Jain Bharati

Author(s): Shadilal Jain
Publisher: Adishwar Jain
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010210/1

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jaina bhAratI . (bhAratIya saMskRti kI poSaka) lekhaka zAdIlAla jaina priMsipala jaina samanopAsaka hAyara sekeNDarI skUla sadara bAjAra, dillI-110006 ***XXXXXXXXXXXXX********XXXXXXXXXXXX prakAzaka AdIzvaralAla jaina ema. e. DI-2/8, mADala TAuna, dillI-110006

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sattveSu maitrI guNiSu pramoda, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA paratvam / mAdhyastha bhAvaM viparIta vRttau, sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu deva // maitrIbhAva jagata meM merA saba jovoM se nitya rahe, dIna duHkhI jIvoM para mere ura se karuraNA srota bahe / durjana krUra kumArgaratoM para kSobha nahIM mujhako prAve, sAmyabhAva rakkhU~ maiM unapara aisI pariragati ho jAve //

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prastAvanA bhagavAn mahAvIra kevala jaino ke liye hI nahIM apitu samasta sasAra ke liye vadanIya haiN| Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva bhArata ke isa mahA mAnava ne ahiMsA aura satya ke mAdhyama se anaMta tathA sthAyI sukha aura zAnti prApta karane kA upadeza diyA thA jisa para manuSya samAja prAja bhI AcaraNa karake isa bhUtala ko svargatulya banA sakatA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 ve nirvANAbda' para samasta sasAra ke jaino meM eka vizeSa dharma-prema, sphUrti aura kArya-kuzalatA dekhane meM AI / / phalasvarUpa bhArata ke samasta rAjyo me pradeza samitiyA~ gaThita kI gaI jinake pramukha samAja sevI tathA pramukha rAjyAdhikArI sadasya bane / jinakA uddezya thA isa suavasara para bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ke sadeza' ko jana-jana taka pahu~cAnA / ata: dillI pradeza me bhI 2500 vI bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa samiti banAI gii| lA0 DipTImala jI jaina isake upapradhAna bane / vaha tana, mana aura dhana se isa sukArya me lage / aneka yojanAmo me unakI eka yaha bhI yojanA thI ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke uccAdarzoM tathA jaino dvArA pratyeka kSetra me bhAratIya saMskRti ko saMjone kI jAnakArI eka choTI se prAsAna pustaka ke dvArA sAdhAraNa mAratIya taka pahucAI jaaye| lA0 DipTImala jI ke prAdezAnusAra baDe parizrama se yaha pustaka taiyAra kI gaI hai aura nirbhayatA se apane apadva vicAra isameM diye gaye pAThaka mahodaya ise pustaka kA avalokana karake jAna pAyege

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ki jaino kA pratIta bhAratIya saMskRti ke liye kitanA gauravamaya hai aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sadeza saMsAra ke pratyeka prANI ke liye tInoM samayo me kitanA vAstavika, sukhamaya aura zAntipUrNa hai| isa pustaka kA bhalI prakAra sihAvalokana rAjakIya puraskAra vijetA paM0 hIrA lAla jI zAstrI, paM0 sumera canda jI jaina zAstrI, zrI dhanadeva kumAra jI prabhAkara aura merI suputrI zrImatI DA0 amarA jaina, ema0 e0pI0eca0DI0 ne kiyA hai| mai ina saba mahAnubhAvoM kA AbhArI hU / DA0 zrI munIdra kumAra jaina ema0e0elaela0bI0 je0DI0 ke sujhAvo ke liye mai hRdaya se kRtajJa hu| kheda hai ki yaha pustaka eka varSa se adhika presa meM rahI aura samaya para na chapa skii| phira bhI isakI upayogitA sarva siddha hai, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| pAThako se nivedana hai ki isa pustaka ko par3hane ke pazcAt apanI amUlya sammati nimna pate para bheje : bhavadIya 18-I, sadara thAnA roDa, dillI-110006. zAdI lAla jaina agasta,1977 priMsipala

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isa prakAzana ke pra eraka lA0 DipTImala jI jaina kA saMkSipta paricaya Bo ahiMsA, saccAI, ImAnadArI, karmaThatA, samAja sevA tathA deza sevA kI jIvaMta mUrti lAo DipTI mala jaina kA janma 16 navambara san 1894 ko dillI meM huA / san 1917 meM seMT sTIphansa kAleja se bI.e. kI DigrI prApta karane ke pazcAt grApane lAhaura meM ela. ela. bI. meM praveza prApta kiyaa| san 1919 meM amRtasara meM jaliyAMvAlA bAga hatyA kANDa se prabhAvita hokara bhrApane ela. ela. bI. parIkSA kA bahiSkAra kiyA / medhAvI chAtra hone kAraNa Apa prAimarI se bI. e. taka niraMtara sarakArI chAtravRtti prApta karate rahe / bAlyakAla se hI samAja sevA kI ora ApakI vizeSa ruci rahI hai | san 1913 meM, apane vidyArthI kAla meM hI, Apane hiMdU yuvaka samA kA saMgaThana kiyA jisake aMtargata eka pustakAlaya va kamaz2ora baccoM kI niHzulka zikSA kA samucita prabandha kiyA / taduparAMta seTha kedAranAtha goyanakA ke sahayoga se dillI meM sarvaprathama sArvajanika mAravAr3I pustakAlaya aura vAcanAlaya kI nIMva DAlI / san 1917 meM pahalI 3

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bAra eka svayasevaka sasthA 'idraprastha sevaka maDalI' ke nAma se sthApita kii| uparyukta samasta samAja-sevI saMsthAoM ke pApa mukhya saciva ke rUpa meM kArya karate rhe| deza-sevA Apake jIvana kA vrata hai| san 1920 se hI Apane deza sevA kAryo me dila kholakara bhAga lenA prArambha kara diyA aura 1932 ke Andolana meM vizeSa bhAga liyA aura jela yAtrA kii| san 1942 ke bhArata choDo svatantratA Adolana meM Apa kUda par3e / pariNAmasvarUpa san 1973 me svatatratA senAnI ke rUpa me bhArata sarakAra ne Apako 'tAmra patra' bheTa kiyaa| kAgresa sagaThana kAryo meM ApakI yogyatA nikhara kara janatA ke sAmane aaii| varSo taka Apa darIbA kAgresa kameTI ke pradhAna rahe aura dillI jilA kAgresa kameTI ke bhI pradhAna rahe / aneko bAra Apa dillI pradeza kAgresa kameTI kI kAryakAriNI ke sadasya cune gaye / dillI pradeza poliTikala kAgresa dala kI svAgata samiti ke pApa adhyakSa the / Apa kI kartavyaniSThA, sUjhabUjha aura saMgaThana pratibhA se prerita hokara kAgresa dala ne dillI asembalI, nagara pAlikA tathA DisTrikTa borDa ke cunAvoM kA bahuta baDA bojhA Apake kadho para DAlA aura Apane baDI yogyatA aura saphalatA pUrvaka isa gurutara kArya ko nibhaayaa| phalata: ApakI sarvapriyatA kAgresa kSetro meM isa darjA baDhI ki Apa san 1931-34, 1937-39, 1945-51 me dillI nagara pAlikA tathA usakI kAryakAriNI ke sadasya nirvAcita hote rahe aura 1948-49 me isake vAIsa prejIDeTa bhI cune gye| kaI bAra Apako nagarapAlikA kI zikSA upasamiti kA pradhAna bhI cunA gyaa| isa pada para AtIna hokara Apane dillI meM prathama bAra zArIrika tathA sAmAjika zikSA prArambha kii| jaba san 1947 meM dillI meM sAmpradAyika dage hue

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to pApako mAnarerI majisTreTa niyukta kiyA gayA aura pAkistAna se Aye zaraNArthiyo ke punasthApana ke lie gaThita kI gaI samiti kA sadasya bhI cunA gyaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki lA0 DipTImala jI jaina kA pratyeka zvAsa jana sevA meM gujarA hai| Apa nimna sasthApro ke pradhAna rahe : ____ 1. jaina zikSA borDa 2. kAryakAriNI prAcIna zrI agravAla digambara jaina pacAyata 3. jaina ko-ApareTiva baika limiTeDa 4 pustaka cayana samiti, dillI pradeza 5. jaina hAyara saikeDarI skUla, dariyAgaja / upapradhAna : ___1. dillI lAyabrarI esosiyezana 2. dillI yunAiTiDa caimbara Apha TreDa esosiyezana 3. dillI pradeza bhagavAna mahAvIra 2500 vIM nirvANa mahotsava samiti 4. dillI prAkRtika cikitsA pariSad / Apa dillI prazAsana dvArA niyukta kaI kameTiyoM ke bhI pramukha sadasya rahe / isa samaya Apa nimna sasthAno ke pradhAna hai : 1 jaina sabhA dharmArtha TrasTa (raji.) mADala TAuna, 2. jaina sabhA, mADala TAuna, 3. dillI ahisA zikSaka sagha (sasthApaka va sarakSaka) vyavasAya Apake jIvana-nirvAha kA AdhAra rahA hai| vastutaH Apane apane bhinna-bhinna vyavasAyo meM bhI satya, nyAya aura nIti kA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai| Apa dillI bilDiga maiTIriyala marcenTa esosiyezana ke sarvaprathama pradhAna cune gye| aNuvrata zAstA AcArya zrI tulasI jI, muni suzIla kumAra jI, muni rAkeza kumAra jI Adi mahAn santoM ke nikaTa samparka meM Akara Apane jaina dharma va samAja kI vizeSa sevA kii| Apane san 1965-66 meM ahisA zikSaka saMgha dillI kI nIva ddaalii| DA0 DI0 esa0 koThArI bhUtapUrva ceyaramaina yUnivarsiTI grATsa kamIzana isake sarakSaka bane / zikSA kSetra meM isa navodita sasthA ne mahatvapUrNa

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kArya kiye / zikSA nidezAlaya kI sahAyatA se skUlo kI pAThya pustako se jinameM aNDA, maoNsa machalI ke prayoga kA pracAra thA, ve sabhI ullekha va sthala haTA diye gye| lA0 DipTImala jI jisa bhI kArya ko apane hAtha me lete the saphalatA unake kadama cUmatI thii| Apane adhyApako ke mAnasika stara ko U cA karane ke lie aneka goSThiyo aura ziviro kA Ayojana bhI kiyaa| ApakA jIvana sayamI hai| do dazako se Apane annAhAra kA tyAga kara rakhA hai / ApakA pratyeka kSaNa jana sevA me bItA hai| pApakA Adarza jIvana yuvA pIDhI kA ucita mArga-darzana karatA hai / Apa adamya utsAhI hai, parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 ve nirvANAbda mahotsava meM, jisakI dillI pradeza samiti ke Apa upapradhAna the, atyadhika parizrama karane ke kAraNa Apa pakSAghAta kA zikAra hue / calanA phiranA aba Apake lie kaThina ho gayA hai parantu Apake sadvicAra aura manovala unnati para hai| Apake pada cinho para calane vAle, AjJAkArI, samAjasevI tathA kuzala vyavasAyI suputra zrI prAdIzvara lAla jaina bI. kAma. (Anarsa), ema. e. (arthazAstra), DiplomA ina ikAnAmika eDaminisTrezana, Apake svapno ko sAkAra karane meM kRtsakalpa hai| parama AdaraNIya lAo DipTImala jI jaina ke nikaTa samparka meM Ane kA saubhAgya mujhe do dazako se prApta hai| inhI kI vizeSa preraNA se yaha pustaka likhI gaI hai tAki thoDe zabdo me janasAdhAraNa ko yaha batalAyA jA sake ki bhAratIya saskRti ke poSaNa me jainoM' kI kitanI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| maiM isa zubha kArya kI pUrti ke liye inake mukhya sahayoga kA vizeSa AbhArI huuN| zAdI lAla jaina priMsipala

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viSaya-sUcI kramAMka viSaya 5 (Da) zramaNa paramparA yati aura vrAtya-do krAtikArI RSabha-mAnavatA ke prathama zikSaka tIrthakara--sasAra sAgara kA khivaiyA (ka) bhagavAn mahAvIra-sAdhanA kAla 5 (kha) bhagavAn mahAvIra- advitIya krAtikArI mahApuruSa 5 (ga] bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vacanAmRta 5 (gha) bhagavAn mahAvIra kA karmavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita 'dvividha dharma' mRtyu kalA bhagavAn mahAvIra-AdhyAtmika sainika sevA-dala rAja zakti kA ahisA pracAra meM yogadAna 8 (kha) samrAT khAravela 8 (ga) jaina dharma kA vistAra jaina dharma kA prabhAva kSetra 10 jaina dharma kA vikAsa- kAraNa 11 (ka) jaina dharma kA hrAsa-kAraNa 11 (kha) jaina dharma-hrAsa kI rokathAma kaise ho ? 12 (ka) jaino kI sAhitya sevA 8 (ka)

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kramAMka 12 (kha) viSaya jaina dharma zAstra-digambara jaina samAja kI mAnyatA 102 104 112 120 13 jainAcAryo kI sAhitya sevA 14 (ka) jaina purANa, jaina kathA sAhitya, jaina vyAkaraNa 14 (kha) sAhitya sevI jainAcArya 15 (ka) jaina kalA aura purAtatva 15 (kha) jaina kalA aura purAtatva 15 (ga) jena kalA aura purAtatva 16 jaina citra kalA 125 135 136 153

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adhyAya 1 zramaNa paramparA zramaNa paramparA kA udaya kaba huA yaha kahanA ati kaThina hai ! kintu hame jaba se bhAratIya saMskRti eva itihAsa kI jhalaka dikhAI detI hai, tabhI se zramaNa paramparA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya me zramaNa paramparA ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM, itanA hI nahI aneka bAto meM vaidika saMskRti zramaNa paramparA se prabhAvita hotI hai / isa prasaMga meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke niSNAta vidvAn DA0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke vicAra mahatvapUrNa hai : "hUna purANo se hamArA tAtparya yaha batalAnA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM nivRttidharmI zramaNa paramparA aura pravRtti mArgI gRhastha paramparA dono baTI huI rassiyo kI taraha eka sAtha vidyamAna rahI aura dono me bahuta kucha AdAna-pradAna calatA rahA / zramaNa paramparA ke kAraNa brAhmaNa dharma ne vAnaprastha aura sanyAsa ko prazraya diyA / " RSi, muni - do ratna bhAratIya paramparA RSiyoM-muniyoM kI paramparA hai| RSi aura muni dono jJAnI aura Atma-draSTA mAne jAte hai / sasAra ke prAcInatama dharmagrantha 'veda' meM RSi tathA muni dono kA varNana hai / 'RSi' ko mantra - draSTA kI sajJA dI jAtI hai / vaha jaMgala meM nivAsa karatA hai, havana Adi se devatAo ko prasanna karatA hai aura pavitra jIvana vyatIta karatA hai / RSi prAyaH patnI tathA bacco sahita bana meM rahakara sadhyopAsanA karatA hai /

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'muni' AtmajJatA meM bahuta Age hai / vaha prAyaH antarmukhI hai / zarIra eva vastra kA use dhyAna nahI hai / vaha nagA bhI raha sakatA hai| use bAharI snAna-majana kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa nahI hotii| cU ki vaha sadA Atma-citana me lIna rahatA hai, manana karatA hai ataeva vaha muni hai / muni pUrNa brahmacarya-vrata kA pAlana karatA hai, pUrNa ahisaka hai, pUrNa aparigrahI hai| ___'veda' me 'vAtarazanA' muniyo kA varNana AtA hai| kezI' muni ko vAtarazanA muniyo me sarvaprathama mAnA gayA hai| kezI aura kesarI eka hI artha ke dyotaka hai| caudahave kulakara (manu) 'nAmi' ke putra 'RSabha' kI mahimA vedo ne bahuta gAI hai| 'kezI, kesarI, kesariyA nAtha' RSabha bhagavAn ke guNavAcaka zabda hai| RSabha eka aise avatArI puruSa haiM jinakA Adara vaidika saMskRti va zramaNa saskRti samAna rUpa se karatI hai| AcAraM kI dRSTi se 'zramaNa' kA dUsarA nAma 'muni' hI hai / zramaNa AtmavikAsa ke lie atyanta parizrama karake eva jAgarUka raha kara antarjyoti ko prajvalita karatA hai| vaha apanI icchAo kA nirodha karake prANimAtra kA hita cAhatA hai| sevA, paropakAra aura dharma pracAra me vaha jIvana kA Ananda anubhava karatA hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha usake Ajanma abhinna sakhA hai / 'muni' aisI zramaNa saMskRti kA ekamAtra pratIka hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM vAtarazanA zramaNo ko AtmavidyAvizArada, RSi, zAnta, sanyAsI aura zramaNa kaha kara Urdhvagamana dvArA unake brahmaloka meM jAne kI bAta kahI hai| bauddha dharma meM batAyA ki "zramaNa cAhe bhASaNa kama kare kintu tadanusAra dharma kA AcaraNa karatA ho, rAga dveSa se mukta ho / jo zAnta

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dAnta, niyama-tatpara, brahmacArI aura sampUrNa prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsaka ho / jo bAhya pradarzana mAtra ke lie zramaNatva svIkAra na karatA ho aura jo samacaryA vAlA ho|" megAsthanIja kahatA hai ki zramaNa brAhmaNoM aura bauddhoM se bhinna haiN| zramaNa zabda ke tIna artha haiM zrama-parizrama karake jo mukti prApta kare / sama-sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samatA rakhe / zama-indriya jayI ho| zramaNa sAdhuo kA sarvatra varNana milatA hai| vaidika aura zramaNa saskRti ke mela se hI bhAratIya saMskRti ujjvala huI hai| vastuta: dono eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiN| donoM eka sikke ke do pahalU hai| yadi vaidika saMskRti ko mUla rUpa me zarIra kI sajJA deM to zramaNa saMskRti ko usakI AtmA kaha sakate hai / aisI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko gauravAnvita kara sakatI - - - -

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adhyAya yati aura vrAtya do krAMtikArI Rgveda meM muniyoM ke atirikta yatiyo kA ullekha bhI bahatAyata se milatA hai| jaina AgamoM (zAstro) meM 'yati' kA varNana jagaha-jagaha para pAyA hai jo Aja taka pracalita hai / prArambha meM RSi-muniyo aura yatiyoM ke bIca tAlamela rahA aura samAja meM ve vizeSa rUpa se pUje jAte rhe| yati ko kAma-krodha rahita saMyatacitta va vItarAga kahA gayA hai| bAharI kriyA-kANDa unhe pasanda nahI hai / ___ atharvaveda ke pandrahave adhyAya meM 'vrAtyo' kA vizeSa varNana AyA hai ve apane samaya kI prAkRta bhASA bola sakate the| 'vrAtya' vaidika vidhi se 'adIkSita va saskArahIna' vizeSaNo se upayukta hote the| ve jyAhRda (pratyacA rahita dhanuSa) dhAraNa karate the| manusmRti meM licchavi, nAtha, malla Adi kSatriya jAtiyo ko vrAtyo me ginA gayA hai / yadi sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA jAye to pariNAma yaha nikalatA hai ki 'vrAtya' bhI zramaNa paramparA ke sAdhu va gRhastha the| jaina dharma ke mukhya pA~ca niyamoM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ko vrata kahA gayA hai| unhe grahaNa karane vAle zrAvaka 'deza viratI yA aNuvratI' aura muni mahAvratI kahalAte haiN| jo zrAvaka vidhivat 'vrata' grahaNa nahIM karate, tathApi dharma meM zraddhA rakhate haiM ve avirata samyagdRSTi kahe jAte hai| isI prakAra ke vratadhArI 'vrAtya' kahe gaye, aisA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki ve hiMsA tathA yajJa-vidhiyoM ke niyama se tyAgI hote

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hai| isI kAraNa se upaniSado meM kahI-kahI vrAtyo kI adhika prazasA kI gaI hai / 'praznopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai-vrAtyastvaM prANaka RSi rattA vizvasya satpatiH / hindI me 'zakara bhASya' meM vrAtya kA artha svabhAvata: eka zuddha 'ityabhiprAya' kiyA gayA hai / ataH siddha huA ki 'yati aura vrAtya' apane samaya me tyAgamUlaka samAja kA pratinidhitva karate the| isa kAla ke tyAga-pradhAna pravRtti ke savAhaka zramaNa saMskRti' ke upAsaka hI ho sakate the jo 'yati tathA prAtya' jaise bhinna bhinna nAmoM se pukAre gye|| __ zramaNa saMskRti ke muniyoM, yatiyo, vrAtyo kI bhAratIya samAja ko yaha advitIya dena hai ki unhone bhASAI aura bAharI saskArADambaroM meM par3ane kI apekSA sIdhI-sAdI pracalita lokabhASA meM ahisA ke mAdhyama se Atma-guNo kA vikAsa karane kA nArA lgaayaa| unhone sAdagI, saccAI aura mAnasika saphAI kI chApa samAja meM jana-jana ke hRdaya para lgaaii| - - .

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adhyAya RSabha-mAnavatA ke prathama zikSaka purANo kA kathana hai ki caitra vadI 6 ko mahArAja nAbhi kI guNavatI mahArAnI marU devI ke garbha se eka atyanta tejasvI, parAkramI tathA bhAgyazAlI bAlaka kA janma huaa| kahate hai ki isa honahAra bAlaka ke dAhine paira me vRSabha (baila) kA cihna thA isalie unakA nAma vRSabhadeva athavA RSabhadeva rakhA gyaa| yuga badala rahA thA / logo kI khAdya samasyA kalpavRkSo se pUrI hotI najara nahI AtI thii| kalpa vRkSo kI saMkhyA tejI se kama ho rahI thii| logo kI ghabarAhaTa baDhI aura badalatI haI paristhiti kA ve sAmanA na kara sake / unakI dRSTi yugapuruSa RSabhadeva para pdd'ii| RSabhadeva ne upasthita samasyA kA vizleSaNa kiyaa| unhoMne logo ko annotpAdana ke lie 'kRSi' kA upadeza diyA aura kahA jisa prakAra eka anAra ko cIrane se saikar3o rasayukta dAne prApta hote hai isI prakAra pRthvI meM hala calA kara aura bIja bokara Apa asakhya dAne prApta karake apanI bhojana samasyA ko hala kara sakate haiN|' isa prakAra RSabha 'ahiMsaka saMskRti ke prathama vidhAtA hue jinhone zAkAhArI vizva kI racanA kii| isake atirikta unhoMne nAnA prakAra ke vRkSo va auSadhiyo kI upayogitA kA jJAna kraayaa| ___jIvikopArjana evaM sAmAjika jIvana gujArane ke lie RSama ne logoM ko 'asi' (apanI rakSA hetu astra zastra calAne kI vidyA) 'masi (vidyopArjana) kRSi (khetI, pazu, pAlana) vANijya, nRtya, gAyana

Page #18
tathA zilpa Adi vidyAye sikhAyIM / kRtajJatApUrvaka sabhI logoM ne RSabha ko 'prajApati' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyaa| RSabha ne vivAha' prathA kA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| unake aneka putra putriyA~ huyii| unake putro meM 'bharata' aura 'bAhubali' ke nAma ullekhanIya hai| bharata pahale cakravartI rAjA hue / bAhubali ne sasAra tyAMga kara anupama tapasyA kI jise suna kara romAMca ho pAtA hai| anta meM samasta karmoM ko samApta karake Apa mukti ko prApta hue| maisUra rAjya (karNATaka) meM zravaNabelagola me bAhubalI kI 57 phuTa UMcI pASANa bhUti 10 vI zatAbdI meM cAmuNDarAya senApati dvArA nirmita lAkhoM paryaTako kI zraddhAbhakti kA kendra banI huI hai aura sasAra meM jaina vAstukalA kA eka Azcaryacakita Adarza upasthita karatI hai| RSabha mahArAja kI 'brAhmI aura sundarI' do guNavatI kanyAye huyii| bhArata kI lipiyo kI siramaura 'brAhmI lipi' kI AviSkarvI yahI RSabha putrI brAhmI hI hai| bha0 RSabhadeva ne apanI bar3I putrI brAhmI ko akSara vidyA sikhAI jo usake nAma se brAhmI lipi prasiddha huI / samrATa azoka ne usakA nAma azoka lipi rakhA / gujarAta ke nAgara brAhmaNo ne usakA nAma nAgarI rakhA / prAdara sUcaka bhAva prakaTa karane ke lie deva zabda kA nAma prayoga kiyA gayA isalie devanAgarI nAma se yaha lipi prasiddha huI / isI lipi ne bhArata kI adhikAMza lipiyAM jaise zAradA, kazmIrI, gurumukhI, gujarAtI, bagalA, ur3IsA, AsAmI, mahAjanI aura muNDA pracalita huyii| ___ brAhmI lipi kA pahalA zilAlekha rAjasthAna ke baDarI gAva se prApta huA hai jo bha0 mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke 84 veM varSa meM likhA gayA hai|

Page #19
dUsarI putrI sundarI ko unhone aka vidyA sikhAI, yahI se araba deza vAlo ne ginatI sIkhI jo use hindasA (hinda se yAda AI) kahate hai aura unase hI roma vAlo ne siikhii| -sundarI ne 'akagaNita' kA anuSThAna kiyaa| RSabhadeva ke anya putro ne alakAra, chada, vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, jyotiSa, arthazAstra, rAjanIti Adi viSayo ko unnata kiyaa| samaya bItane para mahArAja RSabhadeva ne ayodhyApati kI upAdhi se vibhUSita ho kara sukha vaibhava se bharapUra rAjya kiyA aura Azrita prajA ko sukhI banAkara 'karma-yuga' kI nIva ddaalii| Rpama mahArAja ko indriya sukha-vaibhava kA jIvana adhika grasita nahI kara skaa| vaha indriyagata sukha-vaibhava kI kSaNabhagaratA aura asAratA ko pahacAnate the| eka vizeSa ghaTanA ne unakI jIvana-caryA badala dI, unhone sukha-sampatti, pUrNa rAjya vaibhava tathA kuTumbI jano ko chor3a vairAgya kA dAmana pakar3A aura kaThora tapasyA karake kevala jJAna' kevala darzana kI prApti kI aura atataH kailAza parvata para samAdhistha hokara pArthiva zarIra ko tyAga diyaa| RSabha sasAra ke AvAgamana ke cakra se sadA ke lie mukta hokara siddha, buddha, ajara, amara, saccidAnanda paramAtmasvarUpa bana gye| unhoMne kailAza parvata se mukti ko prApta kara zAzvata sukha ke adhikArI ziva pada ko prApta kiyaa| bha0 Rpabhadeva ne mAgha kRSNA caturdazI ko nirvANa pAyA / vaiSNava dharma meM zivarAtri phAlguNa kRSNa caturdazI ko manAI jAtI hai| yaha eka mAha kA antara uttara aura dakSiNa ke paMcAgoM ke kAraNa hai| dakSiNa meM zukla pakSa prathama aura kRSNa pakSa bAda meM mAnA jAtA hai| jabaki uttara bhArata meM kRSNa pakSa prathama aura zukla pakSa mahIne ke anta meM mAnA jAtA hai|

Page #20
bha0 RSabhadeva ne prayAga meM jahA~ tapasyA kI thI vaha sthAna akSayavaTa aura utkRSTa tapasyA ke kAraNa prakRSTa+yAga athavA prayAga nAma se prasiddhi ko prApta huaa| yogIzvara RSabha hI ziva hai jinhe sabhI dharma vAlo ne apanA Adi puruSa svIkAra kiyA hai| aise 'bhagavAn RSabhadeva' (AdinAtha) ko pratyeka bhU-mAnava zatazata praNAma kare aura unake pada-cihno para calakara sva-para kalyANArUDha hokara saccI zraddhAjali arpita kare tathA unake samAna karma-nirjarA karate hue mokSa pada prApta kare / "mAnavatA ke janaka RSabha bhagavAn kI jaya ho|"

Page #21
adhyAya tIrthaMkara-saMsAra sAgara kA khivaiyA adherI rAta thii| AkAza para bijalI kaDaka rahI thii| nadI meM U~cI U~cI tarage uTha rahI thI / aise samaya meM eka yAtrI AyA, usane nadI ke usa pAra jAnA thaa| use avazyameva nadI pAra utaranA thaa| yAtrI jora se cillAyA, "hai yahA~ koI catura nAvika jo mujhe pAra le jAye ?" yAtrI kI AvAja sunI anasunI ho gii| AkAza meM bijalI jo camakI to use thor3I dUra para do-tIna nAveM khaDI dikhAI dii| yAtrI unake pAsa gyaa| bar3I anunaya vinaya kI parantu koI nAvika apanI nAva ko aura apane Apako isa jokhima meM DAlane ke lie taiyAra na huaa| ___ itane me eka divya ghaTanA huii| sAmane se eka vizAla-kAya tathA dedIpyamAna lalATa vAlA vyakti AtA dikhAI pdd'aa| usa divya puruSa ne kahA, "yAtrI, kyo cintA meM DUbe hue ho ? prAyo, merI nAva meM baiTho / hajAra bijalI kar3ake, nadI meM tUphAna Ae parantu tumhArA bAlabAMkA nahIM hogaa| yAtrI prabhAvita huA aura vizvAsa karake usa divya nAvika kI nAva meM baiTha gyaa| vikarAla nadI-taraMgoM aura bhISaNa jala-jantuoM ke madhya meM se nAvika apane kalA-kauzala se nAva ko nadI ke usa pAra le gyaa| yAtrI ne sukha kI sAMsa lI aura kahA, "mere rakSaka ! mere devatA kaise ApakA dhanyavAda karU ? badale meM ApakI kyA sevA-cAkarI karUM? kitanI rAzi yAtrA-zulka meM dUM? "

Page #22
divya nAvika muskarAyA aura kahane lagA, bhole yAtrI, duHkha rUpI sasAra sAgara meM paDe yAtriyo ko maiM sadA se nadI pAra karAtA A rahA hUM / mai badale me koI zulka Adi nahI letA / 'pApa surakSApUrvaka pAra hue'-basa yahI merA zulka hai|" ___ aise hI divya khivaiyA tIrthakara kahalAte hai jo svaya karmabaMdhana se mukta hokara anya saMsArI jIvo ko ni.svArtha bhAva se isa saMsAra se pAra karAte hue apane samAna AtmadraSTA aura kRtakRtya banAte hai / jaina paramparA me, isa avasarpiNI kAla meM, caubIsa tIrthaMkara hue hai| prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva yA AdinAtha bhagavAn kA jikra hama pahale kara Ae hai| ikkIsave tIrthakara zrI naminAtha, bAIsave zrI ariSTanemi nAtha, teIsave zrI pAzrva nAtha aura caubIsave zrI mahAvIra svAmI hue| bhagavAn RSabha kA varNana bhAgavata purANa tathA vedo me AtA hai / zeSa teIsa tIrthakaro kA hAla jaina purANo tathA Agamo me phuTakara rUpa meM AtA hai / itihAsa 21 veM tathA 22ve tIrthakara ke sambandha meM sAdhAraNa sI rozanI DAlatA hai, 23ve tIrthakara zrI pArzva nAtha jI mahArAja ko to aitihAsika mahApuruSa mAna liyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA to vizAla sAhitya hameM prApta hai hI, yadyapi isako bhI kaI vidvAna loga bacAkhucA sAhitya hI mAnate hai / aba hama yaha jAnanA cAhege ki 21ve tIrthakara se lekara 24veM taka bhArata ko tathA vizva ko kyA nidhi prApta huI ? ikkIsaveM tIrthakara bhagavAn naminAthanami mithilA ke rAjA the| hindU purANo meM unhe 'rAjA janaka kA pUrvaja' mAnA gayA hai| nami ne pravajyA (sAdhu vRtti ) grahaNa kI / nami kI anAsakta vRtti mithilA rAjavaMza me 'janaka' taka pAI jAtI hai| isI AdhyAtmika paramparA ke kAraNa unakA vaza tathA samasta pradeza hI 'videha' (deha se nirmoha, jIvanamukta) kahalAyA aura unakI ahiMsAtmaka pravRti ke kAraNa hI unakA

Page #23
20 dhanuSa pratyaJcAhIna rUpa meM unake kSatriyatva kA pratIka mAtra surakSita rahA / sambhavata. yahI vaha jINaM dhanuSa thA jisakA zrI rAmacandra jI ne cillA caDhAyA aura use toDa DAlA / vrAtyoM ke jyAhRda ( pratyaJcAhIna dhanupa ) kA yahI ThIka mela baiThatA hai jisakA ullekha pUrva pRSTho me kiyA jA cukA hai / 2. bAIsaveM tIrthakara neminAtha ( zrariSTanemi ) : zaurIpura ( AgarA u0 pra 0 ) ke yAdava vazI rAjA adhaka vRSNI ke samudravijaya jyeSTha putra aura vasudeva sabase choTe putra hue / samudra vijaya neminAtha ke pitA the aura vasudeva ke putra hue 'vAsudeva kRSNa' / rAjA jarAsaMdha ke AtaMka se yAdava zaurIpura ko choDakara dvArikA meM jA base / rAjakumAra neminAtha kA vivAha sambandha giranAra ( jUnAgaDha ) ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjulamatI ( rAjImatI) se nizcita huprA / bArAta jaba vadhU ke ghara pahu~cI to neminAtha ne atithiyoM ke hetu mAre jAne vAle badI pazno kI dila hilA dene vAlI cItkAra sunI / neminAtha kA komala hRdaya isa hisA ko sahana na kara sakA / unhone karu nAda se prerita hokara una badI pazupro ko mukta karAyA aura sasAra ko asAra samajhate hue, vivAha krama ko asvIkAra karate hue giranAra parvata kI ora prasthAna kiyA / vahI unhoMne ghora tapa kiyA aura kaivalya' prApta kara prAcIna 'zramaNa paramparA' ko puSTa kiyA / ko dhArmika vRtti mAnakara bhagavAn neminAtha ne ise saiddhAtika rUpa diyA / inakA 'pazurakSaNa Adolana' jUnAgaDha ke nikaTa se prArambha hokara samUce saurASTra aura bhArata meM phaila gayA / isa tyAgamUlaka bhAdolana ne logoM ke netra khola diye / Aja bhI saurASTra me zeSa bhArata kI apekSA bahuta kama hiMsA hotI hai / yaha bhagavAn neminAtha ke isa pazurakSaraNa AMdolana kA hI phala hai /

