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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA nau Hou 15 pAda te dvitIya prathama sAda E anta-Adi 145 jA Shang La Li La 4. stu 1 to za tRtIya 2lh ndra na go2buteo F 1 pAda pAda kR stu nau bizana svarUpa rustagI tyA 4.
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya jaina-paramparA ke kavi haiN| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA meM nAnArthaka kAvya-zailI ke antargata "dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' inakA sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hai| isakA aparanAma "rAghavapANDavIya" hai| isameM kavi ne rAmakathA tathA pANDavakathA ko zleSAdi alaMkAroM dvArA eka-sAtha upanibaddha kiyA hai| pariNAmataH jaina mahAkAvya paramparA meM "sandhAna-mahAkAvya" kI navIna vidhA kA prArambha huaa| isI se sandhAnakavi dhanaJjaya isa vidhA ke Adi kavi bana ge| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta lokapriyatA ko prApta kRtrima kAvya-mUlyoM aura samasAmayika sAmantI jIvana-paddhatti kI pRSThabhUmi meM dhanaJjaya dvArA dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA praNayana huaa| prastuta grantha "sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA" samasAmayika sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika cetanA ko udghATita karane hetu DaoN. bizana svarUpa rustagI kA eka saphala prayAsa hai| yaha grantha ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai* prathama adhyAya meM sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM ke aitihAsika pariprekSya tathA usakI kAvya paramparAoM se sambaddha vivecana prastuta dvitIya adhyAya meM sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya ke kAla, usake vyaktigata paricaya tathA usakI kRtiyoM Adi kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM vyarthaka sandhAna kAvya vidhA kI pRSThabhUmi meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke sandhAnatva tathA usakI kathAvastu kA vivecana hai| caturtha adhyAya meM saMskRta kAvyazAstrIya mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM Alocya mahAkAvya kI zilpa-vaidhAnika vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM rasa-paripAka kA vivecana prastuta hai| SaSTha adhyAya alaMkAra-vinyAsa se sambaddha hai| saptama adhyAya meM chanda-yojanA ke vaiziSTya para prakAza DAlA gayA haiN| aSTama adhyAya ko (ka) rAjanaitika avasthA, (kha) Arthika sthiti tathA (ga) sAmAjika pariveza-tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara tatkAlIna sAMskRtika mUlyoM kA parizIlana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM grantha kA upasaMhAra karate hue sandarbha-grantha-sUcI tathA akArAdi krama se zabda-sUcI bhI dI gaI hai|
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________________ sandhAna-kavi. dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA. lekhaka bizana svarUpa rustagI BOOK EASTERN LINKERS IsTarna buka liMkarsa dillI : bhArata
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________________ prakAzaka : IsTarna buka liMkarsa 5825, nyU candrAvala, javAharanagara, faci-110007 phona : 3970287 prathama saMskaraNa : 2001 '(c) lekhaka mUlya : 400.00 I.S.B.N. : 81-86339-58-2 akSarayojaka tathA mudraka zAma priMTiMga ejensI facii-110009
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________________ prAkkathana saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahAkAvya-vidhA kA eka mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahatA AyA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti aura samAja cetanA ke saMvardhana meM jahA~ eka ora rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata jaise vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM meM samUce yuga ko avatarita karane meM samartha vyApaka kavi-dRSTi aura adbhuta sarjanAtmaka pratibhA kI prabhAvazAlI bhUmikA rahI, vahA~ dUsarI ora azvaghoSa tathA kAlidAsa kI kalA-dRSTi ne svayaM kavitA ko savilAsa kara saundarananda, raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava jaise alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM ke racanA-patha kA udghATana kiyA / kAlidAsa ke bAda yugIna samAja mUlyoM kI apekSA se saMskRta kavitA ko navIna AyAma mile / kavitA ke kalevara meM hI nahIM, usakI anta: prakRti meM bhI parivartana AyA / bhAravi ne kirAtArjunIya ke praNayana se mahAkAvya kI eka nayI paddhati kA sUtrapAta kara dUsare hI yuga kA Arambha kiyA / jaina kavi dhanaJjaya kA dvisaMdhAna-mahAkAvya isI yuga kI upalabdhi hai / sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya kRtrima kAvya-mUlyoM se anuprerita eka utkRSTa zleSa - kAvya mAnA jAtA hai / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta bhAratIya kAvya- cetanA meM zabdADambara, citraparakatA aura tatkAlIna sAmantI janajIvana ko mahatva dene kI jo pravRtiyA~ lokapriya hotI jA rahI thIM, unhIM pRSThabhUmiyoM se dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA kalevara atiraMjita hai aura isameM rAmakathA evaM pANDavakathA ko eka sAtha upanibaddha karane kA duHsAdhya Agraha bhI phalIbhUta huA hai / bhAravi ne citrakAvya aura zabdakrIDA ke jo mAnadaNDa upasthApita kara diye the, usI kA carama vikAsa dvisandhAna jaise mahAkAvyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA meM nAnArthaka kAvya-zailI ke antargata dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hai / isakA apara nAma 'rAghavapANDavIya' bhI hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kathA kI preraNA ke mUla srota rAmAyaNa kI
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________________ (iv) 'rAmakathA' aura mahAbhArata kI 'pANDavakathA' haiM / kavi ne zleSAdi alaMkAroM dvArA samAnAntara rUpa se rAmakathA evaM pANDavakathA kA saphala vinyAsa kiyA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jaina mahAkAvya paramparA 'sandhAna - mahAkAvya' kI eka navIna vidhA kA samArambha kara sakI hai aura sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya isa paramparA ke Adi kavi bana gye| kAlAntara meM yaha sandhAna paramparA trisandhAna, catussandhAna, paMcasandhAna, saptasandhAna aura caturvizaMtisandhAna ke rUpa meM pallavita aura puSpita huI / prastuta grantha dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke liye san 1989 meM svIkRta zodha-prabandha " dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya : eka adhyayana" kA aMzataH parivarddhita evaM saMzodhita rUpa hai / isa grantha meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / 1 prastuta grantha ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyAya meM sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM ke aitihAsika pariprekSya tathA usakI kAvya- paramparAoM se * sambaddha vivecana prastuta hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke kartA dhanaJjaya ke kAla, usake vyaktigata paricaya tathA usakI kRtiyoM Adi kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya adhyAya meM dvyarthaka sandhAna- kAvya vidhA kI pRSThabhUmi meM Alocya mahAkAvya ke sandhAnatva tathA usakI kathA-vastu kA vivecana hai / caturtha adhyAya meM saMskRta kAvyazAstrIya mahAkAvya - lakSaNoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM Alocya mahAkAvya kI sargabaddhatA, kathAnaka, kathAnaka kA AdhAra, kathAnaka - vyavasthA, avAntara kathA yojanA ityAdi zilpa- vaidhAnika vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA I / paMcama adhyAya meM rasa-paripAka kA vivecana prastuta hai / zRGgAra, vIra, zAnta, karuNa, raudra, bIbhatsa, bhayAnaka Adi rasoM kI sthiti kA isa adhyAya meM vizeSa Akalana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha adhyAya alaMkAra - vinyAsa se sambaddha hai / isameM zabdAlaMkAroM, arthAlaMkAroM tathA citrAlaMkAroM kI vizeSa carcA upalabdha hai / saptama adhyAya meM laghu, guruvarNa athavA druta evaM vilambita laya ke paricaya sahita Alocya mahAkAvya meM chanda-yojanA ke vaiziSTya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / aSTama adhyAya ko (ka)rAjanaitika avasthA, (kha) Arthika sthiti tathA (ga) sAmAjika pariveza - tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara tatkAlIna sAMskRtika mUlyoM kA parizIlana kiyA gayA hai / rAjanaitika avasthA ke antargata zAsana - tantra kA svarUpa, rAjya-vyavasthA, zAsana-vyavasthA, yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA Adi kA vivecana huA hai / Arthika
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________________ ( v ) sthiti ke antargata arthavyavasthA tathA usase sambaddha udyoga-vyavasAya, AvAsIya sthiti, vezabhUSA aura khAnapAna Adi kI gatividhiyA~ nibaddha kI gayI haiM / isake sAtha hI dharma-darzana, zikSA, kalA, jJAna-vijJAna tathA striyoM kI sthiti Adi ke vizleSaNa dvArA yugIna sAmAjika pariveza para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / anta meM, sabhI adhyAyoM meM pratipAdita tathyoM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vizleSaNa kara dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kI sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika mahattA ko rekhAMkita karate hue grantha kA " upasaMhAra" kiyA gayI hai / 'sandarbha-grantha-sUcI' ke antargata zodha-prabandha meM uddhRta sabhI grantha, patra-patrikAeM Adi apekSita vivaraNoM sahita nirdiSTa haiN| zabdAnukramaNikA bhI saMlagna hai| zodha-prabandha ke prastuta rUpa meM Ane taka kI sudIrgha avadhi meM mujhe dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke nivartamAna pro0 satyavrata zAstrI, saMskRta vibhAgAdhyakSa pro0 satyapAla nAraMga tathA pUrva adhyakSa pro0 brajamohana caturvedI tathA pro0 puSpendra kumAra kA AzIrvAda tathA satpreraNAeM milatI rahIM, ataH maiM unake prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ / pro0 baladeva rAja zarmA, saMskRta vibhAga, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, DaoN0 zravaNa kumAra sinhA, rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, dezabandhu kaoNleja tathA DaoN0 yogezvara datta zarmA, rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, hindU kaoNleja ke protsAhana se mujhe jo sambala milA, tadartha maiM unake prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ / I bhAratIya tathA jApAnI vAGmaya ke marmajJa manISI tathA javAharalAla neharU vizvavidyAlaya meM jApAnI adhyayana ke sUtradhAra, guruvarya pro0 satyabhUSaNa varmA ne prastuta grantha ke prakAzana meM vizeSa ruci lI, ata: maiM unake prati dhanyavAda prakaTa karatA hU~ / I DaoN0 mohana canda, rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, rAmajasa kaoNleja, dillI mere chAtra jIvana se hI ananya mitra haiM / merI adhikAMza samasyAoM ko hala karane meM ve sadaiva tatpara rahe haiM / prastuta zodha-grantha kI samasyA bhI unhIM ke kuzala mArga darzana se hala ho sakI hai / isa sabake ke lie maiM unakA sadaiva RNI rahU~gA / 1 saMskRta vibhAga, rAmajasa kaoNleja ke sahayogI DaoN0 radhuvIra vedAlaGkAra, DaoN0 zaradalatA zarmA tathA DaoN0 pradIpta kumAra pANDA kI satpreraNA mujhe milatI rahI hai / DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda, prAcArya, rAmajasa kaoNleja, dillI kA protsAhana bhI mere sAtha rahA hai / isake lie maiM unakA hRdaya se dhanyavAda karatA hU~ / AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa
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________________ (vi) jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha " AsthA aura cintana" ke prabandha sampAdaka samyaktva ratnAkara zrI sumata prasAda jaina kI satpreraNA ke lie bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~ / isa zodha kArya kI sampUrNatA ke lie mujhe aneka durlabha grantha ArkiyaoNlAjikala pustakAlaya, janapatha, naI dillI; sAhitya akAdamI pustakAlaya, manDI hAusa, naI dillI; dillI pablika lAyabrerI, zyAmA prasAda mukharjI mArga, dillI tathA kendrIya sandarbha pustakAlaya, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI se prApta hue haiM / tadartha meM ina pustakAlayoM tathA inake adhikAriyoM va karmacAriyoM ke prati AbhArI huuN| zrI jaMgabahAdura khannA, asiTainTa lAyabreriyana, dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke prati maiM vizeSa AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ ki unake nisvArtha nirantara sahayoga se hI mujhe samaya para pustakeM prApta ho sakIM / mere abhinna mitra zrI aruNa kumAra binjU, zrI vAcaspati maudgalya tathA suzrI alakA pradIpa kA satata utsAhavardhana isa grantha kI pUrNatA meM eka sopAna bana gayA / ve sabhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM I divaMgata pitA jI kI adRzya preraNA aura AzIrvAda sadA mere sAtha rahe haiM, unake prati maiM apanA sAdara praNAma nivedana karatA hUM / pUjanIya mAtA jI kA vAtsalyapUrNa AzIrvAda jo mujhe sadA milatA AyA hai unake prati maiM natamastaka hU~ / anta meM maiM grantha ke prakAzaka zrI zyAmalAla malhotrA kA vizeSa dhanyavAda prakaTa karatA hUM jinake saujanya se isa grantha kA prakAzana ho sakA / amara priMTiMga praisa ke adhikArI vizeSa rUpa se badhAI ke pAtra haiM jinakI niSThA aura lagana se pustakIya dAyitva kA saphala nirvAha ho pAyA hai| I bahuta prayatna karane para bhI pustaka meM aneka prakAra kI truTiyoM ke rahane kI sambhAvanA hai, ata: tattvagrAhI udAra pAThaka unheM svaviveka se sudhArakara hI grahaNa kareMge / dillI, 20.1.2000 bizana svarUpa rustagI
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________________ alaM. cintA. alaM. cU. AdipurANa meM. kA. kalpa. kA. bhA. kA. ru. kA. vA. kAvyA. kA. he. dvisa. / dvisandhAna dhvanyA. nA. zA. vakrokti. saMskRta kAvya ke. saMketa sUcI alaMkAra - cintAmaNi alaMkAra-cUDAmaNi AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata kAvyakalpalatAvRtti bhAmaha kRta kAvyAlaMkAra rudraTa praNIta kAvyAlaMkAra vAmana kRta kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti kAvyAdarza hemacandra kRta kAvyAnuzAsana dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dhvanyAloka nATyazAstra vakroktijIvita saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna sarasvatI./ sara. kaNThA. sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa sA. da. sAhityadarpaNa E.I. Epigraphia Indica E.K. Epigraphia Karnatika I.A. Indian Antiquary
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________________ JBBRAS J.R.A.S. Z.D.M.G. (viii) Journal of Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal of Royal Asiatic Society Zeitschrift der Deutschens Morganlandischen Gasellshaft
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________________ iii-vi vii-viii ix-xviii 1-42 viSayAnukramaNikA prAkkathana saMketa-sUcI viSayAnukramaNikA prathama adhyAya sandhAna mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA mahAkAvya kA udbhava aura vikAsa 1. sAmUhika nRtya-gIta 2. AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta 3. lokagAthA 4. gAthAcakra mahAkAvya ke vikAsa kI do dhArAeM 1. vikasanazIla mahAkAvya 2. alaMkRta mahAkAvya 1. paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya saMskRta paurANika mahAkAvya prAkRta paurANika mahAkAvya apabhraMza paurANika mahAkAvya (ka) rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke jaina rUpAntara (kha) triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke yugapat jIvana-vRtta (ga) paurANika puruSoM ke vaiyaktika jIvana-carita
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________________ ( x ) 2. aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya 3. romAMcaka yA kathAtmaka mahAkAvya 4. zAstrIya mahAkAvya niSkarSa (ka) rasasiddha yA rItimukta mahAkAvya (kha) ruDhibaddha yA rItibaddha mahAkAvya (ga) zAstrakAvya aura sandhAnakAvya dvitIya adhyAya mahAkavi dhanaJjaya: vyaktitva evaM kRtitva dhanaJjaya kA kAla 1. DaoN. ke. bI. pAThaka kA mata (1123 - 1240 I.), DaoN. pAThaka ke samarthaka sAhityika itihAsakAra, DaoN. pAThaka ke mata kI samIkSA 2. DaoN. bhaNDArakara kA mata (996-1147 I.), DaoN. bhaNDArakara ke mata kI samIkSA 3. e. veMkaTasubbaiyA kA mata (960-1000 I.) 4. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye kA mata (lagabhaga 800 I.), DaoN. vI. vI. mirAzI dvArA pUrva matoM kI samIkSA 5. DaoN. vI. vI. mirAzI kA mata (lagabhaga 800 I.) dhanaJjaya kA vyaktitva dhanaJjaya kI kRtiyA~ 1. viSApahAra - stotra 2. nAmamAlA . anekArthanAmamAlA 4. yazodharacarita 5. dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya 43-67
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI TIkAeM 1. pada - kaumudI 2. badrInAtha kRta TIkA (xi) 3. puSyasena kRta TIkA 4. rAghavapANDavIyaprakAzikA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya : tulanAtmaka pariprekSya raghuvaMza aura dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meghadUta aura dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya abhijJAna zAkuntala evaM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya zizupAlavadha tathA dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya niSkarSa tRtIya adhyAya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna sandhAna - kAvya kI sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna 1. zleSamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi (ka) prakaraNa-samAnatA (prakaraNaikyena) (kha) vizeSaNa- vizeSyatA (vizeSaNa- vizeSyayoH) (ga) upamAna- upameyatA (upamAna- upameyayoH) (gha) padArtha vaividhya (padaizca nAnArthaiH) (Ga) vakrokti- bhaGga (vakrokti - bhaGgibhiH) 2. yamakamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi (ka) padoM kI AvRtti (kha) pAdoM kI AvRtti 3. citrAlaMkAramUlaka sandhAna- -vidhi dvisandhAna zailI se prabhAvita kAvya 68-92
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________________ 93-112 (xii ) niSkarSa caturtha adhyAya dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva 1. sargabaddhatA 2. kathAnaka 3. kathAnaka kA AdhAra 4. kathAnaka-vyavasthA (i) mukha-sandhi (ii) pratimukha-sandhi (iii) garbha-sandhi (iv) vimarza-sandhi (v) nirvahaNa-sandhi 5. avAntara-kathA yojanA 6. varNya-viSaya (ka) vizada (kha) avizada (ga) nAmollekha 7. atiprAkRta aura alaukika tattva 8. Arambha 9. anta yA samApti 10. sarga-samApti 11. nAmakaraNa 12. nAyaka 13. pratinAyaka 14. gauNa-pAtra 15. rasa-paripAka 16. alaMkAra-vinyAsa
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________________ 17. chanda-yojanA 18. bhASA 19.uddezya niSkarSa vIra rasa (ka) yuddha vIra (kha) dAna vIra (ga) dharma vIra (gha) dayA vIra zRGgAra rasa (1) sambhoga zRGgAra (2) vipralambha zRGgAra karuNa rasa raudra rasa bhayAnaka rasa bIbhatsa rasa zAnta rasa niSkarSa zabdAlaGkAra (1) anuprAsa (2) yamaka (3) zleSa (4) vakrokti (xiii) paMcama adhyAya rasa-paripAka SaSTha adhyAya alaGkAra - vinyAsa 113-150 151-199
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________________ ( xiv ) citrAlaGkAra (1) varNa citra (2) AkAra citra (3) gati citra (4) bandha citra (5) gUDha citra arthAlaGkAra (1) upamA (2) rUpaka (3) bhrAntimAn (4) nizcaya (5) utprekSA (6) atizayokti (7) dIpaka (8) dRSTAnta (9) vyatireka (10) sahokti (11) arthazleSa (12) arthAntaranyAsa (13) AkSepa (14) virodha (15) viSama (16) parisaMkhyA (17) samuccaya (18) svabhAvokti (19) saGkara
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________________ (xv ) niSkarSa saptama adhyAya chanda-yojanA 200-209 saMskRta kAvya-sAhitya meM laya chanda aura bhAva gAmbhIrya layoM aura varSoM meM abhivyakta vividha bhAva rasAnurUpa chanda-yojanA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM chanda-yojanA (ka) samavRtta (kha) ardhasamavRtta (ga) viSamavRtta niSkarSa aSTama adhyAya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 210-264 (ka) rAjanaitika avasthA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI yugIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ saptAGga rAjya SaDvidha bala trividha zaktiyA~ SADguNya caturvidha upAya rAjyavyavasthAsAmanta-vyavasthA rAjA ke guNa kartavya aura uttaradAyitva
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________________ (xvi ) uttarAdhikAra rAjyAbhiSeka koSa-saMgrahaNa zAsana vyavasthAyuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA Ayudha vAdyayantra (kha) Arthika sthiti arthavyavasthA varNavyavasthA aura Arthika vibhAjana udyoga vyavasAya1. kRSi udyoga 2. vRkSa udyoga 3. pazupAlana udyoga 4. vANijya vyavasAya 5. zilpa vyavasAya AvAsIya sthiti grAmoM kA svarUpa nagara tathA nagara-jIvana vezabhUSA evaM khAnapAna sAmAjika pariveza dharma-darzanapaMcaparameSThI pUjana vijayotsavoM para pUjA-vidhAna saMskAra-vidhAna koTizilA-mAhAtmya
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________________ (xvii ) jaina darzanadravya mokSa mokSa-mArga samyagdarzana zikSA, kalA, jJAna-vijJAna - Ayurveda sAmudrika zAstra zakuna zAstra svapna zAstra kumArabhRtya striyoM kI sthiti - strI bhoga-vilAsa aura madirApAna kAmakalA-naipuNya vezyA va nartakI saundarya prasAdhana AbhUSaNa niSkarSa upasaMhAra sandarbha-grantha sUcI zabdAnukramaNikA 265-271 272-279 280-306
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________________ prathama adhyAya sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya bhAratIya mahAkAvya paramparA meM zAstrIya mahAkAvya zailI se anuprANita hai / mahAkAvya kI vizvajanIna paramparA meM mukhyata: do prakAra se mahAkAvyoM kA stara nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| prathama stara meM vikasanazIla zailI ke mahAkAvya Ate haiM, to dUsare stara meM alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvya sammilita haiM / parantu, bhAratIya mahAkAvya paramparA kA itihAsa vizva meM sarvAdhika utkRSTa evaM samRddha rahA hai / rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata ke atirikta jaina paramparA ke purANa grantha jahA~ bhAratIya mahAkAvya kI vikasanazIla zailI ko samAjazAstrIya evaM saMskRtimUlaka AyAma dete haiM, vahA~ dUsarI ora alaMkRta zailI ke antargata Ane vAle raghuvaMza, kirAtArjunIya ke samakakSa dvisandhAna, saptasandhAna Adi sandhAnAtmaka zailI ke mahAkAvyoM kA bhI sRjana huA, jo mahAkAvya paramparA ke dvitIya stara vAle alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM ko vikAsa kI carama sImA taka pahu~cAte pratIta hote haiN| mahAkAvya sRjana kI paramparA va itihAsaparaka uparyukta pravRttiyoM meM samAjazAstrIya tathA sAmAjika mUlyoM kA abhUtapUrva sammizraNa hotA AyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI yuga meM mahAkAvya kA svarUpa sAmAjika sandarbha meM ubhara kara AyA to madhyakAlIna saMskRta kAvya paramparA ke sAmantavAdI yuga meM kRtrima athavA alaMkAra pradhAna kAvya ko yuga cetanA kA vizeSa prazraya prApta huaa| phalata: sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta zabdakrIr3A tathA vidagdha AlaMkArika pravRttiyoM ko kAvya meM vizeSa sthAna milaa| inhIM parivartita yugIna kAvya mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM dvisandhAna Adi zleSa-kAvyoM kA sRjana huA, jo mUlata: mahAkAvya kI paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue apane yuga kI kAvya pravRttiyoM ko AlaMkArika camatkRti pradAna karate
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________________ 2 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 1 haiN| isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke zilpavaidhAnika vikAsa kI kar3I mahAkAvya paramparA ke udbhava evaM vikAsa kI pravRttiyoM se jur3I huI hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya apane pUrvavartI raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava Adi alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM ke samAna jahA~ kathAnaka srota ke rUpa meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko hI aMgIkAra karatI hai athavA saptasandhAna kI kathA jaina purANoM se gRhIta hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora ina kRtiyoM kA kAvyakrIr3A athavA AlaMkArika camatkRti ko prazraya denA mukhya prayojana rahA hai / isa prakAra samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se sAmAjika Adarza sthApanAhetu nirmita mahAkAvya vikAsa ke vikasanazIla mahAkAvya ina alaMkAra pradhAna mahAkAvyoM ke upajIvya haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya isa dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, jo mUlata: mahAkAvya ke paramparA se jur3A hone para bhI apane yuga kI kAvya cetanA ko zleSa - kAvya kA svarUpa dekara prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra purAtana aura navIna kAvya mUlyoM kA sAmaMjasya prastuta karate hue isa mahAkAvya ke lekhaka ne eka aisI kRti kA praNayana kiyA, jisameM sAhitya kA samAjadharmI pakSa to sabala hai hI, samasAmayika kAvyadharmI pakSa kA bhI usameM pratinidhitva huA hai| isI tathya kA vizadIkaraNa isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai, jisameM dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya ke sandarbha meM mahAkAvya paramparA va itihAsa kI pRSThabhUmi kA saMkSepa meM sarvekSaNa prastuta karate hue sandhAnAtmaka kAvya zailI kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai bhAratIya mahAkAvya kA vikAsa vedakAlIna itihAsa - purANa-AkhyAna kI paramparA se mAnA jAtA hai / isakA Arambhika rUpa vaidika AkhyAnoM aura dAnastutiyoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / sAmAnyatayA mahAkAvya zabda kA prayoga Ajakala do arthoM meM hone lagA hai, eka-aMgrejI ke 'iSika' zabda ke artha meM aura dvitIya - prAcIna AlaMkArika AcAryoM dvArA prayukta 'sargabaddha kAvya' ke artha meM / sAdhAraNata: yUropIya paNDitoM ne bhAratIya 'mahAkAvya' ko 'ipika' kahakara kevala do granthoM kI carcA kI hai-- mahAbhArata kI aura rAmAyaNa kI / 1 1. DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI : saMskRta ke mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA, 'AlocanA', aMka 1, dillI,1951,pR.9
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA mahAkAvya kA udbhava aura vikAsa mahAkAvya vikAsa kI prArambhika pRSThabhUmi lokagItoM athavA maukhika anuzrutiyoM ke rUpa meM saMrakSita rahI hai / isa avasthA meM usameM nirantara parivartana hote rahe haiM / ina parivartanoM arthAt vikAsa ke krama ko jAnane ke liye mahAkAvya kI nimnalikhita pUrvAvasthAoM kI sambhAvanA kI gayI hai' - (1) sAmUhika nRtya - gIta ( Choral Music and Dance ) (2) AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta (Ballad Dance) (3) loka-gAthA (Laze and Ballads) (4) gAthA-cakra (Cycle of Ballads) (1) sAmUhika nRtya-gIta ( Choral Music and Dance) Adima avasthA meM kabIle apanI prasannatA, utsAha, zoka tathA dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti sAmUhika rUpa meM karate the / yaha bhAvAbhivyakti sAmUhika nRtya-gIta ke rUpa meM hotI thI / 2 Aja bhI Adima jAtiyoM meM isa prakAra ke sAmUhika nRtya-gIta kI prathA pracalita hai / skATalaiNDa aura phrAnsa meM sAmUhika nRtya-gIta ko pahale "kairola" kahA jAtA thA / 3 iTalI meM usakA nAma 'bailAre' thA / 4 baileDa kA mUla srota yaha 'bailAre' hI hai / ' bhArata ke mirjApura jile meM AdivAsiyoM ke 'karamA' aura 'zailA' nRtya 'sAmUhika nRtya gIta' hI haiM / 1. 2. 3. 3 4. DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha: hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa- vikAsa, vArANasI, 1962, pR.4 Gummere, F.B. : A Handbook of Poetics, p. 9 "The fashion of dancing and singing caroles on the Saints, vigils (wake - nights) is proved by many pieces of evidence." Ker, W. P. : Form and Style in Poetry (Ed. Chambers, R.W.), London, 1966, p. 10. vizeSa draSTavya - The Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend, Vol. I, New York, 1949, pp. 193-95. "The names ballad, ballade, ballet are derived from the late Latin and Italian "ballare-to dance", Shipley, Joseph T. : Dictionary of world Literary Terms, Boston, 1970, p. 25. 5. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 2, p.645.
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________________ 4 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (2) AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta (Ballad Dance ) 1 sAmUhika nRtya-gItoM se AkhyAnaka nRtya gItoM ko svara milA / nRtattvazAstriyoM aura samAjazAstriyoM kA yaha anumAna hai ki usameM sAmUhika nRtyoM ke avasara para kucha thor3e se, bahudhA arthahIna zabdoM kI AvRtti, svarAlApa, sambodhana aura vismayAdibodhaka zabda prayukta hote the / gAne ke sAtha hI ve loga pAdasaMcAlana bhI karate the, jisameM sAmaMjasyapUrNa gati hotI thI / yaha pAdasaMcAlana kI gati hI unake gIta ke svara niyata karatI thI, jisase gIta meM bhI laya aura tAla kI yojanA svata: ho jAtI thI / ' isa prakAra sAmUhika nRtyagIta se hI nRtya, saMgIta aura kAvya kA vikAsa huA / zanai: zanai: cetanA ke vikAsa aura dhArmika yA anya prakAra kI pravRttiyoM ke udaya ke sAtha gIta meM sArthaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI hone lagA tathA eka gIta meM kisI eka bhAvanA, prArthanA, ghaTanA yA kathA kA varNana kiyA jAne lagA / kAlAntara meM nRtyagIta ke sAtha bhAvanAparaka varNanoM ke saMyojana se gIti (Lyric), prArthanAparaka varNanoM ke saMyojana se stotra (Hymn ) aura ghaTanA yA kathA sambandhI varNanoM ke saMyojana se AkhyAnaka nRtya gIta vikasita hue| kAlAntara meM ye kAvyarUpa sAmUhika nRtyagIta se pUrNataH svatantra ho gaye, yadyapi nRtya athavA saMgIta se unakA sambandha kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM banA rahA / 2 phero dvIpa meM satarahavIM zatI taka nRtya ke sAtha AkhyAnaka kAvya aura vIragIti kA gAna hotA thA / 3 AisalaiNDa meM nRtya ke sAtha prAcIna kAla se AkhyAnaka kAvya kA gAna hotA A rahA hai| iMglaiNDa meM bhI rAbinahuDa jaisI vIragAthAoM kA nRtya meM upayoga hotA thA / 'bhArata ke jaunapura jile me AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta zailI 1. "To this God and assembled multitudes sang a hymn, at first merely a chorus, exclamation and incoherent chant full of repetitions. As they sang, they kept time with the foot in a solemn dance which was inseparable from the chant itself and governed the words." Gummere, F.B. : A Handbook of Poetics. p. 9. 2. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga 1, banArasa, saM. 2015, pR.422-23 3. Ker, W.P. : Form and Style in Poetry, p.10. 4. vahI, p.9,10 5. The Encylopaedia Americana, Vol. III, 1958, p. 95.
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA kahAroM ke 'caurasiyA' nRtya ke rUpa meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| rAmalIlA tathA rAsalIlA ko bhI prAcIna AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta kA pariSkRta athavA avaziSTa rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki bhArata meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI kathAoM kA abhinaya karane kI prathA bahuta pahale se vidyamAna rahI hai / pataJjali to mahAbhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki zaubhika loga 'kaMsa-vadha' aura 'balibandha' ke AkhyAnoM kA pradarzana karate the| (3) lokagAthA (Ballads) lokagAthA aMgrejI ke baileDa' zabda kA samAnArthI hai / 'ensAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA' ke anusAra iMglaiNDa meM baileDa' usa kAvyarUpa kA nAma hai, jisameM sIdhesAde zabdoM meM koI sIdhI, sarala kathA kahI gayI ho / 2 prasiddha pAzcAtya vidvAn W.P. Ker ke matAnusAra Ballad vaha kathAtmaka geya kAvya hai, jo yA to lokakaNTha meM hI utpanna aura vikasita hotA hai yA lokagAthA ke sAmAnya rUpa-vidhAna ko lekara kisI vizeSa kavi dvArA racA jAtA hai / isameM gItAtmakatA (Lyrical quality) aura kathAtmakatA, donoM hotI haiM aura isakA pracAra jana-sAdhAraNa meM maukhika rUpa meM eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI meM hotA rahatA hai / Joseph T. Shipley of Dictionary of World Literary Terms ke anusAra Ballad zabda kA prayoga tIna arthoM meM hotA hai - (1) sAhitya ke kSetra 1. "ye tAvadete zaubhikA nAma ete pratyakSa kaMsaM ghAtayanti pratyakSaM ca baliM bandhayantIti / ' pAtaJjala mahAbhASya,sUtra 3 / 1 / 26 para. 2. The Ballad is a short narrative folk song. . . British and American ballads are invariably rhymed and strophic." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.2, Chicago, 1974, p.641. "Ballad" is here taken as meaning a lyrical narrative poem, either popular in its origin or using the common forms of popular poetry and fitted for oral circulation through the whole of a community. Ker, W.P. : Form and Style in Poetry, London, 1966, p.3. 4. "Ballad has various meanings in literary or musical usage. Its literary use is restricted primarily to short
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA meM sImita aura viziSTa artha meM Ballad mukhyata: eka laghu kathAtmaka aura pragItAtmaka kAvya kA nAma hai / (2) sAmAnya artha meM isa zabda kA prayoga kisI bhI aise laghu gIta ke lie hotA hai, jo hamArI bhAvAtmaka sattA kA sparza karatA hai / (3) saMgIta ke kSetra meM bhI Ballad zabda kA prayoga hotA hai, jo ekAkI gadya sAhitya yA samaveta kisI bhI prakAra kA hotA hai athavA jo nRtya ke sAtha gAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra lokagAthA mAnava-samAja kA Adima sAhityika rUpa hai| bhAratIya mahAkAvya paramparA ke prArambhika udbhava kI dRSTi se Rgveda ke kucha saMvAda-sUktoM aura nArAzaMsI gAthAoM ko prAcInatama lokagAthA svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinase mahAkAvya kI pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa huaa| yadyapi saMvAda-sUktoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM vibhinna RSiyoM kA nAma diyA huA hai, tathApi aisI mAnyatA hai ki jisa gotra ke vyakti una sUktoM ko gAte the, unhoMne apane pUrvaja RSiyoM ke nAma unake kartA ke rUpa meM jor3a diye| jina saMvAda-sUktoM ko lokagAthA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, unameM yama-yamI sUkta,2 pururavorvazI sUkta, agastyalopAmudrA sUkta, indra-aditi-vAmadeva sUkta,5 indra-indrANI-vRSAkapi simple narratives told lyrically. Popularly, any short song that appeals to sentiment may be termed a ballad; . . . In musical nomenclature, a ballad may be solo, choaral or instrumental, a song of praise or blame, a dance song or merely something singable. Chopin, Liszt, Brahms wrote ballads or ballades for piano and orchestra". Shipley, Joseph T. : Dictionary of World Literary Terms, Boston, 1970, p.25. "The earliest poetry of all races---it is not altogether a conjecture-appears to have been the ballad-dance." Dixon, M. : English Epic and Heroic Poetry, London, 1912, p.28 2. Rgveda,10.10 3. vahI,10.95 4. vahI.1.179 5. vahI.4.18
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________________ sandhAna- mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA sUkta, saramA-paNi sUkta, 2 indra- marut sUkta, 3 vizvAmitra - nadI sUkta' Adi pramukha haiN| purANoM aura mahAbhArata Adi meM bhI isa prakAra kI lokagAthAeM ziSTa sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kara samAviSTa ho gayI haiM / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM olDanabarga prabhRti katipaya manISiyoM ke anusAra ye AkhyAna prArambha meM gadya-padya mizrita rahe hoMge / isakA kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki yUropIya parivAra ke samasta purAtana sAhitya meM yaha gadya-padyAtmaka rUpa meM dikhAyI dete haiM / " kItha isa mata kA nirAkaraNa karate haiM / unake anusAra vedoM meM isa prakAra ke gadya-padya mizrita AkhyAna upalabdha nahIM haiM, yaha anumAnamAtra hai / kintu, uttara vaidika vAGmaya meM gadya-padyAtmaka AkhyAna dRSTigocara hote haiM / udAharaNata: aitareya brAhmaNa meM zunaHzepa' tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa meM pururavorvazI' AkhyAna gadya-padyamaya haiN| aise AkhyAnoM ko prArambha meM gAthA yA gAthAnArAzaMsI kahA jAtA thA / paravartI kAla meM inhIM ko itihAsa, purANa tathA AkhyAna nAma diyA gayA / mahAbhArata meM itihAsa zabda 'anuzruti' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / 1deg vedoM kI dAna - stutiyoM kA aparanAma bhI nArAzaMsI gAthA thA / isa prakAra vaidika vAGmaya meM upalabdha saMvAdasUkta, dAnastuti athavA AkhyAna (gAthA) Adi ko lokagAthA kA prAcIna rUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / Rgveda,10.86 1. 2 . vahI, 10.108 3. vahI, 1.165 4. vahI, 3.33 5. Z.D.M.G., Vol. XXXVII, p.54 6. Keith, A.B. The Origin of Tragedy and the Akhyan (J.R.A.S., 1912), p. 437 7. aitareya brAhmaNa, 7.15.7 8. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 11.5.1.1 9. atharvaveda, 15.6.10,11,12 10. mahAbhArata, 3.21.35
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________________ * 8 (4) gAthAcakra (Ballad Cycle) - maukhika kAvya rUpa lokagAthAoM meM kucha gAthAe~ itanI lokapriya hotI haiN| ki ve vibhinna sthAnoM aura jAtiyoM meM pracalita ho jAtI haiM / pracalita hone ke bAda sthAna aura kAla bheda se unameM vividha prakAra ke saMzodhana aura parivardhana hone lagate haiN| isI prakriyA ke kAraNa koI bhI lokagAthA vibhinna sthAnoM meM vividha rUpoM meM vikasita ho jAtI hai / molTana ne apane grantha 'varlDa liTarecara' meM likhA hai ki likhita kAvya to sthira ho jAtA hai, kintu maukhika kAvya vAyu meM tairatA rahatA hai aura pratyeka gAne vAlA kisI na kisI gAthA kA nayA saMskaraNa taiyAra kara detA hai / 1 gAthAoM ke navIna saMskaraNa pramukha pAtroM kI samAnatA ke kAraNa kAlAntara meM puna: eka hone lagate haiM / vIroM aura sAMskRtika puruSoM ke carita se sambandhita gAthAoM meM prAya: aisA dekhane meM AtA hai ki inake gAyaka apanI suvidhAnusAra kisI bhI gAthA meM anya gAthAoM kI kucha bhI bAteM milA dete the / inameM jo adhika lokapriya aura prabhAvazAlI gAthA hotI thI, usameM anya gAthAeM antarbhUta ho jAtI thIM / isa gumphana-kriyA meM loka kI apekSA cAraNoM aura gAyakoM kA yogadAna adhika rahatA thA / yaha dhyAtavya hai ki gAthAcakra kAvya nahIM, apitu kAvya yA mahAkAvya kI pUrvAvasthA hai / 3 1 ' sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA gAthA-cakra mukhyarUpeNa tIna prakAra ke hote the - (1) vIra - bhAvanA - pradhAna, (2) romAMcaka tattvoM se yukta prema - bhAvanA - pradhAna aura (3) loka-vizvAsoM aura nijandharI pAtroM se sambandhita tathA dharma - bhAvanA - pradhAna / ina tIna prakAra ke gAthAcakroM 1. 2. 3. "Oral poetry is a floating literature because apart from writing that gives fixity, each delivering of a poem becomes a fresh edition.", Molton : World Literature, p.102. DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha: hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa vikAsa, vArANasI, 1962, pR.10-11 "Such a heroic cycle, it will be understood, in not a poem but a state of poetry. . . The cycle has now the chance of growing into an organic epic.", Molton : World Literature, p. 103.
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA se hI kramaza: (1) vIra-bhAvanA se yukta vikasanazIla mahAkAvya, (2) romAMcaka mahAkAvya tathA (3) prAcIna itihAsa-purANa kA vikAsa huaa|1 / vedoM meM indra-sambandhI jitanI gAthAeM yA AkhyAna haiM, unheM gAthAcakra kA pUrvarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM suparNAdhyAya yA suparNAkhyAna ko Winternitz dvArA gAthAcakra hI mAnA gayA hai| isa AkhyAna meM kadrU aura vinatA kI gAthA varNita hai, jisakA vaidika sAhitya se lekara mahAbhArata Adi taka aneka granthoM meM ullekha huA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa aura purANa, jinheM chAndogyopaniSat meM paMcama veda kahA gayA hai, kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya gAthAcakroM ke rUpa meM huA hai| Winternitz, Pargiter prabhRti vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaidika kAla meM hI vaidika saMhitAoM kI bhA~ti itihAsa tathA purANoM kI bhI saMhitAeM thIM, jo paurANika, aitihAsika aura nijandharI vRttoM kA saMgraha thiiN|| svayaM mahAbhArata bhI aneka gAthAoM aura gAthAcakroM kA vizAla bhaNDAra hai|5 mahAkAvya ke vikAsa kI do dhArAeM vizva ke sabhI dezoM meM jahA~ mahAkAvya kI racanA huI hai, usakI paramparA do dhArAoM meM vibhakta hokara pravAhita hotI A rahI hai (1) maukhika paramparA vAlI dhArA, tathA (2) likhita paramparA vAlI dhaaraa| yadyapi ina donoM dhArAoM meM bahuta antara hai, para vastuta: donoM mahAkAvya kI hI dhArAeM haiM, kyoMki donoM ke mUla tattva eka hI haiM / prathama dhArA ke antargata Ane vAle mahAkAvyoM ko vikasanazIla mahAkAvya' aura dvitIya ke antargata Ane vAloM ko 'alaMkRta mahAkAvya' kahate haiN| 1. hindI sAhitya koza,bhAga 1,banArasa,saM.2015,pR.182 2. Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, p.312. 3. chAndogyopaniSata,3.3,4 4. Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, p. 313 (f.n.4); Pargiter : Ancient Indian Geneologies and Chronologies, p.4. 5. hindI sAhitya koza,bhAga 1,pR.579 .
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA vikasanazIla mahAkAvya vikasanazIla mahAkAvya Epicof Growth, AuthenticEpic,2 Folk Epic,3 Heroic Epic' Adi nAmoM se prasiddha hai| DaoN. zyAmazaMkara dIkSita ne isakA 'saMkalanAtmaka mahAkAvya' nAma se ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta isakA 'prArambhika mahAkAvya' tathA 'prAkRtika mahAkAvya nAmoM se bhI ullekha milatA hai| cirakAla taka vikasita aura pariSkRta hote hue gAthAcakra hI vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kA rUpa grahaNa kara lete haiN| pratyeka jAti aura deza meM samaya-samaya para naye vIra aura nayI ghaTanAeM hotI rahatI haiM / ataeva, yA to purAne vIroM kI kathA naye vIroM kI kathA ko AtmasAta kara letI thI athavA naye vIroM ke sambandha meM hI purAne vIroM kI bahuta-sI bAteM pracalita ho jAtI thiiN| donoM hI avasthAoM meM anya gAthAoM, kathAoM, ghaTanAoM, varNanoM kA isa prakAra saMyojana tathA saMgraha hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM gAthAcakra ke mUla rUpa ko DhUMDha nikAlanA asambhava ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra prArambhika gAthAoM se gAthAcakroM aura gAthAcakroM se vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kA vikAsa hotA hai / isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa eka kavi dvArA na hokara, ekAdhika kaviyoM dvArA hotA hai| isake atirikta ye kisI yuga vizeSa kI racanA nahIM, apitu vividha yugoM meM vikAsa ko. prApta hokara antima rUpa grahaNa karate haiN| 1. hindI sAhitya koza,bhAga 1,pR. 579 2. vahI,tathA-Siddhanta, N.K. : The Heroic Age, p.70. 3. Watt, H.A. and Watt, W.W. : A Dictionary of English Literature, New York, 1952, p.355. 4. Siddhant, N.K. : The Heroic Age, p.70. 5. DaoN.zyAmazaMkara dIkSita : terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina-saMskRta-mahAkAvya,jayapura, 1969,pR.49 6. hindI sAhitya koza,bhAga 1,pR.578 7. vahI,pR.579 8. DaoN.zambhUnAtha siMha : hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa-vikAsa,banArasa,1969,pR.1 9. Ker, W.P. : Epic and Romance, New York, 1957, p.13.
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA bhAratIya mahAkAvya ke sandarbha meM Rgvaidika saMvAda-sUktoM ke AdhAra para hI sambhavata: olDanabarga ne yaha anumAna kiyA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM mahAkAvya kA prAcInatama rUpa gadya-padya mizrita thA, jisameM pAtroM ke saMvAda to padya meM hote the, kintu una saMvAdoM se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kA varNana gadya meM kiyA jAtA thaa| prArambha meM kevala padyoM ko yAda rakhA jAtA thA, ghaTanAoM se sambandhita varNanoM ko loga apane DhaMga se kahate the| maiksamUlara , silvAlevI, harTela Adi ke anusAra ye saMvAda-sUkta eka prakAra ke nATaka the| vinTaranitz2a kA kathana hai ki Rgveda ke saMvAda-sUktoM jaisI kavitAeM bhAratIya sAhitya-mahAbhArata, purANa, bauddha sAhitya Adi meM bahuta adhika milatI haiN| ataeva ye saMvAda-sUkta prAcIna gAthAeM haiM aura inhIM ke saMvAdatattvoM se 'nATaka' tathA AkhyAnaka tattvoM se 'mahAkAvya' kA vikAsa huA hai| __mahAkAvya ke vikAsa meM sAmanta-yuga kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai / Adima yuga meM kabIle hI samAja the, ata: samAja-vyavasthA meM sAmUhikatA kI pravRtti pramukha thii| isI sAmUhika pravRtti ke kAraNa sAmUhika nRtya-saMgIta Adi unakI dhArmika tathA sAmAjika abhivyakti ke mAdhyama rhe| kAlAntara meM mAnava-samAja ko kRSi-vyavasthA, pazupAlana, vyApAra Adi kA Azraya lenA pdd'aa| abhiprAya yaha hai ki mAnava-samAja ne sAmanta-yuga meM praveza kiyaa| isa sAmanta-yuga ke vikAsa kI tIna avasthAeM mAnI gayI haiM--(1) prArambhika sAmanta-yuga, (2) madhya sAmanta-yuga tathA (3) uttara saamnt-yug| mahAkAvya kI sAmagrI sAmanta yuga ke prathama kAla meM nirmita huI aura dvitIya kAla meM vikasita hokara vaha mahAkAvyoM ke rUpa meM parivartita hone lgii| isa dvitIya kAla kA anta hote-hote alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI racanA hone lagI, jo tRtIya kAla ke mahAkAvyoM meM apane utkRSTa rUpa meM pariNata huii| sAmanta yuga meM hI aneka Antarika aura bAhya prabhAvoM ke kAraNa prAkRta, apabhraMza 1. Z.D.M.G. Vol. XXXVII (1883), p.54ff and Vol. 39. (1885), p.52ff 2. Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1927, p.102. .. 3. vahI, pR.102-103 4. kezavarAva musalagAMvakara : saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, pR.93
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________________ 12 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA aura vartamAna Arya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA aura unameM bhI vividha vikasanazIla tathA alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI racanA huI / 1 sAmanta-yuga meM hI 'prArambhika vIra - yuga' (Heroic Age) tathA 'sAmantI vIra-yuga' (Age of Shivelary ) bhI dikhAyI dete haiM jinameM vikasanazIla mahAkAvya vikasita hue / ' ye vIra-yuga Adima samAja vyavasthA tathA sabhya samAja vyavasthA ke antarAla kA kAla hai / prArambhika vIra yuga meM yoddhAoM aura vIroM kI pRthak zreNI bana gayI tathA rAjatantra va sAmantatantra kI sthApanA huI / yuddhoM meM zaurya pradarzita karane aura vijaya dilAne vAlA vyakti kabIle kA netA yA saradAra banane lagA / isa yuga meM yadyapi vyaktigata vIratA ko mahattva diyA jAtA hai, para vIra vyakti samAja kI bhAvanAoM aura zakti kA pratinidhitva bhI karatA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki prArambhika vIra-yuga meM saradAra yA rAjA jAtIya guNoM aura AkAMkSAoM kA pratIka hotA hai / vaha samAja kA nAyaka aura saMcAlaka hotA hai aura usake sammAna meM racita kAvya yA AkhyAna samAja kI sampatti bana jAte haiM, jinase nijandharI kathAoM aura vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| isake viparIta sAmantI vIra-yuga meM rAjAoM ke pArasparika yuddha samAja ke liye nahIM varan apane liye hote haiM / - sAmanta yA samrAT, samAja yA jAti kI AkAMkSAoM kA pratinidhitva nahIM karate, yadyapi unameM bhI vIratA kI kamI nahIM hotii| isI yuga meM, zauryapUrNa gAthAoM ke mAdhyama se kaI zatAbdiyoM taka kevala maukhika gAthAoM ke rUpa meM saMzodhita, sampAdita va parivardhita hone ke pazcAt vikasanazIla mahAkAvya varNanAtmaka zailI ke mAdhyama se mahAkAvya ke vartamAna svarUpa ko prApta hote haiM / isIliye ye mahAkAvya kAvyapa-sauSThava ke prati udAsIna rahakara sAmAjika mUlyoM ke prati sajaga rahate haiM / vIra-yuga vizva ke vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna kAloM meM rahA hai| isI vIra-yuga meM yUropa ke 'iliyaDa' (Iliad), 'oDesI' (Odyasey), 'biyovulpha' (Beowulf) Adi vikasanazIla mahAkAvya vikasita hue / 2 'nibeluMgenalIDa' 1. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga 1, pR. 580 tathA Ker, W. P. : Epic and Romance, New York, 1957, pp. 4-6. Ker, W.P. : Epic and Romance, New York, 1957, pp. 13-14. 2.
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA 13 (Nibelungenlied) tathA phrAMsa kA 'sAMga oNpha da rolAM' (Song of the Roland) Adi anya dezoM meM vikasita hone vAle vikasanazIla mahAkAvya haiM / bhAratIya vIra-yuga Rgveda ke kAla meM hI prArambha ho gayA thA / uttara vaidika kAla paryanta pahu~cate hue bhAratIya samAja kRSi evaM pazu-pAlana ke mAdhyama se Arthika kaThinAiyoM para bhI vijaya prApta kara cukA thaa| isI yuga meM mahAkAvyoM kI pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa bhI hone lagA thA, Rgveda kI indra-viSayaka zauryapUrNa gAthAeM tathA dAnastutiyA~, atharvaveda ke kuntApa mantra evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa ke pAriplava AkhyAna mahAkAvyoM ke aMkura bana cuke the| vedoM aura brAhmaNa-AraNyakoM meM Aye hue aise vIra-AkhyAna yaha siddha karate haiM ki ve vIra-yuga kI dena haiM / indra, azvina Adi Rgveda ke pradhAna vIra haiM / bArneTa kA mata hai ki indra aura azvina aitihAsika vyakti haiM, jinheM unakI vIratA ke kAraNa paurANika aura nijandharI rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| kegI kA bhI kahanA hai ki indra vedakAlIna AryoM ke aise devatA haiM, jo Adarza vyakti, vIra, netA, saMrakSaka aura samrATa haiM / vastuta: indra hI vaidika-kAla ke mahAkAvya-nAyaka haiM / 5 mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa bhAratIya vIra-yuga ke pratinidhi mahAkAvya haiM / ina 1. Shipley, Joseph T. : Dictionary of World Literary Terms, Boston, 1970, p.100. 2. musalagAMvakara : saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA,pR.93 3. Keith, A.B. : A History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1941, p.41 and Winternitz, M. : A History of Indian Literature, Vol.I, Part I, Calcutta,1959, p.130 4. "Indra and Ashvina at the beginning came to be worshipped because they were heroes, men who were supposed to have wrought marvellously noble and valiant deeds in dime far off days, saviours of the afficted, champions of the right, and who for this reason were worshipped after death, perhaps even before death, as divine beings and gradually became associated in their legends and the form of their worship with all kinds of other gods." Lionet D. Barnett: Hindu Gods and Heroes, London, 1886, p.25. 5. Kaegi : The Rigveda, London, 1886, p.43.
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________________ 14 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA donoM meM AdikAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa kA marma sampUrNa rUpa meM vyakta huA hai aura bhAratIya itihAsa kA AdikAla unameM apanI samUcI jJAna-rAzi aura yathArtha tathA bahamukhI jIvana-vyApAroM ko abhivyakta kara sakA hai| inameM bhArata ke AdikAlIna itihAsa kA eka lambA yuga isa kAraNa pratibimbita hotA hai ki ye kisI vizeSa kavi aura sImita avadhi vAle yuga kI racanAeM nahIM haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye donoM iliyaDa, oDesI jaise bhArata ke Adi-vikasanazIla mahAkAvya haiN| jainAnumodita vikasanazIla mahAkAvya jaina paramparA meM bhI purANa-puruSoM kI maulika gAthAeM pracalita rahI haiM / ina mahApuruSoM ke samyak caritroM meM upalabdha vIratApUrNa gAthAoM, jaina dharma evaM darzana Adi tattvoM ne jaina mahAkAvyoM ko varNanAtmaka zailI pradAna kI / prathamAnuyoga athavA dharmakathAnuyoga sUtra-sAhitya meM triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke caritoM ke mAdhyama se AkhyAnoM kI ranacAeM prArambha huIM / jaina paramparA meM prAcIna AkhyAna purANa saMjJA se abhihita kiye gaye haiN| digambara-paramparA meM eka zalAkApuruSa kA varNana karane vAle AkhyAna ko purANa kahA jAtA hai, yathA-raviSeNa kRta pdmpuraann| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke carita kA varNana karane vAle AkhyAna ko bhI purANa kahA jAtA hai, yathA-hemacandra kRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita / 3 purANoM kI viSayavastu kAprAya: dharma ke sAtha pragAr3ha sambandha hotA hai| isI kAraNavaza jaina-paramparA meM purANa-kathA anya kAvyoM yA mahAkAvyoM kI apekSA adhika satya evaM prAmANika mAnI jAtI hai| jaina purANa yadyapi purANocita vaiziSTya se yukta haiM, tathApi ve (alaMkRta) mahAkAvya-zailI se bahuta prabhAvita haiN| hemancandra ne to apane triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita purANa ko mahAkAvya saMjJA se abhihita bhI kiyA hai| isake atirikta digambara tathA zvetAmbara paramparA ke aneka purANa mahAkAvyocita sAmagrI se vizeSata: prabhAvita haiN| paravartI alaMkRta-jaina caritakAvyoM meM nibaddha adhikAMza zalAkApuruSoM ke carita jaina purANoM se hI anuprerita haiN| ataeva 1. 'purAtanaM purANaM syAt',AdipurANa,1.21 2. nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata,vArANasI,1968,pR.18 3. DaoN.mohanacanda :jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja,dillI,1989,pR.40
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________________ 15 sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA paurANika vizeSatAoM vAle vimalasUrI kRta paumacariya, jinasena kRta harivaMzapurANa, jinasena kRta mahApurANa, zIlAGka kRta cauppanamahApurisacariya aura hemacandra kRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita jaise granthoM ko jaina saMskRti kA vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / alaMkRta mahAkAvya sAMskRtika kendroM aura rAja-darabAroM meM zikSA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha likhane kI prathA bhI vikasita huI aura kAvya-racanA bhI eka viziSTa kalA ke rUpa meM svIkRta huii| una kendroM meM prAcIna gAthAoM, kathAoM aura gAthAcakroM ko lipibaddha kiyA gayA aura inake gAyaka cAraNa Adi sAmantoM ke darabAroM meM Azraya pAne lge| usa vAtAvaraNa meM vaiyaktika aura saceta kAvya-racanA kA honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| kAlAntara meM ye ziSTa kAvya pRthak vidhA ke rUpa meM vikasita hokara alaMkRta tathA jaTila hone lge| isI pariveza meM inhIM kaviyoM ke mAdhyama se alaMkRta mahAkAvya kI racanA prArambha huI / ina alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM ke "Epic of Art", "Imitative Epic", "Literary Epic"Adi nAma bhI pracalita haiN| ye alaMkRta mahAkAvya prAya: vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM athavA pUrvavartI gAthAcakroM aura itihAsa-purANoM se hI kathAvastu lekara race jAte haiM / spaSTa hI hai ki ye kisI kavi vizeSa tathA kAla vizeSa kI racanA hote haiM / inameM vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM kI apekSA kRtrimatA adhika hotI hai / ata: kAvya-sRjana inakA mukhya lakSya hotA hai aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI sthApanA karanA gauNa / varjila kA 'inIDa' (Aeneid) tathA milaTana kA 'pairADAiz2a lAsTa' (Paradise Lost) Adi pAzcAtya mahAkAvya tathA azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa, mAgha, bhAravi, svayaMbhU, puSpadanta Adi kaviyoM ke mahAkAvya bhAratIya paramparA ke alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI zailI ke antargata Ate haiN| __ bhAratIya sAhitya meM sarasa kavitA kA Adi rUpa vaidika kAvya meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / vizeSata: Rgveda ke uSA-sUkta kavi-kalpanA ke manorama pariNAma haiM / ve 1. hindI sAhitya koza,bhAga 1,pR.579 2. vahI; tathA Shipley, J.T. : Dictionary of Terms, p. 101. 3. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga 1,pR.579 World Literary
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA alaMkRti se bhI vaMcita nahIM haiM / Rgvaidika RSiyoM ne katipaya alaMkAroM kA prayoga siddhahasta kaviyoM kI bhA~ti kiyA hai / sambhavata: usa samaya taka koI nizcita kAvya-siddhAnta to bana nahIM pAyA thA, parantu usake bIja vahA~ nihita haiM / isa prAcIna paramparA ke rahate hue bhI alaMkRta kAvya-zailI RgvedAdi kI 'RNI' nahIM mAnI jA sktii| kAraNa yaha hai ki vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM para avalambita alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM meM kAvya-sauSThava ke prati vizeSa Agraha hotA hai| isIlie ina mahAkAvyoM meM kalAtmakatA aura bauddhikatA kA atyadhika samAveza tathA naisargikatA kA hrAsa hotA gyaa| isa hrAsa ko dekhakara hI sambhavata: katipaya vidvAnoM ne ina alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM ko anukRta mahAkAvya athavA darabArI mahAkAvya (Court Epic) saMjJA se abhihita kiyA / DaoN. esa.ena. dAsaguptA ne apane saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' ke prathama khaNDa kI bhUmikA meM isa mata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai ki kAvya-zailI kA artha alaMkRta zailI hotA hai / unakA kathana yaha hai ki vinTaranitz2a kA yaha mata ki saMskRta ke kAvya kA artha prayatnasAdhya, camatkAra-pradhAna aura alaMkAroM se bojhila kAvya hai, paravartI hrAsonmukha sAmantayugIna kaviyoM ke kAvyoM ke liye hI sahI hai, pUrvavartI kaviyoM-azvaghoSa tathA kAlidAsa-ke kAvyoM para caritArtha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ata: saMskRta ke sampUrNa kAvya-sAhitya ko alaMkRta-kAvya kaha denA tarkasaMgata nhiiN| isa kathana kA sAmAnyata: abhiprAya yaha hai ki saMskRta kA kAvya-sAhitya prArambha se hI ADambarapUrNa aura rUpa-zilpa pradhAna nahIM thaa| usake Arambhika mahAkAvya rasAtmaka haiN| kAvya-sAhitya ko alaMkRta-sAhitya svIkAra karane vAloM ke matAnusAra bhI alaMkRta (Ornate) zabda se tAtparya 'Epic of Art' yA Artificial' se hI hai, jisakA anuvAda kalAtmaka yA anukRta mahAkAvya kiyA jAtA hai / maikaDAnala bhI pA~cavIM se bArahavIM zatI taka ke mahAkAvyoM ko vAstavika rUpa meM anukRta athavA zAbdika artha meM alaMkRta mahAkAvya kahate haiN| jaina paramparA meM prathamAnuyoga ke antargata Ane vAle 1. DaoN.esa.ena.dAsaguptA : e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara,khaNDa 1, bhUmikA, pR.14,15 2. "As the popular epic poetry of Mahabharat was the chief source of the puranas, so the Ramayana, the earliest artificial epic, was succeeded, though after a
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA 17 purANocita vaiziSTyayukta vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM se srota grahaNa kara anuprANita evaM vikasita hone vAle mahAkAvyoM ko alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya mahAkAvya sAhitya kA yadi zilpa - vaidhAnika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA jAye to usameM varNita kathya evaM usakI pravRtti se sambandhita tattva use vibhinna vidhAoM meM vibhakta kara dete haiM / isa dRSTi se mahAkAvya sAhitya ko cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai (1) paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya I mahAkAvya aura purANa kA udbhava aura vikAsa samAnAntara rUpa se huA hai aura prArambha meM donoM kA rUpa paraspara mizrita thA / mahAbhArata isakA udAharaNa hai, itihAsa-purANa bhI hai tathA mahAkAvya bhI / vastuta: mahAkAvya purANoM ke hI pariSkRta, alaMkRta aura anvitiyukta kalAtmaka rUpa haiM / kAvyazAstriyoM ne bhI mahAkAvya ke kathAnaka kA itihAsa-purANa tathA kathA se udbhUta honA Avazyaka mAnA hai / zrImadbhAgavata prabhRti purANoM meM kAvyAtmakatA paryApta mAtrA meM vartamAna hai / vinTaranitz2a kA kathana hai ki bhAgavata bhASA, zailI, chanda aura kathA kI anviti... sabhI dRSTiyoM se eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai / 1 bhAgavata purANa aura mahAbhArata kI zailI se prabhAvita hokara jina mahAkAvyoM meM paurANika AkhyAnoM ko kathAnaka banAyA gayA hai, ve paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya haiM / jainoM ne mahAbhArata aura purANoM ke anukaraNa-- pRthak purANoM kI racanA kI; inhIM jaina purANoM se srota grahaNa kara jaina kaviyoM ne paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI sarjanA kii| paurANika zailI se abhiprAya hai ki usameM paurANika-dhArmika AkhyAna hote haiM, kathAnaka meM anviti kama hotI hai, 1. long interval of time, by a number of kavyas, ranging from the fifth to the twelth century. " Macdonell, A.A.: A History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1913, p.326. "Moreover, It is the one purana which, more than any of others bears the stamp of an unified composition and deserves to be appreciated as a literary production on account of its language style and metre. " Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol.I, Calcutta, p.556.
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________________ 18 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA avAntara-kathAoM aura ghaTanA-vaividhya kI adhikatA hotI hai, alaukika aura aprAkRta tatvoM kA adhika upayoga huA rahatA hai, kathA ke madhya kathA kahane aura saMvAda rUpa meM kathA ko upasthita karane kI pravRtti hotI hai, sAtha hI upadeza denA yA kisI mata vizeSa kA pracAra karanA uddezya hotA hai / purANoM ke sarga, pratisarga, vaMza, manvantara aura vaMzAnucarita-pA~ca viSaya hote haiN| paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvyoM meM inameM se ekAdhika viSaya grahaNa kiye jAte haiN| purANoM kI bhA~ti unameM bhI kathA kahanA lakSya hotA hai tathA unakI zailI sahaja evaM sarala hotI hai| paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza tInoM bhASAoM meM nibaddha hue haiMsaMskRta paurANika mahAkAvya saMskRta meM paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya dasavIM zatI ke anantara vizeSa rUpa se milate haiM / dasavIM zatI ke pUrva AThavIM zatI meM jinasena ne AdipurANa aura guNabhadra ne uttarapurANa kI racanA kI thI aura jaTAsiMha nandi ne varAGgacarita meM 31 sargoM meM varAGga kI jaina paurANika kathA likhI thI / gyArahavIM zatI meM kazmIra ke kSemendra ne rAmAyaNamaJjarI, bhAratamaJjarI aura dazAvatAracarita kI racanA kI thii| ina tInoM racanAoM meM rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata aura purANAzrita dazAvatAroM kI kathA kahI gayI hai| bArahavIM zatI meM jaina AcArya kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandra ne triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita nAmaka bRhatkAya grantha kI sarjanA kI / hemacandra ne ise mahAkAvya kahA hai, para vastuta: vaha saMskRta meM zlokabaddha jaina purANa hai| usameM jainoM ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM, bAraha cakravartiyoM, nau vAsudevoM, nau baladevoM aura nau pratibaladevoM kI jIvana-gAthA dasa paryoM meM varNita hai / antima pariziSTa parva athavA sthavirAvalIcarita paurANika-kathAtmaka zailI kA eka svatantra mahAkAvya hai / haramana jaikobI ke kathAnAnusAra mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNa ke samAna jaina mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM isakI racanA kI gayI hai / bArahavIM zatI meM hI devaprabhasUri ne paurANika zailI meM pANDavacarita nAma se 18 sargoM meM mahAbhArata kI kathA likhI / terahavIM zatI meM amaracandra sUri ne bAlabhArata aura veMkaTanAtha ne yAdavAbhyudaya nAmaka bRhat paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI / isa kAla meM jayadratha (sajAnaka) ne 32 sargoM kA haracarita1. Jacobi, Hermann : Introduction of Sthaviravali Carita, Calcutta, 1932, p.24.
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA cintAmaNi nAmaka paurANika mahAkAvya likhA, jisameM ziva se sambaddha vividha paurANika kathAoM kA varNana hai / paravartI-kAla meM kRSNadAsa kavirAja ne bhAgavata kI zailI meM govindalIlAmRta aura satarahavIM zatI meM nIlakaNTha dIkSita ne skandapurANa ko srota mAnakara zivalIlArNava nAmaka mahAkAvya likhe| yazodhara kI jaina-kathA ke AdhAra para bhI kaI yazodharacarita likhe gye| terahavIM zatI meM amaracandra ne padmAnanda harizcandra ne dharmazarmAbhyudaya, abhayadeva sUri ne jayanta-vijaya aura vAgbhaTa ne neminirvANa nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kii| ina mahAkAvyoM meM paurANika-zailI ke sAtha-sAtha kathAtmaka aura zAstrIya zailiyoM kA sundara sanniveza huA hai| prAkRta paurANika mahAkAvya prAkRta bhASA kA prAcInatama mahAkAvya vimalasUrI kA paumacariya hai| vinTaranitz2a' vimala sUri ko prathama zatI kA aura jaikobI2 tRtIya-caturtha zatI I. kA svIkAra karate haiM, jabaki munijinavijaya, kezavalAla dhruva, e. sI. upAdhyAya Adi vidvAn unheM bANabhaTTa ke bAda kA mAnate haiM / isa saMdarbha meM jaikobI kA kathana hai ki yaha tRtIya-caturtha zatI meM racita prAkRta kA prAcInatama mahAkAvya hai, jo vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA jaina rUpAntara hai / isakI bhASA prArambhika prAkRta hai aura yaha mahAkAvya kI sarala zailI meM likhA gayA hai / isa AdhAra para hI jaikobI ne anumAna kiyA hai ki vimalasUrI ke pUrva bhI prAkRta meM aneka loka-pracalita mahAkAvya the aura paumacariya unameM se eka hai, jo Aja bhI prApta hai| paurANika zailI ke anya grantha AThavIM zatI ke bAda ke likhe hue milate haiN| guNapAla kA jambUcarita, lakSmaNadeva kA NemiNAhacariya, somaprabha kA 1. Winternitz, M. : History of Indian Literature, Vol.II, Delhi, 1972, p. 489. 2. draSTavya Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 7, p.437 and Jacobi, H. : Some Ancient Prakrit Works (Modern Review, December, 3-36) 3. draSTavya-DaoN.zyAmazaMkara dIkSita :terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya, malika eNDa kampanI,jayapura,1969,pR.60 4. Jacobi, H. : Some Ancient Prakrit Works (Modern Review, December, 1914)
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________________ sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA sumatinAthacarita, devacandra sUri kA zAntinAthacariya, zIlAcArya kA mahApurisacariya, mahezvarasUri kA paJcamI kahA, varddhamAnAcArya kA AdinAthacariya, devaprabhasUri kA pArzvanAthacariya, haribhadrasUri kA neminAthacariya Adi prAkRta ke pramukha grantha haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza aprakAzita haiM / guNacandramaNi kA mahAvIracariya (saM. 1139) prAkRta kA sabase bRhat caritakAvya hai, kintu ise mahAkAvya ke sthAna para purANa kahanA adhika yuktisaMgata hai / apabhraMza paurANika mahAkAvya 20 apabhraMza bhASA meM paurANika zailI ke jina mahAkAvyoM kI racanA huI hai, unakI mukhya vizeSatA hai-- jainAnumodita paurANika paramparA kA poSaNa karanA / apabhraMza mahAkAvya sAhitya ke nirmANa kI nimnalikhita tIna ullekhanIya vidhAeM rahI haiM (ka) rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke jaina rUpAntara / (kha) triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke yugapat jIvana-vRtta / (ga) paurANika puruSoM ke vaiyaktika jIvana-carita / (ka) rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke jaina rUpAntara AThavIM zatI meM svayambhU ne paumacariu aura riTThaNemicariu nAmaka do vipulakAya mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI, jinheM padmapurANa yA rAmAyaNupurANu aura harivaMzapurANa bhI kahA gayA hai / IsvI san kI pahalI zatAbdI taka jainoM ne apane purANoM ko pUrNa rUpa se vikasita kara liyA thA / isa kAla taka rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, baladeva Adi brAhmaNoM ke paurANika puruSoM ko bhI unhoMne apane zalAkApuruSoM meM sammilita kara liyA thA / abhiprAya yaha hai ki jainoM ne brAhmaNa vicAradhArA ke pratinidhi kAvya-grantha mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa kI kathAoM meM kucha parivartana kara unheM jaina mahAbhArata aura jaina rAmAyaNa kA rUpa de diyA / prathama zatI meM vimalasUri racita prAkRta kA paumacariu vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se prabhAvita aisA hI mahAkAvya hai / kAlAntara meM apabhraMza meM, sAtha hI saMskRta meM bhI rAma kathA ke jaina rUpAntara kAvya aura purANa - donoM rUpoM meM hue / (kha) triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke yugapat jIvana-vRtta jaina sAhitya meM sabhI zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanavRttoM kA eka sAtha varNana karane vAle grantha mahApurANa kahe jAte haiM / puSpadanta kA dasavIM zatI (965 I.) meM likhA
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA 21 gayA tisaTThimahApurisaguNAlaGkAra, jo mahApurANa bhI kahA jAtA hai, isI prakAra kA paurANika carita-kAvya hai| isameM triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM kA carita varNita hai, ata: jaina dharma ke anusAra yaha eka purANa hai / mahAbhArata meM pradhAna yA prAsaMgika kathA eka hone se kucha to anviti hai, kintu mahApurANa meM tresaTha puruSoM kA carita hone se anviti nahIM hai / DaoN. pI.ela. vaidya kA kahanA hai ki mahApurANa meM mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa ke samAna anviti nahIM hai, ataH yadi mahAkAvya kI paribhASA kA kar3AI se pAlana kiyA jAye, to mahApurANa ko mahAkAvya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ' DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha kathAnviti na hone para bhI ise mahAkAvya hI kahate haiM / 2 (ga) paurANika puruSoM ke vaiyaktika jIvanacarita apabhraMza meM aneka kAvya paurANika zailI meM isa prakAra ke bhI likhe gaye haiM, jinameM kisI eka hI dhArmika puruSa kA carita varNita hai / aise kAvyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM kisI paurANika yA dhArmika vyakti kI jIvana-kathA jaina paramparAgata rIti se kahI jAtI hai / kavi apanI kalpanAzakti se kathA ke rUpa meM adhika parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura viSaya pratipAdana kA uddezya bodha - pradhAna, upadezAtmaka yA pracArAtmaka hotA hai| Azaya yaha hai ki aise kAvya kAvyAtmaka dharmakathA hote haiM / kucha ullekhanIya apabhraMza kAvya nimnalikhita haiM 1 (1) vIra kavi kRta jambUsvAmIcariu (2) vibudha zrIdhara kRta pAsacarita, (3) padmakIrti kRta pAsupurANa, (4) haribhadra kRta NemiNAhacariu (5) zubhakIrti kRta sAntiNAhacariu (6) bhaTTAraka yaza: kIrti kRta candappahacariu (7) dhanapAla kRta The 1. "The Mahapurana, therefore, is a work on the lives of sixty-three great men of the Jain faith, and thus as same place of importance the occupies the Mahabharata or the Ramayana in Hinduism. lacks of the unity Mahapurana, however, the Mahabharata, of the Ramayana and therefore cannot be called an epic in the strictest sense of the term.' Vaidya, P.L. : Introduction of the Mahapurana of Puspadanta, Vol.I, Bombay, 1937. " 2. DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha: hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa-vikAsa, pR. 183
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA bAhubalicarita (8) tejapAla kRta sambhavaNAhacarita (9) mahIndra kRta sAntiNAhacariu (10) jayamitra halla kRta baDvamANakvvu / ina kAvyoM meM mahAkAvyatva aura prAcInatA kI dRSTi se vIra kavi kA jambUsvAmIcariu aura haribhadra kA NemiNAhacariu hI vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| jambUsvAmIcariu meM antima kevalI jambU-svAmI kA jIvanacarita 11 sandhiyoM meM varNita hai| kavi ne pratyeka sandhi kI puSpikA meM ise zRGgAra-vIra-mahAkAvya kahA hai| isake atirikta isa mahAkAvya meM dharmakathA, mahAkAvya aura romAMcaka kathA-tInoM ke guNoM kA sundara sAmaMjasya huA hai / yaha apabhraMza meM apane DhaMga kA anUThA kAvya hai, kyoMki isameM paurANika aura romAMcaka donoM zailiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| ___haribhadra ke NemiNAhacariu ko 'jaisalamerIya bhANDAgArIya granthAnAM sUcI' meM prAkRtApabhraMza bhASA nibaddha kahA gayA hai, kintu jaikobI ise apabhraMza kA graMtha mAnate haiM / yaha apabhraMza ke kAvyoM meM viziSTa aura kliSTa kAvya hai / isameM bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke nau bhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| (2) aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya itihAsa, aitihAsika mahAkAvya aura aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya-ina tInoM meM antara hai / itihAsa to pRthak zAstra hai / aitihAsika mahAkAvya ve haiM, jinakA kathAnaka itihAsa se liyA gayA hai aura jinakA ghaTanAkrama bhI itihAsa sammata hotA hai, para jinakI zailI zAstrIya mahAkAvya kI hotI hai arthAt vastu-vyApAra-varNana, alaMkRta zailI, pAtroM kI vividha manodazAoM kA rAgAtmaka citraNa, kAvya-rUr3hiyoM kA nirvAha Adi bAteM unameM hotI haiM / aise mahAkAvya vastuta: zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM kI koTi meM hI Ate haiN| parantu ve kAvya jinakA lakSya itihAsa-krama yA carita-nAyaka ke jIvanavRtta kA sIdhA varNana kara denA hI rahatA hai aura sAtha hI jinameM kAlpanika ghaTanAoM aura pAtroM kA manamAnA upayoga bhI kiyA jAtA hai, aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya kahe jA sakate haiM / 2 paurANika zailI kI bhA~ti yaha zailI bhI 1. paramAnanda jaina zAstrI : apabhraMza bhASA kA jambUsAmicarita aura mahAkavi vIra (premI abhinandana grantha, pR.439); rAmasiMha tomara : apabhraMza kA eka zrRMgAra vIra kAvya,vIra kRta jambUsvAmIcarita (anekAnta, akTUbara,1948,pR.394) 2. (a) "But while the geneology beyond one or two generations is often amiably invented and exaggerated
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________________ 23 sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA kAvya aura itihAsa ke bIca kI hai / jisa prakAra purANoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa aMzata: surakSita hai, usI prakAra aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvyoM meM bhI itihAsa AMzika rUpa meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| aitihAsika kAvya kA parvarUpa zilAlekhoM kI prazastiyoM meM dikhAyI detA hai| sarvaprathama aitihAsika mahAkAvya azvaghoSa kA buddhacarita hai / samasAmayika rAjAoM aura vyaktiyoM ko lekara likhA jAne vAlA upalabdha sarvaprathama grantha bANa kA harSacarita hai| AThavIM-navIM zatI se samasAmayika rAjAoM ke nAma para prazasti-kAvya yA carita-kAvyoM kI racanA hone lagI thii| kintu samasAmayika vyaktiyoM ke jIvana para likhe gaye kAvyoM meM aitihAsikatA bahuta kama hai, aise kAvya yA to zAstrIya mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM haiM yA romAMcaka-kathAtmaka mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM athavA aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya ke rUpa meN| aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvyoM meM aitihAsika ghaTanA-kramAvalambana, vaMza-paramparA-varNana aura nAyaka ke kAryoM kA varNana bhI chandobaddha rUpa meM yathAtathya rIti se hotA hai / aise kAvyoM meM kAvyAtmakatA aura kathA-pravAha kama hotA hai aura mahAn uddezya tathA kAryAnviti kI bhI kamI hotI hai| aitihAsika zailI kA mahattvapUrNa mahAkAvya bilhaNa kA vikramAMkadevacarita hai, jo gyArahavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM kavi ke AzrayadAtA kalyANa ke cAlukya rAjA tribhuvanamalla (vikramAditya SaSTha) ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM likhA gayA hai / bArahavIM zatI meM and glorification takes the place of sober statements of facts, the laudatory accounts are generally composed by poets of modest power. The result is neither good poetry nor good history." Dasgupta and De : History of Sanskrit Literature, Calcutta, 1947, p.246. (b) "The importance of Charitas like Shriharshacarita and Vikramankadevacarita lies chiefly therein that however much a vitiated taste and a false conception of the duties of historiographer royal may lead their authors stray the main facts may be accepted as historical." Buhlar, George : Introduction to Vikramankadevacaritam, Bombay, 1915, p.3.
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA likhI gayI kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI yadyapi pradhAnatayA itihAsa-grantha hai, kintu usameM lekhaka kA nAma kavirUpa meM sthAna-sthAna para ullikhita hone ke kAraNa DaoN. esa.ke.De prabhRti vidvAna use itihAsa se adhika kAvya mAnate haiN| kalhaNa ne svayaM bhI rAjataraMgiNI ko mahAkAvya kahA hai / astu, rAjataMragiNI ko yadi mahAkAvya mAna liyA jAe, to vaha apane DhaMga kA aitihAsika zailI kA ekamAtra mahAkAvya hI hai, kyoMki na to vaha mahAbhArata kI bhA~ti vikasanazIla mahAkAvya hai, na hI raghuvaMza kI taraha alaMkRta zAstrIya mhaakaavy| aitihAsika carita-kAvyoM meM sandhyAkaranandI ke rAmacarita kA bhI nAma liyA jAtA hai, kintu isameM kAvyAtmakatA aura aitihAsikatA donoM kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa yaha mahattvapUrNa kAvya nahIM mAnA jAtA / bArahavIM zatI kA hemacandra kRta kumArapAlacarita vyarthaka kAvya hai, isameM kumArapAla kA jIvana-vRtta diyA gayA hai| isameM aitihAsika zailI to apanAyI gayI hai, para kAvyAtmakatA kA nitAnta abhAva hai| gujarAta ke rAjA vIradhavala aura vizAladeva ke mantrI vastupAla aura tejapAla ke sambandha meM arisiMha ne sukRtasaMkIrtana aura bAlacandra sUri ne vasantavilAsa nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI / inameM upadezAtmaka aura itivRttAtmaka varNanoM ke kAraNa mahAkAvya ke guNa nahIM hai| pandrahavIM zatI meM jayacandra viracita hammIramahAkAvya aitihAsika zailI kA mahattvapUrNa mahAkAvya hai, kyoMki usameM aitihAsika zailI kI sabhI vizeSatAeM upalabdha haiN| isI kAla meM jonarAja ne jayAnaka ke pRthvIrAjavijaya mahAkAvya para TIkA likhI, kintu mahAkAvya kI khaNDita prati hI upalabdha hone se usakA racanA-kAla nizcita nahIM hai / isake prApta aMza meM paryApta aitihAsikatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| kathAoM aura aitihAsika nijandharI AkhyAnoM kI dRSTi se pAli-sAhitya kI dena nizcita rUpa se mahattvapUrNa hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM kathA-sAhitya kA prArambhika rUpa milatA hai aura therI gAthA aura aTThakahA meM kathA aura nijadharI AkhyAna kA sammizraNa dikhAI detA hai / pA~cavIM zatI meM aTThakahA ke AdhAra para hI siMhala ke itihAsa se sambaddha do grantha dIpavaMza aura mahAvaMza nirmita hue| 1. De, S.K. : A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.359. 2. draSTavya-rAjataraMgiNI,prathama khaNDa,hindI pracAraka saMsthAna,vArANasI,1981,17,10
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________________ sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA vinTaranitz2a ne inheM aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI hai| inameM mahAvaMza ko rAjataraMgiNI jaisA aitihAsika zailI kA mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai / prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvyoM kA lagabhaga abhAva-sA hI hai| vAkpatirAja kRta gauDavaho prAkRta kA carita-kAvya hai| isa kAvya kI zailI zAstrIya hone ke kAraNa ise aitihAsika zailI kA carita-kAvya nahIM mAnA jaataa| (3) romAMcaka yA kathAtmaka mahAkAvya carita-kAvya paurANika, aitihAsika aura romAMcaka tInoM zailiyoM meM likhe gaye haiN| saMskRta ke jitane bhI carita-kAvya haiM, kathA-AkhyAyikA se bahuta prabhAvita haiM, kintu yaha prabhAva sabase adhika romAMcaka zailI ke carita-kAvyoM para dikhAyI par3atA hai / saMskRta ke kucha hI aise carita-kAvya haiM, jo alaMkRta mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM adhika khyAti prApta kara sake, yathA-harizcandra kRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya, maMkhaka kRta zrIkaNThacarita, padmagupta kRta navasAhasAMkacarita, bilhaNa kRta vikramAMkadevacarita aadi| saMskRta paNDitoM aura nAgara janoM kI bhASA thI, ata: lokabhASAoM (prAkRtoM) meM hI vibhinna prakAra kI kathAeM saMkalita aura nirmita hotI rhiiN| guNADhya kI bRhatkathA isakA udAharaNa hai / jaba prAkRta sAhitya bahuta samRddha aura lokapriya ho gayA tathA rAjadarabAroM meM usakI pratiSThA hone lagI, taba usakI upekSA karanA saMskRta ke paNDitoM ke lie sambhava na thaa| ata: prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA prabhAva saMskRta para par3A, usameM alaMkRta zailI kI gadyabaddha kathA-AkhyAyikAeM likhI gayIM / chaThI 1. "The same Atthakathas are also the sources from which the historical and epic pali poems of Cylon are derived, for the Pali chronicles of Cylon, the Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa, cannot be termed actual histories, but only historical poems. As it has never been the Indian way to make clearly defined distinction between myth, legend and history, historiography in India was never more than a branch of epic poetry." Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol.II, Calcutta, 1933, p.208.
