnAM kSetre khAM karavAnuM hatuM. A vicAre kaiMkanA pautaMtrane lagatA siddhAMtanA paripAka rUpa hatA. 1869nI sAlamAM AyaleMDamAMnA carcAmuM samULuM parivartana karIne udAramatavAdIoe potAnuM dhyeya aMzataH siddha karyuM hatuM ane pachI 40 varSa bAda eja nIti velsamAM lAgu pADavAne temaNe yatna Adarelo. Ama pracalita vastusthitimAM kaTake kaTake parivartana karavAnI prathA aMgrejonI rAjanIti ane emanI manodazAnuM viziSTa lakSaNa sUcave che. briTiza sAmrAjyanA bIja dezamAM (dharmasattA ane rAjasattAnI) alaga rAkhavAnI paddhati System of separation." pracalita che; tyAM rAjya ane keAI paNa saMpradAyane kaze saMbaMdha nathI ane carcA mAtra yAdacchika samAja ja che. carcAne adhikAra mAtra tenA sabhyo para ja che ane dharma guruo bIjI koI paNa bAbatamAM mAthuM mArI zakatA nathI. paraMtu rAjya ane carcAne jyAM saMbaMdha che tyAM ( aihikavAda) loka kalyANArthe dharmasattAno upayoga karavAnI prathA uttejana pAmatI nathI evuM mAnavAne kAraNa nathI. rAjya taraphathI carcAne vahIvaTa karavAnI paddhatithI paNa vairAgyane badale rAgavRtti khIlI che ane aihikavAda pragati pAmyo che. AnA samarthanamAM 1870mAM pasAra thayelA keLavaNInA kAyadAne tathA 1871mAM zAradApIThamAM dhArmika parIkSAo levAnI prathA baMdha

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12 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. thai hatI e vAtanA ullekha karI satASa pAmIzuM. bIjA prakaraNamAM buddhivAdanI pragatine itihAsa AlekhatI vakhate upara kathA sivAyanI bIjI je je chUTa maLI te te darzAvIzuM. phrAMsa phrAMsa dezamAMnI sattaramA ane aDhAramA zatakamAMnI dhama sabaMdhI vastusthiti sarakhAvatAM mAluma paDe che ke e zatakAmAM iMgleMDamAM je vikAsa thayela tenA karatAM phrAnsanI sthiti cheka viparIta hatI. iMgleMDamAM dhArmika svAta MtryanI dina pratidina pragati thatI jatI hatI tyAre phrAnsamAM te hatuM eTaluM svAtaMtrya paNa adhikAdhika ghaTatuM jatuM hatuM. 1676nI sAla sudhI te kethalikadhama pradhAna phrAnsa dezamAM greTesTa Ta hyujeneTsa ( Hugenots ) sukha zAMtithI rahI zakatA. emanA bhinna dha matane sahana karavAmAM AvatA. paraMtu tyAra pachInA se varSo sudhI temane rAja rakSaNamAMthI bahiSkRta karavAmAM . AvyA hatA. 1598mAM nIkaLelA (Nantes) nesanA anuzAsanathI temane svAtaMtrya maLeluM kharuM' paNa te apUrNa ane amaryAdita hatuM. udAharaNa tarIke, lazkarI amaladArI nAkarI mATenA adhikAramAMthI temane khAtala karavAmAM AvelA ane perisa temaja khIjA zahera ane jIllAmAM vasavAnI temane manA hatI. vaLI je kAMI svAtaMtrya maLeluM te A hyujeneTrasa (Huguenots) ne ja maLeluM, bIjA 5thAne enAthI vacita rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. paraMtu phrAnsanA proTesTaMTa lokeA para SaNa bhAgyadevInAM hAsya puSpo cirakALa sudhI verAyAM na hatAM. 13mA ane 14mA luinA samayamAM phrAnsanA rAjataMtranA sukAnI dharmopadezake! riAvyu ane mejherane te 1598nA nesa NantesnA anuzAsananuM akSarazaH pAlana karI phreMca proTesTaMTane mata svAtaMtrya bhAgavavA dIdhuM. paraMtu 1661mAM 14mA luie rAjyanI lagAma peAtAnA hAthamAM lIdhI ke turata proTesTaMTa viruddha kAyadAnI paraparA zaru ca; te eTalI cAlI ke pariNAme 1676nI sAlamAM 1598nI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 103 rAjAjJA rada karavAmAM AvI ane proTesTa Ta para julama varSAvavAnI nItine pAye caNAvA lAgyo. preTesTaMTa para julama varSAvavAnI nItine kAMsanA dharmaguruo "temane aMdara AvavAnI pharaja pADe" arthAta (bhinna matavALAone hamArA paMthamAM bhaLavA mATe baLAtkAra karo). e mazahura kRtine AdhAre tathA saMta ogasTAInanA abhiprAyanA AdhArathI vAjabI karAvavA lAgyA.rAmana ketholika dharmaguruonI kaDhaMgI dalIlothI heleMDamAM jaI chupAyala beila nAmane eka phenca proTesTaMTa cheDA ane teNe 1686mAM "temane aMdara AvavAnI pharaja pADe." e zrutipara tAtvika vivecana" e nAmano graMtha prakaTa karyo. A graMtha te ja samaye cAyelA lokanA graMtha jeTalo ja upayogI che. ane lekhakonI ghaNI dalIla eka sarakhI che. eka ja sarakhAM kAraNesara bane mana kethalikane dharmasvAtaMtryathI vaMcita rAkhavAnI himAyata kare che. Bayle beIlanA pustakanuM viziSTa lakSaNa nIce mujaba che. e evI saMzayAtmaka dalIla kare che ke dharmabrAMti (karanArA)ne baLAtkAre ThekANe lAvavAne siddhAMta gya pramANue tepaNa dharmanuM koI paNa satya bhAgye ja eTaluM badhuM saMdeharahita haze ke ApaNe bhrAMtine baLAtkAre aTakAvavAne siddhAMta nyAyapura:sara amalamAM mUkI zakIe. buddhivAdanI pragatimAM A vidvAna graMthakartAne phALo ApaNe bIjA prakaraNamAM seMdhIzuM. luIe baLAtkAra ane julama varSAvavAmAM kazI maNuM na rAkhI, ane proTesTaMTa krAnsamAMthI nhAsI nikaLyAM, chatAM rAjyamAMthI pAkhaMDamatane nirmULa karavAnI luinI yojanA niSphaLa nivaDI. 18mA zatakamAM 15mA luInA rAjyamAM proTesTaMTane rAjya rakSaNamAMthI bAtala karavAmAM AvyA hatA chatAM temanAM darzanathI tene jhera vyApatuM na hatuM. te proTeTone potAnA rAjyamAM rahevA dete. alabatta, preTesTeTanI lagnakriyAo kAyadAnI daSTie yogya manAtI na hatI ane

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104 , , dhArmika svAtaMtrya. game te ghaDIe temanA para julamanA zastronI jhaDI varSavAne saMbhava hite. zatakanA madhyamAM e dalita dharmapaMthanA uddhAraNArthe mukhyataH buddhivAdIoe lekho ane patrikAo dvArA hilacAla upADI, paraMtu Akhare suzikSita kethalikee paNa e hilacAlane Teko Ape. A pravRttine pariNAme 1787nI sAlamAM "matAMtara kSamAno kAyado nikaLyo ane keTalAMka jIvanakSetre e proTesTaMTa mATe baMdha ja rahyA chatAM temanAM ghaNAM duHkho halavAM thayAM temanI sthiti kaMika sudharI. asahiSNutA sAmenI jhuMbezamAM vaijora sauthI pracaMDa ane utsAhI dho hato; ane dharmane nAme gujaratA anyAyI julamanA cekakhA dAkhalA ughADA pADIne teNe sAmAnya dalIlothI vaLI zakayuM tenA karatAM vadhAre aMze asahiSNutA nAbuda karI, matasvAtaMtrya sthApita karavAnuM kAma pAra utAryuM. AvA anyAyI dAkhalAomAM sauthI vizeSa anyAyI mukardame TulUjhanA proTesTaMTa vyApArI para hatA. enuM nAma ina kele (Jeean Calais) hatuM. enA putre ApaghAta karyo hato. kelenA A putranA mRtyu saMbaMdhe evI aphavA uDAvavAmAM AvI hatI ke e yuvaka kethalika dharma aMgIkAra karavA cAhate hate. paraMtu enA proTesTaMTa dhama mAbApa ane bhAIe dharma jhanunathI prerAI eka mitranI sahAyathI ene ghATa ghaDyo. AvA Aropasara, kaI paNa vAjabI purAvA vagara, dharmadhapaNAthI temaNe evuM kAma karyuM hevuM joIe evI mAtra aTakaLathI ja e traNene jhAMjhara paherAvavAmAM AvyA, temanA para mukadamo cAlyo ane Akhare temane zikSA thaI. jIna kelenA zarIranA cakra para cUrecUrA karavAmAM AvyA, enA putra putrIne dharmamaThamAM mUkavAmAM AvyA ane enI patnIne nirAdhAra dazAmAM bhUkhe mAravAmAM AvI. A samaye vaijora jInIvAmAM rahetA hato. teNe prayAsa karI kelenI vidhavAne perisa javA samajAvI, jyAM e strIne sAre satkAra karavAmAM Avyo ane moTA prakhyAta vakIlonI ene madada maLI. kelenA guhAnI nyAyapura:sara tapAsa karavAmAM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 15 AvI. pariNAme lUjhanI sajA rada karavAmAM AvI; ane rAjAe julamanI bhAga thaI paDelI vyaktione penzana bAMdhI ApyA. A anAva viSe vAttera lakhe che ke AvA julameA prAMtamAMja saMbhavita hatA. mukhya rAjadhAnI perisamAM dharmAdhapaNuM game teTaluM sabaLa hatuM chatAM vivekabuddhine pradhAnasthAna hatuM. vagara viveke mAtra AMdhaLI dha - bhaktithI julame! gujAravA perisamAM azakaya hatA. sivaeNna sAmenA mukamAnuM pariNAma upara jeTaluM karuNa na hatuM chatAM ene ane kelenA mukadamA ekaja prakAranA hatA. sivenanA mukamAmAM paNa anyAyI sakhtI vAparavA mATe TulUjhanI sarakAra javAbadAra hatI. tenA para tenI putrIne kethalika thai jatI aTakAvavA mATe DUbADI devAne AreApa mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA ane tene tathA tenI patnIne mAtanI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI hatI. sadbhAgye sive na sahakuTuMba svITrejhaleMDa AsI chUTayA ane tyAM jai vAlheranA hRdayamAM peAtAnI nirdoSatA hasAvI zakayA. vAterane e sA rada karAvatAM nava va` lAgyAM ane A samaye TulUjhamAM ja sajA rada thaI. vAstera 1778mAM perisa gayA tyAre leAkeAnA TALAMoe tene kele ane sivenanA prANadAtA' tarIke jaya jayakAra karyAM ane harSoMnA pAkArAthI tene vadhAvI lIdheA, vAstere kelenA hissAnA saMbaMdhamAM matAMtarakSamA nAmanA prabaMdha lakhyA che; paraMtu tenA karatAM dhArmika jIlama viruddha teNe je niHsvArthI ane vyavahAru pravRtti upADI te vadhu upayegI hatI. lAka ane (Bayle ) meilanA graMthAne mukAmale vAsterane graMtha nakAmA che. e graMthamAM vAstera je svAtaMtryanI himAyata kare che te maryAdita prakAranuM che ane jAhera adhikAranI nAkarIe ane ucca pachI state religion rAjadhama pALanArAoneja apAvI joie evA ene (vAsteranuM) mata hatA. ApaNe upara joyuM te mujammu vAstare mata svAtaMtrya saMbaMdhI peAtAnA pustakamAM je vyavasthA batAvI hatI te maryAdita hatI. Ama

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106 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. chatAM enA samakAlIna se nAmanA lekhake je dharmapraNAlikAnI himAyata karI hatI tenI sarakhAmaNImAM vaiteranI paripATI vadhAre vizALa hatI. se janmathI svisa hovA chatAM, ItihAsa ane sAhityanI dRSTie kAnsane hate. tenI Adarza saMsthA dharmapATastha sarakAranA karatAM bhAgye ja kaMika vadhAre sArI nivaDI heta. ene hetu sAMsArika dharma sthApita karavAne ha-arthAta jemAM khristIdharmanA badhAM siddhAMta aMdhazraddhAthI paLAtA na hoya evI dharmapraNAlikA pracalita karavAno hato. Ama chatAM enI dharma saMsthAmAM khristI dharmanA enI najaramAM samAjane prANarUpa gaNAtA keTalAka siddhAMta-jevA ke Izvara che, puruSone prANane sukhaprApti ane durjanane duHkhaprApti thAya che, dharmanA mukhya mukhya niyamo svIkAranArA manuSya pratye sahiSNutA dAkhavavI e ApaNI pharaja che vagere siddhAMte vagara cUke paLAvA joIe; ane evA anivArya siddhAMtane avagaNanArane dezanikAlanI sajA karavI ja joIe e tene (sena) Agraha hate. e yojelI dharma praNAlinI tarapheNamAM ema kahI zakAya kharuM ke e praNAli svIkAranAra rAjyamAM badhA- khristI paze ane kevaLezvaravAdIone paNa sthAna maLI zakatachatAM e paripATIthI mataravAtaMtrya pUrNapaNe sthApita thaI zakata nahi. rUsa (enI najare jaNAtA) keTalAka anivArya siddhAMtonuM acUka pAlana thavuM joIe e Agraha darzAvIne matAMtarakSamAne asvIkAra kare che. dharmapraNAlikAnI A gaMbhIra khAmI che. amuka siddhAMta samAja para baLAtkAre lAdI te parokSa rIte manuSyanuM dharmasvAtaMtrya jhuMTavI le che. paraMtu phrAnsanA viplava samaye dharmanItinA je aneka akhatarA thayA temane eka senI dharmapraNAlikAnA AdhAre ajamAvavAmAM Avyo hato eTalI asanA matanI asara ApaNe kabulavI joIe. kAnsanA pracaMDa viplavane pariNAme tyAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 107 sthApita thayuM. kAnsane baLavo jagADanArAmAMnA ghaNA netAo a8 eTale navIna vicAro dharAvatA hatA. 18 mI sadImAM pracalita thayelA buddhivAdanA vicAronI spaSTa asara e netAonA hadayapaTa para paDelI hatI. emane buddhivAda 18 mI sadImAMnA buddhivAdane maLatuM hatuM. A rIte kAnsane viplava buddhivAdane utpAdaka athavA sahAyaka thaI paDya, sane 1789 mAM jAhera karavAmAM AvelA (Declaration of Rights) hakka patrikAnI prastAvanAmAM "paramAtmAnA sAnnidhyamAM ane emanI chAyA nIce' e zabdomAM kevaLezvaravAda pratipAdita karavAmAM Avyo hato. e DhaMDherAmAM eka evI kalama hatI ke jyAM sudhI koI paNa manuSya jAhera prajAnAM sukha zAMtimAM khalela na pahoMcADe tyAM sudhI tenA game tevA dharmamata khAtara tene raMjADI zakAya nahi. sarvamata pratye sahiSNutA darzAvavI joIe. vaLI e DhaMDherA anusAra kethalika dharmane rAjyanA mukhyadharma tarIke kAyama rAkhavAmAM Avyo hato ane proTesTaMTo (yahudi nahi,). ne jAhera adhikAranI padavIo ApavAmAM AvI hatI. e kAlanA eka sarvazreSTha rAjanItijJa puruSa mIrAbe (Mirabeau) e pUta DhaMDherAmAMnA "sahiSNutA" ane "mukhya" e be zabdone sakhta virodha karyo. mIrAbAe te samaye kaheluM ke;- saMpUrNa niraMkuza dharmasvAtaMtrya e manuSya mAtrane evo pavitra haka che ke e svAtaMtryane "matAMtarakSamA" evA zabdathI pradarzita karavuM e mane eka prakArane julama ja bhAse che; kAraNa ke je sattA rAjadharma viruddha mata dharAvanArAo pratye sahiSNutA darzAve te ja asahiSNutA paNa darzAvI zake. mIrAbAe "matAMtarakSamA darzAvI saMpUrNa svAtaMtrya ApavAno dAvo karanArAnI dalIlonI pikaLatA ughADI pADanArA uparanA asarakAraka zabdo uccAryA tyAra pachI be varSe Tomasa peIna nAmanA lekhake "manuSyanA hakake" (rAIsa evamena) e nAmanA potAnA pustakamAM DhaMDherAmAMnA "sahiSNutA ane

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108 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. mukhya' zabdo sAme mIrAbenA jevA ja virAdha uThAvyeA. ApaNe peInanA zabdo TAMkIe. matAMtarakSamA e akSamAnA abhAva (akSamAnA virAdhI zabda) nathI paNa vyAjakSamA che. banne jIlamA ja che. akSamAzIla sarakAra bhinna matavALAone dharma svAta'tryathI vaMcita rAkhavAne adhikAra samaje che, kSamAzIla sarakAra vidharmIne dha svAtaMtrya akSavAnA peAtAnA adhikAra pramANe che." peIna custa kevaLezvaravAdI hatA. eNe uparanAM vAkyAmAM nIcenA zabdo umeryAM che, "dhArA ke kAcha sabhya pArlAmenTa (pratinidhisabhA) mAM evA TharAva raju kare ke A herAthI sarva zaktimAna prabhune yahUdi ke turkanI pUjA svIkAravAnI svataMtratA ApavAmAM Ave che athavA te sarvazaktimAn prabhune tema karavAnI manA karavAmAM Ave che,' te badhA leAkeA khaLabhaLI uThaze ane e TharAva raju karanAra para devaniMdA karyAMnA Aropa mUkaze. AthI sabhAmAM bhAre hAhA thaze ane e dvArA dhArmika viSayeAmAM 'matAMtarakSamA' darzAvavAnA vicAranI pAkaLatA e samaye dIvA jeTalI spaSTa thaI jaze." phrAnsanA viplavanI zaruAta te su Mdara thaI, paraMtu mIrAbAnA vicArAnI asara TheTha khaLavAnA aMta sudhI prabaLa na rahI. 1789 thI 1801 sudhInA varSomAM dharmanItimAM gaMbhIra uthalapAthala thayA karI. e uthalapAthalanA pariNAme thayelA pheraphArA ApaNane prastuta carcAmAM ati upayeAganA che; kAraNa, e pheraphArA parathI spaSTa samajAya che ke je leAkeA akSamAzIla sarakArane uthalAvI nAMkhI asahiSNutAne nAza karyonA dAvA karatA hatA te leAkeA para ja aMtaHkaraNa svAtatryanA siddhAMta uMDI asara karI zakayA na hatA. 1790 nI sAlamAM pAdarIoe sarakArI ca` State Church nI punaH vasthA karI. e pheraphAranI rue phrAnsanA zaherIene pApanI sattA mAnya karavAnI manA thaI ane dharmAdhyakSeAnI nimaNuka karavAnI sattA (dharmAMnI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 109 bhinna bhinna) zAkhAnA niyojaka gaNane soMpavAmAM AvI. Ama khare adhikAra rAjyanA hAthamAMthI prajAnA hAthamAM gayo. paraMtu A 1790 nA baMdhAraNathI dharmAsvAtaMtrya ane pUjAvidhimAM kazo pheraphAra karavAmAM Avyo na hato. pachI 1792-95 sudhImAM eka rAjazAsanapaddhati nAbuda thaI ane lakarAja sthapAyuM tyAre paNa 1790 nuM baMdhAraNa te kAyama ja rahyuM. paraMtu kAnsamAMthI khristIdharmane jaDamULathI ukhADI kADhavAnI pravRtti maMDAI ane perisanA Commune (saMdhe ) badhA dharmanA ane baMdha karavAno hukama kADho. kethalika dharmanI pUjanavidhi anusAra buddhinI pUjA perisa ane prAMtamAM zaru thaI. sarakAra kethalika matanI sakhta virodhI hatI paNa pracalita dharmane kacarI nAkhavA mATe pazubaLa vAparavAnI teNe darakAra karI nahi. sIdho julama gujAravAthI rASTra rakSaNanI zakti kama thaI jAta ane pUrapane eba lAgata. pAkhaMDamata krame krame nAbuda thaze ema sarakAra bheLapaNathI mAnatI hatI. kAnsa dezamAMthI khristI dharmanuM mULa ukheDavAnI nItine rabapIare virodha karyo ane 1795 nA eprilamAM e sattArUDha thaye tyAre eNe paramAtmAnI pUjA rAjadharma tarIke sthApita karI. phrenca lokee AtmAnA amaratvanA ane paramAtmAnA astitvanA siddhAMto svIkAryA. khristI dharmanA siddhAMtano svIkAra karAvI raspIare e dharmane konsamAMthI nimULa na thavA dIdho. rebalpIara sattArUDha hato tyAre khristI dharmanA badhA siddhAMtonuM pAlana aMdhazraddhAthI thatuM na hatuM, kiMtu Avazyaka siddhAMtane teNe sarva pAse svIkAra karAvelo. rAjadharmathI viruddha dharmapaMthanA anuyAyIonuM svAtaMtrya jhuMTavI levAmAM AvyuM na hatuM. Ama, keTalAka mahinA sudhI rusenA vicAra thoDA ghaNA amalamAM mUkAyA hatA. vastutaH asahiSNutA ja pravartatI. anIzvaravAda e durguNa lekhAte ane reispIarathI judA vicAra dharAvanArA anIzvarI lekhAtAeTale, rebalpIarathI judA judA vicAra dharAvanArA durguNane pracAra. karanArA hoI, hAI kudaratI rIte asahiSNutAnA bhaMga banatA.

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dhArmika svAtaMtrya. 1795 thI 1799 sudhImAM samasta prajAsattAka rAjyane sthAne madhyamavarganuM prajAzAsana zaru thayuM. A sarakAranI nIti kAi paNa dharmapathanI sattA asAdhAraNa thatI aTakAvI, sa dha pa thAne samAna bhUmikA para ANavAnI hatI. chatAM rAjanA aliSTha kethalika dha pa thaje khIjA dharmone DUbADI de tathA madhyamaleAkasattAka sarakAranA pAyA paNa hacamAvI mUke evA bhayarUpa lAgatA te-viruddha madhyamavarga nA prajAsattAka rAjyanAM zastro khAsa maMDAyAM hatAM. kethalika pathane mukAbale anyapathA tarapha sarakAra kaMIka pakSapAta batAvatI. buddhivAdamAM mAnanArA je navA pathA ubhA thatA hatA tene uttejana ApavAne tathA sAMsArika zikSaNaparipATI zaru karI, IzvarAkata dhamanA pAyA khAdI nAMkhavAnI yeAjanA hatI. tadanusAra, 1795 nA baMdhAraNanI rue rAjya ane dharmanAM kSetra tekhAM karavAmAM AvyAM, sadha pa MthAnuM dharma svAtaMtrya pratipAdita karavAmAM AvyuM ane AjasudhI rAjanI trijorImAMthI kethalika dharmaguruone je pagA maLatA te baMdha karavAmAM AvyA. prAthamika zALAonA adhikAra madhyamavarganA leAkeAne soMpavAmAM AvyA. zikSaNa viSayamAM, Ama, dharmaguruone sthAne madhyamavarganA leAkeAnuM taMtra zaru thayuM. zALAe mAM (hakka patrikA) The Declaration of Rights, 1795 nA rAjabaMdhAraNanA kAnune ane (Republican Morality) prajAsattAkane pAye! dRDha thAya evA nIti niyameAnuM zikSaNa apAvA mAMDayuM. zikSaNanItimAMnI A uthalapAla joIne eka utsAhI puruSa evA udgAra kADhelA ke alpakALamAM sokreTisa, mArkasa eriliasa ane siserAne! dharma e samasta vizvanA dharma gaNAze. 110 vaLI, Theophilanthropy thikilenathropi nAmano eka navA buddhivAdI dhama dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA hatA. e dhama te 18 mI sadInA kavie ane tattvajJAnIone, vAstera ane IMgleMDanA kevaLezvaravAdIone naisargika dhama' hatA--nahi ke seAnA vizuddha

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 111 khristI dharma ane te khristI dharmathI pUrva ane caDhate dharma hato. TUMkANamAM e navA dharmanA siddhAMte A mujaba hatA. IzvaranuM astitva, AtmAnuM amaratva, bhrAtRbhAva, mAnavadayA, vidhamI para humalo karavAne pratibaMdha, sarva dharma pratye mAna ane Adara nItinA AcaraNa mATe uttejana ApavAnA hetuthI ghara ke devaLamAM sabhAo bharavI vagere. sarakAra A navA dharmanI koI vAra ughADI te koI vAra gupta rakSA karatI ane e ziSTa buddhizALI lokavargamAM saheja phatehamaMda nivaDe hate. A rAjyamAM Lay state aihikatA-pradhAna rASTra sthApavAne vicAra janatAmAM atipriya thaI paDyo hato ane 18 mI sadInA aMta samaye kAnsa dezamAM kharuM jotAM dhArmika zAMti sthapAI hatI. 1799nA varSathI consulate "kAnsIlagIrInA amalamAM eja paddhati kAyama rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu nepoliane thiophilenathropine Azraya Apyo nahi. cAlu rAjavyavasthAthI lokamAM saheja paNa asaMtoSa na hato chatAM 180mAM nepoliane cAlu rAjyapaddhati uthalAvI nAMkhI, vaLI pAcho pipane sattA para ANavAno nirNaya karyo. enA amala daramyAna kethalika dharma pharI pAcho prajAnI moTI vastIe svIkAryo. e dharmane rAjyanuM rakSaNa maLyuM. prajAnA paisAmAMthI khristI dharmaguruone pharI pagAra apAvA mAMDyA ane mukarara maryAdAmAM vaLI pAcho dharmAmaMdira para popane adhikAra manAvA lAgyA. anya dharma pratye sahiSNutA kAyama rAkhavAmAM AvI. A badhuM kAnsanA prajAsattAka rAjya ane pipa vacce dharmasaMbaMdhI je karAra thayA tenuM pariNAma hatuM. eka ati vajanadAra vyaktinuM kahevuM che ke je A pheraphAro karatAM pahelAM prajAnI saMmati levAmAM AvI hatI te prajA pheraphAra karavA viruddha abhiprAya darzAvata. A vajanadAra vyaktinuM anumAna sAcuM haze ke kema evI koI zaMkA karIye zake. chatAM amane eTaluM to lAge che ke nepeliane dharmaviSayamAM upara pramA

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112 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. NenA pheraphArA karAvI, pApane punaH sattA apAvavAnA prayAsa karyo; emAM enA hetu pApane peAtAnuM zastra banAvI, parAkSa rIte lAka para peAtAnI dhama`sattA jamAvI, sAmrAjya sthApavAnuM potAnuM dhyeya sahelAithI siddha karavAnA hAvA joie. phrAnsanA baLavAnA kALamAM dharmaguruone lagatI je dharmanIti pracAramAM AvI ane buddhivAdI vicArakAnA siddhAMtAnA AdhAre navA dharmapathA sthApavAnA je akhatarAe ajamAvavAmAM AvyA te sane avagaNIe tApaNa khuda phrAnsanA baLavAja ApaNI prastuta carcAmAM ati upayoganA che; kAraNa ke e baLavA buddhine nAme bhinna matavALAM pratye akSamA darzAvanArA svAtaMtrya, bhrAtRbhAva ane samAnatAnA siddhAMtavAdI phrenca baLavAkhorAe je buddhinigraha ane sakhtI calAvyAM tenAM udAharaNarUpa che. (baLavAnA) AgevAna ema mAnatA hatA ke phrAnsamAM amuka siddhAMtA lAgu pADI tee phrAnsane punaruddhAra karI zake tathA mAnavajAtinuM zAzvata kalyANa prApta karavAne mAga duniyAne darzAvI zake. emaNe peAtAnI pravRtti buddhine nAme calAvI, paraMtu emanA siddhAMtA vAstavika rIte dhasiddhAMtA jevA ja hatA. kAi paNa alaukika, izvaraprerita dharmoMmatanA siddhAMtAnI mAphaka emanAM sUtreA paNa eTalAM ja avivekathI ane eTalIja aMdha zraddhAthI svIkAravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. emanA AvA siddhAMteAmAMne eka teA seAne peleA khATe siddhAMta ke manuSya svabhAvathI ja sana ane nyAya tathA vyavasthAne cAhanAruM' prANI che e hateA. kudaratathI badhAM manuSyA samAna che evA bhrAMtimaya temane bIjo siddhAMta hatA. e leAkeAmAM eka evI cheAkaramuddhivALI mAnyatA dhusI gayelI ke dhArAdheAraNA yAcha kADhavAthI bhUtakALanI badhI asara nAbuda karI zakAya tathA samAjanuM svarUpa mULathI palaTAvI zakAya. AdipracArakanA maMtavya ( The Creed of the Apostles) nI mAphaka * svataMtratA, samAnatA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 113 ane bhrAtRbhAva" e baLavAkherene dharma, anullaMdhanIya dharma ja hato. jema Adi pracArakonA maMtavyathI lake maMtramugdha thatA tema A baLavAkhoroe pitAnA triguNAtmaka siddhAMtanI janasamAja para bhurakI nAMkhI hatI; ane e siddhAMtanA pracAra kAryamAM, jema khristI dharma ane proTesTaMTa dharmanA pracAramAM thayuM hatuM tema, buddhi ke vivekane bhAgye ja sthAna hatuM. pitAnA siddhAMtane pracAra karavA mATe buddhinA e dharmajhanunI ane manuSyasvabhAvathI ajJAta pracArakoe je nIti aMgIkAra karI hatI e temanA triguNAtmaka siddhAMtane ananurUpa hatI ane khAsa karIne "svataMtratA'ne temAM abhAva hate. dharma pracAra mATenA sarva kALanA sAmAnya zastra-trAsa athavA baLAtkArano phrAnsanA baLavA samaye jeTalo upayoga thayo eTalo koI kALa thaye nathI. baLavAkhAnA siddhAMtanA satyanI koI zaMkA kare che te pAkhaMDa matavAdI lekhAte ane enI dazA paNa pAkhaMDamatavAdI jevI ja thatI. dareka dharmapravRttimAM bane che tema A "svataMtratA, samAnatA ane bhrAtRbhAva" dharma phelAvanArI baLavAkhora pravRttimAM zAMta ane ochA avivekI puruSa dharmAnta pracArakene vaza thayA. buddhine nAme pitAnA siddhAMtane pracAra karanArA ane pote buddhinuM rAjya sthApe che evuM mAnanArA A baLavAra AgevAnone hAthe buddhinuM pavitra nAma jeTaluM kalaMkita karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM teTaluM koI kALa keAIne hAthe thayuM na hatuM. chatAM A baLavAmAMthI bIjAM ghaNuM zubha pariNAmanI sAthe sAthe dhArmika svAtaMtrya paNa janma pAmyuM. dharma ane rASTranAM kAryakSetra mAM karavAnI paddhatimAM dhArmika svAtaMtryanAM prathama darzana thayAM. ane pachIthI kAnsanA prajAsattAka rAjya ane kethalika dharmaguru pipa vacce je karAra thayA tethI dharmasvAtaMtrya sthApita thayuM hatuM. eka zatakasudhI ekazAsana temaja bahuzAsana rAjyapaddhati daramyAna e karAra paLAyA. paraMtu 1905nA Disembara mAsamAM vaLI pAchI rAjya ane dharmanAM kSetro nekhAM karavAnI paddhati dAkhala thatAM karAra rada thayA.

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114 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. . have ApaNe jarmanI tarapha vaLIe. jarmana saMsthAmAM sthapAyelA dhArmika svAtaMtryanA itihAsane phrAnsamAMnA dhArmika svAtaMtrya sAthe anekavidha virodha che, chatAM kAnsanA svAtaMtrya vikAsa sAthe jarmana saMsthAnemAMnA dharmavAtaMtryanA ItihAsanuM eTaluM sAmya che ke zaAtamAM jarmana saMsthAmAM paNa yuddha dvArAja maryAdita svAtaMtrya sthapAyuM hatuM. sattaramA zatakanA prathamAdhamAM jarmana saMsthAnemAM "trIza varSanI laDhAIthI pakSApakSI ubhI thaI hatI ane iMgleMDanA AMtaravigrahanI mAphaka A laDhAI paNa rAjadvArI ane dhArmika kAraNasara upasthita thaI hatI. chevaTe 1648nI vaeNsTapheliAnI sabdhithI e vigrahane aMta Avyo. 1648nA A kAyadAnI e (The Holy Roman Empire) pavitra remana sAmrAjya kethalika mata, lUthara mata tathA punardhATita matane kAyadesara pramANyAM ane traNene samAna bhUmikA para mUkyAM. Itara sarva dharmane bAtala karavAmAM AvyA hatA. chatAM sAmrAjyanAM jarmana saMsthAne anya dharma pratye kSamA, akSamA darzAvavAnA viSayamAM svataMtra hatAM -eTale ke game te saMsthAnano rAjakartA pitAnI prajA pAse uparyukta traNa dharmo paikI game te eka paLAve ane bIjA dharmone pitAnA prAMtamAM rakSaNa ApavAnI ke sahana karavAnI nA pADI zake; athavA tenI IcchA hoya te bAkInA bemAMthI eka yA banenuM te pitAnA rAjyamAM niraMkuza pAlana thavA de ane A dharmamata tripuTithI ItaramatavAdIone paNa potAnA rAjyamAM Azraya Ape, temaja temanI viziSTa kriyAonuM temanA gharamAM khAnagI rIte vagara daDe AcaraNa karavAnI chUTa paNa Ape. Ama pratyeka saMsthAnanI nIti anusAra dharmasvAtaMtryamAM bheda hata; koImAM vadhatuM te kaImAM eAchuM, keImAM e traNamAMthI game te eka, be ke traNene te vaLI kaI saMsthAnamAM e traNathI bhinna dharmamane paNa sarakSaNa Azraya maLata. anya sthaLonI mAphaka jarmanImAM paNa ane khAsa karIne prazi

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pramatAMtarakSamAne. adva bIja vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 115 AmAM-rAjakIya lAbha prApta karavAnA vicArathI matAMtarakSamAne. pracAra vRddhigata thate gaye ane bIjAM badhAM sthaLonI mAphaka ahiM paNa Theoretical advocates prayoga zUnya siddhAMtanI himAyata karanArAonI prajAjane para meTI asara thaI paNa prastuta viSayamAM jarmanInI nIti kAnsa ane IgleMDanI nItithI cheka vilakSaNa hatI. IgleMDe ane kAjo naitika ane bauddhika kAraNe sara matasvAtaMtrya mATe pokAra uThAve tyAre jarmanIe kAyadAnI daSTie matasvAtaMtranI himAyata karelI. jarmanInA matasvAtaMtryavAdIo dharmasvAtaMtryanA praznane kAyadAne prazna lekhatA ane tethI teo e praznanI carcA rAjya ane dharmasaMsthA vaccenA kAyadAne lagatA saMbaMdhanI dRSTie ja karatA. cirakALa pUrve 13 mA saikAmAM mazahura thayelApiDuAnA mArsiliesa nAmanA apUrva iTAliana vicArake A prazrane AvIja daSTie vicAre. carcAne pazubaLa vAparavAne kaze ja adhikAra nathI evuM e pratipAdana karatA ane kahe ke adhikArIo pAkhaMDIone koI dharmasiddhAMta athavA devI pharamAnanA InkAra khAtara nahi, paraMtu je rAjya pitAnA pradezamAMthI pAkhaMDIone dUra karatuM te rAjyanA kAyadAne bhaMga karavAnA gunhAne lIdheja zikSA karatA hatA. Thomasius Tomesiasane dhArmika svAtaMtryanuM mULa kAyadAnI yathArtha samajamAM raheluM che e siddhAMtanA agragaNya pratipAdaka tarIke gaNI zakAya. 1693 thI' 97 sudhI niyamita rIte aneka patrikAo dvArA teNe jAhera karyuM ke rAjakartA jene ekalAne ja nigraha karavAnI sattA che tene AdhyAtmika bAbatamAM mAthuM mAravAno haka nathI; tema je dharmaguruo paNa sAMsArika vigatemAM mAthuM mAre athavA te upadeza ke zikSaNa sivAyanA koI paNa mArge pitAnA dharmanI rakSA karavA prerAya te teo pitAnI maryAdAnuM ullaMghana kare che ema samajavuM. pAkhaMDIone damana karavAmAM rAjyAdhikArI pitAnI

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116 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. dhama maryAdA oLaMge che; kAraNa TAmesiyasa kahe che ke pAkhaMDamata jyAM sudhI kAyadesara gunhA na lekhAya tyAM sudhI pAkhaDIene kanaDavAne rAjyAdhikArIne Legal right kAyadesara adhikAra nathI, ane pAkhaMDamatanuM pAlana e kAMI kAyadesara gunhA nathI, paraMtu mAtra bhrAMti che, kAraNa evA matanuM pAlana karavAnI vAta manuSyanI IcchA bahAranI che. kharI vastusthiti Ama hAvAthI rAjyAdhikArIne itaradharmAM sAme damana calAvavAne leza mAtra adhikAra nathI. vaLI TAmesiyasa evA abhiprAya darzAve che ke matakatA ane prajA kalyANane kA kAraNa jevA kazA sabaMdha nathI; rAjyamAM eka ja sarakhA dharma paLAtA hoya teA ja prajAkalyANa sAdhI zakAya evA kAMi anivAyaeN niyama nathI. rAjyanI koi vyakti jyAM sudhI rAjyane vaphAdAra hoya tyAM sudhI te game te dharmamata pALatI hoya chatAM rAjyanI sthitine te kazI asara karatI nathI. AvA uddAma vicAre darzAvI TAmesiasa matAMtarakSamAnI suMdara himAyata kare che. chatAM eNe sUcaveluM matasvAtaMtrya paNa pUrNa nathI. enA samakAlIna lekhaka lAkanA graMthAnI enA para dhaNI asara thayelI ane tethI ja lAke nAyAlaka gaNAvelA 5thAne TAmesiasa paNa matasvAta MtryanI lahANImAM khAtala rAkhavAnI sUcanA kare che. dharma svAtaMtryanA pracAramAM ( kAyadA zAstrIenI ) (Jurists) je asara thai te ApaNe avaleAkI; paraMtu vizeSamAM ApaNe bhagatapaMca (jarmanImAM ubhA thayelA proTesTaMTa paMthanA eka upapatha athavA phAMTA ) nI hilacAlanI noMdha levI ghaTe che. A hilacAla dharmAMtsAhathI raMgAyalI hatI, je dharmotsAha lUtharapathI dharmaguruonI bAhyAcAravALI izvaravidyAne pratyAdhAta rUpa hatA; ane 18mI sadInA uttarAmAM ghaNA sAhityakAroe khAsa karIne lesiMge-bhagataSa thIonI laDatane uttejana ApyuM hatuM.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 117 jarmanImAM dhama svAtaMtrya sthApita karavAmAM Jurists kAyadAzAstrIo temaja bhagatapathIone phALe kharekhara prazaMsanIya hatA. paraMtu janImAM satvara dharma svAtaMtrya sthApita thavAnuM sarvotkRSTa kAraNa teA kadAca prazinA siMhAsana para mahAna phreDarika jevA buddhivAdI virAjyA e hatuM. 1740mAM phreDarika siMhAsanastha thayA tyAra pachI gheADe mahine rAjyanA eka kAgaLamAM (State paper ) teNe dharmanItinA praznanI carcA joine kAgaLanA hAMsiAmAM evI TIkA lakhI ke dareka mANasane tene peAtAne yeAgya lAge te mAge svaprAptinAM sAdhanA yojavAnI chUTa hovI joie. nIti dharma para avalaMbatI nathI ane tethI dareka dharmoMmatamAM nItinu astitva sa'bhave che. jo pathamAM nItimattA hAya teA anuyAcI sArA nAgarika thai zake che. ane prajAjanA ceAgya nAgarikA nivaDe ethI vadhu apekSA rAjya rAkhI zake nahi prajAjano kayA dharma pALe che e rAjyanA vicAra viSaya nathI. phreDarikanA AvA vicAranuM sayuktika pariNAma e AvyuM ke jamana saMsthAnamAM pUrNa dharma svAtaMtrya sthapAyuM. kethalika pathIne caDhAvIne preTasTaTAnI samAna karavAmAM AvyA ane vesTaphAliAnI sandhinA bhaMga karI pratyeka pratiSiddha dharma patha pratye pUNa sahiSNutA darzAvavAmAM AvI. phreDirake te musalamAna saMsthAnavAsIone paNa peAtAnA rAjyanA keTalAka bhAgeAmAM Mahomedan settlers musalamAna rahIzAne Azraya ApavAne vicAra ghaDele. kayAM trIjA jyAnA samayanuM IMgleMDa, 15mA lui vakhatanuM phrAnsa tathA pApAnI chAyAmAM ucharatuM iTali ane kayAM praziAnA siMhAsanastha mahAna phreDarikanA samayanuM janI ? Adhunika yurApanA kAi paNa dezamAM pUrNa dhArmika svAtaMtrya tA devaniMdaka' vAsteranA mitra, ane nAstika, buddhivAdI rAjA phreDarikanA rAjataMtra daramyAna sthApita thayuM hatuM e mInA joie eTalA bhArapUrvaka pradarzita karavAmAM AvI nathI, kiMtu dharma svAtaMtryanA itihAsamAM e mInA ati upayAgI che.