Page #24
bha0 neminAtha ko hI agirasa RSi ke nAma se vaiSNava dharma meM kahA gayA hai / mathurA karjana myujiyama meM bha0 neminAtha kI jo anupama mUrtiyA prApta huyI una meM bIca me bha0 neminAtha jinake nIce zakha kA cihna dAye tarapha baladeva jinake hala kA aura bAMye tarapha zrIkRSNa nArAyaNa kI mUrti hai jinake nIce cakra kA cihna hai / bha0 neminAtha ne AdhyAtma vidyA kA upadeza diyaa| saurASTra me yuga-yugAntara kI ekatrita ahiMsA pravRtti ne unnIsavIMbIsavI zatAbdI meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ko pAyA jisane ahiMsA-cakra se agreja rUpI daityo kA damana karake bhArata ko svatantra kraayaa| mahAtmA gAdhI kI ahiMsA-zakti kA zreya unake saurASTrI pUrvaja bhagavAn neminAtha ko jaayegaa| 30 teIsave tIrthakara pAzvanAtha pArzvanAtha kA janma banArasa ke rAjA azvasena aura unakI rAnI vAmA devI (varmalA devI) se huaa| bacapana se hI unhone hisAmUlaka ajJAna tapa kA virodha kiyaa| gaMgAtaTa para 'kamaTha' nAma kA yogI vaDe lakkar3o kI dhUnI ramAye aura aMga-bhabhUta lagAye janatA ke AkarSaNa kA kendra banA huA thaa| unhone kamaTha tApasa ko lalakArA aura kahA ki tumhArA tapa mithyA hai jisameM nAga-nAgina kA joDA jala rahA hai| jaba pArzvanAtha ne jalatI lakaDiyo meM se nAga-nAgina ko jalate hue dikhAyA to kamaTha kA abhimAna cUra huaa| pAva ne jaba sAdhuvRtti svIkAra kI aura karmacUra tapa kiyA to devayoni meM janmA hA kamaTha kA vaha jIva purAne vaira-bhAva kA smaraNa karake apane apamAna kA pratizodha lene ke lie muni pArzvanAtha ko bahuta duHkha dene lgaa| usa samaya nAga aura nAgina ne, jo marakara dharaNendra deva aura padmAvatI devI hue, pArzva muni para pAe upasargoM kA nivAraNa kiyaa|

Page #25
22 zrI pArzvanAtha kA dharma sarvathA vyavahArya thA / hisA, asatya, stega aura parigraha kA tyAga karanA' - yaha cAturyAma savaravAda' unakA dharma thA / isa dharma kA unhone bhArata bhara meM pracAra kiyaa| prAcIna bhArata meM ahiMsA ko suvyavasthita rUpa dene kA yaha sarvaprathama udAharaNa hai / prAcIna bhArata meM araNya meM rahane vAle RSi-muniyoM ke prAcaraNa meM jo hisA thI, use vyavahAra me vizeSa sthAna na thA / tIna niyamo ke sahayoga se ahisA vyavahArika banI, sAmAjika banI / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne jagalI jAtiyoM taka ko ahisaka banAyA / Apane 70 varSa taka ahisA kA pracAra kiyA aura 100 varSa kI Ayu meM sammeda zikhara para jAkara 777 I0 pU0 nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ApakI puNya cirasmRti meM kRtajJa rASTra ne sammeda zikhara kA nAma 'pArasa nAtha hila' rakha diyA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bhI pArzvanuyAyI the / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke 'cAturyAma' kA ullekha nirgrathoM ke sambandha me bauddha pAli graMtho me milatA hai aura jaina Agamo me bhI bauddha gratha aga: nikAya catukkanipAta ( vagga 5) aura unakI aTTakathA meM ullekha hai ki gautama buddha kA cAcA 'bappa zAkya, nirgratha zrAvaka thA / pAzrvApatyo tathA nirgratha zrAvako ke aura bhI aneka udAharaNa milate hai jinase nirgratha dharma' kI sattA bhagavAn buddha se pUrva bhalI-bhA~ti siddha ho jAtI hai / 4. caubIsaveM tIrthakara bhagavAn mahAvIra. vistAra ke lie kRpayA isI pustaka kA agalA adhyAya dekhie /

Page #26
adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra sAdhanA kAla (samyak jJAna-darzana-tapa-prAcAra ko sajIva mUrti evaM prANimAtra ke hitaiSI) bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa meM IsavI pUrva san 566 kI sukhada ghaTanA hai jabaki caitra zuklA yodazI kI madhyarAtri kI belA thii| videharAja (bihAra) me kuNDapura nAmaka nagara thaa| usake uttarI bhAga meM kSatriya kuNDa grAma sthita thaa| jJAtRvazIya mahArAja siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalA kSatriyANI kI kukSi se eka apUrva bAlaka ne janma liyaa| RturAja vasata apane yauvana kI aMgar3AI le rahA thaa| rAjya me dhana. dhAnya, sukha-aizvarya meM dino-dina vRddhi hone lagI thii| ataH nava-jAta zizu kA nAma-saMskAra varddha-mAna se kiyA gyaa| ___ 'honahAra biravAna ke hota cIkane pAta' / varddhamAna, apane vyavahAra meM atyaMta buddhimAna vinayI, sayamI, jJAna-vAna, dhIra, vIra aura sAhasI siddha hue / unake mAtA pitA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke ucca siddhAntoM meM AsthA rakhate the / ataH unakA pAlana poSaNa ahisA, dayA, karuNA aura saMyamazIlatA ke vAtAvaraNa meM huA / samasta rAjasI sukha-vaibhava upalabdha hone para bhI varddhamAna alipta the, anAsakta the, sAtvika the| parivAra kA mohapAza unheM bA~dha na skaa| apane mAtA-pitA ke svargArohaNa ke pazcAt apane bar3e bhAI nadivarddhana kI bhAvanAoM kA Adara karate hue kevala do varSa ke liye munivrata grahaNa na karane kA saMkalpa le liyA

Page #27
24 aura dAna, dhyAna va sevA meM rata rahakara gRhastha yogI kI bhAMti samaya bitaayaa| tIsa varSa kI bharapUra javAnI me, sabakI sahamati se, vairAgya-mArga apanAte hue gRha-tyAga kiyaa| // mahAvIra kI kaThora sAdhanA / / bAraha varSa, pAMca mAsa aura pandraha dina taka kaThoratama sAdhanA kI bhaTTI meM DAla diyA apane pApako varddhamAna mahAvIra ne / tapa kI isa dIrgha-kAlIna avadhi meM koI 346 dina isa sAdhaka ne AhAra kiyA hogaa| do dina kI avadhi se lekara chaH mAsa kI avadhi paryanta inhone aneka nirAhAra vrata rkhe| vaha pUrNa asagrahI the / vaha kSamAzUra the| parantu anekoM upasarga Ane para bhI vaha aDola rhe| vaha prahara-prahara kisI lakSya para ekAgra ho dhyAna krte| loga unakI niMdA karate, parantu vaha cupa rhte| kaI vyakti roSa meM Akara unhe pIr3ita karate, mahAvIra samabhAva se ina saba upasargo ko sahate / mahAvIra ne anAsakti ke lie zarIra kI paricaryA ko bhI tyAga rakhA thA / saMga-tyAga kI dRSTi se pAtra meM bhojana nahIM karate aura na vastra hI phnte| unakA dRSTi sayama lAjavAba thaa| vaha calate-calate idhara-udhara nahIM dekhate, pIche nahI dekhate, bulAne para bhI nahI bolate, kevala mAgaM ko dekhate hue calate the| vaha prakRti vijetA the| sakhta sardI ho yA garmI vaha naMge zarIra ghUmate / vaha aprativaddha bihArI the, parivrAjaka the| bIca-bIca me vaha

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25 zilpa-zAlA, jhoMpar3I, sUnA ghara, zmazAna, vRkSa mUla Adi sthAnoM meM Thaharate / vaha sAdhanA kAla meM samAhita ho gye| apane Apa meM samA gaye vaha dina rAta yatamAna rahate / unakA antaHkaraNa niraMtara kriyAzIla evaM prAtmAnveSI ho gyaa| mahAvIra ne pRthvI, pAnI, agni vAyu, vanaspati aura cara-jIvoM kA astitva jaanaa| unheM sajIva mAna kara unakI hiMsA se vilaga ho gye| ___ vaha apramatta bana gaye, doSakAraka pravRttiyoM se haTakara satat jAgarUka bana gye| dhyAna ke liye samAdhi, yatanA aura jAgarUkatA sahaja apekSita haiN| mahAvIra ne nIda para bhI vijaya pA lii| vaha dina rAta kA adhika bhAga khar3e rahakara dhyAna meM bitAte / vizrAma ke lie thor3A samaya leTate taba bhI nIda nahI lete the| jaba nIda satAne lagatI to phira khar3e hokara dhyAna meM laga jAte / kabhI kabhI to sardI kI rAtoM meM ghaDiyo taka bAhira rahakara nIda TAlane ke liye dhyAna magna ho jAte / __mahAvIra ne pUre 121 varSa ke sAdhanA kAla meM bahuta hI kama nIda lii| zeSa sArA samaya unakA dhyAna aura jAgaraNa meM biitaa| mahAvIra titikSA kI parIkSA-bhUmi the| dRSTiviSa phekane vAlA vikarAla 'caNDakozika sarpa' bhI unakA kucha na bigAr3a sakA, na unhone roSa kiyA aura na hI vaha vicalita hue| vaha samabhAva meM kAyama rahe / anya vanale jIva jantuoM ke upasarga to unapara sAre sAdhanAkAla meM hote rhe| vaha adhikatara mauna rahate aura janatA kA kopa-bhAjana banate / vaha kabhI sakSepa meM uttara dete bhI to itanA kahate "mai bhikSa huuN|" mahAvIra eka apUrva sAdhaka the / vaha kaSTo ko nimaMtrita karate the

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vaha kaSTo ko vizuddhi ke liye varadAna mAnate the aura unhe dhairya se jhelate the / adhIra ko kaSTa sahanA par3atA hai, parantu dhIra kaSTa ko saharSa sahate haiN| jo jAna bUjhakara kaSTo ko nyautA de, use unake Ane para parati (duHkha) aura na Ane para rati (prasannatA) nahI ho sktii| rati aura arati-ye dono-sAdhanA kI bAdhAeM hai| mahAvIra inA donoM ko pacA lete the| vaha madhyastha the| devo ne bhI unake samakSa ghora kaSTa upasthita kiye, unhe lakSya se vicalita karane ke lie koI kasara nahI chodd'ii| unhone gandha, zabda sparza sambandhI aneko kaSTa sahe / mahAvIra ne ina samasta kaSTo ko 'samabhAva' se sahana kiyaa| sAdhanA saphala hone ko thii| grISma Rtu kA vaizAkha mahInA thaa| zukla dazamI kA dina thaa| pichale pahara kA samaya, vijaya muhUrta aura uttarA phAlgunI kA yoga thaa| bhiya grAma nagara ke bAhara Rju bAlikA nadI ke uttarI taTa para, 'zyAmAka gAthApati' kI kRSi bhUmi me, vyAvarta nAmaka caitya ke nikaTa zAla vRkSa ke nIce godohikA prAsana me baiThe hue, IzAna koNa kI ora ma ha karake sUrya kA AtApa le rahe the / do dina kA nirjala upavAsa thaa| vaha 'zukla dhyAna meM lIna the| bArahavI bhUmikA (guNasthAna) meM pahucate hI unake moha kA bandhana pUrNataH TUTa gyaa| vaha vItarAga bana gye| teravI bhUmikA kA praveza dvAra khulA / vahI jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ke bandhana bhI pUrNataH TUTa gaye / vaha ananta jJAnI, ananta darzI, ananta Anandamaya tathA ananta vIryayukta bana gye| mahAvIra "kevalI bhagavAn" bana gye| - - - -

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adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra- advitIya krAMtikArI mahApuruSa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI krAMti ahisAmUlaka thii| ataH vaha sarvatomukhI kalyANakArI thii| AdhyAtmikatA, darzana-zAstra, samAja vyavasthA aura bhASA ke kSetra me unakI dena bahumUlya hai / unhone tatkAlIna tApaso kI tapasyA ke bAhyarUpa ke badale bAhyAbhyaMtara rUpa pradAna kiyA / tapa ke svarUpa ko vyApakatA pradAna kii| pArasparika khaNDana maNDana meM nirata dArzaniko ko 'anekAntavAda' kA mahAmatra diyaa| ___sadguNo kI avahelanA karane vAle janmagata 'jAtivAda' para kaThora prahAra kara guNa-karma ke AdhAra para jAti vyavasthA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| manuSya manuSya ke bIca samAnatA kAyama kI aura bheda bhAva kI dIvAro ko girA diyaa| kisI samaya striyo ko bhoga kI sAmagrI mAnA jAtA thaa| unakA yathocita sammAna na thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne unheM samAnatA kA darjA pradAna kiyaa| strI ko dIkSita hone kI anumati pradAna kara unake sAdhvI saMgha kAyama kiye| yajJo meM hone vAlI pazu-hisA ko banda karAyA aura kahA ki 'prAdhyAtmika yajJa karo aura unameM apanI icchApro kI bali do|' jana-jana kI pracalita bhASA loka bhASA ko apane upadeza kA mAdhyama banAkara Atmadarzana rUpI sanmArga kA dvAra binA bhedabhAva ke

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28 sabhI ke lie khola diyaa| isa prakAra ucca bhASAbhimAna ko samApta kiyaa| sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA yaha cAra tIrtha kAyama kiye, inako 'sagha kA nAma diyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhAratIya samAja ke samagra mApadaNDa badala diye aura sampUrNa jIvana dRSTi meM eka divya aura bhavya nUtanatA utpanna kara dii| dharma aura samAja kI jo burAiyA~ vikRta kara rahI thI unheM samUla ukhADa pheNkaa| sAmpradAyikatA, viSamatA ajJAnatA ko dUra kara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhAratIya samAja ko svastha eva udAra dRSTikoNa pradAna kiyaa| rAga aura dveSa para pUrNa vijaya prApta karane vAle bhagavAn mahAvIra 527 I0 pU0 kArtika kRSNa amAvasyA ko pAvApura meM nirvANa pada ko prApta hokara 'siddha' bana gaye /

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adhyAya 5 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacanAmRta bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza samasta vizva ke liye hitakArI aura zaoNtidAyaka hai / yaha trikAla meM satya hai| mahAvIra kahate hai-gautama ! jo jAnatA hai, vahI badhano ko tor3atA hai / jIva kA carama lakSya mokSa-prApti yA mukti-lAbha hai / 'saccI zraddhA 'saccA jJAna' aura 'saccA AcaraNa' yaha triveNI hI mokSa-mArga kA sAdhana hai|" sadjJAna ke binA karma-kANDa, tapa, japa, kAya-kleza, dehadamana nirarthaka hai, hAnikAraka hai / kriyAhIna jJAna se lakSya kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| eka vyakti sar3aka para baiThA thA / vaha TaoNgo se vihIna thA parantu usake netro meM teja thaa| vaha dUra taka vastupro ko dekha sakatA thaa| use mAlUma thA ki jisa sar3aka ke kinAre vaha baiThA hai vaha use gatavya sthAna kI ora le jaayegii| usake mana meM ullAsa thA, vizvAsa thA, sAhasa thA nirdiSTa sthAna para pahuMcane kaa| phira bhI use eka lAcArI thI kyoMki vaha TAMgo se hIna thA / vaha kisI upayukta AdamI kI pratIkSA kara rahA thaa| sahasA udheDabuna meM usakI dRSTi eka aise vyakti para par3I jo sAvadhAnI se dhIre dhIre Age bar3ha rahA thA / use ThIka mArga DhUDha nikAlane kI kaThinAI par3a rahI thii| usakA pAMva kabhI khAI meM par3a jAtA to kabhI

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lar3akhaDA jAptA / usameM truTi yaha thI ki vaha netrahIna thA, to bhI apanI lAThI ke sahAre Age bar3hane kA prayAsa kara rahA thaa| laMgaDe AdamI ko usa adhe vyakti se vArtAlApa karake atyanta prasannatA huI kyoki dono kA lakSya eka thA aura dono eka dUsare ke pUraka the| donoM me eka na eka mUla truTi thii| taya pAyA ki TAMgavihIna vyakti adhe kI pITha para savAra ho jAye aura adhA apane netro vAle sAthI ke nirdezana para mArga para Age baDhe / aMta meM ve donoM suvidhApUrvaka apane icchita sthAna para pahu~ca kara Anadavibhora ho gye| ___ isI prakAra samyakdarzana (zraddhAna) aura samyak jJAna ko jaba samyak cAritra (AcaraNa) kA sambala milatA hai to isa tripuTI (triratna) se jIvana lakSya arthAt mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / jhagaDe kA mUla "prAgraha" hai| jhagaDe ko miTAnA buddhimattA meM zAmila hai / jhagaDe ko miTAne ke lie donoM pakSo kI bAta sunanI pdd'egii| dono pakSo meM praoNzika saccAI ho sakatI hai| ___ eka purAnI kathA hai-kucha aMdhe eka hAthI ke nikaTa gae yaha jAnane ke lie ki hAthI kaisA hotA hai ? jisane sUDa ko pakar3A vaha cillAyA, "hAthI sApa jaisA hai|" jisa adhe vyakti ke hAtha meM kAna pAyA usane kahA ki hAthI pakhe jaisA hotA hai| tIsare ne pUcha para hAtha pherate hue kahA aho ! hAthI to rasse ke samAna hai / jisa andhe kA hAtha hAthI dA~ta para par3A usane hAthI ko DaNDe kI upamA dii| jisa aMdhe kA hAtha hAthI kI TAga para par3A usane jhujhalAkara kahA are yaha hAthI hai yA vRkSa ? jo aMdhA hAthI ke peTa ko TaTola rahA thA usase yaha kahate

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bana par3A, "bhAiyo tuma saba galata kahate ho vaha to sacamuca caTTAna kI nAI hai|" yadi koI netro vAlA vyakti upayukta netra-hInoM kI vArtA sana rahA ho to vaha unakI mUrkhatA eva ajJAnatA para avazya haMsegA parantu vaha isa tathya se inakAra nahIM karegA ki pratyeka adhA "prAMzika satya" kaha rahA hai| pUrNa satya athavA hAthI kA pUrNa svarUpa to una kI bAta ko milA kara hogaa| ataH paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle apane dRSTikoNoM ko pramANita rUpa se svIkAra karanA "anekAMtavAda hai / anekAnta siddhAMta ko vyakta karane vAlI "sApekSa bhASA paddhati' hI syAdvAda hai / "syAt' zabda kA artha hai 'kathaMcit' yA "kisI apekSA se"| jo loga syAt kA artha 'zAyada' karate hai, yaha unakI bhUla hai / zrotra (kAna), cakSu, ghrANa, (nAsikA), rasanA aura sparzana yaha pA~ca indriyAM haiN| 5 'zabda' zrotraMdriya kA viSaya hai| 4 'rUpa' cakSu indraya kA viSaya hai / 3 'gaMdha' ghrANendriya kA viSaya hai / 2 'rasa' rasanA indriya kA viSaya hai| 1 'sparga' sparzendriya kA viSaya hai / 'mana' indriya nahI hai| iMdriyoM kA kSetra sImita hai| mana ke lie koI kSetra kI maryAdA sImita nahI hai , vaha kSaNa bhara meM svarga naraka tathA akhila vizva kA cakkara kATa letA hai| __bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- "he gautama / mana jar3a bhI hai aura cetana bhI / dravya mana bijalI kA balba hai aura bhAva mana usake pradara praveza karane vAlI bidya ta hai|

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32 zarIra kA rAjA aura AtmA kA maMtrI hone ke kAraNa mana kabhI kamI AtmA ko moha meM phasA letA hai aura idhara udhara bhaTakatA phiratA hai / yadi vahI mana vazIbhUta ho jAtA hai to ekAgratA - lAbha me sahAyaka banatA hai tathA mati jJAna aura zruti jJAna kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai / he mahAmune / mana eka durjeya zatru hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha meM cAra kaSAya tathA sparzana, rasanA, ghANa, cakSu, zrotra, ye pAco i driyA~ milakara zatru banate hai inhe ThIka rUpa se jItanA cAhie aura saccA Ananda prApta karanA cAhie / he sAdhaka ! mana bahuta hI sAhasika, raudra aura duSTa prazva hai jo cAro aura daur3atA phiratA hai / isa azva ko dharma - zikSA dvArA acchI taraha kAbU kiyA jA sakatA hai / prAcIna tatvacitakoM ne 'lezyA' viSaya para bar3A sudara vivecana kiyA hai jo Adhunika mAnasa zAstriyoM ke lie bar3A rucikara aura bodha- prada hai / lezyA vicAra me yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki :-- mAnasa vRttiyoM kA kaisA 'varNa' hotA hai ? manovicAro ko kitane vargoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai ? manovicAro kA udgama sthAna kyA hai ? unameM 'varNa' AtA kahA~ se hai ? ityAdi mAnasika cacala lahariyA 'pudgaloM' se sammizrita hotI haiM / pudgala mUrta hai / vaicArika samUha kA dravya rUpa pudgalamaya hotA hai / jaise vicAra, vaisA varNa / aura jaise jaise vicAra vaise vaise pudgala kA AkarSaNa /

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sAdhAraNatayA lezyA kA artha manovRtti, vicAra yA taraMga ho sakatA hai kintu dharmAcAryoM ne 'karmazleSa' ke kAraNabhUta 'zubhAzubha pariNAmo' ko hI lezyA kahA hai jise nimna udAharaNa se chaH bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| eka ne kahA, "bhaI dekho, yaha sAmane eka vizAla jAmuna kA per3a hai / Amo ise kATakara dharAzAyI kara de aura manacAhe phala khaae"| dUsarA bolA, "sArA vRkSa kATane se kyA lAbha ? kevala isakI moTI-moTI phaladAra zAkhAeM hI kATa lo|" tIsare ne jora se kahA, "bhAI samajhadArI se kAma lo| jina Tahaniyo taka hAtha pahuMcatA hai kevala unhe hI kaatto| cauthe vyakti ne gambhIratA pUrvaka kahA, "bhAiyo ! kevala phalo ke gucche hI tor3a lo, Tahaniyo ko hAni kyoM pahu~cAte ho ?" ___ pA~cave ne adhika satarka hokara kahA, "hameM to cAhie 'pake jAmuna' vahI kyoM na tor3e ?" ___ chaThe ne vicArapUrvaka sarala aura zuddha mana se mArgadarzana karate hue kahA, "saba loga jarA buddhi se kAma le / Apa saba loga phala cAhate hai tathA pake hue phala cAhate hai| aise pake hue phala to nIcI najara se dekhie saikar3o kI saMkhyA meM pRthvI para bikhare hue par3e haiM / unheM bIna kara kyo nahI khA lete ? bhalA vRkSa ko, DAliyo ko TahaniyoM ko, gucchoM ko kATane tor3ane kI jarUrata kyA hai ?" uparyukta vicAroM ke tAratamya ke AdhAra para 'chaH lezyAmoM kA nimna prakAra se udbhava hotA hai :kRSNa lezyA-manovRtti kA nikRSTatama rUpa /

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34 nIla lezyA - kucha acchI manovRtti kintu IrSyA, asahiSNutA, lolupatA yukta / kApota lezyA - mana, vacana, karma se vakra parantu apane svArtha ke sAtha jIvoM kA bhI saMrakSaNa karatA hai / tejolezyA - namra, dayAlu, idriyajayI / kevala apane sukha kI hI apekSA nahIM rakhatA apitu dUsaroM ke prati bhI udAra hotA hai / padya lezyA -- kamala ke samAna apanI sugaMdhI se dUsaroM ko sukha dene vAlA / sayamI, kaSAyoM ( krodha, mana, mAyA, lobha) para vijaya pAne vAlA, mitabhASI, saumya / zukla lezyA - atyanta zuddha manovRtti, samadarzI, nirvikalpa, dhyAnI, sAvadhAna, vItarAga / pahalI tIna lezyAeM tyAjya haiM aura atima tIna lezyAeM grahaNa karane yogya haiM / kaSAya - kaSa aura Aya / kaSa kA artha hai karma athavA pariNAma meM janma maraNa / jisase karmoM kA prAya yA baMdhana hotA hai athavA jisase jIva ko punaH punaH janma maraNa ke cakra meM par3anA par3atA hai vahI 'kaSAya' kahalAtA hai / jo manovRttiyA~ AtmA ko kaluSita karatI haiM, jinake prabhAva se AtmA apane svarUpa se bhaTaka jAtA hai manovijJAna kI bhASA meM vaha kaSAya hai | Aveza aura lAlasA kI vRttiyA kaSAya ko janma detI haiM / kaSAya cAra prakAra ke hai : lobha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, (a) krodha: - yaha mAnasika kintu uttejaka saMvega hai / yaha vicAra zakti evaM tarka zakti ko zithila karatA hai| Aveza yuyutsA (yuddha) ko

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35 aura yuyutsA prakramaNa ko janma detI hai / AmAzaya, raktacApa, hRdaya kI gati, mastiSka ke jJAnataMtu saba avyavasthita ho jAte haiM / krodha kI 10 avasthAeM haiM jo bhayaMkaratA utpanna karatI hai / (A) abhimAna :- kula, bala, aizvarya, buddhi, jAti, jJAna Adi apanI kisI vizeSatA kA ghamaNDa karanA aura use bar3hAcar3hA kara kahanA 'abhimAna' hai / abhimAnI apane barAbara kisI ko nahI samajhatA / vaha ahaMvRtti kA poSaNa karatA hai / abhimAna kI 12 avasthAeM hai / (i) mAyA - isakA artha kapaTAcAra hai / mAyA se pApAcAra bar3hatA hai / vizvAsaghAta, dveSa aura prasatyabhASaNa isake nikaTatama sambandhI haiM / mAyA kI 15 avasthAeM haiN| (I) lobha - yaha samasta pApo kA janaka hai / isake 16 bheda haiM / kaSAya (krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) praveza kI taratamyatA aura sthAyitva ke AdhAra para cAra cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTe gaye hai jinakI jAnakArI hone se pAThaka ko bar3A lAbha ho sakatA hai / krodha ke viSaya meM nIce batalAyA hai / vaisA anya kaSAyo meM bhI samajhanA cAhie - (a) aMnatAnubaMdhI krodha - patthara meM par3I darAra ke samAna jo miTatI nahI / (a) apratyAravyAnI krodha -- jalAzaya ke sUkhate hue kIcar3a kI bhUmi meM par3I darAra ke samAna jo AgAmI varSA Rtu meM miTatI hai / (i) pratyAkhyAnI krodha - reta me rekhA ke samAna jo jaldI miTa jAtI hai|

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36 (I) saMjvalana krodha:- pAnI meM khicI rekhA ke samAna jo khIcane ke sAtha hI miTa jAtI hai / kaSAya kA duSpariNAma sasAra ke jIva Aja taka bhogate cale A rahe hai / kaSAya ne hI prema, pyAra aura pratIti kA nAza kiyA hai / rAga-dveSa hI viSa-vRkSa hai / vAsanA aura kaSAya se rAga dveSa ko janma milatA hai / mAyA va lobha se Asakti tathA Asakti se rAga kA prAdurbhAva hotA haiM / krodha va mAna se ghRNA kI utpatti huI hai aura ghRNA se dveSa paidA hotA hai / ghRNA va Asakti ne hI vaira va mamatA ko Azraya diyA hai / samasta sasAra vAsanA aura kaSAya kI agni meM jala rahA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane sundara pravacana meM kahA hai -- "zAnti se krodha ko mRdutA se mAna ko saralatA se mAyA ko aura satoSa se lobha ko jItanA cAhie / "

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adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA karmavAda [zubha karo, zubha hogA azubha karo, azubha hogA] [aura zuddha prAtmatatva me lIna hoge to zuddha hogA jo karmakSaya kA kAraNa hai / ] pudgala dravya kI aneka jAtiyA hai| unameM eka 'kArmaNa vargaNA' bhI hai| yahI karma-dravya hai / karma-dravya sampUrNa loka meM sUkSma raja ke rUpa meM vyApta hai| vahI karma-dravya mana, vacana aura kAya ke yoga (milAna) dvArA AkRSTa hokara jIvAtmA ke sAtha baddha ho jAte hai aura 'karma' kahalAne lagate hai|| karma vijAtIya dravya hone ke kAraNa AtmA meM vikRti utpanna karate hai aura use parAdhIna banAte haiM / jIvAtmA para-padArthoM kA upabhoga karatA huA rAga-dvaSa ke kAraNa kisI karma ko sukharUpa aura kisI ko duHkha rUpa mAnatA hai| sukha duHkha kI anubhUti to tatkAla hI samApta ho jAtI hai kintu baca rahe saMskAra samaya Ane para apanA prabhAva dikhalAte haiN| saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ke pIche rAga dveSa kI vRtti kAma karatI hai| vahI pravRtti apanA eka saMskAra chor3a jAtI hai| usa saMskAra se punaH pravRtti hotI hai aura pravRtti se punaH saMskAra kA nirmANa hotA

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hai| isa prakAra bIja aura vRkSa kI taraha yaha silasilA sanAtana kAla se calA A rahA hai| jIva kama karane meM svataMtra hai| prazna uThatA hai ki phala dene kI zakti kisameM nihita hai ? __ koI manuSya zarAba pItA hai| nazA utpanna karane ke lie zarAba ko kisI kI sahAyatA nahI caahie| dugdha-pAna se zarIra me zakti pAtI hI hai| bhojana karane se bhUkha miTatI hI hai aura jalapAna se pyAsa bujhatI hI hai| spaSTa hai, ina padArthoM ko apanA phala dene ke lie kisI anya sahAre kI talAza nahI karanI pdd'tii| karma bhI jar3a padArtha hai| uname bhI svaya apanA phala pradAna karane kI zakti vidyamAna hai| karma badha kA pradhAna kAraNa mana aura usake sahAyaka vacana tathA kAya (zarIra) eva kaSAya hai jinakA jikra pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / AtmA ko svaccha dIvAra, kaSAyo ko goda aura mana-vacana kAya ke yoga ko vAyu mAna liyA jAye to karma bagha kI vyavasthA sahaja hI samajha me A jaayegii| AtmA rUpI dIvAra para jaba kaSAyoM kA goda lagA rahatA hai to yoga kI AMdhI se uDakara AI huI karma-rUpI dhUla cipaka jAtI hai / vahI 'cipaka' jitanI sabala yA nirbala hogI, 'badha' utanA hI pragAr3ha yA zithila hogA aura dhUla zveta yA kAlI jaisI bhI hogI vaisI hI cipkegii| hAM, kaSAya kA goMda yadi haTa jAye aura dIvAra sUkhI raha jAye to dhUla kA AnA jAnA to nahI rukegA, kina cipakanA bada ho jaayegaa| karma paramANo kA AnA mana-vacana-kAya kI zakti prazakti para nirbhara hai| kintu badhana kI tIvratA-maMdatA yA cipakanA kaSAyoM kI kamI-bezI para nirbhara hai /

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36 vAstava me janma-maraNa kA mukhya kAraNa kaSAya haiN| kaSAya ke prabhAva meM mana-vacana-kAya ke yoga laMgaDe ho jAte hai / kaSAyo kA anta hote hI AtmA ko pUrNatva prApta ho jAtA hai aura 'ghAtika karmo' kA vidhvasa ho jAtA hai| ___ 'ghAtika' aura 'aghAtika, zabdo se karmoM kI AkramaNa zakti (barbaratA aura madatA) ko sUcita kiyA gayA hai| jIva kI anaMta darzanajJAna- Adi zaktiyo kA ghAta (hrAsa) karane vAle karma 'ghAtika' kahalAte hai / parantu jo karma jIva ke guNa vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahI hote athavA vyAghAta nahI pahu~cAte ve aghAtiyA karma kahalAte haiM / svabhAva ke AdhAra para 'karma' ke ATha vibhAga kiye jAte haiM : 1 jJAnAvaraNa 2. darzanAvaraNa 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma 7. gotra 8. atarAya -jJAnAvaraNa ke haTane se prAtmA meM anata jJAna zakti prakaTa hotI hai| -darzanAvaraNa ke haTane se anata darzana zakti jAgrata hotI hai / -vedanIya kA kSaya 'anata sukha' prakaTa karatA hai| -mohanIya karma kI jakar3a prabalatama hotI hai| isake kSaya hone se 'paripUrNa samyaktva aura cAritra' kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / -AyuSkarma ke kSaya se 'ajara-amaratA kI anatakAlIna sthiti' (siddhagati) prApta hotI hai| -nAma karma ke kSaya se 'amUrtatva guNa' prakaTa hotA hai jise muktAtmA eka hI jagaha avagAhana kara sakate hai| -gotra karma ke kSaya se agurulaghutva guNa prApta hotA hai / --antarAya ke kSaya se ananta zakti (balavIrya) va vipula lAma prApta hotA hai|

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adhyAya 5 bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita "dvividha dharma" dhamme duvihe paNNatte, tajahA-agAra dhamme ceva, araNagAra dhamme ceva" (ThANAMga sUtrAgama) 1. agAra dharma : gRhastha meM rahate hue, tathA pArivArika, sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya athavA antarrASTrIya uttaradAyitvoM ko nibhAte hue mukti mArga ko sAdhanA karanA agAra dharma hai| ise zrAvaka dharma bhI kahate hai / anagAra dharma : jo viziSTa sAdhaka gRha tyAgakara sAghu jIvana aMgIkAra karate haiM, pUrNa ahiMsA-satya-asteya-brahmacarya-aparigraha kI ArAdhanA karate hai unakA AcAra aNagAra (anagAra) dharma kahalAtA hai / -sAdhu upayukta 'vrato ko pUrNa rUpa se pAlana karatA hai / -zrAvaka (gRhastha) una vratoM ko Azika rUpa meM pAlana karatA hai| vrata kyA hai ? jIvana ko sughar3a banAne vAlI, andhakAra se prakAza kI ora le jAne vAlI maryAdAeM niyama kahalAtI haiM / jo maryAdAeM sArvabhauma haiM, prANimAtra ke lie hitakArI haiM aura apane lie bhI zubha haiM unheM 'niyama yA vrata' kahA jAtA hai| jIvana meM azubha meM Ane vAle doSoM

