Bauddh tatha Jain Dharm

Author(s): Mahendranath Sinh
Publisher: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010081/1

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bauddha tathA jainadharma [ dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke pariprakSya me tulanA maka adhyayana ] DA mahendranAtha siMha ema e pI eca DI prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saskRti eva purAtatva vibhAga udayapratApa snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana vArANasI

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BAUDDHA TATHA JAIN DHARMA BUDDHISM AND JAINISM A Comparative Study of Dhammapada and Uttaradhyayan Sutra by Dr M N Singh 1990 ISBN 81 7124 036 4 The publicat on of th s book w financ ally support d by the Indian Cou cil f H stor cal Research Delhi and the respo s blity for th fts st ted pions pessed o n cl s ons rea hed ntirely that of the uthor d the I dan ( ouncil of H storical Researh h no respons bl ty prathama saskaraNa 199 I malya 11 rupaye STU vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana cauka vArANasI mudraka zIlA priNTasa laharatArA vArANasI

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pUjya mAtA pitA zrIcaraNo me sAdara

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prAkkathana sabhyatA ke itihAsa ma dharma kA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA ha / ihaloka aura paraloka donoM se sambandhita jIvana ke prAya sabhI kAyakalApa dharma se prabhAvita hota rahe hai / lokatAtrika bhAvanA vijJAna aura praudyogikI ne avazya isake prabhAva ma kamI kI hai lekina Aja bhI bahuta se dezo ma dhama kA yApaka prabhAva spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| hamAre deza ma bhI jIvana ke prAya sabhI kSatra dhama se prabhAvita hue hai| sabhI dhama jIvana ke parama uddazya kI prApti para bala dete hai aura usoko daSTigata rakhakara samAja ke saghaTana aura usake vAya kSatra kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| bhArata ma prAcIna brAhmaNa ghama ke dAzanika aura AcAra-sambadhI vicAro ne bhAratIya jIvana ko jo viziSTatA pradAna kI vaha tihAsa kA ka a ya ta mahattvapUrNa tathya ha / AdhyAtmika mAyatAo sAmA jika tathA rAjanI taka siddhA to aura sAskRtika jIvana para isakA gaharA prabhAva par3A ha / isake sAtha hI ukhanIya ha ki kAla aura paristhitiyA~ jinama dharmoM kA jama hotA ha sadA aparivatanIya nahI rhtii| isI kAraNa badalate hue parivaza ma Avazyaka parivatana lAna ke lie sAmAjika aura dhArmika A dAlano kI AvazyakatA paDatI ha / paratu kaTTarapathI dhama ke mala siddhAto ko sAvakAlika mAnakara unakA virodha karane ma nahI cakata jisake kAraNa kucha dezo ko krAti kA mAga grahaNa karanA pdd'aa| prAya sabhI dharmoM ma jagata ke sraSTA ke rUpa ma Izvara ke astitva aura mokSa prApti ke sAdhano kA vidhAna hai / prAcIna brAhmaNa dhama ma punaja ma kamavAda yajJa kamakADa aura vaNa yavasthA Adi kA kAphI mahattva hai / parantu I pU chaThI zatAbdI taka Ate-Ata vaNa yavasthA sAmAjika asamAnatA kA kamakADa eva yajJa hiMsA aura anAvazyaka dhAmika kRtyo kA aura IzvaravAda eka bAhyazakti para nibharatA kA dyotaka bana cakA thA / ina paristhitiyo ma janaghama aura bauddhadhama ne prAcIna dhArmika mukhyadhArA se bahuta sI bAto ma apanI alaga pahacAna banAkara naya mAgadazana kI AvazyakatA para jora diyA / vibhinnatAo ke bAvajada dono ma dukha kI sava yApakatA usakA kAraNa usake nirodha kA mAga aura jIvana kA parama uddezya ~mokSa athavA nirvANa-ese viSayoM para pratipAdita unake siddhAto ma kAphI samAnatA hai / jAti-pAti IzvaravAda yAjJikI hiMsA aura kamakA kA virodha tathA Antarika zuddhi eva sadAcAra para jora dhArmika kSetra meM vastuta krAntikArI vicAra tha / sAmAjika asamAnatA para prahAra aura anIzvara vAdI darzana ke AdhAra para manuSya kA apane bhAgya kA svaya vidhAtA kA siddhAta

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400 canautIpUrNa vicAra the / yadyapi kAlAntara meM bauddhadhama isa deza se lapta ho gayA aura janama bhI kucha kSatro taka sakucita raha gayA unake siddhAta nissadeha sArvakAlika mahattva ke haiN| satya ahiMsA aparigraha sadAcAra aura samAnatA kI bhAvanA kI prAsaMgikatA asadigdha ha / DaoN mahadranAtha siMha dvArA likhita pustaka bauddha tathA janadharma dono kA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ha / kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI ki ina dharmoM kA adhyayana aneka vidvAno ne kiyA hai aura ina para eka vizAla sAhitya upaladha hai / parantu lekhaka mukhyata apane ko dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra para keMdrita kara dono dharmoM ke mala siddhAnto kA gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA hai / ina gratho se paryApta uddharaNa dekara aura anya srota sAmagrI kA yathocita upayoga kara DA siMha na pustaka ko vizvasanIya aura upayogI banAyA hai| dono dharmoM ke dArzanika siddhA to oo unakI AcAra sahitAo kI vivecanA baDa hI santulita DhaMga se kI gayI hai / prAya sabhI adhyAyo ma unako samAnatAo aura asamAnatAo ko darzAyA gayA hai / kama ghama arhata nirvANa pApa-puNya bhAvanA yA anuprakSA Adi viSayoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA ha / hama AzA hai ki yaha pustaka bhAratIya dharmoM ke adhyayana meM vizeSa ruci lenevAle aura sAmA ya pAThaka dono ke lie payogI hogI / vArANasI 2 agasta 1989 - hIrAlAla siMha bhatapUrva prophasara eva adhyakSa itihAsa vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya

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bauddha tathA jainadharma bhAratIya cintana aura sadAcAra ke itihAsa ma bauddha aura jana paramparAoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| hindU jovana kI rUDhiyo aura vizvAso kA pratyAkhyAna karate hue baddha ke vicAra svatatra dharma ke rUpa ma sthApita hue| unakI uktiyAM zanai zanai isa taraha vikasita hui ki baddha ke anuyAyiyo ne na kevala apane sabo aura vihAro kA vikAsa kiyA balki nizcita prakAra kI dAzanikatA tkazAstra tathA AcArazAstra kA bhI pUrI taraha vikAsa kiyA / bauddhadharma dazana sAdhanA aura AcAra tIno kSatroM meM itanA prabhAvazAlI huA ki ASo duniyA para usakA sAmrAjya chA gyaa| isake sAtha hI eka jana bhASA bhI isa dhama kI bhASA ke rUpa ma vikasita huii| brAhmaNa dhama-vyavasthA ke pAsa yadi vadika aura saskRta jamI do bhASAya thI aura veda smRti tathA upaniSada jase zAstra the to bauddho ke pAsa pAli jamI bhASA thI piTaka tha nikAya the aura dhammapada thaa| brAhmaNa dhama-vyavasthA ke pAsa RSi muni Azrama kuTI madira tapasvI sAdha aura yogI tha to zramaNa ghama vyavasthA ke pAsa maTha vihAra ArAma ( bagIce) bhikSa tAtrika aura camatkArI dhama pracAraka the| bhASA dazana eva sagaThana tIno ke kAraNa bauddhadhama brAhmaNaghama ko niSprabha karana ma saphala rahA / ThIka isI taraha jaina dhama kA udbhava eka aise vicAraka tapasvI kI cintA se huA thA jo brAhmaNadhama kI rUDhiyo se prasanna nahI thA / brAhmaNa zAstro kI vyarthatA bhagavAn mAbora ke mastiSka ma thI / jitendriya mahAvIra ne jisa cintana kA sUtrapAta kiyA thA use darzana takazAstra aura sAdhaka munima hala kA sahayoga milA / mandira mati zAstra aura muniyo ke sAtha jainadhama ke pAsa bauddho kI taraha eka nijI abhivyakti kI bhASA bhI thii| isa bhASA ko jana prAkRta kahA jAtA hai / isIlie janavama ke anuyAyiyoM ne bhI brAhmaNa vyavasthA kA pUrI taraha se uttara diyA aura use niSprabha banAyA / bauddhadhama ko rAjazakti kA samathana milA usI taraha janavama ko bhI rAjAo tathA zreSThiyo kA samathana milaa| isa taraha bauddha tathA jaina dono dhama-vyavasthAya brAhmaNa yavasthA ke samAnAntara khaDI hui / ina sparSI yavasthAo na apane dharmazAstro se zrImadbhagavada gItA ke samAnAntara do pustako kA pracAratatra bhI vikasita kiyA / gItA meM 18 adhyAya hai to boDayama ke dhammapada ma 26 vagga hai / isI taraha janoM kA dhamagrantha usarAdhyayanasUtra khaDA huaa| isameM bhI 36 adhyayana hai / isa taraha yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki bauddha tathA jainadhama brAhmaNa cintana kI zAkhAyeM nahIM hai balki samAnAntara dhama-vyavasthAya hai aura inakA

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vikAsa brAhmaNaghama ke virodha ma spardhA cintA se huA hai / isI spardhA ma saskata zAstra zrImadabhagavadagItA ke samAnAntara pAlizAstra ghamapada aura prAkatazAstra uttarA dhyayanasUtra kA sakalana aura pracAraNa vikasita huaa| dhammapada aura unarAdhyayanasUtra ke maha va ko bahuta alaga se dekhane ko jarUrata hai / jaba koI sagaThana cAha vaha pArmika yA sAmpradAyika ho apane pUre bala ke sAtha khaDA hotA ha to usake pAsa eka nizcita janabhASA kA AdhAra honA cAhie / sAdha aura kAyakartA honA cAhie / sabhAkakSa maTha mandira vihAra bagIca madira aura devaghara bhI hona cAhie / isake sAtha hI usake pAsa pracalita dhamapustikA bhI honI cAhie / savagrAsI aura savavyApI brAhmaNaSama ke samAnAntara yadi bauddha aura jana dharmoM na apanI pahacAna banAyI to vaha isI sAmajasya zakti ke kAraNa bnii| ya dono dhama-vyavasthAya bhI dubala hui jaba inhona janabhASA sAdha tApasa bala Azrama aura maTha tathA apanA nizcita AcAra choDa diyaa| bAda ma anaka bauddha grantha saskata ma likhe jAne lge| isI taraha paravartI jaina-sAhi yo ko bhASA saskata ho jAtI h| saskata kA stra grahaNa karanA bauddha aura jainoM kI pahalI parAjaya hai / inakI dUsarI parAjaya taba hotI ha jaba inake sAtha aura tapasvI Azramo vihAro tathA ArAmo ma sthAyI rUpa se Thaharana lagate haiM calanA choDa deta hai / guphAmo ma rukakara citra banAne lagate haiM aura maTho ma baiThakara matiyAM aura devanA gaDhana lagate haiN| ajantA aura elorA ke aitihAsika avazeSa yaha spaSTa saketa karata ha ki bhikSacaryA ma calanA mAMganA ghamanA kramaza kama huA aura bhikSa sAva kalAjIvI sAdhaka banana laga / bauddhadharma ke sAdhanA pratho se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhikSa gupta sthAno ma nivAsa karane lage aura kramaza tatra vajra kIla matra aura atata abhicAra yabhicAra se bauddho kA sambadha baDhatA calA gayA / jano ke sAtha bhI esA hI kucha huA aura dhIre dhIre brAhmaNa ghama-vyavasthA na bauddha dhama vyavasthA se laDakara zayavAda ko advatavAda ke rUpa ma badalakara yathAvasara zastra se aura makhyata ghaNA pracAra se bauddhadharma ko vasta kara diyA / mujha tA yaha bhI lagatA ha ki ghaNA baDha jAna ke bAda buddha mUttiyo ko toDane aura zramaNo ko nRzasa Dhaga se mArane kI paramparA purohita ghama yavasthA kA eka nizcita kAraka bana gayI thii| buddha ko toDana kI jo paramparA zarU huI use hI turko ne bhI mAga bddhaayaa| turko ne buta ke bahAne buddha ko hI toddaa| yaha eka pUrNa niyojita kAya krama thA jise purohita dhama ke sabAlaka calA rahe the| buddha aura bata eka hI zabda ka do rUpa hai / isalie ina sArI TaTI huI matiyo vasta jamIdoja Azramo vihAro aura buddha-tIrthoM ke lie turkoM ko hI nahI brAhmaNoM ko bhI smaraNa kiyA jAnA cAhie / anaka sthAno para jana-mattiyo ko toDakara jo hindU mattiyAM sthApita kI

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payI hai unake pIche chipI jaina-bAhmaNa-saghaSa ko koI banakahI kahAnI sAmane lAyI vA sakatI hai| dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA adhyayana gItA se sambaddha karake kiyA jAnA caahie| kyoki ye tInoM pustaka tIna Sama vyavasthAo-bauTa jaina aura brAhmaNa Sama kA mukha bhASa hai| tIno kI apanI ekajAtIya saskati hai / sAtha hI tInoM ke pIche nijI bhASika mithaka aura babhivyakti uccaraNa hai / tIno ke pIche socatI-bolatI rahanevAlI tIna paraspara savAdI dhama-jAtiyAM bhI hai| tIno kA rakta eka hai lekina tIno ko eka-dUsare kI cunautI rakta pipAsA kI sImA saka uttajita karatI hai| bhASA kA TakarAva rIti rivAjo kA TakarAva eka dUsare kA eka dUsare meM samA jAnA eka dUsare se alaga honA phira ekAkAra ho jAnA mila julakara jAti-caritra se sambandhita aneka rahasya sameTe hue hai| isIlie gItA dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA adhyayana tulanAtmaka aura vyatirekI sadI ma khAsa mahatva rakhatA hai| mujhe yaha dekhakara sukhada Azcaya huA hai ki pratibhAzIla uruNa anveSaka DaoN mahendranAtha siMha ne bahuta upayukta samaya para dhammapada tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA sAskatika vizleSaNa prArambha kiyA ha / DaoN siMha mukhyata itihAsa ke vidvAn hai lekina unhoMne baDI dilacaspI ke sAtha tasvamImAsA aura pArmika siddhAnta jase sUkSma prazno para bhI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| unakI adhyayana praNAlI eka zAstragata anveSaka kI hai| ve DaoN esa atakara DA vAsudevazaraNa agravAla DA ajayamitra zAstrI DaoN je ena tivArI DaoN sAgaramala jana aura DaoN sudazanalAla jaina kI paramparA ke vidvAn hai / isa paramparA ke vidvAno kI vizeSatA yaha hotI hai ki ve mukhya viSaya se sambandhita sArI sAmagrI eva sUcanAmo ko parizramapUrvaka ekatra karate haiM aura unheM eka nizcita krama me uddhRta karata hue ajJAta azrutapUrva ko sAmane kara dete hai| ge mahendranAtha siMha ne apanI guru-paramparA se kAphI kucha sIkhA hai aura unakI pustaka se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unhone na kevala pUrva adhyatAoM kA pUrA upayoga kiyA hai ki dhammapada tathA uttarA dhyayanasUtra ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha tathA jaina malapanyoM kA bhI parizramapUrvaka adhyayana kiyA hai| isa adhyayana ke niSkaSa bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| jo loga bauddha aura jaina-tatvamImAsA aura Sama siddhAnto se paricita nahIM hai ve loga DaoN siMha kI pustaka se bahuta acchA jJAna prApta kara sakate haiN| sAra-sakalana tathyo kI prastuti vyAkhyA vizleSaNa aura arthApana sabhI dRSTiyo se mahendrajI ne eka paNDita-pothI likhI hai| maiM vizvAsa karatA hai aura AzAnvita hU~ ki meM mahendra nAtha siMha mAge calakara apanI isa vidyA ko zrImadbhagavadgItA se bhI sambara kareMge aura saskata pAli aura

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15 unhoMne apane svAnabhata jJAna ko 'caturArya satyoM ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA dukha hulasamudaya dukhanirodha tathA dukhaniroSa-mAga / du lanirodha ke lie jina upAyoM ko dhammapada meM batalAyA gayA hai ve hI prAya uttarAdhyayana meM bhI haiM antara itanA hI hai ki jahA~ boddha dazana nairAtmya para jora detA hai vahA~ uttarAdhyayana upaniSadoM kI taraha AtmA ke sadbhAva para / upayakta cAra boddha satyo kI tulanA uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI jaina tattva yojanA se nimna rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai dhammapada kA dukha-tattva uttarAdhyayana ke bandhana-taba se dukha-hatu Asrava se dukha nirodha mokSa se aura dukhanirodha- mAga ( aSTADigakamAga ) savara aura nirjarA se tulamIya ho sakate haiM / - Age calakara isama zaraNa-gamana ahata tatva karma eva nirvANa kA vivecana ha | buddha dhama aura sagha kI zaraNa ko trizaraNa kahate haiM / bauddhadhama meM inako triratna mAnA gayA hai aura pratyeka bauddha ke lie inakI anusmRti Avazyaka kahI gayI hai / baddha kI anusmRti kA atha hai unake mahatva Adi guNoM kA puna puna smaraNa / dhammapada meM baddha aura unakI smRti ke Upara eka vaga hI hai| dhamma kI anusmRti ko baddha kI smRti se bhI maha vapUNa kahA gayA hai kyoki dhama ke sAkSAtkAra se hI baddha baddha bana the / dhammapada meM dhamma para bhI eka alaga se baga ha / dharma ke pracAra eva AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke abhyAsa ke lie bauddha anuyAyiyoM kA sagaThana hI sagha thaa| baddha sadha ko dhama dvArA sacAlita aura apana se bhI baDA mAnate the / sagha ke guNo kA bAra-bAra smaraNa sadhAnu smRti hai aura dhammapada meM ise bhI utanA hI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / trizaraNa kI bAta uttarAdhyayana meM to nahI hai kintu catuvidha zaraNa kA ullekha Avazyaka sUtra ma hai / saMgha ke mahatva kA ullekha nandI sUtra meM hai / bauddha aura jaina donoM ma AdhyAtmika pragati ke vibhinna staro kI kalpanA hai / sAmAnyatayA bauddhadhama meM inako kramaza strotApanna sakRdAgAmI anAgAmI eva arhata kahA jAtA thA / dhammapada meM inakA kramabaddha ullekha to nahI hai kintu mahata tatva kA varNana hai| isa grantha ke sAtaveM vagga kA nAma arahanta varNana hai / mahatva kA tAtparya sAdhaka cukA ho aura vItarAga eva naitika jIvana kA parama sAdhya vagga hai aura isakI pratyeka gAthA ma ahato kA kI usa avasthA se hai jisameM tRSNA rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA kSaya ho vaha sabhI sAMsArika moha tathA bandhanoM se Upara ho / uttarAdhyayana meM bhI arihanta jIvana kA prAya isI rUpa me vaNana hai aura use mAnA gayA hai| jaina aura bauddha dono dharmo ko kamasiddhAnta samAna rUpa se svIkAya hai / jagat ke sraSTA aura niyAmaka kisI Izvara kI kapanA asvIkAra kara donoM dhama jIva kI gati kama ke hI adhIna mAnate haiM / parantu donoM ke kucha maulika antara bhI the / bauddha karma ko kisI nitya zAzvatakartA kA vyApAra nahIM mAnate the| isI prakAra jahA~ boddha kama ko mUlata mAnasika saMskAra ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate the vahAM jaina use paudgalika

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- 16 - mAnate the / bammapada aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke adhyayana se bhI ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai / samAdhi aura prajJA ye tIna dhammapada meM yaha ukti prApta hotI hai ki mAgoM meM aSTAMgika mAga savazreSTha hai parantu sampaNa grantha ke anuzIlana se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki zIla hI duHkha vimukti ke mala sAdhana haiM tathA aSTAgika mAga isI sAdhana traya kA palabita rUpa hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mokSa ke cAra sAdhana kahe gaye haiM darzana jJAna cAritra aura tapa / jaina AcAryoM ne samyaka cAritra meM hI tapa kA antarbhAva kara paravartI sAhitya meM trividha sAnA - mArgoM kA vidhAna kiyA / jaina-dazana ma yaha ratnatraya nAma se prasiddha huA / tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke samyaka darzana aura samyaka jJAna dhammapada ke samAdhi aura prajJA skandha ke samakakSa hai / zIla skadha uttarAdhyayana ke samyaka cAritra meM saralatA se antabhata ho vastuta bauddha aura jainadhama ke AdhAra ma maulika samAnatAyeM haiM / bauddho ke vratoM se sahaja hI tulanIya hai| ahiMsA ke sambandha ma dono ma kiMcita dRSTibhada avazya thA aura tattvamImAsA ke maulika antara ke kAraNa dono kI dhyAna-paddhatiyo ma bhI asamAnatAya thI parantu dono meM sabase mahatvapUrNa bhada yaha thA ki jahA~ janadharma kAya-kleza aura kaThora tapa para bala detA thA bauddhadharma ativajanA aura madhyama mAga ke pakSa meM thA / dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayana se ina tathyo kI bhI puSTi hotI hai / dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayana dono meM puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAya prAya samAna hai| dono meM yAjJikI hiMsA tathA varNa bheda kI AlocanA hai / dono sadAcaraNa ko hI jIvana ma uccatA nItA kA pratimAna mAnate haiM aura brAhmaNa kI janmAnusArI nahI apitu karmAnusArI paribhASA prastuta karate haiM / sAtha hI dono ma Adaza bhikSu yati ke guNa prAya samAna zabdo meM varNita hai | dhammapada kA jAtA hai / zIla jaina dono grantho meM prApta citta aprabhAva kaSAya tathA tRSNA Adi manovaijJAnika tathyo kA vivecana hai / sAdhAraNa rUpa se jise jana-paramparA jIva kahatI hai bauddha loga usIke lie citta zabda kA prayoga karate hai / unake lie citta koI nitya sthAyI svatantra padAtha nahIM hai / citta kI sattA tabhI taka hai jaba taka iMdriya tathA prAhma viSayoM ke paraspara ghAta pratighAta kA astitva hai / viSayoM ke paraspara ghAta pratighAta kA anta ho jAtA hai tyoMhI zAnta ho jAtA hai / atara meM citta mana aura vijJAna ko prAya mAnA gayA hai| jaina dRSTikoNa se jisake dvArA manana kiyA jAtA hai vaha mana hai / uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra mana bhI eka prakAra kA dravya hai jisake dvArA sukha-dukha kI anubhati hotI hai| dUsara zabdo meM indriyo aura AtmA ke bIca kI kahI mana hai / dhammapada ke bisavaga meM cita jyohI indriyo tathA citta bhI samApta yA eka hI atha kA

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ke Upara vizeSa rUpa se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| mano pumbamamA pammA (mana sabhI pravRttiyoM kA aguA hai) aura phandanaM capala cittaM (citta kSaNika hai cacala hai) tathA uttarA dhyayanasUtra ke aNasamAhAraNayAeNaM egagge aNa yai ( mana kI samAdhAraNA se jIva ekAgratA ko prApta hotA hai ) tathA maNo sAhasiboM bhImo dusso pariSAvaI (mana hI sAhasika bhayakara duSTa bhava hai jo cAroM tarapha dauDatA hai ) jaise vAkya donoM grapoM meM mana ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhAMti spaSTa karate haiM / vastuta mana vyakti ke antaraga ma eka prakAra kA sAdhana hai jisake dvArA vaha bAhya sasAra ko grahaNa karatA hai| mana koI sAmAnya indriya nahIM hai paran ise cetanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA samaya kA anupayoga yA durupayoga na karanA apramAda hai| dhammapada tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM apramAda kA vizada vivecana hai| dhammapada meM pramAda ko mRtyutulya tathA apramAda ko nirvANa kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma prabhAva ko karma bAstrava aura apramAda ko akama savara kahA gayA hai| pramAda ke hone se manuSya markha aura apramAda ke hone se paNDita kahA jAtA hai| AtmA ko malina karanevAlI samasta bhAvanAyeM vAsanAya kaSAya meM gabhita haiN| krodha mAna mAyA aura lomarUpI bhAvanAya sabase adhika aniSTa va azubha hai| uttarAdhyayana ma ina cAroM ko kaSAya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai / dhammapada ma kaSAya zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM hai| pahalA jaina-paramparA ke samAna dUSita citta-vRtti ke atha ma tathA dUsarA sanyasta jIvana ke pratIka gerue vastroM ke artha ma / dhammapada meM kaSAya zabda ke antagata kauna-kauna dUSita vRttiyAM AtI hai inakA spaSTa ullekha to nahIM milatA parantu ina azama cittavRttiyo ko dUra kara sAdhaka ko inase Upara uThane kA sandeza diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM ina cAroM kA vizada varNana hai / prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saskRti eva purAtattva vibhAga udayapratApa snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI -mahendranAtha siMha

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AmAra prastuta grantha kI racanA ma aneka gurujano mitro tathA sasthAo se majhe bahaviSa mahAyatA milI ha jinake prati AbhAra nivedana karanA merA prathama kattavya hai| prantha-lekhana se prakAzana taka ma paramapUjya guruvara pro DaoN jagadIzanArAyaNa tivArI vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saskRti eva purAtattva vibhAga ( kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ) tathA pro DA sAgaramala jana nidezaka pAzvanAtha vidyAzrama zoSa-sasthAna vArANasI se praraNA sujhAva tathA protsAhana milatA rahA hai| isake lie meM ina gaveSI manISI tathA prajJAyukta yaktitvo kA ciraRNI rahU~gA / mAdaraNIya DaoN omapratApa siMha sagara pradhAnAcAya DA bazabahAdura siMha upapradhAnAcArya tathA DaoN haribaza siMha vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa udayapratApa snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI kA mujha para sadaiva sneha rahA hai jisake lie maiM apane ko bhAgyazAlI mAnatA huuN| una logo ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karanA marA kartavya hai| ____ AdaraNIya pro DA horAlAla siMha bhU pU vibhAgAdhyakSa itihAsa vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI DaoN zukadeva siMha rIDara hindI vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya pro DaoN kRSNakumAra sinahA bha pU sakAya pramukha kalA saMkAya kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya DA sudazanalAla jana rIDara saskRta vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya tathA bhikSa DI revata sayukta mantrI mahAbodhi sosAiTI oNpha iNDiyA ghamapAla roDa sAranAtha vArANasI ne samaya-samaya para aneka samasyAo ke nidAna tathA kAya ma gati banAya rakhane kI praraNA dI hai| pustaka ke lie zubhAzasA pradAna kara una logo ne muza anugRhIta kiyA hai / ma una logo ke prati bhI katajJa huuN| prastuta pratha ke prakAzana meM protsAhana eva parAmaza denevAle pro DaoN govida cadra pANDaya DaoN ghamacadra jana pro meM kRSNadatta vAjapeyI Taigora prophesara eva bhU pa vibhAgAdhyakSa harisiMha gauDa vizvavidyAlaya sAgara (ma pra ) pro DA lakSmI kAnta tripAThI pro DaoN mAhazvarIprasAda tathA pro DA puruSosama siMha prA bhA iti sa eva purAtattva vibhAga kA hi vi vi vArANasI kA nAmo lekha karanA bAvazyaka hai / lekhaka ina vidvajjanoM kA sadaiva AbhArI rhegaa|

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mahatvapaNa binduoM para sujhAva eva dizA nirdezana denevAle pro DaoN kamalacanda sogAnI vibhAgAdhyakSa dazana sukhADiyA vizvavidyAlaya udayapura ( rAjasthAna) prophesara DaoN TI jI kalapaTagI vibhAgAdhyakSa jana-dazana madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya pro DaoN jayaprakAza siMha vibhAgAdhyakSa itihAsa vibhAga nAtha IsTana hila yunivarsiTI zilAMga pro meM lallanajI gopAla DaoN pI sI panta prA bhA iti sa eva purAtatva vibhAga kA hi vi vi vArANasI DaoN mahedrapratApa siMha vibhAgA dhyakSa itihAsa kAzI vidyApITha vArANasI kA ma vizeSa AbhArI huuN| isI sandarbha meM utsAhavadhana karanavAle preraNA ke srota DaoN jayarAma siMha itihAsa vibhAga rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya candaulI vArANasI DaoN DI esa rAvata bhagola vibhAga udayapratApa kaoNleja vArANasI DA jhinaka yAdava eva zrI baccana siMha ke prati AbhAra nivedana karatA huuN| ma una sabhI vidvAno ke prati hArdika AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ jinakI kRtiyA~ atha ke praNayana meM sahAyaka rahI hai| pratha ke mUla bhAga yA pAda TippaNiyo ma inake yathAsthAna sasammAna u lekha haiM tathA sahAyaka grantha sUcI meM tatsambandhI parNa praviSTiyAM haiN| parantu prAkkathana ke isa payavAda jJApana ke prasaga ma bhI maiM kucha vidvAno kA vizeSa ulekha karanA cAhatA hU~ jinakI kRtiyo se mujha pratha kI racanA meM sthAna-sthAna para sahAyatA milI hai yathA-DA sAgaramala jaina jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 eva 2 DA sudazanalAla jaina uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana DaoN govindacandra pADaya bauddhadhama ke vikAsa kA itihAsa DaoN bharatasiMha upAdhyAya bauddha-darzana aura anya bhAratIya dazana bhAga 1 eva bhAga 2 pa baladeva upAdhyAya bauddha dazana mImAsA aura bhAratIya dazana / pustakIya sahAyatA ke lie ke drIya granthAlaya kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI vizvanAtha pustakAlaya goyanakA mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI pAzvanAtha zoSa sasthAna granthAlaya vArANasI mahAboSi granthAlaya sAranAtha vArANasI tathA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti eva purAtatva vibhAga ke vibhAgIya pranthAlaya se prApta sahayoga ke lie maiM ina sasthAyo kA AbhArI huuN| anya ke prakAzana ke nimitta bhAratIya itihAsa anusadhAna pariSad naI dilI ne anudAna hetu svIkRti pradAna kI isake lie maiM sasthA ke prati vizeSa AbhArI huuN| apane mitra zrI panajaya siha zoSa-chAtra bhUgola-vibhAga kA hi vi vi vArANasI se pratyakSa athavA parokSa rUpa ma jo sahayoga prApta huA hai usake lie AbhAra pradathita karanA maiM apanA katanya samajhatA huuN|

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pUjanIya mAtA pitA tathA sabhI agrajoM ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karanA Avazyaka kartavya samajhatA hU~ jinake AzIrvAda aura kRpA ke kAraNa hI yaha grantha pUrNa ho sakA / anta meM vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana ke prakAzaka zrI puruSottamadAsa modI ke prati AbhAra pradarzita karatA hai kyoMki inakI tatparatA tathA lagana ke kAraNa hI yaha kAya samaya se pUrNa ho sakA hai isI sandama meM maiM zIlA priNTasa ke prabandhaka ke prati bhI AbhAra nivedana karatA hU~ / / 1989 - mahe vranAtha siMha

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anukramaNikA 1-33 8 -131 adhyAya 1 bhamikA 2 dhammapada meM pratipAdita tattvamImAsA kA uttarAdhyayana meM pratipAdita tavamImAsA se sAmya-vaiSamya 3 dhammapada ke pArmika siddhAnta aura uttarAdhyayana meM pratipAdita dhArmika siddhAnto se tulanA 4 pammapada ma pratipAdita bauddha AcAra aura usakI uttarA ___dhyayana ma pratipAdita jana-AcAra mImAsA se tulanA 5 dhammapada ma pratipAdita manovaijJAnika dhAraNAe aura unakI uttarAdhyayana meM pratipAdita manovijJAna se tulanA 6 dhammapada ma pratipAdita sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI tathA usakA uttarAdhyayana ma pratipAdita sAmAjika evaM sAskRtika sAmagrI se samAnatA aura vibhinnatA atha sUcI 132-186 187-217 218-249 25 -26

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bauddha tathA jainadharma dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayana ke pariprekSya meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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madhyAya 1 bhUmikA bauddhadharma kA sAmAnya paricaya bhAratIya dharmo ke itihAsa meM bauddhadhama kA sthAna advitIya hai / isakA jJAna bauddhadhama kI utpatti aura vikAsa ke sAmAnya adhyayana se hotA hai| chaThI zatAbdI I pU na kevala bhAratavarSa apitu vizva ke anya aneka dezoM ke lie dhArmika Ando na kA thA thA / yaha na kevala dhArmika eva AdhyAtmika cintana kI dRSTi se apitu sAmAjika eva sAskRtika dRSTiyoM se bhI krAntikArI yuga thA / isa avadhi meM vizva ke aneka dezoM meM mahAn samAja-sudhArakoM kA prAdurbhAva huA / bhagavAn buddha unameM eka the| inakA janma chaThI zatAbdI I pU ke madhya meM sAmAnya dhAraNA ke anusAra hunA thA / unake bacapana kA nAma siddhArtha tathA gotra-nAma gotama thA / buddha ke pitA kA nAma zuddhodana tathA mAtA kA nAma mAyA yA mahAmAyA thA jo koliyavaza kI rAja kumArI thI / mahAprajApati gautamI ko buddha kI mausI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / gautama buddha ke prArambhika jIvana ko aneka vividha ghaTanAoM se hamArA prayojana nahI hai | vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAcIna srotoM meM unake prArambhika jIvana ke viSaya ma prAmANika sUcanAyeM atyalpa hai / 16 varSa kI avasthA meM gautama kA vivAha yazodharA 1 pANDaya govindacandra sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa oNpha buddhijma pa 31 nArAyaNa e ke do baikagrAuNDa Ta dI rAija oNpha buddhijma 1 14 aura Age bArDara e ke iNDiyana buddhi ma pa 28 / 2 vahI bauddhadhama ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pR 19 meM gautama buddha ke janma nirvANa Adi kI nizcita tithiyoM ke sambandha meM kiMcita vivAda hai / 3 suttanipAta 37 3 / 1 / 18 19 / 4 mahAvamma vinayasutta 3 / 1 / 18-2 5 dIghanikAya hindI anuvAda suta sa 6 vinayapiTaka kullavagga pR 374 / 86 / 211 1 19 /

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nirvANa bobaSama kA parama lakSya hai vahA~ samasta karyAlayoM kA bhaya ho jAtA hai| vaha sthiti batIndriya evaM parama sakhakArI hai| bhagavAna buddha ne abhisamboSita kAla meM sasakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA thaa| pammapada meM aneka sthaloM para nirvANa kA ullekha AyA hai yahAM para nirmANa ko sabase bar3A sukha kahA gayA hai| nirvANa ko prAya nitya satya dhruva zAnta sukha amRtapada paramArtha ityAdi kahA gayA hai|' tRSNA bhaya ko hI nirvANa kahA jAtA hai / nirvANa isI banma meM prAta hotA hai| isIko sopASizeSa nirvANa kahate hai / isako prAsa karane ke lie sApaka ko loga IyA moha mAna dRSTi vicikitsA satyAna bauddhatya mahI tathA anusApa ina dasa klezoM kA nAza karanA paDatA hai / isakI prAti ke cAra sopAna hai-srotApatti sakRdAgAmi anAgAmi aura ahat / nirvANa kI prApti saskAroM ke pUrNa zamana se hotI hai| vaha eka aisA Ayatana hai jahAM pRthvI jala teja vAyu AkAza akincanya loka paraloka candra sUya cyuti sthiti ASAra Adi nahI hai| bakalane bhI baukhoM ke nirvANa ko paribhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne eka sthAna para rUpa vedanA sajJA saskAra aura vijJAna ina pAMca skandho ke niroSa ko mokSa kahA hai / catutha satya mAga saya thaa| apanI rUTha paribhASA meM yaha aSTAMgika mArga' ke rUpa meM varNita hai| bhagavAna dvArA upadiSTa madhyama mArga yahI Aya bAMgika mArya hai| isama ATha aga haiM yathA-samyaka dRSTi samyaka sakalpa samyaka vApha sampaka kama samyaka AjIba samyaka vyAyAma ( beSTA yA prayatna) samyaka smRti evaM samyaka samAdhi / isameM samyaka dRSTi prathama hI nahIM apitu pramukha bhI hai| ise prajJA bhI kahate haiM / samyaka kA tAtpaya santulita se hai / santulita dRSTi hI samyaka dRSTi hai| santulita se tAtparya hai dono anto kI bora na jAkara bIca meM rahanA arthAt bAcAra kI dRSTi se aura dArzanika dRSTi se bhI pUrNa santulita rahanA / isI bArya aSTAMgika mAga meM 1 majjhimanikAya 22335 / 2 pammapada gAthA sa 2 32 4 / 3 bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pa 93 / 4 suttanipAta pArAyaNavaNa / 5 vIpanikAya tRtIya bhAga pR 182 / 6 udAna pATaligabaga / 7 nyAyAcAya mahendrakumAra tatvApa bAvika (bAlaka) 11118 tathA DoM rAdhAkRSNana iNDiyana philAsaphI billa 15 418 // 8 Sammapada nApAsa 273 /

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sIla samAdhi caura prajJA jo baukhadharma ke tIna stambha hai antarbhata ho jAte haiN| prArambha ke do aba prajJA usake bAda ke tIna aga zIla tathA antima tIna samAdhi hai| dIghanikAya ke sUtroM meM zIloM kI lambI sUciyA~ prAsa hotI haiN| viziSTa prayojana se zIloM kI choTI-baDI sUciyAM bhI banAyI gayI thI jaise upAsako ke pAra pAbATha zIla saMdha meM naye praviSTa hue vyakti ke dasa zIla yA dasa zikSApada ityAdi / zIla prAya ve hI hai jo aSTAgika mAga meM samyaka vAka se lekara samyaka bAjIva taka ullikhita hai / prajJA se prabhAvita zIla hI vAstavika zIla hai| zIla se samAdhi aura samAdhi se prajJA kA utpAda hotA ha / isa taraha eka cakra bana jAtA hai jo jIvana ko parizuddha sArthaka eva pUNa banAtA hai| sakSapa ma baddha ke mAga ma bAhya AcaraNa kI zuddhi aura mAnasika abhyAsa donoM para bala thA / AcaraNa-zuddhi ko atyanta Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai parantu mAnasika abhyAsa yA dhyAna ko kiMcita U~cI koTi ma rakhA gayA hai kyoki isIse jJAna kI prApti sambhava hotI hai| isI prakAra bAra-bAra AmanibharatA aura satya ke svaya sAkSAtkAra para bala diyA gayA hai| jainadharma kA sAmAnya paricaya jainadhama kI utpatti eva vikAsa kA itihAsa isa dhama ke pracArako ke itihAsa ke sAtha sambaddha hai| isa dharma ke pracArako ko tIthakara kahA gayA hai| yahAM tIthakara kA sAmAnya atha sasAra-sAgara ko pAra karanavAle mAga kI zikSA denavAlA hai / isI prakAra jaina zada kI utpatti jina arthAta tretA yA vijaya karanavAle se huI hai arthAt vaha vyakti jisane apanI idriyo para vijaya prApta kara lI ho / jana dharma ke pracArako ne svaya samyaka jJAna samyaka darzana eva samyaka caritra dvArA indriyoM para vijaya prApta karate hue tapasyA kA AcaraNa kara kevala jJAna prApta kiyaa| isI kAraNa unheM jina aura savaza kahA gayA / unhoMne prathama indriyo para vijaya prApta kI tatpazcAt kevala jJAna prApta kiyA aura jina dvArA prazikSita bama ko janadhama kahA gayA hai| 1 pANDaya govindabadra sTaDIja ina di orijinsa Apha baddhijma 1 514 dIghanikAya sAmannaphalasutta tathA thAmasa i je hisTrI oNpha baddhisTa thATa pR 44 / 2 vISanikAya brhmjaalsut| 3 suttanipAta dhmmiksutt| 4 bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa 1 142 / 5 zAstrI kailAza jainadharma 1 65 /

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bhUmikA : 9 jaina- anumati ke anusAra isa bharata kSetra meM aba kamayuga hai usake pUrva bhogabuga thaa| bhogayuga kI avasthA meM mAnava svarNima Ananda prApta karatA thA / manuSya kI sArI AvazyakatAe kalpavRkSa se pUrI huA karatI thIM / parantu yaha naisargika sukha adhika dinoM taka na raha sakA janasaMkhyA bar3hI tathA manuSya kI AvazyakatAe nitya nayA rUpa dhAraNa karane lagIM / phalata bhogayuga kamayuga meM badala gayA / isI samaya caudaha kulakara yA manu utpanna hue| ye kulakara isalie kahalAte the ki inhoMne kula kI prathA calAyo tathA kula ke upayogI AcAra rIti rivAja sAmAjika vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyA / caudaha kulakaroM meM zrI nAbhirAya antima kulakara hue / inake putra RSabhadeva the jo jainadharma ke Adi pravataka hue| inhoMse jainadhama kI paramparA kA prArambha hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko jaina granthoM ke anusAra jina yA tIthakara mAnA jAtA hai / sampUrNa jainadhama tathA dazana aise hI caubIsa tothakaroM kI vANI yA upadeza kA sakalana hai / ina caubIsa tIthakaroM meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva Adya tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra antima tIthakara mAne jAte haiM / inake atirikta aura bhI 22 tIthakara hue- ajitanAtha sambhavanAtha abhinandananAtha sumatinAtha padmaprabha supAzvanAtha candraprabha suvidhinAtha zItalanAtha zreyAMsanAtha vAsupUjya vimalanAtha anantanAtha dharmanAtha zAntinAtha kuthunAtha aranAtha mallinAtha muni suvrata naminAtha ariSTanemi aura pArzvanAtha / antima tIthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma 599 I pa ke AsapAsa videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke kuNDanapura grAma meM huA thA jo Adhanika mujaphpharapura jile kA vasukuNDa hai / unake pitA siddhAtha eka kSatriya kula ke pramakha the aura mAtA trizalA videha ke rAjA kI bahana thI / jainAgama eva purANa anyoM ke ullekhoM se patA calatA hai ki vaghamAna kA prArambhika jIvana vaibhava se paripUrNa thaa| unheM rAjakumArocita mabhI vidyAo kI zikSA dI gayI / zikSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAta digambara-paramparAnusAra ve tIsa varSa kI avasthA taka avivAhita ho rahe aura tatpazcAt pravrajyA grahaNa kii| lekina isake viparIta zvetAmbara - paramparA ke anusAra zikSA prApti ke pazcAt yuvA hona para vaSamAna kA vivAha yazodA nAmaka eka rAjakumArI se huA jisase eka putrI bhI utpanna huI thii| usa putrI kA vivAha jAmAli nAmaka eka kSatriya yuvaka se huA thA jo kAlAntara meM mahAvIra kA ziSya bhI bana gayA thA / baddha ke viparIta mahAbIra apane 1 jaina hIrAlAla bhAratIya saskRti ma jainadharma kA yogadAna pa1 / 2 jaina jagadIzacandra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pu 1 / 3 harivaMzapurANa 66 / 8 / 4 bhAratIya saskRti me jainadhama kA yogadAna pa 24 /

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1 tathA naparma mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu taka unhIMke ghara meM rahe aura bAda meM jaba vaha tIsa varSa ke ho gaye taba unhoMne AdhyAtmika jIvana ma praveza kiyA / mikSa bana jAne ke pazcAta jAnapipAsu varSamAna tapasyA me lIna ho gye| vibhinna vighna-bAdhAoM ko sahana karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra lagabhaga bAraha vaSa taka kaThina tapasyA karate rhe| tarahava vaSa vaizAkha zukla dazamI ke dina jambhika grAma ke bAhara RjukalA nadI ke uttara taTa para eka zAlavRkSa ke nIce unheM pUrNa jJAna prApta ho gayA arthAta jaisA ki kahA jAtA hai vaha kevalI ho gye| isa sAdhanA ke phala svarUpa vaha tIthakara bane aura apane jIvana kA zeSAza unhoMne pama ke pracAra aura apane munisaMgha ko sagaThita karana meM bitaayaa| jainadhama ke dono sampradAyo (zvetAmbara eva digambara ) kI paramparA se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa 527 I pU ke AsapAsa lagabhaga 72 vaSa kI Ayu ma pAvApurI ma humA thA jo paTanA jile meM bihArazarIpha ke samIpa lagabhaga sAta mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| ___ bauddhadharma ke viparIta jainadharma kA prabhAva bhArata ke andara hI sImita rahA aura bhArata ke andara bhI isakA prabhAva apane jama ke pradeza ke adara apekSAkRta kama tathA usake bAhara vizaSata pazcima aura dakSiNa ma adhika rhaa| mahAmA baddha ko bhAMti bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhI apane dharma ke pracAra prasAra ke lie banaka rAjavazo kA sahayoga milA / licchavi-nareza ceTaka svaya mahAvIra kA zi ya thaa| jJAtAdhamakathA tathA anuttaropapAsika dazAga Adi Agama grantho se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki bimbisAra kA putra ajAtazatru pampAnareza dadhivAhana tathA usakI patrI cadanA Adi sabhI mahAvIra ke mAga ke anuyAyI bane / mahAvIra ne apane anuyAyiyo ko cAra bhAgoM ma vibhAjita kiyA thA-muni AryikA dhAvaka aura zrAvikA / muni bora AryikA ghara-gRhasthI kA tyAgakara sabase dUra rahanavAle zramaNa eva zramaNI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita 5 tathA antima do baga zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ke nAma se jAne jAte the jo ghara-gRhasthI meM rahakara jainaSama kA AcaraNa karate the| yahI unakA caturvidha jaina sagha thaa| 1 hiriyannA ema bhAratIya dazana kI rUparekhA pa 157 / 2 pAya rAmabI prAcIna bhAratIya kAlagaNanA eva pAramparika savatsara pa 2122 / 3 jJAtAdhamakayA adhyAya 1 / 4 anuttaropapAtikadazA tRtIya varga sUkka 4 /

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mainaparva ke siddhAnta janavama kA siddhAnta bhI bauDadharma kI taraha eka prAkRta bhASA adhamAgadhI meM likSita hai aura paramparA ke anusAra isakA sampAdana pAMcavIM zatAbdI IsavI ke anta yA chaThI zatAmdI ke bArambha ke AsapAsa balamI meM devarSi kI adhyakSatA meM humA / isa apekSAkRta bAda kI tithi ko dekhate hue kucha loga isa caina-sivAnta ke mUka upadeza ke anusAra hone meM sandeha karate haiN| lekina sacAI yaha pratIta hotI hai ki devarSi ne una granthoM ko vyavasthita mAtra kiyA jo pahale se astitva meM the aura tIsarI zatAbdI I 5 se cale A rahe the| isa tithi se pahale bhI kucha jaina-anka the jinheM parva kahA jAtA hai lekina bAda meM be lama ho gaye tathA inakA sthAna naye anya agoM ne le liyaa| isa prakAra jaina-siddhAnta ke vartamAna rUpa kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha karane kA koI kAraNa nahI hai hAlAMki isakA yaha matalaba nahIM hai ki isameM yadA-kadA koI parivartana-parivadhana nahI hue / jainadhama Izvara kI sRSTi ma vizvAsa nahIM karatA / isa bama ke anusAra manuSya svaya apane bhAgya kA viSAtA hotA hai| sAsArika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana meM manuSya apane pratyeka kama ke lie uttaradAyI hai| usake sAre sukha-dukha kama ke hI kAraNa hai| sasAra meM jIva jina karmoM se badhakara ghUmatA rahatA hai uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma unakI sakhyA ATha batalAyI gayI hai / isa sasAra meM jitane bhI jIva hai sabhI apane apana karmoM ke dvArA sasAra bhramaNa karate hue vibhinna yoniyoM meM jAte haiN| kie hue karmoM kA phala bhoge binA jIva ko mukti nahIM miltii| asa mokSa kI prApti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki manuSya apane pUrvajanma ke kama-phala kA nAza kare aura isa janma ma kisI prakAra ke kamabhASa se gRhIta na ho| syAdvAra jainadharma-dazana kA pradhAna siddhAnta hai| syAt zabda asa pAtu ke vidhiliGa ke rUpa kA tiGanta pada jaisA pratIta hotA hai| lekina yaha zabda avyaya hai ko kathaMcit athavA amuka dRSTi kA pratIka hai| isa prakAra svAhAda kA barSa sApekSavAva apekSAvAda bora kavitvAva ha jo minna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM se vastu ke tatva kA nirIkSaNa karatA hai| jaina-pAna meM syAvAda ko bhanekAntavAda bhI kahate hai kyoMki syAvAda se 1 samavAyAgasutta sUtra 6 / 2 sTIvensana esa haTa maoNpha jainijma pR 16 / 3 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 33 // 23 // 4 jainI je bhAuTa lAinsa baoNpha jainijma pR 13914 / 5 mehatA mohanalAla jainadharma-vazana 1 358 //

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12 bora tathA janavama jisa padAtha kA kathana hotA hai vaha anekAntAtmaka hai / anekA tAtmaka artha kA kathana hI banekAntavAda hai / ata avyaya syAta anekAta kA dyotaka hai| isalie syAvAda ko anekAntavAda kahA gayA hai| devedra mani zAstrI Adi jaina vidvAno ke anusAra vAstavika satya kI khoja karana ma anakAntavAda sahAyaka hotA hai| anekAnta daSTi se pratyeka vastu nitya eva anitya donoM hai / tattvAthasUtra ke anusAra pratyeka sat padAtha utpAda vyaya eva dhrauvyAtmaka hai| syAvAda ke anusAra sata kabhI nAza aura asata kI kabhI utpatti nahI hotii| sUtrakRtAga ke anusAra vastutatva ko jIva eva zarIra ke rUpa ma mAnA gayA hai| pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka ha / una ananta dharmoM kI yathAkrama sagati baiThAne ke lie vidhi eva niSadha Adi kI bhAvanA se sAta prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ise hI sasabhagInaya kahata haiN| ye sAta prakAra ke haisyAta asti syAta nAsti syAta asti nAsti syAta avaktavya syAta asti bhavaktavya syAt nAsti-avaktavya syAt asti-nAsti ca avaktavya / yahA~ jaino ke anusAra ina sAta prakAra kI avasthAmo ma dravya kSatra kAla tathA bhAva Adi cAra svarUpo ko lekara vibhinna avasthAo ko sambhAvanA kI gayI hai jisake dvArA vastu tatva kI sahI jAnakArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| ___jano na vizva ke prAkRtika tathA aprAkRtika svarUpo kA vicAra kara sAta prakAra ke mala tatvo kA patA lagAyA / ye tatva jIva ajIva Asrava bagha savara nijarA aura mokSa hai puNya pApa ko bhI inama joDakara uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma inakI sakhyA 9 batalAyI gayI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatva-jAna ko zikSA ma batAyA hai ki jIva aura ajIva arthAta cetana aura jar3a ye do mala tattva hai jo paraspara sambaddha hai| cetana kI mana vacana kAyA se sambadhita kriyAo dvArA isa jaDa eva cetana 1 maliSaNa syAvAda majarI pU 6 / 2 zAstrI devendramani dharma aura dazana pa 14 / 3 tattvAtha sUtra 5 / 4 bhAratIya dazana kI rUparekhA pR 164-166 / 5 sUtrakRtAga 1 / 1 / 17 / 6 syAdAda majarI 23 / 7 mizra lameza bhAratIya dazana pa 131 / 8 tatvAthasUtra 1 / 4 / 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28 / 1 / /