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA zatAbdI meM daNDI, subandhu aura bANabhaTTa ne isa prakAra kI kathA-AkhyAyikAeM likhIM aura bhAmaha, daNDI prabhRti AcAryoM ne unake lakSaNa bhI banAye / prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM isa prakAra ke padyabaddha kathA-kAvya bhI hote the jinakI ora navIM zatAbdI ke AlaMkArika rudraTa ne saMketa kiyaa| ina kAvyoM kI zailI saMskRta ke zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM kI zailI se bhinna hotI thii| zanai:-zanai: una kAvyoM ne saMskRta kI mahAkAvya zailI ko prabhAvita karanA prArambha kiyaa| phalasvarUpa saMskRta mahAkAvya ke kevala bAhya aura sthUla lakSaNoM meM hI parivartana nahIM huA, balki usakI antarAtmA bhI bdlii| isa prakAra AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa prAkRta-apabhraMza ke carita-kAvyoM ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMskRta mahAkAvya meM kathAtmaka zailI kA praveza huaa| isa praveza kA pariNAma yaha huA ki saMskRta mahAkAvya kI alaMkRta zailI meM lokatattvoM se prabhAvita saralatA, svacchatA aura romAMcakatA kA prAdurbhAva huA / isa prakAra ziSTa-sAhitya aura loka-sAhitya donoM kA ekIkaraNa yA sammizraNa ho gayA aura bAdhya hokara paravartI AcAryoM ko romAMcaka caritakAvyoM ko bhI mahAkAvya mAnanA pdd'aa| vastuta: romAcaMka mahAkAvya loka-sAhitya ke romAMcaka kAvyoM ke vikasita rUpa haiN| saMskRta meM romAMcaka mahAkAvyoM kA prArambha pradhAnatayA jainoM ke paurANika kAvya-granthoM aura guNADhya kI bRhatkathA ke AdhAra para likhe gaye granthoM se mAnanA caahie| yadyapi ve mahAkAvya nahIM, apitu purANa aura kathAkAvya mAne jAte haiN| vastuta: saMskRta kA prArambhika romAMcaka mahAkAvya somadeva ke kathAsaritsAgara ko kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM kAvyAtmakatA adhika hai| gyArahavIM zatI ke prArambha meM hI padmagupta ne navasAhasAMkacarita likhA, jo samasAmayika rAjA ke nAma para likhA gayA prathama pariSkRta aura alaMkRta zailI kA romAMcaka mahAkAvya hai| bArahavIM zatI meM vAgbhaTTa ne 15 sargoM kA neminirvANa nAmaka mahAkAvya likhaa| tadanantara terahavIM zatI se pandrahavIM-solahavIM zatI taka jaina kaviyoM ne carita-kAvyoM 'kI bharamAra kara dI, jinameM vIranandI kA candraprabhacarita(13vIM zatI), somezvara kavi kA surathotsava (13zatI), bhavadeva sUri kA pArzvanAthacarita (13-14 vIM zatI) aura munibhadrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita Adi pramukha romAMcaka mahAkAvya haiN| 1. "kanyAlAbha phalAM vA samyagvinyastasakalazRMgAram iti saMskRte kuryAtkathAmagadyena cAnyena / " rudraTa : kAvyAlaMkAra,16.22
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________________ 27 sandhAna-mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA prAkRta-apabhraMza meM nibaddha mahAkAvya aura kathA meM saMskRta kI bhA~ti padya aura gadya kA bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| ina bhASAoM meM kathAeM to pahale se hI padyabaddha hotI thIM, kAlAntara meM paurANika aura kalpita kAvya bhI kathA kI zailI meM hI likhe jAne lge| paravartI prAkRta kAvyoM ko to guNADhya kI lokapriya vaDDakahA ne itanA prabhAvita kiyA ki paumacariya kI zailI vismRtaprAya ho gyii| prAkRta meM mahAkAvya aura kathA kA bheda isa sImA taka miTa gayA ki Aja eka hI kAvya ko eka vidvAn mahAkAvya kahatA hai, to dUsarA kathA / udAharaNata: kutUhala kI lIlAvatI ke do sampAdakoM meM se eka muni jinavijaya use mahAkAvya mAnate haiM to dvitIyaDaoN. e.ena. upAdhyere use kathA kahate haiM / malayasundarI kathA ko bhI vinTaranitz2a ne romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAnA hai, jabaki rudraTa kI paribhASA ke anusAra use mahAkathA kahanA caahie| isI prakAra saMskRta meM bhavadeva sUri kA pArzvanAthacarita, harizcandra kA dharmazarmAbhyudaya, vAgbhaTa kRta neminirvANa Adi grantha paurANika mahAkAvya hote hue bhI romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAne gaye haiN| vinTaranitz2a ne apabhraMza ke kathAtmaka kAvya bhaviSyattakahA ko bhI romAMcaka mahAkAvya hI mAnA hai / / 1. "When, in 1940, my beloved friend Dr. Upadhyay expressed his desire to edit this poem I felt very happy, and decided to present this "prakrit mahakavya with its sanskrit commentry by an anonymous Jain author edited by him as a precious jewel in the necklace of our Granthamala." Muni Jinavijaya: General Editor's preface to Lilavai, Bombay, Samvat 2005, p.21 ___ "Rudrata's recognition of Katha in verse in any language other than Sanskrit, one can easily believe, presupposes Prakrit kathas of the prototype of Lilavati. and, it will be seen that this Lilavati admirably and suitably fulfills all the requirements of a katha as noted by Rudrat." Upadhyay, A.N. : Introduction to Lilavati, Bombay, Samvat 2005, p.42. 3. Winternitz, M : A History of Indian Literature, Calcutta, 1933, p.533. 4. Ibid, p.532
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA romAMcaka mahAkAvya aura romAMcaka kathA meM itanA adhika abheda hote hue bhI unakI antarAtmA aura sthApana-paddhati meM antara hotA hai / romAMcaka mahAkAvya meM kathAvastu romAMcaka hote hue bhI use prastuta karane kA DhaMga mahAkAvya kA hotA hai| isake viparIta romAMcaka kathAoM meM kathAnaka asaMyamita, jaTila aura vividha ghaTanAoM aura avAntara-kathAoM se bharA hotA hai; usakA uddezya mAtra-manoraMjana yA kisI dhArmika yA naitika tathya kA udAharaNa prastuta karanA rahatA hai| prAkRta meM carita kAvyoM ke atirikta aneka padyabaddha kathAkAvya bhI likhe gaye haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza to romAMcaka kathA mAtra haiM, kintu kucha ko romAMcaka mahAkAvya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| dasavIM zatI ke pUrva likhI gayI kathAoM meM pAdalipta kI vilAsavaIkahA, jisakA mUla rUpa aba aprApya hai, udyotana kI kuvalayamAlA aura haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA pramukha haiN| inameM se koI mahAkAvya-koTi meM nahIM aatii| dasavIM zatI se prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM aise kathAtmaka kAvya likhe jAne lage jinameM mahAkAvya aura kathA donoM ke lakSaNa vidyamAna haiM / kutUhala kI lIlAvatI aisA hI mahattvapUrNa kAvya hai / yadyapi kavi ise svayaM kathA kahatA hai, tathApi isameM mahAkAvya ke kaI tattva pAye jAte haiM, isIlie . ise romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai| muni jinavijaya bhI ise mahAkAvya hI kahate haiM / DaoN. e ena. upAdhye bhI isameM upalabdha mahAkAvya ke tattvoM ke AdhAra para enasAiklopIDiyA oNpha liTarecara meM prAkRta sAhitya ke sandarbha meM lIlAvatI ko alaMkRta romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAnakara lIlAvatI kI bhUmikA meM diye gaye apane mata meM saMzodhana karate haiM / lIlAvatI ke atirikta prAkRta meM mahezvara sUri kA paMcamIkahA (11vIM zatI), dhanezvara kA surasandarIcariya (1038 I.), vardhamAna kA manoramAcarita (1043I.), mahendra sUri kA narmadAsundarIkathA (1216 I), guNasamRddhimahattarA likhita aMjaNA-sundarIcariya aura kisI ajJAta kavi kA kAlakAcAryakathAnaka Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| paMcamIkahA, manoramAcarita aura kAlakAcAryakathAnaka ke atirikta zeSa ko romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1. Encyclopaedia of Literature, Vol. I, p.489
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________________ 29 sandhAna mahAkAvya itihAsa evaM paramparA __ apabhraMza ke romAMcaka kAvyoM meM ullekhanIya grantha haiM--(1) ghanapAla kRta bhavisayattakahA, (2) nayanandi kRta sudaMsaNacariu (3) sAdhAraNakavi kRta vilAsavaIkahA, (4) kanakAmara kRta karakaMDucariu (5) siddha tathA siMha kavi kRta pajjuNNakahA, (6) kavi lakSmaNa kRta jiNadattacarita (7) mANikarAja kRta NAyakumAracariu tathA (8) raighU kRta siddhckkmaahpp| inameM se bhavisayattakahA hI aisA grantha hai, jise nizcita rUpa se mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai / dasavIM zatI ke kavi dhanapAla ne zrutapaMcamIvrata kA mAhAtmya prakaTa karane ke liye dRSTAnta rUpa meM isa mahAkAvya kI racanA kI / haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA-grantha samarAiccakahA kA prabhAva isa kAvya para spaSTata: parilakSita hotA hai| yadyapi kavi ne apane isa grantha ko kathA kahA hai, tathApi isakI zailI mahAkAvya kI hI hai / isIlie vinTaranitz2a ne ise kathA ke DhaMga kA romAMcaka mahAkAvya mAnA hai / 2 dvitIya mahattvapUrNa kAvya muni kanakAmara kA karakaMDucariu hai, jise laghu romAMcaka mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / ise bauddhoM aura jainoM meM samAna rUpa se mAnya karakaMDu mahArAja ke jIvana-carita ko AdhAra banAkara paMcakalyANavidhAna kA phala dikhAne ke liye likhA gayA hai / bAraha sandhiyoM vAlA sudaMsaNacariu bhI vicAraNIya hai| paNDita paramAnanda jaina zAstrI ne ise mahAkAvya mAnA hai / isameM paMcaNamokAra maMtra kA phala batAne ke liye seTha sudarzana ke carita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha dhArmika aura upadezAtmaka adhika hai, kintu pAtroM ke carita kA manovaijJAnika citraNa isakI vizeSatA hai| (4) zAstrIya mahAkAvya kAvya-zailI kI ajasra-dhArA yadyapi vaidika kAla se Aja taka nirantara dikhAyI detI hai, kintu alaMkRta kAvya kA svatantra rUpa vIra-yuga ke anantara sAmanta yuga ke prArambhika kAla se hI samajhanA caahie| IsvI san ke Arambha taka laukika saMskRta meM kAvya-zailI pariSkRta ho cukI thii| isake atirikta usake lakSaNa aura Adarza kI sthApanA dvArA usakA svarUpa bhI nizcita ho cukA thaa| bharata ke nATyazAstra, bhAsa ke nATaka aura azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM se yaha tathya pramANita 1. nisuNaMtahaM eha Nimmala puNNapavittakahA, bhavisayattakahA,1.4 2. Winternitz : A History of Indian Literature, Vol.II, p.532 3. anekAnta,mArca 1950 ,pR.313
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 30 hotA hai / mukhya rUpa se mahAkAvya rAmAyaNa kI zailI se prabhAvita hokara race gaye, ata: kucha zatAbdiyoM meM mahAkAvya ke rUpa-zilpa kI eka hI paddhati puna: puna: prayukta hone ke kAraNa rUr3ha hotI gyii|' pA~cavIM zatI meM bhAmaha tathA chaThI zatI meM daNDI dvArA diye gaye mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM se isa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai / kAlAntara meM kAvyazAstriyoM ne mahAkAvya ko rUpazilpa sambandhI niyamoM se isa prakAra bA~dha diyA ki svachanda paddhati se mahAkAvya kI racanA asambhavaprAya ho gayI / evaMvidha, kAvyazAstroM ke niyamoM se niyamita mahAkAvya hI zAstrIya mahAkAvya (Classical Epic) kahA jAtA hai I rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsA me kavi ke prakAroM meM zAstrakavi nAmaka eka prakAra kA ullekha karate haiN| unake anusAra yaha zAstrakavi tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-- (1) zAstra kA nirmANa karane vAlA, (2) zAstra meM kAvya kA samAveza karane vAlA evaM (3) kAvya meM zAstra kA samAveza karane vAlA / 2 kAvyazAstrIya prAcya - paramparAoM aura Adhunika mahAkAvya sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke pariprekSya meM zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM ko nimnalikhita tIna zreNiyoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai (ka) rasasiddha yA rItimukta (kha) rur3hibaddha yA rItibaddha (ga) zAstrakAvya aura sandhAnakAvya (ka) rasasiddha yA rItimukta zAstrIya mahAkAvya jina mahAkAvyoM kI racanA rItigranthoM ke nirmANa se pUrva huI hai athavA jo rItibaddha yuga meM bhI kAvyazAstra ke vidhAna se anuzAsita hokara nahIM likhe gaye yA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo mahAkAvya kAvyazAstroM kI racanA meM Adarza mAnadaNDa ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiye gaye, unheM rItimukta athavA rasasiddha mahAkAvyoM kA nAma 1. "san IsvI ke Arambha ke samaya nizcita rUpa se saMskRta kI kAvya-zailI nikhara cukI thI,kAvya sambandhI rur3hiyA~ bana cukI thIM aura kathAnaka meM bhI mohana guNa aura mAdaka pravRtti le Ane vAle kAvyagata abhiprAya pratiSThita ho cuke the", AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI: saMskRta ke mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA (AlocanA, julAI 1952), pR. 9 "tatra tridhA shaastrkviH| ya zAstraM vidhatte, yazca zAstre kAvyaM saMvidhatte, yo'pi kAvye zAstrArthaM nidhatte / " kAvyamImAMsA, caukhambA saMskaraNa, adhyAya 5, pR.44
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________________ 31 sandhAna mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA diyA gyaa| isa zreNI meM mukhyata: pANini, azvaghoSa aura kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvya Ate haiN| yadyapi pANini kA koI kAvya abhI taka upalabdha nahIM ho pAyA hai, tathApi subhASitasaMgrahakAroM, alaMkArazAstriyoM tathA kucha TIkAkAroM ne unake kAvyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA unase yathAprasaMga uddharaNa bhI diye haiN| zAstrIya zailI ke prathama upalabdha mahAkAvya bauddha-kavi azvaghoSa kI racanAeM haiN| azvaghoSa yadyapi bauddha bhikkhu aura mahAn paNDita the, tathApi unake mahAkAvyoM--buddhacarita aura saundarananda meM unakA kavirUpa hI pradhAna hai| saundarananda meM unakA dharma-pracAraka aura dArzanika pakSa adhika prabala ho uThA hai, phira bhI sarvatra sarasatA tathA svAbhAvikatA banI rahatI hai / buddhacarita meM dArzanika sthaloM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI ne viSaya tathA abhivyaMjanA zailI meM vicitra vaiSamya upasthita kara diyA hai, phira bhI unakI zailI naisargika, sahaja aura saMtulita hai / unameM alaMkRti bhI hai, para rAmAyaNa jaisI, paravartI mahAkAvyoM jaisI nahIM / unake mahAkAvya zAntarasa pradhAna haiM, kinta bhaMgAra aura mAravijaya ke prasaMga meM vIra rasa kI vyaMjanA bhI kI gayI hai / mUlata: vairAgya-poSaka dRSTi ko mahattva dene ke bAda bhI azvaghoSa ke kAvya meM zRMgAra cetanA achUtI nahIM hai| kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvyoM meM jIvana ke donoM pakSoM-rAga aura virAga, bhoga aura tyAga kA saMtulita citraNa huA hai| isa citraNa meM kavitA ke kAyika tathA Atmika saundarya kI nisargatA meM koI kamI nahIM Ane pAyI hai / unake mahAkAvyoM meM jIvana ke vividha svarUpoM kA sahaja udghATana huA hai / yathA-kumArasambhava meM vAsanAjanya prema ko utpanna karane vAle saundarya kI asaphalatA tathA dAmpatya jIvana meM tapa:pUta nizchala prema kI AvazyakatA kA sahaja citraNa huA hai / itanA hote hue bhI unake mahAkAvyoM meM anviti hai, ghaTanA pravAha hai, avAntara-kathAoM kI kamI hai aura nATakIya vikAsa-krama hai / aisA kalAtmaka vaibhava raghuvaMza me dRSTigocara hotA hai| itane vizAla kAla-khaNDa lekara unhoMne dilIpa se agnivarNa taka ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke jo citra khIMce haiM, unase nATaka ke dRzyoM ke samAna pAThaka-mana Anandaparita ho jAtA hai / isakI varNya-vastu tathA abhivyaMjanA zailI meM jo sukhada santulana hai, kathAnaka meM jo abAdha pravAha hai, bhASA meM jo pariSkAra tathA saMyama hai, 1. draSTavya-baladeva upAdhyAya: saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa,pR.150
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA unake kAraNa raghuvaMzasamagra mahAkAvya-sAhitya meM advitIya sthAna rakhatA hai / raghuvaMza saMskRta mahAkAvya paramparA ko sarvocca carama bindu para le jAkara virata hotA hai / isa prakAra uparyukta kaviyoM ke mahAkAvya rasasiddha yA rItimukta zAstrIya mahAkAvya haiM / ina kaviyoM ne mahAkAvya sambandhI rur3hiyoM kA pAlana karane ke liye nahIM, apitu mahAkAvya-lekhana dvArA mahAkAvya sambandhI rUr3hiyoM kI sthApanA kii| unakA dhyAna viSaya-vastu ke pratipAdana aura kAvya-saundarya ke nidarzana kI ora thA, na ki rIti-nirvAha kI ora / isa paramparA kA nirvAha sAtavIM zatAbdI ke kavi kumAradAsa ke jAnakIharaNa tathA navIM zatAbdI ke gaur3a kavi abhinanda ke rAmacarita meM bhI huA hai / inameM kumAradAsa ke jAnakIharaNa para kAlidAsa kA itanA prabhAva hai ki janazruti unheM kAlidAsa kA mitra batAtI hai| abhinanda ke rAmacarita para vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA prabhAva spaSTa hai / isake atirikta yaha bhI harSaprada viSaya hai ki jainakumArasambhava, neminAthacarita, kAvyamaNDana Adi jaina mahAkAvyoM ke racanAkAroM ne bhI, kama-se-kama zailI kI dRSTi se, kAlidAsa kA anugamana kiyA prAkRta ke zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM meM pravarasena kA seubandha aura vAkpatirAja kA gauDavaho-ye do mahAkAvya hI upalabdha hote haiN| saMskRta meM jisa prakAra kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvya zAstrIya zailI ke mAnadaNDa ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, usI prakAra prAkRta ke uparyukta do mahAkAvyoM meM se pravarasena kA seubandhayA rAvaNavaho sarvotkRSTa rasasiddha yA rItimukta zAstrIya zailI kA mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / seubandha sambhavata: pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha athavA chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM likhA gayA, yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM sAmantI saMskRti ke pratIka zAstrIya mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| apane kAvyagata guNoM ke kAraNa seubandha ko prArambha se hI pratiSThita pada prApta rahA hai / daNDI ne ise 'sAgara: sUktiratnAnAm' kahA hai / bANa kI prakhyAta sUkti pravarasena ke kAvya ke mahattva kI prAcIna svIkRti hai kIrtiH pravarasenasya prayAtA kumudojjvalA / sAgarasya paraM pAraM kapisenaiva setunaa| 1. AlocanA- 1.4,pR.14
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________________ sandhAna mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA isake pandraha AzvAsakoM meM setabandha se lekara rAvaNavadha tathA rAma ke ayodhyA-Agamana taka kI rAmAyaNa-kathA varNita hai| isakI kathAvastu bahuta saMkSipta hai, kintu prAkRtika dRzya, yuddha, viraha-zoka Adi bhAvoM kA yathocita varNana kiyA gayA hai / praur3ha aura prasAda guNayukta bhASA, ukti-vaicitrya, alaMkRta-citraNa, prAsaMgika vastu-vyApAra-varNana aura prasAda guNa ke kAraNa hI ise rItimukta rasasiddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (kha) rUDhibaddha yA rItibaddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya ___ chaThI zatAbdI ke anantara sAhityika evaM sAmAjika cetanA meM gambhIra parivartana kA sUtrapAta haa| vibhinna aitihAsika kAraNoM se saMskRta bhASA janasAmAnya se vicchinna hokara zanaiH zanai: bahuzruta paNDita varga taka hI sImita raha gyii| pariNAmasvarUpa vidvattAsampanna paNDitoM kI bauddhika sAdhanA hI kAvya kA lakSya bana gyii| hrAsonmukha sAmanta yuga kI pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa mahAkAvyoM meM uttarottara kRtrimatA, zAstrIya vidagghatA tathA vilAsitA kA samAveza hotA gyaa| mahAkAvya ke kSetra meM rItibaddhatA kI yaha pravRtti sarvaprathama bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya meM parilakSita hotI hai / kAlidAsa tathA bhAravi ke madhyavartI yuga ke mahAkAvyoM ke abhAva meM isa zailI kI udbhAvanA kA sArA doSa bhAravi ko denA to nyAyasaMgata nahIM, kintu alaMkRti ke pradarzana kI pravRtti ke sammukha AtmasamarpaNa karane vAle ve prathama jJAta kavi haiN| bhAravi kI zailI kAlidAsa tathA mAgha kI madhyavartI kAvya zailI kI pratIka hai / vaha vikaTabandha padAvalI kA Azraya to nahIM letI kintu vaha bahuvidha zAstrIya jJAna tathA alaMkAroM ke barabasa vinyAsa se bojhila hai| DaoN. esa. ke. De ke anusAra bhAravi kI kalA prAya: atyadhika alaMkRta nahIM hai, kintu AkRti sauSThava kI niyamitatA vyakta karatI hai| bhAravi kI abhivyaMjanA zailI kA paripAka apanI udAtta snigdhatA ke kAraNa sundara lagatA hai, usameM zabda aura artha ke suDaulapana kI svasthatA hai, kintu mahAn kavitA kI usa zakti kI kamI hai, jo bhAvoM kI sphUrti tathA hRdaya ko uThAne kI uccatama kSamatA rakhatI hai / bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya meM mahAkAvya kI viSaya-vastu aura rUpa-zilpa kA santulana bigar3A to uttarottara bigar3atA hI gayA / mAgha ne zizupAlavadha meM bhAravi kI paddhati ko apanAyA hI nahIM apitu alaMkRti aura vidvattA-pradarzana meM Age 1. DaoN.esa.ke.De : hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara,pR.182
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA nikalane kI pratispardhA dvArA usakI kIrti ko nirasta karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| phalasvarUpa zizupAlavadha kA itivRtta bhAravi ke kathAnaka se bhI choTA hone ke kAraNa unheM vastu-vyApAra ke aprAsaMgika aura atyadhika alaMkRta varNanoM ke vistAra se kAvya ke kalevara kI vRddhi karanI pdd'ii| mAgha meM kavitva kI kamI nahIM hai, kintu vaha jahA~ bhI AtA hai pANDitya kA paridhAna pahanakara AtA hai / vartamAna rUpa meM mAgha kA zizupAlavadha kRtrimatA, alaMkRti aura rUr3hipAlana kA praur3ha kintu anukaraNIya nidarzana hai / isa sandarbha meM DaoN. esa ke. De kA mata hai ki bhAravi, mAgha Adi prArambhika rItibaddha kaviyoM ne alaMkAra-granthoM kA adhyayana karake mahAkAvyoM kI racanA nahIM kI, isake viparIta prArambhika AlaMkArika AcArya bhAmaha aura daNDI ne jo niyama banAye haiM aura AlocanA kI hai, vaha saba una kaviyoM ke mahAkAvyoM ko, vizeSa rUpa se bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIyako par3hakara likhI gayI pratIta hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unameM avyApti doSa to hai hI, ve apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM ke kAvyoM ke aitihAsika aura kAvyAtmaka mUlyoM para bhI kucha prakAza nahIM DAla sake haiM / bhAmaha bhAravi se parvavartI aura daNDI ke samakAlIna mAne jAte haiM, isalie bhAmaha aura daNDI bhAravi ke AdhAra para lakSaNa-granthoM kI racanA nahIM kara sakate / vastuta: chaThI zatI kA yuga hI aisA thA jisameM sAhitya atyadhika alaMkRti, pANDitya-pradarzana Adi kRtrima '' sAdhanoM se AkrAnta ho gayA thaa| mAgha kI camatkArajanaka kRtrima zailI se prabhAvita paravartI kavi unakA anugamana karane lage, pariNAmata: paravartI kAvya-sAhitya para unakI amiTa chApa parilakSita hotI hai| evaMvidha mAghottara mahAkAvya kavipratibhA kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti na rahakara vidvattApradarzana, aniyantrita-varNana tathA zabdADambara kI krIr3AsthalI bana gyaa| . isa zailI ke mAghottara kAvyoM me ratnAkara kA haravijaya, zivasvAmI kA kapphiNAbhyadaya (donoM navIM zatAbdI), maMkha kA zrIkaNThacarita, zrIharSa kA naiSadhacarita (donoM bArahavIM zatAbdI) Adi pramukha haiN| ina mahAkAvyoM meM pAnagoSThI, sainyaprayANa, yuddha-varNana Adi rItibaddha tathA gatAnugatika varNanoM kA bAhulya hai, jisase inakA pratipAdya gauNa bana gayA hai| zrIharSa ne naiSadhacarita meM nala-damayantI ke vivAha ke kathAtantu ko pakar3a kara alaMkRti tathA praur3hi ko caramasImA taka pahu~cA 1. DaoN.esa.ke.De : hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara,pR.174
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________________ sandhAna mahAkAvya itihAsa evaM paramparA diyA hai, jisase usameM tatkAlIna kAvya-paramparA ke sabhI guNa aura doSa samAviSTa ho gaye haiN| zrIharSa kI dArzanika evaM zAstrIya vidagdhatA ne kAvya ko isa prakAra AkrAnta kara liyA hai ki yaha vidvattApUrNa kAvya-grantha hI nahIM, apitu paramparAgata prAcIna pANDitya kI vizAla nidhi bana gayA hai / naiSadhacarita mAghottara kAla ke sUktivAdI kAvyoM meM mUrdhanya hai, kintu kAlidAsa, bhAravi athavA mAgha kI koTi kA nhiiN| isa prakAra saMskRta mahAkAvya praNayana kAlidAsa ke bAda hrAsonmukha hokara rUr3hipAlana aura camatkAra-pradarzana kA prayatnamAtra raha gyaa| prAkRta meM sAtavIM zatAbdI meM likhA gayA vAkpatirAja kA gauDavaho isa zailI kA mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isameM 1208 gAthAoM meM apane AzrayadAtA, kannauja nareza yazovarmA (AThavIM zatAbdI) dvArA gaur3a ke rAjA kI parAjaya tathA vadha kA varNana karanA vAkpatirAja ko abhISTa hai| phira bhI, isakA aitihAsika mUlya nagaNya hai| kavi kI aitihAsika niSThA kA anumAna to isI se kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sampUrNa kAvya meM gaur3arAja ke nAma taka kA bhI ullekha nahIM huA hai / atyanta alaMkRta varNanoM, durUha kalpanAoM, vidvattApUrNa sandarbho tathA anAvazyaka vastu-vyApAra-varNanoM se isa kAvya kA kalevara bojhila ho gayA hai| isa kAvya kI eka sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM grAmya-jIvana aura dRzyoM kA bahuta hI yathArtha aura jIvanta citraNa huA hai| yadyapi mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se isameM aneka truTiyA~ haiM, tathApi paramparAbaddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya kI rUr3hiyoM kA aprAsaMgika vastu-vyApAra-varNanoM ke rUpa meM pAlana kiyA gayA hai / isIlie ise rItibaddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya mAnA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta meM rAmapANipAda kRta usANiruddha nAmaka eka prabandha-kAvya aura milatA hai, kintu vidvAn use mahAkAvyoM kI zreNI meM sthAna nahIM dete| (ga) zAstrakAvya aura sandhAnakAvya alaMkRta zailI kI pravRtti kA eka anya rUpa zAstrakAvyoM aura sandhAnakAvyoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| zAstrakAvyoM meM kAvya ke vyAja se vyAkaraNa Adi zAstroM kI vyAvahArika zikSA dene kI ceSTA kI gayI hai, jisase unakA zAstrapakSa prabala ho gayA hai aura ve kAvyAkAra zAstra bana gaye haiN| 1. DaoN.esa.ke.De : hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara, pR.330
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 1 chaThI zatI ke vaiyAkaraNa kavi bhaTTi kA rAvaNavadha yA bhaTTikAvya isa zailI kA prathama mahAkAvya hai / isameM rAmajanma se rAjyAbhiSeka taka kI rAma-kathA ke varNana ke sAtha-sAtha vyAkaraNa aura alaMkAra ke prayoga bhI batAye gaye haiM / kavi ne nizcita yojanA ke anusAra kAvya ko prakIrNa, adhikAra, prasanna tathA tiGanta--cAra meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama do tathA antima kANDoM meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI prAyogika vyAkhyA hai, tRtIya kANDa alaMkArazAstra se sambaddha hai / yaha kAvya itanA lokapriya huA ki jAvA aura bAlI taka meM isakA pracAra huA aura isakI darjanoM TIkAeM likhI gayIM / vastutaH yaha kAvya ke sAtha vyAkaraNazAstra kA grantha bhI hai, isIlie ise zAstra - kAvya bhI kahA jAtA hai / bhaTTi kI nimnalikhita ukti vikalpanAmAtra nahIM haiM / 1 1 36 dIpatulyaH prabandhoyaM zabdalakSaNa cakSuSAm / hastAdarza ivAndhAnAM bhaved vyAkaraNAdvate // 1 zAstrakAvya ke udAharaNasvarUpa kSemendra ne bhaTTikAvya ke sAtha bhaTTibhIma (bhUma athavA bhaumaka) ke rAvaNArjunIya kA ullekha kiyA hai| 2 rAvaNArjunIya ke 27 sargoM meM laMkApati rAvaNa tathA kArtavIrya arjuna ke yuddha-varNana ke sAtha-sAtha aSTAdhyAyI ke kramAnusAra vyAkaraNa ke siddha prayoga dikhAye gaye haiN| divAkara ke lakSaNAdarza meM bhI samasta pANinIya zAstra ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM / halAyudha kA kavirahasya rASTrakUTa ke nareza kRSNarAja tRtIya (940-53I.) kI prazasti hai, kintu vAstava meM kAvya ke mAdhyama se dhAturUpoM kI tAlikA prastuta karanA kavi ko abhISTa hai / isa zailI kA eka anya kAvya kerala prAnta ke kavi vAsudeva kA vAsudevavijaya hai / isake tIna sargoM meM kavi ke iSTadeva kRSNa vAsudeva kI stuti ke sAtha-sAtha pANini-sUtroM ke dRSTAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiM / kerala ke eka anya kavi nArAyaNa ne pariziSTa rUpa meM tIna sargoM kA dhAtubahula dhAtukAvya likhakara isakI pUrti kI hai / dhAtukAvya ke kathAnaka kA anta kaMsavadha se hotA hai / jaina kaviyoM ne bhI sAhitya kI isa vidhA ko samRddha banAne meM apanA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| mUla kavi ke pratijJA-gAMgeya meM kAtantra-vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke prAyogika udAharaNoM ke sAtha bhISma pitAmaha kA carita varNita hai / isakI 1. bhaTTikAvya, 22,33 2. suvRttatilaka, 3.4
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________________ 37 sandhAna mahAkAvya itihAsa evaM paramparA eka hastalikhita prati pATaNa ke bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna hai| hemacandra (1089-1173I.) kA kumArapAlacarita itihAsa aura vyAkaraNa se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa vyAzrayakAvya hai / isake prathama bIsa sargoM kI racanA saMskRta meM huI hai, zeSa ATha sarga prAkRta meM nibaddha haiN| kumArapAlacarita meM aNahilavAr3a ke cAlukyanareza kumArapAla tathA usake pUrvajoM kA itihAsa varNita hai| isake sAtha kAvya meM lekhaka ke saMskRta tathA prAkRta ke vyAkaraNoM ke udAharaNa bhI upanyasta haiM / jinaprabhasUri kA zreNika vyAzrayakAvya zramaNabhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ke ananya upAsaka zreNika narezvara kA bhuvanacarita prastuta karatA hai / sAtha hI kAtantra vyAkaraNa kI durgasiMha kRta vRtti ke niyamoM ke udAharaNa bhI isameM samAhita haiM / 2 / prAkRta ke kRSNalIlAMzuka kRta siriciMghakavva kI gaNanA zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM meM kI jAtI hai / yaha 12 sargoM kI gAthAbaddha racanA hai / isake prArambhika ATha sarga kRSNalIlAMzuka dvArA aura antima cAra unake ziSya durgAprasAda dvArA likhe gaye haiN| isameM kRSNa-lIlA-varNana ke sAtha-sAtha vararuci aura trivikrama ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ke prAyogika udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| vastuta: yaha bhaTTikAvya kI paramparA kA kAvya hai / isameM pANDitya to hai, kintu rasapUrNatA nahIM hai| zAstra-kAvyoM ke samAna siriciMghakavva meM kavi ke pANDitya se usake kavitva ko abhibhUta kara liyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAnya pAThaka ke liye yaha durbodha evaM nIrasa ho gayA hai| zAstrIya zailI kA eka rUpa zAstrakAvyoM ke atirikta sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| saMskRta bhASA meM eka ora jahA~ eka vastu ke aneka paryAyavAcI hote haiM, vahA~ kucha aise zabda bhI haiM, jinake aneka artha pAye jAte haiM / saMskRta kI isa viziSTatA se hI sandhAna -mahAkAvyoM kA sRjana prArambha huaa| jina mahAkAvyoM meM ekAdhika kathAnakoM ko vividha alaMkAroM ke bala para aisA gumphita kiyA jAye ki pAThaka camatkRta ho uTheM, unheM sandhAna-mahAkAvya kahA jAtA hai / aise mahAkAvyoM kA pradhAna lakSya camatkRti aura pANDitya pradarzana hI hotA hai| isa vilakSaNa vidhA kA jaina manISiyoM dvArA saMskRta kAvya ke kSetra meM sarvaprathama prayoga kiyA gyaa| unhoMne sandhAna arthAt zleSamaya citrakAvyoM kI racanA aura usakA 1. hIrAlAla kApar3iyA : jaina saMskRta sAhitya no itihAsa, bhAga 2 upakhaNDa 1,pR.195 2. vahI
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________________ 38 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA stotra-sAhitya ke rUpa meM bhI vikAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne dvisandhAna, catussandhAna, paMcasandhAna, saptasandhAna evaM caturviMzati-sandhAna Adi sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| kAvya-jagat meM sandhAna-kAvyoM kI ora kaviyoM kI pravRtti pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI IsvI se huI / vasudevahiNDI kI cattAri-aTThagAthA ke caudaha artha kiye gaye haiN| saMskRta ke upalabdha sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM me jaina kavi dhanaJjaya kRta 18 sargoM kA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya (AThavIM zatI) sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hai / isameM zleSa kI sahAyatA se rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke sAtha-sAtha mahAbhArata kI kathA bhI varNita hai| inhIM do kathAnakoM ko lekara kAlAntara me kavirAja mAdhavabhaTTa ne eka dUsarA mahAkAvya rAghavapANDavIya teraha sargoM meM likhaa| jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA meM gyArahavIM zatI ke paMcasandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kannar3a pANDulipi upalabdha hai / isake racayitA zAntirAjakavi haiM / vi. saM. 1090 meM sUrAcArya ne neminAthacarita (nAbheyanemidvisandhAna) kI racanA kii| isake zleSamya padyoM se neminAtha ke sAtha RSabhadeva ke jIvana-carita kA kAvyArtha bhI ghaTita hotA hai| bRhadgacchIya hemacandra sUri kA nAbheyanemidvisandhAna(bArahavIM zatAbdI) bhI eka anya racanA hai / isa kAvya meM bhI nemi aura RSabha kI kathAeM samAnAntara rUpa se varNita haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki isakA saMzodhana kavicakravartI zrIpAla ne kiyA hai / isa kAvya kI pANDulipiyA~ bar3audA aura pATaNa bhaNDAra meM surakSita haiM / bArahavIM zatAbdI meM kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandra ne saptasandhAna-mahAkAvya likhA, jisake pratyeka padya se sAta artha nikalate haiM / yaha kAvya anupalabdha hai / isI samaya ke lagabhaga sandhyAkaranandI ne rAmacarita kI racanA kI jisameM baMgAla ke rAjA rAmapAla ke jIvanacarita ke sAtha-sAtha rAmAyaNa kI kathA bhI nibaddha hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hI vidyAmAdhava ne pArvatIrukmiNIya kI racanA kI, jisameM ziva-pArvatI tathA kRSNa-rukmiNI vivAhoM kA samAnAntara varNana hai| AcArya hemacandra ke ziSya vardhamAnagaNi ne kumAravihAraprazastikAvya kI racanA kii| unhoMne isake 87 veM padya meM aisI adbhuta anekArthI saMyojanA kI, ki prArambha meM unhoMne usake 6 artha kiye, kintu kAlAntara meM unake ziSya ne usake 116 artha kiye / unameM 31 kumArapAla,41 hemacandrAcArya aura 109 artha vAgbhaTa maMtrI ke sambandha meM nikalate haiM / yaha padya ahamadAbAda se anekArtha-sAhitya-saMgraha,
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________________ 39 sandhAna mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA prAcIna sAhityoddhAra granthAvalI ke dvitIya puSpa meM TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita ho cukA vardhamAnagaNi ke samakAlIna somaprabhAcArya ne zatasandhAna-kAvya ke rUpa meM eka padya kI racanA kI aura usa para apanI TIkA likhI / isa padya ke unhoMne 106 artha kiye haiM, jinameM 24 tIrthaMkara, brahmA, viSNu, maheza tathA caulukyarAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, ajayapAla Adi ke artha sammilita haiN| yaha bhI ahamadAbAda se anekArtha-sAhitya-saMgraha meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| pandrahavIM se bIsavIM zatI taka jaina kaviyoM ne isa dizA meM pracura racanAeM likhiiN| unameM mahopAdhyAya samayasundararacita aSTalakSI' (saM. 1649) bhAratIya kAvya-sAhitya kA hI nahIM, vizva-sAhitya kA advitIya ratna hai / kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra samrATa akabara kI vidvat-sabhA meM jainoM ke egassa sutassa aNanto atthA' vAkya kA kisI ne upahAsa kiyaa| yaha bAta mahopAdhyAya samayasundara ko burI lagI aura unhoMne ukta sUtra-vAkya kI sArthakatA batalAne ke liye rAjAno dadate sauravyam-isa ATha akSara vAle vAkya ke dasa lAkha bAIsa hajAra cAra sau sAta artha kiye / vi. saM. 1649 zrAvaNa zuklA trayodazI ko jaba samrATa ne kazmIra kA prathama prayANa kiyA, to usane prathama zivira rAjA zrI rAmadAsa kI vATikA meM sthApita kiyaa| yahA~ sandhyA ke samaya vidvat-sabhA ekatra huI, jisameM samrATa akabara, zahajAdA salIma, aneka sAmanta, kavi, vaiyAkaraNa evaM tArkika vidvAn sammilita the| sabake sammukha kavivara samayasundara ne apanA yaha grantha par3hakara sunAyA, jise sunakara samrAT evaM sabhAsada Azcaryacakita raha gaye / kavi ne ukta arthoM meM se asambhava yA yojanAviruddha par3ane vAle arthoM ko nikAlakara isa grantha kA nAma aSTalakSI rkhaa| solahavIM tathA satarahavIM zatI ke lagabhaga veMkaTAdhvari kRta yAdavarAghavIya, somezvara kRta rAghavayAdavIya, cidambara kRta rAghavapANDavayAdavIya Adi jainetara sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa huA / yAdavarAghavIya meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke sAtha bhAgavata kI kathA kA varNana hai / rAghavayAdavIya meM rAma tathA kRSNa kI kathAoM kA 15 sargoM meM ekasAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai| rAghavapANDavayAdavIya meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA bhAgavata kI kathAoM kA tIna sargoM meM ekasAtha saMyojana kiyA gayA hai| 1. draSTavya-aSTalakSI,devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa,sUrata,granthAGka8
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA jaina kavi lAbhavijaya ne tamo durvArarAgAdi vairivaarnivaarnne| arhate yoginAthAya mahAvIrAya tAyine / padya ke pAMca sau artha kiye haiN| _ 'digambara jaina granthakartA aura unake grantha'2 se sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki manohara aura zobhana kaviyoM dvArA catussandhAna-kAvya kI racanA kI gyii| isI grantha se narendrakIrti ke ziSya jagannAtha ke saptasandhAna-kAvya kI sUcanA bhI prApta hotI hai / jagannAtha kavi kA eka caturviMzatisandhAna-kAvya bhI upalabdha hai| isa grantha meM zleSamaya eka hI padya se 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA arthabodha hotA hai| vaha padya nimnalikhita hai zreyAn zrIvAsupUjyo vRSabhajinapati: zrIdrumAGko'tha dharmo haryaka puSpadanto munisuvratajino'nantavAk zrIsupArzva: / zAnti: padmaprabhoro vimalavibhurasAM vardhamAno'pyajAGko, mallirneminamirmI sugatiravatu sacchrIjagannAthadhIram // caturviMzatisandhAna-kAvya ke anta meM kavi jagannAtha ne kAvya ke racanAkAla kA nirdeza kiyA hai / tadanusAra unhoMne vi. saM.1699 jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ravivAra ke dina sundara bhavanoM se suzobhita ambAvat nAmaka nagara meM isa kAvya kI racanA kii| paM. kailAza candra zAstrI ne inheM paNDitarAja jagannAtha se abhinna mAnA hai aura rasagaMgAdhara ke racayitA ke rUpa meM sambhAvanA prakaTa kI hai|5 DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI kailAzacandra jI kI sambhAvanA ko bhrAnti mAnate haiM, kyoMki isa kAvya ke saMskRta TIkAkAra svayaM kavi jagannAtha haiM aura TIkA ke anta meM unake dvArA aMkita puSpikA 1. draSTavya-jaina siddhAnta bhAskara,bhAga 8,kiraNa 1 2. gAMdhI nAthAraMgajI,zolApura,1928se prakAzita 3. caturviMzatisandhAna-kAvya,jaina hitaiSI,bambaI,bhAga 6,aMka 5-6 meM prakAzita,pR.1 4. nayanayadhararUpAGke suvatse tapomAse iha vizadapaJcamyAM ca satsaurivAre / vihita jinamaho'mbAvatpure saudhazubhre sujinanutikArSIcchrIjagannAthanAmA / / caturviMzatisandhAna-kAvya,antyaprazasti padya jaina siddhAnta bhAskara,bhAga 5,kiraNa 4,pR.225
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________________ sandhAna mahAkAvya : itihAsa evaM paramparA se spaSTa hai ki kavi jagannAtha rasagaMgAdhara ke kartA jagannAtha se bhinna haiM / nissandeha kavi jagannAtha saMskRta bhASA ke praur3ha paNDita haiM aura unakI kavitvazakti bhI aparimita hai / TIkA ke prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa karate hue likhA hai praNamyAGghriyugmaM jinAnAM jagannAthapUjyAmipAthoruhANAm / varaikAkSarArthairmahAyuktiyuktaiH suvRttiM ca teSAM nutezcarkarImi / / vAgdevatAyAzcaraNAmbujadvayaM smarAmi zabdAmbudhipAradaM varam / yannAmamAtrasmaraNotthayuktayo harantyadyaM kovidamAnasImiti // 2 aThArahavIM zatI ke mahopAdhyAya meghavijaya kI racanA saptasandhAna (saM. 1760) bhI anupama hai| yaha kAvya nau sargoM meM likhA gayA hai| pratyeka zleSamaya padya se RSabha, zAnti, nemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra-pA~ca tIrthaMkara, rAma tathA kRSNa ina sAta mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA artha nikalatA hai| isI zatI meM haridatta sUri ne do sargoM kA rAghavanaiSadhIya nAmaka kAvya likhA / isameM rAma aura nala kI kathA gumphita hai| uparyukta kAvyoM ke atirikta sandhAna-vidhA meM katipaya stotra bhI upalabdha hote haiN| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne sandhAna-zailI ke stotroM meM jJAnasAgara sari racita navakhaNDapArzvastava, somatilakasariracita vividhArthamaya sarvajJastotra, ratnazekhara . sUriracita navagrahagarbhita pArzvastavana tathA pArzvastava meghavijaya racita paMcatIrthIstuti, samayasundara racita vyartha-karNapArzvastava Adi kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| niSkarSa isa prakAra prastuta adhyAya meM saMskRta mahAkAvya paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi meM sandhAnAtmaka kAvya-vidhA ke udbhava aura vikAsa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vizvajanIna mahAkAvya-pravRtti ke sandarbha meM mahAkAvya-paramparA sAmUhika nRtya-gIta, AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta, lokagAthA tathA gAthAcakra Adi vibhinna avasthAoM se vikasita huI hai / vizva ke samasta dezoM meM ina avasthAoM se sambaddha nRtya-gIta Aja bhI upalabdha hote haiN| bhAratIya sandarbha meM bhI vaidika saMvAda-sUkta lokagAthAoM ke rUpa meM tathA vaidika suparNAkhyAna Adi gAthAcakra ke rUpa meM dekhe 1. nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna,pR.42 2. caturviMzatisandhAna-kAvya,1-2
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________________ 42 sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA jA sakate haiM / mahAkAvya kI inhIM Adya avasthAoM se bhAratIya mahAkAvya paramparA pallavita huI, jisakI anavacchinna paramparA adyaparyanta satata pravahamAna hai / vizva ke sabhI mahAkAvyoM ko sAmAnyataH vikasanazIla mahAkAvya tathA alaMkRta mahAkAvya -- ina do dhArAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai / vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM kA sRjana gAthAcakroM ke mAdhyama se hotA hai / isa prakAra ke mahAkAvya prArambhika vIra yuga tathA sAmantI vIra yuga meM vikasita hue / bhArata meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata isI zreNI ke mahAkAvya haiM / jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se jaina purANoM ko vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa rakhA jA sakatA hai / alaMkRta mahAkAvya prAya: vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM se kathA vastu lekara race jAte haiM / inameM kAvya-sauSThava ke prati vizeSa Agraha hotA thA / kAlAntara meM naisargikatA kA hrAsa hone ke kAraNa inheM anukRta athavA darabArI mahAkAvya bhI kahA jAne lagA / isa zreNI ke mahAkAvyoM ko cAra vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- (1) paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya, (2) aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya, (3) romAMcaka yA kathAtmaka mahAkAvya tathA (4) zAstrIya mahAkAvya / ina cAroM vargoM meM se antima arthAt zAstrIya mahAkAvya hI saMskRta kAvyazAstrIya mAnyatAoM ko zuddha rUpa se pratiSThApita karane vAle hue / ye mahAkAvya punaH rasasiddha rUr3hibaddha, zAstrakAvya athavA sandhAna- kAvya ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiye jA sakate haiM / rasasiddha kAvyoM meM azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa Adi ke mahAkAvya yA khaNDakAvya Ate haiM / bhAravi prabhRti paravartI kaviyoM ke kAvya rUr3hibaddha kAvyoM meM Ate haiM / sandhAna-kAvya ukta donoM vargoM se vilakSaNa nAnArthaka mahAkAvyoM eka anya zreNI hai / inameM ekAdhika kathAnakoM ko zleSa, yamaka Adi vibhinna alaMkAroM ke bala para gumphita kiyA jAtA hai / yadyapi sandhAna-zailI meM kAvya-racanA kI pravRtti prAkRta Adi bhASAoM meM pA~cavIM chaThI zatI meM hI prArambha ho cukI thI, tathApi saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sandarbha meM dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya sandhAna-zailI kA Adi-mahAkAvya hai / AThavIM zatI ke isa mahAkAvya ke anantara sandhAnAtmaka kAvya-zilpa apane vikAsa kI caramAvasthA ko prApta huA aura aThArahavIM zatI taka dvisandhAna, trisandhAna, catussandhAna, saptasandhAna, caturviMzatisandhAna Adi kAvyoM evaM mahAkAvyoM ko likhane kI pratispardhA sI hone laga gayI /
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________________ dvitIya adhyAya mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva saMskRta sAhitya meM dhanaJjaya nAma ke do AcArya prasiddha hue haiN| inameM se eka, mahAmuni bharata kI paramparA meM hue haiN| inake pitA kA nAma viSNu thA / ye mAlava ke paramAravaMzIya rAjA muMja (vAkpatirAja dvitIya, amoghavarSa, pRthvIvallabha, zrIvallabha) kI rAjyasabhA meM kavi the| muMja kI rAjadhAnI ujjaina thI / vAkpatirAja dvitIya ke upalabdha zilAlekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki dhanaJjaya 974-79 I. ke madhya hue aura 994 I. taka rhe| inakI prasiddha kRti dazarUpaka hai / dvitIya dhanaJjaya digambara jaina-sampradAya ke labdhapratiSTha vidvAn the / yahI dhanaJjaya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke lekhaka the tathA prastuta grantha meM inhIM dhanaJjaya ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA abhISTa hai / dhanaJjaya kA kAla dhanaJjaya ne svayaM apane viSaya meM apanI kisI bhI kRti meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM dI / kintu, pAThaka, bhaNDArakara, rAghavAcAriyara, veMkaTasubbaiyA, viMTaranitz2a, kItha, kRSNamAcAriyara prabhRti sAhityika itihAsakAroM ne dhanaJjaya tathA unake dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke viSaya meM apane adhyayana dvArA vistRta jAnakArI prastuta kI hai / dhanaJjaya ke kAla se sambaddha inake matoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hI (1) DaoN. ke. bI. pAThaka kA mata (1123-1140I.) terdAL ke eka kanar3I abhilekha kA sampAdana karate samaya DaoN. pAThaka ne paiMtIsavIM paMkti meM nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya kA kannar3a kavi abhinavapampa (nAgacandra) 1. DaoN. zrInivAsazAstrIH dazarUpaka kI bhUmikA, meraTha,1976,pR.13-14
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dvArA ullikhita rAghavapANDavIya ke kartA zrutakIrti traividya se tAdAtmya sthApita kiyA / ' abhinavapampa praNIta rAmacandracarita athavA pamparAmAyaNa meM rAghavapANDavIya kAvya ko gatapratyAgata zailI meM nibaddha mAnA gayA hai / 2 isa tAdAtmya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara DaoN. pAThaka ne kanar3I abhilekha ke samaya zaka saM. 1045 (1123I.) ko AdhAra banAkara dhanaJjaya kA samaya nizcita kiyA hai / 44 pro. maiksamUlara ne 'itsigz2a rikArDa Apha buddhisTa praikTisiz2a ina da vaisTa' ke je. tAkAkusu kRta aMgrejI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita apane eka patra meM DaoN. pAThaka ke mata para AkSepa karate hue kahA, "kAvyAlaMkAra sUtra ke kartA vAmana ne kavirAja kRta rAghavapANDavIya kA ullekha kiyA hai", kintu pAThaka ne 'inDiyana eNTIkverI, 1883' ke pR. 20 para rAghavapANDavIya kAvya ko Arya zrutakIrti (zaka saM. 1045) kI racanA batAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| pro. maiksamUlara ke isa kathana kA nirAkaraNa karane ke liye DaoN. pAThaka ne kavirAja kRta tathA dhanaJjaya kRta rAghavapANDavIya nAma kI do kRtiyoM kA ullekha karate hue dhanaJjaya ke kAla para 'jarnala oNpha bAmbe brAMca rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, bhAga 21, 1904 ' meM pR. 1-3 para 'dI jaina poima rAghavapANDavIya e riplAI TU pro. maiksamUlara' zIrSaka se eka lekha prakAzita karavAyA / isa lekha meM unhoMne apane mata ko puSTa karane ke liye nimnalikhita tathya prastuta kiye (1) terdALU ke kannar3a abhilekha, zaka saM. 1045 (1123I.) meM zrutakIrti traividya nAma ke AcArya kA ullekha hai / isa abhilekha meM zrutakIrti traividya ko rAghavapANDavIya kA kartA nahIM kahA gayA hai, kintu use SaDdarzana meM niSNAta tathA virodhI tArkikoM ko niSprabha karane vAlA kahA gayA hai / vaha pustakagaccha mUlasaMgha ke dezIgaNa se sambandhita kolhApura (kollAgiri) sthita rUpanArAyaNa basadi ke pradhAna purohita mAghanandI saiddhAntika kA ziSya thA / mAghanandi saiddhAntika kA ullekha zravaNabelgolA ke abhilekha na. 40 (zaka saM. 1085 yA 1163 I.) meM huA hai / 4 1. I. A., bhAga 14, 1883, pR. 14-26 2. zrutakIrtitraividyavrati rAghavapANDavIyamaM vibudhacama tkRtiyenisi gatapratyAgatadiM peLdamaLkIrtiyaM prakaTisidaM // pamparAmAyaNa,1.25 3. JBBRAS, bhAga 21, 1904, pR. 1 4. draSTavya - jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, 1928, pR. 28 l
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva (2) abhinavapampa (nAgacandra, zaka saM. 1067) ne apane rAmacandracarita athavA pamparAmAyaNa ke padya 1.25 meM jainAcArya zrutakIrti vidya aura gatapratyAgata zailI meM racita usake rAghavapANDavIya kA ullekha kiyA hai / (3) terdAL abhilekha kA kartA rAghavapANDavIya ke viSaya meM anabhijJa hai, jabaki zravaNabelgolA kA zilAlekha naM. 40 abhinavapampa ke padyoM ko zrutakIrti vidya ke padya rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura zrutakIrti kI pahacAna terdAL abhilekha meM ullikhita zrutakIrti se karatA hai / ata: yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA sahaja hai ki zrutakIrti vidya kI kRti zaka saM. 1045 meM nahIM racI gayI hogI aura yaha bhI ki yaha zaka saM. 1067 aura 1085 meM prasiddha huI hogii| (4) vardhamAna (vi.saM. 1197 yA zaka saM. 1062) ne apane gaNaratnamahodadhi meM rAghavapANDavIya kA aneka bAra uddharaNa diyA hai / cAlukya rAjA jagadekamalla dvitIya (zaka saM. 1062-72) ke samakAlIna durgasiMha ke anusAra dhanaJjaya rAghavapANDavIya kI racanA se sarasvatI ke svAmI athavA bRhaspati bana gaye / yaha kathana zrutakIrti ke sandarbha meM honA cAhie, jinakA samaya zaka saM. 1045 hai / isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA ayuktisaMgata hogA ki zaka. saM. 1045 se 1062 ke madhya alpakAla meM digambara sampradAya ke do lekhakoM dvArA eka hI zIrSaka se do vyarthaka saMskRta kAvya likhe gaye hoN| ataeva, uparyukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dhanaJjaya zrutakIrti kA aparanAma thA aura unake grantha kA kAla zaka. sa. 1045 (1123 I.) se 1062 (1140I.) ke madhya nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. pAThaka ke samarthaka sAhityika itihAsakAra ema. vinTaranitz2a, e.bI. kItha, esa. ke. De prabhRti sAhityika itihAsakAroM ne DaoN. pAThaka ke mata ko apane saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsoM meM uddhRta karake usakA samarthana kiyaa| ema. vinTaranitz2a 1922 I. meM lipaz2iga se prakAzita apane 'geziste der indrizena lirecara' (bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa), bhAga 3 (jarmana 1. draSTavya -jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1,1928,pR.,27-28 2. gaNaratnamahodadhi,46,1051,18.22 3. anupamakavivrajaM jIyene rAghavapAMDavIyamaM pedru yazovanitAdhIzvaranAdaM dhanaJjayaM vAgvadhUpiyaM kevaLane // kannar3a paJcatantra,8
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA saMskaraNa) meM, jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda 1963 I. meM vArANasI se prakAzita huA, pR. 75 para yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki dhanaJjaya ne 1123-1140I. ke madhya zrutakIrti ke nAma se rAghavapANDavIya grantha likhA / unhoMne kadambavaMzIya kAmadeva (1182-97I.) ke sabhAkavi kavirAja se unheM pUrvavartI mAnA / ve vAmana kI kAvyAlaMkAravRtti' meM ullikhita kavirAja se bhinna haiM / 46 e.bI. kItha 1948 I. meM AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa se prakAzita apane 'e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara' meM pR. 137 para kahate haiM ki digambara jaina lekhaka dhanaJjaya jinheM sambhavata: zrutakIrti kahA jAtA thA, ne 1123 aura 1140 I. ke madhya apanA grantha likhA / isake pazcAt kavirAja kA nAma AtA hai, jinakA vAstavika nAma kadAcit mAdhava bhaTTa thA aura jinake AzrayadAtA kadambavaMzIya rAjA kAmadeva (1182-97I.) the / esa. ke. De 1962 I. meM kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya se prakAzita apane 'saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa', bhAga 1 meM pR. 340 para kahate haiM ki vAsudeva aura zrIdevI ke putra digambara jaina dhanaJjaya arthAt zrutakIrti traividya kA rAghavapANDavIya, jise dvisandhAna-kAvya bhI kahA gayA hai, 1123 aura 1140 I. ke madhya likhA gayA / isake pazcAt kavirAjakRta eka aura rAghavapANDavIya upalabdha hotA hai / kavirAja kA vAstavika nAma sambhavata: mAdhava bhaTTa thA / inhoMne jayantapurI ke kAdamba kAmadeva (1182-97I.) ke Azraya se prasiddhi prApta kI / DaoN. pAThaka ke mata kI samIkSA dhanaJjaya ke kAla-viSayaka DaoN. pAThaka ke mata kI Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara, e. vaiMkaTasubbaiyA e, e.ena. upAdhye, vI. vI. mirAzI' prabhRti vidvAnoM ne AlocanA kI 1. kAvyAlaMkAravRtti, 4.1.10. 2. riporTa Ana dI sarca phAra mainuskripTsa ina dI bAmbe presIDeMsI DyUriMga dI iyarsa 1884-85,1885-86 tathA 1886-87, bambaI, 1894, pR. 19-20 3. JBBRAS (nyU sIrIja), bhAga 3, 1927, pR.136-138 4. zrI 108 cAritracakravartI AcArya zAMtisAgara smRti grantha, phalaTaNa, 1973, 5. pR. 309-10 liTarerI eNDa hisTorikala sTaDIja ina inDolojI, dillI, 1975, pR. 28-30
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva aura use bhramAtmaka siddha kiyA / jina tathyoM ke AdhAra para DaoN. pAThaka ke mata kI AlocanA kI gayI, ve isa prakAra haiM (1) DaoN. pAThaka dhanaJjaya ko racayitA to mAnate haiM aura zrutakIrti ko dhanaJjaya kI upAdhi svIkAra karate haiM, parantu dvisandhAna-kAvya meM unhoMne kahIM bhI isa zrutakIrti vidya jaisI upAdhi kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / yahA~ taka ki nAmamAlA meM bhI isakA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isake atirikta pampa dvArA nirdiSTa rAghavapANDavIya ke kartA zrutakIrti kolhApura jaina basadi ke purohita zrutakIrti se bhinna the, jabaki donoM kA upanAma traividya-Agama,tarka aura vyAkaraNa meM niSNAta thA / isa vaibhinyakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unakI guru-paramparAeM bhinna haiM / pampa dvArA nirdiSTa rAghavapANDavIya ke kartA zrutakIrti vidya kI guru-paramparA bAlacandra-meghacandra-zrutakIrti-vAsupUjya-zrutakIrti thI, jabaki kolhApura jaina basadi ke purohita zrutakIrti traividya kI guru-paramparA kulabhUSaNa-kulacandra-mAghanandi-zrutakIrti thii| (2) paJcatantra kA kartA durgasiMha cAlukya rAjA jagadekamalla dvitIya (1139-1150 I.) kA samakAlIna nahIM thaa| durgasiMha apane grantha ke padya 30, 32, 36, 38 tathA 57 meM ullekha karatA hai ki usakA saMrakSaka cAlukyarAja thA, jo jayasiMha aura jagadekamalla nAma se prasiddha thaa| kIrtividyAhara, kodaNDa-rAma aura coL kAlAnala usake biruda the / tIna cAlukya rAjAoM meM se kevala eka hI jagadekamalla prathama nAma se prasiddha thA tathA usI kA nAma jayasiMha bhI thA / belagAme abhilekha se pratIta hotA hai ki jagadekamalla prathama yA jayasiMha dvitIya ke hI uparyukta tIna biruda the| isase spaSTa hai ki durgasiMha kA saMrakSaka jagadekamalla dvitIya nahIM, apitu jagadekamalla prathama yA jayasiMha dvitIya thA, jisane 1015-1042 I. meM zAsana kiyaa| (3)abhinavapampa ne apanI rAmAyaNa kI racanA zaka saM.1067 meM nahIM kii| zravaNabelgolA ke eka abhilekha meM pamparAmAyaNa se eka padya jaina muni meghacandra kI prazaMsA meM uddhRta hai / isa abhilekha meM, jo 1116 I. se pUrva utkIrNa nahIM huA, 1. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha,pR.26-27 / 2. E.K. bhAga 7,zikArapura 126 aura draSTavya- na.20 e,125 va 153 (usI. tAluka ke) 3. vahI,bhAga 2,naM.127,jainazilAlekhasaMgraha,pR.64
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA meghacandra kI mRtyu-tithi bRhaspativAra, 2 disambara, 1915 I. batAI gayI hai / ' isase pratIta hotA hai ki abhinavapampa kI rAmAyaNa 1116 I. yA zaka saM. 1038 se pUrva suprasiddha thI aura isa prakAra sambhAvanA yaha hotI hai ki pampa- rAmAyaNa 1100 * I. ke lagabhaga racI gayI hogI / niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya ke samaya ke abhilekhoM kA kAla zaka saM. 1045 aura 1058 hai / vaha zilAhAra rAjA gaNDarAditya (1105-1140 I.) kA samakAlIna thA / zaka saM. 1065 (1143 I.) meM kolhApura basadi ke purohita kA padabhAra usake anuyAyI mANikyanandI paMDita ne saMbhAlA thA / ataH zrutakIrti traividya 1120 se 1140 I. taka kolhApura basadi kA purohita rahA hogA / niSkarSata: yaha pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti se bhinna thaa| 1 48 (4) pampa-rAmAyaNa se nAgavarma ke bhASAbhUSaNa meM eka padya uddhRta hai / ukta nAgavarma tathA kAvyAvalokana karNATaka - kAdambarI (bANa kI kRti kA kannar3a rUpAntara) va chandombudhi kA kartA, rakkasagaGga (1000-1030 I.) kA viSaya aura dhArA ke prakhyAta rAjA bhojarAja (1019-1060 I.) se upahAra svIkAra karane vAlA nAgavarma eka hI mAne jAte haiM / janArdana yA jana ke anantanAtha purANa (1228I. meM pUrNa) se patA calatA hai ki yaha nAgavarma rAjA jagadeka arthAt cAlukya rAjA jagadekamalla prathama (1015-1042I.) kI rAjyasabhA meM kaTakopAdhyAya thA / ata: isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki pampa - rAmAyaNa aura usameM uddhRta zrutakIrti kA rAghavapANDavIya 1042I. se pUrva likhe gaye hoMge / (5) zaka saM. 1045 aura 1062 ke madhya alpakAla meM eka hI zIrSaka se digambara sampradAya ke do jaina kaviyoM dvArA do saMskRta ke dvyarthaka kAvya nahIM likhe jA sakate, yaha tarka bhI yuktisaGgata pratIta nahIM hotA / aura bhI, dhanaJjaya kA rAghavapANDavIya zaka saM. 1045 aura 1062 ke madhya nahIM, apitu isase bahuta pahale likhA gayA / pampa dvArA nirdiSTa rAghavapANDavIya dhanaJjaya viracita dvisandhAnakAvya se bhinna hai / maisUra ke vikhyAta purAtattvavettA narasiMhAcAriyara ne nAgavarma ke kAvyAvalokana kI bhUmikA meM isa ora saMketa karate hue kahA hai ki pampa - rAmAyaNa E.K., bhAga2,naM.127,jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha, pR. 64 1. 2. E.I., bhAga 19, pR.31 3. narasiMhAcAriyaraH kAvyAvalokana kI bhUmikA, pR. 4
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva meM uddhRta zrutakIrti kI kRti kA varNana gatapratyAgata kAvya ke rUpa meM hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki isa kAvya ke padyoM ko bAeM se dAeM par3he jAne para rAmakathA niSpanna hotI hai tathA dAeM se bAeM par3he jAne para pANDavakathA / isa prakAra kI gatapratyAgata zailI dvisandhAna-kAvya para ghaTita nahIM hotii| DaoN. vI.vI. mirAzI' ke matAnusAra gatapratyAgata kI uparyukta vyAkhyA samucita nahIM hai / yaha kAvyaprakAza ke dazama ullAsa meM mammaTare dvArA nirdiSTa anuloma-pratiloma ke samAna pratIta hotI hai| etadanusAra padya cAhe bAeM se dAeM par3hA jAe yA dAeM se bAeM, usakA svarUpa eka-sA rahatA hai| dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra kA eka uddharaNa nimnalikhita hai tatasAratamAsthAsu subhAvAnabhitAradhIH / dhIratAbhinavAbhAsu susthAmA tarasAtata // 3 isa padya kA pUrvArdha bAeM se dAeM tathA puna: dAeM se bAeM par3hA jAe, to pUrNa padya bana jAtA hai, isI prakAra uttarArdha bhI dAeM se bAeM tathA bAeM se dAeM par3hA jAe, to pUrNa padya bana jAtA hai / padya kA artha hai (abhitAradhI:) tIkSNa buddhi se (zAstroM meM) saMpRkta (aura) (susthAmA) parAkramI (viSNu) ne (dhIratAmabhinavAbhAsu) dhairya kI abhinava AbhA se yukta (tatasAratamAsthAsu) vistRta sAratama (mUlatatva) pratijJAoM meM (tarasA) zIghratApUrvaka (subhAvAn) suSThu pAriNAmoM (pavitra bhAvoM) kA (Atata) saJcAra kara diyaa| dvisandhAna -mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra ke aura udAharaNa bhI haiN| isa kAvya meM katipaya zloka-pAda tathA zlokArdha bhI isa zailI ke haiN| kintu sampUrNa kAvya gatapratyAgata zailI kA nahIM hai| ataeva spaSTa hai ki pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti vidya ko dhanaJjaya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 1. vI.vI.mirAzI:liTarerI eNDa hisTorikala sTaDIz2a ina inDolAjI,pR.28-29 2. atra yamakamanulomapratilonazca citrabhedaH pAdadvayagate parasparApekSe / kAvyaprakAza,10.566 3. dvisa.,18.143 4. vahI,18.138-39 5. vahI,1858 6. vahI,18.30
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________________ 50 2. DaoN. bhaNDArakara kA mata (996-1147 I.) DaoN. Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara 1894 I. meM bambaI se prakAzita apanI 'riporTa Ana dI sarca phAra mainuskripTsa ina dI bAmbe presIDeMsI DyUriMga dI iyarsa 1884-85, 1885-86 tathA 1886-87' ke pR. 19-20 para digambara jaina kavi dhanaJjaya ke kAvya kI do pratiyoM kA ullekha karate hue kahate haiM ki prathama bhAga ke antima padya meM karttA ko kavi kahA gayA hai / isI padya meM akalaGkadeva ke pramANazAstra, pUjyapAda arthAt devanandi ke lakSaNazAstra (vyAkaraNa) aura dhanaJjaya kavi ke kAvya (dvisandhAna) ko tIna apazcima ratna kahA gayA hai|' unhoMne isI kathana ke AdhAra para saMskRtakoSa (nAmamAlA) ke racayitA ko dvisandhAna kA racayitA svIkAra kiyA / ve vardhamAna (1147 I.) kRta gaNaratnamahodadhi ra vizeSata: egaliMga saMskaraNa meM uddhRta dvisandhAna kA bhI ullekha karate haiM / unake anusAra jainAcAryoM ne brAhmaNa loka-sAhitya kA anukaraNa kiyA hai, ataeva yaha kalpanA nirarthaka nahIM hogI ki dhanaJjaya ne rAghavapANDavIya kI kathA kI preraNA brAhmaNa kavi kavirAja se lI ho / kavirAja kA samaya dhArAdhIza muMja ke pazcAt honA cAhie, kyoMki unhoMne apane saMrakSaka jayantIpurI ke kAmadeva kI tulanA muMja (mRtyu 996 I.) se kI hai / ata: bhaNDArakara kavirAja aura dhanaJjaya ko 996 aura 1147 I. ke madhya mAnate haiM / unakA kathana hai ki yadi anukaraNa kI kalpanA satya mAnI jAe, to kavirAja avasthA meM dhanaJjaya se bar3e hone cAhieM / DaoN. bhaNDArakara ke mata kI samIkSA sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA e.ena. upAdhye ke anusAra bhaNDArakara kA yaha kathana ki jainAcAryoM ne apane kathA-sAhitya meM brAhmaNa kathA-sAhitya kA anukaraNa kiyA, eka sAmAnya kathana ke rUpa meM hI svIkArya hai / yadi anukaraNa kI kalpanA satya mAnI jAe to isa vAkyAMza ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhaNDArakara uparyukta tathya ke prati vizeSa AgrahI nahIM hai / yadi anukaraNa kA uparyukta tathya svIkAra bhI kiyA jAe, to dhanaJjaya ke samakSa daNDI kA dvisandhAna rahA hogA, kavirAja kA nahIM / bhaNDArakara kA yaha niSkarSa ki kavirAja muMja (996 I.) ke uttaravartI aura dhanaJjaya ke pUrvavartI rahe 1. dhanaJjayanAmamAlA, 201 2. gaNaratnamahodadhi,4.6, 10.57, 18.22 3. vahI (egaliMga saMskaraNa), pR. 97, 409, 435
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya :vyaktitva evaM kRtitva hoMge, yuktiyukta pratIta hotA hai| kintu kucha naye tathyoM ke AdhAra para upAdhye dhanaJjaya ko pUrvavartI tathA kavirAja ko bArahavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM huA svIkAra karate haiM / (3) e. veMkaTasubbaiyA kA mata (960-1000 I.) veMkaTasubbaiyA ne 'jarnala oNpha bAmbe brAMca rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, bhAga 3(nyU sIrIja)' meM 'dI Atharsa oNpha dI rAghavapANDavIya eNDa gadyacintAmaNi' zIrSaka se dhanaJjayake kAla-nirdhAraNa para eka vistRta lekha likhA hai / unake anusAra dhanaJjaya 960-1000 I. ke madhya hue| apane mata ke samarthana meM unhoMne nimnalikhita tathya diye haiM (1) cAlukya rAjA jayasiMha dvitIya yA jagadekamalla prathama (1015-1042 I.) ke samakAlIna paJcatantra ke kartA durgasiMha kI bhA~ti vAdirAja apane pArzvanAthacarita meM dhanaJjaya ke rAghavapANDavIya kA ullekha karatA hai / vAdirAja ne apanI isa kRti ko kArtika sudI tRtIyA, zaka saM. 947, krodhana (budhavAra, 27 akTUbara, 1025 I.) ko pUrNa kiyA thaa| ata: dhanaJjaya kRta rAghavapANDavIya isa tithi se pUrva hI likhA gayA hogaa| (2) pArzvanAthacarita ke anta meM vidyamAna prazasti ke anusAra vAdirAja cAlukya rAjA jayasiMha -jagadekamalla kI rAjyasabhA kA sadasya thA aura nandIsaMgha ke zrIpAladeva ke ziSya matisAgara kA ziSya thA / zravaNabelgolA 54(67), belUra 117, nagara 35-40 ityAdi abhilekhoM meM yaha vAdirAja tathA dravir3asaMgha ke nandIgaNa ke aruMguLAnvaya ke muni vAdirAja athavA jagadekamalla-vAdirAja ko eka hI svIkAra kiyA gayA / isa vAdirAja kA tathA isI zreNI ke anya muniyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya Dr. Hultzsch ne Zeitschrift der deutschens Morganlandischen Gasellschaft meM prakAzita kiyA hai| ___ (3) pArzvanAthacarita ke prathama sarga ke prAstAvika padyoM meM vAdirAja ne kramaza: gRdhrapiccha, svAmI (umAsvAti), deva (pUjyapAda), ratnakaraNDakakAra (samantabhadra), 1. dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA pradhAna sampAdakIya,pR.27 2. "anekabhedasandhAnAH khananto hRdaye muhuH| . bANAdhanaJjayonmuktAH karNasyeva priyA katham // " pArzvanAthacarita,1.26