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118 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. 1794mAM taiyAra karavAmAM AvelA Prussian Territorial Code praziAnA rASTrIya kAyadA saMgrahamAM pheDarikanI nIti ane enA siddhAMta kAyadA rUpe mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. A kAyadAnI e sarvane aniyaMtrita aMtaHkaraNasvAtaMtrya bakSavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tathA kethalika, lUthara ane punardhATita e traNe dharmapathane samAna bhUmikA para mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. traNe paMthanA anuyAyIo ekaja sarakhA hakako bhegavatA. praziAnI A navI paripATI jurisdictinal 'jyuriskilanala' hatI. phera mAtra eTale ke iMgleMDamAM mAtra eMglikana dharmaguruo je adhikAra bhogave che te ahiM traNa paMthanA adhikArIo bhegave che. paNa jarmanImAM bIjAM saMsthAne praziAe darzAvelI dizAmAM ghaNA kALa sudhI paLyAM nahi. chevaTe jyAre (Holy Roman Empire) pavitra remana rAjyanA chellAM kAnomAMnA ekathI 1803mAM vesTaphIliAnI sadhimAM sudhArA vadhArA thayA tyAreja e saMsthAnoe praziAe pADelA cIle cAlavA mAMDayuM. 1870mAM sAmrAjyanI sthApanA thaI tyAra pahelAM AkhA jarmanImAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya sthapAyuM hatuM. osTriyAmAM, josepha bIjAe 1781mAM matAMtarakSamAnuM pharamAna kADhayuM, te samayanA kethalika rAjyanuM A kartavya kharekhara udAra (Broad) lekhAya. josepha custa kethalikapaMthI hatuM paraMtu pitAnA samayanA saMskArI, jJAneddIpaka vicArathI pote cheka alipta rahe evA saMkucita svabhAvane te na hatuM. te phreDarikane prazaMsaka hatA ane 1689mAM IgleMDamAM pasAra thayelA matAMtarakSamAnA kAyadAnI mAphaka josephanA anuzAsanamAM kSamAnA tatvane abhAva na hatuM. enuM anuzAsana pratyeka dharmapaMtha pratyenI sAcI sahiSNutAthI prerAyuM hatuM. A anuzAsana anusAra kevaLa lUtharapaMthI, punardhATita carcAnA anuyAyIo tathA remanI dharmasaMsthA sAthe joDAyelA grIka dharmapaMthane dharma svAtavya maLeluM. ATale aMze A anuzAsana apUrNa hatuM. enAthI prati

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 119 pAdita karavAmAM AveluM svAtaMtrya maryAdita hatuM. 1867nI sAla sudhI pUrNa dhArmika svAtaMtra sthApita thayuM na hatuM. josephanuM anuzAsana iTalimAMnAM osTriana saMsthAnene lAgu pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, ane pariNAme iTalimAM paNa dhArmika svAtaMvyane vicAra utpanna thayuM. paraMtu iTalimAM 18mA zatakamAM matAMtara kSamAnI himAyata karanAre puruSa buddhivAdI ke tattvajJAnI na hatA, kiMtu "On Ecclesiastical and Civil toleration" "ena ikalesiesTikala enDa sivila Telarezana" nAmanA graMthano lekhaka ane Temyurini nAmane kethalika paMthane eka dharmaguru hate e hakIkata nedhavA lAyaka che. enA graMthamAM rAjya ane dharmasaMsthAnAM kSetranAM kAryonI bhinnatAne spaSTa nirdeza karavAmAM Avyo che. tapAsakAriNi sabhAnAM kAryone tathA julamane niMdI kADhavAmAM AvyAM che. baLAtkAre koInI pAse tenA aMtaHkaraNa viruddha kartavya karAvavAnI nItine sAcA khristIne na chAje evuM kartavya gaNAvyuM che; ane rAjAne jyAre jyAre lokakalyANane hAni pahoMcavAnI bhIti lAge tyAre tyAreja sakhI karavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI che. lokanI mAphaka, lekhaka Temyurini mAne che ke anIzvaravAdI kharekhara julamane pAtra che. nepoliane iTalimAM je navAM rASTra ubhAM karyAM hatAM temanAmAM judAM judAM pramANamAM matAMtarakSamA dRSTigocara thatI hatI. paraMtu kharuM svAtaMtrya to sauthI pahelAM 1848 nI sAlamAM (Cavour) kevure (Piedmont) pIDamenTamAM dAkhala karyuM hatuM. A pagalAne pariNAme 1870 mAM sthapAyelA ITalinAM rAjyamAM prathama phaLarupa pUrNa svAtaMtranI sthApanA saraLa thaIA ITalinA rASTranI sthApanA e Adhunika rASTra viSenA vicArane (mana) khristI carcanA sAmradAyika vicAro para je vijaya thayo te vijayanuM suMdara ane adabhuta kArya hatuM. khristI carcanA sAmpradAyika vicArane custa

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120 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. paNe vaLagI rahenArA romana dharmaguruoe 19 mI sadImAM yuropanA khuNe khuNAmAM phelAyelo udAramatavAdI vicAre sAme daDha ane vIratAbharyo virodha darzAvyo che. cirakAla pUrve sthApita thayeluM, aparivartanazIla ane kadI kAlAtIta na thAya evuM manAtuM remana carca udAramatanA pracArathI keTaluM jokhamamAM AvI paDe e vAta carcAnA sukAnIo sArI peThe pAmI gayA. phrAnsamAMnA keTalAka kethalikamatanA juvAnIAo pracalita udAramatane AdhAre carcAmAM parivartana karavAnI mIThI kalpanAo karatA hatA temane Thapake ApavAnA hetuthI 16 mA gregarIe 1832 mAM eka jagodhaka prakAzapatra (Encyclical Letter) prasiddha karyo ane temAM teNe pracalita udAramata sAme virodha darzAvI, svAtaMtrya sAme adhikAranuM samarthana karyuM ane Adhunika Adarza sAme madhyakAlIna Adarzane bacAva karyo e kahe che ke -"eke eka mANasane aMtakaraNasvAtaMtrya apAvuM joIe evo vicitra ane bhrAMtikAraka siddhAMta athavA gAMDapaNatiraskaraNaya che. A aMtaHkaraNasvAtaMtrya athavA AtmanirNayane aniSTakArI siddhAMta pelA carcanA ane rASTranA durbhAgye ati pracAramAM AvelA ane jene keTalAka loko behada uddhatAipUrvaka dharmaviSayamAM bahu hitakArI mAne che evA, aniyaMtrita vicArasvAtaMtryanA siddhAMtane lIdhe ja ubho thayo che ane AvA AvA aniSTakArI vicAre phelAvAthI yuvakavargamAM bhraSTAcAra zaru thayo che, dharma ane pUjanIya dhArAo pratye kaMTALo utpanna thAya che, sRSTinA mAnasamAM parivartana thayuM che -TUMkamAM kahIe te-samAjane sapta sATake lAgyo che. kAraNa, itihAsanA anubhava parathI jaNAya che ke je je rASTro dhana, sattA ane kIrtithI prakAzatAM hatAM te ja rASTra mAtra A ja aniSTaamita vicAravAtaMtrya, phAve tevo amaryAdita vArtAlApa ane navInatAne prema-ne lIdhe nAza pAmyAM che. A aniSTa sAthe vaLI eka bIjuM aniSTa arthAta game te prakAranuM game tevuM lakhANa prakaTa kara

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vicArasvAtaMtryane vAnI chUTa,-e saMjAyeluM che. A pustaka prakaTananA kAryanI svataMtratA keTalAka loke ghaNA utsAha ane ghaMghATathI vakhANe che, chatAM e svataMtratA evI vinAzaka ane duSTa che ke ene ApaNane jeTalo kaMTALo chUTe teTalo ocho." 19 mI sadImAM prasarelA udAramata pratyenA lokonA valaNa viruddha kevaLa 16 mA gregarIe ja virodhavacana uccArelAM evuM nathI. enA pachI mAtra eka peDhI jeTalAM aMtare 9 mA piase evA ja prakAranuM jAheranAmuM-cAlu jamAnAnA bhrAMtimaya vicArenuM TippaNa-1864 mAM prakaTa karI, jagatane jarA bhaDakAvyuM hatuM. Ama 19 mI sadImAM prasarelA udAramata sAme remana dharmAcAryone tIvra virodha hate. e udAramatanA pracArane lIdhe romanacarcA jokhamamAM AvI paDyuM hatuM. paNa, Adhunika saMskRtinA AgaLa paDatA vicAre tathA carcAnA siddhAMta vacce maulika taphAvata hato chatAM popanI gAdI Papacy haju mAnapUrvaka ane sabaLa rIte TakI rahI che -ane te paNa je sthaLee pApoe tiraskArelA vicArenuM ghaNuM prAbalya che ane jyAM e vicAre chavana vyavahAra mATe Avasyaka lekhAyA che te sthaLoe ja-e khAsa beMdhavA jevI bInA che. 15 mI sadImAM pravartatI mataiiktAnI paripATithI 19 mA zatakamAM niyama5 banelI (mata) svAtaMtryanI paripATi sudhI pazcimanI prajAoe je pragati karI te ghaNuM maMda, dardabharI, ayuktika ane asthira hatI. A pragati thavAmAM rAjadvArI jarUrIAte kAraNabhUta che. mataiktA karatAM matasvAtaMtryanI zreSThatAnI uMDI pratIti thavAne kAraNe bhAgye ja e pragati thaI haze. kAyadAnI dRSTie jotAM "jyarisDikSana' paddhati ane (rASTra ane carcAne nakhAM karavAnI) pRthakakaraNa paddhati e be dvArA dharmasvAtaMtrya prApta thayuM che e ApaNe joyuM. paNa kAyadAnI dRSTie je kRtya gunha gaNatuM na hoya tene vyavahAranI rIte samAja gunha lekhe, ane kAyadAnI chUTa hoya chatAM samAja amuka vyaktine tenA amuka kArya mATe kanaDagata kare te

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122 dhArmika svAtaMtrya. sAme kAyadAnuM kazuM cAle nahi. dAkhalA tarIke, je kaI manuSya asvIkRta (Unorthodox) vicAre pradarzita kare te mulkI adhikAranI nokarI tene na maLe ema bane, ane kadAca enI pragati thatI paNa aTake. kAyado te kAryanuM ke vicAranuM pUrNa svAtaMtrya bakSate hoya paNa samAja e svAtaMtryamAM kApakUpa kare ema bane. have, kSamAyukta sAmAjIka vAtAvaraNa utpanna karavA mATe "jyuricchikSanala paddhati ke pRthakkaraNapaddhati vadhAre anukULa che e prazna pUchavAmAM Avyo che. phini (jenA dhamasvAtaMtrya' nAmanA uttama graMthane AdhAre mahe A prakaraNano moTo bhAga racyo che te) "kyurisDikSane paddhati vadhAre pasaMda kare che. e kahe che ke "kyurisDikSana paddhatinI cojanA vicArasvAtaMtryanA sAcA himAyatI sosInase ghaDI amalamAM mUkavAno nizcaya karyo hato, tyAre pRthakkaraNa paddhatine Azraya A sahiSNu prakRtinA jaLasaMskAra virodhIoe lIdhe hatuM. A uparathI "yurisDikSana paddhati vadhAre pasaMda karavA gya che e puravAra thaze. "jyurisTikSana" paddhatinI tarapheNamAM bIjI dalIla e che ke IMgleMDa, jarmAni ane iTali jevA deze jyAM baliSTa carce rASTranI hakamata nIce cAle che tyAM pRthakkaraNa paddhatinA pracAravALAM amerikAnAM saMsthAne karatAM vadhu svAtaMtrya ane vadhu matAMtarakSamAM pravartI che. amerikAnA svAtaMtryanA saMgrAmamAM amerikAnI uttama sevA bajAvanAra Tomasa peIna pratye abhiprAya darzAvanAruM pustaka prakaTa karavA mATe amerikAnA lekee kamakamAM upajAve evI nIca kRtaghatA darzAvI hatI. haju paNa ghaNAMkharAM vizvavidyAlayamAM svataMtra vicAra dharAvanAra amerikanane ghaNuM khamavuM paDe che ane enA badhA 1. u. ta. 1. punarvivAha 2. AMtaralagna ane 3. paradharma svIkAra nI kAyadesara chUTa hoya che paNa samAja chUTa ApatuM nathI. A traNemAMnuM koIpaNuM kRtya karanArAne samAja kanaDe che. (u. ta. khristI-maNizaMkara ratnajI bhaTTa

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 123 mArgo baMdha thaI jAya che. A badhA parathI puravAra thAya che ke pRthakaraNapaddhati sahiSNutAnuM ane kSamAnuM vAtAvaraNa utpanna karanAruM amogha sAdhana nathI. e paddhati amerikana saMsthAmAM hovAthI tyAMnI prajAnA vicAre sahiSNutAnA vAtAvaraNane pratikULa che evuM nigamana phininA uparanA vicAramAMthI nikaLe che. paraMtu prajAsattAka rASTrasaMghe (Federal Republic) jyurisDikSana paddhatine svIkAra karyo hota te paNa amerikAnI prajAnA vicAro palaTAta evI kalpanA karavA mATe kazuM kAraNa jaNAtuM nathI, kaze AdhAra maLate. nathI. bemAMthI game te paddhati bhale pracAramAM che, ane kAyadAnI daSTie bhale lokone svAtaMtrya bakSavAmAM Ave paraMtu mAre kahevuM joIe ke matAMtarakSamAnuM vAtAvaraNa samAjanI dazA upara tathA keLavaNI pAmelA varganA susaMskAra upara AdhAra rAkhe che. A TUMkA lekha parathI spaSTa thaze ke dhArmika punarghaTanAnI pravRtti dvArA carcAmAM kusaMpa pesavAthI je rAjadArI saMjoge ane jarUriAte ubhAM thayAM temane lIdhe ja svAtaMtrya janma pAmyuM. paNa Ane artha eTale ja thaI zake ke je saMsthAnamAM mAtaMtra apAtuM tyAM (governing class) zAsaka varganA moTA samUhanuM mana e parivartana jhIlavA paripakava thayuM hatuM. AvuM navuM mAnasika valaNa zAthI utpanna thayuM e vicArIzuM te khAtarI thaze ke renAsAMnI pravRttithI supracalita thayelA, ane prAcInamatene cUstapaNe vaLagI rahenArA ghaNuM mANasanA mana para jANe ajANe sacoTa asara karanArA, saMzayavAda ane buddhivAda e bene lIdhe ja lokanuM valaNa palaTAtuM hatuM. sucanAnuM baLa ATaluM badhuM asarakAraka che. have pachInAM be prakaraNamAM zraddhA (faith) ne bhoge buddhinI 17, 18 ane 19 mI sadImAM je pragati thaI tene itihAsa AlekhavAmAM Avaze.

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124 buddhivAdane vikAsa. prakaraNa 6 . The growth of Rationalism buddhivAdane vikAsa (17, 18 ane 19) gata traNa zatakathI buddhi maMda paraMtu avirata gatie khristI dharmanI paurANika kathAo, (khristIonAM devadevIonAM AkhyAne )nI avAstaviktA prakaTa karI, tathA khristI dharmane Izvarekta dharma havAne daMbha khullo pADI, e dharmanI khoTI mahattA bhUMsI nAMkhavAnuM kAma AdarI rahI che. buddhivAdanI pragatine ItihAsa be kALamAM vaheMcAI gayuM che. (1) 17-18 mA zatakane kALa ane (2) 19mA zatakane. khristI dharma sAce ane Izvara prerita hovAnuM je kAMI pramANe che temAM 17-18 zatakanA vicArane aneka asaMgata uktio, atyaMta vacana virodha ane vicitra, mUkhamI bharelI vAta jaNAI tethI, tathA khristI paMthanA pAlanamAM temane keTalIka naitika muzkelIo bhAsI tethI, te vicArakenI khristI dharma paranI AsthA uThI gaI; ane teo khristI dharmazAstra tathA tenA AdhArabhUta graMthane svIkAratA aTakyA. A uparAMta, te zatakamAM pratipAdita thayelAM ane sarvenI jANamAM AvelAM vaijJAnika satyo paNa khristI dharmagrutinI yathArthatA vize zaMkA upajAvavAmAM sahAyabhUta thayAM. A pramANe 1-18 zatakamAM khristI dharmamAM pramANurUpa manAtI paurANika kathAnI sattA vicArane asvIkArya thavA mAMDI hatI, ane buddhivAda dhIra, sthira kramathI pragati karatA te hate. 19mA zatakamAM aneka kSetramAM vaijJAnika zodha thaI; pariNAme asaMskArI ane ajJAnanA yugamAM ati zraddhALu janatAe ubhI karelI khristI dharmanI kAcI ImArata para vaijJAnika zodha rUpI geLIone mAre cAlyo, tathA atyAra sudhI je pavitra lekha (Sacred documents)

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 125 nI sakhta chatAM mAtra avyavasthita TIkA thatI hatI te lekhAnuM aitihAsika vivecana karavAmAM AvyuM ane vyavasthita aitihAsika vivecanathI e pramANabhUta lekhAnI mahattA teADI pADavAmAM AvI. satyAnA kevaLa niHsvArtha prema e satyAnA peAtAnI AzAe, zakAo, ke potAnA bhAvi sAthe game tevA saMbaMdha hoya chatAM tenA sabaMdha lakSamAM lIdhA vagara satyAne satyA mATeja taddana taTastha prema, e dareka yuganA virala sadguNa che--ane sAceja TheTha prAcIna rAma ane grIsanA samayathI evA taTastha prema pratyeka yugane virala guNaja rahyA che. Aneja vaijJAnika Adaza kahI zakAya. e virala guNanuM astitva ApaNe 10mA zatakamAM joI zakIe chIe. prAkRtika zAstranA Adhunika (paddhatie ) abhyAsa vAstavika rIte e zatakathI zarU thayeA kahI zakAya. e agAu paNa keTalAMka pUrva cinhA prAkRtika zAstranA abhyAsanI zarUAtanI AgAhI karI rahyA hatA. ApaNe temanI avagaNanA karatA nathI, paraMtu sAcA abhyAsa te 17 mA zatakathIja zarU thayeA kahevAya, e yugamAM satyanA kevaLa niHsvA premathI prerAyelA aneka suvikhyAta ciMtA hatA. ati kuzAgra buddhivALA A ciMtakeAmAMnA keTalAka leAkeA khristI dharmanI vizva saMbaMdhI ceAjanA ayuktika che e anumAna para AvyA ane potapeAtAnA svabhAva pramANe e yeAjanAnA inkAra karavA lAgyA, tyAre khIjA keTalAke mahAn phrenca nara pAskalanI mAphaka buddhi karatAM zraddAne mATI gaNI. ApaNe thADAM udAharaNa laie. ekana peAtAne prAcInamatAvalakhI tarIke oLakhAvatA paraMtu aMtarathI te kharekharA kevaLazvaravAdI hatA; game tema hA, paraMtu enA lekhAmAM uMDI najara nAMkhatAM mAluma paDe che ke satyanA vaijJAnika anveSaNane te ghaNuM uttejana ApatA ane temAMthI adhikArane dUra karavA te cAhatA. Adhunika adhyAtmazAstranA praNetA tarIke suvikhyAta thaelA DekATa ( Descartes ) svabhAvane bhIrU hovAthI, bhale enA lekhA dvArA adhikArArUDha dharmagurUone

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126 buddhivAdane vikAsa. prasanna karavAne prayAsa karate heya paraMtu enI tAtvika paddhati buddhivAdanA vicArane atyaMta uttejana ApanArI hatI. A yuganAM ucca buddhivALAM badhAMja mANasanI sAmAnya vRtti adhikAra ane zraddhAne bhege buddhinI mahattA vadhAravA tarapha hatI, ane IgleMDamAM lake adhikAra karatAM buddhinI mahattA evI daDha rIte sthApita karI hatI ke AkhA aDhAramA saikAmAM cAlelA zAstrArthamAM IgleMDamAMnA baMne pakSo buddhineja Azraya letA ane kaI paNa vajanadAra IzvaravidyAvAdI zraddhAne buddhithI ucca zakti tarIke svIkArate nahi. dharmakSetramAM zraddhAnA rAjya para buddhizAMta ane cokkasa AkramaNa karI jatI hatI. DAkaNavidyA (Witchcraft) saMbaMdhI jAhera prajAnA vicAromAM sattara, aDhAranAM zatakamAM je bhAre parivartana thayuM hatuM te uparanI vAtanuM samarthana kare che. pahelA jese "tuM eka paNa DAkaNane rahevA daIza nahi" evI bAIbalanI AjJAnuM akSarazaH pAlana karavAnA je prayatna karelA te suvikhyAta che. enA pachI prajAtaMtranA samayamAM yuriTana leke zayatAna sAthe vyavahAra rAkhanArI, duSTa ane kAmaNa vidyAmAM kuzaLa manAtI vRddha strIone trAsa ApavAmAM jemsane paNa TapI gayA hatA, paraMtu punaH sthApanA (Restoration) pachI zikSita varganI kAmavidyA viSenI mAntA ghaTatI jatI hatI ane bhAgyeja e vidyAnA durUpayoga karyAnA Aropasara kaI para pharajadArI calAvavAmAM AvatI. 1712 mAM Hertfordshire-6213214271 243 418237 Jane Whenham) jena vInahAma nAmanI strIne jAdukAmaNanA Aropasara darabAramAM ghasaDI. e mukaddame DAkaNa para chello mukaddame hate. paMce te strIne gunhegAra TheravI paraMtu cukAdo karanAra nyAyAdhIze tenI tarapheNanuM lakhANa karI tenA paranI zikSA rada karAvI. 1735nI sAlamAM kAmaNuvidyA sAmenA kAyadAo rada thayA. Ama dinapratidina lekenI kAmavidyAnA astitva viSenI mAnyatA kamI thatI jatI hatI.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 127 kAmaNavidyAnA astitvane mAnavuM e bAibala pustakane na mAnyA arAbara che evA udgArA (John Wesley Hobbes) e jona veslie pUrNa satyathI uccAryAM hatA; kAraNu, e vidyAnA astitvanA purAvA mAibala pustaka sivAya anya sthaLe-vyavahAramAM--maLI zakatA na hatA. phrAnsa ane hAleMDamAM zayatAnanI A melI pravRttimAM leAka ekIvakhate rasa letA ane azraddA dAkhavatA thayA--skATale DamAM izvara vidyAnuM pUra jora hovAthI 1722 mAM eka strIne zakapara ALavAmAM AvI hatI. Ama chatAM satra e melI vidyAnA astitva viSe uMDI zaMkA utpanna thai hatI. Adhunika vijJAna ane Adhunika philasuprInA janmakALamAM ja DAkaNA saMbaMdhIne vhema sAmAnyataH ghaTatA gayA e kai Akasmika yAga na hatA. paraMtu aneka muddhiyukta vicArAnA pracAranuM e kramika pariNAma hatuM. (1) 17 mA zatakanA kadAca sazreSTha aMgreja vicAraka hAmsa nAstika (Free thinker) ane jaDavAdI hateA. jaDavAdane tenA epIkayurIana rUpamAM punarjIvita karanArA enA mitra phrenca tattvavettA (Gassendi) gesenDInI hAmsa para asara thai hatI, chatAM te aMtaHkaraNa svAtaMtryaneA agragaNya himAyatI na hatA. niraMkuza, chellA pATalAnI nigraha nItinI te himAyata karatA. potAnA (Levithan) levidhana pustakamAM eNe je rAjanIti pratipAdana karI che temAM eNe anyakSetrAnI jema dhakSetramAM paNa rAjakartAne Apa khuda sattA ApI che ane sarakArI dhama pALavAnI prajAnI anivAya karaja che evA abhiprAya darzAvyA che. AvI rIte e pustakamAM dhArmika julamanI nItine bacAva karavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu carcane svataMtra sattA ApavAmAM AvI nathI. Hobbes hAmsane siddhAMta Ama nigrahanItinI himAyata kare che chatAM je niyameA para homse peAtAnA siddhAMta dhAyA te niyame! buddhivAdanA hatA. eNe dharma ane nItine rAkhAM karyuM| tathA sAcI naitika philasuI ane kudaratanA kAnunane

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128 buddhivAdane vikAsa. satya siddhAMta' eka ja gaNAvyAM. ApaNane hebsanA dharma saMbaMdhI vicAre enI nIcenI TIkA parathI samajAya che.' ajJAnane lIdhe adazya vastunI manuSyane je kAlpanika bhIti utpanna thAya che temAMthI pariNamatI lAgaNuM eja dharma, pitAnA hRdayamAMnI e urmine manuSya dharma kahe che ane potAnAthI taddana bhinna rIte adazya tattvane pUjanAra puruSanI tevIja urmine manuSya vahema kahe che. bIjA cArlsane rAjyamAM homsane bhASaNa karavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI hatI tathA enAM pustakone bALI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM. (2) heleMDane yahudi tattvavettA spAinejhA DekATane ane rAjanIti saMbaMdhI vicAromAM hebsane atyaMta RNI che, paraMtu enA e baMne guru karatAM spAinejhAnI philasuphI khristI matanI vadhAre viruddha che. e paratattva-paramAtmAne nirvizeSa, pUrNa nirAkAra lekho ane saMta ane cita e enA svAbhAvika guNo mAnate. sarve sukhanA sArarUpa prabhuprema eTale nizcita ane avicala siddhAMtane vaza vartAnArI mAnavasvabhAva tathA kudaratanI vyavasthAnAM jJAna ane dhyAna evI spAinejhAnI prabhupremanI vyAkhyA hatI. kAryakAraNa saMbaMdha dvArA pravartatI kudarata sahetuka pravarte che e dhArmika mAnyatAne e vahema gaNatA ane mANasane svataMtra kriyAzakti che e paNa e hete svIkArato. enI philasuphIne ApaNe koI nAmathI oLakhAvavA mAgatA hoIe te ApaNe ene sarvezvaravAdanuM nAma ApI zakIe. enI philasuphIne ghaNIvAra anIzvaravAda tarIke varNavavAmAM AvI che. anIzvaravAda eTale sAkAra prabhune asvIkAra evo sAmAnya vyavahAramAM ene je artha karavAmAM Ave che te hoya te spAinejhA kharekhara anIzvaravAdI hatuM. A saMbaMdhamAM eTaluM dhyAnamAM levAnI jarUra che ke sattaramA ane aDhAramA zatakamAM koI paNa zAstra Izvarakta nathI evuM mAnanArA navIna vicArakenI ati

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 129 asabhya rIte niMdA karavA mATe anIzvaravAdI" athavA "nAstika zabdano prayoga karavAmAM Avato hato, paraMtu bahu kALajI vagara lakhanArA lekhakonAM anIzvaravAdI viSenAM lakhANa vAMcIe chIe tyAre ApaNe sAdhAraNa rIte ema mAnIe chIe ke anIzvaravAdI tarIke lekhAtA lake vastutaH kevaLezvaravAdI hatA. arthAta teo sAkAra prabhumAM mAnatA paraMtu khristI zrutimAM AsthAhIna hatA. spAInojhAnI dhRSTatAbharI philasuphI tene samayanA vicAra vaheNane maLatI na hovAthI ghaNA lAMbA kALa sudhI prajAnA vicAra para tenI uMDI asara thaI zakI nahi, paraMtu jena leka nAmanA vicArakanA lekho asarakAraka ane samayAnukULa hovAthI tenI te samayanA loko para sArI asara pahoMcI. e loka theDeghaNe aMze pite eplikana matAnusArI hovAnI jAhera DoLa karate. tattvajJAnanA kSetramAM ene phALo adhikAranA ayogya AkramaNa sAme buddhinA prabaLa bacAva samAna che. 1690 eNe prakaTa karelA hyumana anDara-sTenDiMga (Human Understanding ) paranA nibaMdhane hetu jJAna mAtra anubhava prApta che e batAvavAno che. e zraddhAne buddhithI cheka halakI gaNe che. buddhinI dAsIrUpa gaNe che. loka khristI dharmanI kRti mAnya rAkhatA paraMtu te kahe ke je e zruti buddhinI vadhu uMcI adAlatane virodha kare te zruti tyAjya pramANavI; buddhithI ApaNane jeTaluM cokkasa jJAna prApta thAya che teTaluM cokakasa jJAna kRti ApaNane ApI zake nahi. ApaNe lakanA ja zabdo TAMkIe; "je kaI kRtine svIkAra karAvavA mATe buddhinuM balidAna Ape che te manuSya zruti temaja buddhine prakAza bujhAvI nAkhe che. tathA anya puruSane dUradarzaka yaMtranI sahAyathI adasya tArAne dUrane prakAza meLavavavA mATe AMkho phADI nAkhavAnI salAha ApanAra puruSanA jevuM ja kAma kare che." khristI zruti buddhi viruddha nathI e puravAra karavA mATe eNe eka pustaka

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130 buddhivAdane vikAsa lakhyuM hatuM ane e graMthanA dha rijhanebalanesa evi krizciAniTi' evA nAmamAM pachInA se vaSa mAM dharma saMbaMdhI je vitaMDAvAda cAlyo tene dhvani uThe che. zrutivAdI temaja zruti virodhI baMne pakSo kahetA hatA ke Izvara prerita dharmanA moTA moTA dAvAo tyAre ja kharA Thare jyAre teo buddhinI kasoTImAMthI pasAra thAya. buddhigrAhyatA e pauruSeya dharmanI kharI kasoTI che. laiMkanA lakhA nI TeleMDa nAmanA kethalika dharmamAMthI vaTalAyelA eka AyarIza puruSa para sIdhI asara pahoMcI hatI ane ToleMDe e asara pAmIne 'krizciAniTi noTa misTiriasa" e nAmanuM saMkSobhakAraka pustaka 1696 mAM prasiddha karyuM hatuM. e dharma sAce che evuM te mAnI le che ane e dharmamAM kazI gupta kriyAo nathI evuM pratipAdanate e graMthamAM kare che. e kahe che ke gupta kriyAo ke viSayo agamya ayuktika jaDagrAho vA aMdha maMtavya; buddhidvArA temane svIkArI zakAya nahi. je zruti (revelation) nyAyI, devakI hoya to teno hetu jJAna para prakAza pADavAne have joIe, nahi ke manuSyanI buddhine gucavavAne. khristI dharma sAce che evI je mAnyatA ToleMDe enA graMthamAM darzAvI che e te mAtra bahAnuM hatuM evuM buddhizALI vAcakane spaSTa bhAna thayA vinA raheze nahi. e laeNkanI philasuphInuM tarkasiddha nigamana hovAthI e upayogI hatuM, belagreDamAM DI merI paeNTalI monTegyane turkastAnane eka elacI maLele teNe te strIne mI. ToleMDanA samAcAra pUchayA hatA. A parathI TeleMDanI khyAtine khyAla AvI zake che. buddhi ane adhikAra vaccenI 17-18 mA zatakamAM cAlelI laDatanuM mukhya lakSaNa e che ke 18 mI sadInA agragaNya phrenca vicArake sivAyanA je je buddhivAdIo IzvaravidyAnA kharApaNAM para prahAra karatA hatA te sarve sAmAnya rIte pote je vicAranuM khaMDana karatA temanuM satya kabula rAkhavAne DoLa karatA. pitAnA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 131 jemane e khare vicArAne dhama sAthe kazI ja levA devA nathI evA mithyA dAvA karI teo muddhi ane zraddhAnAM kSetra neAkhAM pADI zakatA. zrutinA satya viSe zaMkA karyAM vagara tene niraka TheravI zakatA. tee prAcIna mata--athavA dharmavidyA pramANenA sattAvAra matane Adara karI zakatA ane sAthe sAthe e joDe kadI meLa na khAya evA vicAra| paNa darzAvI zakatA emanI khUbI ja hatI. muddhikSetramAM tee je bhUlAne ughADI pADatA teja bhUleAne dhanA kSetramAM tee vakratAthI satya tarIke svIkAratA. Ama A samayanA vicArakA dhamAdha prAcInamatAnusArInA julamamAMthI ugaravA mATe madhyayugamAM ajamAvAyale dvaita satyane siddhAMta temaja anya yukitaone (Atma rakSaNArthe) Azraya letA. alabatta e yukitae saphaLa thatI na hatI. A yuganuM buddhivAdane lagatuM ghaNuM sAhitya vAMcatAM ApaNe ati kALajIpUrvaka lakhelA zabdone kharA bhAvArtha samajavA paDe che. eIlanA graMthA A khakhatanA udAharaNa rupa che. lAke peAtAnI phIlasurI dvArA adhikAranuM yogya sthAna nirNita karIne tathA sarvajJAna anubhavajanya che evuM pratipAdita karIne buddhivAdanI pravRttine prabaLa jheka ApyA. tyAre lAkanA samakAlIna vicAraka eile atihAsika anveSaNa dvArA muddhivAdane AgaLa dhapAvyA. phrAnsamAMthI bahiSkRta thayA bAda eIla emasTarDama jaI vasele ane tyAM eNe dAnika keASa" nAmaka graMtha prakaTa karelA. vastutaH meIla svataMtra vicAraka-kAI paNa zAstra IzvarAkata nathI evuM mAnanAra-hatA, paraMtu pAte prAcInamatAvalakhI hovAneA DALa eNe kadI cheDelA nahi. A kAraNathI enA lakhANamAM khAsa lAkSaNika jhamajhamATe AvyeA che. mukhya mukhya khristI sidghAMtA sAme khristetara leAkeAe ( Heretics) je je vAMdhA uThAvyA hatA te sarvane ati utsAhapUrvaka meile peAtAnA graMthamAM rIta

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132 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. sara gAThavyA che. DevIDanAM gunhA ane pazusamAna kRtyA eNe kaDaka rIte udhADAM pADayAM che ane e "sarva zaktimAna prabhunA priya jana" sAthe manuSya hAtha meLavatAM-(hastadhUnana karatA)-acakAya evA e adhama nara pizAca hatA ema eNe batAvI ApyuM che. AvI azlIla, azraddA ane ajJAna vadhAre evI kheilanI naTAIthI janatAmAM ghaNA khaLabhaLATa thayA hatA. badhA virodhIone javAba ApatI veLA eile, meAnTena ane pAskalanI vRttine svIkAra karIne zraddAne buddhi sAthe athaDAvI mArI hatI. te kahetA hatA ke zrutinAM satyAne kevaLa izvaranA pramANathI svIkAravAM-izvarAkta mAnI kharAM pramANavAM-e zraddhAnA dhadaSTie ati ucca guNa che. jo tame AtmAnA amaratvaneA siddhAMta tAttvika kAraNasara mAnya karAtA tame prAcInamata-pUjaka gaNAo kharA, paraMtu hamArAmAM ucca zraddhA che ema kahevAya nahi; kAraNa ke hame e siddhAMta zvarAkata hovAthI sAcA che. ema zraddhApUrvaka svIkAratA nathI, paraMtu tattvavicArathI tenuM satya mAnya rAkheA che. zrutinuM satya jema jema mananI sa zaktiye|ne vadhu vadhu agamya thatuM jAya tema tema zraddAnI kiMmata vadhatI jAya che. evuM agamya satya svIkAranAranI zraddA sAce ja apratima lekhAya. satya jema buddhimAM na hase evuM hAya, tema tene mAnavAmAM ApaNe vadhAre bhAga ApyA gaNAya, ane Izvara pratyenI ApaNI AjJAMkitatA vadhu sahI gaNAya. vastusthiti Ama hovAthI khristIdharmanA siddhAMtA sAme buddhivAdIenA je je vAMdhA che te sanI pUrNa ane vistRta noMdha levAthI Akhare zraddhAnIja kiMmata ane mahattA vadhe che. Ama zraddAnI mahattAnI suprIA klIlathI eIla virAdhIone zAMta pADatA. A uparAMta, IzvaranA astitvane inkAra karanAranI naitika zreSThatAnI meile potAnA graMthamAM nyAyapuraHsara prazaMsA karI te mATe

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 133 paNa enA "keSa' viruddha TIkA thaI hatI. pitAnA lakhANa viruddhane baDabaDATa sAMbhaLI beIle javAba vALale ke kaI paNa anIzvaravAdI ciMtake duSTa adhama jIvana gALyAne purA mahane maLyA hatA te jarUra emanA durguNanuM digdarzana karavAnA kAryamAM huM rasapUrvaka maMDI paData, paraMtu e eke durAcArI anIzvaravAdI maheM jANe ke sAMbha Lyo nathI. (ulaTuM) pitAnAM adhama, ghara, tiraskaraNIya kRtyothI kamakamAM upajAvanArA je je gunhegAro viSe ApaNe ItihAsamAM vAMcIe chIe te sarvanI apavitratA, dharmabhraSTatA ane devanindA parathI puravAra thAya che ke teo Izvarane mAnanArA hatA. AvAM ghera 5 zAnuM pariNAma che? zayatAna-keAI kALe paNa anIzvaravAdI thavAne asamartha e zayatAna-manuSyane pApamAge preranAra che, e siddhAMtanAM eThAM nIce manuSyo ghera kRtyo karavA prerAya che. emanI duSTatA ethI zayatAnanI duSTatA jevIja hoya. ane zayatAna anIzvara vAdI na hovAthI zayatAnanI preraNAthI adhama kAryamAM prerAtA manuSyo paNa IzvaranA astitvamAM AsthA dharAvanArAja hovA joIe. IzvaranA astitvamAM zraddhA rAkhanArA manuSyaja ghera pApIo thAya e saMbhava che. have huM pUchuM chuM ke adhamamAM adhama gunhegAre anIzvaravAdI nathI tathA anIzvaravAdI tarIke chapAyelA lekamAMne moTo varga pramANika che, e zuM prabhunA apAra DahApaNano purAvo nathI? AvI yojanA karIne dayALu prabhu manuSyanI anItine maryAdita kare che- anItino AMka bAMdhe che. kAraNa je anIzvaravAda ane naitika saDe e ekaja vyaktimAM sAthe sAthe vasatA hota te vizvanI samAje pApanA prANa-vinAzaka oghanA bhoga banata. Ane Aja zilImAM beIle bIjuM ghaNuM lakhyuM che. ane e lakhANanuM tAtparya dharmazraddhAnI mahattA vadhAravAnA mithyA keLa dvArA khristi dharmanA siddhAte mukhyatve buddhine agamya che e batAvavAnuM che. beIlanA graMtha asAdhAraNa pAMDitya ane vidvatAthI aMkita

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134 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. hAvAthI enAM lakhANAnI iMgleMDa ane phrAMsamAM bhAre asara thayelI.. banne dezAmAMnA khristI dharma para hallA karanArAne eilanAM lakhANAmAMthI sArI zastra sAmagrI prApta thai. khristI dharmopara prathama te aMgreja kevaLezvaravAdIee ati utsAha ane zaktithI humalA karyAM. emanA lekhe joke hAlamAM bhAgyeja kAi vAMce che chatAM temaNe izvarAkta dharmanA adhikAra sAme takarAra ( kalama yuddha ) uThAvIne cirasmaraNIya kAma sAdhyuM. buddhi dvArA jemanuM astitva pratipAdya manAtuM evA nisaga dharmAMnA devatA ane khristI dharmanA praNetA prabhu te ekaja che ke kema e prazna para e be pakSA vacce takarAra cAlyA karI. kevaLezvaravAdIne e enI ekatA asaMbhavita lAgI. buddhigamya izvarasvarupa ane zrutiprAkta khristI dharmamAM varNavelA izvaranA svarUpa vacce AsamAna jamInanuM aMtara lAgyuM, paraMtu A be virodhI pakSA e bAbatane samAna rIte satkAratA ane anivAya lekhatA. zrutinA bacAva karanArA samatha purUSA paNa kevaLezvaravAdInI mAphaka buddhiteja prAdhAnya ApatA ane buddhinA Azraya levAthI emanAmAMnA keTalAka te pAkha DamatadhArI banyA hatA. A vAtanA samanamAM ApaNe mAtra sauthI vadhAre sama zrutirakSaka kalAkanuM udAharaNa ApI saMteSa pAmIzuM. trimUrtivAdanA siddhAMta paranuM enuM lakhANa sayuktika nathI, vaLI baMne pakSA nItinI vRddhine potAnuM mukhya dhyeya mAnatA e vAta lakSamAM levI ghaTe che. zrutirakSake mAnatA ke satkarma ke duSkamanA bhaviSyamAM yAgya badalA kedaDa maLaze evA zrutine siddhAMta nItipracAra mATe Avazyaka che. kevaLezvaravAdI mAnatA ke nItine AdhAra kevaLa muddhi che ane khristI dharmamAM nItinI dRSTie ghaNuM vAMdhA levA jevuM che. banne pakSeA nItinI prIti prakAzatA hatA. AkhI aDhAramI sadImAM eMglIkana devaLanA dharmagurUo churchmen nItine mAdaka lekhatA. dharmAMtsAhI jatAnA AtmAne carcamAM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 135 saMtoSa maLyo nahi. teo carcAnI bahAra nIkaLI paDyA ane pariNAme veslI ane ubahAiTaphIlDanA netRtva nIce metheDIjhamane eka na phaTe phuTa. dharmazAstranAM sUpara paNa anya koI paNa pustakanI mAphaka TIkA thavI joIe e siddhAMtane kevaLezvaravAdIo ati mahattvane gaNutA. e siddhAMta spAInejhAe 1670mAM pratipAdita karyo hato. dharmAdhi purUSonA sitamamAMthI ugarI javA mATe kevaLezvaravAdIo pitAnAM kharAM anumAnene zrutimAnyatAnA AchA kRtima paDadA nIce DhAMkI detA. 1670nI sAla sudhI chApakhAnAne lagate kAyado amalamAM hovAthI pAkhaMDamata phelAvanArA pustakonI prasiddhi saphaLatAthI aTakAvavAmAM AvI hatI. AthI buddhivAdanA pracAranuM pratyakSa pramANa maLI zakatuM na hatuM, paraMtu nAstika matane vakhoDI kADhanArAM prAcIna matAvalaMbI purUSonAM pustaka parathI buddhivAda kevI rIte pracAra pAmyo hatA tenuM anumAna kADhI zakAya che. 1695mAM chApakhAnAne lagatA kAyado baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM ane ekAeka keLavezvaravAdIonAM lakhANane rAphaDo phATaye, paraMtu devaniMdAne lagatA kAyadAnI rUe mukaddamA cAlavAnI kevaLezvara vAdIone bhIti rahetI. khristI dharmapara hallo karanAra sAme traNa kAyadesara zo maMDAyelA hatA. (1) dharmaguruonAM nyAyamaMdire, anIzvaravAda, devaniMdA, pAkhaMDamata pracAra ane dhikkAravA lAyaka abhiprAya phelAvanArane vadhumAM vadhu che mahinAnI kedanI zikSA pharamAvavAne A maMdirane adhikAra hatA. (2) rAjyane sAmAnya kAyado, ane khAsa karIne lairDa hela Hale nAmanA mukhya nyAyAdhIze e kAyadAne jevo artha karyo hato hato e arthamAM e kAyado bhayarUpa hatuM. keI eka Taylor Telara nAmanA gRhastha para dharmane prapaMca kahevAne ane isu khristanI niMdA karavAno Aropa mUkavAmAM Avyo hato, nyAyAdhIze AropIne daMDa karyo tathA tene hAthane DokuM heDamAM pUrIne sajA karI. (pilloried)

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136 buddhivAdane vikAsa. e mukadamAne uddeza nyAyAdhIze lakheluM ke "A mukadame calAvavAne The Court of King's Bench :variSTa kaTa (athavA rAjya nyAyamaMdira) ne kAyadesara adhikAra che, kAraNake Telare je nidAtmaka zabdo vAparyA che te zabdomAM kAyadAno bhaMga che tathA rAjadroha che. khristI dharma viruddha zabda uccAra e kAyadAnA ullaMghana samAna che, kemake khristI dharma eIglaMDanA kAyadAnuM eka aMgaja che." kAyadAne Avo durAkRSTa amala e kharekhara khristI dharmane virodha karanArAnA zirapara jhajhUmatuM jAlIma zastra hatuM. (3) 169ne TharAva. A kAyadAnI zarate evI hatI ke je khristI tarIke keLavAyelo kei paNa manuSya lakhI, chApI, upadezI athavA caDhAmaNIthI pavitra trimUrtimAMnA koI paNa purUSano deva tarIke asvIkAra karaze ke ekathI vadhu devo (Gods) che evuM pratipAdana ke samarthana karaze, ke khristI dharmane sAco nahi mAne ke jUnA ane navA karAra (Testament) nAM pavitra pustakane Izvarakta nahi mAne ane pariNAme gunhegAra Tharaze te pahelI vakhatanA gunhA badala jAhera adhikAranI padavIo ke nokarI meLavavAne te kAyadAnI dRSTie nAlAyaka gaNAze ane bIjI vakhatanA gunhA badala nAgarika tarIkenA tenA badhA hakko jhuMTavI levAmAM Avaze tathA tene traNa varSanI keda karavAmAM Avaze." e kAyade cekhI rIte eja sUcana kare che ke alpakALathI ghaNA mANasoe khristI dharmanA siddhAMta ane niyama viruddha devaniMdAtmaka ane apavitra abhiprAyo bAMdhavA ane phelAvavA mAMDyA che. (Ama AvA pratibaMdhaka kAnuna dvArA buddhi-svAtaMtryavAdanI pragatinuM pakSa pramANa ApaNane prApta thAya che.) gayA be saikAmAM devaniMdAnA Aropasara jeTalI tapAsa thayelI te sarvamAM AropIo uparyukta traNa zastramAMnA bIjAnA bhoga banelA. Ama amalamAM, rAjana sAmAnya kAyado vadhAre bhayarUpa nIvaDe; paraMtu 1688ne kAyado bhAre dahezata upajAve evo hato,

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 137 ane ethI ja pAkhaMDamata pracArako vAMcakone bhUlAvAmAM nAMkhe evA saMdigdhArtha lekha dvArA pitAnA sAcA vicAro para Acho paDade nAMkhatA. pitAnA abhiprAyo chUpAvavAnA hetuthI pAkhaMDIoe je aneka yuktio ajamAvelI temAM eka khristI dharmazAstrano artha rUpaka dvArA karavAnI hatI. je zAstrane akSarazaH artha karavA besIe te IzvaranAM jJAna ane nyAya sAthe meLa na bese evI ghaNuM vicitratA ane asaMgata uktie tarI Ave ema che; paNa IzvaranAM DahApaNa ane nyAya viSe zaMkA uThAvavI na ghaTe mATe zAstrArtha rUpaka dvArAja karavuM joIe, evuM teo DhoMgI anumAna kADhatA; paraMtu IzvaranAM DahApaNa ane nyAyanA bacAvamAM kADheluM emanuM DoLaghAluM anumAna tarachoDIne vAcaka khristI zrutinI mahattAne toDI pADanAruM anumAna temanAM lakhANamAMthI jhINuM najare kheMcI kADhe emaja temane aMtarAzaya hate. khristI zruti izvarakta ane yathArtha che evuM puravAra karavA mATe je je dalIle raju karavAmAM AvatI temAM khAsa AgaLa paDatI be dalIla hatI. (1) bhaviSya kathananI saphaLatA. (2) navA karAramAMnA camatkAre. laiMkanA eka grAmavAsI ziSya enthanI kelIse 1733mAM " DikaeNrsa ona dha grAunDasa enDa rijhansa ova dha krizciena rilijana' nAmanuM pustaka prakaTa karIne, rAkRSTa ane asvAbhAvika AlaMkArika artho para AdhAra rAkhatAM bhaviSya kathananI saphaLatA viSene purAvA ke pAMgaLo hato te khullI rIte darzAvI ApyuM. ra0 varSa pahelAM eNe A Discourse of Free Thinking "e Diskasa AvuM phi thinkiMga" nAmanA prabaMdhadvArA svataMtra carcA ane dharmanA praznane buddhidvArA nizcaya karavAnI himAyata karelI. enA samayamAM je asahiSNutA pravartatI te sAme eNe pikAra uThAvela. paNa asahiSNutAnA astitvane purAvo ApanArI hakIkate thakI azraddhAne paNa pracAra thate hato, evuM puravAra thAya che.