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sambandha kI paramparA pracalita hai| ise hI karmabandha kahA gayA hai| niyama evaM pratAvaraNa ke pAlana dvArA isa kamabandha kI paramparA ko kyA sayama evaM rUpa dvArA purAne karmabandha ko rokA jA sakatA hai aura jaDa tatva se sarvathA mukta jIva apane ananta mAna eva dazanAtmaka svarUpa ko prAsa kara letA hai| isa prakAra kI kriyA dvArA janma maraNa kI paramparA kA viccheda karake mokSa apavA nirvANa prAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainaSama meM mAnava-jIvana kA yahI paramasatya batAyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane ghama kA malAdhAra ahiMsA mAnA hai aura ahiMsA ke hI vistAra ma unhoMne pacamahAvato ko sthApita kiyaa| ye pAMca vrata hai-ahiMsA amRSA ( saya) acIya amaithana (brahmacaya ) eva aparigraha / ina pAMca bato ko muniyo dvArA pUrNata pAlana kiye jAne para mahAvata aura gRhasthoM dvArA sthala pase pAlana kiye jAne para mahAvrata aura gRhasyo dvArA sthala rUpa se pAlana kiye jAne para aNavata nAma diyA gyaa| jaina-prantho se jJAta hotA hai ki pAzvanAtha ne cAturyAmadhama aura mahAvIra na pAMca mahAvratoM kA upadeza diyaa| pArzvanAtha bAdi madhya ke 22 tIrthakara bhikSuo ke lie cAra hI vrato ko Avazyaka mAnate the parantu mahAvIra ne pAMcaveM brahmacayakta ko bhI Avazyaka batalAyA / dasarA matabheda bhikSoM ke lie vastra dhAraNa karane para thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne acetanatva para bala diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra samatA ke pakSapAtI the| ata unhoMne jAti eva vaNa meM vizvAsa nahI kiyA / unhona spaSTa rUpa se brAhmaNoM ke yajJa-yAgAdi kA virodha karate hue kahA hai ki he brAhmaNo! agni kA prArambha kara aura jala majana kara bAhmazuddhi ke dvArA anta zuddhi kyoM karate ho ? jo mAga kevala bAhmazuddhi kA hai use kuzala puruSoM ne iSTa nahI batalAyA ha / kuzA yapa tRNa kASTha aura agni tathA prAtA aura sAyaMkAla jala kA spaza kara prANI aura bhato kA vinAza kara he mandabuddhi puruSa tuma kevala pApa kA hI upAjana karate ho| isa prakAra bAhyazuddhi eva karmakANDa ko nirathaka batalAkara uhone zaddha AcaraNa kI pratiSThA para bala diyA / uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki Sama merA jalAzaya hai brahmacaya merA zAnti-tItha hai mAtmA kI prasannalezyA merA nirmala ghATa hai yahAM snAna kara AtmA vizuddha hotA hai| bata jo 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 21 / 12 / 2 vahI 23323 / 3 vahI 23313 / 4 vahI 1223839 / 5 bahI 12046 /

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14 ravAnava parivAcAra ke guNoM se sayukta hai jo sarvottama sayama kA pAlana karatA hai jisane samasta mAsabo ko rAka diyA hai jisane karmoM kA nAza kara diyA hai vaha vipula uttama aura dhruvagati mokSa ko pAtA hai| brAhmaNoM kI janmajAta varNavyavasthA ko asvIkAra karate hue unhoMne kama ke AdhAra para usakI vyAkhyA kii| unakA spaSTa vicAra thA ki kama se hI koI brAhmaNa hotA hai karma se hI bhatriya hotA hai kama se hI vaizya hotA hai aura kama se hI manuSya zUdra bhI hotA hai| nirvANa-prApti ke lie yaha jarUrI hai ki manuSya apanI nimna pravRttiyoM kA damana kre| unhone samyaka jJAna samyaka cAritra eva samyaka dazana ko hI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA hai| bauddha eva jaina-panyo ma ullikhita sAkSyo se patA calatA hai ki lagabhaga 6 I pU meM pAzvanAtha dvArA visa Sama kA pracAra-kAya prArambha kiyA gayA thA use mahAvIra svAmI ne pUre bihAra pradeza meM pracAra-kAya dvArA eka lokapriya dhama banA diyA / dhIre dhIre samasta uttara bhArata eva bagAla meM bhI isakI lokapriyatA baDha gayI aura mahAvIra ke pazcAt to samasta deza meM yaha Sama atyanta lokapriya ho gayA / jainadharma aura bauddhadhama me samAnatA aura vibhinnatA bhAratIya saMskRti aneka prakAra ke vicAro kA vikasita rUpa hai / ya vicAra anAdikAla se aneka dhArAo meM bahate cale A rahe hai| inheM mukhya rUpa se do bhAgo meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai--eka vaidika-paramparA tathA dUsarI zramaNa-paramparA / dhamaNa-paramparA kI bhaneka zAkhAe rahI ha kintu vartamAna meM kevala do zAkhAe hI daSTi gocara hotI hai jaina paramparA tathA bauddha-paramparA / ye dono ho paramparAeM a ya paramparAmo kI bhAMti dharma eva dazana ke rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| isa prakAra bauddha-dazana eva jaina-dazana dono zramaNa-paramparAo kI do papaka-pRSak vicAradhArAe hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se iname kucha dRSTiyoM se sAmya aura kucha dRSTiyo se vaiSamya hai / sAmya isa rUpa meM hai ki ye donoM dazana na to veda ko pramANa mAnata hai aura na hI Izvara ko jagata kA kartA / ye kama siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| sasAra ma satva (joba ) apane pUrvakRta karmoM ke kAraNa ho eka gati se dUsarI gati ma janma eva maraNa ko prApta karatA huA nAnA dukhoM ko bhogatA rahatA hai| sasAra ma jo bhI vicitratA ha vaha prANiyo ke karmoM ke phalasvarUpa hI hai| sava ina karmoM se mukta ho jAtA hai to 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 2 // 52 / 2 vahI 25 / 33 / 3 tasvArthasUtra 101 /

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15 usakA janma aura marabha ke dvArA sasAra ma bhaTakanA samApta ho jAtA hai / moDa-se bheva ke sAtha isa kama-siddhAnta ko donoM hI paramparAeM svIkAra karatI hai / kintu ina samAnatAoM ke hote hue bhI donoM dharmoM meM jo maulika andara hai jinake kAraNa ye donoM dharma mitra haiN| inama sabase pramukha bAta padArthaviSayaka mAnyatA hai / bauddha-dazana ke anusAra padArtha utpAda eva vyaya se mukta hai jaba ki jaina darzana meM padArtha utpAda vyaya eva dhauSya se yukta hai / phalata vaha nityAnityAtmaka sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka eva bhedAbhedAtmaka hai / bauddha-dazana meM AtmA ko nitya evaM svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM na mAnakara pathaskandhAtmaka mAnA gayA hai jaba ki jaina-darzana meM AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadhama jAtmavAdI aura bauddhadharma manAtmabAdI hai / bauddha aura jainadhama kA sAmya aura vaiSamya spaSTa hai / ata yaha eka vicAraNIya viSaya hai ki ina do vicAradhArAoM meM ukta sAmya eva vaiSamya kisa sImA taka hai aura usakA AdhAra kyA hai ? ukta prazno kA uttara pAne ke lie dhammapada eva uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jahA~ eka ora dhammapada meM jo khuddakanikAya kA eka svatantra grantha hai bauddhadharma ke samasta tattva saMkSepa ma varNita haiM to dUsarI ora uttarAdhyayana meM jaina-dazana ke sabhI mUla siddhAntoM kA kathana h| buddha ne dhammapada meM bauddhadhama ke tattvo kA vajana kara tathA mahAvIra ne uttarAdhyayana ma sabhI jaina siddhAnto kA varNana kara gAgara meM sAgara bharane kI kahAvata caritArtha kI hai / ata ina donoM granthoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jo ki Aja taka nahI huA hai bauddha eva jana dazana ke sambandho ko adhika acchI taraha se samajhane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai / bauddha sAhitya me dhammapada kA sthAna dhammapada pAli bauddha sAhitya kA eka atyanta lokapriya grantha hai / brAhmaNa yA zrautasmArta-paramparA meM jo mahattva zrImadbhagavadgItA ko prApta hai vahI sthAna bauddha paramparA meM dhammapada ko hai / donoM meM maulika antara bhI hai| gItA kA eka hI kathAnaka hai aura zrotA bhI eka hI hai lekina dhammapada ke vibhinna kathAnaka aura vibhinna dhotA hai / gItA kA upadeza eka nizcita samaya meM samApta kiyA gayA thA lekina dhammapada meM tathAgata ke paiMtAlIsa varSoM ke upadeza sagRhIta haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne buddhatva prApti se lekara parinirvANapayanta samaya-samaya para jo upadeza diye unakA mahatvapUrNa aMza dhammapada meM sakalita hai / bauddhadhama-dazana ke pramukha siddhAnta isameM sakSepa meM samAhita haiM / dhammapada zIrSaka kI vyAkhyA bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM dvArA vibhinna prakAra se kI gayI hai / yaha eka anekArthaka zabda hai jise svata bauddhoM meM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai /

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bAIsava nirayavagga' meM naraka meM utpanna honevAloM kA varNana hai| kahA gayA hai ki asatyavAdI naraka ma jAdA hai aura vaha bhI jo karake nahI kiyA kahatA hai / isa prakAra donoM ko gati marane para eka samAna hai| isa vaga meM 14 gAthAyeM hai| teIsava nAgavagga meM hAthI ke samAna aDiga rahane kA upadeza hai| bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra nAga (hAthI ) yuddha mami ma dhanuSa se gire bANa ko sahana karatA hai vaise hI maiM kaTavAkyoM ko sahana karUMgA kyoMki sasAra meM duzIla loga hI adhika hai| isa varga meM 14 gAthAya haiN| caubIsaveM taNhAvagga meM tRSNA kA vaNana hai| tRSNA ke ho kAraNa manuSya kho meM par3A hai / yaha sabhI pApoM kI jananI hai / lekina jo isase rahita ha use zoka nahI hotA / isa vaga meM 27 gAthAya hai / pacIsave bhikkhuvagga meM sacce bhikSa kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA ha ki eka sacce bhikSu ko kyA karanA cAhie yathA bhikSu indriyo me payama kare santoSI ho aura prAtimokSa kI rakSA kare zuTa jIvikAvAlA ho nirAlasa rahe tathA mitroM kA sAtha kare / isa varga meM 23 gAthAyeM hai / chabbIsaveM tathA antima brAhmaNavagga ma brAhmaNoM ke lakSaNa batalAye gaye hai thA vAstavika brAhmaNa kI paribhASA kI gayI hai / brAhmaNa kA artha hai sabhI pApoM se hita vyakti jJAnI aura mahata / isa varga ma 41 gAthAyeM hai| Upara dhammapada kI viSayavastu ke svarUpa kA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai usase IIta hotA hai ki usameM nIvi-sambandhI sabhI Adaza nihita hai jo bhAratIya saMskRti aura samAja kI sAmAnya sampatti hai| isakI gAthAo meM zIla samAdhi prajJA narvANa Adi kA baDI sundaratA ke sAtha vaNana hai jisako par3hate hue eka adbhuta vega dharmarasa zAti jJAna aura sasAra nibada kA anubhava hotA hai / isa sambandha meM ratasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM dhammapada ko isa prakAra boso ko gItA hI kahanA gahie / siMhala meM binA dhammapada kA pArAyaNa kiya kisI bhikSu ko upasampadA nahI tI / barmA syAma kamboDiyA aura lAmosa meM bhI dhammapada kA kaNThastha honA prAya tyeka bhikSu ke lie Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| bukha-upadezoM kA bammapada se acchA 1 dhammapada gAmA-sa 36 / 2 vahI 32 / 3 vahI 32 / 4AhA vimalAcaraNa hilTrI vaoNpha pAli liTarecara billa 1 1 20 -214 /

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22 boDasamA janadharma sAha pAli-sAhitya meM nahI hai| isakI naitika daSTi jitanI gambhIra hai utanI hI vaha prasAdaguNapUrNa bhI hai| zrI aghaTa ja eDama Da ne dhammapada ke apana agrejI anuvAda kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai- yadi eziyA-khaNDa meM kabhI kisI avinAzI grantha kI racanA huI to vaha yaha hai / ina pado ne aneka vicArako ke hRdaya meM cintana kI Aga jalAyI hai| inhIse anuprANita hokara aneka cInI yAtrI magoliyA ke bhayAnaka kAntAra aura himAlaya ko aladhya coTiyAM lAkara bhagavAn buddha ke caraNo se pUta bhArata bhami ke dazanAtha Ae / buddha ke pamapado ko praraNA se hI mahArAja azoka ne apane rAjya ma prANadaNDa kA niSaSa kiyA thA aura manuSyo tathA jAnavaro taka ke lie aspatAla khole the| pUjya bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA kathana bilkula ThIka hai ki yadi kevala eka pustaka ko jIvanabhara sAthI banAne kI kabhI icchA ho to vizva ke pustakAlaya ma Sammapada se baDhakara dUsarI pustaka milanI kaThina hai / dhammapada malata buddha vacana ha ata isakA racanA kAla ajJAta hai| lekina bAda ke sAkSyo ke AdhAra para yaha patA calatA hai ki hanasAga jisana sAtavI zatAbdI meM bhArata kA bhramaNa kiyA usakA vicAra hai ki tripiTaka kAzyapa ke dvArA prathama sagIti ke anta ma tAmrapatro para likhA gayA thA jo bAda ma rAjA baTTagAmini ke zAsana kAla ma ( 88 se 76 I pUrva ) use pustako ma isalie lipibaddha kara diyA gayA ki bauddhadharma yugoM taka jIvita raha sake / ata spa Ta hai ki dhammapada kA vatamAna rUpa isI samaya nizcita huA thaa| isa grantha kI nirmANa tithi ke sambandha me pradhAnatayA do prakAra ke mata pAye jAte hai| prathama mata prophasara maksamyalara kA hai jinake anusAra prArambha meM sabhI boTa anya maukhika paramparA ke rUpa meM ye jo bAda ma siMhaldvIpa ke rAjA baTTagAmini ke Adeza se likhita rUpa meM mAya / mahAvaza nAmaka bauddha sAhitya kI racanA meM isa tathya kA ulekha milatA hai / mahAvaza kA nirmANa kAla 459-477 I prasiddha hai / dUsarA mata 1 upAdhyAya bharatasiMha pAli-sAhitya kA itihAsa pR 238 / 2 kausalyAyana bhadanta Ananda dhammapada kI bhUmikA pR 1 / 3 maksamyUlara epha sekreDa buksa oNpha di IsTa bhUmikA 1 12 / 4 vahI iNDiyana eNTIkyarI navambara 188 1 27 / 5 dIpayaza adhyAya 2 paMkti 2 / 6 sekrera guphsa vaoNpha dI IsTa billa 1 bhUmikA /

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bhUmi 23 hai ki sabhI tripiTaka kA saMkalana bhagavAn buddha kI mRtyu ke pazcAt 477 I pa rAjagRha meM Ayojita prathama mahAsagIti-sammelana meM kiyA gayA thA / dvitIya aura tRtIya mahAsammelanoM meM to ina sakalanoM ko parNatA prApta ho gayI thI / ata kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhammapada aura bauddha sAhitya kA sakalana I pU 477 taka ho cukA thA / isake lie kucha bAhya pramANa diye jA rahe hai / "lindapanho eka prAcIna eva suvikhyAta pAli-grantha hai / isakI racanA prathama zatAbdI ke Arambha meM huI hai / dhammapada ke bahuta sAre uddharaNo kA ullekha isake antagata AyA hai / kathAvattha dhammapada kI bahuta sArI uktiyo ko uddhata karatA hai / mahAniddesa aura cullaniddesa bhI I pU dvitIya zatAbdI ke pazcAdvartI nahI ho sakatA kyoMki samrATa azoka ne dhammapada ke appamAdavanga ko vidvAna zramaNo se sunA thA jo isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki dhammapada azoka se padavartI racanA hai| azoka kA kAla I pa tIsarI zatI mAnA jAtA hai / ata yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhammapada kA racanA-kAla I pa tIsarI zatAbdI se parvavartI hai / dhammapada ke aneka saskaraNa aura anuvAda prApta hai| vizeSa ullekhanIya agrejI anuvAda maksamyalara (esa bI I ) rAdhAkRSNan nAradathera epha ela vuDabaDa e ela eDamaNDa iraviMga baibiTa aura yU dhammajyoti ke tathA hindI anuvAda mahApaNDita rAhula sAkatyAyana aura bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ke hai / bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA sampAdita dhammapada kA devanAgarI saskaraNa bhI khuddakanikAyapAli kI prathama jida meM vidyamAna hai / vibhinna vidvAno ne apane saskaraNo meM dhammapada aura isameM prApta upadezo ke viSaya meM nyanAdhika vistRta vidvattAparNa bhUmikAyeM bhI likhI hai / dhammapada ko samajhane ma aTaThakathA bhI atyanta sahAyaka hai jisakA baligema ne agrejI anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai aura jisase yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki bauddha paramparA ke anusAra kina avasaroM para buddha ne vibhinna gAthAya kahI thIM / dhammapadaTThakathA AcArya buddhaghoSa kI racanA hai yA nahIM isake viSaya ma sandeha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / jarmana vidvAn DaoN vilhelma gAyagara ne ise AcAya buddhaghoSa kI racanA nahIM mAnA hai / unhone dhammapada kathA ko jAtakaTaThavaNNanA se bhI bAda kI racanA mAnA hai kyoMki 1 orijinsa oNpha buddhijma adhyAya 1 / 2 mior bamarakSita dhammapada kI bhUmikA pR 4 / 3 rAdhAkRSNan esa dhammapada kI bhUmikA | 4 gAyagara vilhelma pAni biTUrecara eNDa laiMgveja 10 32 /

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24 goDavA janadharma dono meM aneka kahAniyAM samAna haiN| Azcaya kI bAta hai ki jo kahAniyAM yahA~ dI gayI hai aura jinake AdhAra para dhammapada kI pratyaka gAthA ko samajhAyA gayA hai unheM bhI sAkSAta buddhopadeza hI yahAM batalAyA gayA hai jo aitihAsika rUpa se ThIka nahI ho sakatA / phira bhI dhammapadaTaThakathA kI kahAniyo ma jAtaka ke samAna hI prAcIna bhAra tIya jIvana vizeSata sAmA ya janatA ke jIvana kI pUrI jhalaka milatI hai aura bhAra vIya kathA-sAhitya ma usakA bhI eka sthAna hai| jaina-sAhitya meM uttarAdhyayanasatra uttarAdhyayana zabda do zabdo ke yoga se banA hai-uttara + adhyayana arthAt pradhAna aura pazcAdbhAvI adhyayana / tApaya yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke uttarakAla ma nirvANa ke pUrva jo upadeza diyA thA unhI upadezo kA sakalana isa grantha ma huA hai| yaha sUtra adhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA ma nibaddha eka jana Agama prantha hai| yaha eka dhArmika kAvya grantha hai / isama navadIkSita sAdhuo ke sAmAnya AcAra vicAra Adi kA vaNana kiyA gayA hai| kucha sthAno para sAmAnya mUlabhata siddhAntoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| isakA sthAna mUla sUtro ma prathama aura mahattvapaNa hai / mata mUlasUtro kI sakhyA aura mAmo ma paryApta antara pAyA jAtA hai phira bhI uttarA dhyayana ke mUla sUtra hona ma kisIko sadeha nahI hai tathA krama ma antara hone para bhI prAya sabhI uttarAdhyayana ko prathama mUlasUtra mAnata hai / jAla zAnTiyara ne mahAvIra ke zabda hone se inha mUlasUtra kahA hai| parantu yaha kathana ThIka nahI hai kyoki sabhI pranyo kA sambadha mahAvIra ke vacano se ha / pro garIno na ina para kaI TIkAoM ke likhe jAne se mala pratha kahA ha / parantu yaha yuktisagata nahI hai kyoki prAya sabhI granthoM para TIkAya likhI gayI hai / DA zabiMga na sAdha-jIvana ke mUlabhata niyamoM ke prati pAdaka hona ke kAraNa mUlasUtra kahA hai| pro eca Ara kApaDiyA namIcandrajI zAstrI Adi vidvAn kucha sazoSana ke sAtha isa middhAta ke pakSa meM hai| 1 jagadIzacandra jaina-sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 2 pR 144 / 2 zApanTiyara u bhamikA pR 32 tathA kApaDiyA eca Ara hisTrI oNpha dI kenonikala liTarecara oNpha jainsa pR 42 / 3 vahI pa 42 / 4 AtmArAma dazavakAlikasUtra bhamikA pa 3 tathA hisTrI oNpha dI kenonikala liTaracara oNpha jainsa pR 42 / 5 zAstrI nemIcandra prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa 5 192 hisTrI paoNpha dI kenonikala liTrecara baoNpha ansa 14 /

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bhUmikA 25 vibhinna viSayoM kA pratipAdana karate hue isa prantha meM 36 adhyayana hai / inameM AcAra-sambandhI aura tasvajJAna sambadhI vivecana hai / AcAra se sambandha rakhanevAle viSaya hai -- 2rA parISaha 3rA caturaGagIyA 4thA asaMskRta 5vaf akAmamaraNa ThA kSullaka nidhI 7 elaka 8vAM kApilIya 9vA~ namipravrajyA 1 va drumapatraka 11va bahuta pajA 12vIM harikezIya 13va cittasambhatIya 14va iSukArIya 15 samikSa 16va brahmacaya samAdhi sthAna 176 pApa zramaNIya 18 sayatIya 19 mRgAputra va mahAnigranthIya 21vIM samudrapAlIna 22va rathanemI 23va kezI gautamIya 24 samitIya 25 yazIya 26vI samAcArI 27va khalaGakIya 28 mokSamAga gati 29va samyaktva-parAkrama 3 va tapomAga 31vIM caraNaviSi 32 va pramAda sthAnIya 34va lezyA aura 35va anagAra / tattvajJAna-sambandhI adhyayano meM 33va kamaprakRti aura 36vIM jIvAjIva vibhakti hai / lekina ina adhyayanoM meM eka dUsara se kAphI nirUpatA hai / 2 ina 36 adhyayano ke vaNana nIca prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM48 gAthAo se yukta prathama adhyayana ma vinayaSama kA varNana isama bhikSa ko bhikSacaryA vinIta eva avinIta ziSyoM ke guNa-doSAdi ke guru ke katavyoM kA bhI vaNana hai / dUsare a yayana ma sAdhu ke lie 22 parISaha batAye gaye haiM / sUtra gadya khaNDa me aura anta ke 46 zloka padya rUpa meM nibaddha hai / tIsare adhyayana meM mokSa prApti ke sAdhana manuSyatva zruti dhAraNa karane kI zakti ina cAra vastuoM ko dulabha kahA gayA hai| 2 gAthAyeM haiM / kiyA gayA hai / sAtha hI sAtha prArambha ke tIna zraddhA aura sayama isa adhyayana meM co adhyayana kI teraha gAthAo ma sasA kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai tathA bhAraNDa pakSI kI taraha apramatta rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| pAMcava akAma-maraNa nAmaka adhyayana meM bhikSa aura gRhastha ke sayamI jIvana kI tulanA hai aura sukRta gRhastha ko sugati-devagati tathA bAla vyaktiyoM ke akAma maraNAdi ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai / 1 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa pU 193 / 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 2 / 2-45 / 3 vahI 331 / 4 vahI 416 / 5 vahI 512 /

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26 bauddha tathA janadharma chaThe adhyayana meM 17 gAthAoM ke antagata jaina sAdha ke AcAra vicAra kA are hai aura isalie isakA nAma kSallaka nimra thIya ( jaina sAdhu ) rakhA gayA hai / sAtava adhyayana meM tIsa gAthAo ke atagata indriyoM kSaNika haiM inake viSaya kSaNika haiM / phalata inase milanevAlA sukha bhI kSaNika hai / ina kSaNika sukhoM ke pralo manoM meM Akara bhaviSya ma honavAle inake dukhada pariNAmoM ko sAdhaka na bhUle / sAdhaka bhAtivaza thoDa se sukha ke lie apanI koI baDI hAni na kare / isa viSaya ko isa adhyayana meM bahuta sarala sundara eva vyAvahArika udAharaNo se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / kyoki AThaveM adhyayana ke prarUpaka kapilaRSi hai isalie isa adhyayana kA nAma kApilIya rakhA gayA hai| isama kapilamani dvArA coro ko diye gaya sagotA tmaka upadezoM kA saMgraha ha / isa adhyayana ma lakSaNavidyA svapnavidyA aura avidyA kA upayoga sAdhu ke li varjita batAyA gayA hai| lobha kisa prakAra bar3hatA hai isakA anubhata citra isama khIcA gayA hai| isama 2 gAthAya hai / ata adhyayana ma namitra yA kA varNana hai jisama rAjarSi nami kA brAhmaNa vezadhArI idra ke sAtha AdhyAtmika savAda varNita hai / isa adhyayana ma 62 gAthAya haiM / Adyapadya ke AdhAra para dasava a yayana kA nAma dumapatraka rakhA gayA hai jisakA artha hai vRkSa kA pakA huA pattA / isa adhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA gautama ke bahAna sabhI sAdhako ko AtmasAghanA ma kSaNamAtra pramAda na karana kA sandeza diyA gayA hai / isama antamana ke jAgaraNa kA udaghASa hai jA pratyeka sAdhaka ke lie jyotistambha ke samAna hai / isama 37 gAthAya hai / pratyaka gAthA ke anta ma goyama mApamAyae tathA antima gAthA ma siddhi gaigae goyame pada kA ullekha ha / gyArahava adhyayana ma 32 gAthAo ke antagata vinIta ko bahuzruta aura avinIta ko bahuta kahA gayA hai / samaya harikezIya nAmaka bArahava adhyayana ma 47 gAthAo ke antagata harikezibala aura brAhmaNo ke madhya hue vArtAlApa meM kamaNA jAtivAda kI sthApanA tapa kA prakaka tathA ahiMsA yajJa kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / teraha adhyayana meM vitta aura sambhati nAma ke cANDAla-putro kI kathA hai / isameM 35 gAthAyeM haiM / cisa aura sambhati ke nAma ke kAraNa isa adhyayana kA nAma cittasaMbhatIya rakhA gayA ha / iSukArIya nAmaka caudahava adhyayana ma 53 gAthAya haiM jinameM iSukAra 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 7 / 12 /

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mamiyA 27 nagara ke rAjA aura rAnI purohita aura usakI patnI purohita ke dono putroM ke dIkSA lene kA ullekha hai| pandrahaveM adhyayana kI 16 gAthAoM meM sadabhikSa ke lakSaNa batAye gaye hai| isa adhyayana ma aneka dArzanika aura sAmAjika tamyo kA sakalana ha / brahmacarya-samAdhi sthAna nAmaka solahava adhyayana meM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke lie dasa bAtoM kA tyAga Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai / isameM 17 gAthAya padya rUpa ma nibaddha tathA 12 stra gadya rUpa meM hai| satrahava adhyayana meM pApa zramaNa ke lakSaNa batalAye gaye haiN| isama 21 gAthAya haiM / tIsarI se lekara unnIsavI gAthApayanta pratyeka mAthA ke anta meM pAvasamaNitti vuccaI pada AyA hai| sajaya nAmaka aThArahaveM adhyayana meM sajaya rAjA kA vaNana hai jisane muni kA upadeza zravaNa kara zramaNa-dhama meM dIkSA grahaNa kI / isameM 54 gAthAya haiN| unnIsaveM adhyayana meM 99 gAthAo ke antagata mRgAputra kI dIkSA kA varNana ha jinameM mRgAputra aura usake mAtA pitA ke bIca honavAlA savAda bahuta hI sundara ha / mRgAputra ko pradhAnatA ke kAraNa hI isa adhyayana kA nAma mRgAputrIya hai| bIsava adhyayana kA nAma mahAninathIya hai| isama anApImuni aura rAjA zreNika ke bIca hue rocaka savAda kA vaNana hai| isameM 6 gAthAyeM hai| samudrapAlIya nAmaka ikkIsava adhyayana meM vaNika putra samudrapAla kA pravrajyA grahaNa aura sayamapUrNa zramaNa jIvana varNita ha / isama sAdhaoM ke Antarika AcAra ke sambadha meM varNana karate hue zAstrakAra ne kahA hai ki sAdha ko priya aura bapriya donoM bAto meM sama rahanA cAhie / isameM 24 gAthAya hai| bAIsava adhyayana meM ariSTanemi aura rAjImatI kI kathA hai| rAjImatI kA racanami ko upadeza ma AcAra vicAra kA digdarzana hotA hai| vicalita rayanemi ko rAjImatI ne isa prakAra dhikkArA hai-he kAmabhoga ke abhilASI tere yaza ko dhikkAra hai ta vamana kI huI vastu ko puna upabhoga karanA cAhatA hai isase to mara jAnA acchA hai| teIsaveM adhyayana meM 89 gAthAoM ke antargata pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kezIkumAra 1 uttarAdhyayana 1453 // 2 vahI 1631-1 / 3 vahI 2243 tulanIya visavanta pAtaka 69 /

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28 : bauddha tathA janadharma aura mahAvIra vaghamAna ke ziSya gautama ke etihAsika savAda kA ullekha hai / pAzvanAtha na cAturyAma kA upadeza diyA hai aura mahAvIra ne pAMca mahAvrato kA pAravanAtha ne *sala dharma kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai aura mahAvIra na acela dharma kA / aSTapravacanamAtA nAmaka caubIsava adhyayana meM pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna gutiyoM kA varNana hai / varNita hai ki jo paNDita sAtha haiM ve ukta ATha pravacanamAtA yA pAMca samiti tathA tIna gutiyo ke kathana ke anusAra samyaka prakAra AcaraNa karake zIghratA se sasAra bandhana se chaTa jAte haiM aura mokSa ke adhikArI hote haiM / yajJIya nAmaka pacIsava adhyayana ma saccA yajJa zramaNa brAhmaNa mani aura karmAnusArI jAtivAda kI paribhASA karate hue sAdha ke AdhAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyayana ma 45 gAthAya hai / isakI 19 se 29 gAthAo ke anta ma ta vaya bama mAhaNa pada AyA hai / chabbIsaveM adhyayana meM samAcArI ke dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM / samAcArI kA atha hai samyaka vyavasthA | isama sAdhaka ke paraspara ke vyavahAro aura katavyo kA saMketa hai| isameM 53 gAthAyeM haiM / khalakIya nAmaka sattAIsava adhyayana ma duSTa bala ke dRSTAnta dvArA avinIta ziSyo kI kriyAo kA varNana hai / isama 17 gAthAya hai / mokSabhAga nAmaka aTaThAIsaveM a yayana ma 36 gAthAyeM haiM jinama ratnatraya mAga kA varNana hone se isakA nAma mokSabhAga -gati ha / sthAno eva unake karanevAle haiN| isI samyaktva - parAkrama nAmaka unatIsava adhyayana ma 73 phalo kI vistRta vivecanA kI gayI hai jo samyaktva ko puSTa prakAra kAla pratilekhana prayAkhyAna vAcanA anuprakSA Adi viSayoM kA varNana hai / tapomAgagati nAmaka tIsava adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki prANavaSa mRSAvAda madata mathana parigraha eva rAtri bhojana se virakta hone se hotA hai| jIva Anavarahita caraNavidhi kA artha hai- vivakamalaka pravRtti | isameM 21 antagata sAdha ke cAritra aura jJAna se sambaMdhita kucha siddhAntoM ke AhAra bhaya maithana parigraha Adi se sAdha ko mukta rahane kA upadeza 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 24 / 27 / 2 vahI 26 / 2-4 | 3 bahI 3 / 23 / gAthAyeM haiM jisake vaNana ke sAtha hI diyA gayA hai|

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amimA 21 indriyoM kI rAyadveSama pravRtti ko pramAdasthAnIya mAnakara isa adhyayana kA nAma pramAvasthAnIya rakhA gayA hai| azubha pravRttiyAM pramAvasthAna hai| pramAvasthAna kA atha hai-ve kAya jina kAryoM se sAdhanA meM vighna upasthita hotA hai aura sApaka kI pragati ruka jAtI hai| kamaprakRti nAmaka taitIsava adhyayana ma 25 gApAmoM ke antagata karmoM ke ATha bhedoM tathA prabhedoM ko batalAyA gayA hai| cA~tIsaveM lezyA adhyayana ma 61 gAthAoM ke antagata lezyAmao ke prakAra tathA unake lakSaNo ko batalAyA gayA hai| pattIsava adhyayana kA nAma anagAra hai| isama 21 gAthAya hai jinake antagata sAdha ke nivAsasthAna bhojana-grahaNa viSi sAdhanA vidhi Adi bAtoM kA vaNana ha / chattIsaveM adhyayana meM jIva aura ajIva kA savistAra vaNana hone se isakA nAma jIvAjIva vibhakti rakhA gayA hai / isama 269 gApAya hai| isa taraha ina adhyayano ma mukhya rUpa se sasAra ko asAratA tathA sAghu ke AcAra kA vaNana kiyA gayA hai| isase isake mahattva aura prAcInatA dono kA boSa hotA hai / isa mahattva ke kAraNa hI ise mUlasUtro anyo ma ginA jAtA hai| isa mahatva ke kAraNa hI kAlAntara meM isa para anaka TokAya Adi likhI gyii| jaikobI zA nTiyara viSTaranitsa Adi vidvAno ne isakI tulanA boDoM ke suttanipAta jAtaka aura dhammapada Adi prAcIna grayo se kI hai| udAharaNasvarUpa rAjA nami ko bauddha-prathoM meM pratyaka buddha mAnakara usakI kaThora tapasyA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / harikezimuni 1 zAnTiyara u bhamikA pR 4 tathA dekheM u AtmArAma TIkA bhUmikA 22-25 jaina-sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa bhAga 2 pa 147 152 156 157 159 163 165 tathA 167 / dhammapada 12 / 4 84 uttarAdhyayana 115 9/34 87 9.4 5 / 11 26019 26 / 25 264 25 / 27 25 / 29 25434

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dhammapada meM pratipAvitastha 35 svaya kaSTa nahI pahu~cAtA aura kaSTa dene ke yadi koI kaSTa deva to usako bhalA nahI kAraNo se ahiMsA ghama kA pAlana karatA hai hai ki usa athavA sthAvara kisI bhI jIva ko mana vacana aura zarIra ke dvArA bo lie kisIko prerita nahIM karatA aura samajhatA arthAt jo tIna yoga aura tIna usako Arya (brAhmaNa ) kahA jAtA hai / kyoMki ata ye Aryasatya kahalAte dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki satyoM meM cAra Aryasatya zreSTha hai / inheM Aya hI jAnate haiM ve hI unakA samyaka jJAna karate haiM hai / ya Aryasatya yathAtha haiM mithyA nahI hai kyoMki dUsaroM ve vaise nahI dekhe jAta haiM jaise ki ya AryoM ke dvArA dekhe jAte haiM / dhammapada meM jo bauddha prayokA sAra hai cAra AyasatyoM kI vyAkhyA bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se kI gayI hai| (jo Aya nahIM hai ) se jo buddha dhama aura saba kI zaraNa meM gayA hai vaha manuSya duHkha dukha kI utpatti duHkha kA vinAza arthAt nirvANa aura nirvANa kI ora le jAnavAle zreSTha aSTAGgika mArga ina cAra Ayasatyo ko apanI buddhi se dekha letA hai / cAra Ayasatya ye haiM-1 dusa Ayasatya 2 dukhasamudaya Aryasatya 3 duHkhaniroSa Aryasatya aura ( 4 ) dukha nirodhagAminI pratipada Ayasatya / ina AyasatyoM kA jJAna kinhI kinhIMko srotApanna avasthA ma Azika rUpa meM hotA hai aura kinhI kinhIko sakRdAgAmI aura anAgAmI avasthA ma / kintu mahata - avasthA meM pUrNarUpa se inakA jJAna hotA hai / jisa satya kI pahale jAnakArI hotI ha usIkA pUrvanirdeza kiyA gayA hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki tRSNA jo dukha kA hetu ha usakA pUrvanirdeza kyo nahI hai aura dukha jo tRSNA ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai tathA jo phalarUpa hai usakA bAda meM nirdeza kyoM nahI hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jisa bAta meM prANo pha~sA hai jisase pIDita hotA hai jisase mukti cAhatA hai aura jisakI vaha parIkSA karatA hai vaha aura kyA hai dukha hI to hai aura isIlie ise hI pahalA satya batalAyA gayA hai / mumakSu isake bAda usake haturUpa samadaya satya (tRSNA) aura isake bAda niroSa satya ( nirvANa ) tathA usake bAda mAga ( aSTAGgika mAga ) ko khojatA hai / 1 madhyAna caturo padA -- dhammapada 273 // 2 dhammapada gAthA - saMkhyA 19 / 3 dukkha - dukkha samappAda dukkhassa ca vyatikkama / ariyanTaGigakaM magga dukkha pasamagAmina || 4 bauddha yogI ke patra pU 11 111 / vahI 191 /

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26.bIDa yA garna pAli bauddha-sAhiya meM dukha kI vyAkhyA sAmAnyata isa prakAra se kI gayI hai yathA--jIvana dukhadAyI hai padA honA dukha ha bar3A honA rogI honA kSINa honA maranA zoka karanA ronA pITanA cintita honA parezAna honA dukha hai apriya ke sApa sayoga priya se viyoga icchA kI pUrti na honA bhI dukha hai sakSapa meM pAMcoM upAdAna skandha dukha hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai priyoM ( paJcakAma guNoM) kA saga na kare aura na kabhI apriyoM kA priyo kaa| na dekhanA aura apriyo kA dazana dukhada hotA hai / ata duHkha hai dukha satya ha tathyaspa ha avitaSa rUpa ha aura anyathA nahI hai / dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai sabhI saskAra ( padAtha ) dukharUpa hai isa prakAra jaba prazA se manuSya dekhatA hai taba vaha du kho se makti ko prApta ho jAtA hai / yahI nirvANa kA mArga hai| __yaha saba dukha hai ( savamida du khama) puruSArtha meM dukha hai usake rakSaNa aura vinAza meM bhI dukha hai / yaha sArA saMsAra hI dukha se vyApta hai / da kha se jala rahA hai / isalie haMsI-khuzI aura sukha isa saMsAra meM kahA~ hai ? dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai jaba nitya jala rahA hai to haMsI kaisI aura Ananda kaisA / andhakAra se ghire pradIpa kI khoja kyo nahI karate ? sasAra anAdi aura ananta hai aura vaha aviyA (bajJAna) tathA tRSNA se sacAlita hai| isa saMsAra ma na to esA koI zramaNa bAhmaNa devatA mAra yA managyatama sattva hI avaziSTa hai jo sasAra meM vidyamAna nimna pA~ca vastubo se machatA rahA ho arthAta jo roga ke adhIna hote hue bhI rugNa na huA ho jo mRtyu ke Azrita hai vaha na marA ho jo kSaya ke vazIbhUta hote hue bhI kSINa na huA ho aura vaha bhI jo vinAza ke mukha meM baiThe hone para bhI naSTa na huA ho| buddha ke anusAra prANiyo kI sasAra yAtrA anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai| unake udgama-sthAna kA patA nahI hai jahAM se calakara avidyA ma phaisakara manuSya apane ko tRSNA ke bandhana meM bAMdhakara idhara-udhara bhaTakate phirate hai| unakA kahanA hai kina 1 dIghanikAya 213 5 1 227 tathA buDhacaryA 15 / 47 / 2 mA piyehi samA machi api yahi kudAcana / piyAna adassana dukkha appiyAna ca dassana / dhammapada gAyA-sakhyA 21 / 3 vahI 278 / 4 ko na hAso kimAnando nicca pajjalite sati / andhakArena bonadvApadIpaM na gavessatha //

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pammapada meM pratipAdita apanImAMsA 37 AkAza meM na samudra ke madhya meM na parvato kI muphA meM banata meM koI aisA pradeza vidyamAna nahIM hai vahA~ praveza karake sthita huA manuSya pApakama se maka ho sake / isa taraha dukha kI sthiti kA kathamapi apalApa nahI kiyA jA sakatA / dukha sarvatra vyApta hai / loga avidyA meM phaMse hai dukha ko dekhate hue bhI use nahIM samajhate / use dUra karane kA bhI prayAsa nahIM karate / bhagavAn kahate hai ki dukha heya hai / ata sasvoM ko dukha kA anta karanA cAhie / sakSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki paca upAdAnaskandha rUpa sajJA saMskAra vijJAna aura vedanA dukha hai| paMcopAdAna salboM ko hetu tathA pratyayasahita anitya anAtma aura dukharUpa hI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra upayakta tathyo ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki janma dukha hai| rugNAvasthA duHkha hai / mRtyu dukha hai aisI cIjo se milana jinase hama ghaNA karate hai tathA esI vastuoM se viyoga jinheM hama bahuta cAhate haiM dukha hai / eka vyakti kisI cINa ko cAhatA hai to usa vastu kA na pAmA bhI dukha hai / banma mRtyu dukha aura prema sAvakAlika tathya hai| ye sAmaSasya ke abhAva aura asAmajasya kI avasthA ke sUcaka hai| manuSya ke dasa usake AdhyAtmika roma kI baDa hI indra hai| yaha sAvabhaumika hai aura hamAre astitva kA abhinna aga hai jo kSaNabhagura tapA nazvara hai| parantu isase makti pAyI jA sakatI hai tathA avazya pAyI jAnI cAhie / dvitIya Ayasatya hai-dakhasamavaya / samadaya kA artha hai kAraNa / yadi dukha kAraNa kI hama pahacAna kara lete hai aura ise dUra kara dete haiM to dakha svata hI lasa ho pAyegA / isakA kAraNa jIne ko icchA yA tanhA hai / manuSya ko jahAM sukha eva mAnanda milatA hai vahAM usakI pravRtti hotI hai| usakI yaha adhika pravRtti yA cAha ho tRSNA kahalAtI hai / yaha tRSNA hI da kha kA kAraNa hai / tRSNA hI sastoM ko puna 1 na antalikale na samadanamanjhe na pabbatAna vivara panissa / na vijjatI so jagatippadeso yatpaTaThito manceSa pApakammA / / na mantAlimale na samudavamalena pannatAma vivaraM pavissa / navijjatI so jagatipadeso yatpaTaTisa mappasahempamaccU / / pammapada pApA-sacyA 127 128 / 2 golDenavarga buTa 1 216 217 meM rAdhAkRSNan esa bhAratIya pAna 1 333 phuTanoTa 3 tathA DaoN rAdhAkRSNan esa pammaparakI bhamikA pR 16 // 3 dekhie meM rAdhAkRSNan esa dhammapada kI bhUmikA 1 16 /

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58 bauDa tathA jainadharma puna utpanna karAtI ha arthAta paunavikI ha nandI rAga se sahagata hai tRSNA vahA~-jahA~ sattva utpanna hote haiM vahAM-vahA~ abhinadana ( Asakti) karatI-karAtI hai / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki tRSNA se zoka utpanna hotA ha tRSNA se bhaya utpanna hotA ha tRSNA se bhakta ko zoka nahI phira bhaya kahAM se? isa prakAra apana ko acchA laganevAle spAdi viSayoM meM abhinandana karanevAlI tRSNA tatra tatrAbhinandinI kahalAtI hai| ___ avidyA aura kama da kha ke hatu hone se samadaya satya kahe gaya hai kintu gauNa rUpa se hI sahI dukha kA tAtkAlika kAraNa tRSNA hai / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki avidyA parama mala hai bhikSao isa mala ko choDakara nimala bno| kyoki taSNA ke abhAva se ve punabhava utpanna karana ma samatha nahI hote ataeva tRSNA hI samadaya satya kahI gaI hai avidyA aura karma nahIM / avidyA to anAgata saskAroM kA kAraNa ha / isAse ko bhI samadaya kahA gayA hai / dhammapada ma kahA gayA hai ki rati ( rAga) ke kAraNa zoka utpanna hotA hai rati ke kAraNa bhaya utpanna hotA hai / rati se jo sarvaSA makta hai use zoka nahI hotA phira bhaya kahA~ se ho ? ataeva kAma rAga Adi honevAle karma ko dukha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| isa taraha se da kha kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai tRSNA pyAsa viSayo kI pyAsa / yadi viSayo kI pyAsa hamAre hRdaya ma na ho to hama isa sasAra ma na paDa aura na da kha bhoga / tRSNA sabase baDA bandhana ha jo hameM sasAra tathA sasAra ke jIvo se bAMdhe hue hai| dhammapada kI yaha ukti ki dhIra vidvAn puruSa lohe lakaDI tathA rassI ke bandhana ko daDha nahI mAnata vastuta daDha bandhana hai sAravAn padArthoM meM rakta honA yA maNi kuNDala putra tathA strI ma ichA kA honA bilkula ThIka hai / makaDI jisa prakAra apane hI jAla bunatI ha aura apane hI usIma badhI rahatI hai sasAra ke jIvoM 1 dIpanikAya 213 8 pa 23 visuddhimaga 1631 1 348 majjhima nikAya 1148 pa 65 // 2 tavhAya jAyate soko tohAya jAyate bhaya / taNhAya viSpamuttasse natthi soko kuto bhaya / dhammapada gAyA-sakhyA 216 / 3 apijjA parama mala / eta mala pahatvAna nimmalA hotha bhikkhayo / vahI 243 // 4 ratiyA jAyate soko ratiyA jAyate bhaya / ratiyA vippamantassa natyi soko kuto bhaya / / vahI 214 // 5 nata balha bandhanamAha dhIrA yadAyasa dAruja bambajagcha / sAstastA maNikuNDalesu pattesu dAresu ca yA apekkhA // vahI 345 //

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pammapana meM pratipAdita banImA 39 kI dazA bhI vaisI hI h| ve loga tRSNA se nAnA prakAra ke viSayoM meM rAga utpanna karate haiM aura isI rAga ke badhana meM apane ko bAMdhakara dina rAta kaSTa uThAte hai| tRSNA tIna prakAra kI batalAyI gayI ha 1 kAmatRSNA yaha nAnA prakAra ke viSayoM kI kAmanA karatI hai| 2 bhavataSNA bhava = sasAra yA janma arthAt isa sasAra kI sattA banAye rakhanevAlI tRSNA / isa sasAra kI sthiti ke kAraNa hamI hai / hamArI tRSNA hI isa sasAra ko utpanna kie hue hai| sasAra ke rahane para hI hamArI sukhavAsanA caritAya hotI hai| ata isa sasAra kI tRSNA bhI tRSNA kA hI eka prakAra hai jo du kha kA kAraNa hai| 3 vibhavataNyA uccheda-daSTi kA nAma vibhavataSNA hai| vibhava kA artha hai uccheda sasAra kA nAza / ucchada-dRSTi se yukta rAga hI vibhavatRSNA hai / pUva-pUrva bhava kI tRSNA pazcima pazcima bhava meM utpanna honevAle da khoM kA samudaya hotI hai / ata tRSNA samadaya satya kahalAtI hai / avidyA kama va taSNA sa sAra ke kAraNarUpa hai ata tInoM pRSaka-pRSaka rUpa se dukha ke kAraNa kahe gaye hai| 3 dukhaniroSa tRtIya Ayasatya kA nAma da khaniroSa hai| niroSa zabda kA artha nAza yA tyAga hai| jaba du kha aura usakA kAraNa ha taba usake kAraNa kA nirodha kara dukha kA bhI niroSa kiyA jA sakatA hai| dukha ke kAraNa tRSNA kA niroSa hI 'dusaniroSa hai| pAMca kAma guNoM meM nahIM laganA usameM mAnanda nahIM lenA usameM nahIM Dave rahane se tRSNA kA kSaya niroSa hotA hai| isase hI sampUNa dukha kA niroSa hotA hai / yahI dukhaniroSa hai| pammapada meM du khanirodha ko batalAte hue niropa zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra se kI gayI hai ki kisa mudha ke niropa se dukha niva ho jAtA hai| yadi aisA na ho to jaise sudRr3ha baDa ke sarvadhA nahama honevAle tane se kaTA vRkSa phira bar3ha jAtA hai vaise hI 1 ye rAgastAnupatanti sotaM samaM kata makkata kossssaak| sammapada 37 / 2 dIghanikAya 233 8 1 23 majjhimanikAya 14849 pR. 65 vAdi / 3 pANDeya govindacandra orijinsa baoNn buddhijma pR 434 35 / 4 dekhie saMyutta nikAya 278 pRcha 89 /

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paratavAnapane tRSNA aura anuzaya ke samUla naSTa na hone se yaha du kha bAra bAra utpanna hotA rhegaa| isIlie bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai ki samudaya ke niroSa se hI dukha kA niroSa hotA hai| paramArtha se du khanirodha nirvANa hI hai kyoMki nirvANa ko pAkara yaha tRSNA niruddha ho jAtI hai pRthaka ho jAtI hai aura rAgarahita hI niroSa yA nirvANa kahalAtA hai| bhagavAna ne ise eka dIpaka kI upamA dvArA isa taraha samajhAyA ha ki jaise sela aura battI ke hone se pradIpa jalatA rahatA hai aura usa pradIpa meM koI samaya-samaya para tela na gale aura battI ko na ukasAve Thopa nahI kara to vaha pradIpa pahale ke sabhI AhAra samApta ho jAne para aura naye na pAne se bujha jAyagA vaise hI bandhana ma DAlanevAle dhau ma burAI hI burAI mAtra dekhate rahane se tRSNA nahI baDhatI pratyuta dhIre-dhIre yaha samasta duHkhaskandha hI niruta ho jaayge| tuSNA ke nAza se avidyA kA pUrNatayA prahANa ho jAtA hai / avidyA ke prahANa se saskAra eva vijJAna Adi samasta pratyayoM kA bhI prahANa ho jAtA hai / ina samasta dukho kA vipraNAza honA hI niroSa kahalAtA hai| 4 dukhaniroSagAmino pratipada pratipad kA atha ha-mAga / yahI caturtha Ayasatya hai jo dukhaniroSa taka pahuMcAnevAlA mArga hai / dukhanirodha kI ora le jAnavAlA mAga hI dukhaniroSagAminI pratipad hai| madhyama mAga ( masima paTipadA) bhI isIkA nAma hai| dukha kI zAnti arthAt nirvANa kI prApti isI mAga ke dvArA sambhava h| loka meM jisase pAyA jAtA hai use mAga kahate haiN| AcAya bukhaghoSa kahate haiM ki yaha Alambana se vaSA nirvANa ke abhimukha hone se dukhanirodha ko prApta karAtA hai ataeva ise dukha nirodha kI ora jAnevAlA dukhaniropagAminI pratipada kahA gayA hai| yaha mAya mAna hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki du khanirodhagAminI pratipada Aya satya kyA hai ? jo kAmopabhoga kA hIna prAmya aziSTa anAya anathakara jIvana hai aura jo apane zarIra 1 samutya nirodhena hi dukkhaM nirugmati / ma bannapA tenAha yathApi mUle anupahave / / bashe chinno pi eklo punareva hati / evampi tahAnusaye amUhata nimna-tati dukkhamidaM punappana // dhammapada 338 / 2 sayuttanikAya 2 / 86 pR 74 / 3 bahI 5 74 / 4 upAdhyAya baladeva boravacana-bhImAMsA 51 / 5 midharmakoza pR 113 /

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42. boDa tathA jainadharma trilakSaNa anitya dukha anAtma bauddha-dazana sasAra ko anitya dukha aura anAtma ina tIna dRSTiyo se dekhatA ha / bauddha sabhI padArthoM ko anitya mAnate hai| manitya kA atha vinAzazIla mAnA jAtA hai / lekina yadi anitya kA atha vinAzI karaga to hama phira ucchadavAda kI ora hoNg| vastuta anitya kA atha hai privtnshiil| parivatana aura vinAza alaga bhakSaNa haiM / vinAza meM abhAva ho jAtA hai parivatana ma vaha puna eka naye rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai / jase bIja paudha ke rUpa ma parivartita ho jAtA ha vinaSTa nahI hotA / sabhI saskAra kSaNika hai yaha bauddho kA prasiddha siddhAnta hai / zAstA ne bhikSAoM ko antima praraNA deta hue kahA sabhI saskAra anitya ( nAzavAna ) hai ata kSaNa mAtra bhI pramAda na kara jIvana ke lakSya kA sampAdana kro| yaha siddhAnta bhI pratItya samutpAda se hI nikalatA hai kyoki kAya kAraNa yA hetu prayayavAda kA yaha niyama sabhI para lAgU hotA hai / jo pratI yasamatpanna hotA hai usIkI sattA hotI hai aura vaha avazya kSaNika hotA hai / jo kSaNika nahIM hogA vaha niya ho jAyegA aura jo nitya hogA vaha hetusamutpanna na hogA / bauddha dazana ma ani ya aura kSaNika kA matalaba hai satata parivartanazIla / athakriyAkAritva hI vastu kA lakSaNa hai jo kSaNika aura pratItyasamutpana vastuo me hI sambhava ha na ki ni ya aura nirapeya vastuo ma / isa prakAra pratItyasamatpAda se anityatAvAda pratiphalita hotA hai / sasAra ke pratyeka padAtha ko anitya eva nAzavAn mAnanA anitya bhAvanA hai| dhana sampatti kuraba parivAra adhikAra vabhava sabhI kucha kSaNabhagura ha / buddha ne apane upAsakoM ko aneka prakAra se ani yatA kA bodha karAyA hai| saMsAra meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha saba anitya hai sadA eka samAna rahanavAlA nahIM hai| sabhI utpatti sthiti aura nAza hone ke tIna kSaNo ma vibhakta hai| rUpa vedanA sajJA saskAra aura vijJAna sabhI anitya hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki sasAra ke saba padArtha anitya haiM jaba buddhimAna puruSa isa taraha jAna jAtA hai taba vaha dukha nahIM paataa| yaha mAga vizuddhi kA hai| sasAra kA pratidina kA anubhava spaSTata batalAtA hai ki yahAM savatra dukha kA 1 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga pa 119 / 2 sayuttanikAya 21 121 dusarA bhAga pR 33 / 3 sambe saGkhArA anicA ti yadApannAya passati / apamibindati dukkhe esamaggo visukhiyA' / / dhammapada 277 //

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dhammapada meM pratipAdita sImAsA / rAjya hai| jidhara dRSTi DAliye upara hI dukha dikhAyI paDatA hai| yaha bAta mithyA kathamapi nahIM ho sakatI / pahale bAyasatya meM yahI tathya sUtrarUpa meM vyakta hai| dukha kI vyAkhyA karate hue tathAgata kA kathana hai janma vRddhAvasthA maraNa zoka paridevanA daumanasya upAyAsa saba dukha hai / apriya bastu ke sAtha samAgama priya ke sAtha piyoga aura Ipsita kI aprApti dukha hai| sakSepa ma rAga ke dvArA utpanna pAMco upAdAna jagata ke pratyeka kAya pratyeka ghaTanA ma dukha kI sattA hai| priyatamA jisa priya ke samAgama ko apane jIvana kA pradhAna lakSya mAnakara nitAnta Anandamagna rahatI hai usase bhI eka na eka dina viyoga avazyambhAvI hai / jisa dravya ke lie mAnavamAtra itanA parizrama karatA hai usako bhI prApti nitAnta kaSTakAraka hai / jaba atha ke upArjana rakSaNa tathA vyaya sabhI ma dukha hai taba artha ko sukhakAraka kaise kahA jAya / yaha sasAra to bhava jvAlA se pradIpta bhavana ke samAna hai| mUDhajana isa svarUpa ko na jAnakara taraha-taraha ke bhoga vilAsa kI sAmagrI ekatra karate haiM parantu dekhate-dekhate bAla kI mauta ko samAna vizAla saukhya kA prAsAda pRthvI para loTane lagatA hai usake kaNa-kaNa chinna bhi na hokara bikhara bAta hai / isa prakAra parizrama tathA prayAsa se taiyAra kI gayI bhoga sAmagrI sukha na padA kara dukha hI paidA karatI hai| ata dukha prathama Aryasatya kahA gayA hai / sAdhAraNajana pratidina usakA anubhava karate haiM parantu usase udvigna nahIM hote| use sAdhAraNa ghaTanA samajhakara usake Age apanA zira jhukAte hai| parantu buddha kA anubhava nitAnta saccA hai unakA udvega vAstavika hai / isa prakAra bada kI dRSTi meM yaha samagra saMsAra dukha hI dukha hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sabhI saskAra ( padAtha ) dukharUpa hai isa prakAra jaba prajJA se manuSya dekhatA hai taba vaha dukhoM se mukti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| yahI nirvANa kA mAga hai| anAtma anAtma boTabama kA pradhAna mAnya siddhAnta hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki agara ke samasta padArtha svasparzUnya hai| ve katipaya dharmoM ke samuccayamAna hai unakI svaya svatatra sattA nahIM hai / anAtma dhanda yahI nahIM yokti karatA hai ki bAsmA kA abhAva 1 vISanikAya dvitIya bhAga pU 227 / 2 sambe saMkhArA dukkhAti yadA pannAya passati / apa nimvindatI dukhe esa maggo visuniyA // dhammapada 278.