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ko tyAgane kA jaba dRr3ha saMkalpa utpanna hotA hai, tabhI vrata kI utpatti hotI hai| nadI ke do kinAre usake jalapravAha ko niyaMtrita rakhate hai, thAme rakhate hai aura use chinna-bhinna hone se rokate haiN| isI prakAra jIvana zakti ko kendrita karane aura yogya dizA meM hI usakA upabhoga karane ke liye 'vratoM kI paramAvazyakatA hai| DorI TaTa jAne para pataMga kI kyA hAlata hotI hai ? use dhUla meM milanA par3atA hai| aise hI jIvana rUpI pataga ko unnata rakhane ke lie manuSya ko vrato kI DorI' ke sAtha badhe rahane kI AvazyakatA hai| mUlabhUta doSa : pavitratA kI ora agrasara hone ke liye sAMsArika pApa-doSo ko jAnanA aura unase bacane kI tarakIba karanA vratadhArI gRhastha athavA sAdhu ke liye jarUrI hai / saMsAra meM prANiyoM ke doSo kI gaNanA karanA saMbhava nhii| kucha mUlabhUta doSa aise haiM jinase aneka anya doSa utpanna hote hai| unheM dUra karane kA vrata gRhastha va sAdhu ko lenA hai : -hiMsA, asatya, adattAdAna, maithuna, parigraha uparyukta pAMca doSoM ke kAraNa hI mAnavatA saMtrasta aura duHkhI ho rahI hai aura kucalI jA rahI hai| inhIM ke duSprabhAva se manuSya manuSya nahI rahatA balki dAnava, rAkSasa, cora, luTerA, anAcArI, lobhI, svArthI, prapacI, mithyAbhAvI Adi bana jAtA hai| yahI doSa hai jo AtmA ko nija-svarUpa prApta karane me bAdhaka hote haiM / ye AtmA ke vAstavika zana haiN|

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42 jaba manuSya ina doSo para vijaya prApta kara letA hai to use mahAtmA banane meM adhika bilamba nahI lgtaa| hiMsA :yaha sabase baDA doSa hai / yaha samasta pApo kA janaka hai| manuSya kI sabhyatA ke itihAsa kA sabase bar3A mApa-daNDa yaha hai ki yUgayugAntara se usane 'hisaka' se ahisaka banane meM kitanI majile taya kI hai| hisA 'pramAda' me aura ahisA 'viveka' meM nihita hai / manobhAvanA hI hisA-ahisA kI nirNAyaka kasauTI hai / bhAva hisA kI maujUdagI meM hone bAlI dravya hiMsA (prANahisA) hI hiMsA kahalAtI hai| DAkTara ke dvArA sAvadhAna rahate hue bhI, yadi kisI prANI kI hiMsA ho jAye to vaha hisA nahI hai / DAkTara ko usa hisA kA doSa nahI lagegA kyoki DAkTara kI manobhAvanA hiMsA karane kI nahI thii| asatya :-- isakA artha hai ayathArtha, aprazasta / jo vastu jaisI hai vaisI na kahakara anyathA kahanA 'ayathArtha asatya' hai| dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAne ke liye durbhAvanA se nirdhana vyakti ko 'kagAla' kahanA, cakSa hIna ko ciDhAne ke liye 'adhA' kahanA, durbala ko du:khI karane ke lie 'mariyala' kahanA athavA hiMsAjanaka va hiMsottejaka bhASA kA prayoga karanA yaha saba asatya me zAmila hai, bhale hI vaha yathArtha hI kyo na ho / adattAdAda corI :binA pUche kisI vastu ko grahaNa karanA yA svAmI kI anumati ke binA usapara adhikAra karanA, mArga me girI par3I yA kisI kI bhUlI huI vastu ko har3apa jAnA yA usa para adhikAra kara lenA adattA

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43 dAna kahalAtA hai / lAlaca para jaba koI aMkuza nahI rahatA tabhI corI kI bhAvanA panapatI hai| maithuna kAma-vAsanA ke vazIbhUta hokara strI aura puruSa jaba pArasparika sambandha kI lAlasA karate hai to vaha kriyA maithuna kahalAtI hai| maithuna ko "abrahma' kahakara pukArA gayA hai / yaha pApa AtmA ke sadguNo kA nAza karatA hai, zarIra ko rogI aura niHsatva banAtA hai, samAja kI naitika maryAdApo kA ullaghana karatA hai aura unnati me bAdhaka hai| parigraha kisI bhI para-padArtha ko mamatva bhAva se grahaNa karanA parigraha kahalAtA hai| mamatva-mUrchA (lolupatA) hI vAstava meM parigraha hai| bhautika padArthoM para Asakti rakhane se viveka naSTa ho jAtA hai| rAgadveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmA apane lakSya se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai / ye pA~ca mahAn doSa hai jo sasAra ke saba doSo ke mUla kAraNa hai| vyakti, samAja va rASTra kI zAnti inhI se bhaMga hotI dekhI jAtI hai / inakA sAra samajhanA Avazyaka hai| jaba ina doSo ko dUra kiyA jAtA hai to yahI gRhastha ke pAMca aNuvrata tathA muni ke liye paoNca mahAvrata bana jAte hai| gRhastha inhe Azika rUpa me aura sAdhu pUrNarUpeNa pAlana karatA hai| inake nAma ye hai : 1. ahisA 2. satya 3. asteya 4. brahmacarya 5. aparigraha gRhastha ke liye upayukta pAca aNuvratoM kI poSaNA karane ke liye tIja 'guNavata' aura cAra 'zikSAvrata' banAye gaye hai|

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44 tIna guNavata 1. digvata :-isa vrata kA dhAraNa karane vAlA samasta dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI maryAdA karatA hai aura usase bAhara saba prakAra kI kriyAoM kA tyAga karatA hai| ____2. upabhoga paribhoga parimANa :-eka bAra bhogane yogya vastu ko 'upabhoga' kahate haiM, jaise AhAra Adi / bArambAra bhogane yogya vastu ko 'paribhoga' kahate haiM-jaise vastra prAdi / upabhoga parimoga vastuoM kI maryAdA bA~dha lene se pApa pUrNa vyApAro kA tyAga ho jAtA hai| ___3. anarthadaNDa tyAga :-binA prayojana hiMsA karanA anarthadaNDa kahalAtA hai| yaha vrata kAmottejaka kuceSTA aura vArtAlApa, asabhya vacana tathA hisAjanaka pravRttiyoM para niyaMtraNa karatA hai| cAra zikSAkta 1. sAmAyika vrata-saba padArthoM meM taTasthabhAva athavA 'samabhAva' sthApita karanA isa vrata kA uddezya hai| pApamaya vyApAroM kA tyAga karake nizcita samaya ke liye prAtmaciMtana karane kA dainika abhyAsa karanA hI isa vrata meM abhISTa hai| 2. dezAvakAzika vrata-eka dina yA nyUnAdhika samaya ke liye dizAo kA parimANa karanA aura usa parimANa ke bAhara samasta pApa kAryo kA tyAga karanA dezAvakAzika vrata kahalAtA hai| 3. pauSadhavrata-jisase Atmika guNoM yA dharma bhAvanA kA poSaNa hotA hai, vaha pauSadhavrata kahalAtA hai / eka rAta-dina upavAsa karanA,

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45 zrakhaNDa brahmacarya vrata kA pAlana karanA, dhyAna, svAdhyAya va AtmasmaraNa karanA aura sarva prakAra kI sAsArika upAdhiyo se chuTTI pAkara sAdhu-sarIkhI caryA dhAraNa karanA isa vrata kA uddezya hai / 4. atithi saMvibhAga - jinake Ane kA samaya niyata nahI unheM atithi kahate haiM / sAdhu binA sUcanA diye Ate hai / unhe sayamopayogI AhAra pAnI kA dAna karanA atithi savibhAga vrata kahalAtA hai / saMgraha vRtti ko kama karane tathA tyAga bhAvanA ko vikasita karane ke liye isa vrata kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai / sAdhu ke atirikta anya dInaduHkhI vyakti bhI dvAra se nirAza na lauTe / uparokta bAraha vrato ( 5 aNuvrata, 3 guNavrata, 4 zikSAvrata ) kA pAlana karane se AdhyAtmika unnati, sAmAjika nyAya tathA sva-para sukha kI prApti hotI hai / isase bandhutva aura zAMtimaya vAtAvaraNa upajatA hai aura saMsAra svargamaya bana jAtA hai / ye vrata hisArahita svastha "samAjavAda" aura "sAmyavAda" kA digdarzana karAte haiM / mahAvIra kI dena saMsAra ke liye kitanI upayogI aura zA~tidAyika hai /

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adhyAya mRtyu kalA manuSya mAtra ne jIvita rahane, acchI taraha se jIvita rahane, sukhasammAna se jIvita rahane ke liye bar3I bar3I vidyAe aura kalAe raca ddaaliiN| puruSo ke liye 72 kalAoM kA aura striyo ke lie 64 kalApo kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| manuSya dIrghAyu hokara 100 varSa taka jiye, isa sambandha meM prAcIna dharmagrantho tathA zAstro meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ____ghara meM nava-jAta zizu ke Agamana para khuzI ke nagAr3e baja uThate hai, parantu isake viparIta, mRtyu hone para ronA, pITanA, hAya hAya karanA jaise zabda sanAI par3ate hai / mRtyu kA samAcAra pAkara apane-parAye sabhI zokAtura ho jAte hai| kitanA bhayAvaha parivartana hai| kitanA aMtara hai 'jIvana' aura 'mRtyu' meN| __kyA vastutaH mRtyu aisI bhayAvaha aura nikRSTa hai ? koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA, sabhI jInA cAhate haiN| jo vyakti kAla kA grAsa ho gayA, vaha kabhI lauTa kara nahI aataa| pratyeka vastu ke do pahala hote hai-ujjvala aura andhakAramaya athavA aapttigrst| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mRtyu ko burA nahI khaa| mRtyu se bhayabhIta honA ajJAna kA phala hai / mRtyu koI vikarAla daitya nahI hai / mRtyu manuSya kA mitra hai / mRtyu eka maMjila hai kisI lambe saMkaTa kii| lambI sAdhanA ke pazcAt mRtyu eka vizrAma hai aura usake pazcAt phira eka nayA ullAsamaya jIvana prArambha hotA hai / yadi mRtyu sahA

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47 yaka na bane to manuSya kI unnati ke mArga banda ho jAyeM-sAdhanA, svarga aura mokSa kalpanA kI bAte banakara raha jaayeN| kArAgAra meM eka vyakti kaida hai| taga koThaDI meM sarpa aura biccha DaoNsa aura macchara ke hara samaya kATane kA bhaya hai| kAla-koThaDI kI garmI se vaha behAla ho rahA hai| yadi koI use isa bhayakara kArAgAra se chUDA de to usakA kitanA upakAra mAnegA vaha kaidI ! ___ isa zarIra ke kArAgAra se chur3A dene vAlI mRtyu ko kyo na upakArI mAnA jaaye| isa jarjara aura rogo se vyApta deha-rUpI pijare se nikAlakara divya deha pradAna karane vAlA mRtyu se adhika upakAraka aura kauna hogA ? vastutaH mRtyu koI kaSTaprada vastu nahI varan TUTI phUTI jhopaDI ko choDakara 'navIna bhavana' meM nivAsa karane ke mamAna eka Anandaprada kArya hai| kintu ajJAnatA ke kAraNa paidA huaA vastuoM meM mamatvabhAva isa naphe ke vyApAra ko ghATe kA saudA banA detA hai / ajJAnI jIva apane parivAra aura bhoga sAdhanoM ke vichoha kI kalpanA karake mRtyu ke samaya hAya-hAya karatA hai, taDapatA hai, chaTapaTAtA hai aura pAkula vyAkula ho jAtA hai| parantu marmajJa tatvadarzI puruSa anAsakta hone ke kAraNa madhyasthabhAva me sthira rahatA hai aura jIvana bhara ke sAdhanA ke madira para svarNakalaza caDhA letA hai| vaha parama zAMta evaM nirAkula bhAva se apanI jIvana yAtrA pUrI karatA hai aura isa prakAra apane vartamAna ko hI nahI, varan bhaviSya ko bhI maMgalarUpa banA detA hai / saMyamI aura karnavyazIla jIvana hI sarvotkRSTa jIvana hai| jaba taka jIo viveka aura Ananda se jIno, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI tanmayatA se jIo, ahiMsA aura satya ke prasAra ke liye jiio| aura jaba mRtyu Ave to AtmasAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke liye, punarjanma meM apane prAdhyA

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48 tmika lakSya siddhi ke liye athavA mokSa ke lie mRtyu kA bhI samAdhi pUrvaka varaNa karo / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne "mRtyu vijJAna" ke vizada vivecana me matyU 17 prakAra batAye hai / inameM iMdriyAdhIna, kaSAyAdhIna, zokAdhIna, mohAdhIna hokara mRtyu ko prApta honA aisA hai jaisA kisI gRddha, bAja zrAdi ne kisI nirIha pakSI - zAvaka ko noca daboca liyA ho aura use apanA grAsa banA liyA ho / anta meM 'samAdhi - maraNa' ko utkRSTa batalAyA gayA hai | prANakArI sakaTa, durbhikSa, bur3hApA athavA asAdhya roga hone para jaba jIvana kA rahanA sambhava pratIta na ho to usa samaya samAdhimaraNa gIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / ise " mRtyu mahotsava" kI bhAvapUrNa saMjJA dI gaI hai / samAdhimaraNa aMgIkAra karane vAlA mahAsAdhaka saba prakAra kI moha mamatA ko dUra karake zuddha AtmasvarUpa ke citana meM lIna hokara samaya gujAratA hai / use nIce likhe doSo se bacane ke liye satarka rahanA hogA / 1. isa sasAra ke sukho kI kAmanA karanA / 2. paraloka ke sukho kI icchA karanA / 3. samAdhimaraNa ke samaya pUjA pratiSThA dekha adhika jIne kI icchA karanA / 4. bhUkha, pyAsa, rogajanita vyAdhi se kAtara hokara jaldI marane kI icchA karanA / 5. indriyo ke bhogoM kI prAkAMkSA karanA / sAMsArika bhogopabhogo ko tyAgakara zrAtma bhAva meM ramaNa karane vAle vIra puruSa mRtyu se bhayabhIta nahI hote varan use apanA mitra samajhate hai / isa mahAn kalA ko yAda rakhane aura isa para zrAcaraNa karane meM hI hamArA hita hai /

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adhyAya 7 bhagavAn mahAvIra [AdhyAtmika sainika sevA - dala ] bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'mAnavatA ke mukha ko ujjvala karane ke liye bhAratIya samAja ko "ahiMsA" kA jo kavaca pradAna kiyA usakA vizeSa sadprabhAva pdd'aa| unake " ahisA - Andolana" kI vihArabhUmi adhikatara magadha eva usake AsapAsa kA kSetra rahI / unhone eka aisA niHsvArtha sainika dala taiyAra kiyA jisakI 'dharma - ghoSaNA' kA prabhAva magadha ( bagAla, bihAra ), ur3IsA, uttarI bhArata, madhya pradeza, pazcimI bhArata, dakSiNa tathA sudUra dakSiNI prAtoM para vizeSa rUpa se par3A / isake phalasvarUpa samaya samaya para kaI zatAbdiyoM taka, ahisaka muniyo yA sAdhupro aise 'karmaTha netA' (AcArya), maidAna meM Ate rahe jinhone 'ahiMsA, ko samAja meM pratiSThita karane ke liye jI-jAna se kArya kiyA / ina AcAryoM kI prakANDa vidvattA, ucca Adarza, tapa tyAgamaya jIvana tathA ojasvinI vAraNI kA prabhAva 'rAjA se lekara raMka taka par3A / jana-jana ke prAcAra vicAra meM eka sadAti AI / phalataH karttavyazIlatA, prema, sahiSNutA aura samAnatA kI bhAvanAo ko saMpuSTi milI / samaya samaya para dharma - vAcanAe ( dharma sabhAe ) karake kucheka prAcAryo ne bhagavAn mahAvIra kI divya vANI ko saMkalita kiyA jisane 'Agama' kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / AcArya bhadrabAhu svAmI taka binA kisI matabheda ke, abAdha gati se, 'vIra vANI' kA prasAra huA /

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jaina paramparA meM 500 se adhika viziSTa sAhityakAra RSi pugava pratibhA saMpanna prAcArya ratna hue jinhone saMskRta, prAkRta, mAgadhI, zaurasenI, apabhraMza, tAmila, karnATaka Adi bhASAoM meM 15000 ke lagabhaga graMtha likhe jinameM Atmika utthAna aura loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA pada pada para dRSTigocara hotI hai / darzana, siddhAnta, kAvya, nATaka, purANa, caritra, upanyAsa, kahAnI 'campU, stuti, bhakti, maMtra, tatra, jyotiSa, jIva vijJAna, vaidyaka, caritra 'nirmANa, mUrti vijJAna, bhavana nirmANa, citra, ratna parIkSA, itihAsa, aSTAMga yoga, nIti, munidharma, zrAvakadharma, kavitA, kalA rAjadharma, pazujagata, gaNita aura mAnava jIvana ko sukhI banAne aura jagata meM sammAnapUrvaka jIne kI kalA Adi viSayoM para bhArata kI pratyeka bhASA meM sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / ___isake pazcAt gRhastha vidvAno bhaTTArako, yatiyoM aura unake paDitoM ne prAntIya bhASAo meM hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, bagalA, urdU aura videzI bhASA aMgrejI aura phreMca bhASA meM jaina granthoM kI racanA kii| jiname adhikAMza anuvAda aura adhika saMkhyA meM maulika granthoM kI racanA huI jinake dvArA jana sAdhAraNa kA mahAn upakAra huaa| bha0 mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara gautama svAmI hue / gautama svAmI, sudharma svAmI aura jambU svAmI tIno kevalI ho nirvANa ko prApta hue| pramukha prAcAryoM ke nAma 1 gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI 2 prAcArya jambU svAmI 3 prAcArya prabhava svAmI 4 AcArya viSNu kumAra

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5 prAcArya zayya bhava sUri 6 prAcArya naMdimitra 7 AcArya yazobhadra sari 8 askArya aparAjita 6 AcArya saMbhUti vijaya 10 AcArya govardhana 11 AcArya bhadrabAhu svAmI prAcArya bhadrabAhu [draviDa ekatA ke pratIka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 56 varSa pazcAt prAcArya bhadrabAhu ko jitanA adhika sammAna, padavI tathA zraddhAMjali upasthita kareM tuccha pratIta hotA hai| Apane apane yoga-bala se magadha kI janatA aura samrATa cadragupta ko bhaviSya meM hone vAle dvAdaza varSIya durbhikSa kA saketa kiyaa| unhI ke upadezoM kA pariNAma thA ki samrATa caMdragupta unake sAtha dakSiNa yAtrA meM gayA aura ziSyatva svIkAra karate hue, unakI zikSAoM ko zirodhArya karate hue apane jIvana kA kalyANa kiyaa| yaha tathya 'zravaNabelagola' kI caMdraguphA ke lekha se siddha hotA hai / AcArya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha 1200 muniyoM kA saMgha dakSiNa patha ko gayA thaa| ve sAre dakSiNa meM phaila gye| unhone vahA~ ahiMsA siddhAnta kA khulakara pracAra kiyaa| 'kalabhra' 'hoyasala' 'gaga Adi rAjavazo ke narezo tathA janatA ne prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke muniyoM kA bhavya svAgata kiyA, unakI zikSAmo para AcaraNa kiyA, jinamadira banavAye tathA vyavasthA va vyaya ke liye grAma-dAna diye| ata: mahAn zra tadhara AcArya bhadrabAha AryoM aura dravir3o kI ekatA kA kAraNa bane / athavA yU kahiye ki uttarI bhArata kI vicAra

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dhArA meM aura dakSiNI bhArata kI vicAradhArA meM sAmaMjasya kAyama karate hue ki "bhArata eka rASTra hai" isakI ekatA kI nIva meM eka "sazakta zilAnyAsa" rakha gye| prAcArya sthUla bhadra prAcArya mahAgiri prAcArya suhasti AcArya guNa sundara Adi aneka prAcAryo ne janatA me jaina dharma kI vizeSa chApa lagAI / Arya sahasti ke ziSya guNasu dara ne mahArAja azoka ke putra samrATa samprati kI sahAyatA se bhArata ke vibhinna prAMto ke atirikta aphagAnistAna, yUnAna aura IrAna prAdi eziyA ke rASTro meM bhI jaina dharma (ahisA dharma) kA pracAra kiyaa| sUtrayuga ke pratiSThApaka 'umAsvAti' va jaina tarkazAstra ke vyavasthApaka tathA pratiSThApaka 'samata bhadra' aura siddhasena divAkara' ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ina saba se pUrva prAcArya 'kundakunda' ne prAdhyAtmika graMtho kI racanA karake samAja aura sAhitya kI azcaryajanaka sevA kii| aneka prAcAryoM aura muniyo ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zikSAmo se prerita hokara deza ke kone kone me hisA dharma kA pracAra kiyA, sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA aura adha-zraddhA me grasita jana samUha ko , sanmArga dikhaayaa| gujarAta nareza 'kumArapAla' kI ahisA kI dIkSA, dakSiNa meM 'vijayanagara' kI rAjyavyavasthA me ahisA kI pratiSThA tathA vihAra aura mathurA pradezo me ahisaka vAtAvaraNa utpanna karane me bhI ina prAcAryoM kA sakriya yogadAna rahA hai /

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jainAcAryoM ne, jaina muniyoM ne ahisA, tapa va tyAga kI kasauTI para jo uccAdarza samAja ke sAmane rakhA hai vaha Aja bhI bhArata ke liye gaurava kI bAta hai| saurASTra meM 'ahisaka bhAvanA' ko jo ullekhanIya prazraya milA hai, 'vaha jainAcAryoM kI hI dena hai| usakA sundara pariNAma aneka rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane AyA hai / svAmI dayAnaMda ne vedoM kA jo 'ahiMsAparaka' artha kiyA aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ne jo 'ahiMsA nIti' apanAI, usake pIche saurASTra kA zatAbdiyoM kA ahiMsAmaya vAtAvaraNa hI kAraNa hai| gAMdhI jI ko to becara svAmI ne vilAyata jAne se pUrva "madya, mAMsa aura parastrIgamana" kA tyAga karavAyA thaa| kavi 'rAyacaMdra jaina ke prati unhone apanA Adara bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai| "mere jIvana para jina vyaktiyo kI chApa hai unameM rAyacaMdra bhAI mukhya haiN"| aura isIliye unake sambandha meM unakI lekhanI se AbhArapUrvaka udgAra vyakta hue haiM / isa aNuyuga me jainAcAryoM dvArA prarUpita mahAvIra kI ahiMsA hI zAnti lA sakatI hai / parantu kaI rASTra apanI hiMsravRtti ko chupAne ke liye 'ahiMsA kA labAdA' aoDhate haiM / yaha khataranAka hai / ahisA hRdayoM se phUTanI cAhiye aura kAryarUpa meM prakaTa honI caahiye| vizva sabhyatA ke vikAsa kI kahAnI yahI hai ki "kisa darjA usane ahisA ko apnaayaa|"

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adhyAya 8ka rAja-zakti kA ahiMsA pracAra meM yogadAna bhagavAn RSabha deva se lekara bhagavAn mahAvIra taka caubIsa tIrtha karoM kA janma rAjava zoM meM huaa| pratyeka tIrthakara ke kAla me anekAneka jaina rAje bhI hue, jinhone jainedrIya dIkSA dhAraNa kI parantu Adhunika itihAsa kI pahu~ca vahI taka nahI hai| yahA~ kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya me hue tathA pazcAdvartI kucha rAjAoM kA varNana kara denA upayukta pratIta hotA hai jinhone ahiMsA-dharma kI prabhAvanA meM prazasanIya yoga dAna diyaa| ceTaka tathA anya rAja-zreNI rAjA ceTaka ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kA prathama 'zramaNopAsaka' hone kA zreya milA / vaha vaizAlI ke ati prabhAvazAlI aura vIra rAjA the| vaha aTThAraha dezo ke gaNarAjya ke adhyakSa the| unake 'ahisA-prema' kA pArAvAra yaha thA,-'mai pratijJA karatA hUM ki maiM apanI kanyAo ko una rAjAo ke sAtha byAhUgA jo 'ahiMsaka' vicAro ke hoge|" siMdhu sauvIra ke "udayana", avaMtI ke 'pradyota,' kauzAmbI ke 'zatAnIka,' campA ke 'dadhivAhana' aura magadha ke 'zroNika' rAjA ceTaka ke dAmAda the / ina me se rAjA udayana ne to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nikaTa jainezvarI dIkSA bhI grahaNa kI thii| maje kI bAta yaha hai ki kaTTara ahisaka pravRtti ke hote hue bhI rAjA ceTaka ne "nIti kI pratiSThA kI" aura zaraNAgata kI rakSA ke liye magadharAja kuNika (koNika) ke sAtha bhISaNa sagrAma kiyaa|

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. upayukta udAharaNa se una logo ko mAlUma honA cAhie jo ahisAvAdiyo para yaha doSAropaNa karate hai ki ve buz2adila aura kAyara hote hai aura yuddha karane se ghabarAte hai yA katarAte hai / yuddha muni ke lie tA vajita ho sakatA hai parantu gRhastha ke lie kadApi nahI / nIti kI rakSA ka lie eka sarva hitakAro uddezya kI pratiSThA ke lie tathA kartavya parAyaNatA ke rUpa meM yuddha kI anivAryatA kA sacce ahisaka ne kabhI TAlA nahIM / sasAra AbhyatAraka zatra pro se pIr3ita hai / jo yoddhA aMdara ke durjeya zatru A (kAma, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) para vijaya prApta karane ke lie udyata hai, bhalA vaha bAharo rAjAo se kyo DaregA, unase yuddha karane se kyA ghabarAegA ? magadhapati bimbasAra aura samrATa kuNika itihAsa prasiddha magadhapati bimbasAra jaina sAhitya me 'zreNika' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / rAjA zreNika kA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha vArtAlApa atyata rAcaka tathA zikSAprada hai| zroNika ke putra samrATa kuNika bhA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parama bhakta the| kuNika ke putra 'udayana' ne bhI jaina dharma kI hI zaraNa lI thii| kAzI kauzala kAzI kauzala ke aTThAraha lichavI aura mallI rAjAo ne bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa mahAtsava manAyA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha saba rAjA jaina dharma se prabhAvita the| maurya samrAT aura unakI sevAeM maurya zAsako se pUrva magadhadeza kA "nada rAjavaza' pradhAna thaa|

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naMda vaza ke rAjAoM kI saMnyazakti va vaibhava atulanIya the| ina rAjAoM meM adhikAMza jaina dharmAnuyAyI the aura uname samrATa nada varddhana mukhya the| unhoMne lagabhaga samasta uttarI bhArata ko jIta liyA thA aura kaliMga meM apanI vijaya kA nAda bajAyA thaa| unake pazcAta nadavaza kA hrAsa Arambha hotA hai| 'mahAnada' nAma ke naMdavaMzI nRpa kI jaba mRtyu huI to usakI eka rAnI zUdrajAti se thI jisakA putra balavAn thA parantu anya rAniyo kI saMtAneM alpAyu thii| phalata: apane pitA kI AMkha micate hI zUdrajAta nada putra "mahApadma" rAjya kA svAmI bana baiThA / zeSa rAjakumAroM ko apanI jAna bacAne ke liye magadha ko chor3anA pdd'aa| ve majabUra hokara anya surakSita sthAno ko cale gaye / inhI rAjakumAroM meM eka caMdragupta bhI thaa| yaha vivAdAspada prazna hai ki caMdragupta nadarAjA kA putra thA yA nahI / parantu itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki usakA naMdavaza se ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| hindU purANoM meM caMdragupta kA ullekha naMdeMdu" Adi vizeSaNo dvArA huA milatA hai| ata: 'caMdragupta' kSatriya vaMza kA bhUSaNa thA aura yahI Age calakara maurya rAjya kA saMsthApaka huaa| koI eka vidvAn caMdragupta kI mAM ko eka 'nAina' batalAne kI galatI karate haiN| prAcIna bauddha aura jaina gratho meM unakA kSatriya honA pramANita hai / 'madrArAkSasa' nAmaka arvAcIna nATaka graMtha meM hI kevala unakA nAma "vRSala" nAma se huA hai, kintu vRSala kA artha 'nIca ke atirikta 'dharmAtmA bhI hai jaise: vRSa-sukRtaM lAtIti vRSalaH isIliye caMdragupta ko zUdrAjAta batalAnA ThIka nahI hai /

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57 jisa samaya mahApadmanaMda ne magadha sihAsana ko hathiyA liyA thA, usa samaya caMdragupta bAlaka hI the| unakI mAtA mauryAkhya deza ke "moriya" kSatriyo kI kanyA thI / vaha apane isa lAla ko lekara usakI nanihAla phuNcii| moriya kSatriyoM ne saharSa unakA svAgata kiyA aura unakI rakSA kA vacana liyaa| eka kSatriya kI isase adhika khuzI kyA ho sakatI hai ki vaha zaraNAgata ko abhaya pradAna kare, tisa para cadragupta to unhI ke khAsa aza the| mahApadmanada ne deza para AkramaNa kara diyA aura anekayoddhAo ko mauta ke ghATa utAra diyaa| isa saMkaTa kAla meM cadragupta ko apanI mAtA se vidA honA pdd'aa| vaha pazcimI bhArata kI ora takSazilA ko calA gyaa| usa samaya 326 I0 pU0 sikadara mahAn kA bhArata para AkramaNa ho cukA thA aura sImAprAta aura pajAba ke kucha hisse para usakA adhikAra bhI ho cukA thaa| cadragupta ne yUnAnI zivira meM rahakara unakI rAjanIti aura sainya vyavasthA kA avalokana kiyaa| sikaMdara se anabana hone para cadragupta ko vahA se khisakanA pdd'aa| usakI bheTa eka aise vilakSaNa aura ugra svabhAvI vyakti se huI jo mahApadmanada dvArA kiye gaye apamAna kA badalA lene ke liye Atura ho rahA thaa| yaha cANakya nAma kA brAhmaNa thaa| ve paraspara eka dUsare ke sahAyaka bana gye| jaina grathoM meM cANakya ko eka "caNaka" nAmI jainI brAhmaNa kA putra likhA hai jo apane jIvana ke prata kAla me jaina muni ho gayA thaa| isa sambandha me adhika khoja kI AvazyakatA hai tAki kucha aise tathya jinapara abhI pardA par3A huA hai, prakAza meM lAye jaaye| caMdragupta ke mana meM magadharAja 'mahApadmanaMda' ko rAjacyuta karane va badalA lene kI prabala icchA thI aura udhara cANakya bhI cadragupta ke

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58 svapnoM ko sAkAra karane ke liye kaTibaddha ho gayA thA / prajA bhI nada rAjA se santuSTa thI aura usane hRdaya se cadragupta kA sAtha diyA / paristhiti anukUla thI / cadragupta ne magadharAja para dhAvA bola diyA aura cANakya kI kuTila rAjanIti prata me saphala huI / cANakya ko usakI saphala 'kuTila nIti' ke AdhAra para "kauTilya" bhI kahate hai / nada rAjA 'mahApadma' kI parAjaya huI aura cadragupta ko magadha kA rAja - siMhAsana mila gayA / 1 sihAsanArUDha hone para apane paropakArI cANakya ko maMtripada diyA parantu cANakya ne bar3I sAvadhAnI se yahA~ bhI apanI rAjanIti baratI / usane 'pradhAna maMtrI' kA pada nadarAjA ke bhUtapUrva jaina dharmAnuyAyI matrI 'rAkSasa' ke supurda karane kI salAha dI / ataH rAkSasa caMdragupta kA pradhAnamaMtrI banA / isa prakAra cANakya ne apanI buddhimattA se 'zatru' ko bhI caMdragupta kA vizvAsa pAtra rAjabhakta banA diyA ! cadragupta ne eka nayA mukhya kArya kiyA / usane apane vaza kA nAma pitR vaza (nada vaza) ke AdhAra para nahI rakhA / eka to nadavaza bahuta badanAma ho gayA thA, dUsare usakI prANarakSA karane aura jIvana ko samunnata banAne kA zreya usake nanihAla ke ' moriya' kSatriyo ko prApta thA jo cadragupta ke kAraNa naMdarAjA dvArA tabAha kara diye gaye the / mAtRvaza 'moriya athavA maurya' ke prati vaha atyanta kRtajJa thA / usa samaya maurya kSatriya the, to maurya brAhmaNa bhI milate the / isa prakAra 'maurya' nAma usa deza kI apekSA prasiddha thA, vaha kevala jAti sambodhaka nAma hI na raha gayA thA / ina saba bAto ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue caMdragupta ne apane vaza kA nAma "maurya" rakhane me garva anubhava kiyA / yahI "maurya" bhAratavarSa ke liye vizeSa gaurava - vAcaka zabda bana gayA / cANakya kI nIti kA " sudarzanacakra" isa saphalatA se calA ki