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buddhivAdanA vikAsa. "C kAlInsa te mukAbale zikSAmAMthI ugarI gayA hatA para Mtu ke brIjanI sIDanI sasekSa kAlejanA 2Amasa vulsTana nAmanA eka "phelA"e ApaNA tAraNahAranA camatkAro saMbadhI 5 cha AkramaNazIla praznadhA" lakhIne potAnI uddhatAinuM phaLa cAkhyuM. enI phelenI padavI jhuMTavI levAmAM AvI tathA adanakSI karyAMnA AreApasara tene seA pAunDanA daMDa ane eka varSanI sajA karavAmAM AvyAM. daMDa ApavAnI tenAmAM zakti na heAvAthI te kArAgRhamAM paMcatva pAmyA. camatkArA azraddheya ane azakya che evuM pratipAdita karavAnI vAdapatinA e Azraya letA nathI. e te bAibalamAM varNavelA mukhya camatkArAnI vAstavikatA tapAse che ane apUrva zakti tathA vicakSaNa-jhINI sAmAnya akkalathI te darzAvI Ape che ke e camatkArI ayukta ane kartAne na chAje evA che. vaLI, teNe e paNa darzAvI ApyuM che ke bhuMDa DukkaranA TALAmAM camatkArathI rAkSasane ghusADavAnuM kRtya geravAjakhkhI hatuM ane e dvArA anyanI mAlamilakatane akSamya dheAkeA pahoMcyA hatA. izvarI camatkArathI karamAI jatA (Blasting) aMjIranA jhADa viSenI vArtA saMbaMdhe e lakhe che ke " dhAre ke jo kenTane kAi jamInadAra kheDuta IsTaranA tahevArAmAM (ema manAya che ke A samayeja isu khrista aMjIranI zodhamAM pharatA hatA) pIpInsa nAmanAM vilAyatI phaLA thayAM che ke nahi te jevAne potAnI vADImAM jAya ane IsunA camatkArathI zuSka thayelA jhADane joine nirAzAmAM jhADanA uccheda kare teA zuM pariNAma Ave ? enA pADeAzIe ene kevA lekhaze? badhAja tene hAsyAspada lekhI banAvaze ane bhAgajoge e khAnA jAherapatrAmAM ghusI jAya te! e khIcArA mANasa mAtranI mazkarIne pAtra thAya. 138 "" enI dalIla pati yathA cIyAne camatkAra paranI enI samajavA mATe. methesDAnA khAmATIkA vAMcIe. tyAM eka devadUta

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 139 ha Mmeza pANIne DahALatA. eka divasa evA camatkAra thayA ke je manuSye e khAkhAcIyAmAM sauthI vahelA paga mUkyA tene vyAdhi maTI gayA. A camatkAra paranA bulsTananA zabdo nIce pramANe che; "daivI kRpA varSAvavAne A kevA vicitra ane hAsyakAraka mArgo che ! kAI ema paNa dhAre ke mAnavajAtinuM kalyANa sAdhavA karatAM potAnA AnaMdavilAsa khAtara devatA A pramANe karatA hatA, kadAca jema keTalAka leAkeA kutarAne laDAvI mAravAnI majhA meLavavA mATe temanA TALAmAM hADakuM pheke che, athavA khIjAe bALake kevI lUMTAlUTa ane khecatANa kare che e jovA mATe mAtra gammata dAkhala emanI TALI vacce nANAMnA ekAda sikakA pheke che, tema kevaLa peAtAnAja Anada arthe, leza paNa paropakAravRtti vagara, devadUtA khethessAnA khAeAcIyAmAM khela khelatA hatA. raktasrAvathI pIDAtI eka strIne sUjha AvI gayAnI camatkArI vAta viSe e lakhe che ke dhAro ke jo kAi pApe kAi strIne raktasrAvanI pIDAmAMthI mukta karyAMnuM ApaNane kahevAmAM Ave teA proTesTaTa pathIe e saMbaMdhamAM zuM kaheze ? vaLA kahe zu ? teo kaheze ke eka mUkha, aMdhazraddhALu ane vhemI strIe peAtAnI sahaja mAMdagI maTI javAthI mAnI lIdhuM ke e mAMdagI peApanA camatkArathI dUra thaI; ane luccA pe ane tenA anuyAyIoe leAkaprazaMsA prApta karavAnI AkAMkSAthI mAnI lIdhelA Akasmika vyAdhinAzane mATuM rUpa ApIne camatkArI lekhAvyA. peApanA camatkAranI A kalpita kathA IsunA camatkAra sabaMdhamAM lAgu pADavI sahelI che. pApa viSenA ApaNA abhiprAya karatAM Isu viSe jemane vadhu uMcA abhiprAya nathI evA khristI zAstrane izva rokta na mAnanArA nAstikA (Infidels) yahudIo tathA mahamada 5thIe pApanA camatkAranI kalpita kathAnA IsunA camatkAranI TIkAmAM upayAga kare ane e vArtAmAM greTesTaTa jema pepane hasI kADhe che tema teo tiraskAre te temAM ApaNA kazA upAya nathI." 99

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140 buddhivAdane vikAsa Ama kalpita kathAnake ane mArmika TakA zabdothI vulhana camatyAranI vAtane yathArtha Therave che. bAIbala (khristI) Scripture dharmazAstra Izvara prerita nathI evuM vulhana jAheramAM kadIe kahetuM na hatuM. zraddhALu hovAne DeLa eNe tyAM na hatuM. e kahe ke badhA camatkArenAM varNanane vArtha jotAM e sAcA hoya ema saMbhavI zakatuM nathI. paraMtu e varNana manuSyanA AtmAmAM cAlatI IsunI gUDha akaLa kriyAenAM rUpaka che, e siddhAMta pracAra pAmele, ane yusTana e siddhAMta mAnavAne TaeNga karata. (Origen) origana nAmanA eka sAdhAraNa dharmazraddhALu khristI dharmagurue e camatkAranAM varNanane rUpaka dvArA samajAvyAM hatAM. yusTana potAnA abhiprAyonuM samarzana karavA mATe origananA lekho TAMke che. gusTananI AkarI TIkAo badhIja ekasarakhI agatyanI nathI. paraMtu ghaNe ThekANe enI TIkAonA prahAra sacoTa thAya che. hAlanA keTalAka TIkAkAre vulsananA lekhone nIca ane naphaTa lekhI temanI upekSA kare che e sadaMtara geravAjabI che. vulhananI lekhapatrikAono sAre upADa thaele ane valsana sArI rIte jagabatrIzIe caDhelo. nIcenI ramujI kathA enI prasiddhine purAvA Ape che. eka samaya eka vilAsI yuvatI vezyA pharatAM pharatAM ene rastAmAM maLI hatI. te ekadama vulsanane kahevA lAgI ke "e pAkA zaTha, hajI tuM phAMsIne lAkaDe caDha nathI?" yusTane javAba vALyo. " bhalI bAI, huM Apane eLakhate nathI, paNa jarA kahevAnI kRpA karazo ke meM Apane ze aparAdha karyo che?" eTale bAIe pratyuttara Ape ke " zaTha, huM mArA tAraNahAra viruddha lekhe cItaryA che. mArA e priya tAraNahAra na hoya te mArA pApI AtmAnI zI vale thAya?" lagabhaga eja samaye methya TiDela nAmanA lekhake vadhu sAmAnya daSTibinduthI khristI zrutipara humalo karyo. potAnA "sRjana jUno khristI

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| vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 141 dharma"nAmanA graMthamAM bAIbala Izvarakta kRtigraMtha tarIke nirarthaka-che e batAvI ApavAne eNe prayAsa Adaryo. bAIbalanI nirarthakatAnA purAvAmAM e lakhe che ke paramAtmAe sRSTikALathI kevaLa buddhinA tejathI je nisargadharma jagajana samakSa prakAzita karyo te nisargadharmamAM kaze vadhAre kare evuM eka paNa tattva bAIbala graMthamAM nathI. zruti vokta dharma ane nisargadharma ekasarakhA che evI dalIlathI jeo zrutine bacAva kare che ane ema karIne dharmamAM buddhi ane sattAnuM dvimukha zAsana pratipAdita kare che teo e dvimukha zAsanamAM gAthAM khAya che. ane bhraSTa stare bhraSTa. ) jevI dazA bhegave che. pustakanuM kharApaNuM temAMnA sutrone AdhAre pratipAdita karavuM ane e sUtronuM satya te pustakane AdhAre samarthane karavuM e ghaNe vicitra goTALe che. ATaluM kahyA pachI TinDela bAIbalanI vigatavAra TIkAmAM utarI kahe che ke jyAM jyAM takazAstra viruddha lakhANe tamArI najare caDhe che tyAM tame lakhANono akSarArtha uMce mUkI yathAmati artha karavA maMDI paDe che, kAraNa hamAre buddhine AghAta pahoMcavA devo nathI ane sAthe sAthe bAIbalanuM acUkapaNuM (Infallibility) paNa jALavavuM che. kharI yukti ! huM hamane pUchuM chuM ke je IslAmI hara eka prasaMge korAnanA pharamAnenA akSarArthane jato kare tene hame korAne anusAra vartanAra IlAmI tarIke pramANaze ? zuM hame tene ema nahi kaho ke "bhAI je Ama ja che te te hArA Izvaraprerita dharmagraMtha karatAM sIserenAM IzvarIpreraNA vinAnAM lakhANe hajAra daraje sArAM, kAraNa ke tyAM lakhANanA akSarArthane mArI macaDI badalavAno prasaMga ja upasthita thato nathI." khristI dharmazAnA acUpaNanuM khaMDana karanArI aitihAsika ane prAkRtika khAmIo ughADI pADanArI dalIlane eka pAdarIe pUratI yogyatAthI nIce pramANe javAba Apyo. "bAIbala Izvara

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142 buddhivAdane vikAsa prerita che emAM te saMdeha nahi paraMtu manuSyane pitAnI bhAvanA pramANe temAMthI artha sUjhe che. vAMcanAranA beTA abhiprAyo sudhAravAnuM kAma kRtinuM nathI.' pAdarInI e dalIlane TinDele nIce pramANe javAba vALe aitihAsika ane prAkRtika viSayamAM manuSyanA abhiprAya Izvara sudhAre nahi. temAM ane sudhAravA gya vicAre te jAte dharAve temAM; athavA te manuSyanAM tarka ane vakatRtvakaLA jyAM jyAM khAmI bharyA hoya tyAM tyAM prabhu temAM sudhAre na kare temAM, ane evA ja bhUla bharyA tarka Izvara jAte calAve temAM athavA to sAmAnya vicArene Izvara virodha na kare temAM ane te vicAro anusAra vANI uccArI temane puSTi Ape temAM zuM kaze. pharaka nathI ? AvAM adhama kAryone Azraya lIdhA vinA zuM prabhune loka prIti saMpAdana karavAnI ke TakAvI rAkhavAnI bAbatamAM hatAza thavuM paDe ema che? TinDelanI tIvra Takera ATalethI aTakatI nathI. "nirAsaka mekSa" nA siddhAMtanI krUratA te sArI saphaLatAthI ughADI pADe che. huM pUchuM chuM ke je purUSanA avatAra pahelAM buddhinI preraNuone pramANikapaNe amala karanArA lokone mATe svarganAM dvAra khullAM hatAM, te puruSa tevAo mATe svarganAM dvAra baMdha karavA avatare te tene prabhue manuSyanA tAraNahAra tarIke meka che ema kahI zakAze?" AgaLa TIkA karatAM TinDela jaNAve che ke (prakRtidvArA ApaNuM jANavAmAM AvelA) prakRtigamya prabhunA niSpakSapAta ane sArvatrika sasvabhAva sAthe jehavAha ane tenA payagambarenAM kRtyo. meLa besADe azakya che. udAharaNa tarIke IlIjAe sADA traNa varSa sudhI varasAdane varSAtAM aTakAvyo te kRtya laIe. A kRtyathI kudaratI kramane bhaMga thayo hato ane te paNa nirdoSa manuSyane daMDavA mATe.

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vicArasvAtaMtrane itihAsa. 143 have je gunhegArone badale nirdoSane zikSA karavA kAje Izvara pitAnI prajAnA pAlananA sAmAnya niyamono bhaMga kare ane ApaNA vartamAna jIvanamAM ApaNI pratye evIja agya vartaNuka calAve te bhAvijIvanamAM ApaNI pratye evI vartaNuka calAvavAmAM nahi Ave tenI khAtrI zI? je nyAyanA sanAtana siddhAMtono ekavAra bhaMga thayo te e bhaMga thato jyAre khaTakaze e ApaNe kevI rIte kaLI zakIe ? paraMtu jUnA. karAramAMnA nyAya ane zuddhi (Holiness ) nA Adarzo vicitraja che. je manuSyone vadhAre pavitra citaryA che te vadhAre nirdaya ane zApa devAmAM vadhAre mazagula jaNAya che. Izane Bald Pate "tArA mAthA para tAla che evuM kahevA mATe pAka payagambara ilIzA nAnA bALakone zApa Ape che e kevuM Azcaryajanaka lAge che! ane ethI vadhAre Azcaryajanaka te e che ke turataja be bhaMDANa karI nahAnAM bALakane jhubeha karI jAya che. AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke A yuganA brahmavAdIo prAyaH khristI dharmane zraddhAmUlaka mAnatA na hatA. paraMtu buddhimUlaka mAnatA hatA. sane 1741 mAM nhAnA hetrI Davela nAmanA lekhake "krizciAniTi noTa phAunDeDa Ana ArgyumenTa" e nAmanuM rasika pustaka prakaTa karyuM. A pustaka ephaDamAM rahetA eka yuvAna gRhasthane udezIne lakhAyelA patra rUpa hatuM, ane buddhimAM vizvAsa rAkhavAnAM hAnikAraka pariNAme temAM nirdeza karavAmAM Avyo hato. A pustakamAM belanA siddhAMtanuM kaTAkSayukata vivecana che ane khristI dharma svabhAvathI ja ayukitaka che tathA temAM zraddhA rAkhavA IcchanAre buddhine Azraya le e vinAzakArI che evI vAta ghaTAvavAmAM AvI che. buddhinI khIlavaNI ane zraddhAnA vikAsanAM pariNAma judAM judAM Ave che; dArzanikane tenuM Indriyajanya jJAna ja daivI asara meLavavA mATe nAlAyaka banAve che; potAnA pATha zIkhavA uparAMta jene bIjI eka paNa vRtti hetI nathI evA

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144 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. khALakanI mALA vAkya pramANam--khuzAmatI tAbedArIthI ApaNe khristIzAstra mAnya karavuM joie. Izue kayAre enA siddhAMtAnI vAstavikatA tattvadaSTie carcAya evI IcchA darzAvI che ? nathI eNe enA ziSyA samakSa peAtAnA pegAmanI yAgyatAyeAgyatA darzAvanArI lIle| raju karI; nathI eNe e siddhAMtAnI sabaLatA saMbaMdhI zAMtipUrvaka vicAra karavA pUratA ziSyAne samaya ApyA, ke nathI eNe e ziSyAne temanI buddhinAM kramAtAne vaza vI nirNaya karavAnI chUTa ApI. e ziSyA temanA kALanA manuSyeAmAM cheka ajJAna ane bheALAbALA heAvAthI IzunA pegAma saMbaMdhI tattvani ya karavAnI temanAmAM lAyakAta paNa na hatI. DeADavela nIcenA zabdamAM preoTesTaMTa pakSanI vicitratA prakaTa kare che. " manuSya mAtrane AtmanirNayanI chUTa ApavI ane sAthe sAthe evI AzA rAkhavI ke te badhAM upadezakAnAM mata mAnya rAkhe e ekatA mATenI eka evI yeAjanA che ke kAi paNa manuSya tattvavicAramAM evI yeAjanA ghaDavA pUratI nabaLAI batAve evuM bhAgye ja kAI kalpI zake, tA pachI keAI manuSya e yeAjanA svIkAravAnI ane amalamAM mUkavAnI dhRSTatA kare e te| mAnavAmAM Ave ja kema ?" rezamanA loko badhA vicArazIla puruSo samakSa A jamAnA viruddha pharIAda raju karI tene dhikkArI kADhaze, kAraNa teeAnI te mAtra eka ja mUrkhAmI hatI. teo peAtAnI jAtane sAcA adhikArI gaNAvatA. amAruM kahevuM acUka ane niHsaMdeha che evuM te kahetA hatA. para Mtu proTesTaMTa pakSanI vicitratA tA ethI vizeSa che. kAraNa vAtA AtmaniyanI ane icchA judIja. haju mhAre zekaTTasamerInA trIjA amIra saMbaMdhI e zabdo lakhavAnA che. enI lekhanazailIne lIdhe enAM lakhANo aMdhArAmAM paDI rahetAM khacyAM. AvI AkarSIka zailIvALA zeTTasamerIne nItinA viSayamAM bahu rasa paDatA. ApaNe joI gayA ke ghaNAkharA pAkhaMDI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 145 lekhakoe potAnA graMthamAM atimAnuSI dharmanI khaMDanAtmaka TIkA karI e emanuM amulya kartavya hatuM, ApaNe ema paNa joyuM ke teo nisarga dharmane vaLagI rahetA-arthAta sRSTinA sRjanakartA, kudaratI kAnunathI tenuM zAsana karanAra ane ApaNuM sukha IcchanAra mAyALu ane DahApaNavALA sAkAra prabhune mAnatA hatA. AvA sAkAra prabhunA astitvane siddhAMta prAcIna tavettAone AbhArI che ane ceraberI (cherbury) nA lairDa harTe satya viSe (On Truth) nA potAnA nibaMdhamAM e siddhAMtane punarjIvita karyo hatuM. A mAnyatA ja nItinI sthApanA mATe pUratI che ane khristI dharmamAM sadAcAra mATe je pralobhane che te bIlakula nirarthaka che evuM kevaLezvaravAdIo kahetA. zephasaberIe pitAnA Inquiry Concerning Virtue (saguNa saMbaMdhI tapAsa) nAmanA pustakamAM nItine pAye ze ? e praznanI carcA karatI vakhate ema jaNAvyuM che ke svarga, narakanI saMsthA viSenI yojanA ane tene pariNAme mAnava hadayamAM puratI svArthI AzAo ane zaMkAo e sarva nItimAM bagADa kare che. khuda saguNanuM saundarya eja sahavartaNukanI preraNuM karanAre stutya hetu che. e te kevaLezvaravAdane paNa nItizAstranuM Avazyaka aMga mAnatuM nathI ane kahe che ke enIzvaravAdathI nItinA pAyA khodAI jatA nathI. kevaLezvaravAda tyAM ja nIti ane anIzvaravAda tyAM anIti ja, evI vyakti tene mAnya nathI. paraMtu A vizvano koI niyaMtA che evI mAnyatA saguNuM AcaraNane vega Ape che ema e mAne che. e pAke AzAvAdI che ane jemAM eka prANune bIjAnA lakSya thavAnI kudaratI pharaja lekhAya che evA sAdhya sAdhananA stutya saMyojanamAM ene pUrNa saMtoSa che. paraMtu kudaratanA samartha kartAnI dayAvRtti sAthe kudaratanAM krara, kAramAM kRtyone kevI rIte meLa besADI zakAya e bAbatane khulAse ApavAne zephasTraberIe prayAsa karyo nathI. ekaMdare sRSTimAM 1 0

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146 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. sarva padArtho paraspara anukULa ane suvyavasthita heAya che, ema enuM kahevuM hatuM. zephaTTaskerInI philasuImAM saMbaMdhamAM anIzvaravAdIe kadAca ema kahyuM hAta ke enI (zeka) vyavasthA anusAra je kAI Apa khuda puruSe mAkhIone karALIenA bhakSya thavA sarjI hoya te tevAnA taMtra taLe rahevA karatAM adRSTanI kRpA para jIvavuM huM vadhAre pasaMda karuM. paraMtu 18 mI sadInA vicArakAne vizva (rahasya) nI A bAjU khAsa sakSeAlaka lAgyuM na hatuM. Ama svAbhAvika rIte zekaTTaspherIthI upayu kata vigatamAM durlakSa thaI jAya che. paraMtu bIjI AjUe jUnA karAramAM ApelA Izvara paricayathI zekdrastherIne krodha jAgRta thayA hatA. (Scripture) zAstra para sIdheA humalA karavAnuM paDatuM mUkI zeTTasmerI vakrAkita ane (allusion) udAharaNa dvArA teja kArya sAdhe che. jo izvara hAya ja teA revAvAhanA rUpamAM tene svIkAranAranA karatAM anIzvaravAdI upara mhane echI aprIti thAya.' A zabdo sAthe gluTArkanA svasaMbaMdhamAM uccArAyalA zabdo sarakhAvavA jevA che. " pluTAkanA nAmane kAi eka asthira, vikArI, cIDhiyA ane jherIleA AdamI hatA evuM kahevAya tenA karatAM teA pluTArka hatA ja nahi ema kahevAya e huM pasaMda ka" zekaTasmerIe ahika hetuo upara AdhAra rAkhatI nItisthApanA racI e enI agatya darzAve che ane emAM uMDu tattvadarzana na hovA chatAM 18 mI sadInA phrenca ane jarmana ciMtA para zeka--- erInI asara asAdhAraNa hatI. dharmaguru miDalaTana keTalIka bAbatAmAM kadAca sarvathI sama ane paMDita kevaLezvaravAdI hatA. e carcanA sabhya hatA ane khristIdharmanI upayeAgitAnA kAraNasara te tene TekA ApatA. te kahetA ke dhama kevaLa pAkhaMDa hAya tApaNa tene nAza karavA ayAgya gaNAze; kAraNa te smRtisaMmata ane paraMparAgata che. kAI paNa prakAranA paraparAgata dharma Avazyaka che ane buddidvArA khristIdhama ne uMdhA vALa

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 147 vane prayAsa niSphaLa nivaDaze. Ama chatAM khristIzrutine unmala kare evI asarakAraka dalIle enAM lakhANamAM guMthAyelI che. enuM khristIdharmanA camatkAre saMbaMdhI "svataMtra tapAsa' nAmanuM 1748 mAM prakaTa thayeluM pustaka ghaNuM upayogI hatuM. carca camatkAra karavAnI zakti kyAre gumAvI ?-e praznane enA pustakamAM navIna ane bhayaMkara rUpamAM raju karavAmAM AvyuM che. gIbane miDalaTananI paddhati kevI rIte kAme lagADI e ApaNe hamaNAM ja joIzuM. kevaLezvaravAdIonA agragaNya vidhIo paNa temanI mAphaka buddhinI madada letA ane ema karavAmAM adhikArano pAyo khodavAmAM ghaNe aMze sAdhanabhUta thatA. Faith (zraddhA)nA sarvathI samatha bacAva rUpe gaNAtA pAdarI bIzapa baTalaranA "sAdasya (Analogy) enelojI nAmaka graMthathI manuSyanI zaMkAe zAMta thaI tenA karatAM vadhAre navI utpanna thaI ema kahevAya che. hAna viliama pITane evo anubhava hatuM ane e graMthanA vAcanathI upayogitAvAdI mila paNa nAstika thayo hate. khristIzrutimAM varNavelA anyAyI ane krUra Izvara, ane kudarata dvArA siddha thayelA prabhu,-bane ekaja na hoI zake evuM kevaLezvaravAdIo kahetA. tenA javAbamAM baTalara kudaratamAM paNa anyAya ane krUratA che evuM jaNAvate. baTalaranI A dalIla zepharuerInA AzAvAdane uDAvI devA mATe kharekhara samartha hatI, paraMtu balaTara puravAra karavA mAgate ethI taddana ulaTuM ja anumAna-arthAta nyAyI ane paropakArI Izvara che ja nahi e--enI dalIlamAMthI phalita thatuM. ApaNe taddana ajJAna chIe; badhuM zakya che,-zAzvata naraka-agni suddhAM ane AthI khristI siddhAMta svIkAravo e ja sahisalAmata ane DahApaNabharyo mArga che. AvA saMzayAtmakavAda tarapha pAchA vaLavAnI baTalarane jarura paDelI. baTalaranI A dalIlanI TIkAmAM karI zakAya ke bheDA ghaNuM pheraphAra sAthe e tarkabAjI makkA ke TimbakTramAM pracAra pAmelA bIjA dharmonI tarapheNamAM paNa calAvI

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148. buddhivAdanA vikAsa. "" zakAya. kharuM jotAM, baTalare pAskalanI nIce pramANenI dalIlane pAtAnA graMthamAM pharI ubhI karI che. (pAskala kahetA ke) " khristI dharma sAcA che evA anekamAM ekAda saMbhava hAya te! khristI thavAmAM manuSyanuM kalyANa che; kAraNa te juThA Thare te emAM mAnavA khAtara manuSyane kazI hAni paheAMcaze nahi ane te sAcA Tharaze te tene besumAra lAla thaze. " khristIdhama sAcA puravAra thavAnA bhAre saMbhava che evuM darzAvavAne laTara prayAsa kare che. paraMtu buddhinI ane nItinI dRSTie enI dalIlanI agatya pAskalanA jeTalI ja che.. aTalaranI lIle vAcakane sarala nyAyamArge eplikana carcamAMthI rAmana carca tarapha vALe che ema darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che. e vAta nIcenA taka parathI spaSTa thaze. kethalika kadAca bacI jAya evuM kethalika ane proTesTaMTa banne kabule che ane kethalikAnuM kahevuM che ke preTesTa Tene niraMtara narakavAsa thaze; mATe, kethalika dhama svIkAravA e sahisalAmata mA che. (phrAnsanA ceAthA hetrIe A pramANe dalIla karI hatI.) iMgleMDanA kevaLezvaravAdI saMbaMdhe mhe ati vistArathI lakhyuM che, kAraNake eka bAjUe iMgleMDamAM buddhisvAtaMtryavAdanA itihAsamAM teo agatyanuM sthAna bhAgave che ane khIjI bAjUe eilanI sAthe sAthe temaNe paNa IMglIza cenalanI bIjI bAjUnA dezamAMnA sama lekhakeAnI vANInA vistAra rUpa baneleA vicAra pUrA pADayA che. A lekhakeAnI lekhana camatkRtine pratApe phrAnsane ziSTasamAja meila ane iMgleMDanA kevaLezvaravAdIoe pUrA pADelA vicAra para mugdha thaye hatA. have ApaNe vAsteranA yugamAM vicarIe chIe. e purepurA kevaLezvaravAdI hatA. vizvanI ghaTanA jotAM tene kAi sacetana koM che ane leAkavyavahAranI suvyavasthA athavA prapaMcanA kalyANa mATe izvaranI jarura che ema e mAnatA ane anIzvaravAdane tIvra virAdha karatA. dhArmika sahiSNutA svIkarAvavA mATe eNe je saphLa zrama uThAvyo tathA dhArmika mUDha grAhA (Superstitious) sAme eNe je

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 149 vyavasthita yuddha calAvyuM te voranI mahAna siddhio hatI. aMgrejI ciMtakanI ane khAsa karIne bheMkanI ane boliMgAkanI enA para bhAre asara thaI hatI. enA jIvanakAvyamAM khristI dharma pratyenI patAnI nAstikatA aMgata mitra sivAya badhAthI eNe gupta rAkhI hatI; bahiSkata dazAmAM e kAnsamAM cirakALa paryata rahyA hatA ane enA buddhivAdIya nibaMdho enA maraNa pachI 1754 mAM prakaTa thayA hatA. aMgreja vicArakAnA kAryane vizvabaLamAM pheravI nAkhanAra A pratibhAzALI lekhaka volTere 18mI sadInA madhyakALa sudhI khristIdharma sAme zastrasaMpAta pravRtta karyo na hato; paraMtu tyArabAda jyAre miththA dhArmika AcAra ane dhArmika julame enA dezamAM kalaMkarUpa thavA lAgyA tyAre teNe yuddhanuM maMDANa karyuM. ekeeka kSetramAM kethalika carca para teNe upahAsa ane vaktine mAre calAvyuM. Tramba evuM pheneTisijhamuM (dhamadhatAnI kabara) (racA sAla 1736-prakaTana sAla 1767) nAmanA pitAnA eka nAnA pustakamAM zarUAtamAM te evI TIkA kare che ke sAmAnya rIte jema ghaNuM mANasa kare che tema) je kaI pitAnA dharmanAM satyAsatya tapAsyAM vagara tene svIkAre che te svecchAthI gaLA para jhUMsarI paDavA denAra baLada jevo che; ane AgaLa cAlatAM bAIbala graMthamAMnI muzkelIo, khristI dharmanI utpatti ane carcanA kramika itihAsanuM avalokana karI te evuM anumAna kADhe che ke buddhimAna puruSe khristImatane ghera lekha joIe. koI eka sAdA ane sArvatrika dharma karatAM je dharmamata ati vicitra che ane je raktathI dUSita thayelo che, phAMsI ane agnidAha jenAM bhUSaNarUpa (lakSaNo) che ane dharmane nAme dhana ane sattA meLavanArAja jenI pratye dharmamatane abhiruci darzAve che te dharmamata manuSyo pasaMda kare che e hakIkata evA manuSyone aMdhApe ja sUcave che. "sarmana evuM dha phiphiTI enDa kavezcansa evuM jhapATA' nAmanA lakhANa parathI beIla ane aMgreja TIkAkArene vatera keTalo kaNI hatA te ApaNe joI

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150 buddhivAdane vikAsa. " zakIe chIe, paraMtu e badhA karatAM enuM lakhANa jarA ochuM kaDavAzavALuM che ane enI vakrokti vadhAre asarakAraka che. jUnA karAramAMnI bhaugolika bhUlanA saMbaMdhamAM enI TIkA nIce pramANe cheH"Izvara kharekhara bhUgoLanA viSayamAM ekkA na hatA." leMTanI patnIe pAchA pharIne jovAne "ghera aparAdha" karyo hato ane jene lIdhe te mIThAnA stambhamAM pheravAI gaI hatI te vAta tarapha e ApaNuM lakSa dere che ane kaTAkSa kare che ke zAstronI vAtothI bhale ApaNuM jJAna para vadhu prakAza na paDatuM hoya paraMtu temanAthI ApaNe vadhAre nItimaya thaIe to sAruM. khristI dharmanA siddhAMta para vivecana karavAnI enI ghaNuM priya rItemAM eka e hatI ke vivecana karatI vakhate jANe eNe potAnI jIMdagImAM mAtra pahelI ja vAra khristIo ane yahudInA astitvanI vAta sAMbhaLI na hoya evI vRtti e dhAraNa karatA. 176 3 mAM prasiddha thayeluM enuM sola nAmanuM nATaka jene polIsa khAtAe dAbI devAno prayAsa karyo hato te AkhI khristI Alame mahAtmA lekhe svIkArelA saMta DevIDanA jIvananI badhI niSpharatA barabara ughADI pADe che. je dazyamAM egega (agag)nI kalla na karavA mATe semyuela selane Thapako Ape che te parathI nATakanA aMtarAzayanI saheja kalpanA Avaze. - semyuela-(sela pratye) hane rAjA nImIne Izvarane pazcAttApa thAya che e vAta hune vidita karavAnI Izvara mahane AjJA kare che. se-prabhu pazcAttApa kare che ! mAtra aparAdhIo ja tema kare che. prabhu anaMta DahApaNavALA hovAthI adAnA banI zake nahi. prabhu aparAdha karI zake ja nahi. se-aparAdha karanArAone gAdI para mUkavAna kRtya mATe te pazcAttApa karI zake. se -ThIka; kANu pramAda nathI karatuM ? mahane kahe ke mahAre zo gunho che ?

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa sehe. eka rAjAne mApI ApI che. egegaH--vacamAM) zuM ! sasuMdara sadguNa (kSamA)ne jyuDAmAM aparAdha lekhavAmAM Ave che ? se.egega pratye) grUpa ! izvaraniMdA na kara (sAla pratye) sAla ! yahudIonA bhUtapUrva rAjA ! strI, kumArikAe ane keDamAMnAM khALakAne paNa cheADayA vagara badhAja Amaliekites ApelekAiTsane pUrA karavAnI AjJA prabhue mhAre mukhe hane nhAtI kramAvI ? egegaH----hamArA prabhue-AvI AjJA pharamAvI ! hamArI bhUla thAya che, hamArA pizAce, zayatAne pharamAvI ema me kahevA mAgatA haze|. se--sAla, vhe. prabhunI AjJA mAnI che sA--huM nhAtA dhAratA ke A AjJA mAnavI ja paDaze. paramAtmAnuM mukhya lakSaNa bhalAi haze ane yALu aMtaHkaraNavALA mANasathI te kadI nArAja niha thatA hoya ema huM mAnatA hatA. se--nAstika, tuM bhUle che. izvara hArA para kA che ane tyune zApa Ape che. thArI rAjasattA khIjAnA hAthamAM saMkrAMta thaze. khristI AlamamAM vAstera jeTale aNagamA kadAca kAI paNa lekhake jAgRta karyAM nathI. ene eka prakAranA 'zuvireAdhI tarIke lekhavAmAM AvyA hatA. e svAbhAvika hatuM, kAraNa ke khristIdharma para eNe je humalA karyAM te enA samayamAM bahu asarakAraka nivaDayA hatA. paraMtu eNe mAtra khaMDana ja karyuM ane jyAM jyAM eNe ImAratA nIce kheMcI pADI tyAM tyAM navI bAMdhavAne eNe prayAsa karyo nathI evA AreApasara tene nivAmAM AvyeA che. A riAmAM vAda nathI. A AreApanA javAbamAM ema kahI zakAya ke jo bharAyelI gaTarAthI zaheramAM marakI phelAtI hoya te gaTaranI navI

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152 muddhivAdanA vikAsa, ceAjanA dhaDAya tyAM sudhI ApaNe merIe sApha karavAnA kAmamAM DhIla karI zakIe nahi. ane vAlheranA samayamAM phrAnsamAM paLAtA dharma roga utpanna karanArI gaTara jevA ja hatA ema kahevAmAM kazI atizayAkti nathI. phariyAdane A eka javAba che; paraMtu kharA javAba tA e che ke jJAna, ane tethI ja saMskRti, jeTalAM maMDana ane sAkSAt zeAdhathI pragati pAme che teTalAM ja khaMDana ane vivecanathI paNa pAme che. jo asatya, dhArmika vhemA ane pAkhaMDane sakhata phaTakA mAravAnI keAI mANasamAM muddei hAya tA tene upayega karavAnI enI pharaja che; hA, kAi paNa sAmAjIka pharajo hoya te te eka pharaja che. maMDanAtmaka vicAraNA mATe ApaNe phrenca vicArakAmAMnA eka bIjA mahAna netA aa tarapha vaLavuM joie. eNe vAtterathI judIja rIte vicAra svAtaMtryanA ItihAsamAM potAne phALA ApyA. e kevaLezvaravAdI hatA, paraMtu ene kevaLezvaravAda vAsterathI judA prakAraneA, dhArmika ane umi`pradhAna hatA. khristIdharma pratye e mAna ane zaMkAnI mizra lAgaNI dharAvatA paraMtu ene vicAra vyutkrAMtikAraka ane prAcInamata (orthodoxy) ne ...hAnikartA hatA. dareka kSetramAM e vicAra adhikAra viruddha hatA ane e ghaNA asarakAraka nivaDele. vAsteranAM upahAsa ane khaMDanAtmaka lIleA karatAM rusAnA siddhAMtAthI pAdarIvaga (clergy) kadAca vadhAre bhaDakatA hatA. keTalAka varSa sudhI vizALa vasudhAnA eka bhAgathI khIjA bhAgamAM tene bhAgAbhAga karavI paDI hatI. 1962nI sAlamAM prasiddha thayelA emila' nAmanA zikSaNazAstra paranA enA uttama graMthamAM dharmAMviSe dhaNuM suMdara lakhANa hatuM. emAM lekhanA kevaLezvaravAdanuM dRDha pratipAdana ane khristIdhama nA sviraprerita hovAnA dAvAnuM tathA brahmavidyAnuM khaMDana che. perisamAM emila (pustaka)ne jAheramAM saLagAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane sone pakaDavAnA hukama nikaLyA hatA. enA mitrAe ene nhAsI javAnI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 154 pharaja pADI ane jInIvAnI sarakAre perisane pagale cAlI sene jInIvA pAchA pharavAnI baMdhI karI. bIcAre se bananA paragaNAmAM jaI bharAye, paNa tyAMthI jatA rahevAne tene hukama karavAmAM Avyo. pachI te pRziyAnA Neurchasel (nyUphazaTala) nAmanA pradezamAM hAsI gayo tyAM tene mahAna kreDarike rakSaNa ApyuM. A keDarika sasenA yugane eka kharekhare sahiSNu rAjakartA hate. paraMtu sone tyAMnA dharmaguruoe herAna herAna karyo ane tenI phajetI karavA mAMDI. je phreDarika vacce ADe na hota, te e guruoe sene hAMkI kA heta. Akhare kanaDagatathI vAja AvI, sase 176 6mAM IgleMDa gayo ane tyAM theDA mAsa pasAra karI te chevaTe kransamAM pAcho pharyo, jyAM tene maratAM sudhI sukhazAMtimAM rahevA devAmAM Avyo. senA dharmavicAre enA navIna baMDakhora vicArenI sarakhAmaNImAM bahu thoDA agatyanA che, rasoe duniyA khaLabhaLAvI nAkhI hatI te enA sAmAjIka ane rAjaprakaraNa vicArone prabhAve, dhArmikane lIdhe nahi. je graMthanA enA sAmAjIka ane rAjaprakaraNuM vicAre saMgrahavAmAM AvyA hatA te graMthane jInivAmAM bALI mUkavAmAM Avyo hate. senAM siddhAMtanuM sUkSma parIkSaNa karavAmAM Ave te kadAca teo eka kSaNa paNa TakI zake nahi. enA siddhAMtamAM manuSyane dharmajhanunI karavAnI asAdhAraNa zakita hovAthI kharAbI thatI e kharuM, paraMtu vizeSAdhikArane vaDI kADhavAmAM ane rAjyane hetu ekeeka prajAjananuM kalyANa sAdhavAne che e vicAra sthApana karavAmAM sAdhanabhUta thaI, senA siddhAMte vicArasvAtaMtryanI gati vadhArI. sene ardhakhristI ane vallarane IsuvidhI kevaLezvaravAda retImAM racelA baMgalA je hate; ane ene pAye khodI kADhanArA vicArako kAnsa, IgleMDa ane jarmanImAM ubhA thayA. 1770mAM holabecanuM "sisTama ova necara' nAmanuM pustaka prakaTa thayuM. emAM IzvaranA astitva ane AtmAnA amaratvane InkAra karavAmAM Avyo.