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dhammapada meM pratipAdita mImAMsA usa padArtha kI vastu sattA ho nahIM hai jo protyasama pana nahI hai / isalie pArthanikakSatra meM yadi koI buddha kI dena ko eka zabda meM pUchanA cAhe to ni sandeha yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratItyasamatpAda kA siddhAnta hI bhagavAn buddha kI vizeSatA hai| kAryakAraNa kA siddhAnta to buddha se pUrva bhI aya dAzanika-sampradAyoM meM jJAta pA kintu vaha sabhI vastuo para lAga nahI thaa| aise aneka tattva achate raha jAte the jisa para yaha niyama lAga na hotA thA jase-AtmA prakRti Izvara bAkAza kAla die Adi / baddha ne sabaprathama isa siddhAnta kA gaurava pradAna kiyA use saba padArthoM para lAma kiyA aura use sattA kA paryAyavAcI bnaayaa| yaha bahuta baDI bAta thii| isane dArzanika jagat me halacala paidA kI aura dArzanika-vicAroM ke vikAsa kI ananta sambhAvanAeM umata kiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki baukha-dazana gatizIlatA kriyAzIlatA aura pragatizIlatA kA paryAyavAcI bana skaa| bauddha-zana Aga calakara vaibhASika sautrAntika vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra) aura zUyavAda (mAdhyamika ) ina cAra vAzanika sampradAyoM meM vikasita humA kintu mamI kA AdhArabhata sidA ta pratItyasamatpAda hI thaa| pratItyasamatpAda kI bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyA karake hI unhone apane-apane dazana kI nIva rkhii| pratItyasamapAda kI dezanA bhagavAna buddha ne kI thI ata sabhI bIDa-dArzanika sampradAya-pravartaka AcAryoM ne kahA ki jasI unhoMne pratItyasamatpAda kI vyAkhyA kI vahI budha kA asalI mantavya pA aura ve hI unake vicAroM ke vAstavika uttarAdhikArI tathA unake sacce banuyAyI the| isI eka pratItyasamapAda kI vyAkhyA ke mASAra para eka ora sthaviravAdI vaibhASika aura sautrAntika Adi vastubAda kI sthApanA karate hai to dUsarI ora vijJAnavAdIyogAcAra vijJAnavAda kI aura zUnyavAdI-mAdhyamika apane zUnyavAda kii| baudoM kA sarvaprasiddha maNikavAda kA siddhAnta bhI isI pratIsthasamasAda kI sUkSma vyAkhyA kI dena hai| kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki pratItyasamatpAda eka aisA vyApaka aura vaijJA nika siddhAnta thA jisane jJAna ke vikAsa meM apUrva yogadAna kiyaa| pratItyasamatpAda kA aba hai hetu-pratyayoM se utpAda / pratyeka vastu hetu-pratyayoM se utpanna (pratItyasamatpanna) hai| vo hetu-pratyayoM se utpanna nahIM vaha vastu hI nahIM apitu avastu aura kAlpanika hai| isI dRSTi se bhAtmA zivara kAla mAvi boDoM dvArA kalpita nitya padAtha avastu sat kalpita eva prAnta siba ho jAte hai| isa taraha isa sidAnta se zAzvatavAda kA niSedha ho pAtA hai| phira bhI hetu-phala kI zrRMkhalA barAbara janma-janmAntaraparyanta avibhinna rUpa se palatI rahI hai aura yaha taba taka - 1 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga /

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5 boDasapA banadharma calatI rahatI hai jaba taka nirvANa prApta nahI kara liyA jaataa| ata isa sivAnta se cArvAko kA vaha mata bhI nirAkRta ho jAtA hai jisake anusAra jIvana kevala vartamAna hI hai / isa taraha ucchadavAda kA bhI pratItyasamatpAda dvArA niSaSa kara diyA jAtA hai / sAtha hI ahetukavAda svabhAvavAda prakriyAvAda Adi anaka matavAdo ke lie koI sthAna nahI raha jaataa| nirvacana pratItyasamutpAda ma prati kA atha prApti ha / isa upasaga ke sAtha gatyathaka iNa dhAtu kA yoga hai / upasarga kI vajaha se pAtu kA artha badala jAtA hai / phalata prati-i kA atha prApti hotA hai aura ktvA pratyaya ke yoga se niSpanna pratItya kA atha haiprApta karake / pada dhAtu sattAthaka hai| sama ut upasagapUvaka isakA artha prAdu bharbhAva hai / ata pratItyasamatpAda kA atha hetu pratyayo ko prApta kara kArya kA utpAda hotA hai| isase pratItyasamatpAda kI bauddhadhama ma spaSTa mahattA dRSTigocara hotI hai| pAvazAga pratItyasamutpAda pratotyasamatpAda sikSAnta dvArA hI buddha ne sAsArika jIvana kI samyaka vyAkhyA kI aura dukha kA kAraNa smjhaayaa| dukha akAraNa nahI sakAraNa hai aura kAraNa dUra karane para dukha se makti pAyI jA sakatI ha / AyasasyoM ke mAdhyama se sakSapa meM baddha na samajhAyA ki dukha kA kAraNa tRSNA hai| parantu isI kAraNa prakriyA ke anveSaNa kA vikasita rUpa 12 nidAnoM kI zRkhalA meM dikhAI paDatA hai| pratI yasamutpAda 12 nidAna yA aga yathAtha ma kAraNo yA pratyayoM kI hI zRkhalA ha / ina 12 ago kA vaNana bauddha grantho meM isa prakAra milatA hai- avidyA pratyaya se saMskAra saskAra pratyaya se vijJAna vijJAna prayaya se nAmarUpa nAmarUpa-pratyaya se SaDAyatana SaDAyatana pratyaya se spaza spaza pratyaya se vedanA vedanA pratyaya se tRSNA tRSNA-pratyaya se upAdAna upAdAna prayaya se bhava bhava pratyaya se jAti jAti pratyaya se jarA maraNa zoka parideva du kha daumanasya eva upAyAsa hote haiN| isa prakAra samasta dukha skandha kA samudaya hotA ha yahI pratItyasamutpAda hai| baddha ke upadezoM meM dvAdazAGga kahI sakSipta aura kahI vistRta hai kahI eka se pAraha kahI sAta se bAraha kahI bAraha se eka kahI ATha se eka kahI tIna se bAraha 1 baukha-saMskRti kA itihAsa bhAskara bhogabadra jaina 1 94 / 2 abhidharmakoza bhASya 3 / 28 pR 138 / 3 vinayapiTaka mahApaga 1 pR 1 dIghanikAya 2 / 55 1 44 sayuttanikAya 2 / 1 pR 1 bisuvimagga 1712 1 262 /

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56 : pola tathA janadharma prasa kA bheda liyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ekedriya-sambadhI sthAvara ke pAMca bheda hI upayukta hai jo nimna hai1 pRthvIkAyika jIva jinakA pRthvI hI zarIra hai u hai pathvIkAyika jIva kahate haiN| inake do bheda hai-sUkSma aura bAdara (sthl)| sUkSma aura bAdara ke bhI do bheda hai-paryApta aura aparyApta / bAdara paryApta ke prathamata do bhada hai-sukomala aura kaThina / puna sukomala pRthvI ke 7 aura kaThina pRthvI ke 36 bhada batAye gaye haiN| mRdu pathvI ke 7 prakAra haiM / isI prakAra kaThina pathvI ke 36 bheda batAya gaye hai| 2 akAyika jIva aise jIva jinakA zarIra hI jala hai akAyika kahe jAte hai| anya meM inake 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 2633 31 / 2 duvihA puDhavI jIvA u suhamA bAyarA tahA / pajja-tamapajjattA evamee duhA puNo / / vahI 367 / 3 bAyarA je ta pajjattA duvihAte viyAhiyA / saNhA kharA ya boddhavvA saNhA satta vihAtahi // vahI 3671 / 4 kivhA nIlA ya ruhirA ya hAlidadA sukkilA thaa| paNDa-paNagamaTiyA kharA chattIsaI vihA / vahI 3672 / kharA tIsaIvihA // puDhavI ya sakkarA bAlayA ya uvale siktA ya loNase / aya-tamba-tauya-sIsagaruppa-suvaNNe yaveireya / / candaNa-gelya-hasaganmapulae sogandhie ya boddhatve / candappaha-verulie jalakante sUrakante ya // vahI 36172-76 /

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pammara meM pratipAdita nAsA 57 cAra bheda batAye gaye haiM yathA-sUkSma vAdara paryApta aura aparyApta / bAdara paryApta bIva ke pAMca bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 3 vanaspatikAyika jIva vRkSa pauSe latAyeM Adi ho jinake zarIra hai unheM vanaspatikAyika jIva kahate hai / pRthivI ke bhedoM kI taraha isake bhI sUkSma pAvara paryApta bhaura aparyApta ye pAra mera batAye gaye hai| bAdara-paryApta-vanaspatikAya ke sAdhAraNa zarIravAlI vanaspati aura dUsarI pratyeka zarIravAlI vanaspati aise do bheda kiye gaye haiN| sAdhAraNa mora pratyeka ke bhI prakAro kA ulekha hai| 4 manikAyika jIva aise jIva jinakA zarIra hI agni hai agni se pRthaka nahIM ho sakate / pRthivI 1 duvihA mAujIvA usuhamA bAyarA thaa| pajjantamapajjantA evamee duhA puNo // usarAdhyayanasUtra 36684 / 2 vAyarA je u pajjantA pacahA ta pakittiyA / subodae ya usse harataNamahiyA hime // vahI 36485 / 3 duvihA vaNassaI jIvA suhamA bAyarA sahA / pajja-tamapajjantA evamee duhA puNo // vahI 36092 / 4 bAyarAje u pajyattA duvihA te viyA hiyaa| sAhAraNasarIrAya pattegA ya tahe va ya // vahI 3693 / 5 sAhAraNasarIrA uNagahA te pkittiyaa| vahI 36096-99 / musuNDI ya halidAya uNagahA evamAnayo / / pattega sarIrA uNegahA te pakittiyA / hariya kAyA ya bokhalyA pattayA iti AhiyA / pahI 3619495 /

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58 baukha tathA manavama kI taraha isake bhI cAra bheda hai| unama se bAdara paryApta agni aneka prakAra se vaNana kI gayI hai| agnikAya ke aneka bheda batAya gaye hai| 5 vAyukAdhika jIva aise jIva jinakA zarIra hI vAyu ha vAyu se pathaka nahI ho sakate / vAyukAya ke bhI cAra bheda hai| bAdara paryApta vAyu ke pA~ca bhada hai| isa taraha sakSapa se bAdara ( sthala) ekendriya sthAvara jIvo kA vibhAjana anya meM kiyA gayA hai / inakI Ayu ( bhavasthiti ) kama se kama antamahUtaM eka samaya se lekara 48 minaTa taka kI samaya ha tathA adhika se adhika pathivIkAyika kI 22 hajAra varSa apkAya kI 7 hajAra vaSa vanaspatikAya kI 1 hajAra vaSa agnikAya ( tejara kAya ) kI tIna dina rAta aura vAyukAya kI tIna hajAra varSa kI hai| isa Ayu ke pUrNa hone ke bAda ye jIva niyama se eka zarIra choDakara dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa kara lete hai| asa jIva do driyo se lekara pAMca idriyovAle jIva trasa kahalAte haiM / trasa jIvo ke pAra bheda hai| 1 davihA teujIvA u suhamA bAyarA thaa| pajja tamapajjattA evamee dahA puNo // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36 / 1 8 / 2 bAyarA jeu pajantA gagahA te viyAhiyA / igAle mummura aggI acci jAlA tahava ya // ukkA vijaya boDavvAThogahA evmaayo| ega vihamaNoNattA sahumA te viyAhiyA / / vahI 36 / 1 911 / 3 duvihA pAujIvA u suhamA bAyaga tahA / paja-tamapajjantA evamae duhA puNo // __ vahI 36 / 117 / 4 bAyarAje u pajjantA pacahA ta pakittiyA / ukkatigyA-maNDaliyA SaNa gujA sudavAyAya / / savaTaThagavAte ya uNegavihA evamAyo / vaho 36 / 118 119 / 5 vahI 3668 tathA dekhie vahI 36188 1 2 113 122 / 6 porAlA tasA je ucauhA te pakittiyA / beindiya-taindiya-vauro-pacindiyA ceva // vahI 364126 /

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dhammapada meM pratipArita tasvamImAMsA 59 viSa bIca jinameM sparzana aura rasamA do hI indriyA~ hoM ve dondriya jIva kahalAte haiN| inake paryApta aura aparyApta do bheda kiye gaye haiN| isake atirikta bhI inake aneka bheda grantha meM dikhAI dete hai| 2 trINiya jIva spazana rasanA aura prANa ina tIna indriyoM se yukta jIva trIndriya kahalAte haiM / isake bhI paryApta aura aparyAsa do bheda hai| zrIndriya jIvo ke jitane upabheda hai unake bAre meM prantha meM batAyA gayA hai| 3 caturiniya jIva sparzana rasanA prANa aura cakSu ina cAra indriyo se yukta jIva caturidriya jIva kahalAte haiM / ye jIva bhI do prakAra ke haiM paryApta aura aparyApta / inake upabhedo ke bAre ma bhI prathama ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 1 beindiyA uje jIvA duvihA te pakittiyA / paja-tamapajjattA tesi bhee suNeha me // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 364127 / 2 kimiNo so magalA va alasA maaivaayaa| ii ba idayA ee gahA evamAtrao // vahI 363128-13 / 3 teindiyA uje jovA duvihA te pakittiyA / pajjattamapajjattA tesiM bhee suNeha me // bahI 36 / 136 / 4 kunthu pivIli uDDasA ukka ladehiyA vahA / inda govagamAIyA gahA evamAyo / pahI 36 / 137-139 / 5 parindiyA uje jIvA sesi bhee suNe hame / vahI 366145 // 6 andhiyA pottiyA va mAcchayAmasagA tahA / ii cArindiyA ee uNagahA essmaaybo|| bahI 36146-149 /

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6 bora tathA janadharma uparyata tInA prakAra ke jIva sthala hone se loka ke ekadeza me rahate hai| ye anAdikAla se cale A rahe ha aura ananta kAla taka rahage parantu kisI jIvavizeSa kI sthiti kI apekSA sAdi aura sAnta hai| ina sabhI kI sthiti kama-se-kama anta muhUrta hai tathA adhika se adhika vIdriya kI 12 vaSa zrIndriya kI 49 dina caturindriya kI 6 mAsa hai| spAdi ke tAratamya se inake hajAroM bheda ho sakate hai| ekendriya se kekara caturinniya taka ke sabhI jIva tiryaJcoM kI hI zreNI ma Ate haiN| 4 paveniya bIva __ spazana rasanA ghrANa pakSa aura kaNa ina pAMca idriyoM se yukta jIva pondriya kahalAte hai / inake mukhyata cAra prakAra ha jo nimnalikhita haiM1 loge gadese te mavve ma samvattha viyAhiyA / / uttarAdhyayanasUtra 3613 / isI prakAra trIndriya tathA caturindriya jIva ke lie dekhie / vahI 34139 149 / 2 sataha pappaDaNAiyA apajavasiyA viy|| Thiu paNucca sAIyA sapa avasiyA niya / / vahI 36131 / isI prakAra nIdriya tathA caturidriya jIva ke lie dekhie / vahI 36414 15 / 3 vAsAi bArase va u dhakkoseNa viyAhiyA / beindiya AuThiI antomuhatta jahamniyA // vahI 36 // 132 / eNUNapaNNa horatA upako seNa viyAhiyA / teindiya mAuThiI antomuhata ahamniyA / vahI 36 / 141 / chacceva ya mAsA u ukkoseNa piyAhiyA / parindiya AraThiI antomuhuta jahanniyA / 6.151 / 4 vahI 361135 5 paridiyA uje jIvA ghaumvihA se viyaahiyaa| neraiyA tirikkhA ya maNayA devA ya AhiyA // vahI 36 / 155 /

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bannapada meM pratipAdita tasvamImAMsA 1 1 mAratI bIca apoloka meM nivAsa karanevAle jIva nArakI kahe jAte haiN| apoloka meM sAta naraka-mamiyAM hai jinakA ki grantha meM nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| inakI adhikatama mAmu Upara se nIce ke narakoM meM kramaza 1 sAgara 3 sAgara 7 sAgara 1 sAgara 17 sAgara 22 sAgara aura 33 sAgara hai / nimnatama Ayu prathama naraka kI 1 hajAra varSa tathA anya narakoM meM pUrva 2 ke narakoM kI utkRSTa Ayu hI Age 2 ke narakoM kI nimnatama Ayu hai| ekendriya se lekara pAra indriyavAle jIva tathA paMca indriyoM meM pazu-pakSI Adi tiyaJca kahalAte hai / tiyaJca avisamUcchima aura garbhaka bheva se do prakAra ke hai| donoM ke puna jala sthala aura AkAza meM calane kI zakti ke bheda se tIna bheva kiye gaye hai| (ka) jalapara niyaMtra jala meM calane phirane ke kAraNa inheM pAvara kahate hai| grantha meM inake pAMca bheda batAye gaye hai| sthala ( bhami ) meM calane ke kAraNa inheM sthAcara kahate hai| inakI mukhya do 1 neraiyA satavihA sattahAparikittiyA // uttarAdhyayanasUna 363156 157 / 2 vahI 36 / 16 -166 / 3 pacindiya tirikkhAyo duvihA te niyAhiyA / sammacchi matirikkhAo gambhavakkAttayA sahA // vahI 36.17 / 4 duvihAvi te bhave vivihA jalayarA yalayarA ThahA / khahayarA ya borambA tekhi bhee saNeha me // vahI 364171 / 5 macchA ya kacchamA ya gAhA ya magarA vhaa| susumArA ya boDhavyA paMcahA balayarAhiyA / / vahI 361172 /

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62.poTa bAmanayana jAtiyAM hai-catuSpapa aura prisrp| catuSpada ke cAra prakAra batAye gaya hai| isI prakAra parisapa kI makhya do jAtiyAM haiM / ___mAkAza meM svacchanda vihAra karane me samatha jIva nabhacara kahalAte haiN| aise jIva makhyatayA cAra prakAra ke hai| isa taraha paJcedriya tiyaJca makhyata tIna prakAra ke haiM / inakI Ayu nimnatama antamahatta tathA adhikatama 1 karoDa pUrva jalacara kI 3 payopama sthalaghara kI tathA asatyaya bhAga palyopama kI h| zeSa kSatra eva kAlakRta varNana dvIndriyAdi kI 1 cauppayA ya parisappA davihA thalayarA bhave // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 364179 / 2 egakhurA dakhurA ceva gaNDIpaya-saNappayA / hayamAi-goNamAi gayamAi sIhamAiNo / vahI 36 / 18 / 3 bhuo ragaparisappA ya parisappA vuvihA bhave / gohAI ahimAI ya ekkevakA DaNa gahA bhave // vahI 36 / 181 / 4 camme u loma pakkhI ya taiyA smuggpaakkhyaa| viyayapakkhI ya boddhanvA pakkhiNo ya caunvihA / / 188 / 5 7 lAkha 56 hajAra karoDa varSoM kA eka pUrva hotA hai / vahI AtmArAma TIkA pa 1745 / 6 egA ya puSya koDImo ukkoseNa viyAhiyA / AuTiThaI jalayarANaM antomuhutta ahanniyA / vahI 36 / 175 palimovamAu tiNNi u ukkoseNa viyaahiyaa| AuTiThaI pala yarANa atomuhutta jahanniyA / vahI 36 / 184 pali ovamassa bhAgo asakhajjaimo bhave / AuTiThaI khahayarANa antomuhutta jahaliyA / vahI 366191 /

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3 manuSya sasArI jIvoM meM isakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai aura cAra durlabha agoM kI prApti meM eka manuSya janma bhI hai / manuSya paryAya kI prApti puNyakarma vizeSa se hotI hai / uttarAdhyayana meM utpatti-sthAna kI dRSTi se sammUcchita aura garbhamyuskAnvika ( garbhaja ) 'ke ye do bheda kiye gaye haiM / garbha se utpanna honevAle manuSya tIna prakAra ke manuSya hai-- karmabhUmika akamamamika aura antaradvIpaka / grantha meM inake sahayAgata bhedoM kA 153 aura 28 isa prakAra kramapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| antata tathA adhika se adhika tIna pa yopama batalAyI gayI hai inakI Ayu sau varSa se kama milatI hai / inakI kama-se-kama Ayu / grantha meM eka jagaha dhammapada meM pratipAditA / 63 1 cattAri paramagANi dullahANIha jantuNo / mANusata sui saddhA saMjamammi ya bIriya // tathA- - dullahe khala mANase bhava cirakAlaNa vi savvapANiNAM / 2 kammANa tu pahANAra ANapubbI kayAi u / jIvA sohimaNuppattA AyayatimaNustaya // vahI 3 / 762 3 maNuyA duviha bheyA uta me kittayao suNa / samucchimA ya maNuyA gabhavakkAntiyA tahA // bhaiyA sakhA ukamaso tesi ii esA 4 ganbhavavakAttayA jeu tivihA te viyAhiyA / remma kammabhUmAya mantarad dIvayA tahA // 5 pannarasa - tIsa - vihA uttarAdhyayanasUtra 311 / 3 / 62 2 / 1122 / 38 / reories | viyAhiyA || 6 pAli ovamAi tiNNi u ukkoseNa viyAhiyA / AuThiI maNuyANa antomUhata jahanniyA // 7 jANi jIyanti dummehA UNe bAsasyAue // vahI 4 / 4 16 / vahI 36 / 195 / vahI 36 / 196 / vahI 36 / 197 // bahI 3612 1 vahI 7 / 13 /

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64 : bauddha tathA jainadharma 4 deva joba puNya karmoM kA phala bhogane ke lie jIva deva paryAya ko prApta karatA hai / bhaumaya vyantara jyotiSI aura vaimAnika ye cAra prakAra ke deva kahe jAte haiM / inake anya bhavAntara pramukha 25 bheda haiM / parantu ikatIsava adhyayana meM 24 prakAra ke devoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha hai / 1 bhavanapati yA bhavanavAsI deva bhavano meM utpanna honavAle devo ko bhavanapati yA bhavanavAsI kahate hai / inakI dasa jAtiyA~ hai / 2 vyantaradeva jinake utkaSa aura apakaSamaya rUpa vizeSa haiM tathA giri kandarA aura vRkSa ke vivarAdi meM jinakA nivAsa hai unako vyantaradeva kahata haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM inakI saMkhyA ATha batAyI gayI hai / 1 borassa passa dhIsta savvaSambhANavattiNo / ciccA aSamma dhammiTaThe devesu uvavajjaI || 2 devA caubvihA vRttA te me kittayao suNa / bhomijja- vANama tara - joisa vemANiyA tahA // vahI 7 / 29 tathA 2126 / vahI 36 2 4 tathA 34151 / 3 dasahA ubhavaNavAsI aTavhA vaNa cAriNo / pacavihA joisiyA dubihA vemANiyA tahA || 4 svAhie suresa a / 5 asurA nAgasu vaNNA bijja aggI ya AhiyA / dIvo dahi disA vAyA caNiyA bhavaNavAsiNo // 6 pisAyabhayA jakkhA ya rakkhasA kinnarAkipurisA / mahoragA ya reer rcovihA vANamasarA // vahI 36 / 25 / vahI 31 / 16 / vahI 36 / 25 / vahI 36 / 2 6 /

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7 bauDa tavA janapama vyakti kA zarIra zubha karmodayayukta hai arthAt vaha vyakti saba prakAra se sukhI hai / isI taraha jo vyakti pApI hotA hai vaha saba prakAra se dukhI hotA hai| isa prakAra puNya aura pApa kA phala sukha aura duHkha hai / sukha eva du kha yakti ke vyaktitva arthAt zArI rika eva mAnasika gaThana para avalambita hai jisakA nirmANa puNya aura pApa arthAt zubha aura azubha karmoM ke AdhAra se hotA ha / / paNya aura pApa dono bandhanarUpa haiM ata mokSa-sAdhanA ke lie heya mAne gaye hai / pAramArthika daSTi se puNya aura pApa dono ma bheda nahI kiyA jA sakatA kyoki dono hI antatogatvA bandhana ke hetu hai inakA bheda kevala yAvahArika stara para hai| dono kA kSaya karana se hI mukti milatI hai| paNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ma sahAyaka tatva ha / zubha kama padagala kA nAma paNya hai| paNya ke kAraNa aneka ha / yathA-dauna dukhI para karuNA karanA unakI sevA zuzraSA karanA dAna denA Adi aneka prakAra se paNyopAjana kiyA jAtA hai / jainaSama meM muni suzIlakumAra ne paNya kI upamA vAyu se kI hai| isI prakAra jaina AcAryoM ke anasAra jisa vicAra eva AcAra se apanA aura dUsaro kA ahita ho vaha pApa hai| vicArako ke anusAra pApakama ko utpatti ke sthAna tIna hai--rAga dveSa aura moha / lekina uttarA yayana ma pApakama kI u patti ke sthAna rAga aura dveSa ye do hI mAna gaya haiN| isa prakAra pApakoM kA AcaraNa karanevAle sabhI jIva isa loka tathA paraloka ma du kha ko prApta hote hai| isalie pApakarmoM ke badale paNya ( zubha ) karmoM kA hI AcaraNa karanA caahie| uttarA yayanasUtra ke 19va adhyayana ma mRgAputra 1 uttarAdhyayana 2 // 14 // 2 duviha khadeUNa ya paNNapAva niragaNa savvao vippamukke / tarittA samadada va mahAbhavodha samudadapAle apaNAgama gae / yahI 21 // 24 // 3 janaghama muni suzIlakumAra pa 84 / 4 rAgaddose ya do pAve pAvakamma pava-teNa / uttarAdhyayanasUtra 31 / 3 / 5 eva payApecca iha ca loe kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atyi // vahI 4 / 3 / 6 huyAsaNa jalantammi ciyAsumahiso viva / daDho pakko ya avaso pAvakammahi pAviyo / / bahI 1957 /

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pammapada meM pratipAti nIkAMtA apana upabhoga meM AI huI naraka sambandhI yAtanA kA varNana karate hai| isI prakAra samudrapAlIya nAmaka ikkIsaveM adhyayana meM cora kI atyanta zoSanIya dazA ko dekhakara vairAgya utpanna samudrapAla kahane lagatA hai ki azubha karmoM ke mAcaraNa kA aisA hI kaTu pariNAma hotA hai| sArAza yaha ha ki jo azubha kama hai unakA antima phala azubha arthAta dukharUpa hI hogaa| __bhAratIya cintako kI dRSTi me paNya aura pApa-sambandhI samagra cintana kA sAra isa kathana meM samAviSTa hai ki dUsaro kI bhalAI karanA paNya aura kaSTa denA pApa hai jisake kathana se pApo kA vicchada ho jAve use prAyazcitta kahate haiM isalie AlocanA ANi prAyazcitta se pApo kI vizuci hotI hai aura pApoM kI vizuddhi se isa jIva kA bAritra aticAra se rahita ho jAtA hai tathA viSayoM se virakta rahanavAlA jIva naye pApakarmoM kA upAjana nahI karatA aura pUrva ma sacita kie huoM kA nAza kara detA hai / isa prakAra pUrvasacita karmoM kA nAza aura navIna karmoM ke bandha kA abhAva ho jAne se usa jIva ko jama maraNa kI paramparA ma nahI AnA paDatA / 5 mAnava tasva puNya-pApalpa kama Ana ko Asrava kahate haiN| parantu Asrava se makhyatayA pApA srava ko samajhA jAtA hai| isIlie uttarAdhyayana meM pApAsrava ke pAMca bhedoM kA saketa kiyA gayA hai yadyapi unake nAmoM kA ullekha nahI hai| uparyata pAMca pramakha mAnava dvAra yA bandha hetuo ko puna aneka bheda prabhado meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai jinakA kevala nAmollekha karanA paryApta hai / AtmA meM kama ke Ane ke dvArarUpa Asrava ke mithyAtva avirati pramAda kaSAya aura yoga ye pAMca bheda batAye gaye haiM jo ki bandha ke kAraNa haiN| inheM mAnava pratyaya bhI kahate haiN| 1 aho subhANa kammANa nijANa pAvaga ima // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 21 // 9 2 pAyacchita karaNeNa pAvakamma visohi aNayaha niraiyAre yAvi bhavaH / bahI 29 / 17 / 3 viNiyaTaThaNayAeNa pAvakammANa akaraNayAe anbhuii| puSya batANa ya nijjaraNayAta niyattei to pacchAcAra saMsAra kantAra viiivyi| vahI 29 // 33 / 4 tatvApasUna ba 6 sU 15 / 5 pcaasvnnvtto| uttarAdhyayanasUtra 34121 //

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pammapara meM pratipAti savanImAlA 77 eka maukA saMsArarUpI samudra meM taira rahI hai jisameM do chidra hai| unameM se eka se gandhA aura dUsare se sApha pAnI mA rahA hai| pAnI ke Ate rahana se nAva aba Dabane hI vAlI hai ki nAva kA mAlika una dono chidro ko banda kara detA hai jinase pAnI apara praveza kara rahA thA aura phira donoM hAthoM se usa bhare hue pAnI ko ulIcakara nikAlane lagatA hai / dhIre dhIra baha naukA pAnI se khAlI ho jAtI ha aura pAnI kI sataha para Akara abhISTa sthAna ko prApta karA detI hai / isa taraha isa dRSTAnta ma naukA ajIva tattva aura nAvika jIva tattva hai| gande aura sApha pAnI pApa aura puNya ke pratIka hai| jala kA nAva meM praveza karanA mAnava ekatrita honA bandha pAnI AnevAle chidro ko banda karanA savara nAva se pAnI ko ulIcanA nijarA tathA jala ke nikala jAne para nAva kA sataha para mA jAnA mokSa hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki uparyata tasva-yAjanA meM jIva aura ajIva jJeyatattva mAne gaya hai jaba ki pApa Asrava aura badha ye tInoM tyAjya tathA puNya savara nijarA aura mokSa ye cAro upAdeya mAna gaya hai / pApa Asrava aura bandha ina tIna se bacanA cAhie tathA puNya savara aura nijarA ina tIna kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie / antima tattva mokSa hai jinakI prApti ke lie ina sabakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / yadyapi nirvANa ke sAdhaka ke lie puNya kA AcaraNa bhI lakSya nahIM hai phira bhI sApanA-mAga me sahAyaka hona ke kA Na usakI AvazyakatA mvIkAra kI gayI hai / lekina zAstrakAroM ne puNya ko bhI tyA ya hI mAnA hai| isa prakAra jIva aura ajIva ye do jaya tathA Asrava savara nijarA aura mokSa upAdeya mAne gaye hai| tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM pratipAdita tasva-yojanA kI tulanA karane para patA calatA hai ki dukho kI anumati pratyeka prANI ko kaTa mAlama hotI hai / ataH be dukhoM se chaTakArA pAne ke lie nAnA prakAra ke prayatna karate dekhe jAte haiM / sAsArika jitane bhI prayatna hai ve saba kSaNika sukha ko dene ke kAraNa vAstava me dukharUpa hI hai| sacce aura avinazvara sukha ko prAti ke lie cetana aura acetana ke sayoga aura viyoga ko AdhyAtmika prakriyA ko jina nau tathyo (satyo ) me vibhAjita kiyA hai unameM pUNa vizvAsa unakA pUrNa jJAna aura tadanusAra AcaraNa Avazyaka hai| una nau tathyoM ke kramaza nAma hai -cetana (jIva) acetana ( ajIba) cetana aura acetana ko sambandhAvasthA (bandha ) ahiMsAdi zubha kAya ( puNya) hiMsAdi azuma kAya 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 2814 /

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78 boDasamA nava (pApa) acetana kA cetana ke sAtha sambandha karAnevAle kAraNa kA niroSa (sabara) cetana se adyatana kA azata pRthakkaraNa (nirjarA ) tathA cetana kA paNa svAtantrya ( mokSa ) / ina catana acetana aura unake sayoga viyoga kI kAraNa-kArya-zRGakhalA ke vikAla satya hone se inha tathya yA saya kahA gayA hai| inha mukhyata pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-- 1 catana aura acetana tatva-jIva aura ajIva 2 sasAra yA da kha kI avasthA-bagha 3 sasAra yA du kha ke kAraNa-puNya pApa aura Asrava 4 sasAra yA dukha se nivRtti kA upAya--savara aura nijarA 5 sasAra yA du kha se pUrNa nivRtti-mokSa / sasAra yA dukha kA kAraNa karma bandhana hai aura usase chaTakArA pAnA mokSa hai| patana hI bandhana aura mokSa ko prApta karatA hai tathA acatana ( kama ) se bandhana aura mokSa hotA hai| babana ma kAraNa ha puNya aura pAparUpa pravRtti jisase prarita hAkara acetana ( karma ) catana ke pAsa Akara badha ko prApta hota haiN| ina acatana karmoM ke bhAne ko rokanA tathA pahale se Aye hue karmoM ko pRthaka karane rUpa savara aura nijarA mokSa ke pratikAraNa haiN| isa taraha bagha mokSa cetana acatana puNya pApa Asrava savara aura nijarA ya nau sAvabhauma sa ya hone se tathya kahe gaye haiN| isI tathya kA sAkSAtkAra bhagavAna buddha na bhI kiyA aura unhona isakA hI eka dUsare Dhaga se caturAya satyoM ke rUpa ma upadeza diyaa| cUMki dhammapada me koI sthAyI cetana va acetana padAya svIkAra nahI kiyA gayA hai| ata Upara pAMca bhAgo meM vibhA jita 9 tathyo ma se prathama bhAga ko choDakara zeSa cAra rUpoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / - 1 dula satya hai sasAra meM jama jarA maraNa iSTa viyoga aniSTa saMyoga Adi da kha dekhe jAte hai / ataH ya satya hai| 2 suzoM ke kAraNa satya haiM (dusamukya satya) aba dukha hai to da kha ke kAraNa bhI avazya hai / tRSNA saba prakAra ke dukhoM kI kAraNa hai| 3 sukhaniroSa satya yadi da kha aura da kha ke kAraNa hai to kAraNa ke nAza hone para duHkha kA bhI vinAza honA caahie| 1 dhammapada 273 /

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dhammapada meM pratipArita tatvamImAMsA 4 dulaniroSa mArga satya skhoM ko dUra karana kA rAstA bhI hai / ata" yaha bhI satya hai| isa taraha cetana acetana dravya hai yA nahI paramAtha ma sukha hai yA nahI isakA koI samucita uttara na dekara bhagavAna baddha ne yaha kahA ki uparokta cAra bAteM satya hai / dakha se chaTakArA cAhate ho to ina bAya satyo para vizvAsa karake dakha-niroSa ke mArga kA anusaraNa kro| du kha-nirodha ke mAga meM jina upAyoM ko dhammapada meM badalAyA gayA hai ke hI prAya uttarAdhyayana meM hai antara itanA hI hai ki yahA~ bauddha-dazana AtmA kI amAva ( narAmya ) kI bhAvanA para jora detA hai vahA~ uttarAdhyayana upaniSado kI taraha AtmA ke sadamAva kI bhAvanA para jora detA hai| upayukta cAra tatvoM kI tulanA uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke jaina-tattva-yojanA se nimna rUpa ma kI jA sakatI hai| dhammapada kA da kha uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke bandhana ke samAna hai jaba ki da kha hetu kI tulanA Asrava se kI jA sakatI hai kyoMki jaina paramparA ma Asrava ko badhana kA aura bauddha paramparA me dukha hetu ( pratItyasamutpAda ) ko da kha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra dukha nirodha kA mAga ( aSTAMga mAga ) uttarA dhyayana ke savara aura nijarA se tulanIya hai| da khaniroSagAminI pratipad yA nirvANa kI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke mokSa se kI jA sakatI ha / 2 dukha hetu (pratItyasamutpAda) 2 Asrava 3 dukhaniroSa kA mAga __3 sabara aura nirjarA (aSTAGga mAga) 4 8 saniroSagAminI pratipad 4 moma (nirvANa) (nirvANa)

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adhyAya 3 dhammapada ke dhArmika siddhAnta aura uttarAdhyayana meM pratipAdita dhArmika siddhAnto se tulanA prastuta adhyAya ma pa mapada ke AdhAra para baddha arhata trizaraNa nirvANa dhama kama anuprekSA Adi bauddha mA yatAo kA vivecana hai aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke AdhAra para samAnAntara athavA sadRza jaina-mA yatAo se tulanA maka adhyayana ha / jisa samaya bhagavAn baddha kA loka ma AvirbhAva huA usa samaya deza meM aneka matavAda pracalita the| logo kI jijJAsA jAga uThI thI aura vicAra-jagata ma uthala puthala ho rahI thii| paraloka ha yA nahI kama hai yA nahI karmoM kA pala ( vipAka) hotA hai yA nahIM isa prakAra ke prazno ke prati logo ke hRdaya ma baDA kautahala thaa| ese hI kAla ma jaba sadgRhastha bhI sayA vaSaNa ma ghara bAra choDakara bhikSu yA vanasya ho raha the baddha kA zAkya vA me jama huaa| inakA kula kSatriya gotra gautama aura nAma siddhAtha thA / ya rAjA zuddhodana ke patra the aura mAyAdevI inakI mAtA thii| usa samaya pUrva ke pradezo ma bhatriyo kA prAdhA ya thA / siddhAtha ne rAjakumAro kI bhAMti zikSA prApta kI parantu ve bacapana se hI vicArazIla the aura isIlie unakI utsukatA jIvana ke rahasyo ko jAnana ke lie bar3hane lgii| sAsArika sukho se ye jaldI hI virakta ho gaya aura yuvAvasthA ma hI paramAtha satya kI khoja ma eka dina ghara se niSkramaNa kiyA tathA kASAya vastra dhAraNa kara bhikSabhAva grahaNa kara liyaa| usa samaya tApaso kI baDI prasiddhi thii| "nha mAlama huA ki AlAra kAlAma ni zreyasa kA zAna rakhata hai| siddhAtha unake pAsa gaya aura pUchA ki jama maraNa yAdhi Adi dukhoM se jIva kaise mukta hotA hai ? AlAra kAlAma ne sakSapa meM apana zAstra ke nizcaya ko smjhaayaa| unhone sasAra kI utpani aura pralaya ko samajhAyA aura tasvoM kI zikSA dekara naiSThika pada kI prApti kA upAya btaayaa| kintu siddhApa ko santoSa na hamA / vizeSa jAnane ke lie ve uddaka rAma putta ke Azrama meM gaye kintu jaba unase bhI satoSa nahIM huA to va anuttara zAnti-pada kI gaveSaNA meM uruvelA bhAye aura naraMjanA nadI ke taTa para AvAsa kiyaa| unhone vicAra kiyA ki mujhameM bhI batA 1 sAmannaphalasutta dIpanikAya prathama bhAga pa 45-52 /

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pAnika sivAnoM se tulanA 81 hai vIrya hai smRti samAdhi aura prazA hai maiM svaya dharma kA sAkSAtkAra krsgaa| siddhArtha bodhi ke lie kRtasaMkalpa ho akhatya-mUla meM paryakabaddha hue aura yaha pratijJA kI ki jaba taka ve kRtakRtya nahIM hote isI bAsana meM baiThe rheNge| isa prakAra rAtri ke prathama yAma meM unako pUbajamoM kA jJAna huA dUsare yAma meM vivya cakSa kI prApti huI aura antima yAma me dvAdazAga pratItyasamutpAda kA sAkSAtkAra kara unheM anabhava huA ki unakA bAra bAra janma lenA samApta ho gayA brahmacayavAsa pUrA ho gayA aura yaha unakA antima jama hai / AsravoM kA kSaya ho jAne se aba unheM isa loka meM puna nahIM mAnA hai| yaha unakA baddhatva hai / usa dina se va baddha kahalAne laga / jJAna prApti ke avasara para bhagavAna ne jo prItivacana kahe unakA vaNana dhammapada meM isa prakAra hai- binA ruke aneka jamoM taka sasAra meM daur3atA rhaa| (isa kAyArUpI) gRha ko banAnevAle ( = tRSNA ) ko khojata puna puna dukhamaya jama meM paDatA rahA / he gRhakAraka (tRSNa ) mane tujhe dekha liyA aba phira ta ghara nahI banA skegaa| terI sabhI kar3iyA~ bhagna ho gayI gRha kA zikhara gira gyaa| citta saskArarahita ho gyaa| mahatva (tRSNA-bhaya ) prApta ho gyaa| upayakta vidyatA hI baddha kI sambodhi pI parantu kAlAntara meM buddhapada ke vikAsa se vidyatA ke AdhAra para hI baddha ke aya aneka viziSTa guNo-cala vaizArakha Adi aura savajJatA-kI kapanA kI gyii| prArambha meM baddha apane aura anya mahatoM meM bheda nahI mAnate the| parantu baddha pada viziSTa ho jAne kI sthiti meM atyanta virala mAnA gayA ata baddha aura sAmAnya ahat kI upalabdhi meM bheda kiyA gyaa| isI krama ma tIna prakAra ke mukta padoM kI kapanA kI gayI mahata pratyeka baddha aura samyaka sambaddha / baddha ke atirikta aura unase pUrva ke Aya mAnuSI baddhoM kI kalpanA bhI vikasita huI / baddha zabda kA prayoga pAli nikAyoM meM aneka bAra huA hai| vIpanikAya ke mahApadAnasuta aura majisamanikAya ke acchariyambhutaSamma sutta ( 33333) se aneka suttoM ma isa prakAra ke zabda dRSTigocara hote hai| prAcIna pAli-sAhitya meM sAta baddhoM ke nAma milate hai yaSA-vipassI sikhI vessabha kakusandha komAgamama 1 aneka jAti sasAra sapAvissa animbisa gahakArakaM gave santo dukkhA jAti punapuna / mahakAraka diosi punageha ma kAhasi / sambAte phAsukAbhaggA gahakaTa visakhita / visabAragata pitta tahAna sayamanmaNA // pammapada 153 154 tathA dIpanikAya prathama bhAga pR 73 / -

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82 bora sapA janavama kazyapa aura gautama / khuddakanikAya ke antagata buddha-vaza me zAkya muni ke parva caubIsa baddhoM kA vaNana hai / naye nAma isa prakAra hai--dIpakara ko Danja magala sumana revata sobhita anomadassI padumanArada padumuttara sameSa sujAta piyavassI atthadassI dhammadassI siddhatya tissa aura phuss| aguttaranikAya ma baddha ke tathAgata buddha aura pratyaka baddha ye do prakAra batalAye gaye haiN| dIghanikAya ma tathAgata baddha ko samyaka sambaddha kahA gayA hai| uttarakAlIna paribhASAo ke anusAra samyaka sambaddha vaha vyakti hai jisana karuNA se prerita hokara jagata ke sAre prANiyo ko dukha se mukta karana kA bhAra apane kandho para liyA hai| svaya baddha hue dUsare logo kA jo aneka prakAra kI ruci zakti aura yogyatAvAle loga hai upakAra karanA sambhava nahI hai ata vaha baddhatva prApta karane ke lie puNya-sambhAra aura zAna-sambhAra kA arjana karatA hai| isake lie vaha tIna asakhyaya ka paparyanta anaka yoniyo ma ja ma lekara chaha pAra mitAo ko pUrNa karatA ha yathA-dAna pAramitA zIla pAramitA zAnti pAramitA vIya pAramitA yAna pAramitA eva prajJA paarmitaa| prajJA pAramitA ko choDakara zeSa pAMca pAramitAya pu ya sambhAra tathA prajJA pAramitA jJAna-sambhAra kahalAtI hai| jisa dina usana ddhatva prApta karane kA sakalpa liyA thA aura ananta jamo ke bAda jisa dina use bodhi prApta hotI hai isake bIca usakI sajJA bodhisattva hotI ha / jisa dina use samyaka sambodhi kA lAbha hotA hai usa dina prajJA pAramitA bhI paNa ho jAtI hai aura usa dina se vaha samyaka sabaddha kahalAna lagatA hai| vaha karuNA aura prajJA kA paja hAtA ha / dono usameM samarasa hokara sthita hotI ha aura vaha karuNAmaya anata jJAnavAna savajJa aura anata lAkottara zaktiyo se samavita ho jAtA hai / vaha sabhI prANiyo ko dukha se mukta karana ke mAga ko dezanA karatA hai| bhagavAna baddha isI taraha ke samyaka sambaddha the| pratyaka baddha vaha vyakti hai jo apana ko dumsa se mukta karana kA sakalpa lekara aura isake lie pravajita hokara zIla samAdhi Ara prajJA bhAvanA ke dvArA arthAta Aya aSTAGgika mAga ke abhyAsa dvArA cAra Ayasatyo kA sAkSAtkAra kara apane 1 dIghanikAya mahApadAnasutta / 2 bauddhadhama ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pR 356 / 3 aguttaranikAya 2 / 65 tathA DikzanarI Apha pAli prApara nemsa bhAga 2 294 / 4 dIghanikAya ( sAmannaphalasutta 115) / 5 vahI doSanikAya dvitIya bhAga pR 11 /

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dhArmika sikhAtoM se tulyA klezoM kA prahANa karatA hai| yaha puNya-sammAra kA arjana adhika nahIM krtaa| isakI vizeSatA yaha hotI hai ki jisa janma meM use pratyeka baddha bodhi prApta hotI hai usa jama ma vaha kisIko apanA zAstA mArga pradazaka athavA guru nahI banAtA apitu apane bala para nirvANa prApta karatA hai| isake atirikta bauddha TokAoM meM cAra prakAra ke baddha batalAya gaye hai1 sambanna baddha (sarvajJa baddha) 2 pacceka buddha (pratyeka buddha) 3 catu sacca baddha (catu satya baddha ) aura 4 suta baddha (shrt-bddh)| dhammapada ke caudahava baddha varga ma baddha ke prakAroM kA ullekha to nahI milatA hai lekina baddha vinAyaka sambuddha zrAvaka tathA gautama zrAvaka Adi vizeSaNoM se use alakRta kiyA gayA hai jisake vijaya kA phira parAjaya nahI hotA hai jisake vijaya kA koI bhAgIdAra isa saMsAra meM nahI ho sakatA aise agamya trikAlajJa baddha ko Apa kaunasA patha dikhalA sakate haiN| jo prabuddha aura apramatta hai jo dhyAna ma magna rahanevAle haiM jo dhImAna aura ekA ta sukha meM Anada manAte haiM aise satpuruSoM ke sAtha devatA bhI spardhA karata hai| kyoki baddha kA jama tathA baddhatva prApti dulabha ha isalie koI pApa na kiyA jAva bhalAI kI jAya aura apane mana kI zuddhi kI jAya yaha upadeza saba baddho kA h| nindA na karanA pAta na karanA bhikSa niyamo dvArA apane ko surakSita rakhanA parimANa jAnakara bhojana karanA ekAnta meM sonA-baiThanA citta ko yoga ma lagAnA yahI baddho kA zAsana ha / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI cAra pratyeka baddhoM kA ulekha milatA hai yathA(1) karakaNDu (kaliMga kA rAjA) (2) dvimukha (pacAla kA rAjA ) 1 DikzanarI oNpha pAli prApara nemsa malAla zekhara mAga 2 1 294 tathA uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana AcAya tulasI pR 35 / 2 dhammapada 187 58 59 / 3 vahI 296-3 1 tk| 4 vahI 179 18 / 5 vahI 181 / 6 vahI 182 183 / 7 bahI 185.