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56 dakSiNa ko chor3a caMdragupta zeSa sAre bhArata kA samrAT bana gyaa| sikadara kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usake mukhya senApati 'selyUkasa nikeTara' ne apane svAmI ke padacinho para calakara sasAra vijetA banane kI kuceSTA kii| usane samajhA ki maiM bhArata ko rauda DAlU gA / vaha bhArI dala-bala lekara bhArata kI sImApro para A upasthita huaa| samrATa caMdragupta kA bala 'caraNaka' putra cANakya thaa| yuddha me bhAratIya sainyasacAlana itane U ce darje kA kiyA gayA ki selyUkasa ke lie hAra mAnane ke sivA aura koI cArA na rhaa| bhAratIya sabhyatA kA sadvyavahAra dekhiye / selyUkasa ko apamAnita nahI kiyA gyaa| usake sAtha sadhi kI gaI aura kevala pajAba, gAdhAra (aphagAnistAna Adi) jo pahale se bhArata ke ilAke mAne jAte the, vApisa liye gye| aura kisI ilAke kI apekSA nahI kI pratIta hotA hai ki selyUkasa bhAratIya sabhyatA ke ucca vicAroM se prabhAvita huA / usane cadragupta se pArivArika sambandha sthApita karane ke lie apanI putrI kA vivAha usase karake, use apanA jAmAtA banAne kI icchA pragaTa kI / candragupta ne prastAva ko saharSa svIkAra kiyaa| yuddha aura zatru tA kA vAtAvaraNa prema aura praNaya-sUtra meM parivartita ho gyaa| candragupta ne selyUkasa ke sammAnArtha use 500 hAthI bheTa kiye / dautya sambandha bhI sthApita kiye gaye / yUnAnI rAjadUta 'megasthanIja' maurya-darabAra meM rahA / isa maitrI sambandha se donoM dezo ko bahuta lAbha phuNcaa| candragupta kI isa mahAn vijaya para itihAsa kI dRSTi se avalokana kiyA jAnA caahie| isake pUrva sikandara kI bhArata-vijaya

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(kevala bhArata sImA vijaya) ko itihAsakAra bar3A mahatva dete haiM aura kahate haiM "sikandara kI viyaja "pazcima" kI pUrva" para vijaya hai"| to kyA candragupta kI selyUkasa para vijaya 'pUrva" kI "pazcima" para mahAn vijaya nahIM hai ? ___ Aja ke bhArata ko cadragupta kI isa vijaya se eka bAta sIkhanI cAhiye ki kevala bAhubala yA astra-zastra- bala se hI raNa nahI jItA jA sakatA, balki usame buddhi-kauzala bhI cAhiye / yuddha nIti dharmanIti se eka alaga cIja hai| yuddha-nIti ko na samajhane se bhArata ko zatAbdiyo taka padadalita aura tiraskRta honA par3A hai| ___ uttarI bhArata para vijaya prApta karane ke pazcAt cadragupta ne dakSiNa ko bhI apane rAjyAdhikAra meM kiyA aisA jaina itihAsa mAnatA hai, Adhunika itihAsajJa bhI tathya ko aba svIkAra karane lage hai / usa jamAne meM jabaki rela, moTara, havAI jahAjajaisI teja savArI tathA tAra va betAra jaise vidya ta gati se samAcAra pahucAne vAle sAdhana sulabha nahI the to bhI cANakya kI sahAyatA se aisA su dara aura advitIya rAjyazAsana kAyama kiyA gayA jo AgAmI zAsako ke liye 'pathapradarzaka' banA / cANakya ne nimna prakAra se eka rAjA kA kartavya nirdiSTa karake caMdragupta ko tadanukUla dIrghakAla taka rAja bhoga karane ke yogya banA diyA thA : "jo rAjA par3ha likhakara prANimAtra ke hita meM tatpara rahatA hai aura prajA kA zAsana tathA zikSaNa karatA hai, vaha cirakAla taka pRthvI kA upabhoga karatA hai" (kauTilyaartha zAstra se uddhRta)

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caMdragupta dvArA zAsana prabaMdha itane acche Dhaga se kiyA gayA ki jisase logo me sukha-zAnti, saccAI aura dhArmika bhAvo kI unnati huI / prajA isa ko rAma-rAja tulya mAnatI rhii| manuSyoM ko hI nahI pratyuta pazupro ko bhI jyAdA se jyAdA sukha aura kama se kama duHkha pahu~cAne kA dhyAna rakhA gayA thaa| usa samaya "pazudhana kA Adara kiyA jAtA thaa| pazuo ko "manuSya kA mitra aura sahAyaka" mAnA jAtA thaa| pazu manuSya ke jIvana ko sukhI banAte the, ataH unheM duHkha pahucAnA yA unakA hanana karanA vajita thaa| vizeSa prakAra ke pazuo ke vadha karane kA artha "matyu daNDa" thaa| jaina dharma se cadragupta kA sasarga bAlyakAla se hI rahA pratIta hotA hai| nada vaza kI AsthA to jaina dharma me thI hI, udhara "mauryAkhya deza" meM bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza prabhAvakArI siddha huA thaa| isa taraha cadragupta bacapana se hI jaina dharma ke svAdhIna aura sarvasukhakArI Aloka me baDha the / zru takevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu unake dharma gurU the / megasthanIja ne bhI likhA hai|| ___ "candragupta zramaNa gurupro kI upAsanA karatA thA aura unako AhAra dAna detA thaa|" jaina muniyo kI ahisAmaya zikSA kA hI pariNAma thA ki candragapta kA rAjya prANihita ke lie "dayAmaya" thaa| __ magadha meM nirantara anAvRSTi ke kAraNa ghora dubhikSa ke lakSaNa pratIta hone lge| zramaNapati bhadrabAhu usa samaya muni sagha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora jAne ko taiyAra hue the| candragupta ke rAjya kA yaha niyama thA ki "jisa deza me phasala acchI ho, rAjA usameM apanI prajA ko lekara calA jaaye|" mAlUma hotA hai isI niyama ke antargata hI candragupta AcArya

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bhadrabAhu ke sAtha ho liye aura 'jaina muni' banakara Atma kalyANa meM lIna ho ge| prAcIna jaina gratha "tiloyapaNNati" me candragupta ko hI isa kAla meM antima mukuTabaddha rAjA likhA hai jisane jainezvarI dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| vaha zravaNavelagola ke sthAna para Thahara gaye the| unhone yahAM eka choTI sI pahAr3I para eka guphA me tapasyA kI thI, jise "candraguphA" ke nAma se pukArate hai| candragupta kA samAdhikaraNa bhI yahI huA thaa| biMdusAra candragupta maurya ke pazcAt sAmrAjya kA uttarAdhikArI unakA putra bidusAra banA jo "amitraghAta' upAdhi se vikhyAta huaa| vaha apane pitA ke samAna vIra yoddhA thaa| jaina itihAsa meM usakA nAma "vIra sena' likhA hai, usameM yaha bhI likhA hai ki biMdusAra apane putra "bhAskara" (azoka) ke sAtha zravaNabelagola kI ora bhramaNa karane ke liye gayA thaa| azoka bindusAra ke pazcAt magadha sAmrAjya kI bAgaDora "azoka varddhana' ke hAtho meM pAI / apane pUrvajoM ke samAna azoka bhI apane jIvana ke prArambha kAla me "jaina dharmAnuyAyI" thA aura usane apane pitAmaha (candragupta) ke samAdhi sthAna zravaNavelagola meM kaI eka smAraka banavAye the / apane jIvana meM usane loka-kalyANa ke lie "sarvamAnya dizAo" kA pracAra kiyA parantu bauddha sAdhuoM se prabhAvita hokara usane buddha dharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| sAre jIvana meM azoka ne eka hI yuddha kiyA aura kaliMga vijaya

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ke pazcAt vaha 'ahiMsA dharma" para AcaraNa karane lagA thaa| Early Faith of Asoka nAmaka pustaka ke anusAra azoka ne ahisAviSayaka jo niyama pracArita kiye, ve bauddhoM kI apekSA jaino ke sAtha adhika mela khAte the / "pazu pakSiyo ko na mArane, vano ko nirarthaka na kATane aura viziSTa tithiyo evaM paryo meM jIvahisA bada rakhane Adi ke Adeza jaina dharma se milate haiN|" samprati azoka kI mRtyu ke pazcAt maurya sAmrAjya do bhAgoM meM baTa gyaa| uttara pUrvI bhAga para usakA putra "dazaratha' adhikAra karake baiTha gayA aura pazcimIya bhAga para "samprati" kA adhikAra ho gyaa| samprati ne apane pitA ke anusAra yaha anubhava kiyA ki narasahAra karake prApta kI gaI vijaya, saccI vijaya nahI hai / saccI zAnti ahiMsA ke dvArA hI prApta kI jA sakatI hai"| ata: samprati ne prakhyAta jaina muni "Arya suhasti" se jaina dharma agIkAra kiyaa| samrAT samprati ne anAyaM derzo meM jaina dharma ke uddezya se jaina dharmArAdhako ke lie dharma sthAno kI vyavasthA krvaaii| anArya prajA ke utthAna ke liye samprati ne mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| usane vahA dharma-pracAraka bhejakara jaina dharma kI zikSAeM prasArita kI / aneka vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki Aja jo zilA lekha azoka ke nAma se prasiddha hai, sambhava hai una anArya dezo meM ve samrAT mamprati ke likhavAye hue ho| - - . - -

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adhyAya samrAT khAravela 8 kha [rAja zakti kA ahisA pracAra meM yogadAna] aba hama eka aise bhAratIya samrATa kA ullekha kareMge jisane apane bAhubala se lagabhaga sAre bhArata ko jItA aura apane sukRtyoM se zUravIratA aura dharmavIratA kI eka aisI yAdagAra choDI jo jainadharma ke liye atyaMta gaurava kI bAta hai| prAcIna kAla meM 'ur3IsA' nAmaka bhAratI prAta "kaliga deza" ke nAma se suprasiddha thaa| prAgaaitihAsika kAla me bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke eka putra vahA ke zAsanAdhikArI the| jisa samaya bhagavAna RSabhadeva kaliMga me dharmopadeza karane pahuce to vahA~ ke rAjA rAjapATa chor3akara muni bana gaye / tatpazcAt dIrgha kAla taka "kauzala" kA rAjavaza hI kaliMga para zAsana karatA rhaa| samrAT 'aila', khAravela ke pUrvaja, cedi rASTra tatha / dakSiNa kauzala se Akara kaliMga para rAja karane lge| unakA 'aila' virada unhe uttara kauzala ke "aileya" rAjA se sambadhita karatA hai| jaba khAravela ne solahave varSa meM kadama rakhA to akasmAt unake pitA kI mRtyu ho gaI / rAjya prathAnusAra 25 varSa kI Ayu meM unakA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| unhone prAcIna "tosalI' (TosAlI) ko hI apanI rAjadhAnI banAye rakhA / sihAsana para baiThate hI unhoMne aneka prajAhitArtha kArya kiye| purAnI imAratoM kA jIrNoddhAra, sicAI ke

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65 liye tAlAbo tathA naharo kA banavAnA, naI imArato kI tAmIra Adi kucha aise sarvapriya kArya kiye jisase vaha apanI prajA ke snehabhAjana bana gaye / 1 aba unhone apanI talavAra myAna se nikAlI aura digvijaya ke liye apanI rAjadhAnI se prayANa kiyA / sarvaprathama unhone pazcimIya bhArata para AkramaNa kiyA aura " muzika" kSatriyo kI rAjadhAnI para adhikAra kara liyA / bAraha varSoM taka prativarSa vaha apane kSAtra dharma kA parAkrama prakaTa karate rahe / "rASTrIya" aura "bhojika" kSatriyoM ko adhIna kiyA / dakSiNa bhArata ke "pANDya" rAjAzro ne svaya 'bheTa' bhejakara mahArAja khAravela se maitrI sambadha sthApita kiye / maurya - rAjya sahAraka " puSyamitra" para bhI AkramaNa kiyA aura kucha samaya pazcAt punaH magadha para AkramaNa karake puSyamitra "bRhaspatimitra" ko apane sanmukha natamastaka hone para bAdhya kiyA / magadha rAjya se vipula dhanavaibhava prApta karane ke pazcAt "kaliMga jina" kI amUlya mUrti jise pUrva vartI nada vaza ke rAjA vijaya puraskAra meM magadha le gaye the, khAravela use vApisa kaliMga le AyA / kaliMga kI prajA isa mahAn vijayapuraskAra kI puna. vApisI para harSollAsa meM samrAT khAravela kI jayajayakAra karane lagI / khAravela kI balazAlI aura vijayI senAoM ke Age "dimetra " (videzI yUnAnI rAjA ) na Tika sakA / usane mathurA, pAcAla aura sAketa para adhikAra jamA rakhA thA / use balAt pIche haTanA paDA / isa prakAra khAravela ne videzI jue se bhArata ko AjAda karAyA / prativarSa apanI vijayo ke upalakSya meM khAravela apanI rAjadhAnI tosala meM vApisa pahuca kara viziSTa samAroha tathA dharmotsava manAtA, nirdhano tathA sAdhupro ko dAna detA, jana-kalyANa ke kArya karatA, bhavana nirmANa karAtA, nahare khudavAtA aura jina maMdira banavAtA thA /

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khAravela ne sAre bhArata para vijaya prApta kI thii| "pANDya deza" ke rAjA se lekara "uttarApatha" taka tathA 'magadha' se lekara "mahArASTra' taka unakI vijaya-vaijayatI phaharAI thii| usa samaya khAravela sArvabhauma samrATa ho gaye the / inakA pratApa eka bAra to cadragupta aura azoka sA camakA thaa| unakA sainya-saMcAlana bahuta U~ce darje kA thaa| "sacamuca vaha bhAratIya nepoliyana the|" khAravela prajA-vatsala samrATa the| unhone "paura" aura "janapada" saMsthAoM ko sthApita karake prajA kI sammati ke anukUla zAsana kiyA thaa| "paura" sasthA kA sambandha rAjadhAnI aura nagaroM ke zAsana se thA / 'janapada' sasthA grAmo kA zAsana karane ke liye niyukta thii| "isa prakAra zAsana kA bhAra janatA ke kaMdhoM para thaa|" yahI kAraNa hai ki kaliga se bAhara lar3Aiyo meM lage rahane para bhI khAravela ke zAsana-prabandha meM kisI prakAra kI gaDabaDa na hone pAI thI, balki kaliMga kI samRddhi meM AzAtIta vRddhi huI thii| samrAT khAravela kA dhyAna dharma-vRddhi kI ora vizeSatayA gyaa| unhone "kumArI parvata" para jaina muniyo ke liye guphAe~ aura maMdira banavAye / yaha vahI kumArI parvata hai jahAM para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dharmAmRta kI varSA kI thii| ___isa parvata para khAravela ne jaina dharma kA "mahA dharmAnuSThAna" kiyaa| isa sammelana meM samasta bhAratavarSa ke jaina yati, RSi aura paNDitagaNa sammilita hue the / vahA~ vizeSa dharma-prabhAvanA huI thI |isii suvarNa avasara para jainAgama ke punarutthAna kA udyoga huA thA / isa mahAn avasara para akhila jaina saMgha ne samrAT khAravela ko usakI mahAnvijayo ke kAraNa nimna padaviyoM se vibhUSita kiyA thA:

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'khemarAja" "bhikkhurAja" "dharmarAja" unake bhavya jIvana carita ko pASANa-zilA para likha diyA gyaa| yaha 'zilAlekha' Aja bhI uDIsA prAMta ke 'khaNDagiri-udayagiri' parvata para kI 'hAthI guphA' me maujUda hai aura jaina itihAsa kI amUlya nidhi hai| isa zilAlekha meM san 170 I0 pU0 taka khAravela kI jIvana ghaTanAmo kA ullekha hai / usa samaya khAravela kI Ayu 37 varSa rahI hogii| unakA svargavAsa lagabhaga 152 I0 pU0 anumAna kiyA jAtA hai|

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adhyAya jaina dharma kA vistAra 8 ga [jaina-dharma ke prAzraya meM Ane vAle rAja-vaza tathA rAjya] bhArata ke bhinna bhinna pradezo me kucha aise rAja-vaza ubhare jiname kucha aise ahiMsA-premI jina-bhakta rAjA hue jinhone ahiMsA dharma ko pratiSThita karane meM kora-kasara na choddii| unhone apanI jIvana-cA~ meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ucca siddhAnto ko sthAna diyaa| kucheka rAjA aura saradAra aise bhI hue jo jaina dharmAnuyAyI to nahI bane varan usako Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA aura jaina muniyo ke vicAro kI prazasA kI tathA unase prabhAvita hokara unako apane rAjya me adhika se adhika suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| kabhI kabhI ina rAjApro ke matrI tathA senApati jaina dharmI hote the / ye ucca karmacArI rAjA ko zrI-vRddhi eva vijaya-lakSmI prApta karAne meM sadA tatpara rahate the aura rAjya meM suprabandha kAyama karake rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra banate the| ina vazo kA sakSipta vivaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai: (i) kalacUrI aura kalabhravazI rAjA yaha madhyaprAta kA sabase bar3A rAjavaza thaa| IsavI AThavI-navamI zatAbdI meM isakA prabala pratApa camaka rahA thaa| isa vaza ke rAjA jaina dharma ke vizeSa anurAgI the| prophesara rAmasvAmI prAya gara kA kathana hai ki inake vaMzaja Aja bhI jaina 'kalAra' ke nAma se nAgapura ke pAsa pAsa maujUda haiN|

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66 (ii) hoyasala vaMzI rAjya isa vaMza ke aneka rAjA matrI aura senApati jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / ' sudatta' muni isa vaza ke rAjaguru the / pahale yaha cAlukya ke mANDalika the, parantu san 1916 meM inhone svataMtra rAjya sthApita kara liyA thA / 1 isa vaza ke sambandha me kahA jAtA hai ki eka munirAja dhyAna kara rahe the / unake Upara eka zera jhapaTA, kisI anya puruSa ne dekha liyA usane dUra se hI prAte hue kisI vIra puruSa se kahA, "he sala ! ise mAro" usane zera ko mAra diyA aura usI kA vaza hoyyasala vaMza ke nAma se vikhyAta huA jisameM aneka pratApI rAjA mahArAjA hue / (iii) gaga vaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM gaMga rAjAo ne dakSiNa pradeza meM apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA / gyArahavI zatAbdI taka vaha vistRta bhUkhaNDa para zAsana karate rahe / yaha saba rAjA parama jaina the / 'mAdhava' isa vaza ke prathama rAjA hue jinhe koNI varmA bhI kahate hai / yaha jainAcArya ' hinadi ke ziSya the / jainAcArya siMhanaMdi ne gagarAjya kI nIva DAlane meM baDI sahAyatA kI thii| isa vaza ke 'avinIta' nAma ke rAjA pratipAlaka jainAcArya 'vijaya kIrti' kahe gaye hai / suprasiddha tatvArtha sUtra kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' TIkA ke kartA AcArya 'pUjyapAda devanaMdi' isI vaza ke sAtave nareza 'durvinIta' ke rAjagurU the / gaganareza 'mArasiMha' ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne aneka bhArI yuddhoM meM vijaya prApta karake kaI durga jItakara evaM aneka jaina maMdira va stambha nirmANa karAkara ata me ajitasena' maTTAraka ke samIpa bakApura me paDita vidhi se maraNa kiyA /

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70 mArasiMha ke uttarAdhikArI 'rAcamalla caturtha' the jinake jagat vikhyAta matrI aura senApati 'cAmuNDarAya' the| cAmuNDarAya ne zravaNabelagola ke 'viMdhyagiri' para 'cAmuNDarAya basti' nirmANa karAI tathA 'gommaTezvara' kI usa vizAla 57 phITa U cI prastara mUrti kA udghATana karAyA jo prAcIna bhAratIya mUrtikalA-sthApatyakalA kA eka gauravazAlI pratIka hai| (iv) rASTrakUTa rAjavaza IsA kI sAtavI zatAbdI se dakSiNa bhArata se jisa rAjavaMza kA bala va rAjyavistAra baDhA, usa rASTrakUTa vaza se to jaina dharma kA ghaniSTha sambandha pAyA jAtA hai / ina rAjApro meM amoghavarSa' vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / yaha jainAcArya 'jinasena ke ziSya the| amoghavarSa eka vidvAn rAjA the| inhone 'praznottararatnamAlikA' graMtha kA nirmANa kiyaa| aga, baMga magadha, mAlavA, citrakUTa Adi dezoM ke rAjA amoghavarSa kI sevA me rahate the| gujarAta sahita dakSiNa pradeza para inakA zAsana rahA thaa| atima samaya me rAja-pATa tyAga kara amoghavarSa jaina muni bana gaye the| inake uttarAdhikArI kRSNa dvitIya' ke kAla meM 'guNabhadrAcArya' ne 'uttara purANa' ko pUrA kiyA, 'indrana di' ne 'jvAlA-mAlinI-kalpa' kI racanA kI, 'somadeva' ne 'yazastilaka campU' nAmaka kAvya racA tathA 'puSpadaMta' ne apanI vizAla zreSTha 'apabhra za' racanAeM prastuta kI / kRSNa dvitIya ne kannar3a ke suprasiddha jaina kavi 'kaunna' ko 'ubhayabhASA-cakravartI' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA / pramoSavarSa ke putra akAlavarSa' aura usake vaMzaja jaina dharma ke dRr3ha anuyAyI the / unameM se 'indra' nareza ne munidIkSA agIkAra kI thii|

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72 vAr3A meM mUlavastikA nAmaka jaina madira banavAyA jo aba bhI vidyamAna cAlukya nareza bhIma prathama dvArA jainadharma kA vizeSa prasAra huaa| usake matrIvimala zAha ne AbU parvata para AdinAtha bhagavAn (zRSabhadeva) kA vaha jaina madira banavAyA jisame bhAratIya sthApatya kalA kA utkRSTa darzana huA hai| jisakI sUkSma citrakArI. banAvaTa kI caturAI tathA sU daratA jagat vikhyAta mAnI gaI hai / yaha AlIzAna madira san 1013 me sAta varSa ke bhItara bana kara taiyAra humA / vimalazAha ne teraha sulatAno ke chatro kA apaharaNa kiyA thA aura cadrAvatI nagarI kI nIva DAlI thii| saca to yaha hai: __ 'ki usI kAla meM mahamUda gajanavI dvArA vidhvansa kiye gaye somanAtha madira kA yaha pratyuttara thaa|' jaina matrI vimalazAha ne yaha lokavikhyAta kArya sampanna karake bhAratIya sthApatya kalA, bhAratIya bhavita eva bhAratIya zakti kA svaccha ahisaka rUpa upasthita kiyA thA jo nirbhayatA aura zUravIratA se paripUrNa thaa| cAlukya nareza "siddharAja" aura usake uttarAdhikArI "kumAra pAla' ke samaya me jaina dharma kA aura bhI adhika bala bar3hA / kalikAla sarvajJa, prasiddha jainAcArya "hemacadra' ke upadeza se rAjA kumAra pAla ne svaya khulakara jaina dharma dhAraNa kiyA aura gujarAta kI jaina sasthAo ko khUba samRddha banAyA jisake phalasvarUpa gujarAta pradeza sadA ke liye dharmAnuyAyiyo kI sakhyA tathA sasthAo kI sa ma ddhi dRSTi se ',jaina dharma kA eka sudRr3ha kendra bana gayA / vartamAna yuga ke mahApuruSa mahAtmA gA~dhI jI para ahiMsA kA jo prabhAva par3A usakA gujarAta ke mUlakAraNa zrI mada rAyacandra bhAI the|

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73 gAMdhI jI ne vilAyata jAte samaya mAMsa nahIM khAnA, zarAba nahIM pInA aura kisI kI strI ko burI dRSTi se nahI dekhanA tIna pratijJAyeM jaina sAdhu becara svAmI se lI aura unakA janma bhara pAlana kiyaa| bilAyata se lauTane para ve zrI rAyacandra bhAI ke samparka meM Ae aura unake zatAvadhAnI guNa ke kAraNa atyadhika prabhAvita hue| aphrIkA meM jaba eka agneja unhe IsAI banAne kA asaphala prayatna karane lagA to unhone 27 prazna rAyacandra bhAI se kie jinakA uttara pA ve santuSTa hae aura unheM hindUdharma meM sabhI bAte mila gaI jo ve cAhate the| unake jIvana para tIna vyaktiyoM kI chApa paDI hai-TAlasTAya se patravyavahAra dvArA, raskina kI eka pustaka jisakA unhoMne sarvodaya nAma rakkhA aura rAyacandra bhAI ke sAtha samparka meM Akara / isalie unake mana meM unake prati bahuta Adara thA / gAMdhI jI ne ahiMsA ke dvArA hI deza ko svatantra bnaayaa| yaha mahAna kArya kisI dhArmika kaTTaratA ke bala para nahI kintu nAnA dharmoM ke prati "sadbhAva va sAmajasya" buddhi dvArA hI kiyA gayA thA / yahI praNAlI jaina dharma kA prANa rahI hai| dharma kI avicchinna paramparA eva usake anuyAyiyoM kI samRddhi ke phalasvarUpa I0 san 1230 meM seTha "tejapAla' ne 'AbU parvata' para ukta AdinAtha madira ke samIpa hI 'bhagavAna neminAtha kA mandira' banavAyA jo apanI zilpa kalA me kevala usa mandira ke hI tulanIya hai| _12vI va 13vI zatAbdI meM aura bhI aneka jaina mandiro kA AbU parvata para nirmANa huA jisa kAraNa se usa sthAna kA nAma 'delavADA' (dilavADA) arthAt devo kA nagara paDa gyaa| isI prakAra

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giranAra pora patrujaya tIrtha kSetroM meM bhI vipulaM dhana rAzi vyaya karake baina zUravIra bhaktoM ne vicitra mandiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| (4) vijaya nagara sAmrAjya:musalamAnI mAkrAMtAmoM ke virodha svarUpa 'saMgama' saradAra ke pAMca putroM ne sana 1336 I0 meM tugabhadrA nadI ke taTa para vijayanagara ko bsaayaa| sana 1463 meM 'harirAya' kA rAjya-abhiSeka kiyA gyaa| zakti saMcaya kara vijayanagara eka zaktizAlI rAjya bana gyaa| 'kRSNadeva rAya' (1509-30) sarvAdhika prasiddha pratApI evaM zaktizAlI nareza thaa| isa vaMza ke anya rAjA bhI saba dhamoM ke prati atyanta sahiSNu the| isa vaMza kA 'devarAya dvitIya' jaina dharma kA upAsaka thaa| usake rAjya meM mAcArya 'nemicaMda' ne zAstrArtha meM anya vidvAnoM para vijaya pAI yo| sana 1564 meM 'talIkoTa' ke yuddha meM dakSiNa ke pAMcoM 'bahamanI uttAno' ne vijayanagara rAjya kA vidhvaMsa kara diyaa| - -

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adhyAya jainadharma kA prabhAva kSetra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM jaina dharma bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM phailaa| isakA jikra pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / samrATa azoka ke putra samrAT samprati ne jaina dharma kA sandeza bhArata ke bAhara bhI phuNcaayaa| usa samaya jaina muniyo kA vicaraNa-kSetra bhI vistRta thaa| (i) zrI "vizvambhara nAtha pANDe" ne ahiMsaka paramparA kI carcA karate hue likhA hai:___ "IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI me aura usake pIche hajAra varSa taka jaina dharma "madhya-pUrva" (Middle East) ke dezoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM "yahUdI dharma" "IsAI dharma" aura "islAma dharma" ko prabhAvita karatA rahA hai" (ii) prasiddha jarmana itihAsa-lekhaka "vAna kremara" ke anusAra madhya-pUrva meM pracalita "samAniyA" sampradAya "zramaNa" zabda kA apanaza hai| (iii) itihAsa lekhaka "jI0 epha0 mUra" likhatA hai: "hajarata IsA ke janma kI zatAbdI se pUrva 'IrAka', 'zyAma' aura 'philastIna' meM jaina muni aura bauddha bhikSa saiMkar3oM kI saMkhyA meM phaile hue the|" (19) "siyAhata-nAmA-e-nAsira" kA lekhaka likhatA hai ki islAma dharma ke "kalandarI' tabake para jaina dharma kA kAphI prabhAva par3A

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76 thaa| kalandara cAra niyamo kA pAlana karate the - 1. 'sAdhutA 2. zuddhatA 3. satyatA aura 4. daridratA' / ve ahiMsA para akhaNDa vizvAsa karate the / jaina dharma kA prasAra ahiMsA, zAnti, maitrI aura sayama kA prasAra thaa| isaliye usa yuga ko bhAratIya itihAsa kA svarNa-yuga (Golden Age) kahA jAtA hai'| (v) purAtatva vidvAn pI0 sI0 rAya caudharI ke anusAra: "yaha dharma (jaina dharma) dhIre dhIre phailA, jisa prakAra IsAI dharma kA pracAra yUropa meM dhIre dhIre huaa| zreNika, kuNika, candragupta, samprati, khAravela tathA anya rAjAoM ne jaina dharma ko apnaayaa| ve zatAbda bhArata ke hindU-zAsana ke vaibhavapUrNa yuga the, jina yugo me jaina-dharma sA mahAna dharma prasArita huaa|" (vi) bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samAja ke jo naitika mUlya sthira kiye, unameM do bAte sAmAjika aura naitika dRSTi se bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa thI: (a) anAkramaNa - sakalpI hiMsA kA tyAga (A)icchA parimANa - parigraha kA samIkaraNa 'yaha lokatatra yA samAjavAda kA pradhAna sUtra hai| vArANasI saMskRta vidyAlaya ke bhUtapUrva upakulapati zrI Aditya nAtha jhA ne isa tathya ko ina zabdo meM vyakta kiyA hai:___'bhAratIya jIvana meM prajA aura caritra kA samanvaya jaino aura bauddho kI vizeSa dena hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra satyamArga paramparA kA pradhAnusaraNa nahI hai, pratyuta tarka aura upapattiyo dvArA sammata tathA bauddhika rUpa se satulita dRSTikoNa hI satya mArga hai / isa dRSTakoNa kI

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prApti tabhI sambhava hai jaba mithyA vizvAsa pUrNataH dUra ho jaaye| isa bauddhika AdhAra-zilA para hI ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, praparigraha ke bala se samyaka caritra ko pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai|" jaina dharma kA prAcAra zAstra bhI janatantravAdI bhAvanAmo se anuprANita hai / janmata: sabhI vyakti samAna haiM aura pratyeka vyakti apanI sAmarthya aura ruci ke anusAra gRhastha yA muni ho sakatA hai| aparigraha sambaMdhI jaina dhAraNA bhI vizeSata: ullekhanIya hai / prAja isa para adhikAdhika bala dene kI tathA ise AcaraNa meM lAne kI AvazyakatA hai, jaisA ki prAcIna kAla ke jaina vicArakoM ne kiyA thaa| 'parimita parigraha' -- unakA Adarza vAkya thA / 'sambhavataH bhAratIya AkAza meM samAjavAdI samAja ke vicAro kA yaha prathama udghoSa thA' (vii) pratyeka AtmA meM anata zakti ke vikAsa kI kSamatA, mAtmika samAnatA, kSamA, maitrI, vicAro kA bhanAgraha Adi ke bIja jaina dharma ne boye the| mahAtmA gAdhI kA nimitta pA ve kevala bhArata ke hI nahIM, vizva kI rAjanIti ke kSetra meM bhI pallavita ho rahe haiM / (viii) jaina dharma pahale bihAra prAta me pallavita huA / kAlakrama se vaha bagAla, uDIsA, uttara-dakSiNa bhArata, gujarAta, mahArASTra, madhya prAMta aura rAjapUtAnA meM phailA / vikrama ko sahasrAbdI ke pazcAta zava, liMgAyata, vaiSNava Adi vaidika sampradAyo ke prabala virodha ke kAraNa jaina dharma kA prabhAva sImita ho gayA / anuyAyiyoM kI alpa saMkhyA hone para bhI jaina dharma kA saiddhAtika prabhAva bhAratIya cetanA para vyApta rhaa| bIca-bIca meM prabhAvazAlI jainAcArya use udabuddha karate rhe| vikrama kI bArahavI zatAbdI me gujarAta kA vAtAvaraNa jaina dharma se prabhAvita thaa| (1x) gurjara nareza 'jayasiMha' aura 'kumAra pAla' ne jaina dharma ko bahuta hI prazraya diyaa| kumAra pAla kA jIvana jaina-AcAra kA pratIka bana gyaa|

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(4) samrAT "prakavara" "zrI hora vijaya sUri" se prabhAvita the| isa sambaMdha meM amarIkI dAnika "dila myUreTa" ne likhA hai: "makabara ne janoM ke kahane para zikAra chor3a diyA thA pora niyantra tithiyoM para halyAe roka dI thii| jaina dharma ke prabhAva se hI akabara ne apane dvArA pracArita 'dIna-e-ilAhI' nAmaka sampradAya meM 'mAMsa. bhakSaNa ke niSedha kA niyama' rakhA thA" (xi) jaina matrI, daNDanAyaka aura adhikAriyoM ke jIvana vRtta bahuta hI vistRta haiM / ve vidharmI rAjAoM ke liye bhI vizvAsapAtra rahe haiM / unakI prAmANikatA aura kattaya'-niSThA kI vyApaka pratiSThA thii| rASTrIya bhAvanA se samanvita hamezA jaina dharmAnuyAyI rahe AzAzAha ne mahArANA pratApa ke pitA udayasiha kI rakSA kA bhAra liyA paura yuvarAja hone para cittaur3a kI gaddI para biThalAyA / cittaur3a, udayapura ke parAsta ho jAne para mahArANA pratApa jaba sindha ko jAne lage aura mAtRbhUmi ko antima praNAma jyoM hI kiyA usI samaya bhAmAzAha pAe paura rANA ke caraNoM meM itanA dhana lAkara paTaka diyA jisase 24000 sainika bAraha varSa taka yuddha lar3a sakate the| rANA ne kahA bhAmA itanA dhana pAne para tumheM lAlaca nahI AyA? mAmA:-mahArAja yaha sabhI sampatti deza kI hai, Apa jaMgala kI khAka chAne aura mai aizvarya bhogU ! rANA ne miTTI uThAI aura bhAmA ke mastaka para tilaka kara diyA aura kahA jaba taka mere vaza meM koI rAjA rahegA aura tere vaza me putra rahegA vaha isa rAjya kA matrI aura senApati bnegaa| jainatva kA akana tapa tyAga Adi cAritrika mUlyoM se hI ho sakatA hai|