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154 - buddhivAdane vikAsa, hatuM, ane A vizva pite anAdi, svayaMbhU ane svayaMgatimAna che evuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A pragabha pratipAdanathI kheMca vAcake ghaNA camakI uThayA hatA. halabeca DiDerane mitra hato. A DiDerene paNa eka saccidvAda (athavA kevaLezvaravAda)mAM zraddhA na hatI. ghaNuM agragaNya vicArakonI sahAyathI taiyAra karavAmAM AvelA enA jJAnakoSa (Encyclopedia) mAM carcAviruddhanI laDatanA mukhya mukhya vicAreno samAveza hato. e "keSa" kevaLa nirdezagraMtha na hate paNa vivekazanya zraddhAnA virodhIoe upADelI samasta pravRttinA pratinidhirUpa graMtha hate. ene udeza khristI dharma ane tenI asalI pApa viSenI mAnyatAmAMthI manuSyanuM citta uThADI, A vizva sukharUpa thaI zake ema che ane temAMnA sAkSAta aniSTo manuSya svabhAvanA kudaratI aparAdhonAM pariNAmo nathI paraMtu avaLI saMsthAo ane pratikULa zikSaNanAM phaLaspa che evI vizva saMbaMdhI navIna kalpanA mAnavahRdayamAM jAgRta karavAno hate. manuSyone dharmanA ayaktika jaDa grAhamAM (Dogmas) rasa letAM aTakAvI temanI vRtti samAja sudhAraNanA kAryamAM vALavI. ane manuSyanuM zAzvata kalyANa zrati para avalaMbatuM nathI, kintu sAmAjIka parivartana para AdhAra rAkhe che, evI jagajajanone khAtarI karAvavI eja dhyeya siddha karavA mATe rUso ane DiDeroe judI judI rIte sakhata prayAso karyA hatA, ane temanA evA sahadaya ane satata zramasAdhya kAryanI prAcIna matAvalaMbIo para bhArI asara thaI hatI, re! khuda carcanI bhAvanAmAM paNa tethI kaMIka pheraphAra thaye hate. 18mI sadImAMnuM kAnsamAMnuM kethelIka carcA kyAM ane 19mI sadImAMnuM kayAM? e bemAM AsamAna jamInane phera hatuM. tera rUse, DiDere ane temanA raNanuyAyIonA kArya vagara zuM carcAmAM sudhAre thayo hata? huM melInA zabdo nIce TAMkuM chuM. "badhAM khristi carco potapotAnA siddhAMtanI maryAdAmAM rahIne banatI jhaDape

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 155 navIna prakAza, vadhu udAra nItibhAvanAo ane sarvadharmanI bahAra rahelA tathA manuSyanA AtmAnA zatru gaNAI sadA niMdApAtra banelA gurUonI uccatara AdhyAtmikatA potAnA jIvanamAM apanAvI rahyA che." IgleMDamAM kevaLezvaravAdane je pracAra thayele tene lIdhe kAnsamAMnA kevaLezvaravAdathI jevAM bauddhika pariNAme AvyA tevAM tyAM AvyAM nahiM. Ama chatAM 18 mI sadInA sarva zreSTha aMgreja tattvaciMtaka hyume darzAvI ApyuM ke viziSTa vyaktitvavALA izvaranA astitva saMbaMdhe sAmAnya rIte je je lIlo raju karavAmAM Ave che te TakI zake tevI nathI. prathama huM camatkAra viSenI tenI carcAne atre IzAre ka. 1748 nI sAla pahelAM izvaravidyAvidenI mAnyatAono AdhAra lIdhA vagara camatkAronA prAmANa saMbaMdhI sAmAnya satyAnveSaNa thatuM na hatuM. dareka camatkArI banAva virUddha manuSyane eka sarakhe anubhava hovo joIe, nahi te pachI tene camatkAra evuM nAma kyAMthI ghaTe ? tathA sarvane anubhavamAM AvatI vastunA samarthana karatAM evI camatkArI vastunA samarthanamAM vadhAre sabaLa pramANanI apekSA raheze evuM jaNAvIne hyuma nIce mujabanuM sAmAnya sutra sthApita kare che; "amuka camatkAranI vAstavikatA sAbita karavA mATe je purA raju karavAmAM Ave te purAvo pote Te paDe te mULa sAbita karavA dhArelA camatkAra karatAM paNa vizeSa camatkArI bAbata gaNAya evuM na bane tyAM sudhI kaI paNa purA saMtoSakAraka gaNAya nahi. paraMtu vAstavika rIte evuM koI paNa pramANa nathI ke je khoTuM paDe te jarA abhuta jevuM lAge. jenA samarthanamAM niHzeSa bhramamukta, akIya saddabhAva saMpanna, keLavAyelA ane vidyAvaMta; anyane chetaravAnI kapaTabhAvanAnA astitvanI jemanA saMbaMdhamAM zaMkA paNa na lAvI zakAya evI azaMkanIya pramANikatAvALA, koI paNa prakAranA juThANanI jemanAmAM gaMdha sarakhIye jaNaya te jeo ghaNuM jokhamamAM AvI paDe.

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156 buddhivAdane vikAsa. evI moTI lekapratiSThAvALA ane satyAsatya pakaDI pADatAM vAra na lAge evI jAhera rIte amalamAM AvelA bhUtArthone purAvo ApanArA,-(manuSyanA niSpakSapAta ane zraddhApAtra pramANanI khAtarI karAvI ApanArI upalI badhI zarate jemanA jIvanamAM pUrNapaNe paLAi hoya evA) saMkhyAbaMdha puruSonuM pramANa hoya evo eka paNa camatkAra ApaNane ItihAsamAMthI jaDa azakya che. 1776 nI sAla sudhI aprasiddha rahelA ane enA maraNa pachI prakaTa thayelA "DAyalogsa ona necarala rilijana" nAmanA enA graMthamAM IzvaranA astitvanA samarthanamAM khristIo temaja kevaLezvaravAdIoe vizvaracanA parathI vizvane kartA siddha thAya che evI je dalIla karelI tene ghume beTI TharAvavAno prayAsa karyo. A dalIla evI che ke vizvamAM racanAnA spaSTa cihno che, sAthe sAdhananuM yogya saMyojana mAluma paDe che. mATe A duniyA koI prakhara buddhizALI vyaktinI hetupUrvaka ghaDAyelI yojanA rUpa hovI joIe. A anumAnanA virodhamAM hyumAM kahe che ke mAtra buddhizALI vyaktija A vizvarUpa kAryanuM puratuM kAraNa hoI zake nahi, kAraNa A skUla vizvanA baMdhAraNanA kAraNa tarIke sUkSma yeAjanA hovI joIe ane jema skUla vizvanA kAraNanI apekSA rahe che tema sukSmasRSTinA kAraNanI paNa rahe. Ama anavasthAne prasaMge upasthita thAya che, kAraNa je sUkSmasRSTi, dhULanA kAraNarUpa hoya te sUkSmanuM kAraNa zuM? ane te kAraNanuM kAraNa zuM? ane tenuM zuM ema prazna paraMparA jArI ja raheze. Ama chatAM vizvaracanA parathI tene kaI kartA che ja e dalIla kadAca TakI zake te paNa e dalIla dvArA kaI evA ja prabhunuM astitva puravAra thavAnuM ke jenI zaktio mAnava zaktio karatAM ucca hovA chatAM ghaNuM maryAdita haze, ane jenuM sRjanakauzalya ghaNuM apUrNa haze. kAraNa uccatara dharaNanI suSTie A vizva kadAca khAmIbharyae jaNAya ane e kadAca

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vicArasvAta tryanA itihAsa. 157 C potAnI khAmIvALI kRtithI zaramAi pAchaLathI tene tyAga karanAra kAieka devane paheleA jaMgalI akhatarA hAya, athavA te e kRti joine caDhiAtA devA haze evA keAI utaratA devanuM kArya hAya; athavA te kAi kalAtIta devanI e kRti hAya-je kRti tenA kartAnA jIvanakALamAM tenI preraNAthI ativega pAmI tenA maraNa pachI jokhamabharI sthitimAM AvI paDI hoya. je lIla AvA devene pracAramAM ANe che te kevaLezvaravAda ke dharma mATe tadana niraka che ! 18 mI sadImAM iMgleMDamAM dhaNA vicAra svAtaMtrya darzAvanArAM pustakA prakaTa thayAM. paraMtu e samAM gIbananuM pustaka AjanI ghaDiye paNa ziSTa pustaka tarIke vaMcAya che, e graMthanA 15-16 mAM prakaraNAne DaeNA. jonsananA eka strI mitre e lAgaNI duHkhAye evAM prakaraNeA' kahyAM hatAM ane temAM pahelIja vAra khristIdharmanI utpatti ane vijayanAM kAraNeAne kevaLa sAdA atihAsaka banAva tarIke vivecaka dRSTithI tapAsavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dhArmika jIlamamAMthI peAtAnI jAtane ane peAtAnA graMthane akSata rAkhavA mATe gIbana enA samakAlIna nAstikAnuM anukaraNa karatA ane prAcInamata pratye mhAMnI vaphAdArI darzAvatA, paNa kadAca dharmaguruone bhaya nahAta tA paNa prAcInamatanI nirdaya katla karavA mATe enI vakrAtithI vadhu tIkSNazAstra ene bhAgyeja bIjAM kAi maLyuM hota. kaTAkSamaya lakhANa ene mana hAtha lAkaDInI ramata jevuM hatuM. khristI ma siddhAMtanuM pratItikAraka pramANa ane tenA pracArakanI vyavasthA. sabaMdhI dIdiSTa e e khristIdharmanA vijayane spaSTa ane sa tASakAraka mukhya kAraNA che ema prathama darzAvI, gIbana dhaTatI namratAthI e vijaya thavAnAM gauNukArA tapAsavA lAge che, e dhanA janmakALathI te TheTha kansTAinanA kAla sudhInA dhArmika itihAsa JIkhana evI yuktithI Alekhe che ke tenuM bhAvi ghaDavAmAM IzvarI

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158 . buddhivALe vikAsa. hAtha hovAnI mAnyatA nirarthaka che; ane jANe te kevaLa mAnuSI ghaTanA che evAM spaSTa sUcane enA lakhANamAMthI uThe che. khristIdharmanA kahevAtA atimAnuSI niyaMtraNa sAme je je radIAo che te sarvane gIbana pitAnA graMthamAM vyAjabI virodha sAthe vyahabaddha goThave che. muzA ane payagambaranI gIbana jAte TIkA karatA nathI paraMtu temanA prAmANya virUddha nosTika paMthIonA patarAjI zAstrIee je je vAMdho uThAvelA te te potAnA graMthamAM utAre che. e kahe che ke yahudi smRtimAM AtmAnA amaratvane siddhAMta cheDI devAmAM Avyo che e vAta sAcI, paraMtu e te dIrdhadaSTivALA dayALu prabhunI akaLa kaLAne viniyoga hati. khristI dharmanA sauthI pahelA celAo para ajJAna ane durbodhatAno atiuddhatAIthI je Apa mUkavAmAM Ave che te ApaNe tadane dUra te na karI zakIe paraMtu ApaNe e niMdAnA prasaMgamAMthI bane teTalo badha tAravavo joIe, ane yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke A asalI khristIo saMskRtinI nIcI bhUmikA para hatA eTale ApaNe svIkArIe te temanA guNa ane vijayanI kadara karavAnuM ApaNane vadhAre kAraNa maLaze. gIbane zuddha aitihAsika daSTibinduthI camatkAre saMbaMdhamAM je carcA karI hatI te khAsa khaLabhaLATa phelAve evI hatI. khristI dharma sthapAya tenI zarUAtanA varSomAM carcAnA lAbhArthe kudaratanA kAnunane paramAtmA vAraMvAra uce mUkatA hatA, paraMtu grIsa ane remanA RSio A bhayaMkara ghaTavAnuM durlakSa karatA hatA ane jIvananA sAmAnya vyApAra tathA abhyAsamAM racyApacyA hevAthI vizvanA naitika ane bhautika taMtramAM thatA pheraphArothI teo ajJAta dekhAtA hatA, TAiberIasanA rAjyamAM AkhI pRthvI para athavA kaMI nahi teye remana rAjyanA eka prakhyAta prAMta para traNa kalAka sudhI alaukika aMdhakAra chavAI rahyA hatA. mAnavajAtinA Azcarya, kautuka ane bhaktine jAgRta kare evo A camatkArI banAva vadhyuM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 159 noMdhyA pasAra thai gayeA. A ghaTanA senekA ane meTA plInInA jIvanakALamAM banI; ane temaNe e camatkAranAM tAtkAlika pariNAme| anubhavyAM hAvAM joie athavA enA tAjA samAcAra emaNe meLavyA heAvA joie. A banne tatvajJAe peAtAnA azrAMta utsAha ane kutUhaLa muddivaDe dharatIkaMpa, kharatA tArA, dhUmaketue ane grahaNA jevA badhA kudaratI banAvAnI dhaNA zramathI taiyAra karelA eka pustakamAM purI noMdha lIdhI che. nhAnI nhAnI khAkhatAnI paNa ati jhINavaTathI noMdha lenArA e banne lekhakeAe sRSTinA sRjanakALathI mAMDIne adyApi paryaMta apUrva evA A atimahAna banA vanI noMdha sarakhI lIdhI nathI. temanI buddhine nahi paraMtu temanI indriyAne sarvazaktimAna prabhue pratyakSa dekhADelA banAvA pratyenA (mUttipUjaka) ane tattvajJAnapremI leAkeAnA (senekA ane plInInA kALanA) A gAphela dukSa mATe ApaNe temane kevI rIte kSamA ApI zakIe ? vaLI, jo dareka zraddhALu mANasane camatkAranA sAcApaNAnI khAtarI thaI hAya teA dareka nyAyI purUSane camatkArA baMdha paDayA che tenI khAtarI paNa thai che. Ama chatAM dareka yugamAM camatkAre (nA astitva)viSenA purAvA hAya che ane dareka yuganA purAvA enI agAunA yuganA purAvAthI kAi rIte eche AdarapAtra nathI. ( tyAre ) camatkArA baMdha paDayA ? je yuganA leAkeA chellA sAcA camatkArA joI zakayA te leAkeAe pachI je pAkhaDI ( camatkAra lekhAtA ) banAvA thAya te ane pelA camatkAre vaccenA bheda kema samajI na zakyA ? zuM manuSye daivI zilpInI zailIne ema ekadama bhUlI gayA hatA? A badhA praznA parathI eja anumAna nIkaLI zake che ke sAcA ane khATA catkArI banAvAne chUTA pADavA azakaya che. e e avibhAjya dazAmAM che. paraMtu asalanA zradghALu janAnAM ativizvAsa ( Credulity) ane svabhAvanI

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160 buddhivAdane vikAsa. kAmaLatA, e e satya ane dharmane hitakara hatAM. AjanA jamAnAmAM bahu bheALA zraddhALu hrayAmAM paNa avyakata rIte ane emanI IcchA virUddha saMzayavAde sthAna meLavyuM che. te prakRtibAhya satyAne mAnya rAkhe che te paNa utsAhI saMmatithI nathI rAkhatA paraMtu nirutsAhI ane maMda anumatithI mAnya rAkhe che. ApaNI buddhine athavA kaMi nahi te ApaNI kalpanAzaktine kudaratanA avicaLa kramane avale - kavAnI ane sanmAnavAnI cirakALathI Teva paDI gai hovAthI te devatAnA visible action pratyakSa kA athavA sAkSAt kRtyanuM samana karavA joie teTalI taiyAra nathI. jJAna prAptinAM je je mULA gIkhane zodhI kADhayAM hatAM tepara enI pachInA jamAnAmAM zraddhApUrvaka sukSma vivecana karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. alabatta evAM sUkSma vivecanene lAbha gIkhananA bhAgyamAM nahatA, kiMtu asalI carcAnA sAMketika itihAsanuM je sAcuM svarUpa eNe caturAipUrvaka udhADu' pADayuM che te Adina sudhI ghaNI khAkhatAmAM saMpUrNa rIte vAstavika gaNAyuM che. mane ema lAge che ke kadAca vAlheranI dhanuvidhA karatAM gImananAM agnyAstrAnI asara pachInA jamAnAnA muddhizALI leAkeA para vizeSa thai, kAraNa madhyayuganA itihAsa tarIke evuM pustaka anivAya thai paDayuM; uddAma prAcInamatAvalakhIne paNa enI madada bahu Avazyaka lAgatI ane ema hAvAthI kharekhara e pustakanI jherI asara vAcakanA manapara thaIja haze. ApaNe joyuM ke 18 mI sadInA pUrvAdhamAM IzvarAkta dharma nisa dhama ne saMvAdI ane anurUpa che ke kema eja prazna para zAstrArtha cAlyA karatA. A zAstrayuddhamAM kevaLezvaravAdIone mArA e sadInA madhyabhAgamAM lagabhaga samApta thaI gayA hatA ane prAcInamatAvalabIe mAnatA ke temanI lIlAnA satASakAraka javAba apAi cUkyA che. paraMtu izvarAkta dharma buddhigamya che eTaluM puravAra karyuM pate ema nahatuM, e dharmAM sAcA che ane itihAsanA saMgIna pAyA para racA

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vicArasvAta tryanA itihAsa. 161 "7 9 cele che e batAvI ApavuM jarUrI hatuM. hyume ane mIDalaTane camatyArA viSe je carcA ubhI karI hatI temAM Aja praznane tIvra rUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.khristIdhamanI aitihAsika vAstaviktAnI zaMkA karanArane 1794mAM khristI " eviDensIsa en krizciAniTi dhanAM pramANA nAmanA pustakamAM (Paley) pAlee samajavAkha ApyA. khristIdhama nA bacAva mATe 18 mI sadImAM prakaTa thayelAM pustakAmAM A ja eka evuM pustaka che je hAla khAsa upayAgI na hAvA chatAM leAkamAM AdarapUrvaka vaMcAya che. pAlene IzvaravidyAvAda theology prAcIna matavAdIonA abhiprAyA para ajJAtapaNe yugane pAsa kevI rIte bese che tenA udAharaNa rUpa che. enA necarala thieleAjI ' prAkRtika dharmavAda nAmanA pustakamAM izvaranuM astitva puravAra karAyuM che. jema tenA racanAranuM anumAna thaya zake che tema kudaratamAMnI ceAjanAe parathI daivI kArIgaranuM anumAna kheMcI zakAya che. AvI yeAjanAnA dAkhalA pAle mATe bhAge mAnava zarIranAM baMdhAraNa ane indriyAmAMthI le che. Izvara jarA haThIlA jaDa padAtha para peAtAnI kaLA ajamAvI rahelA eka kuzaLa kArIgara che, evI pAlenI Izvara saMbaMdhI bhAvanA che. mI. leslI sTIvana kahe che ke pAlene Izvara manuSyanI mAphaka sudharelA che, te vaijJAnika ane catura thayA che. yAMtrika ane rAsAyaNika sAdhanA (Contrivances) yeAjavAmAM te (pAlene izvara) vATa ane prisTalI karatAM caDhIAA che ane tethI vATa ane prisTalI je yuganA prakhyAta-mAga daka-purUSo hatA te yuganI bhAvanA anusAra pAlene! Izvara kalpavAmAM AvyA che. A prakAranA zvaranuM astitva pratipAdita thAya teA pachI camatkArA viSe kazI muzkelIo rahetI nathI. pAle camatkArane khristI dharmanA khacAvanA pAyA tarIke lekhAve che-bIjI badhI lIleAne te gauNu lekhe che. navA karAramAMnA camatkArAnA purAvAmAM pAle jaNAve che ke e camatkArAne peAtAnI 11 " vizvaracanA dvArA ALa parathI

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162 buddhivAdane vikAsa. AMkhothI jenArA payagambare emAM pUrNa mAnatA hatA, nahi te emanA nUtana dharmane kAje teo kaMI karata ke duHkha bhagavata nahi. pAlee je bacAva karyo che te Izvarane kAyadAnI bAbatamAM salAha ApanAra eka samartha dhArAzAstrInA kArya jevuM che. 18 mI sadInA iMglaMDanA kevaLezvaravAdI lekhakonI yAdI eka ja lekhakanuM nAma umeratAM saMpUrNa thaze. A chello lekhaka te Temasa peIna. enI pahelAMnA sarva lekhake karatAM peIna vizeSa vikhyAta hate. e mULa raphekane vatanI hato, paraMtu amerikA jaI vasele ane eNe (kAnsanA) baLavAmAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdho hato, pachI te IgleMDa pAcho pharyo hato ane 1791 mAM eNe enuM rAITasa ova mena" manuSyonA hakko nAmanuM pustaka be bhAgamAM prasiddha karyuM hatuM. huM kevaLa carcAnA kSetramAMnA vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa avalokI rahyo chuM, e kSetramAM ja vicAra kevI rIte svataMtra thayA tenI carcA karI rahyo chuM, kAraNake ene sAmAnya rIte sarva kSetramAMnA vicArasvAtaMtryana (umA) mApaka yaMtra pe gaNI zakAya. 18 mI sadInA A aMtakALamAM rAjakAraNa ke IzvaravivAnA kSetramAM vyutkrAMtikAraka vicAre prakaTa karavA e ghaNuM jokhamabhareluM hatuM. peIna amerIkana rAjyabaMdhAraNano uddAma, ati utsAhI prazaMsaka hatA tema ja phenca viplava (jemAM ene bhAga bhajavavAne have te) ne paNa e Teke ApatA hatA. enuM "manuSyanA hakaka" nAmanuM pustaka rAjA zAsana (paddhati) ne dUSita TharAvI, pratinidhitvavALA prajAzAsananI himAyata kare che. A pustakanI kharIdI mATe paDApaDI thaI hatI, pachIthI sastI AvRtti bahAra pADavAmAM AvI hatI ane garIba varga paNa ene sahelAIthI lAbha laI zakatuM hatuM e jeI sarakAre lekhaka para phojadArI kAma calAvavAno nirNaya karyo. peIna kAnsa hAsI gayo, ene kelenA baMdara para bhAre sanmAna maLyuM ane tyAMnA lokee ene prajAkIya maMDaLamAM pratinidhi tarIke cUMTI mokalyo.

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vicArasvAtaMtrane itihAsa. 163 rAjadrohanA gunhAsara 1792 nA aMtamAM enI tapAsa cAlI. enA graMthamAMnA je phakarAone lIdhe enA para rAjadrohano Aropa ghaDavAmAM Avyo hato te phakarAo nIce mujaba che - parApUrvathI cAlI AvelI badhI sarakAre svabhAvathI jAlima che. karoDo rUpIAne dhumADe karIne heleMDa, henavara, jhela ane brasbIkathI IMgleMDanAM kAyadA, bhASA ane lokakalyANathI ajJAta tathA (Parish) grAmanA kosTebalanI padavI mATenI paNa lAyakAta vinAnI vyaktione teDAvI maMgAvavAnA kRtya mATe IgleMDane eka same pitAnA para hasavuM Avaze. ane A samaya bahu dUra nathI. je AvAne hAthe rAjyanI lagAma saMpI zakAya te pachI rAjataMtra calAvavAmAM kazI dhADa mAravAnI nathI ane ene lagatA ekeeka kArya mATe IMglenDanA dareka gAma ane zaheramAMthI joIe tevI sAdhanasAmagrI maLI zake." askana peInane bacAva karanAra hato. eNe vicArasvAtaMtryanA bacAvamAM nIce mujabanuM suMdara, chaTAdAra bhASaNa karyuM hatuM - ("julama virodhane svAbhAvika utpAdaka che.) julama karyo ke sAme mANasa svAbhAvika rIte mAthuM uMcakavAne ja; ane julama karanAramAM buddhi-vivekanuM zUnya hoya che e vAta julama thatAM ja sabaLa rIte sAbIta thaI javAnI. gRhastha ! lyuzIananI lakhelI ramujI vAta hamAre badhAe yAda rAkhavI ghaTe che. eka samaya jyupITara (bahaspati) ane eka gAmaDIe pUrI chuTachATathI ane gADha paricaya heAya tevI rIte svarga ane mRtyuloka viSe vAta karatA hatA. gAmaDio jyupITaranAM vAkyane dhyAnapUrvaka huMkArA ane anumatithI sAMbhaLyuM ja hatuM ane jyupITara pitAnA vicAronI gAmaDIAne khAtarI karAvavA prayAsa karatA hatA, paNa ekAda sthaLe gAmaDIAe zaMkA karyA jevuM lAgyuM eTale yupITare ekadama pharIne pelA gAmaDIAne pitAnA vajanI bIka batAvI. pele gAmaDIo sAzcarya belI uThe-"haM, huM, yupITara have huM samajyo ke humAruM kahevuM

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164 buddhivAdane vikAsa. kheTuM che. jyAre me hamArA vajanI bIka batAve che (sarala dalIlethI zaMkAnuM samAdhAna karavAnI azakti hovAthI) tyAre tyAre hame TAja he ." mahArI paNa A ja sthiti che. huM IgleMDanA eka sAthe nyAyI, tArkika dalIlamAM utarI zakuM, paraMtu adhikArIenA vaja-bhArI dhamakIo-sAme huM khUjhI zakuM nahi. (sattAnA madamAM dhAryuM karavA mathanArA sAme huM buddhithI kazuM ukALI zakuM nahi. madenmatta sattA AgaLa mAruM zANapaNa kazuM na cAle.) * tapAsamAM peIna gunhegAra Tharyo, ane rAjyamAMthI bahiskRta thayo. 1794-96 mAM eNe "dhI eja evuM rijhana" e nAmanuM khristI dharmavirodhI pustaka prakaTa karI na aparAdha karyo. robasvIaranI AjJAthI jyAre ene perIsanA kedakhAnAmAM rahevAne yoga prApta thaye tyAre tyAM rahyA rahyA eNe A graMtha lakho zarU karyo hate. emAM cheka saraLa bhASAmAM, saheja paNa zabdasaMkoca ke kRtrima DhAMkapIDA vagara, khristI dharmanI mekSa viSenI yejanAnI ane bAI. balanI sakhata jhATakaNuM karavAmAM AvI che ane AvI jAtanuM e prathama upayogI pustaka hovAthI e ghaNuM khyAti pAmyuM che. e sArI prasiddhi pAmyuM enuM bIjuM kAraNa e hatuM ke pustaka sAmAnya janatAmAM paNa. sAre pracAra pAme evI anukUla zailImAM lakhAyeluM hatuM, ane bAIbala para TIkA karavAmAM peInanuM valaNa jo ke enA purogAmI kevaLezvaravAdIonA valaNane maLatuM hatuM to paNa khagoLazAstranI dRSTie pratIta thayelI vizva saMbaMdhI kalpanA sAthe khristI dharmanI yojanAne kazI ja anurUpatA nathI e vAta saceTa rIte sAbIta karavAnuM prathama mAna te peInane ja ghaTe che. AvA apUrva ane baLavattara. pratipAdanane lIdhe paNa enA pustakanI sArI prazaMsA thaI che. ApaNe peInanA zabdo tarapha vaLIe eTale khristI praNA-- likAnA ane khagoLazAstranA anumAna vacceno virodha spaSTa thaze. ApaNe je dunIAmAM vasIe chIe te ja AkhuM vasavAyogya

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* vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 165 bhUmaMDaLa che-ApaNI dunIothI atirikta bIjI koI dunIA ja nathI-evuM khristI praNAlikAmAM spaSTa kathana to nathI, chatAM yahudionI sRSTinI utpattine vRttAMta, iva ane sapharajananI kathA ane prabhuputranA mRtyuvALA e vArtAne uttara bhAga-e sarva jotAM e praNalikAnI ghaTanA evI che ke ethI ulaTuM je arthAta dunIA aneka che athavA te jeTalA tArAo che eTalI te che ja evuM-mAnavAthI khristIonI dharmapraNAlikA ekadama najIvI ane hAsyAspada thaI jAya che. eka ja manuSya eka vakhate A be khristIzAstra ane khagaLazAstramAMnI paraspara viruddha mAnyatAo pitAnA hRdayamAM dharAvI zake nahi ane je kaMI e bannene mAnavAne DoLa kare tene viSe eTaluM ja kahI zakAya ke ene e bemAMthI eke viSe bhAgye ja kaMI vicAra haze." kudarata prabhunA AviSkArarUpa che eTaluM eka utsAhI kevaLezvaravAdI tarIke pote mAnate hovAthI peIna e vAtanuM ati sabaLa rIte samarthana karI zake che. jUnA karAramAMnI keTalIka vArtAone udezIne te lakhe che - A agamya, IdriyAtIta samasta vizva jene ghaNuM kare te mAtra eka bhAga manuSyane dRSTigocara thaI zake tenA preraka ane niyAmakanI (Immensity) amApa zaktine ApaNe khyAla karIe to AvI tuccha vAtane Izvarakta kahetAM ApaNe zaramAvuM joIe." paIna nA pustakane dharmAdhyakSa vaiTasane javAba vALe. vaiTisana 18 mI sadImAMnA sArA, prazaMsApAtra dharmaguruomAMne eka hatA ane e manuSyane svAtmanirNayano hakka che e vAta kabula tathA dalIla sAme dalIlathI laDavuM joIe, dabANa karavuM na joIe, e abhiprAya dharAvate. eNe peInane je lekhadhArA javAba vALyo, te lekhanuM nAma "ena epeleja phera dha bAIbala' arthasUcaka hatuM. vaeNTasananA A javAbane uddezIne 3 jA je kahyuM hatuM ke bAIbala jevA graMthanA bacAvanI kazI jarUra paDe evuM mArA jANyAmAM nathI. bacAva

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16 buddhivAdane vikAsa. ' ghaNe lula ane DhIle che; Ama chatAM peIne zAstra (Scripture bAIbala) para je keTalIka TIkA karI che ane jemane lIdhe bAIbalanA acUkapaNAne siddhAMta jokhamamAM AvI paDe ema mAnavuM hatuM, te TIkAone TasananA lekhamAM svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo che ethI e lekha dhyAna kheMce e che. peInanA pustakane jabaro phelAvo thaye. tethI durguNalmana maMDaLe ( Society for the Suppression of Vice ) enA prakAzaka para phojadArI karavAno nizcaya karyo. ucca vargomAM te azraddhA sAdhAraNa thaI paDI hatI, paraMtu sAdhAraNa janatAne mATe dharma Avazyaka che ane nIcalI kememAM azraddhA phelAvavAnA koI paNa prayAsane mULamAM ja dAbI devo joIe e sarvene daDha abhiprAya hate. garIba vargane vyavasthAmAM rAkhavA mATe dharma ati upayogI sAdhana che evI sAmAnya mAnyatA hatI. paNa ghUsTananI vAta bAju para mUkIe te zarUAtanA buddhivAdIomAMthI zikSApAtra thavAmAM te piTara eneTa nAmane eka zikSaka ja hate. eNe (free thought) nAstikamata lokapriya karavAno prayAsa karyo hatuM ane evA ati niMdya, ghera vicAre janatAmAM phelAvavAnA gunhAsara tene jAheramAM badanAma karavAmAM Avyo hato tathA sakhata majurInI zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI hatI. peInanuM mAnavuM hatuM ke samagra janasamAjane navA vicAranA saMsargamAM AvavAno adhikAra hato ane eNe bhaNelA abhaNa sarva keinA hAthamAM jAya evI rIte potAno graMtha racelo. AthI enA pustaka para aMkuza mUkAya e vAta svAbhAvika hatI. 1797 mAM tapAsa cAlI te samaye nyAyAdhIze prakAzakanA bacAvamAM bane teTalAM vidane nAMkhyAM ane tene eka varSanI kedanI zikSA pharamAvI. piInanA graMthane aMge cAlelI tapAsane ATalethI aMta na Avyo. 1811 mAM "eja evuM rijhana" ne trIjo bhAga prasiddha

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa 167 thayo ane enA prakAzaka ITanane 18 mAsanI keda uparAMta eka mahinA sudhI (Pilloried) tenA hAtha ane DokuM heDamAM pUravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. tapAsa calAvanAra nyAyAdhIza lairDa elanabaree prakAzakanA gunhA saMbaMdhamAM kahyuM ke ApaNe dharmanA pAyArUpa pustakanAM satyane InkAra karavAnI koI kALe chUTa nathI. kavi zelie lorDa elanabarene nIce pramANene kaDaka patra lakhyo hata- "zuM Apa ITananuM jIvana khAruM karIne tene ApanA dharmamatane karavA dhAre che? rAkSasI dehadamana karIne Apa ApanA dharmasiddhAMte kadAca ene mukhe kabulAvI zake, paraMtu jyAM sudhI Apa ApanA dharmanA siddhAMte gaLe utare evA na kare tyAM sudhI e ApanA siddhAMto mAnI zake nahi, paNa siddhAMtomAM zraddhA upajAvavI e kadAca ApanI zakti bahAranI vAta che. ApanA dharmotsAhanA AvA pradarzanathI Apa ApanA pUjya devane khuza karavA mAge che ke zuM? jo ema ja hoya to mahAre kahevuM paDaze ke pizAca jene keTalIka prajAo manuSyanAM zabanA balidAna Ape che te paNa sudharelI samAjanA ISTadeva karatAM ochA jaMgalI che." 1819 mAM ricarDa kArlAile peInanuM pustaka prakaTa karyuM. ethI enI paNa saunA jevI dazA thaI tenA para phojadArI kAma cAlyuM ane tene bhAre daMDa bharavAnI tathA 3 varSanI kedanI sajA thaI. e daMDa ApavA asamartha hovAthI ene traNa varSa paryata kedamAM rAkhavAmAM Avyo hato, enI patnIe tathA bahene prakAzakane dhaMdhe cAlu rAkhe, tema pustaka vecavAnuM paNa jArI rAkhyuM, eTale temane paNa daMDa karavAmAM AvyuM hato ane pAchaLathI jelamAM goMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. dukAnanA kAmamAM madada karanArA badhA kAmadAronI paNa e ja vale thaI hatI. peInanA pustakanA prakAzaka IMgleMDamAM julamanA bhoga banyAM to peInane potAne amerikAmAM khamavuM paDyuM. tyAMnI dharmadha prajAnI kanaDagatene lIdhe peInanI jIMdagInA chellAM varSo duHkhamaya thayAM hatAM.

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buddhivAdanA vikAsa. 18 mI sadInA madhyayugamAM jarmanImAM jJAnayuganA sUryanA udaya thayA. IMgleMDa karatAM jarmanInAM ghaNAM rASTrAmAM vicArasvAtaMtrya bahu ochu hatuM. mahAna phreDarikanA pitAnA samayamAM vulpha nAmanA tattvanane praziyAmAMthI dezanikAla karavAmAM AvyA hatA; kAraNake, eNe (leAkamAnyatA mujaba ) mAtra khristI dharmanA jevAM vakhANa thai zake tevAM vakhANu cInanA saMta keAyusIyasanA nItizikSaNa saMbaMdhamAM kA hatAM. phreDarika gAdIe AvyA tyAre vulpha pAche praziyAmAM Avye. phreDarikanA rAjyamAM matAMtarakSamA ThIka pravartatI ane vRziyA enI AjUbAjUnAM rAjyamAM svataMtra vicAro phelAvavA khAtara rAjyanA julamane bhAga bananArA lekhakeAnuM AzrayasthAna hatuM. alabatta, enA samayanA ghaNA aMgreja muddhivAdIonI mAphaka phreDarika paNa ema mAnatA ke navIna vicAra (free thought) athavA nAstika mata janasamudAya mATe ISTa nathI, kAraNa, leAkeA philasuI samajavAne asama hAya che. hAla paNa AvA vicAra dharAvanArA ghaNA leAkeA che. jamanImAM aMgreja kevaLezvaravAdInI phrAnsanA svataMtra vicArakAnI ane spAInAjhAnI asara thaI hatI; paraMtu 18 mI sadImAM jarmanImAM buddhivAdanuM je pracArakAma cAlyuM temAM apUrva, rasika ke prajAmAM jAgRti pedA kare evuM kazuM ja hatuM nahi. buddhivAdanA e pracArakA tarIke ApaNe (Edlemann) IlamAna ane (Bahrdt) khAlda nAM nAmeA gaNAvIe. dilamAnAM pustakAmAM bAibala Izvaraprerita graMtha che e vAtane virAdha karavAmAM AvyA heAvAthI judAM judAM zaherAmAM enA graMthe saLagAvavAmAM AvyA hatA ane ene arlina nhAsI jai phreDarikanA Azraya levAnI jarura paDI hatI. khAha enA samayanA badhA lekhakA karatAM vadhAre AkramaNazIla hatA. prathama e dharmopadezaka hatA, paraMtu pachI dhIme dhIme e prAcIna matathI viruddha thatA gayA. navA karAranuM eNe bhASAMtara karyuM e kALathI pAdarI tarIkenI enI jIMdagInA aMta AvyA. enI jIMdagInA aMtima bhAga 168

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 169 eNe musApharakhAnAMnA mAlika tarIke gujAryAM. enAM lakhANA-u. ta. ' bAIbala paranA patrA' (Letters on the Bible)-nI ghaNI asara thaI hAvI joie; nahi tA Izvara vidyAvidyAmAM khAha pratye sakhata tiraskAra jAgRta thAta nahi. Ama chatAM, A saikAmAMne jarmanImAMnA buddhivikAsa ( Enlightenment) buddhivAdanA pracArakAmAM sIdhA AviSkAra na pAmatAM, sAhitya ane tattvajJAnamAM prAdurbhAva pAmyA. geTa (Goethe)-spAInAjhAnAM lakhANAnI jenA para ghaNI prauDha asara thai hatI te--tathA zilara jevA suvikhyAta lekhake carcAmAM joDAyA na hatA, ane temanAM lakhANA tathA tatkAlIna sAhitya pravRttinI asarathI manuSyanA anubhavatI khUba chUTathI carcA thavA mAMDI ane vicArasvAtaMtrya paranA aMkaze! aleApa thavA mAMDayAM. eka jarmana vicArake AkhI duniyAne khaLabhaLAvI e jarmIna te kenTa nAmanA philasuph hatA. eNe enA * kriTika evuM pyUra rijhana' nAmanA pustakamAM darzAvI ApyuM ke buddhinI madadathI IzvaranA astitva ane AtmAnA amaratvanA siddhAMta puravAra karavAne ApaNe prayAsa karIe chIe tyAre ApaNe na chuTake paraspara viruddha vacane uccAravAM paDe che, vizvaracanA parathI tenA kartAnA astitva viSenAM anumAnapara tathA badhI izvaravidyA para kenTe je khaMDanAtmaka vivecana karyuM che te hyumanI carcA karatAM vadhAre pUrNa che ane kenTanI tathA lIkanI pati judI hatI chatAM kenTanI philasuInuM vyavahAruM pariNAma lAkanI philasuInA jevuM ja AvyuM che, jJAna mAtra anubhavagamya che. e sUtra kenTanI philasuImAMthI paNa nikaLatuM, nItizAstra (Ethics) nA lAbhamAM kenTe je devane AgaLe khAraNethI hAMkI kADhayA hatA te devane ja teNe pAchale bAraNethI chAnAchUpA ghusADavAne pAchaLathI prayAsa karyo hatA e vAta sAcI che, paraMtu ene prayAsa niSphaLa

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170 buddhivAdanA vikAsa, nivaDayA hatA.1 enI philasufIne AdhAre navI navI vicArapaddhati udbhavI hatI ane temAM kevaLezvaravAdIe Izvara' zabda je amAM vApare che tethI cheka judo artha sUcavavA mATe Izvara nAmanA prayAga karavAmAM AvyA hatA, Ama aneka navIna vicArapaddhatione janma ApanArI kendranI philasurI buddhine adhikAranI jhuMsarImAMthI mukta karavAnA mArgImAM bahu madadagAra nivaDI hatI. 1 AnA vadhu khulAsA mATe kenTanu nItizAstranu" uparanu` pustaka jovuM.