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84 pauSa tathA naparva (3) mami (videha kA rAjA) aura (4) maggati (gadhAra kA raajaa)| isakA vistRta vaNana TIkA ma prApta hai| ya cAro pratyeka buddha eka sAtha eka hI samaya meM devaloka se vyuta hue eka sAtha pravajita hue eka hI samaya me buDa hue eka hI samaya meM kevalI bane aura eka sAtha siddha hue| inama se karakaNDu bar3he bala ko dekhakara pratibuddha huaa| dvimukha ko idrastambha ka dekhane se varA ya huA tathA nami rAjA ne caDiyo ke zabdo ko sunakara sasAra kA parityAga kara diyA aura naggati rAjA malarIvihIna AmravRkSa ko dekhakara vairAgyavaza dIkSita ho ge| uttarAdhyayana kI kathAo ke AdhAra para karakaNDa aura dvimukha kA astitva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zAsanakAla ma siddha hotA hai / usake do mukhya AdhAra hai (1) karakaNDu padmAvatI kA putra thaa| vaha caTaka rAjA kI putrI aura dadhivAhana kI patnI thii| ya donoM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samasAmayika the| (2) dvimukha kI putrI madana maJjarI kA vivAha ujjanI ke rAjA caNDa pradyota ke sAtha huA thaa| yaha bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samasAmayika the| cAro prayaka buddha eka sAtha hue tha isalie una cAro kA astitva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya me hI siddha hotA hai| ahaMta ahana zabda zramaNa-saskRti kA priya zabda h| zramaNa loga apane tIrthaharoM yA votarAga AtmAmo ko ahaMna kahata tha / bauddha aura jaina-sAhitya ma ahana zabda kA prayoga hajArobAra huA hai / jaina loga pAhata nAma se bhI prasiddha raha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha samakAlIna the aura svAbhAvika rUpa se donoM kI vANI aura bhAva ma bahuta adhika sAmya hai / bahuta se zabda aura bhAva to dono dharmoM ke pranyo ma samAna rUpa se dekhakara loga Azcayacakita ho jAte haiN| bhagavAna buddha aura unake ziSyo ke lie bhI arahata vizeSaNa bauddha-granyo ma pAyA jAtA ha jo ki eka viziSTa avasthA yA upalabdhi kA sUcaka hai / ahat agha kA vikRta rUpa hai| adha Rgveda ma bhI AyA hai| vahAM - umarAdhyayanasUtra 1846 / 1 karakaNDa kaligesu pacAle suya dummuho| nayI rAyA videhesugandhAresuyanaggaI // 2 uttarAdhyayana niyukti gAthA 27 / 3 sukhaboSApatra 133 / 4 vahI 133-135 / 5 vahI patra 136 / 6 Rgveda 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 3 / 3 .

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pArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA 85 isakA batha hai--yogya ucca adAspada ityAdi / isa prakAra Rgveda ke samaya meM bhI isa zabda se eka uccAdarza sUcita hotA thaa| bAda ma jainaSama ne isa vaidika zabda ko apanA liyA aura apuruSa ratnoM ke sambandha ma ise prayukta kiyA kyoki isa zabda se Adarza meM nihita pUrA-pUrA bhAva prakaTa hotA thaa| isa prakAra ahata jaina tItharo ke lie prayukta hone lagA aura isake dvArA jainadhama ke sabazreSTha Avaza puruSa kA bodha hone lgaa| bArahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina koSakAra hemacandra ne jaina tItharo ke paryAyavAcI zamvoM kA varNana kiyA hai| unhone buddha ke bhI paryAyavAcI zabda diye haiN| yaha sUcI tIpara ke paryAyavAlI sUcI se bahuta labI hai para isama arhat zabda kA patA nahI hai / bauDa koSakAra amarasiMha (chaThI zatAbdI ) ne bhI apane amarakoSa meM buddha ke paryAyavAcI zabda dete hue ahat kA koI ulekha nahI kiyA hai| kintu hemacandra aura amarasiMha dono ne hI buddha ke nAmo ma jina zabda kA ullekha kiyA ha / jina aura ahat se zreSTha tathA bAdaza puruSa kA bodha hotA hai ata ye jano tathA baudo dono ke Adarza paruSo ke sambandha ma lAgU ho sakate haiN| para yahAM yaha bhI yAda rakhanA cAhie ki jainA aura ArhatA se jainadharmAnuyAyiyo kA boSa hotA hai aura isa prakAra jina aura ahaMta bhI jaina Avaza puruSoM ke lie vizeSata prayukta huA hai| jina zabda ji ghAtu se banA hai jisakA artha hotA hai jItane vAlA / kise jotanevAlA yaha yahAM gupta eva adhyAhRta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko antima dezanA ke rUpa ma mAne jAnevAle prasiddha zAstra uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo dujaya sagrAma ma sahasra sahasra yoddhAo-zatruo ko jIta letA hai vaha vAstavika vijatA nahI mAnA jAtA / vAstava ma eka AtmA ko jItanA hI parama jaya hai / isalie ha puruSa | ta AtmA ke sAtha hI yuddha kara bAhya zatruo ke sAtha yuddha karana se tujhe kyA lAbha hai ? jo AtmA dvArA AtmA ko jItatA hai vahI saccA sukha prAsa karatA hai| 1 ahajjina pAragatAstrakAla vitlINA STakarmA parameNTyadhIzvara / zubha spaya bhUbhagavAnjagatprabhustIya karastIrthakaro jinezvara // babhidhAna cintAmaNi 1124 25 / 2 uttarAdhyayana 9 / 34 35 tulanIya yo sahassa sahassena saGgAme mAnuse jine / eka bajeyyamattAna sa ve saGgAmajuttamo / / dhammapada 14 /

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86 bauddha tathA dharma ina udagAro se yaha nizcita ho jAtA hai ki yahAM bAhya zatruoM ke sAtha laDakara unheM jItane kI bAta nahI apitu Antarika zatruo ke sAtha jajhakara unheM jItane kI bAta kahI gayI hai / yaha yuddha kaise karanA cAhie yaha mA yahA~ batA diyA gayA hai arthAt AtmA ke dvArA AtmA ko jItanA cAhie / isakA atha huA apanA Atmabala sakalpazakti aura vIryo lAsa baDhAkara anta karaNa ma sthita mahAna zatramao para niyantraNa karanA / jainadhama ke anusAra anta karaNa ke prabala zatru hai-rAga dveSa aura moha / inhIke kAraNa kroSa mAna mAyA lobha kAma taSNA mAdi duSTa vattiyAM utpanna hotI ha aura uhIke kAraNa kamabandhana hotA hai jisake phalasvarUpa nAnA gatiyo aura yoniyo ma paribhramaNa karanA aura jama maraNAdi dukha sahanA hotA hai| vaise dekhA jAya to duSkRtyo yA davRtiyo ma pravRtta mAtmA ( mana Adi idriyasamaha ) bhI AmA kA zatru bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra Antarika zatraoM kI gaNanA aneka prakAra se hotI hai / tAtpaya yaha hai ki jo ina Atarika zatrao ko jIta leta hai ve jina kahalAte haiM / ___sambhavata bauddhoM na jano se hI ina dono zabdo ko grahaNa kiyaa| ahata eka avasthA yA padavizeSa hai| usa avasthA ko buddha na hI nahIM apitu unake aneka ziSyo aura ziSyAo na bhI samaya-samaya para prApta kiyA jisake aneka udAharaNa hai| bauddha aura janadhama dono dvArA ahata zada ke prayoga para TippaNI karate hue pa bacaradAsa DozI ne likhA ha ki dhammapada ke prArambha ma hI buddha bhagavAna kA vizeSaNa arahava batalAte hue namaskAra kiyA gayA hai yathA--namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammAsambuddhassa / yaha usI prakAra ha jaise jana granthoM meM namo arihatANa / kintu yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki bauddha prayoga ma arahata SaSThI vibhakti maha aura vizeSaNa ke samAna vyavahRta hai / ata vaha zraddhaya yA AdaraNIya ke matha ma hI prayukta pratIta hotA hai / vahA~ ahata se vaha atha nahI nikalatA jo namo arihatANa ke arihatANa se nikalatA hai| dhammapada ke sAtava vagga kA nAma ahantavagga hai| isa vagga ma ahato ke sambandha ma vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa vaga kI pratyeka gAthA ma jaina mahato yA 1 appAmittamamitta ca dappaTiThaya supaTiThao // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 2 // 37 / tulanIya attanA vakata pApa attanA sakilissati / asanA makata pApa attanA va visujjhati / suddhi asukhi paccatta nAnno anna visoSaye ||dhmmpd 165 tathA jaina boda nathA gItA ke AcAra-dazanoM kA tulanA maka adhyayana bhAga 1 1 363 / 2 mahAvIra-bANI 4 /

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pArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA 87 tIthakaroM kI pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se carcA kI gayI hai| mahat zabda kA aisA hI prayoga dhammapada kI 164vI gAthA meM kiyA gayA hai yo sAsana arahata ariyAna pammajIvina / dhammapada ke TIkAkAra AcAya baddhaghoSa ne yahA~ arahata ko vizeSaNa aura sAsana ko vizeSya batAyA hai aura yahI ThIka bhI hai| isa prakAra yahA~ arahata kA atha sammAnAspada samajhanA cAhie / aba yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki bauddho ke anusAra ahaMta kA kyA atha hai ? khuddakapATha ma isakA atha isa prakAra diyA huA hai- dasai gahi samannAgato arahAti vujjati -arthAta jisama dasa lakSaNa vatamAna ho vaha ahata hai| isase boSa hotA ha ki bauddho kI dRSTi ma ahat kA bahuta UcA kintu eka nizcita sthAna thA aura esA jAna paDatA hai ki vaha sthAna kevala baddhatva ke nIce thaa| ata mAlama paDatA hai ki bauddhadhama ma arhatva kI bhAvanA kisI dUsare sampradAya se grahaNa kI gayI hai aura vaha sampradAya nissandeha jana sampradAya hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki natika jIvana kA Adaza ahatAvasthA mAnA gayA hai| mahata avasthA se tAtpaya tRSNA yA rAga dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA pUNa bhaya hai / jo rAga dvaSa aura moha se Upara uTha cakA ha jisameM kisI bhI prakAra kI tRSNA nahI ha jo sukha dukha lAbha alAbha aura ni dA prazasA me samabhAva rakhatA hai vahI ahata hai / isake atirikta ahaMta ko sthitAtmA kevalI upazAnta Adi niyamo se bhI jAnA jAtA ha / dhammapada ma ahata ke jIvanAdarza kA nimna vivaraNa isa prakAra hai jisane apanI yAtrA ko samApta kara liyA hai jisana cintAo ko yAga diyA hai jisane saba taraha se apane Apako svAdhIna kara liyA hai aura saba bandhano ko kATa diyA hai vaha kaSTo se pare hai / unako ghara meM sukha mAlama nahI hotA ve bhalI prakAra vicAra kara ghara ko yAga dete hai jaise rAjahasa apane gharabAra arthAt jhIla ko tyAga deta haiN| ve puruSa jinake pAsa dhana nahI hai jo khAsa kisma kA bhojana karate hai jinhone paNa svAdhInatA pada nirvANa ko prApta kara liyA hai unakA mAga AkAza ma vidharanevAle pakSiyo ke mAga kI taraha samajhanA kaThina hai / isa prakAra ke katavyaparAyaNa puruSa bhami tathA indravaja kI taraha sahanazIla ho jAtA hai vaha koca se rahita sarovara kI taraha hai vaha punajanma kI pratIkSA nahIM krtaa| usake vicAra sthira ho jAta hai aura karma kSobharahita ho jAte haiM taba vaha maunI kahalAtA hai / jo asRSTa vastu ko pahacAnatA hai 1 jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-varzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 DaoN sAgaramala jana pa 417 / 2 dhammapada arahantavagga 9 -19 /

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88 pauDasamA naparma jisane saba badhanoM ko tor3a diyA hai aura saba icchAo ko yAga diyA ha vahI zreSTha manuSya hai / aisA manuSya jahAM kahI bhI vihAra karatA hai vaha bhami (pavitra ) hai| bhadanta bodhAnada mahAsthavira dvArA likhita bauddhacaryA-padati ma zabda ke viSaya ma nimnalikhita TippaNI prAsa hotI ha ahata-jIva mukta / aha tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-buddha pratyeka buddha aura zrAvaka arhat / inama jo puruSa bina guru kI sahAyatA ke svayaM apane pratibhA bala se savajJatA yA paNajJAna prApta karake / lAma karate haiM ve buddha pratyeka buddha ka lAte haiN| aura jo puruSa buddha pradarzita pa calakara savajJatA aura nirvANa lAbha karata haiM ve zrAvaka ahat kahalAte hai / ba pratyeka baddha ma yaha atara ha ki kama RSi jJAna RSi Adi saba prakAra kI a pratibhA tathA jisama asaspeya aprameya prANiyo ke udabodhA karane ko pratibhA hai ve buddha kahalAte hai aura jo apana pratibhA bala se aya prANiyo kA udabodhana na sakata kevala svaya nirvANa lAbha kara sakata haiM ve pratyaka buddha kahalAte hai| buddha jaino ma bhI prasiddha hai| zrAvaka kI nirvANa prApti ke lie cAra avasthAmao kA vidhAna diyA gayA 1srotApanna srotApa na zabda kA atha ha dhArA ma paDanavAlA / jaba sAdhaka kA citta pra ekadama haTakara nirvANa ke mAga para ArUDha ho jAtA hai jahAM se girana kI sa nahI rahato taba use sAtApa na ka ta ha / jaise kimI tIvra jaladhArA ma pi (tinakA ) avazya eka dina samaga taka pahuca jAtA hai usI prakAra srotApanna bhI adhika-se-adhika sAta jamo ma avazya sampaNa klezo kA prahANa karane ma ra AtA hai| usakA AThavAM jama nahIM hotaa| vaha manuSya deva Adi ucca bhU utpanna hokara eka-do jama meM bhI ahat ho sakatA hai ki tu kisI bhI hAlata se adhika jama nahI letaa| 2 sahudAgAmI srotApana ho jAna ke bAda Age mArgAbhyAsa karane para vyakti / (kAmarAga) deSa (pratiSA) eva moha ( avidyA ) ina tIna sayojanoM ko 5 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 18046 / 2 khudakanikAya sampA bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa (khuddakapATha-ratanasuta) 3 dIghanikAya prathama bhAga pR 133 195 dvitIya bhAga 1 . bhAga 1 84 1 2 /

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pArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA 89 detA hai to sakRdAgAmI kahalAne lagatA hai| aisA yakti isa kAmabhami me adhika se adhika eka bAra ( saka ) jama lekara apane sampUNa du kha kA prahANa kara detA hai| 3 anAgAmI ise anAgAmI isalie kahata hai kyoki aise vyakti kA isa manuSya bhami (kAmabhami ) ma phira utpAda nahI hotA / kAmabhUmi ma puna AnevAlA na hona se yaha anAgAmo kahalAtA hai / rUpa arUpami ma utpana hokara yaha apane dukha kA anta kara detA hai| 4 ahat upayakta tAno vyakti jina klezoM kA prahANa karana ma asamatha rahate haiM yaha yakti bAkI ke baca hue UrdhvabhAgIya pA~ca klezo kA bhI prahANa kara ahata kahalAne lagatA ha / arthAta isake sampaNa dasa sayojana ( kAmarAga rUparAga arUparAga pratiSa mAna daSTi zIlavata parAmaza viciki sA auddhatya eva avidyA) sarvathA prahINa ho cake haiM / ise aba kucha prahANa karanA zaSa nahI hai| ise jo karanA thA vaha kara diyA jA pAnA thA vaha pA liyaa| yaha kRtakRya eva paNa manoratha ho gayA hai| isakA brahma caya vAsa paNa ho gayA ise aba phira janma grahaNa nahIM karanA hai| yaha isI jama ma anAsrava citta vimukti eva prajJA vimukti kA anubhava karata hue vihAra karatA hai| jana-dazana me natika jIvana kA paramasAdhya vItarAgatA kI prApti rahA hai| jana dazana ma vItarAga eva arihata isI jIvanAdaza ke pratIka hai| vItarAga kI jIvana-zailI kyA hotI hai isakA vaNana janAgamo ma yatra-tatra bikharA huA hai| DA sAgaramala jana na use isa prakAra se prastuta kiyA hai jo mamatva eva ahakAra se rahita ha jisake citta meM koI Asakti nahIM hai aura jisane abhimAna kA tyAga kara diyA hai jo prANimAtra ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai jo lAma-alAbha sukha-dukha jIvana maraNa mAna apamAna aura nindA prazasA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai jise na isa loka aura paraloka kI koI apekSA nahI hai kisIke dvArA candana kA lepa karana para aura kisIke dvArA basUle se chilane para jisake mana meM rAga deSa nahIM 1 dIpanikAya prathama bhAga pR 133 195 dvitIya bhAga pR 74 tRtIya bhAma 5 83 12 / / 2 vahI pR 83 84 13 / 3 vahI pR 83 84 / 4 jaina bosa tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAga 11 416 417 /

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9 boTa tathA jainadharma hotA jo khAna ma aura anazana vrata karane ma samabhAva rakhatA hai vahI mahApuruSa hai| jisa prakAra agni se zuddha kiyA huA sonA nimala hotA hai usI prakAra rAga dveSa bora bha5 Adi se rahita vaha nimala ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra kamala kIcaDa eva pAnI ma utpana hokara bhI usama lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra jo sasAra ke kAmabhogoM meM lima nahI hotA bhAva se sadava hI virata rahatA hai usa viratAmA anAsakta puruSa ko idriyo ke zabdAdi viSaya bhI mana ma rAga dveSa ke bhAva u panna nahIM krte| jo viSayarAgI vyaktiyoM ko dukha dete haiM ve vItarAgI ke lie dukha ke kAraNa nahIM hota hai / vaha rAga dvaSa aura moha ke adhyavasAyo ko dASarUpa jAnakara sadava unake prati jAgRta rahatA huA mAdhyastha bhAva rakhatA hai| kisI prakAra ke sakapa vika pa nahIM karatA huA tRSNA kA prahANa kara detA hai / vItarAga puruSa rAga dvaSa aura moha kA prahANa kara zAnAvaraNIya dazanAvaraNIya aura antarAya kama kA kSaya kara kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra moha antarAya aura Asravo me rahita vAtarAga savajJa savadarzI hotA hai / vaha zukla dhyAna aura susamAdhi hotA hai aura Ayu kA bhaya hona para mokSa prApta kara letA hai| dhammapada aura uttarAdhyayana ke ahata pada-sambadhI tulanA maka adhyayana se yaha patA calatA hai ki bauddhadhama kI taraha hI jainadharma ma bhI ahat-pada ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA ha / janadhama kA mahAna dhyaya hI vItarAgatA kI prAsi ha / dono pratho meM mahata zabda jIvanmakta ke lie prayakta hai| jisakA citta mana savathA prakSINa ho cakA hai vItaptaSNa ho jAne ke kAraNa usake kama dagdhabIja kI taraha vipAka (phala) utpanna nahI karata / zarIra tyAga ke bAda phira jama grahaNa nahI karatA AvAgamana makta ho jAtA hai / rAga dveSa aura moha saba naSTa ho jAtA hai taba ahata-pada prApta hotA hai / vaha pasi kRtakRya ho jAtA hai| ata sabhI ke lie pajya bana jAtA hai / trizaraNa buddha dhama aura sagha bauddhadhama ke tIna ratna mAna gaya ha / AcArya vasubadha ne 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 1949 -93 / 2 vahI 25 / 21 27 32 / 47 35 / 3 vahI 32161 87 1 / 4 vahI 32 / 18 / 5 vahI 1994 351192 23 / 75-78 6 khudakapATha dhamasAha (nAgAjunakRta mavasamalara dvArA sa pAvita mAksaphora 1885 ) pR 1 /

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dhArmika sidhAntoM se tulanA 91 abhiSamakoza bhASya ma ina tIna ratnoM kI tulanA kramaza vaidya bheSajya evaM upasthApaka se kI hai| inakA smaraNa svastikAraka hai| ata nama ratnatrayAya kahakara inheM aksara namaskAra bhI kiyA jAtA hai / isase bhaya dukha Adi dUra hote hai / trizaraNa-gamana bauddha sagha meM praveza kI prathama aupacArika AvazyakatA thI / pranayA ke prArthI ko sira aura dADhI maDAkara kASAya vastra pahanakara uttarAsaga eka kandha ma baThakara aura hAtha joDakara tIna bAra yaha kahanA paDatA thA buddha kI zaraNa jAtA hU~ bamma kI zaraNa jAnA hU~ aura sagha kI zaraNa jAtA hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki zaraNa kA kyA atha ho sakatA hai ? zaraNa kA atha daDha niSThA eva tadanusAra AcaraNa karanA ha / bhagavAna buddha na pUjA-pATha kA niSaSa kiyA thaa| unhona apanI pajA taka ko sAthaka na kahakara dhama AcaraNa kI ora sabako prarita kiyA thaa| unhona yaha bhI kahA thA ki manuSya bhaya ke mAra parvata bana udyAna vRkSa catya Adi ko devatA mAnakara unakI zaraNa ma jAte haiN| kintu ya zaraNa magaladAyaka nahI ya zaraNa uttama nahI kyoki ina zaraNo me jAkara saba dukho se chaTakArA nahI miltaa| jo buddha dhama aura sagha kI zaraNa jAtA ha aura cAra mAya satyo kI bhAvanA karatA hai vahI saba du kho se makta hotA hai / 1 abhiSamakoza bhASya pR 387 / 2 dekhiya ratanasutta ( suttanipAta ) / 3 vinayapiTaka mahAvagga pa 24 aura bauddhadhama ke vikAsa kA itihAsa 4 mahAparinimbAnasutta pa 144 / 5 bahu ve saraNa yati pabbatAni vanAni ca / ArAma rukkhacetyAni manussAbhaya tajjitA // neta kho saraNa khemaM neta saraNamattama / neta saraNamAgamma saba dakkhA pamaJcati // dhammapada 188 189 // 6 yo va buddha ca dhamma ca sagha saraNa gto| eta kho saraNa khema eta saraNamuttama / eta saraNamAgamma sambadukkhA pamuccati / / vahI 19 -192 /

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18:ba tathA jemadharma vinameM kama aura kleza mAtraya prahaNa karate haiM ve upaSi hai| jo upapi bhI haiM aura zeSa bhI rahate hai ve upaSizeSa kahalAte haiN| vastuta ahat vyakti ke pAMca skandha ho upadhizeSa h| nirvANa kA lAbha ho jAne klezo kA kSaya ho jAne tathA klezavaza navIna karmoM kA sampAdana na karana para bhI purAne karmoM ke vipAka (phala) ke rUpa meM unakI sthiti taba taka banI rahatI ha yA unako dhArA kA pravAha taba taka calatA rahatA hai jaba taka Ayu kA kSaya nahI hotA yahI sopAdhizeSa avasthA hai| jaba ahata vyakti kA Ayu bhaya se maraNa ho jAtA hai taba usake sabhI prakAra ke nAma dharmoM kI santati tathA rUpa dharmoM kI satati savadA ke lie savathA niruddha ho jAtI hai / usake pAMco skandho kA niroSa ho jAtA hai| jisa avasthA ma upaSiyoSa kahalAnevAle pAMca skandho kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai vaha nirvANa dhAtu anupaSizeSa nirvANa kahalAtI hai| jana-paramparA meM bhI mukti ke ina do rUpo kI kalpanA hai vahAM ve bhAva mokSa aura dravya mokSa kahI gayI hai| bhAva mokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka arihata aura gya mokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka siddha mAna gaye ha / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma mokSa aura nirvANa zabdo kA do bhinna bhinna artho ma prayoga huA hai| unameM mokSa ko kAraNa aura nirvANa ko usakA kArya batAyA gayA hai| isa sadabha ma mAkSa kA atha bhAva mokSa yA rAga-dUSa se mukti hai aura dravya mokSa kA atha nirvANa yA maraNottara mukti ko prApti hai / nirvANa ke vizeSaNa yadyapi mapada Adi baddha vacano meM nirvANa ke svarUpa athavA AkAra kA spaSTa vivacana upala dha nahI hotA phira bhI usake aneka paryAyavAcI zabda upalabdha hote ha jinase nirvANa ke svarUpa kA Akalana karane me baDo suvidhA hotI hai jaise-amRta ajara amara arUpa ni ya asAdhAraNa niSprapaca acyuta ayanna asaskRta lokottara nirvANa Adi / hetu pratyayoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa nirvANa amRta asaMskRta majara eva amara kahalAtA hai / jo tpanna hotA hai usakA vinAza dhruva hai / nirvANa utpanna nahIM hotA 1 visuddhimagga 1673 pR 356 / 2 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga pR 12 / 3 utsarAdhyayana 2813 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-dazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 1 415 /

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dhArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA / 99 kevala viziSTa mArga dvArA prApta hotA hai ata vaha jarA maraNa dharmavAlA nahIM hai isa lie vaha nitya bhI hai / usakI pavakoTi bhI nahI hai ata vaha anAdi antarahita eva aprabhava hai / rUpa-svabhAva kA na hone se vaha arUpa tathA savaprapaco se rahita hone ke kAraNa niSprapaca kahalAtA hai / kapanA zabda taka kA viSaya na hone se atakya ga bhIra eva dujaya kahalAtA hai / tRSNA se nirgata hone ke kAraNa use nirvANa kahate haiM / isa prakAra vicAra karane se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki nirvANa paramArthata svabhAvabhUta eka dhama hai| na to vaha sAMkhyo kI prakRti yA bauddhetara dArzanikoM kI AtmA kI bhA~ti nitya vyApaka eva sattAvAn koI dravya ha na hI zaya viSANa kI taraha vaha sarvathA alIka hai| na to vaha pratItyasamutpanna dharmoM kI taraha saMskRta ghama hai aura na pratimAtra hai / vaha eka paramAtha dharma hai jisakA sAkSAtkAra eva prApti hotI hai kintu usakA bhAva yA abhAva ke rUpa meM nivacana nahI kiyA jA sakatA / ata use bhAvatvena eva abhAvatvena anivacanIya hI kahA jA sakatA hai / bhagavAn baddha kI sArI dezanA kA ekamAtra rasa nirvANa hai / unake dhama kA Adi aura anta saba kucha nirvANa hai| nirvANa dukha aura usake kAraNo kI nivRtti hai / yaha savazreSTha avasthA eva paramapada hai / isakI prApti ke bAda kucha prApta karanA zeSa nahI rahatA / yaha parama zAnti hai / isa avasthA ko prApta kara lene para bhI yadi vyakti jIvita hai to vaha sopavizeSa nirvANa yA jIvamukta kI avasthA isa avasthA meM vaha jo kucha karatA hai vahI paNya hai vahI kuzala hai phala nahI bhoganA paDatA kyoMki ina karmoM ke pIche rAga dveSa moha kleza nahIM hote / ya kama nirAbhoga kama kahalAte hai / inake dvArA kevala loka-sagraha 1 nibbAna yogakkhama anuttara / pAramessattimaccuSeyya suduttara / natthisanti paraM sukha / nibbAna parama sukha 1 yeyanti acyuta ThAna yatya gantvA na socate / santimaggamevagrahaya nibbAna sugatena desita / yahi jhAnanca pannA va se nizAna santike / tathA- dhammapada 23 / vahI 86 / vahI 22 / vahI 2324 / vahI 225 / vahI 285 / bahI 372 / arafters prathama bhAga 1 12 dvitIya bhAga pU abhiSammatthasagahI dvitIya bhAga pu 728 tathA 1 kahalAtI hai| kintu isakA use tRSNA Adi koI 32 / 721 /

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1 bora tathA mAnava yA loka-kalyANa hotA hai| bhagavadgItA meM yahI niSkAma kamayoga kahA gayA vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI isase UcI avasthA nahI hotI / ese vyakti ke laukika skandha jaba niruddha ho jAte hai arthAt jaba vaha mara jAtA hai to puna una skandha utpAda nahIM hotaa| ese vyakti ke nAma aura rUpa dharmoM kI dhArA savaSA smaa| jAtI hai / ise hI nirupaSizeSa nirvANa kI avasthA kahata hai| jaina-darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa jana-tattva bhImAsA ke anusAra sabara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA niro jAne para aura nijarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA bhaya ho jAne para Atma jo niSkama zuddhAvasthA hotI hai vahI mokSa ha / mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAra ha / mokSa ko jIvana kA antima lakSya mAnana ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ne mokSa mokSa mAga donoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA ha / uttarAdhyayana bhI anya bhAratIya ghA grantho ko taraha jIvo ko mukti kI ora agrasara karanA apanA carama lakSya samajhata moma ke lie nirvANa zabda kA prayoga jaina AcAryoM ne bhI kiyA nirvANa kA zAbdika atha hai-ni zeSaNa vAna gamana nirvANama arthAt sampUNa ra gamana nirvANa hai / nirvANa ke bAda jIva kA saMsAra ma punarAgamana nahI hotA / yahA~ para nirvANa kA atha hai kamajaya sAsArika avasthAo kA sadaiva ke lie sa ho jAnA / bauddha-dazana kA bhI mUla lakSya jIvoM ko mukti kI ora le jAnA jaina manISiyoM ne mokSa ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karane ke sAtha anya bhAratIya daza mAnya mokSa ke svarUpa kI samIkSA bhI kI hai aura tArkika dRSTi se upayukta jaina-pari ko pratisthApita kiyA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma makti ke atha ko DaoN sudazanalAra ne apanI pustaka ma vistRta rUpa sa prastuta kiyA hai jise usake svarUpa ke viSa vizeSa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / ve zabda nimnalikhita hai 1 jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mA 11 / 2 uttarASyayana 2371-73 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzana tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pa 42 / 3 nAyae parininbue uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36 // matyi amokkhassa nivvANa vahI 283 / 4 uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 375-378 /

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dhArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA : 11 1 mokSa mokSa zabda kI utpatti muca dhAtu se huI hai jisakA vyatha chaTakArA prApta karanA hotA hai | adhyAtma viSaya hone se yahA~ para sasAra ke bandhanabhata karmoM se chaTakArA jIva ko hotA hai tathA kamabandhana se rahita jIva ko mukta jIva kahA gayA hai / ata mokSa kA artha huA saba prakAra ke bacana se rahita jIva dvArA svasvarUpa kI prApti / 2 bahi bihAra yahA~ para vihAra zabda kA artha hai ama-jarA-maraNa se vyApta sasAra / ata bihAra kA atha huA sasAra ke AvAgamana se rahita sthAna yA janma maraNarUpa sasAra se bAhara | mokSa kI prApti ho jAne ke bAda jIva kA sasAra ma AvAgamana nahI hotA hai ata prathama use bahi vihAra kahA gayA hai / 3 siddhaloka grantha ma nirvANa ayAbAdha siddhi lokAgra kSama jIva aura anAbAdha ina nAmo kA ullekha milatA hai parantu isa sthAna ko pUrNa rUpa se sayama kA pAlana karanevAle maharSi loga hI prApta karata haiM kyoki yaha sthAna sarvottama sarvocca tathA sabake lie kAyANakArI hai / isama sarvaprakAra ke kaSAyo se virata hokara paramazAnta-avasthA ko prApta hone se isako nirvANa kahA gayA hai / loka ke agra anta bhAga meM hone se isako lokAgra nAma se bhI pukArata hai kyoki yahA~ se loka kA yaha loka kA pradhAna bhAga hona se zIrSasthAnApanna bhI hai| jIba siddha buddha eva mukta hokara apane abhISTa ko prApta kara jAtA hai tathA vaha siddhaloka sabhI pApo ke upazamana hone se paramakalyANarUpa aura sarvotkRSTa hai / siddhaloka ko calA prArambha bhI hotA hai aura mokSa ko prApta karanevAlA 1 bandhamoSakhapahaNNiNo 2 bahi vihArAbhiniviTaThacittA / vahI 14|4| sasArapAranicchinna / vahI 36 / 67 / 3 aloe pahiyA siddhAloyaggeya paiTiThayA / uttarAdhyayana 36 / 56 tathA nivvANa ti abAha ti siddha logaggameva ya / khema siva aNAvAha ja caranti mahesiNo // akalevaraseNi mussiyA siddhigo maloyaM gacchasi / khemaca siva aNuttara uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36 / 269 / vahI 23183 / vahI 1 135 /

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12 bohatavA janadharma 4 mAsmavasati mukta hone kA atha hai AtmasvarUpa kI prAsi / ata Amavasati yA Ama prayojana kI prApti kA atha hai mokSa kI prApti / 5 anuttaragati pradhAnamati gharagati aura sugati bama meM sAmAya rUpa se cAra gatiyAM mAnI gayI ha jo sasAra bhramaNa meM kAraNa haiM / parantu mokSa esI gati hai jise prApta kara lene para puna sasAra ma AvAgamana nahI hotA hai / isase zreSTha koI gati nahIM hai / ata ise anuttaragati kahA gayA hai / yadyapi deva aura manuSyagati ko prathama kahI kahI sugati kahA gayA hai parantu vaha sasArApekSA se kahA gayA hai / vastuta sugati mokSa hI ha / sasAra ko cAra gatiyoM se bhinna hone ke kAraNa yaha pacamagati ha / 6 UrdhvavizA muktAtmAya svabhAva se Udhvagamana svabhAvavAlI hai aura jahA~ mukta jIva nivAsa karate ha vaha sthAna loka ke UparI bhAga ma ha / ata moma ko prApti kA artha hai Urdhva dizA ma gamana / 7 durAroha nirvANa prApta karanA atyanta kaThina hone se ise durAroha kahA gayA hai / anya ma kahA gayA hai ki loka ke agrabhAga ma eka esA sthAna hai jahAM para jarA aura mRtyu kA abhAva hai tathA kisI prakAra kI yAdhi aura vedanA kI bhI vahAM para sattA nahI eva vaha sthAna dhrava nizcala arthAta zAzvata ha parantu usa sthAna taka pahu~canA atyanta kaThina hai / tAtpaya yaha hai ki usa sthAna para pahucane ke lie samyaka dazana samyaka jJAna aura samyaka cAritra ye tIna sAdhana hai / inake dvArA hI vahAM para pahuMcA jA sakatA hai parantu inakA samyakatayA sampAdana karanA bhI bahuta kaThina hai| 1 appaNo vasahi ve| uttarAdhyayana 1448 tathA iha kAmANiyaTTassa attaTaThe abraaii| vahI 725 / 2 patto gimnnuttr| vahI 1838394 42 43 48 Adi / gaha pahANa ca tilogapissuya / vahI 1997 / jIvA gacchanti soggai vahI 2813 / siddhi varagai gyaa| vaho 36667 / 3 uDaDha pakkamaI vis| vahI 1982 / 4 vahI 2318183 /

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dhArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA : 13 8 apunarAvRtta aura zAibata yahA~ Ane ke bAda jIva puna kabhI bhI sasAra meM nahI AtA hai / ata apunarA vRtta hai tathA nitya hone se zAzvata bhI hai| tAtpaya yaha hai ki mokSa dazA ko prApta ho jAne para na to koI kama zeSa rahatA hai aura na kisI prakAra ke dukha kA upabhoga karanA par3atA hai / 9 avyAbAja saba prakAra kI bAdhAo se rahita tathA atyanta sukharUpa hone se nirvANa ko avyAbAdha bhI kahA gayA hai / vAtpaya yaha hai ki nijaguNa kA sukha eka anupama sukha hotA aura sAtAvadanIya kama ke kSayopazama se jo sukha utpanna hotA hai vaha anitya sAdi sAnta hotA hai parantu isake viparIta jo AdhyAtmika sukha ha vaha ajanya hone se nitya athavA ananta padavAlA hai / 1 lokottamottama tIno lokoM me sarvazreSTha hone se nirvANa ko lokottamottama kahA gayA hai| mokSasthAna ma prApta huA jIva phira isa sasAra meM Akara janma maraNa kI paramparA ko prApta nahI hotA arthAta mokSasthAna dhruva hai / nitya ha / jo loga muktAtmA kA punarA gamana mAnate haiM va bhrAnta haiN| kyoki jaba taka yaha AtmA Azravo se hita nahI hotA taba taka mokSa kI prApti dalabha hI nahI kintu asambhava hai| isa taraha yaha nirvANa kI avasthA rUpa rahita atyanta dakhAbhAvarUpa niratizaya sukharUpa jarA vyASi eva bhautika zarIra se zAta kSamakara zivarUpa ghanarUpa 1 apuNAgama gae satvaguNasampannayAeNa apuNarAvRti jaNaya / 2 aNagAreNa jIve sArIra mANasANa dukkhANa cheyaNabheyaNa-sajo gAINa voccheya kare avvAbAha ca suha nivvetaha || 3 logattamutama ThANa siddhiM gacchasinIrao | nirAsave sakhaviyANa kamma uve ThANa viulatama dhuva // uttarAdhyayana 21 / 24 tathA vahI 29 / 45 / vahI 29|4 | vahI 9158 tathA vahI 2 / 52 /

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204oDatAna vRddhi evaM hrAsa se rahita avinazvara jJAnarUpa dazanarUpa punajanma se rahita tathA ekAnta adhiSThAnarUpa hai| mokSa kA vaNana uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsava adhyayana ma hai lekina aneka adhyayanoM kI parisamAti meM siddha gati nirvANa yA mokSa prApta hone kA ullekha hai| mokSa kI prApti ke lie zraddhA jJAna aura cAritrarUpa ratnatraya ko AvazyakatA par3atI hai| cArvAka darzana ko choDakara aya sabhI bhAratIya dazano kA bhI pradhAna lakSya jIvoM ko mukti kI ora le jAnA hai| isa taraha uttarA payana ma jo makti kI avasthA darzAyI gayo hai vaha eka diya avasthA ha jahA~ na to svAmI-sevakabhAva hai aura na koI ichA ise prApta kara lena para jIva kabhI bhI sasAra ma nahIM aataa| vaha kama bandhana se pUNa makta ho jAtA hai / yaha A mA ke nilipta svasvarUpa kI sthiti hai / saba prakAra ke sAsArika bandhano kA hameza ke lie abhAva hAne sa ise makti kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra tulanAmaka adhyayana karana para patA calatA hai ki dhammapada eva uttarAdhyayanasUtra jisa prakAra AmA ke viSaya ma ekamata nahIM hai ThIka usI prakAra nirvANa ke viSaya ma bhI ekamata nahI haiM yadyapi dono grayo ma nirvANa kA carcA hai / dhammapada ma jahA~ vimakti ko avasthA ke lie nirvANa zabda kA prayAga kiyA gayA hai vahI uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma nirvANa zada kI apekSA moma gada kA hI prayAga adhika hai| lekina dono gra tho ma nirvANa ke lie sace vizvAsa jJAna aura AcAra vicAra ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| dono ma makhya antara yaha hai ki bauddha daSTi se draya sattA kA abhAva ho nirvANa hai jaba ki jana daSTi se AmA ko zuddha avasthA nirvANa ha / bama kA svarUpa dhama kA svarUpa baDA yApaka hai / usako isa vizeSatA ke kAraNa hI baDa-baDa vidvAna usakA koI esA svarUpa nirdhArita nahI kara pAte haiM jo savamA ya ho| yahI 1 aruviNojovaNA nANadasaNa sniyaa| aula suha sapattA uvamAjassanatyi u / / uttarA yayana 3666 / 2 vahI 36 / 48-67 / 3 vahI 1148 312 137 11 // 32 12 / 47 13 // 35 14153 16317 18153 21124 24 / 27 25 / 43 2652 3 // 37 31 / 21 32 / 111 35 / 21 36 // 68 / 4 uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 5 38889 /

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pAnika siddhAntoM se tulanA : 15 kAraNa hai ki dharma ko koI eka savamAnya paribhASA nahI upalabdha hotI / vyutpatti ke anusAra isake prAya do artha kiye jAte haiM (1) dhriyate loka anena iti dharma arthAta jisase loka dhAraNa kiyA Aya vaha dharma hai aura ( 2) gharati dhArayati vA loka iti dhama arthAta jo loka ko dhAraNa kare vaha Sama hai| mUla bhAvanA yaha hai ki dhama ke dvArA hI isa loka kA pAraNa yA sacAlana hotA hai| jIvana ke cAra puruSArthoM meM dhama kA pramakha sthAna hai / ghama kI mAnyatA ke anusAra dhama aura sa ya eka hai tathA donoM paryAya vAcI zabda hai / ghama satya ke hI mAga kA nAma hai / dhammapada ma bhI satya sayama dama aura ahiMsA ko dharma ke hI antagata mAnA gayA ha / AcAya buddhaghoSa ne visuddhimagna meM dhama zabda ke mukhyata cAra arthoM kA vivacana kiyA . (1) siddhAta (2) hatu ( 3 ) guNa aura (4) nisatta / bauddha-sAhitya ma ghama zada kA prayoga aura bhI vyApaka artha ma kiyA gayA ha / vaha kahI svabhAva kahI kattavya kahI vastu aura kahI vicAra aura prathA kA vAcaka bhI banakara AyA ha / isake atirikta dhama zabda kA prayoga bAghi Sama yA jJAna ghama ke lie bhI kahA gayA h| jJAna kA hI bauddha loga sacA dhama mAnata tha / jJAna ke atirikta dhama zabda kA prayoga satya ke atha meM bhI milatA hai / dhammapada ma dhama za da kA prayoga bhagavAna baddha ke upadezo ke lie kiyA gayA h| usama likhA ha ki baddhimAn loga dhama arthAta bhagavAna baddha ke vacano ko sunakara usI prakAra zuddha aura nimala ho jAta hai jisa prakAra gambhIra jalAzaya me jala nimala ho jAtA ha / jo achI taraha upadiSTa dhama ma dharmAnucaraNa karate haiM ve hI dastara mRtyu ke rAya kA pAra kara sakata hai / isa prakAra hama dekhata ha ki dhammapada ma dhama zabda kA prayoga bhagavAn baddha ke uparezo ke atha ma kiyA gayA hai / 1 bauddha dazana tathA aya bhAratIya dazana upAdhyAya bharatasiMha bhAga 1 pR 119 / 2 yamhi saccanca dhammo ca ahiMsA sannago damo / / dhammapada 261 / 3 bauddha dazana tathA anya bhAratIya dazana bhAga 1 121 / 4 vahI pR 12 / 5 yathApi rahado gambhIro vippasanno anAvilo / eva dhammAni subvAna vippasodanti paNDitA // dhammapada 82 / 6 ya pa kho samdakkhAte pmmaanvttino| tejanA pAramessanti maJcuSeyya saduttaraM / vahI 86 /

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16 boba savA naparma dhammapada ke terahaveM lokavagga ma kahA gayA hai ki nIca kama na kareM pramAda meM na raheM mAvAgamana ke cakra ma na paDa uTha aura dhama kA AcaraNa kara / sucarita bama kA AcaraNa karanevAlA dharmacArI isa loka tathA paraloka dono jagaha sukhapavaka rahatA hai| lekina jisane ghama kA uladhana kiyA ha jo jhaTha bolatA hai aura paraloka kA haMsI-majAka uDAtA hai aisA manuSya kisI prakAra ke pApa karane se na ddregaa| unnIsaveM dhammaTaThavagga ma pama ma sthita rahanevAlo kI prazasA kI gaI hai| adhika bakavAda karane se manaSya ghama kA dhAraNa karanavAlA nahI kalA sakatA / vahI puruSa sabamuca Sama ko dhAraNa karanevAlA hai jo yadyapi thoDA bolatA hai lekina apane jIvana se usa siddhAnta ko dekhatA ha jo mana ya vicArapakSaka samAna ghama se dUmaro kA patha pradazana karatA hai aura jo dharma dvArA rakSita tathA maghAvI h| vahI bama ko dhAraNa karanevAlA hai jo kabhI ghama kI avahelanA nahI krtaa| dhama ko savatra prazasA kI gayI hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki ghama kA dAna saba dAno se zreSTha hai dhama kI miThAsa saba miThAiyoM se zreSThatama hai ghama kA Anada saba sukho se baDhakara hai / jaina dazana ma dhama kA vyutpattimalaka atha ha dhAraNAta bama arthAta jo pAraNa kiyA jAye vaha dharma ha / dha dhAtu ke dhAraNa karane ke atha ma bama zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| jaina-para parA ma vastu kA svabhAva dhama kahA gayA hai| prayaka vastu kA kisI na kisI prakAra kA apanA svabhAva hotA hai| vahI svabhAva usa vastu kA apanA dhama mAnA jAtA hai| A mA ke ahisA sayama tapa Adi guNo ko bhI ghama kA nAma diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM varana samaSTi rUpa ma ise isa prakAra bhI kaha sakata hai ki dharma AtmA kI rAga dvaSa-tIna pariNati hai| inake atirikta pama ke aura bhI anaka atha hote haiM / udAharaNa ke lie niyama vidhAna paramparA yavahAra paripATI pracalana mAcaraNa katavya adhikAra nyAya sadguNa natikatA kriyA satkama Adi artho ma kama zabda kA prayoga hotA AyA hai| 1 dhammapada 167 169 / 2 vahI 176 / 3 vahI 257 259 / 4 sabbadAna dhammadAna jinAti sa ba rasa va maraso jinAti / sabba rati dhammaraso jinaati| vahI 354 / 5 jaina-dazana mehatA mohanalAla pa 8 / 6 jaina darzana manana aura mImAsA muni nathamala pa 291 / 7 bhagavAna mahAvIra pAThaka zobhanAtha pa 99 /

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dhArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA 17 dhama zabda kI varIyatA ko parakhane kA manISiyoM ne bhI khaba prayAsa kiyA hai / ata dhamavitta kA vaha bhAva ha jisake dvArA hama vizva ke sAtha eka prakAra ke mela kA anubhava karate haiM / isa prakAra vidvAno ne dhama ko mahattA ko AMkane kA terrate prayAsa kiyA hai kintu tathyata ghama vahI hai jisase mAnavatA kA kalyANa ho / mahAvIra ne mAnava kalyANa hetu dharma kI upayogitA kA upadeza isa rUpa meM diyA ha / yathA - jisa samaya sasArI jIva janma jarA aura maraNa tathA ANi vyAdhirUpa jalarAzi ke mahAna vega meM bahate hue vyAkula ho uThata haiM usa samaya isa ghamarUpa mahAdvIpa kI zaraNa meM jAna se unakI rakSA ho jAtI hai / yahA~ para janma jarA aura mRtyu ko samadra jala ke samAna kahA gayA hai aura zruta cAritrarUpa dhama ko mahAdvIpa batalAyA gayA hai / isalie sasArarUpa samudra ke jarA-maraNAdirUpa jala pravAha meM bahate hue prANiyo ko isI dharmarUpa mahAdvIpa kA sahArA da aura isIkI zaraNa meM jAnA sarvottama ha / kintu manuSya bhautikatA meM bhaTaka ghama kI yathAthatA ko parakha nahI pAtA jo usake isa loka aura paraloka ko savArane meM sakSama hotA hai / tIthakara mahAvIra ne manuSyo ko AgAha kiyA hai ki jo rAtri calI jAtI hai vaha bApasa lauTakara nahI AtI kintu adhama kA sevana karanavAle manuSya kI sabhI rAtriyA~ niSphala ho jAtI hai / arthAt manuSya una rAtrayo ma na jAne de satya AcaraNa se dhama kA kyoki dhama ke atirikta isa saMsAra ma Ae / tathyata satya ziva sundarama kI viSaya meM jo kucha kahA vaha loka maGgala kI pathaktva kRtrimatA va rUr3hivAditA se grasta hiMsA kahe jA sakata / yahI kAraNa thA ki tatkAlIna karavaTeM badalatA huA suavasara hAtha se pAlana kare jisase vAstavika kalyANa ho / koI vastu vidyamAna nahI jo tare upayoga ma ghama ha / mahAvIra na ghama ke sambaMdhita hai / unakI dRSTi meM yA anya kaSTadAyaka kRtya dhama nahI hiMsA kA unhoMne ghora virodha kiyA. samaSTi hI bhAvanA se 1 jaina darzana pa 91 / pANiNa | 2 jarAmaraNa vegeNa bujjhamANANa dhammo dIvo paiTaThAya gaI saraNa muttama // 3 jAjA babai rayaNI nasA paDinigattaI / dhammaca kuNamANassa saphalAjati rAio // 4 vahI 14 / 4 / utarAdhyayana 23 / 68 / vahI 4 / 24 25

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18 baratamA naparma tathA pratyeka prANI ko dhama kA hI AcaraNa svIkAra karane ke lie kahA kyoki dhama kA AcaraNa ati dakara hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki Sama kA sambaSa kisI "pUjA ArAdhanA bali athavA ADa bara se nahI ha apitu vasudhaiva kuTambakama kI bhAvanA se ha jisameM sabhI prANiyo ke kayANa kA asIma hita samAhita hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM dharma kA uddezya hai sukama karanA jisase sukha milatA ha jaba ki dhama se vimukha hone para kukarma kI pravRtti upajatI ha jA da khadAyaka hotI hai / tabhI to unhona kahA ha ki jo manuSya pApa karatA hai vaha ghAra naraka ma jAtA ha aura jo Aya dhama kA AcaraNa karanavAlA ha vaha divya gati ma jAtA h| dhama se sukha aura adharma se dukha milatA hai / ata manuSya ko bhalI prakAra samajhakara isa vAstavikatA ko parakhanA cAhie / vase to manuSya isa loka ma ghama ko ArAdhanA ke lie AyA ha jo sadava usakI rakSA karatA ha / dhama ke atirikta aya koI yahA para rakSaka nahI hai / mahAvIra ne ghama kI isa mahattA ko parakhakara spaSTa kahA thA ki dhama pracAra ke pavitratama anuSThAna ma yathAzakti yoga dekara AtmoddhAra eva paroddhAra ko| jana jana ke kayANa hetu jahA~ dhama apakSita ha vahI svaya ke lie bhI isakI upayogitA anUThI hai / mahAvIra na Ama-sayama hatu bhI dhama kI mahattA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / manarUpa ghoDA isa jIvAtmA ko jidhara cAhe le jAtA hai UMcI-nIcI jisa gati ma cAha akela detA hai| isalie prayeka mumukSu puruSa ko cAhie ki apana mana ko sudhAra le use samApira lAna kA prayatna kre| saralatA se hI AmA kI zuddhi hotI hai aura zuddha A mA ma hI prama sthira rahatA h| atha meM aya upamAo dvArA bhI dhama uttarAdhyayana 18333 / 1 dhamma ghara sudaccara / 2 paDanti narae ghore je narApAvakAriNo / digva ca gai gacchatti carittA dhammamAriya / / vahI 18 / 25 / 3 ekko hu mo naradeva / tANa na vi jaI annami haha kiMci / / vahI 14 / 4 / 4 mano sAhassiomImo dassoparidhAvaI / ta samma tu nigiNhAmi dhamma sikkhAikanthaga / 5 sohI ujjuybhuuyss-g|| dhammo suddhassa ciTaThaI // vahI 23158 // vahI 23158 / vahI 3 / 12 /

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pAkistoM se sunaa| 19 kI varIyatA ko bakhAnA gayA hai| nimna udAharaNa vicAraNIya hai jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vANI se udbhUta hai jisa prakAra snAna karane ke lie bAhara eka jalAzaya hotA hai usI prakAra Antarika snAna ke lie ahiMsA ghamarUpa jalAzaya hai jo ki kamarUpa mala ko dUra karana ma samaya hai tathA jisa prakAra taDAga ma sopAna Adi lage hota hai usI prakAra amarUpI taDAga ke brahmacaya Adi zAnti-tIya hai jo kamarUpa mala ko jaDa se dUra karane ma tathA mithyAtvAdi kAlaSyarahita hone se AtmA kI prasanna lezyA ke sapAdana ma samatha hai| so isa prakAra ke dhamarUpa jalAzaya ma snAna kiyA huvA AmA kamamala se rahita hokara niSkalaka ho jAtA hai / jIva usa paramazItalatA ko prApta karatA huA samasta antara aura bAhya ke doSo ko dUra karatA hai| isI snAna ke dvArA kuzala puruSo ne aura samAdhistha yogI maharSiyo na uttama sthAna ko paramadhAma ko prApta kiyA hai| mAsArika savAra ke lie dhama kA sambala Avazyaka hai cAhe vaha koI bhI kSatra kyo na ho / yahA~ taka ki nIti nirdhAraNa ma bhI dharma kI upayogitA varadAna svarUpa hai| tabhI to mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki dhamahIna nIti jagat ke lie abhizApa ha aura nItihIna dhama korI vaiyaktika sAdhanA hai| ata ha sAdhaka | jo vyavahAra bama se utpanna hai aura jJAnI puruSo ne jinakA sadA AcaraNa kiyA hai unakA AcaraNa karanavAlA paruSa kabhI nindA ko prApta nahIM hotaa| ghama kI upayogitA isI svAdhIna eva sthAyI sukha ko prApta karAne ma hai jo atha kAma Adi kisI bhI anya upAya se prApta nahIM ho sktaa| dhama se hI manuSya kI sacce svAdhIna sukha kI icchA kI pUrti ho sakatI hai| viveka-dRSTi se socA jAya to sasAra ke samasta padArtha jinase manuSya sukha kI bAzA rakhatA hai aghraya hai azAzvata hai| pratyeka padAtha jisama manuSya sukha 1 pammeharae bambhe santi titthe aNAvile attapasanna lese / jahiM siNAyA vimalA visuyA mahArisI utsama ThANa ptte|| uttarAdhyapana 12 / 46 47 / 2 dhammajjiya ca vavahAra buDhe hAyariya syaa| tamAparanto vavahAra maraha nAbhigacchaI / / vahI 1142.