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sampAva jaina dharma kA vikAsa-kAraNa 10 bhagavAn mahAvIra kI saccI pora sAdA tAlIma tathA unake zuddha mAcaraNa kA bhAratIya janatA ke samasta vargoM para bahuta gaharA prabhAva pdd'aa| samAja ke pichar3e hue padadalita tathA upekSita varga ko vIra-vAraNI' sukhada aura priya lgii| usa samaya pAMva-kI-jUtI samajhI jAne vAlI strI-samAja ko puruSa samAja ke samakakSa khar3a karake 'samAna adhikAroM kI jo bAta mahAvIra ne kahI vahI sAmAjika kAMti kA nAda thaa| dharma ke nAma para pazu-pakSiyoM kI bali, jIvahiMsA, mADambaravAda, jAti-abhimAna, asamAnatA, asahiSNutA-ye bhAratIya samAja ke 'kalaMka' the| mahAvIra ne jaba yaha saba kalaMka gho DAle to usakA vyApaka prabhAva pdd'aa| 'ahiMsA dharma' kI duMdubhi cahuM mora baja utthii| jaina dharma jana-jana kA dharma bana gyaa| jaina dharma kA vikAsa nimna kAraNoM se humA: (i) madhya mArga:jaina dharma pratyeka AdamI ko usakI zakti aura bhAvanA ke anusAra dharmAcaraNa karane kA upadeza detA hai / 'muni' aura 'gRhastha' kA alaga alaga vidhAna banAkara tathA 'deza' 'kAla' 'bhAva ke anusAra pAcaraNa karane kI chUTa dekara satulita samAja kI buniyAda ddaalii| (ii) samanvayaHjaina dharma ne bhinna-bhinna vicAroM kA sApekSa dRSTi se samanvaya kiyaa| bhinnatA meM ekatA (Unity in Diversity) ko samAja meM

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pratiSThita kara ApasI jhagar3oM ko dUra kiyaa| samAja meM ghaNA kA sthAna sahiSNutA aura pArasparika prema ne le liyA jo zakti kA paricAyika bnaa| (iii) samAnatA:jaina dharma ne jAti-bheda, rama-bheda, liG-bheda, bhASA-bheda ko dUra kiyA / isaliye sAdhAraNa janatA ne hRdaya se isa dharma kA svAgata kiyaa| (iv) parivartana kI kSamatA:jaina ciMtakoM ne sAmAjika paramparA ko 'zAzvata' kA rUpa nahIM diyA / isIliye, jaisA ki Upara varNana kiyA jA cukA hai, samAja meM 'deza' aura 'kAla' ke anusAra parivartana kA avakAza rhaa| yaha janatA ke AkarSaNa kA sabala hetu thA / (v) saiddhAMtika sahiSNutA:dUsare dharmoM ke siddhAMtoM ko sahane kI kSamatA ke kAraNa jaina dharma dUsaro kI sahAnubhUti ajita karatA rhaa| (vi) jaina bhASAHjaina tIrthaMkaroM aura AcAryoM ne apanA upadeza rojamarrA bolI jAne vAlI jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM diyA / unhone deva-bhASA (saMskRta) kA moha nahI kiyaa| isI liye jainoM ke dharma zAstra (jainAgama) adhikatara 'mAgadhI' arddha mAgadhI', 'prAkRta', zaurasenI', 'mahArASTrI' tathA 'apabhraMza' bhASAmo meM milate hai / (vii) ahiMsA kA vyavahAra meM prayoga:isakA sabase bar3A pramANa yaha hai ki pazu-hiMsA yajJoM meM nitAta

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jita ho gii| dillI tathA usake Asa-pAsa ke pradeza hariyANA, pazcimI yU0 pI0, madhyapradeza, rAjapUtAnA, mahArASTra tathA gujarAta ke adhikAMza sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga ahiMsA kI pratiSThA karate haiM / (vi) prAmANikatA:jaina gRhastha ahiMsA pAlana ke sAtha kartavya ke prati bahuta jAgaska the / ve deza ke vikAsa aura rakSA ke liye apanA sarvasva samarpita kara dete the jaise ki nikaTa atIta meM rAjasthAna meM mahArANA pratApa ke matrI 'bhAmA zAha' jaina ne ApatkAlIna sthiti meM apanI samasta sampatti deza-rakSA hita mahArANA ko saupa dI thii| -- dakSiNI bhArata me jaina samAja ne zikSA (jJAna dAna), jIvikA (annadAna), cikitsA (auSadha dAna), ahiMsA (abhayadAna) ke mAdhyama se jaina dharma ko 'jaina dharma kA vAstavika rUpa' de diyA thaa| ___(ix) sazakta aura kuzala AcAryoM kA netRtva:nItivAn, prAcAravAn, prajJAvAn tathA zaktivAn AcAryoM ne deza, samAja aura sAhitya kI jo sevA kI vaha bejor3a hai| unakI mahAn kRtiyo kA digdarzana Age karAyA jaayegaa| (x) jaina dharma rAja-dharma:cadragupta maurya, samprati, khAravela, amoghavarSa, kumArapAla Adi rAjA tathA cAmuNDarAya jaise senApatiyo va vimala zAha, vastupAla, tejapAla, bhAmAzAha Adi jaise dakSa maMtriyo, seTha-sAhUkAro tathA anya uccAdhikAriyoM dvArA jaina dharma kI mAnyatA se jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM vizeSa yogadAna milaa|

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madhyAva 11(ka)| jaina dharma kA hrAsa-kAraNa vizva kI pratyeka pravRtti ko, pratyeka vicAradhArA ko utAracar3hAva se do cAra honA par3atA hai| koI bhI pravRtti sadA ke liye unnati yA avanati ke biMdu para avasthita nahIM raha sktii| vikrama kI navI-dazamI zatAbdI meM sthitiyo meM parivartana Ane lgaa| phalataH jaina dharma ke vikAsa mArga meM aneka bAdhAeM pA upasthita huyIM, jisake kAraNa vaha avanati kI ora agrasara humA / nIce hrAsa ke kucheka kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai:(i) prAMtarika pavitratA aura zakti kI kamI va bAhyakarma kANDoM ko pracuratA:tAlAba me bhArI patthara pheMkane se sazakta jalataraMge uThatI haiM parantu kinAroM ke pAsa Ate Ate ve kamajora par3a jAtI haiN| isI prakAra samaya bItane para jaina dharmAnuyAyI dharmAcaraNa meM zithila hote gye| pariNAmataH dharma kA sthAna dikhAve ne le liyA / bAharI karmakANDa ko hI dharma mAna liyA gyaa| (ii) vyaktivAdI manovRtti: dUsaroM kI hAni se, vipatti se mujhe kyA vAstA ? maiM dUsaroM ke liye kyoM karma baaNdhuu| 'parAI tujhe kyA par3I apanI niber3a tU' / isa prakAra ke 'ekAntika nivattivAdI cintana' ne dharma ke sAmAjika rUpa ko bar3I hAni pahu~cAI / kucha logo kA vicAra hai ki vastutaH isa 'vyaktivAdI manovRtti' kI jar3a hamAre una saiddhAMtika vicAro meM pAI

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jAtI hai jisameM yaha darzAyA gayA hai ki hamArA uddezya 'mAtma-mukti, nijImukti yA vyaktigata mukti' hai| ina vicAroM se hama samAja se alaga jA par3ate haiN| hama sAmAjika sapaThana yA sAmAjika zakti kA hrAsa hote dekhakara adhika cintita nahIM hote kyoMki hamAre sAthahAni kA rUpa sAmAjika na hokara 'vyaktigata' ho jAtA hai / (iii) rAjya-prAzraya se vaMcita: rAjya-prAzraya haTane se jaina dharma ko bar3I hAni pahu~cI / isase jainAcAryoM ke kArya-krama meM bar3A vyavadhAna pdd'aa| rAjyAzraya na rahane se rAja-zakti virodhI pakSa ke izAre para nAcane lagI aura jaina dharma ko hAni pahucAne para utara AI / aneka kaThinAiyo kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna ho gyaa| (iv) asaphala netRtvaH - jaina dharma meM aise netRtva kA prabhAva ho gayA jo rAjanIti aura dharmanIti ko sAtha sAtha lekara cala sktaa| dharmanIti ke mukAbale meM rAjanIti kI upekSA kI jAne lgii| eka prAcArya kA kathana hai ki dharma 'paMgu' hai, yaha kisI ke sahAre hI cala sakatA hai / dhanI aura sattAdhArI varga isake pracAra sAdhano ko juTAte hai aura isakI gati ko tIvra karate hai| dharma pracAra meM jo zithilatA AI usakA pramukha kAraNa sAdhusaMsthA kA abhAva, dhana ke prati tIvra moha, aura mAnasika svArthavRtti thii| jisane prAcIna dhArA ko dUsarI aura mor3a diyaa| dhana sampatti kA upayoga jina kAryoM meM kharca honA cAhie thA vahAM na hokara anya kama upayogI kAryoM me vyaya huA / phala svarUpa jAgRti kA pravAha ruka gyaa|

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64 (v) anya dharmoM kA bar3hatA humA pramAva: jainijma (Jainism) anya dharmoM ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ko upekSA kI dRSTi se dekhatA rahA aura unake vikAsa sAdhanoM ko apanAne kI koziza nahIM kI, pratyuta apane Apa ko 'ekAtataH prAdhyAtmika' banAye rakhane kI pravRtti utpanna krlii| isa prakAra vyartha me hI pRthaktva (I solation) se apane Apa ko daNDita kara liyaa| (vi) jaina dharma kA vibhAjana: jaina dharma sadA ke liye digambara, zvetAmbara do bar3e sampradAyoM meM baTa gayA / ina donoM sampradAyoM ne ApasI virodha kI pakkI dIvAreM khar3I kara lii| samaya bItane para ye do sampradAya Age kaI choTe choTe bhAgoM meM baTa gae / sAdhAraNa niyamoM para UhA poha hone lgii| isa prakAra ye zAkhAeM aura upazAkhAeM eka dUsare se dveSa aura ghaNA karate hue samaya bitAne lagI aura apanI zakti kamajora karane lgii| isase jaina dharma ke 'kendrIya saMgaThana' ko bhArI dhakkA lgaa| (vii) uttara guNoM ko prAthamikatA: uttarakAlIna prAcAryoM ne pichalI do tIna zatAbdiyoM se gRhasthoM ko jo upadeza diye uname mUlaguNoM ke sthAna para uttaraguNoM kA atyadhika pracAra kiyA gayA-jaise harI zAka sabjI kA tyAga Adi / (viii) jaina sampradAyoM ke bhinna-bhinna dharmazAstra: jaina digambara sampradAya kA mata hai ki 'Agama' naSTa ho cuke haiM / ve SaTkhaNDAgama' ko mAnate haiM jisakA AcArya puSpadaMta aura prAcArya bhUtabali ne saMkalana kiyA thaa| jaina zvetAmbara 45 Agamo ko mAnate haiM / jaina zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI 32 Agama pramANa mAnate haiM / ye sabhI matabheda dharmAcAryoM aura paNDitoM ke bhinna bhinna vicAroM ke

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85 kAraNa se nikale haiN| isa kAraNa se digambara aura zvetAmbara 'AsthA' meM eka dUsare se dUra dikhane lage haiN| (1x) atyaMta vistRta prAcAra zAstra: niyamAnuniyama vistAra itanA adhika ho gayA hai ki yaha jAnanA kaThina ho gayA hai ki kahA~ se Aramma-kare aura kahA~ samApta kre| gAnA, bajAnA, nAcanA, makAna banAnA, nahAnA-dhonA, phala phUla khAnA va tor3anA, bhramaNa, vyAyAma Adi jIva-hiMsA meM zumAra hone lage tathA Atma-vikRti kA rUpa mAne jAne lage / pratyeka kriyA-kalApa meM jIva-hisA kA prazna khar3A kara dene se janasAdhAraNa taga A ge| (x) dabbU zrAvakavarga: eka samaya aisA AyA ki zAstra paThanapAThana kevala jaina muniyo kA kArya bana kara raha gayA / jaina 'gRhastha' (zrAvaka) kevala tahata vacana mahArAja (muni mahArAja jo kathana kahate haiM vaha sarvathA satya hai) kahane vAlA eka jJAnahIna tathA zaktihIna varga bana kara raha gyaa| ina zrAvako kA mukhya karttavya apane 'gaccha' (Tole) ke guru yA AcArya ke batAe hue mArga para calanA thA aura apanI paramparA ke atirikta jaino kI zeSa AcArya paramparAmo ko galata mAnanA aura izArA pAte hI unakA virodha bhI karanA thaa| agara khoja-bIna kI jAye to kahanA paDegA ki vaijJAnika yuga se pUrva (Aja se sau DeDha sau varSa pahale) zrAvaka 'bheDa bakarI' ke samAna thA jisake hRdaya aura pITha para apane gaccha ke prAcArya kI chApa lagI huI thI, jisase balAt use apane sAmpradAyika pijaDe kI sImA ke andara hI rahanA paDatA thaa| isa prakAra 'pRthakkaraNa nIti' se jaina dharma ko asIma kSati phcii|

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sthAvAda athavA anekAMtavAda graMthoM meM likhA raha gayA aura vyavahAra me usakA sthAna 'mAgrahabAda' ne le liyaa| (xi) kSAtra-teja se banika-vRtti kI bhora: maMgavAna mahAvIra ne kevala jJAna kI prApti ke pazcAt chAtra-teja aura brahma-teja kA sundara sammizraNa upasthita kiyA thaa| kSAtra vRtti eka dama ni:svArtha tathA dUsaroM ko sahAyatA va saMrakSaNa dene vAlI loka-kalyANa vatti hai| jaba taka jaina dharma ko kSAtra teja va brahma teja ko Azraya rahA vaha vikAsonmukha hI rahA, pragatizIla hI rhaa| parantu jaba kSAtra teja naSTa ho gayA aura brahmateja kamajora par3ane lagA to asaMtulana paidA humA / pariNAmataH ahiMsA ne kAyaratA kA rUpa le liyaa| sukha-zAnti-vaibhava prApti kI icchA prabala huii| prAtma-rakSA ke lie bhI yuddha hiMsA-paraka ho gyaa| kSAtrateja naSTa humA, brahmateja kSINa humA aura kRSi meM hiMsA najara Ane lgii| kevala 'vyApAra meM yA sUdakhorI meM hameM ahiMsA naz2ara aaii| Aja sAre kA sArA jaina samAja adhikAMza vyApArI varga se sambandha rakhatA hai| kSAtra teja aura brahmateja meM hama 'zUnya' ke barAbara haiN| hamArI kraya-zakti vyApAra ke kAraNa jarUra bar3hI hai parantu kina kina sAdhanoM se ? jJAna, zakti aura mAcAra kI kisI bhI bhUmikA para hamArA nAma nizAna najara nahI maataa| pariNAma yaha huA hai ki thaper3e khAte khAte 50 karor3a kI saMkhyA meM se aba hama kevala pacAsa lAsa hI bace hoNge| isI saMdarbha meM eka saMsmaraNa peza kara rahA huuN| jarA vicAra se par3hiyegA 'bAta san 1954 kI hai| paNDita javAhara lAla neharU usa samaya

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bhArata ke pradhAna maMtrI the| san 1954 se pUrva mI bhArata ke samasta jainiyoM ne prativarSa unako sevA meM kAgajI rejolyUzana bhejakara tathA pratinidhi maNDala unakI sevA meM upasthita karake, hajAra dhanunaya-vinaya kI thI ki bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI, jaina dharma ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara, jinhoMne bhArata hI nahI varan samasta vizva ko 'satya maura ahiMsA' kA prazasta mArga dikhAyA, unake janma dina caitra zuklA trayodazI ko bhAratavarSa meM gajeTiDa (rAjapatrita) chuTTI ghoSita kI jAye / isameM sadeha nahIM ki paNDita neharU jaina dharma va jaina samAja kA mAdara karate the parantu unhoMne Ajanma jainiyoM ke isa chuTTI ke prastAva ko kabhI koI mahatva nahIM diyA aura na hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janmadina kI chuTTI kamI ghoSita kii| dillI jaina samAja ne gAMdhI grAUnDa meM tathA naI dillI meM kaI bAra 'mahAvIra jayantI' ke upalakSya meM rASTrapati bAbU rAjendra prasAda tathA pradhAna maMtrI paNDita neharU jI ko AmaMtrita kiyA, unakA phUla mAlAoM se svAgata kiyA aura bar3e zrAdarapUrvaka apanI purAnI vinatI ko doharAyA, parantu tUtI kI AvAja nakkArakhAne meM kauna sunatA hai ? puna:, jaba uparyukta bahucarcita prastAva lekara samagra bhArata ke jainiyo kA pratinidhimaNDala zrI neharU ko unake nivAsa sthAna para milA to usa samaya paNDita jI ne prasanna mudrA me upasthita videzI rAjanItijJoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahA: -------- 'ki bhAratavarSa meM yahI (jaina samAja) eka aisA ahiMsaka barga hai jisase bhArata sarakAra ko koI bhaya yA qhatarA nahI hai' yaha zabda jaina samAja kI kamajorI pradarzita karate haiM yA usakI

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prazaMsA, isakA nirNaya hama Apa para hI chor3ate haiM / parantu itanI lalocappo ke bAvajUda bhI 'mahAvIra jayantI kI chuTTI majUra nahI kI gii| isake viparIta 'buddha pUrNimA' ko chuTTI binA mAMge sAre bhAratavarSa meM ghoSita kI gaI aura mahAtmA buddha kA 25 vI zatAbdI samAroha baDe sajadhaja se sarakArI stara para manAyA gayA jisameM bhArata sarakAra kA karor3o rupayA kharca huaa| subhASa bAbU ne eka bAra kahA thA-tuma khUna do, maiM tumheM AjAdI dUMgA' / yaha saca hai ki binA balidAna diye, binA tyAga kiye, kevala kAgajI ghoDe daur3A kara, saphalatA nahI milA karatI / vastuta: AtmadarzI hone kI bajAya hamane AtmaghAta hI kiyA hai / samasyA gambhIra hai aura vicAraNIya hai /

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adhyAya 11(kha) jaina dharma-hAsa kI roka ___ thAma kaise ho rASTra kavi zrI maithilIzaraNa gupta ne bhAratIya ma mAja ko cetAvanI-rUpa eka sthAna para kahA thAH 'hama kauna the, kyA ho gaye hai aura kyA hoge abhI? mAno vicAre Aja milakara ye samasyAe sabhI' / yadi roga kA nidAna samajha me A jAye to usakA ilAja sahaja hI ho sakatA hai| yadi unhe dUra kara diyA jAye to punaH vikAsa mArga kI ora agrasara hA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma ke hrAsa ko rokane ke liye kucha upAya nIce kahe jAte hai. (1) bhinnatA meM ekatA:zatAbda aura sahasrAbda vyatIta ho gaye bhinnatA kA abhyAsa karate hae / aba usI bhinnatA meM ekatA ke digdarzana karane kA prayAsa honA cAhie / digambara, zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI, terApathI Adi ni.sakoca apanI mAnyatAe kAyama rakhe parantu vivAdAspada prazno ke sambandha me durAgraha karanA chor3a de jaise: (a) mukti acelaka ko yA sacelaka ko ? (A) strI ko mokSa hai yA nahIM ? (i) mUrti pUjA grAhya hai yA varjita ? (I) gehU ke dAne meM bIja hai yA nahIM ? (u) mukhavastrikA mukha para Dore ke sAtha dhAraNa kI jAca yA

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hAtha meM rakhI jAye ? (U) mahAvIra kA vivAha-sambandha huA thA yA nahI ityAdi / jisa sampradAya kI jo AsthA hai vaha usakA pUrNatayA pAlana kare, parantu khaNDana-maNDana athavA vAda-vivAda ke kucakra meM na paDe / AgrahavAda kA tyAga kiyA jAye / syAdvAda tathA anekAMtavAda ko pratiSThita kiyA jAye aura zurUpAta apane se hI kI jaaye| "khaNDana nIti' ko nirutsAhita kiyA jAye aura 'ekatA' para bala diyA jAye / 'ekatA kI AvAja bulaMda karane vAlo ko jaina samAja vizeSa sammAnita va puraskRta kare / isa uddezya ke liye yuvA-pIr3hI kI ora janamata taiyAra kiyA jaaye| varSa-bhara me 'jaina dharma kI ekatA' para eka-do sthAnIya, prAMtIya tathA kendrIya samAroha vyavasthita kiye jaaye| AkAzavANI se jaina puNya tithiyoM para 'jaina ekatA' sambandhI 'vArtA' prasArita kI jAye / isa viSaya para zikSA saMsthAno meM nibandha va bhASaNa pratiyogitAe vyavasthita kI jaayeN| (ii) aMtarjAtIya vivAha prathAH agravAla, prosavAla, khaNDelavAla, pallIvAla, digambara,zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI, terApathI Adi aneka jaina varga Apasa me vivAha-sambadha sthApita kreN| vicAro kI svatatratA meM hastakSepa na kiyA jaaye| bhagavAn ke kevala vyApaka mUla siddhAntoM-jaise ahiMsA Adi-ke pAlana para hI bala diyA jAye / isase viSamatA ghaTegI, prema bar3hegA, eka dUsare ke nikaTa Ane kA avasara milegA aura yathArtha dharma kI unnati hogii|

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(iii) jAgarUka tayA vivekazIla zrAvaka: isa vaijJAnika yuga meM, badalatI duniyA ke sAtha kadama milAkara calane vAlA zrAvaka cAhiye / vaise bhI mahAvIra ne hameM 'deza, kAla, bhAva' ke anukUla parivartana lAne kI svataMtratA de rakhI hai| purAnI mAnyatAmoM ko marI huI badariyA ke samAna gale se cipakAye rakhanA koI buddhimattA kI bAta nahI hai: sadA eka hI rukha nahI nAva calatI, calo tuma udhara ko havA ho jidhara kii| vivekazIla zrAvaka (gahastha) isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhegA ki koI usakA purakhA yA sajAtIya yA mitra use ekatA ke patha se vicalita to nahI kara rahA / 'ekatA kI patavAra' ko aba haragiz2a nahI choDanA hai aura ekatA virodhI pravRttiyo kA bahiSkAra karanA hai| vivekazIla zrAvaka ko 'sahiSNutA' se pyAra karanA hogaa| dUsaro ke dRSTikoNa ko apane dRSTikoNa meM sthAna denA hogaa| vivekazIla tathA pragatizIla zrAvaka usa netRtva ko svIkAra nahI karegA jo 'bheda-nIti' kA poSaka ho| jAgarUka zrAvaka apane dhArmika netA tathA rAjanItika netA donoM ke samakSa apanA svatatra dRSTikoNa peza karane meM nahI hickicaayegaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sadgRhastha zrAvaka ko 'muniyoM ke mAtA pitA' kI saMjJA dI hai, kyoki muni ko uttama zramaNa dharma pAlana karane ke liye va apane jIvana nirvAha ke liye 'zrAvaka' para nirbhara rahanA paDatA hai / (1v) kendrIya dharmAcArya-samitiHisa samiti me sabhI jaina sampradAyo ke mahAn prAcArya sammilita

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62 hoMge jo samUce jaina dharma meM bAdhaka yA sahAyaka prakriyAmo para vicAra karake jainoM kI ekatA para eka sarvamAnya nIti taiyAra kareMge tathA usa para apane sagha meM zrAcaraNa karavAne ke liye kaTibaddha hoge / yaha samiti patra-vyavahAra dvArA bhI bahuta kucha nirNaya le sakatI hai / (v) kendrIya zrAvaka samiti. - samasta bhAratavarSa kI yA vizva bhara ke jaino kI yaha pratinidhi samiti hogI jo samaya-samaya para mila baiThakara jaina dharma tathA samAja kI pragati sambandhI samasyAoM para vicAra karegI / 'ekatA va ahiMsAdharma prasAra isakA lakSya hogA' / yaha samiti kendrIya AcArya samiti ke sAtha sahayoga karegI aura vicAro kA AdAna-pradAna karegI / ( V1 ) saccAbhAratIya nAgarika:saccA jaina hI saccA nAgarika aura saccA nAgarika hI saccA jaina ho sakatA hai | hamArI zikSA sasthAe va sasthAna acchA nAgarika banAne meM tatpara ho / isa prakAra hameM ajaina bhAiyo se pUrA sahayoga mila sakatA hai / (V11 ) jaina bAlakoM meM sarvatomukhI vikAsa - Aja kA vidyArthI kala kA janaka hai / sthAnIya sa~sthAe tathA unake mukhya loga yadi isa bAta meM dilacaspI le aura bacco kA ThIka mArga darzana kare to inhI meM se U~ce darje ke senAnAyaka, DaoNkTara, iMjIniyara, gradhyApaka, vakIla, kalAkAra, sAhityakAra, arthazAstrI, vyavasAyI, rAjanItijJa tathA bahubhASA-bhASI vidvAn nikala sakate hai / (viii) svAdhyAya praNAlI: choTI bar3I umra ke sabhI zrAvako meM svAdhyAya praNAlI cAlU

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karane kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai / jana gRhastho ko jaba apane dharma siddhAnto kA hI jJAna nahI hai to unakI unameM AsthA sthira kaise raha sakatI hai ? unakI sthiti galI ke eka kaMkara kI haiM jise Thokara mAra kara koI bhI vyakti kisI dizA meM pheka sakatA hai| svAdhyAya praNAlI ko prasArita karane ke liye protsAhana athavA puraskAra Adi kA avalambana karanA caahiye| (ix) vijJAna meM dilacaspI: isa viSaya meM hamAre bAlako ko adhika se adhika kriyAzIla honA cAhiye / jaina dharma vaijJAnika DhaMga ko apanAtA hI hai / jaina siddhAta me kucha aise tathya bha re paDe hai ki yadi unakI khoja kI jAye to kaI camatkArika rahasya udghATita ho sakate hai / 'paramANu' tathA 'AkAza' ke bAre me to jaina dharma ne vizeSa upayogI vicAra diye hai jo Ajakala ke vaijJAnikoM ke liye baDe kAma kI vastu hai / (x) punaH kSAtra teja kI prApti ayavA senA meM praveza:hameM apane kSAtra teja ko punaH jAgRta karanA hogA / jaina vIra senApati 'cAmuNDa rAya' aura 'AbhU' kI yAda tAjA karanI hogii| jaina samrAT khAravela kI morcAbadiyo, sainya-saMcAlana, raNa-kauzala, kartavyazIlatA, prajAvatsalatA Adi guNo ko apanAnA hogA / pratyeka jaina zrAvaka ko yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vaha dharmanIti ko apanAte hue bhI rAjanIti se alaga nahI raha sakatA kyoki deza meM zAnti aura samRddhi hone para ho dharna kI sAdhanA tathA jIvana meM sukha zAnti sambhava hai / usake binA samAja kA astitva kAyama nahIM raha sakatA au ra anya jAtiyo ke mukAbale meM vaha ni:sahAya, kamajora, azakta mAnA jaayegaa| agara jaina zrAvaka yaha samajhatA hai ki dhana-bala

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NY kA to saMcaya kiyA jAye parantu kSAtrabala aura rAjanIti bala kI upekSA kI jAye to yaha nitAMta adhUrA vyaktitva hogaa| deza kI rAjanIti aura sainya-bala se saMnyAsa lekara hama kaise jIvita raha sakate hai ? jo maranA nahI jAnatA vaha jInA bhI nahI jAnatA / aise vyakti ko jIne kauna degA ? agara vaha jiyegA bhI to pAkha-bada-kAna-baMda vyakti ke samAna / bhalA yaha bhI koI jIvana hai ? uTho, khaDe ho jaao| mahAvIra kI 25vI nirvANa zatAbdI meM eka karavaTa badalo / apanI satAnoM ko adhika se adhika saMkhyA meM vAyu-senA, jala-senA, thala-senA meM bhartI karAyo / mRtyu kevala sainika ko hI nahI dabocatI, apane samaya para yamarAja sabhI jIvo ko apane pAza meM phAsate hai| 2500 vIM mahAvIra nirvANa jayantI para Apa moha jAla ko phekiye aura naujavAna bacco ko maidAna meM Ane dIjiye / unhe mahAvIra kA vIra sainika banane dIjiye, siha ko apanA teja prApta karane diijiye| 'sukhe-samAdhe' aura 'sukha-sAtA' kI cAha ke sthAna para bacco ko mRtyu se jUjhane kI zikSA dIjiye / baccoM kI dhamaniyo meM jo nayA khUna daur3a rahA hai aura vaha kucha jokhima ke kAma karanA cAhatA hai, isakI use anumati dIjiye / mahAvIra kI saMtAna kamajora kyo bane ? vIra-zAvaka tumula nAda se jAgA hai Apa use protsAhana dIjiye / (xi) anubhavI vRddha puruSoM kA netRtva: 50 se 70 varSa kI avasthA ke mahAjana dhyAna se suna le| aba ve saMsAra se kitanA 'rasa' paura lenA cAhate hai ? bahuta ho cukA / Apane AvazyakatA se adhika isa saMsAra ke sukho ko dekha liyA / yaha sasAra kisI dina acAnaka Apako lUTa legA, har3apa legaa| kucha neka kamAI kIjiye / ApakI buddhi ThIka, zarIra bala kAyama, 'satAna ApakI yogya,

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mApakA sthAna lene ko taiyaar| samAja ke prati, dharma ke prati apanA amUlya samaya dIjiye, zakti dIjiye, buddhi dIjiye aura yuvA pIr3hI kA netRtva kiijiye| pratyeka nagara meM, kasbe meM, gA~va meM agara 10 mahAnubhAva aise mila jAye to svata: hI 'mahAvIra hAI kamANDa' taiyAra ho jaayegaa| samAja aura dharma ko ApakA netRtva mila jaayegaa| dharma lagar3A hai use lAThI kA sahArA caahie| Apa hI use gatimAna krege| vaha ApakI rakSA kregaa| 25vI mahAvIra nirvANa zatAbdI me Apa 'vIra senA' kA sipAhI baniye yA nAyaka baniye yaha ApakI icchA aura zakti para nirbhara hai| mRtyuparyata gRhastha dharma ko bhogate rahane kI lAlasA tIna honA koI bar3appana kI bAta nahI hai| kyA harja hai agara purAnI 'svastha paramparA' punaH cAlU kI jaaye| 50-55 kI Ayu ke pazcAt tyAga kI prathA ko punarjIvita kiyA jAye / Apa isa sunaharI avasara para dRr3ha sakalpa kIjiye / samAja aura dharma Apake netRtva kI apekSA karatA (xii) jana samparkaH bhArata kevala zaharoM meM hI nahI basatA, usakI 82% janasaMkhyA lagabhaga sADhe sAta lAkha gAMvoM meM nivAsa karatI hai / jaino kA kArya-kSetra mukhyatayA nagaroM taka sImita rahA hai / vahA~ kucha karmaTha loga samArohoM, goSThiyoM tathA sAhitya nirmANa dvArA apane kartavya kI itizrI samajha lete haiN| hama aise karmaTha logo ke baDe kRtajJa haiM jo itanA bhI kara pAte haiN|

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66 isa 25 vI zatAbdI samAroha ke avasara taka yadi hama apane apane nagara yA sthAna ke pratyeka vyakti se samparka kAyama karake mahAvIra kI kalyANamayI vANI una taka pahu~cAte hai to yaha bhI eka sarAhanIya sevA hogI / parantu mahAvIra to sAre bhArata aura vizva ke lie hai / hamane unhe sImita kyo kara rakhA hai ? jana-samparka kI eka yojanA banAI jAye / pratyeka jilA, nagara, tahasIla apane AsapAsa ke gAvo kI eka sUcI taiyAra kare / jahA~jahA~ bhI yAtAyAta kI suvidhA prApta ho vahA~ 5-7 karmaTha anubhavI vyaktiyo ke pratinidhi maNDala bheje jAye / maNDalI meM gAyaka, upadezaka, kavi, kathAkAra, cikitsaka tathA sahAyatA ( Relief) baoNTane vAle vyakti hone cAhiye / koI kaTAkSa kI bAta na ho, koI dharma parivartana kA uddezya na ho / kevala mAnava dharma, ahiMsA dharma, prema-dharma, samAnatAdharma kA pracAra kiyA jAye / usa pradeza ke logo kI kapaDe se, davAI se, rojagAra se tathA jJAnadAna se sahAyatA kI jAye / unhe batAyA jAye ki rAma, kRSNa, mahAvIra, buddha, nAnaka, gAMdhI bhArata ke hI ratna the / ve Apako unnata banAnA cAhate the / ina saba sevAo ke liye sarakArI sahAyatA kI upekSA na kI jAye / Akhira sarakAra bhI to hama hI loga haiM / hamAre AMdolana kA uddezya honA cAhiye ajJAnatA, dukha-darda, pIr3A, bekArI ko dUra karanA tathA sahAnubhUti, samAnatA aura maitrI kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna karanA eva baDo kA Adara aura choToM se prema karanA / (xiii) kendrIya dAna praNAlI: 25vI zatAbdIsambandhI sthAnIya aura kendrIya ahiMsA Adolana ko calAne ke lie dhana kI AvazyakatA par3egI / jana-jana kI sahAyatA se ghana ekatrita kiyA jaaye| sabhI choTe bar3e isa mahAn yajJa meM bhAgIdAra bane / yojanA bar3I sarala sahala, parantu prabhAvakArI hai:

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mAna lo jaino kI saMkhyA hai kama se kama 50 lAkha / isameM 25 lAkha aise vyakti hoge jo pratidina paise AsAnI se nikAla sakate haiM / mahIne ke ata me prati vyakti 50 paise se 100 paise de / varSa-bhara ke pazcAt yaha rAzi 25 lAkha vayaska Adamiyo se ikaTThI kI huI '3 karoDa' taka jA phucegii| isameM sabhI kA hissA hogA, sabhI kI sadbhAvanA hogii| DeDha karoDa rupayA to sthAnIya samitiyA~ jarUrI vyaya ke liye apane pAsa rakha le aura zeSa 11 karoDa kI ekatrita rAzi bhArata kendrIya samiti ko de dI jaaye| kitanA bar3A kAma ho sakatA hai yadi ImAnadArI se kiyA jAye / isa yojanA ko prAdezika rUpa meM pahale mAsa me dillI meM saphala banAyA jAye aura zepa prAto ke liye Adarza upasthita kiyA jAye / isa yojanA kI kAryAnviti ke liye anuzAsana priya, karmaTha, vizeSa rUpa se ImAnadAra AdamI cAhiye (xiv) jaina mizana kI sthApanAH jaina dharma ko antarrASTrIya rUpa dene ke liye sasAra ke dezo kI rAjadhAniyo tathA mukhya nagaro meM jaina mizana (Jaan Mission) kI sthApanA kI jaaye| isa dizA me yojanAbaddha bhinna-bhinna dezo kI sarakAro se patra-vyavahAra karake tathA saMyukta rASTra saMgha (U.N O.) ke mAdhyama se pratyeka rAjavAnI tathA nagara me anubhavI, sevAbhAvI, tyAgonmukha jaina tathA jainetara vidvAno ke sahayoga se 'jaina mizana' kI sthApanA kI jaaye| isa sambandha meM sthAnIya sarvajana upakArI (Philanthropists) logo se jo bhI sahAyatA mile, grahaNa kI jaaye| pahalA kadama uThAne para dUsarA kadama svata: hI Age nikala aayegaa| samasyA kevala yojanAbaddha tarIke se kArya Arambha karane kI hai|

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68 upayukta pratyakSa tathA parokSa sAdhanoM dvArA tathA dRDha sakalpa karake strI-samAja, yuvA pIr3hI, anubhavI logoM, samAjasevI tathA vidvAnoM eva presa va Teliviz2ana dvArA jaina dharma kI hrAsa-gAthA ko pragati kI sundara vATikA meM parivartina karane kA bhagIratha prayAsa kiyA jAye tAki sasAra meM sarva-kalyANakArI ahiMsA-zAsana kI sthApanA karake 'rAmarAjya' ko sAkAra kiyA jAye / ___ yaha jaina dharma kI vAstavika gatizIlatA hogii| sasAra ko jaina dharma kI yaha amUlya dena hogI /

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pradhyAya 12 jainoM kI sAhitya-sevA (ka) sasAra me sAhitya kA nirmANa kyA huA mAnoM atIta se usakA juDA huA sambandha spaSTa naz2ara Ane lgaa| sAhitya ne manuSya samAja kI mahAn kalAkRtiyoM tathA upalabdhiyoM ko lipi-baddha karake agalI pIDhI ke liye surakSita rakhA hai / sAhitya ne adRzya vicAroM ko mUrta rUpa dekara sabhyatA va saMskRti kI bela ko pallavita tathA puSpita rakhane ke liye kitanI avismaraNIya sevA kI hai| jisa deza yA jAti kA koI sAhitya nahIM hai usakI dazA pASANayugIna vyakti' kI sI hotI hai| jisa deza kA sAhitya samRddha nahI hotA, vaha pichar3A huA, vicArahIna aura asabhya deza mAnA jAtA hai| ApakA mastaka garva se unnata ho jAyegA aura chAtI khuzI se phUla uThegI jaba Apako yaha mAlUma hogA ki 'jaino ne bhAratIya sAhitya ko amUlya maulika ratna diye haiN'| sAhitya kI koI aisI zAkhA nahI jise unhone cAra cAMda na lagAye ho / ___ bhArata kI prAcIna bhASAoM saskRta, prAkRta tathA prAdezika bhASAoM jaise-mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, apabhra za, tamila, kannaDa tathA anya draveDiyana mApAoM meM vipula sAhitya sajana kiyA hai| jaina dharma me prakANDa jainAcArya ho gaye haiM jo prabala tAkika, vaiyAkaraNa. kavi aura dArzanika the| unhoMne jaina dharma ke sAtha sAtha bhAratIya sAhitya ke anya kSetroM meM bhI apanI lekhanI ke jauhara dikhAye haiN|

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100 darzana, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, koza, kAvya, chaMda, alakAra, saMgItakathA, zilpa, maMtra-taMtra, vAstukalA, citrakalA, vaidyaka, gaNita, jyotiSa, zakuna, nimitta, svapna, sAmudrika, ramala, lakSaNa, artha, ratnazAstra, mudrAzAstra, nIti zAstra, dhAtu vijJAna, prAriNa vijJAna Adi viSayo para mahatvapUrNa grathoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane Apako aura samUce loka ko dekhaa| unhone apane pravacano meM badha aura baMdha hetu, mokSa aura mokSa hetu kA svarUpa batAyA / bhagavAn kI vANI 'Agama' kahalAI / unake pradhAna ziSya gautama ( indrabhUti) Adi gyAraha gaNadharo ne use sUtrarUpa me gUMthA / bhagavAn ke prakIrNa upadeza ko 'arthAgama' aura unake AdhAra para kI gaI sUtra racanA ko 'sUtrAgama' kahA gayA / cAryo ke liye 'dharma nidhi' bana gaye, isaliye unakA nAma 'garipiTaka' huA / isake bAraha bhAga huye jise 'dvAdazAgI' nAma se pukArA gayA / 'caudaha pUrva' ke jJAna kA parimANa bahuta vizAla hai / ve 'pUrva zruta yA zabda jJAna ke samasta viSayo ke 'akSaya koSa' hote haiM / inake adhyetA zratakevalI kahalAte haiM / 'caudaha pUrva' kA jJAna -viccheda ho cukA hai| ina kA pUrNa viccheda IsA kI 5vI zatAbdI taka ho cukA thA / mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM ke atirikta anya jJAnavAn prAcAryo tathA citako ne vIra vANI kI chAyA me jIvanopayogI, mokSa-mArgI racanAe kIM jinakI pratiSThA dvAdazAgI ke pazcAtvartI kI gaI / mahAvIra nirvANa se kaI zatAbdI pIche zAstrajJAna athavA zrutajJAna 'gurumukha' se prApta karane kI prathA sarvottama mAnI jAtI rahI aura kaI kAraNoM se use lipibaddha karane kI upekSA kI jAtI rahI /

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101 rAjanaitika asthiratA tathA lambe durbhikSo ke kAraNa zruta jJAna kSI hotA gayA / vikIrNa mahAvIra vANI ko ekatrita karane ke lie nimnalikhita 'tIna vAcanAe~' kI gaI jinameM vidvAna muni sammilita hue aura jo jisako smaraNa yA kaNTha thA, peza kiyA / * 1. pATalIputra meM vIra nirvANa se 160 varSa pazcAt 2 (ka) mathurA meM skandila kI adhyakSatA me vIra nirvANa se 825 varSa pazcAta, (kha) vallabhI meM nAgArja una sUrI kI adhyakSatA meM 3. vallabhI me devaddhigaraNI kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA me vIranirvANa ke 980/983 varSa pazcAta, zrAcArya devaddhigaraNI ne pratyanta parizrama se prAkRta meM jo kucha sakalana kiyA vaha 'zAstra' rUpa me nimna nAmo se prasiddha huA. - kramAMka nAma zAstra zAstra sakhyA 1 aga 2 upAga 3 mUla sUtra 4 cheda sUtra 12 (aMtima 12vAM aga 12 viccheda ho cukA hai ) 4 6 5 cUlikA sUtra 2 6 prakIrNaka 12 Agamo kA vartamAna saskaraNa 'devadvigaNI' kA hai / ago ke karttA gaNadhara hai / aga bAhya zrata ke karttA sthavira hai / una sabakA saMkalana aura sampAdana karane vAle devaddhi garaNI hai, ataH vaha Agama ke vartamAna rUpa ke karttA bhI mAne jAte hai / 031441 GOOye

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adhyAya 12 jaina dharma zAstra-digambara jana samAja kI mAnyatA digambara jaina samAja kI dhAraNA dharma-zAstroM ke bAre meM isa prakAra hai: 'dRSTivAda aMga' ke 'pUrvagata' gratha kA kucha aMza IsvI prArambhika zatAbdI meM zrI dharasena' prAcArya ko jJAta thaa| unhone dekhA ki yadi vaha zeSa aMza bhI lipivaddha nahIM kiyA gayA to bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kA sarvathA lopa ho jaayegaa| phalata: unhoMne 'puSpa daMta' aura 'bhUtavali' jaise meghAvI muniyoM ko bulAkara girinAra parvata kI cadraguphA meM use lipibaddha kara diyaa| una donoM vidvAna muniyoM ne usa lipivaddha zra tajJAna ko jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ke dina sarvasaMdha ke samakSa upasthita kiyA thaa| vaha pavitra dina 'zra tapaMcamI' ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura sAhityoddhAra kA preraka kAraNa bana rahA hai| bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda viccheda ho cukA hai jisake pAMca bhAga 1. parikrama 2. sUtra 3. prathamAnuyoga 4. pUrvagata 5. cUlikA the| 'pUrvagata' hI caudaha-pUrva ke zabda jJAna se vikhyAta thaa| 'pUrvo' meM sArA zru tajJAna samA jAtA hai kintu sAdhAraNa buddhi vAle use par3ha nahI skte| unake liye 'dvAdazAgI' kI racanA kI gii| bhUtabali aura puSpadata ne AcArya dharasena se zrutAbhyAsa karane ke pazcAta prAkRta bhASA meM, gadya meM jisa advitIya gratha ko racanA kI

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103 usakA puNya nAma 'SaTa khaNDAgama' hai jo nimna nAmoM se bhI vikhyAta hai: 'SaTa khaNDAgama' 1. karma prAbhUta yA karma pAhuDa 2. mahAkarma prAbhUta 3. Agama siddhAta 4. khaNDa siddhAMta 5. SaTa khaNDa siddhAMta mahAmuni bhuta bali aura puSpa daMta vIra nirvANa kI chaTI-saptamI zatAbdI ke madhya me rahe / inake samakAlIna 'guNadhara' nAma ke prAcArya hue| unhone 233 gAthAno meM 'kasAyapAhuDa' yA 'kaSAya prAmRta' graMtha kI racanA kI jisa para 'yati vRSabha' AcArya ne 6000 zloka pramANa 'vRttisUtra' prAkRta meM race / uparyukta donoM mahAna graMtho para aneka TIkAe~ racI gaI jo upalabdha nahIM haiN| inake aMtima TIkAkAra 'vIrasena' AcArya hue jo bar3e samartha vidvAna the / unhone SaT khaNDAgama para apanI suprasiddha TIkA 'dhavalA' zaka samvat 738 meM pUrI kI jisakI zloka saMkhyA 72000 hai| dUsare mahAna gratha 'kasAyapAhuDa' para bhI unhone TIkA likhanI prArambha kii| usake yaha 20000 zloka pramANa hI likha sake ki svargavAsI hue| inake kArya ko unake suyogya ziSya 'jinasena' AcArya ne 40000 zloka aura adhika likhakara isa gurutara kArya kI pUrti zaka samvat 759 meM kii| isa TIkA kA nAma 'jaya dhavalA' hai jisakI kula zloka saMkhyA 60000 hai / uparyukta dono gratho kI TIkAmo kI racanA saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sammizraNa se kI gaI hai / bahu-bhAga isa kA prAkRta meM hai|

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adhyAya 13 jainAcAryoM kI sAhitya-sevA pAgama grantho se sambandhita aneka uttarakAlIna racanAe~ kI gaI jinakA uddezya Agamo ke viSaya ko sakSepa yA vistAra se samajhAnA thaa| aisI racanAe cAra prakAra kI hai:1. niyukti (riNajjuti') 2. bhASya ('bhAsa') 3. cUrSiNa ("cudhiNa') 4. TIkA yA vRtti 1. 'niyuktiyA~' apanI bhASA, zailI va viSaya kI dRSTi se saba prAcIna hai| ye prAkRta padyo meM likhI gaI hai aura sakSepa meM viSaya kA pratipAdana karatI haiN| inameM prasaMgAnusAra vividha kathApro va dRSTAMtoM ke saMketa milate haiN| isa samaya prAcArAga Adi 9 Agamo kI niyuktiyAM milatI hai aura ve 'bhadrabAhu' (dvitIya) kRta mAnI jAtI hai / 2. 'bhASya' bhI prAkRta gAthAo meM racita sakSipta prakaraNa haiN| yaha 'kalpa' Adi 'pATha Agamo' para likhe gaye hai| 'saMdhadAsa gariNa' va 'jinabhadra' ne kaI Agamo para bhASya likhe hai| 3. dhuriNayA~:-bhASA va racanA zailI kI daSTi se apanI vizeSatA rakhatI hai| ve prAkRta-saskRta mizrita gadya me likhI gaI hai / lagabhaga 18 AgamoM para 'jinadAsa gaNi mahattara' ne IsA kI sAtavI zatAbdI meM dhUNiyAM likhiiN| 4. vRttiyAM saMskRta me vistAra se likhI gaI haiM / 'haribhadrasUrI',

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105 'zIlAMkasUri', 'zAMti caMdra', 'abhayadeva sUri', maladhArI hemacaMdra', 'malayagiri', 'droNAcArya', 'kSemakIti' aneka vRttiyoM ke karttA the / zrabhayadeva sUri ne do AgamoM ko chor3a zeSa saba para atyaMta upayogI vRttiyA~ likhI / zolAka sUrI ne zeSa do AgamoM- AcArAMga va sUtrakRtAMga para TIkAe~ ( vRttiyA) likhI / 1 -- jaina prAcArya - jainAcAryoM tathA unake prabuddha, aparigrahI, sevAbhAvI, munivagaM ne bhAratIya samAja ke samakSa apanI U~cI AcAra-vicAra praNAlI upasthita kI tathA bhramaNa karate hue jana-jana ke samIpa jAkara use bodha diyA / anya samaya meM, vizeSakara caumAse meM ve eka sthAna meM sthita rahakara, ekAgracitta hokara tapasyA karate the, zAstroM kA maMthana karate the aura zAstrIya AdhAra para apanI anubhUtiyoM ko lipibaddha karate the / unakI lekhanI ne nAnA prakAra ke sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA / sabhya samAja ke lie unhone aisA koI viSaya nahIM chor3A jisa para unhoMne apane ucca vicAra vyakta na kiye hoN| aise tyAgI, paropakArI tathA AtmArthI muniyo kA samAja meM bar3A Adara thA / unakI kucheka kRtiyo kA varNana nIce diyA jAtA hai / (1) AcArya kuMdakuMda: 'prAkRta pAhuDo' kI racanA kI paramparA meM prAcArya kuMdakuMda kA nAma suvikhyAta hai / jaino kI digambara sampradAya meM unhe jo sthAna prApta hai, vaha dUsare kisI granthakAra ko prApta nahI ho sakA / unakA zubha nAma eka maMgala pada meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama gaNadhara ke pazcAta hI tIsare sthAna para AtA hai / " unhoMne koI 84 pAhuDo kI racanA kI, kintu vartamAna me unakI nimna racanAye prasiddha hai:

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1. samayasAra 2. pravacanasAra 3. pazcAstikAya 4. niyamasAra 5. rayaNasAra 6. deza-bhakti 7. aSTa pAhuDa 8. bArasaM aNu vekkhA / 'amRtacada sUri' va 'jayasena' ne upayukta me se katipaya para TIkAeM likhI hai| 'bAlacadradeva' ne 12vI-13vI zatAbdI me una para 'kannaDa' bhASA meM TIkAeM likhii| __ prAcArya kudakuda ne tamila bhASA meM 'kurala yA kurula' nAmaka eka mahAkAvya racA aura 'thiruvalluvara' nAmaka apane ziSya ke hAtha vidvata samAja meM peza karane ke liye bheja diyaa| vidvatmaNDala ne use khUba pasada kiyaa| 'kurala' tamila sAhitya kA 'gratha ratna,' bana gayA, 'kumla' nIti kA eka apUrva grantha hai aura tamila dezame vaha 'pAcavA~ veda' vikhyAta hai| isakI racanA aisI udAra dRSTi se kI gaI hai ki pratyeka dharma kA anuyAyI use apanA mAnya grantha svIkAra karane me garva mahasUsa karatA hai| (2) baTTakera:____vaTTakera prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 rhe| inake dvArA likhita 'mUlAcAra' jaina muniyoM ke prAcAra ke sambandha meM eka prAmANika grantha hai| yaha digambaro kA prAcArAga zAstra hai / (3) prAcArya kumAra yA kAttikeya:__'kAtti keyAnuprekSA' ina prAcArya dvArA racita prAkRta bhASA meM eka uttama grantha hai| isameM bAraha adhyAya hai jo muni tathA zrAtaka ke liye mokSa prApti ke sundara nibandha haiM / umAsvAti yA umAsvAmI:(3) gRddhapicchAcArya umAsvAti yA umAsvAmi 'tattvArthAdhigama (tatvArtha) sUtra ke kartA the| yaha saskRta meM prathama jaina grantha hai jise

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1.7 bano kI sabhI sampradAyeM mAnyatA detI hai| ise jaino kI 'bAibila' kahate haiN| choTe moTe lagabhaga 356 sUtroM dvArA, daza adhyAyo meM, jaina dharma ke mUlabhUta sAta tattvo kA vidhivata nirUpaNa grantha meM mA gayA hai, jisase isa grantha ko samasta jaina siddhAMta kI ku jI kahA jA sakatA hai| isI kAraNa lAka-priyatA aura suvistRta pracAra kI dRSTi se yaha grantha jaina sAhitya meM advitIya hai| isakI mukhya TIkAe~ isa prakAra 1. sarvArtha siddhi devanadipUjpAda kRta 2. tatvArtha rAjavAtika makalaka kRta 3 tatvArtha zlokavArtika vidyAnadi , 4. tatvArtha bhASya vRtti svopajJa 5. tatvArtha mASya vatti siddhasena gaNI , __, " " - haribhadra , 7. tatvArthAdhigama bhASya para vyAkhyA - malayagiri kRta 8. tatvArtha-TippaNa - ciraMtana muni kRta 9 tatvArtha para TabA TippaNI (gujarAtI)-gaNI yazovijaya kRta 10. tatvAthaM vRtti - zrutasAgara sUri kRta 11. sukhabodha TIkA (saskRta) mAskara nadi kRta 12. sAdhAraNa saMskRta vyAkhyA -1. vibudhasena, 2. yogadeva ___ 3. yogIndra deva 4. lakSmIdeva 5. abhayanadi sUri kRta 13. (karNATaka) bhASA meM aneka TIkAeM racI gaI (hindI) bhASA me -" 14. (agrejI) bhASA meM - je0 ela0 janI kRta 15. (jarmana) bhASA meM - DA. harmana jekobI kRta

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108 (4) pAdaliptasUrI va vimala sUri : inhone prAkRta meM adbhuta lekhana kArya kiyA / pAdaliptasUri ne 'taraMgavatI' nAma kA eka dhArmika upanyAsa likhA / isakA ullekha jinabhadra ke 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya' meM, dAkSiragaNyacihna kI 'kuvalayamAlA' meM tathA dhanapAla dvArA likhita 'tilakamajarI' meM AyA hai / - S vimalasUri ne 'padmacarita' likhA jisameM bhagavAna rAma kI vIra gAthA kA varNana hai / isake 118 AkhyAna (chapter ) hai / rAma kA hI nAma 'padma' haiM | (5) zivazarmA va caMdra RSi: inake dvArA kramazaH 'karma prakRti' aura 'paca sagraha' karmavAda ke Upara jaina ke yaha do uttama grantha likhe gaye haiM / IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM inakA nirmANa kiyA gayA / AcArya malayagiri ne ina -donoM granthoM para apane bhASya likhe haiM / (6) siddhasena : siddhasena divAkara eka uccakoTi ke dArzanika ( logician ) the / yaha umAsvAti kI taraha sarvapriya the / AcArya jinasena ne Adara ke sAtha inakA smaraNa kiyA hai| inakI sUktiyoM ko bhagavAna RSamadeva kI sUktiyo ke samakakSa batAyA hai| siddhasena ko prativAdirUpa hAthiyo ke samUha ke liye vikalparUpa nakhoyukta 'siMha' batAyA hai / inakA 'sanmati tarka' grantha prati prasiddha aura bahumAnya hai, jo prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha hai / inake anya graMtha haiM - 'nyAyAvatAra' tathA dvAtriM zakAeM jo saskRta meM hai / inake sabhI grantha gahana dArzanika carcAoM se paripUrNa haiM /

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110 ( 9 ) mallavAdI: yaha prabala tArkika the| prAcArya hemacaMdra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM likhA hai ki saba tArkika mallavAdI se pIche hai / 'dvAdazAranayacakra' ina dvArA racita prasiddha graMtha hai jo upalabdha nahI hai, kintu usa para siMha kSamAzramaNa dvArA likhita TIkA avazya milatI hai / + mallavAdI ne siddhasena divAkara kRta 'sammati tarka' para pAlocanA ( Commentary) likhI hai jo praprApya hai / AcArya haribhadra ne apane 'anekAtajayapatAkA' graMtha meM inakA 'vAdimukhya' nAma se ullekha kiyA hai / mallavAdI vikrama ko 18vI zatI se pUrva hue / (10) akalaka0 : yaha jaina nyAya ke pratiSThAtA the / yaha prakANDa paNDita, dhuradhara zAstrArthI aura utkRSTa vicAraka the| jaina nyAya ko inhone jo rUpa diyA use uttarakAlIna jaina graMthakAroM ne apanAyA / svAmI samatabhadra ke yaha suyogya uttarAdhikArI the / unake 'prAptamImAsA' grantha para 'aSTazatI' nAmaka mAdhya kI racanA kI / inakI racanAe~ durUha maura gambhIra hai / inake nimnalikhita grantha prakAza meM A cuke haiM: 1. aSTazatI 2. laghIyastraya 3. pramANa saMgraha 4. nyAya vinizcaya 5. siddhi vinizcaya 6. tatvArtha rAjavArtika ( 11 ) haribhadra sUrI: Apa AThavI zatI I0 meM saMskRta tathA prAkRta me aneka granthoM ke karttA hue / inhoMne gadya eva padya meM khUba likhA / bhAratIya darzana meM 'SaDdarzana samuccaya' nAmaka inakA grantha eka vizada AlocanA hai / darzana viSaya para inake anya racita zAstra nimnalikhita haiM: -- 3. lalita 1. anekAta praveza 2. anekAta jayapatAkA vistAra 4. zAstravArtA samuccaya 5. dvijavadana

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capeTA 6. paraloka siddhi 7. sarvajJAna siddhi 8. dharmasaMgrahaNI 9. loka tatva nirNaya yoga vidyA para haribhadrasUrI ke grantha ye haiM:1. yoga dRSTi samuccaya 2. yoga bindu 3. yoga zataka 4. SoDazaka kathA-vastu para inake racita grantha: 1. samarAditya kathA (samarAicca kahA) * 2. dhUrtAkhyAna AcAra zAstro me 'dharma bindu' inakA khyAtiprApta grantha hai / yaha sarvatomukhI pratibhA ke dhanI the| bhinna viSayo para inake lekha tathA AlocanAeM sarvamAnya haiN| (12) vidyAnadi: IsA kI navamI zatAbdI meM vidyAnadi apane samaya ke samartha vidvAna the| inhone akalakadeva kI 'aSTazatI' para 'praSTasahasrI' nAma kA mahAna grantha likhaa| ati kaThina hone ke kAraNa use kaSTa sahasrI bhI kahA jAtA hai| vidyAnadi sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM (hindu, vaidika, jaina, bauddha) ke pAragAmI vidvAna the| unhone tatvArtha sUtra para 'tatvArthazlokavAtika' eka sundara bhASya likhaa| darzanazAstra para unake maulika gratha nimna haiM:1. prApta parIkSA 2. pramANa parIkSA 3. patra parIkSA 4. satyazAsana parIkSA 5. vidyAnada mahodaya (maprApya) svAmI samatabhadra ke yuktyanuzAsana para 'yuktyanuzAsanAlaMkAra' ina kI eka mahatvapUrNa bhASya racanA hai / apane 'zrIpurapAzvanAtha stotra' kI racanA kI 'pacaprakaraNa ke kartA Apako hI mAnA jAtA hai| Apane apanI samasta kRtiyAM saskRta meM likhI haiM,

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adhyAya 14(ka) jaina purANa, jaina kathA sAhitya, jaina vyAkaraNa (1) purANa carita : jinameM purANa puruSo kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA ho use purANa kahate hai / purANa sAhitya me "mahApurANa" "padmacarita", "harivaMzacarita' Adi gratho kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / mahApurANa (navI zatAbdI I0) jaina purANo me sabase prAcIna hai| jana purANo kA mUla pratipAdya viSaya 63 zalAkA puruSo ke caritra hai| iname 14 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva aura 9 prativAsudeva hai / mahApurANa racayitA jinasena aura guNabhadra hai / mahApurANa ke do bhAga haiM-AdipurANa aura uttara purANa / AdipurANa ke 47 adhyAya hai jiname se 42 adhyAya jinasena dvArA tathA zeSa 5 guNamadra dvArA racita kiye gaye / uttara purANa meM 30 adhyAya hai jo samUce guNa bhadra dvArA likhe gye| mahApurANa saMskRta me eka vIra gAthA (Epic poem) hai| padmacarita va harivaza purANa jaino kI rAmAyaNa va bhArata haiN| harivaMza purANa 'jinasena' dvArA racA gyaa| yaha jinamena mahApurANa ke jinasena se bhinna haiN| inake sivA carita gratho kA jaina sAhitya meM bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai sakalakIrti mAdi prAcAryoM ne apane carita graMtha race hai / prAcArya jaTA siMha nadikA varAMga carita eka sundara paurANika

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kAvya hai / anya uccakoTi ke saMskRta sAhitya kAvya nimna haiM / 1. caMdra prabha carita-vIra nadikRta 2. dharma zarmAbhyudayaharicandra kRta 3 dvisaghAna-dhanajaya kRta 4. nemi nirvANa -vAgbhaTTa kRta 5. mahApurANa-malliSeNa kRta 1047 I. purANa va carita (apabhra za bhASA me) : apabhra za bhASA meM to jaina kaviyo ne khUba racanAeM kI haiN| isa bhASA kA sAhitya jaina bhaNDAro me bharA par3A hai| apabhra za bahuta samaya taka yahA~ kI loka bhASA rahI hai aura usakA sAhitya bhI bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| pichale kucha dazako se isa bhASA kI aora viddhAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA hai / aba to vartamAna prAtIya bhASAo kI jananI hone ke kAraNa bhASAzAstriyo aura vibhinna bhASAoM kA itihAsa likhane vAloM ke lie apamraza kA adhyayana Avazyaka ho gayA hai| puSpadata apabhraMza ke mahAn kavi the| inakA "triSaSTi mahApuruSa guNAlakAra" eka apUrva graMtha hai / puSpadata ne mahAkavi svayambhU kA smaraNa kiyA hai| svayambhU kanakAmara, raidhu Adi aneka kaviyo ne apabhra za bhASA ke sAhitya ko samRddha banAne ke liye koI kora kasara uThA nahI rkhii| puSpa data ne yazodhara carita aura nAgakumAra carita bhI likhe haiM / (ii) kathA sAhitya jaino dvArA nirmita kathA sAhitya bhI vizAla hai / prAcArya hariSeNa kA kathAkoSa prAcIna I. (932) hai / 'ArAdhanA kathA koSa' puNyAzrava

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114 kathA koSa" pAdi kaI kathAkoSa haiM jinake dvArA dharmAcaraNa kA zubha phala aura adharmAcaraNa kA azubha phala dikhalAyA gayA hai| / 'campU kAvya' bhI jaina sAhitya meM bahuta hai| somadeva kA 'yazastilaka campU' haricandra kA 'jIvandhara campU' aura ahaMd dAsa kA 'puru deva campU' utkRSTa campU kAvya hai| gadyagrayo meM vAdIma siMha kI gacitAmaNi ullekhanIya hai / (ii) vyAkaraNa saMskRta vyAkaraNa se jJAna mUrta rUpa banatA hai| vaiyAkaraNo ne vyAkaraNa ke vistAra aura duSkaratA kA dhyAna dilAte hue vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana karane kI preraNA isa prakAra dI hai: vyAkaraNa zAstra kA ata nahI hai / Ayu bahuta thor3I hai aura vidhno se bharapUra hai| isalie jaise hama, pAnI mizrita dUdha meM se, sirpha dUdha hI grahaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra nirarthaka vistAra ko chor3a kara sAra rUpa vyAkaraNa ko grahaNa karanA caahie| siddha sena gariNa ne kahA hai ki pUrvo meM jo zabdaprAmRta hai, usa meM se vyAkaraNa kA udbhava huA hai| jainendra vyAkaraNa (paJcAdhyAyI) jainAcArca devanaMdi dvArA racita jainendra vyAkaraNa maulika vyAkaraNo meM UcA sthAna rakhatA hai| isameM pA~ca adhyAya hone se ise paMcAdhyAyI bhI kahate haiN| isameM prakaraNa, vibhAga prAdi nahI haiN| pANini kI taraha vidhAna krama ko lakSya karake sUtra racanA kI gaI hai| isa vyAkaraNa

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para samaya-samaya para eka darjana se adhika vRttiyAM likhI gaI haiM jo zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa pANini ne jina zAkaTAyana nAmaka vaiyAkaraNAcAyaM kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha pANini se pUrva hue the, parantu jinakA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa Aja upalabdha hai unakA vAstavika nAma to hai pAlakIti aura unake vyAkaraNa kA nAma hai 'zabdAnuzAsana' pANini dvArA batAye gaye isa prAcIna zAkaTAyana prAcArya kI taraha pAlakIrti prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa hone se zAkaTAyana ke samakakSa hue| rAjA amoghavarSa ke rAjya kAla (vi. sa. 871) meM pAlakIti yApanIya saMgha ke agraNI prAcArya the| yakSavarmA ne zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI ciMtAmaNi TIkA me isa vyAkaraNa kI vizeSatA batAte hue kahA hai : iSTiyA paDhane kI jarUrata nahI / sUtro se alaga vaktavya kucha nahIM hai| 'upasaMkhyAno' kI z2arUrata nahI hai / indra, candra Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne jo zabda-lakSaNa kahA vaha saba isa vyAkaraNa meM A jAtA hai aura jo yahAM nahI hai vaha kahI bhI nahIM milegA / zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa para bahuta sI vRttiyo kI racanA huI hai| saMskRta meM anya jaina vyAkaraNo ke nAma nIce diye jAte haiM / krama saM0 nAma vaiyAkaraNa zloka saMkhyA nAma vyAkaraNa samaya buddhi sAgara 7000 buddhi sAgara vyAkaraNa vi. sa. 2 bhadrezvara sUri dIpaka vyAkaraNa 1080 12vI zatI

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3 malayagiri sUri 4. sahaja kIrtigaraNa 5 vidyAnaMda sUri 6 jaya siMha sUrI 7 premalAbha 8 zabda bhUSaraNa 9 hemacaMdra sUri 116 4500 zakAnuzAsana 1700 zakArNava vyAkaraNa (svopajJa vRtti sahita ) anupalabdha vidyAnaMda vyAkaraNa vi. 18vI zatI vi. sa 1680 nUtana vyAkararaNa pramalAbha vyAkaraNa ,, 1321 "1440 1283 1770 1245 19 300 zabda bhUraNa vyAkaraNa 5691 siddha hemacandra zabdAnuzAsana," d' siddhahemacadrazabdAnuzAsana. - gurjaranareza siddharAja jayasiMha kI vinatI se jainadharma kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra sUri ne siddharAja ke nAma ke sAtha apanA nAma jor3akara "siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana' kI racanA kI / isa vyAkaraNa kI choTI bar3I vRttiyA aura 'ugAdi' pATha, 'gaNapATha' 'ghAtupATha' 'liMgAnuzAsana' unhone svayaM likhe jo kula 125000 zloka pramANa hai / graMthakarttA ne apane se pahale ke vyAkaraNoM meM rahI huI truTiyA~ vizRMkhalatA, kliSTatA, vistAra, dUrAnvaya Adi se rahita nirdoSa aura sarala vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI / saba prakAra kI TIkAo aura pacAMgI se sarvAgapUrNa vyAkaraNa gratha zrI hemacandra sUri ke sivAya aura kisI eka hI graMthakAra ne nirmANa kiyA ho aisA samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM dekhane meM nahI AtA / isa vyAkaraNa kI racanA itanI AkarSaka hai ki isa para lagabhaga 62-63 TIkAe, sakSipta tathA sahAyaka graMtha eva svatantra racanAe upalabdha hotI hai / prathakarttA ne Atma-vizvAsa se kahA :

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"prAkumAraM yaza: zAkaTAyanasya" arthAt zAkaTAyana kA yaza rAjA'kumAra pAla" taka hI rahA hai kyoMki taba taka "siddha hemacandra zabdAnuzAsana" na racA gayA thA paura na pracAra meM AyA thaa| hemacadrAcArya ne isake atirikta nimna viSayoM para aneko pratha race : 1. koza 2. sAhitya alakAra 5. itihAsa kAvya 6. upadeza stotra 9. nIti 3. chada 7. yoga 4. darzana 8. stuti usa samaya ke vidvatsamAja ne isa sarasvatI putra ko "kalikAla sarvajJa' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA thaa| vyAkaraNa (prAkRta) svAbhAvika bolacAla kI bhASA ko prAkRta kahate haiM / pradezoM kI apekSA se prAkRta ke aneka bheda hai / prAkRta kA anya svarUpa apabhraMza kahalAtA hai| isakA prAcIna dezI bhASAmo se sIdhA sambandha hai| isakA vyAkaraNa svarUpa I. chaTI-sAtavI zatAbdI se nizcita ho cUkA thaa| mahAkavi svayamma ne apabhraMza bhASA kI racanA I. 8vI zatAbdI meM kI thI jo Aja upalabdha nahI hai| prAcArya hemacadra ne apane samaya ke pravAha ko dekhakara apabhraMza vyAkaraNa' ke lagabhaga 120 sUtro kI racanA kI thI tathA usake bhinna viSayoM para vRttiyAM bhI likhiiN| caNDa nAmaka vidvAn kRtta prAkRta lakSaNa jisame 99 sUtra hai sakSiptatama vyAkaraNa hai| caNDa ne svaya isa para vatti bhI likhii|