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA akalaMka, sanmati (sumati bhaTTAraka), mahApurANa kA kartA jinasena, jIvasiddhikAra anantakIrti, palyakIrti, dvisandhAnakAvyakAra dhanaJjaya, anantavIrya (prameyaratnamAlAkAra), zlokavArtikAlaMkAra ke kartA vidyAnanda, vizeSavAda ke nAyaka AcArya aura candraprabhacarita ke kartA vIranandin kI prazasti kI hai / vIranandin ke atirikta ukta sabhI AcArya aruMguLAnvaya se sambaddha rahe haiM tathA purohita pada meM vAdirAja ke pUrvavartI rahe haiM / isa prakAra rAghavapANDavIya kA kartA dhanaJjaya vAdirAja se pUrvavartI siddha hotA hai / purohita pada ko alaMkRta karane vAle paravartI AcAryoM meM dhanaJjaya ke nAmollekha kI sUcanA abhilekhoM meM prApya nahIM hai / (zravaNabelgolA ke abhilekha 54(67) ke padya 36 meM matisAgara ke pazcAt mahAmuni hemasena kA ullekha hai, jo 985 I. meM purohita thA tathA vidyAdhanaJjaya ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yaha hemasena (dhanaJjaya) hI rAghavapANDavIya yA dvisandhAna-kAvya kA racayitA thA aura sambhavata: yaha grantha 960-1000 I. ke madhya racA gyaa| narasiMhAcAriyara dhanaJjaya ko 900 I. se pUrva svIkAra karate haiM / I.vI. vIrarAghavAcArya ke anusAra nAmamAlA tathA dvisandhAna-kAvya ke kartA dhanaJjaya750 se 800 I. ke madhya rahe hoNge| inhoMne dhanaJjaya ko kavirAja (650 se 725 I.) kA paravartI svIkAra kiyA hai| (4) DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye kA mata (lagabhaga 800 I.) e.ena. upAdhye dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke kartA dhanaJjaya kA kAla akalaMka (sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI) tathA dhavalAkAra vIrasena (816 I.) ke madhya lagabhaga800 I. mAnate haiN| unake mata meM dhanaJjaya kisI bhI paristhiti meM bhoja (11vIM zatI), jisane dhanaJjaya kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai, ke pazcAt nahIM hai / apane mata kI puSTi meM unhoMne nimnalikhita tathya prastuta kiye haiM 1. pArzvanAthacarita,1.16-30 2. JBBRAS (nyU sirIz2a),bhAga 3,pR.138,tathA karNATaka kavicarita,bhAga 1,baMgalaura, 1961,pR.110 3. I.vI. vIrarAghavAcArya : dI DeTa Apha nighaNTuka dhanaJjaya, jarnala Apha dI Andhra hisTorikala risarca sosAiTI,bhAga 2,naM.2,rAjamuMdrI,1927,pR.181-84 4. vizvezvarAnanda iNDolAjikala jarnala,bhAga 8, aMka 1-2,mArca-sitambara,1970, pR.125-34
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 53 (1) dhanaJjaya aura usakI kRti ko paryApta prasiddhi milI, phalasvarUpa use dvisandhAnakavi nAma se jAnA jAne lagA / dvisandhAna zabda dhanaJjaya ke samaya kA nahIM, daNDI (7vIM zatI) ke samaya kA hai, ata: dhanaJjaya daNDI kA paravartI hai / kucha (2) dhanaJjaya-nAmamAlA kI kucha hastalikhita pratiyoM meM ulapabdha antima padyoM meM dhanaJjaya kI kAvyapratibhA akalaMka kI nyAyazAstrIya pratibhA tathA pUjyapAda kI vaiyAkaraNapratibhA ke samakakSa svIkAra kI gayI hai / 2 ukta padyoM meM carcita akalaMka aura pUjyapAda nizcitarUpeNa dhanaJjaya ke pUrvavartI haiM / kucha anya hastalikhita pratiyoM meM ukta padya saMzodhita rUpa meM hai / unameM daNDI kA ullekha huA hai / 3 jalhaNa ina padyoM ko kAlidAsa kRta mAnate haiM / daNDI kA ullekha hone ke kAraNa ye padya kAlidAsa kRta nahIM mAne jA sakate / isa prakAra dhanaJjaya daNDI ke paravartI siddha hote haiM / (3) vardhamAna (1141 I.) ne gaNaratnamahodadhi meM dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAnamahAkAvya ke kucha padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai / 4 (4) bhoja (11 vIM zatI kA madhya) ne ubhayAlaMkAra kA vivecana karate hue daNDI tathA dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA ullakha kiyA hai / 5 prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM (4) prabhAcandra (10-11vIM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA ullekha karatA hai / 6 (6) vAdirAja pArzvanAthacarita meM dhanaJjaya kI ekAdhika sandhAna- kAvya meM pravINatA kA ullekha karatA hai / 7 dhanaJjayanAmamAlA,201 1. 2. 3. zatI) vahI "jAte jagati vAlmIkau zabdaH kaviriti smRtaH / kavI iti tato vyAse kavayazceti daNDini // " nighaNTu, 2.49 4. gaNaratnamahodadhi,4.6,10.5,18.22 5. zrRMgAraprakAza, madrAsa, 1963, pR. 406 6. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1941, pR. 40 2 7. pArzvanAthacarita, bambaI, 1926,1.26
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________________ 54 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (7) kannar3a paMcataMtra kA kartA durgasiMha (1025 I.) dhanaJjaya ke rAghavapANDavIya kA ullekha karatA hai| DaoN. kulakarNI (dhAravAr3a) ke anusAra ArA sthita prati me pUrvavartI kaviyoM kA nirdeza karane vAle padya nahIM hai| (8) chandoM kI eka kannar3a kRti chandombudhi meM dhanaJjaya kA pUrvavartI kaviyoM ke sAtha ullekha hai / 2 narasiMhAcAriyara ke anusAra ukta dhanaJjaya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA kartA hai, kintu e. veMkaTasubbaiyA ke mata meM yaha dazarUpakakAra dhanaJjaya hai| . (9) jalhaNa (1257I.)apanI sUktimuktAvalI meM dhanaJjaya se sambaddha eka padya ko rAjazekhara (900I.) kA batAtA hai / ukta padya meM kartA ke nAma ko dhana aura jaya meM usI prakAra vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, jisa prakAra dhanaJjaya ne dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM kiyA hai| (10) vIrasena ne dhavalA me iti zabda kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie eka padya kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha dhanaJjayanAmamAlA ke padya 39 se milatA-julatA hai / uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ke AdhAra para dhanaJjaya kA kAla akalaMka (7-8 vIM . zatI) tathA vIrasena (jisane dhavalA 816 I. meM sampanna kI) ke madhya lagabhaga 800 I. siddha hotA hai| DaoN. vI.vI. mirAzI dvArA pUrva matoM kI samIkSA (1) abhinavapampa kRta rAmacaritapurANa meM nirdiSTa zrutakIrti vidya aura dhanaJjaya meM aikya sthApita kara pAThaka kA dhanaJjaya ko 1125 I. meM svIkAra karanA vI.vI. mirAzI ke mata meM yuktiyukta nahIM hai / mirAzI kA mata hai ki pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti vidya tathA kolhApura jaina basadi ke purohita zrutakIrti vidya meM aikya sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki donoM kI guru paramparAeM bhinna thiiN| pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrtitraividya 1100 I. meM prasiddha huaa| dUsarI ora kolhApura ke zrutakIrti traividya ke samasAmayika abhilekha zaka saM. 1045 (1123 I.) aura 1. kannar3a paJcatantra,maisUra,1898,8, 2. chandombudhi,karNATaka kavicarita meM uddhRta,pR.53 __3. sUktimuktAvalI,gAyakavADa ArienTala sirIz2a,bar3audA,1938,pR.46 4. SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA TIkA sahita, bhAga 1,amarAvatI,1938,prastAvanA, pR.38
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya: vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 55 1058 (1136 I.) ke haiM / isa prakAra donoM ko eka vyakti siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki zravaNabelagolA ke abhilekha meM basadi ke traividya racita kAvya se sambandhita padyoM ko abhinavapampa kI racanA se bhramapUrvaka uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / 1 (2) vAdirAja, deva (pUjyapAda), akalaMka, jinasena ityAdi ne dhanaJjaya prabhRti pUrvAcAryoM kI prazaMsA kI hai / isa tathya ke AdhAra para dhanaJjaya ko jaina muni svIkAra karanA samucita nahIM hai / rAghavapANDavIya meM usake munitva kA koI saMketa upalabdha nahIM hotA / sAmAnyata: vaha apane guru dazaratha kA hI ullekha karatA hai, kintu use vaha muni nahIM kahatA / isase " vaha eka zrAvakamAtra thA, muni nahIM "isa mata kI puSTi hotI hai / rAjazekhara (10vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) dvArA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isalie use e. veMkaTasubbaiyA dvArA mAnya 985 I. jitanA paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / (3) e. ena. upAdhye ke niSkarSoM se sahamata hone para bhI mirAzI pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya tathA kolhApura sthita rUpanArAyaNa jaina basadi ke purohita zrutakIrti traividya meM aikya nahIM mAnate / isa sandarbha meM unhoMne nimnalikhita tarka diye haiM (ka) donoM traividya samakAlIna nahIM hai / pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya 1100 I. meM huA hogA, kyoMki pampa rAmAyaNa kA eka padya zravaNabelagolA ke abhilekha 127 (1115 I.) meM uddhRta huA hai / jabaki, rUpanArAyaNa basadi kA zrutakIrti traividya 1120-1140 I. ke madhya rahA hogA, kyoMki kolhApura abhilekha (zaka saM. 1085-1136 I.) aura terdALU abhilekha (zaka saM. 1045-1123I.) meM usako ukta basadi kA tatkAlIna purohita mAnA gayA hai / (kha) donoM zrutakIrti traividyoM kI guru paramparAeM bhI bhinna haiM / pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti kI guru-paramparA bAlacandra - meghacandra-zubhakIrti (vAsupUjya)- zrutakIrti thI, jabaki rUpanArAyaNa basadi ke zrutakIrti kI guru-paramparA kulabhUSaNa - kulacandramAghanandI zrutakIrti thI / isalie donoM ko eka zrutakIrti svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / (ga) kolhApura kA zrutakIrti traividya apane samaya meM suprasiddha thA, parantu tatkAlIna abhilekhoM meM rAghavapANDavIya kA nirdeza nahIM hai / yadi usane rAghavapANDavIya nAmaka kAvya kI racanA kI hotI, to nizcita rUpa se usakA ullekha
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA usakI prazastiyoM meM hotaa| kintu na to tatkAlIna abhilekhoM meM, na hI kolhApura aura nikaTastha pradezoM ke paravartI abhilekhoM meM isa prakAra ke kisI kAvya ke prati usake kartRtva kA saMdarbha prApta hotA hai / isa prakAra bhI donoM zrutakIrti bhinna hI siddha hote haiN| (5) DaoN. vI.vI. mirAzI kA mata (lagabhaga 800 I.) vI.vI. mirAzI pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya tathA kolhApura jaina basadi ke muni zrutakIrti vidya ko bhinna mAnakara dhanaJjaya kA kAla lagabhaga 800 I. svIkAra karate haiN| apanI mAnyatA ke samarthana meM unhoMne nimnalikhita tathya diye ___(1) kannar3a kavi durgasiMha (1025 I) ne apane paMcataMtra meM kahA hai ki dhanaJjaya rAghavapANDavIya se sarasvatI ke svAmI bana gye| durgasiMha paravartI cAlukya rAjA jayasiMha dvitIya (jagadekamalla prathama) 1015-1042 I. ke samakAlIna the / ata: - dhanaJjaya 1000 I. pUrva nizcitarUpeNa prakhyAta rahe hoNge| (2) vAdirAja ke pArzvanAthacarita meM dhanaJjaya se sambaddha nimnalikhita padya prayukta hai anekabhedasandhAnAH khananto hadaye muhuH / bANA dhanaJjayonmuktAH karNasyeva priyA: katham / / 2 vAdirAja ne pArzvanAthacarita zaka saM. 947, kArtika sudI 3 (27 akTUbara, 1026 I) ko saMkalita kiyA thaa| ata: dhanaJjaya vAdirAja se arthAt 1000 I. se pUrva prakhyAta rahA hogaa| (3) dhArAnareza bhoja ne apane zRGgAraprakAza meM kucha sthAnoM para dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna-kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai / eka uddharaNa isa prakAra hai tRtIyasya (dvisandhAnaprakArasya) udAharaNaM yathA daNDino dhanaJjayasya vA dvisandhAna-prabandhau rAmAyaNabhAratAvanubadhIta: / 3 1. kannar3a paJcataMtra,maisUra,1898,8 2. pArzvanAthacarita,1:26 3. zRGgAraprakAza,madrAsa,1963,pR.406
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________________ 57 mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva bhoja 1015-1055 I. ke madhya prakhyAta rahA / ata: dhanaJjaya nizcita rUpa se 1000 I. se pUrva vidyamAna thaa| bhoja ke samakAlIna prabhAcandra ne apane prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM eka dvisandhAna-kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu yaha spaSTa nahIM, yaha dvisandhAna-kAvya daNDI kA thA athavA dhanaJjaya kaa| (4) rAjazekhara ne apane prakIrNa padyoM meM se eka meM dhanaJjaya kA varNana kiyA dvisandhAne nipuNatAM sa tAM cakre dhanaJjayaH / yayA jAtaM phalaM tasya satAM cakre dhanaM jayaH // 1 rAjazekhara pratihArarAja mahendrapAla aura mahIpAla kA tathA kalacari rAjA yuvarAjadeva kA sabhAkavi thaa| ataeva vaha 900 se 940 I. taka prasiddha huaa| isa prakAra dhanaJjaya 9vIM zatI ke anta meM prakhyAta huA hogaa| (5) dhanaJjaya kRta anekArthanAmamAlA meM iti avyaya ke vibhinna artha prakaTa karane vAlA nimna padya pAyA jAtA hai hetAvevaM prakArAdyaiH vyavacchede viparyayeH / prAdurbhAve samApte ca iti zabdaM vidurbudhAH / / 2 yaha suvikhyAta jainAcArya jinasena ke guru vIrasena kI dhavalA TIkA meM uddhRta hai| dhavalA kI racanA vikrama saM. 873 (816 I) meM huii| ata: dhanaJjaya 800 I. ke lagabhaga prasiddha huA hogaa| (6) dhanaJjaya kRta nAmamAlA paryAyavAcI saMskRta zabdoM ko prastuta karatI hai / yaha pUrvavartI zabdakoSoM se eka hai| isameM kaI hindU devI-devatAoM ke nAma saMkalita haiM, yathA zivare, viSNu, brahmA aura kArtikeyartha, parantu yaha gajAnana kA koI ullekha 1. sUktimuktAvalI,pR.46 2. anekArthanAmamAlA,40 3. dhanaJjayanAmamAlA,68-70 4. vahI,74-76 5. vahI,72-73 6. vahI,66-67
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA nahIM krtii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha kRti usa samaya se sambaddha hai, jaba hindU samAja meM gajAnana devatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita nahIM ho pAyA thaa| yaha dekhane meM AtA hai ki isa devatA ko chaThI zatI I. ke anta meM mAnyatA milanI prArambha huI / sAtavIM zatI I. meM bhI kucha racanAoM meM usakA devatA rUpa meM ullekha nahIM hai / ata: dhanaJjaya kA anumAnita samaya 750-800 I. ke lagabhaga mAnA jA sakatA hai| (7) dhanaJjaya apanI nAmamAlA meM akalaMka ke pramANoM se sambaddha kArya kA tathA pUjyapAda kRta vyAkaraNa kA apane dvisandhAnakAvya kI bhA~ti zreSTha kArya ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai / akalaMka 720-750 I. ke madhya tathA jainendra vyAkaraNa ke kartA pUjyapAda devanandi chaThI zatI I. ke anta meM mAne jAte haiM / ata: dhanaJjaya inake pazcAt 750-800 I. ke lagabhaga hI hue hoNge| uparyukta sabhI mata-matAntaroM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke lekhaka dhanaJjaya ko 800 I. ke lagabhaga mAnanA hI sarvAcita pratIta hotA hai / isa prakAra pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya (1050) tathA kolhApura jaina basadi ke jaina muni zrutakIrti vidya (bArahavIM zatI I. kA pUrvArdha) se dhanaJjaya kA aikya sthApita karanA bhI nirAkRta ho jAtA hai| dhanaJjaya kA vyaktitva dhanaJjaya ne apane viSaya meM koI vizeSa paricayAtmaka vivaraNa nahIM diyA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke antima sarga ke antima padya kI nemicandra kRta padakaumudI TIkA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhanaJjaya ke pitA kA nAma vAsudeva tathA mAtA kA nAma zrIdevI thaa| isI sthala para usake guru dazaratha kA ullekha bhI huA hai| dhanaJjaya apane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI vyarthaka sandhAna-vidhA ke atyadhika prasiddha ho jAne ke kAraNa sandhAna-kavi ke nAma se jAnA jAne lagA thaa| dhanaJjaya ne apanI kavitva pratibhA ko akalaMka kI nyAyazAstrIya pratibhA tathA pUjyapAda kI vaiyAkaraNa pratibhA ke samakakSa rakhate hue tInoM pratibhAoM ko vAstavika 1. dhanaJjayanAmabhAlA,201 2. dvisa,18.146 tathA usa para nemicandra kRta padakaumudI TIkA
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 59 ratnatraya kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / 1 kAvya pratibhA sampanna hone para bhI vaha apane guNoM ke prati sajaga hai aura svayaM ko vAlmIki aura vyAsa kA sammilita rUpa mAnatA hai / 2 dhanaJjaya ne dvyarthaka sandhAna vidhA meM itanI nipuNatA prApta kI ki sajjanoM ke samUha meM usa 'dhana' tathA 'jaya' rUpa phala kA lAbha huA / vAdirAja bhI apane pArzvanAthacarita meM usakI ekAdhika sandhAna zailI meM pravINatA kA ullekha karate hue kahate haiM ki aneka prakAra ke artha vAle aura hRdaya meM bArambAra cubhane vAle dhanaJjaya ke zabda karNapriya kaise hoMge ? 4 dhanaJjaya jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvAna thA, isIlie usane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke prArambha meM maGgala- zloka meM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI abhyarthanA kI hai / 5 DaoN. ke.bI. pAThaka pampa - rAmAyaNa meM nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya aura dhanaJjaya meM aikya sthApita kara use jaina muni siddha karate haiM / 6 e. veMkaTasubbaiyA dhanaJjaya aura kolhApura jaina basadi ke kAryakArI purohita meM aikya sthApita kara use kolhApura jaina basadi kA kAryakArI purohita batAte haiM / 7 nAthUrAma premI, vI. vI. mirAzI prabhRti vidvAn dhanaJjaya ko pampa dvArA nirdiSTa zrutakIrti traividya tathA kolhApura jaina basadi ke kAryakArI purohita se pRthak mAnakara usake gRhastha hone kI sambhAvanA prakaTa karate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM dhanaJjaya ke guru kA ullekha to prApta hotA hai, kintu use kahIM bhI muni nahIM kahA gayA, ata: use zrAvaka mAnanA hI zreyaskara pratIta hotA hai / guru ke zrAvaka hone para ziSya kA zrAvaka honA yuktiyukta bhI pratIta hotA hai 1 dhanaJjaya kI kRtiyA~ 1. dhanaJjaya ko nimnalikhita pA~ca kRtiyoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai 5. 6. 7. pramANamakalaGkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam / dvisandhAnakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam // " dhanaJjayanAmamAlA, 201 2. nighaNTu, 2.49 3. sUktimuktAvalI, pR. 46 4. pArzvanAthacarita 1.26 dvisa.,1.1 JBBRAS bhAga 21,1904,pR.1-3 vahI, bhAga 3 (nyU sirIz2a), 1937, pR.136-38
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________________ 60 carita tathA (5) dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya / (1) viSApahAra-stotra' yaha 39 indravajrA vRttoM meM likhA gayA stutiparaka kAvya hai / 2 e.ena. upAdhye isa kAvya ko 40 padyoM kI RSabha - jina stuti kahate haiM / unake anusAra isake prathama 39 padya upajAti vRtta meM tathA antima padya puSpitAgrA vRtta meM racA gayA hai / 3 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isake caudahaveM padya ke Adi meM prayukta viSApahAraM maNimoSadhAni ityAdi pada se isakA nAmakaraNa huA / isI padya se stotra ke liye eka anuzruti bhI pracArita ho gayI ki isake pATha se sarpa kA viSa dUra ho jAtA hai / yaha vizada bhASA meM nibaddha kAvya hai / yaha stotra apanI praur3hatA, gambhIratA aura anUThI uktiyoM ke lie prasiddha hai / antima padya meM zleSa ke mAdhyama se dhanaJjaya kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| nAthUrAma premI ke anusAra isake kucha paramparAvAdI vicAra jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM tathA somadeva ne yazastilaka meM apanAye haiN| isakI eka saMskRta TIkA jaina maTha, mUDabidrI (da. kanArA) meM upalabdha hai / 6 nemicandra zAstrI ne pArzvanAtha putra nAgacandra kRta saMskRta TIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai|7 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (1) viSApahAra-stotra, (2) nAmamAlA, (3) anekArthanAmamAlA, (4) yazodhara (2) nAmamAlA ise kucha hastalikhita pANDulipiyoM meM dhanaJjaya-nighaNTu ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / yaha 200 padyoM kA amarakoza jaisA atyanta mahatvapUrNa 1. kAvyamAlA sirIz2a, naM.7, bambaI, 1926 meM prakAzita 2. draSTavya-nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR. 365 tathA nAthUrAma premI: jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1956, pR. 110 dvisa. kA pradhAna sampAdakIya, pR. 21 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. vitarati vihitA yathAkathaJcijjinavinatAya manISitAni bhaktiH / tvayi nutiviSayA punarvizeSAd dizati sukhAni yazo dhanaM jayaM ca // viSApahAra-stotra. 40 nAthUrAma premI: jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1956, pR., 109 kannar3a tAr3apatrIya granthasUcI, pR. 192-93 nemicandra zAstrI: saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR. 365
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva zabdakoSa hai| saMskRta vidyArthiyoM ko kaNThastha karane ke liye yaha bahuta hI upayogI hai / isameM 1700 zabdoM ke artha diye gaye haiM / bar3e hI kauzala se saMskRta bhASA ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA cayana karake isa koza kA saMgrahaNa kiyA gayA hai| zabda se zabdAntara banAne kI prakriyA bhI advitIya hai| udAharaNatayA pRthvI zabda ke Age dhara yA dhara ke paryAyavAcI zabda jor3a dene se parvata ke nAma pati yA pati ke samAnArthaka svAmin Adi zabda jor3a dene se rAjA ke nAma evaM ruha zabda jor3a dene se vRkSa ke nAma ho jAte haiN|2 isa para amarakIrti kRta nAmamAlAbhASya upalabdha hai| (3) anekArthanAmamAlA bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI se san 1950 I. meM prakAzita nAmamAlA ke sAtha 46 zloka pramANa kI anekArthanAmamAlA bhI sammilita hai / ise bhI dhanaJjaya kI kRti mAnA gayA hai| isameM ekAdhika artha batAne vAle zabdoM ko saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| (4) yazodharacarita bhaTTAraka jJAnakIrti (vikrama saM. 1650) ne apane yazodharacarita meM apane se pUrvavartI sAta yazodharacaritoM ke racayitAoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, una sAta meM eka nAma dhanaJjaya kA bhI hai / yadi bhaTTAraka jJAnakIrti ne ukta sabhI granthoM ko dekhakara hI yaha ullekha kiyA hai, to samajhanA cAhie ki vikrama saM. 1650 taka dhanaJjaya kRta yazodharacarita upalabdha thaa| 2. 1. kaverdhanaJjayasyeyaM satkvInAM shiromnneH| pramANaM nAmamAleti zlokAnAM ca zatadvayam // dhanaJjayanAmamAlA,202 tatparyAyadharaH shailsttpryaayptirnRpH| ___ tatparyAyaruho vRkSaHzabdamanyaM ca yojayet // dhanaJjayanAmamAlA,7 evaM isa para amarakIrti viracita bhASya draSTavya -DaoN. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla : rAjasthAna ke jaina santa-vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, jayapura,1961,pR.211 tathA nAthUrAma premI:jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa,bambaI,1956, pR.110 va 421
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________________ 62 ha (5) dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA apara nAma rAghavapANDavIya bhI hai / yadi dvidhAna nAma racanA paddhati ko vyakta karatA hai, to dUsarA nAma rAghavapANDavIya kAvya kI viSayavastu kA AbhAsa detA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM 18 sarga tathA kula 1105 padya haiN| isameM kavi dvArA rAma aura kRSNa caritoM kA nirvAha saphalatApUrvaka huA hai / jaisI ki digambara jaina lekhakoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti rahI hai, tadanurUpa isameM rAjA zreNika ke lie gautama dvArA kathA kahI gayI hai / dhanaJjaya ne sandhAna- kAvya meM bhI kAvyocita guNoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai aura kuzalatApUrvaka isa kAvya meM unakA prayoga bhI kiyA hai / isameM vyAkaraNa, rAjanItizAstra, sAmudrikazAstra, lipizAstra, gaNitazAstra evaM jyotiSa Adi viSayoM kI carcAeM bhI upalabdha haiM / ataeva yaha zAstra aura kAvya donoM dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kI TIkAeM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya bahuta lokaprasiddha thA, isIlie isakI pANDulipiyA~ bhI paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha haiM / inhIM pANDulipiyoM se isakI kucha TIkAoM kA bhI patA calatA hai, jo nimnalikhita haiM I (1) padakaumudI - yaha TIkA nemicandra dvArA likhI gayI hai / nemicandra devanandi ke ziSya tathA vinayacandra ke praziSya the / 3 gulAbacandra caudharI ne apane "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6 " meM nemicandra ko vinayacandra kA ziSya aura padmanandi kA ziSya batAyA hai| (2) badrInAtha kRta TIkA - dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya san 1895I. meM nirNayasAgara praisa, bambaI se kAvyamAlA sirIz2a - 49 meM badrInAtha kI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita huA thA / badrInAtha kI TIkA nemicandra kI padakaumudI TIkA kA saMkSiptIkaraNa hai / adhyayana karane para patA calatA hai ki badrInAtha ne apanA dhyAna mUla kI vyAkhyA karane para adhika kendrita rakhA hai / 1. draSTavya - dvisa., 1.9 2. dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1970 meM prakAzita 3. draSTavya-nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR. 366 4. gulAbacandra caudharI : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6 pR. 528
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya :vyaktitva evaM kRtitva (3) puSyasena ziSya kRta TIkA-puSyasena ziSya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI TIkA kA hIrAlAla jaina tathA e. ena. upAdhye ne bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI se 1970 I. meM prakAzita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke pradhAna sampAdakIya meM pR. 20 para ullekha kiyA hai| (4) rAghavapANDavIya prakAzikA-yaha TIkA paravAdigharaTTa ke nAma se khyAta rAmabhaTTa ke putra kavi devara dvArA likhI gayI hai| hIrAlAla jaina tathA e.ena. upAdhye isa TIkA kA nAma rAghavapANDavIya parIkSA tathA kavi devara ke pitA kA nAma rAmaghaTa batAte haiM / yaha TIkA kavi devara ne apane AzrayadAtA aralu zreSThin ke lie likhI thii| aralu zreSThin jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvAn karNATaka ke kIrti nAmaka eka bar3e vyApArI tathA jayA ke putra the / kavi devara ne apanI TIkA ke prArambha meM amarakIrti, siMhanandi, dharmabhUSaNa, zrIvadhadaiva tathA bhaTTAraka muni ko namaskAra kiyA hai|3 rAghavapANDavIyaprakAzikA kI eka tAr3apatrIya prati kannar3a lipi meM jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA meM upalabdha hai / / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya : tulanAtmaka pariprekSya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke nirmANa meM anya saMskRta kAvyoM kA bhI vizeSa prabhAva rahA hai / dhanaJjaya ne isakI racanA ke liye kisa prakAra pUrvavartI kAvyoM se preraNA lI, usakA tulanAtmaka paryavekSaNa nimnalikhita vivaraNoM se spaSTa hai-- raghuvaMza aura dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kAlidAsa kRta raghuvaMza se paryApta anuprANita hai| raghuvaMza se anuprANita prasaMgoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhanaJjaya dvitIya (anukArI) kAlidAsa hI bana gayA hai / dazaratha athavA pANDurAja kI patniyoM ke dohada lakSaNa kA citraNa karane vAlA, nimna padya draSTavya hai1. gulAbacandra caudharI : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6,pR.528 2. dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA pradhAna sampAdakIya,pR.20 3. jinaratnakoza,pR.185 4. draSTavya-jaina hitaiSI,pR.153-54
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________________ EX sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA jAne hi mRtsnAmyavahAramAtraM mAtuH prkaashycchlmntraatmaa| samudravelAjalAsiktasImAM garbhasthita: sa grasate sma bhUmim / / yahA~ dazaratha athavA pANDurAja kI patniyoM ko miTTI khAte hue dekhakara usI prakAra ke hetvantara kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, jisa prakAra raghuvaMza meM sudakSiNA ko miTTI khAte hue dekhakara garbhastha zizu ke rAjyabhoga kI kalpanA caritArtha huI hai| dvivaM narutvAniva mokSyate bhuvaM digantavizrAntaratho hi tatsutaH / atobhilASe prathamaM tathAvidhe mano babandhAnyarasAn vilaDhya sA / / dvisandhAna ke anya aneka prasaMga raghuvaMza se bhAvasAmya rakhate haiN| udAharaNArtha dvisa. 3.11 aura raghuvaMza 2.13 meM rAmajanma sambandhI nakSatroM kI sthiti kA zobhAvarNana paraspara sAmyatA liye hue hai / dvisandhAna 3.12 aura raghu. 3.15 meM rAjapatra ke janma hone para nakSatroM kI tejahInatA kA varNana bhI eka dUsare se milatA hai| donoM mahAkAvyoM meM tRtIya sarga kA solahavAM padya putra janma ke usa harSAtireka kA citraNa karatA hai, jaba rAjA dvArA putrotpatti ke samAcAra lAne vAle sevaka ko rAjacinhoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI AbhUSaNAdi puraskAra svarUpa pradAna kara diye gye| isa varNana meM raghuvaMza aura dvisandhAna kA bhAvasAmya to milatA hI hai, vizeSa draSTavya yaha hai ki donoM kAvyoM meM isa varNana-sAmya ke lie tRtIya sarga kA solahavAM padya hI cunA gyaa| dvisa. 3.17 tathA raghuvaMza 3.19 meM bhI janmotsava kA varNana eka jaisA hI hai| isI prakAra dvisa. 3.14 kA diza: prasedurvimalaM namo bhUt raghuvaMza ke diza: prasedu maruto vavuH sukhA: bhAvasAmya evaM zabdasAmya donoM liye hue hai| dvisandhAna ke yuddhavarNana (16.8) tathA raghuvaMza kI caturaGgiNI senA kA varNana (7.37) bhI paryApya sAmyatA liye hue hai| meghadUta aura dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM meghadUta se sAmya rakhane vAle aMza bhI upalabdha hote haiN| yathA 1. dvisa.,37 2. raghuvaMza,3.4
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya :vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 65 suvarNamayyaH zuciratnapIThikA harinmaNInAM phalake: kRtasthalAH / kalApinAM yatra nivAsayaSTaya: sphuranti mAyUrapatAkikA iva // yahA~ ayodhyA athavA hastinApurI kA varNana karate hue mayUroM ke baiThane ke lie banAye gaye svarNa-daNDoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha prasaMga meghadUtare se tulanIya hai / isake atirikta dvisandhAna ke padya 1.27 tathA 1.29 bhI kramaza: meghadUta (pUrvamegha) ke padya 42 tathA 34 se sAmya rakhate haiN| abhijJAna-zAkuntala evaM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya para kAlidAsa kRta abhijJAna-zAkuntala kA prabhAva bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / sItA kA apaharaNa karane ke liye gae hue rAvaNa kI ukti ke anusAra yadi vana meM isa prakAra kA lokottara rUpa ho sakatA hai, to anta:pura kI kyA AvazyakatA hai, yadi vanalatA hI lokottara sundara hotI hai, to bAga meM latA lagAne se kyA prayojana hai ? 3 sItA kA yaha saundarya-varNana duSyanta dvArA kiye gaye zakuntalA ke nimna saundarya-varNana se sAmya rakhatA hai zuddhAntadurlabhamidaM vapurAzramavAsino yadi jnsy| dUrIkRtA: khalu guNairudyAnalatA vanalatAbhi: // kirAtArjunIya tathA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dhanaJjaya ne yadyapi rAjanIti ke nirUpaNa meM apanI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai, tathApi rAjyavyavasthA ke citraNa meM bhAravi kRta kirAtArjunIya kA una para prabhAva spaSTa hI parilakSita ho jAtA hai / isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna kA nimna padya draSTavya jigAya SaDvidhamarimantarAzrayaM yata: smayaM tyajati na SaDvidhaM blm| na yasya yadvyasanamadIpi saptakaM sthirAbhavat prakRtiSu saptasu sthitiH / / 1. dvisa.1.25 2. meghadUta (uttaramegha),19 3. dvisa.,7.86 4. abhijJAna-zAkuntala,1.17 5. dvisa.,2.11
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________________ 66 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA yaha padya kirAtArjunIya ke usa padya se bhAvasAmya rakhatA pratIta hotA hai, jisameM rAjA kI zAsana-paddhati tathA nIti-patha kA varNana karate hue kAma, krodha, lobha, mada, moha, aura ahaMkAra Adi prANizatruoM ko jIta lene kA nirdeza kiyA gayA dvisandhAna kA padya 2.10 bhI kirAtArjunIyam ke padya 1.3 se tulanIya hai| zizupAlavadha tathA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya para mAghakRta zizupAlavadha kA prabhAva bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / dvArakApurI kA citraNa zizupAlavadha ke dvArakA-varNana se anuprANita pratIta hotA hai / dhanaJjaya dvArakApurI ke bAjAroM kA varNana nimna prakAra se karate haiM pravAlamuktAphalazaGkhazuktibhirvinIlakarketanavajragAruDaiH / yadApaNA bhAnti catuHpayodhayaH kutopi zuSkA iva ratnazeSataH // 2 yahA~ motI,mUMgA, zaila, sIpa, karketana, lAla, hIrA, garuDamaNi Adi se bhare hue bAjAroM kI una samudroM se tulanA kI gayI hai, jinakA pAnI sUkhakara ratna hI zeSa raha gaye hoM / yaha varNana zizupAlavadha ke nimna varNana se sAmya rakhatA hai vaNikpathe pUgakRtAni yatra bhramAgatairambubhiramburAziH / lolairaloladyutimAJjimuSNAn ratnAni ratnAkaratAmavApa // 2 dvisandhAna ke padya 1.26 tathA 1.30 bhI kramaza: zizupAlavadha ke padya 1.25 tathA 3.44 se tulanIya hai| evaMvidha hama dekhate haiM ki sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya ne apane pUrvavartI kAlidAsa, bhAravi, mAgha Adi mahAkaviyoM kI sundara kAvyAbhivyaktiyoM aura ramaNIya kalpanAoM ke prati mahAn Adara prakaTa karate hue unase apane kAvya kI zrIvRddhi kA bhI pUrA-pUrA lAbha uThAyA hai / isase yaha bhI dyotita hotA hai ki unhoMne apane samaya taka kI mahAn kAvyakRtiyoM kA vizeSa rasAsvAdana kiyA thA aura pUrva kaviyoM kI 1. kirAtArjunIya,19 2. dvisa.1.32 3. zizupAlavadha,3.38
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________________ mahAkavi dhanaJjaya :vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 67 dharohara ke rUpa meM prApta kAvyanidhi ko navIna kAvya-mUlyoM ke vikAsa dvArA vizeSa samRddha kiyaa| niSkarSa isa prakAra prastuta adhyAya meM DaoN. ke.bI. pAThaka, DaoN. bhaNDArakara tathA e. veMkaTasubbaiyA prabhRti vidvAnoM ke matoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue dhanaJjaya ko 800I. ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai, isakI puSTi DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye tathA DaoN. vI.vI. mirAzI Adi vidvAnoM ke matoM se hotI hai / dhanaJjaya ke pitA vAsudeva tathA mAtA zrIdevI thiiN| guru kA nAma dazaratha thA / dhanaJjaya anya jaina kaviyoM kI bhA~ti sAdhu na hokara gRhastha thA / vaha saMskRta kA eka udbhaTa vidvAn thaa| dhanaJjaya ne pA~ca kRtiyoM kI racanA kI-1. viSApahAra-stotra, 2. nAmamAlA, 3. anekArtha-nAmamAlA, 4. yazodharacarita tathA 5. dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya / dvisandhAna kA aparanAma 'rAghavapANDavIya' hai| nAma se hI spaSTa hai ki isameM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata kI kathAeM upanibaddha haiM / dvisandhAna para nemicandra kI padakaumudI, badrInAtha kRta TIkA, puSyasena kRta TIkA evaM kavi devara kRta rAghavapANDavIyaprakAzikA Adi TIkAeM upalabdha haiM / dvisandhAna kI anya saMskRta kAvyoM se tulanA karane para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki yaha kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza, meghadUta tathA abhijJAna-zAkuntala, bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya tathA mAghakRta zizupAlavadha se paryApta prabhAvita rahA hai / lekhaka ne pUrvavartI mahAkAvya-paramparA kA pAlana karate hue 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' ko eka aise udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upanibaddha kiyA, jisase ki rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhAratIya yugIna mahAkAvya-cetanA zabdADambarapUrNa kAvya-lekhana se camatkRta ho utthe| sandhAna-zailI ke Adi-kavi ke rUpa meM dhanaJjaya kA nAma una gine-cune kaviyoM meM likhA jA sakatA hai, jinhoMne saMskRta sAhitya ke sRjana ko maulika AyAma diye|
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________________ tRtIya adhyAya dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna saMskRta bhASA kI sahaja prakRti hai ki usakA eka hI zabda cAhe vaha kriyA ho yA saMjJA, vibhinna artha rakhatA hai| isa prakAra ke zabda saMskRta ke anekArtha yA nAnArtha kozoM meM saMgrahIta haiM / saMskRta kI isa nAnArthaka pravRtti se prerita hokara hI paravartI saMskRta kaviyoM mAgha, subandhu tathA bANa Adi ne citrakAvya athavA zleSakAvya kI sarjanA kii| yahA~ taka ki dasavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kAvya kA bhAvapakSa gauNa hotA gayA aura bhASApakSa mukhya / do, tIna, cAra, pA~ca, sAta, bIsa, caubIsa, sau, yahA~ taka ki lakSArthI kAvyoM kI racanA kI hor3a laga gayI / saMskRta bhASA kI nAnArthaka pravRtti ke darzana vaidika kAla meM bhI hote haiM / udAharaNatayA, 'indrazatru' - yaha samasta pada svaracinhoM ke mAdhyama se dvayarthI ho jAtA / ajJAnatAvaza dAnavoM dvArA isakA azuddhoccAraNa hone para unheM mRtyurUpI duSphala kA bhAgI honA par3A / yaha paramparA jaba apanI caramAvasthA ko prApta huI, taba aise kAvyoM kI racanA hone lagI, jinase mastiSka kI pipAsA to zAnta huI, kintu hRdaya tRSita hI raha gayA / aba kAvya vidagdhajana dvArA bhI koza se paThanIya hotA calA gyaa| isa paramparA ke antargata dvyarthI, tryarthI, caturarthI, saptArthI Adi sabhI sandhAna- kAvya parigaNita kiye jAte haiM / sandhAna- kAvya kI sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ saMskRta bhASA meM jahA~ paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA prAcurya hai, vahIM nAnArthaka zabdoM kA abhAva bhI nahIM hai / saMskRta kI isa urvara prakRti ke phalasvarUpa kAlAntara meM sandhAna athavA nAnArthaka kAvya vidhA kA vikAsa huaa| isa sandarbha meM saMskRta 1
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna sAhitya ke itihAsa para yadi dRSTipAta kiyA jAye to, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kAlidAsIya bhAva-pradhAna kAvya-zailI ke sthAna para 'artha-gaurava' ko sthAnAntarita karane vAle kAvyakAroM meM bhAravi kA nAma sarvaprathama AtA hai / arthagaurava ke liye sthApita isa kalApakSa ke mAdhyama se saMskRta kAvya-sAhitya paravartI kAla meM zAbdika camatkRti, vividha chandaprayoga, alaMkAra-vinyAsa tathA pANDitya -pradarzana kA kSetra-mAtra banakara raha gayA hai| mahAkavi mAgha dvArA prayukta kRtrima citrAlaMkAra yamaka ukta tathya kI puSTi karate haiM / svAbhAvikatA tathA sAralya ko tiraSkRta karate hue yamaka kAvya ko durUha va ADambarapUrNa banA dete haiM / 'pratyakSarazleSamayI', 'bANocchiSTaM jagatsarvam' tathA 'naiSadhaM vidvadauSadham' Adi uktiyA~ yaha siddha karatI haiM ki isa prakAra ke kAvya-vikAsa meM subandhu, bANa tathA zrIharSa kA yogadAna bhI kama nahIM hai| koI bhI paramparA vizva meM aisI nahIM hai, jo eka-na-eka dina apanI caramAvasthA para na paha~ca gayI ho / yamaka kAvya se prArambha hokara ADambarapUrNa kAvya paramparA apane caramotkarSa para paha~cakara aise kAvyoM para samApta haI, jinako par3hanA baccoM kA khela na hokara, vidagdha kAvya rasika ke liye duHsAdhya ho gayA / antataH koza yA TIkAoM kA avalambana lenA Avazyaka ho gyaa| isa paramparA meM sandhAnakAvya vidhA kA vikAsa huA aura vyarthaka, vyarthaka, caturarthaka, saptArthaka Adi kAvyoM kI kAlAntara meM racanA huii| sandhAna-kAvya meM do kathAeM kisa prakAra prastuta kI jAtI haiM, isa viSaya para vibhinna saMskRta manISiyoM ne samaya-samaya para apane mantavya prastuta kiye haiN| DaoN. e.bI. kItha ke mata meM, "yaha adbhuta kArya ApAtata: avizvasanIya pratIta hotA hai, to bhI saMskRta bhASA ke svabhAva ko dekhane se isakI vyAkhyA vizeSa kaThinatA ke binA ho jAtI hai, padya kI pratyeka paMkti ko eka ikAI mAnakara usakA bilkula vibhinna rUpa se akSarasamUhAtmaka zabdoM meM paraspara vizleSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI samAsoM ke artha para bhI tadantargata zabdoM ke paraspara sambandhoM ko jisa rUpa se samajhA jAtA hai, usakA bar3A gaharA prabhAva hotA hai, cAhe zabdoM ko eka artha meM liyA jAye / isake atirikta yaha bAta vizeSa mahatva rakhatI hai ki saMskRta ke zabdakoza eka zabda ke aneka prakAra ke artha dete haiM, unameM hameM bar3e vicitra zabdoM kI eka bar3I saMkhyA milatI hai, apane vizeSa rUpa ke kAraNa ve zabda isa abhiprAya
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA se thor3e bahuta gar3he hue pratIta hote haiM ki unakA artha yA rUpa yA to kevala samajhane kI bhUla se yA kucha avasthAoM meM kevala par3hane kI bhUla se hI niSpanna huA hai| ina vyarthaka kAvyoM jaise granthoM kI paddhati kA prArambha subandhu aura bANa ke zabdakoza se huA" / ema. vinTaranitz2are ,sudhIrakumAra guptaH, esa. ke. De, jUthikA ghoSa' tathA khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA Adi ne bhI isI prakAra ke mantavya prastuta kiye haiM, kintu vI. rAghavan ne isa yuga kA saMkSipta itihAsa bhI prastuta kiyA hai-"zleSa citrakAvya kA eka prakAra hone se kAvya kI anya vizeSatAoM meM bhI sahAyaka hai, cU~ki citrakaviyoM ke hAtha meM yaha eka lAbhadAyaka astra hai, ataeva jaba ye isakA prayoga eka sImA meM rahakara karate haiM, taba ye zleSa bar3e saTIka ho jAte haiN| ata: mahAkaviyoM ne inakA prayoga atiparimitatA tathA saralatA se kiyA hai"| yaha upacAra, saMdhi tathA samAsokti meM bhI sahAyaka hai| yaha nItizAstra ke prabhAva-yukta siddhAnta bhI vyakta kara sakatA hai| udAharaNasvarUpa kavirAkSasIya tathA vedAntadezika kRta subhASitanIvi Adi grantha draSTavya haiM / yaha bauddhikatA tathA rasikatA ko bhI uttejita karatA hai| yaha vakrokti kA bhI sahAyaka hai arthAt do vyakti jinake ApasI sambandha acche nahIM haiM yA jo eka dUsare kI vAkzakti parAjita karanA cAhate hoM, unake praznoM ke uttaroM ke rUpa meM / yathA -mudrArAkSasa kI nAndI meM jahA~ ziva pArvatI ke praznoM ko Upara hI nahIM uThane dete / isI prakAra ratnAkara kA 'vakrokti-paMcazika' hai jo isa vidhi ko Adi se anta taka apanAye hue hai| 1. e.bI.kItha : saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa,pR.171 2. ema.vinTaranitz2a : e hisTrI Apha inDiyana liTarecara,bhAga 3,pR.62 3. esa.ke. gupta : saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa,pR.107 4. esa.ke.De: e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara,pR.335-36 5. jUthikA ghoSa : epika sorsiz2a Apha saMskRta liTarecara,pR.20 6. khuzAlacanda gorAvAlAHdvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA pradhAna sampAdakIya,pR.19 7. vI.rAghavanaHsaMskRta liTarecara,pR.112-114
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna zleSa-yukta kAvya meM pada ko vibhinna artha ke liye vibhinna prakAra se niyojita kiyA jAtA hai isa vidhi ko sabhaMga zleSa kahate haiM / bANa aura subandhu ne isa vidhi meM saphalatA prApta kii| agrima vikAsa isakA bhASA-zleSa ke rUpa meM huA jahA~ eka artha saMskRta se tathA dUsarA prAkRta bhASA se samajhA jAtA hai| zleSa kA eka padya meM hone se hI kyA hai? yaha to sampUrNa mahAkAvya meM honA cAhie, ata: daNDI, sandhyAkaranandI, dhanaJjaya tathA kavirAja ke do arthoM se yukta, rAjacUDAmaNi kA rAghavayAdavapANDavIya tathA cidambara kI kathAtrayI tIna arthoM se yukta, ajJAtanAmA kavi kA nalayAdavarAghavapANDavIya cAra arthoM se yukta, cidambara kA paJcakalyANacampU pA~ca arthoM se yukta, kisI jaina tapasvI kA saptasandhAnakAvya, tadanantara 24 arthoM se yukta, zatArthaka aura antima vikAsa ATha lAkha arthoM vAle kAvyoM meM huaa| isa yuga meM aisI racanAeM sAmAnya bAta ho gyiiN| eka padya ko sarala rIti se par3hakara usI padya ko ulaTakara par3hane se artha nikAlakara naye evaM camatkArapUrNa sAhityika kIrtimAna sthApita kiye gaye, jinheM gatapratyAgata yA viloma kAvya kahA jAtA hai| aise kAvya darjanoM kI saMkhyA meM likhe gaye, jinameM sUryapaNDita kA rAmakRSNaviloma-kAvya prasiddha thA / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya isI zrRMkhalA se jur3A huA hai, jisameM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata kI kathAeM eka sAtha guMthI huI haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu __ 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' meM 'dvisandhAna' zabda racanA ke dvayarthI svabhAva kA sUcaka hai / isa mahAkAvya kA apara nAma 'rAghavapANDavIya' hai / yaha nAma isa bAta ko pratipAdita karatA hai ki isa mahAkAvya meM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata athavAraghukula va pANDukula kI kathAeM ekasAtha saphalatApUrvaka nibaddha kI gayI haiM / yaha mahAkAvya 18 sargoM meM vibhAjita hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI kathA ke sandarbha meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu isa prakAra hai prathama sarga ayodhyAhAstinapuravyAvarNanam sarvaprathama, maGgalAcaraNa meM munisuvrata athavA nemi ke upacAra se sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI vandanA kI gayI hai| tadantara rAma/pANDava kathA kA mahatva batAte hue gautamagaNadhara ke mukha se zreNikarAja ko rAma/pANDava kathA sunavAyI gayI hai
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA rAmakathA-prathamata: lavaNa samudra se AveSTita jambUdvIpa meM sthita kinnara evaM devoM kI bhI priya ayodhyA nagarI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yathAsAmarthya nagarI ke vaibhava kA varNana karane ke uparAnta sargAnta meM kavi svayaM ko isa nagarI kA vAstavika varNana karane meM ayogya batAtA hai, kyoMki bhAgya svayameva isa nagarI meM rAmacandra ke liye anyatra anupalabdha sAmagrI evaM dhana-vaibhava kI sRSTi karatA hai / 72 pANDavakathA-prathamata: lavaNa - samudra se AveSTita bharata kSetra meM sthita Arya evaM kinnara Adi devoM ke nivAsa yogya hastinApura nAmaka nagarI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yathAsAmarthya nagarI ke vaibhava kA varNana karane ke anantara sargAnta meM kavi svayaM ko isa nagarI kA vAstavika varNana karane meM ayogya batAtA hai, kyoMki bhAgya svayameva isa nagarI meM arjuna ke liye lokottara vaibhava kI sRSTi karatA hai / dvitIya sarga dazarathapANDurAjavarNanam rAmakathA - isa sarga meM ayodhyA nagarI meM rAjA dazaratha ke zAsana kA varNana hai / dazaratha kI rAnI kauzalyA kA varNana bhI hai pANDavakathA- isa sarga meM hastinApura meM pANDurAja ke zAsana kA varNana hai / pANDu-patnI kuntI kA varNana bhI hai / tRtIya sarga rAghavakauravotpattivarNanam rAmakathA - isa sarga meM rAghavoM (rAma, lakSamaNa Adi) kI utpatti dikhAyI gayI hai / utpatti ke anantara unakI zikSA-dIkSA kA varNana hai| zikSA-dIkSA ke pazcAt nIti-nipuNatA ke dvArA bhI rAjAoM va samasta pRthvI ko vaza meM kiye jAne kA varNana hai / pANDavakathA - isa sarga meM pANDavoM (yudhiSThira Adi) kI utpatti dikhAyI gayI hai| utpatti ke pazcAt unakI zikSA-dIkSA kA varNana hai / etaduparAnta nIti-nipuNatA dvArA sabhI rAjAoM aura samasta pRthvI ko vaza meM kiye jAne kA varNana hai /
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna caturtha sarga rAghavapANDavAraNyagamanavarNanam 73 I rAmakathA - isa sarga meM vRddhAvasthA ko prApta dazaratha dvArA vairAgya lene kA nizcaya aura rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI kA varNana hai / rAjyAbhiSeka se IrSyAyukta hokara kaikeyI dvArA dazaratha se vara rUpa meM rAma-banavAsa mA~ganA / dazaratha vairAgya le lene para rAma dvArA lakSmaNa ke sAtha araNya-gamana tathA narmadA-tIra para pahu~cane kA varNana huA hai / pANDavakathA - isa sarga meM vRddhAvasthA ke cihnoM ko dekhakara parigraha se virakta pANDu dvArA rAjanIti- zikSA ke uparAnta yudhiSThira ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI kA varNana hai / dhRtarASTra se utpanna kauravoM ke dyUta-krIr3A meM jIta jAne para yudhiSThira kA bhAiyoM ke sAtha vana-gamana, tathA narmadA tIra para pahu~cane kA varNana huA hai I paJcama sarga tumulayuddhavyAvarNanam rAmakathA-rAma kA daNDakAraNya meM pahu~canA / lakSmaNa dvArA sUrpaNakhA ke putra zambukumAra kI apamRtyu yA kIcaka vana kA lakSmaNa dvArA kATA jAnA / putra-mRtyu ke kAraNa mana meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA hone para bhI sUrpaNakhA kA lakSmaNa ke saundarya para mohita ho jaanaa| kAmapUrti ke liye kahane para lakSmaNa dvArA sUrpaNakhA kA apamAna / apamAnita sUrpaNakhA kA lakSmaNa ko kaSTa pahu~cAne kA saMkalpa / tadanantara sUrpaNakhA kI preraNA se khara-dUSaNa kA rAma-lakSmaNa se yuddha karane ke liye senA sahita prayANa / yuddha-varNana / pANDavakathA - pANDavoM kA matsya deza kI virAT bhUmi meM pahu~canA / virAT bhUmi meM virATrAja ke sAle kIcaka kA draupadI para mohita honA tathA usase prema - nivedana karanA | draupadI dvArA kIcaka kA apamAna / kIcaka kA draupadI ko balapUrvaka uThA lAne ke nizcaya se usake pAsa jAnA / kIcaka kI nIca bhAvanA ko jAnakara bhIma dvArA kIcaka se saMgharSa / saMgharSa meM apamAnita hone para tapasyA dvArA kIcaka kA zarIra ko kaSTa pahu~cAne kA nizcaya / baliSTha kIcaka ke vadhoparAnta svArthasiddhi hetu vipula godhana ko curAne ke liye duryodhana kA senA bhejanA / yuddhavarNana |
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________________ 74 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA SaSTha sarga : kharadUSaNavadhagograhanivartanam rAmakathA-rAma kA anusaraNa karate hue lakSmaNa kA yuddha-bhUmi ko prasthAna / khara-dUSaNa se bhISaNa yuddha / senA ko dhvasta kara khara-dUSaNa ko nisteja krnaa| yuddha-samApti para yuddha-sthala kA varNana / pANDavakathA bhIma kA anusaraNa karate hue arjuna kA yuddha-bhUmi ko prasthAna / virAT ke godhana kI rakSA ke liye zatru-senA se bhISaNa yuddha / senAoM ko chinna-bhinna kara godhana ko curAne ke liye banAye gaye kIcaka (bA~sa) ke bAr3e kA bhedana / yuddha-samApti para yuddha sthala kA vrnnn| saptama sarga sItAharaNa-laGkAdvArAvatIprasthAnakathanam rAmakathA-zarad-Rtu-varNana / khara-dUSaNa kA saMhAra ho jAne para sUrpaNakhA ko samajhAne ke liye rAvaNa kA Agamana / rAvaNa ke Agamana se bhayabhIta samasta carAcara kA varNana / sUrpaNakhA dvArA sAmAdi ke prayoga se samasta daNDakAraNya ke guNoM kA ullekha karanA aura usa para Adhipatya jamAye rakhane ke liye rAvaNa ko prerita karanA / sUrpaNakhA dvArA sItA ke saundarya kA varNana evaM usakA apaharaNa karane ke liye rAvaNa ko ukasAnA / sundarI sItA ko dekhakara evaM atyanta nikRSTa udvega ko prApta kara rAvaNa dvArA sItA kA apaharaNa / taduparAnta dakSiNa meM samudra-taTa para jaanaa| pANDavakathA godhana para ghere kI samApti hote hI zaratkAla kA prArambha / zarad-Rtu-varNana / zaratkAla meM devoM aura daityoM dvArA kaamopbhog| bhIma dvArA yudhiSThira ko jarAsaMdha se kiye gaye apamAna kA pratizodha lene kI sammati / zarad-Rtu ke kAraNa paristhitiyoM kI anukUlatA kA varNana / yudhiSThira dvArA nItipUrNa vacanoM meM apane anuja ko smjhaanaa| ___ aSTama sarga rAvaNayudhiSThiralaGkAdvArAvatIpravezakathanam rAmakathA-sItA-apaharaNa ke anantara sItA sahita rAvaNa dvArA laGkAprasthAna / mArga meM samudra-varNana / laGkA-varNana / laGkA pahu~cane para vibhISaNa, kumbhakarNa
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna sahita indrajita (meghanAda) dvArA rAvaNa kA svAgata / nagara kI striyoM kA rAvaNa ke darzanArtha umar3a pdd'naa| kaSTasAdhya evaM asahya kAmabAdhA se pIr3ita rAvaNa ke laMkAvAsa kA varNana / rAvaNa kA svajanoM ke sAtha rAjanaitika upAyoM para vicaarvimrsh| pANDavakathA-pANDavoM kA dvArakA-prasthAna varNana / dvArakA ke samIpastha samudra kA varNana / bhIma yA arjuna dvArA dvArakA-varNana / dvArakA pahu~cane para zrIkRSNa dvArA yudhiSThira kA svAgata / nagara kI striyoM kA yudhiSThira ke darzanArtha umar3a pdd'naa| duryodhana kI asahya manamAnI se pIr3ita yudhiSThira kA dvArakAvAsa / yudhiSThira kA svajanoM ke sAtha rAjanaitika upAyoM para vicAra-vimarza / navama sarga mAyAsugrIvanigrahajarAsandhabalavidrAvaNam / rAmakathA-sItA-apaharaNa ke anantara zoka-santapta rAma dvArA sItA ko DhUMDhanA / sugrIva dvArA kiSkindhA meM sAhasagati dvArA phailAye jA rahe trAsa tathA paTarAnI tArA ko balAt hastagata karane kI ghaTanA kA varNana / rAma dvArA daNDa-nIti ko prayoga karane kA nizcaya / kiSkindhA meM rAma-sAhasagati kA ghanaghora yuddha / sAhasagati -vadha / rAma dvArA kiSkindhA-praveza / sugrIva dvArA rAma se apanI putrI ke sAtha vivAha karane kA prastAva rakhanA / rAma ko sugrIva dvArA dhn-smrpnn| pANDavakathA- zaratkAla meM bhI jarAsaMdha kA zoka-saMtApa se jlnaa| nArAyaNa ke ghAta kI pratijJA-pUrti ke liye tAmbUla Adi kA tyAga / grISma Rtu kA Agamana / grISma Rtu kI ugratA kA varNana / jarAsaMdha kI senA kA zrIkRSNa kI ora prasthAna / krodhAbhibhUta zrIkRSNa kA pANDavoM sahita yuddha-hetu Agamana / ghanaghora yuddha-varNana / jraasNdh-praajy| kRSNa-balarAma kA saurASTra-sthita dvArakApurI meM praveza / arjuna ke parAkrama se prasanna hokara zrIkRSNa dvArA apanI bahina subhadrA ke sAtha vivAha karane kA arjuna se prastAva rkhnaa| zrI kRSNa dvArA arjuna-subhadrA-pariNaya kI taiyaarii| ..
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________________ 76 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dazama sarga dUtasaMvAdakathanam rAmakathA-lakSmaNa kA rAmadUta ke rUpa meM sugrIva ke nikaTa AnA / lakSmaNa dvArA sugrIva ko phaTakAra / prativarjanA ke rUpa meM krodhAviSTa sugrIva dvArA rAvaNa ke bala kI prazaMsA karate hue lakSmaNa ko rAvaNa se yuddha na karane ke liye kahanA / kaThora vyavahAra kA Azraya lekara lakSmaNa dvArA sugrIva ko rAma ke samIpa bhejanA / pANDavakathA-- jarAsaMdha ke dUta puruSottama kA zrIkRSNa ke pAsa Agamana / puruSottama dvArA zrIkRSNa ko jarAsaMdha ke sammukha samarpaNa karane kI sammati / zrIkRSNa evaM balarAma kA dUta puruSottama ko phaTakAranA / dUta dvArA svAmI ke prati avajJA asahya hone kI bAta kahakara svadeza vApasa jAnA / ekAdaza sarga sugrIvajAmbavAnAJjaneya- nArAyaNapANDavAdimantrakathanam rAmakathA - sugrIva dvArA apane mantriyoM ke sAtha mantrazAlA meM mantraNA karanA / jAmbavAn dvArA samagra yuddhanIti kA vivecana | hanumAna dvArA jAmbavAn kA anumodana / mantraNA ke anantara yuddha kA nizcaya / pANDavakathA - zrIkRSNa dvArA nIti-nipuNa vyaktiyoM se mantrazAlA meM mantraNA karanA / yudhiSThira dvArA samasta yuddha-nIti kI vivecanA | bhIma dvArA yudhiSThira kA anumodana / balarAma dvArA yuddha ke pakSa meM sammati evaM yuddha kA nizcaya / dvAdaza sarga lakSmaNavAsudevakoTiziloddharaNakathanam rAmakathA - maMtraNA - samApti para sugrIva kA rAma Adi ke sAtha koTizilA kI ora gamana / hanumAna evaM lakSmaNa kI koTizilA ke sambandha meM vArttA / tadanantara lakSmaNa dvArA koTizilA - uddharaNa / pANDavakathA - maMtraNA - samApti para zrIkRSNa kA balarAma tathA anya rAjAoM sAtha koTizilA kI ora gamana / bhIma evaM zrIkRSNa kI koTizilA ke sandarbha meM vArttA / tadanantara zrIkRSNa dvArA koTizilA - uddharaNa /
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna trayodaza sarga hanumannArAyaNadUtAbhigamanam rAmakathA - hanumAna kA rAmadUta ke rUpa meM laGkA-gamana / laGkA-varNana / rAvaNa kI rAjasabhA meM hanumAna kA rAvaNa ko rAma kI zaraNa meM jAne kA parAmarza / rAvaNa kA krodhita hokara hanumAna ko phaTakAranA / hanumAna kA laGkA se lauTate hue laGkA ke kinAre sundara - vana meM praveza / sundara-vana meM hanumAna dvArA sItA ko rAma-pradatta aMgUThI dete hue sAMtvanA denA / tadanantara rAma ke samIpa vApisa AnA / 77 pANDavakathA - zrIzaila kA kRSNadUta ke rUpa meM jarAsaMdha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha pahu~canA / rAjagRha-varNana / jarAsaMdha kI rAjasabhA meM zrIzaila dvArA jarAsaMdha ko kRSNa se samajhautA karane ke liye kahanA / jarAsaMdha kA krodhita hokara zrIzaila ko phaTakAranA / zrIzaila dvArA rAjagRha se lauTate hue rAjagRha ke kinAre sundara-vana meM praveza / sundara-vana meM zrIkRSNa para mugdha nAyikA sundarI ko sAMtvanA dekara zrIzaila kA kRSNa ke nikaTa vApisa lauTanA / caturdaza sarga prayANanirUpaNam rAmakathA-- rAma, sugrIva Adi sahita samasta senA kA zatru kI ora prayANa / senA meM rAniyoM tathA anya striyoM ke jAne kA bhI varNana / senA kA dakSiNa samudra ke 1 taTa para pahu~canA / pANDavakathA - zrIkRSNa, balarAma Adi sahita samasta pANDava senA kA zatru kI ora prayANa / senA meM rAniyoM tathA anya striyoM ke jAne kA bhI varNana / senA kA gaMgA-taTa para pahu~canA / paJcadaza sarga kusumAvacaya-jalakrIDAvyAvarNanam rAmakathA---samudra-taTa para vana meM sugrIva Adi dvArA vizrAnti ke liye striyoM dvArA puSpAvacaya / nAyaka-nAyikAoM kA Amoda-pramoda | jala-krIDA-varNana |
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________________ 78 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA __pANDavakathA- gaMgA-taTa para vana meM yAdavavaMzI rAjAoM dvArA vizrAnti ke liye vihAra krnaa| striyoM dvArA pusspaavcy| nAyaka-nAyikAoM kA jl-kriiddaa-vrnnn| SoDaza sarga ubhayasaGgrAmavyAvarNanam rAmakathA-rAma kI senA ke laGkA pahu~cane para rAvaNa yuddha ke liye tatpara tathA laGkA ke bAhara Agamana / vibhISaNa kA rAma se zaraNa mA~ganA / kumbhakarNa-vadha / mArIca-parAjaya / meghanAda-vadha / akSayakumAra-vadha / rAma-rAvaNa-senA kA bhayaMkara yuddha / rAtri-Agamana para yuddh-viraam| pANDavakathA zrIkRSNa kI senA kA rAjagRha pahu~canA / krodhAviSTa jarAsandha kA yuddha ke liye rAjagRha se bAhara AnA / duryodhana ke eka sahayogI sAtyaki kA yudhiSThira se zaraNa maaNgnaa| duHshaasn-vdh| durmarSaNa-vadha / karNa-parAjaya / jayadratha-vadha / bhISma-hanana / pANDava-kaurava senAoM kA ghanaghora yuddha / rAtri ke Agamana para senAoM kA zivira-praveza / saptadaza sarga rAtrisambhogavyAvarNanam rAmakathA yuddha-bhUmi meM rAvaNa kA Agamana / binA kavaca ka rAvaNa kA rAma se yuddha / zakti-prahAra se lakSmaNa mUrchA / hanumAna dvArA bharata ko sUcita karanA evaM droNAcala se auSadhi lAnA / lakSmaNa ko caitanya-prApti se rAma ke yuddha-zivira meM harSa kI lahara / tadantara raatri-smbhog-vrnnn| pANDavakathA-jarAsandha kA binA kavaca ke yuddha-bhUmi meM Agamana / zrIkRSNa-jarAsandha yuddha / zrIkRSNa kI azaktatA, puna: saMbhalakara arjuna kI rakSA / zrIkRSNa dvArA pANDavoM kA utsAha-vardhana / tadanantara raatri-smbhog-vrnnn| aSTAdaza sarga nAyakAbhyudayarAvaNajarAsandhavadhavyAvarNanam rAmakathA-rAvaNa ke mAyAvI yuddha se rAma kI senA meM saMtrAsa / rAma dvArA rAvaNa kI mAyA kA pratikAra / sugrIva kI satata karmaThatA se rAvaNa kI vijayAbhilASA dhUmila / ghanaghora-yuddha meM rAvaNa-vadha / sItA-rAma-milana / vijaya
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna prApta kara rAma dvArA vibhISaNa ko laMkAdhipati banAnA / rAma kI ayodhyA meM vaapsii| vApasI para cakraratna kI pUjA / rAjyAbhiSeka ke anantara ekacchatra rAjyabhAra vahana karanA / nyAya dvArA dazoM dizAoM kI svAmitva-prApti / pANDavakathA jarAsandha ke yuddha-kauzala se yAdava-senA meM saMtrAsa / zrIkRSNa dvArA jarAsandha ke kauzala kA pratikAra / nakula ke parAkrama se jarAsandha kI vijayAbhilASA dhUmila / ghanaghora-yuddha meM jarAsandha vadha / bhUmi ke svatantra ho jAne se mukti kI zvAsa / vijaya-prApti para yudhiSThira, arjuna, bhIma Adi ko vizAla rAjya kI prApti / tadanantara kRSNa kA dvArakA vApasa AnA / vApasI para cakraratna kI pUjA evaM ekacchatra rAjya kA sucAru vhn| nyAyAdi dvArA dazoM dizAoM meM kIrti-patAkA phhraanaa| dvisandhAna kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata para vihaMgama dRSTipAta karane se hI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki donoM AdikAvyoM kI kathA-vastu tathA nirmANa zailI meM ullekhanIya antara hai| prathamata: mahAbhArata kA rAmAyaNa se kathA-vastu kI dRSTi se kisI bhI prakAra kA sAmya dRSTigata nahIM hotaa| dvitIya, mahAbhArata kA kalevara eka lAkha zloka pramANa hai, jabaki rAmAyaNa kA kevala caubIsa hajAra zloka pramANa hI hai / tRtIya, mahAbhArata meM katipaya pAtroM kI mRtyu athavA vadha ke liye pratijJA kA Azraya liyA gayA hai, kintu rAmAyaNa meM isa prakAra kI pratijJA nahIM kI gyii| caturtha, rAghava-pakSa ko pANDava-pakSa ke tathA rAvaNa-pakSa ko kaurava-pakSa ke samakakSa rakhane para kathA kI gatizIlatA duHsAdhya pratIta hotI hai / paMcama, rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke nAmoM tathA nagara Adi bhaugolika varNanoM meM bhI bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa prakAra ke vaibhinnya ke upasthita rahane para yaha zaMkA hotI hai ki kyA kavi donoM kathAoM kA varNana kara pAyegA? kyA vaha donoM kathAoM meM sAmaJjasya sthApita kara pAyegA? rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata meM vilakSaNatA hone para bhI, uparyukta kathAvastu ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dhanaJjaya ne apane vilakSaNa pANDitya evaM sUkSma buddhi kauzala se vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna DhUMDhUMDha nikAlA hai / rAvaghapakSa tathA pANDavapakSa meM guNAdi kI samAnatA prApta kara unako kathA rUpa meM nibaddha karane ke
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA liye usane rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata se prayatnapUrvaka kucha aise sthala khoja nikAle haiM, jisase ki usakI sandhAnAtmaka kAvya zailI nirbAdha cala pAyI hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvyakAra paramparAgata rasa-alaMkAra-chanda-vinyAsa ke atirikta akSara-vinyAsa ke mahatva ko atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna karate haiM / eka ora ve sandhAna-vidhA ke liye vyAkaraNa kI yogyatA kavi ke liye Avazyaka mAnate haiM to dUsarI ora citrakAvya Adi kI mahattA para bhI bala dete haiM / ataeva, dvisandhAnAtmaka kAvya kI zilpavaidhAnika racanA-vidhiyoM kA mukhyata: tIna vibhAgoM meM adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. zleSamUlaka, 2. yamakamUlaka tathA 3. citraalNkaarmuulk| 1. zleSamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi zleSa alaMkAra ko AdhAra banAkara prAya: sabhI saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM tathA sAhityetihAsakAroM ne sandhAna vidhi para paryApta UhApoha kiyA hai / rAghavapANDavIya ke kartA kavirAja ne sandhAna-kAvya kI zleSamUlaka racanAzailI ko nimna padya meM spaSTa kiyA hai prAya: prakaraNaikyena vizeSaNa-vizeSyayoH / paravRtyA kvacittadvadupamAnopameyayoH / kvacitpadaizca nAnArthaiH kvacidvakroktibhaGgibhiH / vidhAsyate mayA kAvyaM zrIrAmAyaNabhAratam // kavirAja kI uparyukta sandhAna-vidhi kA zilpa-vaidhAnika vizleSaNa atyanta mahatvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai| kavirAja ne sandhAna racanA vidhi kI eka prakAra se takanIkI pravidhi kA hI sRjana kara ddaalaa| jisakI nimnalikhita pA~ca vidhAeM sambhava haiM 1. dvisa.,13-4 2. vahI,3.36-37 3. rAghavapANDavIya,kAvyamAlA-62,bambaI,1897,1.37-38
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna (ka) prakaraNa-samAnatA (prakaraNaikyena) sandhAna-kAvya kI racanA ke liye do kathAoM meM prakaraNoM kI ekatA honA Avazyaka hai / dhanaJjaya ne rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata se kuzalatApUrvaka samAna kathAprasaMgoM kA cayana kiyA hai, phalata: donoM kathAoM kA samAnAntara rUpa se vinyAsa karanA sambhava ho pAyA hai / jina prasaMgoM meM kavi samanvaya sthApita nahIM kara pAyA hai, unakA mahAkAvya meM balAt grathana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kintu , kavi dvArA jaina-dharma meM AsthA hone ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM jaina-mata-sammata parivartana kara kathA-prasaMgoM meM saMgati sthApita kI gayI hai / udAharaNata: lakSmaNa tathA kRSNa dvArA koTizilA kA uddharaNa / rAma dvArA bAli-vadha prasaMga kA bhIma ke sthAna para arjuna dvArA jarAsaMdha kI parAjaya ke prasaMga se sAmaJjasya sthApita kiyA gayA hai / astu,dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM prayukta katipaya prakaraNaikya ke ullekhanIya prasaMga isa prakAra haiM rAma-janma va yudhiSThira-janma (3. 11), bharata-janma tathA bhIma-arjuna-janma (3. 28) lakSmaNa-janma va nakula-janma (3. 29), zatrughna-janma evaM sahadeva-janma (3. 30), rAma-vivAha tathA yudhiSThira-vivAha (3. 26), rAmAdi dvArA vana-gamana tathA yudhiSThira Adi dvArA vana-gamana (4. 36), sUrpaNakhA kI lakSmaNa para kAmAsakti tathA kIcaka kI draupadI para kAmAsakti kA varNana (5.7), khara-dUSaNa kA rAma Adi se yuddha tathA kaurava-pANDava yuddha (6.1-35), khara-dUSaNa vadha va kIcaka vadha (6.36), laMkA-vaibhava-varNana evaM dvArakA-vaibhava-varNana(8.25), rAmadUta lakSmaNa-sugrIva saMvAda tathA jarAsaMdhadUta puruSottama-zrIkRSNa saMvAda (sarga 10), lakSmaNa dvArA koTi-zilA-uddharaNa va zrIkRSNa dvArA koTi-zilA-uddharaNa(12. 39), rAmadUta hanumAna-rAvaNa saMvAda tathA zrIkRSNadUta zrIzaila-jarAsaMdha saMvAda (13. 15), rAma-rAvaNa yuddha tathA zrIkRSNa-jarAsaMdha yuddha (sarga 16), lakSmaNa para zakti-prahAra evaM zrIkRSNa para zakti-prahAra (17.16-17), rAvaNa-vadha tathA jarAsandha vadha (18.98-99), vibhISaNa ko rAjya-prApti tathA yudhiSThira Adi ko rAjya-prApti (19.109) tathA rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka va kRSNa kA rAjyAbhiSeka (18.133) / (kha) vizeSaNa-vizeSyatA (vizeSaNa-vizeSyayo:) sandhAna-vidhi kI dvitIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki kAvya meM prayukta katipaya zabda donoM kathAnakoM ke sandarbha meM paraspara vizeSaNa-vizeSya bhAva se niyojita hote haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva se zabdoM kA niyojana isa prakAra
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 82 kiyA gayA hai ki rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke nAma mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke vizeSaNa bana gaye haiM evaM mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke nAma rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke / udAharaNataH rAmAyaNa kI pAtra sumitrA kA artha mahAbhArata ke sandarbha meM acche mitroM yA bandhu bAndhavoM vAlI ho jaaegaa|' isI prakAra mahAbhArata kA duHzAsana rAmAyaNa ke sandarbha meM niyantraNa karane ke liye kaThora ho jAegA / 2 pAtroM kI hI nahIM vizeSa sthAnoM kI bhI yahI sthiti hai / yathA-- rAmAyaNa kI ayodhyA mahAbhArata ke sandarbha meM parairyoddhumazakyA arthAt zatruoM ke AkramaNa se dUra artha vAlI ho jaaegii| isI prakAra mahAbhAratIya sandarbha meM prayukta jarAsandha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha rAmAyaNa pakSa meM rAjamahala artha vAlI ho jaaegii|' vizeSaNa - vizeSya bhAva ke vaiziSTya se gumphita kucha anya ullekhanIya abhidhAna isa prakAra haiM I ajAtazatru (1.8),kirITin (1.17), pANDu (2.1), kauzalyA (2.32), bhIma (3.28), lakSmaNa tathA sahadeva (3.29), zatrughna (3.30) droNa (3.35), dhRtarASTra (4. 33), sItA (4. 37), kIcaka (5. 3), jarAsandha (7. 21), duryodhana (7.26), khara-dUSaNa (7. 63), dvArakA (8. 25), vibhISaNa, kumbhakarNa tathA indrajita (8.51) hRSikeza (8. 58), sugrIva (9. 14), tArA (9. 20), sAhasagati (9. 41), kalyANI va subhadrA (9. 52), gandhamAdana (10. 17), zrIrAma va mAdhava (11.29), bhISma (11. 35), zrIzaila (13.1),dazAnana (13.30), zrIpArtha (14.1),kRSNa (14.6), kuntI (14.7), durmarSaNa (16.13), jayadratha (16.15), bhUrizravas tathA kRtavarman (16.16), ugrasena (16.37), drupada (16.38), vairocana (16.39), arjuna (17.24) mAruta (17.36), bharata (17.37), vizalyA (17.40) tathA dvAravatI (18.130) / (ga) upamAna- upameyatA (upamAna- upameyayoH) isa sandhAna vidhi kI prakriyA ke anurUpa dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke nAma mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke aneka bAra upamAna bana jAte haiM, phalataH rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke nAma upameya bana jAte haiN| isase viparIta yadi rAmAyaNa ke nAma mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke upamAna banate haiM, to rAmAyaNa ke nAma upameya bana jAte haiN| isako 1. dvisa., 3.29 2 . vahI, 16.12 3. vahI, 1.10 4. vahI, 16.4