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bauddha tathA jainadhama vikAra manuSya yaha to kI kalpanA karatA hai parivartanazIla hai / isalie isa du khapracara sasAra ma yA sAMsArika padArthoM meM sukha to rAIbhara hai magara dukha pavata ke barAbara hai| phira vaha rAIbhara sukha bhI sa cA sukha nahI ha sukha kA sukhAbhAsa hai| esI sthiti ma ko socanA cAhie ki vaha kauna-sA kAya hai jisase ma dukha se baca sakeM / nizcita hai ki svAdhIna aura saccA sukha ghama se hI prApta hotA hai / aise sacce sukha ke bhAgI dharma ko jIvana ma ota prota kara denevAle pUNa dharmiSTha vItarAgI muni hI ho sakate haiM athavA vItarAga-mAga para calanavAle dharmiSTha sAdha-zrAvaka varga ho sakate haiM / isI prakAra zuddha AmatattvarUpa uttama siddhapada aura uttama arihanta vItarAga-pada kI prApti ke lie ekamAtra sAdhana dhama hI hai / ghama ke dvArA hI arihanta siddha aura sAdha pado ko uttamatva prApta hai / 11 isa prakAra hama dekhata haiM ki dharma kI zakti do prakAra se prakaTa hotI hai - eka to vaha Apadagrasta vyaktiyo kA rakSaNa karatA hai unheM zaraNa detA hai dUsara vaha sukha kI prApti karAtA hai / uttarAdhyayana ma ghama kI isa dviviSa zakti para sundara prakAza DAlA gayA hai / yathA sakaDo kaSTo ma phaise hue kleza aura roga se pIDita maraNa bhaya se hatAza dukha aura zoka se pIDita vyathita tathA jagata meM aneka prakAra se yAkula eva nirAzrita jano ke lie dharma hI niya zaraNabhata hai / isa prakAra tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para patA calatA hai ki dhama ke binA mAnava-jIvana kI koI kImata nahI hai / kintu avazya hI usa dharma kA atha hai naitikatA aura sadAcAra | prANarahita zarIra kI taraha usa jIvana kA mUlya nahIM hai jisama dharma rear naitikatA nahI rhtii| agara jIvana ma ghama kA prakAza na ho to vaha anvA hai aura vaha apane liye tathA dUsaro ke lie bhI bhArasvarUpa hai / manuSya me se pazutA ke ni kAsana kA zraya dhama ko hI hai| ghama manuSya kI devI vRtti hai| yaha pravRtti hI usama dayA dAna santoSa karuNA anukampA kSamA ahiMsA Adi anaka guNo ko utpanna karatI hai / 1 adhuve asAsayami sasAra midukkhapaurAe / ki nAma hojja ta kammaya jaNA ha doggaina gacchejjA // uttarAdhyayana 8 / 1 / 2 vahI 2 / 22 - 31 / 3 jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-dazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 44 /

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pAmika siddhAntoM se tulanA : 11 karma bauddhadhama eka manovaijJAnika dhama hai| manovijJAna kI AdhArazilA para vaha prANi-agat ko kammadAyAda kammassaka kamayoni aura kammapaTisaraNa kahatA hai / bhagavAn baddha ke ina bacanoM meM bauddhadharma kA sAra nihita hai| bauddhadhama kI yaha kama pAditA usakI baddhivAditA kA pariNAma hai / bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI kriyA ke atha meM hI kama zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vahAM bhI zArIrika bAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko kama kahA gayA hai jo apanI naitika zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra kuzala athavA akuzala kama ka jAte haiN| bhagavAn baddha na kama zabda kA prayoga baDa vyApaka rUpa meM kiyA hai / use vaha cetanA kA paryAyavAcI mAnate the| yaha bAta unako nimnalikhita uni se prakaTa hai cetanA hI bhikSuo kA kama hai meM aisA kahatA hai| cetanApUvaka karma kiyA jAtA hai kAyA se vANI se yA mana se| yahAM para cetanA ko karma kahane kA Azaya kevala yahI hai ki cetanA ke hone para hI ye samasta kriyAe sabhava hai / bauddha dazana ma cetanA ko hI kama kahA gayA hai lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki dUsare karmoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| kama malata do prakAra ke hai-catanA kama aura cetayitvA karma / citta karma ( mAnasika kama ) aura cetayitvA athavA cetasika karma ( kAya bora vacana se utpanna hone ke kAraNa kAyika aura vAcika karma ) kahe gaye hai| isa prakAra karma zabda kriyA ke atha ma prayukta hotA hai lekina karma zabda kA atha kriyA se adhika vistRta hai| karma zabda meM zArIrika mAnasika aura vAcika kriyAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura una bhAvI kriyAoM ke kAraNa utpanna honevAlI anubhUti sabhI samAviSTa ho jAtI hai| karma ma kriyA kA uddezya kriyA aura usake phalavipAka dono hI artha liye jAte haiM / AcAya narendradeva ne likhA hai kevala cetanA ( Azaya) aura kama hI sakala karma nahI hai| kama ke pariNAma kA bhI vicAra karanA hogaa| isase eka apUrva karma eka avijJapti hotI hai| bauddha-darzana karma ke caittasika pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA 1 mamimanikAya calakammavibhagasutta 3 / 4 / 5 / 2 sayuttanikAya (ro ) jilda 2 5 394 aguptaranikAya (ro ) jilda 2 pR 157-58 bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa 184 / 3 bauvadharma-pazana 1 249 / 4 vahI 1 255 /

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112 : bauddha tathA jainadharma hai ki bandhana ke kAraNa avidyA vAsanA taSNA Adi cattasika tatva hI hai| yadi aisA nahIM to mAnanA par3egA ki kAya vAka aura mana ye tIna karmadvAra haiN| sabhI karma inhIM dvAroM se sambhUta haiM eva mana kA sambandha sabhI ke sAtha ha / mana unakA pratizaraNa hai / kahA gayA hai- sArI avasthAoM kA mana aguvA hai mana pradhAna ha aura sAre kama manomaya hai | jaba apanA mana barA yA bhalA hotA hai taba kAyika aura vAcika kRtya bhI usake mutAbika bara yA bhale hote haiM / anaka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai / bauddhakama vicAraNA ma karmoM kA vibhAjana buddhaghoSa ne inheM cAra prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA ha ( 1 ) kRtya ke anusAra ( 2 ) vipAka dena ke paryAya se ( 3 ) vipAka ke kAla ke anusAra ( 4 ) vipAka ke sthAna ke anusAra / sarvAstivAdI karmoM kA vibhAjana kiMcita nimna prakAra se karata the / karma vipAka ke sambandha meM boddha aura jana dRSTikoNa kama aura vipAka kI pa parA se yaha sasAra cakra pravartita hotA rahatA hai / bhagavAn baddha kahata hai ki kama se vipAka pravartita hAta ha aura vipAka se kama utpanna hotA hai / karma se punaja ma hotA hai aura isa prakAra yaha sasAra pravartita hotA hai / bauddha dArzanika bhI karma aura vipAka ke sambadha ma ise svIkAra karate haiN| kahA gayA hai ki kama aura vipAka ke pravartita hona para vRkSa bIja ke samAna kisIkA pUrva chora nahI jAna paDatA hai | bauddha dArzaniko ke anusAra jase kisI bIja ke bhuna jAna para usa bIja kI daSTi se bIja-vRkSa kI paraparA samApta ho jAtI ha vaise hI vyakti ke rAga dveSa aura moha kA prahANa ho jAna para vyakti kI kama vipAka-paraparA kA anta ho jAtA hai / jana dArzaniko ke anusAra bhI rAga-dveSarUpI kama bIja ke bhana jAne para karma pravAha kI paraparA samApta ho jAtI hai / aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA kA phala dUsara vyakti ko de sakatA hai ? eka yakti apane kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM kyA vyakti apane kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM 1 manopuvvaGgamA ghammA manoseTaThA manomayA / 2 visuddhimagNa bhAga 2 pa 24 / 3 sisTamsa oNpha baddhisTika ghATa sogena yAvAkAmI pU 15 / 4 majjhimanikAya ( phitisuta 31113 ) tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pa 314 / dhammapada gAthA - sakhyA 1 /

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dhArmika siddhAntoM se tulanA / 113 kA hI bhoga karatA hai athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA kiye hue zubhAzubha kA phala bhI use miLatA hai ? isa sandarbha meM donoM darzanoM ke dRSTikoNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / bauddha-dRSTikoNa ke sambandha meM AcAya narendradeva likhate haiM ki sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki kama svakIya hai jo karma karatA hai vahI ( santAna pravAha kI apekSA se ) usakA phala bhogatA hai / kintu pAli nikAya meM bhI puNya pariNAmanA ( pattivAna ) hai / vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki mRta kI sahAyatA ho sakatI hai / sthaviravAdI preta aura devoM ko dakSiNA dete haiM arthAt mikSaoM ko diye hue dAna ( dakSiNA ) se jo puSpa sacita hotA hai usako dete haiN| bauddho ke anasAra hama apane puNya meM dUsare ko sammilita kara sakate haiM pApa meM nhii| isa prakAra bauddha vicAraNA kuzala karmoM ke phala-savibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prANI ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke pratiphala meM koI bhAgIdAra nahI bana sakatA / jo vyakti zubhAzubha karma karatA hai vahI usakA phala prApta karatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sasArI jIva sva eva para ke 'lae jo sAdhAraNa karma karatA hai usa karma ke phalabhoga ke samaya bandhu bAndhava (parijana) hissA nahI lete| isI grantha meM prANI kI anAthatA kA nirNaya karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki na to mAtA pitA aura putra-pautrAvi hI prANI kA hitAhita karane meM samartha hai / isa prakAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM karma-phala-saMvibhAga ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 8 isa prakAra bauddha vicAraka na kevala karmoM ke vipAka meM niyatatA aura aniyatasA ko svIkAra karate haiM varan dono kI vistata vyAkhyA bhI karate haiM / ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki kauna karma niyata vipAkI hogaa| prathamata ve karma jo kevala kRta nahIM kintu 1 bauddhadharma-darzana pR 277 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 396 / 2 kattArameva baNujAikamma // kammassate tassa ubeya-kAle nabandhavA bandhavaya uventi // 3 ta me tigiccha kuvyanti cAuppAya jahAhiya // naya duklA vimoeDa esAmajjha agAhayA || uttarAdhyayana 13 / 23 / vahI 4|4| bahI 2 / 23 - 3 |

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114 : bauddha tathA janadharma upacita bhI haiM niyata vipAka kama haiN| dUsare ve kama jo tIna prasAda ( zraddhA ) aura tIvra kaleza (rAga-dveSa ) se kiya jAta hai niyata vipAka kama hai| bauddha-dazana kI yaha dhAraNA jaina-dazana se bahuta kucha milatI julatI hai / lekina pramukha antara yahI hai ki jahA~ boddha dazana tIvra zraddhA aura tIvra rAga dveSa dono avasthA ma hAnevAle kama ko niyata vipAkI mAnatA hai vahA~ jaina-dazana mAtra rAga dveSa ( kaSAya ) kI avasthA meM kiye hue karmoM ko hI niyata vipAkI mAnatA hai / dono hI isa bAta se sahamata hai ki mAtRvadha pitRbagha tathA dhama sagha aura tItha tathA va pravataka ke prati kiye gaye aparAdha niyata vipAkI hote haiM / kamavAda ke dArzanika aura natika pakSa ke atirikta bhagavAna buddha usake sAmA jika pakSa ma bhI vizvAsa karata the / sAmAjika kSetra meM vaha janmajAta vaNavyavasthA meM bilkula vizvAsa nahI karata the| unakA kahanA thA ki koI bhI varNavyavasthA janma ke AdhAra para sthApita nahI kI jA sakatI hai / buddhopadiSTa cAtuvarNI zuddhi kA AdhAra kama hI hai / cAha zUdra ho yA anya koI prANI yadi vaha smRti prasthAna Adi kI bhAvanA karatA hai to nirvANa kA sAkSAkAra karatA hai / karma manuSya manuSya ma bheda nahI karatA / puNya karma se Ayu kI vRddhi hotI hai aura battIsa mahApuruSa-lakSaNa bhI manuSya pUrvaja ma ke kiya karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa pAtA hai / kahane kA tAtpaya yaha hai ki vizva kI vyavasthA meM kama hI pradhAna hai / isalie manuSya ko adhika-se-adhika zubhakama karanA cAhie / isIlie bhagavAn buddha ne kama pratizaraNa banane kA upadeza diyA thA / ve baddhazaraNa aura kamazaraNa ma koI bheda nahI mAnate the| kama acchA hai vaha buddha ke samIpa ha cAhe vaha unase sau jisakA karma burA hai vaha buddha se dUra hai cAhe vaha unakI unake pairo ke pIcha paira rakhatA huA ho cala rahA ho / kamavAda kA siddhA ta bauddhadhama kI AdhArazilA hai / jaina-dazana ma kama zabda ke aneka atha mAna gaye hai / sAdhAraNata kama zabda kA unakA kahanA thA ki jisakA dUrI para bhI ho / yojana kI saghATI ke chora ko pakaDakara isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 1 jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 324 / 2 agganna-sutta ( dIghanikAya 3 | 4 ) / 3 cakkavati - sohanAda-susa ( dIghanikAya 313 ) / 4 lakkhaNasuta ( dIghanikAya 37 ) | 5 saghATita ( itivRtaka ) |

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pAliari sunA 125 arSa kiyA hotA hai arthAta jo kucha kiyA jAtA hai yaha karma hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jIva ke rAga-deSarUpa pariNAmoM ke nimitta se jo rUpI bacetana dravya jIva ke sApa sambasa hokara sasAra meM bhramaNa karAte hai karma hai| karma ke bIja rAga aura deSa hai karma moha se utpanna hotA hai kama janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura pama-maraNa hI dukha hai| yaha jIva dvArA kiye jAne ke kAraNa karma kahalAtA hai| karma jaba AtmA ke sAtha bandha ko prApta hote haiM to ve mukhya rUpa se mATha rUpoM meM parivartita ho jAte hai jinheM karmoM ke mukhya prakAra kaha sakate hai| ATha mUla ko yA karma prakRtiyoM ke nAma kramaza isa prakAra hai (1) jJAnAvaraNIya (2) zanAvaraNIya (3) vedanIya (4) mohanIya (5) Ayu ( 6 ) nAma (7) gotra aura (8) antarAya karma / inama prathama cAra karmoM ko dhAtiyA kama kahate hai kyoMki ye AtmA ke guNoM kA pAta karate hai| zeSa cAra karma adhAtiyA hai kyoki ye AtmasvarUpa kA pAta nahIM karate / grathama isIlie cAra dhAtiyA karmoM ke vimaSTa hone para jIva ko jIvanmukta mAna liyA gayA hai| kyoki zeSa cAra adhAtiyA kama Ayu ke pUrNa hone para eka sAtha binA 1 jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 2 uttarAdhyayana 3361 16 / 3 rAgo ya doso vi ya kammabIya kamma ca mohappabhava vayati / kamma ca jAI maraNassa mUla dukkha pa jAI maraNa vayati // vahI 3217 / 4 nANassAvaraNijja dasaNAvaraNa thaa| beyaNijja tahA moha AukammaM taheva ya / / nAmakamma ca goya ca antarAya taheva ya / evameyAi kammAi aTaTheva u samAsamo // vahI 332 3 sayA uttarAdhyayana sUtra eka parizIlana 1 154-161 / 5 pasatya joga parivanneyarNa aNagAre aNasaSAsajyeva sbei| uttarASpayana 29 / 8 / peyaNijja bhAuya nAmaMgotaba ee pattAri vikamma se jupaya sh| baho 29 / 73 aura bANe 29 // 42 59 12 /

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116 vizeSa prayatna ke naSTa ho jAte haiN| nIce ATha karmoM ke svarUpa Adi kA varNana kiyA jA rahA hai- 1 jJAnAvaraNIya karma jisake dvArA padArthoM kA svarUpa jAnA jAve usakA nAma jJAna hai tathA jo karma jJAna kA A chAdana karanevAlA ho vaha jJAnAvaraNIya kama hai| jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai / yathA - ( 1 ) zrutajJAnAvaraNa ( 2 ) Aminibodhika jJAnAvaraNa ( 3 ) avadhi jJAnAvaraNa ( 4 ) mana payayajJAnAvaraNa (5) kevalajJAnAvaraNa / 2 dazanAvaraNIya kama padArthoM ke sAmA ya bodha kA nAma dazana hai / asa jisa kama ke dvArA isa jIvAtmA kA sAmAnya bodha AvRta ho jAve use dazanAvaraNIya kahate haiM / isa kama ke 9 bheda ginAye gaye hai jisama prathama pA~ca nidrA se sambandhita haiM tathA anya cAra dazana sambandhI hai ( 1 ) nidrA (2) nidrA nidrA (3) pracalA ( 4 ) pracalA prabalA ( 5 ) styAnagRddhi ( 6 ) cakSadazanAvaraNa (7) avakSadazanAvaraNa ( 8 ) avadhidarzanAvaraNa (9) kevaladarzanAvaraNa / 3 vedanIya kama jisa kama ke dvArA sukha-dukha kA anubhava kiyA jAye usakA nAma vedanIya kama 1 uttarAdhyayana 32 / 19 / 2 nANAvaraNa pacaviha suya aniNibohiya / AhinANa ca taiya maNa nANaM va kevala | vahI 33 / 4 tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra eka parizIlana pa 154 / 3 niddAtaheva payalA niddAniddA payala payalAya / nAyambA // tattoya yoNa giddhI u pacamA hoi arge cakkha ohissa dasaNa kevale ya eva tu navavigappaM AvaraNe / tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra eka parizIlana pU 155 / 4 beyaNIya piya duviha sAyamasAya va Ahiya / sAyassa u bahU bhayA emeva asAyassa vi / / nAyavya dasaNA varaNa || uttarAdhyayana 33 / 56 uttarAdhyayana 3317 /

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pAtika jivanto senA 197 hai| yaha do prakAra kA hai sAtAdevanIya aura masAlAvedanIya / ina donoM ke puna aneka bheda hai jise anya ma ginAyA nahI gayA hai| 4 mohanIya kAma jisa karma ke prabhAva se jIvAtmA jAnatI huI bhI mUr3hatA ko prApta ho jAye usako mohanIya karma ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isake pramukha do bheda hai dazana mohanIya aura cAritra mohanIya / darzana mohanIya puna tIna prakAra kA hai (1) samyaktva mohanIya (2) mithyAtva mohanIya aura ( 3 ) samyaktva mithyAtva mohanIya (mitra mohanIya ) / sadAcAra ma mUDhatA paidA karanevAle cAritra mohanIya kama ke do bhava batAye gaye hai kaSAya mohanIya aura nokaSAya mohanIya / kaSAya mohanIya ke solaha bheda anya ma batAye gaye ha aura nokaSAya ke sAta athavA nau bheva hai| 5 mAyukama jisa kama ke prabhAva se jIvAtmA apanI Aya ko pUrNa kara usa kama ko Ayu 1 uttarAdhyayana 3317 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 157 / 2 mohaNijja pi daviha dasaNa caraNa vahA / vasarNa tiviha vutta varaNa viha bhave / / uttarAdhyayana 3338 29672 56 29 321 2 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pa 157 / / 3 sammata ceva micchata sammAmicchattamevaya / eyAyo tinni payaDIo mohaNijjassadasaNa / / uttarAdhyayana 339 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 157 158 / 4 paritamohaNa kamma duviha tu viyAhiyaM / kasAya mohaNijja va nokasAyaM tahevaya / / uttarAdhyayana 331 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 158 / 5 solasa vihanaievAM / kammaM tu kasAyajaM // uttarAdhyayana 2011 sapA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka pari zIlana 1 159 6 satta viha navaviha vA kamma pa noksaayaa| uttarAdhyayana 3311 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUna eka paricAlana

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118 : bauddha tathA jainadharma kama kahate haiM / cAra gatiyoM ke mAdhAra se isake cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM' ( 1 ) kA ( 2 ) tirthagA ( 3 ) manuSyAyu aura (4) devAyu / yahA~ eka bAta vizeSa dhyAna rakhane kI hai ki grantha ma sUtrAtha cintana kA phala batalAte hue likhA hai ki isase ate Ayukarma ko choDakara zeSa sAta karmoM ke pragAr3ha bandhana ko fee Ayukama kA janma vikalpa se karatA hai| karmoM se kucha bhinnatA rakhatA hai / zithila kara detA hai / Ayukama zeSa sAta isase spaSTa hai ki 6 mAmakama zarIra Adi kI racanA kA hetu jo kama hai usako nAmakama kahate haiM / yaha do prakAra kA hai zubhanAma aura azubhanAma / isa karma ke prabhAva se hI jIva ko zubhAzubha zarIra indriya Adi kI prApti hotI hai / 7 gojakama jisake dvArA jIvAtmA Uca-nIca kula meM utpanna ho arthAta Uca-nIca sajJA se sambodhita kiyA jAve usakA nAma gotrakama hai| isake ucca aura nimna do bheda haiM / 8 antarAyakama jo kama dAna Adi meM vighna upasthita kara deve usakI antarAya sajJA hai / kahane kA artha yaha hai ki denevAle kI icchA to dena kI ho aura lenevAle kI icchA lene kI ho parantu aisI dazA meM bhI dAtA aura yAcaka kI icchA pUrI na ho yaha 1 meraiya tirikkhAu maNussA utvatevaya / devAya cautpa ta Aukamma caumviha / uttarAdhyayana 33 / 12 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pU 16 / 2 aNuppe hAeNa AThayavajjAo sattakammappagaDIo paNiya baghaNabaddhAbo siDilabaMghaNabaddhAtho pakeraha Auya caNakamma siyabandhas siyano bandhai / uttarAdhyayana 29/23 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pU 16 3 nAmakamma tu duviha suhamasuha va Ahiya / suhassa ubahUmeyA emeva asuhassavi // uttarAdhyayana 33 / 13 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pu 161 / 4 goyakammaM duviha ucca nIya va Ahiya / ucca aTThaviha hoi eva nIya pi Ahiya || uttarAdhyayana 33 / 14 /

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pAnika sivAnoM se tulanA ARC jisa karma ke kAraNa sambhava hotA hai use jaina-paribhASA meM antarAyakarma kahA gayA hai| isake pAMca bheda anya meM nimAye gaye hai pathA-bAnAntarAya sAmAntarAma bhoyA sarAya upabhogAntarAya aura bIryAntarAya / zAnAvaraNIya mAvi karmoM kI vibhinna sthitiyAM bhI batAyI gayI hai jo isa adhikatama samaya 1jJAnAvaraNIya tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama ansamuhUta 2 dazanAvaraNIya 3 vedanIya bAraha muhUta 4 mohanIya sattara koTAkoTi sAgaropama antarmuhUta 5 Ayu saiMtIsa sAgaropama 6 nAma bIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama aat pchu 7 gotra / antarAya tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama antarmahUrva upayakta sthitiyAM karmoM ke mUla bhedoM kI apekSA se hI hai| isa sthiti kI sImA ke adara kama apanA phala dikhAkara naSTa ho jAte hai aura unake sthAna para naye naye kama Ate rahate hai| isa taraha yadyapi karmoM kA vaNana pUrNa ho jAtA hai parantu karmoM ke rUpI hone para bhI unheM ina nagna naSoM se dekhanA sambhava nahI hai / yaha kaise samajhA jAya ki amuka prakAra ke kama kA bandha huA hai isake lie grantha me kamalezyAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisakA artha hotA hai bAtmA ke bace hue karmoM ke prabhAva se vyaki meM utpanna 1 dANe lAbhe ya bhogeya uvabhoge piiriekhaa| pacavihamaMtarAya samAseNa viyAhiya / / uttarAdhyayana 33 / 15 / 2 udahIsarinAmANa tIsaI korikoDiyo / nAmagotANa uskosA aTTamahattApahAmnayA / / vahI 3619-23 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 163 /

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honevAlA adhyavasAya vizeSa / bezyA ke varNana dvArA uttarAdhyayana meM vyakti ke bAparaNa ke anusAra zubhAzubha phala kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / vyaktiyoM ke acche aura bure bAparaNa ko taratama bhAva se chaha bhAgo meM vibhakta karake tadanusAra hI chaha lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kramaza unake nAma hai --kRSNa nIla kApoTa teja - 1 uttarAdhyayana 34.3 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 165 / 2 pacAsavappabatto tIhi agatto chasa aviramaoya / tivvArambhapariNao khudado sAhasio naro / / nidhanyasapariNAmo nissaso ajiidio| eyajogasamAutto kiNhalesatu pariNama / / uttarAdhyayana 34 / 21 22 34141 16 282 33 34 43 454856 58-6 / 3 issA amarisa-atavo avi ja-mAyA ahIgeddhI paose ya saDha riyA ya / pamate rasalolae sAyagave sae ya / ArambhAo aviramaokhuddo sAhassio nro| eya jogasamAutto nIla lesa tu pariName / / vahI 34 / 23 24 34 // 51116 182 33 35 42 49 56 58-6 / 4 vake vaka samAyAre niyaDi le aNa jue / paliucaga ovahie mi chAdiTaThI aNArie / upphAlaga duTaTavAIya taNa yAvi ya maccharI / eya jogasamAutto kAulesa tu pariName / / vahI 34425 26 34 / 6 12 16 182 33 36 4 415 5 nIyAvittI acavale amAI aku kahale / viNIyaviNA dante jogava uvahANava // piyaSamme daDhaSamme bajjabhIru hiesae / eya jogasamAutto teulesa tu pariNama / / vahI 34 / 27 28 341713 17192 33 374 5153 57-6 /

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126 : boDa tamA manadharma bAle ko yamarAja nahI dekhtaa| yaha hasanA kaisA aura yaha mAnanda kaisA jaba cAroM tarapha barAbara Aga lagI huI ha ? andhakAra se ghire hue prakAza ko kyoM nahIM dekhate ho? 4 ekatva bhAvanA uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra manuSya akelA hI jamatA ha aura akelA hI maratA hai hara hAlata ma usakA koI sAthI nahI ha aisA vicAranA ekatva bhAvanA hai / isake antagata sAdhaka yaha cintana karatA ha ki jIva savathA akelA hI rahatA hai| janma se bAlyAvasthA yuvAvasthA bar3hApA aura mRtyu ke samaya taka use koI dUsarA sahAyaka nahIM bana paataa| cAhe jitanA dhana vaibhava ghara-dvAra putra-kalatra ho marate samaya kisIkA koI sAtha nahI devA / yaha jIva dvipada catuSpada kSatra ghara dhana-dhAya aura sarvavastu ko choDakara tathA dUsare kama ko sAtha lekara parAdhIna avasthA ma paraloka ke prati prayANa karatA hai aura vahI kama ke anusAra acchI yA barI gati ko prApta karatA hai| dhammapada ma bhI ekatva bhAvanA kA vicAra upala dha hai| bhagavAna buddha kahate hai ki apana se jAta apana se utpanna apane se kiyA huA pApa hI dubadhi manuSya ko vidINa kara detA ha jisa prakAra ki pASANa se nikalA baja pASANamaya maNi ko cheda DAlatA hai| apane pApa kA phala manuSya svaya bhogatA hai| pApa na karane para vaha svaya zuddha rahatA hai pratyaka puruSa kA zaddha athavA azuddha rahanA usI para nibhara hai / dUsarA ( AdamI) dUsare ko zuddha nahI kara sktaa| isalie kahA gayA hai ki jitanI hAni zatra zatra kI yA vairI vairI kI karatA ha usase adhika burAI jhaThe mAga meM lagA huA yaha citta karatA hai| 1 dhammapada 18 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pa 428 / 2 dhammapada 146 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pU 428 / 3 uttarAdhyayana 4 / 4 / 4 vahI 13124 1977 2 // 37 48 tulanIya dhammapada 42 / 5 dhammapada 161 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-dazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAma 2 425 / 6 pammapada 165 sulanIya uttarAdhyayana 2 36 37 / 7 dhammapada 42 /

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pAniya sikhAtoM meM tulanA 127 sasAra ke sabhI padArtha mumase bhinna hai aura maiM unase bhinna hai| aisA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki dehAdi samasta indriyAM athavA bAhya padArthoM se bAtmA kA koI lagAva nahIM balki ve sArI cIjeM mAtmA se ekadama bhinna hI hai| mAdamI akelA janmatA hai aura akelA maratA hai| usakI sajJA vijJAna aura pedanA bhI vyaktigata hotI hai| anyatva bhAvanA kA mukhya lakSya sAdhaka kI bAhya Asakti ko kama karanA hai| dhammapada meM ayatva bhAvanA kA sundara citraNa nairAsya-darzana ke rUpa meM hamA hai| kahA gayA hai aho / yaha tuccha zarIra zIghra hI cetanArahita hokara nirathaka kASTha kI bhAMti pRthvI para zayana kregaa| jisa prakAra rAjAoM ke citrita raca jINa ho jAte haiM usI prakAra zarIra bhI vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| jahAM mUkha loga dukhI hote haiM aura jJAnI logo ko Asakti nahIM hotii| isalie manuSya svaya kI rakSA kare kSaNabhara bhI na cUke / kSaNa ko cuke hue loga naraka meM paDakara zoka karate hai| 6 madhi bhAvanA zarIra kI azucitA kA vicAra karanA azaci bhAvanA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI zarIra kI azacitA eva azAzvatatA kA nirdeza hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zarIra anitya arthAt maNabhagura hai aura svabhAva se apavitra hai kyoki isakI utpatti zukra zoNita Adi apavitra padArthoM se hI dekhI jAtI hai tathA isa zarIra kI apekSA se isama nivAsa karanavAlA jIva bhI azAzvata hI hai athavA isameM jIvAtmA kA nivAsa bhI azAzvata hI hai| isake atirikta yaha zarIra nAnA prakAra ke da kha aura klezo kA bhAjana hai kyoMki jitane bhI zArIrika athavA mAnasika da kha athavA kleza hai ye saba zarIra ke Azraya se hI hota ha / isalie yaha zarIra aneka prakAra ke dukhoM aura slezo kA sthAna hai| 1 uttarAdhyayana 18.14 15 13325 / 2 dhammapada 41 / 3 vahI 151 / 4 vahI 171 / 5 bahI 315 // 6 imaM zarIraM aNimma basui asui sabhava / asAMsamAyAsamisa ksa-kesANamAyaNaM / / uttarAbhyayana 1913 /

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128 / bauddha tathA jainadharma dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki aneka prakAra ke vastrAlakArAdi se sajAye hue kintu bhAvoM se bhare hue mAsa basA majjA Adi se phUle hue anaka dukhoM se pIDita tathA aneka sakalpoMvAle isa citrita zarIra ko to dekho jisakI sthiti svAyI nahIM hai| yaha zarIra jarA-jINa rogo kA ghara hai kSaNabhaMgura ha dagaSa kA Dhera hai aura kisI samaya khaDa-khaNDa ho jAyegA kyoMki jIvana kA anta hI maraNa hai / 3 Ama bhAna dukha athavA kamabadha ke kAraNo para vizvAra karanA Asrava bhAvanA hai / parantu Asava se mukhyatayA pApAsrava ko samajhA jAtA hai / isIlie uttarASyayana meM pApAsava ke pA~ca bhedoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| boddha-paramparA ma Asrava bhAvanA ke sambandha meM buddha kA kahanA hai ki jo katavya ko binA kiya choDa deta hai aura akatavya karate haiM ese uddhata tathA pramatta logo ke Asrava bar3ha jAte haiM / parantu jinakI catanA zarIra ke prati jAgarUka rahatI hai jo akaraNIya AcaraNa nahI karata aura nira tara sadAcaraNa karata haiM ese smRtimAn aura saceta manuSyo ke Asrava naSTa ho jAta ha dekhanevAle tathA sadA dUsaro se ciDhanavAle ke Asrava ( citta ke vaha citta ke mailo ke vinAza se dUra haTA huA hai| lekina jo sadA aura rAta dina zikSA grahaNa karata rahate haiM arthAta apane doSoM ke kSaya aura guNo kI vRddhi karane meM lage rahate haiM aura eka hI nirvANa jinakA parAyaNa hai attima uddezya hai unake Asrava asta ho jAte ha / / dUsaro ke doSa mala ) bar3hata haiM / jAgarUka rahate haiM 8 sabara bhAvanA savara bhAvanA ma Atrava ke viparIta karmoM ke Agamana ko rokane ke upAyoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| savara bhAvanA Asrava bhAvanA kA vidhAyaka pakSa hai / uttarAdhyayana 1 dhammapada 147 / 2 vahI 148 149 15 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pR 426 / 3 uttarAdhyayana 34 / 21 19/142 / 45 29 / 11 / 4 dhammapada 292 293 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanA maka adhyayana bhAga 2 429 / 5 dhammapada 253 / 6 vahI 226 /

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pArmika sivAnoM se tucyA 129 sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki saMyama se yaha bIya bAlava se rahita ho jAtA hai tathA kAyagupti se jIva saMvara ko prApta karatA hai aura sabara ke dvArA kAyaguptivAlA zrIva sarva prakAra ke pApAsaboM kA niroSa kara detA hai| dhammapada meM bhI savara-bhAvanA kA ullekha milatA hai| buddha kA kathana hai ki AMkha kA savara ( sayama ) uttama hai kAna kA savara uttama ha prANa kA savara uttama hai jIbha kA savara uttama hai / kAyA vANI aura mana kA sabara bhI uttama h| jo savatra savara karatA hai vaha da khoM se chaTa jAtA hai| isalie bhikSa ko sadaiva isa sambandha meM smRtimAn rahanA caahie| 9 nijarA bhAvanA jina karmoM kA bagha pahale ho cukA ha unako naSTa karana ke upAyo kA vicAra karanA nijarA bhAvanA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma kahA gayA hai ki nAle banda kara dene va andara ke jala ko ulIca-ulIcakara bAhara nikAla dene para jaise mahAtAlAba sUkha jAtA hai vaise hI AsravadvAroM ko banda kara dene aura pUrvasacita karmoM ko tapasyA ke dvArA nirjIva karane para mAramA pudgala-mukta ho jAtI hai / 1 loka-bhAvanA loka kI racanA AkRti svarUpa Adi para vicAra karane ke lie loka-bhAvanA hai / jana dazana ke anusAra yaha loka kisIkA banAyA huA nahI hai aura anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai| AtmAe bhI anAdikAla se apane zubhAzubha kAryoM ke anusAra paribhramaNa kara rahI hai / isa loka ke agrabhAga para siddhasthAna hai| siddhasthAna ke nIce Upara ke bhAga ma svarga aura adhobhAga meM naraka hai| isake madhya bhAga me tiyaJca eva manuSyo kA nivAsa hai / loka kI isa AkRti evaM sthiti para vicAra karate hue sAdhaka sadaiva yahI soce ki usakA AcAra esA ho jisase usakI mAtmA patana ke sthAno ko 1 uttarAdhyayana 29 / 27 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-vazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pR 429 / 2 uttarAdhyayana 29 / 55 / 3 pammapada 36 361 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke bAcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 3 43 / 4 uttarAdhyapana 3 156 /

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15.coDa tathA nava choDakara Udhvaloka meM janma le yA lokAna para jAkara makti prApta kara ske| yahI isa bhAvanA kA sAra hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki nIca dharma kA sevana nahI karanA cAhie pramAda se dUra rahanA cAhie mithyA dhAraNA meM nahI paDanA caahie| kyoki aisA karane se AvAgamana kA cakra baDha jAtA hai| yaha loka adhe ke sadRza hai yahAM dakhanevAle hI hai jAla se mukta pakSI kI bhAMti birale hI svarga jAte haiN| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vizva baukha-darzana kI taraha abhAvarUpa nahI hai apitu yaha utanA hI satya aura Thosa hai jitanA hama pratIta hotA hai / 11 boSi-khulabha bhAvanA boSi dalabha bhAvanA ke dvArA yaha citavana kiyA jAtA ha ki samAga kA jo boSa prApta huA ha usakA samyaka AcaraNa karanA atyanta duSkara hai| isa dalabha bodha ko pAkara bhI samyaka AcaraNa ke dvArA AtmavikAsa athavA nirvANa ko prAsa nahI kiyA to puna esA boSa honA atyanta kaThina hai| jaina vicAra meM cAra cIjo kI upalabdhi atyanta dalama kahI gayI hai-sasAra ma prANI ko manuSyatva ko prAti dharma zravaNa zuddha zraddhA aura sayama-mAga meM puruSAtha / dhammapada me kahA gayA hai ki manuSyatva kI prApti dalabha hai mAnava-janma pAkara bhI jIvita rahanA dulabha hai kitane akAla ma mRyu ko prApta ho jAte hai / manuSya banakara sabama kA zravaNa dulabha hai aura baddha hokara utpanna honA to atyanta dalabha hai| 12 dharma-bhAvanA dharma ke svarUpa aura usakI AramavikAsa kI zakti kA vicAra karanA dhama bhAvanA hai / dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sasAra meM ekamAtra zaraNa Sama hI hai isake sivA anya koI 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA 36vAM adhyayana tathA jana bauddha tathA gotA ke AdhAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pa 431 / / 2 dhammapada 167 / 3 vahI 174 / 4 uttarAdhyayana 368-11 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pR 431 / 5 dhammapada 182 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAra-darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhA

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pAkisAnoM se tulA : 11 rakSaka nahIM hai / barA aura mRtyu ke pravAha meM vega se Darate hue prANiyoM ke lie dharma dvIpa hI uttama sthAna aura zaraNarUpa hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki dhama ke amRta rasa kA pAna karanevAlA sukha kI nIda sotA hai usakA citta prasanna rahatA hai| paNDita puruSa AryoM dvArA pratipAdita dhama mAga para calatA humA mAnandapUrvaka rahatA hai| isa prakAra ina bAraha anuprakSAoM athavA bhAvanAmo ke cittavana se pitta samabhAva yukta hotA hai jinase kaSAyoM kA upazamana hotA ha aura samyaktva prakaTa hotA hai| vairAgya ma dRDhatA AtI ha / sasAra-sambandhI dakha-sukha pIDA janma maraNa Adi kA manana cintana karane se vRtti antamakhI hotI hai| isI kAraNa inheM vairAgya kI jananI kahA gayA hai / dhammapada ma anuprakSA zada ke sthAna para bhAvanA kA prayoga hai aura yadyapi bhAvanAo ko vahA~ na usa prakAra kA pAribhASika mahattva prAsa hai aura na unakI eka sthAna para 12 athavA anya sakhyAoM ke rUpa ma gaNanA hai phira bhI uttarAdhyayana kI vibhinna anuprekSAmo ke samAnAntara bhAva dhammapada ma bhI prApta ho jAte haiN| . 1 uttarAdhyayana 14 / 4 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-vazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 3 43 / 2 uttarAdhyayana 23168 / 3 dhammapada 169 tathA jaina baura tathA pItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 1 431 /

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adhyAya 4 dhammapada me pratipAdita bauddha AcAra aura usakI uttarA dhyayana meM pratipAdita jaina AcAra mImAsA se tulanA AcAra aura vicAra jIvana-yAtrA kI gADI ke do pahiya hai tathA paraspara sambaddha haiM / DA mohanalAla mahatA ne apanI pustaka jana AcAra ma ise nimna prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai| AcAra binA vicAra kI praraNA se sambhava nahI ha aura usI prakAra vicAra ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie AcAra kI anivAyatA hotI hI hai| jaba taka AcAra ko vicAro kA sahayoga prApta na ho athavA vicAra AcAra rUpa ma pariNata na ho taba taka jIvana kA yathAtha vikAsa nahI hA sktaa| mata siddhAta aura yavahAra athavA jJAna eva kriyA athavA vicAra eva AcAra ke samyaka santulana se hI vyaktitva kA vikAsa hotA hai / isa dvaita ke lie zana eva AcAra zabda kA bhI prakArA tara se prayoga hotA hai / ina dono ko upayuktatA eba anivAyatA ke sambadha ma batAyA bhI gayA hai ki jisa prakAra abhISTa sthAna para pahucana ke lie nirdoSa A~kha va paira dono Avazyaka hai usI prakAra AdhyAtmika siddhi ke lie doSarahita jJAna eva cAritra donoM anivAya haiN| dUsara zabdo ma nAnavihIna AcaraNa natrahIna puruSa kI gati ke samAna hai jaba ki AcArarahita jJAna pagu puruSa ko sthiti ke sadRza hai| bhAratIya dazano ma mAcAra eva vicAra dono ko samAna adhikAra diyA gayA hai / AcAra eva vicAra ko hI prakArAntara se kramaza yavahAra aura siddhAnta athavA kriyA eva jJAna athavA ghama eva dazana kahA gayA hai| aSTAGgika mAga bauddhadhama kA cauthA Ayasatya du khanirodhagAminI pratipadA kA apara nAma Aya aSTAGgika mAga hai / yaha aSTAGgika mAga bauddhadhama kI AcAra momAsA kA dharama sAdhana hai| isa mArga para calane se pratyaka vyakti apane duHkho kA nAza kara nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| isalie yaha samasta mArgoM meM zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| mAya 1 dekha jaina AcAra mehatA mohanalAla 5 5 / 2 maggAnaGgiko settttho| pammapada 273 /

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barasAna-mAcAra 16 aSTAMgika mAga buTa zAsana meM nizcaya hI eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / apane sarvaprathama pravacana (dhammacakkapabattanasutta ) meM bhagavAn ne paJcavargIya bhikSaoM ko isakA upadeza diyA thA aura madhyamA pratipadA ke sAtha isakI ekAtmakatA dikhAI thI / yahI vaha mAga hai jise tathAgata ne khoja nikAlA / madhyamA pratipadArUpI Arya aSTAgika mArga araNa dhama hai aura vahI ThIka mArga hai| yaha mArga A~kha khola denevAlA hai zAna karA denevAlA hai| yaha zAsana abhijJA boSa aura nirvANa kI ora le jAnavAlA hai| bhagavAna ne kahA hai ki nirmala jJAna kI prApti ke lie yahI eka mArga hai aura dUsarA koI mArga nahI / isa mArga para calana se tuma dukha kA nAza kroge| sampUNa dhammapada ke anuzIlana karane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bauravama ke anusAra zIla samAdhi aura prajJA ye tIna mukhya sAdhana hai / aSTAgika mArga isI sAdhanA traya kA palavita rUpa hai| baudharma meM AcAra kI pradhAnatA hai| tathAgata nirvANa ke lie tavajJAna ke jaTila mArga para calane kI zikSA kabhI nahIM deta pratyuta tattvajJAna ke viSaya praznoM ke uttara ma ve maumAvalambana hI zreyaskara samajhate haiN| AdhAra para hI unakA pradhAna bala hai| yadi aSTAgika mArga kA pAlana kiyA jAya yA Azraya liyA jAya to zAnti avazya prApta hogii| bhagavAna ke upadeza kA yahI sAra hai / mArga para mArUda honA atyanta Avazyaka hai| baddha ne bhikSuoM se kahA-udyoga tumheM karanA hogA / upadeza ke zravaNamAtra se dukhanirodha kathamapi nahI hogaa| usake lie Avazyaka ha udyoga krnaa| tathAgata kA kAya to kevala upadeza denA hai| usa para calanA bhikSao kA kAya hai| usa mAya aSTAgika mArga ma ArUr3ha hokara pAna ma rata honevAle vyakti hI mAra ke bandhana se mukta hote haiM anya puruSa nhiiN| isalie bhikSa ko tathAgata ke upadiSTa dhama meM udyogI ho sata-atha meM apramAdI eva mAtmasayamI 1 araNavibhagasuttanta majjhimanikAya 334.9 / 2 cmmckpvttnsutt| sayuttanikAya / 3 esovamaggonatyanno dassanassa visatiya / etaM hi tumhe paTipajjapamArasseta pamohana / / eta hi tumhe paTipannA dukkhassanta karissava / bakkhAto ve mayA magmo annAya sambasanyana // dhammapada 274 275 / 4 tumhehi kinca bhAtappa basAtAro tathAgatA / paTipannA pamoksanti zApino mAravandhamA / / vahI 276.