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118 anya prAkRta vyAkaraNa jo race gaye nimna haiM :1. prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana trivikrama kRta 13vIM zatAbdI I. (svopajJa vRtti) 2. praudArya ciMtAmaNi zrutasAgara vi. saM. 1575 3. ciMtAmaNi vyAkaraNa zubhacadra sUri (svopajJa vRtti) 4. ardhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa zatAvadhAnI muni ratanacadra vi.sa.1995 5. prAkRta pAThamAlA , kITaka zabdAnuzAsana akalaka ne kannaDa bhASA meM isa vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| isameM 592 sUtra haiM / nAgavarma dvArA racita "karNATaka bhUSaNa' vyAkaraNa kI apekSA yaha bar3A hai aura zabdamariNadarpaNa nAmaka vyAkaraNa se isameM adhika viSaya haiM / isaliye karNATaka zabdAnuzAsana sarvottama vyAkaraNa mAnA jAtA hai| anya viSayoM meM jaino kI kRtiyA pustaka kA kalevara baDha jAne ke bhaya se tathA pAThako kI dila. caspI kAyama rahe, isa vicAra se zeSa viSayo me kevala upalabdha gratha sakhyA dekara hI saMtuSTi kI jAtI hai :krama sa viSaya nirmita gratha sakhyA krama saMkhyA viSaya graMtha sakhyA 1. koza 45 4 alakAra 2 kAvya aneka 5 nATaka 8 chaMda 6 sagIta 31

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7 kalA 8 zilpa 9 svapna 10 sAmudrika 11 ramala 12 lakSaNa 13 prAya 14 ratnazAstra 15 dhAtu vijJAna 16 prAraNa vijJAna 2 2 6 8 4 6 3 5 3 5 116 17 prAyurveda 18 arthazAstra 19 yoga va adhyAtma 20 dharmopadeza 21 gaNita 22 jyotiSa 23 zakuna 24 nimitta 25 maMtra tatra ] vidhi vidhAna kalpa parva tIrtha --- 29 -1 -57 -63 -13 -84 1 -27 bahula sAhitya

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adhyAya sAhityasevI jainAcArya 14(kha) (1) nemicandra I. 10vI-11vI zatI ke bIca cAmuNDa rAya senAnAyaka va maMtrI ke Apa guru the / cAmuNDarAya ne apane Adeza se zravaNa belagola meM 57' phITa UMcI bAhubali" kI pASANa pratimA banavAkara pratiSThita krvaaii| AcArya nemicaMdra kI kRtiyA~ ye hai| 1. dravyasaMgraha 2. gommaTasAra 3. labdhi sAra 4. kSapaNakasAra 5. triloka sAra uparyukta sabhI graMtha prAkRta bhASA meM haiM jo jIva, karma, karmakSaya, mokSa, tIna loka Adi para vivecanAtmaka prakAza DAlate haiN| (11) prabhAcadra AcArya prabhAcadra eka bahuzru ta dArzanika viddhAn the / sabhI darzano ke prAyaH sabhI maulika graMtho kA unhone abhyAsa kiyA thaa| yaha tathya unake dvArA racita "nyAyakumudacadra" aura "prameyakamala mAtaMNDa" nAmaka gratho ke avalokana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| inakA prathama graMtha akalaMkadeva ke "ladhIstraya" kA vyAkhyAna hai aura dUsarA AcArya mANikyanaMdi ke "parIkSAmukha" nAmaka graMtha kaa| zravaNabelagola ke zilAlekha naM0 40 meM inhe "zabdAmbhoruha bhAskara" aura "prathita tarka prathakAra" batalAyA hai inhone zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa para eka vistRta nyAsa graMtha bhI racA thA jisakA kucha bhAga upalabdha hai / inake guru kA nAma padmanadi saiddhAMtika thaa|

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(iii) vAdirAja 11 vI zatI I. meM vAdirAja tArkika hokara uccakoTi ke kavi the / unhe vidvatsamAja ne tIna upAdhiyo se vibhUSita kiyA thA / 1. SaTatarka SaNmukha 2. syAdvAdavidyApati 3 : jagadekamallavAdI 121 nagara tAllukA ke zilAlekha naM0 39 meM batAyA gayA hai kivaha sabhA meM akalaMka the / " " pratipAdana karane me 'dharma kIrti the / " bolane meM bRhaspati the / nyAyazAstra meM 'akSapAda' the / inhoMne akalaMka deva ke "nyAyavinizcaya" para vidvattApUrNa vivaraNa likhA hai jo lagabhaga 2000 zloka pramANa hai| san 1025 I0 meM inhone pArzvanAtha carita racA jo atyanta sarasa aura praur3ha racanA hai / anya bhI kaI eka graMtha aura stotra inhone banAe haiM / inake guru kA nAma mati sAgara thA / (iv) hemacaMdra hemacadrAcAryaM (kalikAla sarvajJa) sarvatomukhI pratibhAzAlI vidvAn tathA bahusRjana graMthakAra the / itakA jIvana kAla 1089 - 1172 I0 san zrAMkA jAtA hai | cAlukya nareza jaya siMha inakA pUrNa bhakta thA / inake uttarAdhikArI rAjA kumArapAla ke yaha guru the / inake dvArA racita vyAkaraNa graMtho kA jikra pIche kiyA jA cukA hai / saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza thA / unhone koza racakara akSaya bhASAoM para inakA pUrA Adhipatya yazakIrti arjita kI tathA anya

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zloka sakhyA 204 3500 152 bahumUlya sAhitya kA nirmANa karake mAnava samAja ko panirvacanIya mevA kii| km m naam kii pramidhAna ciMtAmariNa (svopajJa TIkA sahita) 10000 abhidhAna ciMtAmariNa-pariziSTa anekArtha koza 1828 nighaNTuzeSa (vanaspati viSayaka) 396 dezInAmamAlA (svopajJa TIkAsahita) inakI anya viSayo me kutiyAsAhitya alakAra-kAvyAnuzAsana, svopajJa alaMkAra pUDAmaNi paura viveka vRtti sahita chada-chadonuzAsana chadazcUr3AmariNaTIkA sahita darzana -pramANamImAsA (svopajavRtti sahita) vedAza (dvijavadanacapeTA) itihAsa kAvya-triSaSThizalAkA puruSacarita (mahAkAvya) pariziSTa parva (sthavirAvalicarita) yoga-yogazAstra snopajJa TIkA sahita stutistotra-vItarAga stotra anya yoga manyayoga vyavacchedadvAtriMzakA bhayogavyavaccheda dvAviMzakA mahadeva stotra

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123 anya paMtha--madhyamavRtti sidahema zandAnuzAsana kI TIkA rahasyavRtti , mahaMnnAmasamuccaya mAmeyanemi dvisaMdhAna kAmya nyAya balAbala sUtra balAvalasUtra-bRhavRtti bAla bhASA vyAkaraNa sUtra vRtti (v) rAmacandra yaha hemacadrAcArya ke paTTaziSya the / saskRta nATyazAstra ke mahAna lekhaka the| yaha eka proDha kavi bhI the / inhone lagabhaga 100 atha likhe jinameM se 47 isa samaya mudrita ho cuke hai| inake racita nATakoM ke nAma nimnalikhita haiM 1 nala vilAsa 2 satya harizacandra 3 nirmaya bhIma 4 kaumudI mitrAnada apane ziSya guNacadra ke sahayoga se inhoMne nATyadarpaNa nAma kA mukhya nATya zAstra likhaa| kavitAvali tathA stotroM meM mukhya nimna haiM1 yugAdideva dvAtrizakA 2 prasAda dvAtrikA 3 mAdideva stava 4 nemistava sidahamazabdAnuzAsana para likhita inakA mASya vyAkaraNa baMtho meM amUlya nidhi hai| (vi) jinaprabha sUri caturdazI zatAbdI I0 meM jinaprama sUri eka virakhyAtanAmA vidvAn hue / inhone saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraza meM aneka bholika graMtha aura bhASya likhe| inakI eka prati upayogI aura AkarSaka kRti to kalpa yA vividha tIrtha kalpa hai jo jaina tIrthasthAnoM ko eka bRhadsUcI hai jisameM tIrtha kA byaurA, nAma saMsthApaka, nAma rAjA jisane isakI

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124 pratiSThA kI ityAdi kA varNana hai / tIrtha meM ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAoM tathA samArohoM kA tithi kramAnusAra varNana isameM hai / saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita gadya-padya meM yaha pratha likhA gayA hai| (vii) yazovijaya zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM hemacadrAcArya ke pazcAt yazovijaya jaisA sarvazAstra pAraMgata dUsarA vidvAna nahI humA / inhone kAzI meM vidyAdhyayana kiyA thA aura navvanyAya ke na kevala yaha vidvAna hI the kintu usI zailI meM saskRta me unhone kaI graMtha bhI race / / 1 anekAta vyavasthA 2 jJAna bindU 3 jaina tarka bhASA 4 naya pradIpa 5 nayopadeza 6 naya rahasya 7 nyAya khaNDa khAdya 8 nyAyAloka 9 bhASA rahasya 10 pramANa rahasya 11 adhyAtma mata parIkSA 12 adhyAtma sAra 13 adhyAtmopaniSad 14 AdhyAtmikamata khaNDana 15 upadeza rahasya 16 jJAna sAra 17 deva dharma parIkSA 18 guru tatva nirNaya nimnalikhita gratho para inhone amulya bhASya likhe haiN| 1 aSTa sahasrI 2 zAstra vArtA samuccaya 3 syAdvAda maMjarI 4 yogavizikA 5 yoga sUtra 6 karma prakRti 7 kAvya prakAza gujarAtI bhASA me bhI inhone prAmANika graMtha likhe haiN| inakI vicArasaraNi bahuta hI pariSkRta aura saMtulita thii| vizeSa aneka prAcIna jaina pratho kA anuvAda hiMdI, gujarAtI, Dha DhArI, aMgrejI jarmana meM ho cukA hai / rASTra bhASA hindI ke protsAhana meM jainoM ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| hindI meM jaina vidvAnoM kI ora se maulika graMtha bhI likhe gaye haiN|

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pradhyAya 15 (ka) jaina kalA aura purAtatva kalA kA dhyeya 'kalA' hai / kalA ke vikAsa meM mAnavIya jIvana ke vikAsa kI kahAnI nihita hai / sAra yaha nikalA ki kalA kA dhyeya "jIvana kA utkarSa" hai / 2 kalA kI paribhASA "satyaM zivaM, sundara," kI jAtI hai / arthAt jo satya hai, kalyANakara hai aura sundara hai vahI kalA hai / yaha samasta 'jaina kalA' meM sughaTita hote hai / kisI sabhyatA va saMskRti meM kalA kA vikAsa dhIre dhIre hotA hai / yaha vikAsa jaba caramAvasthA ko pahu~catA hai to unake bhagnAvazeSa usa mahAn saMskRti kA digdarzana karAne meM sahAyaka hote haiN| kisI saMskRti ke atIta kI gaurava gAthA usake zeSa rahe cinha hI batalAte haiM / yaha sthiti zramaNa saMskRti yA jaina saMskRti para ThIka lAgU hotI hai bhale hI bhAratIya jana gaNanA meM jainI saMkhyA meM "ATe me namaka ke barAbara " bace ho yA rAjanIti, dharmanIti aura sAmAjika sagaThana meM pichar3a gaye ho parantu unake zAnadAra atIta kA ina prAcIna kalA kRtiyoM dvArA siMhAvalokana karake Adhunika yuga ke loga itanA to avazya mAnege ki ye jaina loga bhI kisI samaya bhArata kI cahu~ dizi samRddhi meM agrasara rahakara sevArata rahe the / inheM tuccha mata samajho / " khaNDahara batA rahe haiM ki imArata az2Ima thI" sarva prathama hama jaina guphAno se apane isa lekha ko Arambha karate haiM

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126 jaina guphAeM yaha ekAtavAsI jaina muniyo kI sAdhanA kA prAvazyaka aga batAyA gayA hai| prArambha me zilAoM se AdhArita prAkRtika guphApo kA prayoga kiyA jAtA rahA / ye hI jaina paramparA ke mAnya akRtrima caityAlaya kahe jA sakate hai| kramazaH ina guphAo kA vizeSa saskAra va vistAra kRtrima sAdhano se kiyA jAne lagA aura jahA usake yogya zilAeM milI unheM kATa kara "guphA-vihAra tathA 'upAsanA sthAna banAyA jAne lgaa| inheM kRtrima guphAe~ kahate hai jinameM jaina kalA khUba pnpii| barAbara va nAgArjunI pahADiyo kI jaina guphAeM:ye pahAr3iyA gayA se 15 mIla dUra paTanA-gayA relave ke 'belA' nAmaka sTezana se 8 mIla pUrva kI ora hai| 'barAbara' pahAr3I me cAra tathA nAgArjunI pahADI meM tIna guphAe hai / ye azoka mahAn maura usake putra dazaratha dvArA prAjIvaka sampradAya ke sAdhuno ko dI gaI thiiN| yaha sampradAya usa samaya se 200 varSa pazcAt jaina dharma meM vilIna ho gayA kyoki AjIvaka muniyoM kA kriyA-kalApa jaina muniyo se adhikaoNza milatA thaa| 2 udayagiri va khaNDagiri kI guphAe~ ur3IsA meM kaTaka ke samIpavartI udayagiri khaNDagiri nAmaka parvatoM kI guphAeM, iname prApta lekhoM ke AdhAra para I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI kI siddha hotI hai| ____ udayagiri kI hAthI guphA nAmaka guphA me prAkRta bhASA kA eka suvistRta lekha pAyA gayA hai jisameM kaliMga samrAT khAravela ke bAlya kAla va rAjya ke 13 varSoM kA caritra vidhivat varNana hai / yaha lekha

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127 arihaMtoM va siddhoM ko namaskAra ke sAtha prArambha huA hai aura usakI 12vI pakti meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki unhoMne apane rAjya ke 12 veM varSa me magadha para AkramaNa karake vahAM ke zugavazIya rAjA bRhaspatimitra ko parAjita kiyA aura vahA se kaliMga jina kI vikhyAta mati vApisa apane deza meM lAyA jise bahuta pahale naMdarAjA apaharaNa karake le gayA thaa| yaha guphA jaina-vihAra rUpa me rahI hai| isakA nAma 'rAnI guphA' bhI hai| udayagiri va khanDagiri me kula milA kara 19 guphAe hai| nIlagiri nAmaka pahADI meM tIna guphAeM aura dekhane me AtI haiN| vidvAno kA mata hai ki ina guphApro me citraNa kalA 'bharahuta' va sAcI ke stUpo se adhika sundara hai| khaNDagiri kI 'navamuni' nAmaka guphA meM dasavI zatI I0 kA eka zilAlekha hai jisame 'jaina muni zubhacadra' kA nAma pAyA,hai / isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha sthAna I0 pU0 dvitIya zatI se lekara dasavI zatI I. taka jaina dharma kA eka sudRDha kendra rahA thaa| 3 rAjagiri kI sona manDAra guphA prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI I. kA brAhmI lipi kA eka lekha isa meM milatA hai jisake anusAra prAcAryaratna 'varadeva mani' ne yahA~ jaina muniyo ke nivAsa ke lie do guphAe~ nirmANa karAI / eka jaina mUrti tathA caturmukhI jaina prati mAyukta eka stambha vahA aba bhI vidyamAna hai| 4 prayAga tathA kausama (kauzAmbI) kI do guphAe ina me dUsarI zati I0pU0 kA zuGagakAlIna lipi me eka lekha hai| isa lekha meM kahAgayA hai ki ina guphAmo ko ahicchatrA ke "ASAr3hasena" ne kAzyapIya "mahanto' ke liye dAna kiyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kAzyapagotrIya the| sambhava hai unake muni "kAzyIya mahat" kahalAye ho|

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128 5. jUnAgar3ha (kAThiyAvAr3a) yahA "bAbA pyArA maTha' ke samIpa kucha guphAe hai jo tIna paMktiyo meM sthita hai| eka inameM "caityaguphA' hai / ina jaina guphAmoM meM eka guphA dhyAna dene yogya hai jo dvitIya zatI I0pU0 arthAt "kSatrapa rAjAo" ke kAla kI pratIta hotI hai / isa guphA me jo khaNDita lekha milA hai usameM kSatrapa rAjyavaza kA tathA "caSTana" ke prapautra va 'jayadAmana' ke pautra "rudrasiMha prathama" kA ullekha hai / yaha lekha na paDhe jAne para bhI usame jo kevala jJAna, jarAmaraNa se mukti Adi zabda paDhe gaye hai, unase tathA guphA meM akita svastika, bhadrAsana, mIna yugala Adi prakhyAta jaina mAgalika cihno ke citrita hone se, ve nizcaya hI jaina sAdhuno se sambadhita hai / sambhavatayA "atima aga jJAna ke jJAtA gharasena AcArya" ne yahA~ nivAsa kiyA ho paura bhUtabali aura puSpadata ko yahI "SaTkhaNDAgama" kA vizeSa jJAnadAna diyA ho| isake samIpa hI "DhaMka" nAmaka sthAna para do guphAe hai| ina meM RSabha, pAva, mahAvIra Adi tIrthakaroM kI pratimAe hai / jaina sAhitya meM Dhaka parvata kA aneka sthAno para ullekha pAyA hai| pAdalipta sUri ke ziSya "nAgArjuna" yahI ke nivAsI kahe gaye haiN| 6. madhya pradeza meM udayagiri kI jaina guphAeM : yaha udayagiri itihAsa prasiddha vidizA nagara se uttara pazcima kI aora vetavA nadI ke usa pAra do tIna mIla kI dUrI para hai / isa pahAr3I para purAtatva vibhAga dvArA akita 20 guphAe va maMdira haiN| ina meM "pahalI" tathA "bIsavI, ye do spaSTa rUpa se jaina guphAe hai| pUrva dizAvartI 20vIM guphA meM pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI ati su dara mUrti virAjamAna hai| khaNDita hone para bhI nAgapharA aba bhI isakI kalAkRti ko prakaTa kara rahA hai| yahAM eka "saskRta pradyAtmaka lekha'

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126 khudA huaA hai, jisake anusAra isa mUrti ko pratiSThA gupta sa0 106 meM (I0 san 426, kumAragupta kAla) meM kArtika kRSNA paMcamI ko 'prAcArya bhadrAnvayI gozarma muni" ke ziSya "zakara" dvArA kI gaI thii| ina zakara ne apanA janmasthAna kurudeza batAyA hai / 7 caMdragiri guphA (zravaNa bela gola) : cadragiri pahAr3I para yaha guphA sthita hai / samrATa caMdra gupta maurya ne, prAcArya bhadrabAhu kA ziSyatva svIkAra karane ke pazcAt, sAdhuveSa me yahA~ tapasyA kI thii| isa guphA ke samIpa eka "bhadrabAhu kI guphA" bhI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki yahA zra takevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI ne dehotsarga kiyA thaa| yahA~ inake caraNa-cihna aMkita haiM aura pUjita hote haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM yahI sabase prAcIna jaina guphA siddha hotI hai / 8 mahArASTra pradeza meM guphA-samUha usmAnAbAda se pUrvottara dizA meM lagabhaga 12 mIla kI dUrI para parvata me eka prAcIna guphA samUha hai inameM mukhya guphA dUsarI hai jisameM pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI bhavya pratimA virAjamAna hai| tIsarI va cauthI guphApro me bhI jiname pratimAe~ virAjamAna hai| tIsarI guphA ke stambhoM kI banAvaTa kalApUrNa hai / barjesa sAhaba ke mata se ye guphAeM anumAnata: I0 pU0 500-650 ke bIca kI hai| 9 sittanavAsala (siddhAnaoNvAsaH)sittanavAsala jaina muniyoM kA eka prAcIna kedra puDukoTAI se 9 mIla dUra sthAna hai| yaha "sittanavAsala nAma siddhAnAvAsaH se apabhraSTa hokara banA pratIta hotA hai / yahA~ ke vizAla zilA TIlo meM

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130 banI huI eka jaina gaphA baDhI mahatvapUrNa hai| yahAM eka brAhmI lipi kA lekha bhI milA hai jo I. pU. tIsarI zatI kA (azoka kAlIna) pratIta hotA hai| isa lekha meM spaSTa lekha hai ki guphA kA nirmANa jaino ke nimitta karAyA gayA thaa| guphA bar3I vizAla 100x50 phuTa hai isameM aneka koThariyA haiM jinameM samAdhi zilAe~ bhI banI huI haiM / ye zilAeM 6'x4' hai / vAstukalA kI dRSTi se to guphA mahatvapUrNa hai hI kintu isase bhI adhika mahatva isakI citrakalA kA hai jisakA vivaraNa mAge citrakalA zIrSaka meM diyA jAegA / isa guphA kA saMskAra pallava nareza mahedravarmana (8vI zatI I.) ke kAla meM huaa| 10 dakSiNa bhArata me bAdAmI kI jaina guphAisakA nirmANakAla anumAnata: sAtavI zatI kA madhya mArga hai / yaha guphA 16 phuTa gaharI tathA 31X19 phuTa lambI caur3I hai / pIche kI ora madhya bhAga meM devAlaya hai, aura tIno tarapho kI dIvAro me muniyoM ke nivAsa ke lie koSThaka bane hue haiN| stammo kI AkRti bambaI kI elIpheTA kI guphAo ke samAna hai| yahA~ camara dhAriyo sahita mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kI mUla padmAsana mUrti ke atirikta dIvAlo va stambhoM para bhI jinamUtiyA khudI huI haiM aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa (8vI zatI) ne rAjya tyAga kara va jaina dIkSA lekara isI guphA meM nivAsa kiyA thaa| guphA ke barAmado meM eka aora pArzvanAtha va dUsarI ora bAhubali kI lagabhaga 73 phuTa U~cI pratimAe~ utkIrNa haiM / 11. aihola guphAe:bAdAmI tAlluke meM sthita 'aihola' nAma ka grAma ke samIpa pUrva aura uttara kI ora ye guphAeM haiM jinameM jaina mUrtiyAM vidyamAna haiN| bAI bhitti meM pArzvanAtha kI mUrti hai, jisake eka ora nAga aura dUsarI ora nAgina sthita hai| dAhinI ora caitya vRkSa ke nIce jina mUti

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131 banI hai / isa guphA ko sahasrakaNo vAlI pAzvanAya kI pratimA kalA kI dRSTi se bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai| anya jaina prAkRtiyAM va cinha bhI pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai / siMha, makara va dvArapAloM kI prAkRtiyA bhI kalApUrNa haiM aura elipheMTA kalAkRtiyoM kA smaraNa karAtI hai| guphAo se pUrva kI prora vaha 'meghuTI' nAmaka jaina mandira hai jisame cAlukya nareza pulakezI' 'zaka saM0 556' (I0 634) kA ullekha hai| yaha zilAlekha apanI saskRta kAvyazailI ke vikAsa meM bhI apanA sthAna rakhatA hai / isa lekha ke lekhaka ravi kIti ne apane ko kAvya ke kSetra me kAlidAsa aura bhAravI kI kIrti ko prApta kahA hai| 'kAlidAsa va bhAravi ke kAla-nirNaya meM yaha lekha bar3A sahAyaka prA hai, kyoki isI se unake kAla kI atima sImA prAmANika rUpa se nizcita huI hai| aihola sambhavata: 'Aryapura' kA apabhraSTa hai| 12. elorA: yaha sthAna yAdavanarezo kI rAjadhAnI devagiri (vartamAna daulatAbAda) se lagabhaga 16 mIla dUra hai aura vahA~ kA zilAparvata aneka guphA madiro se alakRta hai| yahAM 'kailAza' nAmaka ziva madira hai jisakI yojanA aura zilpa kalA itihAsa-prasiddha hai| yahA bauddha, hiMdU va jaina tIno sampradAyo ke zaila madira bar3e sundara praNAlI meM bane hue hai| yahA pAca jaina guphAe hai jiname se tIna-~-'choTA kailAza, indra sabhA, jagannAtha sabhA'-kalA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| 'choTA kailAza' eka hI pASANa zilA ko kATa kara banAyA gayA hai / maMdira 80phuTa cauDA va 130 phuTa lambA hai maNDapa lagabhaga 36 phuTa lambA cauDA hai aura usameM 16 stambha hai / 'indrasabhA' nAmaka guphAmadira meM 32 phuTa UMcA dhvaja stambha hai|

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132 pIche jAne para dUtallA sabhAgaha milatA hai jo indrasamA ke nAma se prasida hai / donoM talo meM pracura citrakArI banI huI hai |uupr kI zAlA 12 sukhacita khambhoM se alaMkRta hai / zAlA ke dono ora bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizAla pratimAeM haiM aura pAsa hI kakSa meM indra aura hAthI kI matiyAM banI huI haiN| indra sabhA kI eka bAharI dIvAla para 'pArzvanAtha kI tapasyA va kamaTha dvArA unapara kiye gaye upasarga kA' bahuta sundara va sajIva utkIrNana kiyA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha kAyotsarga mudrA meM dhyAnastha haiM / dakSiNa kI dIvAla para latAo se lipaTI 'bAhubali kI pratimA' utkIrNa hai / anumAnataH indra sabhA kI racanA tIrthakara ke janma kalyANaka utsava kI smRti meM huI hai / indra sabhA ke samIpa hI 'jagannAtha samA hai, jisakA vinyAsa indra sabhA ke sadRza hI hai| ina guphAo kA nirmANakAla 800 I. ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| 13. dakSiNa trAvaNakora: yaha trivendrama nagarakoila mArga para sthita kujIpura nAmaka grAma se pAcamIla uttara kI ora pahAr3I para hai jo aba bhI bhagavatI maMdira ke nAma se prasiddha hai / zilA ke guphA bhAga ke donoM prakoSTho me vizAla padmAsana jina mUrtiyA~ sihAsana para pratiSThita haiM / zilA kA samasta bhAga (aMdara-bAharI) jaina tIrthakaroM kI koI 30 utkIrNa pratimAoM se alaMkRtta hai / kucha ke nIce kerala kI prAcIna lipi 'vattajetyu' meM lekha bhI hai jinase usa sthAna kA jainatva tathA nirmiti kAla 9voM zatI siddha hotA hai| 14. prakAI-taMkAI guphA-samUhaHthevalA tAlluke meM manamADa relave jaMkazana se nau mIla dUra aMkAI

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nAmaka sTezana ke samIpa sthita hai| tIna hajAra phuTa UMcI pahAr3iyA meM sAta guphAeM haiM, jo AkAra meM choTI hone para bhI kalA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / pahalI aura dUsarI guphA dutallI hai / tIsarI guphA ke maNDapa kI chata para 'kamala' kI AkRti bar3I sundara hai| usakI paMkhur3iyA~ cAra katAro meM dikhAI gaI haiM aura una pakhur3iyI para deviyA~ vAdya sahita nRtya kara rahI haiN| deva-deviyoM ke aneka yugala vAhanoM para prArUr3ha haiM / spaSTataH yaha dRzya tIyaMkara ke janmakalyANaka ke utsava kA hai| garbhagaha meM zAntinAtha va unake donoM ora pAvanAtha kI mUrtiyAM haiM / cauthI guphA kA barAmadA 30'x8' hai| barAmade ke stambha,para eka lekha bhI hai jo par3hA nahIM jA sakatA, kiMtu lipi para se 11vI zatI kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| zeSa guphAeM TUTI phUTI avasthA meM haiN| 15. gvAliyara kI jaina guphAe:yadyapi guphA yuga bahuta pUrva samApta ho cukA thA to bhI jaina loga 15 vI zatI taka guphAo kA nirmANa karAte rahe / isakA udAharaNa hai 'tomara rAjavaMza' kAlIna gvAliyara kI jaina guphAeM / jainiyo ne 15vI zatI taka samasta pahAr3I ko guphAmaya kara diyaa| 'ina guphAo kI vizeSatA hai inakI saMkhyA, vistAra va mUrtiyoM kI vizAlatA' / guphAeM bahuta baDI- bar3I haiN| unameM tIthaMkaroM kI 60 phuTa U cI pratimAeM dekhane ko milatI hai urvAhI dvAra para prathama guphA samUha meM lagabhaga 25 vizAla tIrthakara matiyA~ hai, jiname eka 57 phuTa U cI hai| AdinAtha va neminAtha kI 30 phuTa UMcI mUrtiyA~ hai / anya choTI choTI pratimAe bhI hai| prAdhA mIla Upara dUsarA guphA samUha hai jahAM 20-30 phuTa taka kI

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134 aneka mUrtimA utkIrNa haiM / bAbar3I ke samIpa eka guphA kunja meM pArzvanAtha kI 20 phuTa UMcI padmAsana mUrti tathA anya tIrthaMkaro kI kAyotsarga mudrAyukta aneka vizAla mUrtiyA~ haiM / yahAM kI pradhAna mUrti 60 phuTa UMcI hai / ina guphA mandiro me praneka zilAlekha bhI mile haiM jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ina guphAdho kI khudAI san 1441 se lekara san 1474 taka 33 varSo me pUrNa huI / itihAsa kI dRSTi se ina guphAo kA bar3A mahatva hai / inake atirikta saikar3o jaina guphAeM deza bhara me yatra tatra bikharI huI pAI jAtI haiM jo pukAra pukAra kara jaino kI UMcI zAna kI kahAnI bayAna kara rahI haiN| aura batA rahI haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti ko puSpita aura pallavita karane meM jaino kA kitanA sazakta yoga dAna rahA hai /

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adhyAya ___ jaina kalA aura purAtatva 15(kha) jaina mandirajaina vAstu kalA ne mandiro ke nirmANa meM hI apanA carama utkarSa prApta kiyaa| ina mandiroM ke sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa gyArahavI zatI I0 va usake pazcAt kAla ke upalabdha hai / 1 lohAnIpura: prAcInatama jaina mandira ke cinha bihAra meM, paTanA ke samIpa lohAnIpura me, pAye gaye haiM, jahAM kumarAhara aura buladIvAga kI mauryakAlIna kalA-kRtiyo kI paramparA ke pramANa mile haiM / yahA eka jaina mandira kI nIva milI hai| yaha mandira 8-10 phuTa vargAkAra thaa| yahAM kI I Te mauryakAlIna siddha huI hai| yahA~ se eka bhauryakAlIna rajata sikkA tathA do mastakahIna jinamUrtiyAM milI hai, jo aba paTanA sagrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| 2 aihola: vartamAna meM sabase prAcIna jaina mandira jisakI rUparekhA surakSita hai va nirmANa kAla bhI nizcita hai, vaha hai dakSiNa bhArata meM bAdAmI ke samIpa 'aihola kA meghuTI' nAmaka jaina mandira jo ki vahAM se upalabdha zilAlekhAnusAra zaka saMvat 556 (I 634) meM pazcimI cAlukya nareza pulakezI dvitIya ke rAjyakAla meM 'ravikIti' dvArA banAyA gayA thA / yahI ravikIrti mandira-yojanA me hI nahI varan kAvya-yojanA me bhI ati pravINa aura pratibhAzAlI the / yaha mandira apane pUrNa

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zradhyAya 15 (ga) jaina kalA aura purAtatva -------- jaina stUpa: gayA thaa| pUrA stUpa mathurA ke 'kaMkAlI Tole kI khudAI se jaina stUpa kA jo bhagnAvazeSa prApta huA hai, usase usake mUlavinyAsa kA svarUpa prakaTa ho jAtA hai / stUpa lagabhaga golAkAra thA jisakA vyAsa 47 phuTa pAyA jAtA hai / yaha stUpa choTI baDI ITo se banAyA kaisA thA, isakA kucha anumAna bikharI huI prApta sAmagrI ke mAdhAra para lagAyA jA sakatA hai| isake aneka prakAra kI citrakArI yukta pASANa mile haiM / do aise 'prayAgapaTa' mile haiM, jinapara stUpa kI pUrNa. AkRtiyA~ citrita haiM / stUpa kI gummaTa para chaH paktiyo kA eka lekha hai' jisa me zrahaMta varddhamAna ko namaskAra ke pazcAt kahA gayA hai ki 'zramaraNa-zrAvikA AryAvaraNazobhikA nAmaka gariekA kI putrI zramaNa-zrAvikA vAsu gaNikA ne jinamandira me grarhata kI pUjA ke liye apanI mAtA, bhaginI tathA duhitA-putrI sahita nirgratho ke arahanta prAyatana meM arahaMta kA. devakula (devAlaya) AyAga tathA prapA (pyAU ) tathA zilApaTa pratiSThita karAye / ' 1 yaha zilApaTa akSaroM kI AkRti va citrakArI dvArA apane ko kuSANa kAlIna ( pahalI - dvitIya zatAbdI) siddha karatA hai / "vivaMghatIrthaM kalpa' meM likhA hai ki isa stUpa kA bhagavAn pAkhaM nAma ke samaya (877-777 I0 pU0 ) me jIrNoddhAra karAyA gayA /

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rUpa me surakSita nahI raha sakA / isakA bahuta kucha aza dhvasta ho cukA hai / tathApi isakA itanA bhAga phira bhI surakSita hai ki jisase usakI yojanA va zilpa kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| -mandira zailIgupta va cAlukya yuga se pazcAtkAlIna vAstukalA kI zilpa zAstro me tIna zailiyA nirdiSTa kI gaI haiM. 1. nAgara 2. drAviDa 3. vesara sAmAnyata: 'nAgara zailI' uttara bhArata me himAlaya se vindhya parvata taka pracalita huii| 'drAviDa zailI dakSiNa meM kRSNA nadI se kanyAkumArI taka tathA 'vesara' madhyabhArata meM vindhyaparvata aura kRSNA nadI ke bIca vistata huI / kintu yaha prAdezika vibhAga kaDAI se pAlana kiyA gayA nahI pAyA jAtA / prAyaH sabhI zailiyo ke mandira sabhI pradezo meM pAye jAte hai. tathApi prAkRti-vaiziSTaya ko samajhane ke liye yaha zailI-vibhAjana siddha huA hai| AgAmI kAla ke hindU va jaina mandira inhI gailiyo, vizeSataH nAgara va draviDa zailiyoM, para bane pAye jAte hai / aihola kA meghuTI jaina mandira, jisakA pIche varNana kiyA gayA hai, drAviDa zailI kA sarva prAcIna mandira kahA jA sakatA hai / isa zailI kA vikAsa dakSiNa ke nAnA sthAno me pUrNa athavA dhvasta jaina mandiroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai|

