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36
A STUDY OF THE GUJARATI LANGUAGE
Another passive (which is already recorded in OG ) with -ā- (probably derived from old causal) becomes more current in Middle and New Gujarati : karāi, ganäi > karāy, gaņāy.
5.76. Extended nouns which ended with -au or-iu now end with -o or -io; -au > -o is regular, while -iu > -io is due to the replacement of -o for -u; this is due to -o being generalised as a masculine marker. Thus, chokarau > chokaro; vāņiu > vanio (it has been mentioned before that -iu > -io has become a formative suffix and numerous Gujarati nouns are formed with this suffix ).
5.77. The New Gujarati inherits this vowel system. The vowel phonemes are the same, but there is a significant change in the distribution : if the final vowel is other than -a in a word, then the penultimate-a-> zero; if the final vowel is -a, then the final -a > zero. This change bring about considerable change of morphemic shapes. Words can now end in consonants. Thus:
ațake > atkestops', rāta > rāt night', bhatake > bhatkewanders', āvata >āvat if he came', chokaro > chokro boy', calāvata > calāvat if caused to work', calāvato > calavto causing to work, sarasa > saras 'excellent', karatā > kartā > doing '. But -a-is retained (if it is pre-penultimate): atakie > atakie, bhațakie > bhatakie. bala diu > bala dio bull', vādalīu > vādalio.cloudy':
5.78. The final -iu of the m. past part. > yu, is now replaced by -yo, as -o has already been generalised as a m. marker. Thus cāliu > cālyu > cālyo, āpiu > āpyu > apyo. Now -y-is generalised as a past marker, and is also extended analogically to such verbs as nipjyo came forth 'upjyo'produced' (while the older forms were upanau, nīpanau Sk. utpannah, nispannah ).
5.79. A new plural suffix -o appears in this period; it is uniformly suffixed to all nouns m. f. n., and also to those nouns which were already inflected as pl. in the previous stage. The Middle Gujarati noun-declension could be outlined as follows:
unextended m. n. nouns, and extended or unextended f. nouns (since they do not show any difference in the declensions ) such as the following are marked by the following suffixes :
sg.
pl. hātha m 'hand' dir. ghara n. "house' inst. loc. -e kanyā f. "girl', obl.
clap'
tāli f. Extended m. n. nouns such as
ghodo m. horse
sg.
pl
dir.
inst. loc.
ghodo ghoda ghode ghode
ghoda
and mathū n. head
dir.
māthu
māthă
māthe
mathe
inst. loc.
obl.
māthā
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