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134 boDa tavA garva ho vihAra karanA caahie| isase baDhakara udyoga tathA svAvalambana kI zikSA dUsarI kona ho sakatI hai| prAya Arya aSTAgika mArga ko tathAgata ke mUla upadezo meM mAnA jAtA hai| zrImatI rIja DaviDasa ne aSTAMgika mArga ko baddha kI mUladezanA kA aga hone para zakA kI hai| aguttaranikAya ke aSTaka nipAta aura dIghanikAya ke sagIti paryAyasUtra ma mATha aga ( samyagdaSTi ) Adi kA ullekha na hone se isa mayatA para praznacihna khar3A ho gayA hai| sambhava ha ki Arambha ma madhyama mArga se atha kevala do atiyo kA parihAra thA aura ATha aga bAda ma joDa gaya / lekina ye ATha aga 37 bodhi pakSIya dharmoM ma bhI ginAye jAte haiN| kahI-kahI saptAGga aura dazAGga mArga ke rUpa ma bhI isakA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| isalie ise mUla dezanA se bahimata nahI kiyA jA sktaa| isa sthiti ma aSTAgika mArga ko dhamadezanA kA mala bhAga svIkAra karane ma koI Apatti nahI honI cAhie / madhyamA pratipadA ___ bhagavAna buddha dvArA upadiSTa mAga madhyamamAga yA madhyamA pratipadA kahalAtA hai kyoki yaha saiddhAntika aura yAvahArika dono daSTiyoM se dono anto kA parihAra karatA hai / jo kahatA hai ki AmA ha vaha zAzvata dRSTi se pUrvAnata ma anupatita hotA hai / jo kahatA hai ki AmA nahI hai vaha ucchada dRSTi ke dUsare mata ma anapatita hotA hai / zAzvata aura ucchedavAda dono ato kA parihAra kara bhagavAna madhyamA pratipada ( mAga ) kA upadeza karate haiM / isI taraha eka anta kAma-sukhAnuyoga hai dUsarA anta AtmaklamaSAnuyoga ( zarIra ko kaThina tapa se pIDA denA) ha / bhagavAna donoM antoM kA parihAra karata hai / bhagavAna kahate haiM ki deva aura manuSya do dRSTiyoM se anugata rahate haiN| kevala cakSaSmAna hI yathAbhata dekhatA hai jaba bhava nirodha ke lie dhama kI dezanA hotI hai to unakA citta prasanna nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra ve isI ora raha jAte hai / dUsara bhava se jugupsA kara vibhava kA abhinandana karata hai| ve mAnate haiM ki ucchada hI zAzvata aura praNIta hai| ve atidhAvana karata ha / cakSaSmAna bhata ko bhatata dekhatA hai| vaha bhata ke virAga niroSa ke lie pratipanna hotA hai| yaha madhyamamAga mAya aSTA gika mAga ha / bhagavAna yaha nahI kahate ki majha para zraddhA rakhakara binA samajhe hI mere 1 zAkya rIja DaviDasa TI Dablya pR 89 / 2 bauddhadhama ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pa 117 / 3 abhidhammatyasaggaho para hindI prakAzinI vyAkhyA 1 784 / 4 dekheM dIghanikAya 33252 pa 194 292 24 /

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moTa tathA roma-mAcAra | 135 adhigama kre| dUsare ke dhama ko mAno / bhagavAn kahate haiM ki merA dharma ehipassika aura paccataM veditabba hai / arthAt bhagavAn sabako nimantraNa dete haiM ki Ao aura dekho isa ghama kI parIkSA karo / ' pratyeka ko apane cisa meM usakA anubhava karanA hogaa| yaha aisA dhama nahI hai ki eka mAga kI bhAvanA kare aura dUsarA phala kA sAkSAtkAra karane se isakA sAkSAtkAra apane ko nahI hotA haiM ki he bhikSuo tuma apana lie svaya dIpaka ho Arya aSTamika mArga ke pratyeka aga kA viziSTa svarUpa 1 samyaka dRSTi / isalie bhagavAn kahate dUsare kI zaraNa mata jAo / 1 dRSTi kA atha jJAna hai / satkAya ke lie jJAna kI mitti Avazyaka hotI hai / AcAra aura vicAra kA paraspara sambandha nitAnta ghaniSTha hotA hai / vicAra kI bhitti para hI cAra khaDA hotA hai| isalie AcAra-mAga meM samyaka dRSTi pahalA aga mAnI gaI hai / jo vyakti akuzala ko tathA akuzala mUla ko jAnatA hai kuzala tathA kuzala mUla ko jAnatA hai vahI samyaka dRSTi se sampanna mAnA jAtA hai / samyagdRSTi ke binA zIla aura samAdhi kI prApti nahI hotI na hI binA zIla aura samAdhi ke samyagdRSTi kii| dhammapada ma kahA gayA hai ki jo doSayukta kAya ko doSayukta jAnakara tathA doSarahita kAya ko doSarahita jAnakara yathAtha dhAraNa karate haiM va prANI samyaka dRSTi ko dhAraNa karake sadgati ko prApta hota haiN| dukha da khasamudaya da khaniroSa aura da khanirodhagAminI pratipada ina cAra Aya satyoM kA yathAtha jJAna samyagdaSTi hai / samyagdRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI sadAcAra kI prApti hotI hai / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki jo zIla aura samyaka darzana se yukta arthAta samyaka dRSTi se sampanna dharma me sthita satyavAdI aura apane kAryoM ko karanevAlA hai use loga priya batAte haiM / 1 dIghanikAya prathama bhAga pR 75 / 2 vahI dvitIya bhAga pu 8 1 3 bajja cavajjatonatyA avajjanva avajjato / sammAdiThisamAdAnA sattA gacchatti suggati // 4 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga pR 233 / 5 sIla dassana sampanna dhammaTaTha samyavAdina / antano kammakumbAna taM jano kurute piya // dhammapada 319 / vahI 217 /

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115 boDatavA jamavarma samyagdRSTi kuzala-akuzala kA jJAtA hotA hai| vaha akuzala ko choDa kuzala kA upAjana karatA hai| kAyika vAcika tathA mAnasika sabhI karma do prakAra ke hote hai kuzala ( bhale ) aura akuzala (bure ) / ina dono ko bhalIbhAMti jAnanA samyaka dRSTi hai| dIghanikAya meM ina karmoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra haiakuzala kuzala kAyakama 1 prANAtipAta (hiMsA) 1 a himA 2 adattAdAna (corI) 2 acaurya 3 mithyAcAra ( vyabhicAra) 3 a-vyabhicAra 4 mRSAvacana (jhUTha) 4 satya bolanA vAcikama 5 pizuna vacana (cugalI / 5 apizuna vacana 6 paruSa vacana ( kaTa vacana) 6 a-kaTuvacana 7 sampralApa ( bakavAda ) 7 a-sapralApa 8 abhidhyA ( lobha) 8 a-lobha mAnasakama 9 vyApAda (pratihiMsA ) 9 a pratihiMsA 1 mithyAdaSTi 1 mithyA dRSTi na honaa| 2 samyaka saMkalpa sakapa kA atha daDha nizcaya ha / sakalpa ke aneka atha hai-ichA irAdA vicAra manoratha aadi| ThIka icchA yA irAdA athavA vicAra hI samyaka sakapa hai jisakA sambadha citta ke sAtha rahatA hai| yaha citta kuzala eva akuzala dono dizAoM ma hI ho sakatA hai / citta meM pahale hiMsAtmaka rAgayukta vicAra uThata hai / jaba ye adhika balavAna hote haiM taba mithyA sakapa kahalAta haiN| inakA hI pratipakSI samyakasaka pa hai| dhammapada ma kahA gayA hai ki jo asAra ko sAra aura sAra ko asAra samajhate hai ve mithyA sakalpa meM paDa vyakti sAra ko prApta nahI karate haiN| lekina jo asAra ko asAra aura sAra ko sAra samajhate haiM ve samyaka sakapa se yukta yakti sAra ko prApta karate haiM / samyaka sakapa tIna prakAra kA hotA hai ji he naSkramya avyApAra eSa avi hiMsA sakalpa kahA jAtA hai / 1 asAre sAramatino sAre cAsAradassino / te sAra nASigacchanti michAsaGakappagocarA / / sAraca sArato natvA asArantha asaarto| te sAra adhigacchanti sammAsaGakappagocarA // Sammapada 11 12 /

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boda tapA-mAcAra 17 sabhI kuzala dharmoM se saprayukta vitaka naSkramya samyaka sakalpa hai| ise yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki anyApAda eva avihiMsA se avaziSTa nirduSTa sabhI vitaka naiSkramya samyaka sakalpa hai| vyApAda zabda kA artha hiMsA yA paravinAza cintA hai isakA viparIta bhAva matrI hI avyApAda hai / isalie sabhI prANiyoM ke prati hiMsA se virata hokara maitrIpUrNa vyApAra karane kA dRDha nizcaya hI avyApAva hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki isa sasAra meM vaira se vaira kabhI zAnta nahI hote apitu avara ( maitrI ) se hI zAnta hote hai| hiMsA se virata honA yA hiMsA ke vicAra kA na honA hI avihiMsA samyaka-sakalpa hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sukha cAhanevAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se daNDa se mAratA ha vaha marakara sakha nahI pAtA aura jo sakha cAhanevAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se daNDa se nahI mAratA hai vaha marakara sukha pAtA hai| 3 samyaka vAka ThIka bhASaNa-saTha vacana aura bakavAsa kA tyAga samyaka vacana kaha jAte haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne samyaka vacana kA kathana niSaghAtmaka zailI se diyA hai yathA mithyAvacana se virati hI samyaka vacana hai / 1 abhiSammatpasaggaho para hindI prakAzinI vyAkhyA 1 758 / tulanIya doSa nikAya 1163 pa 55 majjhimanikAya 10267 pa 328 suttanipAta 4 7 ( pabbajjAsutta ) / 2 nahi verena verAni sammattISa kudAcana / averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano // dhammapada gAyA-salyA 5 / 3 sukhakAmAni bhatAni yo daNDena vihiMsati / attano sukhamesAno pecasona labhate / / sukhakAmAni bhUtAni yo daNDana sukhaM na hisaa| attano sukhamesAno pecca so labhate sukha // bahI 131 132 / 4 sahassamapi ce vAcA antypdshitaa| eka matya pada seyyo ya sutvA upasammati //

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158.bIvanamA dharma 4 samyaka karmAnta aSTANika mAga kA cauthA aga samyaka karmAnta hai| manuSya kI sadagati yA durgati kA kAraNa usakA kama hI hotA hai| kama ke hI kAraNa jIva isa loka meM sukha yA dukha bhogatA hai tathA paraloka ma bhI svaga yA naraka kA gAmI banatA hai| dhammapada kA kathana hai ki asatyavAdI naraka ma jAte haiM aura vaha manuSya bhI jo kisI kAma ko karake bhI nahIM kiyA aisA kahatA hai| dono prakAra ke noca kama karanevAle manuSya marakara eka samAna hote haiN| ataeva manuSya ko cAhie ki saba prakAra ke bare karmoM kA parityAga kara de aura pacazIla kA AcaraNa kara / dIghanikAya ma hiMsA corI aura kAma mithyAcAra se virata rahanA samyaka karmAnta batalAyA gayA hai / dhammapada ma kahA gayA hai ki jo dhIra puruSa kAya vANI aura mana se sayata rahate haiM vAstava meM ve hI susayamita hai| 5 samyaka mAjIva ThIka AjIvikA / Aya zrAvaka mithyA AjIva (zaThI jIvikA ) ko choDakara samyaka AjIva se jIvikA calAtA ha / binA jIvikA ke jIvana dhAraNa karanA kaThina ha vastuta asambhava ha / mAnavamAtra ko zarIra rakSaNa ke lie koI na koI jIvikA grahaNa karanI hI par3atI hai| parantu yaha jIvikA achI honI cAhie jisase dUsare prANiyo ko na to kisI prakAra kA kleza pahuce aura na unakI hiMsA kA avasara Ave / bhagavAna baddha ne usa samaya ko pAMca jIvikAo ko hiMsApravaNa hone se anucita ThaharAyA hai 1 hathiyAra kA yApAra 2 prANiyo kA vyApAra 3 mAsa kA yApAra 4 zarAba kA rojagAra aura 5 viSa kA vyaapaar| abhatavAdI niraya upeti yo vApikatvA na karomi cAha / ubho pi ta peca samA bharvA ta nihInakammA manujA paratya / / dhammapada gAthA-sasyA 36 / 2 dhammapada 246 247 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga 1 233 / 3 dIghanikAya 21312 pR 233 / 4 kAyana savutA dhIrA atho vAcAya savatA / manasA savutA dhIrA te ve suparisavatA / / dhammapada gAthA sakhyA 234 / 5 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga pa 233 /

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boDa svAbhApAra 19 isa prakAra ke sAdhanoM ke mAdhyama se jIvikopArjana karanA hIna mAnA gayA hai| inase virata hokara aise kAryoM dvArA jIvikA upAjana karanA jisase kisIkI hAni na ho samyaka mANIvikA hai / jIvikopAjana ke sAdhano meM savatra nirdoSa Dhaga ko hI zreSTha batAyA gayA hai| dhammapada se prakaTa hai ki jisa prakAra bhramara vibhinna puSpoM para jAkara unase rasa lekara apanI jIvikA calAtA hai usI prakAra bhikSa gAMvoM meM vicaraNa karate hue binA kisI para bhArasvarUpa bane jIvikopAjana kare / 6 samyaka vyAyAma ThIka prayatna zodhana udyoga / bhikSa anutpanna pApoM ko na utpanna hone dene ke liye icchA utpana karatA hai unase prayatnapUrvaka apane citta ko rokatA hai| isI prakAra vaha utpana pApoM ke nAza aura anutpanna sukarmoM ke utpAda ke lie icchA utpanna karatA hai| utpanna kuzala dharmoM kI sthiti a nAza baddhi vipulatA eva pUrNatA ke lie icchA utpanna karatA hai| yahI samyaka vyAyAma hai / satkarmoM ke karane kI bhAvanA karane ke lie prayatna karata rahanA cAhie / indriyo para sayama barI bhAvanAo ko rokane aura acchI bhAvanAo ke utpAda ke prayatna aura utpanna acchI bhAvanAoM ko kAyama rakhane ke prayala ya samyaka vyAyAma hai / binA prayatna kiye cacala citta se zobhana bhAvanAya dUra bhAgatI jAtI hai aura barI bhAvanAya ghara jamAyA karatI hai| ata yaha udyoga Avazyaka hai| 7 samyaka smRti smRti kA artha hai jAgarUkatA / isa aga kA vistRta varNana dIghanikAya ke mahA satipaTaThAnasutta meM prApta hai| smRti prasthAna cAra hai-(1) kAyAnupazyanA (2) vedanAnupazyanA ( 3 ) cittAnupazyanA aura ( 4 ) dharmAnupazyanA / ina cAroM smRti prasthAno kI bhAvanA karane ko samyaka smRti kahate haiM / ___ smRti kA abhyAsI kAyAnupazyanA kA abhyAsa karate hue isa zarIra ko vizleSaNa dvArA samajhane kA yatna karatA hai / vaha ise jAnana-pahacAnane kA yatna karatA 1 yathApi bhamaro puphpha vaNNagandha AheThaya / phaleti rasamAdAya eva gAne munI pare / dhammapada gApA-sakhyA 49 tulanIya dazavakAlika gApA-sakhyA 2 / 2 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga 1 233 234 / 3 vahI 22313 1 234 majisamanikAya 1156 pR 77 /

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140 bauddha tathA begacanaM hai ki yaha kAyA acirasthAyI hai| mRtyu ke pazcAta jaba yaha zarIra zmazAna meM pheMka diyA jAtA hai to phUlakara uvaNa ho jAtA hai / usameM kITa ho jAte haiM jise kAka yUgAla khAkara kSata vikSata kara dete haiM / smRtibhAva kA abhyAsI yaha dekhate-socate hue ki vaha zmazAna bhUmi meM jo vivarNa patitakAya ha vahI yaha zarIra hai apana zarIra se Asakti kA nivAraNa karatA hai / zarIra gaMdagI kI rAzi hai / jala ke bulabalo kI taraha utpanna vilIna honavAlA mRga marIcikA ke samAna dhokhA denevAlA aura kSaNa bhagura hai| smRti ke dvArA kAyA ke prati aise abhyAsa ko kAyAnupazyanA kahA jAtA hai / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki jinha nitya kAyagatA smRti upasthita rahatI hai ve akartavya ko nahI karate aura kartavya ko nirantara karanevAle hote haiM / aise smRtimAna aura ddhimAnoM ke cittamala arthAt Asrava asta ho jAte haiM / vedanAnupazyanA kA atha vedanAo ke prati jAgarUkatA hai / yaha vedanA pA~ca prakAra kI hotI ha - ( 1 ) sukhAvedanA ( 2 ) saumanasyavedanA ( 3 ) du khAvedanA (4) daurmanasyavedanA aura (5) upekSAvedanA / cittAnupazyanA kA artha citta ke prati jAgarUkatA hai / citta aneka prakAra ka hote haiM yathA-sarAga vItarAga sadoSa vItadoSa samoha vItamoha samAhita asamAhita citta Adi / dharmo ke prati jAgarUkatA kA nAma dharmAnupazyanA ha / dhama zabda se yahA~ pA~ca nIvaraNa ( kAmacchanda vyApAda styAnamRddha auddha ya-kaukRtya aura vicikitsA ) pA~ca 1 yathA baDhabalaka passe yathApassemarIcika / eva loka avakkhanta macarAjAnapassati || dhammapada gAthA-sakhyA 17 1 2 ya sanya susamAradvAnicca kAyagatAsati / akiJcante na sevanti kinva sAta cakArino / satAna sampajAnAna atya gacchanti AsavA || 3 boddha-dazana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 pR 366 / 4 boddha-dazana-mImAMsA pU 58 / 5 mAvara pitara hantvA rAjAno dve ca sotthiye / arrapannama hatvA anISo yAti brAhmaNo / / vahI 293 / dhammapada 295 /

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bauddha tathA AcAra 141 upAdAna skandha ( rUpa vedanA sajJA saskAra aura vijJAna ) chaha nAmyantarika aura bAharI Ayatana / sAta bodhyana' evaM bAra Aya satyoM kA artha grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / ina dharmo ko unake yathAtharUpa meM jAnanA dharmAnupazyanA hai / isa prakAra ye cAroM hI smRtyupasthAna sasvoM kI vizuddhi kA inase hI bhikSa AtmazaraNa aura ananyazaraNa hokara bihAra karatA hai| gayA hai ki smRtimAna loga dhyAna vipazyanA Adi meM lage rahate haiM nahI hote / jisa prakAra hasa jalAzaya kA parityAga kara cale jAte haiM loga gRho ko tyAga dete haiM / ve 8 samyaka samAdhi samAdhi citta kI ekAgratA ke artha meM prayukta hai / samyaka samAdhi kA artha hai -- ThIka samAdhi yathAtha samAdhi / samAdhi se citta ko ekAgra kiyA jAtA hai citta kA damana kiyA jAtA hai kyoki ekamAtra citta ke damana se sabhI dAtta ho jAte haiM / dhammapada meM isIlie kahA bhI gayA hai ki citta kA damana karanA a chA hai citta kA dAnta honA sukhAvaha hai / citta kuzalAkuzala dharmo ma pravRtta hotA hai / isalie bhikSu kAmavAsanAo se alaga ho barAiyo se alaga ho vitaka aura vicArayukta viveka se utpanna prIti sukhavAle prathama dhyAna ko prApta ho vihAra karatA hai aura isI prakAra 1 yo vassa satajIva apassa udayabbaya ! ekAha jIvitaM seyyo passato udayabjaya // ekamAtra mAga hai / dhammapada meM kahA Alasya meM rata usI prakAra ke dhammapada 113 | 2 cakSa zrotra ghrANa jilhvA kAya aura mana ye bhItarI Ayatana haiM vaise ho rUpa zabda gandha rasa spaza aura dharma- ye cha bAharI / 3 smRti dhama vicaya bIya prIti prabhabdhi samAdhi aura upekSA / 4 dukha da khasamudaya du khaniroSa aura da khaniroSaNAminI pratipada / 5 mahAsatipaTaThAna ( dIghanikAya 219 ) / 6 uyyumjanti satImanto na nikete ramanti te 1 hasA va pallala hitvA okamoka jahanti te / / 7 majjhimanikAya 1 / 3 1 371 / 8 cittassa damana sAdhu citta dAta sukhAvaha // dhammapada 91 / dhammapada 35 //

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divyajJAna kI avasthA meM hai / yadyapi utsarAdhyayana meM inake svarama dhAvikA vizeSa vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai tathApi inake viSaya meM kucha saMketa bhavasya milate hai, po nimnalikhita hai isakA ama hai zabdavanya zAstrajJAna / parantu satyazrutajJAna vahI hai jo binopaviha prAmANika zAstroM se hotA hai| jinopaviSTa prAmANika grantha aga (pradhAna) aura agavAha (apradhAna ) ke meva se do prakAra ke hai / ata sukhajJAna bhI prathamata do prakAra kA hai| aga granthoM kI saMkhyA bAraha hone se agazrutazAna bhI bAraha prakAra kA hai tathA agavA granthoM kI koI sImA niyata na hone se aneka prakAra kA hai| aga anyoM kI pradhAnatA hone se utsarAjyamana meM samasta zrutajJAna ko dvAdazA kA vistAra kahA gayA hai| dvAdazAGga ke vettA ko hI bahuzrata kahA gayA hai tathA bahuzrata ke mahatva ko prakaTa karane ke lie solaha dRSTAntoM se usakI prazasA kI gayI hai| ye sabhI dRSTAnta sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM se yukta hai ata grantha meM zrutajJAnI ke kucha aya sahaja guNa ginAye gaye haiM jo ina dRSTAnto se puSTa hote hai jaise - ajJAnI samudra kI taraha gambhIra prativAdiyoM se aparAjeya atiraskRta vistRta zratajJAna se pUrNa jIvoM kA rakSaka karma bhayakartA uttama artha kI gaveSaNA karanevAlA aura sva-para ko mukti prAsa karAnevAlA hotA hai| isI taraha atanAnI ke anya aneka guNa samajhe jA sakate haiM / satyajJAna kI prApti meM zAstroM kA sthAna pramukha hone se avajJAnI ko bahuta prazaMsA karake usakA phala mukti basalAyA gayA hai| 1 uttarAdhyayana 28121 tathA uttarAdhyavanasUtra eka parizIlana 1 209 / 2 duvAla saMga jiNakkhAya / uttarAdhyayana 2413 / bArasagaviU bujhe / vahI 237 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 3 jahA saMkhambhipaya nihiya duhamao vi virAyai / suyassapuNNA viulassa tAiNI savitukamma gaimuttama gayA / uttarAdhyayana 11 / 15-31 / 4 vahI 11 // 32 29 / 24 59 118 1 2 vaSA uttarAdhyayana pUtra eka parizIlana pR 21 / 5 uttarAdhyayanasUna eka parizIlana 1 21 /

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2 mAninidhimAna pakSa Adi indriyoM aura mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna honevAlA zAna bAni nibodhika kahalAtA hai| jaina-dazana ma isakA pracalita nAma matijJAna hai kyoMki yaha indriyAdi kI sahAyatA se hotA hai| 3 madhijJAna avadhi kA artha hai sImA / jo jJAna idriyAdi kI sahAyatA ke binA kucha sImA ko lekara anta sAkSyarUpa hotA hai vaha avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai| mana paryAyajJAna dasaro ke manogata vicAroM ko jAnane kI zakti ke kAraNa ise mana paryAyajJAna kahA gayA ha / yaha divyazAna ko dUsarI avasthA hai aura avadhijJAna se zreSTha hai| mohanIya jJAnAvaraNa dazanAvaraNa aura antarAya kama ke kSaya se kaivalyajJAna prakaTa hotA hai / yaha jJAna kI sarvocca avasthA hai| isIlie uttarAdhyayana meM ise anuttara savapradhAna sampUNa pratipUNa AvaraNarahita andhakArarahita vizuddha lokAloka prakAzaka batalAyA gayA hai| isa jJAna ko dhAraNa karanevAle ko kevalI kevalajJAnI yA savajJa kahA gayA hai| isa jJAna kI prApti hone para jIva usI prakAra suzomita hotA hai jisa prakAra AkAza meM sUya / isa jJAna kI prApti ho jAne para jIva gheSa karmoM ko naSTa karake niyama se mokSa jAtA hai / 1 jaina-bama-darzana mahatA mohanalAla pR 157 / 2 utsarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 212 / 3 vahI pR 212 / 4 tao pacchA aNutara aNata kasiNa paDipuNNa nirAvaraNa vitimira visuddha logAlogappabhAvaga kevala dharanANadasaNa samuppADei / uttarAdhyayana 29 / 72 / 5 ugga taba carittANa jAyAdoNivi kevlii| vahI 22 / 5 / 6 sannANanANovamae maheso aNuttara cariu dhammasacaya / aNusare nANaghare asasI mobhAsaha sUrie vaDatAlakkhe / __vahI 21123 / 7 jAva sajogI bhavai tAkya iriyA bahiyakamma bandhai suhapharisa dusamayaThiiya / ta paDhamasamaebaTa biiya samae vaiya taiya samae nijjiNa / ta baba puTaTha udIriyaM vezya nijiNNa seyAleya akamma cAvi bhavai / / vahI 2972 /

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3 sammArikA (sAbAra) samyakpAdita kA bartha hai samAcAra mAcAra pati kA yaha mUlya hai jisake dvArA vaha mahAna ke mahAn aura nimna se bhI nimna bana sakatA hai| samAcAra pakti ko nIce se ucca siMhAsana para na detA hai aura durAcAra upasiMhAsana se nIce garta meM ukelA detA hai / sambaka darzana aura samyak jJAna hone para bhI yadi vyakti meM sadAcAra nahIM hai jo yaha samyaka vacana aura samyaka mAga nirarthaka hai kyoMki unakA prayojana sadAcAra meM pravRtti karAnA hai| mata kahA gayA hai ki par3he hae veda vyakti kI rakSA nahIM kara sakate hai| prazna uThatA hai ki sadAcAra kyA hai? yadi sadAcAra ko eka vAkya meM kahanA cAheM vo kaha sakate hai ki dUsare ke sAtha vaisA hI vyavahAra karanA jaisA hama dUsare se svaya ke prati pAhate hai| samAcAra ko uttarAdhyayana meM ahiMsA ke ma meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai tathA isa ahiMsA ke sAtha satya coya brahmacaya aura bana sampatti kA tyAga ( aparigraha) ina cAra anya bAcAraparaka niyamo ko bAr3A gayA hai| ye hI jainadhama ke pAMca prasiddha hai| zeSa jitane bhI niyama aura upaniyama hai saba ina pAMca vratoM kI hI pUrNatA evaM nirdoSatA ke lie hai| jyo-jyoM ina bAtoM ke pAlana se sadAcAra meM vRddhi hotI jAtI hai tyoM-syoM vyakti mukti kI ora bar3hala bAtA hai| isI prakAra jyojyo vaha mukti kI ora agrasara hotA jAtA hai tyoM-tyoM pUrvabaddha kama mAtmA se pRSaka ho jAte haiM aura jyoM jyoM pUrvabaddha karma bAsmA se pathaka hote jAne hai tyo-tyoM mAramA nirmala se nirmalatara avasthA ko prApta karatI huI mukti ko prApta kara letI hai| cAritra ke pAMca prakAra hai -(1)sAmAyika (2) chedopasthApanA ( 3 ) parihAra vizusi ( 4 ) sUkSmasamparAya tathA ( 5) yathAsyAtacAritra / 1 veyA ahIyA na bhavanti tANa / usarAdhyayana 14 / 12 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUna eka parizIlana pR 228 / pasubandhA sampabeyAjadacha / pAvakammaNA / na ta tAyanti dussIla kammANi balabantiha / / uttarAdhyayana 253 / 2 evaM paritakaraM pArita hoi bAhiya // yahI 28 // tathA-paritamApAraguNanie tabo aNuttara saMcama paaliyaa| nirAsave saMbaviyAgakamma uhANaM visnusama dhurva / / bahI 252 cyA uttarAdhyayAnasUtra eka parizIlana pu. 229 / 3 sAmAzyapa chetropaTmaparNa mshiin| parihAra visIya mudramaM bahasaMparAya //

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0 4 tapa mAyA gaya uttarAdhyayana meM kahI kahIM cAritra se pRthaka jo tapa kA baNana milatA hai vaha usake mahatva ko prakaTa karane ke lie kiyA gayA hai| tapa eka prakAra kI agni hai jisake dvArA saikaDo bhAvo ke sacita parva karmoM ko zIghra ho jalAyA jA sakatA hai / grantha ma kaSAmarUpI zatraoM ke AkramaNa para vijaya prApta karane ke lie tapa ko bANa evaM argalArUpa batalAyA gayA hai / ata kabhI-kabhI tapa ko cAritra se pathaka batalAyA gayA hai anyathA vaha cAritra se pRthaka nahIM hai kyoMki isameM jo tapa kA vaNana milatA hai vaha sAdhu ke AdhAra kA ho abhinna aMga hai aura sAdhu ke AcAra se sambandhita kucha kriyAo ko ho yahA~ tapa ke rUpa ma batalAyA gayA hai / Atmasayama jo ki cAritra kI AdhArazilA hai tapa usase pRthaka nahI hai / ( 2 ) UnodarI tapa ko bAhya aura Abhyantara ke bheda se savaprathama do bhAgo meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai aura phira bAhya tapa aura Abhyantara tapa ko puna cha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| isa taraha kula milAkara 12 prakAra ke tapoM kA vajana prathama hai / una 12 prakAra ke tapo ke kramaza nAma hai - ( 1 ) anazana (3) mikSAcaryA ( 4 ) rasa-parityAga (5) kAyakleza ( 6 ) salInatA yA fafar zayanAsana ( 7 ) prAyazcita ( 8 ) vinaya (9) vaiyAvRtya ( 1 ) svAdhyAya ( 11 ) dhyAna aura ( 12 ) vyusaMga yA kAyotsaga / upayukta ma prathama cha tapa bAhya zarIra kI kriyA se adhika sambadhita hona ke kAraNa bAhya tapa kahalAte haiM tathA antima cha tapa AtmA se adhika sambandhita hone ke kAraNa Abhyantara tapa kahalAta haiM / bAhya tapo kA prayojana Abhyantara tapo ko puSTa karanA hai / ata pradhAnatA Abhyantara tapo kI hai / bAhya tapa mAtra Abhyantara tapoM kI ora le jAne meM sahAyaka haiM / isa prakAra samyagdarzana samyaka jJAna samyaka cAritra tathA tapa AtmavikAsa kI kramika sIr3hiyA~ haiM mokSamAga ke sAdhana haiM kyoki inake dvArA krama krama se Atma vikAsa hotA jAtA hai kaSAya eva kama kSINa hote jAta haiM svAnubhUti kI paridhi kA vistAra hotA jAtA hai tathA anta ma eka aisI avasthA AtI hai jaba sAdhaka mola akasAya ahakvAya chaumatyassa jiNasvA / eya cayastikara pArita hoi mahiya / / 1 uttarAdhyayana 28 32 33 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 23 1 vahI 9/2 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pU 329 3 / 28 34 1989 tathA uttarAdhyayana 2 uttarAdhyayana 3 / 78 293 sUtra eka parizIlana pR 331 /

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1151 kA adhikArI bana jAtA hai| jisa prakAra kisI kArya kI saphalatA ke lie i jJAna aura prayatna ina tIna bAloM kA sayoga Avazyaka hotA hai usI prakAra saMsAra ke dukhoM se mukti pAne ke lie bhI vizvAsa jJAna aura sadAcAra ke saMyoga kI bAvazyakatA hotI hai jise grantha meM samyagdazata samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra ke nAma se kahA gayA hai / ye tInoM bauddha-dazana ke zIla samAdhi aura prajJA kI taraha alaga-alaga muki ke tIna mArga nahIM haiM balki tIno milakara eka hI mAga hU~ / yadyapi grantha meM kahI kahI jJAna ke pahale cAritra kA tathA dazana ke cAritra kA bhI prayoga milatA hai parantu inakI utpatti kramaza hotI hai / ratnatraya kA nirmANa karate pahale jJAna va uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma to pa ko mokSa kA mArga batAyA upa kA antarbhAva kara diyA hai kAhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| samyaka jJAna samyaka darzana samyaka cAritra aura gayA hai| lekina jaina AcAryoM ne samyaka cAritra ma jisake kAraNa paravartI sAhitya meM trividha sAdhanA mArga isa taraha vizvAsa jJAna aura sadAcAra hI mukti ke sAdhana haiM / ye tInoM milakara eka hI mAga kA nirmANa karate haiM kyoMki mukti meM sAkSAta kAraNa cAritra ko pUrNatA mAnI gayI hai 'zana aura jJAna ke sambhava nahIM hai| ye tIno kAraNa prasiddha haiM / " tathA cAritra kI pUrNatA binA jaina-darzana meM ratnatraya ke nAma aura prajJA kA zraddhA aura prajJA bauddha darzana meM trividha sAdhanA bhAga ke rUpa meM zIla samASi vadhAna hai| kahI kahI zIla samAdhi aura prajJA ke sthAna para bIya kA bhI vidhAna hai| vastuta vIya zIla kA aura zraddhA samAdhi kA pratIka hai | zraddhA aura samApi dono isalie samAna hai kyoMki dAnoM meM citta vikalpa nahIM hote haiN| isa 1 nANa ca daMsaNa caiva carita ca tabotahA / esa maggutipannato jiNehi varadasihi || uttarAdhyayana 28 2 / 2 nANa ca dasaNaM caiva carita caiva nicchae / vahI 23 33 tathA jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 1 21 / 3 bhAratIya darzana rAdhAkRSNan esa pU 325 4 dekha jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pa 23 / 5 suttanipAta 9 / 22 tulanIya dhammapada 57 22923 sapA jaina bauddha aura gItA ke cAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 1 21-23 /

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bAdhAra para samAdhi yA paddhA kI tulanA samyaka darzana se aura prajJA kI tulanA sambaka bhAna se kI jA sakatI hai| Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki aSTAMga mArga ke samyakagAcA sambaka-kati aura samyaka AjIva kA antarbhAva zIla meM samyaka vyAyAma samyaka smRti aura samyaka samAdhi kA citta bavA yA samAdhi meM aura samyaka sakalpa sapA samyaka dRSTi kA prazA meM hotA hai| yaha bhI lakSita hotA hai ki yahA~ uttarAdhyayana ke samyaka bazana aura samyaka jJAna baukho ke kramaza samAdhi aura prajJA skandha meM Ate hai vahIM bauddhoM kA zIla skagha uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke samyaka cAritra meM saralatA se anvabhUta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki baukha aura jaina-paramparAe na kevala apane sAdhana mArga ke pratipAdana ma balki sApanatraya ke viSaya meM bhI eka samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI hai| pacazIla sadAcAra bauddhadhama kI AdhArazilA hai| bauddhadhama meM sadAcAra ko zIla kahA jAtA hai / zIla kA pAlana pratyaka bauddho ke lie Avazyaka hai| jo vyakti zIloM kA pAlana nahIM karatA vaha apane ko bauddha kahana kA adhikArI nahI samajhA jaataa| zIla se mana vANI aura kAyA ThIka hote haiM / sadguNo ke dhAraNa yA zIlana ke kAraNa hI use zIla kahA jAtA hai / sakSepa ma zIla kA artha hai saba pApo kA na karanA puSya kA sacaya tathA apana citta ko parizuddhi rkhnaa| bauddha trizaraNa ke aTala vizvAsI kA zIla hI mUladhana tathA zIla ho mUla sabala hai| isalie bauddha-sadAcAra ma ADambara ko bilkula sthAna nahI diyA gayA hai / bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki jisama AkAkSAe~ banI huI haiM vaha cAhe nagA raha cAhe jaTA baDhAe cAhe kocaDa lapeTa cAhe upavAsa kare cAhe jamIna para soya cAhe dhala lapeTe aura cAha ukaI baThe para usakI zuddhi nahIM aatii| asalI zuddhi to zIla-pAlana se hotI ha / dhammapada ma zIlavAn vyakti ke guNoM ko basalAte hue tathAgata na kahA hai- puNya candana tagara yA camelI kisIkI bhI sugandha 1 sambapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upasampada / sa-citta pariyArapana eva budAna sAsana // dhammapada 183 / 2 na nagmacariyA na jaTA na paDaka / nAnAsakANDilasAyikA thaa| rajo vajalla ukkuTikappaSAna / sodhenti macca avitiSpakakA // pammapada 141 tulanIya uttarAdhyakna 521 /

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15 ulTI havA nahIM jAtI kintu sajjanoM kI sugandha ulTI havA bhI jAtI hai satpuSya sabhI dizAoM meM sugandha hotA hai / candana yA tAra kamala yA jahA~ ina sabhI sugandhI se jhIla kI sugandha uttama hai / tagara aura candana kI jo gandha phailatI hai yaha alpamAtra hai / kintu jo zIlavAnoM kI gandha hai vaha devatAoM taka meM phailatI hai| jo ye zIlavAn nirAlasa ho viharanevAle mathArtha jJAna dvArA mukta ho gaye hai unake mArga ko mAra nahIM pAtA / zIla ke bhautika lAbha cAhe jo bhI hoM para unakA mukhya lAbha vAdhyAtmika hai / zIlavAn ke mana meM jo AtmasthiratA yA Atmazakti hotI hai vaha du-zIla ko sulabha nahIM / zIla sampUrNa mAnasika tApa ko zAnta kara detA hai / bazAnta puruSa sadA yahI socA karate haiM ki usane mujhe gAlI do mujhe mArA mujhe harAyA mujhe laTa liyA / isa taraha socatesocate loga apane hRdaya meM vairarUpI bhAga jalAte rahate haiM / vaira kA mUla kAraNa duzIlatA hI hai / varAgni kA zamana zIla se hI ho sakatA hai / jo vyakti zIloM kA pAlana nahI karatA durAcArI ho aneka prakAra ke pApakarmoM meM hI lagA rahatA hai vaha mAnavatA se cyuta samajhA jAtA hai| usakI durgati hotI hai aura vaha jaba taka sadAcArI nahIM banatA hai taba taka nirvANa-sukha ko nahIM prApta kara sakatA / usakA jIvana nissAra aura heya mAnA jAtA hai / bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai ki asayamI aura durAcArI ho rASTra kA anna khAne se Aga kI lapaTa ke samAna tapta lohe kA golA khA lenA uttama hai / isa prakAra sadAcAra ke mahatva ko jAnate hue sadAcArI banane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / 1 na pupphagandho paTiyAtameti na candana tagarasasamya gandho paTiyAtamati mAllakAvA sandhA disA sappuriso pavAti // dhammapada 654 candana tagara vApi uppala arraftest | etesa gandhajAtAna solagandho anuttaro || appamato aya gandho yA ca yo va solavata gandho-tagaracandanI / vAti deveSu uttamo // tesa sampanna sIkAna appamAda bihArina / sammadannA vimutAna mAro manya na vindati // 2 makkochi ma avadhi meM ajinimaM mahAsime yetaM upanayahamti bera te na sammati H 3 semyoM yogulo mukto tato agnitikhUpamo / bace bhuveyya dussIko raTThapiNDaM asamajato || vahI 55 / vahI 56 / vahI 57 / 3 / nahI 108 /

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154 basapA aba koI vyaktibodharma grahaNa karatA hai taba use baddha dharma aura saba kI zaraNa jAne ke sAtha hI pacazIla ke pAlana kI pratijJA karanI paDalI hai| pacazIla sadAcAra ke pAMca sArvabhauma niyama haiM / ye isa prakAra hai - 1 prANAtipAta arthAta jIva hiMsA se virati 2 musAbAda yA asatya bhASaNa se virati 3 adinnAdAna yA cArI se virati 4 paradArandhayA parastrIgamana se virati aura 5 surAmerayapAnandha arthAta madyapAna se virati / jo vyakti inakA pAlana karatA hai usakA AcaraNa pavitra mAnA jAtA hai / paMcazIla kA Arambha hotA ha pAnAti pAtA veramaNi se jisakA tAtpaya hai hiMsA se virata rahanA aura kama tapA vANI ko sayamita rkhnaa| caMki pacazIla AcAra ke naitika niyama nirdhArita karate haiM ata inha zikSA para bhI kahata hai / kyoMki ye gRhaspamAtra ke lie mAcaraNIya ThaharAya gaya hai isalie inheM gRhasthazIla bhI kahata hai| sAmAnya jana ke lie nitya AcaraNIya hone ke kAraNa inako nityazIla bhI kahate haiN| aura kyoki pavitra guNasampanna bAya jana isakA anupAlana karate hai ise mAyakaNTha bhI kahA gayA ha / nIca kiJcita vistAra se pacazIlo ma pratyeka kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 1 prANAtipAta viramaNa arthAt anya jIvo kI hiMsA se virata rahanA / jo vyakti anya jIvoM kI hiMsA se nitAnta bacA rahatA hai vaha maraNoparAnta devaloka ko prAsa hotA hai| prANAtipAta meM prANa aura atipAta do zabda hai / prANa zabda se jIva kA bodha hAtA hai aura ati pAta kA arya zIghratA se giranA arthAta savoM ke prANo kA atizIghratA se yA pRthaka 1 yo pANamatipAtati musAvAvamba bhAsati / loke adinna mAdiyati paradAranca gacchati / / surAmarayapAnandha yo naro anuyumjati / idhavamasA lokasmi mala khanatiattano / dhammapada 246 247 tathAaguttaranikAya 8525 bauddhadharma-zana pa 24 /

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honA hai / " isa prakAra prANAvipAda kA artha ANiyoM kI hiMsA se hai| manuSya pazu pakSI yA anya udbhijanIva jo prANa se upeta hai unakA baba hI prAya yama hai| hiMsA kA virodha sabhI dharmoM meM kiyA gayA hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ se mana hiMsA se mar3atA hai vahAM-vahAM se dukha avazya hI zAnta ho jAtA hai / 2 navazAdAna viramaNa barthAt dUsaro kI sampatti ke apaharaNa se dUra rahanA / vaha vyakti jo para-sampatti ke apaharaNa se nitAnta dUra rahatA hai maraNoparAnta devaloka ko prApta hotA hai| bauddha aura jaina donoM paramparAeM isa mata se sahamata haiM ki bhikSu ko apane svAmI kI anumati ke binA koI bhI vastu grahaNa nahI karanI cAhie / vinayapiTaka ke anusAra jo bhikSu binA dI huI vastu prahaNa karatA hai vaha apane zramaNa jIvana se cyuta ho jAtA hai / sayuttanikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi mikSu phala ko saMcatA hai to bhI borI karatA hai / 3 kAmesu mithyAcAra viramaNa arthAta kAmAcAra se virata rahanA / jo vyakti dRr3hatApUrvaka kAmAcAra se virata rahatA hai vaha maraNoparAnta devaloka ko prApta hotA hai| bauddha eva jaina donoM paramparAoM zramaNa ke lie parastrIgamana varjita hai / vinayapiTaka ke anusAra strI kA sparza bhI bhikSa ke lie varjita mAnA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI isa sandarbha meM kAphI satarkatA baratane kA upadeza diyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne striyoM ko sadha meM praveza dene meM anutsukatA prakaTa kI / apane antima upadeza me bhI buddha ne bhikSaoM ko strI-sampaka se sAvadhAna kiyA hai / bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke pahale bAnanda na bhagavAn se prazna kiyA 1 aTaThasAlinI 3 | 143 pu 8 tathA dekha vibhAga pR 384 arthavinizcayasUtra pU 36 / 2 yato yato hiMsamano nivasati tato sammati eva dukkha / dhammapada 39 / 3 vinayapiTaka pAtimokkha parAjikathamma 2 tathA dekha aTaThazAlinI 31144 pa 81 vibhaga pU 84 / boddha tathA gItA ke AcAra dazanoM kaha 344 / 4 sayuttanikAya 114 tathA jaina tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 p 5 fearfree pAtimoksa saMghAvisesa dhamma 2 / 6 bIma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pu 150-151 /

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161 hai kyoMki pramAda se vivekajJAna ko prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai aura aba taka viveka na nahIM hogA taba taka ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA sambhava nahIM hai / uttarAdhyayana meM haMsA-vrata ke pAlana karanevAle ko brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai tathA inake pAlana na karane phala naraka kI prApti batalAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isa vrata kA sthAna pacamahAvratoM prathama aura zreSTha hai / 11 satya mahAvrata dvitIya mahAvrata sarva-bhUSA vAda viramaNa hai / kyoki asatya lie patana kA kAraNa aura prANAtipAta kA poSaka hai jisase aneka ma pApakama kA bandha hotA hai isalie zramaNa ko pramAda krodha lobha hAsya eva ya se jhaTha na bolakara upayogapUrvaka hitakArI satya vacana bolanA cAhie yahI satya hAvrata ha / asabhya vacana jo dUsare ko kaSTakara ho aisA bhI nahI bolanA hie | isama bhI ahiMsA mahAvrata kI taraha kRtakArita anumodanA eva mana vacana kAya se jhUTha na bolane kA atha sanniviSTa hai / acchA bhojana banA hai acchI taraha se kAyA gayA hai ityAdi prakAra ke sAvadha vacana tathA Aja meM yaha kArya avazya kara laMgA avazya hI aisA hogA isa prakAra kI nizcayAtmaka vANIbolane kA bhI grantha meM niSedha | satya - mahAvrata ke pAlana karane ko bhI uttarAdhyayana meM kaThina batalAyA gayA hai / 1 samaya goyama / mApamAyae / 6 / 13 426-8 2 22 21 / 141526 / 22 Adi / khippa na sakke vivagameu tamhA samuTaThAya pahAyakAma / samicca loya samayA mahesI appANarakkhI caramappamato || 2 tasapANa viyANatA sagaheNa yathAvare | jo na hiMsai bivihaNa ta vaya bama mAhaNa || 3 kohA vAjai bAhAsA lohA vAjai vA bhayA / bhASaNa AtmA doSo kA jamma uttarAdhyayama 1 va adhyayana tathA musa na vayai jo uta vaya bama mAhaNa // uttarAdhyayana sUtra eka parizIlana pU 264 tathA Age 4 vayajoga succA na asababhamAhu / 5 musa parihare bhikkhanaya ohAriNa bae / bhAsA dosaM parihare mAyaM ca vajjae sayA | vahI 1124 tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra suNiTiThae sulaTaThetti sAvajja vajjae muNI // 6 nikAla ppamataNa musAvAya vivajaNa / bhAsiya hiyaM sacca nicchA useNa dukkara || vahI 4 / 1 / vahI 25 / 23 / vahI 25|24 tathA uttarAdhyayana 21 / 24 // eka parizIlana pU 265 / uttarAdhyayana 1 / 36 / vahI 19/27 /

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19 paramAvarSa uttarAdhyayana meM vacana bolane kI kramika tIna avasthAyeM batalAyI gayI hai| ina tIno abasthAoM ma satya bolana ke kramaza nAma bhAva sa ya karaNa satya aura yoga satya milate haiN| isa taraha jhaTha bolanevAlA eka maTha ko chipAne ke lie anya aneka jhUTha bolatA hai aura hiMsA corI Adi kriyAo meM pravRtta hotA huA sukhI nahI hotA hai| satya bolanevAlA jasA bolatA ha vasA hI karatA hai aura prAmANika puruSa hokara sukhI hotA hai| 3 acorya-mahAvata tRtIya mahAvata kI sajA sava adattAdAna viramaNa hai jisake antargata zramaNa koI bhI binA dI huI vastu prahaNa nahIM krtaa| kisIkI girI huI bhUlI huI rakhI huI athavA tuccha-se-tuccha vastu ko binA svAmI kA AjJA ke grahaNa na karanA acArya mahAvata hai / mana vacana zarIra eva kRtakArita anumodanA se isa vrata kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| isake atirikta jo vastu grahaNa kare vaha niravadya eva nirdoSa ho| ahiMsA-vrata kI rakSA ke lie niravadya eva nirdoSa vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai kyoMki 1 sarambha-samArambhe Arambhe ya tahevaya / vaya pavatta mANa tu niyatajjajaya AI // uttarAdhyayana 24 / 23 / 2 bhAvasacceNa bhAvavisohiM jaNayaha / bhAvavisohIe vaTTamANe jIva arahantapanna-tassa pamnassa bArAhaNayAe abhuTaThai / arahantapanna-tassa dhammassa bArAhaNayAe abhuTiThatA paraloga dhammassa rAhaehavai / vahI 29 / 51 / karaNasacceNa karaNa satti jaNayaha / karaNasacce baTaTamANe jIve jahAvAI tahA kArI yAvi bhv| vahI 29 / 52 / jogasacceNa joga visohe| vahI 29 / 53 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 1 265 / / 3 mosassa pacchA yapuratyao ya pogakAle ya duhI durante / eva adattANi samAyayanto ruve atitto duhiyo aNisso / / uttarAdhyayana 32631 / 4 danta-sohaNa mAissa adattassa vivajjaNa / aNabajje saNijjassa gaNhaNA mayadakkaraM / / vahI 1928 / cittamantamacitta vA appa vAjai vA bahu / ma gaNhA adatta je ta vaya bama mAhaNaM // vahI 25 / 25 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 1 267 //

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163 lagatA hai / sabhI cita sAvadha eva sadoSa vastu ke grahaNa karane meM hiMsA kA doSa vastuoM ko grahaNa karanA sAdhu ke lie niSedha mAnA gayA hai| isalie sacita vastu ke kisIke dvArA diye jAne para bhI use grahaNa karanA corI hai| batalAye gaye vrato kA ThIka se pAlana na karanA bhI corI hai| acIya vrata se yukta bahuta hI sundara kathana uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai-dhanadhAnyAdi kA grahaNa karanA yaha naraka kA hetu hai / isalie binA AjJA ke sAbu tRNamAtra padArtha ko bhI agIkAra na kare / yaha zarIra binA AhAra ke raha bhI nahIM sktaa| isalie gRhastha ke dvArA apane pAtra meM jo bhojana use prApta ho usIkA AhAra karanA cAhie / 4 brahmacarya - mahAvrata kRta kArita anumodanApUrvaka manuSya tiyaJca eva deva zarIra-sambandhI saba prakAra ke maithuna sevana kA mana vacana kAya se tyAga karanA brahmacarya - mahAvrata hai / isake 18 bhedoM kA saMketa milatA hai / samAdhisthAna vizeSa bAtoM kA sthAna nAma diyA gayA hai| ina chor3akara zeSa 9 ko TIkA uttarAdhyayanasUtra bha brahmacaya kI rakSA ke lie 1 bhAvazyaka batalAyA gayA hai jinheM grantha meM samAdhisthAna kA dasa samAdhisthAnoM meM antima sagrahAtmaka samAdhisthAna ko kAro ne brahmacaya kI guptiyA~ ( saMrakSikA ) kahA hai| vitta ko ekAgra karane ke lie inakA vizeSa mahatva hone ke kAraNa inheM samAdhisthAna kahA gayA hai| ye samAdhisthAna DaoN sudarzanalAla jaina ke dvArA nimnalikhita rUpa meM vibhAjita haiM 1 AyANa narama bilsa nAyaejja taNAmavi 1 maNasA do suncho appaNo pAe dinna bhujejja || 2 divya- mANusa bhoyaNaM tericcha jo na sebadda mehUNa 1 phAya-bakkeNa taM vaya bama mAha // 3 bambhamminAyajjJa yaNesu ThANesu yaDasamAhie / je miksa jabaI nivayaM se na acchamaNDale / 4 kamare bala te berehi bhagavantehi dasa bammacera socyA nisamma sajama bahule savara bahule guttabamayArI sayA appasatta viharejjA / sUtra eka parizIlana pu 268 // 5 uttarAdhyayana 31 1 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra AtmArAma TIkA 1391 / 6 uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pU 268-273 / uttarAdhyayana 68 / bahI 25 / 26 / vahI 31114 / samAhiThANA pannatA je bhikkhU samAhi bahule gutte puttindie vahI 1612 tathA uttarAdhyayana

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14 mA gagana 1 strI Adi se sakIrNa sthAna ke sevana kA tyAga jahAM para strI pazu napasaka Adi kA AvAgamana sambhava hai aise sthAnoM meM zUnya gharo meM aura jahAM para gharo kI sandhiyAM milatI ho aise sthaloM ma tapA rAjamArga meM akelA sAdhu akelI strI ke paricaya ma na Ave / kyoki ina uparyakta sthAnoM meM sAdhu kA strI ke sAtha paricaya ma AnA janatA ma avazya sandeha kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| isalie ina ukta sthAno ma sayamI puruSa kabhI na Ave / kyoki jaise billiyoM ke sthAna ke pAsa caho kA rahanA yogya nahIM usI prakAra striyo ke sthAna ke samIpa brahmacArI ko nivAsa karanA ucita nahI / isalie muni ko bhI strI paza Adi se rahita ekAnta sthAna ma hI nivAsa karanA upayakta h| 2 nirgrantha sAdhu bAra-bAra striyoM ko kAmananaka kathA na kahe sAdha kA striyo kI bAra-bAra kathA nahIM karanI cAhie aura brahmacaya ma rata bhikSa ko mana ko Anada denavAlI kAmarAga ko baDhAnavAlI strI-kathA ko bhI tyAga denA caahie| 3 strI mAvi se yukta zayyA aura ArAma kA tyAga nigrantha ko brahmacaya kI rakSA ke lie striyo ke sAtha eka Asana para baiThakara kathA vArtAlApa paricaya Adi na karate hue AkIrNatA aura strI-jana se rahita sthAna ma rahanA caahie| kyoki tatkAla vahAM para baThane se smRti Adi doSa lagane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| 4 kAmarAga se striyoM kI manohara tathA manorama indriyoM kA tyAga brahmacArI bhikSa ko striyo ke aga-pratyaya aura sasthAna Adi kA nirIkSaNa karanA tathA unake sAtha sucAru bhASaNa karanA aura kaTAkSapUvaka dekhanA Adi bAtoM ko eva cakSagrAhya viSayoM ko yAgane ke lie kahA gayA hai| ata isa prakAra ke prasaga 1 uttarAdhyayana 1661 padya bhAga tathA 161 gadya tathA 32 // 13 16 8 / 19 22145 1 / 26 / 2 vahI 32613 / 3 vahI 36 / 16 / 4 vahI 1632 padya tathA gadya / 5 tamhA khala no niganye itthIhiMsaddhi sannisejAgae viharejjA / vahI 1605 gadya / 6 vahI 1615 gdy|