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________________ 83 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna vizeSaNa-vizeSya bhAva ke antargata bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu upamA ke kAraNa pRthak parigaNita kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| udAharaNatayA mahAbhAratIya kathanAka kA pAtra sahadeva rAmAyaNa pakSa meM 'saha deva carya:' ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai, jisakA artha hai 'saha sArddha devAnAmiva caryayA gatyA vartamAna: / isI prakAra rAmAyaNa pakSa meM prayukta sAgarAvarta eka dhanurdhara kA nAma mahAbhArata meM upamAna rUpa meM isa prakAra se prayukta huA hai-'sAgarasya samudrasya AvartA iva payasAM bhramA iva AvartA yasya tat' athavA 'sagaro nAma cakravartI sagarasyedaM sAgaraM dhanuH sAgarasyevAvartA yasya tat' / (gha) padArtha vaividhya (padaizca nAnAthai:) saMskRta bhASA 'arthagaurava' ke lie jagat prasiddha hai / isa bhASA meM eka hI ukti se aneka arthoM kI abhivyakti ho sakatI hai tathA eka hI zabda, kriyA yA saMjJA hote hue bhI vibhinna artha rakhatA hai, jinakA nizcaya sandarbhAnusAra hI ho sakatA hai / saMskRta zabdakozoM meM paryAya zabdoM kI bahulatA bhI vyarthI kAvya-racanA meM atyanta sahAyaka siddha haI hai| eka hI pada ke aneka artha sambhava haiM, yathA-medinIkoza meM hari zabda ke bAraha artha diye gaye haiM hrishcndraarkvaataashvshukmaikymaahissu| karpA siMhe hare'rje'rzA zukre lokAntare pumAn // 2 prakaraNAnusAra artha lenA saMskRta kaviyoM ke liye sahaja bhI thA, kyoMki ve vyAkaraNaniSNAta hote the| yaha vidhi prAya: sandhAna-kAvyoM meM atyadhika apanAyI jAtI hai, dvisandhAna meM bhI isake udAharaNa kama nahIM hai / jaise mahAbhAratapakSIya bhImena kA rAmAyaNapakSa meM bhayaGkareNa'artha hogaa| rAmAyaNa-pakSa meM prayukta haricandanadehaH arthAt 'haricandanAkhyasya dehaHzarIram' mahAbhArata meM 'harezcandanopalakSito dehaH' artha meM niyojita hogaa| 1. dvisa,3.29 tathA isa para nemicandra kRta padakaumudI TIkA 2. vahI,6.23 tathA isa para nemicandra kRta padakaumudI TIkA 3. medinI koza,27.99 4. dvisa.,5.32 5. vahI,10.16
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________________ 84 (Ga) vakrokti-bhaGga (vakrokti-bhaGgibhiH) saMskRta bhASA kI saMzleSaNatA arthAt vyAkaraNa kI sahAyatA se sandhiviccheda, samAsa aura vibhinna dhAtuoM aura zabdoM ke eka samAna rUpoM kA yoga tathA vyAkaraNa kI prakriyA se bahuta se zabdoM ke naye arthoM ko prApta kara sandhAnavidhi aura adhika prabhAvI rUpa dikhAne meM samartha huI / dvisandhAna meM bhI isa prakAra aneka prayoga dekhane meM Ate haiM, jinameM samasta padoM kA vibhinna prakAra se vigraha karake icchAnusAra artha kiyA jA sakatA hai / yathA sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (1) sAlaGkRtilakSmaNAnvitA - kavi dhanaJjaya dvArA mahAbhArata ke pakSa meM isa pada kA 'sA alaMkRtiralaMkAro lakSma lakSaNaM vyAkaraNam / alaMkRtizca lakSma cAlaMkRtilakSma / atra samAhArasyAzrayaNAdekatvaM tenAnvitA' vigraha kiyA gayA hai, jabaki rAmAyaNa-pakSa meM 'sAbharaNena saumitriNA yukteti' kiyA gayA hai / 1 - (2) ajAtazatrupramukhaiH - mahAbhArata pakSa meM pada kA 'yudhiSThirapramukhaiH' artha hai, kintu rAmAyaNa pakSa meM 'na jAtA zatravaH pramukhAH saMmukhA yeSAM tai: ' vigraha kara 'jisake sammukha zatru jAne kA sAhasa nahIM karate' artha kiyA gayA hai / 2 (3) abhavatsadazarathogravikramaH - rAmAyaNa pakSa meM isakA 'sa lokaprasiddho dazaratho'dhipatiH svAmI abhavat / kIdRza agravikramaH iddhazAsana: iddhaM dIptamutkarSaM prAptaM zAsanamAjJAM yasya saH' vigraha huA hai, jabaki mahAbhArata pakSa meM 'dazayA tAruNyapUrNayA'vasthayA saha vartate sadaza: rathenograH soDhumazakyo vikrama: pratApo yasya sa: sadazcAsau rathogravikramazca sa:' yaha vigraha huA hai / 3 uparyukta padoM ke atirikta-kaikeyeyamupeyaH (3.40), sarvasvAduryodhanena (3. 42), draupadikAnujAnvitaH (4. 37), dazAsyanAmodvahata: (5.6), dazakandharottham (5.29), bharatAnvayasya (5.30), jarAsandhAbhiyogajam (7.21), zrImatsItApakramataptA (8.19), arAticAravidrAvaNaH (8.34), vibhISaNAbhyunnatakumbhakarNamukhyaiH (8.51), duryodhanakAmabAdhAm (8.55), satyagresarasItApahAriNI (9.5), kaMsamAhatamarim (10.8), pUtanAmAdaramuktavRttim 1. dvisa, 1.5 tathA padakaumudI TIkA 2. vahI, 1. 8 tathA padakaumudI TIkA 3. vahI, 2.1
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna (10.36), anUnabhAjAmbava: (11.13), AlAparaJjanAnandana: (11.22), pANDurAjakulavRddhim ( 12.9), hiraNyakazipUdayapakSapAtI (12.52), sajjarAsandharayAdRtasya (13.30), mahAbhImamatsyadhvajaughAm (13.43), gatadhRtimatsyadezamADhyam (14.23), samalayajAGkapayodharocitAbhiH (15.1), prabhAvitArAtanayasya (16.35), sahitajanakIyanandanam (17.36) Adi pada bhI vakrokti-bhaGga ke vaiziSTya ke kAraNa dvisandhAna zailI ko sArthakatA pradAna kara rahe haiM / 85 2. yamakamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi sandhAna-vidhi ke mAdhyama se dvyarthaka-kAvya kI sarjanA meM yamaka alaMkAra bhI eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka hai / yadyapi yamaka ke mAdhyama se do vibhinna kathAnaka-sambandhI artha niSpanna hone asambhava prAya haiM, tathApi eka hI zabdAvalI se do artha dene meM yamaka kA sthAna bhI kAvyazAstra meM pIche nahIM hai / yamaka meM akSara athavA padoM kI AvRtti hotI hai tathA AvRtta akSara evaM pada se dUsare artha kI niSpatti hotI hai / zleSa kI bhA~ti yamaka meM bhI pada-sandhiyA~ Adi sabhI vidvAnoM ko abhimata haiM / yaha alaMkAra, cU~ki zabdAvRtti pradhAna hai, isI kAraNavaza zabdoM kI AvRtti kara dvitIya artha detA hai / yamaka alaMkAra ke antargata mukhya rUpa se do prakAra kI AvRtti Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai-- (ka) padoM kI AvRtti tathA (kha) pAdoM kI AvRtti / (ka) padoM kI AvRtti | padoM kI AvRtti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne yamaka ke aneka bheda kara, usakA vizada vivecana kiyA hai / phalasvarUpa sandhAna-kAvya ke nirmAtA kaviyoM ke liye eka sudRr3ha kAvyazAstrIya - paramparA kI sthApanA huI / kAvyazAstra ke vibhinna granthoM meM diye hue yamaka kI AvRtti ke vibhinna prayogoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara parIkSaNa karane se yaha niyama jJAta hotA hai ki yamaka kI AvRtti meM kisI eka sunizcita krama kI ekarUpatA kA pAlana honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai I isa kramabaddhatA ke atirikta bhinnArthakatA bhI yamaka kA upajIvya tatva hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra ke prayoga paryApta dRSTigocara hote haiM / udAharaNa ke liye
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dhIrantuM gAM gatvA sa yasyAmarasya . dhIraM tuGgAGgatvAcchriyo vaJcati dyaam| riktaH svargeNAkAri mAno'jJakena sAmyaM kiM so'syA yAti mAnojJakena / / yahA~ eka sunizcita krama se prathama aura dvitIya pAdoM ke Adi meM 'dhIrantuM gAMgatvA' pada kI tathA tRtIya aura caturtha pAdoM ke anta meM 'mAnojJakena' pada kI AvRtti huI hai / yadyapi donoM pada AvRtta hue haiM, tathApi sandhi-vigraha Adi pUrvaka ve bhinnArthaka haiN| dhIrantuGgAGgatvA' se eka sthAna para 'rantuM krIDituM dhI: buddhiH-gAM bhUmiM gatvA' artha nikalatA hai, to dUsare sthAna para 'dhIraM ni:kSobham / tuGgAGgatvAt sphItAvayavatvAt' / isI prakAra 'mAnojJakena' se eka sthAna para 'mAno'bhimAnaH / ajJakena mUDhena' tathA dUsare sthAna para 'manoharatvena' artha niSpanna hotA hai / (kha) pAdoM kI AvRtti padAvRtti kI bhA~ti yamaka meM eka sunizcita krama se bhinnArthakatA ko upajIvya banAkara pAdoM kI AvRtti bhI hotI hai| dvisandhAnakAra ne isa prakAra ke prayoga bhI paryApta kiye haiM / yathA satyato vibhayA vyUhe samutpatyA mhorsaa| satyato vibhayA vyUhe samutpatyA mahorahA // yahA~ pUrvArdha kI yathAvat uttarArdha meM AvRtti huI hai| kintu pada bhinnArthaka haiN| AvRtta padoM ke bhinna arthoM ko samajhane ke liye sandhicchedAdipUrvaka isa padya ko nimna prakAra se anvita kiyA jA sakatA hai- "mahorasA vibhayA patyA, vyUhe samutpatya satyata: mahorasA, vibhayA, satAM samut A ata: vyUhe" / isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hogI-"vyUhe pariNItA, kA? A lakSmI: kena? patyA svAminA viSNunetyarthaH, kasmAt ? ata: prativiSNuvadhAt, kva? vyUhe raNe, kathambhUtA:? satI samIcInA, puna: vibhayA vigatavidhurA, puna: mahorasA tejorasA, puna: samutsaharSA, kathambhUtena patyA? mahorasA vistIrNavakSasA, kayA viSNunA lakSmIvyUhe ? vibhayA 1. dvisa,, 8.27 2. vahI, 8.27 para padakaumudI TIkA 3. vahI,18.105
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna viziSTa prabhayA pratApenetyarthaH, kiM kRtvA? pUrva satyata: satyAt enaM prativiSNu jeSyAmIti nizcayAt vyUhe samutpatyAgatya" / isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki satyato' pada kA eka sthAna para 'satyAt' tathA dUsare para 'satI samIcInA-ata: prativiSNuvadhAt', 'vibhayA' pada kA 'vigatavidhurA' tathA 'viziSTa prabhayA', 'vyUhe' pada kA 'raNe' tathA 'pariNItA', 'samutpatyA' pada kA 'samutpatya Agatya-A lakSmI:' tathA 'samut saharSA-patyA svAminA viSNunA' evaM isI prakAra 'mahorasA' pada kA 'tejorasA' va 'vistIrNavakSasA' artha niSpanna hote haiN| 3. citrAlaMkAramUlaka sandhAna-vidhi sandhAna-vidhi ke liye zleSa tathA yamaka ke samAna citrAlaMkAroM kI bhUmikA bhI kama mahatvapUrNa nhiiN| yahA~ taka dhanaJjaya bhI rAma Adi athavA yudhiSThira Adi rAjaputroM dvArA sIkhI gayI yuddha vidyA ke vibhinna viSayoM meM ahi-turaga-cakra Adi vyUha racanA ko kAvyazAstrIya ahi-turaga-cakra Adi AkAra-citra ke tulya batAte haiN| unhoMne citrAlaMkAra kI mahattA kA varNanamAtra hI nahIM kiyA hai, apitu usakA prayoga kara sandhAna-vidhi ko samRddha bhI banAyA hai| citrAlaMkAroM ke vibhinna bhedoM meM arthavaibhinya ke kSetra meM 'gati-citra' tathA 'bandha-citra' adhika sabala siddha hue haiM / gati-citra ke antargata mUlata: anuloma-pratiloma athavA gatapratyAgata zailI kA prayoga hotA hai / isI gatapratyAgata zailI se naye padya kA nirmANa bhI ho jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki isa prakAra racita nayA padya bhinnArthaka bhI hogaa| dvisandhAna meM aise gati-citroM kA nibandhana aThArahaveM sarga meM vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNata: nijato hi dharArAdhI sadA nAma ravI rucaa| vedhasA janito bhUyo yoge veganayena san // ukta padya kA artha isa prakAra hai-'daivarUpI prajApati ne apane teja ke dvArA sUrya ko banAyA thA, jo sadaiva binA anupasthiti ke pRthvI kI ArAdhanA karatA hai tathA yoga meM sthita usane hI apane nItipravAha se sAdhu rAjA kI sRSTi kI thI, jo 1. dvisa,18.105 para padakaumudI TIkA 2. vahI,3.37 3. vahI,18.138
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________________ 88 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA anAdi kAla se jagat kI vyavasthA karatA AyA hai' / isI padya kA pratiloma pATha karane para nimnalikhita padya prakAza meM AtA hai sannayena gave geyo yo bhUto nijsaadhve| cAruvIramanA dAsa dhIrArAdhahito'jani // isa navanirmita padya kA artha isa prakAra hai- 'jo nArAyaNa utkRSTa nIti kA pravartaka hone ke kAraNa samasta usa loka ke liye stutya hai, jisake sAdhu hI sage haiM, vahI nArAyaNa sadAcArI vIra puruSoM kA snehI hone ke kAraNa viSNu ke virodhiyoM (rAvaNa-jarAsandha) kA mardaka, dhIrajazAlI aura cakra (Ara) ke dhArakoM kA kalyANakartA bana gayA thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM gatapratyAgata zailI ke citrAlaMkAra hI nahIM bandhacitra se bhI naye padya kA nirmANa kara, usameM bhinnArtha kI yojanA kI gayI hai / udAharaNa ke liye nimnalikhita 'gomUtrikAgarbhazloka' darzanIya hai yo'pi nA hanumAnAjerjuSTo bheriravo gItaH / no'ruje tIrthanItyAtho'sau sahAyakamastuta / / isa padya kA artha isa prakAra hai- 'yuddha meM tallIna, bheriyoM ke samAna garajatA tathA paMcAMga mantraNA ke dvArA hamArI vipattiyoM kA parihAraka jo yaha hanumAna nAma kA mahApuruSa hai usane bhI apane sahAyakoM kI prazaMsA kI thI (mahAbhArata pakSa meM-zikharayukta arthAt parvatoM ke svAmI bhI hanUmAna ke sthAna para ho sakegA) yahI Azcarya hai'| ukta padya meM antarbhUta padya kA prakAzana kisa prakAra kiyA jAe? isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna ke TIkAkAra nemicandra nimnalikhita vidhi batAte haiM- sarvaprathama, ukta padya ke sabhI pAda prathama, dvitIya, tRtIya tathA caturtha ke krama se Upara-nIce likhe jAne cAhieM / tatpazcAt vAmabhAga kI ora se pratyeka pAda ke viSamAkSaroM-prathama, tRtIya, paMcama tathA saptama ko Upara se nIce kI ora tathA samAkSaroM-dvitIya, caturtha, SaSTha 1. dvisa.,18.139 2. vahI,18.68
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________________ 89 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna tathA aSTama ko nIce se Upara kI ora kramapUrvaka par3hane para isameM gupta zloka prakAzita ho jaaegaa| isa bandha ko nimna vidhi se citrita kiyA jA sakatA haiyo pi nA hanu mA nA je STo bheri ra vo gati no ru je tI rtha nI tyA tho sau sa hA ya ka ma stu ta ukta padya ko citrabaddha rIti se par3hane para jo padya AvirbhUta hotA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai yo'rjuno'sau sa ruSTo'pi nAbheje haaytiirih| nurarthakamanIvomA nAgatyAstu tthotije|| isa avirbhUta padya kA artha hai-'talavAra ke prayoga se dUra jo dhanuSadhArI arjuna thA, kyA usane isa yuddha meM ujjvala bhaviSya kI nIMva nahIM DAlI thI? apitu avazya DAlI thii| isa prakAra ke rakSAtmaka yuddha meM thor3e anaucitya ke kAraNa puruSa kI kIrti kyA kamanIya uddezya ke lie nahIM hotI hai ? apitu hotI hI hai'| dvisandhAna zailI se prabhAvita kAvya saMskRta sandhAna-mahAkAvya zailI ke Adi pravartaka dhanaJjaya ke 'dvisandhAnamahAkAvya' kI anuvRtti para paravartI kAla meM aneka sandhAnAtmaka mahAkAvya likhe gaye / sandhAna zailI ke vibhinna mahAkAvyoM meM vyarthaka sandhAna-mahAkAvya vizeSa lokapriya rahe haiM / dvisandhAna paddhati ke kucha pramukha mahAkAvyoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1. neminAthacarita isa mahAkAvya meM RSabhadeva tathA neminAtha ke jIvanacarita ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai / isakI racanA dhArA-nareza bhoja ke kAla (1033 I) meM droNAcArya ke ziSya sUrAcArya ne saMskRta meM kI thii|3 1. dvisa.,18.68 para padakaumudI TIkA,pR.366 2. vahI,18.69 3. jinaratnakoza,pR.216
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 2. rAmapAlacarita isa mahAkAvya kI racanA sandhyAkaranandi ne kI thii| isake pratyeka padya ke do arthoM meM se eka nAyaka-rAma se sambaddha hai tathA dUsarA rAmapAla se / rAjA rAmapAla gyAharavIM zatI meM baMgAla ke zAsaka the| 3. nAbheya-nemikAvya yaha mahAkAvya municandra sUri ke praziSya tathA ajitadeva sUri ke ziSya hemacandra sUri (lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI kA prArambha) kI racanA hai| yaha svopajJa TIkA se yukta hai / siddharAja tathA kumArapAla rAjAoM ke samakAlIna kavi zrIpAla ne isakA saMzodhana kiyA thaa| isameM RSabhadeva tathA neminAtha ke caritra kA varNana hai| 4. rAghavapANDavIyam yaha kavirAja kRta dvisandhAna zailI kA mahAkAvya hai| kavirAja ko mAdhavabhaTTa, sUri yA paNDita nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / rAghavapANDavIyam meM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata kI kathAoM kA ekasAtha grathana kiyA gayA hai / jayantIpura ke kadambaMvazIya rAjA kAmadeva (1183-97I) kavirAja ke AzrayadAtA the, unakI prazaMsA unhoMne khulakara kI hai| unhoMne kAmadeva kI tulanA dhArAdhIza muMja (973-95 I.) se kI hai| 5. rAghavanaiSadhIyam yaha kavi haradatta (18vIM zatAbdI) kI racanA hai / isake pratyeka padya ke do artha kiye jA sakate haiM-eka rAma se sambandhita tathA dUsarA nala se| 1. vinTaranitz2a,ema.: hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara,bhAga 3,khaNDa 1,pR.82 2. upAdhye,e.ena.:dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA pradhAna-sampAdakIya,pR.20 tathA jaina siddhAnta bhAskara,bhAga 8,kiraNa 1,pR.23 3. upAdhye,e.ena.: dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA pradhAna sampAdakIya,pR.20 4. kRSNamAcAriyara,ema.: hisTrI Apha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara,dillI,1974, pR. 194,kAvyamAlA sirIz2a- 57, nirNayasAgara praisa,bambaI,1926 meM prakAzita
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna 6. yAdavarAghavIyam isakI racanA veMkaTAdhvarin (17vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha) ne kI hai| yaha gatapratyAgata zailI kA dvisandhAnakAvya hai / isake pratyeka padya ko eka ora se paDhane para rAmAyaNa kI kathA tathA pratiloma pATha karane para bhAgavata kathA abhivyakta hotI 7. pArvatIrukmiNIyam isa kAvya meM ziva tathA pArvatI, kRSNa aura rukmiNI kI vivAha-kathAeM abhinibaddha haiN| yaha vidyAmAdhava kI racanA hai| vaha cAlukya rAjA somadeva (1126-1138 I.) kA Azrita kavi thaa| yaha somadeva sambhavata: kalyANa kA somezvara caturtha hI thaa| 8. rAghavayAdavIyam somezvara (lagabhaga 1524 I.) kRta isa mahAkAvya meM rAma aura kRSNa kI kathAeM upanibaddha haiM / 15 sarga ke isa kAvya meM kAlidAsa tathA bhAravi ke una padoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jinakA cayana amarakoza ke liye bhI huA hai / 9. nala-harizcandrIyam yaha mahAkAvya kisI ajJAtanAmA kavi kI gatapratyAgata zailI kI racanA hai / isako eka ora se par3hane para nala-kathA tathA viparIta krama se par3hane para harizcandra kI kathA nikalatI hai| 10. harizcandrodaya yaha anantasUri kRta 20 sarga kA mahAkAvya hai| isameM paurANika rAjA harizcandra tathA kavi ke AzrayadAtA rAjA harizcandra ke carita upanibaddha haiM / isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya dvArA rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI kathA ko AdhAra banAkara mahAkAvya likhane kA prayoga paravartI kAla meM bahuta lokapriya hotA 1. kRSNamAcAriyara,ema.: hisTrI Apha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara, pR.190 2. vahI 3. vahI,pR.191 4. vahI,pR.194 5. vahI
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________________ 92 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA calA gayA / kaviyoM ne kinhIM do paurANika athavA aitihAsika kathAoM ko AdhAra banAkara bhI aneka carita kAvyoM kA sRjana kiyA / niSkarSa 1 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki saMskRta bhASA kI anekArthaka pravRttiyA~ sandhAnakAvya kA mUla haiM / dhanaJjaya ne sarvaprathama dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kA praNayana kara eka aisA abhUtapUrva kAvya prayoga kiyA hai jo sahRdayoM ke sAtha-sAtha samIkSakoM ko bhI Azcaryacakita kara detA hai / kAvya ke yugIna mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM dvisandhAnamahAkAvya rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata jaisI lokaprasiddha kathAoM ko apane mahAkAvya kI AdhAra kathA ke rUpa meM cunatA hai / rAmakathA tathA pANDavakathA ke jAla se bune isa mahAkAvya ke kalevara meM ve sabhI varNya viSaya samAviSTa kara liye gaye haiM jinakI eka mahAkAvya meM Avazyaka rUpa se anivAryatA hotI hai / tatkAlIna kAvyazAstra kI maryAdAoM ke antargata dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA itivRtta kRtrima hone ke bAda bhI kAvya-cAturI kI svAbhAvikatAoM se yukta hai / rAmakathA aura pANDavakathA ke vividha kathAnakIya AyAma kAvya ke sandhAnAtmaka prayoga vaicitrya se samAnAntara ho jAte haiM / nizcita rUpa se yaha kAvya- camatkAra kA adbhuta prayoga hai / parantu isa camatkArapUrNa kAvya-prayoga ke liye kavi ko kitanA prayAsa karanA par3A hogA usakA sahaja meM anumAna lagAnA bhI kaThina hai| donoM samAnAntara kathAnakoM ko ekasAtha sameTane meM janma, vivAha, vanagamana Adi kI ghaTanAoM ko jahA~ ekasAtha varNita karake kArya sAdhA gayA hai vahA~ dUsarI ora kavi ne vizeSaNa- vizeSya bhAva se tathA upamAna-upameya bhAva se bhI zabda prayoga karate hue sandhAna- kAvya ko sArthakatA pradAna kI hai / alaMkAra - vinyAsa vizeSakara zleSa Adi zabdAlaMkAroM kA aucitya kisa sImA taka ho sakatA hai dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya usakA eka nidarzana hai / yamaka, citrAlaMkAra Adi alaMkAroM ke zAstrIya bheda-prabhedoM kI jitanI bhI kAvyazAstrIya saMbhAvanAeM saMbhava haiM, kavi dhanaJjaya ne unakA bharapUra lAbha uThAte hue sandhAnAtmaka kAvyavidhA ko dizA-nirdezaka AyAmoM se saMjoyA hai / inhIM aneka vizeSatAoM evaM camatkArapUrNa alaMkAra- yojanAoM se paripuSTa sandhAna-kAvya zailI paravartI kaviyoM ke liye atyadhika preraNAdAyaka siddha huI hai| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa dhanaJjaya ko sandhAna-kAvya kA pitA kahA jAe to atyukti na hogI /
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________________ caturtha adhyAya dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva pichale adhyAya meM spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke kartA dhanaJjaya ne saMskRta bhASA kI nAnArthaka pravRttiyoM se lAbha uThAkara saMskRta sandhAna zailI kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| isa zailI kA vinyAsa yugAnusArI kAvya-mUlyoM se bhI bahuta kucha prabhAvita rahA hai / sAmantavAdI kAvya-mUlyoM kI apekSA se mahAkAvyoM zRGgArika bhoga-vilAsa evaM kRtrima alaMkAra - pradarzana ko pradhAnatA dI jAne lagI thI / isI prakAra yuddha-varNana evaM astra-zastra prayoga sambandhI gatividhiyoM ko vizeSa protsAhita kiyA jA rahA thaa| rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata donoM se sambaddha kathAvastu 1 ina sabhI yugIna mUlyoM ko AtmasAta karane kI pUrNa yogyatA thI / isalie dvisandhAnakAra ne ina donoM mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu ko AdhAra banAyA tathA tatkAlIna yugIna AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa 'dvisandhAna' ko eka mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM upanibaddha kiyA / siddhAntataH sandhAna- kAvya-paramparA zabda - krIDA evaM kAvya kRtrima mUlyoM ko prazraya dene vAlI kAvya - cetanA kI carama pariNati hai / saMskRta kAvya-zAstra ke AcAryoM ne isake zilpa - vaidhAnika svarUpa - nirdhAraNa ke prati bhI gahana ruci prakaTa kI hai / saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne sandhAna-vidhA meM kAvyatattvoM kA samAveza Avazyaka mAnA hai / dhanaJjaya svayaM bhI sandhAna- kAvya meM kAvyocita guNoM ko Avazyaka mAnate hue kahate haiM - 'citta ke liye AkarSaka tathA kramAnusAra vikasita, phalata: navIna zRMgAra Adi rasoM, zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkAroM se yukta sundara vargoM dvArA gumphita racanA prAcIna hone para bhI Anandaprada hotI hai / upajAti Adi chanda rahate haiM, pada-vAkya- vinyAsa bhI pUrva-paramparAgata hotA hai, gadyapadyamaya hI AkAra rahatA hai aura saba-ke-saba vahI purAne alaMkAra-niyama rahate haiM, to bhI kevala akSaroM ke vinyAsa ko badala dene se hI racanA sundara ho jAtI hai / jo vANI
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA arthayukta, mAdhuryAdi guNoM se samanvita, alaMkAra - zAstra aura vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se yukta hotI hai, vahI sajjanoM ko pramudita karatI hai' / ' dhanaJjaya ne sandhAna-kAvya meM kAvyocita guNoM ko Avazyaka mAnakara unakA prayoga bhI kiyA hai, isIlie apane kAvya ko 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / 94 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA mahAkAvyatva kAvya ke vividha rUpoM meM mahAkAvya kA sthAna sarvopari hai / 'mahat' vizeSaNa ke yoga se kAvya (mahAkAvya) kI vyApakatA kI paridhi atyanta vistRta ho jAtI hai, jo mahAkAvya kI mahattA kI dyotaka hai| mahAkAvya meM anya kAvyAMgoM kI apekSA jIvana ko adhika vistRta phalaka para citrita kiyA jAtA hai / vaha jIvana ke samagra rUpa kI abhivyakti karatA hai / usameM jAtIya jIvana vividha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA | vizAla kathA - paTa para bhAvanAoM ke aneka raMga bhare jAte haiN| mahAkAvya kA mAdhyama apekSAkRta adhika bRhat hone ke kAraNa usameM jIvana kA sarvAMgINa rUpa abhivyakta hotA hai aura samasta mAnavatA, samAja, saMskRti, prakRti aura caritra ke vividha prakAra usameM mUrtta hote haiM / vistRta paridhi meM mahAkAvya pramukha pAtroM ke sAtha aneka gauNa aura sahAyaka pAtroM ke caritra kA vizleSaNa bhI prastuta karatA hai / mAnava jIvana ke antaraGga aura bahiraGga donoM hI mahAkAvya meM pratibimbita hote haiM / mahAkAvya cAhe kisI yuga meM bhI likhe gaye hoM, unhoMne yuga-cetanA ke svara ko ubhAra kara prastuta kiyA hai| isa prakAra sAmAjika cetanA ke prati samarpita mahAkAvya-vidhA purAtana aura navIna samAjadharmI mUlyoM ko apane kalevara meM sameTatI AyI hai / bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka ora navInAtinavIna mahAkAvya likhe gaye aura dUsarI ora usakI navIna paribhASAeM banatI rahIM / kAvyazAstriyoM ne mahAkAvya-lakSaNa nirdhArita karate samaya apane samakSa kisI-na-kisI mahAkAvya ko Adarza rakhA / ye lakSaNa usa kAla ke mahAkAvyoM ke liye to mAnya rahe, kintu 1. 'cirantane vastuni gacchati spRhAM vibhAvyamAno'bhinavairnavapriyaH / rasAntaraizcittaharairjano'ndhasi prayogaramyairupadaMzakairiva // sa jAtimArgo racanA ca sA''kRtistadeva sUtraM sakalaM purAtanam / vivarttitA kevalamakSaraiH kRtirna kaJcukazrIriva varNyamRcchati // kaverapArthAmadhurA na bhAratI katheva karNAntamupaiti bhAratI / tanoti sAlaGkRtilakSmaNAnvitA satAM mudaM dAzaratheryathA tanuH // ', dvisa., 1.3-5
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva paravartI paramparA-mukta navIna mahAkAvyoM liye ve ayogya siddha ho gye| sthira mAnadaNDa aparyApta siddha hote gye| yadyapi saMskRta ke prAcIna sAhityAcAryoM ne apane lakSaNa-granthoM meM mahAkAvya kA svarUpa sthira rakhane kI ceSTA kI hai, tathApi mahAkAvya kI sarvamAnya paribhASA nahIM bana skii| saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM mahAkAvya kA varNana sarvaprathama bhAmaha ne kiyA hai| taduparAnta daNDI2 ,rudraTare, Anandavardhana, kuntaka', bhoja, vAgbhaTa , hemacandra, amaracandra sUri tathA vizvanAtha ne isakA svarUpa-vivecana kiyaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke lekhaka kA apane se pUrvavartI bhAmaha, daNDI tathA rudraTa prabhRtikAvya zAstriyoM se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hI hai / kintu lakSaNa-granthoM kI racanA meM koI-na-koI lakSya-grantha Adarza rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai, isalie dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke mahAkAvyatva kI samIkSA karate samaya paravartI kAvyazAstriyoM ke mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM kA ullekha bhI yatra-tatra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' ke mahAkAvyatva kI parIkSA nimna prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai1. sargabaddhatA sAmAnyata: mahAkAvya sargabaddha honA cAhie / 11 daNDI ke matAnusAra sarga na adhika lambe aura na adhika choTe hone cAhieM / 12 kucha vidvAnoM ne daNDI ke 1. kA.bhA.,1.19-23 kAvyA.,1.14-19 3. kA.ru.,16.2-19 4. dhvanyA.,3.10-14 5. vakrokti,4.16-26 6. sarasvatI.,5.126-37 7. kA.vA.,pR.15 8. kA.he.,8.6 9. kA.kalpa,1.45-94 10. sA.da.6.315-28 11. kA.bhA.,1.19,kAvyA,1.14,kA.ru.,16:19 12. 'sagairanativistIrNaiH -',kAvyA.,1.18
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 1 sagairanativistIrNaiH pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki pratyeka sarga meM tIsa se anna tathA dau so se anadhika padya hoM / ' paramparAnukUla 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' sargabaddha hai / isake vibhinna sargoM meM kramaza: 50, 34, 43, 55, 69, 52, 95, 58, 52, 46, 41, 52, 44, 39, 50, 87,91, 146 ( kula 1104) padya haiN| isa prakAra uparyukta vivecana ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue isake sabhI sarga na to adhika lambe, nahI adhika choTe kahe jA sakate haiM / 96 paravartI kAvyazAstriyoM meM vizvanAtha ne sargoM kI saMkhyA aura unake nAmakaraNa para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra mahAkAvya meM kama-se-kama ATha sarga hone cAhieM aura sabhI sargoM kA nAmakaraNa unameM varNita kathA ke AdhAra para honA cAhie / 2 'dvisandhAna mahAkAvya' aThAraha sargoM kA mahAkAvya hai aura isake pratyeka sarga kA nAmakaraNa usameM varNita kathA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / 3 2. kathAnaka mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka asaMkSipta arthAt vizAla honA cAhie / atyanta saMkSepa meM varNita vastu rucikara nahIM hotI / isI kAraNavaza kAvyazAstriyoM ne mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka asaMkSipta hone para bala diyA / etadanusAra dvisandhAnamahAkAvya meM sandhAna-vidhA ke mAdhyama se rAghava - pANDava kathA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| 1. kAvyA,1.18 para rAmacandra mizra kRta 'prakAza' hindI vyAkhyA, pR. 21 2. 'sargA aSTAdhikA iha / 'sA.da., 6.320 tathA 'sargopAdeyakathayA sarganAma tu / ' vahI 6.325 3. prastuta grantha, adhyAya 3 4. kA. bhA., 1.19 tathA kAvyA, 1.18 5. atisaMkSiptam-atisaMkSepavarNitaM hi vastu na svadate, yathA'vasudevAtsamutpadya pUtanAM vinipAtya ca / kaMsaM hatvA dvArakAyAmuSitvA svargato hari:' iti kRSNakathAnakaM na rocate / kAvyA, 1.18 para rAmacandra mizra kRta 'prakAza' saMskRta vyAkhyA, pR. 21
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________________ 97 dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva rudraTa mahAkAvya ke kathAnaka kA AdhAra 'mahatI ghaTanA' ko mAnate haiN| 'mahatI ghaTanA' se abhiprAya hai-mahatvapUrNa evaM garimAmayI ghttnaa|2 viliyama roz2a bainiTa ke anusAra 'aitihAsika, dantakathAmUlaka yA kAlpanika ghaTanA' ko 'mahatI ghaTanA' kahA jA sakatA hai / 3 rudraTa ko bhI kavikalpita yA kavikalpanA se mAMsala banI aitihAsika ghaTanA mahatI ghaTanA ke rUpa meM abhimata hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM itihAsa-prasiddha rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata ke kathA rUpa asthipaJjara ko dhanaJjaya ne apanI kalpanA se mAMsala banAkara kathAnaka ke rUpa meM aGgIkAra kiyaa| 3. kathAnaka kA AdhAra mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka itihAsa aura purANa para AdhArita athavA paramparA kI dRSTi se prakhyAta evaM sajjanAzrita honA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata para AdhArita hai, jo ki itihAsa va purANa donoM zreNiyoM meM Ate haiN| isake atirikta rAma-kathA tathA pANDava-kathA prakhyAta evaM sajjanAzrita bhI haiN| 1. draSTavya-zaMbhUnAthasiMha : hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa-vikAsa,pR.54, tathA zyAmazaMkara dIkSita,terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya,pR.15 2. draSTavya-"An epic poem is by common consent a narrative of some length and deals with events which have a certain gradure and importance..", C.M. Bowara : From Virgil to Milton, P. 1 3. draSTavya-"A poem of dramatic character dealing by means of narration with history, real or fiction, of some notable action of series of actions carried out under heroic or supernatural guidance", William Rose Benit : The Reader's Encyclopaedia, p. 345 4. kA.ru.16.3-4 5. tulanIya-'teSu kAvyAdimadhye te'nutpAdyAH, yeSAM paJjaraM kathAzarIramakhilaM sarvamitihAsAdiprasiddhaM rAmAyaNAdikathAprasiddha kaviH svavAcA paripUrayet', kA. ru., 16.4 para namisAdhuviracita TippaNI,pR.168 6. kAvyA.1.15
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________________ 18 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA rudraTa ke anusAra mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka utpAdya (kavikalpanAjanya) bhI ho sakatA hai| unakA yaha bhI kathana hai ki 'yadi mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka anutpAdya ho (arthAt itihAsa yA purANa se liyA gayA ho), to itihAsa-purANAdi se kevala kathApaJjara hI lenA caahie| zeSa sabhI bAteM kavi ko apanI kalpanA se rakta-mAMsa kI bhA~ti usa kathApaJjara meM bharakara mahAkAvya ke zarIra kA sugaThita nirmANa karanA cAhie'2 rudraTa kA Azaya yaha hai ki kathAnaka cAhe utpAdya ho yA anutpAdya, usameM kalpanA kA upayoga kavi ko avazya karanA caahie| isa mata ke anusAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka anutpAdya hai, utpAdya nahIM, kyoMki isakA kathAnaka itihAsa-purANAdi (rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata) se liyA gayA hai| isakA kathAnaka anutpAdya isalie bhI hai ki yaha kathApaMjara rUpa meM itihAsa-purANAdi se bhale hI liyA gayA hai, parantu dhanaJjaya ne apanI kalpanA se prasaGgAnukUla anya bAteM rakta-mAMsa kI bhA~ti usameM samAhita kara use sugaThita zarIra pradAna kiyA hai| 4. kathAnaka-vyavasthA bhAmaha prabhRti kAvyazAstriyoM dvArA kathAnaka ke vistAra-saMgaThana tathA vyavasthA ke liye mahAkAvya meM bhI nATya-sandhiyoM kI yojanA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| rudraTa kRta kAvyAlaMkAra para TIkA karate hue namisAdhu to mahAkAvya meM bharatokta pA~ca nATya-sandhiyoM kA bar3e spaSTa rUpa se vidhAna karate haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM (i) mukha, (ii) pratimukha, (iii) garbha, (iv) vimarza tathA (v) nirvahaNa-ina pA~coM nATya-sandhiyoM kA aucitya siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo isa prakAra hai 1. 'tatrotpAdyA yeSAM zarIramutpAdayetkaviH sklm| kalpitayuktotpattiM nAyakamapi kutracitkuryAt ||',kaa.ru.16.3 2. 'paJjaramitihAsAdiprasiddhamakhilaM tadekadezaM vaa| paripUrayet svavAcA yatra kaviste tvnutpaadyaaH||' vahI,16.4 3. 'mantradUtaprayANAjinAyakAbhyudayaizca yt|| paJcabhiH sandhibhiryuktaM nAtivyAkhyeyamRddhimat ||',kaa.bhaa.,1.20 'sargAbhidhAni cAsminavAntaraprakaraNAni kurviit|| sandhInapi saMzliSTAMsteSAmanyonyasaMbandhAt ||',vhii,16.19 4. 'tathA saMdhInmukhapratimukhagarbhavimarzanirvahaNAkhyAnbharatoktAnsuzliSTAnsu racanAnkurvIt |',vhii, 16.19 para namisAdhu kRta TippaNI,pR.169
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva (i) mukha-sandhi jahA~ bIja arthAt pramukha upAya kI samyak-utpatti ho aura prasaMgavaza Aye aneka rasa utpanna hoM, vaha 'mukha-sandhi' kahalAtI hai| yaha kAvya meM zarIrAnugata arthAt prArabhbhAnugata hotI hai / 1 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM caturtha sarga paryanta 'makha-sandhi' hai| isameM rAghavoM/pANDavoM kI utpatti tathA rAmacandra/yudhiSThira ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI se 'bIja' yA pramukha upAya kI samyak utpatti hotI hai| ayodhyA/ hastinApura nagarI varNana tathA dazaratha/pANDurAja zAsana-varNana ke prasaGgoM se nAnA rasoM kI utpatti hotI hai / rAma/pANDavoM kA vana-gamana 'prArambha' hai / isa prakAra zarIrAnugata yA prArambhAnugata hone ke kAraNa caturtha sarga paryanta 'mukha-sandhi' (ii) pratimukha-sandhi jahA~ dRSTa aura naSTa kI bhA~ti bIja kA kahIM-kahIM udghATana ho aura vaha sarvatra nyasta ho, use 'pratimukha-sandhi' kahate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke paJcama se saptama sarga paryanta 'pratimukha-sandhi' hai| zambukumAra/kIcakavadha tathA khara-dUSaNa-saMhAra/godhana para ghere kI samApti Adi ghaTanAoM dvArA anukUla vAtAvaraNa pAkara nirvighna rAjya-prApti rUpa phala ke prati abhimukha rAghava/pANDava janma Adi bIja rUpa kathAnaka udghATita hotA huA-sA pratIta hokara dRSTa jJAta hotA hai, para rAvaNa dvArA sItA apaharaNa/zarad Rtu kA Arambha Adi avarodhaka zakti ke kAraNa naSTa hotA huA-sA pratIta hotA hai| isa prakAra paJcama se saptama sarga taka sarvatra nyasta hokara mukha-sandhi ke pradhAna-lakSya kA kiJcit vikAsa hone ke kAraNa 'pratimukha-sandhi' hai| 1. 'yatra bIjasamutpattirnAnArtharasasambhavA / kAvye zarIrAnugatA sanmukhaM parikIrtitam ||',naa.shaa.,16.39 2. 'bIjasyodghATanaM yatra dRSTanaSTamiva kvcit| mukhanyastasya sarvatra tadai pratimukhaM smRtam ||',vhii,16.40
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________________ 100 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (iii) garbha-sandhi ____ jahA~ bIja kI prApti yA aprApti ho aura puna: unakA anveSaNa ho, use 'garbha-sandhi' kahate haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke aSTama se ekAdaza sarga taka 'garbha-sandhi' hai| isameM rAma dvArA sAhasagati-parAjaya/pANDavoM dvArA jarAsandha-parAjaya ke mAdhyama se rAghava/pANDava janma kI sArthakatA kA darzana honA 'bIja' kI prApti hai / sugrIva kA lakSmaNa ko rAvaNa se yuddha na karane kI preraNA denA, dUta dvArA zrIkRSNa ko jarAsaMdha ke sammukha samarpaNa karane kA sujhAva diyA jAnA 'bIja' kI aprApti hai| sugrIva/zrIkRSNa dvArA yuddha kA nizcaya 'bIja' kA punaH anveSaNa hai / isa prakAra aSTama se ekAdaza sarga taka 'garbha-sandhi' hai| (iv) vimarza-sandhi ___ jahA~ kisI vilobhana athavA krodha evaM vyasana se utpAdita bIjArtha garbha se pRthak ho jAe, use 'vimarza-sandhi' kahate haiN| kucha AcArya ise 'avamarza-sandhi' nAma se bhI abhihita karate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke dvAdaza se paJcadaza sarga taka 'vimarza-sandhi' hai / dUta rUpa meM hanumAna/zrIzaila ke rAma/zrIkRSNa se samajhautA karane ke liye kahane para krodhAbhibhUta rAvaNa/jarAsaMgha kI phaTakAra se tathA senA ke samudra-gaMgA taTa para pahu~cane ke anantara nAyaka-nAyikAoM ke jala-krIDA varNana se bIjArtha pRthak-sA ho jAtA hai, ata: dvAdaza se paJcadaza sarga paryanta 'vimarza-sandhi' (v) nirvahaNa-sandhi kramaza: avasthA-catuSTaya ke dvArA sampAdita hone vAle utpatti, udghATana, ubhedagarbha ora nirbheda rUpa bIja vikAroM se jo yukta haiM evaM aneka prakAra ke sukha-duHkhAtmaka hAsa, zoka, krodha, Adi bhAvoM se jinakA utkarSa ho gayA hai, aise mukhAdi cAra sandhiyoM ke prArambhAdi arthoM kA jisameM samAnayana arthAt phala-niSpatti 1. 'udbhedastasya bIjasya prAptiraprAptireva vaa| punazcAnveSaNaM yatra sa garbha iti sNjnyitH||' nA.zA,19.41 2. 'garbhanirminnabIjArtho vilobhnkRto'thvaa| krodhavyasanajo vApi sa vimarza iti smRtH||' vahI,19.42 3. draSTavya-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA': bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza,pR.1350
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva 101 meM yojana ho, use 'nirvahaNa-sandhi' kahate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke SoDaza se aSTAdaza sarga paryanta 'nirvahaNa-sandhi' hai| isameM uparyukta cAroM sandhiyoM ke prArambhAdi arthoM kA rAma /zrIkRSNa kI nirvighna rAjyaprApti rUpa phala-niSpatti meM samAnayana hotA hai, ata: SoDaza se aSTAdaza sarga taka 'nirvahaNa-sandhi' hai| 5. avAntara-kathA yojanA __ rudraTa ke matAnusAra mahAkAvya meM avAntara-kathAoM kI yojanA avazya honI cAhie, kyoMki unake dvArA jIvana ke gambhIra aura vyApaka anubhavoM ko upasthita karane meM suvidhA rahatI hai| sandhAna-vidhA meM racA huA hone ke kAraNa yadyapi dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM avAntara-kathAoM ke liye avakAza nahIM hai, tathApi lekhaka dvArA kahIM-kahIM sugrIva-sAhasagati vRttAnta jaisI avAntara-kathAoM kI isameM samucita prakAra se yojanA kI gayI hai| 6. varNya-viSaya mahAkAvya meM prAkRtika dRzyoM, jIvana ke vividha vyApAroM evaM paristhitiyoM ke vizada varNana hone cAhieM / bhAmaha kI mahAkAvya-paribhASA meM varNya-viSayoM kA spaSTa evaM vistRta nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA / unhoMne mantraNA, dUtapreSaNa, senAprayANa, yuddha tathA nAyakAbhyudaya Adi kA hI nAmollekhapUrvaka parigaNana kiyA hai / kintu daNDI tathA rudraTa ne varNanIya-viSayoM arthAt prAkRtika dRzyoM, jIvana ke vividha vyApAroM evaM paristhitiyoM kI vistRta sUcI apane-apane mahAkAvya-lakSaNa meM parigaNita karAyI hai| unake dvArA varNita viSayoM meM se adhikAMza kA ullekha yadyapi dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM mila jAtA hai, tathApi sandhAna-vidhA meM racita isa mahAkAvya ke sabhI varNana vizada nahIM kahe jA sakate / isa mahAkAvya meM varNita varNya-viSaya tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiye jA sakate haiM (ka) vizada (kha) avizada tathA (ga) nAmollekha / 1. 'samAnayanamarthanAM mukhAdyAnAM sabIjinAm / nAnAbhAvottarANAM yadbhavennirvahaNaM tu tat ||',naa.shaa.,19.43 2. 'asminnavAntaraprakaraNAni kurvIta |'kaa.ru,16.19 3. 'mantradUtaprayANAjinAyakAbhyudayaizca yat |',kaa.bhaa.,1.20 4. kAvyA.1.16-17,kA.ru,169-15
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________________ 102 (ka) vizada jina varNya-viSayoM kA vizada varNana dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM huA hai, ve haiM - sUryAsta', sUryodaya', candrodaya, rAtri, sandhyA', SaD-Rtu', parvata, aTavI', kAnana', nagara 10, samudra 11, nadI 12, udyAnavihAra 13, salilakrIDA 14, madhupAna 15, ratotsava16, kumArotpatti17, mantraNA 18, dUtapreSaNa 19, senAprayANa 20, AkramaNa 21, yuddha 12 aura nAyakAbhyudaya 23 / 1. dvisa.,17.21-23 vahI, 17.84-90 2. 3. vahI, 17.39-40 4. vahI, 17.40-48 5. vahI, 17.25-31 6. vahI, 12.7,1.12-24,7.3-17 vahI, 7.32-39 7. 8. vahI, 7.30-32 9. vahI, 7.37-39 10. vahI, 1.10 - 50,8.25-29 11 . vahI 8.2 - 18 12. vahI 4.42,7.33 13. vahI, 15.1-16 14. vahI, 15.33-50 15. vahI, 17.54-60 16. vahI, 15.18-32 17. vahI, 3.11-18,28-30 18. vahI, sarga 11 19. vahI, sarga 13 20. vahI, sarga 14 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 29. vahI 22. vahI, sarga 16 23. vahI, 1899 - 105
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva 103 (kha) avizada avizada varNana vAle varNya-viSaya haiM- candrAsta', marubhUmire, deza, sarovara, saGgIta-goSThI', vipralambha, AkramaNa aura nAgarika-kSobha / (ga) nAmollekha jina varNya-viSayoM kA nAmollekha dvArA varNana huA hai, ve haiM-dvIpa, svarga(bhuvana) 10, vivAha11 aura skandhAvAra-niveza12 / isa prakAra siddha hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke varNya-viSaya mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM ke anurUpa haiM / 7. atiprAkRta aura alaukika tatva rudraTa ne mahAkAvya meM atiprAkRta aura alaukika tatvoM kA honA Avazyaka mAnA hai / kintu, unakA sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhI kahanA hai ki mahAkAvya meM alaukika aura atiprAkRta kArya mAnava dvArA sampAdita nahIM dikhAye jAne cAhieM / yadi aisA karanA hI ho, to vahA~ divya zaktiyoM-devatA, rAkSasa, gandharva, yakSa, vyantara Adi kI sahAyatA lenI caahie|13 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM deva14, daitya'5, rAkSasa16, 1. dvisa.,17.89-90 2. vahI,12.15-16 3. vahI,4.8 4. vahI,1.47 5. vahI,1.41 6. vahI,8.19,36,91-9 7. vahI,sarga 14 8. vahI,13.11 9. vahI,12.51 10. vahI,1038,12.33,16.83-84 11. vahI,3.26-27 12. vahI,14.21 13. kA.ru.,16.37-39 14. dvisa.,432,6.50 15. vahI,5.6 16. vahI,7.60
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________________ 104 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA zalAkApuruSa', vidyAdhara, kinnara Adi atiprAkRta zaktiyoM tathA lakSmaNa dvArA koTizilA-uddharaNa jaise Alaukika dRzyoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai / rudraTa kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa isa mahAkAvya meM alaukika tathA atiprAkRta kArya mAnava dvArA sampAdita na dikhAkara devatA, gandharva, rAkSasa Adi dvArA sampAdita dikhAye gaye haiN| udAharaNata: AkAzamArga se sItA kA apaharaNa karake bhAganA vidyAdharoM ke rAjA yA rAkSasarAja rAvaNa dvArA sampAdita dikhAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra koTizilA kA uddharaNa zalAkApuruSa athavA paramapuruSa AThaveM viSNu lakSmaNa dvArA kiyA gayA hai / 8. Arambha mahAkAvya kA Arambha kisa prakAra kiyA jAe-isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama daNDI ne vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra mahAkAvya ke Adi meM AzIrvacana, namaskriyA tathA vastunirdeza kA nirdeza honA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA Arambha AzIrvacana, namaskriyA tathA vastunirdeza ke nirdeza dvArA hI haA hai| prathama sarga ke sarvaprathama padya meM pAThakoM ke prati zubhecchA ke prAkaTya dvArA AzIrvacana kA, dvitIya padya meM sarvajJa kI vANI (divya-dhvani) sarasvatI sama vanadevI ke prati namaskriyA kA, tadanantara tRtIya se aSTama padya paryanta vastu-nirdeza kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| rudraTa mahAkAvya ke Arambha meM sannagarI-varNana tathA nAyaka ke vaMza kI prazaMsA Avazyaka samajhate haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke Arambha meM sannagarI-varNana tathA nAyaka ke vaMza kI prazaMsA-donoM tatva dRSTigocara hote haiN| isake prathama sarga meM 1. dvisa.,1.8 2. vahI,147 3. vahI,1.10,7.5 4. vahI,sarga 12 5. vahI,7.93 6. vahI,sarga 12 7. 'AzIrnamaskriyAvastunirdezo vA'pi tanmukham ||',kaavyaa,1.14 8. tatrotpAdye pUrva sannagarIvarNanaM mahAkAvye / kurvIta tadanu tasyAM nAyakavaMzaprazaMsA ca // ', kA.ru.,16.7
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva 105 hastinApura/ ayodhyA nagarI kA varNana tathA dvitIya sarga meM pANDava / rAghava vaMza kI prazaMsA huI hai / 9. antayA samApti mahAkAvya ke anta ke sambandha meM rudraTa kA mata hai ki nAyaka kA abhyudaya dikhAkara mahAkAvya kI samApti kara denI cAhie / isa mantavya ke anurUpa dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI samApti rAma / zrIkRSNa ko niSkaNTaka rAjyaprApti se hotI hai| dhanaJjaya ke uttaravartI hemacandra ne mahAkAvya- samApti para vistArapUrvaka cintana kiyA hai / unakA kathana hai ki mahAkAvya ke anta meM kavi ko apanA uddezya prakaTa karanA cAhie, apanA tathA apane iSTadeva kA nAma vyakta karanA cAhie aura maGgalavAcI zabdoM kA prayoga karake mahAkAvya kI samApti karanI caahie| spaSTa hai hemacandra ne jaina mahAkAvyoM ko dekhakara hI yaha niyama nirdhArita kiyA hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM grantha ke anta meM kavi paricaya guru-paramparA Adi kA varNana milatA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai / isake antima padya meM dhanaJjaya ne apane uddezya tathA usakI pUrti ke viSaya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki 'sandhAna-vidhA meM racita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke kAraNa dhanaJjaya kI sthAyI kIrti huI hai tathA usakI yaha kRti gAmbhIrya, mAdhurya, prasAda Adi kAvya-guNoM dvArA samudra kI gaharAI, nirmamatA Adi guNoM kA bharapUra upahAsa karatI hai' / uddezya - kathana ke sAtha-sAtha kavi ne apanA'dhanaJjaya' nAma tathA apane mAtA-pitA ke 'zrIdevI' va 'vasudeva' nAma bhI vyakta kiye haiN| iSTadeva ke rUpa meM apane guru 'dazaratha' ke nAma kA smaraNa kiyA hai| ina tatvoM ke sAtha-sAtha 'zrI' jaise maGgalavAcI zabdoM kA prayoga karake hI isa mahAkAvya samApti kI gayI hai / 4 1. 'kRcchreNa sAdhu kuryAdabhyudayaM nAyakasyAnte // ', vahI, 16.18 2. draSTavya-dvisa, 18.133-46 3. 'svAbhiprAyasvanAmeSTanAmamaGgalAGkitasamAptitvamiti / ', alaM. cU., pR. 457 4. 'nItyA yo guruNA dizo dazarathenopAttavAnnandanaH zrIdevyA vasudevataH pratijaganyAyasya mArge sthitaH / tasya sthAyidhanaJjayasya kRtitaH prAduSSaduccairyazo gAmbhIryAdiguNApanodavidhinevAmbhonidhIMllaGghate // ', dvisa, 18.146
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________________ 106 10. sarga - samApti sarga-samApti ke saMdarbha meM dhanaJjaya se pUrvavartI sAhityazAstriyoM ne apane mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM meM kucha nahIM kahA, kintu paravartI AcAryoM meM vizvanAtha kA kathana hai ki sarga ke anta meM agale sarga kI kathA kI sUcanA dI jAnI cAhie' aura vAgbhaTa kA mata hai ki pratyeka sarga kA antima padya kavi dvArA abhipreta zabda - zrI, lakSmI Adi se aMkita rahanA cAhie / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM sarga-samApti se sambaddha vizvanAtha dvArA pratipAdita guNa nahIM, apitu vAgbhaTa dvArA pratipAdita guNa dikhAyI dete haiN| isase isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai ki isa prakAra kI pravRtti jaina mahAkAvyoM meM Arambha ho jAne para, jaina kAvyazAstrI vAgbhaTa ko ise apane mahAkAvya-lakSaNa meM bhI samucita sthAna denA par3A / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke pratyeka sarga kA antima padya kavi ke svAbhipreta zabda 'dhana' tathA 'jaya' (dhanaJjaya) se aMkita hai / ina do zabdoM ke atirikta prathama se dvAdaza tathA paJcadaza se aSTAdaza sargoM taka kramazaH vidhi aura vibhUti, maGgala aura yaza, sukha aura parameSThI', abhyudaya aura abhivRddhi, nidhi aura lakSmI, zrI', yaza aura vidyA, zAstra aura prabhu, zubhA aura kalyANI 11, zrI aura dhI12, mantra 13, zrI nArAyaNa aura siddha 14, dhI15, zrI, 1. 'sargA'nte bhAvisargasya kathAyAH sUcanaM bhavet // ', sA.da.,6.321 2. 'svAbhipretavastvaGkitasargAntam', kA.vA., pR.15 3. dvisa. 1.50 4. vahI, 2.43 5. vahI 3.43 6. vahI, 4.55 7. vahI, 5.69 8. vahI, 6.52 9. vahI, 7.95 10. vahI, 8.58 11. vahI, 9.52 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA vahI, 10.46 12. 13. vahI, 11.41 14. vahI, 12.52 15. vahI, 15.50
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________________ 107 dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva lakSmI aura maharddhi, lakSmI aura hari2, zrI, nidhi aura yaza-zabdoM kA aMkana huA hai / isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhanaJjaya ne 'cihnAMkana' kI mahAkAvyIya jaina paramparA ko vizeSa yogadAna diyaa| 11. nAmakaraNa mahAkAvya ke nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM vizvanAtha ko chor3akara anya sabhI AcArya mauna haiM / vizvanAtha ke anusAra mahAkAvya kA nAmakaraNa kavi, kathAvastu athavA caritanAyaka ke nAma para honA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu dvisandhAnAtmaka arthAt vyarthI zailI meM prastuta kI gayI hai, isIlie isakA nAmakaraNa dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya huA hai / isa mahAkAvya kA aparanAma 'rAghavapANDavIya' haiyaha nAmakaraNa isake caritanAyakoM rAghavoM tathA pANDavoM ke nAma para huA hai / isa prakAra pUrvavartI mahAkAvyoM ke nAmakaraNa vizvanAtha ke mahAkAvya-lakSaNa meM nihita nAmakaraNa sambandhI tathya ko satyApita karate haiN| 12. nAyaka mahAkAvya meM nAyaka kA sthAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa hotA hai / bhAmaha mahAkAvya ke nAyaka kA kulIna, vIra aura vidvAn hone ke sAtha-sAtha vijayI honA bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| unake matAnusAra nAyaka kA vadha mahAkAvya meM nahIM dikhAnA caahie|6 daNDI ko mahAkAvya meM caturodAtta (catura + dhIrodAtta) nAyaka abhimata hai| rudraTa kA kathana hai ki nAyaka trivargoM meM se kisI eka varNa kA, sarvaguNasampanna, zaktizAlI,nItijJa, prajApAlaka aura vijayI honA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA nAyaka rAma/kRSNa bhAmaha dvArA ginAye nAyakocita guNoM-kulInatA, vIratA aura vidvattA se sampanna hai / mahAkAvya meM usakA vadha na dikhAkara, use vijayI dikhAyA 1. dvisa.,16.87 2. vahI,1791 3. vahI,18.146 4. 'kavervRttasya vA nAnAnAyakasyetarasya vA // nAmAsya...',sA.da.6.324-25 5. kA. bhA.,1.22 6. vahI 7. .........caturodAttanAyakam ||',kaavyaa.,1.15 8. kA.ru.,16.8-9
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________________ 108 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA gayA hai / ' rAma / kRSNa caturodAtta nAyaka hai / rudraTa dvArA ginAye nAyakocita guNoM ko rAma / kRSNa meM spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai / 13. pratinAyaka rudraTa ke anusAra nAyaka kI bhA~ti pratinAyaka bhI mahAkAvya meM Avazyaka hai / unake anusAra pratinAyaka ke kArya-kalApa aise hone cAhieM, jinase nAyaka kI krodhAgni bhar3aka uThe aura vaha pratinAyaka para AkramaNa kara de / pratinAyaka ko bhI vIratApUrvaka nAyaka kA sAmanA karate hue dikhAnA cAhie / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya nAyaka rAma / kRSNa kI bhA~ti pratinAyaka rAvaNa / jarAsandha kA bhI kuzala citraNa huA hai| pratinAyaka rAvaNa dvArA sItA kA apaharaNa athavA pratinAyaka jarAsandha kA jAlI pAsoM dvArA dyUtakrIDA meM kauravoM kA sahayoga' Adi kArya aise haiM, jinase krodhita hokara nAyaka rAma yA kRSNa pratinAyaka rAvaNa yA jarAsaMdha para AkramaNa kara detA hai / 5 pratinAyaka rAvaNa/ jarAsaMdha bhI nAyaka rAma / kRSNa kA vIratApUrvaka sAmanA karatA hai / 6 14. gauNa- pAtra nAyaka va pratinAyaka ke atirikta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI gauNa pAtra hote haiM / bhAmahu, daNDI' tathA rudraTa' prabhRti kAvyazAstriyoM ne mantra - dUta- prayANa Adi kI carcA Avazyaka batAyI hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki mahAkAvya meM mantrI, dUta, sainika, senApati Adi ko gauNa pAtra saMjJA se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / 10 1. 2. dvisa., 18.105 'pratinAyakamapi tadvattadabhimukhamRSyamANamAyAntam / abhidadhyAtkAryavazAnnagarIrodhasthitaM vA'pi // ' kA. ru., 16.16 dvisa.,7.90-93 vahI, 7.21,90-93 3. 4. 5. vahI, 9.7-10 6. vahI, 17.1-6 7. kA. bhA., 1.20 8. kAvyA., 1.17 9. kA. ru., 16.12 10. zyAmazaMkara dIkSita : teharavIM caudahavIM zatAbdI ke saMskRta jaina mahAkAvya, pR. 25
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva 109 dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM nAyaka, pratinAyaka ke atirikta gauNa pAtroM kA bhI yathAsthAna vivecana huA hai| bhAmaha, daNDI aura rudraTa Adi dvArA saMketita mantrI', dUta', sainika, senApati' Adi gauNa pAtroM kA isa mahAkAvya meM vizada citraNa yathocita rUpa se huA hai / 15. rasa- paripAka mahAkAvya ke mUla tatvoM meM rasa kA sthAna sarvapramukha hai| sabhI kAvyazAstriyoM ne mahAkAvya ke pratyeka sarga me rasa- yojanA kI anivAryatA para bala diyA hai / 5 dhanaJjaya ne isa kAvyazAstrIya paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM sabhI rasoM ko yathocita rUpa se nivezita kiyA hai / 6 16. alaMkAra - vinyAsa bhAmaha ne 'sAlaMkAra 7 tathA daNDI ne 'sadalaMkRti" padoM ke mAdhyama se alaMkAra-yojanA ko bhI mahAkAvya ke pramukha lakSaNoM meM samucita sthAna diyA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM adhikAMza zabdAlaMkAroM tathA arthAlaMkAroM kA prayoga huA hai / zliSTa kAvya hone ke kAraNa zleSa to AdyopAnta prayukta huA hI hai / citrakAvya athavA yamaka ke vibhinna prayoga aSTAdaza sarga meM dRSTigocara hote haiM / isa dRSTi se to dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya alaMkAra - pradhAna mahAkAvya hai / 17. chanda-yojanA mahAkAvya kA chandobaddha honA bhI Avazyaka hai / chanda-prayoga ke sambandha meM bhAmaha aura rudraTa mauna sAdhe hue haiN| daNDI kA isa sandarbha meM mata hai ki mahAkAvya kA chanda zravya aura zrutimadhura honA cAhie aura sargAnta meM use badala kara bhinna 1. dvisa, 11.1-2 2. vahI, 13.1-36 3. vahI, 16.21-29 4. vahI, 2.22, 16.30 5. 6. kA. bhA.,1.21, kAvyA., 1.18, kA. ru., 16.15 vizeSa draSTavya - prastuta grantha, adhyAya 5 7. kA. bhA.,1.19 8. kAvyA.,1.19 9. vizeSa draSTavya - prastuta grantha, adhyAya 6
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________________ 110 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya- cetanA chanda kA prayoga karanA cAhie / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM zravya va zrutimadhura chandoM kA saMyojana huA hai / pUrNa sarga meM eka chanda ko tathA sargAnta meM badalakara bhinna chanda ko prayoga karane kI prathA kA nirvAha sampUrNa mahAkAvya meM nahIM ho pAyA hai / prathama, caturtha, saptama, navama tathA aSTAdaza sargoM meM hI isa prakAra kA prayoga ho pAyA hai / 18. bhASA bhAmaha mahAkAvya meM AlaGkArika bhASA kA prayoga ucita samajhate haiM / unako mahAkAvya meM grAmya-zabdoM kA prayoga abhimata nahI hai / 3 daNDI mahAkAvya meM aisI bhASA kA prayoga ucita samajhate haiM, jisase mahAkAvya samasta loka kA raJjana kara sake / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki mahAkAvya kI bhASA sarala aura bodhagamya honI cAhie, tabhI usase samasta loka kA raJjana ho sakegA / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya dvyarthI-kAvya hai, ataeva bhAmaha kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa isameM AlaGkArika bhASA kA prayoga karanA kavi ke liye atisugama ho gayA hai / AlaGkArika hone ke sAtha-sAtha isakI bhASA agrAmya zabdAvalI se yukta hai / daNDI ke mahAkAvya-lakSaNa ke sandarbha meM isa mahAkAvya kI samIkSA kareM to kahA jA sakatA hai ki isameM samastalokaraJjaka arthAt sarala tathA bodhagamya bhASA kA bhI prayoga huA hai / 4 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM atyadhika Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki eka ora to mahAkavi dhanaJjaya ne samastalokaraJjaka arthAt sarala tathA bodhagamya bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai, to dUsarI ora AlaGkArikatA ke nAma para eka (antima) sarga meM duSkara citrabandha kI yojanA bhI kI hai| isa prakAra ke asAdhAraNa bhASA prayoga kI kSamatA se prabhAvita hokara hI sambhavata: hemacandra aura vAgbhaTa prabhRti paravartI 1. kAvyA., 1.18-19 2. vizeSa draSTavya- prastuta grantha, adhyAya 7 3. 'agrAmyazabdamarthaJca sAlaMkAraM sadAzrayam // ', kA. bhA., 1.19 4. kAvyA., 1.19 draSTavya - dvisa., 15.36-40 5. 6. 'duSkaracitrAdisargatvam',alaM.cU, pR.457 7. 'duSkaracitrAdyekasargAGkitam', kA.vA., pR. 15
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________________ dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva sAhityazAstriyoM ne mahAkAvya ke eka sarga meM duSkara citrabandha kI yojanA kI AvazyakatA para vizeSa bala diyA / 19. uddezya ___bhAratIya sAhityAcAryoM ne mahAkAvyoM kA uddezya sAmAnyata: dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-ina cAra puruSArthoM kI prApti mAnA hai / bhAmaha ne 'artha' ke nirUpaNa para vizeSa bala diyA hai| sAmAnyata: samasta jaina mahAkAvyoM kA uddezya 'dharma' kA pratipAdana kara nirvANa athavA mokSa-prApti rahA hai, kintu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI samApti nAyaka ko nirvighna rAjyaprApti para huI hai / ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa mahAkAvya kA uddezya artha-prApti hai / isake atirikta yuddha Adi ke dvArA artha kI prApti kA prayAsa, prApta artha dvArA sukha-bhoga aura artha se sAdhya vaibhava-vilAsa kA pradarzana-ye sabhI mahAkAvya ke varNanIya viSaya hote haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAjya-prApti ke sandarbha meM ye sabhI varNanIya viSaya prayukta hue haiN| isI kAraNavaza kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa mahAkAvya meM artha rUpa uddezya pradhAnatayA upalakSita hotA hai| tatkAlIna sAhitya-mUlyoM kI apekSA se bhI yadi thor3A vicAra kareM to sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI I. kAvya ke kRtrima mUlyoM se prabhAvita hotI huI yugIna .. sAmantavAdI sAhitya-pravRttiyoM se anuraMjita ho cukI thii| pariNAmata: dhana-prApti aura yaza-prApti kaviyoM kA mukhya lakSya bana cukA thaa| kAlidAsa Adi kaviyoM ke samAna rasapUrNa kAvya kI isa yuga meM apekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| niSkarSa isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya zAstrIya mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM kI draSTi se eka saphala mahAkAvya hai / sarga vibhAjana, kathAnaka saMyojana, pratipAdya viSaya, caritra citraNa, rasa-bhAva vinyAsa, chanda-alaMkAra viniyojana Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se dvisandhAna kA mahAkAvyatva sazakta evaM prabhAvazAlI siddha huA hai| isake mahAkAvyatva kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI mAnI jAnI cAhie ki isane apane svayaM ke mahAkAvyatva ko caritArtha karane hetu rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata jaise do rASTrIya mahAkAvyoM kI anupreraNA ko bhI apane meM sameTA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI 1. kA.bhA.,1.21,kAvyA.,1.15,kA.ru.,16.5 2. 'caturvargAbhidhAne'pi bhUyasArthopadezakRt |',kaa.bhaa.,1.21
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________________ 112 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA ghaTanAeM nATya-sandhiyoM se anuprerita hokara mahAkAvya ke kathAnaka-pravAha ko AkarSaka evaM prabhAvazAlI banAtI haiN| yugIna mUlyoM kI anupreraNA pAkara mahAkAvya meM yuddha-varNanoM Adi ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna rAja-cetanA ko vizeSa prazraya diyA gayA hai to dUsarI ora tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa evaM strI-saundarya sambandhI citrAGkanoM ke dvArA zRGgAra rasa kA bhI vizeSa niyojana huA hai / saMkSepa meM dvisandhAna paramparAgata mUlyoM se anuprerita eka aisA mahAkAvya hai jisameM yugabodha kI kAvya-pravRttiyoM ko bhI vizeSa varIyatA dI gayI hai|
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________________ paJcama adhyAya rasa-paripAka bhAratIya sAhitya-sAdhanA kA mukhya AdhAra tattva rasa rahA hai| vizvanAtha jaise rasavAdI sAhityAcAryoM ne rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA kahakara isake mahatva ko paryApta ubhArane kI ceSTA kI hai| rasa ke isa kAvyazAstrIya pakSa ke atirikta hameM yaha bhI dekhanA cAhie ki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI meM kAvya kI rasamayatA vizeSa prabhAvita huI hai / azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa jaise kaviyoM ke rasapezala kAvya ke sthAna para bhAravi Adi mahAkaviyoM ne kRtrima evaM zabdADambarapUrNa kAvya-sAdhanA kA zrIgaNeza kara sAmantavAdI kAvya-mUlyoM hetu dizA-nirdezana kA kArya kiyaa| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI meM bhAratIya sAhitya-sAdhanA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika arAjakatAvAda se vizeSa prabhAvita hokara ni:sRta huI hai| adhikAMza rUpa se deza meM yuddhoM kA vAtAvaraNa hone ke kAraNa vIra rasa ko kAvya meM pradhAnatA dI jAne lagI thI tathA usake sAtha spardhA karane vAle zRGgAra rasa ko bhI vizeSa mahatva diyA jAne lagA thA / sAmanta rAjAoM kI vilAsapUrNa dinacaryA evaM zRGgAra sukha ke prati unake vizeSa AkarSaNa ke kAraNa kAvyoM va mahAkAvyoM meM aise varNana vizeSa rUpa se kAvyAGkita kiye jAne lage, jinameM vIra evaM zRGgAra kI vizeSa abhivyakti ho / 2 tatkAlIna sAhityAcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM kI ora yadi hama dRSTipAta kareM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unhoMne dUta-preSaNa, rAjanaitika-mantraNA, yuddha-prayANa, ghamAsAna yuddha-varNanoM ke mAdhyama se vIra rasa kI saMyojanA het mahAkAvya ko sAhityika kalevara pradAna kiyA, to dUsarI ora salila-krIDA, 1. 'vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyam', sAhityadarpaNa,1.3 2. tu.-'kAmAstrazAlA iva yatra bAlAH', neminirvANa,1.39 3. tu.- 'mantradUtaprayANAjinAyakAbhyudayairapi', kAvyA,1.17
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________________ sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA madhupAna-goSThI, ratikrIDA Adi ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI zRGgArika rasabhAvanA ko uddIpta karane ke kAvyazAstrIya aucitya ko vizeSa svara pradAna kiyA / 114 dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya kI rasa- saMyojanA para yadi ukta paristhitiyoM ke pariprekSya meM vicAra kiyA jAe, to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dvisandhAna meM bhI vIra aura zRGgAra rasa kI pradhAnatayA avatAraNA huI hai / dvisandhAna meM yuddha-kalA aura sainyagatividhiyoM kA pradhAna rUpa se citraNa huA hai / inake sAtha hI zRGgAra rasa ko vizeSa poSaNa milA hai / kabhI-kabhI to aisA lagatA hai ki dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya para zRGgAra hAvI hai, parantu samagra mahAkAvya meM 'vIra' aura 'zRGgAra' donoM meM se kisI eka ko pradhAnatA denI ho to 'vIra rasa' ko hI pradhAnatA denI hogI / phalata: prastuta mahAkAvya kA aGgI rasa 'vIra' hai aura zRGgAra kA sthAna usake pazcAt AtA hai / bhayAnaka, raudra, bIbhatsa, karuNa Adi rasoM kI bhI aGgatvena vizeSa paripuSTi huI hai / dvisandhAnamahAkAvya meM vividha rasoM kA saMyojana isa prakAra huA hai vIra rasa 'vIra rasa' kA sthAyI bhAva utsAha hai / 2 yaha uttama prakRti tathA kulIna hRdaya vAle manuSyoM meM hI sambhava hai evaM ucca vargoM meM hI vizeSa rUpa se hotA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki ucita prakAra kA utsAha unhIM meM dikhAyI detA hai / isakI anubhUti bhI kulIna pAtra dvArA isake prastutIkaraNa se sambaddha hotI hai / isa utsAha kI samIcInatA usake preraka tatva para avalambita hotI hai / 3 vIra rasa AnandotpAdaka rasoM kI zreNI meM AtA hai / isakA sthAyI bhAva 'utsAha' bhayAnaka rasa ke sthAyIbhAva 'bhaya' kA pratidvandI kahA jA sakatA hai 1 bhayAnaka rasa meM zIghrAtizIghra bhayAnaka sthiti kI upekSA aura usase chuTakArA pAne kA prayatna rahatA hai / kintu vIra rasa meM sthiti kA utsAha evaM AnandapUrvaka sAmanA kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra vIra rasa 'utsAha' evaM 'Ananda' do tattvoM se yukta hai / isakA varNa gaura hai tathA isake devatA mahendra haiM / * T 1. tu. ----udyAnasalilakrIDAmadhupAnaratotsavaiH',vahI,1.16 2. 'atha vIro nAmottamaprakRtirutsAhAtmakaH 'nA. zA., pR. 88 3. Pandey, K.C. : Comparative Aesthetics, Vol. I, Varanasi, 1952, p. 212 sA.da.,3.232 4.