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. prakaraNa 7 +vro 171 buddhivAdanI pragati. sattaramuM zataka Adhunika vijJAnanA janmanuM zataka hatuM. kAparanikasanA saMzAdhane e enA janmatI AgAhI karAvI ane enA siddhAMtanI satyasiddhi, gurutvAkaSa Nu ane raktaparibhramaNanA siddhAMtAnI zodha tathA Adhunika rasAyaNazAstra ane prakRtizAstranI sthApanA-- A badhAM sattaramA zatakamAM thayAM hovAthI emaNe e zatakanI mahattA vadhArI. dhUmaketunuM sAcuM svarUpa nizcita karavAmAM AvyuM eTale te daivI kApanAM cihna tarIke lekhAtA aTakyA hatA paNa pregreTesTaMTa mulakAmAM vijJAnazAstrI IzvaravidyAnA zatruone acAnaka saradAra thaI paDe tyAra pahelAM keTalIka peDhIe vItavI bAkI hatI. 19mI sadI sudhI te pRthvInI gatinA prazna jevI najIvI khAkhatAmAM ja sid vaijJAnika satyA ane bAibala zAstra vacce virAdha bhAsatA ane dhamasUtreAne navA artho karIne AvA najIvA vireAdhAne uDAvI devAnuM kAma ghaNuM saheluM hatuM, Ama chatAM vijJAnazAstra nahi sparzela evA ghaNA mazahura banAve dinapratidina vadhatA jatA hAvAthI bAIbalamAMnAM atihAsika kathanAmAMthI leAkanI zraddhA uDI javAnI bhIti rahetI hatI ane neAhAnI naukA ane jaLapralayanI vAte sAcI hoya te| pachI taravAne ane uDavAne asamartha evA pazue amerikAmAM tathA eziyAnA TApuemAM vasyAM kyAMthI ? vaLI prAcIna duniyAmAM hatI ja nahi evI navI jAtie niraMtara navI duniyAmAM daSTie caDhatI hatI tenuM zuM kAraNa ? AsTrelIAnA keMgArue zuM ahvarathI paDayA ? AvA AvA praznadvArA khAibalanAM aitihAsika kathane azraddheya jaNAtAM gayAM, A praznAnA uttara pracalita izvaravidyAne virodha na thAya evI anukULa rIte mAtra eka aTakaLathI apAya ema bhAsatu ane te e ke jaLapralaya pachI paNa sujananAM navAM agaNita kAryo

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172 buddhivAdanI pragati. thatAM hatAM. je kaMIpaNa kSetramAM 18 mI sadInA vijJAnavettAone sattAdhArIone sauthI vadhu julama khamavo paDyo hoya te te prAkRtika ItihAsanA kSetramAM ja hato, e ja kSetrane lagatA prazna saMbaMdhe linIasane svIDanamAM sahana karavuM paDyuM hatuM ane baphane kAnsamAM julama jIrava paDelo; baphane 1769 mAM prasiddha thayelA pitAnA "necarala hisTarI" "prAkRtika ItihAsa' nAmanA graMthamAM pRthvInI ghaTanA viSe je anumAne karelAM te pAcho kheMcI levAnI tathA bAIbalamAM varNavelA vitpattinI kathA pite pUrNapaNe mAne che evuM jAheramAM jaNAvavAnI tene pharaja pADavAmAM AvI hatI. 19 mA zatakanI zaruAtamAM leslese samasta vizva ajayaya hatuM Nebulous' e anumAna para tenI utpatti ghaTAvI. enAM anumAnothI Izvara A sRSTine kartA che e taka uDI jato hato ane tethI temane yogya virodha karavAmAM Avyo hate. leplezane siddhAMta e hatI ke pRthvI ane sUryamaMDaLa ghaDAyAM tyAra pahelAM lAMbA kALathI bhautika prakriyA cAlu ja hatI. AvA siddhAMtathI bAIbalanI itihAsa mahattA tUTI paDe ema lAgatuM kharuM, paraMtu saheja buddhicAturyathI lelese teDavA dhArelI jenesIsa (bAIbalanAM pustakomAMnuM paheluM) (jUne karAra-utpatti vijJAna) nA pahelA prakaraNanI mahattA rakSI zakAya ema hovAthI leplesane siddhAMta ghaNo bhayaMkara na hatuM. bAIbalamAM varNavelI utpatti ane jaLapralayanI kathAne nApAyAdAra TheravavA mATe te bhUstaravidyA nirmAI hatI. leplesanA siddhAMta karatAM dharmazAstrIone bhaDakAve e zatru e bhUstaravidyA hatI. eka phenca prakRtizAstrI (Naturalist) kuvIe (Cuvier) evuM anumAna karyuM hatuM ke pRthvImAM vAraMvAra vajAte thayA hatA ane dareka vajrapAtane prasaMge navI utpattinI jarUra paDI hatI. A anumAnathI sRSTinA sujananA kAryamAM Izvarane hAtha che e mAnyatA rAkhavAnI jarUra kSaNabhara jatI rahI hatI. 1803 mAM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 173 layAle (Lyell) " prinsapalsa eva jIolojI" "bhUstara vidyAnA to" nAmanuM pustaka prasiddha karyuM. temAM eNe te phenca prakRtizAstrI kuvie (Cuvier) nI mAnyatA-pRthvImAM niraMtara vajapA (catastrophy) thayA kare che tenuM khaMDana karyuM ane pRthvIne itihAsa Aje paNa najare AvatI sAmAnya prakriyAo dvArA samajAvI zakAya ema che evuM puravAra karyuM. Ama chatAM eNe paNa navI navI utpattio kramavAra thayA ja karatI e vicArane puSTi ApI. 1863 mAM prakaTa thaelA enA "enTikivaTiva mena" "manuSyanI prAcInatA' nAmanA graMthamAM sabaLa pramANe rajU karIne eNe puravAra karI ApyuM ke bAibalamAM jaNAvelA kALathI hajAreka varSo pUrve mAnavajAti vizvamAM vastI hatI. yahudI zAstramAMnI utpattinI kathAmAM AvatA divasa zabdano artha "lA kALa" jevo "brahmAnA divasa" karIe te kevaLa pRthvI saMbaMdhamAM ja nahi, paraMtu cheDe, utaratA prANavargonA saMbaMdhamAM paNa bAIbalanA lekhane vijJAnanAM anumAna sAthe meLa besADI zakAya khare. kiMtu mAnavotpattinA viSayamAM AvI kazI chaTakabArI nathI, kAraNa ke e viSe bAIbalane kAlanirNaya taddana cokkasa che. sattaramI sadInA eka aMgreja dharmagurue ghaNI caturAIthI gaNatarI karI hatI ke isvI pUrve 400 nI sAlanA okaTobaranI 23 mI tArIkhe savAranA nava vAge khristI tripuTie manuSyane utpanna karyo hato, ane bAI-- balanI kaI paNa gaNatarIthI manuSya AthI vahelo utpanna thayela hate ema sAbIta thaI zake ema nathI. bhUstara vidyAnAM anumAna nene bIjA pramANenI paNa puSTi maLI; paraMtu bhUstaravidyA ekalI ja yahudizAstramAMnI utpatti vijJAnanuM atihAsika satya sadA mATe khaMDana karavA samartha hatI. manuSyane chetaravAnA spaSTa hetuthI Izvare bAIbalamAM bhrAmaka vicAre ghusADayAM evuM anumAna karIe te ja yahudikathAnI mahattA rakSI zakAya ema hatuM.

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buddhivAdanI pragati. bhUstaravidyAe bAbalanuM acUkapaNuM khATuM pADayuM, paraMtu AvA Adama ane ivanI utpattinI prAgaitihAsika (Prehistoric) vArtA teNe sparzI nahi. AthI A vArtA asaMbhavita na lAgI, paraMtu bhUstaravidyAe nahi sparzelI khAkhata juThI TheravavAnuM kAma prANIvidyAe upADI lIdhuM ane teNe mAnavetpatti saMbaMdhI potAnA abhiprAya darzAvyeA. manuSya sameta sa ucca varganAM prANIe mULa utaratI yAninA prANIemAMthI ja vikAsa pAmyA hatAM evI jUnI mAnyatA hatI ane dRzyamAn jagat atimAnuSI DakhalagIrI vagara niraMtara cAlatI prakriyAonuM pariNAma che tathA ekarUpa kudaratI kAnuneAthI tenuM svarUpa nizcita karI zakAya evuM che e mAnyatA tarapha mahAn ciMtakA vaLavA mAMDayA hatA. paraMtu nirjIva padArthInA saMbaMdhamAM kudaratI kAnunAnuM zAsana sthApita thavAne bhAsa thatA hatA--e padArthonA niyamanamAM kASTha daivI zaktineA hAtha na hateA kiMtu teo kudaratI kAnuneAne vaza vatA hatA ema mAnI zakAtuM--tA paNa jyAM sudhI vijJAnazAstrI prANIe ane cheDenI bhinna bhinna jAtinI utpatti viSe saMtASakAraka kAraNA na darzAvI zake tyAM sudhI sajIva padArthonA utpatti kAya mAM izvaranA hAtha hAvAnI mAnyatA saMpUrNa sayutika gaNAtI. AthI 1859 mAM prasiddha thayeluM DAravinanuM 'erijIna eva spisisa' 'jAtinI utpatti' nAmanuM pustaka kevaLa vijJAnazAstranuM ja nahi, paraMtu vijJAnazAstra ane IzvaravidyA vaccenI laDatanuM paNa sImAcihna che. e pustaka prakaTa thayuM tyAre vilgarapheAsa nAmanA pAdarIe kharuM ja kahyuM hatuM ke kudaratanI pasaMdagInA siddhAMtane IzvarAkata zAsra sAthe kazA meLa khAya ema nathI. e pustakamAM devane rAjabhraSTa karavAnA sRSTinA kAI eveA niyAmaka nathI, kudaratI prakriyAthI ja sajIva, nirjIva padArthI vikAsa pAme che evuM puravAra karavAnA--je bhayaMkara prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hatA te sAme iMgleDa, phrAnsa ane jama 174 ,

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa.' 175 nInA IzvaravidyAvide (Theologians) e sakhata virodha darzAvyuM. 1871 mAM DisenTa ovamena "mAnavAvatAra prakaTa thayuM; manuSyajAti halakI jAtiothI vikAsa pAmI che e puravAra karavA mATe emAM sacoTa rIte manuSyonI vaMzAvalI deravAmAM AvI hatI, AthI jUne pikAra pharI tAjo thaze. bAIbalamAM lakhyuM che ke Izvare manuSyane ghaDatAM tene potAnI ja AkRti ApI. DAravina evuM pratipAdita kare che ke manuSya vAnara nimAMthI utarI Avyo che. DAravinanA A uddhata zAstravirodhathI prAcInamatavAdIo (Orthodox) bhaDakI uThayA hatA. nIce ApelA glaeNDasTananA zabdomAM temanI lAgaNIone citAra ApI zakAyaH "utkrAMtivAdane bahAne izvarane sRSTi utpanna karavAnI mahenatamAMthI mukata karavAmAM Avyo che ane avicaLa kAnunone nAme tenA ziraparathI sRSTi para zAsana karavAne bhAra dUra karavAmAM AvyuM che. Ama sRSTikartAnA ane niyaMtAnA kAmamAMthI Izvarane chUTo karavAmAM Avyo che. spensaranA kahevA mujaba nyUTane gurutvAkarSaNane siddhAMta zodhyo te divasathI ja jaganiyaMtAnA kArya bhAramAMthI Izvarane chUTI maLI hatI. hAla manAya che te mujaba DAravine jAtionI utpattinAM pUrNa kAraNe nathI ApyAM e vAta kabula rAkhIe topaNa enAM saMzodhanothI kaI atimAnuSI zakti vizvanI sarajanahAra ane niyaMtA che e siddhAMta bhAMgI paDyuM ane sajIva, nirjIva samasta sRSTimAM satata vikAsa cAlyA kare che evA samartha vicArakonA abhiprAyane Teke maLyA. bAvA AdamanAM patana ane utpattinI kathAnAM nAnAM pramANe sAme Ama bIjuM saphaLa tIra chUTayuM hatuM ane IzunA prAyazcitathI thayelA mAnaddhArane siddhAMta rakSavA mATe enA AdhArabhUta yahudikathA sAthe ene saMbaMdha toDavAne eka ja mArga rahyA hatA. kaI prakRtibAhya ane apAra buddhi sAmarthya saMpanna prabaLa vyaktie kudaratamAM sAdhya sAdhanane suyoga karyo che e siddhAMtane

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176 buddhivAdanI pragati. DAravinavAde teDI pADyuM. vizvaracanAnA AdhAre IzvaranuM astitva puravAra karavAnI dalIlonI ayogyatA kenTa ane hyume tarkadvArA darzAvI hatI, paraMtu kudarata ane kalAne sAdasya che ema kahIne je sAdasyane nAme IzvarakatRtva puravAra karavAno prayAsa thate te sAdastha kudaratamAMnI prANaprakriyAnA avalokana pachI ghaTI zakatuM ja nathI. laeNga (Lange) nAmanA jarmana lekhake ghaNI asarakAraka rIte A sAdasyanI ayogyatA puravAra karI ApI che. "amuka khetaramAMnA ekAda sasalAne zikAra karavA IcchanAra puruSa hajAra baMduko meLavI tathA khetarane ghere ghAlI pachI badhI baMduko pheravatuM nathI, tema ekAda gharamAM rahevA icchanAra puruSa pahelAM AkhuM zahera baMdhAvI pAchaLathI eka sivAyanAM badhAM gharane gaDagaDI javA detA nathI. je tevo puruSa A bemAMnuM ekAda mahatkArya amalamAM mUke te tene ApaNe cheka babucaka kahIzuM. enA kArya parathI koI paNa ema nahi ja mAne ke tenI buddhi tIvra che ane sAdhya sAdhananuM yogya saMjana karavAmAM te ghaNe pAvaradhe che. paNa kudarata te Aja prakAranAM kAryo kare che. jenA vaMzavistAranAM kAryamAM kudaratanuM uDAupaNuM cheka AMdhaLuM che. hajAramAM mAtra eka ja vakhata hetu phalibhUta thAya che, sAmAnya niyama te vinAza ane niSphaLatAno che. AvI DhaMgadhaDA vinAnI prakriyAmAM buddhi jevuM kAMI hoya te kharekhakhara e buddhi atizaya utaratI koTinI lekhAya; ane evI tucchabuddhinI pUrNakRtine vyavasthA ke racanAvALI lekhavI e te racanAranI nAlAyakI darzAvavA barAbara che. dA.ta. manuSyanI AMkha le. eka prakhyAta vijJAnazAstrI Hemholtz hemahojhe kahyuM che ke je koI netrazAstrI mArA para manuSyanI AMkha eka yaMtra tarIke mekale te tenI yaMtra banAvavAnA kAmanI bedarakArI mATe tene Thapako lakhI huM e AMkha tenA para pAchI padharAvuM ane mArA paisA pAchA dharI devAnI mAgaNI karUM" DAravine batAvI ApyuM che ke kudaratanA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 177 da e kAMI keIe hetupUrvaka upajAvelA banAvo nathI, paraMtu saMjogomAM virala milanenAM pariNAmarUpa banelAM che. kudaratI banAve athavA dazyajagata avicaLa siddhAMta anusAra samakAlIna astitva dharAvatI ane ekanI pAchaLa eka AvatI evI vastuonuM eka taMtra che. 19 mI sadInA prAraMbhakALamAM A bhayAnaka siddhAMta vijJAnazAstranA sUtra tarIke pratipAdita karavAmAM Avyo hato. mile pitAnA tarkadarzana' (System of Logic) nAmanA graMthamAM A siddhAMtane vaijJAnika vyApti ( Scientific induction) nA pAyA tarIke varNavyo che. ene artha evo che ke kaI paNa kSaNe akhila vizvanI sthiti AgaLanI kSaNe enI je sthiti hatI tenuM pariNAma che; AvI kramavAra AvatI be avasthAo vacce kAryakAraNabhAva koInI niraMkuza naDatarathI tUTato nathI. kArya ane kAra vacceno saMbaMdha palaTAvanArI ke dAbI denArI kAI naDatara ja nathI. keTalAka prAcIna grIka tattvone A akhaMDa kAryakAraNanA siddhAMtanI khAtarI thaI hatI ane dareka kSetramAM e siddhAMta sAbIta karavAnuM kAma Adhunika vijJAne karyuM che. paNa A siddhAMtanuM AvuM amaryAdita pratipAdana karavAnI jarUra nathI. hAlamAM vijJAnazAstrIo e kaheluM sUtra maryAdApUrvaka ane vadhAre sayutika rIte rajU kare che. A zAstrIo eTaluM kabula rAkhavA taiyAra che ke e siddhAMta vinAM vizva saMbaMdhI zAstrIya jJAna azakaya thaI paDe ema che; ane teo ane kAryakAraNano siddhAMta kahevA karatAM anubhavanI ekatA tarIke oLakhAvavA vadhu utsuka che. (kAraNa kAryakAraNane siddhAMta svIkAravAthI adhyAtma vidyA Metaphysics tarapha vaLavuM paDe che ema temanuM mAnavuM che.) ATaluM kabulavA te teo taiyAra che. kiMtu temanA puragAmI kAryakAraNanA siddhAMtamAM apavAdo kabulavA jeTalA taiyAra hatA te karatAM A loka anubhavanI ekatAnA siddhAMtamAM apavAdo svIkAravA vadhu taiyAra nathI, arthAta. 1ra

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178 buddhivAdane vikAsa. potAnA siddhAMtAmAM apavAdo svIkAravAnI khannenI sarakhI nA che. A vikAsane siddhAMta kevaLa kudaratane ja nahi, paraMtu manuSyanA manane tathA dharmAM, vicAra ane saMskRtinA itihAsane paNa lAgu pADavAmAM AvyA che. Hegal hegale e siddhAMta AkhA vizvane vyavasthApUrvaka lAgu pADavAne sauthI pahele! prayAsa karyo. hegala sRSTivijJAna-Natural Science-ne abhyAsI na hatA, kiMtu adhyAtmazAstrI hatA, e vAta lakSamAM levI ghaTe che. enA ati kaThaNa tattvajJAnanI (janatAnA) vicAra para ghaNI vizALa asara thaI hAvAthI ene viSe e khela lakhavA joI e. hegalanuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM ke samasta vizva e svasattAnA niyameAne baLe prathama prakRtimAM prAdurbhAva pAmI, ane pachI vyaktinA aMtaHkaraNamAM jIvAtmAnI saMjJA pAmI, vizvanI prakriyAmAM vyakta thatuM dezakAlAtIta nirvizeSa tattva che. AthI enI philasuphIte nivizeSa vijJAnavAda Absolute Idealism kahe che. 19 mI sadInA pracalita vicArA sAthe hegalanI philasurI maLatI AvatI; kAraNa ke (Nature and Spirit) prakRti ane jIvAtmA, jaDa ane cetana badhAM viSe vizvanI prakriyAmAM utaratI bhUmikAthI ucca bhUmikA sudhI vikAsakrama cAlyeA AvyA che, evuM hegalanI philasuphrImAM darzAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kadAca samakAlIna vicAranA A sAmyane lIdheja hegalanI philasurI ghaNI AkaSa ka thaI paDI hatI. vizvanI prakriyAne saMpUrNa mAne che ane enA samayanA bIjA vicArakAne lAgatuM tema tene bhiviSyamAM vadhu vikAsa thavAneA saMbhava lAgatA na hatA. ATale aMze hegalanI daSTi maryAdita hatI. paNa enI philasurInA guNadoSanuM sUkSma parIkSaNa karavAnuM ApaNuM kAma nathI. ApaNe te mAtra eTaluMja lakSamAM levAnuM che ke hegalanI philasuphI vijJAnavAdI heAvA chatAM ane vizvanuM upAdAna kAraNa sthUla nahi, paraMtu sUkSma che ema jaNAvatI hAtI chatAM prAcIna, yathAzAstra matAnuM khaMDana karavA mATe te kAI paNa jaDavAdI saMpradAya jeTalIja

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 179 samartha che. hegalanI philasuphI khristI dharmane Teko Ape che evo keTalAka dAvo kare che e kharuM che. khuda hegalanA ja abhiprAyathI A mAnyatAne kaMI AdhAra maLI Ave che. e kahe che ke khristI mata sarva zreSTha che ane tenA siddhAMtomAM sarvottama philasuphI-hegalanI pitAnI-nA keTalAka vicAre apUrNapaNe pradarzita thayA che. ane sAkArapaNuM e enI nirvizeSa paratattvanI kalpanAne bIlakula asaMgata lekhAya topaNa hegala keTalIkavAra nirvizeSa tattvane sAkAra tarIke varNave che. paNa e khristI dharmanI game te kiMmata AMkate hoya ApaNane te sAthe kazI levAdevA nathI. hegala zuddha, bauddhika philasuphInA uccatara dhAraNa anusAra khristI dharmane satyanA khAsa Avi kAra tarIke nahi; paraMtu kevaLa tattvajJAna ja zodhI zake evA satyanI ghaNI pAse rahenArA dharma tarIke lekhe che, eTaluM ja jaNAvavuM basa thaze. jenA para hegalanI jAduI asara thaze tene vizvanI utpatti viSe evo siddhAMta prApta thaze ke koI paNa zrutiprekta dharmanI tene nahi jarUra rahe ke nahi IcchA thAya ema vizvAsapUrvaka kahI zakAya kharuM. jarmanI, raziA ane anya sthaLee enI philasuphIe pAkhaMDa matane pracAra vadhAryo, loko rUDha, yathAzAstra vicArenA baMdhanomAMthI chUTayA ane pAkhaMDamata tarapha vaLavA lAgyA. hegala AkramaNazIla na hato. enI philasuphI uccatara hatI. khristI dharma ane IzvaravidyA pratye e udAsIna hato. enA samakAlIna phrenca tattvajJa lekhaka kote paNa sarvasparzI vicArapaddhati che. kADhI hatI, paraMtu te hegalanI mAphaka udAsIna na hato. eNe Izvara vidyAne pracaMDa virodha karyo ane te dvArA vizvanuM rahasya ukelavAnI rIti cheka rUDhibhraSTa che ema sAbIta karI eNe IzvaravidyAnuM khaMDana karyuM. vaLI adhyAtmavAdIo mAtra amRta zabdomAM dRzyamAna jagatanuM varNana karyA kare che. paraMtu spaSTa karatA nathI tethI, ane vizvanA utpatti ane astitvanA prazno buddhithI saheja paNa ukelI zakAya

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180 buddhivAdane vikAsa. evA nathI tethIAma A be kAraNasara eNe adhyAtmavidyA tathA hegalanA vicArane paNa asvIkAra karyo. vijJAna arthAta kAryakAraNa ane samakAlIna astitva dharAvatA padArthonI zodha karanAra zAstra e IzvaravivAthI ane adhyAtmavidyAthI para che, ane samAjanI bhAvi pragatino AdhAra kevaLa tarka paraja nahi, paraMtu anubhavagamya pramANeneja svIkAranArI zAstrIya dRSTi para raheze. dharma e samAjane Avazyaka vastu che evI kostanI daDha mAnyatA hatI; AthI enI najaramAM mRtaprAyaH jaNAtA izvaravidyAvAdI dharmone sthAne eNe mAnavadayAne navo dharma che. dharma ane jagatanA mahAna dharmomAM pharaka eTalo hato ke enA dharmamAM atimAnuSI ke ayuktika dharmoniyama, na hatA. A kAraNasara kaeNstane bhAgyeja koI anuyAyI maLyo hato, paraMtu kaeNstanA nirIzvaravAdanI ghaNI bhAre asara thaI che ane IMgleDamAM paNa te kaMi jevI tevI thaI nathI. kAraNa ke 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM adhikAra viruddha buddhinA bacAva mATe tanatoDa mahenata karanArAomAMnA eka agrAnta kAryakartA phreDarika herisane kaeNstanA siddhAMtane iMgleMDamAM khAsa pracAra karyo hate. harbarTa spensara nAmanA eka aMgreje bIje no sarvasparzI vAda ubhe karyo hato. kaustanA vAdanI mAphaka spensarane vAda paNa vijJAnane AdhAre racAyo che ane vizva annamaya hatuM e mAnyatAthI zaru karIne mAnasika, sAmAjIka ane bhautika samasta reya vizva saMbaMdhI kevI rIte nigamana thAya e darzAvavAnA emAM prayAso che. bIjA kazA karatAM enI samIkaraNanI philasuphIe IgleMDamAM samutkrAMtivAda kadAca vadhAre phelAvyo. vizvarahasya samajAvavA mATenI eka bIjI Adhunika paddhatine atre ullekha karIzuM. A paddhatinA pracAraka chanA (Jena) nA adhyApaka ane samutkrAMtivAdanA payagambaranI upAdhine pAtra manAtA heikala Haeckel nAmanA prANIvidyAzAstrI hatA. 1868 mAM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 181 prakaTa thayelAM enAM 'mAnavAtpatti' (kriezana evumena) nAmanA pustakamAM DAravinanA "DisenTa evuM mena" mAnavAvatAra' graMthamAM cacelA viSayaja carcA che. heIkalanuM A pustaka ghaNA bahALeA phelAvA pAmyuM hatuM, ane huM dhAruM chuM tyAM sudhI tenuM 14 bhASAmAM bhASAMtara karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. enuM 1899 mAM prakaTa thayeluM (uvarlDa riDalsa) 'vizva saMbaMdhI phUTa praznA' nAmanuM pustaka paNa eTaluMja prakhyAta che. spensaranI mAphaka eNe paNa evA upadeza karyAM che ke samutkrAMtivAdanA siddhAMta kevaLa prakRtinA itihAsaneja nahi paraMtu manuSyanI saMskRti ane vicArane paNa lAgu paDe che. paridRzyamAna jagatanI pAchaLa kAI aneya tattva che evuM e anumAna karatA nathI. spensara ane kAmsathI heikala ATalA judo paDe che. enA virAdhIe enA siddhAMtane sAmAnya rIte jaDavAda karI niMde che, paraMtu e bhUla che, spAineAjhAnI mAphaka e jaDa ane cita, sthUla ane sUkSma bannene paratattva jene e izvara kahe che tenI be nityasahavartI bAjU lekhe che. vastutaH e potAnI philasUrI ane spAinejhAnI philasuIne ekasarakhI kahe che ane jaDaparamANue vicArazrama che evA sayuktika ta kare che. bhAktika vizva saMbaMdhIne enA vicAra kAlAtIta thaI gayelA ane hAla chellAM gheADAM varSothI juThA karelA jaDavAda para ceAjAyelA che. paraMtu heIkalanA advaitavAdane gheADA varSoM para navuM rupa ApavAmAM AvyuM che ane A navA rUpAMtara pachI jamanInA vicArazIla puruSA para tenI vizAla asara thavAnI AzA rakhAya che. e advaitavAdanI hilacAla AgaLa upara carcIza. jeTale aMze kudarata kAryakAraNanA siddhAMtane vaza che teTaleja aMze manuSyanAM kAryo ane mAnava itihAsa paNa e siddhAMtane vaza che; kAya kAraNanA siddhAMta e traNemAM pravarte che, evA kAntanI philasuprInA mukhya siddhAMta hateA. 1855 mAM iMgleMDamAM eMnikRta 'indriyA ane buddhi" ane spensaranA "mAnasazAstranA (prinsipalsa ek

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182 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. sAkeAlAjI) siddhAMteA" nAmanAM e pustaka (sensisa eNnDa InTelekTa) prakaTa thayAM, temAM ApaNI IcchAe kAryakAraNanI paraMparAnAM anivA pariNAmA hAvAthI saMpUrNa nizcita thayelI che. emAM have vadhu vikAsane saMbhava nathI evuM pratipAdana karavAmAM AvyuM che. paraMtu e varSa pachI prakaTa thayelA bakalanA IMgleDanI saMskRtine itihAsa" (hisTari evu sivilijhezana Ina IMgleDa) nAmanA graMthamAM A siddhAMta ItihAsane lAgu pADavAnA prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. uparyukta e pustaka! karatAM bakalanA A graMthanI asara vadhAre uMDI thaI hatI. e prayAsa kevI rIte karavAmAM AvyA hatA te nIcenI dalIleA parathI spaSTa thaze. manuSyanAM kAryAM emanA hetuonA phaLarUpa che ane emanA hetue purAgAmI banAvAnAM pariNAmarupa che; AthI jo ApaNe badhA pUgAmI banAvA tathA temanI gatinA kAnune jANatA hAie te ApaNe sheja paNa bhUla vagara e AgaLanA banAvAnAM zAM tAtkAlika pariNAmeA Avaze tenI cokkasa AgAhI karI zakIe. Ama itihAsa kAryakAraNanI akhaMDa paraMparA che. akasmAt e ApaNA jJAnanI khAmInuMja khIjUM nAma che ema kahI ene InkAra karavAmAM AvyA che. gUDha, izvarI sattAnI Dakhala dUra karavAmAM AvI che. akala IzvaranA astitvanuM samarthana karatA hatA, paraMtu itihAsamAM eNe temane paDatA mUkyA hatA. manuSyanAM karmAM sArvatrika kAryo kAraNabhAvanA siddhAMtane vaza nathI evA tane akalanA graMthe (Resounding blow) gAjatI lapaDAka mArI arthAt lagabhaga teADI pADayA. chellAM gheADA varSothI mAnavazAstranA abhyAsa ati rasamaya viSaya thai paDayA che. asalanA mANasanI dazA nirdhAra karavA mATenI zAdhAne pariNAme ema mAluma paDayuM che ke mANasa uccadazAmAMthI avagati pAmyA evI mAnyatA TakI zake ema nathI. zAdheA thakI je kAMI pramANa maLyuM che te mANasa kevaLa pazutvamAMthI vikAsa

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. pAmIne tenI hAlanI sthitimAM AvyA che evuM spaSTa sUcana kare che. dhArmika mAnyatAe prathama kevI rIte zaru thaI tenuM bArIka anve SaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che ane e zeAdhanAM pariNAme prAcIna matAvalakhIe azAMta kare evAM che. mAnavazAstra tathA sApekSa dRSTie dharmonA abhyAsa karanArAonI zeAdheA parathI ema puravAra thai cUkayuM che ke khristIdhama zrutimAM khAsa viziSTa gaNAtAM gUDha vicArA, ayukta jaDagrAhA ane kriyAe prAcIna asaMskArI dharmonA apakava vicArAne maLatAM ja che. yukerisTa (Eucharist)nI agamyatA prAcIna khristatara dharmamAM mRtadevane khAvAnI je kriyA hatI te sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. khristIdharmAMnA khAsa AdhArabhUta devanuM mRtyu ane temanA punarjIvana saMbaMdhInA siddhAMtA tathA tAraNahAra isune camatkArI janma vagere bAbate mUrti pUjaka dhama mAM paNa jaNAya che. Ama khristI ane purAtana asaMskArI khristatara dharmo vacce ghaNuM sAmya che evAM anumAneA mAnavazAstrI ane sarva dharmonA abhyAsIenI zeAdhe! parathI nIkalI zakatAM hatAM. paraMtu A saMbaMdhamAM kadAca ema paNa kahevAmAM Ave ke A vicAre prAcIna matane bhale game eTalA pratikULa hAya kiMtu pracalita IzvaravidyAnuM gaurava emanAthI dhaTe ema na hatuM. khristIzrutinA aMga tarIke evAM vicArA kaMi navA ja a pAmatA ane manuSyAnA pUrvagrahone rocaka thai paDe evI muktinI yeAjanA ghaDavAnA hetuthI Izvare DahApaNa vAparI pracalita vicArAne ThIka lAbha uThAvyeA hatA. A vicAre khATA ane manuSyane krUra AcArA tarapha vALe evA hatA; tepaNa khUda Izvare emane phelAvA dIdhelA evI mAnyatA paNa kadAca dhAraNa karavAmAM Ave. A prakAranA khulAsAthI keTalAkane saMtASa thAya kharA; paraMtu je thADAghaNA abhyAsIe Adhunika saMzAdhanAdrArA dhArmika mAnyatAonuM mULa nakkI karavA mathe che temAMnAM ghaNAMne khristIdhama ne anya dharmoMthI neAkhAM pADanArAM sImAcihno vilupta thatAM mAluma paDaze. 183

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184 - buddhivAdane vikAsa. - vijJAna ane mAnavazAstranI pragatine pariNAme vizvaracanA saMbaMdhI navIna ane saMgata vicAra janma pAmyo. A navIna vicAraghaTanAmAM azAstrIya yuganA vicAro ane samasta vizva manuSyo (nA upabhega) mATe utpanna karavAmAM AvyuM che evI uddhata kalpanA para AdhAra rAkhatI khristI yojanAne yogya sthAna na hatuM. vijJAnanI zodha ane khristI dharmanAM anumAne vacce kazI ja saMgatatA nathI evuM peInane se varSa pUrve pratIta thayeluM, paraMtu e hakIkata vadhAre spaSTa to atyAre ja thaI che. paNa A asaMgatatAnI khAtarI badhAone thaI nathI. manuSyanI prAcInatA viSe bAIbalanAM lakhANa khoTA che evuM ghaNAM kabula karaze paraMtu vizvaracanA viSenA IzvaravidyAvida ane vijJAnazAstrIonA abhiprAyo vaccenA virodhathI temanA para kazI asara thaI nathI ke temanA vicAramAM kaze. palaTa thayA nathI. AvA manuSyo para vijJAna mahAna vijaya meLavI zakAyuM nathI. emanAM hRdamAM ghUselI mAtra thoDI ja mAnyatAo e choDAvI zakayuM che ane A mAnyatAo cheDavAthI e manuSyane bhAre hAni thAya ema na hatuM. vijJAne bAIbalanA acUkapaNAnuM prAcIna mata apratipAdya TheravyuM che ane vivotpatti ane bAvA AdamanA patana viSenA siddhAMta uDAvI dIdhA che. paNa ATalAthI khristI dharmane atimAnuSI hovAne dA nAbuda karI zakAya ema nathI. jyAM sudhI mAtra prakRtizAstranA pramANe ane khristI dharma vacce virodha rahe tyAM sudhI khristI dharma bAIbalanA adhikAranA ane IsunA prAyazcitathI thayelA mAnaddhAranA potAnA siddhAMtamAM saheja pheraphAra karI pitAnuM atimAnuSIpaNuM rakSI zake ema che. enuM atimAnuSIpaNuM rakSanArAM ema kahI zake kharAM ke sArvatrika kAryakAraNa siddhAMta e anubhava parathI ghaTAvelI kalpanA che, paNa anubhavamAM te ItihAsanAM pramAne paNa samAveza thAya che ane A jotAM navA karAramAM camatkArI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 185 banAvo viSe je spaSTa pramANa che tenI paNa neMdha levAvI joIe Ama vijJAnanI vyAptio sAme aitihAsika banAvonI dRDha bhUmi para khristI dharma ubho rahI zake khare; paNa e daDhabhUmino pAyo aitihAsika vivecanathI cheka khodAI gayo che. aDhAramI sadInA sAmAnya buddhinA AdhAre thayelA vivecana karatAM A aitihAsika vivecana khristI dharmane vadhAre bhayaMkara nivaDayuM che ane e vivecanane lIdhe khristI dharmane dAvo pokaLa Tharyo che. bAIbalamAMnI nene kevaLa mAnuSI lakhANo kalpI temanuM paddhatisara parIkSaNa karavAnuM kAma ogaNIsamI sadImAM sadhAyuM. tyAra pahelA A viSayamAM thoDI ghaNI hilacAla thaI hatI kharI. udAharaNa tarIke spAinojhA ane jenAM pustako bALI mUkavAmAM AvyAM hatAM te sAImana nAmane phrenca lekhaka e bee AvuM parIkSaNa karavAnI pahela karI hatI ane jUnA karAranuM hAla je vivecana thAya che te perisa zaheranA esTraka (Astruc) nAmanA vaidakavidyAnA adhyApake zaru karyuM hatuM. enA ja kALane Reimarus rImArasa nAmane jarmana je navA karArane abhyAsI hato teNe Isune vicAra na dharma sthApavAno hato nahi evA hAlamAM karavAmAM AvatAM anumAnanI AgAhI karI hatI, ane saMta jenanA IsucaritamAM tathA bIjA lekhakonAM IsucaritAmAM pharaka che e teNe joyuM hatuM. Ama chatAM parIkSaNanuM kharuM kAma te 19mI sadImAM ja thayuM. 19mI sadImAM jarmana vidvAnoe hemara (nI kRtio)nuM ane rAmanI prAcIna aitihAsika neMdhAnuM carcAtmaka vivecana karavA mATe je rItio kAme lagADI hatI te bAIbalanA parIkSaNanA kAryamAM paNa kAme lagADavAmAM AvI. e parIkSaNanuM kArya khAsa karIne jarmanImAM thayeluM che. prAcIna karAranA pahelAM pAMca skaMdha (Pentateuch) musAe (Moses) lakhelA evuM prAcIna mata cheka cheTuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM che. jemaNe bhUtArthone abhyAsa karyo che te sarve ekamate

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186 buddhivAdane vikAsa, hAlamAM svIkAre che ke e kaMdhe judA judA yuganA judA judA lekho-jemAM sauthI pahelo I. sa. pU. 9mI sadImAM ane chello I. sa. pUrve pamI sadImAM lakhAye hatA te-no saMgraha che ane e skaMdhamAM pAchaLathI keTalAka najIvA vadhArAo paNa karavAmAM AvyA che. nAtAlanA kelejha nAmanA aMgreja pAdarIe A vAta ughADI pADavAmAM acAnaka, paraMtu agatyane, phALo Apyo hate. jenesisanA 1lA prakaraNamAM zaru thatI kathA e jUnAmAM jUne lekha hato, evI mAnyatA hatI, paNa A kathAne I. sa. pUrve pAMcamI sadImAM ghaDAyelAM leviTikasanAM dhArAdheraNe sAthe kaMIka meLa lAgato eja kharI muzkelInI vAta hatI; (kAraNa je e pAMcamI sadImAM ja lakhAI hoya te pachI tene jUnAmAM jUnI mAnI ja kema zakAya ?) kolenjhoe 1862mAM "prAcIna karAranA pahelAM pAMca skaMdha ane jozuAnA pustakanuM carcAtmaka parIkSaNa" nAmanA pitAnA graMthane pahelo bhAga prasiddha karyo. teNe jUnA karAranA aitihAsika satya viSe uMDI zaMkA hatI ane eka dhArmika jhulue tene nIcene catura prazna pUchIne tenI zaMkA ora jAgRta karI hatI. jaLapralayanI kathA zuM me sAcI mAne che ? pRthvI paranA badhA nhAnA, moTA tathA zIta ane uSNa pradezamAM vasanArAM pazuo, pakSIo ane sapadi peTe cAlanArAM prANIo be benI joDImAM AvIne AhanI naukAmAM dAkhala thayAM ane noAhe e sarva mATe pazuo ane zikArI pakSIo ane bIjAM badhAM mATe-kherAka eka karyo evI jaLapralayanI kathA zuM hame kharekhara mAne che ?" A saMzayajanaka praznathI kolengonI zaMkA vadhu jAgRta thaI ane teNe Izvare prerita graMthamAMnI saMkhyAtmaka hakIkatane AdhAre e graMthanuM kharApaNuM tapAsavAnuM zaru karyuM. A kaDaka parIkSaNanuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke uparyukta graMthamAMnI hakIkate atihAsika nedha tarIke sAcI TharI nahi. eNe camatkAranA saMbhavAsaMbhavane prazna cheDayo ja na hatA.