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bauddha tathA nayAcAra 165 saundarya ko striyoM ko pisthita hone para vItarAgatApUrvaka zabhadhyAna karanA / striyo ke rUpa 'khakara puruSa ko usameM Asakti nahI honI cAhie / isIlie grantha meM Dakamata ( daladala ) tathA rAkSasI kahA gayA hai / / striyoM ke zrotragrAhya zabdoM kA niSedha paMcama samAdhisthAna meM striyoM ke kajita rudita hasita svanita krandita rore Adi vacano ko jinase kAmarAga bar3he na sunanA kAraNa ki inase mana kI calatA meM vRddhi hotI hai aura brahmacaya meM AghAta pahuMcatA hai / striyoM ke sAtha kI huI pUrvarati aura kAma-kroDA kA smaraNa na kareM striyo ke pUvarati aura krIDA kI smRti karanevAle nigrantha brahmacArI ke hmacaya meM zaMkA kAkSA aura sandehAdi doSa utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| yama kA nAza eva umAda kI prApti hotI ha tathA dIrghakAlika bhayakara rogoM kA AkramaNa bhI hotA hai / 9 sarasa AhAra -pAnI tathA praNIta rasa-prakAma kA tyAga grantha meM brahmacArI ke lie raso kA atyanta sevana varjita hai| kahA gayA hai ki jaise svAdu phalavAle vRkSa para pakSI Akara baiThate hai aura aneka prakAra se usako kaSTa pahu~cAte haiM usI prakAra rasasebI (ghI dUdha Adi rasavAn dravyoM ke sevana se ) ruSa ko kAmAdi viSaya bhI atyanta dukhI karate haiM / atyadhika bhojana kA syAma jase vAyu ke sAtha milana se vana meM lagI huI agni zIghra zAnta nahI hotI usI prakAra pramANa se adhika bhojana karanevAle brahmacArI kI indriyAgni zAnta nahI hotI / ata khAne se yadi vikAra kI utpatti vizeSa hotI ho to usako tyAgakara caya kI rakSA karanI cAhie / 1 uttarAdhyayana 32 / 15 / 2 paGaka bhUyAo itthio | 3 vahI 16 / 5 gadya tathA padya / 4 bahI 16 / 8 gadya tathA padya aura mAge 32 / 14 / 5 nahI 32 / 1 / 6 vahI 32 / 11 / 7 vahI 26 / 35 / vahI 2117 8 18

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165 ra samAna zarIra kI vibhUSA kA tyAga brahmacaya ma anurAma rakhanevAle sAdha ko zarIra kI vibhUSA kA tyAga karanA cAhie / mata use uttama saskAra karanA zarIra kA maNDana karanA keza Adi kA saMvAranA choDa denA caahie| 1 samAvi pAMcoM prakAra ke kAmaguNoM kA tyAga brahmacaya kI rakSA ke lie isa dasaveM samAdhisthAna meM brahmacArI ko zabda rUpa gandha rasa aura spaza ina pAMca kAmaguNo kA sadA parityAga karane ke lie kahA gayA hai kyoMki ve saba AmagaveSI puruSa ke lie tAlapuTa viSa ke samAna hai| isalie ekAgra manavAle sAdhu ko samAdhi kI dar3hatA ke lie ina dujaya kAmabhogoM tathA zakA ke sthAno ko choDa denA cAhie / isa prakAra samyakatayA kAyA se spaza karane se sarvathA maithuna se nivRttirUpa catutha mahAvata kA ArAdhana eva pAlana hotA hai aura deva dAnava gandhava yakSa rAkSasa eva kinnara ya sabhI brahmacArI ko namaskAra karate haiM kyoki vaha duSkara brahmacaya kA pAlana karatA hai| 5 aparigraha mahAvrata __dhana dhAnya bhRtya Adi jitana bhI nirjIva eva sajIva padAtha hai una sabakA mana vacana kAya se nirmohI hokara mamatva kA tyAga karanA aparigraha yA akiJcana mahAvata kahalAtA hai| ata sAdhu kisI khAdya padAtha kA azamAtra mI sagraha na kare tathA caturvidha bAhAra ma se kisI AhAra kA bhI sa graha karake rAtri ko na rakha / vaha sone-cAMdI Adi ko grahaNa karane kI mana se bhI icchA na kre| isa taraha sabhI prakAra ke dhana pA yAdi kA tyAga karake tRNamAtra kA bhI sagraha na karanA aparigraha hai / apari maha ko hI vItarAgatA kahA gayA hai kyoki jaba taka viSayoM se virAga nahIM hogA taba 1 uttarAdhyayana 1639 padya tathA gadya / 2 vahI 1631 pada tathA gadya / visvaaluddjhaa| vahI 16313 gadya / 3 sakaTaDhANANi savvANi vajjejjA paNi haannp| vahI 16:14 padya / 4 vahI 16 / 16 padya / 5 vahI 1963 tathA Age u 25127 84 12 / 9 14441 49 21 / 21 25 / 28 35 / 3 19 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 278 / 6 uttarAdhyayana 616 tathA 35 / 13 /

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bIDa- 167 taka jIva aparigrahI nahIM ho sakatA hai| viSayoM ke prati rAna yA lobha-buddhi kA honA hI parigraha hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai jaise-jaise lAbha hotA hai vaise-vaise lobha hotA hai tathA lobha ke bar3hane para parigraha bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| yaha vItarAgatA ati vistRta suspaSTa rAjamAga hai jisake samakSa ajJAnamUlaka japa-tapa Adi solahavIM kalA ko bhI pA nahI sakatA hai|' jo ina viSayo ke prati mamatva nahIM rakhatA hai vaha isa loka meM dukho se alisa hokara Anandamaya jIvana vyatIta karatA hai tathA paraloka meM deva mA mukti-pada ko prApta karatA hai / parantu jo parigraha kA tyAga nahIM karatA hai vaha pApa karmoM ko karake sasAra meM bhramaNa karatA huA naraka meM jAtA hai| isa taraha aparigraha se tAtparya yadyapi pUrNa vItarAgatA se hai parantu brahmacarya vrata ko isase pRthaka kara dene ke kAraNa yaha dhana dhAnyAdi acetana dravya aura dAsa pazu Adi sacetana dravyoM ke tyAgarUpa raha gayA hai / paMcamahAvrata zramaNa - jIvana kI rIr3ha tathA jainadhama ke prANa haiM / ina vratoM kA samyaka pAlana karanevAlA hI saccA zramaNa hai / zramaNa dharmAcAra mUlata ahiMsApradhAna hai isalie kahA jAtA hai ki pAMcoM mahAvrata ahiMsAsvarUpa haiM aura ve ahiMsA se bhinna nahI haiN| rAtri bhojana viramaNa vrata bhI ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke antagata hI A jAtA hai phira bhI dharmAcAryoM ne ise chaTha vrata ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| aura svAdya ina cAra prakAroM meM kisI eka prakAra kA bhI rAtri meM samajhA gayA hai / azana pAna khAdya grahaNa karanA gahiva isa prakAra ghammapada aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke AdhAra para upayukta tathyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para hama dekhate haiM ki pacazIla pacamahAvrato eva rAtri bhojana frSaNa ke atyanta nikaTa haiM / dono paramparAyeM uparyukta kAryoM kA mana vacana aura kAya tathA kRta kArita aura anumodita kI koTiyo kA vidhAna karatI haiN| phira bhI dono granthoM meM kucha maulika antara hai jise jAnanA jarUrI hai| uttarAdhyayamasUtra ke anusAra 1 uttarAdhyayana 1 / 32 / 2 vahI 132 / 3 kala agbai solasi // 4 vahI 29|3 36 32 / 19 26 39 14 / 44 7 / 26 27 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pU 5 AyANa naraya dissa / vahI 9144 / 412 804 615 28 / uttarAdhyayana 6 / 8 / 6 mehatA mohanalAla jainadharma-darzana pU 514 / 7 jaina sAgaramala jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 1 211 /

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158 bobasapA samayama bhikSu na kevala kRta kArita aura anumodita hiMsA se bacate hai varan ve audezika hiMsA se bhI bacate hai| jaina bhikSa ke lie mana vacana aura kAya se hiMsA karanA-karavAnA athavA hiMsA kA anumodana karanA to niSiddha ha hI lekina sAtha hI yadi koI bhikSa ke nimitta se bhI hiMsA karatA hai aura bhikSa ko yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki usake nimitta se hiMsA kI gaI hai to ese AhAra Adi kA grahaNa bhI bhikSa ke lie niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI bauddha aura jaina-paramparA ma pramukha antara yaha hai ki buddha nimantrita bhikSA ko svIkAra karate the jaba ki jana zramaNa kisI bhI prakAra kAma traNa svIkAra nahI karata the| buddha auddazika prANIvagha ke dvArA nimitta mAsa Adi ko to niSiddha mAnate the lekina sAmAya bhojana ke sambandha ma va auddazikatA kA koI vicAra nahIM karata tha / vastuta isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki buddha agni pAnI Adi ko jIvana yakta nahI mAnate the / ata sAmA ya bhojana ke nirmANa ma u haiM auddezika hiMsA kA koI doSa parilakSita nahI huA aura isalie nimatrita bhojana kA niSadha nahI kiyA gayA / saya mahAvata ke sadabha ma dono paramparAo ma maulika antara yaha ha ki bada apriya saya vacana ko hita baddhi se bolanA vajita nahI mAnata hai jaba ki jana-paramparA apriya satya ko bhI hita baddhi se bolanA varjita mAnatI hai / aya zIlo ke sambandha ma sadAntika rUpa se bauddha aura jaina-paramparA ma koI malabhata antara nahI hai phira bhI jaina-paramparA ma azIlo kA pAlana jitanI niSThA aura kaThoratApUrvaka kiyA gayA utanA bauddha paramparA ma nahI / dhammapada tathA uttarAdhyayanasatra ke AdhAra para puNya pApa kI avadhAraNA puNya manuSya ke caritra kI zreSThatA kA sUcaka hai| isake viparIta pApa caritra ke natika patana kA cihna hai| icchApUvaka katavya pAlana athavA sa kama se manuSya ke caritra ke natika u kaSa ma vRddhi hI puNya haiN| natika niyamo ke ullaghana athavA asatkama se vyakti ke caritra se sambaddha natika mUya kA bhaya hI pApa hai| puNya kata ya pAlana karake ajita natika yogyatA ha / jaba yakti katavya se maMha moDatA hai taba usakI naitika yogyatA kA hrAsa hotA hai / natika yo yatA ke isa kSaya ko pApa kahA jAtA ha / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai pApa kAya kA na karanA zraSTha hai / pApa-kAya pIcha dukha detA ha puNya-kAya karanA zreSTha hai jise karake manuSya dukhI nahI hotaa| puNya aura pApa caritra se sambaddha hai / puNya bhAvAtmaka natika yogyatA hai jaba ki pApa 1 nItizAstra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana gulAma muhammada yAhyA khAM 5 58 / 2 akata dukkata seyyo pachAtapatidukkata / katantha sukata seyyo ya kasvA nAnutappati // dhammapada 314 /

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bauDarAna-mAcAra 19 niSedhAtmaka / pApa puNya kA prabhAva nahIM hai| puNya ke abhAva kA artha hai ki vyakti ne jo kama kiyA hai vaha na sat hai aura na asat / jaba vyakti kA AraraNa naitika Adaza ke anukala hotA hai taba vaha puNya hotA hai kintu jaba naitika Adarza ke pratikala hotA hai taba pApa hotA hai| dhammapada kA kathana hai ki jisakA kiyA hayA pApakarma puNyakama se Dhaka jAtA hai vaha isa loka ko vaise hI prakAzita karatA hai jaise ki mAdakoM se nikalA huA candramA / ata puNya caritra ke utkaSa kA tathA pApa se caritra ke kSaya kA saketa milatA hai| puNya aura pApa ko vibhinna zreNiyAM hotI hai| vyakti ke naitika aura anaitika kama ke anupAta meM hI usakI naitika yogyatA kI vRddhi athavA usakA kSaya hotA hai| vyakti kI naitika yogyatA kI vRddhi jaba adhika hotI hai taba vaha adhika puNya ajita karatA hai| isake viparIta vyakti kI naitika yogyatA ma hrAsa bhI hotA hai jisase pApa kI mAtrAo kA saMketa milatA hai| dhammapada ma kahA gayA hai ki pApakama karanevAlA isa loka ma dukhI hotA hai aura paraloka ma jAkara bhI arthAt vaha donoM hI loko ma dukhI hotA hai / vaha apane kutsita kama ko dekhakara zoka karatA hai aura dukhita hotA hai jaba ki puNyakama karanevAlA isa loka ma prasanna rahatA hai aura paraloka meM jAkara bhI arthAta vaha dono loko meM Anandita hotA hai aura pramoda karatA hai| dhammapada bhI naitika sAdhanA kI antima avasthA ma paNya aura pApa dono se Upara kI bAta kahatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bhI samAna vicAro kA pratipAdana karatA hai / dhammapada meM bhagavAna buddha kahate haiM ki yadi manavya pApa karatA hai to use bAra-bAra na kare usa pApa ma svacchandatApavaka rata na hoba kyoMki pApa kA sacaya dukha kArI hotA hai / vaha rAkha se DhaMko huI agni ke samAna mUkha ko jalAtA huA usakA pIchA karatA hai| isalie manaSya kalyANakArI kAya karane ke lie zIghratA kare aura pApa se citta ko nivAraNa kare kyoMki pApa kA sacaya dukhakArI lekina puNya kA 1 dhammapada gAthA-sakhyA 173 / 2 vahI 15 17 tathA jaina bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 336 / 4 vahI 117 /

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meM bhI vistAra se prAhmaNa kI karmAmusArI paribhASA hai| aura usa panya meM jaina dRSTikoNa se uttama yaza kI kalpanA kI gayI hai jinameM jaMgama aura sthAvara jIvoM kI bali dI jAtI hai unheM zrIta dravya yajJa kahate hai| jaise azvameva bAjapeya jyotiSToma bAdi / ye yajJa bahuta kharcIle paDate the ata sAdhAraNa janatA ina yazoM ko nahIM kara sakatI thii| smRti se pratipAdita yazo ko smArta yajJa kahate hai| donoM kA vidhAna alaga-alaga hai| dono ma musya bheda bali ko prathA ko lekara hai / smArtapakSoM meM balidAna ko jIva hiMsA samajhakara niSiddha kama mAnA gayA hai| inameM hiMsA nahIM hotI hai apitu inakA sampAdana ghata dhAnya Adi se hotA hai| ina yanoM meM yAjaka kI bhAvanA hiMsA karane kI nahI rahatI hai phira bhI jo sthAvara bIvo kI hiMsA isa yajJa kI vyavasthA meM hotI hai vaha nagaNya hai / ata ina yajJoM kA virodha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bhAvayajJa ko uttarAdhyayana meM sarvazreSTha yajJa kahA gayA hai / isa yajJa ke sampAdana meM bAhya kisI sAmagrI kI AvazyakatA nahI paDatI hai| koI bhI isa yajJa ko kara sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM isa yajJa ke vibhinna nAma hai jo apanI sAthakatA lie hue haiM jaise-yamayaza ahiMsA yaza satya acaurya brahmacaya aura AkiJcanabhAva / ajJAnamUlaka pazu-hiMsA-pradhAna 1 dekhie dhammapada kA chabbIsA bAhmaNavagga tathA uttarAdhyayana kA pacIsA yajJIya prakaraNa / vistRta vivecana isI adhyAya meM Age kiyA gayA hai| 2 viyarijjai khajjai bhujjaIya anna pabhaya bhavayANameya // uttarAdhyayana 1201 tapA jaina bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAra-vazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pR 495496 // 3 accamute mhaabhaag| na te kiMci na accimo / bhuvAhi sAlima kUra nANAvajaNa-sajuyaM // uttarAdhyayana 12 // 34 / 4 susavuDo pahiM saMvarahi iha jIviyaM aNavaka khmaanno| bosaTaThakAyo suicttdeho| mahAgaya jayaI banlasiTaTha / / kahI 1242 / 5 pAyAI bama bannami / vahI 25 / 1 / 6 vahI 12vA eSa 25vA adhyayana / 7 uttarAdhyayanasUna AtmArAma TIkA 1 1121-1125 taka /

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142 ra mAnava pIra tathA usIko saccA brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| jaise kamala kIcaDa se utpanna hokara basa para ThaharatA hai aura jala ke dvArA vRddhi ko prApta karatA huA bhI jala se upasila nahIM hotA hai ThIka isI prakAra jo kAmamogoM se utpanna aura vRddhi ko prApta karake bhI unameM upalipta nahI hotA usIko saccA bAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra mUla guNo ke dvArA brAhmaNatva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA / baba uttara guNoM se bhI usakA vaNana kiyA jA rahA hai| lolapatA se rahita arthAt rasoM meM bhULa na rakhanevAlA bhikSAvRtti se jokna-pAtrA calAnevAlA gRha aura maThAdi se rahita dravyAdi kA parityAgI aura gRhasyoM se adhika pariSaya na rakhanevAlA mAcAra sambandhI ina AcaraNIya guNo se yukta vyakti ko hI brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| kevala sira muDA lene se koI vyakti zramaNa nahIM bana sakatA baba taka usameM zramaNocita guNa vidyamAna na ho aura na hI koI puruSa mAtra kAra arthAta 3 bhabhUva sva ityAdi gAyatrI mAtra ke uccAraNa kara lene mAtra se brAhmaNa ho sakatA hai| apitu brAhmaNocita guNoM kA dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai / isI prakAra kebala bana meM nivAsa kara lene mAtra se muni aura balkala Adi ke pahana lene se koI tapasvI bhI nahI ho sktaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki ye saba bAharI ADambara to kevala pahacAna ke lie hI hai| inase kAya siddhi kA koI sambandha nhii| kArya siddhi kA sambandha to antaraga sAdhano se hI hai| rAga deSa mAdi se alaga hokara jisake AtmA ma samabhAva kI pariNati ho rahI ho vaha zramaNa hai| isI prakAra mana vacana aura zarIra se brahmacaya ko dhAraNa karanevAlA brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai| ThIka isI prakAra jJAna se muni hotA hai arthAta jo tattva vidyA meM niSNAta ho vaha muni hai| isI bhAMti tapa kA AcaraNa karanevAlA vApasa hai| icchA ke niroSa ko tapa kahate haiM arthAt jisane icchAoM kA nirodha kara diyA hai vaha tapasvI hai| isa prakAra dekhA jAtA hai ki guNoM se ho puruSa zramaNa brAhmaNa muni aura tapasyo ho sakatA hai na ki bAhara ke kevala veSamAtra se| isa prakAra ina dharmoM ke ArAdhana se yaha jIva snAtaka ho jAtA hai aura karmoM ke bandhana se savathA makta ho jAtA hai| 1 dhammapada 418 uttarAdhyayana 25 / 26 / 2 dhammapada 4 1 uttarAdhyayana 25 / 27 / 3 pammapada 44 uttarAdhyayana 25 / 28 / 4 dhammapada 26426626827 393 uttarAdhyayana 25/31 / 5 dhammapada 265 269 uttarAdhyayana 25 / 32 / jainamata ma snAtaka nAma kevalI kA hai aura baura-mata meM buddha ko snAtaka mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra AtmArAma TIkA pR 1133 /

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pratipAti manovikAlatuta 181 bauvaSama meM pitta kA saMyama jo kuzala yA akuzala dhamoM kA sacaya karatA hai use pitta kahate haiN| cittako bhagavAna buddha ne sabase adhika sUkSma tatva mAnA hai| unakA kathana hai ki mana sabhI pravRttiyo kA aguA hai mana usakA pradhAna hai ve mana se hI utpanna hotI hai / yadi koI dUSita mana se vacana bolatA hai yA kAma karatA hai to duHkha usakA anusaraNa usI prakAra karatA hai jisa prakAra ki cakkA-gADI khIcanevAle bailo ke paira kA / jisa prakAra mana ke Upara sayama rakhanA cAhie usI prakAra sabhI indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhanA caahie| jo svaccha mana se bhASaNa eva AcaraNa karatA hai sukha usakA usI prakAra anugamana karatA hai jisa prakAra kabhI sAtha na choDanevAlI chaayaa| dhammapada meM kahA gayA ha ki vara se vara kabhI zAta nahI hote ataeva droha va vaira kA savaSA parityAga karake matrI kI bhAvanA mana ma rakhakara zatru se bhI avara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / mana ka saba prakAra ke doSa yA mala ko dho DAlanA cAhie / dhyAna bhAvanA kA nirantara abhyAsa karanA cAhie kyoki usake abhAva ma mana meM rAga ghusa jAtA hai / pramAda ko tyAgakara rAga deSa aura moha ko choDakara anAsakta hone kA prayatna karanA cAhie / jana-zana meM mana kA sayama DaoN sAgaramala jaina kA kathana hai ki jana-dazana meM mana mukti ke mAga kA pravezavAra hai / vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate hai| amanaska prApiyo ko to isa rAjamAga para calane kA adhikAra hI prAsa nahIM hai| samyagdaSTi kevala samanaska prANiyo ko hI prApta ho sakatI hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA mokSamAga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI haiM / samyagdazana ko prApta karane ke lie tIvatama kroSAdi Avego kA mayamana Avazyaka hai kyoki mana ke dvArA hI bAvegoM kA saMyamana sambhava hai| isIlie kahA gayA ha ki samyagdazana kI prApti ke lie kI jAnavAlI anya bheda kI prakriyA meM yathApravRttikaraNa taba hAtA hai jaba mana kA yoga hotA hai|' 1 mano pubbaGagamASammA manoseTA mnomyaa| tato na sukhamanveti chAyA va anapAyinI // dhammapada 1 2 tathA jaina boTa tathA gItA ke AcAra-vazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 481 / / 2 na hi verena verAni sammantISa kuvAcana / dhammapada 5 / 3 jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 482 /

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196 boddha tathA janadharma rahatI hai| phira vyakti pramAdavAle nIce ke guNasthAno meM A jAtA hai / pramAda pA~ca prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai| kahI 8 va 15 kA bhI / pramAda ke pA~ca prakAra haiN| madya viSaya kaSAya nidrA aura vikathA | -- 1 mA 2 viSaya Asakti bhI AmacatanA ko kuNThita karatI hai isalie pramAda kahI jAtI hai / pA~co irza drayo ke viSayoM kA sevana / 3 kavAya krodha mAna mAyA aura lobha ya cAra pramakha aura madatA ke AdhAra para 16 prakAra kI hotI haiM kaSAyoM ke janaka hAsyAdi prakAra ke manobhAva upakaSAya hai / kaSAya aura upakaSAya ke bheda milakara 25 hote ha / manodazAe jo apanI tIvratA kaSAya kahI jAtI hai / ina 4 nivA adhika nidrA lenA nidrA samaya kA anupayoga hai / 5 vikaur jIvana ke sAdhya aura usake sAdhanA mAga para vicAra na karata hue anAvazyaka carcA krnaa| vikathAe cAra prakAra kI - ( 1 ) rAjya sambandhI ( 2 ) bhojana samba bI ( 3 ) striyo ke rUpa saundaya sambandhI aura ( 4 ) deza sambadhI | isa taraha pramAda ke a tagata viSaya aura kaSAya ko samilita kara lena se kamaba va kA vaha makhya kAraNa bana jAtA hai / isalie pramAda se baca rahana aura apramatta sAdhanA karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / apramatta arthAta jAgarUkatA AtmajAgaraNa aura pramAda arthAt Ama vismRti bebhAna aura Alasya kI avasthA | Amonati ke lie sabase pahale jAgarUkatA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| mahAvIra kA jIvana apramatta thA / ve satata Atma jAgaraNa me lIna rahate the / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma samaya mAtra bhI pramAda na karana kA jA mahAn sandeza bhagavAn mahAvIra ne diyA hai vaha sAdhako ke lie puna puna smaraNIya hai| isa grantha ke dasava 1 uttarAdhyayana niyakti 18 / 2 jaina bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pa 361 / vahI /

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pratipAdita manovijJAna se tulanA 23 vaha kavAya hai / sampUrNa athavA jisase jIva puna - puna janma-maraNa ke cakra meM paDatA hai saMsAra vAsanA se utpanna kaSAya kI agni ma jala rahA hai| isalie zAnti mArga ke karNadhAra sAdhaka ke lie kaSAya kA tyAga Avazyaka hai / jaina granthoM meM sAdhaka ko kaSAyo se savathA dUra rahane ke lie kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhu ko apanA mana krodha mAna mAyA aura lobha meM kabhI nahI lagAnA cAhie kyoki zabdAdi guNasparzo ke yahI kAraNa haiN| agara ina cAro para vijaya prApta kara lI jAya to zabdAdi mohaguNoM kA AtmA para koI prabhAva nahI paDatA / ye zabdAdi guNa to una AtmAo ke lie kaSTaprada yA Avazyaka hota haiM jinake lie ukta cAro kaSAya udaya meM Aye hue hoM / ata ina cAro kaSAyo para vijaya prApta kara lena se moha ke guNoM para sahaja meM hI vijaya-lAbha ho sakatA hai aura ina para vijaya prApta karane kA sahaja upAya yaha hai ki inake prati kisI prakAra kA rAga-dveSamUlaka kSobha nahI karanA cAhie / rAga aura dveSa ya do hI mukhya kaSAya hai / krodhAdi cAro kaSAya inhI do ke antagata haiM eva mAyA aura lobha kA rAga meM antarbhAva hai ata inako jIta lene se moha ke sabhI guNa aura krodhAdi sabhI kaSAya sutarA hI parAjita ho jAte haiM / isalie grantha ma kahA gayA hai ki ina kaSAyoM ke parityAga se isa jIvAtmA ko vItarAgatA kI prApti hotI hai arthAta kaSAyamukta jIba rAga dveSa se rahita ho hone ke kAraNa usako sakha aura dukha ma bhada bhAva kI kI prApti hone para unako haSa nahI hotA aura kA anubhava nahI karatA kintu sukha aura dukha karatA hai | tAtpaya yaha hai ki usake AtmA ma samabhAva se bhAvita ho jAnA hI kaSAya-tyAga kA jAtA hai / rAga-dvaSa se mukta pratIti nahI hotI arthAta sakha da kha vaha kisI prakAra ke udvaga donoM kA vaha samAna buddhi se Adara samabhAva kI pariNati hone lagatI hai / phala hai / ma kaSAya kama kA cauthA kAraNa ha / prANImAtra ke prati samabhAva kA abhAva yA rAga dveSa ko kaSAya kahA jAtA hai / isI samabhAva ke abhAva eva rAga-dveSa se utpanna hone ke kAraNa krodha mAna mAyA aura lobha ko bhI kaSAya kahA jAnA hai / 1 abhidhAna rAjedra koza khaNDa 3 pa 395 uddhata jaina ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 499 / 2 rakkhajjakoha viNaejja mANa mAya na seve payahejjaloha / 3 kasAyapaccakkhANaNa vIya rAgabhAva jaNayai / bIyarAgabhAvapaDine ti yaNa jIve samusuhadukkhe bhavai / / bauddha tathA gItA uttarAdhyayana 4 / 12 / vahI 29 / 37 //

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24 bora tathA anayama kaSAya cAra prakAra ke hote hai -anantAnubadhI apratyAsthAnAvaraNa pratyAkhyAnA baraNa eva sajvalana / jisa kaSAya ke prabhAva se jIva ko ananta kAla taka bhava bhramaNa karanA paDatA hai use anantAnubandhI kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| jisa kaSAya ke udaya se dezaviratirUpa pratyAkhyAna prApta nahIM hotA use aprayAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kahA jAtA hai / jisa kaSAya ke udaya se sarvaviratirUpa pratyAzyAna prApta nahIM hotA use pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kahA jAtA hai / jisa kaSAya ke utpanna hona para sAdhaka alpa samaya ke lie mAtra abhimata hotA hai use sajvalana kaSAya kahata hai| cAra prakAra ke kaSAyoM ma hara eka ke cAra vibhAga hone se kula 16 vibhAga hote hai| isake atirikta upakaSAya yA kaSAyaparaka bhI mAne gaye haiM jinakI saMkhyA 7 yA 9ha-hAsya rati bharati zoka bhaya jugupsA ( ghaNA) aura vada (strI puruSa aura npsklingg)| veda ko strI viSayaka mAnasika vikAra puruSa viSayaka mAnasika vikAra tathA ubhaya viSayaka mAnasika vikAra ke bheda se tIna bhada kara dena para nokSAya ke 9 bhada ho jAte haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra ukta 16 kaSAya aura 9 no-kaSAya kA sambandha sIdhA vyakti ke caritra se ha / natika jIvana ke lie ina vAsa o eva Avago se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai kyoMki jaba taka 'yakti inase Upara nahI uThagA taba taka vaha natika pragati nahI kara sktaa| jana pratho ma ina cAra pramukha kaSAyo ko caDAla caukaDI kahA gayA hai / isama ana tAnubadhI Adi jA vibhAga ha unako sadava dhyAna ma rakhanA cAhie aura hamazA yaha prayatna karanA cAhie ki kaSAyo ma tIvratA na Aya kyoki ana tAnubadhI krodha mAna mAyA aura lobha ke hona para sAdhaka ananta kAla 1 kamagratha 1 / 35 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pa 51 / janadhama darzana pa 465 / 2 solasavihabhaeNa kamma tu kasAyaja / sattaviha navaviha vA kamma ca nokasAyaja / / uttarAdhyayana 33111 / 3 vahI 33 / 11 TokA A mArAma ne pa 1534 para isake viSaya ma nimna gAthA udadhRta kI haikaSAyasahavatitvAt kaSAyapraraNAdapi / hAsyA dinavaka syolA nokaSAyakaSAyata // 4 jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra dazano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1

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21 Da tathA janadharma phaMsAye rakhatI hai jisa prakAra makaDI apane hI jAla bunatI hai aura apane hI usImeM baMdhI rahatI hai / ve loga taSNA se nAnA prakAra ke viSayo me rAga utpanna karate hai aura enhI rAga ke bandhana ma jo unake hI dvArA utpanna kiye hue hai apane ko bAMdhakara dina rAta bandhana kA kaSTa uThAte haiN| isalie jJAnI puruSa usa bandhana ko jo nIce kI tarapha le jAnevAlA hai aura kholane ma kaThina hai majabata kahate hai| aise bandhana ko kATa dene ke bAda manuSya cintAo se mukta ho icchAo aura bhogo ko pIche choDa sasAra ko yAga deta ha / sasAra ke prANI tIna prakAra kI tRSNAmao meM phase hue hai1 kAmatRSNA jo tRSNA nAnA prakAra ke viSayo kI kAmanA karatI hai|| 2 bhavataSNA bhava-sasAra yA janma / isa sasAra kI sthiti banAya rakhanavAlI yahI taSNA hai / isa sasAra kI sthiti ke kAraNa hamI hai / hamArI tRSNA hI isa sasAra ko utpanna kie hue ha / sasAra ke rahana para hI hamArI sukhavAsanA caritAtha hotI hai / ata isa sasAra kI tRSNA bhI tRSNA kA hI eka prakAra hai / 3 vibhavataSNA vibhava kA atha hai ucchada sasAra kA nAza / sasAra ke nAza kI icchA usI prakAra du kha utpana karatI hai jisa prakAra usake zAzvata hone kI abhilaassaa| yahI taSNA jagata ke samasta vidroha tathA virodha kI jananI hai| isIke kAraNa rAjA rAjA se laDatA hai kSatriya kSatriya se brAhmaNa brAhmaNa se mAtA putra se aura laDakA bhI mAtA se Adi / samasta pApakarmoM kA nidAna yahI taNNA hai| cora isIlie corI karatA hai kAmuka isIke lie parastrI-gamana karatA hai panI isIke lie garIboM ko casatA hai| yaha sasAra tRSNAmalaka ha / tRSNA hI dukha kA kAraNa hai / tRSNA kA samuccheda karanA pratyeka prANI kA kartavya hai| bhagavAna buddha kahate haiM ki tRSNA ke naSTa ho jAne para sabhI bandhana apane-Apa naSTa ho jAte haiN| tRSNA duSpUrNa hai| ve kahate hai 1 ye rAgarantAnupatitti sota saya kasa makkaTa koNAla / etampi chetvAna vajanti dhIrA anapekkhino sabba dukkha pahAya // pammapada 347 / 2 vahI 346 tathA jana bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 pR 236 / 3 dIghanikAya dvitIya bhAga pR 23 -33 /

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pratipAdita manovijJAna se tulanA : 117 viSaya hai / sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai| rasa ko rasanendriya grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa rasanendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai / manapasanda rasa rAma kA kAraNa aura mana ke prati phalassa deSa kA kAraNa hai| spazako zarIra grahaNa karatA hai aura spaza spazanendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai / sukhada spaza rAga kA tathA dukhada sparza deSa kA kAraNa hai / ' isa prakAra upayukta tathyoM ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki sparzanendriya ke vazI bhUta hokara hAthI rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara machalI ghrANandriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara cana-indriya ke vazIbhata hokara patagA aura zrotrendiya ke vazIbhata hokara hiraNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai to phira pAMcoM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA gati hogI? vAstava meM indriya-damana kA artha viSayo se maMha moDanA nahI balki viSayoM ke mUla meM sannaDa rAgAtmaka bhAvanAo ko samApta karanA ha / isa sambadha meM manovaijJAnika daSTikoNa se varNana dono granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| 1 uttarAdhyayana 32149 tathA 3205 53 54 58 / 2 vahI 32162 tathA 32 / 637172 / 3 vahI 32172 tapA 321768 8794 // 4 jaina bora tathA gItA ke prAcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 pR 472 /

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adhyAya 6 dhammapada me pratipAdita sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI tathA usakA uttarAdhyayana me pratipAdita sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI se samAnatA aura vibhinnatA dhammapada meM pratipAdita sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika sAmagrI dhammapada ma yadyapi varNavyavasthA kA saddhAntika pakSa prastuta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| tathApi usakI gAthAo se spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA cAra varNoM aura usase sambaddha anaphAnaka jAtiyo ke rUpa meM hI thI / brAhmaNa ke lakSaNo kI vivacanA ke lie brAhmaNavaga kA eka adhyAya hI dhammapada ma milatA hai / hidU dharmazAstro ke anusAra brAhmaNo ke kAya the- adhyayana-adhyApana yajana yAjana dAna aura pratigraha feng inheM malata eka Adarza ke rUpa ma hI mAnanA caahie| samace brAhmaNavaga kI eka thoDI-sI sakhyA hI isa Adarza taka pahuca pAtI thI aura aneka brAhmaNa kRSi rAjakAya Adi ma laga tha / dhammapada meM hama pUrA eka adhyAya hI brAhmaNa banAnavAle guNo ke varNana ke rUpa ma dekhata hai / buddha ko isa bAta kA zreya diyA jAnA cAhie ki unhona jamanA jAti ke siddhAnta para kaThora AghAta kiyA tathA caritra kama aura guNa ko mahatva pradAna karate hue hI kisI yakti kI zraSThatA svIkAra karane kA upadeza diyA / buddha na usIko saccA brAhmaNa mAnA jo tapa brahmacaya sayama aura indriya damana jaise guNo se yukta ho / kSatriya aura vazya zabda kA dhammapada meM dRSTigocara nahI hotA / ghamasUtro ma jaise vaizya aura zUdro ke brAhmaNa aura bhA~ti alaga alaga varNoM ke rUpa ma ullekha milata haiM usa rUpa meM zUdro kA dhammapada meM koI ullekha nahI hai / kintu sAdhAraNatayA dhammapada ma esI aneka hIna jAtiyo kA sIdhe ullekha kSatriyoM kI 1 aguttaranikAya pacakanipAta vitIya paNNAsaka prathabhavaga sAtavAM sUtra / 2 Sammapada chabbIsavA brAhmaNavagga tulanIya - susanipAta vAseTaThasuta pa 165-171 1 3 udaka hi nayanti nettikA usukArA namayanti tejana / dAru namayanti tacchakA astAna damayanti paNDitA // dhammapada gAthA - sakhyA 8 /

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samAnatA mArA : 11 ullekha hai jinheM kampakara athavA bakasa kahA gayA hai aura jinheM zUna-varNa kA hI samajhA jAtA hai| vastuta vibhinna zilpagata kAryoM ko karanevAle bhaneka loga zUdra ke ho antargata grahaNa kiye gaye the| habIDa kulhANI takSaNI Adi banAnevAle lohAra aura bar3haI isI vaga ke sadasya the| aise hI takanIkI kAya karanevAloM kA bhinna-bhinna samUha thA jo apane pAramparika peze ko apanAte the| aisI aneka zUdra jAtiyAM thI jo apane peze ke kAraNa vikhyAta thI / bunakara bar3haI (uccaka) lohAra ( kammAra) dantakAra kummakAra (kumhAra ) Adi vibhinna zUdra-varga the| varNavyavasthA ke samAna hI buddhakAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM pAsaprapA bhI pracalita thii| buddha ne bhI dAsa mokSa para jora diyA aura dAsa-dAsI pratigrahaNa ko anucita batalAyA / baukhasagha meM sammilita ho jAma para dAsa-dAsI mukta ho jAte the| kintu isake atirikta dAsa-dAsiyo ko apana gharo meM naukaroM aura sevakoM kI taraha rakhanevAle dhanI logo ke mana para bhI bakha ke upadezoM kA prabhAva avazya paDA hogaa| aneka dAsa-dAsI saMgha ke sadasya hokara aura buddha tathA bauddha bhikSayoM kI sevA karake dAsabhAva se mukta ho jAna kA prayatna karate the aura kabhI-kabhI buddha ke upadezoM ko sunakara apana dugaNoM se mukta ho jAte the| vatsarAja udayana kI rAnI sAmAvatI kI khajjubarA nAmaka dAsI rAnI ke lie phala kharIdate samaya kucha sikke carA liyA karatI tho kintu buddha kA upadeza sunakara usana corI karanA choDa diyA aura apanI svAminI ko bhI buddha ke upadeza sunane ke lie utsAhita kiyaa| rAnI bhI usase prasanna hokara use apanI zikSikA aura mAtA samAna mAnane lgii| vivaraNI nAmaka eka dUsarI dAsI apanI svAminI kI AjJA se bhikSu sagha ko roja bhojana dene ke kAraNa svarga meM utpanna huii| ghammapada ma pArivArika jIvana kA kramabaddha vivaraNa to dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai phira bhI usa samaya samAja varNAzrama ke atirikta aneka parivAro ma vibhakta thaa| isa bAta kI jAnakArI parokSa rUpa se avazya dikhAyI paDatI hai| ye parivAra choTe-baDe sabhI prakAra ke hote the| sAmAnya rUpa se eka parivAra ma mAtA pitA bhAI-bandhu rahA karate the| nArI apane kaI rUpoM ma hamAre sAmane AtI hai / jaise-mAtA panI bahana . dekhie cAnanArI bhAra slevarI ina ezyeNTa iNDiyA 45 / 2 dhammapada aTaThakathA buddhaghoSa sampAdita eca sI nAmana aura ela esa. tailaga jilda 1 pR 22 / 3 mahAvasa sampAdita Dablya gAyagara 1 214 / / 4 mAtA pitA kapirA bannevApi ca nAtakA / dhammapada gAthA-sakhyA 43 /

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22 borA naparna bA putrI putravadhU vezyA bhikSaNI upAsikA Adi / bhikSuNI tathA upAsikA kA ullekha pammapada meM pratyakSa rUpa se kahIM bhI Tigocara nahI hotA hai| mAtAoM ke lie bhagavAna buddha ne kahA hai ki sasAra meM mAtA pitA kI sevA karanA parama sukhadAyaka hai| eka nivRttiparaka dharma hone ke kAraNa kyA zAna sAdhanA aura nirbANa ke mUla praznoM taka hI prAya sImita hone ke kAraNa bauddhaSama ke anyoM ma tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita saskAroM athavA vaisI anya aneka saMsthAoM ke kahIM bhI vistRta vivaraNa nahI prAsa hote hai yadyapi buddha janma maraNa athavA vivAha se sambandhita aneka saskAroM athavA prathAoM kI vyathatA ko mora kucha aspaSTa nirdeza avazya karate hai| aisI sthiti meM dhammapada ke AdhAra para samAja meM pracalita saMskAro dhAdi kA koI byoravAra vivaraNa nahI prastuta kiyA jA sktaa| dhammapada ma kucha sthala aise avazya prApta hote haiM jinase mRyu ke uparAnta zava kriyA kisa prakAra kI jAtI thI isakI thoDI-bahuta jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai / grantha meM kAyAnupazyanA kA upadeza karate hue bhagavAna buddha ne bhikSaoM ko zmazAna meM paDa hue mRtaka zarIroM ko dekhakara apane zarIra kI vAstavika sthiti kA jJAna prAsa karane kA upAya batalAyA hai| bhikSuo ko ve upadeza dete hue kahate haiM ki ve arthAt bhikSu zmazAna ma jAphara eka dina vo dina athavA tIna dina ke bhUtako ko dekha jo phale hue nIle paDe hue poba bhare hue kaumoM giDo colo kutto aura aneka prakAra ke bIvoM dvArA khAya jAte hue kucha mAMsasahita aura kucha mAsarahita haDDI kaMkAla. vAle haiN| isa prakAra mare hue zarIra ko zmazAna me phako huI apathya laukI kI bhAMti kumhalAe hue mRta zarIra ko dekhakara bhikSu ko apane zarIra kI nazvaratA ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA caahie| 1 sukhAmetteyyatA loke athopetteyatA sukhA / / dhammapada gAyA-sakhyA 332 / 2 passa cittakaTa bimba asakAya samussita / mAtura bahusakappa yassa natyi va Thiti // thA-sakhyA 147 / yAni mAni apatyAni balAbaneva sArade / kApotakAni bahIni tAni visvAna kA rati // vahI gAthA-sasyA 149 / aTaThIna nagara kata masa lohita lepana / yatyArA macca va mAno makkho va ohito / / vahI gAthA-sakhyA 15 / tulanIya dIghanikAya hindI anuvAda pR 19 -192 suttanipAta 118 9 1 11 /

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samAnatA ra vimitA:221 bauddha-sAhitya meM sAba-sAmagrI yA bhojana ko pAbanIya yA bhojamIya kahA gayA hai| bhojya padArthoM meM pUSa aura dUSa se bane aneka dravoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| dUdha dahI maTThA manasana aura pI inameM pramukha the| dUdha meM cAvala DAlakara khIra banAnA bahuta pracalita thaa| dhammapada meM dUdha se vahI jamAne kA ullekha prAsa hotA hai| usa samaya dAla kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA magara vaha dAla kisa cIja kI hai isa bAta kA spaSTa ulekha nahI hai| bhojana aura peya ko mIThA karanevAle tatvoM meM Ikha kA rasa athavA usa rasa se banAye hue zakkara yA guDa kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| buddha ne apane anuyAyI mithuno ko guDa grahaNa karane kI bAjJA dI thii| dhammapada maTaThakathA se tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita mAdaka peyoM kI bhI jAna kArI prAsa hoto hai / inakA upayoga prAya' bhojoM tyohAroM aura meloM ke avasara para kiyA jAtA thA jaba mitra aura paricita Amantrita hote the| aTThakathA ke anusAra vatsarAja udayana ko pakaDa lene ke bAda avantirAja baNDa pradyota tIna dinoM taka lagAtAra madyapAna karatA rahA kintu sAdhAraNatayA madyapAna meM doSa mAnA jAtA thaa| zarAboM kI dukAnadArI karanA anucita mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne bhikSAoM ko zarAba pIna se manA kiyA thaa| kintu bImArI ke samaya surA kA upayoga vajita nahIM thaa| bauddhaSama veza-dhAraNa mAtra se jJAna kI prApti nahIM maantaa| veza dhAraNa kI sAthakatA isIma hai ki cittamalo kA parityAga ho jaay| jaTA gotra aura janma se 1 dekhie upAsaka sI esa DikzanarI oNpha alI buddhisTika monAsTika Tarsa pa 76 176 / 2 suttanipAta 1 / 2 / 18 / 3 sajju khIrava muccati / dhammapada gAthA-saMkhyA 71 / 4 vahI gAthA-sakhyA 64 65 / 5 dhammapada bhaTaThakathA buddhaghoSa sampAdita eSa sI nAmana aura ela esa. tailaMga bhAga 4 5 199 / 6 phUDa aiNDa DriMksa ina aiMzyeSTa iNDiyA omaprakAza 1 6 -71 / 7 pammapada baTaThakathA bukhapoSa sampAdita eca sI nArmana aura ela esa. tailaga bhAga 1 5 193 / 8 surAmerayapAnandha yo naro anuyumnati / ivameso lokasmi mUla khanati antano // dhammapada gAyA-saMsthA 247 / 9 vahI gAthA-sakhyA 91 /

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222para naparma koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA brAhmaNa vahI hai jisama satya aura Sama hai| jisama ye guNa hai vahI pavitra hai| yadi cittarAga dveSa aura moha ke mala se apavitra hai so jaTAyeM aura bhRgachAla kyA kareMge? UparI rUparaga manuSyo kI pahacAna nahI ha / duSTa loga to baDe sayama kI bhaDaka dikhAkara vicaraNa kiyA karate haiM ve nakalI miTTI ke bana bhaDakadAra kuNDala ke samAna athavA lohe ke bana sona kA pAnI car3hAye hue ke samAna veza banAkara vicaraNa karate haiM aura bhItara se male tathA bAhara se camakadAra hote haiN| dhammapada se alakAro ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa sUcanA nahI prApta hotI / hama kevala itanA hI anumAna kara sakate haiM ki sambhavata' usa samaya samRddha-baga kI striyoM vizeSakara gaNikAyo ma svanirmita AbhaSaNoM kA jyAdA pracalana thaa| dhammapada se maNikuNDala kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jo baDa hI kalAtmaka Dhaga se bane hota tha / dhammapada se tatkAlIna samAja ma pracalita kucha mahattvapUrNa prasAdhano kI bhI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| puruSa aura nArI dono hI vibhinna prakAra ke prasAdhano kA upayoga karate the yadyapi pramakhata yaha nArI ke jIvana kA hI aga mAnA jAtA thaa| prasAdhana ma phaloM aura unase banI mAlAoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA jo striyoM dvArA keza vinyAsa meM prayukta hotI thii| kezo ko snigya karane ke lie teloM kA pracalana thA jo sambhavata phalo se hI nirmita hota tha / phalo se aka prakAra ke itra bhI nikAle jAte the| dhammapada ma mAlA banAnavAle kuzala vyaktiyoM kI carcA hai / svaya kosala rAja pramenajita kI rAnI malikA eka mAlAkAra kI putrI thii| candana tagara kamala aura jahI Adi sudhita cIjo kA vaNana dhammapada ma prApta hotA hai / peDo ke - - 1 dhammapada gAthA sakhyA 393 / 2 vahI mAthA-sakhyA 394 / 3 prAcIna bhAratIya veza-bhaSA motIcandra pR 45 / 4 dhammapada gAthA-sakhyA 345 tulanIya merI gAthA kramaza 1314 / 329 13 // 12259 13 / 1 / 264 13311268 13 // 4 // 329 tathA gAthA-sakhyA 1168 / 5 pupphazasimhA kayirA mAlAguNe bahU / dhammapada gAthA-sakhyA 53 / 6 candana tagara vApi uppala atha vssikii| vahI gApA-sakhyA 55 tathA dekhie gAthA-sakhyA 44 45 54 56 / /

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samAnatA aura vinimatA: 223 bhala phaloM phaloM aura pattoM ke rasa ko nikAlakara unakI gandha se zarIra ko sugandhita kiyA jAtA thaa| lakaDI kA kAma karanevAle baDhaI kahalAte the| inakA kAya bhavana nirmANa aura kalAtmaka vastue banAne se lekara kRSi vastra udyoga se sambandhita aujAra khilonA Adi kA nirmANa sabhI kucha thA / isake atirikta ve ratha balagADI Adi ke aga-pratyaga kA nirmANa karate the| lakaDI kA kAya karanevAlo ko dhammapada meM tacchaka yA tacchakA kahA gayA ha / zrImatI TI DablyU roja DeviDasa ke mata meM ye rathakAra athavA yAnakAra aisI AdivAsI jAtiyAM thIM jo vazAnugata rUpa meM ratha nirmANa yA lakaDI kA kAma kiyA karatI thI / kRSi kAryoM meM prayukta honevAle sabhI aujAra lohe se hI banate the jinheM banAnevAlo ko lohAra yA kumbhakAra kahate the| bANa banAnavAle logo ko cApakAra yA usukAra kahA jAtA thaa| ye vibhinna kriyAmoM ko sampanna karane ke bAda bANa banAte the| mAlAkAra phaloM kI mAlA Adi banAte the aura unakI kalA bhI zilpa rUpa meM ullikhita hai| pAtu udyoga meM anakAneka loga lage hue tha jinha lohAra svaNakAra aura kaserA kahA jAtA thaa| ina sabameM pramakha lohAra hote the jo lohe se sambandhita kArya karata tha / lohA aura usake takanIkI jJAna tathA use pighalAkara usase vividha aujAro ke banAne kI eka vikasita praNAlI kA AbhAsa milatA hai| lohe ko sApha kara use kaDA aura majabata banAkara usase viviSa aujAro ke banAne kI eka vikasita praNAlI kA AbhAsa milatA hai| lohe ko sApha kara use kaDA aura majabata banAkara usase vividha aujAro kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| ina aujAro meM yuddha meM prayukta honevAle hathiyAra aura saniko ke pahanane ke kavaca bhI banate the| lohe ke bANa bhI banAye jAte the| bANa banAnevAlo ko iSukAra yA usukAra kahA jAtA thaa| ye iSukAra 1 prAcIna pAli-sAhitya se jJAta saskRti kA eka adhyayana vivedI kRSNa kAnta 22 aprakAzita zoSapravandha / 2 dAru namayanti taccakA / pammapada gAthA-sakhyA 145 / 3 6 gayalAnsa oNpha di buddha jilda 1 pR 1 / 4 usukArA mayanti senana / pammapada gAthA-salyA 145 / 5 baDhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola upAdhyAya bharatasiMha pR 53 / 6 suttanipAta kAsimAratANasutta 14 kaimbina hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA raipsana I je pR 183 prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA mehatA ena rativAla 1 245 /