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________________ rasa-paripAka 115 jitevya zatru Adi isake Alambana vibhAva mAne gaye haiM / ina jitevya zatru Adi kI ceSTAeM isake uddIpana vibhAva haiM / yuddhAdi kI sAmagrI athavA anyAnya sahAyaka sAdhanoM kA anveSaNa isake anubhAva haiM / dhRti, mati, garva, smRti, tarka, romAJca Adi isake vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / 1 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA aGgIrasa vIra hai / dAnavIra, dharmavIra, dayAvIra tathA yuddhavIra ke bheda se vIra cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai / 2 vIratA ke ukta cAroM guNa manuSya meM pradarzita hote haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM cAroM prakAra kA vIra citrita huA hai, kintu 'yuddhavIra' kA citraNa vistAra ke sAtha huA hai / (ka) yuddhavIra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM yuddhavIra kA paripAka paMcama, SaSTha, navama, dazam, ekAdaza, caturdaza, SoDaza, saptadaza va aSTAdaza sargoM meM vizeSa rUpa se huA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM yuddhavIra kA saMyojana prAya: zaurya varNana, yuddhagata parAkrama varNana, sainya varNana tathA yuddha varNanoM ke prasaMga meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa sandarbha meM nimna varNana ullekhanIya haiM zauryavarNana dhanaJjaya ne jarAsandha ke parAmarzadAtAoM tathA sugrIva ke mAdhyama se zrIkRSNa / rAvaNa ke sAtha sIdhe va anAyAsa saMgharSa kI nirarthakatA kA kuzalatApUrvaka varNana kiyA hai / kavi ne ina sabake mAdhyama se hI jarAsandha ko AkramaNa karane se pUrva dhairya tathA yukti-kauzala kA prayoga karane tathA yuddha-kauzala, zatru kI sAmarthya evaM zakti kA jJAna prApta karane kA parAmarza diyA hai / isI prasaMga meM zrIkRSNa / rAvaNa zaurya tathA zakti ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai vairantuGgovardhanamicchannanu dRSTvA 1. 2. 3. kIrtyaikailAsaM gatamuccaiH sthitimugraH / taM yo lokaM vAyurivordhvaM dharati sma truTyattantubhUtabhujaGgaM bhujadaNDaiH // 3 sA.da.,3.233-34 vahI,3.234 dvisa., 10.38
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________________ 116 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA abhiprAya yaha hai ki "apane yaza ke kAraNa prabala nArAyaNa ne krIDA karane kI icchA karake sAmane atyanta U~ce govardhana ko dekhA aura Azcarya hai ki kevala vRkSoM kI jar3oM ke unmUlana aura tantu ke samAna TUTate saryoM ke sAtha use vaise hI bhujAoM se Upara uThA liyA thA, jisa prakAra vAyu saMsAra ko uThAye hue hai"| rAmAyaNa pakSa meM isakA artha hai - "apane yaza kI vRddhi kI kAmanA karate hue abhimAnI tathA ugra rAvaNa ne kailAza parvata ke atyanta U~ce bhAga meM tapasyA karate apane zatru ko dekha use apane bhujadaNDoM para vaise hI uThA diyA thA, jaise vAyu Urdhvaloka ko uThAye hai| rAvaNa ke uThAne ke samaya pRthvItala meM vAsa karate hue nAga dhAgoM kI bhA~ti TUTa gye"| prastuta sthala para 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai| 'govardhana'athavA 'rAvaNa-zatru' Alambana vibhAva tathA nArAyaNa/rAvaNa Azraya hai / govardhana kI U~cAI/kailAsa ke atyucca sthAna para tapasyA karanA uddIpana hai / vRkSoM kI jar3oM kA unmUlana tathA nAgoM kA dhAgoM kI bhA~ti TUTanA anubhAva hai| abhimAna, yazecchA, Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM, jinase vIra rasa ko paripoSaNa prApta huA hai| eka anya prasaGga meM rAvaNa/jarAsandha ke viruddha AkramaNa nIti nirdhArita karane ke liye sugrIva/vAsudeva dvArA Amantrita mantriyoM tathA parAmarzadAtAoM kI sabhA kI kAryavAhI kA varNana karate hue dhanaJjaya ne eka hI padya meM rAvaNa/jarAsandha ke zaurya kA kuzalatApUrvaka citraNa kiyA haiebhiH zirobhiratipIDitapAdapIya saGgrAmaraGgazavanatanasUtradhAraH / taM kaMsamAtula ihArigaNaM kRtAnta dantAntaraM gamitavAnna samandazAsya: // prastuta prasaGga meM jAmbavAn/balarAma ke mAdhyama se kavi ne rAvaNa/jarAsandha ke atizaya parAkrama tathA yuddha-kauzala ko darzAyA hai / yuddhabhUmi rUpI raMgamaMca ke nirdezaka ke rUpa meM zavoM ke nRtya kA nirdezana karate hue aura apane sainyabala ke sahayoga se samasta zatrusamUha ko yama ke mukha meM bhejane kA sAmarthya rakhate hue 1. dvisa,11.38
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________________ rasa-paripAka 117 rAvaNa/jarAsandha kA varNana karane meM kavi ne apanI advitIya tathA vilakSaNa kalpanA zakti kA paricaya diyA hai| yahA~ utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai / zatrusamUha Alambana tathA dazamukha/jarAsandha Azraya hai |pRthvii ke zatrusamUha ko yama ke dA~toM ke bIca meM jhoMka denA uddIpana vibhAva hai| rAjAoM kA natamastaka honA, saMgrAma meM zava-nartana ke lie sUtradhAra bananA Adi anubhAva haiN| garva, Avega, harSa Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM, jinase paripuSTa hokara zaurya janita 'utsAha' kA yudvavIra rUpa meM paripAka huA hai / yuddhagata parAkrama-varNana dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM zaurya-varNanoM kI bhA~ti yuddhagata parAkrama-varNanoM dvArA bhI vIra rasa kI adbhuta abhivyakti huI hai / yathA sa sAgarAvartadhanurdharo naro nabha: sadAM kAmavimAnasaMhatim / ayatnasaMklRptagavAkSapaddhatiM cakAra zAtairvizikhairvihAyasi // 1 prastuta prasaGga meM kharadUSaNa ke sAtha yuddharata lakSmaNa tathA duryodhana ke sAtha arjuna ke apratima parAkrama kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai / rAmAyaNa ke prasaGga meM 'sagara rAjA kI vaMza-paramparA meM utpanna usa dhanuSadhArI lakSmaNa ne AkAzacArI khara-dUSaNa Adi vidyAdharoM ke icchAmAtra se calane vAle vimAnoM ko AkAza meM hI rahane para bhI tIkSNa bANoM ke dvArA aisA cheda diyA thA ki ve svAbhAvika khir3akiyoM se pUrNa ke samAna lagate the' / mahAbhArata-pakSa meM isakA artha hai-'samudra kI bha~vara ke samAna vizAla tathA vAruNa dhanuSa ke dhAraka usa arjuna ne viziSTa lauha se bane zastroM kI prayoga-sthalI yuddhabhUmi meM apane prakhara bANoM kI varSA se thalacara kIcakAdi ke nimitta se gherI gayI sarvathA bepramANa gAyoM ke samUha ke liye binA kisI prayatna ke nikala bhAgane yogya mArga banA diyA thaa'| yahA~ khara-dUSaNa/duryodhana kI parAjaya ke vyAja se lakSmaNa/arjuna ke yuddhagata parAkrama kA kuzalatApUrvaka citraNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai| khara-dUSaNa/duryodhanAdi Alambana tathA lakSmaNa/arjuna Azraya haiN| zatrupakSa ke vimAna yA gAyoM kA gherA uddIpana hai / vimAnoM meM tIkSNa-bANoM se cheda honA athavA 1. dvisa.,6:23
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________________ 118 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA gAyoM kA binA prayatna ke bhAganA Adi anubhAva haiN| garva, Avega Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM, jinake sahayoga se vIra rasa kA paripAka ho rahA hai 1 eka anya prasaGga meM dhanaJjaya ne vIra rasa ke udreka kA adbhuta citraNa kiyA hai / yahA~ unakA kathana hai ki zatru rAjAoM kI jyA kI TaMkAra se zuddha vIra rasa kA udreka ho gayA tathA isa udreka se sapakSI rAjAoM ke ikahare zarIra haThAt romAMcita ho uThe, yaha romAMca aisA thA jaise ghana-garjana ke sAtha-sAtha vRSTi ke siJcana se beleM aGkurita ho uThatI haiM utkarNya maurvIninaMda nRpANAM tanUlatA kaNTakitA'nurAgAt / utsekato vIrarasaikasArAdabhUdviruDheva samaM ripUNAm // 1 sainya- varNana dhanaJjaya ne apane kavitvamaya oja tathA itihAsa ke pUrvanirdhArita jJAna ke sAtha rAma / kRSNa ke viruddha rAvaNa / jarAsandha ke avyavasthita sainya- prayANa kA varNana kiyA hai-- ratho barUthasya hayasya vAjI gajaH kareNoH padikaH padAteH / durmantritaM dhyAnamivAtmabimbaM svasyaiva saMnaddhamivAgrato'bhUt // 2 dhanaJjaya ne isa varNana meM batAyA hai ki zatru ko ulajhAne ke liye kisa prakAra sArathi apane ratha eka dUsare kI ora daur3A rahe the, kaise ghor3e savAroM sahita eka dUsare se Age jA rahe the, kaise hAthI hathiniyoM ko pIche chor3a rahe the aura kaise padAti eka dUsare ke sammukha pahu~cakara jUjha rahe the| samasta varNana yuddha-kalA sambandhI jJAna tathA yuddha-bhUmi meM hone vAlI gatividhiyoM kA sUcaka hai, jo kavi ke sainya vijJAna kI jAnakArI ko dyotita karatA hai / kavi dvArA pratinAyaka kI aisI dussAhasI samasta senA ko usa 'kudhyAna' ke samakakSa batAyA gayA hai, jisameM khoTe mantra ke jApa se iSTa devatA kA sAkSAtkAra na hokara apanA hI pratibimba sammukha AtA hai / yaha upamA yuddha ke pUrvanizcita bhAgya kI sUcikA hai| isI prakAra rAma / kRSNa kI senAoM kA yuddha ke liye prasthAna bhI atyanta vIra rasotpAdaka bana par3A hai / kavi dhanaJjaya kahate haiM ki madonmatta hAthI ke mastaka 1. dvisa., 16.20 2. dvisa, 16.8
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________________ rasa-paripAka 119 para rakhI huI bherI kI dhvani, nagAr3e kI AvAja ko sunakara samasta sainika svayaMsphUrta ho uThe / phalasvarUpa sabhI paramAnandita tathA romAJcapUrita ho gaye / isa prakAra ke bhAvoM se unake hRdaya se rAga Adi bhAvoM kA lopa ho gayA aura sAmane Aye zatruoM ko dekhakara ve krodha kI anubhUti se AplAvita ho uTheskandhasthA madakariNa: prayANabherI dadhvAna pratisamayaM nihnymaanaa| atyuccaM padamadhiropya mAnyamArAn nyakkAraM ka iha paraiH kRtaM saheta / ArAvaM dizi dizi taM nizamya tasyA romAJcaiH parihaSitaistanupANAm / ambhodaprathamaravottharatnasUciH saMreje svayamiva sA viduurbhuumiH|| rAgAdeH saha vasato'pi tApavRtteryaH svasminnavadhiraho na kasyacitsaH / bhUpAnAM ripumabhipazyatAmivograM yatkope sphurati rasAntaraM na jajJe // 1. yahA~ sainikoM ke hRdaya meM utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai / zatru-pakSa Alambana tathA rAma/kRSNa Azraya hai / yuddha-bherI kA ghoSa tathA nagAr3e kI dhvani uddIpana vibhAva haiN| prayANa-bherI sunakara sainikoM kA paramAndita honA tathA zarIra kA romAJcita honA anubhAva haiN| garva, Avega, autsukya, harSa Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| isa prakAra sainya-prayANa janita 'utsAha' kI bhavya nidarzanA yahA~ prastuta huI hai| yuddha-varNana dhanaJjaya ne yuddha-bhUmi meM yoddhAoM ke kriyA-kalApoM se sambaddha apane jJAna kA pradarzana bhI kiyA hai| usane apane viziSTa kAvyAtmaka oja ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra khara-dUSaNa/kauravoM ke viruddha rAma-lakSmaNa/bhIma-arjuna kA yuddha lakSya-nirdhAraNa tathA mana kI ekAgratA meM RSiyoM kI samAdhi' se samAnatA 1. dvisa.14.2-4
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________________ 120 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA rakhatA hai / unakI dhanuSa khIMcane kI kalA evaM takanIka atulanIya thI / donoM bhAiyoM kI jyA kI TaGkAra sunakara zatru-yoddhAoM ke mana ThaMDe par3a gaye the aura bhaya se unhoMne apane zastra girA diye the / aisA pratIta hotA thA ki unake pratibaddha-karma chUTa gaye the aura bhaviSya ke karma dRr3ha ho gaye the / pakSAntara meM, yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki jyA kI TaGkAra se deva-striyoM ne vihvala hokara pahale premAliMgana DhIlA kara diyA tathA bAda meM surakSA ke liye premiyoM ke vakSa se jora se cipaka gayIM tapaH samAdhiSviva tau tapasyatAM prasajya karNeSviva dikSu dantinAm / digIzvarANAM hRdayeSvivAyataM vikRSya maurvIM vinijaghnatustarAm // jyorviribdhaM vinizamya dhanvinAM nipeturastrANi karAnmanAMsi ca / zlathAni pUrvANi parANi yoSitAM ghanAni gUDhAnyabhavannabhaH sadAm // 1 yahA~ 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai / khara-dUSaNa / kauravoM sahita samasta zatrupakSa Alambana vibhAva hai tathA rAma-lakSmaNa / bhIma-arjuna Azraya haiM / jyA kI TaMkAra Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / dhanuSa dvArA ekAgracita hokara bANa-prahAra karanA anubhAva hai / mati, dhRti, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / inake saMyoga se vIra rasa niSpanna rahA hai| 1 eka anya sthAna para kavi kahatA hai ki nAyaka tathA pratinAyaka donoM zArIrika bala kI dRSTi se samAna haiM, donoM hI vijayazrI kI prApti ke liye udyamazIla haiM tathA donoM hI uddhata hokara eka dUsare para prahAra kara rahe haiM, kintu kisI kA vega kiJcit mAtra bhI nahIM ghaTa rahA hai / yahA~ taka ki nAyaka dvArA pratinAyaka ko rathahIna kara dene para bhI vaha usI sAhasa ke sAtha yuddha - rata hai / isa prakAra kA yuddha dekhate-dekhate sUrya kA ahaMkAra bhI Dhalane lagA arthAt sUryAsta kA samaya A gayA hai sadRzau balena samakAlamadhikRtajayau nijoddhatI / puNyaduritanicayAviva tau vyatiredhaturna tu javAd vyatIyatuH / / virathazcireNa vihito'pi vitatadhanuSAmunA ripuH / jAtamiva bahumukhaM sukRtaM vividhaM sa mUlavibhujaM vyalaGghayat // 1. dvisa., 6.4-5
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________________ rasa-paripAka 121 avalokituM harivighAtamasaha iva gantumudyataH / saMkhyarudhiramavalokya ciraM sa madAdapaptadiva tIvraguH sadA // vIra rasa ke paripAka kA marmasparzI sthala vahA~ hai, jahA~ pratinAyaka apane sAhasa kI parAkASThA dikhAte hue nArAyaNa se kahatA hai-"maiM nirastra hU~ aisA mata samajho, kyoMki maiM hAtha ke dvArA hI tumhAre zastra ko bekAra kara duuNgaa| apane cakra ko choddie| maiM karatala-prahAra se hI use tor3a detA huuN"| tadantara mandirAMcala ke pArzva se sunAyI dene vAlI bheriyoM tathA maGgalapAThiyoM dvArA kiye gaye guNagAna ke madhya nArAyaNa ne rAvaNa athavA jarAsandha para cakra-prahAra kiyaa| pratinAyaka ne apanA du:sAhasa nahIM chor3A, kintu cakra ne usake zira ko AkrAnta kiyA tathA grIvA para hue AghAta se zira kaTa gayA mA jJApyasmi nirastro'haM hastenAstraM hi mucyate / tatastalaprahAreNa muJcAstraM krAthayAmi te // ityAkarNya tamutsAhaM sAhaMkAraM suraavlii| surAvalIlA sAzaMsaM sAzaM saMprazazaMsa tam / / zauryaM hrIzca kulInasya sve nuH sadmArgalAJchanam / vasvitIvoktaye bherya: svenu: sadmArgalAJchanam / gAthakA gAthakAbandhaiH saJjaguH sthAma saJjaguH / rAzirAzizravannAma vandinAM gunnvndinaam|| devairvimAnazAlAyAmAsthitairmattavAraNIm / raNaraGgastayostatra pUrvaraGga ivAbhavat / nAmocitena cakrAntaM doSNavAmucaddhariH / nAmoci tena ca krAntaM dhairyaM jagati vairinnaa|| tenArjitAtmazirasA zrI: kathaM sA bahiH ziraH / itIvotsRjya so'nyAGgamuttamAGgamato'grahIt / / grIvA hate kSarattantrI vairarAje samantataH / 1. vahI,17.19-21
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________________ 122 sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dhunI sadhAtusyandeva vai rarAje samaM tataH // 1 prastuta prasaGga meM nAyaka tathA pratinAyaka donoM kA adamya utsAha sthAyI bhAva hai / nAyaka va pratinAyaka paraspara Alambana va Azraya haiN| cakra-prahAra tathA grIvA-bhedana uddIpana vibhAva haiM / bherI nAda kA zravaNa tathA maGgalapAThiyoM dvArA bhaToM kA guNagAna anubhAva haiM / garva, autsukya, ugratA, asUyA Adi vyabhicArI bhAvoM se vIra rasa sutarAM AsvAdita ho rahA hai / (kha) dAnavIra sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya ne apane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM dAnavIratA ke sundara udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye haiM / rAma / yudhiSThira ke janma ke avasara para dhanaJjaya dazaratha yA pANDu kI dAnavIratA kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki rAjA dazaratha athavA pANDu ne putra-janma kI sUcanA dene vAloM ko isa prakAra puraskAra diyA ki unake zarIra para bhAvI rAjakumAra ke liye rAjacihna mAtra raha gaye / kAraNa yaha thA ki mahApuruSa prasanna hone para vahI vastu kisI ko dete haiM, jo unakI apanI hotI hai-- nivedayadbhyaH sutajanma rAjA sa rAjyacihnaM sutarAjyabhAvyam / hitvaitadekaM dhRtavAnnakiJciddeyaM hi tuSTairapi nAnyadIyam // 2 prastuta udAharaNa meM puraskAra bA~Tane kA 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai / putra-janma kI sUcanA dene vAle Alambana vibhAva tathA dazaratha / pANDu Azraya hai / dAna ke dvArA milane vAlA yazolAbha uddIpana vibhAva hai / puraskAra dane ke sAtha paravastu na dekara svavastu hI denA anubhAva hai / harSa, garva, autsukya, viveka Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / pariNAmasvarUpa dAnavIra anubhavajanya hai / 1 (ga) dharmavIra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM dharmavIratA kA sundara citraNa bhI yatra-tatra upalabdha hotA hai / rAvaNa/jarAsandha se yuddha-kAla meM kyA nIti apanAyI jAe? isa viSaya para vicAra karate hue jAmbavanta / balarAma rAma / zrIkRSNa ko pUrNataH dharmAnukUla vidhi kA AcaraNa karane kI salAha dete haiM-nIti ke anukUla zatru kI vibhinna prakRtiyoM se prerita hokara hI zatru ke prati abhiyAna karanA cAhie / kintu isameM bandhutA athavA 1. dvisa. 1891-98 2. dvisa., 3.16
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________________ rasa-paripAka 123 bandhuoM kA saMhAra nahIM honA cAhie / tadanukUla vAsudeva lakSmaNa/kRSNa zrutajJAniyoM se sAma athavA daNDa kA ucita jJAna prApta karate haiM tathA usakA prayoga karate haiM vigaNayya parasya cAtmana: prakRtInAM samavasthitiM praam| amuyopacitA: kayApi cedviSate'sUyiyiSanti sUrayaH / / tatsaMhAro mA sma bhUdvandhutAyA: siddhAdezavyaktaye siddhazailam / nItvA viSNuM taM parIkSAmahe'mI jJAtvA daNDaM sAma vA yojayAmaH // prastuta sandarbha meM 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai| Alambana vibhAva vAsudeva-lakSmaNa/zrIkRSNa kA zatrupakSa hai va vAsudeva/zrIkRSNa svayaM Azraya hai / zatru ke prati rAjA kI nIti ke anukUla vyavahAra uddIpana vibhAva hai / rAjA kI zrutajJAniyoM meM niSThA tathA gambhIratA anubhAva haiM / dharmayukta mati, tarka Adi saMcArI bhAvoM ke sahayoga se dharmavIra kA paripoSaNa ho rahA hai / (gha) dayAvIra vIra rasa ke prabhedoM meM 'dayAvIra' ko bhI ucita sthAna prApta huA hai / dhanaJjaya viracita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA prayoga ekAdhika sthAnoM para dekhA jA sakatA hai / jisa prakAra samudra kUr3e-kacare ko bAhara pheMka detA hai tathA nIce kI ora bahane vAlI nadiyoM ko apanA letA hai, usI prakAra dazaraza/pANDu karkaza tathA nirdaya mitra ko bhI daNDa detA thA tathA caraNoM meM nata zatru ko bhI sahAnubhUtipUrvaka apanA letA thA suhajjanaM krazayati ya: sma karkazaM padAnataM dviSamapi taM vyagAhata / nijaM malaM kSipati hi vArddhiruddhataM nadInadaM samupanataM vigAhate // 2 yahA~ 'utsAha' sthAyI bhAva hai| caraNoM meM nata hone vAlA zatru Alambana vibhAva hai tathA dazaratha/ pANDu Azraya hai / karkaza tathA nirdaya mitra ko daNDa denA uddIpana vibhAva hai / zatru kA caraNoM meM natamastaka honA anubhAva hai / natamastaka hone vAle zatru ke prati AvirbhUta sahAnubhUti meM dhairya tathA tarkapUrNa buddhi sahayogI hai, ata: 1. dvisa,11.39-40 2. vahI,2.24
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________________ 124 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dhairya tathA tarka saMcArI bhAva haiM / isa prakAra vibhAva, anubhAva aura saMcArI bhAva ke saMyoga se yahA~ para dAnavIra prasphuTita ho rahA hai| zRGgAra rasa saMskRta ke sabhI kAvyazAstriyoM ne prAya: zRGgAra rasa ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| bharata zRGgAra rasa ko sarvapramukha mAnate haiM / rudraTa isako bAla evaM vRddha-donoM meM samAja, mAnava-prakRti kI zreSTha abhivyakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hae, isake abhAva meM kAvya ke samasta saundarya ke kho jAne kI AzaMkA karate haiM / bhoja to sabhI rasoM ke sthAna para mAtra zRGgAra ko hI rasa kI saMjJA dekara isake mahatva ko asIma banA dete haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta kAvya-jagat meM zRGgAra ko sarvotkRSTa mAnA gayA tathA isakA adhikAdhika vivecana huaa| zRGgAra rasa rati nAmaka sthAyI bhAva se utpanna hotA hai| yaha apanI AtmA kI bhA~ti ujjvala veza vAlA hotA hai, jaise ki isa loka meM jo kucha bhI zveta, zuddha, ujjvala aura sundara hai, vaha zRGgAra (rati) se upamita hotA hai| isIlie isa rasa ke Alambana uttama prakRti ke premI va premikA hote haiM / yaha yuvAvasthA ke prakarSa se sambaddha hotA hai| vizvanAtha ke anusAra anurAga-zUnya vezyA nAyikA ke atirikta anya prakAra kI nAyikAeM tathA dakSiNa Adi prakAra ke nAyaka hI isake upayukta Alambana vibhAva hote haiN| candramA, bhramara, ekAnta-sthAna Adi isake uddIpana vibhAva haiN| anurAga, bhrUvikSepa, kaTAkSa Adi isake anubhAva haiM tathA ugratA, maraNa, Alasya, jugupsA ke atirikta anya bhAva isake saJcArI (vyabhicArI) bhAva haiM / 6 nAyaka tathA nAyikA ke saMyoga tathA viyoga ke AdhAra para zRGgAra rasa ke do bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai-(1)sambhoga zRGgAra aura (2) vipralambha zRGgAra / 1. kA.ru,caukhambA vidyAbhavana,vArANasI,1966,14.38 2. zRGgAraprakAza,pR.470 3. nA.zA.manISA granthAlaya,kalakattA-12,1967,6.15 4. vahI,1.15 5. sA.da., 3.183-84 6. vahI,3.185
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________________ rasa-paripAka 125 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' meM donoM hI prakAra ke 'zRGgAra' kA vivecana isa prakAra huA (1) sambhoga zRGgAra samAna manodazA vAle atyanta prasanna premI evaM premikA jo kucha darzana, bhASaNa Adi karate haiM, vaha saba sambhoga zRGgAra kahA gayA hai / dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAnamahAkAvya meM sambhoga zRGgAra kA bhI caramotkarSa pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / pandarahaveM sarga meM priyAoM ke sAtha vana-vihAra va jala-vihAra tathA satarahaveM sarga meM sambhoga-varNana Adi prasaMgoM meM sambhoga-zRGgAra kA pUrNa paripAka prApta hotA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM sambhoga zRGgAra ke samasta rUpoM-sandarzana, sparza, vastrAharaNa, cumbana, AliGgana, adharakSata, nakhakSata, dolAkrIDA, puSpAvacaya, salila-krIDA, candrodaya, kAmakrIDA kA pAramparika varNana huA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM madhupAna, jo jaina paramparA ke anusAra eka vyasana hai, kA bhI vizada varNana prApta hotA hai| sandarzana nizvAsamuSNaM vacanaM niruddhaM mlAnaM mukhAbjaM hRdayaM skmpm| zramAdivAGga pulakaprasaGga pade pade'sau bibharAMbabhUva // 2 prastuta udAharaNa meM usa samaya kA varNana hai, jaba sUrpaNakhA athavA kIcaka lakSmaNa athavA draupadI ko dekhate haiM / yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai / Alambana vibhAva lakSmaNa/draupadI hai tathA Azraya sUrpaNakhA/kIcaka hai / lakSmaNa/draupadI kA lokottara saundarya uddIpana vibhAva hai| sammohana, harSa, mada Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| USNa zvAsoM kA nikalanA, vacanoM kA gadgad athavA asambaddha-sA nikalA, mukhakamala kA murajhA jAnA, hRdaya dhar3akanA Adi anubhAva haiM / sammohana ke kAraNa zarIra meM hone vAlA romAJca, sveda Adi sAtvika bhAva haiM / yahA~ para sUrpaNakhA/kIcaka kA sambhoga abhilASatva vyaMjita ho rahA hai| lakSmaNa/draupadI ko dekhate hI usake hRdaya meM sambhogecchA balavatI ho jAtI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa USNa zvAseM nikalanA, vacanoM kA gadgad ho jAnA Adi lakSaNa prakaTa ho jAte haiN| 1. kA.ru.,13.1 2. dvisa,5.8
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________________ 126 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA spadi na tadaveyuSI vadhUradhidayitAyatabAhu viplutaa| ramaNasalilayo: kimIyata: pulakitamaGgamiti prasaGgataH / / / yahA~ premI jalakeli ke prasaGga meM premikA ko apanI AjAnu lambI bhujAoM para pAnI meM tairA detA hai / isase premikA ko romAJca ho jAtA hai aura vaha isa romAJca kA kAraNa nahIM samajha pAtI ki yaha pati sparza se huA hai yA jalakrIDA se / sthAyI bhAvarati hai / Alambana vibhAva premikA tathA Azraya premI hai / nadI kI zobhA,premikA kA mugdhA rUpa tathA premI kI bhujAeM uddIpana vibhAva haiM / netra-nimIlana, muskurAhaTa Adi anubhAva AkSipta haiM / stambha, romAJca Adi sAtvika bhAvoM ke dvArA zRGgAra rasa kI abhivyakti huI hai| vastrAharaNa vrIDAvAsa: svAntamaGgaM samastaM kAmArttAnAM prApa shaithilymekaa| svapne'pyAsInnazlathA bAhupIDA yuktaM drAdhIyassu mUrkhatvamAhuH / / 2 prastuta prasaMga meM premI va premikA ke sambhoga kA varNana hai / donoM kAma se Atura hokara na kevala lajjA hI chor3a baiThe haiM, apitu unhoMne vastra bhI utAra diye haiM / kAma-bhoga se aMga zithila ho gaye haiM / thaka kara so jAne para bhI unake bhujApAza DhIle nahIM hue haiN| yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai| paraspara premI va premikA Alambana vibhAva haiM / kAmAturatA uddIpana vibhAva hai / bhujapAza kA DhIlA na honA Adi unmAda vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / vastrAharaNa, zarIroM kI klAntatA Adi anubhAva haiM jinase pUrNa zRGgAra kI abhivyakti ho rahI hai| cumbana AliGgya gADhaM madhuraM dhvanantI mukhe mukhaM nyasya vadhUH priyasya / vismRtya karNAntaramunmadatvA dAsye japantIva babhau rhsym|| kimu madhurasitAM mukhAtiprayAM prazamayituM rasamutpibanniva / aviratirutanisanacchalAdajani jana: sakalAM gilanniva // 1. dvisa., 15.43 2. vahI,17.74 3. vahI,1764-65
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________________ rasa-paripAka 127 prastuta uddharaNa meM kAmakelimagna priyayugala kA cumbana-varNana hai / priyA ne Ananda ke atireka meM priya ko AliGgana kara usakA cumbana kara liyA hai| cumbana karate samaya vaha gunagunAtI huI sI aisI laga rahI hai, jaise priyamukha ko usakA kAna samajhakara usameM kucha gupta bAta kaha rahI ho / isa prakAra se madyapAna ke uparAnta ratikeli meM masta priyA ko zAnta karane ke liye premI mukha meM mukha DAlakara usakA cumbana kara rahA hai / isa samaya rati rasa ko pItA huA vaha aisA laga rahA hai jaise pUrI kI pUrI priyatamA ko hI nigale jA rahA ho / premI kI isI pratikriyA se rati sukha meM lIna premikA kI madhura gunagunAhaTa aura cumbana bhI zAnta ho gye| yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai| premI aura usakI premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiN| madyapAna Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiN| harSa, unmAda, capalatA, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| AliGgana tathA cumbanoM kA AdAna-pradAna anubhAva haiN| romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiM |inke sahayoga se sambhoga zRGgAra abhivyaJjita ho rahA hai| eka anya prasaGga meM kavi dhanaJjaya prema-kopa ke azrujala se bhIge hue oSThoM ke cumbana se milane vAlI tRpti kI madhupAna se tulanA karate haiM kopAzrubhi: kAlavaNaiH parIta: syAdvA sa lAvaNyamaya: priyoSThaH / kuto'nyathA taM pibatAmudanyA mAdhuryavatpratyuta hanti tRSNAm / / prastuta uddharaNa meM kavi kalpanA karatA hai ki atyalpa namakIna prema-kopa ke azrujala se bhIgA premikA kA oSTha halkA namakIna ho jAne se atyanta susvAdu ho gyaa| aisA hone se premiyoM kI (kAma) pipAsA usI prakAra zAnta ho gayI, jaise madhupAna se hotI hai / yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai / premikA Alambana vibhAva hai aura premI Azraya hai / oSTha uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| cumbana anubhAva hai / romAJca Adi sAtvika bhAva haiM jinase sambhoga zRGgAra pratisphuTita ho rahA hai| AliGgana paripIDitamuktamaGganAyA: parirambheSu cirAdiva priyenn| hRdayocchvasitoSmaNA sahaiva pratisarpatkucayugmamunmamajja // 2 1. vahI,17.68
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________________ 128 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA prastuta prasaGga meM dhanaJjaya eka premI yugala ke pragAr3ha AliGgana kA varNana karate hue kahatA hai ki AliGgana karate samaya priyatama ke dvArA pahale dabAyA gayA aura bAda meM chor3a diyA gayA kalyANAGgI nAyikA kA kucayugma hRdaya ke ucchvAsa kI USmA ke sAtha-sAtha phailate hae ke samAna kAphI dera meM Upara uThA thA / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva rati hai| premI aura premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiM / kucayugma, anuvRtta candramA kI kAnti Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa,unmAda, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / AliGgana anubhAva hai / romAJca, sveda Adi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiN| inake sahayoga se sambhoga zRGgAra kI abhivyakti ho rahI hai| kavi dhanaJjaya ne AliGgana ke sandarbha meM stanoM kI bhUmikA kA atyanta uddIpaka citraNa kiyA hai pariSajati parasparaM sametya pratimithune kucamaNDalaM bbaadhe| bhajati hi nijakarkazaM na pIr3A kamaparamadhyagatApavArakaM vA // abhiprAya yaha hai ki premI tathA premikA ko nikaTa Akara eka-dUsare ko gAr3ha AliGgana karane meM madhya meM AyA huA stana-maNDala bAdhA pahu~cA rahA hai / satya hI hai, svayaM kI kaThoratA athavA do ke madhya AyA huA tIsarA (bAdhaka) sadA hI kaSTadAyaka hotA hai / eka anya sthala para kavi stanacakra kI saMgharSarata do pakSoM ke madhya madhyastha ke rUpa meM kalpanA karatA hai madhyasthitaM maNDaladharmabaddhaM mitraM jigISvoriva pIDyamAnam / sandehabhAvi stanacakramAsIt sAdhAraNaM tatpriyayormuhUrtam // 2 arthAt donoM premiyoM ke AliGgana ke samaya bIca meM dabA vartulAkAra naisargika stanacakra kSaNabhara ke liye sandeha meM par3a gayA thA, kyoMki usa samaya vaha do vijigISuoM ke madhyastha mitra kI sthiti meM thA / tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa prakAra eka mitra rAjA ko saMgharSarata do pakSoM ke madhya madhyastha banane para donoM pakSoM ke AkramaNa sahane par3ate haiM, usI prakAra AliGgana rUpI saMgharSa ke samaya madhyastha mitra rAjA ke 7. dvisa,1761 1. vahI,15.19 2. vahI,17.63
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________________ rasa-paripAka 129 rUpa meM bIca dabe hue stanacakra ko premI tathA premikA donoM ke AkramaNa sahane par3a rahe the / uparyukta donoM uddharaNoM meM sthAyI bhAva rati hai / premI tathA premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiN| premikA ke stana uddIpana vibhAva haiN| harSa, unmAda Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM | AliGgana anubhAva hai / romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiM / inake sahayoga se sambhoga zRGgAra AsvAdita ho rahA hai / adhara kSata udadhamadiva tatparAbhimarzAdadharayugaM vyaticumbitaM svamaGgam / adharitagatayo gRhItamuktAH samupacitA hi saha vraNaiH sphuranti // 1 prastuta uddharaNa meM dhanaJjaya vana-vihAra karate hue premI yugaloM ke AliGgana, cumbana ke madhya premikA ke oSThoM para hue dantakSatoM kA varNana karate haiN| premI yugaloM 1 gAr3ha AliGgana, satata cumbana se oSThoM kA AkAra phUlA huA-sA ho gayA hai / jaba premI ne premikA kA pragAr3ha cumbana lekara, usake oSThoM ko dabAkara chor3A to unameM dantakSata the aura ve phar3aka rahe the / yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai / premI va premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiM / upavana, vana-vihAra, premikA kI ceSTAeM uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, capalatA, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| AliGgana, cumbana Adi anubhAva haiM / romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiM, jinase sambhoga zRGgAra kA paripAka spaSTa ho rahA hai 1 nakhakSata ghanayoH stanayoH smareNa tanvyAH pariNAhaM parimAtumunnatiM ca / raciteva rasena sUtrarekhA nakhalekhA virarAja kuGkumasya // 2 1 prastuta prasaMga meM kAmakelirata nAyikA ke vakSasthala kA atihRdayagrAhI citraNa kiyA gayA hai / nAyikA ke stanoM para lagI huI nakhakSata kI rekhAeM aisI pratIta ho rahI thIM jaise kAmadeva ne nAyikA ke kaThora aura saghana stanoM kI golAI aura U~cAI nApane ke liye kisI vAstuvid kI bhA~ti kuGkuma se raMge sUta ke dvArA rekhAeM khIMca dI hoM / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva rati hai / premI va premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva 1 1. dvisa., 15.20 2. vahI, 17.79
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________________ 130 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA haiM / upavana, candra-kAnti, samIra Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| AliGgana, nakhakSata Adi anubhAva haiM / romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiM jinake sahayoga se sambhoga zRGgAra AsvAdita ho rahA dolAkrIDA kucayugamatulaM kuto'sya bhAraH kila bhavatIti tulAdhiropaNAya / saha tulayitumAtmanodyateva kSaNamaparA vylgiitprrohdolaam|| prastuta udAharaNa meM kavi dhanaJjaya ne vana-vihAra karate hue premI-yugaloM meM se jhUlatI vilAsinI premikA kA atyanta manohArI varNana kiyA hai| vaha vilAsinI apane nirupama stanoM ko apanI hI kAyA ke sAtha tolane ke liye aura isa stana-yugala kA bhAra kisa kAraNa se hotA hai- yaha nizcaya karane ke liye hI donoM ko tulA para rakhane ke prayojana se kSaNa bhara ke liye laTakate hue vaTa ke prarohoM para jhUla gayI thI / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva rati hai / vilAsinI premikA Alambana hai / Azraya premI AkSipta hai| upavana, vanavihAra tathA dolAkrIDA uddIpana vibhAva haiN| harSa, unmAda, capalatA, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / romAJca Adi sAtvika bhAva haiN| inase sambhoga zRGgAra kI anubhUti ho rahI hai| puSpAvacaya nikaTasulabhamudgamaM vihAya zlathabalinIva vidUragaM llce| prathayitumudaraM parA striyA hi priyatamavibhramagandhano'nyasaGgaH // 2 yahA~ vana-vihAra ke prasaMga meM nAyikAoM dvArA vibhinna prakAra ke puSpa tor3e jAne ke varNana meM eka nAyikA kA hRdayahArI citraNa prastuta hai / isa kAminI ne samIpa hI vikasita sulabha puSpa ko chor3akara bahuta Upara khile hue puSpa ko tor3ane kA prayatna kiyaa| isa prayatna ke liye use apanI nIvI zithila karanI par3I, aisA pratIta hotA thA jaise apane priya vallabha ko apanI kuza kaTi dikhAne kA prayatna kara rahI ho| yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai| nAyikA Alambana vibhAva hai aura priya vallabha Azraya hai / upavana, vanavihAra, nAyikA kI ceSTAeM uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, 1. dvisa,15.12 2. vahI,15.10
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________________ rasa-paripAka - 131 capalatA Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / kaTi-darzana Adi anubhAva haiM / romAJca Adi sAtvika bhAva haiM jinase sambhoga zRGgAra AsvAdita ho rahA hai| salilakrIDA adhijalamadhikuGkumaM babhau karadhRtamaGganayA stanadvayam / kanakakalazayugmamambhasi smaramabhiSektumivAvatAritam // prastuta prasaMga meM kavi dhanaJjaya salilakrIDA ke liye pAnI meM utaratI huI nAyikAoM kA anupama varNana karate haiN| pAnI meM utaratI huI nAyikAoM ne apane-apane stanoM ko kuGkama se raMge hAthoM dvArA isa prakAra samhAla liyA thA ki aisI pratIti hotI thI jaise yaha stanoM kI jor3I na hokara kAmadeva ke abhiSeka ke lie pAnI meM DubAye gaye kuGkama-carcita do sone ke sundara kalaza hoM / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva rati hai / nAyikA Alambana vibhAva hai aura kAmadeva ke upalakSaNa se upalakSita nAyaka Azraya hai / samudra, nadI, salila krIr3A Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, capalatA Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / stanoM ko kuGkama carcita hAthoM se sparza karanA Adi anubhAva haiN| romAJca Adi sAtvika bhAva haiM jinase sambhoga zRGgAra kI abhivyakti ho rahI hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA salilakrIDA varNana paryApta lambA hai, kintu rasaparipAka kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / dhanaJjaya ne eka sthAna para salilakrIDA kI surata-lIlA se tulanA kI jo darzanIya hai parihaSitamukhaM kucadvayaM dadhadadharo'pi babhUva pANDutAm / zlathitamatha vilepanAJjanaM nidhuvanamanvaharajjalaplavaH // 2 yahA~ jalakrIDA ko surata-lIlA kA anukaraNa batAyA gayA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki surata-lIlA kI bhA~ti jalakrIDA se nAyikAoM ke kuca-kalazoM ke mukha vikasita ho gaye the, donoM oMTha sapheda par3a gaye the, zarIra para malA gayA zAlicUrNa kA lepa dhula gayA thA tathA AMkhoM kA aMjana Adi bhI phIkA par3a gayA thaa| 1. dvisa.1539 2. vahI,15.44
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________________ 132 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA candrodaya candra kI kAmottejakatA kavi samAja meM prasiddha hI hai / sambhoga zRGgAra meM candra supta-kAma ko jAgrata kara kAmiyoM kA mitravat priya upakAra karatA hai / kAmadeva aise hI samaya meM unheM apane zastroM kA lakSya banAtA hai pratimitavidhubimbasIdhupAnAdiva vadanaM vizadAruNaM vadhUnAm / zramajalalulitabhUkopazaGkAnatazirasa: kila kAminazcakAra / / isa prasaMga meM dhanaJjaya kahate haiM ki candramA kI parachAIM par3ane se nirmala kAntiyukta tathA madirA pIne se lAla evaM thakAna ke pasIne se gIlI-gIlI bhRkuTi yukta vadhuoM ke jhuke hue mastaka ko dekhakara kAmijanoM ko aisA pratIta huA ki ve ruSTa to nahIM ho gayI haiN| yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai| premI va premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiM / upavana, madyapAna, nAyikA kI ceSTAeM uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / romAJca, sveda Adi sAtvika bhAva haiM jinase sambhoga zRGgAra abhivyakta ho rahA hai| sambhoga zRGgAra kI abhivyakti meM candra athavA candrodaya kA kyA sthAna hai?-isakA anumAna eka anya sthala para candrodaya dekhakara rUThI huI premikAoM kI mana:sthiti se lagAyA jA sakatA hai na vidhuH smarazastrazANabandhaH svayameSa sphuritAzca tA na tArAH / madanAstranizAnavahnizalkapracayo'sAviti mAnabhizcakampe // 2 prastuta uddharaNa meM kavi kalpanA karatA hai ki rUThI huI kAminiyA~ candrodaya ko dekhakara kA~pa uThI aura socane lagIM ki yaha candramA nahIM hai apitu kAmadeva ke astroM para dhAra rakhane ke liye zANa kA cakra hai / AkAza meM ye tAre nahIM khile haiM, balki madana ke astroM ko (candra rUpI) zANa para car3hAne se ur3e hue agni ke pataMgoM kA samUha hI hai| 1. dvisa,17.58 2. vahI,17.49
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________________ rasa-paripAka 133 kAmakrIr3A sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya ne apane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM satarahavA~ sampUrNa sarga kAmakrIr3A varNana ke liye samarpita kiyA hai / yahA~ taka ki isa sarga kA nAmakaraNa bhI rAtrisambhoga-varNana kiyA hai / isa sarga meM varNita zRGgAra ke katipaya ullekhanIya uddharaNa isa prakAra haiM vilokabhAveSu sahasranetratAM caturbhujatvaM prirmbhnne'bhvt| samAgame sarvagatatvamicchava: sudurlabhecchAkRpaNA hi kAminaH / / 1 prastuta varNana meM kavi kAmodvelita premI kI mana:sthiti kA citraNa karate hue kahatA hai ki kAmI puruSa stana, jaMghA Adi uddIpana bhAvoM ko dekhane ke liye hajAroM A~kheM cAhane lage the| AliGgana karate samaya do bhujAoM se tRpti na hone ke kAraNa cAra bhujAeM cAhate the aura samAgama ke samaya udyAna, gulma, nadI-tIra Adi saba sthAnoM para jAnA cAhate the| isa prakAra kAmAta premIjana ukta icchAoM ke mAdhyama se mAno indratva, viSNutva tathA sarvavyApakatva-guNoM kI icchA karane lage the / kevala kAmI puruSa hI nahIM, bhoga-kriyA rata striyA~ bhI lajjA ko chor3akara apane abalA vizeSaNa ko sabalA meM parivartita kara rahI thIMprathamamadhare kRtvA zleSaM vraNaM nidadhe vadhU rativinimaya: prItenAyaM kuto'pynushyyte| svayamiti bhayAtsatyaMkAraM pradAtumivodyatA nanu ca sabalA: kRtye nAmnA bhavantyabalA: striyaH / / cittaM cittenAGgamaGgena vakraM vakreNAMsenAMsamatyUruNorum / ekaM catruya sarvamAtmopabhoge kAntA: paGktau hanta lajjAM vavaJcaH / / prastuta prasaMga meM kavi dhanaJjaya ratikeli kA sajIva citraNa karate hue kahatA hai ki kAma-krIDA ke samaya striyA~ sabalA ho gayI thIM, abalA to kevala nAmamAtra ke liye hI thiiN| isIlie prasanna patideva ko surata-kAla meM ucita pratiphala dene kI icchA se kAmakrIDA meM sabalA premikA ne svayaM pati kA AliGgana kara usakA 1. dvisa,1772 2. vahI,17.69-70
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________________ 134 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA oMTha kATa liyA thA / itanA hI nahIM bhogakriyA meM lIna usa kAntA ne priya ke citta meM citta, zarIra meM zarIra, mukha meM mukha, kandhe para kandhA aura jaMghA se jaMghA samasta vastuoM ko ekameka kara diyA thA / kintu, isa samasta kriyA meM usane lajjA ko sAtha nahIM rakhA arthAt unmukta rUpa se sahavAsa kA Anandabhoga kiyA / 1 ukta uddharaNoM meM sthAyI bhAva rati hai / premI-premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiM / stana, jaMghAeM, oSTha Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, capalatA, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| AliGgana, cumbana Adi anubhAva haiM / romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva haiM / inake sahayoga se pUrNa sambhoga zRGgAra kI abhivyaJjanA ho rahI hai / madhupAna svacchavRtti rasikaM mRdu cAIM tattathApi madhumAnavatInAm / rUpayauvanamadasya vikArairmattamattamiva vipralalApa | mAno vyatItaH kalahaM vyapetaM gatAni gotraskhalitacchalAni / gurUnprahArAnmadhu sandadhIta kSataM punaH kAmiSu tatkiyadvA // 1 prastuta prasaMga meM madhupAnakA kAmIjanoM kI kAmakrIDA para kyA prabhAva par3atA - isakA prabhAvazAlI varNana kavi ne kiyA hai / yadyapi madirA atyanta svaccha thI, rasIlI thI, komala thI aura zItala thI, tathApi mAnavatI nAyikAoM ke saundarya, yauvana aura ahaMkAra ke Aveza ke kAraNa atyanta unmatta ke samAna anargala AlApa kA kAraNa huI thI / yaha roSa dhIre-dhIre zAnta ho gayA, kalaha samApta ho gayI tathA dUsare nAyaka-nAyikA kA nAma lekara cir3hAne kI prakriyA bhI nahIM cala sakI / madirA Aveza meM kAmI yugala paraspara pUrI zakti se ulajha rahe the / aisI sthiti meM unheM dantakSata aura nakhakSata kI cintA bhI nahIM raha gayI thI / yahA~ rati sthAyI bhAva hai / premI aura premikA paraspara Alambana vibhAva haiM / madirApAna, nAyikA kI ceSTAeM Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / harSa, unmAda, capalatA, autsukya Adi vyabhicArI bhAva 1 I T haiM / dantakSata, nakhakSata, ulajhanA Adi anubhAva haiN| romAJca, svedAdi sAtvika bhAva AkSipta haiM / inake sahayoga se sambhoga zRGgAra kA paripAka spaSTarUpeNa ho rahA hai / 1 1. dvisa, 17.59-60
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________________ 135 rasa-paripAka (2) vipralambha zRMgAra sambhoga zRGgAra se viparIta viyukta premI tathA premikA ke vyavahAra se utpanna zRGgAra 'vipralambha zRGgAra' kahalAtA hai| vipralambha zRGgAra pUrvarAga, mAna, pravAsa, evaM karuNAtmaka rAga se cAra prakAra kA hotA hai / dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM vipralambha zRGgAra sambandhI nimnalikhita vivaraNa ullekhanIya haiM(ka) mAna prAya: saMskRta ke mahAkaviyoM ne vipralambha zRGgAra ke antargata mAna kA bar3A hI naisargika evaM jIvanta citraNa kiyA hai / dhanaJjaya ne bhI apane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM asUyA se utpanna hone vAle 'mAna-vipralambha' kA atyanta hRdaya-sparzI varNana kiyA hai prazamaya ruSitaM priye prasIda praNayajamapyahamutsahe na kopm| tava vimukhatayA'dhirUDhacApe manasizaye kupite kuta: prasAdaH / / mama yadi yuvatiM vizaGkase'nyAM zvasimi tava svsitairmRssaanyyogH| .. bhavatu manasi saMzayastvamaikyAtpravibhajase tvayi jIvitaM kathaM me / / na punaridamahaM karomi jIvanniti zapathe'dhikRte purAkRtaM syAt / tyaja kupitamitIrite nu satyaM kupitavatI bhavasIva tanna jAne / bahutithamavalokya nAthamAnaM kalayasi satyamimaM kRtaapraadhm| anuditavacanaM navapriyaM mAM gaNayasi garvitamanyavAritaM vA // 2 prastuta prasaMga meM mAninI nAyikA kA atisvAbhAvika citraNa haA hai| eka premI apanI priyA ke mAna kI tuSTi ke liye usase kahatA hai- he priye ! kopa ko zAnta karo, prasanna ho jaao| maiM praNaya kI lar3AI ko bhI sahana nahIM kara sktaa| tumhAre mukha mor3a lene para tathA mana meM utpanna kAmadeva ke dhanuSa car3hA lene para merI kuzalatA asambhava hai / yadi tumheM merI kisI dUsarI premikA ke hone kA sandeha hai to vizvAsa rakho, maiM tumhArI sA~sa se hI jIvita hU~, para-sambandha asatya hai / mana kA sandeha tyAga do / tuma se hI merA jIvana hai / tuma apane prANoM meM antarhita mere prANoM 1. kA.ru.,126 2. dvisa.,15.22-25
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________________ 136 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA ko pRthaka kyoM karatI ho? aisA sambhava hai ki kabhI bhUla huI ho / aba krodha chor3a do / jIte jI aba aisA aparAdha kabhI nahIM kruuNgaa| aisI zapatha le lene para bhI maiM yathArtha nahIM jAnatA ki tuma kisa kAraNa se kupita ho / vividha prakAra se apanI prArthanA kiye jAte hue dekhakara kyA tuma vAstava meM hI mujhako aparAdhI samajhatI ho / majha jaise naye premI se bolatI bhI nahIM ho aura mujhe hI ahaMkArI tathA anya premikA dvArA rokA gayA socatI ho / isa prakAra premI dvArA kI jAne vAlI manautI se nAyikA kA aparimita mAna spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta ho rahA hai| mAna-khaNDana saMskRta kAvya sAhitya meM mAna-varNana ke pazcAt mAna-khaNDana kA lAlityapUrNa varNana bhI prastuta kiyA jAtA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM bhI paramparA ke anukUla mAna-khaNDana kA varNana prastuta kiyA gayA hai zithilaya hRdayaM na me'nurAgaM visRja viSAdamimaM na tanvi vaakym| iti dayitamupAgamaikadautyaM svayamabalAbhigataM kathaJcidaicchat // 1 abhiprAya yaha hai ki premI ne svayaM hI dUta banakara priyA ko manAyA ki mana kI gA~Tha ko tanika DhIlA karo, merI pragAr3ha prIti ko nahIM / isa zoka ko chor3o, apanI prema-pratijJA ko mata todd'o| svayaM dUta banakara Aye hue premI ke isa prakAra manAne para saralA nAyikA ne bar3e nakhare ke sAtha usako aGgIkAra kiyaa| sAmAnyata: isa prakAra ke mAna-khaNDana ke prasaMgoM meM premI premikA ko manAne ke liye dUtI bhejatA hai| premikA usa dUtI para krodha karane ke uparAnta premI ko aMgIkAra karatI hai| dvisandhAna ke ukta mAna-khaNDana prasaMga meM premI ne apanA dautyakarma svayaM kiyA hai, sambhavata: isIlie vaha khinna hai| premikA bhI usakI isa sthiti se suparicita hai, isalie vaha usa para krodha na kara, use khijAtI hai madhuramabhihito na bhASate mAM na khalu bhavAnabhicumbita: praNiste / na ca parirabhate kRtopagUr3ha paTalikhita: svidapekSate na dRSTaH // 2 prastuta prasaMga meM mAninI nAyikA ne mAnabhaGga hone ke uparAnta nAyaka ko aGgIkAra karate hue kisa prakAra khijAyA, -isakA atyanta prabhAvazAlI citraNa 1. dvisa.,15.26 2. vahI,15.30
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________________ rasa-paripAka 137 huA hai / nAyikA nAyaka ko khijAte hue kahatI hai ki kyA bAta hai ki rasIlI bAteM karane para bhI Apa cupa haiM / vibhinna prakAra se cumbana karane para bhI Apa merA cumbana nahIM karate / gAr3ha AliGgana karane para bhI Apa AliGgana ke liye pravRtta nahIM ho rahe / merI dRSTi Apa para hI lagI huI hai kintu ApakI dRSTi merI ora ghUmatI hI nahIM hai| aisA pratIta ho rahA hai jaise maiM Apako nahIM Apake citrapaTa ko dekha rahI huuN| isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM mAna-khaNDana kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| (kha) karuNa-vipralambha saMskRta kAvya-sAhitya meM nAyaka athavA nAyikA kI viyogajanya avasthA ke nirUpaNa ko karuNa-vipralambha mAnA gayA hai / kavi dhanaJjaya ne karuNa-vipralambha ke sandarbha meM rAvaNa dvArA sItA kA apaharaNa kara liye jAne para sItA ke viyoga meM viyukta rAma kA varNana bar3I prabhAvapUrNa zailI meM kiyA hai kalyANanikvaNA vINA zrutI nRtyaM vilocne| haricandanamapyaGgaM tAni tasya na paspRzuH / / isa uddharaNa meM dhanaJjaya rAma kI virahAvasthA kA varNana karate hue kahatA hai ki viyogI rAma ke kAnoM meM vINA kI madhura sAMgItika dhvani nahIM pahu~ca pAtI hai, usake netroM ko manohArI nRtya bhI rucikara nahIM lagatA hai, aura to aura, virahAvasthA ke kAraNa usane apane zarIra para haricandana kA lepa karanA bhI chor3a diyA hai| eka anya prasaMga meM kavi ne rAmadUta hanumAna athavA kRSNadUta zrIzaila ke mukha se laMkA/rAjagRha sthita sundara vana meM bandI sItA/sundarI ke samakSa rAma/zrIkRSNa kI virahajanya avasthA kA bar3A hI mArmika varNana kiyA hai tavaiva saMdarzanasaMkathA: kathAstvayi prasaktAH zrutayo divAnizam / tvayaiva vAJchA: sahavAsatatparA vinA tvadurvIpatirunmanAyate / / sunicitamapi zUnyamAbhAsate parijanavibhavo'pi saikaakitaa| arucirabhavadasya lakSmImukhe tvadabhigamanena riktaM manaH / / anurahasamupaiti mantraM muhuH paramapi parivRtya nAtheta sa: / asuSu vasuSu ca vyayaM vyaznute sapadi tava kRte na kiM tatkRtam // 1. dvisa.,99
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________________ 138 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA suhRdayamasudeyaM prema me'nyonyayogAt ___sahajamupakariSyatyAyataM hanta yasmin / svayamupanayamAnaM tatkadAbhAvitA ___dugdinamanudinamevaM dhyAyati tvAM narendraH / / yahA~ kavi sItA/sundarI ke samakSa hanumAna/zrIzaila ke mAdhyama se rAma/zrIkRSNa kI viyuktAvasthA kA citraNa karate hue kahatA hai ki he satI ! rAma yA zrIkRSNa tumhAre avalokana kA varNana karane vAlI bAtacIta hI karate haiM, dina-rAta tumase sambandhita carcAeM hI sunate haiM tathA tumhAre sahavAsa kI hI kAmanA karate haiN| isa prakAra vaha tumhAre viyoga meM udAsa rahate haiN| logoM se paripUrNa hone para bhI unheM zUnya-sA lagatA hai, vibhava aura parijanoM se ghire rahane para bhI ve apane-Apa ko ekAkI samajhate haiN| sampatti aura sukhoM se unheM aruci ho gayI hai tathA tamhAre viyoga se unakA mana rikta-sA ho gayA hai / ekAnta milate hI apane Apa se bolane lagate haiM / bArambAra ghUma-phirakara dUsaroM se tumhAre viSaya meM pUchate haiM / kSaNabhara meM hI apanI sampatti tathA prANoM se virakta ho jAte haiM / he devi !rAma/zrIkRSNa ne aisA koI kArya nahIM hai, jo na kiyA ho| 'prANa dekara bhI pAlanIya, svAbhAvika aura aparimita merA prema eka-dUsare se sahavAsa ke dvArA jisa dina mere hRdaya ko tRpta karegA, hAya ! vaha dina kisa velA meM apane ApaAyegA?' isa prakAra rAma /zrIkRSNa pratidina tumhArA hI dhyAna karate haiN| isa prakAra ke dvisandhAnAtmaka viraha-varNanoM se dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM karuNa-vipralambha kA sundara paripAka huA hai| karuNa rasa saMskRta kAvyazAstra ke anusAra dhana Adi ke vinAza, priyajana ke viyoga yA vinAza rUpa Alambana se tathA unake guNa Adi ke smAraka uddIpanoM se udbuddha azrupAta, vilApa, vivarNatA Adi anubhAvoM se pratIti yogya evaM nirveda, glAni, dainya, cintA, Avega, moha, bhaya, viSAda Adi vyabhicAriyoM se paripuSTa zokarUpa sthAyI bhAva 'karuNa rasa' kahalAtA hai / karuNa-vipralambha meM punarmilana kI AzA 1. dvisa.,13.39-42 2. nA.zA,pR.87
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________________ rasa-paripAka 139 banI rahatI hai, kintu karuNa rasa meM usa AzA kA abhAva hotA hai-yahI donoM meM antara hai| sAmAnyata: karuNa rasa meM 'karuNA' kA anukaraNa hotA hai / saMsAra meM sadaya sahRdayatA hI 'karuNA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha sammukha hone vAle rudana Adi liGgoM ke dvArA anukartA meM vidyamAna zoka kA anubhava karane vAle sAmAjika yA prekSaka meM vartamAna rahatI hai| isI kAraNavaza isakA 'karuNa rasa' abhidhAna sArthaka hai| dhanaJjaya viracita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM aGgarUpa se karuNa rasa kA saphala nibandhana huA hai / kavi ne apanI hRdayasparzI kAvyAtmaka zailI meM rAma/yudhiSThira ke nirvAsana kAla kA varNana kiyA hai api cIrikayA dviSo'bhavannanu cAmIkaradAzcyutaujasaH / kusumairapi yasya pIDanA zayane zArkaramadhyazeta saH / / ghanasArasugandhyayAcitaM hRdayajJaizcaSake'mbu pAyita: / sa vimRgya vaneSvanApivAnaTanIkhAtasamutthitaM papau // 1 prastuta prasaMga meM kavi ne rAma/yudhiSThira ke rAjyakAla tathA nirvAsana kAla kA tulanAtmaka varNana bar3e hI rocaka DhaMga se kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra vaha apane rAjakIya vaibhava meM atikomala zayyA, asaMkhya paricArakoM, jo binA kahe hI usakI icchAoM kI pUrti kara dete the, kI sevA kA Ananda uThAte the aura aba vahI nirvAsana kAla meM marusthala kI reta para sote haiM / yahA~ taka ki jIvana kI mUlabhUta AvazyakatA peya jala kI upalabdhi na hone para use jamIna khodakara prApta karate haiM / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva zoka hai / nirvAsana, rAjya-vaibhava Adi kA chUTa jAnA Alambana vibhAva hai| rAjyakAla ke vaibhavoM kI smRti, marusthala ke reta para sonA, jala Adi na milane para jamIna khodanA Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / vivarNatA Adi anubhAva AkSipta haiN| dainya, cintA, Aveza, viSAda Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| inake sahayoga se 'karuNa rasa' kI vizada abhivyakti ho rahI hai| 1. dvisa.,4.39-40
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________________ 140 raudra rasa raudra rasa 'krodha' sthAyI bhAva se udbhUta hokara zatru kI vibhinna uttejaka ceSTAoM se uddIpta hotA hai / isIlie zatru kA Alambana rUpa meM varNana kiyA jAtA hai / isakA vizeSa uddIpana gharSaNa, adhikSepa, apamAna, anRtavacana, vAkpAruSya, abhidroha, mAtsarya Adi bhAvoM se hotA hai / ' bhRkuTi bhaGga, dA~ta tathA oMTha cabAnA, bhujAeM phar3akAnA, lalakAranA, Arakta netra, svakRta vIra karma varNana, zastrotkSepaNa, AkSepa, krUra dRSTi Adi isake anubhAva haiM / ugratA, Avega, romAJca, sveda, kampa, mada, moha, amarSa Adi isake vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / 2 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA sAmAnyata: krodha ke uddIpana ke liye duHkha aura usake kAraNa kA bodha honA atyAvazyaka hai / inake jJAnAbhAva meM vaha uddIpta nahIM ho sakatA / yadi tIna athavA cAra mAsa kI Ayu ke eka bAlaka ko thappar3a mAra diyA jAye, to vaha krodhita nahIM ho sakatA / kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha isase utpanna pIr3A aura thappar3a ke sambandha ko nahIM jAnatA / vaha kevala rokara hI apanI pIr3A ko abhivyakta kara sakatA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAjaparivAroM kI kathA kA gumphana huA hai, isIlie krodha bhI zAsakIya pariprekSya meM upalabdha hotA hai| paMcama sarga meM sUrpaNakhA tathA lakSmaNa/kIcaka aura bhIma ke madhya ghaTI ghaTanA kA vilakSaNa citraNa huA hai / lakSmaNa dvArA Ahata hone ke uparAnta sUrpaNakhA krodha se AgababUlA ho jAtI hai / vaha sundara yuvatI vAlI apanI pAtratA ko bhUlakara lakSmaNa ko apane yoddhA pati khara-dUSaNa ke viSaya meM sUcita karake cunautI detI hai | pakSAntara meM, kIcaka yuddhasthalagata vyUharacanA tathA yuktikauzala sambandhI apanI saphalatAoM ko smaraNa karate hue bhIma ko dhamakAtA hai tathA AkSepapUrvaka use isa samasta vidyA ko sIkhane kA AmantraNa detA hai-- 1. draSTavya - nA. zA., pR. 87 2. sA.da., 3.227-30 dvisa., 5.28 3. nApatyaghAtaM pratiyujya vAcA bahupralApinnapayAti jIvan / bhavAnabhijJaH kharadUSaNasya nAdyApi yuddheSu parAkramasya // 3
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________________ rasa-paripAka 141 prastuta uddharaNa meM krodha sthAyI bhAva hai / lakSmaNa athavA bhIma Alambana hai tathA sUrpaNakhA / kIcaka Azraya hai / lakSmaNa / bhIma kA sUrpaNakhA/kIcaka ko pratAr3ita karanA uddIpana vibhAva anuvRtta haiM / bhRkuTi bhaGga, oMTha cabAnA, Arakta netra lalakAranA, svakRta vIra karma varNana, AkSepa, krUra dRSTi Adi anubhAva haiM / ugratA, Avega, romAJca, kampa, mada Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / inake sahayoga se yahA~ raudra rasa AsvAdita ho rahA hai / eka anya prasaMga meM kavi dhanaJjaya apane prAyika kAvyADambara meM zatru lakSmaNa/zrIkRSNa kI atisamIpatA kA samAcAra prApta hone para rAvaNa / jarAsandha ke hRdaya meM uThate krodha kA varNana karatA hai tataH samIpe navamasya viSNoH zrutvA balaM saMbhramadaSTamasya / krudhA dazannoSThamariM manaHsthaM gADhaM jighatsanniva saMnigRhya // taddezabhItAdhararAgasaGgAdivAruNAkSastadupAzrayeNa / piGgayorbhuvorudgataghUmarAjirnabhrADivendrAyudhamadhyaketuH // 1 arthAt samudra pAra karane ke uparAnta laMkA kI ora bar3hatI huI AThaveM viSNu arthAt lakSmaNa kI nUtana senA ke nikaTa A pahu~cane kA samAcAra sunakara rAvaNa ne athavA gaMgA pAra karane ke uparAnta rAjadhAnI ke nikaTa pahu~cI aura bhaya ke sAtha dekhI gayI nauveM viSNu arthAt zrIkRSNa kI senA kA sandeza milate hI jarAsandha ne krodha se oMTha cabA liye / mAno mana meM baiThe zatru rAma athavA kRSNa ko jora se oThoM meM banda karake mAra DAlanA cAhatA thA / rAvaNa/jarAsandha ke daMza ke bhaya se oThoM kI lAlimA A~khoM meM pahu~ca gayI thI / krodha se jalatI A~khoM ke nikaTa hone se bhRkuTiyA~ dhUmrarekhA ke samAna tana gayI thIM tathA netroM kI jhA~kI binA bAdaloM ke camakatI bijalI meM dhUmraketu ke samAna lagatI thI / yahA~ sthAyI bhAva krodha hai / lakSmaNa/zrIkRSNa Alambana vibhAva hai tathA rAvaNa / jarAsandha Azraya hai / lakSmaNa / zrIkRSNa kI senA kA samIpa pahu~canA, mAtsarya Adi uddIpana vibhAva haiM / bhRkuTi-bhaGga, oMTha cabAnA, Arakta netra Adi anubhAva haiM / ugratA, Avega, romAJca, mada Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / inake sahayoga se raudra rasa kI abhivyakti ho rahI hai / 1 dvisa., 16.1-2 1.
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________________ 142 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA isI prakAra dhanaJjaya ne naitika vilakSaNatA ke prasaGga meM bhI raudra rasa kA sundara samanvaya kiyA hai| mAnavIya pratikriyAoM kA gahana jJAna rakhane vAle kavi dhanaJjaya ne rAma/kRSNa dUta hanumAna/zrIzaila dvArA sItA ko vApisa lauTAne ke liye athavA kRSNa ke sAtha na lar3ane ke liye kahe jAne para rAvaNa/ jarAsandha ke krodha kA atyanta prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se varNana kiyA haiityukte'sminyAdamupAttaM maNipIThAt prApayyosaM savyagatAsisthitadRSTiH / nyasyannakSNorindriyavargaM sakalaM tu kSobhAtkAyaM kopavivRttiM gamayannu / / sabhrUyugmaM vairiviruddhaM ghaTayannu svidyankrodhakvAthitalAvaNyaraso nu / ruddhaH sthitvAdhoraNamukhyairdvirado nu proce viSNorityariragni vivamannu // prastuta prasaMga meM apamAna, vAkpAruSya, mAtsarya Adi uddIpana vibhAvoM se krodha sthAyI bhAva udbhUta huA hai / dUta hanumAna/zrIzaila Alambana vibhAva hai tathA rAvaNa/jarAsandha Azraya hai / bhRkuTi-bhaGga, lalakAranA, Arakta netra, AkSepakrUra dRSTi Adi anubhAva haiM / ugratA, Avega, romAJca, sveda Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiM / inake sahayoga se raudra rasa kI abhivyaJjanA huI hai| sAmAnyata: aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki krodha kI mUla pravRtti samAja ke liye atyAvazyaka hai| yadi eka vyakti virodha kiye binA anya puruSa kI krUratA ko sahatA rahe to duSTa vyakti na to kabhI apanA doSa mAnegA aura na hI unheM sudhaaregaa| samAja meM yadi koI manuSya kisI anya ke prati duSTatA karatA hai to use daNDa milanA hI cAhie / isa prakAra kA eka sundara udAharaNa dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna meM upalabdha hotA hai, jisameM sAhasagati ke anyAya kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / kavi ne rAma ke krodha aura usakI yoddhA jaisI sAmarthya kA rocaka varNana kiyA hai aura citrita kiyA hai ki zatru ko kaise vaza meM kiyA jAtA hai / isa prasaMga meM rAma kI yama se 1. dvisa,13.21-22
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________________ rasa-paripAka 143 tulanA karate hue use adhika zaktizAlI tathA grISma, agni aura sUrya se bhI adhika USma batAyA hai-- pazyanniva puraH zatrumutpatanniva khaM muhuH / nigilanniva dikcakramudgilanniva pAvakam // saMharanniva bhUtAni kRtAnto viharanniva / grISmAgnyarkapadArtheSu caturtha iva kazcana // 1 isI prakAra kavi dhanaJjaya ne sUrpaNakhA / kIcaka ke aziSTa vyavahAra ke kAraNa lakSmaNa / bhIma meM utpanna krodha kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai abhyetya nirbhartsya jagAda vAcaM strItvaM parAgaccha na vadhyavRttiH / preGkholitAGgaM rasanAkareNa mRtyordvijAndolanamicchasIva // 2 prastuta prasaMga meM sUrpaNakhA rAma kI ora bar3hane meM asaphala hone para lakSmaNa kI ora pravRtta huI, jabaki kIcaka draupadI kI ora pravRtta huA aura isa karma ne lakSmaNa / bhIma ko kupita kara diyA / kavi ne vicakSaNatA se lakSmaNa / bhIma kI ukti 'yama ke zarIra ko jhakajhora kara jihvArUpI hAtha se usake dA~ta ukhAr3ane jaisI nIcatA kyoM kI hai| ?' meM adbhuta kalpanA samAyojita kI hai / bhayAnaka rasa saMskRta mahAkaviyoM ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM bhayAnaka rasa ko gauNa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / dhanaJjaya bhI dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM isI paripATI kA anukaraNa karate haiM / bhayAnaka rasa kA sthAyIbhAva 'bhaya' hai / bhartsanApUrNa sthiti se dUra rahane kI AgrahapUrNa icchA hI bhaya hai / bhautika rUpa se bhaya cAhe vAstavika ho yA kAlpanika, isake sAtha vyakti apane Apako bhalIbhA~ti anukUla nahIM kara pAtA athavA samucita rUpa se vyavahAra karane meM asamartha pAtA hai / isIlie bhayotpAdaka dRzya bhayAnaka rasa ke Alambana vibhAva haiM / vivarNatA, gadgada bhASaNa, pralaya, sveda, romAJca, kampa, itastata: avalokana Adi isake anubhAva haiN| jugupsA, Avega, 1. dvisa. 9.31-32 2. vahI, 5.23
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________________ 144 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA sammoha, saMtrAsa, glAni, dInatA, zaMkA, apasmAra, saMbhrama, maraNa Adi isake vyabhicArI bhAva hote haiM / kavi dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' meM yatra-tatra bhayAnaka rasa ke udAharaNa milate haiM / chaThe sarga meM sandhAna-vidhA ke mAdhyama se eka ora to rAma-lakSmaNa aura khara-dUSaNa ke madhya tathA dUsarI ora arjuna-bhIma tathA kaurava senA ke madhya yuddha kI bhISaNatA meM bhayAnaka rasa kA grathana huA hai| kavi ne atizayokti alaMkAra kI sahAyatA se varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra jyA kI TaGkAra-dhvani se garur3a kI dhvani kA bhaya ho jAne se nAgapatniyoM ke garbhapAta ho gaye aura nabhacaroM ko bhI aisA dAruNa bhaya huA ki talavAra ko miyAna se nikAlane kA prayAsa karate-karate hI unheM yaha vizvAsa ho gayA ki ve kevala mantra-bala se hI zatru para vijaya pA sakate haiM / yuddha kI bhISaNatA aisI thI, jaise ki sabhI dizAeM dhUmaketu se prabhAvita ho gayI hoN| zastra-saMgharSa se utpanna dhUsara prakAza-rekhAoM kI pake hue dhAnya kI bAloM tathA yama kI lambI tathA Ter3hI jaTAoM se upamA karanA nUtana evaM manohArI hai patatrinAdena bhujaGgayoSitAM papAta garbha: kila taarthyshngkyaa| nabhazcarA nizcitamantrasAdhanA vane bhayenAsyapagAramudyatAH / / samantato'pyudgatadhUmaketavaH sthitordhvabAlA iva tatrasurdizaH / nipeturulkA: kalamAgrapiGgalA yamasya lambA: kuTilA jaTA iva // yahA~ yuddha kI bhISaNatA se utpanna bhaya' sthAyI bhAva hai / donoM pakSoM meM hone vAlA yuddha Alambana vibhAva hai tathA nAgapaliyA~, nabhacara Adi Azraya haiM / yuddha kI bhISaNatA uddIpana vibhAva hai| nAgapatniyoM ke garbha gira jAnA, nabhacaroM kA mantrabala para hI vizvAsa raha jAnA Adi anubhAva haiM / Avega, sammoha, saMtrAsa, dInatA, saMbhrama Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| inake sahayoga se bhayAnaka rasa kA paripAka huA hai| eka anya sthAna para kavi yuddhonmatta, oMTha cabAte hue, bhRkuTiyoM ko Ter3hA karate hue tathA jora-jora se huMkAra karate hue yoddhAoM se yukta yuddha-dRzya kA varNana karatA hai 1. draSTavya - nA.zA.,pR.89 tathA sA.da.,3.235-38 2. dvisa,6.16-17
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________________ rasa-paripAka 145 daSTadantacchadaM baddhabhUbhaGgaM mukthukRti| grahAviSTamivAniSTaM ghoraM yuddhamihAbhavat // yahA~ sthAyI bhAva 'bhaya', kiSkindhA/saurASTra senA rUpa Alambana ke mAdhyama se, oMTha cabAnA, bhRkuTi TeDhI karanA, huMkAra karanA Adi uddIpanoM se paripuSTa hotA huA bhayAnaka rasa ke rUpa meM AsvAdita hotA hai / dhanaJjaya viracita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke eka anya prasaMga meM rAma/kRSNa kI senAoM dvArA apane pratipakSI rAvaNa/jarAsandha ke viruddha kI gayI bhayotpAdaka vinAzalIlA kA varNana kiyA gayA haipatitasakalapatrA tatra kIrNArime dAvanatatiriva rugNA sAmajairbhUmirAsIt / nihataniravazeSA svAGgazeSAvatasthe kathamapi ripulakSmIrekamUlA lateva // 2 prastuta prasaMga meM kavi na TUTe-phUTe rathoM se vyApta tathA zatru-yoddhAoM kI carbI se lathapatha yuddhabhUmi kA citraNa kiyA hai| usane isa dRzya kI jaMgalI hAthiyoM dvArA ujAr3I gaI aTavI se tulanA kI hai| samasta senA ke naSTa ho jAne para zatruoM kI lakSmI apanI mUla mAtra ke sahAre sIdhI khar3I pratIta hotI hai, jaise ki samasta pattoM aura phala-phUla ke naSTa ho jAne para eka latA kA astitva kevala usakI jar3a para hI Azrita raha jAtA hai / kavi ne yahA~ zatru rAjA rAvaNa/jarAsandha kA nAmollekha na karake kevala zatruoM kI lakSmI kahakara hI apanA mantavya prastuta kara diyA hai| isa prakAra kavi-kalpanA usake dvArA prayukta yathocita vizeSaNoM se dviguNita ho gayI hai| bIbhatsa rasa ghRNita athavA ghRNotpAdaka vastuoM ke darzana athavA zravaNa se mAnava mana me jo ghRNA kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai, vahI bIbhatsa rasa kI utpAdikA hai / vastuta: 'jugupsA' sthAyI bhAva kI abhivyaJjanA hI bIbhatsa rasa' hai / prANiyoM ko katipaya 1. dvisa., 9.46 2. vahI,16.85
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________________ 146 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA viSaya rucikara lagate haiM tathA unase atirikta arucikara / ina arucikara viSayoM ko hI apanI dRSTi yA vicAra se dUra rakhane kI preraNA dene vAlA bhAva ghRNA athavA jugupsA kahalAtA hai / bIbhatsa rasa kA varNa nIla hai / isake devatA mahAkAla haiN| isake Alambana durgandhamaya mAMsa, rakta, medA yA carbI Adi haiM / durgandhamaya mAMsAdi meM kIr3e par3anA isakA uddIpana vibhAva hai / thUkanA, mukha pheranA, netra banda karanA isake anubhAva haiM aura moha, apasmAra, Avega, vyAdhi tathA maraNa Adi isake vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| bIbhatsa rasa zRGgAra, karuNa kI bhA~ti AhlAdakArI na hone ke kAraNa kaviyoM ko vizeSa priya nahIM rahA hai / mahAkAvyoM meM usakA varNana sphuTa rUpa meM hI prApta hotA hai / kavidhanaJjayane apane dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAma-lakSmaNa va khara-dUSaNa athavA bhIma-arjuna va kaurava-senAoM ke madhya hone vAle yuddha kI pariNati ke varNana meM isa rasa ke bhayAvaha dRzya kA citraNa kiyA hai / kavi varNana karatA hai ki kisa prakAra rAkSasoM kI paMktiyA~ rAghava/pANDava rAjAoM kI akSaraza: satya mahAmAnavatA kI prazaMsA karatI huI yatheccha rUpa se mRta yoddhAoM kA rakta zveta kapAloM meM bharakara pI rahI thiiN| kavi ne yaha bhI varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra rAkSasa-striyA~ apane baccoM ko apane phaile hue pairoM para baiThAkara mRta yoddhAoM kI carbI se ghola banAkara apanI aMguli se dhIre-dhIre khilA rahI thiiN| isa udAharaNa meM kavi ne bar3I caturAI se vAstavika ghRNAtmaka dRzya kA citraNa kiyA hai nipIya raktaM surapuSpavAsitaM sitaM kapAlaM paripUrya sUnRtAm / nRtAM prazaMsantyanayornanarttavAnanartavAcoryudhi rakSasAM tatiH / / prasArya pAdavadhiropya bAlakaM vidhAya vkre'nggulissnggmnggnaa| pravezayAmAsa vasAM mahIkSitAM prakalpya pIthaM pizitAzinAM zanaiH / / 2 prastuta prasaMga meM kavi hRdaya meM vidyamAna jugupsA sthAyI bhAva hai tathA pAThakagaNa Azraya haiN| Alambana yuddha-bhUmi hai, jahA~ mRta yoddhA rAjA par3e hue haiN| zveta kapAloM meM bharakara rakta pItI haI rAkSasa paMktiyA~ tathA apane bacce ko mukha meM aMguli DAlakara carbI kA ghola pilAtI huI rAkSasa striyA~ uddIpana haiM |aakssep se 1. nA.zA, pR.89 tathA sA.da, 3.239-41 2. dvisa,6.37-38
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________________ rasa-paripAka 147 thUkanA, muMha pheranA Adi anubhAva haiM tathA glAni, Avega Adi saMcArI bhAva haiN| ina sabhI vibhAva, anubhAva tathA saMcArI bhAvoM ke saMyoga se 'bIbhatsa rasa' paripuSTa huA hai| zAnta rasa tattva-jJAna tathA vairAgya se 'zAnta rasa' kI utpatti mAnI gayI hai| isI kAraNavaza isameM sAMsArika viSayoM se sambaddha kisI bhI prakAra kI bhAvanA, Ananda, sukha, duHkha, prema, lAbha, hAni ityAdi kA nitAnta abhAva rahatA hai / zAnta anubhUti ko rasa svIkAra karane meM bhAratIya kAvyazAstriyoM meM paryApta matabheda dikhAyI par3atA hai| yahA~ taka ki bharata ke nATyazAstra meM bhI zAnta rasa kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| pradhAnata: kAvya kA mukhya uddezya kalAtmaka sukha mAnA gayA hai, na ki dharmopadeza / phira bhI, kucha dharma-pracAraka aise hue, jinhoMne kAvya ko apane dharmapracAra kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| isa prakAra kI vibhUtiyoM meM bauddha kavi azvaghoSa tathA paumacariya ke jaina lekhaka vimalasUri kA nAma prakhyAta hai / kAlAntara meM ye donoM dharma aise kAvyoM ke srota ho gaye, jinameM paramparA se svIkRta koI bhI rasa Adhipatya na rakha paayaa| isa prakAra ke kAvyoM athavA mahAkAvyoM meM zAnta rasa ko pramukhatA milI / sambhavata: yahI kAraNa aisA rahA ho ki paravartI kAvyazAstriyoM ko zAnta rasa kI sattA svIkAra karanI par3I ho / zAnta rasa ke samarthaka kAvyAcAryoM ke anusAra zAnta rasa vaha hai jisase 'zama' rUpa sthAyI bhAva kA AsvAda hotA hai / isake Azraya uttama prakRti ke vyakti hote haiM / isakA varNa kunda zveta athavA indra zveta hai / isake devatA nArAyaNa haiN| anityatA athavA duHkhamayatA ke kAraNa samasta sAMsArika viSayoM kI ni:sAratA kA jJAna athavA sAkSAt paramAtmasvarUpa kA jJAna hI isakA Alambana hai / pavitra Azraya, bhagavAna kI lIlA mUrtiyA~, tIrtha snAna, ramya kAnana, sAdhu-santoM kA satsaGga Adi isake uddIpana haiM / romAJca Adi anubhAva haiM aura nirveda, harSa, smRti Adi vyabhicArI bhAva haiN| adhikAMza jaina mahAkAvyoM kA uddezya mokSa-prApti rahA hai / isIlie, inake pAtra prArambha meM sAMsArika bhogoM me lipta dikhAye jAte haiM, tadanantara mahAkAvya ke antima bhAga meM pUrNata: taTastha hokara mokSa-prApti ke liye prayatnazIla dikhAye jAte 1. sA.da.,3.245-48
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________________ 148 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya- cetanA haiM / dhanaJjaya ne dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA uddezya mokSa prApti na rakhakara, artha- prApti rakhA hai, jo paramparA se thor3A haTakara hai / sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki kavi apane mahAkAvya meM zAnta rasa ke aMkana ke liye bahuta kama avasara juTA pAyA hai / dvisandhAna ke jina aMzoM meM zAnta rasa citrAMkita ho pAyA hai, ve bhautika vastuoM kI kSaNa-bhaGguratA tathA bhautika-sukhoM kI asAratA ke prasaMga haiM / caturtha sarga meM kavi ne varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra dazaratha / pANDu vRddhAvasthA meM apanI chavi ko darpaNa dekhakara vairAgya ko prApta ho jAte haiN| unheM Azcarya hotA hai ki sabhI prANI vRddha hote haiM aura phira deha tyAga dete haiM / eka bAra bItA huA yauvana kabhI vApisa nahIM AtA aura osa kI bUMda ke samAna sabhI bhautika vastueM kSaNabhaGgura haiM / sabhI sambandhI bhI sUkhe pattoM ke samAna eka jhoMke meM hI bichur3a jAne vAle haiM 1 kSaNabhaGgaramaGgamaGginAM na gatA yauvanikA nivartate / vibhavAstRDavAricaJcalA nicayA marmarapatrasannibhAH // 1 prastuta uddharaNa meM rAjA dazaratha / pANDu dvArA darpaNa meM dRSTa vRddhAvasthA se hRdaya meM utpanna vairAgya kA varNana hai / ata: dazaratha / pANDu Azraya hai / bhautika vastuoM kI kSaNabhaGguratA Alambana hai| bItA huA yauvana, osa kI bUMda uddIpana haiM / nirveda saMcArI bhAva hai / ina sabake mAdhyama se 'zama' sthAyI bhAva zAnta rasa kI puSTi kara rahA hai 1 kavi dhanaJjaya eka anya sthala para samasta bhautika sukhoM kI asAratA kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki prANiyoM ke bhoga, lakSmI aura Ayu- sabhI vastueM asthira haiM / vaha ina saba kI anya vastuoM se tulanA karate hue kahate haiM ki prANiyoM ke priya bhoga garajate hue bAdaloM ke samAna caMcala haiM, lakSmI hAthI ke hilate hue sira ke samAna hai tathA Ayu gAyakoM ke madhura gale kI naliyoM ke samAna cala tathA acala hai / isa prakAra koI bhI vastu sthira nahIM hai-- 1 tathAhi bhogAH stanayitnusannibhAH gajAnanAdhUnanacaJcalAH zriyaH / ninAdinAdindhamakaNThanADivaccalAcalaM na sthiramAyuraGginAm // 2 1. dvisa, 4.6 2. vahI, 6.45
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________________ rasa-paripAka 149 prastuta prasaGga meM rAma / bhIma dvArA dRSTa yuddha kI antima pariNati se utpanna virakti kA varNana hai / ataeva rAma / bhIma Azraya haiN| bhautika sukhoM kI asAratA athavA asthiratA Alambana hai / garajate hue bAdala, hAthI kA hilatA huA sira tathA gAyaka ke madhura gale kI naliyA~ uddIpana haiM / nirveda saMcArI bhAva hai / ina sabake sahayoga se 'zama' sthAyI bhAva zAnta rasa kI saphala abhivyaJjanA kara rahA hai / niSkarSa 1 isa prakAra dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM kAvyazAstrIya aucitya rasabhAvanirantaram kI saphalatApUrvaka avatAraNA huI hai / dvisandhAnAtmaka kathAvastu ko varNanAtmaka rUpa pradAna karane aura eka sazakta tathA paraspara guMthe hue kathAnaka kA nirmANa karane meM aneka zilpa- vaidhAnika kaThinAiyA~ kavi ke samakSa rahI thIM / isake atirikta pada-pada para zliSTa padoM ke cayana kI cintA aura zabdADambara kI kRtrima zabda yojanA kA Agraha bhI dvisandhAna meM hAvI hai / nissandeha ina pravRttiyoM se kAvya kA bAhya pakSa camatkRta avazya huA hai, parantu kAvya kA Antarika pakSa nirbala hI raha gayA hai / ina paristhitiyoM meM nirbAdha rasa kI avatAraNA bhI bahuta kucha prabhAvita huI hai / isa sambandha meM DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM 'marmasparzI kathAnaka yA ghaTanAeM alpa haiM, para unameM rasodbodhana kI kSamatA hai / itivRtta - nirvAha kI saphala ceSTA kI gayI hai, para rasAtmaka taraMgeM utpanna hone meM truTi raha gaI haiM' / dhanaJjaya kA dvisandhAna jainAnumodita paramparA kA eka prayogatmaka mahAkAvya mAnA jAnA caahie| adhikAMza jaina mahAkAvya dvAdazAGgavANI para avalambita hone ke kAraNa zAntaparyavasAyI kAvya bana jAte haiM / ina mahAkAvyoM meM pahale-pahala indriya-sukha ke sAMsArika mUlyoM, saundaryaparaka zRGgArika abhirUciyoM kA svAbhAvika varNana upasthita kiyA jAtA hai, tadantara AtmotthAna kI dizAeM udghATita karate hue kavi kAvya ke kathAnaka ko nirvANa-prApti ke lakSya se jor3a detA hai / jaina mahAkAvyoM ko isIlie zAntaparyavasAyI mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / isa dRSTi se dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya paramparA se haTakara likhA gayA mahAkAvya hai / mahAkAvya kA prArambha jainAnumodita paramparA ke anurUpa huA hai tathA kathAnaka-saMyojanA bhI triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke paurANika itivRtta se jur3I huI hai / parantu dhanaJjaya paramparA-poSaka hone ke bAvajUda bhI yugIna sAhitya-bodha ko vizeSa
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________________ 150 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA mahatva dete dRSTigata hote haiM / unhoMne na to kAvya kI antima pariNati nirvANa-prApti se jor3I hai aura na hI anya jaina mahAkAvyoM ke samAna ise zAnta rasa paryavasAyI banAne kA hI koI prayAsa kiyA hai| svayaM kavi ke zabdoM meM kAvya kA prayojana artha-prApti svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura mahAkAvya kI pariNati rAma athavA kRSNa dvArA niSkaNTaka rAjya karane taka sImita hai / ina sabhI tathyoM ke Aloka meM yaha kahanA yuktisaGgata hogA ki Alocya kAvya zAnta rasa ko mAtra eka aGga athavA gauNa rasa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA detA hai aura isakA pradhAna rasa vIra hI hai / vIra kAvya kI preraNA se anuprerita dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA asthipaJjara vIra rasa se nirmita hai to zRGgAra isakI mAMsapeziyA~ hai / dhanaJjaya ne apane mahAkAvya kI sAjasajjA ke liye ajantA evaM elorA kI citrakalA evaM mUrtikalA, vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra Adi se preraNA prApta kI hai tathA zRGgAra ko atyadhika mahatva diyA hai| dUsarI ora tatkAlIna yuddhapradhAna rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa se vIra kAvyocita sAmagrI kA cayana kara dvisandhAna ko vIra rasa se vizeSa puSTa kiyA hai / zeSa sabhI rasa avAntara rUpa se hI varNita haiN|
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________________ SaSTha adhyAya alaGkAra-vinyAsa kAvya kI AtmA rasa mAnane vAle vizvanAtha Adi rasavAdI AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM alaGkAroM ko gauNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| inheM kAvya ke asthira dharma ke rUpa meM aGgadAdivat kAvya kA utkarSAdhAyaka svIkAra karate hue rasa kA upakAraka mAtra mAnA gayA hai| siddhAntata: bhale hI rasa kI tulanA meM alaGkAroM kA sthAna kucha nyUna rahA ho, parantu inheM kadApi dvitIya zreNI kA kAvyAGga nahIM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA / daNDI ne vAcAmuttamabhUSaNam kahakara alaGkAroM kI zreSThatA ko mukta kaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai / bhAmaha, udbhaTa, rudraTa,pratihArendurAja Adi kAvyazAstrI kAvya meM alaGkAroM ke vizeSa mahatva ko svIkAra karate haiN| jayadeva ke candrAloka meM alaGkAra ko kAvya kA sarvasva svIkAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki alaGkArahIna zabdArtha ko kAvya mAnanA vaisA hI hai, jaise agni ko anuSNa mAnanA / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi mahAkAvyoM meM alaGkAra-vinyAsa kI anupama chaTA dekhI jA sakatI hai / azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa prabhRti mahAkaviyoM ne bhI kAvya-sRjana ke avasara para alaGkAra-vidhAna ko paryApta mahattA pradAna kI hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI se uttarottara alaGkAra-prayoga vizeSa camatkRta zailI meM ubhara kara AyA hai / bhAravi isa zailI ke pramukha praNetA mAne jAte haiN| zabdAlaGkAroM tathA citrAlaGkAroM ke prayoga ko jo varIyatA bhAravi ke kAvya meM milI hai, usase pUrva alaGkAroM ko vaisA mahatva kabhI kisI kavi ne nahIM diyA thaa| 1. zabdArthayorasthirA ye dhrmaaHshobhaatishaayinH| rasAdInupakurvanto'laGkArAste'GgadAdivat ||,saa.d.10.1 2. candrAloka,1.8
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________________ 152 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA yugIna samAja-cetanA aura kAvya-cetanA ke mile-jule prayAsoM se saMskRta kAvya ko zabdADambara-pUrNa kRtrima zailI se vicaraNa karanA pdd'aa| sAhityika ruci meM paryApta badalAva A gaye the aura kaviyoM ke madhya AlaGkArika kAvya-sRjana kI hor3a-sI lagI huI thii| tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ bhI vaisI hI thIM, jinameM kAvya ke Adarza eka rAjadarabArI kAvya kI apekSA se DhAle jA cuke the / sAmAnya tathA rAjadarabAroM kI chatrachAyA meM hI kaviyoM ko prazraya milatA thA aura vaise rAjadarabArI vAtAvaraNa meM rasa-pradhAna kAvya kA sthAna alaGkAra-pradhAna kAvya ne le liyA thaa| alaGkAra-vinyAsa sambandhI nAnA prakAra ke prayogoM kA pradarzana kara, sainya evaM yuddha sambandhI astra-zastroM ke bandha racakara kavigaNa apanA pANDitya pradarzita karate the| isI samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi ke pariprekSya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sandhAna-zailI kI kAvya-racanA bhI usI kA eka pariNAma thii| buddhi-vilAsa evaM zabdADambara kA eka Adarza prastuta karane vAle dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA prayojana hI yaza evaM artha-prApti rahA thA, jo isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki kavi kI Arthika athavA jIvikopArjana kI apekSAoM ne bhI zabdADambarapUrNa AlaGkArika kAvyoM ko vizeSa protsAhita kiyaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM zabdAlaGkAroM va citrAlaGkAroM kI jitanI samRddhi evaM vividhatA dekhane ko milatI hai, usake AdhAra para paravartI kAvyazAstriyoM ne alaGkAroM ke vividha bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hogii| mahAkAvya kA antima sarga to vizeSa rUpa se yamaka evaM citrAlaGkAroM ko hI samarpita kiyA gayA hai| vaise bhI pUre mahAkAvya meM dhanaJjaya eka sAtha do kathAoM kA upanibandhana kara sake haiM, to usakA mukhya kAraNa bhI alaGkAra-prayoga hI rahe haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM vibhinna alaGkAroM kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA haizabdAlaGkAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya vyarthaka zailI kI racanA hai, ataeva isameM zabdAlaGkAroM kA vinyAsa bar3I kuzalatApUrvaka huA hai / sandhAna-vidhA ke kAvyoM ke liye yaha abhISTa bhI hai| dhanaJjaya ne svayaM vyarthaka kAvya ke liye kamala, muraja Adi bandhoM tathA zleSa Adi zabdAlaGkAroM ko socate hue kavi kI sthiti viyogI ke samAna udAsIna batAyI hai / dvisandhAna meM nimnalikhita zabdAlaGkAroM kA prayoga huA hai 1. dvisa.,18.146 2. dvisa,8.45
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 153 1. anuprAsa varNoM kI AvRtti meM anuprAsa alaMkAra hotA hai / isake pA~ca bheda mAne gaye haiM -(ka) chekAnuprAsa, (kha) vRttyanuprAsa, (ga) zrutyanuprAsa, (gha) antyAnuprAsa tathA (Ga) lATAnuprAsa / (ka) chekAnuprAsa aneka varNoM kI eka bAra AvRtti meM chekAnuprAsa hotA hai / dhanaJjaya ke dvisandhAna meM isake ekAdhika udAharaNa milate haiM / yathA kRSIvalaM kRSibhuvi vallavaM vahirvanecaraM caramaTavISvabhuGkta yaH / vaNigjanaM puri purasImni yoginaM niyoginaM nRpasutabandhumantriSu // 2 yahA~ 'kRSa', 'vala', 'cara', 'pura', tathA yogina' Adi varNoM kI eka bAra AvRtti huI hai, ata: 'chekAnuprAsa' hai / (kha) vRttyanuprAsa eka athavA aneka vargoM kI bAra-bAra AvRtti meM vRttyanuprAsa hotA hai| dvisandhAna meM isakA udAharaNa isa prakAra haiityasya vAcamabhinandya bharotthitAnAM rAjJAM galAGgadagaladgalikAcchalena / mantrasya kalpitamivAjani mallikAnA mArAdhanaM jayaparaM mukulopahAraiH // 3 yahA~ 'ga la' kI tathA 'ma' kI aneka bAra AvRtti huI hai, ata: vRttyanuprAsa (ga) zrutyanuprAsa tAlu, kaNTha, mUrdhA, danta Adi kisI eka sthAna meM uccarita hone vAle vyaJjanoM kI samatA ko zrutyanuprAsa kahate haiM / dvisandhAna meM isakA uddharaNa isa prakAra hai 1. sA.da.,10.2-7 2. dvisa.,2.16 3. vahI,11.41
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________________ 154 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA padaghAtajAtadari muktadharaM sa . dharAdharaM sukRtvaankRtvaan| vijahAti vA balavatA nihataH zlathamaNDala kila na kaH pRthivIm // 1 yahA~ ta, tha, da, dha varNa eka hI dantya sthAna se uccarita hote haiM, ata: zrutyanuprAsa hai| (gha) antyAnuprAsa pahale svara ke sAtha hI yadi yathAvastha vyaJjana kI AvRtti ho to vaha antyAnuprAsa kahalAtA hai / isakA prayoga pada athavA pAda Adi ke anta meM hI hotA hai| dvisandhAna meM prayukta padAntagata antyAnuprAsa kA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai tatraiva cetonayanendriyeSu sthiteSu dUteSviva lobhiteSu / jAteSu cAnta: prakRtikSateSu dehAvazeSeNa kathaJcidasthAt // 2 yahA~ 'indriyeSu', 'sthiteSu', 'dUteSu', 'lobhiteSu', 'jAteSu' tathA kSaNeSu' Adi zabdoM meM 'eSu' kI AvRtti huI hai, ata: padAntagata antyAnuprAsa hai| isI prakAra pAdAntagata anuprAsa kA bhI dvisandhAna meM yathocita vinyAsa huA haisabhrUyugmaM vairaviruddhaM ghaTayannu svidyankrodhakvAthitalAvaNyaraso nu| ruddhaH sthitvAdhoraNamukhyairdvirado nu proce viSNorityariragni vivamannu / yahA~ sabhI pAdoM ke anta meM 'nu' kI AvRtti huI hai, ata: pAdAnta gata antyAnuprAsa hai| (Ga) lATAnuprAsa kevala tAtparya bhinna hone para zabda aura artha donoM kI AvRtti hone se lATAnuprAsa hotA hai / isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna kA nimna padya draSTavya hai 1. dvisa.,12.37 2. vahI,5.14 3. vahI,13.22
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 155 invimarde'mucatAM zarAsanaM zarAnasUnapyamucannarAtayaH / / ajasramatraM vyamucatpriyAjanastathAsthitA: sparddhamamI na tatyajuH / / yahA~ 'zara' kI AvRtti huI hai, kintu artha eka hI hai-bANa / svarUpa kI dRSTi se donoM meM bhinnatA hai / eka 'Asana' kA vizeSaNa rUpa hai tathA dUsarA bANa artha meM svatantra rUpa se prayukta huA hai| 2. yamaka yamaka bhI anuprAsa kI bhA~ti AvRttimUlaka alaMkAra hai| svara-vyaJjana samudAya kI usI krama se AvRtti ko 'yamaka' kahate haiM, kintu jisa varNa samudAya kI AvRtti ho, usakA eka aMza yA sarvAMza yadi anarthaka ho to bhI koI Apatti nahIM, kintu usake kisI eka aMza yA sarvAMza ke sArthaka hone para AvRtta samudAya kI bhinnArthakatA Avazyaka hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki yamaka ke antargata samAnArthaka zabdoM kI AvRtti nahIM ho sakatI / 2 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM yamaka kI yojanA adbhuta prakAra se huI hai / isakA antima sarga vizeSa rUpa se yamaka alaMkAra se alaMkRta hai / udAharaNArtha nimna yamaka draSTavya hai athAparAgo'pyaparAgatAM gataH sa pazcimo'pi prathamo vipshcitaam| anujJayA vIrajinasya gautamo gaNAgraNI: zreNikamityavocata / yahA~ 'aparAga' zabda kI AvRtti huI hai, jisakA eka sthAna para 'rajomalarahita' tathA dUsare sthAna para 'vAcyatA' artha hai, ataeva yamakAlaMkAra hai| yamaka alaMkAra kA bharata se lekara adyaparyanta vibhinna prakAra se vargIkaraNa huA hai, kintu sarvAdhika vaijJAnika tathA sUkSma vivecana bhoja ne apane sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa meM kiyA hai| unake anusAra yamaka ko mukhya rUpa se(1) sthAna yamaka, (2) asthAna yamaka tathA (3) pAda yamaka- tIna mukhya bhAgoM me vibhakta kara unake puna: upabheda kiye jA sakate haiM / dvisandhAna meM prayukta yamaka kA ina bhedoM ke AdhAra para nimna prakAra se vivecana kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. dvisa.,69 2. sA.da.10.8 3. dvisa,19 4. sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa,259-60