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vicArasvAta tryane itihAsa. 187 eTale e camatkAranA anaitihAsikatvanI vAta te| dUra rahI paNa IjIpta tathA araNyamAMnA yahudIonA alpavAsanI AkhI vArtA ja vicitra ane azakayatAthI bharelI che evuM eNe sAkhIta karI ApyuM. kAlenjhAnA pustakathI IMglenDanI prajA ghaNI UkaLI uThI hatI. paraMtu iMgleMDetara yureApIya dezAmAM tA e pustaka judA ja AvakAra pAmyuM hatuM. eNe pAMca skaMdha ane jozuAnA pustakanA je bhAge anaitihAsika TharAvyA hatA te bhAgA jenesisanI je kathAne lIdhe atihAsika saMzodhaneAmAM ghaNI guMcavaNa ubhI thai hatI te kathAne lagatAja hatA, ane kAlenjhAnAM anumAneAne AdhAre vivecake evA nirNaya para AvyA hatA ke e kathA leviTikase ghaDelAM dhArAdheAraNA sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatI hAvAthI i. pR. pAMcamI sadImAM racAyelI hAvI joie. jUnA karAra saMbaMdhI sazeAdhanenuM eka ati asarakAraka pariNAma AvyuM ke khuda yadi leAkeAja peAtAnI sAmpradAyika kathAne chUTathI carcavA lAgyA. pAchaLathI saMkaLavAmAM AvelA ane eka pachI eka kramavAra lakhAyelA lekheAmAMnA darekanA lakhanAra jUnI sAmpradAyika kathA pratye svataMtra valaNa dharAvatA. e kathA daivI che evI lekhakeAne jarA paNa zaMkA na heAvAthI teoe kathAnAM pramANeAne vajana ApatA na hatA. bhinna bhinna yugamAM lakhAI hAvAthI bhinna bhinna valaNA vALA, kaMIka aMze vArtAbhAgamAM paNa jUdI paDatI, A asaMgata ane avyavasthita DhagalAbaMdha yahudi kathAnuM acUkapaNuM sAkhIta karavAnuM kAma khristIe para cheDavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. upara kahelAM pustakA sivAyanAM jUnA karAranAM khIjA ghaNAM pustakAnAM parIkSaNanA pariNAme e pustakAnAM utpatti ane prakAra viSe je prAcIna mata hatuM tethI viruddha anumAna nikaLyuM che. gata zatakanA uttarArdhamAM punaH maLI AvelA ebIlAnIAnA sAhityane AdhAre khIjA ghaNA muddAo viSe navuM jJAna prApta thayuM

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188 buddhivAdane vikAsa. che. sauthI vahelAmAM vahelI ( 1872 ) ane saMbhakAraka zodhomAMnI eka e hatI ke yahudioe emanI jaLapralayanI kathA bebIlonIana prajAnI paurANika kathAomAMthI lIdhI che. Ama, saMzodhanene pariNAme jUnA karAranI atihAsikatA naSTa thaI che. bAra (Baur) ane sTIsa (Strauss) nA graMtha prasiddha thayA tyArathI navA karAranuM Adhunika vivecana zaru thayuM. 1835 mAM prakaTa thayelA emanAM "IsunuM jIvana caritra' nAmanA graMthamAM atimAnuSI, adbhuta kathAbhAge samULagA kADhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA che. A pustaka atyaMta prasiddhi pAmyuM hatuM ane ene lIdhe pracaMDa vivAdo ubhA thayA hatA. A "carita' nA bane buddhivAdI lekhake para hegalanI asara hatI. Aja arasAmAM (lATina ane grIka graMthanA vidvAna abhyAsI) lokamene navA karAranI pahelI zAstrIya AvRtti bahAra pADI, navA karAranA grIka graMthanA vivecanane pAye nAkhe. 1835 nI sAlathI sittera varSa paryata saMzodhananuM je kAma cAlyuM tene lIdhe kaMika cekasa pariNAme AvyAM che ane Aja sarva kaI sAmAnya rIte temane svIkAre che. prathama che, je buddhizALI puraSe Adhunika vivecanano abhyAsa karyo che te IsunuM dareka jIvanacaritra eka ekathI svataMtra rIte lakhAyeluM che ane emAMnI hakIkatenA sAcApaNanA svataMtra purAvA che evuM jUnuM mata dharAvatA nathI. e caritramAMnA je je vibhAge eka karatAM vadhAre caritramAM sAmAnya che ane ekasarakhI bhASAmAM lakhAyelA che temanI utpatti paNa eka ja che ane temAM eka ja prakArane purAvo che evuM have manAvA lAgyuM che. darekanI utpatti ane darekane purA eka ekathI svataMtra che e vAta judI TharI che. bIjuM, je carita sauthI paheluM lakhAyeluM gaNAtuM te jUnAmAM jUnuM nathI ane methya tene kartA nathI evuM hAlamAM svIkArAya che. vaLI

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vicArasvAtaMtryano ItihAsa. 189 mArkakRta carita sarvathI jUnuM che evI paNa kaMika sAmAnya mAnyatA thaI che. ethuM carita, je pahelAMnI mAphaka najare jonArane hAthe lakhAyuM che ema manAtuM tenA kartRtva saMbaMdhI hajI jhaghaDe cAle che, paNa jeo adyApi daMtakathAne mAna Ape che teo paNa eTaluM te kabule che ja ke emAM Isu viSe je tarka karyo che te bIjA caritra lekhakonA abhiprAyathI atibhinna che. A badhAnuM pariNAma e AvyuM che ke IsunA jIvanacaritra mATe najare jonArAne purAvo che evuM have vadhAre vAra kahI zakAya ema nathI. enuM mArke lakheluM sarvathI jUnuM caritra vahelAmAM vaheluM isunA kuzArohaNa pachI trIza varSe lakhAyuM hatuM. je A purAvAnA AdhAre mArkanA lekhamAMnA atimAnuSI banAvo sAcA TharAvI zakAya te pachI kahevAtA, koi paNa atimAnuSI banAvo ApaNe zA mATe sAcA na mAnI zakIe ? AnA javAbamAM kaI kadAca kaheze ke. bIjA kahevAtA alaukika banAvAnI vAta judI ane A IsucaritanI vAta judI che. trIza varSanuM aMtara e kaMI bahu moTuM aMtara na kahevAya, eTalA alpakALamAM kapala kalpita gappAo ubhA. karI zakAya nahi. AthI, e lekhamAM IsunAM alaukika kAmane je ullekha che temAM zaMkA lAvavI na joIe. pratyuttaramAM eTaluM ja jaNAvavAnuM ke mAtra trIsa varSa pachI e lekha lakhAya tethI kaMI. bIjA banAvo ane e lekhamAM varNavelA banAvamAM kazo ja pharaka thatuM nathI. gappAM ubhAM thavA mATe trIza varSanI mudata kaMI alpa. gaNAya nahi. pUrvanA dezamAM te tame phakata be divasa para ja banelA camatkAranI kahANI sAMbhaLaze. dharmonI utpatti sadAkALa daMtakathAomAMthI ja che, daMtakathAo ja dharmanuM mULa che ane jema solomana reInece (Reinach) kahyuM che tema je khristI dharmanI janmakathA sAce ItihAsa nivaDe te e camatkArika vastu lekhAze. pahelAM traNa IsucaritanA samadarzI parIkSaNanuM bIjuM prati

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buddhivAdane vikAsa. kULa pariNAma e AvyuM ke je IsunA neMdhAyelA zabdo sAcA mAnIe te Isune navo dharma sthApavAno vicAra hato ja nahi evuM puravAra thAya che. vaLI, sRSTine aMta bahu najadIka Avyo che evI tene khAtarI thaI hatI e vAta uparanA parIkSaNathI spaSTa thaI che. AjanI ghaDIe, Isune badhe upadeza uparanI enI bhrAMtikAraka mAnyatAne AdhAre racAyo hato ke nahi e ja ucca vivecana mukhya prazna thaI paDyo che. jJAnamAM pragati thaI che chatAM AtmAnA amaratva viSenI mAnyatA-jene mAtra dharmagurUonA kahevAthI svIkAravAnI ApaNI pAse mAgaNI karavAmAM Ave che ane je khristI dharmanI ati upayogI mAnyatAomAMnI eka lekhAya che tenA saMbaMdhamAM kazuM ajavALuM paDayuM nathI ema kahevAya kharuM. prANIguNadharmazAse tathA mAnasazAstra jJAnataMtuvALA magaja vinA vicArakSama mananuM astitva kalpavAmAM ghaNI muzkelIo che evuM bhArapUrvaka jaNAvyuM che. keTalAka loke ati AzApUrvaka ema mAne che ke mAnasika dRzyonA zAstrIya parIkSaNa dvArA marelAonA AtmAo che ke nahi e kadAca jANI zakIe kharA. je mRtAtmAnI sRSTinuM astitva eka vAra puravAra thAya te khristI dharma ne Aja sudhI kadI nathI vAge e phaTake vAge; kAraNa khristI dharma ane bIjA keTalAka dharmo evo dAvo kare che ke amAruM pAlana karavAthI ja maraNatara sthitinuM bhAna thaI zake ane A dAvo karIne e dharmo potAnuM sarvoparipaNuM lekanA manamAM ThasAvI pitAne svIkAra karavA lokone lalacAve che. je maraNa pachI jIvAtmAnuM astitva hoya che e puravAra thAya ane gurutvAkarSaNanA siddhAMtanI jema vijJAnika siddhAMta tarIke e sthApita thAya te pachI izvareta dharmonI sattA DhIlI thaI jAya; kAraNa, AvA dareka dharmanuM rahasya e che ke e dharma zAstrIya athavA vaijJAnika satya para AdhAra rAkhatuM nathI. jANuM chuM

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vicArasvAtaMtryanA itihAsa. 191 tyAM sudhI jeTalA leAkeAne AdhyAtmika prayAgAthI peAte mRta purujenA AtmA sAthe vArtAlApa karI zake che evI khAtarI thai gai che ane jemane, pramANu game tevuM bhrAMtikAraka hoya chatAM, e vAtacIta anubhavasiddha vastu lAge che temane dharmaviSayamAM kaze! rasa paDatA nathI. temane jJAna prApta thayuM heAvAthI teo dharma ne jatA karI zake che, dharma vinA nibhAvI le che. atihAsika ane vaijJAnika vivecana karanArAoe prAcIna matAnuM khaMDana karavAnA ane temanI mahattA tADavAnA je prayAsa karyAM tethI prAcIna matAvalaMbIemAM dhaNA uhApAha thayeA. te A vivecakAnA viredha zAMtapaNe sAMkhI rahyA nahi. virAdhIone pahoMcI vaLavA mATe emaNe vAgyuddha ane bIjA zastra kAmeA lagADayAM. TrAsanuM TayubIjana (Tubingen) nuM preAphesara pada laI levAmAM AvyuM ane enI jIMdagI bagADavAmAM AvI. renane lakhelA ati saMkSeAbhakAraka isuratamAM camatkArI vAtane ullekha sarakhe na hAvAthI ene phrAnsanI kAlejamAMnI jagA parathI dUra karavAmAM AvyA. brUkanere (Buchner) vizvezvatpatti viSe je atimAnuSI kAraNe! ane khulAsAe ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM tenI nirarthakatA enA pheAsa ane meTara'(zakti ane dravya) nAmanA pustakamAM darzAvI heAvAthI ane e pustaka lokapriya thaI paDayuM heAvAthI ene 1855 nI sAlamAM 'TayubIna' mAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyeA hateA. haikalane jInAmAMthI hAMkI kADhavAne prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. mAtra gheADAM ja varSoM para ekkhI vAjhI nAmanA eka phrenca kethalike navA karAranA abhyAsamAM nAMdhavA lAyaka phALA ApyA che ane AnA adalAmAM 1907 nI sAlamAM ene khristI dharma ma`DaLamAMthI khAtala karavAmAM AvyA hatA. kethalika dha saMsthAnI aMdara mAnijhama (Modernisn) nAmanI

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192 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. dinapratidina vRddhi pAmatI hilacAlamAM kvAjhI (Loisy) sauthI AgaLa paDatA bhAga bhajave che. keTalAka leAkeA A hilacAlane 13mI sadIthI TheTha atyAra sudhInA carcanA itihAsamAM atigaMbhIra prasaMga lekhe che. AdhunikA (Modernists)ne kAI suvyavasthita pakSa nathI, tema temane kAI mukarara kAryakrama nathI. tee ca`, tenA saMpradAyeA tathA tenI maMDaLIone vaphAdAra che; paNa khristI dhama` pragatizIla che, pragati pAmyA che ane pragati pAmyA kare teAja jIvanta ane cetana bharyo rahe evuM te mAne che. ayuktika jaDagrAhAnA Adhunika vijJAna ane vivecana anusAra pharI artha karavAne tee nizcaya karI beThA che. khristIdhama pragatizIla che evI mAnyatA jAhera karIne jema . AdhunikAe vikAsane siddhAMta raju karyo che tema emanI pahelAM nyumena nAmanA dharmagurue kethalika dharmavidyAnA saMbaMdhamAM e vikAsane siddhAMta lAgu pAyeA hateA kharA-e evuM kahetA ke Aghdhima` kudaratI ane sayukitaka rIte vikAsa pAmIne ja kethalika dhavidyAmAM rUpAMtara pAmyA che, paNa AdhunikAnI jema nyumena evA anumAna para AvyA na hatA ke jo kethalika dhame peAtAnI vikAsanI sattA gumAvavI na heAya ane mRtyuvaza thavuM na hoya te teNe Adhunika vicAranAM keTalAMka nigamane vadhAvI levAM joie. AdhunikA kethalika dha mATe Aja kAya karavAnA prayAsa karI rahyA che. dazamA pIasa nAmanA pApe AdhunikAne dAbI devA mATe cAlyA teTalA prayatna karyAM. 1907 nA julAI mAsamAM eNe svAjhInA pustakamAM jemanuM samarthana karavAmAM AvyuM che te bAIbala paranI Adhunika TIkAnAM pariNAmeAne tiraskArI kADhanArUM pharamAna kADhyuM. "canI dhaTanA adhikArI nathI paraMtu dareka samAjanI jema khristI samAja paNa sadAkALa samutkrAMti athavA vikAsa pAme che,"

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 193 ane " je ayuktika jaDa grAhakeAne carcA IzvarAkta mAne che. te sAkSAt izvare kathelA nathI paraMtu ati mahenatane pariNAme manuSyane je dhArmika satyA lAdhyAM che tenI saMkalanA mAtra che. " e be mukhya siddhAMta!--jemanuM mULa nyumenanAM lakhANAmAM zeAdhI zakAya tene dhikkArI kADhavAmAM AvyA che. traNa mahinA bAda peApe jagadveAdhaka prakAzapatra jAhera karyAM, temAM teNe AdhunikAnA vicArAnI vistArapUrvaka carcA karI hatI tathA e aniSTa (AdhunikAnA vicArAnA phelAvArUpa) ne dAkhI devAnA judA judA mArgo AlekhyA hatA. pApane Alekha AdhunikAnA vicAra| yeAgya rIte raju kare che ema kAI paNa Adhunika kabula nahi kare. Ama chatAM keTalIka TIkA muddAsara hatIH-jevI ke, AdhunikAnuM eka pustaka leA. tenA ekAda pAnA para kezalikanI sahI haze. jarA pAnuM uthalAvaze te tamane lAgaze ke hame buddhivAdonuM pustaka vAMcI rahyA che. itihAsa lakhatI vakhate tee IsunI divyatAne kaze| ullekha karatA nathI, paraMtu vyAsapITha parathI tee e vAta ghAMTA pADIne jAhera kare che. "" 66 jUnA ayuktika jaDagrAhAnA asalI arthe khATA TheravI temanA mAtra zabdo kAyama rAkhavAnA AdhunikAnA A prayAseAthI kAI saralacitta puruSa guMcavAi jAya eveA saMbhava che, ane canA mukhya mukhya siddhAMtAne vinAzarUpa nivaDe evA A navA jJAnanA pracAra sAme kethalika dhama saMsthAnA vaDe guru jAhera rIte vyavasthita ane tIvra virAdha kare e svAbhAvika che ema mAnavA te prerAya emAM kAMi navAi nathI. cirakALathI AdhunikA je kAma karI rahyA che te ja kAma preTesTaMTa carcomAM udAramatavAdI dharmaguruo karI rahyA che. isunuM daivIpaNuM' evA zabda samUhane tee prayAga kare che kharA, paNa teo e zabdasamUhane evI rIte samajAve che ke emAMthI isune janma camatkArI hatA evA anikaLatA nathI. teo isunA punarutthAna viSenA siddhAMtanA upadeza kare che. kharA, paraMtu e siddhAMta 13

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194 buddhivAdane vikAsa teo evI rIte samajAve che ke emAMthI mRtazarIra camatkArI rIte pharI pAchuM ubhuM thAya che evo artha nikaLatuM nathI. teo bAIbalane preraNAyukta graMtha kahe che kharA, paNa preraNa' zabdane prayoga, jema kaI pleTe prerita lekhaka hatA evA vAkyamAM kare che tema A cakkasa arthamAM-nahi ke prabhu prerita evA arthamAM-karavAmAM Avyo che; ane preraNA viSenA A navA vicAranI akkasatAne saguNa tarIke gaNAvavAmAM AvI che. camatkArI vAtamAM saheja paNa na mAnanArA uddAma vicAranA mANase ane prAcInamatAvalaMbIo vacce ghaNuM jUdI jUdI caDhautara mAnyatAo dharAvanArA paMthe che. iMgleMDanA AjanA carcAmAM dharmopadezakA tathA saMsthAnA sabhyoe ochAmAM ochI keTalI bAbate mAnavI Avazyaka gaNAya che e kahevuM muzkela thaI paDe che. kadAca ekeeka AgevAna dharmaguru A praznane navo na ja uttara Apaze. IgleMDanA carcAmAM buddhivAda kevI rIte udaya pAme e kathA rasika che ane e carca ane rAjya vacceno saMbaMdha prakaTa kare che. ivenjalikelijhamane nAme jANItI thayelI ane vimbaraphersanA prekaTikala vyu evuM krizciAniTi' nAmanA pustakathI ati prasiddhimAM AvelI bhaktipaMthI hilacAlathI IgleMDanA carcAmAM "metheDijhamanI bhAvanA dAkhala thaI; ane te samayathI, gabananA kahevA pramANe, mane kamane dharmasiddhAMta kabula rAkhanArA 18 mI sadInA AnaMdI dharmaguonI AvRtti baMdha paDI, sabAtha (pavitra divase)ne divase kAma karavAnI sanna manAI pharI pAchI zaru thaI raMgabhUmi tiraskArapAtra banI, manuSya svabhAva bhraSTa che e upadeza mukhyatve apAve mAM ane bAibalanI apUrva aMdhapUjAnA gaNeza maMDAyA. kAnsa viplava nAstikatAne lIdhe thayo hate evI lokamAnyatAthI uparyukta dhArmika pratikriyAne sAre Teke maLe, e mAnyatA dhArmika pratikriyAnI saphaLatAnuM kAraNa na hatuM, chatAM janasamAjanI evI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 185 mAnyatA na hatA te upara varNavelI dhArmika pratikriyA ATalI saphaLa thaI na hatI. kAnsanA viplavano dAkhalo ApI prajAne vyavasthita rAkhavAmAM dharmanI agatya keTalI che te darzAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. khuda 9 kAnsamAM paNa dhArmika pratikriyA zarU thaI hatI. paraMtu A be hilacAlo pracAra pAmI hatI te parathI ema samajavAnuM nathI ke te samaye vicAra svAtaMtrya ghaNuM ochuM hatuM. hakIkata e hatI ke janatAnA moTAbhAganI mAnyatAo vadhAre AkramaNazIla hatI. e mAnyatAno pracAra karanArA samartha vaktAo hatA ane aDhAramI sadImAM buddhivAda agrAhya thaI paDayo hato. navA prakArano buddhivAda pracAramAM Avyo. jarmana tattvavettAonI asara pAmelo kalarija A navI buddhivAdI zAkhAnA pratinidhirUpa hatA. navIna zALAnA buddhisvAtaMtryavAdIo prAcInamatone evI udAra rIte artha karatA ke temane ane philasuphInAM nigamanane meLa besI jAya. kolarija carcAnI tarapheNamAM hato ane eNe 19 mI sadInA madhyabhAgamAM ati baLavAna ane vajanadAra lekhAyelI udAramatavAdI IzvaravidyAnI zAkhA (School of Liberal Theology) ne pAyo nAMkhavAmAM sAre phALo Apyo hate. "hAIcaca pakSanA sarvathI prakhyAta anuyAyI nyumene kahyuM hatuM ke kolarija eTaluM badhuM vicArasvAtaMtrya vAparate ke koI khristI bhAgyeja te sAMkhI zake. 1825 thI 50 nA varSomAM pracAramAM AvelI hAIcarcAnI pravRtti dhArmika matasvAtaMtryane ijelikelijhamanA jeTalI ja pratikULa hatI. 19 mA zatakanA madhyakAla sudhI A vastusthiti cAlI. paraMtu tyAra pachI IgleMDanA carca para hegala ane kostanI philasuphIonI tathA IgleMDetara dezamAM bAibala graMtha para je je TIkAo lakhAI tenI asara pahoMcI ane vastusthitimAM spaSTa parivartana thayuM. 1850 nI sAlamAM epha. Dabalyu nyumenanuM "phejhijhu evu kretha" ane greganuM kriDa evuM krisTenDama" evAM be rvirala svAtaMtryavAdI pustako prakaTa

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buddhivAdane vikAsa thayAM. nyumane (dharmaguru nyumenanA bhAI) khristI dharma sAthene pitAne badhe saMbaMdha teDI kADhaye ane je mAnasika kriyAnA pariNAme eNe pitAnI eka vakhatanI mAnyatA cheDI dIdhI te kriyA eNe enA pustakamAM vistArapUrvaka varNavI che. e kahe che ke -"navA karAramAMne. bodha nItinI paripATi tarIke khAmIbharyo che. enA graMthamAMne A sarvathI rasika mudde che. grega eka-mUrtivAdI hatuM. e preraNA ke ayukitaka jaDagrAhomAM mAnatuM na hatuM, paraMtu e potAne khristI lekhato. sara je. eka sTivane greganI sthiti nIcenA mArmika zabdomAM suMdara rIte varNavI che. preganI sthiti "jeNe giripravacana sAMbhaLyuM hoya paNa jenuM citta camatkAmAM lAgyuM na hoya ane je IsunuM punarutthAna thatAM pahelAM maraNa pAmyo hoya evA ziSyanI sthitinA jevI" hatI. iMgleMDanA keTalAka pAdarI lo ane khAsa karIne ephiDanA mANase jarmanImAM bAIbala para je TIkAo lakhAI temAM rasa letA hatA-temane rasapUrvaka vAMcatA hatA. teone vicAre vizALa hatA. ijelikalsa (Evangelicals) ane hAIcarcAvALAone A vicAro naryA nAstika ja lAgatA. jarmana TIkAomAM rasa lenArA A thaDA. pAdarIonI vicArazreNImAM ane nAstikamAM emane kazo bheda lAgato na hate. ApaNe A pAdarIgaNane "brADa carca" vALAone nAme oLakhIzuM-jo ke "brADa carca" e nAma bahu moTuM prayogamAM AvyuM. 1855 nI sAlamAM noveTe saMta pilanA patranI eka AvRtti bahAra pADI. temAM enI tophAnI vRtti spaSTa tarI Ave che. e pustakamAM prAyazcitanA siddhAMtanI mULochedaka TIkA hatI. prAcIna pApa viSenI mAnyatAne spaSTa inkAra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane IzvaranA astitvanA praznanI buddhivAdIonI rItithI carcA karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu A ane evAM bIjA udAramatavAdI Izvaravidyavidone hAthe lakhAyelAM pustaka pratye prajAnuM lakSa bhAgyeja kaMI kheMcAyuM hatuM.

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vicArasvAtaMtryano itihAsa. 17 alabatta e granA kartAone cheDe ghaNe julama bhogavavo paDe hatA. pAMca varSa bAda noveTe ane udAramatavAdI maMDaLanA bIjA keTalAka sabhyoe "saralamAM sarala ane spaSTa satyanA pratipAdananI manA karanArI julamanI tiraskaraNIya paddhatinI sAme thavAno nirNaya karyo, ane 1860 mAM che pAdarIo ane bIjo eka ema maLI sAta lekhakonA hAthanuM "nibaMdhe aneavalokano' nAmanuM pustaka prakaTa thayuM. e pustakamAM je vicAre darzAvavAmAM AvyA che te AjanI daSTie-cAlu jamAnAnI dRSTie-narama lAge che ane suzikSita pAdarIone moTe bhAga hAla e vicAramAMnA ghaNAne vagara saMkece svIkAre. paraMtu e pustaka je samaye prasiddha thayuM te samaye enI asara ghaNuM duHkhakAraka nivaDI. enA lekhakene "IsunA zatruo'nI upamA ApavAmAM AvI hatI. je rIte bIjA koI paNa graMthane artha karavAmAM Avato hoya te rIte bAibalano paNa artha karavo joIe evuM e pustakamAM pratipAdana karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. bIjA graMthane je siddhAMte lAgu pADatAM vidyArthI saMkoca pAme te siddhAMta bAIbalane lAgu pADavA, sAmAnya ItihAsanA parIkSaNa vakhate je virene game tema meLa besADavAne te tatpara na thAya te vidhe. zAstranA itihAsamAM mAluma paDe to te kSetramAM temane aSTapaSTa khulAso ApI upara uparathI samAdhAnI karI e vireAdhe zamAvI devA, sAdA sarala zabdanA bevaDA artho karavA ane AraMbhaguruo tathA TIkAkAronA tarko ane aTakalene sAcA jJAna tarIke svIkAravA e vidyArthIne lAbhakAraka nathI." hibru bhaviSya kathanamAM bhaviSya vANInuM tattva ja nathI ema sUcavavAmAM AvyuM che. paraspara virodhI vRttAMte athavA Ama thavuM joIe; tema thavuM joIe, evI aTakaLa dvArA saMgata karAvI zakAya evI hakIkate Izvaraprerita hovAne saMbhava nathI. methya tathA lyukanAM IsucaritAmAM athavA te IsunA mRtadehanA punarutthAnanI kathAmAM ApaNI khAmIbharI zaktione

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198 buddhivAdane vikAsa lIdhe vire dRSTigocara thAya che, athavA te e daSTigocara thatA virenI pachADI sayuktika ane DahApaNabharI gUDha yojanA che, athavA te e vidhayukta kathAnA lekhako aMzataH devI zaktisaMpanna havAthI e virene bhAsa thAya che, ema kahI zakAya nahi. prAcIna matAvalaMbIo camatkArI banAva saMbaMdhI najare jonArAne purA hovAthI te sAcA che evI je samartha dalIla rajU kare che te dalIla, pramANa bahu AdhArabhUta vastu nathI, pramANa te AMdhaLA bhamIyA jevuM hoI sAcuM mArgadarzana karAvI zake nahi, anyanA pramANamAM mAnanAro potAnI buddhinA cakSuthI bhUtArthanuM satya tapAsate nathI. ane sthAyI vyavasthAmAM mAnavA mATe ApaNI pAse je kAraNe che temanI tathA buddhinI sAme pramANanuM kazuM cAle ema nathI e uttarathI uDI jAya che. ema dalIla karavAmAM AvI che ke 39 dharmasiddhAMta anusAra mANasanI vAcAthI bolatA gadheDAnI, khaDaka jevA ghaTTa rAzipe thaMbhelA pANInI, tathA DAkaNa vagere pizAca yoninA aneka jIvonI vArtAone daMtakathA, kavitA ke mAtra bodha ApavAnA hetuthI lakhAyelI kalpita suvArtA mAnavAthI ane saMbaMdhanA niyamanI vAstavikatAne temaja zetAna tarIke varNavavAmAM AvatuM. pAtra kalpita che ke evuM kaI dehadhArI hatuM tene ApaNI buddhi mujaba nirNaya karavAnI chUTa che. e badhAne ApaNe IcchA viruddha paNa aitihAsika ane sAcA mAnavAne e 39 siddhAMtanA eThA nIce durAgraha karAto nathI. "isunA sAta zatruo'nI upamA pAmelA e sAta jaNAnA hAthe lakhAyelA puratakane aMtarAya nIcenA vAkyamAM kadAca sArI rIte skuTa karavAmAM Avyo che. "khuda khristI dharmane urdUbhava saMbhavayukta pramANa para AdhAra rAkhe che evuM je kaI pitAnA aMtartAnathI pAmI jAya to te khristI dharmanI utpattine lagatA ghaNA guMcavaNIyA praznanI garabaDamAMthI ugarI jAya; kAraNa ke atihAsika hakIkata tarIke je varNananuM satyAsatya zaMkAspada kAraNathI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 199 nakkI karI zakAya ane jemane itihAsa tarIke sAcA TharAvavAnuM azakya thaI paDe te varNane ItihAsanI dRSTie bhale asatya hoya chatAM AdhyAtmika dRSTie ghaNe nizcita bodha denArA hoI zake kharAM." sauthI vadhAre praga9bha nibaMdha revanDa beDana pevele lakhelo khristI dharmanAM pramANane abhyAsa sTaDi evuM dhI eviDansIsa eva krizciAniTi" e nAmano graMtha hate. pavela samutkrAMtivAdamAM mAna, DAravinavAda svIkArata ane camatkArene azakya lekhate. dharmAdhyakSoe A graMthane dhikkArI kADhayo. A graMthamAM lekha ApanArA (contributors) be dharmopadezake carcAmAMthI vetana letA hatA; AthI je e vetanane durupayoga karI teo khristI dharmanuM ahita karavA pravRtta thAya te temanA para kAyadesara kAma calAvI zakAya ema hatuM, eTale 1862 nI sAlamAM e be dharmopadezako para dAvo maMDAyo ane khristI dharma maMDaLanI kacerImAM temanI tapAsa cAlI. tapAsamAM keTalIka bAbatomAM nirdoSa te keTalIkamAM gunhegAra TharyA hovAthI temanI parahitavRtti eka varSa mATe baMdha karavAmAM AvI. AthI temaNe prIvI kAunsIlamAM apIla karI hatI. te vakhatanA UMDa censelara lairDa vesTaberIe prIvI kAunsIlanI nyAya samiti taraphathI cukAdo Apyo temAM khristI dharma maMDaLanI kacerIne nirNaya pheravI nAMkhavAmAM AvyuM. A samitie evo abhiprAya jAhera karyo ke purohitavRtti karanArA dharmopadezake zAzvata narakavAsa viSenI mAnyatA svIkAravAnI AvazyakatA nathI. A nirNaya ApyAne lIdhe lairDa vesTaberI mATe nIcene smaraNalekha lakhAye. laiMDa vesTaberIe pitAnA pArthiva jIvananA aMtakALe narakano dAvo kharaca sAthe kADhI nAkhyo ane IleMDanA carcanA (bIcArA) prAcInamatAvalaMbI sabhya pAsethI temanI zAzvata narakavAsanI chellI AzA jhUMTavI lIdhI." uparanA banAvathI brAMDacarcavALAone mahAna vijaya thaze,

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200 buddhivAdane vikAsa. ane IMgleMDanA sarakArI carca (English State Church) nA ItihAsamAM e banAva ghaNuM agatya dharAve che. lemene eka ane kenTarabarIne mukhya dharmAdhyakSonA nirNayanI uparavaTa thaIne kayA dharmasiddhAMta dharmopadezakone baMdhanakartA che ane kayA nathI te nakkI karyuM. teNe carcanA pradezamAM carcAnA pratinidhionA moTA bhAganI dRSTie aniSTa gaNAtuM mata svAtaMtrya vAparavAnI chUTa ApI. 1865 nI sAlamAM pArlAmenTanA eka kAnunathI A matasvAtaMtryano adhikAra vyavahArika rIte sthApita thayo ane e kAnunathI atyAra pahelAM je paddhatithI dharmopadezako 39 dharma niyame mAnya karavAnI pratijJA letA hatA te paddhatimAM pheraphAra thayo. A "nibaMdha ane avalokana'nI upakathA IgleMDanA dharmavicAranA itihAsamAM sImAcispa che. baeNDacarcavALAonA udAra vicAronI tathA bAIbala pratyenA temanAM valaNanI temanA prakhara virodhIo para dhIme dhIme asara thaI, ane Ajane dine evo eka paNa manuSya nathI je kaMI nahi te chevaTe jenesisa (bAIbalanA pahelA pustaka)nA teramA prakaraNanuM lakhANa IzvaranI sAkSAta preraNA vinA lakhAyuM che ema na mAnato heya. pachInA thoDA varSomAM lAyalanA "enTiviTi evuM mena" manuSyanI prAcInatA" ane lekInA hisTari evuM rezanAlijhama, buddhivAdane ItihAsa" jevA suprasiddha graMthe prakaTa thayA. e sarvamAM adhikAranI jhATakaNI, upekSA athavA teno inkAra karavAmAM Avyo hovAthI prAcInamatAvalaMbIonA abhiprAya jokhamamAM AvI paDayA ane teo AbhA banI gayA. jANe ATalethI basa na hoya tema svAtaMtryanI himAyata karanAre eka navuM kavi utpanna thayo ane teNe adhikAra jene jene pavitra lekhate te sarva sAme potAne pracaMDa avAja uThAvavAnI hiMmata karI; 19mI sadInA badhAja kavio thoDe ghaNe aMze zAstra virodhI hatA. varDjhavartha-tenI ucca preraNAnA varSomAM sarvezvara vAdI hato ane e sadImAM sarvazreSTha kavi zelI te khulle

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 201 anIzvaravAdI hatA. deva ane rAjataMtranAM julamI kRtyane niDara zabdothI vADI kADhavAmAM svIbenane zelI jeTalI ja adamya dhagaza hatI. nATakanAM pAtronA ugArI mATe lekhaka mukhyatve javAbadAra gaNAya nahi, topaNa enA "eTalAnTA Ina kelIDena' nAmanA nATakamAM "sarvathI moTAmAM moTA aniSTa-Izvara"nI niMdA dvArA adhikAranA killAone chinnabhinna karI nAkhe evA apUrva ddhAnA avataraNanI AgAhI karavAmAM AvI che. 1866 mAM prakaTa thayelA enAM kAvyo ane gItamAM khristI AlamanA pUrvagraho ane pavitratAo (pavitra vidhio)ne tiraskAranArA mUrtipUjakanA vicAra pradarzita karavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu IgleMDamAM prAcIna mata sAme lekho ane patrikAodvArA ati tumula ane saMbhakAraka yuddha to 1869nA arasAmAM zaru thayuM, ane te bAra varSa paryata cAlyuM. 19mI sadInA keIpaNa samaya karatAM A 1869nA arasAmAM ayuktika jaDagrAhonA badhA zatruo vadhAre vAcALa ane vadhAre AkramaNazIla hatA, lairDa melie eka sthaLe lakhyuM che ke tAttvika sAhityanI coTano AdhAra tAtkAlika paristhiti upara rahelo che. 1870 thI '80 sudhImAM prakaTa thaeluM buddhivAdI sAhitya malinI TIkA sAcI TharAve che. A dazaka AzA ane zaMkA, pragati ane nItinuM dazaka hatuM. 1869 mAM AyaleMDanA carcamAM sthApanA bhaMga thaye, ane teja varSamAM eka kAyade nikaLyo jenI e anIzvaravAdIone korTamAM sAkSI purAvo ApavAno adhikAra prApta thayuM. 1871 mAM yunivarsiTiomAM dhArmika parIkSA levAne je krama hatuM te nAbuda thaye. 1871 pahelAM A pagaluM ghaNuvAra ajamAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paNa phekaTa A traNa mahattvanA pheraphArothI sAMsArika temaja buddhivAdIo ghaNuM uttejana pAmyA. emanAM jIvanamAM ujajavaLa AzAo ubharAvA lAgI. bIjI bAjUe, 1870

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202 buddhivAdane vikAsa. mAM zikSaNane kAyado nikaLe. e kAyade pragatikAraka hatA, chatAM laukika zikSaNanA himAyatIone tenAthI asaMtoSa utpanna thaye ane teo e kAyadAne pAdarIonI baLavAna lAgavaganuM amaMgaLa cihna lekhavA lAgyA. vaLI, AkhA yurepamAMthI jeTalAM leke romana carcanI bahAra hatA temaja ceDAMghaNAM jeo te carcAmAM ja hatAM te badhA 1869-70 nI remana dharmAcAryonI sabhAe pipanA acUkapaNAne je TharAva pasAra karyo tenAthI bhaDakI uThayA. A TharAva pasAra karAvanArA aneka kAryakuzaLa ughogI puruSomAM meniMga nAmano eka aMgreja dharmaguru hatuM. je prajAjanonAM cittamAM pape Adhunika bhrAMtine tiraskAra jAhera karanArI patrikAo bahAra pADyAnI vAta tAjI na hota to kadAca romana dharmAcAryonI sabhAnA pelA upara kahelA pipanA acUkapaNa viSenA TharAvathI loko ATalAM hebakI jAta nahi. 1864nI sAla pUrI thatAM pipe 19mI sadInI mukhya mukhya bhrAMtione lagatuM TippaNa bahAra pADI jagatane bhaDakAvI nAMkhyuM hatuM, A mukhya brAMtiomAM te nIcenI hakIkata gaNAve che - (1) manuSya mAtra tenI buddhinA prakAzathI tene pitAne je dharma sAro lAge te pALavAne svataMtra che; (2) carcane zarIrabaLa vAparavAne kaze adhikAra nathI; (3) dharmAcAryo ke khristI dharmamaMDaLanA adhyakSanI madada lIdhA vagara svataMtra rIte adhyAtmazAstrane abhyAsa thaI zake ane thavo ja joIe; (4) para mulakamAMthI AvI vaselAM lokone jAhera rIte pitAtAnA dharmanuM AcaraNa karavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM kethalika rAjya gya pagaluM bhare che; (5) pipe cAlu yuganI pragati, udAravAda ane sAmprata saMskRti sAthe samAdhAnI karavI joIeAvA AvA vicAre cAlu yuganI mukhya bhrAMtiomAMnI keTalIka che ema pipe pitAnA TippaNamAM jAhera karyuM. popane A lekha buddhisaMskAra sAmenA saMgrAmanA DhaMDherApa manAyo hato ane remanAcA

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203 vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. ryonI sabhAne tAmasI senAnA prathama dAvapeca tarIke gaNavAmAM AvI hatI. buddhivirodhI zaktio (Powers of Obscurantism ) pitAnuM mAthuM uMcakIne prajA para navA bhaya utAravAne Dara ApI rahI hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM, ane buddhinI tamAma zaktione raNa kSetra para ekatrita karavAnI sarvane sahaja lAgaNuM pedA thaI hatI. chellAM cAlIza varSane ItihAsa darzAvI Ape che ke acUkapaNAne siddhAMta have sthApita mata thayeluM hovAthI asala karatAM vadhAre nukasAnakartA nathI. paraMtu remanAcAryonI sabhA bharAI tyArapachInA varSomAM kethalika carca phrAnsanAM prajAsattAka rAjyone uthalAvI pADavAnI tathA jarmane saMsthAne mAM phATayTa karAvavAnI je koziSo karI te pUrepUrI azAMtikAraka hatI. bIjI bAjUe, pepanI laukika sattAne nAza tathA iTAlim saMpUrNa svAtaMtrya uparanA saMbhakAraka anarthone aveja vALatAM hatAM e lakSamAM levuM joie. A banAvathI (pipanI sattAne nAza ane ITalinuM saMpUrNa svAtaMtrya) dharmapaMthe ane sitamagAra pratye tIvra tiraskArathI bharelAM ane viplava tathA anIzvaravAdInI bIjabhUmipa svIbarnakRta "sUryodaya pahelAMnAM gItane ulya thaye. A graMthamAMnI sarvottama kavitA-mAnavavarcA-je samayamAM rAmanAcAryonI sabhA bharAI hatI te samaye lakhAI hatI. e kAvya pipanI laukika sattAnA nAzathI ghavAyelA pAdarIonA Izvara uparanA vijyanuM gIta hatuM. Avo graMtha chUTathI prasiddha thaI zakyo e hakIkata Ama vargane uddezIne lakhAyelAM pustaka sAme ja devaniMdAne lagatA kAyado lAgu pADavAnI aMgreja lokonI rAjanItinA udAharaNarUpa che. A pramANe rAjadvArI saMjogee buddhivAdIone hiMmatapUrvaka AgaLa AvavAne AmaMtraNa tathA uttejana ApyAM, paraMtu ApaNe DacarcAvALAonI tathA DAravinavAdanI asarane gaNatarI bahAra kADhI nAMkhavI na joIe. "mAnavAvatAra' (Descent of man) nAmanuM

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buddhivAdanA vikAsa. pustaka barAbara 1871 mAM prasiddha thayuM. ayuktika jagrAhA rahita navA khristIdhama ne jAhera vyAsapI* parathI pracAra thatA hatA. 1873 mAM laeNssi sTivane lakhyuM hatuM ke ApaNe jarA paNa atizayeAkti vinA kahI zakIe ke atyAre khristIdhamamatAmAMnA eke eka sAme ApaNe tIvra vireAdha jAhera karI zakIe ane samAja ApaNane kaMi kanaDe nahiM; eTaluMja nahi, paraMtu prAcInamatAvalaMbIonI prazaMsA saMpAdana karavAnA hetuthI karavAmAM AvatAM pravacanamAM paNa kevaLa game te AdamI nahi paraMtu bizapa jevI uMcI ApavI mATe umedavArI karanAra puruSa paNa emAMnA koI paNa matanuM jAhera rIte khaMDana karavA ubhA thai zake. paNa A samayanA leAkeAnI maneAdazAnuM dUkhatlR citra canA eka halakA adhikArInI suprasiddha kathAmAM dRSTigocara thAya che. A mANasa dharmAdhikArInA upadezanuM sAmAnya valaNa vakhANatA hatA. ene e upadezamAM suMdara vicAreA, suMdara zabdo vagere vakhANavA jevuM lAgeluM; paraMtu eka muddA viSe zaMkA uThAvavAnA okhamamAM utAravAnI tene jarura jaNAi. eNe kSamA mAgatA hoya evI rIte kahyuM:~ sAheba, mhane lAge che ke (kadAca) prabhu che ! ApanuM bhASaNa tA suMdara che paNa khristIdhamanA kAnune nAmAMnA pahelAM ja arthAt IzvaranA astitva viSe Apa bhASaNamAM kazeA sArA ja karatA nathI e jarA vicitra lAge che, AthI Apa nAstika che! ema kahevAtA mhArA irAdo nathI, Apane e bAbatane IsArA karavAmAM rucibhaMga lAgyA haze; bAkI stute teA lAge che ke kadAca prabhu che. Ama sAmAnya janatAmAM hajI dharmazraddhA hatI. ,, 204 raskina, merisa, ane peTara vagere prirAphAelAiTa lekhake ane citrakAroe pracalita karelI 'IstheTika' pravRttinI janatAnA ziSTa vargo para je asara thaI te paNa te samayanA vicAra AndolananA cihna tarIke lekhI zakAya; kAraNa ke A badhA vivecakeA, kalAvidhAyakA ane kavienuM valaNa mukhyatve karIne akhristI (Pagan) hatuM. izvara

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 205 vidyAnAM saMrakSaka satya A badhAnI dRSTie jANe pracAramAM hatAM ja nahi evAM hatAM. jyAM svaga nI kalpanA ke bhAvanA hatI ja nahi- arthAta jyAM svargane inkAra karavAmAM Avyo hata-e ja pradeza emanuM parama sukhadhAma hatuM. A samaya mana mUkIne vAta karavA mATe, pitAnA vicAre saMpUrNa nikhAlasatAthI jAhera karavA mATe ghaNe anukULa hato. yuvakavargane asara karanArA ane zraddhALujanone gUMkAvanArAM je je pustako tathA nibaMdha prakaTa thayAM temAMnAM ghaNAM te prophesara halee hamaNAM ja yojelA "ayavAdI evA vyApaka nAmathI jemane oLakhAvI zakAya evA mANasone hAthe lakhAyelAM hatAM. ayavAdInuM kahevuM che ke mAnavabuddhine maryAdA che.amuka kSetramAM tene gaja vAgI zakatA nathI, re ! tene praveza thaI zakatuM nathI; ane IzvaravidyAnuM kSetra AvuM eka kSetra che. vijJAnazAstra ane mAnasazAstra je duniyA sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che te mAnavabuddhigocara che, temAM mAnavabuddhino supraveza thaI zake che. vijJAnazAstrano pUrNa saMbaMdha dazya jagata sAthe che ane e dazya jagatanI pAchaLa je aMtima tattvanuM astitva hoI zake te tatvanA rUpa viSe vijJAnazAstrane kazuM kahevAnuM nathI. A tattva saMbaMdhI cAra daSTibiMduo pracAramAM che. eka adhyAtmavAdIo tathA IzvaravidyAvidonuM dRSTibiMdu che. aMtima tattva che ane aMzataH jANa zakAya ema che evI A lokenI pAkI khAtarI che. bIjuM dRSTibiMdu aMtima tattva che ja nahi evuM kahenArAonuM che, paNa A manuSyo paNa adhyAtmavAdI havA joIe; kAraNake adhyAtmazAstranI dalIlone AdhAre ja aMtima tatvanuM astitva uDAvI zakAya. trIjuM daSTibiMdu, aMtima tattva che kharuM, paraMtu e viSe ApaNe kazuM jANI zakIe nahi evuM kahenArAonuM che, ane cothuM, aMtima tattva che ke kema e ApaNe jANI zakIe ema nathI evuM kahenArAonuM che. A chellAM lekene kharI rIte ayavAdI kahI