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138 3. huvaca.tIrthahalli ke samIpa 'huvaca' athavA humaca eka ati prAcIna jaina kedra rahA hai| I0 san 897 ke eka lekha me vahA~ ke mandira 11vI zatI me 'vIra sAtara' Adi sAtaravazI rAjAno dvArA nirmApita pAye jAte hai / inake drAviDazailI kI alakaraNa rIti tathA sundaratA se utkIrNa stambho kI sattA pAI jAtI hai / jaina maThake samIpa bhagavAna AdinAtha kA mandira vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| isa mandira me dakSiNa bhAratIya zailI kI 'kAsya mUrtiyo' kA acchA saMgraha hai| isI mandira ke samIpa bAhubali mandira TUTI phUTI avasthA me vidyamAna hai| tIrthahalli ke mArga para 3000 phuTa U cI 'guDDa' nAmaka pahADI para eka prAcIna jaina tIrtha siddha hotA hai| eka pArzvanAtha mandira' aba bhI isa pahADI para zobhAyamAna hai jisa me bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI vizAla kAyotsarga mUrti para nAga ke do lapeTe spaSTa dikhAI dete hai jo sira para saptamukhI chAyA kiye hue hai| pahAr3A se utarate hue jagaha jagaha jaina mandiro ke dhva sAvazeSa milate hai| tIrthakaro kI sundara mUrtiyA~ va citrakArIyukta pApAragakhaNDa pracuratA se yatra-tatra bikhare dikhAI dete hai, jisase isa sthAna kA prAcIna samRddha itihAsa A~kho ke sAmane bhUla jAtA hai / ___4. lakunDI. dhAravADa jile me, gaDaga relave sTezana se sAta mIla da.kSaNa pUrva kI aura lakunDI (lokki gunDI) nAmaka grAma hai jahA~ do mundara jaina mandira hai iname ke bar3e mandira meM san 1172 I0 kA zilAlekha hai / yahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI baDI sundara mUrti virAjamAna thI jA idhara cha varSoM se durbhAgyataH vilupta ho gaI hai / bhItarI maNDapa ke dvAra

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para pUrvokta lekha khudA huA hai / Upara padmAsana jina mUrti hai aura usake dono prora cadra-sUrya dikhAye gaye hai / lakunDI ke isa jaina mandira ne drAviDa vAstu-zilpa ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| 5. jinanAthapUra va halebIDa.hAyasala rAjavaza ke kAla meM (13vIM zatI) drAvir3a kalA meM 'alakaraNa rIti' meM samunnati huI / pASANa para kArIgaro kI chainI adhika kauzala se calI hai jisake darzana hame jinanAthapura tathA hale bIDa ke jaina mandiroM meM hote hai| 'jinanAthapura, zravaNa belagola meM eka mIla uttara kI ora hai| grAma kA nAma hI batA rahA hai ki yahA~ jaina mandiroM kI prakhyAti rahI hai / yahA~ kA zAntinAtha mandira vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / ise 'recimayya' nAmaka vyakti ne banavAkara san 1200 ke lagabhaga sAgarana di siddhAta deva ko saupA thaa| navaraga ke stambho para bar3I sundara va bArIka citrakArI kI gaI hai| chato kI khudAI bhI dekhane yogya hai / bAhirI dIvAro para rekhA citro kI khudAI kI gaI hai| ina para yakSa yakSiyo. va tIrthakaro kI pratimAe bhI saudarya pUrNa banI hai| hallebIDa meM eka hI ghere ke bhItara tIna jaina mandira haiM jinameM pArzvanAtha mandira ullekhanIya hai| chata kI citrakArI utkRSTa hai jo 12 ati sundara prAkRtivAle kAle pASANa ke stambho para AdhArita hai / ina stambho kI racanA, khudAI aura saphAI dekhane yogya hai| unakI ghuTAI to aisI kI gaI hai ki usame Aja bhI darzaka darpaNa ke samAna apanA mukha dekha sakatA hai| pArzvanAtha kI 12 phuTa U cI vizAla mati satapharaNI nAga se yukta hai / mUrti mudrA sacce yogI kI dhyAna va zAnti kI chaTA ko liye hue hai / zepa do AdinAtha va zAntinAtha mandira bhI apanA saudarya rakhate hai|

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140 ye sabhI mandira 12vI zatI kI kRtiyA~ haiM / 6. mUDabidrI kA cadranAtha mandira: hoyasala kAla ke pazcAt vijayanagara rAjya kA yuga prArambha hotA hai, jisameM drAvir3a vAstu kalA kA kucha aura bhI vikAsa huaa| isa kAla kI jaina kRtiyoM ke udAharaNa ganIgiti, tirumallAi, tiruparutti kuNDaram, tirappanamUra, mUDabidrI yAdi sthAno meM pracuratA se pAye jAte hai / inameM saba se prasiddha mUDabidrI kA cadranAtha mandira hai jisakA nirmANa 14vI zatI meM huA / yaha mandira eka ghere ke bhItara hai / prAgaNa meM prati sundara mAnastambha ke darzana hote hai / mandira meM lagAtAra tIna manDapazAlAe hai - tIrthakara maNDapa, gaddI maNDapa va citra maNDapa | stambha baDe sthUla aura 12 phuTa UMce hai jo utkIrNa hai / una para kamaladalo kI khudAI asAdhAraNa sauSThava aura sAvadhAnI se kI gaI hai / 7. jaina vihAra ( pahADapura ) jaina vihAra kA sarvaprathama ullekha pahADapura ( jilA rAjagAhI - vartamAna bagalA deza) ke usa tAmrapatra ke lekha meM milatA hai jisameM pacastUpa nikAya yA kula ke nigraMtha zramaNAcArya guhanadi tathA unake ziSya anuziSyoM se adhiSThita bihAra mandira me zrarhato kI pUjA arcA ke nimitta akSayadAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai / yaha gupta sa0 159 ( I0 472) kA hai / lekha meM isa bihAra kI sthiti 'baTagohAlI meM batAI gaI hai / yaha vihAra vahI hai jo pahAr3apura kI khudAI se prakAza meM AyA hai / sAtavI zatI ke pazcAt kisI samaya isa bihAra para bauddho kA adhikAra ho gayA aura vaha 'somapura vihAra' ke nAma se prakhyAta huA, kintu 7vI zatI meM cInI yAtrI 'hyUnasAga' papa yAtrA varNana me isa bihAra kA koI ullekha nahI kiyA,

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141 jisase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya taka vaha bauddha-kendra nahI banA thaa| ataH uparokta tAmrapaTa lekha' se yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'yaha pAcavI zatI meM jaina vihAra thA aura ima sthAna kA prAcIna nAma vaTa-gohAlI (vaTa-guphA-pAvalI) thaa'| kahA jA cukA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama ke prakANDa vidvAn TIkAkAra vIra sena aura jinasena isI pazcastUpAnvaya ke prAcArya the aura yaha jaina vihAra mahAn vidyA-kendra rahA thaa| 8 devagaDha (madhya bhArata): devagaDha lalitapura jile ke atargata lalitapura relave sTezana se 19 mIla tathA jAkhalauna sTezana se 19 mIla dUra betavA nadI ke taTa para hai / devagaDha kI pahADI koI DeDha mIla lambI va cha phAga cauDI hai / iname adhikaoNza jaina mandira hai jinakI saMkhyA 31 hai| iname mUrtiyo, stammo, dIvAlo, zilAmo Adi para zilA lekha bhI pAye jAte hai jinase siddha hotA hai ki I0 8vI zatI se 12vI gatI ke bIca inakA nirmANa huA / ___ saba se bar3A bAraha nambara kA zAnti nAtha madira hai, jisake garbha gRha meM 12 phuTa U~cI khaDa gAsana pratimA hai / eka stambha para bhojadeva ke kAla (vi0 sa0 919 mutAbika I0 862) kA eka lekha bhI utkIrNa hai| lekha meM vi0 sa0 ke sAtha sAtha zaka sa0 784 kA bhI ullekha hai| baDe maNDapa meM bAhubali kI mUrti hai, yahI madira yahA~ kA mukhya devAlaya hai| pA~cavA~ madira sahasrakUTa caityAlaya hai jo bahuta kucha bacA huA hai| usake kUTo para koI 1008 jina pratimAeM utkIrNa hai| 'purAtatva vibhAga ko riporTa ke anusAra devagar3ha se koI 200 zilAlekha mile hai, jinameM se 60 meM unakA lekhana-kAla bhI prakita hai,

Page #143
142 jinase ve vi0 saM0 919 se 1876 taka ke pAye jAte haiM / tAtparya yaha ki isa kSetra kA mahatva 19vI zata taka banA rahA / 9 khajurAho: mahobA se 34 mIla dakSiNa kI ora khajurAho sthita hai| madhya bhArata kA yaha dUsarA devAlaya nagara hai| yahA~ jaina madiro me tIna vizeSa ullekhanIya hai-pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha aura zAntinAtha / ina me pArzvanAtha maMdira saba me bar3A hai| khajurAho ke jaina madiro kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina meM maNDapa kI apekSA zikha ra kI racanA kA hI adhika mahatva hai| gvAliyara rAjya me gyArasapUra me bhI eka bhagna jaina madira kA maNDapa vidyamAna hai jo apane vinyAsa va stambho kI racanA Adi meM khajurAho ke ghaNTAI maNDapa ke hI sadRza hai / 10. suvarNagiri (sonAgiri), muktAgiri, kuNDalapura: madhyapradeza meM tIna aura jaina tIrtha hai jahA~ pahADiyo para aneka prAcIna madira bane hue hai| bundelakhaDa me datiyA ke samIpa suvarNagiri (sonAgiri) hai jahA 100 choTe baDe jaina madira hai| muktAgiri tIrtha kSetra baitUla ke aMtargata hai / ati sundara pahADI kI ghATI ke samatala bhAga meM koI 20-25 jaina maMdira hai jinake bIca lagabhaga 60 phuTa U~cA jalaprapAta bahatA hai| agreja itihAsakAra jemsa phargusana ne likhA hai: 'samasta bhArata meM isake sadRza dUsarA sthAna pAnA durlabha hai, jahAM prakRti kI zomA kA vAstukalA ke sAtha aisA sundara sAmanjasya huA madhyapradeza kA tIsarA jaina tIrtha damoha ke samIpa kuNDalapura

Page #144
143 nAmaka sthAna hai, jahA~ eka kuNDalAkAra pahAr3I para 25-30 jaina madira bane hue hai| pahADI ke bIca eka ghATI meM banA huA mahAvIra kA maMdira apanI vizAlatA, prAcInatA, va mAnyatA ke liye vizeSa prasiddha hai / yahA~ baDe bAbA mahAvIra kI vizAla mUrti hone ke kAraNa yaha 'baDe bAbA kA madira' kahalAtA hai| madhyapradeza ke jilA nagara kharagola se pazcima kI ora 'Una' nAmaka eka grAma meM tIna cAra prAcIna jaina madira hai| kucha pratimAoM para lekha hai jiname samvata 1258 va usake pAsa pAsa kA ullekha hai| rAjapUtAne ke jaina mandira 11. baDalI: ajamera ke baDalI grAma se eka stamma khaNDa milA hai jise vahA~ ke bhairojI ke madira kA pujArI tamAkhU kUTane ke kAma meM lAyA karatA thA 'yaha SaT koNa stambha kA khaNDa rahA hai jisake tIna pahalU eka isa pASaNa-khaNDa meM surakSita haiM aura una para 13"x10/" sthAna meM eka lekha khudA huA hai| isakI tithi vidvAno ke matAnusAra prazoka kI lipiyo se pUrva kAlIna hai| bhASA prAkRta hai aura upalabdha lekha khaNDa para se itanA spaSTa paDhA jAtA hai ki vIra bhagavAna ke liye 84ve varSa meM madhyamikA nagarI meM kucha nirmANa karAyA gayA' / 12. prosiyA: jodhapura se pazcimottara dizA meM 50 kilomITara kI dUrI para osiyA relave sTezana ke samIpa hI prosiyA nAmaka grAma ke bAharI bhAga me aneka prAcIna jaina madira haiM, jiname 'mahAvIra maMdira' aba bhI tIrthakSetra mAnA jAtA hai / isakI zikhara prAdi racanA 'nAgara zailI' kI hai| yahA~ zilAlekha meM darja hai:

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146 (ka) hastizAlA (25'x30')-isa meM chaH stambha haiM / hAthiyA para ArUDha vimalazAha aura unake vazajo kI mUrtiyA~ hai jinhe unake vazaja pRthvI pAla ne 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga banavAyA thaa| (kha) Age mukhyamanDapa (25' phuTa x 25' phuTa) hai| (ga) Age devakulo kI pakti va mAmiti aura pradakSiNA maNDapa hai, jisakA Upara varNana A cukA hai| tatpazcAta mukhya mandira kA raga maNDapa yA sabhA-manDapa milatA hai, jisakA gola zikhara 24 stammo para AdhArita hai| chata kI padmazilA ke madhya meM bane hue lolaka kI kArIgarI advitIya aura kalA ke itihAsa meM vikhyAta hai| uttarottara choTe hote hue cadramanDalo yukta kaMculaka kArIgarI sahita 16 vidyAdhariyo kI AkRtiyA atyanta sundara hai| isa raga maNDapa kI samasta racanA va utkIrNana ko dekhate hue darzaka ko aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai, jaise mAno vaha kisI divya loka meM prA pahu~cA ho / ragazAlA se Age calakara navacaukI milatI hai, jisakA yaha nAma usakI chata ke vibhAgo ke kAraNa paDA hai| isase pAge gUDha maNDapa hai| vahA se mukhya pratimA kA darzana-vandana kiyA jAtA hai| isake sammukha vaha mUla garbha-gaha hai, jisameM bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI dhAtu pratimA virAjamAna hai| (2) lUNa-vasahI: lUNa-vasahI ke nAma se vikhyAta neminAtha bhagavAna kA yaha mandira vimala-vasahI ke sammukha hI sthita hai| isakA nirmANa sana 1232 I0 me badhela vazI rAjA vIra dhavala ke do matrI-bhrAta 'tejapAla aura vastu pAla' ne kiyA thaa| tejapAla matrI ke putra 'lUNa siMha' kI smRti meM banavAye jAne ke kAraNa isa mandira kA nAma lUraNa-vasahI prasiddha huaa| isa mandira kA vinyAsa va racanA prAyaH AdinAtha mandira ke sadRza

Page #146
141 hai / isa meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki isakI hastizAlA isa prAMgaNa ke bAhara nahI, kintu bhItara hI hai| raga maNDapa, navacaukI, gUDha-maNDapa aura garma kI racanA pUrvokta prakAra kI hai| kitu yahA raga maNDapa ke stambha kucha adhika U~ce hai aura pratyeka stambha kI banAvaTa va kArIgarI bhinna hai / bhaNDapa kI chata kucha choTI hai kintu isakI racanA va utkIrNana kA saundarya 'vimala-vasahI' se kisI prakAra kama nhii| isake racanA sauMdarya kI prazasA karate hue pharga sanasAhaba ne kahA hai:__ ki yahAM saMgamaramara patthara para jisa paripUrNatA, jisa lAlitya va jisa satulita alaMkaraNa kI zailI se kAma kiyA gayA hai, usakI kahI bhI upamA milanA kaThina hai / ' ___ ina madiro me saMgamaramara kI kArIgarI ko dekha kara baDe-baDe kalAkAra vizArada Azcaryacakita hokara daoNto tale agulI dabAye binA nahI rahate / yahA bhAratIya zilpiyo ne jo kalA-kauzala vyakta kiyA hai, usase kalA ke kSetra meM bhArata kA mastiSka sadaiva garva se U~cA uThA rhegaa| kArIgara kI chainI ne yahA~ kAma nahIM diyA / sagamaramara ko ghisaghisa kara unameM vaha sUkSmatA va kaoNca jaimI camaka va pArardizatA lAI gaI hai, jo chainI dvArA lAI jAnI asambhava thii| 'kahA jAtA hai ki ina kArIgaro ko ghisa kara nikAle hue sagamaramara ke cUrNa ke pramANa se vetana diyA jAtA thaa| tAtparya yaha ki ina mandiroM ke nirmANa se 'eca0 jimmara' ke zabdo me - __'bhavana nai alankAra kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai, jise zabdo meM samajhAnA asambhava hai' (3) pittalahara:-- lUNa-vasahI se pIche ko mora pittalahara nAmaka jaina mandira, hai jise

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148 gurjara vaza ke 'bhImAzAha' ne 15vI zatI I0 ke madhya meM banavAyA / yahA~ ke vi0 sa0 1483 ke eka lekha meM kucha bhUmi va grAmoM ke dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai, tathA vi0 sa0 1489 ke eka anya lekha me kahA gayA hai ki 'AbU ke cauhAna vanzI rAjA rAjadhara devar3A cunDA ne yahA~ ke tIna uparokta mandiro kI tIrtha-yAtrA ko Ane vAle yAtriyoM ko sadaiva ke liye kara se mukta kara diyA / ' isa mandira ke pittalahara nAma paDane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki yahA~ AdinAtha tIrthakara kI 108 mana pItala kI mUrti pratiSThita hai / isa mUrti kI pratiSThA sa0 1525 me 'sundara aura gaDA' nAmaka vyaktiyo ne karAI thI / ye dono ahamadAbAda ke tatkAlIna sulatAna mahamUda begaDA ke mantrI the / isa mandira kI banAvaTa bhI pUrvokta mandiro jaisI hai / yahA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra mandira ke mukhya gaNadhara gautama svAmI kI pIle pASANa kI mUrti hai / (4) caumukhA mandira: caumukhA mandira me bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI catumukhI pratimA pratiSThita hai / yaha mandira 'kharatara vasahI' bhI kahalAtA hai / kucha mUrtiyo para ke lekhoM se isa mandira kA nirmANa-kAla vi0sa0 1515 ke lagabhaga pratIta hotA hai / yaha mandira tIna tallA hai, aura pratyeka tala para bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI caumukhI mUrti virAjamAna hai / ( 5 ) mahAvIra mandira: delabADA se pUrvottara dizA me koI pAca kimI. kI dUrI para yaha mandira sthita hai / isakA nirmANa 15vI zatAbdI se huA thA / isameM AdinAtha, zAntinAtha aura pAzrvanAtha tIrthakaro kI mUrtiyA hai, kintu mandira kI khyAti mahAvIra nAma se hI hai / anumAnataH bIca meM kabhI

Page #148
150 anyatra kisI mI tIrtha kSetra me nahI hai / vartamAna me vahA~ pAe jAne vAle madiro me sabase prAcIna unhI vimala zAha kA hai jinhone AbU para vimala vasahI mandira banavAyA / dUsarA mandira rAjA kumAra pAla kA banavAyA huA hai / yahA 500 se bhI adhika jaina mandira haiM jiname 5000 mUrtiyA~ tIrthaMkaro kI sthApita hai / racanA, zilpa va saudarya me ye mandira delavADA mandiro kA anukaraNa hI hai / 18 giranAra saurASTra kA dUsarA mahAna tIrtha kSetra hai giranAra / isa parvata kA prAcIna nAma 'Urjayata' va 'raivatika' giri pAyA jAtA hai jisake nIce base hue nagara kA nAma girinagara rahA hogA jisake nAma se aba svaya parvata hI girinAra (girinagara ) kahalAne lagA hai / jUnAgaDha se isa parvata kI ora jAne vAle mArga para hI vaha itihAsa prasiddha vizAla zilA milatI hai jisa para azoka, rudradAmana aura skaMdagupta samrATo ke zilAlekha khude huye haiM aura isa prakAra jisa para 1000 varSa kA itihAsa likhA huA hai / jUnAgar3ha ke samIpa hI gharasenAcArya kI candra guphA hai jisakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| isa prakAra yaha sthAna aitihAsika va dhArmika donoM dRSTiyo se prAcIna siddha hotA hai / girinagara parvata kA jaina dharma se itihAsAtIta sambandha isa liye pAyA jAtA hai kyoki yahA~ para hI bAIsave tIrthaMkara neminAtha ne tapasyA kI thI aura nirvANa prApta kiyA thA /

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151 isa tIrtha kA sarva prAcIna ullekha svAmI samatamadrakRta bRhatasvayambha stotra (5vI zatI) me milatA hai jisame neminAtha bhagavAna kI stuti kI gaI hai| vartamAna me yahA~ kA sabase prasiddha vizAla va sundara mandira nemi. nAtha kA hai| isakA nirmANa cAlukya nareza jaya siMha ke daNDAdhipa sajjana ne khagAra rAjya para vijaya prApta karane ke pazcAt samvat 1158 meM karAyA thA / mandira ke prAgaNa meM koI 70 devakulikAe~ hai / inake bIca mandira banA huA hai jisakA maNDapa baDI sundaratA se alakana hai| yahA~ eka dUsarA ullekhanIya mandira mallinAtha tIrthakara kA hai jise matrI vastupAla ne banavAyA thaa| gommaTezvara (zravaNabelagola) __ maisUra se 100 kilomITara kI dUrI para 4070 phuTa U cI vidhyagiri pahADI para zravaNavelagola me gommaTezvara (bAhubali) kI eka vizAlakAya 57 phuTa U~cI pratimA hai jo patthara ko kATa kara banAI gaI haiM / isa mUrti kI vizAlatA kA parimAraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai / U cAI-57 phITa kagho kI cauDAI-26 ,, pAva kA agUThA-2 ,, hAtha kI madhyamikA uganI--51 ,, kAna -51 . kamara -10 ,

Page #150
152 yaha nagna pASANa mUrti varSA, A~dhI, sardI, garmI kA mukAbalA karatI huI sIdhI prakAza ke nIce khar3I hai / isakA mukha uttara ko hai 15 mIla kI dUrI se bhI yaha mUrti apanI chaTA ko liye hue spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / parvata para banI 500 sIr3hiyA pAra karake yAtrI isa mUrti kI racanA, kalA aura sauSThava saudarya ko dekha kara zAtamanaH ho kara Azcarya cakita hote haiM / zilAlekha se mAlUma hotA hai ki vIra senApati cAmunDarAya ne AcArya nemicanda kI preraNA se ise nirmita karavAyA / yaha rAjA rAjamalla yA raccamala ke mantrI bhI the / isa adbhuta prastara pratimA kI pratiSThA 984 I0 me kI gaI / isake AsapAsa kI nirmitiyA sana 1161 kI hai /

Page #151
pradhyAya jaina citra kalA 16 (1) uDIsA meM bhUvanezvara (bhuvanezvara) ke nikaTa prathama zatAbdI I. pU kI jaina guphAo meM citrakArI ke cinha dRSTigocara hote haiM / samrAT khAravela ke (161 I. pU.) hAthI guphA ke zilAlekha meM jaina citrakalA kA varNana AtA hai| (2) tajora ke nikaTa sittanavAsala (siddhAnAMvAsaH) meM sAtavI zatAbdI kI jaina citrakArI ke kucha namUne dekhane ko milate haiM / mittanavAsala ke jaina guphA mandira me isakI dIvAloM para pallava rAjAoM kI zailI ke citra hai, jo tamila saskRti aura sAhitya ke mahAna saMrakSaka va prasiddha kalAkAra rAjA mahendra varmA prathama (600-625I0) ke banavAye hue hai| yahA aba dIvAro aura chata para sirpha do cAra citra hI kucha acchI hAlata meM bace haiN| inakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki bahuta thor3I, kintu sthira aura dRr3ha, rekhAoM meM atyanta sundara prAkRtiyA bar3I hoziyArI ke sAtha banAI gaI hai jo sajIva sI jAna par3atI haiN| guphA meM "samavasaraNa kI sundara racanA citrita hai / sArI guphA kamaloM se alakRta hai / khambho para nartakiyoM ke citra hai / barAmade kI chata ke madhya bhAga meM puSkariNI kA citra hai / jala meM pazu pakSI vihAra kara rahe hai / citra ke dAhinI ora tIna manuSyAkRtiyA~ AkarSaka aura sundara haiN| guphA meM paryaka mudrA meM sthita puruSa pramANa atyanta sundara pA~ca tIrthakara-mUrtiyA~ haiN| pallavakAlIna citra bhAratIya vidvAno ke lie adhyayana kI vastu hai|

Page #152
154 (3) tirupuruttikunaram yA jina-kAcI (kAjIvarama) ke prAcIna jaina mandira meM sundara citro ke kucha avazeSa aba bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| (4) zravaNabelagola kI jaina basti ke bhitti citra bhI apanI zobhA liye hue hai| sittanavAsala ke bAda jaina dharma se sambaddha citrakalA ke udAharaNa dasavI zatAbdI se lagAkara padrahavI zatAbdI taka milate hai / vidvAno kA kahanA hai ki isa madhyakAlIna citrakalA ke avazeSo ke liye bhArata "jaina bhaNDArI" hai, kyoki prathama to isa kAla me prAyaH eka hajAra varSa taka jaina dharma kA prabhAva eka bahuta bar3e bhAga meM phailA huA thA / dUsare, jaino ne bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM dhArmika gratha tAr3apatro para likhavAye aura citrita karavAye the| tAr3apatrIya citra (1) saba se prAcIna citrita tAr3apatra gratha dakSiNa me maisUra rAjya me "mUDabidrI' tathA uttara me "pATana" (gujarAta) ke jaina bhanDAro meM mile hai| maDabidrI meM SaTakhaNDAgama kI tADapatrIya pratiyA~, isake gratha va citra donoM dRSTiyoM se bar3I mahatvapUrNa haiM / san 1113 I. meM likhI gaI eka prati me pAca tAr3apatra sacitra hai inameM do tADapatra to pUre citro se bhare hai, do ke madhya me lekha hai, aura dono tarapha kucha citra hai| ina tAr3apatro para cakra AkRti, koNAkRtiyA~ caukoNa AkRtiyA~, golAkatiyA, padmAsana-jina-mUrtiyA, sAta-sAta sAghu nAnA prakAra ke Asano va hastamudrAno sahita citrita hai / (2) ukta citroM ke samakAlIna pazcimI jaina zailI" kI citra

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155 kalA ke udAharaNa "nizItha ghRNi.. kI "pATana ke saMghavIgADA ke bhanDAra meM surakSita tADapatrIya prati meM milate haiN| yaha prati usakI prazasti anusAra bhRgukaccha (bhar3auca) meM solaMkI nareza jayasiMha (1094 se 1133 I.) ke rAjyakAla meM likhI gaI thii| isameM sundara cakrAkAra prAkRtiyAM bahuta haiN| (3) san 1127 I0 meM likhita khambhAta ke 'zAntinAtha jaina mandira' meM sthita nagInadAsa bhanDArI kI "jJAtadharma" sUtra kI tADapatrIya prati ke padmAsana mahAvIra tIrthakara ke AsapAsa caurI vAhako sahita, tathA sarasvatI devI kA abhaMga citra ullekhanIya hai / devI caturbhuja hai / (4) baDaudA janapada ke aMtargata chANI ke jainI bhanDAra kI "prodha nikti , kI tADapatra para banI prati (san 1161) ke citra vizeSa mahatva ke haiN| iname 16 vidyAdeviyo tathA anya deviyoM aura yakSo ke sundara citra upalabdha haiN| (5) san 1288 meM likhita subAhu kathAdi "kathA saMgraha" kI tAr3apatra kI prati me 23 citra hai jinameM se aneka apanI vizeSatA rakhate hai / eka me bhagavAn neminAtha kI vara yAtrA kA sundara citraNa hai / kanyA rAjamatI vivAha manDapa meM baiThI hai, jisake dvAra para khaDA huA manuSya hAthI para baiThe neminAtha kA hAtha jor3a kara svAgata kara rahA hai| nIce kI ora ma gAkRtiyA~ banI haiN| citra baladeva muni ke hai / eka meM ve eka vakSa ke nIce maga sahita khaDe hue rathavAhI se AhAra grahaNa kara rahe hai| raMgo kA prayoga san 1350-1450 I0 ke bIca meM tADapatrIya citroM meM saudarya kI dRSTi se kucha viziSTatA dekhI jAtI hai| prAkati-aMkana adhika sUkSmatara va kauzala se huA hai| prAkRtiyo me viSaya kI dRSTi se

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tIrthakaro ke jIvana kI ghaTanAe bhI adhika citrita huI hai, aura unameM vivaraNAtmakatA lAne kA prayatna dikhAI detA hai / raga lepa meM vicitratA aura caTakIlApana pAyA hai| isI kAla me suvarNa raga kA prayoga prathama bAra dRSTigocara hotA hai / yaha IrAnI citra kalA (mugala zailI) kA prabhAva hai| 6. uparyukta zailI (suvarNa raga) kI pratinidhi racanAe adhikAza kalpasUtra kI pratiyo meM pAI jAtI hai, jisame sabase mahatvapUrNa IDara ke mAnadajI magalajI peDhI ke jJAna bhanDAra kI vaha prati hai jisame 34 citra hai, jo mahAvIra ke aura kucha pArzvanAtha va neminAtha tIrthakaro kI jIvana ghaTanAmo se sambandha hai| isame svarNa raga kA prathama prayoga huaA hai, Age calakara to aisI racanAe~ bhI milatI hai, jinameM na kevala citro me hI suvarNa raga kA pracura prayoga hai, kintu samasta gratha-lekha hI savarNa kI syAhI se kiyA gayA hai / athavA samasta bhUmi hI suvarNa-lipta kI gaI aura usa para caoNdI kI syAhI se lekhana kiyA gayA hai| __ kalpasUtra kI ATha tAr3apatra tathA bIsa kAgaja kI pratiyoM para se liye hue kucha 374 citroM sahita kalpasUtra kA prakAzana bhI ho cuka! hai / (pavitra kalpasUtra ahamadAbAda, 1952) prophesara nArmana brAuna ne apane "di sTorI prApha kAlaka" (vAzigaTana, 1933) nAmaka grantha meM 39 citroM kA paricaya karAyA hai| sArAbhAI navAva ne apane kAlaka kathA saMgraha (ahamadAbAda, 1958) meM 6 tAr3apatra aura 9 kAgaja kI pratiyo para se 88 citra prastuta kiye haiN| DA0 motI canda ne apane 'jaina miniecara peMTiMgsa phrAma vaisTarna

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157 inDiyA' (ahamadAbAda, 1949) meM 265 citra prastuta kiye hai | uparyukta mahAn anveSako ne jaina citrakalA kA ati mahatvapUrNa AlocanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai / kAgaja para citrakalA kAgaja kA AviSkAra cIna deza se Io 105 meM huA mAnA jAtA hai / 10vI -- 11vI zatI meM usakA nirmANa araba dezoM meM hone lagA aura vahA~ se bhArata me AyA / ( 1 ) jaisalamera ke jaina bhaNDAra se 'dhvanyAloka locana' ko usa prati kA antima patra milA hai jo jinacandra sUri ke liye likhI gaI thI, jisakA lekhana kAla 1660 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / ( 2 ) ' kAranjA jaina bhaNDAra' se upAsakAcAra (ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra ) kI prabhAcandra kRta TIkA sahita kAgaja kI prati kA lekhana-kAla sao 1415 ( san 1358) hai | kintu kAgaja kI sabase prAcIna citrita prati I0 san 1427 meM likhita vaha ' kalpasUtra hai jo landana kI inDiyA Aphisa lAyabrorI meM surakSita hai / isameM 31 citra hai aura usI ke kAlakAcArya kathA meM anya 13 citra / isa grantha ke ( pages) cA~dI kI syAhI se kAlI va lAla pRSThabhUmi para likhe gaye hai / isa prati ke hAziyo para zobhA ke liye hAthiyoM va hanso kI paktiyA, phUla pattiyA athavA kamala Adi bane hue hai / sAtha jur3I huI samasta 113 patra ( 3 ) lakSmaNa gaNI kRta 'supAsaragAha caritra' kI eka sacitra prati pATana ke zrI hema candrAcArya jaina bhanDAra meM sao 1479 ( Io 1422 me pa0 bhAvacandra ke ziSya harinanda muni dvArA likhita hai / isameM kula 37 citra hai jiname se 6 pUre patro meM va zeSa patroM ke arddha va tRtIya

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mAga meM bane hue haiM / ina meM supArzva tIrthakara ke atirikta sarasvatI, mAta svapna, vivAha, samavasaraNa, dezanA Adi ke citra baDe sundara hai / isake pazcAt kAlIna kalpasUtra kI aneka sacitra pratiyAM nAnA jaina bhaNDAro me pAI gaI hai| jina meM vizeSa ullekhanIya baDaudA ke 'narasihajI bhaNDAra' meM surakSita hai / yaha prati yavanapura (jaunapura u0 pradeza meM husaina zAha ke rAjyakAla meM vi0 sa0 1522 meM, 'harSiNI zrAvikA' ke Adeza se likhI gaI thii| isame 86 pRSTha hai aura 'samasta lekhana suvarNa syAhI se huA hai| anya vizeSa ullekhanIya kalpasUtra kI ahamadAbAda ke 'devasenapAr3A' kI prati hai, jo bhaDauca ke samIpa gandhAra bandara ke nivAsI sANA aura jUThA zreoSThiyo ke vanzajoM dvArA likhAI gaI thii| yaha bhI 'suvarNa syAhI' se likhI gaI hai| kalA kI dRSTi se isake koI 25-26 cinna sarvazreSTha mAne gaye hai, kyoki ina meM 'bharatanATyazAstra' me variNata nAnA natya mudrAmo kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| eka citra meM mahAvIra dvArA canDakozika nAga ke vazIkaraNa kI ghaTanA dikhAI gaI hai| (4) dillI ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM puSpadanta kRta apabhranza' mahApurANa' kI eka prati hai jisame saikaDo citra tIrthakaro ke jIvana kI ghaTanAmo ko pradarzita karane vAle vidyamAna hai| 15) nAgaura ke zAstra bhaDAra meM eka yazodhara caritra kI prati hai, jisake citro kI usake darzapo ne baDI prazaMsA kI hai| (6) nAgapura ke zAstra bhaDAra se 'sugandha dazamI' kathA kI eka prati milI hai, jisameM usa kathA kA uddhRta karane vAle 70 se adhika cinna haiN| (7) bambaI ke pannAlAla jaina sarasvatI bhavana meM bhaktAmara