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224 / bauddha tathA anadharma baDI dakSatA se bANa banAte the / dhammapada' ma kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai / isa grantha ma jaga prApta hotA hai / usukAra dvArA bilkula sIdhA tIra banAne lagakara lohe ke naSTa hone kA ullekha bhI suvaNa suvaNNa cA~dI = rupiya maNi = maNi villora = belara phalika sphaTika Adi dhAtue eva ratna mUlyavAna samajha jAte the / inakA prayoga alakAra aura bahumUlya pAtroM ke nirmANa meM hotA thA / dakSa suvarNakAra aura usakA antavAsI zuddha mora macchI taraha se sApha kiye gaye sone se hI kisI vastu kA nirmANa kara apanI yogyatA pradarzita karate the / dhammapada kI eka upamA se jJAta hotA hai ki kammAra = suvarNakAra bArI bArI se cAMdI ke mala ko sApha karatA hai / yaha saphAI sambhavata kisI amla kI sahAyatA se hotI thI / vastu vinimaya ke sAtha sAtha usa samaya sikkoM kA lena-dena bhI calatA thA / usa samaya ke pramukha sikke kArSApaNa ( rupaiyA ) yA kahApaNa kA ullekha dhammapada meM prApta hotA hai| kintu usakA mUlyamAna kyA thA yaha nizcita nahI ho pAtA / dhammapada kA jo uddharaNa Upara diyA jA cukA hai usako aTThakathA ke eka kahApaNa bIsa mAse kA hotA thA / kintu buddhaghoSa kI yaha TIkA buddha ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM bAda guptakAla meM likhI gayI thI / buddhaghoSa kA yaha ki kahApaNa cAMdI kA sikkA hotA thA / anusAra samaya se kathana hai bauddhama meM gurukuloM ke samAna hI guru ziSya paramparA ke nirvAha kI pUNa ceSTA kI gayI hai / bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSuo ko upadeza diyA ki ve apane guruoM tathA gurutulya 1 uja karoti meghAvI usukAro va tejana / dhammapada gAthA sakhyA 33 / 2 ayasA va mala samuSThita taduThAya tameva khAdati / vahI gAyA-sakhyA 24 / 3 anupubbena meghAvI thAka thoka khaNe khaNa / kammAro rajatasseva niyame mala masano | vahI gAyA-sakhyA 239 / 4 vahI gAthA - sakhyA 186 / 5 dhammapada aTaThakathA buddhaghoSa sampAdita eca sI nAmana aura ela esa tailaga jilda 2 pR 27 / 6 vahI pU 27 sAtha meM dekhie buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhagola upAdhyAya bharatasiMha 551 |

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15 samAnatA aura vibhitA 225 vyaktiyoM ke prati vyavahAra meM samucita bAdara anurAga eva saskAra dikhalAyeM / upAsakoM ko bhI upadeza diye gaye ki ve apane mAtA-pitA agraja tathA guru kA sammAna kareM / isa prakAra kA vandana mana vacana aura kAyA kA vaha prazasta vyApAra hai jisase patha pradarzaka guru eva viziSTa sAdhanArata sAdhakoM ke prati zraddhA aura bAdara prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / isameM una vyaktiyo ko praNAma kiyA jAtA hai jo sAdhanA patha para apekSAkRta Age bar3he hue haiM / vandana ke sambandha meM buddha vacana hai ki puNya kI abhilASA karatA huA vyakti vaSabhara jo kucha yajJa vaha banaloka meM karatA hai usakA phala puNyAtmAoM ke abhivAdana ke phala kA cauthA bhAga bhI nahI hotA / ata saralavRtti mahAtmAoM ko abhivAdana karanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai / sadA vRddhoM kI sevA karanavAle aura abhivAdanazIla puruSa kI cAra vastue vRddhi ko prApta hotI hai-Ayu saundarya sukha tathA bala / erate kA yaha zloka kicit parivartana ke sAtha manusmRti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / usame kahA gayA hai ki abhivAdanazIla aura vRddho kI sevA karanevAle vyakti kI Ayu vidyA kIrti aura bala ye cAroM bAteM sadaiva bar3hatI rahatI haiM / buddhakAlIna samAja ma pazu bhI sampatti ke rUpa meM mAne jAte the / unameM kucha pazu yathA - hAthI ghoDa yuddha meM bhI upayogI the / dhammapada ma hAthiyoM meM mahAnAga tathA dhanapAlaka nAmaka hAthI kA ullekha milatA hai / jaba kabhI madonmatta hAthI bandhana toDakara bhAga jAtA thA to mahAvata use akuza ke dvArA vaza meM kiyA karatA thA / hAthI aura ghoDa pazuo meM zreSTha mAne jAta tha / isake atirikta khaccara aura sUara kA ullekha bhI dhammapada ma milatA hai| aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki sUara zikAra ke kAma Ate the / 1 ya kinciyiTaTha cahuta ca loke savacchara yajeya punnapekkho / sabbampita na catubhAgameti abhivAdanA ujjugatesu seyyo || dhammapada gAthA- sakhyA 1 8 / 2 abhivAdanasIlissa nicca bacAvacAyino / cAro dhammA baDhaDhanti Ayu vaSNo sukha balaM // 3 manusmRti 2 / 121 | 4 dhammapada mAyA- sakhyA 325 / vahI gAthA - sakhyA 19 /

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20 mAnava samAja meM devI-devatAoM kI pUjA pracalita thii| pAli-nikAya se bhAva hotA hai ki devarAja indra sarvAdhika lokapriya devatA the| inakI pUjA karanevAloM ko sakhyA samAja meM sabase adhika thI aura brAhmaNadharmAvalambiyoM ke samAna bora bhI inako devarAja hI mAnate the| ve inakA ullekha vibhinna nAmoM se karate hai jaise zaka vAsava maSamA mAdi / maSavA zabda kA ulekha dhammapada ma bhI prApta hotA hai lekina unake kAya aura nivAsa sthAna kA vaNana upalabdha nahIM hai / dhammapada se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM vRkSa devatA banadevI caitya pavata kapa yama gandhava nAga Adi kI pUjA hotI thii| vRkSoM ko devatA apsarA nAga pretAtmA Adi kA nivAsa sthAna mAnakara loga santAna yaza dhana ityAdi kI apanI abhilASAo kI pUti ke lie vRkSopAsanA karate the| katipaya loga vRkSavAsI pretAsmAoM tathA nAgo ke bhaya nivAraNAya vRkSa-pUjA karate the| vastuta vRkSa-pUjana nahI hotA thA pUjA to kI jAtI thI pUjita vRkSa meM nivAsa karanavAle devatA athavA pratAtmA kii| bhAratIya grAmINa janatA ma Aja bhI yaha vizvAsa prabala h| isI AdhAra para kaI vakSo ko deva-svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai jase - pippala / jaba isako dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA to samasta prakRti paramezvara kI abhivyakti mAnI gayI para janatA ke vizvAsa kA AdhAra to apane mUlarUpa ma hI banA rhaa| dhammapada meM sAvajanika kAya-sambadhI ulekha to nahI hai lekina isa anya para likhI gayI TIkAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki janatA sAvajanika kAya ma agrasara rahatI thI aura bAga lagAnA upavana kA nirmANa pula baSavAnA pyAU baThAnA kapa khodavAnA aura pathikoM ke vizrAma ke lie dharmazAlA banavAnA uttama sAvajanika kAya mAne jAte the| isI prakAra mAga ko sApha karanA gAMvo kI saphAI karanA tathA sabake upayoga ke yogya sthaloM ko zuddha rakhanA mahatvapUNa sArvajanika kArya mAne jAte the| 1 appamAdena maghavA devAna seTaThata gto| pammapada mAthA-sakhyA 3 / 2 bahu ve saraNa yanti pambatAni vanAni ca / ArAmarukkhacetyAni manussA bhaya tjjitaa|| nata kho saraNaM khema netaM saraNamuttama / neta saraNa mAgamma sabba dukkhA pamuccati / / vahI gAthA-sakhyA 188 189 / 3 uttara pradeza meM bauddhadhama kA vikAma DoM nalinAmadatta tathA zrIkRSNadatta bAjapeyI pR 16 / 4 dhammapadakathA maghamANavaka kI kathA bhikSu amarakSita (aprakAzita ) /

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samAnatA mIra vibhinnatA : 227 svarga-naraka kA ullela bhI dhammapada meM dekhane ko milatA hai / bhagavAn buddha ke anusAra pApa-kama karanevAle naraka meM tathA sanmArga para calanevAle svarga ko jAte hai / " duhakama karanevAlA isa loka tathA paraloka donoM meM dukhI hotA hai / apane karmoM kI burAI dekhakara vaha zoka karatA hai aura naSTa ho jAtA hai| lekina puSya-karma karanevAlA isa loka tathA paraloka donoM meM prasanna rahatA hai tathA apane karmoM kI pavitratA ko dekhakara vaha sukhI rahatA hai / isa kAla meM zilpiyoM kI avasthA calata the / samAja kI Arthika sthiti bhI para thA / kuTIrabandho meM lage hue loga bhI athavA nagara vaNika-payoM aura jala-mArgoM ke Treat mathurA kauzAmbI vaizAlI Adi aise hI nagara the / sabako apana sthiti ke anusAra bhI eka mApadaNDa thA mahAzAla zreSThi mahAzreSThi anuzreSTha aura the / rAjA inakA baDA sammAna karate the karata tha / acchI thI / udyoga-dhandhe sucAru rUpa se acchI thI / vastra udyoga paryApta unnati sukhI eva prasanna the / vyAvasAyika kendra kinAre avasthita the vArANasI sAketa rAjagRha campA takSazilA kAnyakubja kusInArA vyavasAya kI svatantratA thii| samAja ma Arthika jisake anusAra kSatriya mahAzAla brAhmaNa uttara zreSThi-padoM se dhanavAna loga vibhaSita aura aneka kAryoM meM inase parAmarza liyA isa prakAra uparokta vivecana ke AdhAra para dhammapada se sAmAjika racanA kA jo citra prApta hotA hai usama vaidika hindU vaNavyavasthA ke saiddhAntika samathana nahI hai kintu vyavahAra meM pracalita samAja ke cAra varNoM bhItara kI anakAneka jAtiyoM ko svIkRti dI gayI hai / vaNa bhI kintu unameM dhIre-dhIra janmajAta zreSThatA evaM hInatA kI jisakA ki pIche tathAgata ko vizeSa karanA par3A aura hI nIca U~ca hotA hai janma se nhiiN| eka alaga varNa ke koI ullekha to nahIM hai kintu aneka pezevara aura hIna jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM inakA ullekha milatA hai jinheM kammakara athavA tacchaka kahA gayA hai / cANDAla pukkusa mora niSAda jaisI anya hIna jAtiyAM bhI thii| isake atirikta kuTumba parivAra vivAha khAna-pAna rUpa meM dhammapada meM zUdro kA pakSa kA to koI aura una varNoM ke kamapradhAna hI the bhAvanA para karatI jA rahI thI kahanA par3A ki vyakti kama se 1 dhammapada gAthA sakhyA 126 / 2 vahI 15 / 3 vahI 16 / 4 buddhisTa iNDiyA TI Dablya rIja DeviDasa pU 57 /

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228 bauddha tathA jainadharma vastrAbhUSaNa aura sAmAnya prayoga kI vastuoM aura samAja meM sthApita bibhinna sAdhanoM kA bhI vicaraNa prApta hotA hai / dhammapada meM brAhmaNo kI yajJa paramparA ke sambandha meM bhI sUcanAe milatI hai| sAtha ho sAmAnya logo ke dhArmika AcAra vicAra devI devatAoM Adi kI bhI carcAe haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM pratipAdita sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika sAmagrI dhammapada kI bhA~ti uttarAdhyayana bhI vizaddha dhArmika grantha hai para kalevara meM kicita baDA hone aura yatra-tatra vivaraNAtmaka tathA savAda AkhyAnAdi sAmagrI kI upasthiti ke kAraNa yaha sAMskRtika sAmagrI kI dRSTi se dhammapada kI tulanA ma apekSAkRta adhika samRddha pratIta hotA hai / nIce isa grantha meM tatkAlIna varNAzrama vyavasthA pAri vArika jIvana vyApAra zAsana vyavasthA Adi viSayoM para prApta sAmagrI kA vivecana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI ke kucha ullekha jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nAmaka pustaka meM DA jagadIza candra jaina ne kiyA hai / yadyapi usameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke sandarbhoM kA bhI ulekha huA hakintu vaha eka vyApaka dRSTi se likhA gayA grantha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka pari zIlana nAmaka grantha ma DaoN sudazanalAla jaina ne uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI kI vistAra se carcA kI hai| unakA yaha vivecana suvyavasthita eva vyApaka / uttarA yayana kI prastuta sAmAjika eva sAskRtika carcA meM hama unhIke isa vivecana ko AdhArabhata mAnakara carcA kara raha hai / anyatra se bhI jo sAmagrI upalaba huI hai usakA bhI hamane upayoga kiyA ha / yadyapi anaka sandarbhoM ma hameM varNAzrama vyavasthA varNavyavasthA prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kA marudaNDa thA / uttarAdhyayana mukhya rUpa se do prakAra kI jAtiyA~ thI eka Arya kSatriya vaizya tathA zUdra ye cAra varNa the / prathama aura saskArahIna tathA sadAcaraNa se dUra rahanavAle ko 1 jana Agama sAhitya ma bhAratIya samAja jaina 2 kammuNA bammaNo hoi kammunA hoi khattio / vahasse kammuNA hoi suddo havai kammuNA || 3 uvahasanti aNAriyA ramae ajjavayaNaM mita vaya bamamAhaNa / caritA bamma mAriya / yuga meM dUsarI anArya aura brAhmaNa sadAcaraNa karanevAle ko Arya anAya kahA gayA hai / AryoM ke jagadIzacandra pU 221 / uttarAdhyayana 25/33 / vahI 12 / 4 / vahI 25 / 2 / vahI 18/25 /

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pAMca bheda -kSetramA vAti mA kula bArya karma mArya bhASA bArya / usa samaya pAzrama vyavasthA bhI thii| gRhasvAdhama ko uttarAdhyayana meM ghorAma kahA gayA hai| bAkI tIna mAtramoM kA ullekha sIdhe kapa meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka varSa aura AzramavAloM ke kArya bhinna the| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM aura sAmAnyarUpa se prAcIna jaina-sAhitya meM vibhinna vargoM jAtiyoM Adi ke viSaya meM nimna prakAra kI sAmagrI prApta hotI hai1 brAhmaNa cAroM varSoM meM brAhmaNoM kI pramukhatA thii| adhikAMza brAhmaNa jainaSama ke virodhI ye ata jainadharma meM brAhmaNoM kI apekSA kSatriyoM ko zraSThatA pradAna kI gayI / tIyaMkara bhatriya-kula meM hI utpanna hote hai| isI kAraNa mahAvIra ko devAnandA sAhmaNI ke gama se trizalA kSatriyANI ke garbha meM parivartita kiyA gyaa| lekina uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahI bhI brAhmaNoM ko bhatriyo se nimnakoTi kA nahI batAyA gayA hai| apitu use vedavita yajJArthI jyotiSAMga vidyA ke jJAtA aura dhamazAstroM ke pAragAmI svAtmA aura para ke AtmA kA uddhAra karane kA apane ma sAmathya rakhanevAlA sabakAmanAo ko pUrNa karanevAlA tathA puNyakSetra Adi vizeSaNo se alakRta kiyA gayA hai| Agama sAhitya ma aneka sthAnoM para zramaNa aura brAhmaNa zabda kA prayoga eka sAtha kiyA gA hai jisase yaha bhI pratIta hotA ha ki donoM kA samAna rUpa se AdaraNIya sthAna thaa| 1 jaina Agama-sAhitya me bhAratIya samAja pR 221 / 2 ghorAsama caittANaM / uttarAdhyayana 9 / 42 // 3 nizISaNi 487 kI cUNi AvazyakacUNi 1 496 jana bhAgama-sAhitya ma bhAratIya samAja pR 224 / / 4 kalpasUtra 2 / 22 mAvazyakacaNi pa 239 tulanIya DaoN jI esa dhuya kAsTa eNDa klAsa ina iNDiyA 1 63 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka pari zIlana 393 / 5 jeya veyavika vippAjanaTaThA yaje diyaa| joi samavika jeya jeya pammANa pAramA / / je samasyA samuttu para apANamaba ya / tesi annamiNaM deya mo miksa sambakAmiya / / ___ uttarAdhyayana 2517-8 tamA 12 / 13 / 6 mAvazyakacaNi 1 73 tulanIya saMyuttanikAya samagabAhmaNasUca 2 1 129 /

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21 sivAna uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM brAhmaNa ke lie mAhama zama kA ullekha hai jisakA varSa ga. sudarzanalAla jaina ne 'matamAro kiyA hai| usa yuga ma brAhmaNo ma yama-mAga kA pracalana thA / ve apane vidyAthiyoM ke sAtha idhara-udhara paribhramaNa bhI karate the| uttarA dhyayanasUtra meM bhI vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa ke yajJa kA ullekha hai / jayaghoSa bAra vijayaghoSa nAma ke do bhAI the| jayaghoSa muni bana gaya / vijayaghoSa ne yajJa kA Ayojana kiyaa| muni jayaghoSa yajJavATa meM bhikSA lene gye| yajJa-svAmI ne bhikSA dene se inkAra kara diyA aura kahA ki yaha bhojana kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI diyA jaaygaa| taba muni jayaghoSa ne samabhAva rakhate hue use brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAye / bhatriya kSatriya yuddha-kalA ma niSNAta hote the| prajA kI rakSA karanA inakA parama kartavya mAnA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma ese anakaza kSatriya rAjAmo kA ulekha 1 uttarAdhyayana 25 / 19 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 / 2 uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pa 393 / / 3 ke etya khattA uvajoiyA vA ajjhAvayA vA saha khaNDiehiM / eya khu daNDaNa phaleNa hantA kaNThammidhetaNa khalejja jona ? // amAvayANa vayaNaM suNattA uddhAiyA tattha bhuukumaaraa| daNDehi vittehi kasehi ceva samAgayA ta isi tAlayanti // uttarAdhyayana 12 / 18 19 / 4 vahI 25vA adhyayana / 5 iSakAra rAjA-uttarAdhyayana 14 // 3 48 udAyana rAjA-vahI 18148 karakaNDa-vahI 18146 47 kAzIrAja-vahI 18049 kezava-vahI 22 / 6 8 1 27 11 / 21 kauzala rAjA-vahI 12 // 2 22 jaya-vahI 18 // 43 paNibhadra-vahI 18 / 44 vimukha-vahI 18046 47 naggativahI 1846 47 brahmadatta cakravartI vahI 13vAM adhyayana bharata-vahI 18334 bhogarAja-vahI 2238 44 madhavA-vahI 18336 mRgAputra-vahI 19vAM adhyayana mahApapa-vahI 18041 mahAvala rAjA vahI 18051 racanemI-vahI 22 // 34-4 rAma-vahI 22 / 2 27 balabhadra-vahI 1961 2 vAsudeva-bahI 221-3 7 vijaya-nahI 185 zreNika rAjA-vahI 2 / 2 1 14 15 54 sagara-vahI 1835 sanatkumAra-vahI 18 // 37 sajaya rAmA-bahI 18vA adhyayana samudraviSaya-hI 2213 36 44 hariSeNa rAmA-pahI 1842 /

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samAnatA aura vinitA: milatA hai jobana bhavabAdi kA parityAga kara dIkSA lekara mukti ko prApta ho gaye / rAjA apane bhuSavala se deza para zAsana karatA thaa| vaha sarvasampanna vyakti hotA thaa| chatra cAmara siMhAsana bAdi rAja bila the| rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI usakA jyaSTha putra hotA thaa| yadi vaha viraka ho jAtA to laghu putra ko bhI rAjya-siMhAsana hai diyA jAtA thaa| rAjakumAra yadi duyasano meM phaisa pAtA to use deza se nikAla diyA jAtA thaa| gRhapatiyoM ko inbha zreSThI aura kITambika nAma se bhI pukArA gayA hai| kitane hI gRhapati bhagavAn mahAvIra ke paramabhakta the| unake pAsa apAra dhana-sampatti thii| ve khetI aura vyApAra karate the / vyApAra karane ke kAraNa inheM vaNika bhI kahA jAtA thaa| usa samaya vyApAra jahAjo ke dvArA bhI calatA thaa| uttarAdhyayana ma kucha aise prasaga milate haiM jinase yaha patA calatA hai ki ye loga vyApAra karate hue videza meM zAdI bhI kara lete the tathA vyApAra-sambandhI kAma samApta ho jAne para usa vivAhitA strI ko sAtha lekara apane deza lauTa Ate the| ye loga 72 kalAmo kA adhyayana karate the tathA nItizAstra meM bhI nipuNa the| ye loga dogundaka nAmaka deva ke samAna vighnarahita hokara sukhoM kA upabhoga karate the| kauzAmbI nAma kI nagarI meM nivAsa karanevAle anAthI muni ke pitA adhika dhana kA savaya karane se prabhUtadhanasatraya mAma se jAne jAne lge| isase patA calatA hai ki ye loga prAya catura dhanADya aura vivekazIla 1 uttarAdhyayana bRhavRttipatra 489 tathA 22 / 11 / 2 vahI sukhaboSAvRttipatra 84 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana uttarAdhyayana 201 / vahI 2101 35 / 14 / 3 mahAvIrassa bhagavo sIse soumahappaNI / / 4 capAeM pAlienAma sAvae bAsi vaagie| pihuDe avaharatassa vANiyodeha dhUyara / ta sasatta paigijma sadesamahatyio // 5 bAvatarIkalAmoya siksie nIikovie / tassa rUpavai bhajja piyA ANai ruviNIM / pAsAe kIlae ramme devo dogudagojahA / / 6 kosambo nAma maparI purANapura bheyasI / pratyagAsI piyA manApamayaSaNa saMcayo / vahI 21 // 3 // bahI 21 // 6 // yahI 2117 / vahI 218.

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mama aura vibhinnatA 25 vibhinna mAsika eka govAvi uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM prApta aneka sandamoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vargoM ke prati rikta bahuta sArI choTI-choTI upajAtiyAM bhI thIM / jaise-savAra 'bhAravAhaka karSaka sArapi bar3haI lohakAra ' gopAla bhaNDapAla cikitsAdhAya nASika aura vividha prakAra ke zilpI maadi| inake atirika kucha vargasakara bAtiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jaise bukkusa aura zvapAka / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ma uparyukta jAtiyoM ke atirikta gotroM kulo aura vazAM mAdi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / gotroM meM kAzyapa gotama garga aura vaziSTha kuloM meM 1 hayamadada va vaahe| uttarAdhyayana 1137 / 2 abale jaha bhaarvaahe| vahI 1 // 33 // 3 pale su bIyAi vavanti kaasgaa| vahI 12 // 12 // 4 aha sArahI vicintei / vahI 27715 tathA dekhie-vahI 22 / 15 17 Adi / 5 vaDaDhaIhi dumo viv| vahI 1966 / 6 SaveDamuTiThamAIhiM kumArehiM aya piva / tADio kuTiTao bhinno cuNNio ya aNantaso // vahI 19667 / 7 govAlo bhaNDavAlo baannhaatbbddnnissro| vahI 22146 / 8 vhii| 9 uvaTTiyA me mAyariyA vijjA-mantati ggaa| vahI 2 / 22 / 1 jovo buccA naavimo| vahI 23173 / 11 mAhaNa bhoiya vivihA ya sippiNo / vahI 15 / 9 / 12 mahAvIreNa kAsaveNa pavahae / vahI 29 kA prArambhika gadya tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana 1 398 399 // 13 tahA motteNa goymo| uttarAdhyayana 18 / 22 tathA 22 / 5 / 14 pare gaNahare mgge| vahI 271 / 15 vAsiTiTha ! bhikkhAyariyAi kaalo| vahI 14129 /

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samAnatA aura vibhinnatA 235 grahaNa karane lagatA thA to usake mAtA-pitA asahya vedanA kA anubhava karate the / kucha mAtA-pitA aise bhI the jo putra ke sAtha hI sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lete the / uttarAdhya bamasUtra ke 14veM adhyayana meM prApta bhRgu purohita kI kathA se yaha spaSTa hotA hai / mRgu purohita ke donoM putro ko jaba sAdhuoM ne pratibodha diyA vo unhone saMyama lene kA nirNaya kiyA aura mAtA-pitA ko apane isa nirNaya kI sUcanA dii| pahale to mAtA pitA ne bahuta kucha samajhAyA kintu jaba dekhA ki ve nahIM mAna rahe haiM to bhRgu purohita ne apanI patnI yazA se isa prakAra kahA --- jisa prakAra vRkSa apanI zAkhAoM se hI zobhA ko prApta hotA hai aura zAkhAoM ke kaTa jAna se usakI sArI ramaNIyatA samApta ho jAtI hai usI prakAra putroM ke binA merA isa ghara meM rahanA aba ThIka nahIM hai | jase isa loka ma paroM se rahita pakSI senA ke binA rAjA eva jahAja ke Dabane se dhanarahita vaNika atyanta dukhI usI prakAra putro ke aneka prakAra ke kaSToM kA anubhava karanA yaha patA calatA hai ki putra aura pati ke rahanA ucita nahIM samajhatI thI tathA ina letI thI / raNa ma hotA hai binA mujhe bhI prastuta anya meM prApta saketoM se lene para patnI bhI ghara ma sayama vrata grahaNa kara paDagA / dIkSA grahaNa kara dono ke sAtha hI bhAI bhAI meM an prema hotA thA / purimatAlanagara ke vizAla zreSThi-kula meM utpanna cittamuni pA~ca pUvajanmo meM apane bhAI brahmadatta cakravartI ke sAtha sAtha utpanna hotA hai parantu chaThe janma meM pathaka pathaka ho jAtA hai / puna kAmpilyanagara ma eka bAra bheMTa hone para dono apane sukha-dukha kA hAla kahate haiM / brahmadatta cakravartI apanA vaibhava cittamuni ko denA cAhatA hai lekina vaha usameM pralobhita nahI hotA hai / vaha brahmadatta ko upadeza detA hai lekina jaba vaha dharmopadeza kA pAlana nahIM karatA taba vaha apanA upadeza vyatha samajhakara vahA~ se calA jAtA hai aura kaThina tapasyA ke dvArA mukti 1 pahINaputassa hunatthi vAso vAsiTThi | miklAyariyAikAlo / sAhAhi ruklo lahae samAhi chinnAhi sAhAhi tameva khANa || pakhabihUNovajaha pakkhI bhiccA bihUNo varaNe narindo | vivannasAro vaNijanya poe pahINaputto mi tahA mahapi // uttarAdhyayana 14/29 3 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra pR 4 142 / 2 patnenti puttAya paIya majjha teha kaha mAjugamissamekkA / eka parizIlana uttarAdhyayana 14136 /

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samAnatA aura vibhinnatA 237 zarIra para vilepana karanA eva puSpamAlA Adi kA pahananA ina saba vastuoM kA parityAga kara diyA thaa| parantu itano samavedanA prakaTa karane para bhI vaha apane pati ko dukha se chuDAne ma saphala na ho skii| isa prakAra dhvanirUpa se kulIna strI ke guNoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / mAdarza nArI ke rUpa ma parivAra ma pativratA nArI kA prathama sthAna thaa| rAjImatI isI prakAra strIjanocita savalapaNoM se yukta tho| arthAt kulIna aura suzIla striyo meM jo guNa aura lakSaNa hone cAhie ve saba usameM vidyamAna the| jisa samaya rAjImatI ko pazuo kI dInadazA ko dekhakara vivAha kA sakalpa choDakara ariSTanemi ke vApasa lauTane aura dIkSA grahaNa karane kA samAcAra milA usa samaya usakA sArA hI haSa vilIna ho gayA aura zoka ke mAre vaha macchita ho gayI / lekina ariSTanemi ke mahAn vairAya ko bAta sunakara vaha bhI aneka rAjakayAoM ke sAtha dIkSita huI tathA sasAra se virakta ho gyii| ata bhArata kA mukha ujjvala karanevAlo ramaNiyo meM rAjomatI kA sthAna vizeSa pratiSThA ko liya hue hai / isa prakAra bahuta sI sahacariyo ko dIkSA dekara aura unako sAtha lekara bhagavAn ariSTanemi ko bandana karana ke lie vaha raivataka pavata para jA rahI thii| acAnaka jora ko varSA na sabhI ko surakSita sthAna khojane ke lie vivaza kara diyA / saba idhara udhara titara bitara ho gyii| rAjImatI eka guphA meM pahacI jahA~ raNanemi dhyAna meM lIna khaDa the| raghanami ne rAjI matI ko dekhA aura sAsArika viSaya bhogo kA AnandapUrvaka sevana karane kI abhyathanA kI / taba rAjImatI ne spaSTa kahA- rathanami / maiM tumhAre hI bhAI kI pariyaktA hai aura tuma mujhase vivAha karanA cAhate ho ? kyA yaha vamana kiye ko phira cATana ke samAna ghaNAspada nahI hai ? tuma apane aura mere kula ke gaurava ko smaraNa karo / isa prakAra ke aghaTita prastAva ko rakhate hue tumha lajjA AnI caahie| rAjImatI kI 1 bhAriyA me mahArAya ! aNastA aNuvvayA / asupuNNahiM nayaNahi ura me pari siMcaI / annapANa cavhANa ca gandha-malla vilevaNa / maenAyamaNAya vA sA bAlA novabhagaI // uttarAdhyayana 2 / 28 29 tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka parizIlana pR 4 4 / 2 pakkhadevaliya joi dhUmakeuM durAsaya / necchanti vataya mottu kule jAyA agaSaNe // ghiratyutejaso kAmI ! jota jiiviykaarnnaa| vanta inchasi bAveLa seya te maraNa bhave / / uttarAdhyayana 224243 / - -

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242 : bauddha tathA jainadharma anekaza pakSiyo kA ullekha milatA samudra -pakSI ( jinake pakha kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| lekina grantha meM hai jo pAle nahI jAte the yathA --- camagAdaDa hasa cakavA sadA avikasita rahate hai aura Dabe ke AkAra sadaza sadA Dhake rahate hai ) vitata pakSI ( jinake paMkha sadA khale rahata hai ) bakare kA prayoga mehamAna ke bhojana ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / pazao ko kaNa odana aura yavasa ( maga uDada Adi dhAnya ) diye jAte the / cAvaloM kI bhasI athavA cAvala mizrita bhasI puSTikAraka tathA saara kA priya bhojana thA / bhAratIya vyApArI a tardezIya vyApAra meM dakSa the| va kirAnA lekara bahuta dUra dUra taka jAte the / campA nagarI kA vaNika pAlita campA se naukAoM meM mAla bharakara rAste ke nagaro ma vyApAra karatA huA pihuNDa nagara meM phcaa| vastu ko kharIdana aura becanevAle ko vaNika vahA jAtA thaa| vyApAra ma kabhI kabhI mUladhana hI zeSa bacatA thA / vyApAra karanA makhya rUpa se vaNika kA hI kAya mAnA jAtA thA / yApArI apanA mAla bharakara naukAo va jahAjo se dUra dUra dezo ma jAte the| kabhI kabhI taphAna 1 nAharama pakkhiNipajare vA / uttarAdhyayana 14 / 41 tathA 19/63 Adi tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra eka parizIlana pa 414 / 2 camma ulomapakkhIya tahayA samuggapakkhiyA / farepakkhIyabodhavvA pavikhaNo ya cauvihA // 3 ayakakkaramoIya tadi le ciyalohie / Auya narae kakhe jahAesa va elae | 4 oyaNa javasa de jAposejjA visayagaNa | uttarAdhyayana 36 / 187 / vahI 77 / vahI 7 / 1 / 5 vahI 1 / 5 / 6 vahI 21 / 2 / 7 vikkiNantoya vANio / sUtra eka parizIlana pa 418 / 8 gottha lahaI lAbha ego mUleNaAgao / uttarAdhyayana 7 / 14 / 9 egomalapi hAritA Agao tatya vANio / vahI 7 / 15 23 / 7 -73 // vahI 35 / 14 tathA uttarAdhyayana

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samAnatA aura zisimatA 245 utsUlaka kanyAo kA apaharaNa krnevaale| lomahAra atyanta krUra hote the| ve apane Apako bacAne ke lie mAnavoM kI hatyA kara dete the| pranthi bhedaka ke pAsa vizeSa prakAra kI kaciyAM hotI thI jo gAMThoM ko kATakara dhana kA apaharaNa karate the| nagara kI surakSA ke lie jo sAdhana kAma meM liye jAte the unameM se kucha ke nAma prastuta sUtra ma milata hai - prAkAra ghali athavA iTo kA koTa / gopura pratolIdvAra yA nagaradvAra / aTTAlikA prAkAra koSThaka ke Upara Ayodhana sthAna arthAt buja / khAiyA~ yA Upara se Dhake garta / usa yuga ma prAya sAmrAjya ko vistRta karane kI bhAvanA se yuddha huA karate the| yuddha ma vijaya-vaijayantI phaharAne ke lie ratha azva hAthI aura padAti ye atyanta upayogI hote the| yuddha ma ghoDo kA bhI atyanta mahattva thaa| ve teja tarrAra hota the| zatru senA ma ghusakara use chinna bhinna kara deta the| ghoDa anaka kisma ke hote the| kamboja deza ke AkINa aura kamyaka ghoDa prasiddha the| mAkINa kI nasla UMcI hotI thI aura kathaka patthara Adi ke za da se bhI bhayabhIta nahI hote the| yuddha me hAthI kI anivAya AvazyakatA rahatI thii| hAthI bhI anaka jAtiyo ke hota the| gandhahastI sarvottama hastI thaa| usake mala-mUtra ma itanI gadha hotI thI ki usase dUsare sabhI hAthI madonmatta ho jAte the| vaha jipara jAtA sArI dizAe gapa se mahaka uThatI thii| usa samaya yana meM aneka prakAra ke astra-zastroM kA prayoga hotA thA jinakA nAmollekha prastuta sUtra meM huA hai-asi zatpanI karapatra kakaca kuThAra kalpanI uttarAdhyayana 75 1 annadattahare teNemAI knnhhresddhe| 2 pAgAra kAraittANa gopuraTTAlagANiya ussUlaga / 18 tathA 92-22 / 3 hayANIe gayANIe rahANIe taheva ya / pAyantANIe mahayA savvoparivArie / vahI 18 / 2 / 4 vahI 11 // 16 // 5 mata pagandhahatyi vAsudevassa / nahI 221 /

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246 / bauddha tathA janavarga gadA trizUla kSurikA bhallI paTTisa musaNDI mudgara mUzala zUla aMkuza vAvitra lohara Adi / utarAdhyayana meM dAsa ko bhI eka kAma-skandha mAnA gayA hai / usakA artha hai kAmanA pUrti kA hetu / cAra kAma skampa ye haiM 1 kSetra-vAstu 2 hiraNya 3 pazu aura 4 dAsa pauruSa / bhami aura gRha / sonA cA~dI ratna Adi / jisa prakAra kSatra-vAstu hiraNya aura pazu krIta hote the / inakA krota sAmagrI ke rUpa meM upayoga svataMtratA kA adhikAra prApta nahI thA / hote the usI prakAra dAsa bhI krIta kiyA jA sakatA thA / dAso ko 1 / vaha yuga dhArmika matavAdo kA yuga thA / bAhya vazoM aura AcAroM ke AdhAra para bhI aneka matavAda pracalita the / AdikAla ke mAnava Rju - jaDa the / arthAta bhagavAna RSabha ke samaya ke mAnava sarala prakRti ke to the kintu unheM atha-bodha bahuta kaThinAI se hotA thA / vinIta hone para bhI vivaka kI kamI thI prAjJa the / sarala hone ke sAtha baddhimAna bhI the| unake donoM kA sAmajasya thA / kintu mahAvIra-yuga ke mAnava vakra jaDa the / arthAt kutaka karanevAle tathA viveka se hIna the / jana jana ke mana meM dhama ke prati niSThA pratidina kama hotI jA rahI thI / hiMsA jhaTha laTa-pATa corI mAyAcArI zaThatA kAmAsakti nAdi-graha meM Asakti madya mAsa bhakSaNa para damana ahakAra lolapatA Adi dugaNa madhyakAla ke mAnava RjujIvana meM vinaya aura viveka bahI 1956 / 1 asIhi ayasivaNNAhi bhallI hipaTTi sehi ya / uttarAdhyayana 19 / 55 38 / avasoloharaha jutto jalante samilAjue / muggarehi musadIhi sulehi musalehiya / tavanArAyajuteNa bhettUNa kammaka cuya / vahI 19 / 61 / vahI 9 / 22 / vahI 19 / 62 / khurehi tikkhadhArehi chariyAhi kappaNIhiya / tathA isake lie dekhie - vahI 34 / 18 19/57 2115722/12 2 / 47 27 / 4-7 Adi / 2 khetta vattha hiraNNaM ca pasavo dAsa-porasa | cattAri kAma khandhANi tatya se uvavajjaI // vahI 3 / 17 / 3 pAvadiTThI u appANa sAsaM dAsava mannaI / vahI 1 / 39 /

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248 pauDa samAnadharma isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki usa samaya jAti aura varNa ke mAdhAra para sAmAjika samaThana thaa| jAta-pAta kI bImArI bahuta bar3hI-caDhI huI thii| zUdro kI sthiti atyanta bayanIya thii| sarvatra unakA nirAdara hotA thA / brAhmaNo kA prabhutva thaa| vaSama ke nAma para hiMsA ko protsAhana de rahe the / ve vedo ke vAstavika rahasya ko nahI jAnate the| kSatriya aura vazyo ke pAsa bahuta dhana thaa| kSatriya prajA kA pAlana karate aura bhoga vilAso ma bhI nimagna rahate the tathApi kucha kSatriya rAjA jaina-dIkSA bhI lete the| vaizya bhArata ma hI nahI apitu videzo meM bhI vyApAra hetu jAte the| parivAra ma mAtA pitA kA sthAna sarvopari thA / parivAra ke pAlana-poSaNa kA dAyitva pitA para thA / putra ke prati sabhI kA svAbhAvika sneha thaa| usake binA ghara sUnA-sUnA thaa| pitA kI mRtyu ke pazcAta vahI parivAra kA dhyAna rakhatA thaa| usake dIkSA lene para mAtA pitA ko kaSTa honA svAbhAvika thA / nAriyo kI sthiti bhI ga bhIra thii| vaha bhoga vilAsa kI sAdhana mAnI jAtI thI / puruSa jasA pAhatA vasA kaThaputalI kI taraha usako nacA sakatA thA parantu kitanI hI nAriyAM nara se bhI Aga thI ve puruSo kA bhI pratiboSa detI thiiN| vivAha kI prathA bhI usa samaya pracarita thii| putra aura putriyo ke adhikAMza sambandha pitA hI nizcita kiyA karatA thaa| svayavara aura gadhava vivAha kI prathA bhI usa samaya pracalita thii| baha vivAha bhI hote the| kabhI vyApAra ke lie videza ma jAnavAle vahI para vivAha kara lete the| kucha dina gharajamAI bhI raha jAte the| vivAha kA koI nizcita niyama nahI thA kintu suvidhA ke anusAra vivAha kara lete the| kisIke mara jAne para usakA dAha-saskAra karane kA pracalana thA / dAha saskAra prAya pitA yA putra kiyA karatA thaa| AjIvikA ke lie yA yuddha Adi ke lie pazu aura pakSiyoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thA / hAthI ghoDA gAya bala Adi pramukha the / bhojana me dhI dUdha dahI miSTAnna phala anna mukhya thaa| kucha loga mAsa aura madirA kA bhI upayoga karate the| kSatriya loga yuddha ma nipuNa hote the| ve caturagiNI senA ke sAtha yuddha karate the| vividha prakAra ke astra aura zastra kA bhI upayoga hotA thA / vaizyo ke sAtha kabhI-kabhI unakI paliyA~ bhI samudra-yAtrA karatI thii| samAja meM sukha aura zAti kA saMcAra karane ke lie zAsana-vyavasthA thii| zAsana kA adhikAra kSatriyo ke hAthoM meM thaa| zAsana karanevAlA vyakti rAjA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA / vaha deza kI unnati kA dhyAna rakhatA thaa| kabhI-kabhI adhikAra ke naze meM pAgala banakara apana katavya ko bhI vaha vismRta ho jAtA thaa| zatruyo kA sadA bhaya banA rahatA thaa|

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samAnatA aura bimilatA : 249 cora aura DAkumoM kA bhI upadrava thA unheM pakar3akara daNDa dene ke lie nyAya vyavasthA thii| aparAdha ke anusAra daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI aparAdhI ko mRtyudaNDa bhI diyA jAtA thA / vadha-sthAna para le jAte samaya aparAdhI ko eka nizcita veza bhUSA dhAraNa karavAkara nagara ma ghumAyA jAtA jisase anya loga isa prakAra kA aparAdha na kreN| mAnava kI pravRtti tyAga-vairAgya se haTakara bhoga vilAsa ko pora adhika thii| santagaNa unheM sadA udboSita karate rahate / aneka dhArmika dAzanika sampradAya the| ina sabama zramaNa aura brAhmaNoM kA Adhipatya thaa| zramago ke tyAga-vairAgya aura ugra tapa kA savatra svAgata hotA thaa| rAjA bhI unake kopa se Darate the| cAroM vaNavAle jaina zramaNa hote the kintu kSatriya aura brAhmaNa aSika the| isa taraha uttarAdhyayana meM samAja aura saMskRti kA jo sAmAnya citraNa milatA hai vaha tatkAlIna aya granyo kA avalokana kie binA pUrNa nahI kahA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta uttarAdhyayana ke makhyata dhArmika atha hone se tathA kisI eka kAla vizeSa kI racanA na hone se isama citrita samAja va saMskRti se yadyapi kisI eka kAla vizeSa kA pUrNa citra upasthita nahI hotA hai phira bhI tatkAlIna samAja eva saskRti kI eka jhalaka avazya milatI hai| isa taraha donoM granthoM kA sUkSma avalokana karane para patA calatA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kI eka jhalaka inameM avazya milatI hai| yaha nizcita hai ki usa samaya samAja cAra varNo ma vibhakta thA jAti-prathA kA jora thA brAhmaNo kA Adhipatya thA prajA panasampanna pI zadroM kI sthiti cintanoya yo nArI vikAsa kI ora kadama uThA rahI thI tathA dhArmika eva dAnika matAntara kAphI the| gautama buddha eva mahAvIra svAmI ke kAraNa inama mahattvapUrNa sudhAra hue aura inheM navIna preraNA bhI milii|

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grantha sUcI aMgutaranikAya sampA Ara morisa I hArDI evaM mevela haSTa pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI landana 1885-191 sampA mikSa jagadIza kAzyapa nAlandA 196 hindI anuvAda anu vAdaka bhadanta mAnanda kausalyAyana kalakattA I sa 19571 aThasAlinI sampA DaoN pI vI bApaTa aura Ara vADakara prathama saskaraNa panA 1942 / / abhiSamakozama ( bhASya eva vyAkhyAsahita ) sampA svAmI dvArikA dAsa zAstrI vArANasI 1971 / abhiSamakoza (phrendha anu ) AcArya narendradeva ilAhAbAda 1958 / abhiSamakoza sampA rAhula sAkRtyAyana kAzI vidyApITha vArANasI vi sa 1988 // abhiSamakoza bhASya sampA prahalAda pradhAna paTanA 1967 / abhiSammatyasaggaho (prakAzinI TIkA) sammA bhikSu revatadhamma eva ramAzakara tripAThI vArANasI 1967 / / abhiSammatyasagNaho bhAcAya anurukha sampA dharmAnanda kauzAmbI sAranAtha 1941 / mabhiSAna cintAmaNi hemacandra bhAvanagara vi sa 2441 / / abhidhAna rAjendrakoza ( sAta khaNDa) zrI vijaya rAjendrasUrijo ratalAma gi sa 245 / arthavinizcayasUtranibanama sampA DA ena eca sAmtAnI paTanA 1971 / anuttaropapAtika dazA hindI TokAsahita AtmArAmajI lAhaura 1936 / aba monAsTika buddhijma nalinAkSa datta kalakattA 196 / Agama aura tripiTaka eka anazIlana khara 1 aura 2 muni zrI nAgarAjajI kalakattA 1969 / bAuTa lAinsa oNpha jainijma meM ela jainI kamiva 1916 / bhAlamImAMsA 5 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA banArasa 1953 /

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252 / bauddha tathA janadharma udAna uttara vadika samAja eva saMskRti e hisTrI oNpha di kaino nikala liTarecara uttara pradeza meM bauddhadharma kA DaoN nalinAkSa datta tathA zrIkRSNadatta bAjapeyI lakhanaU vikAsa 1956 / e kamprIheMsiva hisTrI oNpha janijma aina AuTalAina Apha arlI buddhijma aiksapekTasa Apha arlI jainijma Rgveda kalpasUtra kathAvattha kamagrantha kAsTa eNDa klAsa ina iNDiyA kaimbrija hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA khuddakanikAya bhAga 1 khuddaka pATha gautamabuddha sampA sampA cullavagga cUlaniddeza jAtaka sainyAla pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI landana 1885 mikSa jagadIza kAzyapa nAlandA 1959 / vijaya bahAdura rAva vArANasI 1966 / eca Ara kApaDiyA sUrata 1941 / e ke caTarjI kalakattA 1978 / DaoN ajayamitra zAstrI vArANasI 1975 / DA jayaprakAza siMha vArANasI 1972 / prakA zrIpAda sAtavalekara bhArata mudraNAlaya onva nagara 194 / bambaI 1938 I sivAna 1968 I / bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa devanAgarI saskaraNa 1961 / ( kama vipAka ) deva dra sUri zrI AtmAnanda jana pustaka pracAraka maNDala 2444 / zrI jI esa ghuya nyayAka 195 / raeNpsana dillI 1955 / I je sampA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa nAlandA 1959 / bhikSu dhamaratna sAranAtha 1955 / Ananda ke kumAra svAmI eva AI bI vhAnara, sUcanA prakAzana vibhAga dehalI / sampA bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa nAlandA 1956 / sampA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa nAlandA 1959 / bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga buddhAbda 2485 /

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jAtakakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti jAtibheda aura buddha jaina-AcAra jana-dazana jaina- dazana jana dazana jana dazana manana aura mImAsA janadhama janadharma kA prANa jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jana-darzana ma AtmavicAra jainavama kI etihAsika rUparekhA jana-sAhitya kA itihAsa ( pava pIThikA ) jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 2 jaina sAikolAjI viyogI mohanalAla mahato paTanA vikramAbda 2 15 / bhikSu dharmarakSita sAranAtha 1949 / mohanalAla mehatA vArANasI 1966 / nyAya forest taedrAcAya jana sabhA pATana san 1956 / mahendrakumAra nyAyAcAya gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA vArANasI san 1955 / mohanalAla mehatA sammati jJAnapITha AgarA 1959 / muni nathamala rAjasthAna 1962 / pa kailAzacandra zAstrI bhA di jainasagha mathurA sukhalAla saghavI sastA sAhitya maNDala dillI 1965 / vI ni sa 2474 / pa -sUcI 253 jagadIzacandra jaina vArANasI 1965 / lAlacandra jaina vArANasI 1984 / DaoN jhinaka yAdava vArANasI 1981 / kailAzacandra zAstrI gaNazaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA vI misa 2486 | DaoN jagadIzacaMdra jana vArANasI 1966 / mohanalAla mehatA jainadhama pracAraka samiti amRtasara 1955 / jaina bosa aura gItA ke AcAra-darzano kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 eva 2 jaina svakalikA jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa bhAga 1 DaoN sAgaramala jaina rAjasthAna 1982 / sampA amaramuni pajAba 1982 / hastImala jaina jayapura 1971 I

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paparI 255 hindI anuvAda anuvAdaka rAhula sAMkRtyAyana sAramASa 1936 / vIpavaMza sampA molDenavarga landana 1879 / dIpavaza eNDa mahAvaza vilhelma gAyagara kolambo 19 8 / dazavakAlika AtmArAmakuta hindI TIkAsahita mahendragar3ha vi saM. 1989 / dhammapada sampA esa esa ghera pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI landana 1914 nArada mahAyera kalakattA 197 nAlandA dekanAgarI saskaraNa agrejI anuvAda amavAdaka epha maksamyUlara sekreDa buksa oNpha di IsTa jilda 1 (bhAratIya saMskaraNa ) dilI 1965 esa rASA kRSNana madrAsa 1961 hindI anabAda bhikSa ghamarakSita motIlAla banArasIdAsa tatIya saskaraNa 1983 sampA bhavanta Ananda kausalyAyana sAranAtha bukhAnda 2484 avadhakizora nArAyaNa mahAbodhi anyamAlA vi sa 1995 / bammapada aTaThakathA buddhaghoSa sampAdita eca sau nAmana aura ela esa tailaga 5 jildo ma sampanna pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI landana 19 6-15 agrejI anuvAda buddhisTa lIjeNDa I Dablya balinagema phaimbija 1921 mikSa dhamarakSita ( aprakAzita ) dharmAnanda nAmaka sthavira tathA jJAnezvara sthavira dArA siMhalI lipi meM sampAdita kolambo 1931 // Sammacakkappavattanasutta bhikSu dharmarabhita sAranASa 1949 / bama aura pani devendramuni zAstrI AgarA 1967 / dharma aura samAja pa sukhalAla sapabI bambaI 1951 / nandisUtra muni hastImalajI dvArA sampAdita jaina bAgama grnthmaalaa| nItizAstra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana pulAma muhammada yAhayA ko vArANasI 1983 / nizIpacUmi viNavAsa gaNI sanmati mAnapITha bAgarA san 1957 /

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17 prama-bI 257 borathama-dazana AcArya naredradeva paTanA 1956 / pauvaSama ke mUla sisAta bhikSu dhamarakSita vArANasI 1958 / baukhaSama-darzana tathA sAhitya bhikSu dharmarakSita vArANasI 1956 / boDacA vidhi bhikSa amaramita sAranAtha 1956 / baukhayogI ke patra bhikSa amarakSita sAranAtha 1956 / baukha-darzana tathA anya bhAra tIya varzana bhAga 1 tathA 2 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya kalakattA vi sa 211 / bauddha dazana mImAsA AcAya baladeva upAdhyAya vArANasI tRtIya saskaraNa 1978 / bauddha sAhitya kI sAMskRtika jhalaka parazurAma catuvadI ilAhAbAda 1958 / boDa-saskRti kA itihAsa DaoN bhAgaca dra jana bhAskara nAgapura 1972 / bhagavatIsUtra Agamodaya samiti bambaI 1921 I / bhagavAna gautamabuddha DaoN vidyAvatI mAlavikA vArANasI 1966 / bhagavAna baddha AcAya dharmAna da kauzAmbI bambaI 1956 / bhagavAna mahAvIra zobhanAtha pAThaka bhopAla 1984 / bhAratIya dazana umeza mizra lakhanaU 1964 / bhAratIya dazana bhAga 1 eva 2 DaoN esa rAdhAkRSNan dilI 1973 / bhAratIya dazana baladeva upAdhyAya vArANasI 1945 / bhAratIya dazana vAcaspati gairolA loka bhAratIya prakAzana dvitIya saskaraNa 1966 / bhAratIya dazana nandakizora devarAja ilAhAbAda 1941 / bhAratIya dazana satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya eva dhIrendramohana datta pannA 1961 / bhAratIya dazana meM mokSa DaoN azokakumAra lADa bhopAla 1973 / bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA ema hiriyannA dilI 1973 / bhAratIya saMskRti ma jainadhama kA yogadAna DaoN hIrAlAla jaina bhopAla 1962 / bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAdhanA bhAga 2 gopInApa kavirAja paTanA 1963 /