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206 buddhivAdane vikAsa zakAya. (kAraNa teo kaMi na jANavAne dAvo kare che.) trIjuM dRSTibiMdu dharAvanArA loke dazya jagatanI pele pAra daSTi nAMkhe che; kAraNake teo evuM pratipAdana kare che ke dazya jagatanI pAchaLa aMtima tattva che, paraMtu te aya che. paNa "ayavAdI' zabda sAmAnya rIte trIjA ane cothA e banne vargo arthAta jeo aya tattva che paNa e viSe ApaNe kazuM jANuM zakIe nahi ema kahe che temane tathA anya tattva che ke nahi e ame jANatA nathI evuM kahenArAone mATe vaparAya che. udAharaNa tarIke, kesta ane spensara jeo aya tattvanA astitvamAM mAnatA hatA temane ayavAdI tarIke gaNavAmAM AvyA che. ayavAdI ane anIzvaravAdI vacce eTalo taphAvata che ke anIzvaravAdI khullI rIte IzvaranuM astitva inkAra che, tyAre ayavAdI tenA astitvamAM mAnatA nathI. * A yugane sAthI samartha, zuddha ayavAdI lekhaka mI. lesli sTivana hatuM. teNe ati kaDaka rIte IzvaravidyAvidenA matone taka ane buddhinI kaseTI para kasyAM. tenA "ayavAdIne bacAva" nAmanA eka uttama nibaMdhamAM teNe evo prazna karyo che ke zrutipremI IzvaravidyAvidonA ayuktika jaDagrAhAmAM kazuM artha che ? e jaDegrAho vizvanA virodhane samajI zakAya evo khulAso ApI zake che? jyAre IzvaranA manuSyanA sAthenA vyavahAra viSenA IzvaravidyAvidonA khulAsAo takanI kaTI para caDhAvIe chIe tyAre IzvaravidyAvida . e saMbaMdhanuM rahasya samajyA ja nathI, ema puravAra thAya che. vizvanA vidhe, prabhune manuSya sAthe vyavahAra vagere praznone saMtoSakAraka khulAse IzvaravidyAvido ApI zake ema nathI. tyAre pachI e IzvavidyAvidonA ajJAna ane ajJeyavAdamAM phera zo ? hame hamArI zaMkAne rahasya evuM nAma Ape; paraMtu ayavAdIo jene ayavAda kahe che tene mATe IzvaravidyAvida "rahasya" evo zabda vApare che, "je dareka pramANika mANasa ekAMtamAM ema kabulavA

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. taiyAra hoya ke eke eka aMtima praznanI pAchaLa agamya rahasya che te zA mATe pramANika puruSA jAhera vyAsapIThe parathI khulaMda avAje pokArIne kahe che ke asa Mdigdha nizcaya-vagara vilae badhuM mAnI levuM-e kevaLa mUDha ane ajJAna janAnA dhama che? je viSayemAM ApaNane ja zaMkA heAya te viSaya vagara vilakhe pUrNa zraddhAthI svIkAravAnI mUDhane pharaja pADavI athavA mUDhanI kruja che ema kahevuM e ThIka kharuM ? ApaNe badhAM ajJAna chIe ane ApaNI dainika jarurIAtA pramANe ApaNe jhAMkhA jhAMkhA prakAza meLavIe chIe paraMtu pAtapeAtAnA mArgonuM aMtima mULa varNavAnA prayAsa karIe chIe tyAre eka bIjAthI atyaMta judA paDIe chIe. Ama chatAM jyAre kAi bIcArA hiMmatapUrvaka ema jaNAve che ke A vizvane nakazA (Map of the Universe) tathA ApaNA potAnA ati nhAnAmAM nhAnA parAM (Infinitsim Parish) viSe ApaNe kazuM ja jANatA nathI tyAre leAkeA ene dhUtakArI kADhe che, enI niMdA kare che tathA enI azraddhAne mATe e anaMta kALaparyaMta narakayAtanA bhAgavaze evuM ene saMbhaLAve che. " lessi sTivananA nibaMdhonuM khAsa lakSaNa e che ke e nibaMdhe prAcIna IzvaravidyAvidenuM mata juThThuM che ema sIdhI rIte darzAvatA nathI, paraMtu e matamAM kazI vAstavikatA nathI ane gahana praznanA izvaravidyAvidoe je khulAsA ApyA te juThThA che ema darzAvI Ape che. je keAi gupta rahasyanA amuka bhAgane e matadrArA ukela thayA hota te! alabatta ApaNe e matane AvakAradAyaka lekhata, paraMtu ema thayuM nathI; ulaTuM enAthI navI muzkelIo vadhe che. izvaravidyAvAda e mAtra peAla pAla hatuM, emAM kazuM satya hatuM nahi. aMtima tattva mAnavabuddhithI para che evuM tadvArA puravAra karavAne lekhaka prayAsa karatA nathI. badhA tattvanAnIe eka bIjAthI cheka judA paDe che e hakIkata parathI ja sTivana evAM nigamana para Ave che ke aMtima tattva mAnavabuddhine agrAva 207

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208 buddhivAdanA vikAsa. che. jo bhautikazAstranI jema tattvajJAnane viSaya buddhigamya hota tA judA judA tattvajJAnIo vacce kaMIka samAdhAnI thai heAta-judAM judAM tattvamatAmAM kaMika sAmya jaNAta. khristI dharmane vadhu udAra karavAnI, tene asAMpradAyika ane sayuktika karavAnI tathA IzvaravidyAvAda ane vijJAna vacce kaMIka samAdhAnI karavAnI brADaca vALAonI pravRtti lesTi sviTanane AkarSI zakI nahi, ane eNe brADacavALAnA upalA badhA prayAsA para kaMika tiraskArapUrvaka TIkA karI. "prArthanAnA prabhAva viSe takarAra cAluja hatI. prArthanAnI sattA zI che ? te phaLadAyaka che ?" vagere prazna carcAtA hatA. u. ta. vaSa~da mATe prArthanA karavI e buddhiyukta kahevAya ? e vijJAnazAstranA pradezamAM AvanArA prazna saMbaMdhI IzvaravidyAvAda ane vijJAna vacce takarAra uThelI. keTalAka izvara vidyAvidA evA samAdhAna para AvyA hatA ke grahaNa viruddha prArthanA karavI e mUrkhAmI che, paraMtu varSAda mATe prArthanA karavI e kaMika akkalavALu kahI zakAya, A saMbaMdhamAM sTivane lakhyuM hatu` ke jeTale aMze eka dRzya nizcita kAraNAne AdhAre ane che teTaleja aze khIjAM paNa te kAraNeAthIja pariName che. paNa jyAM kudaratanI zakti evI saraLa rIte yeAjAI hAya ke temane AdhAre ApaNe kaki AgAhI karI zakIe tyAM izvarIsattA gUDha chUpAi rahI che. ema mAnavA karatAM jyAM e zakti ati aTapaTI rIte prayAgamAM AvI heAya ane tethI vAyuvijJAna saMbaMdhI dasyA viSenI ApaNI gaNatarI khoTI paDavAnA saMbhava hoya tyAM IzvarIsattA gUDha rIte rahelI che ema mAnavuM vadhAre saheluM thai paDe che. (grahaNa ane vA~danI khAmatamAM upalI TIkA ceAgya che. paNa vijJAnanI dRSTie A bheda ayeAgya che. sarva zaktimAna prabhu paMcAMgamAM na jaNAvelA banAvAne jeTalI sahelAithI thApI uthApI zake che teTalIja sahelAithI paMcAMgamAM jaNAvelA manAvAne paNa thApI uthApI zake che. enI zaktine

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 209 vaLI maryAdA kevI ! vijJAna jema jema AgaLa vadhatuM jAya che tema tema Izvara pAcho jato jAya che ane phenkaline dazyajagatanA kAnune prakaTa karyA tyAra pahelAM vijaLInA kaDAkAmAM prabhune avAja gherAta hatuM ane have tema nathI evI aTakaLa kaI karI zake nahi, evI aTakaLa karavAne kaIne adhikAra nathI. vaLI jyAre prajAnuM lakSa "narakanA prazna viSenI carcA ane takarAromAM parevAyuM hatuM tathA e sivAyanI bIjI bAbatamAM prAcInamata svIkAranArA IzvaravidyAvida ema mAnavA lAgyA hatA ke na niyaMta vArA athavA zAzvata narakavAsane siddhAMta bhayaMkara siddhAMta che, ane ene maMhine purA nirNayAtmaka nathI, tathA pitAnI mAnyatA jAhera rIte prakaTa karavAnI teo hiMmata karavA lAgyA hatA tyAre lesli sTivane AgaLa AvI ema darzAvI ApyuM ke je A izvara vidyAvido kahe che te mujaba pelo siddhAMta bhayaMkara ja hoya te pachI etihAsika khristI dharma viruddha tenA kaTTA duzmane prastuta prazna (narakavAsa)nA saMbaMdhamAM je je kAMI uccAryuM ke lakhyuM che te sarva yogya che. je samaye manuSyanAM hRdayo para khristI dharmanuM prabhutva hatuM te samaya "naraka' viSenA siddhAMta sAme eka paNa zabda uccAravAnI koInI tAkAta na hatI. je e siddhAMtane khristImata sAthe gADha saMbaMdha na hota, je e kevaLa bIna agatyane ane Akasmika siddhAMta hota to jyAM jyAM khristImata pUra joramAM hato tyAM tyAM te siddhAMta Agraha ane utsAhapUrvaka manAte na heta. e siddhAMtane dUra karavAno ke narama karavAno prayAsa e avagatinuM ja cihna che. have chevaTe hamAruM mata nAza pAmatuM jAya che e mata viSe hame kazuM jANatA nathI, svarga ane naraka e badhI svamAnI vAta che, enA potAnA mUDhagrAhAmAM na mAnavAthI huM sadAkALa narakamAM 14

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210 buddhivAdane vikAsa. paDIza ema kahenAre uddhata yuvAna pAdarI ane huM beu jaNAM eka sarakhAM ajJAna chIe ane mahAruM jJAna mahArA kutarAnA jJAna karatAM talabhAra vizeSa nathI,-e badhuM loko pAmI gayA che. hamArAM matanuM prAbalya Ama narama thatuM jAya che ane pachI eme ThAvakA thaIne kahe che ke "bhAI, hamArI badhI bhUla thAya che. mAtra amuka vastumAM mAne ane badhuM samajAze. phakta ATaluM kabule te ame naraka saMbaMdhIne amAre siddhAMta raheja narama karavA taiyAra thaIzuM; amArI bhAvanA palaTIzuM. e bhAvanA anusAra narakamAM dhagadhagatA azcine sthaLe zarIra sukhAkArIne anukULa ThaMDI, garamI haze. tyAM kevaLa juDAsa IjheriaTa ane bIjA eka be jaNa ja haze tathA zetAna enI rItabhAta sudhAravAno nizcaya karaze te ene paNa uddhAra vA muktinI taka maLaze. paNa "narakavAsa'ne hamAre siddhAMta Ama narama karavAne prayAsa ja batAvI Ape che ke hArA khristImatanI hAla paDatI thaI che. huM dhAruM chuM ke methya ArnolDane ApaNe ayavAdIomAM gaNI zakIe, paNa e judA ja prakArane hato. eNe bAIbalanA vivecanane navoja-arthAta sAhityanI dRSTie vivecana karavAne-prakAra zarU karyo. dharmanI ane nItinI rakSA mATe ene uMDI ciMtA hatI. ( "esTAblIza") carcanI te taraphadArI karato hato. eNe "saMta pila ane proTesTaMTa dharma" (1870), "sAhitya ane ayuktika jagrAha" (1873) ane "Izvara ane bAIbala." (1875;)-e traNa graMthe lakhI bAIbalane pitAnA khAsa rakSaNamAM lIdhuM ane enI najare khristI dharmane vaNasADanArA jaNAtA bAibalanA prAcIna matavAdI himAyatIonA bhraSTa saMsargamAMthI bAIbalane eNe ugArI lIdhuM. e kahe che ke prAcInamatAvalaMbI izvaravidyAvidoe sAhitya ane vijJAnanI daSTie bAIbala graMthanuM kharAba vivecana karyuM hovAthI ApaNe-bIjAone nAstika kahenArA e lokone nAstika kahIe ane

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 211 dara ravivAre vyAsapITha parathI (dharmaguruo) nAstikatAnA dhodha calAve che ema kahIe te temAM kazuM geravyAjabI nathI, paNa Ama karavuM e bhAgyeja sAcA khristIne chAje evuM kavya lekhAya. khristI dhane bagADavAne badho doSa izvaravidyAvidyAne mAthe che. cheka gAMDapaNa bharyAM svecchAcArathI izvaranuM astitva pratipAdita karI, amaratvane siddhAMta rajU karI, mAnavajAta tathA vizvanA kAryanA niyaMtA kAi aprAkRtika puruSa che evA ta` ubhA karI tathA " AibalamAMnA izvara saMbaMdhI chUTA chUTA udgArA ekaThA karI ane temane akSarasaH sAcA samajI izvaranuM kAlpanika varNana ApI, izvaravidyAvidoe khristI dharmane bhraSTa karyAM che." izvaranI pravRttie ane ceAjanAA viSe prAcIna matavAdIe peAtAne je vigatavAra nAna heAvAnuM mAne che tenI methyu ArnolDa sabhya karaDAkIthI TIkA kare che ane ThAvakA mArmika zabdomAM e vAdIonI mAhitInA doSa darzAvI Ape che. "pitA, putra ane pavitra AtmA e tripuTinI sabhAmAM je kAMi banyuM te pote jANe che evuM tee-prAcIna-matavAdIe-sahelAithI mAnI zake, re! e trimUrttinA sabhAmaMDapamAM zA zA zaNagArA hatA te paNa teo jANe che evuM tee vagara harakate mAnI zake." chatAM bAibala dharmanAM bhAvanA ane prakAra sAthe trimUrtti e zabda kaDha Mge! ane ayukata lAge che; paNa rakhe seAsInIane A sAMbhaLIne malakAi jAya mATe ame sAthe sAthe eTaluM umeravAnI jarUra dhArIe chIe ke A trisUttinI mAphaka viziSTa vyaktitvavALu AdikAraNa e zabdo paNa bAibala dharma viruddha bhAse che. buddhi jenuM sa pracalita niyamapUrvaka ye!janA rUpe pratipAdana karavA mathe che ane hRdaya jete kalyANa rUpe anubhavavA prayAsa kare che evI vyavasthAnuM lagabhaga sUcana karavA mATe te Izvara zabdane prayAga kare che ane izvara eTale je vRtti dvArA badhI vastuo potapAtAnAM jIvananA krama paripUrNa karavA prayatna kare che e vRttineA pravAha-evI izvara'

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212 buddhivAdane vikAsa zabdanI vyAkhyA Ape che. AgaLa e Izvara eTale satya pratye vALanArI sattA evI tenI vyAkhyA Ape che ane Ama ayaH vAdInA daSTibiMduthI ghaNe AgaLa vadhe che. bAIbalanA lakhANanuM pRthakaraNa karanArI tathA temAMnI asaMgata ane vicitra uktio ughADI pADanArI bAIbalanI ati sUkSma TIka ArnolDane asahya lAgatI. vaLI, sApekSa dRSTie sarva dharmone abhyAsa karavAnI upayogitA emane samajAtI na hatI. paNa jyAre TUMka samaya para bharAyelI carcanI keMgresamAM eka uMcI padavI parane dharmAdhikArI jainAha ane DenialanAM pustakamAMnA vRttAMte ApaNe svIkAravA ja joIe; kAraNa e vRttAMte Isue kathelAM che ema kahe che tyAre buddhigAMbhIryanA abhAva. mATe e dhamAMdhikArI jevA rUDhicusta lokone Thapako ApavA ahiM ApaNe vacce hoya evuM ApaNe icchIe chIe. Aja samaye jena molie potera (1872), so (1873), ane DiDere,-e traNa mahAna phrenca svataMtra vicArakenA graMthenI sahAnubhUtipUrNa samAlocanA karI. meli "pherTanAITali rivyane adhipati hatA ane A rivyumAM vidvAna lekhake aneka daSTibiMduthI pracalita dharma saMbaMdhI suMdara vivecane lakhatA hatA. enA keeNmAIjha nAmanA pAchaLathI prasiddha karavAmAM AvelAM pustakane eka bhAga e "riTyU'mAM prakaTa thayo hato. e graMthamAM eNe prajAmAM sAmAnya rIte pracalita mAnyatAone ghaDanArAM vAstavika maMtavyonI racanAne bhayaMkara lekhI che ane e maMtavyo na mAnanArAone potAnA. vicAre khullI rIte darzAvavAno Agraha karyo che. ApaNuM aMtaranA vicArane vinA saMkece prakaTa karavA e ApaNI beMddhika pharaja che. aMgreja prajAne pitAnI rAjadvArI javAbadArInuM tIvra bhAna che paNa bauddhika javAbadArInuM teTaluM ja maMda bhAna che. rAjadvArI jusso e satyane prema tathA cokkasa taka paddhatine gauNa pade mUkanAruM mahAna . baLa che ane A baLane jhapATAmAM asAdhAraNa puruSe paNa AvI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 213 gayA che ane mAThI asara pAmyA che. vaLI, rAjanItinA kSetramAM pracalita thayelAM valaNe izvaravidyAvidoe paNa potAnA lAbhArthe svIkAryo che. rAjadvArI puruSo temaja IzvaravidyAvide satyane gauNa pada ApatA thayA che, pahelo varga sagavaDane paheluM ane satyane bIjuM sthAna Ape che, tyAre bIjo varga hRdayanI sAtvanA ne prathama ane satyane dvitIya sthAna Ape che. je dhArmika daSTie e prakAranI anIti bhAre dUSaNa gaNAtI na hoya te bhale paNa buddhie je mAnyuM te chUpAvavAnI apramANikatA e kharekhara mahAna kalaMka gaNAya. satyane dabAvI devuM e samAja sAme mahAna aparAdha karyo kahevAya; kAraNa ke je leke satya sAthe game te hetuthI ramata kare che-satyane tuccha gaNe che, te loke manuSyanI gati vadhAranArA baLane tucchakArI rahyA che, jene melie A pramANe je bAddhika apramANikatA vADI che te Ajane dine paNa sarvatra jovAmAM Ave che. haju aMgreja prajAnI mULa prakRti palaTAI nathI; rAjadvArI jusso haju temanA jIvanamAM prathama sthAna bhogave che ane uttarottara vadhato jAya che. ane rAjakIya kSetramAM samAdhAna Avazyaka che tema bauddhika kSetramAM paNa samAdhAnI para AvavuM e jaruranuM che evA abhiprAyathI hAla paNa ApaNuM aMgrejonuM (vyavahAra) taMtra cAlI rahyuM che. molinA rakSaNa ane nirIkSaNathI prakaTa thatuM "pherTanAiTali rivyuM jJAnapracAranuM saphaLa sAdhana hatuM. A laDAIkhora varSomAM suprasiddha thayelA bIjA sAhityakAra ane vaijJAnikanA graMthane A nhAnA graMthamAM ullekha karavA pUratI jagA mahArI pAse nathI, paNa eTaluM noMdhavuM joIe ke jyAre eka bAjUe vyAsapITha parathI Adhunika vicAra pratye tIvra virodha darzAvAte hato tathA vicArakene anekAneka dhamakIo apAtI hatI tyAre bIjI bAjUe e virodho ane e dhamakIo chatAM ghaNuM loke ane khAsa karIne breDale jAhera

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214 -buddhivAdane vikAsa. bhASaNa dvArA ane nezanala riphemara' nAmanA potAnA patra dvArA, nAstika vicAra lokamAM sArI rIte phelAvatA hatA, ane tema karI paurAdhikArIone civil authority virodha vaherI letA hatA. gayA be saikAmAM azAstrIya vicArane dAbI devA mATe IgleMDanA sattAdhIze jyAre jyAre vacamAM paDyA hatA tyAre tyAre temane kevaLa eka ja hetu-arthAta svataMtra vicArane sAmAnya janatAmAM phelAto aTakAvavAne-hato. e amaladAranI sattAnA bhAga cahAya te garIba, azikSita jana thatAM athavA te loka upara asara karI zake evI rIte svataMtra vicArane phelAvo karanArA ke emanA sapATAmAM AvatA hatA. peinane ullekha karatI vakhate A vAtane nirdeza huM karI gayo chuM, ane 19 mI ane 20 mI sadImAM svataMtra vicArake para gujarelA sitamothI A kathana satya kare che. amaladAre bhale emane AMtara hetu kabulatA nathI paraMtu evA vicAronA phelAvAthI loka bhaDakI jaze, teo niyamanamAM rahI zakaze nahi, evI bIkathI ja e loko svataMtra vicArake para julama karavA prerAya che. garIba lekene vyavarita rAkhavA mATe IzvaravidyA e sAruM sAdhana manAya che ane azraddhA athavA nAstikatAne bhayaMkara rAjadvArI vicAronI janetA vA sahadharmiNI samajavAmAM Ave che. garIba vargamAM svataMtra vicAranI gaMdha pese, teo svataMtra vicAra karatA thAya e emane mATenI nirNita (nAstika vicAra) maryAdAne bhaMga karyA barAbara che, temane saMtuSTa rAkhavA mATe sadAkALa hemane vahemI rAkhavAnI khAsa AvazyakatA che. temanAthI caDhiAtA lokee emane mATe je je IzvaravidyAne lagatI tathA sAmAjIka janAo ghaDI che te mATe temaNe temane AbhAra mAnavo joIe-AvA AvA vicAre haju sudhI cheka nAbuda thayA nathI. dhArmika saMsthAo pratye garIboe kayA prakAranuM valaNa rAkhavuM yogya che e saMbaMdhamAM huM mI. pheDarika herisananA eka nibaMdhamAMnI eka prasaMgocita vArtA TAMku chuM - '

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vicArasvAta tryanA itihAsa. 215 *sekasanA anAtha kAryAlayanA ( work house ) mAlIkane ekavAra maraNa pathArI para paDelA eka kaMgALa mANasanA pAdarI tarIke kAma karavA mATe kheAlAvavAmAM AvyA. e garIba mANase gadgati kaThe svarga mATe sheja AzA darzAvI, paNa te mAlIke e nokarane melatAMja vacamAM teADI pADayA ane naraka pratye daSTi pheravavA mATe tene cetavaNI ApIne kahyuM ke hane chevaTe javA mATe narakanuM sthAna paNa maLe che eTaluM hAruM' ahAbhAgya mAnI tyAre upakAra mAnavA joie. aMgreja svataMtra vicArakA paikI aihikavAda (Secularism) ne pracAraka hAlIeka ane dhaDalA e e sauthI agatyanuM sthAna rAke che. emaNe potAnAM lakhANe! athavA bhASaNA dvArA janasamUha para uMDI asara karI hatI. braeNDaleAnI savathI mahAna kAryasiddhi zapatha lIdhA vagara pArlAmenTamAM besavAne nAstikAne 1889 mAM eNe adhikAra apAvyA e hatI ane A mahAna kAryane lIdhe enI smRti cirakALaparyaMta bhUMsAze nahi. devaniMdAnA AreApasara nhAnI uMmare kedakhAnAnI sahela karI AvanAra heAlIeka leAkamAM jJAnanA pracAra thavAmAM mahAn aMtarAya rUpa chApakhAnAM paranA karatA kAyado nAbuda karAvavAmAM peAtAnA taraphane uttama phALA ApyA hatA. iMgleMDamAMthI mudraNaniyaMtAnI padavI kayAranI kADhI nAMkhavAmAM AvI hatI, paraMtu yuropanA khIjA ghaNAkharA dezamAM 19 mI sadI daramyAna mudraNani yatA nimavAnA cAla nAbuda thayA hatA. chellAM trIza varSa daramyAna yurepanA pragatizIla dezAmAM lokamata taraphanI sahiSNutA khullI rIte vadhatI jatI hatI. gayA jamAnAmAM jona melie lakhyuM hatuM keH " haju prAthamika bhUmikA para- potAnI AkhAjUnA leAkeAnI mAnyatAothI taddana svataMtra rIte peAtAnA vicArA bAMdhavA mATe manuSya mAtrane samAja aniyaMtrita

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buddhivAdane vikAsa. adhikAra Ape e bhUmikA para-ApaNe bhAgye ja AvyA chIe." huM mAnuM chuM ke ApaNe e prAthamika bhUmikA vaTAvI gayA chIe. IgleMDane dAkhalo lo. je divasamAM DaeN. ArnolTe meTA milane dharmaviruddha vicAre pradarzita karavA badala beTAnI bemAM mekalyo hota te divase have gayA che; ATaluM ja nahi paraMtu je samaye DAravinanA "mAnavAvatAra' nAmanA pustakathI lokamAM uhApoha thayo hato te samaya paNa gayo che ane DAravinanuM zaba vesTa misTara ebImAM daphana thayuM te sAme koIe vAMdho uThAvyo nathI. Isu etihAsika puruSanA hatA evuM kahenArAM-pustako samAjamAM heja paNa khaLabhaLATa macAvyA vagara prakaTa thaI zake che. "ApaNuM yugamAM evA ghaNA zikSita puruSo paDyA che je julama gujAravAnuM kAma yogya mAne che evuM 1877 nI sAlamAM lairDa akaTane je lakheluM te have sAcuM paDe ke kema e mATe zaMkA che. 1895 nI sAlamAM Dablina yunihasiTi taraphathI pArlAmenTa mATe lekIe umedavArI karI hatI. enA virodhIoe enA svAtaMtryavAdI vicAronI yAda ApI lokone ene cUMTatA aTakAvavAne prayAsa karyo hate; paNa matadArono moTo bhAga prAcIna dharmAvalaMbI hete chatAM lekI phattehamaMda nivaDyuM hatuM. 1870 thI '80nI sAla sudhImAM eNe umedavArI karI hatI te te cokkasa niSphaLa nivaData. svataMtra vicAraka jarUra anItimAna have joIe evI jUnA kALanI sAmAnya ukti have kAne paDatI nathI. Aja romana dharmAcAryonI sabhA sivAya badhe sthaLe theDI ghaNuM pratiSThA pAmelo pratyeka puruSa kabUle che ke jUnA jamAnAmAM dharmAdhikArIo pitAnI je mAnyatAo prajA pAse parANe kabulAvatA te mAnyatAone AdhAra lIdhA vinA jenI nirbhayapaNe kAyade (1) bATAnI be-ApaNAM AMdAmAna, beTAnI bemAM mokalavuM-dezapAra karavuM.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 217 sara carcA na karI zakAya, e A loka ke paraloka saMbaMdhI eka prazna nathI. 19 mI sadImAM buddhine je je vija maLyAM tenuM saMkSipta avakana karatI vakhate ApaNe prAcIna zAstramane atArkika TheravanArAM vaijJAnika zodha ane aitihAsika vivecanane vicAra karyo. paNa vicArasvAtaMtryanI je pragati thaI, AjathI so varSa pahelAMnA ane hAlanA samayamAM pratyeka dezamAM manuSyanA IzvaravidyAvedo pratyenA valaNamAM je parivartana thayuM, te kaMI kevaLa tArkika dalIlanuM pariNAma hatuM ema kahI zakAya nahi. aitihAsika vivecakoe tArkika dalIlo vAparI prAcInanI mAnyatAone beTI pADI eTalA kAraNe ja uparanA be banAvo banyA ema kahevuM e vadhAre paDatuM che. kharI rIte jotAM, janasamUhanA vicArane palaTAvavA mATe navA janmelA vicArenuM jeTaluM sAmarthya che teTaluM jUnA vicAronA kaDaka, khaMDanAtmaka vivecananuM sAmarthya nathI. aMtima praznane viSe janasamUhanI manovRttimAM sAmAnya rIte parivartana karavAmAM tArkika prAge kAraNabhUta nathI, paraMtu navA sAmAjIka khyAlo pracAramAM AvavAthI ja samAjanI manovRtti sadaMtara palaTAya che. AthI huM dhAruM chuM ke 19 mI sadImAM mANasanAM manamAM je parivartana thayuM tenuM mukhya kAraNa samAja pragati karI rahyA che e vicAra ho joIe. huM mAnuM chuM ke A navA vicAranA ubhavathI ja IzvaravidyAne lagatI mAnyatAo eka pachI eka nAbuda thaI haze. mANasanI zakti pRthvIne ramya banAvavA mATe vaparAvI joIe evA DiDerA ane tenA mitranA zikSaNa viSe huM kahI gayo chuM. IzvaravidyAne lagatA siddhAMtane AdhAre yojAyelA prAcIna Adarzane sthAne nUtana Adarza sthapAyo hate. sauthI moTI saMkhyAnuM sAthI meTuM sukha sAdhavuM e ja kartavya mAtrane paramahetu he joIe, e ja nItinuM mULa hovuM joIe, evo upadeza karanArA benjAma,

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218 buddhivAdane vikAsa. jemsa mila, je. esa. mila tathA greTa jevA aMgreja upayogItAvAdIoe navA AdarzanI preraNA pAmyA hatA. A Adarzane aitihAsika pragatinA siddhAMtathI bhAre puSTi maLI hatI. A pragatine siddhAMta ToMe 1750 nI sAlamAM phrAnsamAM pracAramAM Aryo hato ane e ciMtaka pragatine ItihAsanA maulika siddhAMta tarIke gaNAvate hate. TargonA A siddhAMtane keDeseTe (Condorset) 1893 nI sAlamAM vikasAvyo ane prisTalie te ja siddhAMta iMgleDamAM rajU karyo. phrAnsanA samAjavAdI tattvavettA saMta sImana tathA purIre e navo vicAra vadhAvI lIdhuM. rIrane AzAvAda eTalI hade pahoMcyuM hatuM ke manuSya potAnI buddhicAturyathI khArA samudrane lIMbunA zarabata jevo maTaeN banAvaze, A vizvamAM hemara jevA traNa karoDa ane sittera lAkha kavio, moliera jevA teTalAja lekhaka ane nyUTana jevAM teTalAja vaijJAnika pedA thaze evI te AzA rAkhate. paNa A atihAsika pragatinA siddhAMtane gauravAvita tathA baLavattara karavAnuM mAna kaeNmsane ghaTe che. enI sAmAjIka philasuphI tathA mAnavadayAno dharma-e bane e siddhAMta para jAyA. che. vijJAnanA vijayathI e siddhAMtane puSTi maLI. vijJAnanA samutkAtinA siddhAMta sAthe A pragatinA siddhAMtanuM sAhacarya che. ane e siddhAMta 19 mI sadImAM mAnavamAtrane ISTa mArge caDhAvanAruM mahAna AdhyAtmika baLa hatuM ema kahIe te te yogya gaNAze. ene lIdhe bhAvi prajA pratyenI javAbadArIne naitika siddhAMta janma pAme. mAnavajAtanI pragatimAM ane bhaviSyamAM navayuganA manuSyo je rasa letA thayAM che te rase karIne jUnA kALamAM maraNattara jIvana viSe loka je rasa letA hatA te kaMI ajANatAM ja nimeLa thayo che ema kahevuM bhAgye ja cheka asatya lekhAze. A pragatinA siddhAMtanuM ati maMgaLa pariNAma e AvyuM che ke ethI manuSya mULathI ja bhraSTa athavA pApI che e nirAzAjanaka siddhAMta naSTa thayo che.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 219 A aitihAsika pragatine siddhAMta jarmana prajAmAM jAgRti ANanArI advaitavAdanI paddhatimAM jeTalo mAnya thayo eTale bIje koI paNa sthaLe bhAgye ja Adara pAmyo haze. A advaitavAda chekalanA vicAro para jAya che ane leke heikalane ene utpAdaka gaNe che paNa navA netA eNvaeNlDanI asarathI e vicAramAM mahAna parivartana thayuM che. heIkala prANu guNadharmaviddha hatuM, tyAre eN rlDa khAsa karIne rasAyaNazAstra ane padArthajJAnanAM kSetramAM uttama kAma kareluM che. jUnA ane advaitavAdamAM pahelo pheraphAra to e che ke A no vAda che ayuktika che. ApaNe anubhava mAtra tene maLatA vijJAnano viSaya thai zake, ApaNuM anubhavamAM vividhatAnA jeTalA prakAra che te dareka prakAra mATe vijJAna saMbhavI zake che evuM A vAdamAM pratipAdana che. A navo advaitavAda kaI paripATi karatAM vadhAre aMze paddhati (Method) rUpa che eno aMtima hetu mAnavamAtranA vividha anubhavamAM jJAnanI ekatA jovAno che athavA e anubhavane jJAnanI ekatAThArA samajavAno che. bIjo pharaka nIce pramANe che.. heikalanA vAdanI mAphaka AmAM paNa samutkrAMtine sidhdhAMta jIvaMta vastuone ItihAsa samajavAmAM mArgadarzaka che evuM pratipAdita, karavAmAM AvyuM che chatAM A na vAda heikalanA sarvezvaravAda tathA paramANuo vicArakSama che e sidhdhAMta InkAre che. A vizva yaMtravata cAle che evo jUne sidhdhAMta dhIre dhIre nAbuda thatuM jAya che ane tene sthAne vizva bhautika vastu mAtranA paramANuonA AndolanathI. calAyamAna thAya che e vicAra ruDha thato jAya che. A Andolana-vA zaktinA sidhdhAMtane khAsa pracAraka AlDa e siddhAMtane advaitavAdanA mukhya siddhAMta tarIke gaNAve che. jene dravya kahevAmAM Ave che e bIjAM kAMI nahi paNa, hAla mAnavAmAM Ave che te. pramANe mAtra zaktine samudAya che. AsvAO A (energy) zakti vA Andolanano siddhAMta bhautika temaja mAnasika, prANuguNadharma

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220 buddhivAdane vikAsa. vidyAne lagatA temaja sAmAjIka dayenA saMbaMdhamAM lAgu pADe che. chatAM A zaktine siddhAMta pUrNa che, enAthI caDhiyAte bIje siddhAMta saMbhavI zake nahi, evo dAvo karavAmAM AvatuM nathI. ApaNe hAla jJAnanI je bhUmikA para chIe te bhUmikA anusAra e tarka karavAmAM Avyo che ane jema jJAnamAM pragati thatI jAya tema e sidhdhAMtanuM sthAna bIjo koI vicAra laI le ane e sidhdhAMtane utarate pade mUkI paNa de. advaitavAda eTale IzvaravidyA, gUDhavAda ane adhyAtmavidyAnA saMsarga rahita zudhdha vijJAnamULaka jIvanadaSTi evA arthamAM advaitavAda kestanA nirIzvaravAda tathA kostIya dharmane maLatuM Ave che. ane dharma eTale vizva ane ApaNI vacce pravartatA saMvAda (Harmony)nI pratItithI utpanna thatI lAgaNI-evI mI. mekeTegArDe ApelI vyA khyA svIkArIe te advaitavAdane ApaNe dharma paNa kahI zakIe, paraMtu e vAdane "dharma' evA nAmathI na oLakhAvo eja bahetara che. jemakete nirIzvaravAdI carca sthApyuM hatuM tema advaitavAdI devaLa sthApavAne advaitavAdIone vicAra sarakhe nathI. teo AgrahapUrvaka jaNAve che ke vijJAna ane dharmanI dRSTimAM gaMbhIra virodha che ane dharma divase divase ochA anivArya thatuM jAya che temAM teo vijJAnanI pragatinuM cihana jue che. Ama, jema jema bhUtakALa tarapha pAchA vaLIe chIe tema tema dharma saMskRtinuM vadhAre agatyanuM tattva lAge che, paNa ApaNe jema AgaLane AgaLa vadhatA jaIe-bhUtakALanI bhIti oLaMgI, vartamAnane vaTAvI bhaviSyapara dRSTi pheMkIe chIe tema tema dharma tuccha sthAna lete jAya che ane vijJAna tenuM sthAna jhUMTavI letuM jAya che. Adhunika duniyAno vicAra karatAM badhA ja dharmo sidhdhAMtathI (nirAzAvAdI) lAge che, tyAre advaitavAda (AzAvAdI) che; kAraNa ke samutkrAMtinI kriyAthI manuSyamAMnuM aniSTa tattva bhAre pramANamAM naSTa thayuM che ane uttarottara naSTa thatuM jatuM evuM

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. vAdIe mAne che. advaitavAda kahe che ke vikAsa ane pragati e mAnava AcAranAM vyavahArika sUtreA che, tyAre carco, ane khAsa karIne kethalika carco, sadA pragati vireAdhI hoya che; ane pragati thatI aTakAvavAmAM te niSphaLa nivaDayAM che. te paNa jyAre jyAre pragatinAM cihnA prakaTa thatAM jaNAyAM che tyAre tyAre te carcAe temane bhUsI nAMkhavAnA prayAsa karyo che. 1911mAM hembaMgamAM maLelI advaitavAdIenI mahAsabhAnI ktteha joi e advaitavAdane pracAra vadhAranArAe cakita thaI gayA hatA. A advaitavAdanI pravRtti buddhivAdanA vicArA phelAvavAmAM ati sama nivaDaze evI AzA rakhAya che. ApaNe pazcima yurApanAM traNa mahAn rASTrA jemanAmAM khristIene mATe| bhAga kaeNthalika pathI che temaneA itihAsa avaleAkIzuM te pragatinA AdarzanA, vicAra svAta tryane tathA dharma guruonI sattAnI paDatInA kevA sahayAga che te ApaNA jovAmAM Avaze. speina jyAM carca haju ghaNuM dhanavAna ane sattAvAna che ane jyAM canA adhikArIo, dhArAzAstrI ane rAjanItijJA pAse peAtAnuM dhAyuM` karAvavAnI sthitimAM che tyAM kAnsa ane iTalimAM prANurUpa thai paDele pragatine vicAra uMDI asara karI zakayA nathI. udAramata (Liberal Thought) alabatta keLavAyalA puruSAnA nhAnA vargomAM ThIka pracAra pAmyA che. paraMtu vastIne ghaNA bhAga hajI abhaNa che ane tene abhaNa rAkhavAmAM carcanA svA che. speinanA adhA saMskArI janeA kabula che ke leAkeAne keLavavA e dezanI mukhya jarUrIAta che. Adhunika zikSaNane chUTathI pracAra thavA devAmAM Ave tyAra pahelAM keTalAMye bhayaMkara vighnA jItavAnI AvazyakatA che e vAta mAtra cAra varSoM para ja thayelA phrAnsIskA pheraranI karuNa kathAthI tarI Ave che. pazcima yuropanA eka khuNAmAM haju paNa madhyayuganA saMskAra sudRDha che, madhyayugIna prANa jorabhera jhukAya che, enI A uparanA anAve sarvane pratIti karAvI che. pherare 1901 nI

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buddhivAdane vikAsa. sAlathI kenTAliA prAMtamAM "Adhunika zALAo sthApavAmAM pitAnuM citta paroveluM hatuM. e buddhivAdI hato ane viziSTa rIte phohamaMda nivaDelo. enI zALAo kavaLa sAMsArika hatI. khristI dharmAdhikArIoe pherarane gALo bhAMDI tenI niMdA karI ane tenA para zApa varSAvyA ane 1909 nI grISmaRtumAM daive pherarane nAza karavAnI e dharmAdhikArIone taka ApI. bArasilanA kAmadAronI haDatAla dina pratidina vadhatI cAlI ane pariNAme ugra baLa thaze. A haDatAlanI pravRttinA zarUAtanA divasomAM pherara acAnaka tyAM jaI caDhelo ane tenA virodhIoe ugra baLavAmAM pariNamelI-e-haDatAla mATe ene javAbadAra TharAvavAnI anukULa taka sAdhI. kheTA sAkSI purAvA ubhA karavAmAM AvyA, khoTA dastAvejo paNa lakhAyA. pheraranA bacAvanA purAvA gupta rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. kethalika paMthI vartana mAnapatroe pherara virudhdhanI lAgaNI uzkeranArAM lakhANa prakaTa karyA ane bArasilenAnA AgevAna khristI dharmaguruoe badhA tophAnanA mULarUpa "Adhunika zALAonA sthApanArane jAte na karavA mATe sarakArane Agraha karyo. lazkarI adAlate pherarane gunhegAra TharAvyo ane pherara goLIthI marAyo. AjanI ghaDIe tapAsakAriNI sabhAo (Inquisition) astitvamAM na hovAthI enA zatruone pherarane marAvavA mATe deha ane arAjaktA phelAvavAnA beTA Aropo tenI sAme ubhA karavA paDyA hatA. pherare buddhisvAtaMtrya ane vicArasvAtaMtrya mATe pitAnuM meMghuM balidAna ApyuM hatuM. A banAvathI yuropamAM je kodhAgni prakaTa thayA hatA ane phrAnsamAM e kRtya sAme sAme jAhera rIte je tiraskAra athavA aNagame pradarzita karavAmAM Avyo hato te parathI bhaviSyamAM AvAM aMtima pagalAM pharIthI bharAtAM aTakaze e saMbhavita che, paNa je dezamAM carca ATaluM badhuM sattAvAna ane ATaluM badhuM dharmadha che ane jyAM rAjanItijJo ATalA badhA bhraSTa che ke dezamAM lagabhaga badhuM ja banI zake. . .