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________________ 156 1. sthAna yamaka jahA~ varNasamudAya kI AvRtti eka nizcita pAda ke Adi, madhya athavA anta meM apekSita hotI hai, vahA~ 'sthAna yamaka' hotA hai / ise (ka) Adi yamaka, (kha) madhya yamaka, (ga) anta yamaka, (gha) Adi madhya yamaka, (ca) Adyanta yamaka, (cha) madhyAnta yamaka, (ja) AdimadhyAnta yamaka tathA (jha) antAdika yamaka - ina ATha bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / ina sabhI yamaka - bhedoM kA dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM nimna prakAra se vinyAsa huA hai (ka) Adi yamaka vyavadhAna tathA avyavadhAna se hone vAlI AvRtti ke AdhAra para isake punaH aneka bheda ho sakate haiM / ina bhedoM ke jo udAharaNa dvisandhAna meM upalabdha haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM 1 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA harito harito bibhyurAbhyo rAbhyo vinArayaH / te'bhyastebhyaH svadezebhyaH kevalaM ke'valanna vA // 1 yahA~ pratyeka pAda ke Adi meM 'harito', 'rAbhyo', 'tebhyaH' tathA 'kevalaM' varNa-samudAyoM kI vyavadhAnarahita AvRtti huI hai, ata: avyapeta - Adi yamaka hai / bharata ke anusAra ise sandaSTa yamaka kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra bharata 'jahA~ pAda ke Adi meM samAna akSaroM kA samAveza ho', vahA~ pAdAdi yamaka svIkAra karate haiM / yaha unhIM ke pAdAnta yamaka kA viparIta bheda hai / bhAmaha ke matAnusAra ise ekAntara - Adi yamaka kahA jA sakatA hai / 3 vyavadhAna sahita AvRtti hone ke kAraNa yaha vyapeta- Adi yamaka ThaharatA hai I dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai prabhAvato bANacayasya bhoktari prabhAvatoSe samare sthite nRpAH / prabhAvato hInatayA vivarjitA prabhAvato hI na tayA rarAjire // 4 1. dvisa.,18.111 2. 'Adau pAdasya yatra syAtsamAvezaH samAkSaraH / pAdAdiyamakaM nAma tadvijJeyaM budhairyathA // ', nA. zA., 16.78 draSTavya- kA. bhA. 2.16 3. 4. dvisa.,6.31
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________________ alaGkAra - vinyAsa 157 yahA~ cAroM pAdoM ke Arambha meM 'prabhAvato' pada ke samAna akSaroM kA samAveza hone ke kAraNa 'vyapeta-Adi yamaka' hai / isI prakAra isa 'vyapeta - Adi yamaka' kA eka anya udAharaNa draSTavya hai sa hastAbhyAM camUhastau sahastAbhyAmapIDayat / bibhrajjiSuH pratAgnau bibhratsaMdhitsutAmiva // 1 yahA~ prathama va dvitIya pAdoM ke Adi meM 'sahastAbhyAm' tathA tRtIya va caturtha pAdoM ke Adi meM 'bibhrat' padoM ke samAna akSaroM kA samAveza huA hai, ata:'vyapeta-Adi yamaka' hai / isa udAharaNa meM eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake prathama tathA dvitIya pAdoM meM AvRtta varNasamudAya ekajAtIya tathA tRtIya va caturtha pAdoM meM AvRtta varNasamudAya anyajAtIya hai / isa prakAra AvRtta varNasamudAyoM ke anekajAtIya hone se yaha anekajAtIya athavA vijAtIya yamaka kA udAharaNa hai / 2 bhoja ne isa prakAra ke udAharaNoM meM dvipAda yamakadvaya arthAt mizra yamaka kI sthiti mAnI hai / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM aise yamaka ke lie 18.39,79, 100, 106, 117 tathA 140 kramAGka vAle padya bhI dekhane yogya haiM / saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne Adi yamaka ko vibhinna pAdoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM yamakita kara isake aneka bheda kiye haiM / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM upalabdha una bhedoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai (i) avyapeta prathamapAdagata Adi yamaka 1. 2. 3. 4. sitAsitAmbhoruhasAritAntarAH pravRttapAThInavivarttanakriyAH / samAyatA yatra vibhAnti dIrghikAH kaTAkSalIlA iva vArayoSitAm // 4 (ii) avyapeta dvitIya pAdagata Adi yamaka devaM kiM bahunAnena sAdhunAsAdhunAthavA / niSpazcimamidaM pazya netramAtrAkhilendriyaH // 5 dvisa.,18.13 tu. - kAvyA, 3.30 draSTavya- sara. kaNThA., 2.116 dvisa., 1.26 vahI, 7.64
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________________ 158 (iii) avyapeta tRtIya pAdagata Adi yamaka tasminkAle'nujopAyAt prasthitaM pratikezavaM / vizvavizvambharAnAthamitthamUce'grajaM vacaH // 1 (iv) vyapeta prathama-dvitIya pAdagata Adi yamaka cakraM duHsahamAlokya cakranduH sahasArayaH / mRtotpanneva sAzvA sAzvAsA sA vaiSNavI 'camUH // 2 (v) vyapeta prathama-tRtIya pAdagata Adi yamaka kamalA ca dalAntarasravajjalabindUjjvalalambamauktikam / kamalAtapavAraNaM tadA zazizubhraM bibharAMbabhUva tat // 3 (vi) vyapeta dvitIya - caturtha pAdagata Adi yamaka iti moghaM babhUvArirmantrayuddhamayuGkta yat / prAganAlocitasyAsmin mantrasyAvasara kutaH // 4 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA (kha) madhya yamaka Adi yamaka kI bhA~ti isake bhI vyavadhAna tathA avyavadhAna ke AdhAra para vibhinna bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha isake udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM sthirasamudrasamudrasakautukAdyugabhujaM vinayena nayena ca / tamuditaM muditaM hyanujogravAgiti vibhuM nijagau nijagauravAt // 5 1. dvisa., 7.20 2 . vahI, 18.80 3. vahI, 4.28 4. vahI,1859 5. vahI, 8.20
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________________ 159 alaGkAra-vinyAsa yahA~ pratyeka pAda ke madhya meM kramaza: 'samudra', 'nayena', 'muditaM' tathA 'nijagau' varNa samudAyoM kI vyavadhAnarahita AvRtti huI hai, ata: avyapeta madhya yamaka hai / isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna kA padya 8.5 bhI draSTavya hai / isI prakAra bharata dvArA vihita pAdAdi yamaka evaM pAdAnta yamaka kI zRGkhalA ko jor3ane ke liye daNDI ne vyapeta madhyayamaka kA sarjana kiyaa| dvisandhAna meM upalabdha isakA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai pazuvacchAdayanbhIru zUrAnacchAdayaM smm| hRdyasvacchAdayandhAtorastraiH svacchAdayannabhaH // 1 yahA~ sabhI pAdoM ke madhya meM 'chAdayan' pada ke samAna akSaroM kA samAveza hone ke kAraNa vyapeta madhya yamaka hai / dvisandhAna kA eka anya padya 18.49 bhI draSTavya hai| kahIM avyapeta tathA kahIM vyapeta AvRtti rahane para avyapeta-vyapeta madhyayamaka hotA hai / dvisandhAna meM isakA prayoga isa prakAra huA hai asutarAM sutarAM sthitimunnatAmasumatAM sumatAM mahatAM vahan / urucitairucitairmaNirAzibhiH svarUcitairucitairavabhAtyayam // yahA~ prathama, dvitIya tathA tRtIya pAdoM ke madhya meM kramaza: 'sutarAM', 'sumatAM' aura rucitai varNasamudAyoM kI vyavadhAna rahita AvRtti huI hai, to tRtIya pAda ke madhya meM AvRtta 'rucitai' varNasamudAya caturtha pAda ke madhya meM 'maNi' Adi vargoM ke vyavadhAnasahita AvRtta huA hai, ataeva yaha avyapeta-vyapeta madhya yamaka hai| saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne 'Adi yamaka' kI bhAMti isake bhI aneka bheda kiye haiM / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha una bhedoM ke prayoga isa prakAra haiM(i) avyapeta prathamapAdagata madhya yamaka jalAzayaM dizi dizi paGkajIvinaM navotthitaM niyatiSu dezakAlayoH / vimarca SaSThikamiva vidviSaM bhuvi praropayannatulamavApa ya. phalam // 3 1. dvisa., 18.11 2. vahI, 8.3 3. vahI,2.23
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________________ 160 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA (ii) avyapeta dvitIyapAdagata madhya yamaka ; cakampire kiMpuruSA bhayena dizAM vimezurnagajA gajAzca / marmaprahAraiH paruSairvacobhistayorabhUttatra mahAnvimardaH // 1 (iii) avyapeta tRtIya pAdagata madhya yamaka eSA kaTAkSapAtena saarnggiilollocnaa| vane dizi dizi bhrAntA dIrghamanvIkSate patim // 2 (iv) avyapeta caturthapAdagata madhya yamaka tvamihAttha yathA tathA sa no cetsubhaTa: prANaparivyaye sahiSNuH / kimihotsahate'dhipo mamAhunijazUreSu hi vipriyaM priyaM vA // 3 (v) vyapeta prathama pAdagata madhya yamaka sarva: kumAraH sukumAramUrti: soSNISamUrTonnatiraurNikIbhrUH / AliGgitazrIkarakaGkaNAGkamArgAdivAvartitakaNTharekhaH // 4 Ki) vyapeta tRtIya pAdagata madhya yamaka sarasIjalaplavahimastamasau dvipadAnasaurabhamathAnubhavan / mRganAbhigandhamapi gandhavahaH sabhayaM vanecara ivAbhiyayau // 5 (vii) vyapeta caturthapAdagata madhya yamaka mandodaryAmicchasi cittavyatipAtaM nyAyyaM tvaM vaibhISaNamuktaM na zRNoSi / nAdyApyuccaiH kiJcidatItaM tava kArya gatvA viSNuM taM prabhaviSNuM varivasya // 6 1. dvisa,5.31 2. vahI,789 3. vahI,10.42 4. vahI,331 5. vahI,12.46 6. vahI,13.20
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________________ 161 alaGkAra-vinyAsa (viii) vyapeta prathama-dvitIya pAdagata madhya yamaka upasAntvaya kRtyamAtmanastamakRtyaM nayavRddhimRddhibhiH / ubhayaM parakIyamAtmasAt kuru nIte: prathamo'yamudyama: // 1 . (ix) vyapeta dvitIya-caturtha pAdagata madhya yamaka ityAzakya cirAjjajJe saMtaptai rukaiH shikhii| dRSTyA zUraiH parAcchedi bhideyaM bhIru dhIrayoH // 2 (x) vyapeta tRtIya-caturtha pAdagata madhya yamaka ziSTairjuSTaM rakSitaM daNDanItyA dRSTaM cauccairyacca puNyagraheNa / kAryadvAraM zrIgRhadvArabhUtaM tasminmUDhaM digvimUDhaM nirAhuH // 2 (ga) anta yamaka isa bheda ke bhI vyapeta evaM avyapeta AvRtti ke AdhAra para kaI bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha isake udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM na guNairvadhUbhiramito ramito na vilepanaM nijagRhe jgRhe| vibhaveSu no vazamita: zamita: sa gato yatitvamudito muditaH / / yahA~ pratyeka pAda ke anta meM 'ramito', 'jagRhe', 'zamita:', tathA 'mudita:' varNasamudAyoM kI vyavadhAnarahita AvRtti huI hai, ata: yahA~ avyapeta-anta yamaka hai / bharata ne isa prakAra ke yamaka ko pAdAntApreDita yamaka kahA hai| isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA padya 6.39 bhI draSTavya hai / isI prakAra bharata 'cAroM pAdoM ke anta me jahA~ samAna akSara hoM, use pAdAnta yamaka mAnate haiM / 5 bhAmaha ne ise samasta pAda yamaka mAnA hai|6 vyavadhAnayukta 1. dvisa,4.16 2. vahI,18.38 3. vahI,11.4 4. vahI,8.56 5. 'caturNA yatra pAdAnAmante syAtsamamakSaram / tadvai pAdAntayamakaM vijJeyaM nAmato yathA ||'naa.shaa.16.66 6. tu. kA.bhA,2.15
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________________ 162 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA AvRtti hone ke kAraNa yaha vyapetaH anta yamaka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA nimnalikhita padya isakA udAharaNa haibhaantyetsminmnnikRttrnggaabhogaasttsaaruupyaannhttrnggaabhogaaH| krIDAsthAnai ruciramahInAmuccairuddhAntAnAM suciramahI naamuccaiH|| yahA~ prathama aura dvitIya pAdoM ke anta meM 'taraGgAbhogA:' tathA tRtIya aura caturtha pAdoM ke anta meM 'ciramahInAmuccai: 'padoM ke samAna akSaroM kA samAveza huA hai, ata: vyapeta-catuSpAdagata anta yamaka hai / isa udAharaNa ke prathama tathA dvitIya pAdoM meM AvRtta varNasamudAya anyajAtIya hai / isa prakAra AvRtta varNasamudAyoM ke anekajAtIya hone se ise anekajAtIya yA vijAtIya yamaka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra ke udAharaNoM meM dvipAda yamakadvaya arthAt mizrayamaka kI sthiti bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra ke prayoga ke liye padya 8.40 tathA 8.44 bhI draSTavya haiN| saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne isake bhI pAdagata AvRtti ke AdhAra para aneka bheda kiye haiN| dvisandhAna meM upalabdha una bhedoM ke udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM(i)avyapeta prathamapAdagata anta yamaka dviSanmArI codyaprabalarathavego dizi dizi svayaM gajendroNo raNazirasi kenAtha vidhRtaH / sadApyucchvAsenocchvasiti bhuvana yasya sakalaM sa kairvAyoM duryodhana iha balenendrajidasau // 2 (ii) avyapeta dvitIyapAdagata anta yamaka padaghAtajAtadari muktadharaM sa dharAdharaM sukRtavAnkRtavAn / vijahAti vA balavatA nihata: zlathamaNDala: kila na ka: pRthivIm // 3 1. dvisa.,87 2. vahI,11.37 3. vahI,12.37
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________________ 163 alaGkAra-vinyAsa (iii) avyapeta caturthapAdagata anta yamaka utpalAyata lolAkSa: kAmukIbhirupArata: / kinnarANAM gaNa: krIDan prasannapavane vane // (iv) vyapeta prathama-dvitIya pAdagata anta yamaka kaverapArthAmadhurA na bhAratI katheva karNAntamupaiti bhaartii| tanoti sAlaMkRtilakSmaNAnvitA satAM mudaM dAzaratheryathA tanuH // 2 (v) vyapeta dvitIya-caturthapAdagata anta yamaka gADhAkalpakaniSThatvaM dUraM kurvaMzchalena taam| svapadavyavasAyAya kSipraM jahe satIvra taam|| (gha) Adimadhya yamaka pUrvokta yamaka bhedoM kI bhA~ti isake bhI vyapeta tathA avyapeta AvRtti ke AdhAra para kaI bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / unako vibhinna pAdoM meM yamakita kara puna: vibhinna rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha inake udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM(i) avyapeta dvitIya pAdagata Adimadhya yamaka adhyAsInA nizcalA nistaraGgAnetAnetAnIlanIlAnpradezAn / nIlAbhrANAM zaGkaya kiM balAkA no zaGkhAnAM paGktayastA vibhAnti // (ii) avyapeta tRtIya pAdagata Adimadhya yamaka satyagresarasItApahAriNyeSetyalokayat / yAM yAM tayA tayA ratyA dUna: paramakASThayA // 5 1. dvisa.,7.5 2. vahI,1.5 3. vahI,7.92 4. vahI,8.10 5. vahI, 95
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________________ 164 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA (iii) vyapeta prathama pAdagata Adimadhya yamaka kulaparvatA: kulaparAbhavata: samavaimi te'dya nijamunnamanam / kalayanti phalgu vilayaM manute savitodayAstamayasAnumatoH // (iv) vyapeta prathama-dvitIya pAdagata Adimadhya yamaka gajeSu naSTeSvagajeSvanAyakaM ratheSu bhagneSu manoratheSu ca / na zUnyacittaM yudhirAjaputrakaM purAtanaM citramivAzubhad bhRzam // 2 (v) avyapeta-vyapeta prathamapAdagata Adimadhya yamaka surAsurAtikramavikramasya dazAsyanAmodvahataH svasAram / sutApayogAdabhavatsuduHkhA kAmeSu bhagneSu kuta: sukhaM vA // 3 (ca) Adyanta yamaka __vyavadhAna tathA avyavadhAna se hone vAlI AvRtti ke AdhAra para isake aneka bheda kiye gaye haiM / avyapeta AvRtti vAle Adyanta yamaka kA bharata ne kAJcI yamaka nAma se ullekha kiyA hai, to vyapeta AvRtti vAle Adyanta yamaka kA rudraTa Adyanta yamaka nAma se hI ullekha karate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM upalabdha isa yamaka ke udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM gatA hayebhyo'pyasavo'tivegato gajA mumUrchaH zaravarSato'gajAH / rathA vibhinnA: patitA manorathA narA gatAste na samAnarAgatAH / / yahA~ pratyeka pAda ke Adi aura anta meM kramaza: 'gatA', 'gajA', 'rathA' aura 'narAgatA' padoM kI AvRtti huI hai, ata: yahA~ pAdagata vyapeta Adyanta yamaka hai |prthm Adi pAdoM ke Adyardha kI dvitIyAdi pAdoM ke antyArdha meM hone vAlI AvRtti ko bhI Adyanta yamaka kahA gayA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra kA udAharaNa bhI upalabdha hotA hai 1. dvisa.,12.13 2. vahI,6.30 3. vahI,56 4. vahI,6.43 5. kA.ru,3.32
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________________ 165 alaGkAra-vinyAsa vyadhAdarINAM dvIpeSu jayastambhasthitiM vydhaat| vyadhAdvelAvane dhairyAiNDo'sya madhu bhavyadhAt / / yahA~ prathama tathA tRtIya pAdoM ke Adyardha meM vartamAna 'vyadhAt' pada ke varNasamudAya kI dvitIya tathA caturtha pAdoM ke antyArdha meM AvRtti huI hai, ata: yaha bhI Adyanta yamaka hai / pAdagata Adi aura anta ke bhAgoM kI kahIM vyavadhAnarahita evaM kahIM vyavadhAnasahita AvRtti hone para avyapeta vyapeta Adyanta yamaka hotA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvyagata isakA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai zuddhAM zuddhAntavasItaM saGgata: karmasaGgataH / mukhyodyAvo dade mukhyo vASyeNa tryaMjalaM jalam / / 2 yahA~ prathama pAda ke Adi meM zuddhAM' pada ke aura caturtha pAda ke anta meM 'jalaM' pada ke varNasamudAyoM kI vyavadhAnarahita tathA dvitIya aura tRtIya pAdoM ke Adi aura anta meM kramaza: 'saGgata: va mukhyo' padoM ke varNasamudAyoM kI vyavadhAnasahita AvRtti huI hai / ata: yahAM avyapeta vyapeta Adyanta yamaka hai / uparyukta udAharaNoM ke atirikta Adyanta yamaka ke katipaya anya udAharaNa, jo ki vibhinna yamakoM ke mizraNa ke phalasvarUpa mizra yamaka athavA saMkara yamaka bhI kahe jA sakate haiM, dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM dRSTigata hote haiM / yathA mataGgajAnAmadhirohakA hatA mataM gajAnAM vivazA visasmarU / tadIyapaGktyA capalAyamAnayA pare vibhinnAzca palAyamAnayA // yahA~ prathama aura dvitIya pAdoM ke Adi meM 'mataGgajAnAM' pada ke varNasamudAya kI aura tRtIya va caturtha pAdoM ke anta meM 'capalAyamAnayA' pada ke varNasamudAya kI vyavadhAnasahita AvRtti huI hai / isa prakAra prathama-dvitIya pAdoM meM Adiyamaka tathA tRtIya-caturtha pAdoM meM anta yamaka hone se yahA~ vyapeta Adyanta yamaka kahA jA sakatA 1. dvisa.,18.129 2. vahI,18.102 3. vahI,6.41
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________________ 166 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA (cha) madhyAnta yamaka pUrvavat isake bhI avyapeta Adi AvRtti ke mAdhyama se vibhinna pAdoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM yamakita hone se aneka bheda kiye jA sakate haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM upalabdha isake udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM sa dhRtavyajanena janena puraM prmngglmngglghosskRtaa| nagarImabhirajjayatA jayatAditi vAkyavibhAgamito gamitaH // 1 yahA~ prathama aura dvitIya pAda ke madhya meM kramaza: 'janena' tathA 'maGgala' padoM ke varNasamudAyoM kI tathA tRtIya va caturtha pAdoM ke anta meM 'jayatA' tathA 'gamita:' padoM ke varNasamudAyoM kI vyavadhAnarahita AvRtti huI hai| isa prakAra prathama-dvitIya pAdoM meM madhya-yamaka aura tRtIya-caturtha pAdoM anta yamaka hone se yahA~ avyapeta madhyAnta yamaka hai / punazca atra sametA mRdurasametA bhrUkuTilAsyA: smagkuTilAsyAH / bhUpa ramante hAnuparamaM te vegamanena vyabhigamanena / yahA~ cAroM pAdoM ke madhya aura anta bhAga meM 'rasametA', 'kuTilAsyA:', 'paramante' aura 'gamanena' padoM ke varNasamudAyoM kI vyapeta AvRtti huI hai, ata: yahA~ vyapeta madhyAnta yamaka hai / isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke padya 8.31-33 bhI draSTavya haiN| sahasA vallakIhastA viceluH siddhakoTayaH / divi jyotirgaNajyotistIvaM jajJe'tividyuti // yahA~ tRtIya pAda ke madhya aura anta meM 'jyoti:' pada ke varNasamudAya kI vyavadhAnasahita AvRtti huI hai, ata: vyapeta tRtIya pAdagata madhyAnta yamaka hai / (ja) AdimadhyAnta yamaka dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa yamaka-vinyAsa ke udAharaNa anupalabdha haiN| 1. dvisa.,8.48 2. vahI,8.30 3. vahI, 7.8
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 167 (jha) antAdika yamaka jahA~ pUrvapAda kA antima bhAga agrima pAda ke Adi bhAga se sAmya rakhate hue AvRtta hotA hai, use antAdika yamaka kahate haiM / bharata ne isa prakAra ke yamaka ko cakravAla yamaka nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| vibhinna kAvyazAstriyoM ne isake kaI bheda kiye haiM, unameM se jo dvisandhAna meM upalabdha haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM(i) prathama-dvitIya pAdagata antAdi yamaka svasyArezcAyodhayanmitramitraM mitraM pANiMgrAhamAkrandakazca / nanvAsArAvapyupAyairjigISuH zaktyA siddhayAbhyudyato hantyarAtim // 2 (ii) tRtIya-caturthapAdagata antAdika yamaka balena ya: svayamanilo'pi nAnila: sniitirpybhvdniitigocrH| azItaka: zazizizira: samekhala: samekhalastviti na janena dUSita: // 3 isa prakAra anya udAharaNoM meM dvisandhAna ke padya 1.46 tathA 18.80 bhI draSTavya haiN| (iii) catuSpAdagata antAdika yamaka ityAkarNya tamutsAhaM sAhaMkAraM suraavlii| surAvalIlA sAzaMsaM sAzaM saMprazazaMsa tam // dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke padya 6.37, 8.9, 8.11, 8.46 tathA 18.48 meM bhI isa yamaka kA sundara DhaMga se vinyAsa huA hai| 2. asthAna yamaka jahA~ varNasamudAya kI AvRtti ke liye eka nizcita sthAna-pAda ke Adi, madhya athavA anta kI koI apekSA nahIM hotI, vahA~, asthAna yamaka hotA hai / bhAmaha 1. 'pUrvasyAntena pAdasya parasyAdiryadA smH| cakravaccakravAlaM tadvijJeyaM nAmato yathA // ', nA.zA.,1674 2. dvisa,11.11 3. vahI,2:29 4. vahI,1892
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________________ 168 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA ne isa prakAra ke yamaka ko AvalI yamaka kahA hai / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha isa alaMkAra kA isa prakAra vinyAsa huA hai sarita: sarito nagAnagAnavatIrNa: sa bahUpakArakaH / viSayAnviSayAnapekSitAM vazavartIva gato nyazAmayat / / 2 yahA~ 'sarita:' tathA 'nagAn' padoM kI prathama pAda meM sUkSma rUpa se pAdavyApI avyapeta AvRtti hai tathA tRtIya pAda meM 'viSayAn' kI AvRti huI hai, ata; asthAna yamaka hai / bhoja dvArA parigaNita asthAna yamaka ke vibhinna bhedoM meM isa prakAra kA yamaka pAdagata sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka kahA gayA hai| amutra makaraiH karairviracitA citA viniyatAyatApya ca nabhaH / nabhasvadayutAyutA dizamitAmitA samahimA himA jalatatiH // 2 yahA~ pratyeka pAda meM 'karaiH' ityAdi padoM kI avyapeta AvRtti huI hai tathA sandhi meM pAdaviccheda ho jAne se 'citA' Adi padoM meM vyapeta yamaka bana jAtA hai, kintu usI ko sandaMza ke rUpa meM AvRtta karane se vyapetatva nivRtta ho jAtA hai, jabaki avyapeta madhya yamaka to banA hI rahatA hai aura sAmUhika rUpa meM avyapeta yamaka hai hI tathA svalpa varNoM kI AvRtti huI hai / bhoja ne isa prakAra ke yamaka vinyAsa ko pAdasandhigata svAnyabhedAnucchedaka sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka kahA hai| susahAyatayA susahAyatayA madhuraM mdhurnyjityaajityaa| zamita: zamita: sahita: sahita: prativAsaravAsarati prayayau // yahA~ 'susahAyatayA', 'madhuraM', 'jitayA', 'zamita:' 'sahita:',aura vAsara' padoM kI sampUrNa zloka vyApta AvRttiyA~ hone se niyata-sthAnatA nahIM raha pAyI hai aura ye AvRttiyA~ sthUlarUpa se hone ke kAraNa vyavadhAnarahita haiM, isalie yahA~ zlokagata sthUla avyapeta asthAna yamaka haiN| kvacanAtipAtamaTavImaTavIM sadhunI dhuniimbhiniveshmgaat| salatAgRhAnvasatiramyatayA tarasAbhipAdamabhipAdamagAt / / 1. kA.bhA.,2.9 2. dvisa,4.45 3. vahI,8.24 4. vahI,853 5. vahI, 12.8
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 169 __ yahA~ 'aTavI', 'dhunI' tathA 'abhipAdam' isa avyapeta AvRtti rUpa yamaka bheda meM agAt' kI sUkSma vyapeta ke rUpa meM pAdAnta AvRtti huI hai / isa prakAra sthAna kI niyatatA nahIM raha pAyI hai, ata: svAnyabhedagata sthUla sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka hai| 3. pAda yamaka jahA~ varNasamudAya kI AvRtti prathama, dvitIya Adi pAdoM meM apekSita hotI hai, vahA~ pAda yamaka hotA hai / ise tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai (ka) pAdAbhyAsa yamaka (kha) ardhAbhyAsa yamaka (ga) mahAyamaka dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM inakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai(ka) pAdAbhyAsa yamaka jahA~ padya ke eka-eka pAda ko lekara do pAdoM meM samAnatA lAyI jAtI hai, vahA~ pAdAbhyAsa yamaka hotA hai / bharata ne isa prakAra ke yamaka ko vikrAnta yamaka kahA hai| vibhinna kAvyazAstriyoM ne isake vibhinna bheda kiye haiN| dvisandhAna meM vinyasta pAdAbhyAsa yamaka nimnalikhita haiM(i) prathama-tRtIya pAdAbhyAsa yamaka atra snutAdhikamanojavadhUtamAla patraprayuktakusumAMjalisiktamUrtiH / / atra snutAdhikamanojavadhUtamAla mAlyena tena sahita: svagRhaM viveza // 2 yahA~ prathama pAda kI tRtIya meM AvRtti huI hai, ataeva yahA~ prathama-tRtIya pAdAbhyAsa yamaka hai / rudraTa ne isa prakAra ke yamaka-vinyAsa ko sandaMza yamaka nAma diyA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke antima sarga meM isakA bAhulya hai, ata: vahA~ padya 1. 'ekaikaM pAdamutkSipya dau pAdau sadRzau ydaa| vikrAntayamakaM nAma tajjJeyaM nAmato yathA ||',naa.shaa,1672 2. dvisa,852
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________________ 170 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA saMkhyA 1,5,14, 17, 22, 32, 35, 50,56, 86,90,96, 112, 114, 127, 132, 135 va 136 bhI draSTavya haiN| (ii) dvitIya-caturtha pAdAbhyAsa yamaka jvalatyumuSmankupite mahIpatAvanekabandhAni vibhAvasAviva / priye prajAnAM nanRt raNe tathA vane kabandhAni vibhAvasAviva / / yahA~ dvitIya pAda kI caturtha meM yathAvat AvRtti huI hai, ata: dvitIya-caturtha pAdAbhyAsa yamaka hai / isa prakAra ke yamaka ko bharata ne vikrAnta yamaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / rudraTa ise saMdaMSTaka yamaka kahate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM padya saMkhyA 6.35, 8.13, 15, 17, 23, 50, 18. 2, 3, 7, 10, 15, 16, 24, 44, 46,53,65,67,72,75,77,85,93,98, 110,115, 119, 123, 124 yaha spaSTa karatI haiM ki dhanaJjaya ko aise yamaka atipriya haiN| (kha) ardhAbhyAsa yamaka jahA~ eka ardhavRtta se hI pUre vRtta (padya) kI pUrti ho jAtI ho, use ardhAbhyAsa yamaka kahate haiN| bharata ne isa samud yamaka kahA hai / 2 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ardhAbhyAsa yamaka kA prayoga isa prakAra huA hai atrAsanakramakarairayamAvilo'lamAyAtipAtivisaro javanasvaro'dhaH / atrAsanakramakarairayamAvilolamAyAtipAtivisarojavanasvaro'dhaH / / yahA~ pUrvArdha kI uttarArdha meM samAna AvRtti hone ke kAraNa ukta alaMkAra hai| isI prakAra dvisandhAna kA eka anya padya darzanIya hai atyantako'pakAreNa nirAsthanna tdaanvm| atyantakopakAreNa nirAsthaM na tadAnavam / / 1. dvisa, 6.33 2. 'ardhenaikena yadvRttaM sarvameva samApyate / samudyamakaM nAma tajjJeyaM paNDitairyathA ||',naa.shaa.,16.70 3. dvisa,6.22 ___4. vahI,18.83
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 171 vizvanAtha ne isa prakAra ke alaMkAra-vinyAsa ko lATAnuprAsa ke antargata mAnA hai| (ga) mahAyamaka __cAroM pAdoM ke eka samAna hone para mahAyamaka hotA hai| bharata ne ise caturvyavasita yamaka ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai / dvisandhAna meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai samayAsIdasau janyaM samayAsIdasaujanyaM / samayAsIdasau janyaM samayAsIdasaujanyaM // 3 isa udAharaNa meM cAroM pAda ekAkAra haiM arthAt cAroM pAdoM meM paraspara eka hI pAda kA abhyAsa huA hai, ata: mahAyamaka hai| 3. zleSa zliSTa padoM se aneka arthoM kA abhidhAna hone para zleSAlaGkAra hotA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM zleSa-vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai koTizaH kuJjarabalaM zarapaJjaramadhyagam / rAmabhadraM jano'dyApi vanasthitamivaikSata / / prastuta uddharaNa meM 'koTiza: kuJjarabalaM' kA eka ora 'karor3oM hAthiyoM ke bala kA dhAraka' artha hai, to dUsarI ora karor3oM hAthiyoM kI senA' / 'rAmabhadraM kA artha rAmAyaNa ke pakSa meM 'rAmacandra' hai to mahAbhArata ke pakSa meM 'sundara tathA bhadra jAti vAle' / isI prakAra 'vanasthitam' bhI zleSa ke mAdhyama se 'vanavAsI' tathA 'vana meM rahakara athavA jAkara' artha detA hai / phalata: rAmAyaNapakSa meM isa padya kA artha haikaror3oM hAthiyoM ke bala ke dhAraka tathA bANoM ke jAla meM se jAte hue rAmabhadra (rAmacandra) ko isa yuddha ke samaya bhI loga banavAsI hI dekhate the| mahAbhArata ke pakSa meM- (yuddha-sthalI meM khar3I) karor3oM sundara, bhadrajAti ke hAthiyoM kI senA ko 1. draSTavya- sA.da,107 2. nA.zA.,16.82 3. dvisa.,18.128 4. sA.da.,10.11 5. dvisa.,9.45
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________________ 172 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA bANa-varSA meM se gujarane ke kAraNa darzaka jaMgala meM phiratA-sA hI dekhate the| isI prakAra zleSa ke mAdhyama se 'kuJjarabalaM' kA 'kuJjAni latAdipihitodarANi sthAnAni kuJjeSu ravaM pratidhvani lAti gRhNAti iti' isa vyutpatti se 'kuJjoM se AtI huI pratidhvani' tathA 'sarapaJjaramadhyagaM' kA 'jalasthAnamadhyastham' arthAt 'jalAzaya ke madhya' artha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra isa padya kA artha hogA-vanavAsI rAma kI pratidhvani kuJjoM se AtI thI tathA vaha jalAzayoM ke madhya rahatA thaa|| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM isI bhA~ti zleSa kA vizada rUpa se prayoga kiyA gayA hai / eka sandhAna-zailI ke mahAkAvya meM aisA vinyAsa svAbhAvika bhI hai tathA Avazyaka bhii| isI kAraNavaza zleSa kA vistRta vivecana prastuta grantha ke tRtIya adhyAya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sandhAnAtmaka zilpa-vidhAna ke antargata kara diyA gayA hai| 4. vakrokti vaktA ke anyArthaka vAkya kI yadi zrotA, kAku yA zleSa ke dvArA anyArtha-kalpanA kara de, to vahA~ 'vakrokti' hotI hai| 'kAku' kaNTha ke dhvani-vikAra ko kahate haiM tathA dhvani meM parivartana kara dene para vaktA kA abhiprAya badala jAtA hai / isI prakAra zliSTa zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA bhI ekAdhika arthoM kI pratIti hotI hai / vakrokti alaGkAra ko kucha AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAra tathA kucha ne arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai| dvisandhAna meM vakrokti kA vinyAsa prAya: zliSTa padoM ke mAdhyama se huA hai, jisakA vivecana prastuta grantha ke tRtIya adhyAya meM zleSamUlaka sandhAnavidhi ke antargata kara diyA gayA hai kAku se anyArtha kI kalpanA svarUpa vakrokti kA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM nimna prakAra se vinyAsa huA hai yayurvidezaM vidizaM jagAhire dhunIragAdhA vilalavire girIn / dhRtA: samudrasya vilolavIcibhirbhaye'pi bhRtyA na parAkramaM jahuH / / arthAt, zatruoM ke paidala sainikoM ne bhaya meM Akara bhI parAkrama ko nahIM chor3A, kyoMki ve videza ko cale gaye, vidizAoM ko bhAga gaye, gaharI vizAla nadiyoM ko pAra kara gaye, U~ce-U~ce parvatoM ko lAMgha gaye aura samudra kI caMcala taraMgoM 1. anyasyAnyArthakaM vAkyamanyathA yojayedyadi / anyaH zleSeNa kAkvA vA sA vakroktiH ||',saa.d.10.9 2. dvisa,6.12
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 173 para bhI taira gaye the| isa prakAra 'parAkrama ko nahIM chor3A' yahA~ para dhvani meM parivartana kara sainikoM ke bhaya athavA kAyaratA kI abhivyakti kI gayI hai, ata: vakrokti hai| isI prakAra antaraGgamanubhAvamAkRti: saMyamo gurukulaM zrutaM zamaH / vAgiyaM ca tava tAta sauSThavaM sAdhu sedhayati mArdavaM kSamA / / prastuta padya kA, he tAta ! tumhArI yaha AkRti hI mana meM bhAvoM ko batA rahI hai, AtmaniyantraNa mahAn kula ko, zAnti zAstrajJAna ko, vacana ziSTatA ko evaM sahiSNutA komalatA ko prakaTa kara rahI hai| yaha artha, dhvani meM parivartana karane para 'tamhArI AkRti kabhAvoM ko, asaMyama pitavaMza ko, ugratA nirakSaratA ko. bhASA aziSTatA ko evaM ugratA ahaMkAra ko prakaTa kara rahe haiM / isa anyArtha meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, ata: vakrokti hai| citrAlaGkAra jahA~ kAvya meM vividha bhaGgI-vizeSa ke AdhAra para krama aura akSaroM kI vinyAsa-vibhinnatA ke dvArA sAGka athavA AzcaryakArI vastuoM ke rUpoM kI racanA kI jAe, use citrAlaGkAra kahate haiM / sAmAnyata: saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne isakA nirUpaNa anuprAsa, yamaka tathA zleSa Adi zabdAlaGkAroM ke pazcAt kiyA hai, ata: isakA ina zabdAlaGkAroM se prabhAvita hokara kRtrima va zabdADambarapUrNa racanAoM ke nirmANa meM prabhAvI sthAna honA svAbhAvika hI hai| citrAlaGkAroM kA prArambhika kAvyazAstrIya vivecana yadyapi spaSTa nahIM hai, kintu bhoja taka Ate-Ate inakA spaSTa rUpa tathA vivecana kAvyazAstra meM dekhane meM AtA hai| citrAlaGkAra-varNa citra, sthAna citra, svara citra, AkAra citra, gati citra, bandha citra tathA gar3ha citra Adi bhedoM meM vibhAjita hokara atyanta samRddhizAlI paramparA ke rUpa meM vikasita hue haiM / 3 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM inakA prayoga sandhAna-zilpa ko saphala banAne meM bahuta hI sahAyaka siddha huA hai| dvisandhAna Adi-sandhAnakAvya hai, ata: isameM sabhI 1. vahI,10.23 2. bhaGgyantarakRtatatkramavarNanimittAni vasturUpANi / sAGkAni vicitrANi ca racyante yatra tccitrm| ,kA.ru.,5.1 3. sara.kaNThA .,2.109
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________________ 174 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA citrAlaGkAroM kA gumphana to ho nahIM pAyA hai, kintu jinakA vinyAsa isameM huA hai, ve isa prakAra haiM(i) varNa citra jahA~ svara bandhana se mukta ka, kha Adi vyaJjanoM ke niyamana dvArA kAvyabandha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha varNa citra kahalAtA hai| yaha mukhyata: caturvarNa, trivarNa, dvivarNa tathA ekavarNa ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hotA hai / dvisandhAna meM jina varNacitroM kA vinyAsa huA hai, ve isa prakAra haiM(ka) caturvarNacitra sasAsa sa sa sAMsAsi, yaM yaM yo yo yayuM yyau| nAnannAnannanonaunI:, zazAzAzAM zazau zizuH // 2 prastuta padya sa, ya, na tathA za-ina cAra varNoM kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa caturvarNacitra kA udAharaNa hai / pratyeka pAda meM pRthak-pRthak varNa kA prayoga hone se ise ekAkSara-pAda zloka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / dvisandhAna meM caturvarNa kA bhinna rUpa se bhI vinyAsa huA hai, jisakA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai garo girigurugaurairraagairurgairrm| mumuce'mI camUmuccAmamAcAmamuco'mucan / yahA~ ga, ra, ma tathA ca vargoM ke yoga se padyaracanA huI hai, ata: caturvarNa hai| pUrvArdha tathA uttarArdha meM pRthak-pRthak varNa hone se, ise dvayakSara ardhazlokI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / dvisandhAna kA padya 18. 28 bhI caturvarNacitra ke liye darzanIya hai| (kha) dvivarNacitra vIrAriravairavArI vaivave ravirivorvarAm / vivovarairavivarairavovAvAvirAvavAn / 1. yaH svarasthAnavarNAnAM niyamo duSkareSvasau / iSTazcatuHprabhRtyeSa darzyate sukara: prH|| kAvyA.3.83 2. dvisa.18.19 3. vahI,18.54 4. vahI,18.27
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________________ 175 alaGkAra-vinyAsa prastuta padya kI racanA va tathA ra -kevala do hI vargoM se huI hai, ata: yaha dvivarNacitra hai / dvisandhAna ke padya 18.51 tathA 18.74 bhI isI prakAra ke prayoga haiM / dvisandhAna meM dvivarNacitra kA pAdagata vinyAsa bhI huA hai bhUrirabhramaro rebhI ko'nekAnIkakAnanam / kAkAlikI kilAkAle nopApApo pinApapuH // prastuta padya ke pratyeka pAda meM kramaza: bha tathA ra, ka tathA na, ka aura la, na evaM bha-do-do vargoM kA vinyAsa hone se, yaha pAdagata dvivarNacitra hai / pAdagata dvivarNacitra ke liye dvisandhAna ke padya 18.45 tathA 18.103 bhI darzanIya haiM / inake atirikta padya 18. 120 ke viSama caraNoM meM bhI 'dvivarNa' kA vinyAsa huA hai| (ga) ekavarNacitra rairo'rirIrurUrArA rorurArArirairirat / rurUrorururArAruru rurUrUrareruraH // 2 prastuta padya kI racanA meM kevala rakAra kA hI prayoga huA hai, ata: ekavarNacitra hai| 2. AkAra citra vargoM ke vinyAsa se vibhinna puSpa athavA astra-zastroM ke AkAra kA unmudrita honA hI AkAra citra hai / 3 AkAra citroM meM kamala citra tathA cakra citra hI atiprasiddha haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM cakra-bandha kA saphala nibandhana huA hai| aroM ke nyUnAdhikya se cakra-bandha ke aneka bheda ho jAte haiM, kintu dvisandhAna meM vinyasta SaDara cakra nAmaka cakra-bandha kA sundara udAharaNa hai| SaDara cakra cha: aroM vAle cakra meM karNikA rahatI hai, jisameM eka varNa rahatA hai, jo prathama tIna caraNoM kA dasavA~ akSara hokara zliSTa banatA hai / pratyeka ara meM nau-nau akSara likhakara nemi sandhi meM do-do akSara aMkita kiye jAte haiM tathA dasa cakroM se isa 1. dvisa.,18.43 2. vahI,18.21 3. sara.kaNThA .,2.109
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________________ 176 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA bandha kI AkRti meM saundarya lAyA jAtA hai| tIna pAda nemiyoM (aroM) ke paThana se tathA cauthA nemiyoM ke prathamAkSaroM ko samanvita karate hue pUrNa hotA hai / dvisandhAna meM nimnalikhita padya ke mAdhyama se SaDara-cakra kA saphala vinyAsa huA hai camvAjisthirayA dharAnamananizcintasthito'nazcaran prajJAnasthiti karmajAtamavanisvAmI sukhAnAM kRte| matvAmA sacivairihatyamavasi sthAnaM satAmarcitau tau jaino caraNau prajAzamakRtau ratyAstutendrastutau // 2 tRtIya dvitIya caturtha ErFFFr | 4 4 444 prathama pAda tyA stu me 1. alaM.cintA.,2.179 2. dvisa.,18.145
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________________ alaGkAra- vinyAsa 3. gaticitra saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM paThitibhaGgavizeSa ko gati kahA gayA hai / " paThitibhaGgavizeSa se abhiprAya hai - eka zloka meM likhe hue varNoM ko eka vizeSa krama se sIdhe, ulaTe, prathamapAda, dvitIyapAda Adi pAdaza:, varNabhedaza: Adi par3hane para bhI unakI sArthakatA, eka athavA anekArthatA, eka hI zloka se dUsare chanda, dUsarI bhASA athavA artha kA zlokotthAna / isa prakAra yaha zloka ke varNa athavA pAda, turaGgagati, gomUtrikA, ardhabhrama, sarvatobhadra Adi, pazu Adi kI gatiyoM, tatkRtacihnoM tathA varNa vinyAsa kramoM para avalambita hotA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki gaticitroM meM kucha kA mUlAdhAra yamaka hai, kucha kA pazugati tathA kucha kA varNavinyAsa / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha gaticitroM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai 177 (i) gatapratyAgata jaba kisI padya ke prathama pAda kI viparIta krama se punarAvRtti hone para dvitIya pAda aura isI prakAra tRtIya pAda se caturtha pAda banatA ho, to viparIta punarAvRtti ke kAraNa use gatapratyAgata gati citra kahA jAtA hai / daNDI ne ise pAdapratiloma saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / 2 dvisandhAna meM gatapratyAgata kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA haitejite tamasA jere reje'sAmatate'jite / bhAsite radanArIbhe bherInAdaratesibhA // 3 -- prastuta uddharaNa ke viSamapAdoM meM gati hai tathA samapAdoM meM pratyAgati / abhiprAya yaha hai ki isa padya meM prathama pAda ke antima varNa se punaH pratiloma pATha dvArA dvitIya pAda bana jAtA hai aura isI prakAra tRtIya pAda se caturtha pAda bana jAtA hai / ataeva yahA~ gatapratyAgata kA vinyAsa siddha hai / (ii) tadakSaragata jahA~ zlokArdha kI viparIta krama se punarAvRtti hone para uttarArdha bana jAe, use tadakSaragata gati citra kahA gayA hai / daNDI ne ise zlokArdhapratiloma kahA hai / 4 dvisandhAna meM isakA prayoga nimna prakAra se huA hai 1. sara.kaNThA.,2.109 para ratnezvara kRta 'ratnadarpaNa' saMskRta TIkA, pR. 400 2. kAvyA., 3.73 3. dvisa.,18.30 4. kAvyA., 3.73
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________________ 178 tatasAratamAsthAsu subhAvAnabhitAradhIH / dhIratAbhinavAbhAsu susthAmA tarasAtata / 1 prastuta padya ke pUrvArdha ko viparIta krama se par3hane para uttarArdha bana jAtA hai, ataH tadakSaragata gati citra hai / sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA (iii) pAdagata- gatapratyAgata isa gaticitra meM pAdArtha kI pratiloma AvRtti karane para pUrNa pAda bana jAtA 1 hai / sarvatobhadra se milate-julate isa gaticitra kA saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM dvArA koI vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra kA prayoga dvisandhAnakAra kA maulika prayoga pratIta hotA hai, jo nimna rUpa se kiyA gayA hai traste'rAva varAste'tra kezave na nave'zake / tepe cAru rucApete nAdhute na nate'dhunA // 2 prastuta padya ke pratyeka pAda ke pUrvArdha meM gati hai tathA uttarArdha meM pratyAgati hai, ata: pAdagata-gatapratyAgata hai / (iv) ardhabhrama I jisameM zloka kA, bandhAkAra likhita zloka pAda kA ardhamArga se arthAt kevala anuloma pATha se bhramaNa athavA bhramaNa dvArA pAdotthAna ho, vaha ardhabhrama kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke citroM ke liye aSTAkSara vRtta hI upayukta hai / isako citrAMkita karane ke liye cauMsaTha koSThoM meM likhA jAtA hai / ATha-ATha koSThoM vAlI ATha paMktiyA~ banAyI jAtI haiN| unake prathama paMkti catuSTaya meM zloka ke cAroM pAda sIdhe likhe jAte haiN| tadantara nIce kI cAra paMktiyoM meM caturtha, tRtIya Adi ke viparIta krama se vahI zlokapAda ulaTa kara likha diye jAte haiM / isa prakAra isakA citra meM varNasinniveza kiyA jAtA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ardhabhrama kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai I 1. dvisa.,18.143 2 . vahI, 18.116 3. kAvyA., 3.80
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________________ 179 alaGkAra-vinyAsa vAjIbhavipine'yeye jInArAve rjomye| bharAdapetai rAjone vivepe'rizatairapi / | bha | vi | pi | ne ri | za uparyukta citra meM Upara vAle paMkti catuSTaya meM vAmabhAga se dakSiNabhAga kI ora tathA nIce vAlI paMktiyoM meM dakSiNabhAga se vAmabhAga kI ora; punazca vAmabhAga vAle paMkticatuSTaya meM Upara vAle koSTha se nIce kI ora tathA dakSiNabhAgastha paMkticatuSTaya meM nIce ke koSTha se Upara kI ora anuloma paThana karane se prathamAdi pAdoM kA utthAna hotA hai, ata: ardhabhrama hai| (v) zlokagUr3ha ardhabhrama dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ardhabhrama citrAlaGkAra ke upayoga se sampUrNa zloka ke gopana kA abhinava prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra ke prayoga kA kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM ullekha nahIM milatA, jo sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI maulikatA kA paricAyaka hai / isa prayoga ke liye dvisandhAna kA nimna padya draSTavya hai kanyAhemapuro lebhe mAyI yAyAtra kaatre| zuddhyAnapeto yAmAyAnayaM yAto yamakSata // 2 1. dvisa.,18.113 2. vahI,18121
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________________ 180 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA F ro | le | bhe 16 | F F | P ddhayA | | B | 4 | | FF || | | | | uparyukta citra meM vAmabhAga vAle paMkti catuSTaya meM Upara vAle koSTha se nIce kI ora tathA dakSiNabhAgastha paMkti catuSTaya meM nIce ke koSTha se Upara kI ora anuloma pATha karane se nimnalikhita gUDha-zloka kA utthAna hotA hai kamAzu na tayArebhe nyAyIddhyAyaM kSamAtale / heyAnayAmayAkAromayApeto yto'trpu|| ukta gUr3ha zloka kA utthAna hone se yaha zlokagUr3ha ardhabhrama hai / (vi) sarvatobhadra jisameM zloka kA sarvatobhramaNa arthAt anuloma-pratiloma ubhayavidha bhramaNa se pAdotthAna ho jAtA ho, use sarvatobhadra kahate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai vane'pUriripUneva neytaakssksstaayne| pUtAnekakanetA pUrikSakaryaryakakSari / / 1. dvisa,18.122 2. 'tadiSTaM sarvatobhadraM bhramaNaM yadi sarvataH ||',kaavyaa.,3.80 3. dvisa,18.58
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________________ alaGkAra- vinyAsa va ne ne pU ri pU ne va p m-m-5 / 3 / b w-l-w-lb z / ph / m / ya kSa ya ne pU riri pU tA ne 1. kAvyA., 3.78 2. 3. dvisa.,18.104 kSa sara. kaNThA., 2.115 ka rya ka kSa ka 45 40 16 kSa kSa ri ri hari : krAntamataM bhUtagarimAntagataM bata / varitsuM tatra taSTvA tamariNAntaratapyata // 3 ka ka ne tA pU ne ya tA kSa kSa tA ya ne 181 to va E uparyukta citra meM vAmabhAga se dakSiNabhAga kI ora athavA dakSiNabhAga se vAmabhAga kI ora, Upara se nIce athavA nIce se Upara kisI bhI prakAra Avartana karane para zloka-pAdoM kA utthAna ho jAtA hai, ataH sarvatobhadra citrAlaGkAra hai / (vi) gomUtrikA pU ri ri pU zloka ke pUrvArdha aura uttarArdha meM Aye varNoM kI, eka-eka varNa ke vyavadhAna se jo samAnarUpatA hotI hai, usa duSkara citravinyAsa ko gomUtrikA kahA jAtA hai / 1 isake gomUtrikA nAmakaraNa kA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha mArga meM calate hue go ke mUtrapAta se bhUmi para banane vAlI bahukoNIya rekhAoM kI AkRti vAlA hotA hai / 2 dvisandhAna meM isa citra kA vinyAsa nimna padya meM huA hai va
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________________ 182 he ha krAM va ri tsuM ta 21 " ta Zlw mbhU ga* sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA mAM ri ga A ta ta STvA p NAM isa gomUtrikA ko par3hane kA krama yaha hai - pahalA zlokArtha banAne ke liye kramaza: eka uparivartI aura eka madhyavartI varNa lekara par3hate jAyeM tathA dUsare zlokArdha ke liye eka adhovartI aura eka madhyavartI / 4. bandha - citra sAmAnyataH AkAra aura bandha meM koI antara pratIta nahIM hotA / kintu, paravartI kAvyazAstriyoM ne tArkika vivecana dvArA inakA bheda spaSTa kiyA hai| unake anusAra IzvarakartRka padma, zaila Adi para AdhRta citra AkAra haiM aura aisI vastuoM ke citra, jo Izvara se manuSyakRta hone ke kAraNa dvikartRka hai, ve bandha haiM, jaise- hala, musala Adi / ' bhoja ne to dvicatuSkacakra, dvizRGgATaka, viviDita, zarayantra, vyoma tathA muraja Adi bandha-1 - citroM kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM upalabdha bandha-citroM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai 1. vidyAdhara : ekAvalI, bambaI, 1903, pR.189-91 2. sara. kaNThA., 2.318 tc pya (i) zarayantrabandha jahA~ cAroM pAdoM ko bandha meM paMktiza: likhane, pratyeka pAda ke Adi bhAga se prArambha karake turaGga padakrama se anta taka pahu~cane para pAdaprApti hotI hai, use zarabandha kahA jAtA hai / 2 isa prakAra pahale avaroha krama se do pAda nikalate haiM, tadantara do Aroha krama se / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa bandha kA nibandhana isa prakAra huA hai--
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________________ 183 alaGkAra-vinyAsa hariH krAntamataM bhUtagarimAntagataM bt| varitsuM tatra taSTvA tmrinnaantrtpyt|| ha' | ri18 | krAM | tadeg | ma | ta2 | mbhU ta4 va7 | ri2 | tsu9 | ta | 1 | tarpa STvA3 ma5 | ri0 | NAM7 | ta2 | 229 | ta4 | pya1 | ta6 prastuta citra meM koSTha meM likhe aMkoM ke anusAra isa bandha meM kevala do ghara sIdhI tathA eka ghara dakSiNa pArzva meM gati karane para ukta padya ke cAroM pAdoM kA utthAna ho jAtA hai, ata: zarayantrabandha hai| (ii) murajabandha isa bandha meM zloka ke cAroM pAdoM ko cAra paMktiyoM meM likhakara prathama pAda ke prathamAkSara ko tRtIya pAda ke dvitIya akSara ke sAtha aura tRtIya pAda ke prathamAkSara ko prathama pAda ke dvitIyAkSara ke sAtha milAkara par3hanA cAhie / isI prakAra dvitIya pAda ke prathamAkSara ko caturtha pAda ke dvitIyAkSara ke sAtha tathA caturtha pAda ke prathamAkSara ko dvitIya pAda ke sAtha milAkara par3hanA caahie| yaha krama pAda-samApti taka calatA hai / isa vidhi se padya kI pUrti ho jAtI hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa citrabandha kA vinyAsa nimnalikhita padya meM huA hai hari : krAntamataM bhUtagarimAntagataM bt| varitsuM tatra taSTvA tamariNAntaratapyata // 2 1. dvisa,18.104 2. vahI
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA 4 hari krAMta ma . F V ri ta >A < VVV va ritsuMtatra STvA /VVVVVV\ ma riNAM ta ra ta pya ta prastuta padya meM ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki yaha padya sandhAna-kavi kI aisI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya detA hai, jisase ki vaha isa padya meM muraja bandha ke atirikta zarayantra bandha tathA gomUtrikA kA bhI saphala nibandhana kara pAyA hai| 5. gUDha citra saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM kriyA, kAraka, sambandha, pAda, abhiprAya tathA vastu ko gopana kA AdhAra banAkara cha: prakAra ke gar3ha citroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM kavi ne pAdagUr3ha kA saphala vinyAsa kiyA hai| pAdagUr3ha se abhiprAya hai- anya pAdagata vaNoM ke madhya kisI eka pAda ke akSaroM kA gupta rahanA / dvisandhAna meM isa pAdagUr3ha kA vinyAsa nimna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai sa prabhAvikramaM bhUme: kAmuko namayan parAn / vAmo'tha cakraM vakro'riH pramumoca na vikramam // 1. sara.kaNThA.,2.135 2. alaMkAra-maNihAra,bhAga 4,pR.234 3. dvisa.,1873
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________________ Adi alaGkAra-vinyAsa -------------anta | bhA | vi | kra | maM / kA | mu | ko | na | ma | yan / rAn | mo | tha | ca | kraM | va | kro | riH vA uparyukta citra meM kramaza: prathama, dvitIya, va tRtIya pAdoM ke dvitIya, tRtIya tathA dvitIya pAdoM ke caturtha evaM prathama pAda ke caturtha, paMcama va SaSTha akSaroM kA cayana kara gUr3ha caturtha-pAda 'pramumoca na vikramam' kA utthAna huA, ata: pAda gUr3ha citra hai| arthAlaGkAra sandhAnAtmaka-zilpa vAle kAvyoM kI saundaryavRddhi meM jitane mahatvapUrNa zabdAlaGkAra tathA citrAlaGkAra haiM, arthAlaGkAra bhI utanA hI mahatva rakhate haiM / svayaM dhanaJjaya ne arthAlaGkAroM kI AvazyakatA nimna zabdoM meM svIkAra kI hai vakroktimutpekSaNamaGgabandhaM zleSaM smarankRtyabalAtimUDhaH / dvisandhicintAkulito viSaNNa: kavirviyogIva jano'bhyasarpat // isa prakAra vakrokti Adi zabdAlaGkAroM kI bhA~ti utprekSAdi arthAlaGkAroM kA dvayarthaka kAvya racanA ke liye mahatva darzAte hue kavi ne unakA prayoga apane dvisandhAna meM kuzalatApUrvaka kiyA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM vinyasta arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai1. upamA saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM upamA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa, prAcInatama tathA prasiddha alaMkAra hai / upameya evaM upamAna meM vaidharmya-rahita vAcya-sAdRzya upamA kahalAtA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya me upamAlaMkAra kA prayoga bahuta sundaratApUrvaka huA haisvamarpayan gurumadhidevatAmiva svabAndhavaM gurumiva bahvamanyata / 1. dvisa.,9.45 2. 'sAmyaM vAcyamavaidharmya vAkyaikya upamA dvayoH ||'saa.d.10.14
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________________ 186 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA sadApi yaH svamiva sahAyamAstika: kulocitaM suhRdamivAnujIvinam // yahA~ guru, bAndhava, sahAyaka, anujIvI-upameya, kramAnusAra adhidevatA, guru, sva, suhRda-upamAna, iva-vAcaka tathA bahvamanyata-sAdhAraNadharma evaM samAna vAcaka hogA, ata: upamAlaMkAra hai / daNDI ne 'upamA' ke 33 bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai, inameM se zleSopamA tathA tulyayogopamA ke udAharaNa bhI dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM draSTavya hai| yathA vizleSaNaM vetti na sandhikAryaM sa vigrahaM naiva smstsNsthaam| prAgeva vevekti na taddhitArthaM zabdAgame prAthamiko'bhavadvA // 2 yahA~ para viyoga jAnatA hai saMyoga nahIM, vigraha karatA hai sakala-vyavasthA nahIM tathA prArambha se tad hitArtha vicAra nahIM karatA- ye tInoM vizeSaNa kAmadeva tathA alpajJa Agamika ke artha meM zliSTa haiM, ata: yaha zleSopamA nAmaka alaMkAra hai| nyUna guNa vAle padArtha ko adhika guNavAle padArtha ke sAtha tulanA dekara samAna-kAryakAritayA kahA jAe to tulyayogopamA hotI hai| udAharaNatayA unnato'si vizado'si himAnIgauravaM smupynychishiro'si| hanta te himavatazca kathaM vAgarhitA dahanavRttiriyaM syAt / / 5 yahA~ para agni ke hIna athavA nindanIya guNa dAhakatva kI himAlaya athavA lakSmaNa kI unnata, nirmala evaM svaccha prakRti ke sAtha tulanA dikhAne ke kAraNa tulyayogopamA alaMkAra hai| 2. rUpaka rUpaka sAdRzyagarbha abheda-pradhAna AropamUlaka alaGkAra hai| isI kAraNavaza isameM atyanta sAdRzya ke kAraNa hI upameya evaM upamAna meM abhedAropa 1. dvisa.,27 2. vahI,5.10 3. kAvyA.,2:28 4. vahI,2.48 5. dvisa.,10.26
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 187 hotA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rUpaka alaMkAra kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA uraH zriya: sthala kamalaM bhujadvayaM smstrkssnnkrnnaarglaayugm| jayazriyaH kRtavihAraparvatau samunnate bhujazirasI babhAra yaH // 2 prastuta padya meM dazaratha yA pANDu ke vakSasthala, bhujAoM tathA skandhoM (upameya) kA lakSmI ke nivAsabhUta kamala, samasta saMsAra kI rakSA karane meM samartha argalA yugala tathA vijayalakSmI ke kRtrima krIr3A-parvatoM (upamAna) meM abhedAropa sthApita kiyA gayA hai, ata: rUpakAlaGkAra hai / isI prakArapraropayannayabhuvi mUlasantatiM prasArayan dizi bahuzAkhamanvayam / phalaM dizan vipulamapuSpayApanaM janasya ya: samajani kalpabhUruhaH // 2 yahA~ rAjA dazaratha athavA pANDu (upameya) tathA kalpavRkSa (upamAna) meM abheda kA Aropa karate hue zleSa ke mAdhyama se unake karmoM kI samAnatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ata: rUpaka hai| 3. bhrAntimAn atyadhika sAdRzya ke kAraNa upamAna meM upameya kI nizcayAtmaka bhrAnti ko bhrAntimAn alaGkAra kahate haiN| bhrAntirUpa cittadharma ke vidyamAna hone ke kAraNa isameM kisI ko eka vastu meM anya vastu ke bhrama ho jAne kA varNana hotA hai| yaha bhrama varNana vAstavika na hokara kavikalpita hI hotA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa alaGkAra kA vinyAsa nimna prakAra se huA hai anekamantarvaNavAritAtapaM tape'pi yntroddhRtvaaripuuritm| zikhAvalAnyatra vahatANAlikaM karoti dhArAgRhamabdazAGkinaH / / 1. 'rUpakaM rUpitAropo viSaye nirphnve|'saa.d.10.28 2. dvisa,2.2 3. vahI,2.22 4. 'sAmyAdatasmiMstabuddhirdhAntimAn prtimotthitH||',saa.d.,10.36 5. dvisa.,1.23
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________________ 188 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA prastuta padya meM gahana vanoM ke kAraNa bar3I-bar3I nAliyoM se yukta dhArAgRha (upamAna) meM moroM ko avidyamAna upameya meghoM kI bhrAnti ho rahI hai, ata: bhrAntimAn alaGkAra hai / isI prakAra - priyeSu gotraskhalitena pAdayonteSu yasyAM zamamAgatA: striyaH / svabimbamAlokya vipakSazaGkayA punarvikupyanti ca ratnabhittiSu // 1 yahA~ ratnajar3ita bhittiyoM meM dikhAyI dene vAle pratibimba se nAyikAoM ko avidyamAna sapatnI kI bhrAnti ho rahI hai, ata: bhrAntimAn alaGkAra hai| 4. nizcaya upamAna kA niSedha karake upameya ke sthApana karane ko nizcaya alAra kahate haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM nizcayAlaGkAra kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA tatyAja putro vinayaM kathaJcijjahau pitA nAnunayaM kadAcit / yata: pitA putramananyadAzaM kasyApi nAbhUdaparuddhavRttam / / yahA~ putroM ke vinayatva tathA pitA ke sneha arthAt AcaraNa kI maryAdA (upamAna) kA niSedha kara donoM ke paraspara nirapekSatva (upameya) kI sthApanA kI gayI hai, ata: nizcaya alaGkAra hai| 5. utprekSA upameya tathA upamAna ke sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA ko utprekSA kahate haiN| abhiprAya yaha hai ki jahA~ kisI prastuta vastu kI aprastuta ke rUpa meM sambhAvanA kI jAe, vahA~ utprekSA alaGkAra hotA hai| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki sambhAvanA sandeha aura nizcaya ke madhya kI sthiti hai / dvisandhAna meM utprekSA isa prakAra vinyasta huI hai - nizvAsamuSNaM vacanaM niruddhaM mlAnaM mukhAbja hadayaM sakampam / zramAdivAGgaM pulakaprasaGgaM pade pade'sau bibharAmbabhUva / / 1. dvisa., 1.31 2. 'anyanniSidhya prakRtasthApanaM nizcayaH punH||', sA.da.,10.39 3. dvisa,3.34 4. 'bhavetsambhAvanotprekSA prakRtasya praatmnaa|'saa.d.,10.40 5. dvisa.,5.8
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________________ alaGkAra- vinyAsa 189 yahA~ sUrpaNakhA kI kAmAvasthA (upameya) aura parizrama se hone vAlI avasthA (upamAna) ke sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kI gayI hai, ataH utprekSA alaGkAra hai / isI prakAra nRNAmasInAM vasunandakAnAM pArzvoparodhaM sphuratAM pravAhAH / svindAruNAnAM virarAjire'mI drutA iva trApuSajAtuSaughAH // 1 yahA~ sainikoM kI zveta talavAroM tathA unake lAla hAthoM kI kAnti ke pravAha evaM zIzA aura lAha ke pravAha meM sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kI gayI hai, ata: utprekSA alaGkAra hai / 6. atizayokti jaba upamAna ke dvArA upameya kA jJAna ho yA upamAna upameya kA nigaraNa kara usake sAtha abheda-sthApana kare, to vahA~ atizayokti alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 abhiprAya yaha hai ki upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA abhedatva yA abhinnatA hI atizayokti alaGkAra meM atizaya kathana hai / dvisandhAna meM atizayokti alaMkAra kA vinyAsa nimna prakAra se huA hai-- kusumaM dhanurmadhuliho'sya guNaH zukakUjitaM samaratUryaravaH / madanasya sAdhanamidaM pracuraM sulabhaM na sAdhyamiha tadvipi // 3 yahA~ kAmottejaka sAmagrI - puSparAzi, bhramarapaMkti tathA zuka Adi kI kUja yuddha sAmagrI dhanuSa, jyA tathA yuddha-bheriyoM kI dhvani kA nivAraNa kara usake sAtha abheda sthApita kiyA hai, ata: atizayokti alaGkAra hai / isI prakAra - - bhuvastalaM pratapati saMbhraman raviH zazI caran svayamabhinandayatyayam / caraiH sthitaH puri sacarAcaraM jagat parIkSya yaH sma tapati sandhinoti ca // 4 dvisa, 5.40 1. 2. 'siddhatve'dhyavasAyasyAtizayoktirnigadyate // ', sA.da., 10.46 3. 4. dvisa., 12.27 vahI, 2.15
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________________ 190 sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA yahA~ sUrya va candramA paribhramaNa kara sRSTi ko AhlAdita karate haiM- isa upamAna se dazaratha athavA pANDu rAjadhAnI meM rahakara hI guptacaroM ke mAdhyama se saMsAra kA nigraha karate haiM - isa upameya kA jJAna hotA hai, ataH atizayokti hai / 7. dIpaka padArthoM meM eka dharma kA sambandha ho athavA aneka kriyAoM kA eka hI kAraka ho, vahA~ dIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' dvisandhAna meM yaha nimna rUpa meM vinyasta huA hai caturdazadvandvasamAnadehaH sarveSu zAstreSu kRtAvatAraH / guNAdhikaH prazrayabhaGgabhIruH pituH kathaJcidgurutAM lalaGge // 2 yahA~ 'caturdazadvandvasamAnadehaH', 'sarveSu zAstreSu kRtAvatAraH ', 'guNAdhikaH' tathA 'prazrayabhaGgabhIruH' Adi aneka guNoM kA AdhAra ekamAtra rAjaputra hI hai, ata: dIpaka alaGkAra hai| 8. dRSTAnta sAmAnyataH dRSTAnta kA artha 'udAharaNa' se liyA jAtA hai / isameM kisI bAta ko kahakara usakI puSTi ke liye tatsadRza anya bAta kahI jAtI hai| isameM do vAkya hote haiM - eka upameya vAkya tathA dUsarA upamAna vAkya / donoM ke sAdhAraNa dharma bhinna hote haiM, kintu donoM meM bimba- pratibimba jAna par3atA hai yA eka prakAra kA sAdRzya dikhAyI par3atA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai hastacyute gate kvApi kIdRzo'pyanuzerate / sAmrAjyamUle'tIte'pi tAdavasthyaM yayau ripuH // 4 yahA~ bimba-pratibimba bhAva se upanibaddha upameya vAkya meM zatru kI sAmarthya rUpa vizeSa artha ko sAmrAjyamUla hasti - azva- padAti rUpa ke vinAza se utpanna 1. 'aprastutaprastutayordIpakaM tu nigadyate / atha kArakamekaM syAdanekAsu kriyAsu cet // ', sA. da, 10.49 2. dvisa, 3.33 3. 'draSTAntastu sadharmasya vastunaH pratibimbanam / ', sA.da., 10.51 4. dvisa., 18.81
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________________ alaGkAra - vinyAsa 191 jar3atA rUpa dharma se yukta batAyA hai, to upamAna vAkya meM kisI bhI sAhasI puruSa ko koI bhI vastu khone se pazcAttApayukta batAyA hai, ata: dRSTAnta alaGkAra hai / 9. vyatireka upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke utkarSApakarSa varNana meM vyatireka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' dvisandhAna meM vyatireka- vinyAsa isa prakAra huA haidezakAlakalayA balahInaH kiM vyavasyati yuto'pi zRgAlaH / satrayeNa sahitazcyutabodha: kiM na yAti zarabhastanubhaGgam // 2 yahA~ zatrupakSa kI apekSA rAma yA jarAsandha kI zakti kI nyUnatA kA varNana huA hai, ata: vyatireka hai| 10. sokti saha bhAva kI ukti ke kAraNa ise sahokti kahate haiM / isameM saha, sAkaM, sArdhaM Adi zabdoM ke dvArA eka artha se sambaddha zabda do yA aneka arthoM kA bodha karAtA hai / sahokti meM eka artha pradhAna hotA hai aura dUsarA gauNa / isake mUla meM atizayokti kA rahanA atyAvazyaka hai / 3 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai I nRpau ruSA'pAtayatAM zilImukhAnsamaM sapatnA hRdayAnyapAtayan / vidUramuccaiH padamadhyarukSatAM bhiyAdhyarukSanyudhi vAmalUrakam // yahA~ rAghava-pANDavoM dvArA zatruoM para bANa girAne kA aura zatruoM dvArA hRdaya girAne athavA nirAza hone kA, isI prakAra rAghava pANDava rAjAoM ke padArUr3ha hone kA tathA bhayAkrAnta zatru rAjAoM ke dUra parvatoM para jAkara biloM meM chipane kA sahabhAva 'samam' pada ke dvArA dikhAyA gayA hai, ataH sahokti alaGkAra hai| isI prakAra 1. 'AdhikyamupameyasyopamAnAnnyUnatAthavA // vyatireka' sA.da., 10.52 2. 3. dvisa., 10.30 'sahArthasya balAdekaM yatra syAdvAcakaM dvayoH / sA sahoktirmUlabhUtAtizayoktiryadA bhavet // ', sA.da., 10.55 4. dvisa.,6.8
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________________ 192 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA cirasya yuddhvA sa papAta niSkriya: sahaiva zuddhAntavadhUjanAzrubhiH / surAsurANAM kusumAJjalirdivastayorapaptanmadhupAyibhi: samam // yahA~ kharadUSaNa athavA kIcaka ke niSkriya hone kA aura rAniyoM ke azrupAta kA sahabhAva 'saha' pada se tathA puSpAJjaliyoM ke girane kA tathA bhauMroM ke girane kA sahabhAva samam' pada se dikhAyA gayA hai, ata: sahokti alaGkAra hai| 11. arthazleSa yadi svAbhAvika ekArtha pratipAdaka zabdoM ke dvArA aneka arthoM kA kathana kiyA jAe to vahA~ arthazleSa hotA hai / isameM zleSa arthAzrita hotA hai, ata: zabdaparivRttisahatva hotA hai, jabaki zabdazleSa meM zabdaparivartana sambhava nahIM hai| dvisandhAna meM isa zleSa kA vinyAsa bhI huA hai sthAne mAtulaputrasya paripAtyai tavodyamaH / ApadISallabhA: kartumupakArA hi mAninAm / / yahA~ prakaraNAdi kA niyantraNa na hone ke kAraNa mAtula-putra' zabda se rAmAyaNa pakSa meM khara-dUSaNa tathA mahAbhArata pakSa meM zrI vAsudeva - donoM vAcya haiN| isako paryAyavAcI zabda se badala dene para bhI artha meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA, ata: arthazleSa hai| 12. arthAntaranyAsa jahA~ vizeSa se sAmAnya, sAmAnya se vizeSa, kAraNa se kArya yA kArya se kAraNa sAdharmya kiMvA vaidharmya ke dvArA samarthita hotA ho, use arthAntaranyAsa kahate haiN| dvisandhAna meM arthAntaranyAsa nimna prakAra se vinyasta huA hai zasyakaM haritagrAsabuddhyA vAtamajA mRgAH / Dhaukante cApayantyasmiMzcalAnAmIdRzI gatiH / / 1. dvisa.,636 2. 'zabdaiH svabhAvAdekArthaH zleSo'nekArthavAcanam / ', sA.da.,18.58 3. dvisa.,7.25 4. sA.da.10.61-62 5. dvisa.,8.16
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________________ 193 alaGkAra-vinyAsa yahA~ vAyu se bhI drutagAmI hiraNa harI ghAsa samajhakara nIlamaNiyoM ke pAsa jAte haiM aura nirAza hokara lauTate haiM isa vAkya 'vizeSa' se caMcaloM kI yahI gati hotI hai- isa 'sAmAnya' kathana kA samarthana ho rahA hai, ata: arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra hai| isI prakAra - kalatraputramitrANi gRhItvA tatra te janAH / yathAyathaM palAyanta bhAvi bhadraM hi jIvitam // 1 yahA~ bhI, samasta nAgarika apanI strI, bacce tathA mitroM ko sAtha lekara bhAga khar3e hue- yaha 'vizeSa' kathana bhaviSya kI kalyANamaya kalpanA para hI jIvana Azrita hai- isa 'sAmAnya' kathana kA samarthana kara rahA hai, ata: arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra hai| 13. AkSepa jaba vivakSita athavA abhISTa vastu kI vizeSatA pratipAdana karane ke liye niSedha-sA kiyA jAe, vahA~ AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai / dvisandhAna meM AkSepa kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai gajeSu naSTeSvagajeSvanAyakaM ratheSu bhagneSu manoratheSu c| na zUnyacittaM yudhi rAjaputrakaM purAtanaM citramivAzubhad bhRzam // yahA~ sAmAnya rUpa se vijaya ke manoratha samApta ho jAne para stabdhacitta tathA netAvihIna vaMzakrama ke rAjaputroM ko sUcita kiyA gayA hai tathA ve purAne citra ke samAna atyanta manohara nahIM lagate-isa kathana vizeSa se rAjaputroM kI utkRSTatA kA niSedha sA kiyA gayA hai, ata: AkSepa alaGkAra hai / 14. virodha jAti, jahA~ jAti, guNa, kriyA aura dravya ke sAtha viruddha bhAsita ho; guNa guNAdika tIna ke sAtha, kriyA kriyA aura dravya ke sAtha tathA dravya dravya ke sAtha viruddha bhAsita ho vahA~ virodha alaGkAra hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jahA~ vAstavika 1. dvisa.,938 2. 'vastuno vaktumiSTasya vizeSapratipattaye / niSedhAbhAsa aakssepo|',saa.d,1065| 3. dvisa,6.30 4. sA.da.,1068-69
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________________ 194 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA virodha na hokara virodha kA AbhAsa mAtra ho, vahIM isa alaGkAra kI sthiti hotI hai| virodha alaGkAra ke liye Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki virodha ke niyojana meM usake parihAra ke liye bhI sthAna rahe / dvisandhAna meM virodha kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA ajaro'vanivRttaceSTitastatapaGkodbhavaviSTarAgataH / sa pitAmahatAM ca saGgato vidhirapyekamukhatvamAgamat / / prastuta padya kA artha hai-samasta pRthvI para zAsana calAne tathA mahAn apakAryoM meM rata logoM ko vinAza karane ke kAraNa vaha rAma athavA yudhiSThira yuvaka hote hue bhI pitAmaha (brahmA) ho gaye the tathA brahmA bhI ekamukha ho gaye the / isa artha ke anusAra yahA~ do virodha spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara ho rahe haiM--prathama, yadi rAma athavA yudhiSThara brahmA hue to unheM caturmukha honA cAhie tathA dvitIya, brahmA kUTastha hone ke kAraNa vRddha nahIM hote, pRthvI kI sRSTi ke liye prayatnazIla rahate haiM, vikasita paMkajarUpI Asana para baiThate haiM, saMsAra ke pitA yA guru haiM aura viSNu Adi devoM kI saMgati meM rahate haiM, to ve ekamukha kaise ho sakate haiM / yahA~ ina virodhoM ke niyojana ke sAtha hI inake parihAra ke liye paryApta sthAna hai| yadi isa padya kA 'aja-ra: ava-nivRttaceSTita: tatapaGkodbhava-viSTarAga-ta: pitA-mahatAM saMgata: ca vidhi: ekamukhatvaM Agamat / ' ityAdi anvaya hone para ukta donoM virodhoM kA parihAra ho jAtA hai evaM artha nikalatA hai- paramAtmA kI stuti meM lIna, saba ora se indriyoM ke vyApAroM kA saMkocakartA, anAdi pApoM kI paramparA se utpanna vizAla moha kA vinAzaka, pitA ke Ananda kA prazasta nimitta aura nirmANa kA kartA vaha rAma athavA yudhiSThira satya vacana bolane ke liye kaTibaddha thaa| isa prakAra dvisandhAna meM virodhAlaGkAra kA saphala vinyAsa huA hai| 15. viSama yadi kArya aura kAraNa ke guNa yA kriyAeM paraspara viruddha hoM athavA Arambha kiyA huA kArya to pUrA na ho, pratyuta kucha anartha A par3e, yadvA do virUpa padArthoM kA mela ho to vahA~ viSama alaGkAra hotA hai / isa prakAra kA alaGkAra virodhamUlaka hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai1. dvisa.,432 2. sA.da.,1070-71
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________________ alaGkAra-vinyAsa 195 hato'pi citte prasabhaM subhASitairna sAdhukAraM vacasi prycchti| kuziSyamutsekabhiyAvajAnata: padaM gurordhAvati durjanaH kva saH // 1 prastuta padya kA artha hai- mana hI mana kaviyoM kI sUktiyoM para pUrNa rUpa se mohita hokara bhI durjana mukha se 'sAdhu, sAdhu' nahIM kahatA hai / kintu, ziSya sundara racanA para sarvathA mugdha tathApi kuziSyoM kI IrSyA athavA ahaMkAra ke bhaya se upekSA dikhAkara vacanoM se prazaMsA na karane vAle guru kI samAnatA kyA vaha durjana kabhI kara sakatA hai ? sAmAnyata: hRdaya se praphulla hone para vacanoM se bhI prazaMsA anAyAsa hI ho jAtI hai, kintu yahA~ virodhI kriyA ho rahI hai, ata: viSamAlaGkAra hai| 16. parisaMkhyA praznapUrvaka yA binA hI prazna ke jahA~ kahI huI vastu se anya kI zabda ke dvArA vyAvRtti hotI ho athavA arthasiddha vyAvRtti hotI ho, vahA~ parisaMkhyA alaGkAra hotA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM parisaMkhyA alaGkAra kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai bhaTAjuhUrANarathadvipaM nRpAH zrayanti ghAtaM caturaGgapaddhatau / parAMzukAkSepaNamaGganAratau vidhau kalaGko'pyahiSu dvijihvatA // prastuta prasaGga meM caturaGga yuddha ke avasara para hI rAjA loga padAti, yoddhA, azva, rathI tathA hastI kA vadha karate the athavA zataraMja ke khela meM hI ghor3e, hAthI, ratha Adi kA sahArA liyA jAtA thA, rAjA hI prANa-vadha kA daNDa dete the; striyoM se ramaNa ke samaya hI dUsare kA vastrApaharaNa hotA thA; candramA meM hI kalaMka thA tathA sAMpoM ke hI do jIbhe thIM- ina kathita vastuoM se anya vastuoM -nirarthaka hatyA, cora Adi dvArA vastramocana, duScAritrya tathA janatA meM paizunya yA asatya kI vyAvRtti ho rahI hai, ata: parisaMkhyA alaGkAra hai| 17. samuccaya __ jahA~ kArya ke sAdhaka kisI eka ke hone para bhI 'khalakapota' nyAya se dUsarA bhI usI kArya kA sAdhaka ho athavA guNoM yA do kriyAoM yA guNa aura kriyAoM 1. dvisa,16 2. sA.da.,10.81-82 3. dvisa,,137
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________________ 196 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA ke eka sAtha hone para samuccaya alaGkAra hotA hai / khalakapota' nyAya se abhiprAya hai-jisa prakAra khalihAna meM kabUtara ke A jAne para bahuta se kabUtara svata: A pahu~cate haiM, usI prakAra isa alaGkAra meM bhI eka sAdhaka ke hote hue bhI anya aneka sAdhaka juTa jAte haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM samuccaya alaGkAra kA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai zaGkhA nineduH paTahAzcukUjurgajA jagarjusturagA jiheSuH / vIrA vavalguH zakaTA viresurAsIdakUpAraravaH samantAt / / 2 prastuta uddharaNa meM 'zaMkhoM kI tAradhvani' jo AkramaNa kI sAdhaka hai ke sAtha-sAtha paTahoM kA bajanA, hAthiyoM kA ciMghAr3anA ratha ke pahiyoM kI caMcAhaTa tathA yoddhAoM kA bar3abar3AnA Adi anya sAdhaka bhI juTa gaye haiM, ata: samuccayaalaGkAra hai| isI prakAra AnvIkSikI ziSTajanAdyatibhyastrayIM ca vArtAmadhikArakRbhyaH / vaktu prayoktuzca sa daNDanItiM vidAM mata: sAdhu vidAJcakAra // 2 yahA~ rAjaputroM kI zikSA-prApti meM AtmavidyA kI zikSA rUpI sAdhaka vidyamAna hai, isake sAtha dharma-adharma kA jJAna prApta karanA, lAbha-hAni zAstra ko par3hanA tathA nyAya-anyAya kI vivecaka daNDanIti ko samajhanA Adi anya sAdhaka bhI juTa gaye haiM, ata: samuccaya alaGkAra hai| 18. svabhAvokti svabhAvokti alaGkAra meM kisI vastu kA yathArtha citraNa kiyA jAtA hai| isameM bAlaka Adi kI ceSTAoM kA yathAvat varNana, pazuoM kI ceSTAoM kA yathAvat citraNa evaM prAkRtika dRzya kA yathAtathya aMkana kiyA jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM dhyAtavya yaha hai ki sabhI viSayoM kA aMgasahita sUkSma-citraNa honA cAhie, sAtha hI vaha varNana camatkArapUrNa bhI honA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isakA citraNa isa prakAra huA hai1. sA.da.,10.84-85 2. dvisa,5.54 3. vahI,3.25 4. 'svabhAvoktirduruhArthasvakriyArUpavarNanam |',saa.d.,10.93
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________________ 197 alaGkAra-vinyAsa chotkAracchAtajaTharaistRNakautukakaGkaNaiH bandhUkatilakanyAsairnIlotpalavataMsakaiH / / mahAkucabharAkRSTasaMkSiptAntarbhujAntaraiH / kSipadbhiH kekarAn svasmin niyantumasahairiva / / siJcadbhikhi lAvaNyarasavRSTyA digntrm| kaidArikagatairdAraizcakitaM vinicAyitam // abhiprAya yaha hai ki zU zU karane ke kAraNa kRzodariyoM, ghAsa ke maMgalasUtra tathA kaMkaNadhAriNI, bandhUka puSpa ke tilaka se vibhUSita, nIlakamala ke karNa-bhUSaNa se suzobhita, unnata stanoM ke bhAra se jhukI, saMkSipta bhujAntarvartI kekara bhUSaNa athavA kaTAkSoM ko apane Apa meM na samhAla sakane ke hI kAraNa DAlatI huI, saundarya ke rasa kI vRSTi ke dvArA samasta dizAoM ko sIMcatI-sI khalihAnoM meM baiThI striyoM ne kramaza: bhaya tathA utkaNThA se cakita hote hue rAvaNa tathA zarad ko dekhaa| isa prakAra yahA~ striyoM ke saundarya kA sAGga sUkSma-citraNa camatkArapUrNa zailI meM yathAvat huA hai, ata: svabhAvokti alaGkAra hai| 19. saGkara __jaba aneka alaGkAra paraspara isa prakAra mile raheM, ki unako pRthak na kiyA jA sake, to saGkara alaGkAra hotA hai / isako isa prakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ kaI alaGkAroM meM aGgAgibhAva, ho jahA~ eka hI Azraya (zabda aura artha) meM aneka alaGkAroM kI sthiti ho athavA jahA~ kaI alaGkAroM kA sandeha hotA ho, vahA~ saGkara alaGkAra hotA hai / dvisandhAna meM isakA vinyAsa isa prakAra huA hai ratheSu teSAM jagatIbhujo dhvajAnmahIbhujau cicchidturbhujaaniv| tathAkSuraprairanayaiH kriyAphalaM madAtilobhAviva vAjinAM yugam // prastuta uddharaNa meM donoM rAghava-pANDava rAjAoM ne zatru rAjAoM ke rathoM para laharAtI bAhuoM ke samAna dhvajAoM ko apane kSurapra bANoM ke dvArA kATa DAlA thaa| 1. dvisa.,7.10-12 2. sA.da.,1099 3. dvisa.,6:20
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________________ 198 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya cetanA ina donoM ne unake ratha ke ghor3oM kI jor3I para rakhe juoM ko bhI isa prakAra kATakara pheMka diyA thA, jisa prakAra bhISaNa ahaMkAra aura pragAr3ha lobha anIti - mArga kA AcaraNa karAkara dhyAna-Asana Adi tapasyA ke phala ko naSTa kara dete haiN| isa prakAra yahA~ dhvajAoM kI bAhuoM ke rUpa meM tathA juA kATane kI kriyA kI tapasyA ke phala kA nAza hone ke rUpa meM zlokavyApI utprekSA huI hai / sAtha hI donoM utprekSAoM meM 'cicchidatuH' eka hI kriyA kA vidhAna hone se dIpaka kA vinyAsa bhI huA hai / isI prakAra dvitIya utprekSA meM upamAna vAkya meM bhI usI prakAra upamAna, upameya tathA sAdhAraNa dharma kA prayoga huA hai jaisA ki upameya vAkya meM, ata: dRSTAnta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / 'bha', 'ja' kI AvRtti se anuprAsa kA vinyAsa bhI spaSTa hai / isa AvRtti ke antargata 'bhujA' pada kI AvRtti madhya yamaka kA AbhAsa bhI karA rahI hai, ata: yahA~ saGkara alaGkAra kA vinyAsa atyanta sundara DhaMga se huA hai / niSkarSa I isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI alaGkAra yojanA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ise zabdADambarapUrNa kRtrima kAvya kyoM kahA jAtA hai / dhanaJjaya ne jina vividha prakAra ke alaGkAroM se apanI kavitA rUpI kAminI kA zRGgAra kiyA hai unameM zabdAlaGkAroM kI hI pradhAnatA hai / kAvya kalevara kI vividha apekSAeM dvividha rUpa se rUpAntarita honA cAhatI haiM isalie kavi ko pada-pada para zabdAlaGkAroM ne sahAyatA dI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM zabda krIDA ke vividha rUpoM meM zabdAlaGkAra svayaM hI niyojita hote cale gaye / zleSa aura yamaka nAmaka zabdAlaGkAroM ne sandhAna- kAvya ko sArthakatA pradAna kI hai / phalata: prastuta adhyAya meM inake vividha rUpoM ke vivecana ko sarvAdhika sthAna evaM mahatva diyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki dvisandhAna ke AdhAra para yamaka ke bAraha pramukha bhedoM kA astitva rahA thA / upabhedoM kI saMkhyA to gaNanAtIta hI mAnanI caahie| zleSa ke pA~ca mukhya bheda vizeSata: vyavahRta hue haiM / inake atirikta citrAlaGkAroM kI bhI vizeSa chaTA darzanIya hai, jinameM 'zloka gUDha ardhabhrama' tathA 'gati citra' Adi citrAlaGkAra sandhAna-vidhA ko samRddha karane meM vizeSa sahAyaka siddha hue haiN| zabdAlaGkAra svAbhAvika nahIM hote / unake niyojana hetu kavi ko apane zabda-koza jJAna kA vizeSa pANDitya dikhAnA hotA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM vividha zabdAlaGkAroM kI yojanA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / 1
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________________ 199 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya arthAlaGkAroM ko bhI sandhAna kAvya hetu mahatvazAlI mAnate haiM / upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, atizayokti Adi arthAlaGkAroM ke prayoga se dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA artha- gAmbhIrya vizeSa rUpa se camatkRta evaM susajjita huA hai / phalata: dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ko alaGkAra - pradhAna mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| alaGkAra-vinyAsa
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________________ saptama adhyAya chanda-yojanA kAvya meM jisa prakAra rasa, alaMkAra Adi kI upasthiti Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra chanda bhI kAvya-saundarya kI vRddhi tathA rasasiddhi ke liye anivArya haiM / adhikAMza sAhityazAstriyoM ne chandobhaGga ko rasAsvAda meM vyAghAta utpanna karane vAlA kahA hai / yahA~ taka ki eka sthAna para chanda yA vRttabhaGga karane vAle kavi ko kavi kI saMjJA dI gayI hai gaNayanti nApazabdaM na vRttabhaGgakSayaM na cArthasya / rasikatvenAkulitA vezyApatayaH kukavayazca // 1 isa prakAra chanda kAvya ke liye sarvathA Avazyaka tattva hai / 'chandayati AhlAdayati' athavA 'chandyate AhlAdyate anena iti chanda:' vyutpatti ke anusAra chanda kA artha hai AhlAdakatva / yaha AhlAda chanda se kisa prakAra prApta hotA hai ? kisI bhI bhAva kI sphuTa abhivyaMjanA ke liye eka vizeSa gati athavA laya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisake mAdhyama se chanda kAvya ko AhlAdaka banAtA hai / saMskRta kAvya - sAhitya meM laya pUrvakAlIna vaidika-sAhitya meM pratyeka zabda apanA nirdiSTa artha hI detA hai / isI kAraNavaza veda-mantroM meM zabda kA astitva layamukta rahA / laya kI AvazyakatA athavA upekSA ke pariNAma cAhe jo bhI rahe hoM, parantu paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM ghaTanAoM tathA zabdAvalI ke AdhAra para viziSTa layoM kA prayoga hone lagA / jabaki laukika saMskRta sAhitya meM nitAnta bhinna dazA dRSTigocara hotI hai / 1. subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra, prakaraNa 2, kukavinindA, 10
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________________ chanda-yojanA 201 yahA~ kaI prakAra kI laya vibhinna nAmoM se pahale hI nirdhArita kara dI gayIM / isa prakAra vaidika sAhitya meM laya zabdAnugAmI hai, to laukika saMskRta sAhitya meM zabda layAnugAmI haiN| yadi laukika kavi laya-parivartana na kara sakeM, to agaNita paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke dvArA ve zabda-parivartana karanA hI prArambha kara dete haiN| usI laya ko banAye rakhane ke liye kaI bAra ve samAnArthaka dhAtuoM se naye zabda banAkara bhI zabda parivartana kara dete haiN| isa prakAra kI kAvya-yojanAeM bahuta-sI bAra asaphala ho jAtI haiM, jise saphala banAne ke liye kavi aura adhika kRtrima kAvya-yojanAoM kI racanA karane lagate haiN| abhiprAya yaha hai ki laukika saMskRta sAhitya meM layAtmaka niyamitatA zabda aura artha ke aucitya kA sthAna prApta kara gayI hai / phira bhI, laukika saMskRta chanda layAtmaka-niyamitatA kI dRSTi se adbhuta chanda aura bhAva-gAmbhIrya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM bhI vyarthI kathAnaka kA samAveza hone se aneka prakAra kI kRtrima yojanAoM ko prazraya milA hai| kintu chanda-yojanA ke sandarbha meM yaha mahAkAvya layAtmaka-niyamitatA ke atirikta bhAva-pravaNatA se bhI yukta hai| yahA~ taka ki kavi ne sugrIva ke udAra svabhAva kI prazaMsA ke vyAja se sarvalaghu athavA sarvaguru mAtrAoM vAle chandoM kI utkRSTatA para bala diyA hai Azrayastvamasi sarvalaghUnAM sevitA bhavasi sarvagurUNAm / chandasastava ca vRttimudArAM varNayanti kavayazcariteSu / / 1 layoM aura vargoM meM abhivyakta vividha bhAva guru varNa ke uccAraNa meM laghu varNa kI apekSA lagabhaga duganA samaya lagatA hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki laghu varNa druta gati se tathA guru varNa vilambita gati se bole jAte haiN| sAmAnyata: vyakti krodha, prasannatA Adi vividha prakAra ke bhAvoM se uttejita hokara hI druta gati se bolatA hai / isake viparIta vaha duHkha, nirAzA Adi se sAhasa khokara vilambita gati meM zabda prayoga karatA hai / isa sandarbha meM dvisandhAna ke uparyukta padya se yaha mantavya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM dIna-daridra vyakti sugrIva kA Azraya prApta kara prasannatA se adhIra ho jAte haiM, ataeva sarvalaghu 1. dvisa.,106
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________________ 202 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA varNoM vAle chandoM se sugrIva ke udAra caritaM kI prazaMsA karate haiN| isake viparIta mahApuruSa usake samakSa samarpaNa kara duHkha, nirAzA Adi se sAhasa khokara sarvaguru varNoM vAle chandoM se usakI prazaMsA karate haiN| ___ isa prakAra hama yaha dekhate haiM ki laghu varNa sarvadA utsAhI yA bhAvanApradhAna kathopakathanoM se sambaddha hote haiN| aura guru varNa zAnta aura saMyata se / vizeSa varNoM kA bAhulya padya meM grathita mukhya vicAra ko dyotita karatA hai, kyoMki laya vicArAbhivyakti meM hI antarnihita hai| kucha chanda laya aura sura ke sandarbha meM ullekhanIya haiM, kyoMki inake AdhAra para hI unakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| aise chandoM meM dvisandhAnokta viyoginI nAmaka nimnalikhita chanda draSTavya hai vigaNayya parasya cAtmana: prakRtInAM samavasthiti praam| amuyopacitA: kayApi cedviSate'sUyiyiSanti sUrayaH / / prastuta prasaMga meM jAmbavanta athavA balarAma rAvaNa athavA jarAsandha ke viruddha yuddha ke liye apanI sammati prakaTa kara rahe haiM / kavi dhanaJjaya ne laghu varNoM ke bAhulya vAle viyoginI chanda dvArA yahA~ jAmbavanta tathA balarAma ke saMdezoM meM bhAvanAtmakatA kA puTa diyA hai / parantu eka niyamita aMtara para guru vargoM kA prayoga bandhutA athavA bandhuoM ke saMhAra kI AzaMkA se viSAdapUrNa abhivyakti bhI karA rahA hai| jaba krodha duHkha meM, harSa Azcarya meM pariNata ho jAe, taba isa prakAra kI paristhitiyoM meM do yA adhika laya vAle chandoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / mandAkrAntA isI prakAra kA chanda haisenAM viSNoratharayamayIM dhIrakAkusthanAdAM nAgairvyAptAmiha smkrairdigtairiikssitaase| kalpAntAbdhiplutimiva mahAbhImamatasyadhvajaughAM / saMgantAse tvamaciramatastena paddhezvareNa // 2 1. dvisa.,11:39 2. vahI,13.43
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________________ chanda-yojanA 203 prastuta padya meM mandAkrAntA chanda guru varNoM se Arambha hokara rAma/zrIkRSNa kI virahAvasthA se utpanna viSAda kI abhivyakti karAtA hai, madhya meM pA~ca laghu vargoM kA prayoga sItA yA sundarI ko rAma/zrIkRSNa kI senA ke laMkA taka pahu~cane kI AzA baMdhAte hue dUta hanumAna yA zrIzaila kI bhAvukatA ko iMgita karatA hai tathA antima laya se milana rUpI pariNAma kI abhivyakti sAmAnya hai| isa prakAra mandAkrAntA chanda kevala viSAda ko hI nahIM, apitu krodha yA Azcarya ko bhI vyakta karatA hai| rasAnurUpa chanda-yojanA kavi ke liye yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vaha viSaya evaM bhAva kI dRSTi se chanda-yojanA kA vinyAsa kare / nAgojibhaTTa ne isa sambandha meM vyavasthA dete hae kahA hai ki karuNa rasa meM puSpitAgrA Adi kA, zRGgAra meM pRthvI, sragdharA Adi kA; vIra meM zikhariNI, mandrAkrAntA Adi kA tathA hAsya meM dodhaka Adi kA prayoga samIcIna rahatA hai / isa dRSTi se dvisandhAna kI chandoyojanA kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe to yaha dekhane meM AtA hai ki kavi ne eka vizeSa prakAra ke chanda meM kisI rasa yA bhAva vizeSa ko upanibaddha karane kA kuzala prayoga kiyA hai| uparyukta nAgojibhaTTa dvArA nirdiSTa chandoM ke anusAra rasaniyojana kA siddhAnta yadyapi dvisandhAna ke sandarbha meM pUrNatayA lAgU nahIM hotA, tathApi isameM karuNa meM viyoginI; zRGgAra meM puSpitAyA, svAgatA, zAlinI tathA vIra meM vaMzastha, anuSTup Adi chandoM kI yojanA nimna prakAra se huI hai api cIrikayA dviSo'bhavannanu cAmIkaradAzcyutaujasaH / kusumairapi yasya pIDanA zayane zArkaramadhyazeta saH // 2 prastuta padya meM laghugurvAtmaka mizrita yaha viyoginI chanda rAma yA yudhiSThira ke vanavAsa ke udvegapUrNa duHkha kI abhivyakti ke mAdhyama se bhAvanAtmaka karuNa rasa kA paripAka kara rahA hai / isI prakAra 1. sA.da.,haridAsI TIkA,pR.462 para uddhRta. 2. dvisa.,439
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA pariSajati parasparaM sametya pratimithune kucamaNDalaM babAdhe | bhajati hi nijakarkazaM na pIDA kamaparamadhyagatApavArakaM vA // 1 prastuta padya meM AliGgana se utpanna uttejanA kI abhivyakti dvArA laghu varNa bahula puSpitAgrA chanda se zRGgAra kI manohArI yojanA huI hai / 204 kSepayanniva mukhAmukhimAnaM mAnasIM kaluSatAM kusumeSoH / saMvibhASiSurivAsavamattazcumbaneSu ramaNaH kvaNati sma // 2 prastuta uddharaNa meM svAgatA chanda se zRGgAra rasa kI abhivyaJjanA huI hai / madhya prayukta sarvalaghu (gaNa) premI dvArA kiye gaye cumbana kI uttejanA ko darzAtA hai / rAgaM netre naiva cittaM mukhaM ca strINAM pAnAnmAnajihmaM jagAhe / dvedhaiko'bhUdbaddhapAno'pi pANDuH kAntAsyoSpasvedabhAvAdivauSThaH // 3 yahA~ zAlinI chanda kI yojanA se zRGgAra kI abhivyakti huI hai, kintu prArambha meM pA~ca guru varNa saMbhoga se utpanna zarIra ke zaithilya tathA klAntatA ke bodhaka hai / sa sAgarAvartadhanurdharo naro nabhaH sadAM kAmavimAnasaMhatim / ayatnasaMklRptagavAkSapaddhatiM cakAra zAtairvizikhairvihAyasi // 4 isa uddharaNa meM vaMzastha ke mAdhyama se vIra rasa kI yojanA kI gayI hai / yadyapi yaha guru varNa bahula chanda hai, tathApi madhyavartI laghu varNoM se lakSmaNa aura arjuna dvArA kI gayI bANa varSA se utpanna uttejanA kA prAkaTya spaSTa hai / mattasutAmiva camUM tAM tamoghamayo jayat / zarabhinnaM dhiyArINAM tAntamoghamayojayat / 5 9. vahI, 15.19 2. dvisa, 17.67 3. vahI, 17.75 4. vahI, 6.23 5. vahI,18.16
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________________ chanda-yojanA 205 anuSTupvarNana tathA vRttAntoM ke niyojana ke liye prayoga meM lAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ bhI 'yuddha varNana' kA nibandhana anuSTup meM huA hai, kintu yuddha-varNana kA prasaGga hone ke kAraNa vIra rasa kI abhivyaJjanA huI hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM chanda-yojanA chandoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta kI vibhinna prakAra kI racanAoM meM mahAkAvya jitanI niyamita aura vividhatApUrNa racanA anya nahIM / mahAkAvya sargoM meM vibhakta hotA hai aura pratyeka sarga kisI vizeSa chanda se prArambha hotA hai| jo chanda prArambha meM prayukta hotA hai, vaha prAya: binA kisI vyavadhAna ke sarga ke anta taka prayoga meM AtA hai / parantu, antima eka yA do padyoM meM zeSa sarga se pRthak chanda prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jo usa sarga ke anta athavA naye sarga ke prArambha ko sUcita karatA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM jahA~ eka ora sargAnta meM eka yA do chandoM ko parivartita karane kI paramparA kA pAlana kiyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora sampUrNa sarga meM eka hI chanda-prayoga kI paramparA kA pAlana prathama, caturtha, saptama, navama tathA aSTAdaza sargoM meM hI ho pAyA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI racanA meM dhanaJjaya ne jina chandoM kI yojanA kI hai, unheM vRttaratnAkara ke AdhAra para nimna rUpa se vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai (ka) samavRtta (1) anuSTupa 7.1-94; 9.1-51; 18.144. triSTup jAti ke chanda(2) indravajrA 8.21, 23, 41, 42, 44; 10.36; 17.85-86. (3) upajAti 2.31, 33; 3.1-38,40, 5.1-64;6.47-48; 8.18, 25, 28, 29, 34-40,43, 45-47,49,51,54,55,57; 10.39-40; 11.32,33,35, 36; 12.48; 13.30, 32, 35; 14:25, 27, 28, 33-36; 16.1-82; 17.45,46,53, 55,57,60,62-64,68,73,77.
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________________ 206 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (4) zAlinI 2.32; 3.41-42; 6.49; 8.10, 50; 11.1-30, 40; 12.49; 14.32; 17.47,70,74,75,80,81,90. (5) rathoddhatA 8.12; 10.1, 3, 5,7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19-21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 44; 17.48,59. (6) svAgatA 5.66; 10.2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34; 14.37; 17.50,52,56,59,67,88. (7) mauktikamAlA 8.30-33. jagatI jAti ke chanda(8) vaMzastha 1.1-51, 6.1-46; 10.43; 11.31; 13.33, 39; 17.71,72,82. (9) indravaMzA 17.76. (10) toTaka 8.48, 53. (11) drutavilambita 5.68; 6.50; 8.1-5, 20. (12) pramuditavadanA 13.40-41. (13) jaloddhatagati 8.24.
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________________ chanda-yojanA 207 (14) pramitAkSarA 8.56; 12.1-46; 17.43, 44,78,84. (15) vaizvadevI 2.1-29; 8.27. (16) jaladharamAlA 8.7,11,13, 15, 17. atijagatI jAti ke chanda(17) praharSiNI 5.65, 8.6, 8, 26; 9.52; 14.1-24. (18) mattamayUra 3.39; 8.14, 19; 10.37-38; 13.1-28,36; 14.26. zakvarI jAti ke chanda(19) vasantatilakA 1.52; 2.30; 4.55; 6.52;8.9, 22,52,10.46; 11.34, 38,39; 12.47,51, 52; 14.38-39; 15.46-48,50; 16.86-87; 17.89, 91. atizakvarI jAti ke chanda(20) mAlinI 6.51; 13.42; 16.83, 85; 17.87. atyaSTi jAti ke chanda(21) zikhariNI 11.37; 12.50; 13.34; 14.29; 15.49; 16.84; 17.40. (22) pRthvI 13.44. (23) vaMzapatrapatita 8.16.
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________________ 208 (24) hariNI 3.43; 5.69; 8.58; 10.45; 13.29; 15.45; 17.69. (25) mandAkrAntA 13.43; 14.30. atidhRti jAti ke chanda(26) zArdUlavikrIDita 7.95; 14.39; 18.145 - 146. (27) aparavaktra 13.37; 15.34-44; 17.65-66. ( 28 ) puSpitAgrA (29) aupacchandasika 2.34; 5.67; 13.38; 15.1-33; 17.58, 83. sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (30) viyoginI (kha) ardhasamavRtta 10.41- 42; 13.31 (viSama caraNa); 17.49, 54, 61, 79. (31) udgatA 4.1-54; 11.39; 13.31 (sama caraNa); 17.41-42. 17. 1-39. (ga) viSamavRtta niSkarSa isa prakAra dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM sarva laghu (nagaNa) sarva guru (magaNa) se yukta chandoM kA prayoga kara dhanaJjaya ne eka ora to vIra rasa kI uttejanA ko ubhArA hai, to dUsarI ora bhAvukatA, yuddha ke pariNAmasvarUpa zatru pakSa kI nirAzA tathA
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________________ chanda-yojanA 209 kAmakrIDA Adi se zarIra kI klAntatA Adi viSAda ko bhI sAkAra kiyA hai / isake atirikta samavRttoM kA adhikAdhika prayoga kara zabdADambarapUrNa zabdAlaGkAroM tathA citrAlaGkAroM ke niyojana kA mArga sugama banAyA hai / dvisandhAna jaise kRtrima mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra kI viSayAnukUla chanda-yojanA kavi kI chanda:- zAstra meM pAraGgatatA kA nidarzana karAtI hai /
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________________ aSTama adhyAya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana vibhinna yugoM meM mahAkAvya sAmAjika anupreraNA ke yugAnusArI mUlyoM se prerita hokara nirmita hote Aye haiN| rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata vikasanazIla paramparA ke mahAkAvya hone ke kAraNa sAMskRtika janajAgaraNa ke bahuta samIpa haiM parantu alaMkRta zailI se prabhAvita dvisandhAna Adi mahAkAvyoM para yugIna sAhityazAstrIya pravRttiyA~ adhika hAvI rahI haiM / phalata: rAmAyaNa Adi mahAkAvyoM meM pratibimbita samAja aura saMskRti kI vividhatA kA jaisA rUpa pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai, alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvya utane vyAvahArika siddha nahIM ho pAte haiN| dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM pratipAdita sAMskRtika sAmagrI ke sandarbha meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai ki kavi ne kisa prakAra se apanI alaMkAra pradhAna kAvya-pratibhA kA pradarzana karane hetu do rASTrIya stara ke mahAkAvyoM kI kathA ko AdhAra banAte hue eka aise rAghavapANDavIya nAmaka tIsare mahAkAvya kA sRjana kiyA jisake sAMskRtika tathA sAmAjika sUtra do bhinna-bhinna yugoM se sambaddha haiN| phira bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki cAhe kathAnaka kitanA hI purAnA ho kavi dvArA usa para taiyAra kiyA gayA kAvya apanI yuga cetanA se prabhAvita rahe binA nahIM raha sktaa| isIlie sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa mAnA jAtA hai| kavi kI samasAmayika paristhitiyA~ use kAvya athavA mahAkAvya kA vastra or3hAtI haiM aura isa prakAra kisI bhI kAvya ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA eka AdhAra usakA sAMskRtaki adhyayana bhI ho sakatA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke mahAkAvyatva para prakAza DAlate hue yaha vizada kara diyA gayA hai ki yaha yugAnusArI samAja cetanA se vizeSa rUpa se anuprANita hai| eka rAjadarabArI kAvya kI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa tatkAlIna rAjanaitika cetanA kI
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 211 isameM sarvAdhika chApa par3I hai / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya sAmantavAdI rAjacetanA kA sundara nidarzana prastuta karatA hai / yuga cetanA ke rAjanaitika sandarbhoM se yaha adhika jur3A huA hai| tatkAlIna rAjAoM kI rAjanaitika gatividhiyA~ zAsana tantra, yuddha vyavasthA evaM sainya vyavasthA kI dRSTi se dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya kI sAMskRtika sAmagrI atyanta samRddha evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se upAdeya kahI jA sakatI hai / rAjanaitika jana-jIvana ke atirikta loka saMskRti se sambaddha anya pakSoM kA bhI dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM prasaMgAnusArI citraNa AyA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu pradhAnatayA rAjanaitika jana-jIvana ko adhika mahatva detI hai / pariNAmasvarUpa loka jIvana ke anya pakSa itane vizada nahIM ho pAye haiM jisase ki samAja kI vividha saMsthAoM kA eka vyavasthita rUpa ubhara kara A ske| isI yuga cetanA kI pRSThabhUmi meM dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya ke sAMskRtika parizIlana kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 1 (ka) rAjanaitika avasthA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI yugIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ - dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM pratipAdita rAjanaitika avasthA ke avalokana se pUrva yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI I. kina arAjakatApUrNa rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se vicaraNa kara rahI thI / 634 IsvI meM harSavardhana kI mRtyu ke uparyanta samagra bhArata meM aisI koI prabhAvazAlI rAjazakti nahIM rahI thI jo vividha rAjyoM ko jItakara ekacchatra rAjya kI sthApanA kara sake / gupta rAjAoM ke samaya meM jisa sAmanta paddhati kA prArambha ho cukA thA vaha aba uttarottara vRddhi para thI / dhIre-dhIre samasta bhArata meM svataMtra rAjyoM kI sthApanA hone lagI thI / zaktizAlI rAjA guTa banAkara nirbala rAjAoM ke rAjyoM ko hathiyAne meM lage hu the jisake pariNAmasvarUpa samagra bhArata ke rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa meM yuddhoM ke bAdala maMDarA rahe the / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla AThavIM sadI meM uttarI bhArata meM pAla, gurjara-pratihAra, karkoTaka Adi rAjavazoM tathA dakSiNI bhArata meM rASTrakUTa, pallava, gaMga, cola, cAlukya Adi rAjavaMzoM kI zAsana praNAliyA~ vartamAna thIM / prAya: inhIM rAjavaMzoM ke utthAna - patana sambandhI rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM se AThavIM sadI kA bhArata guMjAyamAna thA / bhArata ke vividha prAntoM meM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA sthAna 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra : bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa, masUrI, 1967, pR. 622
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________________ 212 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA aba sAmantavAdI rAjacetanA ne le liyA thA / itihAsa kI aneka tatkAlIna ghaTanAeM isa sthiti ko aura adhika vizada kara deMtI haiM / AThavIM sadI ke prArambhika bhAga meM kannauja ke rAjasiMhAsana para eka aisA vyakti zAsanArUr3ha huA jise yazovarmA ke nAma se itihAsa meM prasiddhi prApta hai| prasiddha kavi vAkpati rAja ke prAkRta mahAkAvya gauDavaho meM yazovarmA kI digvijaya yAtrAoM kA bhavya nirUpaNa huA hai / usane magadha, baMgAla, dakSiNa meM narmadA nadI ke sAtha-sAtha apanI vijaya yAtrAeM karate hue rAjasthAna tathA sthAnezvara ko bhI AkrAnta kiyaa| parantu yazovarmA itanA zaktizAlI hone ke bAvajUda bhI adhika samaya taka apane sAmrAjya ko sthApita karane meM samartha nahIM ho skaa| usakA mukhya kAraNa thA tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI rAjya-vyavasthA / sAmanta rAjA apanI nirbalatA ko dekhate hue kisI bhI zaktizAlI rAjA ke adhIna ho jAte the parantu thor3e samaya ke uparyanta anya sAmantoM ke sAtha milakara svataMtra hone ke liye bhI SaDayaMtra racate rahate the| tatkAlIna zilAlekhoM meM isa arAjaka sthiti ko mAtsyanyAya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / isI kAla meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika arAjakatA se mukti pAne kI apekSA se 'gopAla' nAmaka rAjA dvArA 765 IsvI meM baMgAla aura magadha kI zAsana-vyavasthA saMbhAlane kI ghaTanA bhI ghaTita huI thii| rAjA gopAla kisI paramparAgata rAjavaMza kA vyakti nahIM apitu jana-sAmAnya dvArA cunA gayA eka vIra puruSa thaa| isI ke sAtha bhAratIya itihAsa meM pAlavaMza kA prArambha bhI mAnA jAtA hai / 769 se 809 IsvI ke madhya gopAla kA putra dharmapAla rAjagaddI para baitthaa| usane bhI aneka vijaya-yAtrAoM dvArA apane sAmrAjya ko vistRta karanA caahaa| 783 IsvI meM dharmapAla ne kannauja para AkramaNa kara usake rAjA indrarAja ko parAsta kiyA aura usake virodhI cakrAyudha ko vahA~ kA rAjasiMhAsana sauMpa diyA kyoMki cakrAyudha dharmapAla kA Adhipatya svIkAra karane ke liye taiyAra thaa| dharmapAla kI vijaya-yAtrAoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usane kuru, yadu, yavana, gAMdhAra, bhoja, matsya, madra Adi aneka rAjAoM ko parAsta kara unheM isa bAta ke liye vivaza kiyA ki ve sabhI usake sAmanta kannauja ke cakrAyudha kI adhInatA svIkAra kreN| abhiprAya yaha hai ki rAjAoM kI rAjyavistAra kI lipsA sAmanta-paddhati kA mukhya 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra : bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa,masUrI,1967,pR.624 2. vahI,pR.629
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 213 kAraNa thI / sAmanta saMgha - vRtti se avasaravAdI rAjanIti kA Azraya lete the / samagra bhArata isI sAmantavAdI rAjacetanA se anuprANita rahA thA / ' uparyukta rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa kI pRSThabhUmi meM dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya kI rAjanaitika avasthA kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / zAsana-paddhati se sambaddha rAjanaitika vicAroM aura rAjya-vyavasthA sambandhI gatividhiyoM kI sArthakatA bhI inhIM paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM A~kI jAnI cAhie / dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM zAsana- taMtra sambandhI una aneka tattvoM kA ullekha AyA hai jinheM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi ke kAla meM tathA dharmazAstroM ke yuga meM 'saptAGga rAjya', 'SaDvidha bala', 'trividha zaktiyA~, 'caturvidha upAya' ke rUpa meM saMsthAgata mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thI / Alocya yuga meM inakA vyAvahArika rUpa kaisA thA usa dRSTi se dvisandhAna - mahAkAvyokta zAsana-tantra sambandhI ullekha samasAmayika rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi ko vizeSa mahatva dete jAna par3ate haiM / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM pratibimbita rAjanaitika dazA isa prakAra rahI thI saptAGga rAjya prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanIti - zAstrakAroM ne zAsana-tantra ke sAta aMga svIkAra kiye haiM- (1) svAmI, (2) amAtya, (3) rASTra yA janapada, (4) durga, (5) koSa, (6) daNDa tathA (7) mitra / 2 dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM prakRtiSu saptasu sthiti: 3 kahakara aMgo kI saMkhyA sAta hI mAnI gayI hai| TIkAkAra nemicandra ne sAta prakRtiyoM ke antargata nItizAstra-vizAradoM dvArA svIkRta zAsana-tantra ke uparyukta saptAGgoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / 4 1. 2. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA : madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, ilAhAbAda, 1966, pR.138 'svAmyAmAtyajanapadadurgakozadaNDamitrANi prakRtayaH / ', arthazAstra, 6.1 (pR.535); manusmRti, 9. 294; kAmandakanItisAra, 4.1 tu.--Choudhary, Gulab Chandra : Political History of Northern India from Jain Sources, p. 332 3. dvisa., 2.11 4. 'saptasu prakRtisusvAmyAmAtyasuhRtkozarASTradurgabalalakSaNAsu', dvisa, 2.11 para padakaumudI TIkA, pR. 28
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________________ 214 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA SaDvidha bala dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAjya ke SaDvidha bala kA zatru-nivAraNa ke liye vizeSa mahatva darzAyA gayA hai / nemicandra ne 'pada-kaumudI TIkA' meM SaDvidha-bala ko spaSTa karate hue cha: prakAra kI senAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- (1) maula, (2) bhRtaka,(3) zreNI, (4) AraNya,(5) durga tathA (6) mitra / DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya dvArA SaDvidha bala ko sainika bharatI kA srota mAnA gayA hai, ata: usakA ullekha 'sainika zakti ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. mohana canda dvArA SaDvidha bala ko zAsana-tantra sambandhI zakti athavA bala mAnA gayA hai, jisase ki rAjya sudRr3ha ho ske| kAraNa yaha hai ki 'zreNI' bala ke antargata una aThAraha tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jinakI sainya bala kI apekSA rAjya-vyavasthA eva saMgaThana kI dRSTi se adhika upAdeyatA hai / TIkAkAra nemicandra ke AdhAra para SaDvidha bala ko nimna prakAra se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai(1) maula-vaMzaparamparAgata kSatriyAdi senA / " (2) bhRtaka- padAti senA athavA vetana ke liye bharatI huI senA / (3) zreNI- senApati, gaNaka, rAjazreSThI, daNDAdhipati, mantrI, mahattara, talavara, caturvarNa (brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra), caturaMgiNI senA (padAti, azva, gaja tathA ratha), purohita, amAtya tathA mahAmAtya / pI. vI. kANe ne vyApAriyoM yA anya jana-samudAyoM kI senA ko 'zreNI bala' kahA hai|8 1. dvisa, 2.11 2. 'tacca maulabhRtakazreNyAraNyadurgamitrabhedam',dvi.sa,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 3. DaoN.nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna,pR.532 4. DaoN.mohana canda :jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pR.73 5. 'maulaM paTTasAdhanam',dvisa.,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 tu. DaoN.nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke, pR.532 'bhRtakaM padAtibalam',dvisa,,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 tu.- DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke.,pR.532 7. 'zreNayo'STAdazaH senApatiH, gaNakaH, rAjazreSThI, daNDAdhipatiH, mantrI, mahattaraH, talavaraH, catvAro varNAH,caturaGgabalam,purohitaH, amAtyo,mahAmAtyaH dvisa.,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 tathA tu.- DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke.,pR.532 8. pI.vI.kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa,bhAga 2,pR.677
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________________ 215 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana (4) AraNya- bhIla Adi jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI senA / (5) durga- durga meM rahakara lar3ane vAlI senA, jo prAya: parvatIya jAtiyoM se nirmita hotI thii| (6) mitra - sAmanta arthAt mitra rAjAoM kI senA / 3 trividha-zaktiyA~ mahAbhArata meM utsAha, prabhu aura mantra-ina trividha zaktiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| kauTilya ne ina zaktiyoM ko kramaza: vikrama bala, koza-daNDa-bala aura jJAna bala kahA hai / 5 kAmandakanItisAra meM inako adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai -SADguNya Adi kA samyak prakAra se nItinirdhAraNa mantra-zakti',koSa evaM sainya zakti 'prabhu-zakti' tathA vijigISu rAjA kI sAmrAjya-prasAra ke liye prakaTa kI gayI parAkramapUrNa kriyAzIlatA utsAha-zakti' hai / ina trividha-zaktiyoM se sampanna : rAjA sadaiva vijayI hotA hai|6 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ina zaktiyoM kI samIcInatA tathA inakA upayoga karane para bala diyA gayA hai| TIkAkAra nemicandra ne ina zaktiyoM ko 'svaparajJAnavidhAyI' kahakara inheM rAjAoM ke liye 'vibhUtihetu' mAnA 1. 'AraNyamATavikam',dvisa,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27. tu.-DaoN. nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke,pR.532 2. 'durga dhUlikoTTaparvatAdi',dvisa,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 tu.- DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke,,pR.532. 3. 'mitraM sauhRdam',dvisa,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 tu:- DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke.,pR.532. _ 'utsAhaprabhuzaktibhyAM mantrazaktyA ca bhArata / upapanno nRpo yAyAd viparItaM ca varjayet ||',mhaabhaart,aashrmvaasikprv,76 'zaktistrividhA- jJAnabalaM mantrazaktiH,kozadaNDabalaM prabhuzaktiH,vikramabalamutsAhazaktiH |',arthshaastr,6.2 (pR.543) 'mantrasya zakti sunayopacAraM sukozadaNDo prbhushktimaahuH| utsAhazakti balavadviceSTAM trizaktiyukto bhavatIha jetA // ', kAmandakanItisAra, 15.32 7. 'anArataM tisRSu satISu zaktiSu trivaryapi vyabhicarati sma na svayam |',dvis.,2.14
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________________ 216 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA hai| unake anusAra prabhu-zakti AdyA-zakti honI cAhie, mantra-zakti dvitIyA tathA utsAha-zakti tRtIyA / 2 SADguNya mahAbhArata, arthazAstra, manusmRti', zukranItisAra Adi rAjanIti-zAstra ke granthoM meM pratipAdita zAsana-tantra ke sandhi, vigraha, yAna, Asana , saMzraya tathA dvaidhIbhAva-ina SaDguNoM kA dhanaJjaya ne ullekha karate hue inheM yogakSema ke udgamavyAyAma tathA zama kI dRSTi se upAdeya mAnA hai / saMkSepa meM saMdhi-do rAjyoM meM mitratApUrNa evaM zAntipUrNa sambandha, vigraha-saMgharSa athavA yuddha, yAna-yAtrA arthAt yuddha-prayANa aura nirbala rAjA ke nagara kI gherAbandI, Asana-yuddha kA kRtrima bhaya pradarzita karanA kintu svayaM ko asamartha dekhakara yuddha ke prati nirutsAhI ho jAnA, saMzraya-kisI anya zaktizAlI rAjA kA Azraya lenA tathA dvaidhIbhAva- sandhivigraha donoM kA prayoga arthAt zatru se mitratA evaM zatrutApUrNa vyavahAra -pararASTra 'tisRSu zaktiSu prabhumantrotsAhalakSaNAsu svaparajJAnavidhAyinyaH prabhumantrotsAhazaktirUpAstisraH zaktayo bhUbhRtAM vibhuutihetvH|' uktaJcatisro hi shktyHsvaamimntrotsaahoplkssnnaaH| svaparajJAnavidhAyinyo rAjJA rAjyasya hetvH||', dvisa.,2.14 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.29 2. 'tathA coktam prabhuzaktirbhavedAdyA mntrshktidvitiiykaa| tRtIyotsAhazaktizcetyAhuH zaktitrayaM budhaaH||', dvisa,11.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.203 3. 'vRddhikSayau ca vijJeyau sthAnaM ca kurusattama / dvisaptatyAM mahAbAho tataH SADguNyajA gunnaaH||'mhaabhaart,aashrmvaasik parva,66 'sandhivigrahAsanayAnasaMzrayadvaidhIbhAvAH ssaaddgunnymityaacaaryaaH|',arthshaastr,7.1 'sandhi ca vigrahaM caiva yAnamAsanameva c| dvaidhIbhAvaM saMzrayaM ca SaDguNAMzcintayetsadA ||',mnusmRti,7.160 6. zukranItisAra,4.1065-66 'kiM vyAyAmo yo vihInaHzamena vyAyAma yaH prekSate kiM zamastau / yogakSemasyaitayoH SaDguNAste yoniH -- ||'dvis,11.15 para etayorvyAyAmazamayoH te SaDguNAH sandhivigrahayAnAsanasaMzrayadvaidhIbhAvalakSaNAH yoniH syuH pada-kaumudI TIkA, pR.204
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 217 nIti kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiM / ' dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ina SaDguNoM kA phala sthAna, vRddhi tathA kSaya ko bhI batAyA gayA hai / 2 TIkAkAra nemicandra ke anusAra vijigISu rAjA ko zatru ke sthAna sthiti meM hone para sandhi tathA Asana guNoM ko vRddhi sthiti meM hone para dvaidhIbhAva tathA saMzraya guNoM ko tathA kSaya sthiti meM hone para yAna tathA vigraha guNoM ko prayoga meM lAnA caahie| isa prakAra SaDguNoM ke prAyogika rUpa ko spaSTa karate hue unake paristhityanukUla prayoga kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai / caturvidha upAya rAjanItizAstra ke granthoM ke anusAra sAma, dAna, bheda tathA daNDa-ina caturvidha upAyoM kI pararASTra nIti-nirdhAraNa ke saMdarbha meM niyAmaka bhUmikA thI / sAma kA artha hai- vacana - cAturya se vaza meM karanA / isake antargata do rAjyoM meM mitratApUrNa evaM paropakAritA kI bhAvanA rahatI hai / kulInoM, kRtajJoM, udAra - citta vAloM evaM medhAviyoM ke sAtha sAma kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / 6 dhanAdi bhautika vastu dekara zatru ko vaza meM karanA dAna upAya hai / nirbala rAjA isa upAya ke dvArA zaktizAlI 1. tu. - 'tatra paNabandhaH sandhiH, apakAro vigrahaH, upekSaNamAsanam, abhyuccayo yAnaM, parArpaNaM saMzrayaH,sandhivigrahApAdAnaM dvaidhIbhAva iti SaDguNAH / ', arthazAstra, 7.1 tathA vizeSa draSTavya - Johari, Manorama : Politics and Ethics in Ancient India, Varanasi, 1968, p.192-99 2. --- SaDguNAste yonistebhyaH sthAnavRddhikSayAH syuH // ', dvisa, 11.15 para 'tebhyaH SaDguNebhyaH syuH, ke ? sthAna vRddhikSayAH phalAni / tathAhi yasminguNe parasya vRddhirAtmanaH kSayastasmin tiSThetsa kSayaH, yasminparasya kSaya Atmano vRddhistasmintiSThetsA vRddhiH, yasminparasya Atmanazca kSayo na tatsthAnama', pada- kaumudI TIkA., pR. 204 3. 4. 5. 6. 'yadi yAtavyaH zatrusthAnasthitaH syAttena saha sandhyAsane staH, vRddhiyutazcedbhavettena sArddhaM dvaidhiibhaavsNshryostH| yadi kSayI syAttena sAkaM yAnavigrahau staH / ', dvisa, 11.15 para pada-kaumudI TIkA, pR. 204 mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 202.20; manusmRti, 8. 198; arthazAstra, 2.10 (pR.148); AdipurANa, 8.253 tu . - ' tvatsamastu sakhAnAsti mitre sAmamimaM smRtam / parasparamaniSTaM na cintanIyaM tvayA mayA / susahAyyaM hi karttavyaM zatrau sAma prakIrtitam // ', zukranItisAra, 4.25,28 draSTavya - DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 359
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________________ 218 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA evaM lobhI rAjA ko sahaja hI anukUla banA sakatA hai / zatru rAjya ko nirbala karane ke lie vividha prakAra ke kiye gaye upAya bheda ke antargata Ate haiM / sAma meM svayaM milane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, kintu bheda meM phUTa DAlakara AdhInatA svIkAra karAnI par3atI hai / daNDakA abhiprAya hai-yuddha karanA / daNDa kA prayoga zaktihIna para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, sabala para nhiiN| ata: isa upAya kA prayoga karane se pUrva apanI zakti aura bala kA vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| uparyukta cAra upAyoM meM sAma sarvottama, bheda madhyama, dAna adhama aura daNDa kaSTatama hai| dvisandhAnamahAkAvya meM ina caturvidha upAyoM kA vizeSa ullekha huA hai| prAcIna rAjanIti-zAstrajJoM kI mAnyatA yaha rahI hai ki apane uddezya kI pUrti ke liye rAjA ko daNDa kI apekSA anya tIna upAyoM kI sahAyatA lenI cAhie, kintu yadi zatru phira bhI vaza meM na Aye aura anya tIna upAya niSphala ho jAeM, to daNDa kA prayoga karanA caahie| isa sambandha meM manu kA bhI yaha kathana hai ki rAjya kI samRddhi ke liye sAma tathA daNDa ko uttama samajhanA caahie| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra sAma se mitra-prApti hotI hai aura daNDa se zatru kI prApti,ata: sAma ke sthAna para 1. tu: mama sarvaM tavaivAsti dAnaM mitre sajIvitam // karairvA pramitainAmairvatsare prabalaM ripum / toSayettaddhi dAnaM syAdyathAyogyeSu zatruSu ||',shukrniitisaar,4.25.29 tathA draSTavya - DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : Adi purANa meM,pR.359-60 2. tu.-'mitrenyamitrasuguNAnkIrtayedbhedanaM hi tat / zatrusAdhakahInatvakaraNAtprabalAzrayAt / taddhInatojjIvanAcca zatrubhedanamucyate ||',shukrniitisaar,4.26,30 3. draSTavya -DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM,pR.359 4. 'mitre daNDo nAkariSye maitrImevaMvidho'sicet / / dasyubhiH pIDanaM zatroH karSaNaM dhndhaanytH| tacchidradarzanAduprabalairnItyA prabhISaNam // prAptayuddhAnivartitvaistrAsanaM daMDa ucyte|.',shukrniitisaar,4.26,30-31 5. draSTavya -DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM,pR.360 6. draSTavya-vahI,pR.359 7. dvisa,11.17-19 8. draSTavya-manusmRti,7.108,198 9. draSTavya-vahI,7.107,109
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 219 daNDa kA aura daNDa ke sthAna para sAma kA prayoga yuktiyukta nahIM hai / sAma nIti ko sudRr3ha AdhAra pradAna karane ke liye dAna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, isalie siddhAnta rUpa se sAma aura dAna yuddha-virodhI nIti haiM / sAma tathA dAna meM kucha antara bhI hai vaha yaha ki samAna zaktizAlI rAjA kevala sAma ke vyavahAra se yuddhAbhimukha ho sakate haiM, kintu zaktizAlI tathA nirbala rAjAoM ke madhya sAma ke sAtha dAna kA prayoga Avazyaka hai / astu , sAma ke dvArA zatru kA pratikAra sambhava nahIM, isalie guptacaroM dvArA zatru rAjA ke parAmarzadAtAoM meM bheda DAla dene se usakA rAjya jItanA sugama ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna rAjanIti meM cAroM upAyoM kA svatantra astitva rahA hogaa| rAjya-vyavasthArAjAoM ke bheda tathA upAdhiyA~ jaina paurANika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra prAya: rAjAoM ke cakravartI, ardhacakravartI, maNDalezvara, ardhamaNDalezvara, mahAmANDalika, adhirAja, rAjA, nRpati, bhUpAla Adi bheda the| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM prajApati, rAjA , nRpati , nRpa , 1. 'sAmnA mitrArAtipAto bhavetAM daNDenAraM kevalaM naiva maitrii| sAntve daNDaH sAma daNDe na vaDherdAho'styekaH zaityadAhau himasya ||',dvis.,11.17 2. . tu.-'uktaJca sAmapremaparaM vAkyaM dAnaM vittasya cArpaNam / bhedo ripujanAkRSTiH daNDa: zrI prANasaMhRtiH ||'dvis.4.19 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.58 3. draSTavya - pI.vI.kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa,bhAga 2,pR.660-61 'sAmnArabdhe zAtrave ki carairvA bhedyA dUtaireva tsyopjaapyaaH| bhinnaM rAjyaM supravezaM maNiM vA vajrotkIrNaM nirvizetki na tantu ||',dvis.,1119 5. DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM,pR.364-365 dvisa.,2.3 vahI,2.32;3.1,16,17,30,5.1,22,33;7.30,608.25,34,57;10.43; 11.28,41,147,25,35,16.4,9,18,43,59,80,17.24,83,18.3,113 8. vahI,3.22,4.446.3;8.49,9.14,1417,26,1677 9. vahI,137;2.16,4.8,12,17,37,50,53;6.8,29,761,84,8.55:10:20; 13.44,167,20,54,86,17.22
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________________ 220 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA narendra', bhUpati, narezvara, bhUbhuja, jagatIpati', jagatIbhuja, mahIbhuja , mahIpati', mahIkSita9, vizvavizvambharAnAtha 10, bhUpa 11, bhUmipa 12, kSmAdhipa 13, bhUbhRta14, sAmanta15, cakrI(cakravartI) 16, avanisvAmI 17 Adi saMjJAeM rAjA ke liye prayukta huI haiM / rAjA ke lie prayukta purANokta abhidhAnoM meM se cakravartI bharata kSetra ke chaH khaNDoM kA18 tathA ardhacakravartI tIna khaNDoM kA 19 svAmI hotA thA / rAjA ke mahArAja, mANDalika, sAmanta Adi bheda sAmAnyata: rAjA ke artha meM hI prayukta hote the, kintu guptakAla se prArambha hone vAlI zAsana vyavasthA meM ina saMjJAoM meM rAjya-zakti evaM dhana-samRddhi ke AdhAra para pArthakya rahA thA / udAharaNata: 'mahArAja' sAmAnya rAjA se kucha adhika rAjya kA svAmI hotA thA / 'mANDalika' ke antargata bhI aneka rAjA evaM sAmanta hote the / sAmantoM ko prAya: 'rAjA', 'bhUpati', 'bhUbhuja', 1. dvisa., 3.23,4.38, 6.47, 13.42, 16.17,80 2. vahI, 4.1, 6.44, 10.14,16.55, 18.135 3. vahI, 4.30, 4. vahI, 4.43, 18.84 5. vahI, 5.46 6. vahI, 6.20 vahI vahI, 6.33 vahI,6.38,16.60 10. vahI, 7.20 11. vahI, 8.30, 14.4, 24, 15.50, 16.57, 18.136 12. vahI, 8.31,16.78 7. 8. 9. 13. vahI, 8.32 14. vahI, 10.33 15. vahI, 14.5, 18.114,18.137 16. vahI, 17.4 17. vahI, 18.145 18. tu. - 'battI sasahassamauDabaddhapahudIo / hodi hu sayalaM cakkI titthayaro sayalabhuvaNavaI // ', tiloyapaNNatti, 1.48 19. tu. ----' tadanantara svargaM gatvA punarmanuSyo bhUtvA trikhaNDAbhipatirvAsudevo bhavati / ', paramAtmaprakAza 1.42 para TIkA, pR. 42
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 221 'bhUpa' Adi abhidhAnoM se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| ye rAjAoM kI bhedaparaka saMjJA kI nyUnatama ikAI hote the| isakI puSTi isase hotI hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM sAmantoM ke lie rAjaka zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai, jo hInArthaka kan pratyaya se yukta hai / 2 sAtavIM zatI se uttarottara bArahavIM zatI taka ke rAjasthAna kI pratihAra-zAsana praNAlI tathA cAlukya zAsana-vyavasthA meM rAjAoM ke liye 'rAjAdhirAja-paramezvara', 'mahArAja', 'mahArAjAdhirAja-paramezvara' 'paramabhaTTAraka', 'mahArAjAdhirAja', 'paramezvara', 'cakravartI' Adi upAdhiyoM kA prayoga pracura mAtrA meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| sAmanta vyavasthA madhyayugIna rAjya-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM 'sAmanta' eka mahatvapUrNa pAribhASika zabda mAnA gayA hai| azvaghoSa ke saundarananda5 tathA kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza meM sAmanta zabda kA isI pAribhASika artha meM prayoga huA hai / bANa ke harSacarita ke samaya taka sAmanta-vyavasthA pUrNata: vikasita ho cukI thii| dvisandhAnamahAkAvya meM bhI sAmanta vyavasthA kA paryApta vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| prAya: sAmanta rAjA apane svAmI rAjA ke sAmane natamastaka rahate the aura rAjya ke mahatvapUrNa avasaroM para rAjasabhA meM upasthita rahate the| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM nArAyaNa dvArA janatA ke liye kI gayI surakSA-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hokara sAmanta rAjAoM dvArA janatA se hone vAlI Aya kA janatA ke hita meM vyaya kiye jAne kA ullekha bhI 1. draSTavya-DaoN.mohana candaHjaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja,pR.84 2. dvisa.,16.21,71 3. Sharma, Dasharatha : Rajasthan Through the Ages, Bikaner, 1966, p.309 4. Majumdar, R.C. : The History & Culture of the Indian People : The Classical Age, Bombay, 1954, p. 353 saundarananda,245 6. raghuvaMza,5.28,6.33 7. draSTavya - vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla : harSacarita - eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1964,pariziSTa - 2,pR.221-24 tathA rAmazaraNa zarmA : bhAratIya sAmantavAda (anu. - Aditya nArAyaNa siMha),dillI,1973., pR.1-2 8. draSTavya - dvisa.,18.137
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________________ 222 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA prApta hotA hai / yadi rAjA apane parAkrama se sAmanta rAjA kI rakSArtha udyama kare yA usakI rakSA kare to sAmanta rAjA use dhana ityAdi ke atirikta apanI putrI bhI patnI rUpa meM pradAna kara detA thA / 2 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra sAmanta rAjAoM ke saMgha bhI hote haiM / 3 rAjA ke guNa, kartavya aura uttaradAyitva dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAjA ko kAma, krodha, mAna, lobha, harSa aura mada - ina cha: prakAra ke zatruoM para vijayI honA cAhie / rAjA ke Adarza guNoM ke sandarbha meM dhanaJjaya rAjA kI nimnalikhita yogyatAoM kA honA Avazyaka samajhate haiM 1. vIratA aura zatrusaMhAra - zakti / 2. indriyajayI, vyasana - sevanarahita - AcAra | 3. paropakAra-vRtti- svAmI, sakhA aura gurujana ke rUpa meM vyavahAra / 6 sabhI zAstrakAroM ne rAjA ke pradhAna kartavya ke rUpa meM 'prajA-rakSaNa' ko svIkAra kiyA hai / mahAbhArata ke anusAra sAtoM rAjazAstrapraNetAoM ne rAjA ke liye prajA-rakSaNa sabase bar3A dharma mAnA hai / 7 manu' tathA kAlidAsa' bhI isa mantavya kA ullekha karate haiM / sAmAnyata: prajA-rakSaNa se abhiprAya hai - coroM, DAkuoM Adi ke Antarika AkramaNoM tathA bAhya zatruoM se prajA ke prANa evaM sampatti kI rakSA karanA / 1deg dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM bhI isI prakAra rAjA ke ucca Adarza pratipAdita 1. dvisa, 18.136 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. draSTavya--vahI, 9.52 'na nAma pratisAmantaM tresuH ke saMghavRttayaH / ', vahI, 18.144 draSTavya - dvisa, 2.11 para pada kaumudI TIkA, pR. 27 vahI, 2.10 tu - nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR. 522 mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 68. 1-4 7. 8. manusmRti, 7.144 9. raghuvaMza, 14.67 10. 'bRhaspatiH / tatprajApAlanaM proktaM trividhanyAyavedibhiH / paracakrAccaurabhayAd balino nyAyavartinaH //
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 223 kiye gaye haiM / yathA dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa ke sAtha nyAyapUrvaka prajA kA pAlana karanA cAhie / isake anusAra rAjA hI sajjanoM kA bhAgya vidhAtA evaM durjanoM kA nAzaka hai, ata: prajA ko jo bhI prApta hotA hai, vaha bhAgya se nahIM, apitu rAjA ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai / 2 isa samasta prakriyA hetu rAjA ke liye saMyamita hokara, apanI dinacaryA vyavasthita kara, mantrIgaNa tathA janatA kA vizvAsa prApta karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / 3 uttarAdhikAra prAcIna bhAratIya mAnyatAoM ke anusAra rAjya kA uttarAdhikAra AnuvaMzika hotA thA tathA bahudhA jyeSTha putra ko hI rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiyA jAtA thA / * kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke matAnusAra rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI jyeSTha putra ho, isameM koI hAni to nahIM hai, kintu avinIta rAjaputra rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI nahIM ho sakatA / manusmRti ke anusAra jyeSTha putra kI utpatti ke uparAnta manuSya pitR-RNa se uRNa ho jAtA hai, ataH jyeSTha putra apane pitA se saba kucha prApta karatA hai / 6 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra bhI rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kA vaMzaja hotA thA / vaMzajoM meM bhI jyeSTha putra ko hI sarvaprathama uttarAdhikAra dene ke liye manonIta kiyA jAtA thA / 7 uttarAdhikAra ke lie saMgharSa dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya meM usa samaya ke uttarAdhikAra sambandhI Antarika saMgharSa kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai / rAjA ke apane parivAra meM hI saMgharSa kI yaha sthiti vidyamAna thI / rAniyoM kA vizeSa rUpa se uttarAdhikAra para hastakSepa rahatA thA / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa kaikeyI dvArA jyeSTha parAnIkastenabhayamupAyaiH zamayennRpaH / balavatparibhRtAnAM pratyahaM nyAyadarzanaiH // ', rAjanItiprakAza dvArA uddhRta, pR. 254-55 1. dvisa, 4.14,18 2. vahI, 4.17 3. draSTavya - vahI, 4.13 4. pI.vI. kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, pR. 595-96 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra,1.17 (TIkAkAra- rAmateja zAstrI pANDeya), kAzI, 1964, pR.58 6. manusmRti, 9.109 7. dvisa., 4.21
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________________ 224 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA (kauzalyA) putra ko vana bhijavAkara apane putra ko uttarAdhikArI banavAne kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| rAjyAbhiSeka prAya: sabhI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM rAjyAbhiSeka kA eka mahotsava ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvisandhAna -mahAkAvya meM bhI rAjyAbhiSeka mahotsava kA vistRta varNana huA hai| vahA~ yaha mahotsava rAjA evaM prajA donoM ke liye hI harSonmAdaka-avasara thA, isIlie sArA nagara tathA nagaravAsI bhalIbhA~ti sajjita darzAye gaye haiN| rAjyAbhiSeka kA samaya rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya rAjakumAra kI nizcita Ayu kyA ho, isa viSaya meM prAya: koI spaSTa evaM sudRr3ha niyama nahIM milate / prAya: rAjakumAra ke yuvA hone, zikSA pUrNa karane tathA vivAhoparAnta hI rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA / athavA, rAjA jaba samajhe ki vaha aba vRddha ho cukA hai aura svayaM rAjakAja sambhAlane meM asamartha hai, taba vaha rAjakumAra kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane kI icchA karatA thaa| rAjA tathA usakA mantrimaNDala madhyakAlIna zAsana-vyavasthA meM mahArAjAdhirAja' hI sampUrNa rAjyatantra kA ekamAtra svAmI hotA thaa| AdarzAtmaka mApadaNDoM ke pariprekSya meM smatikAroM Adi ne rAjA ko yaha nirdeza diye haiM ki ve apanA zAsana mantriyoM Adi ke parAmarzoM ke anusAra calAyeM / rAjadharma ke niyamoM ke anusAra rAjA ke liye yaha Avazyaka thA ki vaha mantrimaNDala ko bhI vizvAsa meM le| rAjA harSavardhana isI prakAra kA 1. dvisa,4.34 2. DaoN.mohana candaHjaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja,pR.92 3. dvisa,4.22-28 4. vahI,41-11 4. Panikar, K.M. : Shri Harsha of Kannauj, Bombay, 1962, p.32 6. manusmRti,7.55-56; yAjJavalkya 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra,1.15 smRti,1.312,17
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 225 rAjA thA tathA sadaiva apane mantriyoM kI mantraNAoM ko zAsana kArya meM ucita sthAna detA thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjakIya Adarza kI dRSTi se rAjA ke liye mantriyoM arthAt mantrimaNDala kA parAmarza kitanA Avazyaka hai / sAmAnyata: paramparA calI A rahI thI ki rAjA ko apane mantriyoM se parAmarza karake hI rAjakArya calAnA caahie| manu ke mata meM jina viSayoM para mantriyoM se mantraNA karanA Avazyaka hai, ve haiM-zAnti evaM yuddha, sthAna (senA, koza Adi), kara ke udgama, rakSA, upalabdha dhana kI rakSA tathA usakA vitaraNa / 2 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM 'mantrazAlA' meM rAjAoM-mantriyoM Adi kI mantraNA hone kA ullekha huA hai, jisakA mukhya viSaya thA- yuddha kI sthiti para vicAra karanA / yaha 'mantrazAlA' saba prakAra ke kolAhala se rahita mainA, totA Adi taka ke praveza se varjita thii| ThIka aise hI mantraNA-sthala ke upayoga kA nirdeza kauTilya ne kiyA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM mantraNA ke pA~ca tattva svIkAra kiye gaye haiM1.mantraNA-sthAna, 2. mantraNA-kAla, 3. mantraNIya viSaya-kArambha, 4. upAya tathA 5.mantradAtA / mantraNA kA svarUpa cAra dRSTiyoM se spaSTa hotA thA- arthasAdhaka artha, 2. anarthakArI artha, 3. arthabAdhaka anartha tathA 4. anarthakArI anartha / 1. harSacarita,6 2. manusmRti,7.58-59 3. dvisa.,sarga 11 4. vahI,11:2 5. draSTavya-kauTilIya arthazAstra,1.15 6. 'mantraM paJcakaM zAstrazuddhaiH,dvisa.,11.2 tathA isa para kathambhUtaM mantram ? paJcakaM paJcAvayavA yasya tam, kasminmantryam, kimmantryama, kaiH saha mantryamiti trividho viklpH| Adyo dezakAlApekSayA dviSThaH dvitIya karmaNAmArambhopAya ityAdibhiH pnyckH|', pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.199-200 7. 'tenAlocyaM vo'nubandhezcaturbhiH',dvisa.11.3 tathA isa para anubandhaiHkatisaMkhyopetaiH? caturbhiH-artho'rthaH, arthamanarthaH, anarthamarthaH, anarthamanarthaH, atra vAsanA nirUpyate arthA'rthAnubandhI, artho'narthAnubandhI, anartho'rthAnubandhI, anartho'narthAnubandhItyevaM rUpairiti |',pd-kaumudii TIkA,pR.200
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________________ 226 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA koSa-saMgrahaNa __ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra vaNik-patha, khAna, vana, setu, vraja, durga tathA rASTra rAjya kI koSa vRddhi ke mahatvapUrNa sAdhana the / vaNikpatha arthAt vyavasAyiyoM ke mArgoM (bAjAroM) se khAnoM arthAt ratnotpatti sthAnoM se, vanoM se, setu arthAt samudra taTa para Ane jAne vAle vyApAriyoM kI naukAoM se, vajoM arthAt pazu-pAlana vyavasAya karane vAle grAmoM athavA gokuloM se rAjA apane koSa kI vRddhi karate the| durga se Aya-vRddhi hone kA abhipretArtha durgoM meM vyavasAya karane vAloM se liyA gayA zulka saMbhava ho sakatA hai / nItivAkyAmRtakAra ne rASTra ko pazu-dhAnya-hiraNya (svarNa) Adi sampattiyoM se sampanna mAnA hai| rAjA kI Aya-vRddhi ke pramukha sAdhana ye rASTra bhI the / sAmanta rAjAoM dvArA upahAra Adi ke rUpa meM svAmI rAjAoM ko aneka prakAra kI dhana-saMpatti inhIM rASTroM se prApta hotI thii| isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke varNanAnusAra uparyukta sAta srotoM se rAjya-koSa meM vRddhi sambhava thii| zAsana-vyavasthA dhanaJjayakAlIna bhArata aneka rAjyoM meM vibhakta thA / pramukha rAjyoM kA mitra dezoM se rAjanItika tathA vyApArika sambandha bhI rahatA thaa| ataeva tatsambandhI vicAroM kA samAveza bhI dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM huA hai / rAjanItika pariprekSya meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM zAsana-vyavasthA ke vibhinna padoM kA ullekha AyA hai,5 jo isa prakAra haiM1. 'vaNik pathe khaniSu vaneSu setuSu vrajeSu yo'hani nizi durgraassttryoH|',dvis,2.13 2. vahI,2.13,para pada- kaumudI TIkA,pR.28 3. draSTavya- nItivAkyAmRta,20.1 4. 'pazudhAnyahiraNyasampadA rAjate zobhate iti rASTram',vahI,19.1 draSTavya-'amAtyaM sacivaM mahattaraM purohitaM daNDanAyakaM ca,dvisa, 2.12 para pada-kaumudI TIkA, pR.28 tathA 'durgAdhyakSadhanAdhyakSakarmAdhyakSasenApatipurohitAmAtyajyotiH zAstrajJA hi mUlaM kSitipatInAM',dvisa.,2:22 para nemicandra kRta TIkA,punazca "bhANDAgArI camUbhartA durgAdhyakSaH purohitH| karmAdhyakSo'tha daivajJo mantrI mUlaM hi bhUbhRtAm // ", dvisa.,2.22 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.31 para uddhRta
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 1. sAmanta 1 madhyakAlIna zAsana-vyavasthA meM ina sAmanta rAjAoM kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA / aise sAmanta rAjA kisI bar3e rAjA ke adhIna rahakara usake mantrimaNDala jo bhI lAbha ho sake usake liye satata prayatnazIla rahate the / 2. amAtya 2 samasta rAjakAryoM kI vyavasthA amAtya ke mAdhyama se hI kI jAtI thI / ise nemicandra zAstrI ne pradhAnamantrI ke samakakSa svIkAra kiyA hai / 3 yuddha, AkramaNa, kara, zulka evaM daNDa ke liye yaha rAjA ko parAmarza detA thA / rAjA bhI isake parAmarza binA koI kArya prArambha nahIM karatA thA / 3. saciva 227 sainika tathA vyavasthA sambandhI gatividhiyoM kI sUcanA rAjA saciva se prApta karatA thA / 4. mantrI 4 sAma, dAma, bheda aura daNDa caturvidha nIti kA yathocita upayoga tathA usake pariNAma kA vicAra mantrI hI karatA thA / 5. senApati nemicandra ne pada-kaumudI TIkA meM isakA camUbhartA zabda se ullekha kiyA hai| sainya vibhAga kI sArI vyavasthA va jimmedArI senApati para hotI thI / rAjA kI samasta caturaMgiNI senA isI ke adhIna mAnI jAtI thI / 1. dvisa, 12.37, 14.8,26 2. vahI, 14.1 3. nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR. 526 4. dvisa,4.33,11.1 5. vahI, 2.22 para pada kaumudI TIkA, pR. 31
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________________ 228 6. purohita 1 purohita kA pada bhI zAsana vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM atimahatvapUrNa thA / yaha dharma, jyotiSa sambandhI kAryoM meM rAjA kA mArgadarzana karatA thA / yaha nItizAstra, vyUha-racanA Adi meM pravINa hotA thA / yuddha-prayANa ke samaya rAjA ke sAtha rahatA thA / vijaya prApti ke liye kavaca Adi pahanakara yuddha bhI karatA thA / 7. koSAdhyakSa sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA pada-kaumudI TIkA meM isakA dhanAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM ullekha AyA hai / yaha rAjA ke koSa ko bar3hAne kA prayatna karatA thA, ata: isakA sthAna bhI mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / 8. daivajJa pada-kaumudIkAra ne isakA jyotiHzAstrajJa zabda se ullekha kiyA hai / 3 rAjyAdhikAriyoM meM isakA kArya purohita se bhinna mAnA gayA hai / daivajJa nakSatra, lagna Adi kI sUcanA dene kA kArya karatA thA, jabaki purohita dhArmika kriyA-kalApoM ko karatA thA / daivajJa purohita kI bhA~ti rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM se sambaddha nahIM hotA thA / 9. mahattara rAjya ke sabhI kArya-akArya isakI jAnakArI meM rahate the / zulka Adi kI ghoSaNA isI ke parAmarza se hotI thI / 10. bhANDAgA zastrAstra bhaNDAra ke uccAdhikArI ko 'bhANDAgArI' kahakara spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai / DaoN. mohanacanda ne bhANDAgArI ko AyudhAgArika ke tulya mAnA hai / * 2. 1. dvisa., 3.9, 19; 4.37 tathA draSTavya - pI.vI. kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 133 dvisa, 2.22 para pada-kaumudI TIkA 3. vahI 4. DaoN. mohana canda : jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.1.16
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 229 11. daNDanAyaka daNDanAyaka ko 'nyAyAdhIza' yA 'daNDAdhikArI' mAnA gayA hai| yaha aneka pramANoM dvArA vivAdoM kI parIkSA kara rAjA ko anake pariNAmoM se avagata karAtA thaa| dvisandhAna meM eka sthAna para nyAyAdhIza zabda kA ullekha bhI AyA hai| 12. durgAdhyakSa yaha durga kI antaraMga-vyavasthA kI dekharekha karatA thaa| nemicandra ne apanI TIkA meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| 13. karmAdhyakSa zAsana-vyavasthA ke antargata pada-kaumudI TIkA meM isa pada kA ullekha bhI pRthak se kiyA gayA hai| * 14. sArthavAha vyApAriyoM ko sArthavAha kahA gayA hai| ye bhI rAjakArya se sambaddha the| prazAsanika dRSTi se ye bhI kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM the| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM uparyukta prazAsanika padoM ke atirikta anya zAsana tathA anta:pura se sambaddha karmacAriyoM kA ullekha bhI AyA hai1. guptacara rAjA ke rAjanaitika pakSa kI dRSTi se dvisandhAna meM guptacara kI kAryavidhi kA mahatvapUrNa aMkana kiyA gayA hai| guptacaroM ke mAdhyama se hI aparAdhiyoM kI gatividhiyoM tathA prajA kI vAstavika sthiti kA jJAna prApta kara rAjA zAsana-vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha banAtA thA / dvisandhAna ke anusAra kRSi ke kSetra meM kRSaka ko, bAhya pradezoM meM gvAloM ko, jaMgaloM meM bhIloM ko, zaharoM meM vyApAriyoM ko,sImAoM para kaulAdi sAdhuoM ko tathA rAjAoM, rAjaputroM, kuTumbiyoM tathA mantriyoM meM unake karmacAriyoM ko guptacara banAyA jAnA cAhie / isI prakAra anta: pura meM badhiroM, 1. dvisa,3.25 2. vahI,,2.22 para pada-kaumudI TIkA 3. vahI 4. vahI,1.18
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________________ 230 sandhAna kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA apaMgoM tathA kubar3oM ko guptacara banAkara rAjya kI suvyavasthA, zAsana kA pUrNatayA pAlana tathA prajA kI sukha-suvidhA kI dekharekha kI jA sakatI hai / 1 2. dUta 1 eka rAjA se dUsare rAjA taka sandeza pahu~cAne kA kArya dUta hI karate the / ye rAjanItijJa tathA kuzala vaktA hote the / isa sandarbha meM hanumAna athavA zrIzaila kA dUta- kArya vizeSa draSTavya hai / 3 3. kaMcukI 4 antaHpura kA vizvAsapAtra sevaka / 4. kubja' yaha anta:pura meM rahakara rAjakumAroM kI sevA karatA thA / rAjakumAroM kA manoraMjana karanA hI isakA mukhya kArya pratIta hotA hai / napuMsaka ha 5. inakA mukhya kArya anta:pura kI rakSA karanA thA / antaHpura meM striyoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa ina prahariyoM kA napuMsakatva ullekhanIya hai / 6. bhaDue ye strI-vezadhArI puruSa athavA hijar3e ho sakate haiM / inakA pramukha kArya manoraMjana karanA pratIta hotA hai / dvisa., 2.15-17 1. 2 . vahI, 13.1 vizeSa draSTavya - vahI, 13.16-36 3. 4. vahI,3.13 vahI,3.15,21 5. 6. vahI, 3.15 7. vahI, 1.30
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 7. naTa abhinaya Adi kArya karane vAle rAjakIya puruSa naTa kahalAte the / dvisandhAna meM naTa, gAthaka, sUta Adi kI kalA ke pradarzana kA ullekha AyA hai / 2 8. sUtare rAjA kI stuti meM kAvyAtmaka prazasti gAne vAlA vyakti / 4 9. nartaka rAjakIya samArohoM meM 'nartakI' nRtya Adi kArya karatI thI / 10. paricArikAeM paricArikAoM kI niyukti rAjA-rAniyoM kI sevA-suzruSA ke liye anta:pura meM kI jAtI thI / dvisandhAna meM pacAsa varSa kI bUr3hI paricArikAoM kA ullekha AyA hai / 6 inake atirikta dvisandhAna meM gajArohI," azvArohI,' sAIsa' Adi karmacAriyoM kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai / yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI ke uparAnta kA bhAratIya itihAsa choTe-bar3e yuddhoM se bharA par3A hai| ataeva yuddhoM se arAjakatApUrNa rAjanItika vAtAvaraNa meM sAmanta-paddhati kA uttarottara vikAsa huA aura unakA svArtha kevala apane-apane rAjyoM kI surakSA mAtra raha gyaa| isa pRSThabhUmi meM sambhavata: dvisandhAna kI racanA huI / dvisandhAna meM yuddha kA mukhya kAraNa pratipakSI rAjA dvArA anya rAjA kI patnI 231 1. 2. 3. vahI, 4.22,5.56 'sUtA nRpANAM yudhi nAmadheyaM vRttaM nipeThuH kRtavRttabandham / ', vahI, 5.56 vahI, 1.30 'purandhrayaH paJcAzaduttIrNadazA', vahI, 3.15 vahI, 4.37 si., 1.18, 4.22 'naTagAthakasUtasUnavaH paTavaH peTharUpetya maMgalam', vahI, 4.22 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. vahI 9. vahI, 1.16
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________________ 232 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA kA apaharaNa kara lenA hai / dvisandhAna ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai, ki yuddha prArambha karane se AkramaNakArI rAjA pratipakSI rAjA ko pUrNa sthiti se avagata karAtA thaa| dvisandhAna meM do sthAnoM para isa prakAra ke prasaMga dekhane meM Ate haiM / eka, sugrIva ke pAsa lakSmaNa dUta rUpa meM jAkara use usake pramAda ke liye tAr3ate haiM / phalasvarUpa sugrIva sandhi kara letA hai| dUsare, hanumAna tathA zrIzaila dUta rUpa meM rAvaNa tathA jarAsandha se yuddha kA kAraNa batAte hue sItA yA sundarI ko lauTAne kA parAmarza dete haiN| pratipakSI rAvaNa parAmarza na mAnakara yuddha kA nizcaya karatA hai / / yuddhanIti tathA mantrimaNDala dvArA vicAra-vimarza rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM rAjyasattA mukhya rUpa se sainya-bala para hI nirbhara karatI thii| kauTilya ke mata meM rAjA sadaiva amAtyoM tathA bAhya rAjAoM ke kopa se bhayabhIta rahatA thaa| isI kAraNavaza pararASTra nIti meM senA tathA yuddhoM kA mahatva bar3ha gayA thaa| vijigISu rAjA ko daNDanIti ke prayoga se pUrva mantraNA lenI Avazyaka thii| dvisandhAna meM sAma-dAna-bheda-daNDa, ina cAroM upAyoM ke dezakAlAnusArI upayoga para bala diyA gayA hai, kyoMki sAmAdi ke dvArA mitra-prApti tathA zatru-vinAza hotA hai tathA daNDa ke dvArA zatru hI hote haiM, mitra nahIM, ata: sAma ke sthAna para daNDa aura daNDa ke sthAna para sAma kA prayoga nahIM karanA caahie|4 isake atirikta daNDa ke prayoga se pUrva pratipakSI rAjA kI zakti arthAt kitanI usakI apanI zakti hai aura kitanI use dUsaroM se mila sakatI hai, kA jJAna kara lenA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / 5 yuddha hone para bandhu-bAndhavoM Adi nirdoSa logoM ko hAni na pahu~ce isakA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa|6 1. draSTavya-dvisa.,sarga 10 2. draSTavya - vahI,sarga 13 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra,6.1.1 'sAmnA mitrArAtipAto bhavetAM daNDenAraM kevalaM naiva maitrii| sAntve daNDa: sAma daNDe na vaDherdAho'styekaH zaityadAho himasya ||',dvis.,11.17 'apyajJAtvA rAvaNAvAryazakti ke me tantrAvApayozcetyamatvA / no sthAtavyaM dezakAlAnapekSaM zayyotthAya dhAvatAM kaarysiddhiH||', vahI, 11.21 'tatsaMhAro mA sma bhUdvandhutAyAH siddhAdezavyaktaye siddhshailm| nItvA viSNuM taM parIkSAmahe'mI jJAtvA daNDaM sAma vA yojyaamH||'vhii,11.40
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana senA kA svarUpa tathA usake prakAra zukranItisAra ke anusAra zastrAstroM se sajjita manuSya Adi samudAya ko senA kahate haiM / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya meM caturaMgiNI senA kA ullekha AyA hai / 2 caturaMgiNI senA meM padAti, azva, ratha tathA gaja senA kA parigaNana kiyA jAtA hai / dvisandhAna meM senA kI bharatI ke srotoM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM nemicandra ne dvisandhAna kI apanI TIkA meM cha: prakAra kI senA kA ullekha kiyA hai1. maula - vaMza paramparA se AyI huI kSatriya Adi jAtiyA~, 2. bhRtya - vetana bhogI senA, 3. zreNI - zastravidyA meM pAraMgata jAtiyA~, 4. AraNya - bhIla Adi jaMgalI jAtiyA~, 5. durga- kevala durga meM rahakara hI lar3ane vAlI senA tathA 6. mitra balamitra - rAjyoM kI senA / 3 - 1 yuddha- dharma, prayANa tathA sainya zivira sAmAnyata: yuddha prAta: prArambha hote the tathA sAyaMkAla ko agale dina ke liye sthagita kara diye jAte the| isake atirikta yuddhabhUmi meM parAkrama evaM yuddha - pravINatA ko mahatva diyA jAtA thA, isalie padAti ke padAti se, rathI ke rathI se, azvArohI ke azvArohI se tathA gajArohI ke gajArohI se yuddha meM pratyeka ko apanI kuzalatA dikhAne kA avasara mila jAtA thA / 5 233 yuddha prayANa ke avasara para zubha muhUrta dekhA jAtA thA / samasta senA ko vibhinna prakAra se sajjita kiyA jAtA thA / 6 bherI Adi vAdyoM ke ghoSa se nAgarikoM tathA sainikoM ko prayANa kI sUcanA dI jAtI thI / 7 sainya prayANa ke samaya vibhinna 1. 'senA zastrAstrasaMyuktA manuSyAdigaNAtmikA', zukranItisAra, 4.864 2. dvisa.,14.7 3. ' SaDvidhabalam', dvisa, 2.11 para 'maulaM bhRtaka zreNyAraNyadurgamitrabhedanam / maulaM paTTasAdhanam, bhRtakaM padAtibalam, zreNyoSTAdazaH AraNyamATavikam durgadhUlikoTTaparvatAdi, mitraM sauhRdam / ', nemicandra kRta pada-kaumudI TIkA draSTavya- dvisa., 17.24,89 'ratho barUthasya hayasya vAjI gajaH kareNoH padikaH padAteH / durmantritaM dhyAnamivAtmabimbaM svasyaiva saMnaddhamivAgrato'bhUt // ', vahI, 16.8 6. vahI, 14.5 7. vahI,14.2-3 4. 5.