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 223 prakaraNa 8 muM, vicAra svAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne vi. Adhunika rASTranA svataMtra vAtAvaraNamAM ucharelI ghaNI vyaktio adhikAra sAmenA satata saMgrAmamAM svAtaMtrya pratye sahAnubhUti dharAve che; AthI navA vicAre tathA svataMtra tarkone dAbI devA mATe sarakAre temaja kema ane saMsthAoe je julamI ane atyaMta durAgrahI nIti aMgIkAra karI hatI tenA bacAvanA be zabdaye temane kayAMthI sujhe? AgaLanAM pAnAMomAM ApaNe je A virodhanuM lekhana karyuM te jANe prakAza ane aMdhakAra vaccenuM yuddha na hoya ema ApaNane bhAse che ane mAnavapragati virudhdha rASTra ane dharmAlayoe kAramAM kAvatrAM racyAM ema ApaNe pukArI uThIe chIe. ThebI nahi te AMdhaLA evA sattAdhArIone hAthe budhdhinAM rakSakoe je asahya julama sahyA tene vicAra karatAM ApaNe kaMpI uThIe chIe.. chatAM damanano khare nahi te vadhateoche aMze kharo jaNa bacAva karI zakAya. A mATe samAjanI pRthakUpRthapha vyakti para kAyadAnI e samAjanI je sattA che. tene ati saMkucita vicAra karIe. milanI mAphaka ApaNe paNa kahI zakIe ke samAjane athavA tenI eka vyaktine bIjI vyaktinA kAryasvAtaMtrya para aMkuza mUkavAno eka ja rIte adhikAra prApta thAya che -arthAta jyAre jyAre te samAja ke te vyaktinA AtmarakSaNano prazna ubhuM thAya tyAre AtmarakSaNa mATe julama gujArI zakAya ane bIjAne nukasAna thatuM aTakAvavA mATe julama gujAravo e vAjabI ja che evA milanA kathanane ApaNe paNa haMkAre bhaNI zakIe. julama gujAravA mATe dareka rASTra ochAmAM oche eTale dAvo to karI zake ja. pitAnA sabhyone

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224 vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. nukasAna thatuM aTakAvavuM e rASTra mAtrane svataHsiddha adhikAra che; ATaluM ja nahi, ema karavuM e rASTranI anivArya pharaja che, rASTranuM astitva e pharaja adA karavA mATe che, e vAta keNa nA kabula karaze ? vartana svAtaMtrya prApta thAya ke vANuM svAtaMtre maLavuM ja joIe athavA kArya svAtaMtryanA aneka prakAramAM khAsa karI vANusvAtaMtryane viziSTa adhikAra maLavo joIe-vANIsvAtaMtrya para ja khAsa bhAra mUkAve joIe-e kAMI siddhAMta nathI, tema samAjane khAtarI thaI jAya ke tenA koI eka sabhyanI vANI dvArA AkhA samAjane hAni pahoMcavAnI bhIti che, tyAre paNa samAje AtmarakSaNanI taiyArI na karavI ane mAtra hAtha joDI besI rahevuM e paNa kAMI niyama nathI. AgAmI bhayanI aTakaLa bAMdhavI e dareka sarakAranuM kArya che. sarakArane nirNaya khoTe ye hoya, paNa koI paNa vyaktinA vANIsvAtaMtryathI samAjanA hitane dhoko pahoMce che evI je sarakArane khAtarI thAya te vacce paDavAnI tene yogya lAge te julama gujAravAnI tenI pharaja nathI zuM ? upara ApaNe je dalIla karI tenA AdhAre prAcIna ane arvAcIna kALamAM svataMtra vicArane kacaDI nAkhavA mATe sarakAre svIkArelI sitamavRttine bacAva thaI zake che. e ja rIte tapAsakAriNI sabhA (Inquisition); mukaNaniyaMtAnI padavI, devaniMdAne lagatA kAyadA athavA te e ja prakAranAM badhAM julamI pagalAM mATe ema kahI zakAya ke bhale e pagamAM aMtima hatA athavA avivekathI amalamAM mUkavAmAM AvyAM hatAM tepaNa e pagalAM bharanArAne hetu samAja para jhajhumatA bhayamAMthI samAjane ugArI levAno hato ane ethI evAM pagalAM bharavAM e emanuM dharmakartavya hatuM. (alabatta, julamanA bhaMga thaI paDelA mANasonA kahevAtA kalyANa mATe arthAta temanI bhAvi muktine nAme je ghara pagalAM bharAyAM temane upara pramANe bacAva thaI zake nahi.)

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. 225 Ajane dine ApaNe AvAM eke eka pagalA sAme jAhera tiraskAra darzAvIe chIe, ane rASTrane koI paNa vyaktinA vicAra svAtaMtryanI ADe AvavAno adhikAra che e vAta ApaNe svIkAratA nathI. Aje vicArasvAtaMtryane siddhAMta ApaNuM hadayamAM evuM uMDuM mUla ghAlI beThe che ke uMdhe mArge dorAyelAM ApaNA pUrvajonAM ghera kRtye ApaNane koI paNa rIte vyAjabI bhAsatAM nathI; e kRtya ApaNe zAMtapaNe sahI zakatA nathI. to A vicArasvAtaMtryanA siddhAMtanI vAstavikatA ApaNe kevI rIte puravAra karIzuM ? e siddhAMta kaI gUDha pAyA para racA nathI, vA pAye samAjathI cheka asaMbaddha koI niyama para avalaMbato nathI, paNa te siddhAMta kevaLa upayogitAnI dRSTie yojAelo che. carcA svAtaMtryanI sAmAnya agatya sokreTisa kevI rIte darzAvite te ApaNe joI gayA. AvuM svAtaMtrya jJAnanI pragati mATe ghaNuM Avazyaka che evuM milTananuM kathana paNa ApaNe vAMcyuM. paNa je samaya daramyAna sahiSNutA mATe yuddho kheDAtAM ane cokhkhI rIte chatAtAM te samaye sekreTisa ke milTananI dalIlone AdhAra levAte na hatA, paraMtu jo koI puruSa pramANikapaNe ene chUTake na hovAthI amuka siddhAMta dharAvatuM hoya te te siddhAMta bhrAMtikAraka hoya topaNa tene zikSA karavI e geravAjabI che evI dalIla karavAmAM AvatI hatI. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe te bhrAMti e gunho nathI ane tethI bhrAMtine daMDavI e anyAya che evI dalIla karavAmAM AvatI hatI, ane e dvArA sahitanA pAlana para bhAra mUkavAmAM Avato hate. chatAM A dalIlathI carcAsvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatA pUravAra thaI zakatI na hatI. uparanI dalIlane julamanA himAyatIo evo javAba ApI zake ke kaI paNa mANasane tenI khAnagI brAMtikAraka mAnyatAo mATe zikSA karavI e anyAya che e vAta ame kabulIe chIe; paNa amane khAtarI thAya ke e mAnyatAo (samAjane) hAnikartA . 15

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226 vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. che te tene pracAra thatuM aTakAva e anyAya nathI. manuSyane amuka vicAro dharAvavA khAtara nahi paraMtu phelAvavA khAtara zikSA karavI e bIlakula geravAjabI nathI. sAcI vAta to e che ke A badhA siddhAMtanuM parIkSaNa karavAmAM nyAya anyAyanI kameTI lAgu ja paDatI nathI. " Physiological or social " e zabdo experience' zabda sAthe levAnA che. badhA sadgaNe sAmAjika athavA zArIrika anubhavamUlaka che ane nyAyIne sadgaNa paNa A bAbatamAM apavAda rUpa nathI. anubhavathI je niyama ke siddhAMtinI sAmAjIka agatya sarvopari manAtI hoya ane jemane kAje tAtkAlika prasaMgocitatAnA badhA vicAre paDatA mUkavA paDe evA niyamanA ke siddhAMtanA vargane "nyAyI evA zabdathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. sAmAjIka agatya e ja mAtra kasoTI che. AthI vicArasvAtaMtryane siddhAMta samAjanA hitArtha eTale badho upayogI che ke bIjA badhA vicAre vegaLA karavA joIe ema jyAM sudhI darzAvI zakAya nahi tyAM sudhI svataMtra vicArane kacaDI nAMkhavAmAM sarakAra anyAyI pagaluM bhare che ema kahevuM mithyA che. samAjane svAtaMtrya bahu kiMmatI chee joraNe karelI sekreTisanI dalIlamAMthI tenI UMDI dIrgha dRSTi jaNAI Ave che. vicAra svAtaMtryanI vAstavikatA karAvavAnuM kArya 1859 mAM prakaTa thayelA pitAnA "svAtaMtrya" nAmanA graMthamAM vicArasvAtaMtryanI carcA karanAra je. esa. milane AbhArI che. A graMtha sAmAnya rIte svAtaMtrya viSe carcA kare che ane vyakti svAtaMtrya kyA kSetramAM, ane keTale aMze amaryAdita ( absolute ) ane draDha( unassailed ) hovuM joIe e prazna nakakI karavAne prayAsa kare che. graMthanA bIjA prakaraNamAM vicArasvAtaMtrya tathA carcAsvAtaMtrya viSenA vicAre darzAvavAmAM AvyA che ane mila aNaghaTatI rIte samAjanAM kAryomAM kApakUpa kare che tathA vyakti

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 227 sAmenA samAjanA hakkanI kiMmata ochI AMke che evuM je ghaNAM dhAratAM hoya to paNa e graMthamAMnI mukhya mukhya dalIlonI nyAyapUrasaratA viSe tathA milanA nigamananI sapramANatA viSe bhAgye ja koIne zaMkA haze. mila kahe che ke samAja enI pRthapha pRthapha vyaktinA vartana svAtaMtryanI ADe Ave e kAryanI gyatA nakkI karavA mATe nizcita gheraNa sarvamAnya thaI paDayuM na hatuM. AgaLa, mila samAjanA kartAvyanI yogyatAnuM dhoraNa AtmarakSaNa-arthAta bIjAne hAni thatI aTakAvavIe che evuM pratipAdita kare che. milane siddhAMta svataMtra vA kAlpanika hakako para yojAyela nathI, paraMtu pragatizIla manuSyanA sthAyI hita para avalaMbe che. manuSyanA sthAyI hitanI dRSTie e sidhdhAMta yojAyelo che. pachI, cacasvAtaMtrya ane vicArasvAtaMtryane dAbI devAM e manuSyanA sthAyI hitanI viruddha che e puravAra karavA mATe mila nIcenI dalIla kare che. jeo navA vicArane dAbI de che teo tenuM satya InkAre che, paNa teo jAte acUka hotA nathI. teo kheTA ye hoya ke kharA ye hoya, athavA aMzataH kharA, beTA hoya. - (1) je teo khoTA hoya ane je vicAra teo dAbavA IcchatA hoya te sAco hoya te teo jagatane satyathI vaMcita rAkhe che. A dalIlane teo javAba vALaze ke "vicArane dAbI devAno amAre prayAsa bIlakula geravAjabI nathI. ame amArI zakti anusAra amArI vivekabudhdhi kAme lagADI. have je amArI vivekabuddhi cUka kare evI hoya che tethI amAre tene upayoga ja na karavo evuM amane kahI zakAya ? amane je vicAra che ane aniSTakArI hovAnI pAkI khAtarI lAgI tene pracAra thate ame aTakAvyo. jAhera sattAthI karavAmAM AvatA kaI paNa kArya karatAM amArA A

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228 vicAravAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. kartavyamAM acUkapaNAne vadhAre dAvo nathI. amAre kArya karavuM ja hoya te amAre amAre abhiprAya sAce mAnavo ja joIe." " mila Ane sacoTa pratyuttara vALe che. "amuka abhiprAyane khoTA TharAvavAnI eke eka taka prApta thavA chatAM e abhiprAyanuM khaMDana thayuM nathI mATe tene sAco mAnava te ane enuM khaMDana thatuM aTakAvavAnA hetuthI ja te (abhiprAya)ne sAce mAna-e bemAM meTuM atara che. vyavahArakAryamAM ApaNuM abhiprAya viSe zaMkA darzAvavAnI ane tene khoTo TharAvavAnI bIjAne pUrNa chUTa ApIe te ja ApaNe ApaNo abhiprAya sAco che ema mAnavAmAM vAjabI TharIe; A sivAyanI bIjI kaI paNa zarate mAnavazaktithI vibhUSita thayelA koI paNa prANIne pite khare ja che enI baudhdhika khAtarI thaI zake nahi." (2) je pracalita mata sAce hoya te paNa tenI virUddha thatI brAMti bharelI carcAne dAbI devAthI janakalyANa sadhAtuM nathI. pracalita mata sAce hoya che te pUrepUro sAce te bhAgyeja hoya che ) te paNa jyAM sudhI enI viruddha thatI badhI carcA khoTI kare nahi, enI viruddha game tevI kaThora carcA thAya chatAM pracalita matane kazo dhake pahoMce nahi. tyAM sudhI e matanA kharApaNAMnI pUrI khAtarI thaI zake nahi. viruddha carcA TI karavAthI khare manAte. pracalita mata vadhAre daDha bane che. (3) vadhAre sAmAnya ane ghaNuM agatyanI bAbata che jyAM paraspara viruddha mata-pracalita mata ane kacaDI nAMkhavAmAM Avelo mata-mAM satyane aMza hoya te che. A saMbaMdhamAM prajAe svIkArelAM ekapakSI sabhyonI nyUnatA prajAe avagaNelAM bIjAM sothI pUravAnI agatya mila sahelAIthI samajAvI zake che. e kahe che ke satyanA aMzavALA e be virodhI matemAMthI je kaI sahiSNutA pAtra ke uttejanapAtra hoya te te alpamatie svIkArelo mata che;

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vicArasvAtaMtryano itihAsa. 229 kAraNa ke kSaNabhara e mata kalyANathI vaMcita rahelI vyaktione mata che athavA saraLa zabdomAM kahIe to amuka kALa paryata e mata dharAvanArAonuM hita avagaNavAmAM AvyuM che. dA. ta. te senA siddhAMte le che. A siddhAMtone bhayaMkara lekhI dAbI devAmAM AvyA hota. paNa 18mI sadInA AtmasaMtoSI janone e senA siddhAMtathI kalyANakAraka AghAta pahoMcele, lAbhadAyI asara thaI hatI. e siddhAMtonA phelAvAthI 18mI sadInA ekapakSI pracalita matonuM prAbalya zithila thayuM hatuM. "sonA siddhAMta karatAM pracalita mato satyanI vadhAre najadIka hatA, tathA ochA bhrAMtikAraka hatA. chatAM sonA siddhAMtamAM pracalita matanI khAmIo dUra karanArA, tenI nyUnatA pUranArA satyano ghaNe aMza hato ane jyAre bharatInI cheLo zamI gaI tyAre senA siddhAMto avazeSa rUpe pAchaLa rahI gayA. milanI mukhya dalIlonuM tAtparya upara mujabanuM che. paNa huM vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatA milanI taka paddhatine AdhAre chatAM kaI jUdA ja prakArathI pUravAra karavAnuM pasaMda karIza. je saMskRtinI pragati aMzataH manuSyanI sattA bahAranA saMjoge para avalaMbelI hoya to mahAre kahevuM joIe ke e pragatino khare AdhAra vizeSa karIne, ane ghaNA moTA pramANamAM, manuSyanA hAthamAM rahelI bAbato paraja che. A bAbatamAM khAsa karIne jJAnanI pragati ane palaTAtA saMjogone pitAnI saMsthAonuM vAtAvaraNa ane pitAnI Teva anukULa karI devAnI sahadaya vRtti e bene gaNAvI zakAya. jJAnanI gati vadhAravA mATe ane bhUlabhrAMti sudhAravA mATe aniyaMtrita carcA svAtaMtrya ati Avazyaka che. grIsamAM jyAre pUrNa vicArasvAtaMtrya hatuM tyAre jJAnavikAsa pAmatuM e vAta ItihAsa darzAvI Ape che ane cAlu jamAnAmAM svataMtra tapAsa karavAnI paddhati sAmenAM badhAM ja niyaMtraNe nAbuda karavAmAM AvyAthI madhyakAlIna carcAne gulA

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230 vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAnA nirNaya. mAne te samayanI carcanI vyavasthAmAM aMdha zraddhA rAkhanArAone ati aniSTa vA paizAcI lAge evA vegathI nAna vRddhi pAmyuM che. tyAre, A parathI eTaluM spaSTa thAya che ke sAmAjIka rItarivAjo, saMsthAe ane patiene, navI jarurIAtAne ane navA saMjogene anukULa karavA mATe e sarvAMnAM satyanuM kaheNa parIkSaNa karavAnI, temanI viruddha carcA karavAnI tathA pracalita matane game teTaleA AdhAta paheAMcatA hoya chatAM apriya vicAre| jAhera karavAnI amA~ti svata tratA hovI joie. saMskRtinA itihAsa jo koI paNa pATha zIkhavatA hAya te! te A ja che:-ke mAnasika ane naitika pragati siddha karavAnuM ameAdha sAdhana vicAranuM ane carcAnuM pUrNa svAtaMtrya che ane A sAdhana prApta karavuM e manuSyanA peAtAnA ja hAthamAM che. AvA svAtaMtryanI sthApanAne Adhunika saMskRtinI ati upayAgI siddhi lekhI zakAya ane sAmAjIka pragatinA sAdhana rUpe e svataMtratAnI prApti pradhAna gaNAvI joI e. e svataMtratAnA AdhAra rUpa sthAyI upayAgitAnA vicArAne prAdhAnya maLavuM joI e ane tAtkAlika lAbhanA badhA vicArA je kAI kALe svata MtratAne nAza kare evA saMbhava hAya, te vicArAne gauNu, tuccha pada apAvuM joI e. e te spaSTa che ke A AkhI dalIla mAnavajAtinI pragati, tene bauddhika temaja naitika vikAsa, e kAlpanika svapta nathI, paraMtu asaMdigdha satya che ane ati kiMmatI (prApti) che evI mAnyatA para AdhAra rAkhe che. je kAI kArDinala nyUmenanA mata pramANe ema mAne che ke mAnavajAtinI pragatinI ane pUrNatAnI vAta e te kevaLa svapnuM che, kAraNa zruti e vAta svIkAratI nathI te mANasane uparanI kazI asara thavAnI nathI. evA mANasa kArDinala nyUmananI mAnyatA, arthAt jo A deza hAla jaNAya che te karatAM dhaNA vadhAre vhemI, aMdhazraddhALu, udAsI ane dhaviSayamAM vadhu jhanunI hAta tA tethI dezane lAbha thAta e mAnyatAne pUrI saMgatatAthI peAtAnA TekA paNa ApI zake.

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vicArasvAtaMtryane itihAsa. 231 mila je samaye ene ati samartha ane badhAe vAMcavA yogya nibaMdha lakhI rahyo hato tyAre (1858 nI sAlamAM) julamIenuM khuna karavuM e kAyadesara che evA siddhAMtano pracAra karanArAo para e siddhAMta anItimaya che evA kAraNasara aMgreja sarakAra phejadArIo calAvI rahI hatI. sahabhAge A phojadArIo durAgraha pUrvaka calAvAtI na hatI. mila A bAbata viSe lakhe che ke "julamInI hatyA karavAne "siddhAMta game teTale anItimAna heya chatAM te siddhAMtanI carcA mATe ane te mAnavA mATe pUrNa svAtaMtrya hovuM joIe e niyamanA apavAda rUpa nathI." athata e siddhAMta paNa pUrNa svAtaMtryathI carcA joIe. upalA niyamanA apavAda arthAta jyAM adhikArIonI DakhalagIrI yogya gaNAya tevA prasaMge suspaSTa che, kAraNa teo kharI rIte bIjA niyamamAM Ave che. u. ta. jyAM sIdhI uzkeraNathI mANasane hiMsAnAM amuka kAryo pratye preravAmAM AvatA hoya tyAM sattAdhIze ke sarakArene vacce paDavA mATe yogya prasaMga ubhuM thAya che. paNa A uzkeraNI sIdhI ane hetupUrvaka karavAmAM AvI hovI joIe. huM eka pustaka lakhI cAlu samAje pratye tiraskAra darzAvuM tathA arAjakatAnA siddhAMtane bacAva karuM, ane jo koI mANasa e pustaka vAMcI ekadama atyAcAra karavA uzkerAya te hArA pustakathI e mANasa arAjaka banyo ane eNe gunha karyo ema cekhA rIte puravAra karI zakAya. paNa jyAM sudhI eNe je gunho karyo hoya te gunho karavA mATe tene sIdhI rIte uzkere evuM kazuM mahArA pustakamAM hoya nahi tyAM sudhI mane zikSA karavI ke mahArA pustakane dAbI devuM e anyAyI gaNAya. svAtaMtryanA siddhAMtano bhaMga karavA mATe sarakAranuM mana lalacAya ane prajAnA uhApehathI te tema karavA prerAya evA gaMbhIra, muzkela, prasaMge ubhA thAya e samajI zakAya evuM che. ApaNe

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23ra vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. lagabhaga na bane e paraMtu prastuta praznane spaSTatAthI ane saceTatAthI samajAve e eka prasaMga kalpIe. dhAre ke bIjAone AMjI nAkhe evA prabhAvazALI, AkarSaka vyaktitvavALA ane pitAnA game tevA ayuktika vicArene paNa bIjAne cepa lagADavAnI adrabhuta zaktivALA (TUMkANamAM, namunArUpa dharmanetA) eka puruSane vizvanI gati theDA mahinAmAM baMdha paDI jaze evI khAtarI thAya che. e dezanA khuNekhuNamAM bhaTake che ane jyAM tyAM potAnI mAnyatAnA pracAra mATe patrikAo vaheMce che. ane sthaLe sthaLe upadeza kare che. enA zabdomAM vIjaLI jevI zakti hovAthI zikSita temaja azikSita janasamudAyane khAtarI thaI jAya che ke kayAmatanA divasanI taiyArI mATe ghaNA TAMcA divaso rahyA che. bAkI rahelo samaya prArthanA karavAmAM tathA payagambaranAM bodhavacane sAMbhaLavAmAM gALavAnA hetuthI saMkhyAbaMdha loko potapotAne dhaMdhe choDI de che. kAma baMdha paDe che. A rAkSasI haDatALathI deza dubaLa banI jAya che, gatihina thaI jAya che. hunnara ane udyoge aTakI paDe che. lokene pitAnA dhaMdhArojagAra paDatA meLavIne ane payagambarane enI mAnyatA phelAvavAne kAyadAnI dRSTie pUrNa adhikAra che. Aja mAnyatA Isu ane enA anuyAyIo eTalI ja bhrAMtithI dharAvatA hatA. koI kaheze ke jevo gaMbhIra roga tevA AkarA ilAje' hovA joIe ane A sUtrAnusAra pelA jhanunIne bolate aTakAvavAnuM ghaNuM mana paNa thAya. paNa je manuSya kAyadAno bhaMga karatuM nathI ke bIjAne bedha ApI tene kAyadAno bhaMga karavA uzkeratuM nathI athavA jAte sulehazAMtine bhaMga karatA nathI tene keda pakaDavo e haDahaData julama kahevAya. svAtaMtryanI gati pAchI vALavAthI thatuM aniSTa brAMtikAraka siddhAMtanA pracArathI upasthita thatAM badhAM aniSTo karatAM vadhAre bhayaMkara nivaDe evuM ghaNAnuM mAnavuM haze. chatAM vANusvAtaMtryathI kaI veLA amuka prakAranuM nukasAna thAya e vAta nakAravI e

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vicArasvAta tryane itihAsa. 233 mUrkhAmIbhareluM gaNAze. dareka sArI vastu kaiAIvAra nukasAna kare che. dAkhalA tarIke, sarakAra gaMbhIra, vinAzakArI bhUleA kare che ane kAyadA vAraMvAra anyAyathI ane ghaNI kaDaka rIte amalamAM mUkavAmAM Ave che-ane khristIonA nirAsaka meAkSanA siddhAMtanI kevI asara thaI che ? e siddhAMtathI akathya du:khA pedA thAya che evuM khristIone yAda karAvavAmAM Ave te khristIe "dareka sArI vastu paNa kaiAIvAra nukasAna kare che" e sivAya khIjI zI lIla, khIje ze| bacAva, rajU karI zake ! eka vAra vicArasvAtaMtryanA siddhAMtane sAmAjIka pragatinA uttama sAdhana tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave ke turata te sAmAnya upayeAgitAnA kSetrane vaTAvI vadhAre uMcI upayeAgitAnA-arthAt nyAyanA kSetramAM kramaNa kare che. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe te| e siddhAMta manuSya mAtrane kiMmatI hakka thaI paDe che. have A hakka aMte upayeAgitA para avalakhatA heAvAthI sarakAra upayeAgitAnuM mhAnuM ApI amuka khAtAmAM e hakkanI kApakUpa kare te tethI kAMI sarakAra vA kAma kare che ema kahI zakAya nahi. devani dAne lagatA devina dAnA gunhA badala TUMka samaya para iMgleMDamAM je trAsajanaka zikSAe gujAravAmAM AvI hatI te upara carcale muddo spaSTa kare che. sAmAnya mAnyatA evI hatI ke kAyadA rada karavAmAM AvyA na hatA chatAM temane amala thatA na hAvAthI te rada thayA khareAkhara ja hatA. paNa 1911 thI mAMDIne atyAra sudhI (1915 sudhI) cha mANasone A gunhA badala kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA che. A chae prasaMge khristI siddhAMtAnuM khaMDana karanArA mANase vadhate eche aMze abhaNa hatA ane temaNe asabhya ane krAtpAdaka zabdomAM khristI siddhAMtA viruddha abhiprAya jAhera karyo hatA. keTalAka nyAyAdhIze evA matanA hatA ke khristIdharmanA mukhya siddhAMtA viruddha vicArA prakaTa karatI vakhate

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234 vicArasvAta MtryanI vAstavikatAnA nirNaya. sabhyatA jALavavAmAM Ave te devanadAne gunhA thatA nathI, paraMtu asabhya rIte virAdha darzAvavAmAM Ave te e gunhe! gaNAya. dhanidAne lagatA kAyadAnI A navI ja vyAkhyA gaNAya ane e kAyadAo ghaDavAnA ane amalamAM mUkavAnA hetuthI viruddha che--ethI kAyadA ghaDavAnA hetu mAryo jAya che. sara je-eka sTivane batAvI ApyuM che ke lA hela (17 mI sadI) nA samayathI mAMDIne TheTha jhuTanI tapAsa cAlI (1883) te samaya sudhImAM nyAyAdhIza mAtrane siddhAMta e ja hatA ke khristIdharmanA mukhya mukhya siddhAMtAnuM satya inkAravuM athavA te e siddhAMtAnA tiraskAra ke upahAsa karavA, e kAyadAnI dRSTie gunhA che, ane emane A siddhAMta khristIdhama dezanA kAyadAnuM eka aMga ja che e mAnyatA para yeAjAyA hatA. pelA cha mANasa para calAvavAmAM AvelA mukamA ane temane karavAmAM AvelI zikSAonA bacAvamAM ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke dhama (bhAvanA) nAM apamAna ane upahAsa thatAM aTakAvavAnA hetuthI e pagalAM bharavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. sara. je, epha. sTivana lakhe che, ke jo kAyadA kharekhara niSpakSapAtI hoya ane devinaMdAnA gunhA karanArane ja daMDatA hAya-kAraNu devanaMdA karanArA leAkeA zraddhALujanAnI lAgaNI duHkhAve che-te nAstikA (azraddhALu jane) nI lAgaNI duHkhAve evA upadezeA karanArane paNa kAyadAe daDavA joie. potAnuM badhuM ja kharuM' ane sAruM' kahevaDanArA jagat para ghaNA utsAhI dharmo e dharmoMmAM na mAnanArAonI lAgaNI duHkhAvavAmAM kazI maNA rAkhatA nathI. ane kAyadA AvA dharmone kyAMdaDe che? kharI rIte jotAM, kAyadAnuM nyAyIpaNuM kevaLa jene huM enA eka ja sAcA siddhAMta arthAta julamane siddhAMta tarIke mAnuM chuM te siddhAMtane AdhAre puravAra karI zakAya. " khAkI kAyadAnuM niSpakSapAtIpaNuM puravAra karavuM azakya che. khristIdhama khoTeja hoya te tene sabhyatApUrvaka virodha karavA evA kAMI niyama na

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vicArasvAtaMtrane itihAsa. 235 hoI zake, enuM sArApaNuM enA sAcApaNa para AdhAra rAkhe che, enuM juThApaNuM siddha thAya ke pachI ene khAsa rakSaNa ApavuM joIe, enA mukhya siddhAMtanuM khaMDana karatI vakhate sabhya zabdo vAparavA joIe evI mAgaNuM karI zakAya nahi ema dalIla karavAne khristI dharmanA virodhIone nyAyanI daSTie e adhikAra che. paNa kAyado A vAta lakSamAM le ema kyAM che ! khristI dharma viruddha vicAra darzAvanAre ekadama kAyadAnA jhapATAmAM AvI jAya che. AthI ulaTuM koI khristIne upadeza ItaradhamIne game teTale. gusse caDhAve e hoya to paNa kAyadA khristI (nA vartanasvAtaMtrya) upara kaze aMkuza mUkatA nathI, mATe kAyado gusse upajAve evI bhASAno upayoga aTakAvavAnI niSpakSapAta abhilASA para jAyelo nathI, mATe e khristI dharma sAce che evA tarka para yojAyelo che ane tethI ja damana e ene eka ane advitIya siddhAMta che. dharmaniMdAne lagatA sAmAnya kAyadAne hAla je rIte amala. thAya che te jotAM mAnavajAtinI pragatine vega Ape evA samartha nAstikanuM svAtaMtrya bhayamAM AvI paDatuM nathI e kharuM, paraMtu, enAthI carcAsvAtaMtrya tathA vicArasvAtaMtryanA sarvopari siddhAMtane bhaMga te thAya che ja, e sAmAnya kAyadAne Aja je amala thAya che tene pariNAme bhaNelA ane sAvadha leke je bInA vadhAre. asarakAraka rIte, kapaTathI ane zikSA thavAnA raheja paNa bhaya vagara kahI zake che tene teja bInA bIcArA abhaNa ane aNaghaDa loke emanI potAnI ja zailImAM prakaTa kare che temAM kAyade ADe Ave che. AvA loko emanI saraLa, gAmaDIA Dhabe ja je kAMI kahevAnuM hoya che te kahI zake che. bIjI daMbhI rIte e loko zIkhyA nathI. AthI A loko ghaNIvAra kAyadAnA pAzamAM AvI jAya che. gayA be varSa daramyAna (1913-11) kArAvAsamAM

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236 vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. pUrAyelA keTalAka mANasanI vastu sthiti vicArIzuM te ApaNane khAtarI thaze ke e bIcArAone doSa eja hatA ke emaNe je vicAra| darzAvyA te jarA zeAcanIya, asabhya zailImAM darzAvelA. bAkI emaNe prakaTa karelA vicArA te! bhAMgyuMtuTayuM shejasAja bhaNelA eke eka pAdarInA khAnagI pustakAlayamAMnI ceApaDIomAM gheADA dhaNA vinayapUrvaka darzAvavAmAM AvyA che, jo kAyadA niSpakSapAta ane yathA heAya te AvAM pustakAnA lakhanArA sAme ene amala thavA ja jotA hatA. paNa kapaTabharI sabhyatA zikSAmukta rahe che tyAre niSkapaTa asabhyatA daMDAya che, Ama, kAyadAneA hAla evA amala thAya che ke tethI arucikara paddhatithI potAnA vicAre jAhera karanArAe IMDAya che ane abhaNa svataMtravicArakA aMdhI vAte nAlAyaka Thare che. jo A vicArakAnA zabdothI trAtAvaga mAM kazI garabaDa ubhI thatI heAya te e vicArakA sAme jAhera zAMtine bhaMga karavA badala kAma cAlavuM joie; devani dAnA gunhAne emanA para AreApa mUkI zakAya nahi. je kAI mANasa devaLamAMnuM badhuM dhana lUMTI le ke devaLane kazuM nukasAna kare athavA dharmaguruone mahela lUMTI le te tenA para caurakama ke evAja kAI gunhAsara kAma calAvI zakAya, paNa pavitra vastune bhraSTa karavAnA aparAdhasara enA para kAma calAvavAmAM Ave e kyAMne nyAya ? 1889 nI sAlamAM breDaleAe devaniMdAnA gunhA mATenI zikSAe nAbuda karavA mATe AmanI sabhAmAM TharAva mUkyA hateA, paNa te uDI gayeA hateA. A sudhArA jaladI karavAnI jarura che. Ama thaze te game teve aNudhAye samaye calAvavAmAM AvatA nAmeAzIbharelA phojadArI mukamAonI punarAvRtti baMdha paDI jaze. AvI phe|jadArIethI kAinuM kazuMye hita sadhAtuM heta te te jUdI vAta paNa ethI kAinuM kadI kALa kaMI paNa sudharyuM hAya evA eke dAkhalA (jANyA, sAMbhaLyA) nathI. dhama bhAvanAne apamAnita

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vicArasvAta tryane itihAsa. ke tiraskRta thatI aTakAvavAnA je hetupUrNAMka evA mukamA calAvavAmAM hatA te hetu paNa siddha thai zakayA nathI. AvI phAjadArIethI dharmane nAme ghaNIvAra khAnagI jheravera vALavAne avakAza prApta thAya che. AthI upara karelA sudhArA jema vahelA dAkhala thAya tema vadhAre sAru. 237 adhikAra sAmenA buddhinA saMgrAmamAM muddine svAtaMtrya mATe nizcayAtmaka ane sthAyI vijaya maLyeA heAya, svAtaMtrya maLI gayuM hoya. ema bhAse che, jagatanA pragatizIla ane saMskRta dezAmAM carcAsvAtaMtrya mukhya siddhAMta tarIke svIkArAya che. vastutaH carcAsvAtaMtrya e saMskAritAnuM dheAraNu manAya che. je dezamAM carcAsvAtaMtrya pravarte che te deza sudharelA gaNAya che. ane jyAM vicArasvAtaMtrya para vadhatAM ochAM niyaMtraNA mUkAya che evA speIna ane raziyA jevA deze! emanI AjUbAjUnA dezaza karatAM ochA sudharelA che evuM raste cAlatA mANasa paNa kabulavA taiyAra che. badhIja pratiSThita vyaktienI dRDha mAnyatA che ke aihika ke pAralaukika evA eka paNa viSaya nathI jenA satyanuM sazAdhana Izvara vidyAvidyAnA vicArAne AdhAra lIdhA vagara thai zakeja nahi. Aje vaijJAnikA peAtAnI zodhakheALA nibhayapaNe prasiddha kare che, pachI bhalene e zeAdhA prakaTa karavAthI pracalita mAnyatAone game tevA dheAkeA pahoMce. dhArmika siddhAMtAnI carcA tathA rAjadvArI ane sAmAjIka saMsthAonI TIkA Aja pUrI chuTathI thaI zake che. buddhinA vijaya sanAtana che. bauddhika svAtaMtrya e have mAnavajAtine zAzvata adhikAra thai cUkyA, e svAtaMtryanI khAdhaka zaktie thADA vakhatamAM chinnabhinna thaI jaze ane pRthvInA pachAta bhAgeAmAM paNa buddhisvAtaMtrya dhIme dhIme pagapesArA karaze evuM evuM AzAvAdI manuSyA zraddhApUrvaka mAnI zake kharAM. chatAM itihAsa sUcave che ke jo AzA libhUta thavAnI hajI pAkI khAtarI rAkhI na zakAya, teA zuM ApaNI gati jorathI pAchI nahi

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238 vicArasvAtaMtryanI vAstavikatAne nirNaya. phare evuM ApaNe chAtI ThokIne, pUrA vizvAsathI uccArI zakIe kharA? nahi ja. kAraNa prAcInakALamAM roma ane grIsamAM carcA svAtaMtrya ane vicArasvAtaMtrya pUra jesamAM hatAM ane tyArapachI khristI dharmarUpe eka adaSTa zakti AvI teNe manuSyanA manane beDI paherAvI, tenA vicAro para aMkuza mUkyAM, svAtaMtryane kacaDI nAMkhyuM ane gumAvelA svAtaMtryanI punaH prApti mATe thakavI nAMkhe evAM yuddha kheDavAnuM manuSyane lalATe lakhyuM; e ApaNe jANIe chIe. AvA ja prakAranuM kaMIka pharIthI bane e zuM vicArI zakAya evI vAta nathI ? kaI navI ja zakti, ajJAtamAMthI utpanna thaI, jagatane Azcaryacakita karI nAkhe ane tenI gati ekadama pAchI vALe e zuM kalpanIya nathI ? AvuM bane enI nA te na kahevAya; chatAM keTalIka bAbato vicAratAM e vastusthiti ubhI thavI asaMbhavita lAge che. asalanA ane hAlanA bauddhika vAtAvaraNamAM mULathI ja taphAvata che. bhAtika vizva viSe grIka prajAne ghaNA cheDA bhUtArtho jANItA hatA. zIkhavAnuM emAMnuM ghaNuM siddha karavAmAM AvatuM nahatuM. (gaNita uparAMta) khagoLavidyA ane bhUgaLa e be viSayamAM e loko bahu ja AgaLa vadhelA emane ja dAkhalo lo ane emanA jJAnanI sAthe tulanA kare. jyAre siddha-bhUtArtho ghaNA ochA hatA tyAre tarkasvAtaMtrya mATe atyaMta avakAza hatuM. have ekAda siddhAMtane mATe bIjA pratispardhI siddhAMtene dAbI devA e ane sthApita bhUtArthonI AkhI paripATione dAbI devI e be ghaNuM jUdI bAbata che. bannemAM mahada attara che. u. ta. khagoLavettAonI eka zAkhA ema mAnatI hoya ke pRthvI sUrya pAchaLa phare che ane bIjI, sUrya pRthvI pAchaLa phare che, ane bemAMthI kaI pitAnI mAnyatA prayoga siddha karavAne samartha na hoya te damananIti calAvavAnI zaktivALI sattA bemAMthI game te ekane sahelAIthI kacaDI nAMkhI zake. paNa ekavAra pRthvI sUrya pAchaLa phare che e vicAra badhA khagoLavettAo ekamate svIkAre che te pachI

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vicArasvAtaMtryane ItihAsa. ra39 game te sattAne ethI ulaTo vicAra mANasa pAse kabulAvatAM bhAre thaI paDe. TUMkANamAM, Aje buddhinA kAbumAM ghaNA siddha bhUtArtho hovAthI, je samaye khristI IzvaravidyA tene kedInI jema deratI tenA karatAM hAla buddhi vadhAre daDha bhUmi para ubhI che. A badhA siddha bhUtArthoe enA vajanirmita keTa-killAo che. vaLI, jJAnanI satata pragatine bhaviSyamAM kaMI cIja aTakAvI zake e kalpavuM kaThaNa che. prAcIna samayamAM A pragatine AdhAra ghaNuM thaDI prajAo para hatuM, hAla e kAryamAM ghaNI prajAe parevAI che. prAcIna samayamAM grIsamAM pracalita na hatI evI vijJAnanI agatya viSenI dRDha mAnyatA sAmAnya rIte Aje pracAramAM che, ane Aja saMjoge evA che ke AvI bhautika (Material) saMskRtine vikAsa vijJAna para avalaMbato hovAthI vijJAnika zodhakhoLanuM kAma aTakI nahiM paDe evI vyavahArika khAtarI thaI gaI che. kharuM jotAM, dharmanI jema vijJAna paNa eka sAmAjIka saMsthA lekhAya che. Ama vijJAna kaMIka sahisalAmata dekhAya che chatAM je dezamAM vaijJAnika bhAva pUrNa Adara pAme che tyAM sAmAjIka, rAjaprakaraNa ane dhArmika praznane lagatA vicAra para gaMbhIra niyaMtraNa mUkAya e sadA saMbhavita vAta che. raziyAnA vaijJAnikothI gAMjyA jAya evA nathI chatAM tyAM pele jANItuM (notorious) mudraNaniyaMtA nimavAne cAla mojuda che. jyAM Aja vicArasvAtaMtrya vikase che tyAM AvatI kAla damananIti dAkhala thAya e akalpanIya nathI. (phrAnsanA viplavanA agraNIo jevA ) amUrta siddhAMtomAM daDha zraddhA rAkhanArA ane pitAnA siddhAMta bIjA pAse baLAtkAre kabulAvavAne nizcaya karI beThelA loko ekAda baLavAkhora sAmAjIka hilacAla phelAve te jarUra damananIti amalamAM mUkAya e ApaNe anubhava parathI jANI zakIe chIe. Ama, svAtaMtryanI gati jorathI pAchI vALavA mATe bhaviSyamAM prayAso nahi thAya e mAnavuM mUrkhAmIbhareluM che; te paNa rAmana sAmrAjyanA samayamAM svAtaMtrya je sthitimAM hatuM te karatAM hAla

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240 vadhAre sArI ane anukULa sthitimAM che. kAraNa te samaye vicArasvAtaMtryanI sAmAjIka agatya lokane barAbara samajAtI na hatI, tyAre Aja e svAtaMtryanA punaH sthApana mATe kheDavAmAM AvelI lAMbI laDatane pariNAme mANase enI agatya samajatA thayA che. A daDha mAnyatA ja kadAca ravAtaMtrya viruddhanAM badhAM kAvatrAne pahoMcI vaLaze. daramyAna, vicArasvAtaMtrya e mAnava pragatinuM sUtra che e vAta ucharatA yuvakonA mana para ThasAvavAmAM ApaNe kazI maNa rAkhavI na joIe. chatAM zaMkA ke dIrgha kALaparyata AvA prayAso thaze nahi, kAraNa prAthamika zikSaNanI ApaNuM paddhatio adhikAra para racAyelI che. bALakone keTalIka vAra svataMtra rIte vicAra karavAno bodha ApavAmAM Ave che e vAta kharI. chatAM A zreSTha salAha ApanAra pitAnuM ke gurunuM dhAravuM hoya che ke bALakanI vicArazreNInAM je pariNAme Avaze te enAM murabbIonI daSTie iSTa lAgatA vicArene maLatAM ja Avaze. adhikAra dvArA enA manamAM je siddhAMta utAravAmAM AvyA che te sidhdhAMtAnusAra ja bALaka tarko calAvaze evuM dhArI levAmAM Ave che, paNa je svataMtra vicArapadhdhati dhArmika ane naitika prazna viSe zaMkA uThAvavAnI rItimAM rUpAMtara pAme te tenA guruo ane mAtapitAo addabhuta vyaktio nahi hoya to jarura tethI nAkhuza thaze ane ghaDI ghaDI prazno karavAnI enI Tevane uttejana Apaze nahi, ane bALakane utsAha teDI pADaze. alabatta, upara kahyuM tevuM vicArasvAtaMtrya te asAdhAraNa ane bhavidhyamAM mahAna thavAnI AzA ApanArA bALakomAM ja dRSTigocara thaze. AvAnA saMbaMdhamAM ema kahI zakAya ke -mAtR bhava, pitRmA ethI ulaTa bodha bALakanuM vicArasvAtaMtrya poSAya te mATe AzA ApanAra che. vastusthiti Ama hovAthI, bALaka samajaNe thAya tyArathI parapramANa kyAre svIkAravuM yogya che ane kyAre ayogya che e nakkI karavAnI tAlIma ApavI ane te enI keLavaNInuM aMga gaNavuM joIe.

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