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________________ 234 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA adhikArI senA ke sAtha calate the, dvisandhAna meM rAma athavA balarAma kA kAle hAthI para car3hakara senA ke sAtha calane kA varNana hai| cataraMgiNI senA ke prayANa para nemicandra ne apanI TIkA meM usakA krama hasti senA, azva senA, ratha senA tathA padAti senA rakhA hai| senA ke sAtha rAjaparivAroM kI striyA~ bhI yuddha meM jAtI thIM tathA sainika bhI apanI striyoM ko yuddha meM sAtha le jAte the|3| sainikoM tathA ghor3oM Adi ko vizrAma dene ke liye mArga meM zivira lagAye jAte the| ina ziviroM meM rAjA vana paMktiyoM ke pIche tathA sainika dampatti guphAoM meM vizrAma karate the| isa prakAra rAjA tathA senA ko prAkRtika vana pradezoM meM dAmpatya sukha bhogane kI pUrI suvidhA mila jAtI thii| ina avasaroM para dvisandhAna meM Aye varNanoM ke anusAra rAjA tathA sainya samUha vana-vihAra tathA salila-krIDA kA Anandopabhoga bhI karate the| ziviroM meM Thahare hue sainya pazuoM kA bhI vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| dvisandhAna meM hAthiyoM ke jalAzaya meM snAna kA varNana hai / isI prakAra azvasenA bhI jala-snAna evaM pRthvI para loTa lagAne Adi kriyAoM se santuSTa ho jAtI thii| jaba hAthI, ghor3e tRpta ho jAte the, taba hAthiyoM ko per3oM ke tanoM se tathA ghor3oM ko paTTamaya astabaloM meM bA~dha diyA jAtA thaa| Ayudha dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM aneka AyudhoM kA ullekha huA hai, jinheM ghamAsAna yuddha meM prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / DaoN. mohanacanda ne ina AyudhoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai 1. dvisa.,146 2. draSTavya - vahI,147 para pada-kaumudI TIkA 3. vahI,14.47 4. vahI,14.38 5. vahI,15.1 6. vahI,1436 7. vahI,14.37 8. vahI,14.38 9. DaoN.mohana candaHjaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja,pR.169
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 235 (ka) AkramaNAtmaka Ayudha tathA (kha) surakSAtmaka Ayudha / (ka) AkramaNAtmaka Ayudha 1. dhanuSa' , 2. bANa2, 3. talavAra, 4. kunta, 5. tomara', 6. zakti , 7.sella , 8. bhalli', 9. prAsa, 10. tIrI10, 11. yaSTi11, 12. mudgara 2, 13. cakra'3, 14. parazu4, 15. gadA15, 16. zastrI16, 17. kRpANa17, 18. tUNIra,18 19. lAgala19 / 1. dvisa.,6.27 2. vahI,5.60,621 3. vahI,6.27,16.30 4. vahI,14.7 5. vahI,147 para pada-kaumudI TIkA vahI 7. vahI 8. vahI 10. vahI 11. vahI 12. vahI 13. vahI 14. vahI,6.27 15. vahI 16. vahI,18.20 17. vahI,16.3 18. vahI,16.29 19. vahI,10.22
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________________ 236 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dvisandhAna ke vivaraNAnusAra bANa ke anekAneka prakAra usa samaya pracalita - zilImukha, zara, patatrire, ropaNa, kaNa', zitArddhacandraka the / yathA Adi / divyAstra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ghanaghora yuddha ke avasara para kucha divyAstroM ke prayoga kA ullekha bhI AyA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se ye adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM haiM / inakA ullekha rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata Adi granthoM se prabhAvita jAna par3atA hai / ye divyAstra nimnalikhita haiM 1 1. nAgapAza - sarpa barasAne vAlA astra / 2. garur3Astra' - sarpAstra kA nivAraka astra / 3. AgneyAstra' - yuddhabhUmi meM agni phailAne vAlA astra / 4. meghAstra1deg - vRSTi saMcAraka astra / AgneyAstra kA nirodhaka astra / 5. prasvApanAstra11 - senA meM mUrcchA phailAne vAlA astra / (kha) surakSAtmaka Ayudha surakSAtmaka AyudhoM meM kavaca 12 athavA varma tathA kheTaka 13 (DhAla) pramukha 1. dvisa, 6.8 2. 3. 4. vahI,6.21,7.23 vahI, 6.16 vahI,6.26 vahI, 6.24 vahI, 6.19 5. 6. 7. vahI,18.44 8. vahI, 18.52 9. vahI,18.36 10. vahI, 18.41 11. vahI, 18.15 12 . vahI, 5.38 13. vahI, 16.37
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 237 the| ina AyudhoM ke atirikta dvisandhAna meM zirastra' athavA zirastrANa kA ullekha bhI AyA hai, jo zira kI surakSA hetu prayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| vAdyayantra senA meM vIratA kA saMcAra karane tathA yuddhottejaka vAtAvaraNa banAne ke sandarbha meM vAdyayantroM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA / dvisandhAna meM senA prayANa tathA yaddhArambha ke avasara para vAdyayaMtro ke bajAye jAne kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai| dvisandhAna meM nimnalikhita vAdyayaMtroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai 1. bherI', 2. tUrya', 3. paTaha, 4. zaMkha", 5. kanakAnaka / ukta vAdyayaMtroM meM bherI, paTaha, tUrya tathA zaMkha to prasiddha haiM / kanakAnaka paTaha . kI bhA~ti kA hI vAdyayantra thaa| (kha) Arthika sthiti arthavyavasthA arthavyavasthA bhI samAja kI anya vyavasthAoM kI bhA~ti eka mahatvapUrNa vyavasthA hai / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM zramako arthavyavasthA kA mUlAdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra zAsana-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM Arthika nIti ko koSa para avalambita mAnA gayA hai / 10 mahAbhArata meM bhI vArtA arthAt kRSi, vANijya tathA pazupAlana ko Arthika vikAsa kA mUla svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 11 1. dvisa., 17.5 2. vahI,14.2-3 3. vahI,554 4. vahI,14.2,18.68 5. vahI,5.35,166 6. vahI,5.54,167 7. vahI,5.48,17.12 8. vahI,79 9. kauTilIya arthazAstra,1.90.40 10. vahI, 2.8.1 tathA 8.1.47 / 11. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva,68.35 tathA 897
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dvisandhAna meM varNita koSa-saMgrahaNa ke sAdhanoM se tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA kA anumAna sahaja hI ho jAtA hai / dhanaJjaya ke anusAra rAjA bAjAroM, khanija kSetra, araNya, samudra taTa para sthita pattana, pazupAlakoM kI bastiyoM, durga ityAdi se kara lekara koSa vRddhi karatA thaa| 1 abhiprAya yaha hai ki kRSi, vANijya, pazu-pAlana tathA zrama kA tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna thA / ina sabhI sAdhanoM se rAja-koSa samRddha hotA thA tathA koSa se Arthika nIti sudRr3ha hotI thI / phalata: zAsaka varga dvArA kRSi ke liye siMcAI Adi ke prabandha karane meM vizeSa ruci dikhAne kA ullekha AyA hai / 2 kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kRSi hI tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA kA pramukha ghaTaka rahI thI / varNa-vyavasthA aura Arthika vibhAjana : 238 prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI varNa-vyavasthA se samAja kI Arthika sthiti prabhAvita rahatI AyI thI / utpAdana, vitaraNa tathA vinimaya jaise mahattvapUrNa Arthika siddhAnta varNa-vyavasthA se ghaniSTha rUpa se sambaddha rahe the / hindU dharmazAstrIya granthoM meM varNoM ke anusAra sAmAjika udyoga evaM vyavasAya vibhakta kara diye gaye the / 3 madhyayuga meM varNa-vyavasthA ke anurUpa vyavasAya karane para vizeSa bala diyA jAne lagA thA / samAja-vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke liye yaha Avazyaka thA / 4 dvisandhAna meM brAhmaNoM athavA RSi muniyoM dvArA paurohitya karma tathA adhyApana kArya kiye jAne ke ullekha milate haiM / 5 SaDvidhabala ke sandarbha meM dvisandhAna ke TIkAkAra nemicandra ne nimnalikhita cha: prakAra kI senAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-- 1. 'vaNikpathe khaniSu vaneSu setuSu vrajeSu yo'hani nizi durgarASTrayoH / ', dvisa, 2.13 draSTavya - dvisa, 2.23 2. pI.vI. kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 109-118 3. 4. nemicandra zAstrIH AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR., 152. 5. 'purohitAvartita jAtakarma nIraJjitaM ratnamivAkarastham / ', dvisa. 3.19 tathA 6. draSTavya - vahI, 39, 25 draSTavya-'maulabhRtakazreNyAraNyadurgamitrabhedam / ', dvisa. 2.11 para pada- kaumudI TIkA, pR. 27
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________________ 239 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana (1) maula-vaMza paramparAgata kSatriya senA, (2) bhRtaka - vetana bhogI senA, (3) zreNI-vyApAriyoM kI senA, (4) AraNya - bhIla Adi jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI senA, (5) durga- durga kI senA tathA (6) mitra-mitra rAjAoM kI senaa| ina SaDvidha senAoM ke rUpa se spaSTa hai ki kSatriya vaMza-paramparAgata paddhati se sainya-vyavasAya ke adhikArI the / 1 madhyakAlIna bhArata ke prArambhika caraNoM meM vaizya varga kA mukhya vyavasAya vANijya rahA thA tathA zUdra zrama sambandhI kArya karate the, zrama evaM vitaraNa kI samaveta prakriyA se jur3e rahane ke kAraNa vaizyoM evaM zadroM meM pArasparika naikaTya A gayA thA / 2 phalasvarUpa vyavasAya vibhAjana meM pahale jaisA antara isa kAla meM dikhAyI nahIM detaa| udyoga-vyavasAya(1) kRSi udyoga ___madhya yuga meM kRSi eka pramukha vyavasAya thA / Arthika utpAdana ke sandarbha meM bhI kRSi atyanta mahatvapUrNa rahI hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM phasala kATane, jutAI karane, rupAI karane Adi kRSi sambandhI vibhinna gatividhiyoM kA sajIva citraNa huA hai / sambhavata: dhAna usa samaya kI vizeSa phasala rahI hogI, isalie paMkamaya bhUmi meM dhAna kI phasala ke acche hone ke vizeSa ullekha milate haiM / dhAna kI vRddhi ke liye sUrya kI dhUpa Avazyaka thI, kintu vRkSa kI chAyA se dhAnAMkura hI nahIM phUTate, aisI kRSiparaka mAnyatA bhI pracalita thii| 1. tu.-nemicandra zAstrIH saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna,pR.532 2. draSTavya-mohanacanda : jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja,pR.207-209 3. 'jalAzayaM dizi dizi paGkajIvinaM navotthitaM niyatiSu deshkaalyoH| vimarca SaSThikamiva vidviSaM bhuvi praropayannatulamavApa yaH phalam ||',dvis.,2.23 4. vahI, 4.15
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________________ 240 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA siMcAI ke sAdhana ___ yadyapi bhArata meM siMcAI kA pramukha sAdhana varSA, nahara, tAlAba Adi kA jala hI rahA hai, tathApi anya sAdhanoM se bhI khetoM kI siMcAI karane kI suvidhA usa samaya upalabdha thI / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ghaTIyantra arthAt 'rahaTa' sadRza jalayantroM kA ullekha AyA hai / isa ghaTIyantra ke aroM' arthAt kASTha kIloM ko pAMvoM se dabAne para pAnI nikAlA jA sakatA thaa| dvisandhAna meM siMcAI kI eka anya vidhi kA ullekha bhI hai| isake anusAra pahale kisI yantra dvArA pAnI ko ekatra karane ke uparAnta usakA praNAliyoM yA nAliyoM dvArA nikAsa kara siMcAI kI jAtI thii|2 pramukha upaja dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra usa samaya dhAna tathA Ikha pramukha upaja rahI hoMgI / dvisandhAna meM SaSThika dhAna kI paidAvAra kA vizeSa ullekha hai / isI prakAra Ikha ke rasa kI lokapriyatA kA varNana bhI huA hai| (2) vRkSa-udyoga kRSi ke sAtha-sAtha udyAna-vyavasAya bhI unnati para thaa| tatkAlIna jana-jIvana meM vanodyAna Adi kA vizeSa mahatva thA / ye udyAna Adi vizrAma-sthala the| rAjA loga sainya-prayANa ke samaya vanodyAna Adi meM hI apane zivira lagAte the, ata: unakA saMrakSaNa ina vanAdi ko prApta thaa| vanoM, udyAnoM, vATikAoM tathA nadI-taToM para vRkSa ugAye jAte the / vRkSa Arthika dRSTi se bhI utpAdana ke mahatvapUrNa sAdhana rahe the| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM anAra, kaithaI, jambU Adi phaloM ke vRkSoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo Arthika vyavasAya se sIdhe jar3e hae haiM / inake atirikta vibhinna prakAra kI bhoga-vilAsa kI sAmagrI bhI inhIM vanodyAnoM se utpanna kI jAtI 1. dvisa., 1.13 2. vahI,1:23 3. vahI,2:23 4. vahI,10.1 5. vahI, 7.68 6. vahI,765 7. vahI,1.10
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 241 1 thI / dvisandhAna meM mallikA', bakula, bandhUkara, gulAba, kamala' Adi puSpoM tathA kuMkuma, haricandana, aguru candana' Adi sugandhita dravyoM kA saundarya-prasAdhana ke sandarbha meM varNana milatA hai / inake atirikta vibhinna prakAra ke sugandhita dravya tathA bahumUlya masAle bhI ucca vargoM meM sevana kiye jAte the tathA vRkSoM kI lakar3iyoM se sambaddha udyoga bhI pragati para the / dvisandhAna meM upalabdha isa prakAra kI sAmagrI kA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai 1. siMhakezara 9 2. nAgakezara 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. drAkSA (dAkha) 11 4. lavaGga (lauMga)12 5. pUga (supArI)13 6. punnAga14 7. nAgavallI (tAmbUla latA) 15 dvisa. 9.20 vahI, 9.12 vahI, 7.10 vahI, 7.77 vahI, 7.49 5. 6. vahI, 15.39 7. vahI, 10.16 8. vahI, 15.33 9. vahI, 7.52 10. vahI, 1.28 19. vahI, 753 12. vahI,7.95 13. vahI, 753 14. vahI, 9.12 15. vahI, 753
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________________ 242 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 8. vibhItaka (baher3A) 9. kurabakare 10. kadambare 11. palAza 12. tAla 13. tamAla 14. devadAru 15. pIpala 16. vaTa 17. kiMzuka0 18.azoka11 19. saptacchada12 (3) pazupAlana udyoga kRSi udyoga kA ghaniSTha sambandha pazupAlana udyoga se bhI rahA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM yuddhopayogI pazuoM kI vizeSa carcA huI hai| AdhI caturaMgiNI senA hAthI, ghor3oM se hI banatI hai, kintu dvisandhAna ke anusAra hAthI, ghor3oM 1. dvisa.,7.36 2. vahI,7.68 3. vahI,15.33 4. vahI,7.18 5. vahI,795 6. vahI,7.41 7. vahI,7.46 8. vahI,9.13 9. vahI,7.47 10. vahI,7.19 11. vahI,1.28 12. vahI
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 243 ke atirikta khaccara, U~Ta, baila Adi pazuoM kA bhI sainya-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se kama mahatva nahIM thaa| pazuoM ke atirikta murgApAlana vyavasAya ke ullekha bhI dvisandhAna meM upalabdha hote haiM / 2 (4) vANijya-vyavasAya dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM upalabdha koSa-saMgrahaNa se sambaddha ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya vANijya-vyavasAya vizeSa pragati para thaa| khAnoM se, setuoM se tathA vaNikpathoM se rAjA dvArA kara prApta karane ke ullekha se samudra vyApAra kI samRddhi draSTigocara hotI hai| yahA~ taka ki nagara ke bAjAroM kI samRddhi kA pramukha kAraNa bhI khanija vyApAra tathA samudra vyApAra bana cukA thaa| dvisandhAna meM bAjAra ko vaNikpatha tathA dukAna ko ApaNapakI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| nagara ke ina bAjAroM meM durlabha se durlabha vastu bhI prApya thii| bAjAroM meM vikraya kI jAne vAlI vastuoM ke antargata bahumUlya mUMgA, motI, zaMkha, sIpa, nIla, karketana, lAla, hIrA, garuDamaNi Adi ullekhanIya haiN|8 dhAtuoM ke antargata sonA, cAMdI, karpUra, lohA Adi upalabdha the| ina dhAtuoM se bane AbhUSaNa, Ayudha Adi vibhinna vastueM bhI upalabdha thiiN| mahatvapUrNa vastroM ke antargata dhotI, sile hue kapar3e, rezamI vastra, dukUla, kambala Adi bhI vikrayArtha dukAnoM para rakhe hue the| isa prakAra dhAtuoM meM sonA, phUloM meM parAga, ghana padArthoM 1. dvisa.,14.36-38 2. vahI,4.46 3. vahI,2.13 4. vahI,8.28 tathA 134 5. vahI,1.34 6. vahI,1.35 7. vahI,1.34 8. vahI,1.32 9. vahI,1.33 10. vahI, 1.33
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________________ 244 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA meM vajra, jalotpanna vastuoM meM motI Adi samasta kraya yogya padArtha sulabha the| itanA hI nahIM bahumUlya devadAru kI lakar3I bhI sarvasulabha thii| (5) zilpa-vyavasAya Ara. sI. majUmadAra ke anusAra- zreNI zabda vyApAriyoM athavA zilpiyoM ke saMgaThana kA bodhaka hai / bhinna jAti ke kintu samAna vyavasAya tathA udyoga apanAne vAle logoM ke saMgaThana kI sthiti se zreNika kA vaiziSTya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra nemicandra ne 'SaDvidha bala' kI vyAkhyA meM aThAraha zreNiyoM kI parigaNanA kI hai| isa prakAra kI gaNanA ko itihAsakAroM ne pAramparika mAnyatA mAnA hai|6 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM ullikhita zilpa-vyavasAyiyoM tathA anya jIvikopArjana sambandhI vyavasAyoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1. lauhakAra (luhAra) -lohe kA kAma karane vAlA 2. kacchI (mAlAkAra) - rahaTa calAne vAlA (mAlI) 3. kaMcukazrI (dI) -kapar3e sIne vAlA 4. talavarga (mahAvata) - hAthI saMcAlana karane vAlA 5. azvavAra (sAIsa)11 -ghor3e prazikSita athavA saMcAlana karane vAlA 1. dvisa,134 2. vahI,136 3. Ara.sI.majUmadAra : prAcIna bhArata meM saMghaTita jIvana,pR.18 4. vahI 5. dvisa.,2.11 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.27 6. Ara.sI.majUmadAra : prAcIna bhArata me saMghaTita jIvana,pR.18 7. dvisa.,5.11-12 8. vahI,1.13 9. vahI,1.4 10. vahI,437 .11. vahI,1.16
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 245 6. gopikA (gvAlina) 1 - sira para ghar3A uThAkara dahI, ghI Adi becane vAlI 7. naTa (abhinetA)2 - nATakAdi meM kArya karane vAle 8. naTantya (bhaDue ) 3 - strI veza dhAraNa kara janatA kA manoraMjana karane vAle 9. gAyaka (saMgItakAra) 4 - saMgIta bajAne vAle 4. 5. 6. 10. sUta (cAraNa) 5 - kAvyAtmaka prazasti gAne vAlA - 11. nartakI - nRtya karane vAlI 12. vezyA' - vezyAvRtti karane vAlI 13. sArthavAha' - bar3e vyApArI 14. purohita' - karmakANDa Adi karAne vAle 15. adhyApaka 10 - adhyApana kArya karane vAle - 16. kAvyakAra11 - kAvya-racanA karane vAle 17. citrakAra 12 - citra banAne vAle AvAsIya -sthiti mukhyatayA AvAsa kI do ikAiyA~ rahI thIM- grAma tathA nagara / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM nigama nAmaka nivAsArthaka saMjJA bhI upalabdha hotI hai / 13 prAcIna 1. dvisa, 4.48 2. 3. vahI, 1.30 vahI, 4.22 vahI vahI, 1.30 7. vahI, 1.34 8. vahI, 1.18 9. vahI, 3.9 10. vahI, 1.35 11 . vahI, 1.48 tathA 8.48 12. vahI, 8.44 13. draSTavya - vahI, vahI, 1.18,4.22 4.46
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________________ 246 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA bhAratIya itihAsajJoM ne nigama zabda kA artha 'vyApArika saMgaThana' se jor3ane kI koziza kI hai| isa siddhAnta ke janmadAtAoM meM ke. pI. jAyasavAla haiM, kintu majUmadAra prabhRti itihAsakAra isa mata se pUrNata: santuSTa nahIM haiM / anya saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM tathA aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne madhyayugIna nigama ko 'grAma' kI apara saMjJA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA hai / 3 yadyapi nigamoM meM grAma-jIvana kA prAdhAnya rahA thA, kintu Arthika dRSTi se inheM nagaroM ke samakakSa rakhA jA sakatA hai| grAmoM kA svarUpa sAmAnyata: madhyayuga meM kRSi athavA pazu-pAlana vyavasAya karane vAle grAmoM kA astitva thA, kintu rAjanaitika saMrakSaNa tathA Arthika samRddhi kI satata unnati se samasAmayika paristhitiyoM meM nigamoM kA vikAsa huaa| dvisandhAna meM aise nigamoM kA bar3A hI sajIva citraNa huA hai| dvisandhAna ke TIkAkAra nemicandra ne ina nigamoM ko bhakta-grAma ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai / 5 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM Aye hue varNanoM ke AdhAra para eka ora, ina nigamoM meM moroM kI dhvani karane, gAyoM ke rambhAne tathA murgoM kI uchala-kUda ke kAraNa grAmINa vAtAvaraNa banA huA thA, to dUsarI ora samRddhi-vaibhava ke kAraNa inakI tulanA nagaroM se kI jA sakatI hai|6 nagara tathA nagara-jIvana dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM varNita nagara ke svarUpa se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya nagara Arthika rUpa se samRddha the| nagara jIvikopArjana kI dRSTi se samRddha hone ke kAraNa aneka jAtiyoM ke logoM, pASaNDiyoM, zilpiyoM Adi se yukta the|" 1. DaoN.mohanacandaH jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.253-256 2. vahI 3. vahI,pR.244-245 4. dvisa,446 5. 'sa rAmaH yudhiSThirazca nigamAn- bhaktagrAmAn dadarza / ', dvisa, 4.46 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.67 6. 'nigamAnninadaiH zikhaNDinAM subhagAndhenukahuGkRtairapi / sa dadarza vanasya gocarAn kRkavAkUtpatanakSamAnnRpaH ||',dvis.,4.46 7. vahI, 1.18
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 247 isake atirikta nirantara vyApAra-vinimaya, kraya-vikraya Adi kI gatividhiyoM ke liye nagaroM kA vizeSa mahatva rahA thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM Aye eka ullekha ke anusAra nagaroM meM jhuggI-jhoMpar3iyoM jaise makAnoM ke abhAva kI sUcanA prApta hotI dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM nagaroM ke vAstuzAstrIya pakSa kA ullekha bhI huA hai / prAya: nagara parikhA se AveSTita hote the aura inameM jala bharA rahatA thaa| nagara ke mukhya-dvAra ko gopura kahA jAtA thaa| dvisandhAna meM gopura kA varNana bhI huA hai| aise gopuroM ko prAya: jhaNDe Adi se sajAyA jAtA thaa| nagaroM ko bahuta U~ce prAkAroM dvArA AveSTita kiyA jAtA thaa|6 inako paridhi bhI kahA gayA hai| eka anya sthala para prAkAra ko zAla saMjJA se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai / vezabhUSA evaM khAna-pAna dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM pracalita veza-bhUSA ke antargata sUtI vastra tathA rezamI vastroM kA ullekha huA hai / isa samaya taka vastroM ko suI se sIkara taiyAra kiyA jAne lagA thA / 10 kevala naye vastra sIne kA hI nahIM purAne vastroM ke navIkaraNa karane kA ullekha bhI dvisandhAna meM AyA hai / 11 dvisandhAna meM nimnalikhita striyoM tathA puruSoM ke vastroM kA ullekha milatA hai 1. paTa12 -sAdhAraNa vastra / 1. dvisa,2.28 2. vahI,136 3. vahI,1.19 4. vahI,8.46 5. vahI,951 6. vahI,1.21 7. vahI 8. vahI,846 9. vahI, 1.33 10. vahI 11. vahI, 1.4 12. vahI,133
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________________ 248 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 2. kSauma' -rezamI vastra / isako paridhAna vastra ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| 3. aMzuka - paridhAna vastra / prAya: striyoM ke sandarbha meM isakA adhika prayoga huA hai / anuvAdaka ise sAr3I ke rUpa meM spaSTa karate haiN| 4. dukUla -or3hanI athavA dushaalaa| 5. kambala' - paridhAna vastra / dvisandhAna meM maNimaya kambala kA ullekha bhI huA hai / 6 6. uttarIya - zarIra ke UparI bhAga ko AcchAdita karane vAlA striyoM kA vstr| 7. antarIya --zarIra ke jaMghA Adi nimna bhAgoM ko Dhakane vAlA striyoM kA vastra / ise kaTivastra bhI kahA gayA hai / 8. kaJcaka'0 -stana Adi Dhakane vAlA striyoM kA vastra / madhyakAla meM bhAratIyoM kA bhojana sAdhAraNatayA gehUM, cAvala, jvAra, bAjarA, dUdha, ghI, gur3a aura zakkara thaa| zrI ojhA anahilavAr3e ke prasaMga meM ala idarisI ko uddhRta karate hue likhate haiM- vahA~ ke loga cAvala, maTara, phaliyA~, ur3ada, masUra, machalI aura anya pazuoM ko, jo svayaM mara gaye hoM, khAte haiM, kyoMki ve kabhI pazu-pakSiyoM ko mArate nhiiN| mahAtmA buddha se pUrva mAMsa kA pracAra bahuta thaa| jaina aura bauddha dharma ke kAraNa zanai: zanai: yaha kama hotA gayA, hindU-dharma ke punarabhyudaya 1. dvisa., 1.33 2. vahI,15.35 3. vahI,1.37 4. vahI,1.33 5. vahI 6. vahI,14.11 7. vahI,18.4 8. vahI 9. vahI,12.36 10. vahI,1.4 tathA 3.13
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 249 ke samaya jaba bahata se bauddha hinda hae. ve ahiMsA aura zAkAhAra kA dharma bhI sAtha lAye / dvisandhAna meM bhAta, jise andhas' kahA gayA hai tathA ikSurasa Adi khAna-pAna kI vividha vastuoM kI prAsaMgika rUpa se carcA AyI hai| isI prakAra isa yuga meM madyapAna kA pracAra bhI prAya: nahIM thaa| dvijoM ko to zarAba becane kI bhI AjJA nahIM thI / brAhmaNa to madya bilkula nahIM pIte the| ala masaUdI ke anusAra yadi koI rAjA madirA pI letA thA to vaha rAjya karane ke yogya nahIM samajhA jAtA thaa| parantu zanaiH zanaiH kSatriyoM meM madirA kA pracAra bar3hatA gyaa|4 vAtsyAyana ne kAmasUtra meM vizeSa rUpa se yaha likhA hai ki zrImanta nAgarika loga bAga-bagIcoM meM jAkara madirApAna Adi kara sakate haiM / dhanaJjaya ne rAjA tathA senA ke vizrAma-ziviroM meM, udyAna-vihAra Adi avasaroM para tathA kAmakeli ke sandarbha meM madyapAna kA vizeSa citraNa kiyA hai|6 . (ga) sAmAjika pariveza dharma sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI dhArmika dRSTi se eka saMkramaNakAlIna yuga-cetanA se vicaraNa kara rahI thii| vaidika dharma pahale kI apekSA adhika lokapriya ho rahA thA, sAtha hI jaina tathA bauddha dharma kA bhI vizeSa pracAra-prasAra bar3ha rahA thaa| jaina dharma isa samaya aneka prAntoM meM rAjadharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thA to dUsarI ora jainAcAryoM ne ise sAmAjika dRSTi se lokapriya banAne kI dizA meM bhI prayatna karane prArambha kara diye the| Arthika vAtAvaraNa meM vaidika tathA jaina dharma ke madhya pArasparika spardhA bhAvanA bar3hatI jA rahI thI to dUsarI ora ina donoM dharmoM kI AcAra-saMhitA meM eka-dUsare dharma kI lokapriyatA ke tattva bhI samAviSTa hote jA rahe the| 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA :madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti,ilAhAbAda,1966, pR.50 2. dvisa,1.3 3. vahI,10.1 4. gaurI zaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA :madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR.51 5. vahI 6. dvisa.17.53-87
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________________ 250 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya mUlata: dvAdazAGgavANI (zrutaskandha) ko apane kAvya kA AdhAra svIkAra karatA hai, parantu hama yaha bhI dekha sakate haiM ki rAmakathA kA jo rUpa dhanaJjaya ne svIkAra kiyA hai vaha vizuddha rUpa se jaina paramparAnumodita hI nahIM apitu vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bhI bahuta kucha prabhAvita hai| dvisandhAnakAra ne jaina darzana ke dhrauvya-utpAda-vyaya rUpa tripuTI ko kramaza: brahmA-viSNu-maheza ke rUpa meM bhI rUpAntarita kiyA hai, jo isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki Alocya kAla meM jaina AcArya vaidika saMskRti ke tatkAlIna lokapriya mUlyoM kA bhI apane dharma aura darzana ke sAtha samanvaya biThAne kI ceSTA kara rahe the / yahA~ taka ki dvisandhAnakAra ne bIsaveM tIrthaMkara muni suvratanAtha tathA bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ko samasta tIrthaMkaroM kA dyotaka mAnakara unameM rAma tathA kRSNa ke rUpa kI parikalpanA kI hai| ve mokSa ko lakSmI ke upamAna se bhI abhihita karate haiN| padmapurANakAra ne pahale hI varNa-vyavasthA ke jainAnusArI rUpa ko mAnyatA pradAna kara dI thii| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM pUjA-paddhati evaM saMskAra vidhAna Adi aneka dhArmika gatividhiyA~ aisI kahI jA sakatI haiM jo tatkAlIna hindU dharma evaM jaina dharma meM paryApta samAnatA se yukta haiN| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM pratipAdita vibhinna dhArmika evaM dArzanika gatividhiyA~ isa prakAra haiMpaMcaparemaSThI pUjana dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke anusAra usa samaya puNyAtmA loga mantroM dvArA pUjA-upAsanA karate the| kisI zubha kArya ke prArambha se pUrva paMcaparameSThI kI stuti kA ullekha bhI dvisandhAna meM haA hai| arhanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya tathA sAdhu-ye pA~ca parameSThI mAne gaye haiM / arhanta ko samavazaraNa meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce virAjamAna hone se darzanIya tathA ananta sukharUpI mokSa ke mUlabhUta mahAvratoM ke 1. dvisa.,1.2 2. vahI,12.50 3. vahI,1.1 para pada-kaumudI TIkA 4. vahI 5. padma,3.255-58 6. dvisa.,756 7. vahI, 12.48-50
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________________ dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 251 suphala kA dene vAlA kahA gayA hai / siddha kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara citta kI nirmalatA se samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyakcAritra-ratnatraya meM vRddhi kara kevala jJAna ko prApta karane vAlA hotA hai / 2 jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tathA vIrya-ina paMcAcAroM kA AcaraNa karane vAlA AcArya hotA hai / samasta zAstro ke samIcIna upadezaka ko upAdhyAya mAnA gayA hai| sAdhu aneka prakAra kI bAhya tathA Abhyantara tapa-sAdhanA meM lIna rahane vAle ko kahate haiM / 5 dvisandhAna meM vrata-niyamAdi ke pAlana kA uddezya svargecchA mAnI gayI hai / 6 vijayotsavoM para pUjA-vidhAna prAcInakAlIna bhArata meM vijayotsava ke avasara para vibhinna prakAra ke pUjA-vidhAnoM ke ullekha itihAsa meM dekhane ko milate haiM / dvisandhAna meM bhI rAma athavA kRSNa vijaya prApti ke pazcAt cakraratna kI pUjA karane ke anantara rAjya kA zAsana sUtra sambhAlate haiN| saMskAra-vidhAna nAmakaraNa Adi saMskAroM ke avasara para bhI vividha prakAra kI dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa aneka vidhAnoM kA ullekha dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM upalabdha hotA hai| garbha dhAraNa karane ke ATha mahIne bAda putrecchA se sampanna hone vAlI posnavana saMskAra vidhi purodhA athavA purohita dvArA sampAdita kI jAtI thii| sadyotpanna zizu kI nAbhi ke nAla ko bhUmi meM dabAne kI paramparA pracalita thii| isI prakAra dvisandhAna meM cUDAkaraNa tathA upanayana saMskAra Adi ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / 10 1. dvisa.,12.48 2. vahI,12:49 3. vahI,12.50 4. vahI 5. vahI 6. vahI,12.28 7. vahI,18.133 8. vahI, 3.9 tathA isa para pada-kaumudI TIkA 9. vahI,3.13 10. vahI,3.24
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________________ 252 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA koTizilA mAhAtmya jaina dharma kI dRSTi se isa zilA kA bahuta mahatva hai / yaha vaha zilA hai, jisa para se karor3oM muni siddha pada ko prApta hue haiM / aisI dhArmika mAnyatA prasiddha thI ki rAvaNa ko vahI mAra sakatA hai, jo isako utthaayegaa| dvisandhAna ke anusAra bhaviSya meM balapUrvaka Ane vAle kaliyuga ke bhaya se dharma kI nidhibhUta isa koTizilA ko bhUmi ke bhItara chipAkara rakha diyA gayA thA, kintu yatiyoM ne ise bhUmi ke Upara kara diyA thaa| dhanaJjaya ne aisA vizvAsa prakaTa kiyA hai ki yaha sambhavata: indra dvArA sumeru parvata se lAyI gayI pANDukazilA hai / padmapurANa dvArA sthApita paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue dvisandhAna meM lakSmaNa ne ise uThAkara apanI zakti kA paricaya diyA thaa| darzana dharma se jur3A huA pakSa darzana kA bhI hai / dvisandhAna vyarthaka mahAkAvya hai, ataeva isameM darzana sambandhI viSayoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, " kintu mahAkAvyakAra ko jahA~ bhI ucita sthAna milA hai, usane jaina darzana ke vibhinna vicAroM kA samAveza apanI kRti meM kiyA hai| samAviSTa dArzanika viSayoM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai1.dravya jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya kA lakSaNa sat hai tathA sat vaha hai jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya-ina tInoM se yukta ho / 6 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM bhI dhauvya-utpAda-vyaya rUpa tripuTI kA ullekha kara, use brahmA-viSNu-maheza tripuruSa kA rUpAntara mAnA gayA hai| 1. padmapurANa,48.186 2. dvisa,12.31 3. vahI,12.32 4. padmapurANa,48.214 5. dvisa.,12.32 6. tatvArtha sUtra,5.29-30 7. dvisa,1250
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 253 2.mokSa padmapurANa ke anusAra yathAkrama dhyAna kI zreNiyoM para ArUr3ha hote hue cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza ho jAne para bhagavAn ko kevala jJAna Adi ananta-catuSTaya lakSmI prApta hotI hai| dvisandhAna meM bhI isI cAra ghAtiyA karmoM ke kSaya se mokSa-lakSmI kI prApti kA aMkana huA hai / 2 3.mokSamArga tatvArtha sUtra ke anusAra samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyak cAritra-ratnatraya mokSamArga hai / dvisandhAna meM bhI ukta ratnatraya ko kevalajJAna athavA mokSa kI upalabdhi meM sAdhaka mAnA gayA hai| 4. samyagdarzana tatvArthasUtra meM tatvArtha ke zraddhAna ko samyagdarzana kahA gayA hai / 5 dvisandhAna meM bhI mUla tattva meM zraddhA ko bar3hAnA samyagdarzana mAnA gayA hai / 6 zikSA sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI IsvI meM bhAratIya rAja-vyavasthA ke asta-vyasta ho jAne kA kuprabhAva zaikSika vAtAvaraNa para bhI par3A / isa yuga meM sAmanta rAjA yuddhoM meM hI ulajhe rahe, phalata: sArvajanika zikSA kA ucita pracAra va prasAra nahIM ho paayaa| kintu rAja-prAsAdoM tathA dhanika varga ke rAjakumAroM ke liye zikSita honA anivAryatA bhI thI / yadi rAjakumAra zikSita na hoM to rAjya ghuNa lagI lakar3I ke samAna khokhalA ho jAne kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI thii| __dvisandhAna ke anusAra 16 varSa kI Ayu taka rAjakumAroM dvArA varNamAlA jJAna tathA aMkagaNita kI zikSA sahita vidyAeM prApta kara lene ke ullekha prApta hote 1. padmapurANa,4.21-52 2. dvisa,1.1 tathA isa para pada-kaumudI TIkA 3. tatvArtha sUtra 1.1 4. dvisa,12.49 5. 'tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam',tatvArtha sUtra,1.2 6. dvisa.,18.143 7. vahI, 3.4
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________________ 254 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA haiM tathA isa Ayu taka unake cUDAkaraNa saMskAra evaM yajJopavIta saMskAra bhI sampanna ho jAte the| guru athavA adhyApakoM ke atirikta rAjya ke vibhinna uccAdhikArI bhI rAjakumAroM ko zikSA dene kA kArya karate the| isI prakAra muni loga trayI Adi vidyAoM kI zikSA dete the| guru ko pratibhAzAlI tathA vidvAn honA caahie| dvisandhAna meM ullikhita guru kI yogyatAoM meM viSaya ke sArabhUta artha kA jJAna honA, loka-vyavahAra kA upadeza dene kI sAmarthya honA, kAvya, nyAya, vyAkaraNAdi mahatvapUrNa viSayoM ke pUrvapakSa evaM uttarapakSa donoM para adhikAra honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra mAyAvI, pramAdI, kuTila, krodhI tathA guru kI AjJA kA atikramaNa karane vAle ko kuziSya kahA gayA hai / ' spaSTa hai yogya ziSya meM ye avaguNa nahIM hone caahieN| dvisandhAna meM bAlaka ko dhanurvidyA kI vyAvahArika zikSA dene kA bhI spaSTa ullekha huA hai / dvisandhAna meM Aye hue ullekhoM ke anusAra vidyArthI apane hI nagara ke zikSakoM se jJAnArjana karate the| inheM kisI dUsare nagara meM adhyayanArtha jAne kI koI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI thii| rAjaprAsAdoM meM rAjakumAroM ko zikSA dene kI vyavasthA thii| dvisandhAna ke anusAra anya vidyAoM ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha vyAkaraNa adhyayana ko anivArya viSaya ke rUpa meM par3hA jAtA thaa| prArambha meM vyAkaraNa sikhAte samaya sup-tiG, padoM ke prayoga, SatvaNatvakaraNavidhi, sandhi evaM visarga vidhAna ke abhyAsa karAye jAte the / 10 dvisandhAna meM lipiyoM ke paThana-pAThana ko bhI vidyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 11 1. dvisa,3.24 2. vahI,3.25 3. vahI 4. vahI,135 5. vahI,5.67 6. vahI,3.36 7. vahI,135 8. vahI, 3.25 9. vahI,3.36 10. vahI 11. vahI,3.24
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 255 rAjavidyA ke antargata AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDanIti kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa| isakA aparanAma kSatravidyA bhI thA / dvisandhAna kI pada-kaumudI TIkA ke anusAra AnvIkSikI AtmavidyA ko kahate haiM, isakA ziSTa-jana upadeza karate the| trayI ke antargata dharmAdharmaviveka AtA hai5, isakI zikSA muniyoM dvArA dI jAtI thii| vArtA ke antargata lAbha, hAni AdikI carcA hotI hai, isa vidyA kI zikSA amAtya Adi uccAdhikArI dete the| daNDanIti kA nyAya-anyAya se sambandha hotA thA , isa vidyA kI zikSA dene vAle nyAyAdhIza athavA zAsakAdi hote the / 10 cApavidyA se dvisandhAna meM dhanurvidyA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / vividha prakAra ke bANoM ko calAne Adi kI zikSA cApavidyA ke antargata AtI thii|11 guru rAjakumAra ko sarvaprathama dhanuSavidyA ko sikhAte hue caraNavinyAsa, jyAsphAlana, lakSyasandhAna tathA bANa-visarjana sambandhI abhyAsa karAte the / 12 cApavidyA ke abhyAsa ke samaya zabda-vedhI bANoM ko calAnA tathA ucca racanAoM meM naipuNya prApta karanA bhI Avazyaka thA / 13 prAya: rAjakumAra dhanuSa calAne meM itane abhyasta ho jAte the ki jyAsphAlana ke avasara para sArA dhanuSa mur3akara vRttAkAra ho jAtA thA / 14 guNagrAhitA, namanazIlatA, zuddha bA~sa se nirmita honA Adi utkRSTa dhanuSa kI 1. dvisa,2.8 para pada-kaumudI TIkA,pR.26 2. vahI,15.120 3. vahI,3.25 para pada-kaumudI TIkA meM uddhRta kAmandakanItisAra,2.7 4. dvisa.,3.25 5. vahI,3.25 para uddhata kA.nI.,2.7 6. dvisa.,3.25 7. vahI,3.25 para uddhRta kA.nI.,2.7 8. dvisa.,3.25 9. vahI,3.25 para uddhRta kA.nI.,27 10. dvisa.,3.25 11. vahI,3.35 12. vahI, 3.36 13. vahI,3.37 14. vahI,3.38
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________________ 256 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA vizeSatAeM mAnI gayI haiM, to atyanta sIdhApana, tIkSNatA evaM adhika lambA honA utkRSTa bANa ke lakSaNa svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| kalA ucca adhyayana viSaya ke rUpa meM tathA janajIvana ke manoraJjana kI dRSTi se saMgIta evaM nRtya kalA kA eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para vibhinna prakAra ke saMgItAcAryoM, nartanAcAryoM, gAyanAcAryoM tathA abhinayAcAryoM Adi ke dvArA apanI-apanI kalA-pradarzana kiye jAne ke sundara dRzya aMkita hue haiN| isake atirikta vanavAsa kAla meM bhI bhIloM ne rAghavoM tathA pANDavoM kA manoraMjana kiyaa| lIlAgRhoM meM nartakiyoM ke nRtya karane ke manorama dRzya bhI citrita haiN| dvisandhAna meM yuddha-prayANa tathA yuddhArambha ke avasara para bherI', tUrya, paTaha, zaMkha', tathA kanakAnaka Adi kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se aMkita huA __ usa samaya vAstukalA meM citrakalA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA thA / dvisandhAna meM dUta hanumAna laMkA pahu~cane para bhavana-nirmANa sambandhI varNanoM meM chajje kI sahAre kI lakar3iyoM para striyoM ke citra khude hone kA varNana bhI karatA hai / 10 isake atirikta pati-viraha meM vyAkula premikA dvArA pati ke citra banAye jAne kA varNana bhI prApta hotA hai / 11 citrakAra citra banAne ke liye vibhinna prakAra ke raMgoM tathA tUlikAoM kA prayoga karate the / 12 dvisa.,3.40 2. vahI,4.22 3. vahI,454 4. vahI,1.30 5. vahI,18.68 6. vahI,16.6 7. vahI.167 8. vahI 5.48 9. vahI,7.9 10. vahI, 13.8 11. vahI,8.43 12. vahI,844
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________________ 257 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana jJAna-vijJAna1. Ayurveda prAcIna kAla meM Ayurveda' eka uccastarIya viSaya ke rUpa meM pracalita thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM kapUra kI bhasma se thakAna dUra karane kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / 2. sAmudrikazAstra dvisandhAna meM sAmudrikazAstra sambandhI carcA bhI AyI hai / sAmudrikazAstra ke anusAra bhrU, netra, nAsikA, kapola, karNa, oSTha, skandha, bAhu, pANi, stana, pArzva, Uru, jaMghA aura pAda-ina caudaha aMgoM meM samatva rahanA zubha mAnA jAtA hai / dvisandhAna meM mahApuruSoM ke lakSaNoM meM ukta samatva kI carcA AyI hai / 2 3. zakunazAstra madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kA sAmAjika dRSTi se mahatva adhika bar3ha cukA thaa| isakA anumAna taba lagAyA jA sakatA hai, jaba hama dekhate haiM ki tatkAlIna zikSA-jagat meM bhI 'zakunazAstra' eka svatantra vidyA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukA thA / dvisandhAna meM putra-janma ke avasara para AkAza kA megharahita tathA svaccha ho jAnA zubha zakuna ke rUpa meM varNita hai, jo zubha bhAgya kA sUcaka hai| 4. svapnazAstra nimittazAstra ke antargata 'svapnazAstra' kI carcA AtI hai / tatkAlIna samAja meM logoM kA dhArmika dRSTi se svapnoM para vizvAsa thaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra kisI tIrthaMkara ke garbha meM hone para prAya: zubha svapna usakI mAtA ko dikhAyI dete haiM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM bhI garbhiNI rAnI dvArA svapna meM bAlacandramA ko uThAkara 1. dvisa., 5.56 2. vahI,3.33 3. nemicandra zAstrI : Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata,pR.272 4. dvisa.,3.14
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________________ 258 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA goda meM le lene kA ullekha AyA hai| isakA phala 'aThArahoM zreNiyoM ke kalyANakartA zAnta putra kI prApti' batAyA gayA hai / 2 5. kumArabhRtya ___ Ayurveda ke antargata garbha sambandhI cikitsA-paddhati athavA jaccA strI kI paricaryA Adi 'kumArabhRtya' kahI jAtI hai / isa vidyA ko prAya: vRddha loga tathA rAjA jAnate the / 3 dvisandhAna meM isa vidyA ke antargata agni Adi ATha daivI upasargoM ke nivAraNa kI vidhi, garbhapAta nirodha ke upAya tathA viSa prayoga ke parihAra Adi kA parigaNana kiyA hai|4 striyoM kI sthiti __ vaidika kAla meM strI kA samAja meM sammAnanIya sthAna banA huA thaa| puruSa ke samAna hI use ghara meM tathA ghara se bAhara samAna adhikAra prApta the|5 kintu, sUtrakAla meM, vizeSakara smRti granthoM ke racanA kAla taka samAja meM striyoM kI dazA atyanta zocanIya bana par3I thii|6 madhyakAlIna bhArata meM bhI strI pUrvavat zoSita rahI, kintu sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa kI paristhitiyoM ne nArI ko bhogyA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara diyA thaa| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI se race gaye sAhitya meM nArI kA zRGgArika varNana samAja ke uccavargIya sAmanta Adi rAjAoM kI saundaryopabhoga kI lAlasAoM ko udvelita karane ke vizeSa mAdhyama rahe the / isa uddezya-pUrti ke liye nArI ko kendra banAkara tatkAlIna sAhitya meM strI-saundarya ke atizaya kA jora-zora se guNagAna kiyA gyaa| isa sandarbha meM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki madhyakAlIna bhArata ke yuddhoM ne nArI kI sthiti ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA thaa| isa samaya nArI bhogyA ke rUpa meM yuddha-sthaloM meM bhI jAne lagI thii| yahA~ taka ki yuddha parAkrama varNana ke 1. dvisa.,3.10 2. vahI 3. vahI,3.6 4. vahI 5. Altekar, A.S. : The Position of Civilisation, p. 339 6. vahI, pR. 345 7. dvisa.,766-73 8. vahI,149-12 Women in Hindu
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 259 samavartI dUsare mAnadaNDoM kA sthAna bhI nArI saundarya varNana ko diyA jAne lagA thaa| samasAmayika paristhitiyoM me sAmanta loga rUpavatI strI ko kevala rAjaprAsAdoM kI zobhA samajhane lage the| ve sAdhAraNa janamAnasa meM sundara strI ko dekhakara IrSyAlu ho jAte the aura kabhI-kabhI usakA apaharaNa karake apane mahaloM kI zobhA bhI banA lete the| dvisandhAna meM Aye eka ullekha ke anusAra usa samaya choTe rAjA bar3e rAjAoM ko prasanna karane athavA unase sandhi karane ke liye apanI bahaneM athavA putriyA~ vivAha ke liye upahAra-svarUpa bheMTa karane lage the| strIbhogavilAsa aura madirApAna tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa ke mUlyoM ne dampatiyoM kI kAmavilAsAtmaka ceSTAoM ko bhI prabhAvita kara liyA thaa| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM dampatiyoM ke dvArA madyapAna kara kAmakrIDAoM meM pravRtta hone kA atyanta spaSTa citraNa huA hai / 5 madirA-pAna se kAmakrIDA ke kSaNa atyanta mohaka ho jAte the|6 madyapAna karane ke uparAnta vadhueM lAla tathA pasIne se Ardra bhRkuTi vAlI ho jAtI thiiN| madhupAna se mAnavatI nAyikAeM unmatta hokara anargala AlApa karane lagatI thiiN| madirApAna se matta hokara kAmIjana pUrNa Aveza se kAmopabhoga karate the, yahA~ taka ki unheM dantakSata athavA nakhakSata kI cintA bhI nahIM rahatI thii| madhupAna se priyatamAeM itanI vihvala ho jAtI thIM, ki mukha tathA kAna kA antara bhUlakara premI ke mukha meM gunagunAtI-sI kucha-kucha dhvani karane lagatI thiiN|1deg ratikrIDA ke Avega meM yugaloM ko zarIra kI sudha bhI nahIM rahatI thI, ve lajjAhIna hokara nirvastra ho jAte 1. dvisa.,1670 2. vahI,7.86 3. vahI,790 4. vahI,952 5. vahI,17.55,73 6. vahI,17.56 7. vahI,17.58 8. vahI,17.59 9. vahI,17.60 10. vahI,17.64
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________________ 260 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA the| isa prakAra tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI nArI-mUlyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa madirApAna aura nArI-sambhoga uccavarga kI vilAsa-krIDA bana gaye the| kAma-kalA naipuNya yugIna samAja-jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM ke sandarbha meM bhI dvisandhAna se kucha mahatvapUrNa sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiM / usa samaya ratikrIDA sambandhI aneka prakAra kI kAmazAstrIya gatividhiyA~ pracalita thiiN| striyA~ kAmakalA meM vizeSa rUpa se dakSa hotI thiiN| dvisandhAna ke varNana meM AliGgana kI eka vizeSa mudrA kA citraNa huA hai, jisameM nAyikA ne apane cUcuka ko nAyaka ke kandhe para rakhakara usakA AliGgana kiyA hai / isa AliGgana ke samaya ardhacumbana kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra eka saMbhoga mudrA kA bhI yathArtha ullekha hai, jisameM kAntA ne mukha meM mukha, kandhe para kandhA aura jaMghA se jaMghA milAkara dattacita hokara saMbhoga kriyA ke atireka kA bhoga kiyaa| vezyA va nartakI samAja meM vezyAvRtti kA vizeSa pracalana thaa| dvisandhAna ke anusAra vezyAeM kApaTika rUpa se yuvakoM kI sevA kara unheM kSaNabhara meM hI Thaga letI thiiN| isI prakAra nartakiyA~ bhI nRtya Adi ke dvArA jIvikopArjana karatI thiiN| vezyAoM athavA nartakiyoM ke lIlAgRha camakIle zIze se nirmita hote the / 5 maGgala avasaroM para inake rAjabhavanoM meM jAkara nRtya-pradarzana ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN|6 saundarya prasAdhana dvisandhAna meM Aye varNanoM se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM striyA~ saundarya prasAdhanoM kI bahuta zaukIna rahI thiiN| ve candana, sugandhita padArthoM kA apane zarIra para lepa karatI thiiN| striyoM dvArA zarIra para zAlicUrNa kA lepa karane ke varNana bhI 1. . dvisa,17.74 2. vahI,8.42 3. vahI,17.70 4. vahI,1.48 5. vahI,1.30 6. vahI,4.22 7. vahI,15.1
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 261 upalabdha hote haiN| striyA~ apanI kezasajjA kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhatI thiiN| kucha striyA~ apane lambe kezajAla ko dhuMgharAle. banAkara prarohavat nIce kI ora laTakA huA rakhatI thI / to kucha apane keza-pAza ko DhIlA rakhakara unameM phUla gUMthatI thiiN| jUr3A banAkara usameM tathA kAnoM para phUla sajAye jAne kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| aneka prakAra kI patrAvaliyoM se sira ko sajAyA jAtA thA / 5 mAthe para bandhUka puSpa kA tilaka lagAyA jAtA thaa|6 caraNoM meM lAkSArasa lagAne kA pracalana thaa| A~khoM meM kAjala DAlA jAtA thaa| stanoM tathA hAthoM para kuGkama kA lepa karane kA bhI pracalana thaa|9 tAmbUla khAkara oSThoM ko lAla karane kA ullekha bhI AyA hai10 striyA~ saundarya prasAdhana ke samaya darpaNa kA payoga bhI karatI thIM / 11 AbhUSaNa striyoM kI vezabhUSA ke sandarbha meM paTa, kSauma, aMzuka, dukUla, kambala, uttarIya, antarIya, kaJcuka Adi vastroM kA prastuta adhyAya meM pahale hI varNana kiyA jA cukA hai / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya strI-vezabhUSA ke antargata vastroM kA hI nahIM AbhUSaNoM kA bhI vizeSa mahatva rahA thaa| striyA~ apane vibhinna aGgoM meM AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatI thiiN| dvisandhAna meM ullikhita AbhUSaNa isa prakAra haiM 1. zekhara12 - jUr3e kI mAlA ko kahate haiN| 1. dvisa,15.44 2. vahI,7.77 3. vahI,837 vahI,15.15 vahI vahI,7.11 7. vahI,7.39 8. vahI,15.44 9. vahI,15.39 10. vahI,832 11. vahIM,838 12. vahI,1.29,42
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________________ sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 1 2. avataMsa' - avataMsa prAya: pallavoM tathA puSpoM ke banate the / nemicandra ne pada-kaumudI TIkA meM ise karNAbharaNa mAnA haiM / 2 3. karNikAre - kAnoM kI bAliyoM ko kahate haiM / 4. ekAvalI 4 - motiyoM kI eka lar3I kI mAlA ko kahate haiM / 5. muktAvalI - yaha kaNTha tathA zira donoM kA AbhUSaNa mAnA gayA hai / kintu kaNThAbharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha ekAvalI se bhinna pratIta hotA hai / 6. kaTaka6-- kar3e ke samAna AbhUSaNa hai / 7. kaMkaNa - ise hAtha kI donoM kalAiyoM meM pahanA jAtA thA / 8. kekara' - bhujAntarvartI AbhUSaNaH / 9. kAMcI 9 - ise mekhalA bhI kaha sakate haiM / isake pahanane kA sthAna nIvibandha vAlA jaMghA - pradeza thA / 262 10. mekhalA1deg -kAMcI sadRza AbhUSaNa / yaha bhI jaghana pradezoM para dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA / 11. UrujAla11 - kaTipradeza meM dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA AbhUSaNa, kintu yaha mekhalA se bhinna thA / 12 pada kaumudI TIkA meM ise mekhalA kA paryAyavAcI hI mAnA gayA hai / 13 1. dvisa, 1.29 2 . vahI, 1.29 para pada kaumudI TIkA, pR. 15 3. vahI, 1.43 4. vahI, 1.29 vahI,1.43 5. 6. vahI, 8 ,8.41 vahI,3.31 7. 8. vahI, 7.11 9. vahI, 1.43 10. vahI, 15.44 19. vahI, 1.29 12. DaoN. mohana canda: jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 310 13. dvisa,9.29 para pada kaumudI TIkA, pR. 15
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________________ dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA sAMskRtika parizIlana 263 12. ziJjanA' -pAjeba ko kahate haiM / ziJjanA meM dhuMgharu lage hote the / ina / dhuMgharuoM se calate samaya 'jhunajhuna' dhvani utpanna hotI thii| niSkarSa - isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya purAtana sAMskRtika kathAnaka se anuprerita hone ke bAda bhI tatkAlIna yugabodha evaM samasAmayika paristhitiyoM se paryApta prabhAvita hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI I. ke uparAnta saMkramaNa-kAlIna yuga-cetanA kI dRSTi se jahA~ sAhitya kRtrimatA evaM zabdADambara kI pravRttiyoM kI ora unmukha ho cukA thA vahA~ rAja-darabAroM ke prazraya meM racita hone vAle kAvya tatkAlIna sAmantazAhI rAjacetanA aura AbhijAtya varga ke saundaryopabhoga kI gatividhiyoM ko vizeSa mahatva de rahe the| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmragI isa dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| mahAkAvya kI zauryapUrNa rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM ko tatkAlIna mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM meM bhI sthAna diyA gayA thaa| isI paramparA ko caritArtha karate hue dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM rAjanaitika jana-jIvana ko vizeSa ubhAra kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI itihAsa sammata ghaTanAeM isa tathya kA pramANa haiM ki vibhinna rAjadarabAroM meM dhanaJjaya sadRza vANI-kuzala kaviyoM ko vizeSa protsAhita kiyA jAtA thA tAki ve sAhitya-sRjana ke mAdhyama se rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke vIratApUrNa kRtyoM evaM unakI sainyaparaka gatividhiyoM ko saMgrathita kara sakeM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke lekhaka ne isa yugIna pravRtti ko atyanta kauzalapUrNa zailI meM upanyasta kiyA hai / tatkAlIna zAsana-taMtra evaM pararASTra-nIti paraka vicAra jahA~ yugIna rAjanaitika dazA kA mUrta rUpa upasthita karate haiM vahA~ dUsarI ora rAjA ke Adarza mUlyoM tathA rAjadharma kI saMsthAgata paramparAoM kA bhI inameM nirUpaNa huA hai / prAcIna rAjazAstra ke dharmazAstra sambandhI granthoM ke sAtha inakI tulanA bhI kI gayI hai / zAsana-vyavasthA ke vividha pakSoM kI dRSTi se mahAkAvya kI sAmagrI atyanta samRddha hai / isI prakAra yuddha-prayANa, yuddha-zivira, astra-zastra Adi sainya-vyavasthA tathA rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM para bhI mahAkAvya ke srota vistRta prakAza DAlate haiN| 1. visa., 7.43
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________________ sandhAna kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA tatkAlIna Arthika vyavasthA ke antargata rAjA utpAdana ke vividha srotoM sera saMgrahaNa karatA thA jinameM kRSi utpAdana ke atirikta bAjAroM kI vikreya vastuoM, khanija padArthoM, vanya sampadAoM, samudrataTIya vyApAroM, pazupAlaka bastiyoM, durga ityAdi saMsthAnoM para bhI kara lagAye jAte the / Arthika vibhAjana kI dRSTi se varNa-vyavasthA vividha prakAra ke vyavasAyoM para kendrita ho cukI thI jinameM paurohitya karma, yuddhakarma, vANijya karma tathA zramaparaka karma pramukha rahe the / kRSi arthavyavasthA mUlAdhAra thii| isake sAtha hI vRkSa-vyavasAya, pazupAlana vyavasAya vANijya evaM zilpa-vyavasAya bhI jIvikopArjana ke sAdhana rahe the / tatkAlIna pracalita vyavasAyoM meM se lagabhaga Der3ha darjana vyavasAyakarmiyoM kA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM spaSTa ullekha AyA hai / 264 AvAsaparaka vividha saMsthitiyoM kI dRSTi se nagara evaM grAma mukhya bheda kahe jA sakate haiM / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya nagara - jIvana kA samRddhiparaka citraNa prastuta karatA hai / isake sAtha hI grAma 'nigama' ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / ina nigamoM ko kRSi grAma athavA vyApArika grAmoM ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / 1 Alocya mahAkAvya meM dharma-darzana viSayaka sAmagrI yugAnusArI jaina dharma kI samanvayamUlaka pravRtti kA digdarzana karAtI hai| pUjA-upAsanA Adi dhArmika gatividhiyoM ke atirikta saMskAra - vidhAna bhI samAja meM vizeSa pracalita the tatkAlIna rAjakumAroM kI zikSA-dIkSA ke antargata vividha prakAra kI rAjavidyAoM kA varNana AyA hai jinameM kAvya, vyAkaraNa, dhanurvidyA, kSatravidyA Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| vividha prakAra kI lalita kalAoM ke sAtha-sAtha Ayurveda, sAmudrikazAstra, zakunazAstra, svapnazAstra Adi viSaya bhI tatkAlIna jJAna-vijJAna ke vizeSa aGga rahe the / striyoM kI sthiti sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa ke pariveza se jur3I citrita huI hai tathA puruSa varga kI kAmatRpti evaM manovilAsa ke sAdhana kI taraha usakA aGkana huA hai /
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________________ upasaMhAra isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke vividhapakSIya adhyayana se yaha vizada ho jAtA hai ki kAvya-sRjana kI mahAkAvya-vidhA eka vizvajanIna lokapriya vidhA rahI hai| sAmUhika nRtya-gIta evaM zauryapUrNa gAthAoM se mahAkAvya sAhitya kA vikAsa huA hai / mukhyatayA mahAkAvya do vargoM meM vibhakta kiye jA sakate haiMvikasanazIla zailI ke mahAkAvya tathA alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvya / vikasanazIla mahAkAvya rASTrIya stara kI samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi ke anurUpa nirmita hote haiM jabaki alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM kI racanA ke pIche sAhityazAstrIya Agraha mukhya kAraNa hote haiN| bhAratavarSa meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata prathama dhArA ke vikasanazIla mahAkAvya haiM / paravartI kaviyoM ne inhIM se preraNA pAkara alaMkRta zailI meM vibhinna prakAra ke mahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa kiyA / moTe taura para mahAkAvya sAhitya kI yaha dvitIya dhArA cAra prakAra ke mahAkAvya-sRjana se vizeSa samRddha huI (1) paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya,(2) aitihAsika mahAkAvya,(3) romAMcaka tathA kathAtmaka mahAkAvya evaM (4) zAstrIya mahAkAvya / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ko uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke sandarbha meM zAstrIya mahAkAvya zailI ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| paJcamahAkAvya isI ke antargata samAviSTa haiM parantu rasaparakatA evaM naisargikatA kI apekSA se sAhitya samAlocakoM ne ina mahAkAvyoM ko 'rasasiddha' tathA 'rUDhibaddha' athavA 'kRtrima kAvya'- do vargoM meM vargIkRta karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa Adi ke saundarananda, raghuvaMza, kumArasaMbhava Adi ke samAna naisargika evaM rasapezala mahAkAvya nahIM hai apitu alaMkAramaNDana evaM vAgvilAsa pUrNa kAvya ke kRtrima mUlyoM kI upaja hai, phalata: ise rasapUrNa naisargika kAvya to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA / vastuta: dvisandhAna kRtrima kAvya kI dizAoM se anuprerita hokara bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya se vizeSa prabhAvita jAna par3atA hai / sAtha hI yaha mahAkAvya eka
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________________ 266 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA navIna vidhA kA pravartaka mahAkAvya bhI hai jise nAnArthaka athavA sandhAna-vidhA ke nAma se vizeSa lokapriyatA prApta huI hai| Alocya sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kA astitvakAla AThavIM zatI IsvI ke lagabhaga rahA thA / DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye tathA DaoN. vI.vI. mirAzI prabhRti vidvAnoM ne bhI dhanaJjaya ke astitvakAla ko AThavIM zatI IsvI ke lagabhaga hI svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina-dharmAvalambI dhanaJjaya bahuvidha kAvya-pratibhA ke dhanI the| 'nAmamAlA' tathA 'anekArthanAmamAlA' jaisI kozazAstrIya evaM bhASAvaijJAnika kRtiyoM ke praNetA hone ke atirikta 'viSApahAra-stotra' unakA eka prasiddha bhaktiparaka stotra-kAvya jaina jagat meM apanI sAhityika utkRSTatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / jaina paurANika vRtta para likhA gayA 'yazodharacarita' eka carita kAvya kI vizeSatAoM se alaMkRta hai / ina sabhI kRtiyoM meM 'dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya' eka sarvotkRSTa racanA hai jisameM kavi ne apanI adbhuta kAvya-pratibhA ke sAtha-sAtha apane vilakSaNa pANDitya evaM bhASA-Adhipatya kI asAdhAraNa yogyatAoM kA saphala pradarzana kiyA dhanaJjayakAlIna kAvya pravRttiyoM ne samasAmayika yaga-cetanA se dizA prApta kI thii| rAjanaitika dRSTi se arAjaka bhArata meM vidvAn kavi rAjyAzraya ke binA protsAhana nahIM pA sakate the phalata: kaviyoM kA kAvya rAja-darabAra kI zobhA bana gayA thaa| aise meM svAbhAvika hI hai ki dhanaJjaya jaise kaviyoM kA AvirbhAva hotA aura yuga-cetanA ke anurUpa hI kAvya ko alaMkAra-maNDana jaise kRtrima paridhAnoM se AveSTita kara liyA jaataa| vIra evaM zRGgAra isa yuga kI sarvAdhika lokapriya kAvya-prastuti mAnI jAne lagI thii| inhIM yuga-pravRttiyoM tathA kAvya-pravRttiyoM ko sAkAra karatA huA dhanaJjaya kA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya AThavIM zatAbdI kA eka alaMkAra-pradhAna pratinidhi-kAvya hai jisameM kavi kI asAdhAraNa pratibhA kI cakAcauMdha dekhate hI banatI hai| isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya mahAkAvya se kRtrima kAvya-sarjanA ko pahale hI dizA prApta ho cukI thii| dhanaJjaya ne dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM use pallavita evaM vikasita karane kI vizeSa ceSTA kI hai tathA sandhAna-vidhA ne eka naye kAvya-sUtra ko janma bhI diyA hai| paramparAgata kAvya-lekhana kA jahA~ taka sambandha hai dvisandhAna apane pUrvavartI mahAkavi kAlidAsa, bhAravi se preraNA grahaNa karate Aye haiN| unake aneka padya
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________________ upasaMhAra kAlidAsa ke kAvya-varNanoM se vizeSa prabhAvita haiM / dUsarI ora dvisandhAnakAra AgAmI kAvya-paramparA ke liye bhI dizA-nirdezaka kavi kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate pratIta hote haiM / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya ko hI yaha zreya jAtA hai ki usane Ane vAle samaya meM catussandhAna, saptasandhAna Adi kAvyoM kI racanA hetu mArga prazasta kiyA / 267 sandhAna zailI cAhe sAmAnya kAvyamUlaka ho yA mahAkAvyamUlaka, isameM zabda ke nAnArthaka prayoga-vaiziSTya ke kAraNa hI eka hI padya meM anekArthakatA samAropita hotI hai / saMskRta bhASA meM vidyamAna nAnArthaka zabdoM kA vizAla bhaNDAra saMgrahIta kiye binA sandhAna zailI meM kAvya likhanA duSkara kArya hai / hama dekhate haiM ki 'anekArthanAmamAlA' nAmaka koza - grantha kI racanA kara kavi dhanaJjaya ne apanI yogyatA kA pahale hI pradarzana kara diyA thA / kavi nAnArthaka zabdoM kA vizeSa jJAtA thA aura inhIM ko vividha alaMkAra - vinyAsa se maNDita karate hue usane sandhAna-kAvya kI zailI ko AviSkRta kiyA / dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya kI sandhAnAtmaka kAvya-zailI tathA usake alaMkAra-vinyAsa kA mUlamantra zabdAlaGkAroM meM nihita hai / unameM se bhI zleSa aura yamaka kA prayoga-vaicitrya isakA mUlAdhAra hai / inhIM do alaMkAroM kI vividha bhaGgimAoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-naTI apane do rUpoM meM nartana karane lagatI hai / citrAlaGkAra kI yojanAoM ne bhI sandhAna- kAvya ko cAra cA~da lagAye haiM / dhanaJjaya ke zabda krIDA sAmarthya ko hI yaha zreya jAtA hai ki usake eka padya meM tIna-tIna bandhoM taka kI yojanA kI gayI hai / citrAlaGkAroM ke vikAsa evaM samRddhi ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se dhanaJjaya kRta dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kA asAdhAraNa yogadAna svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / 1 eka mahAkAvyakAra ke rUpa meM dhanaJjaya ne yugIna sAhityazAstrIya mAnyatAoM kA anusaraNa karate hue hI dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke kathAnaka kI rUparekhA kA nirmANa kiyA / mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya zilpa-vidhAna kI lagabhaga sabhI anivAryatAoM ko yaha caritArtha karatA hai aura sAtha hI nATya-saMdhiyoM ke saphala prayoga dvArA kathAnakIya vRtta ko sudRr3ha banAne kA bhI isameM prayAsa huA hai| mahAkAvya ke yugIna zAstrIya lakSaNoM meM hI yaha vyavasthA dI jAne lagI thI ki rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM kA mahAkAvya ke varNya-viSayoM meM vizeSa varNana kiyA jAye jaise yuddha-prayANa, dUta - sampreSaNa, yuddha-maMtraNA Adi / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra kI rAjanaitika
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________________ 268. sandhAna - kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA gatividhiyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA yuddhoM se guJjAyamAna tatkAlIna rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa kI bhI isameM saphala abhivyaJjanA huI hai / hama yaha bhI dekha sakate haiM ki tatkAlIna rAjavyavasthA meM sAmantI bhoga-vilAsa ke mUlya samAja para vizeSa hAvI ho cuke the / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya-lekhakoM ne loka- ruci ke Agraha se hI apane-apane mahAkAvyoM meM sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa kI gatividhiyoM kA vizeSa aGkana kiyA hai / yuddha prayANa, salila krIDA Adi dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya ke varNya viSayoM meM sAmantI mUlyoM se anuraMjita isI zRGgArika bhoga-vilAsa kI caramAbhivyakti huI hai / isa prakAra dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya samasAmayika sandarbhoM meM apane yugabodha se vizeSa prabhAvita hai aura sAtha hI do rASTrIya prakRti ke mahAkAvyoM - rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata se bhI yaha apanA sambandha jor3e hue hai| yugIna kAvya mUlyoM kI dRSTi se alaMkRta zailI ke dvisandhAna sadRza mahAkAvyoM ke liye yaha bhI Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA ki ve itihAsa-purANa Adi se apanA kathAnaka grahaNa kareM / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI rAmakathA kA jo rUpa dhanaJjaya ne grahaNa kiyA hai usake sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki unhoMne yathAruci vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura jaina rAmAyaNa kI ghaTanAoM ko samAna mahatva pradAna kiyA hai / 'padmapurANa' ke anusAra rAjA dazaratha kI tIna rAniyA~ aparAjitA, sumitrA va suprajA kahI gayI haiM parantu dvisandhAnakAra ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra hI dazaratha kI tIna rAniyoM kA nAma kauzalyA, kaikeyI tathA sumitrA diyA hai| rAjA dazaratha ke cAra putra varNita haiM jinameM lakSmaNa va zatrughna yamala the / jaina rAmakathA meM yaha sthiti svIkAra nahIM kI gayI hai parantu dhanaJjaya ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai / vAlmIki kI kaikeyI ke samAna hI dhanaJjaya kI kaikeyI ko bhI rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samAcAra ko jAnakara mana:stApa hotA hai tathA vaha rAjA dazaratha se apanA icchita vara mA~gatI hai / jaina rAmakathA ke pUrvavartI grantha vimalasUri kRta 'paumacariya' tathA raviSeNakRta 'padmapurANa' kA bhI dvisandhAna- mahAkAvya para bahuta prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai / padmapurANa ke anusAra 'kharadUSaNa' eka hI vyakti hai / vaha rAvaNa kA bhAI na hokara bahanoI (sUrpaNakhA kA pati) hai / dvisandhAnakAra ne kharadUSaNa ko rAvaNa ke bahanoI ke rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA hai / 'padmapurANa' ke anusAra hI dhanaJjaya ne bhI
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________________ upasaMhAra 269 lakSmaNa ke dvArA sUrpaNakhA ke putra zambUka ke vadha kI ghaTanA dikhAyI hai / bhAmaNDala' ko sItA kA bhAI batAnA tathA 'sAhasagati vidyAdhara' Adi kA vRttAnta padmapurANAnusArI kahA jA sakatA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke isa kathAnakIya svarUpa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dhanaJjaya eka udAra evaM paramparAniSTha kavi the| unhoMne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI rAmakathA ke sAtha-sAtha jaina paurANika rAmakathA ke tattvoM ko bhI samAna mahatva diyaa| sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se rAmakathA ke kevala jainAnumodita saMskaraNa ko hI svIkAra karane kI pravRtti dvisandhAna meM nahIM dikhAyI detI hai| isI prakAra anya jaina mahAkAvyoM meM kathAnaka ke bIca meM sargoM ke sarga hI jaina dharma-darzana Adi ke liye samarpita hue haiM kintu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra se dharma-pracAra karane kI gatividhiyoM kA bhI sarvathA abhAva hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya ke AdyopAnta kathAnaka ke sandarbha meM bhI yahI dekhane ko milatA hai ki jaina mahAkAvyoM se isakA kathAnakIya zilpa-vidhAna bhinna hai| prAya: sabhI jaina mahAkAvya nAyaka kI nirvANa-prApti para samApta hote haiM parantu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya nirvighna rAjya-prApti ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAtA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI rasayojanA ke sandarbha meM yaha vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki jaina mahAkAvyoM kI rasa vyavasthA se yaha prabhAvita nahIM hai| jainAnumodita rasa parikalpanA kAvya ko zAnta-rasa-paryavasAyI banAne meM vizvAsa rakhatI hai parantu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM zAnta rasa ko na to pradhAnatA dI gayI hai aura nahI kAvyako zAnta-paryavasAyI banAyA gayA hai| dvisandhAna-mahAkAvyakA kathAnaka nirvANa-prApti kI ora unmukha nahIM hai apitu nAyaka ke niSkaNTaka rAjya-prApti ke prayojana taka hI sImita hai| jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai dvisandhAna vIra evaM zRGgAra ko anya sabhI rasoM kI tulanA meM adhika mahatva pradAna karatA hai| phalata: samagra kAvya cetanA vIra rasa kI vividha abhivyaktiyoM ko mUrta rUpa dene meM saphala siddha huI hai / zRGgAra rasa kI avatAraNA tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI jIvana-darzana se vizeSa prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai / yuddha ziviroM meM sainikoM kI kAmavilAsa-krIDA tathA salila-krIDA Adi varNanoM ke avasara para sambhoga zRGgAra ko kavi ne vizeSa ubhAra kara prastuta kiyA hai / kAmakrIr3A ke vividha rUpa sambhoga zRGgAra ke bhedopabhedoM ke udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiM / paravartI kAla meM zRGgAra rasa ke kAvyazAstrIya svarUpa ko prabhAvita karane meM dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hogii| ina
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________________ 270 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA donoM mukhya rasoM ke atirikta dvisandhAna meM sthAna-sthAna para dUsare karuNa, bIbhatsa Adi rasoM kI bhI avasthiti dekhI jA sakatI hai / isa prakAra mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa 'rasabhAvanirantaram' kI sthiti ko banAye rakhane meM dhanaJjaya vizeSa satarka rahe haiN| __alaMkAra niyojana kI dRSTi se dvisandhAna ko alaMkAra-pradhAna mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI jAye to atyukti nahIM hogI / sandhAna-kAvya kA sampUrNa gaNita hI mAnoM alaMkAroM para hI avalambita hai| zleSa aura yamaka zabdAlaGkAroM ke jitane rUpa aura bheda saMbhava haiM dvisandhAna meM unheM dekhA jA sakatA hai / citrAlaGkAroM ke prayogoM se bhI kAvya-cetanA ko cAmatkArika zobhA prApta huI hai / dvisandhAna ke lekhaka kI yaha sadrar3ha mAnyatA hai ki zabdAlaGkAra hI nahIM apitu arthAlaGkAra bhI vyarthaka sandhAna-kAvya ko gatizIlatA pradAna karate haiM / alaMkAroM kI bhA~ti hI chanda-yojanA kI zailI bhI atyanta prabhAvazAlI siddha huI hai / rasa tathA bhAva kI apekSA se kavi ne chanda-yojanA ko sArthakatA pradAna kI hai| yadyapi paravartI sAhityazAstrIya chanda-yojanA ke niyama dvisandhAna para pUrI taraha se caritArtha nahIM kiye jA sakate haiM tathApi dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya eka vizeSa rasabhAva kI apekSA se kisI vizeSa chanda kI yojanA meM ruci lete dikhAyI dete haiN| sAtavIM zatAbdI kI kAvyazAstrIya mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para kAvya meM loka-citraNa kI prAsaMgikatA ko bhI rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai / dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM sAMskRtika loka-citraNa ke prati bhI vizeSa ruci lI gayI hai / tatkAlIna sAhitya rAjyAzraya meM racita hone ke kAraNa rAja-cetanA tathA yugIna sAmantavAdI jIvana-darzana kI ora usakA vizeSa jhukAva rahatA AyA hai isalie aneka Adhunika sAhitya samIkSaka madhyakAlIna saMskRta sAhitya ko eka AbhijAtya varga ke sAhitya ke rUpa meM mUlyAMkita karate haiM parantu dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya meM pratibimbita loka-citraNa ke vividha pakSoM kA yadi avalokana kiyA jAye to yaha bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAkAvya kA lekhaka tatkAlIna rAjanaitika jIvana ke aMkana ko vizeSa mahatva dene ke bAda bhI jana-sAmAnya evaM samAja kI vividha saMsthAoM ke citraNa ke prati bhI A~kheM mUMde hue nahIM hai / rAjanaitika paTala para hI samAja ke vividha pakSoM-udyoga vyavasAya, Arthika jana-jIvana, zikSA-dIkSA, kalA, jJAna-vijJAna sambandhI jisa sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA hama avalokana kara pAte haiM usake AdhAra para yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya kevala tatkAlIna rAjaprAsAdoM tathA AbhijAtya vargoM ke liye hI samarpita kAvya hai / yugIna cetanA ke sandarbha meM yadyapi
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________________ upasaMhAra 271 madhyakAlIna kAvya AbhijAtya varga ke prati vizeSa jhuke hue the parantu loka-mUlyoM tathA samasAmayika paristhitiyoM ke prati ve sarvathA udAsIna rahe haiM- kama se kama dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya isa tathya kI puSTi nahIM krtaa| isameM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika dazA kA yathArtha citraNa to huA hI hai sAtha hI arthavyavasthA, udyoga vyavasAya, vezabhUSA, AvAsa-vyavasthA, zikSA, kalA, jJAna-vijJAna evaM striyoM kI sthiti ke tatkAlIna svarUpa ko jAnane hetu bhI dvisandhAna ke sAhityika srota aitihAsikoM ke liye atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| isa prakAra upasaMhRti ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya apane nAma ko sArthaka karatA huA na kevala do samAnAntara kathAoM ko hI apane meM sameTatA hai apitu dvividha yuga-mUlyoM ko bhI samanvayonmukhI dizA pradAna karatA hai / mUlata: yaha mahAkAvya jaina paramparA se sambaddha hone para bhI brAhmaNa saMskRti kI rAmakathA evaM pANDavakathA ko apanA AdhAra banAtA hai| eka Adarza evaM sandezavAhaka kAvya ke rUpa meM yaha jahA~ paramparAniSTha mahAkAvya ke mUlyoM se maryAdita hai vahA~ dUsarI ora samasAmayika yuga-cetanA ke mukhya svara se bhI yaha mukharita hai / isa kAvya kA bAhya pakSa zabdADambara evaM kRtrima AlaMkArika upakaraNoM se jahA~ maNDita hai vahA~ rasa aura bhAvoM kI bhI isameM saphala abhivyaMjanA huI hai / saMkSepa meM dhanaJjaya kA dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya mAtra eka sAhityika vAgvilAsa hI nahIM apitu yugIna jIvana-darzana ke mAnavIya itihAsa kI eka durlabha kRti hai /
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________________ sandarbha-grantha-sUcI mUla-grantha atharvaveda, dayAnanda zodha saMsthAna, naI dillI anekArthanAmamAlA, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI,1950 abhijJAnazAkuntalam, sampA.- kapiladeva dvivedI, ilAhAbAda, 1966 arthazAstra, sampA.- rAmateja zAstrI pANDeya, kAzI,1964 alaMkAracintAmaNi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI,1973 alaMkAracUDAmaNi, kAvyAnuzAsana kI TIkA, bambaI,1938 alaMkAra-maNihAra, orienTala risarca insTITyUTa, maisUra aSTalakSI, devacandra lAla bhAI jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa, sUrata AdipurANa, bhAga 1-2, sampA-pannA lAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1963-65 Rgveda, maNDala 2, 3, 6, 7, vizvezvarAnanda iNDolojikala sirIz2a, hoziyArapura, 1963, 1964,1965 ekAvalI, bambaI, 1903 aitareya brAhmaNa, bhAga 1-2, tArA pablikezana, vArANasI, 1980, 1983 kannaDa paJcatantra, maisUra, 1898 karNATaka kavicarita, bhAga 1, baMgalaura, 1961 kAmandakanItisAra, sampA.-TI. gaNapati zAstrI, trivendrama,1912 kAvyakalpalatAvRtti, caukhambA saMskRta sirIz2a, banArasa, saM. 1988 kAvyaprakAza, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1966
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________________ sandarbha-grantha-sUcI kAvyamImAMsA, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1977 kAvyAdarza, meharacanda lachamana dAsa, dillI, 1973 kAvyAnuzAsana, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1938 kAvyAlaMkAra (bhAmaha), bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, 1962 kAvyAlaMkAra (rudraTa), vAsudeva prakAzana, dillI, 1965 kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti, caukhambA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976 kirAtArjunIyam, nirNayasAgara praisa, bambaI, 1926 gaNaratnamahodadhi, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI, 1963 caturviMzati-sandhAna kAvya, jaina hitaiSI, bhAga 6, aMka 5-6 meM prakAzita candrAloka, caukhambA saMskRta sirIz2a, vArANasI, 1975 273 chAndogyopaniSat, hariyANA sAhitya saMsthAna, rohataka, saM. 2040 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA bambaI, saM. 1984 tattvArtha sUtra, gaNeza prasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, banArasa, vI. ni. saM. 2476 tiloyapaNNati, jIvarAjagranthamAlA, zolApura, vi. saM. 1999 dazarUpaka, sampA. - zrInivAsazAstrI, meraTha, 1976 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya, sampA. - khuzAla canda gorAvAlA, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1970 dhanaJjayanAmamAlA, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1950 dhvanyAloka, motI lAla banArasI dAsa, dillI, 1963 nATyazAstra, manISA granthAlaya, kalakattA, 1967 nATyazAstra, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1943 nItivAkyAmRta, zrI mahAvIra jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, 1976 neminirvANa-mahAkAvya, kAvyamAlA sirIz2a, bambaI, 1936 pada-kaumudI TIkA, dvisandhAna - mahAkAvya ke antargata, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1970
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________________ 274 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA padmapurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, vi.saM.2016 pamparAmAyaNa, kannaDa sAhitya pariSad, baMgalaura, 1921 paramAtmaprakAza, rAjacandra granthamAlA, vi. saM. 2017 pAtaJjala mahAbhASya, bhAga 3, nirNayasAgara praisa, bambaI,1937 pArzvanAthacarita, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1916 prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nirNayasAgara praisa, bambaI, 1941 bhaTTikAvya, sampA-ke. pI. trivedI, bambaI, 1897 bhavisayattakahA, dhanapAlaviracita,bambaI manusmRti, saMzodhaka-vAsudeva zarmA, bambaI,1920 mahApurANa (puSpadanta), bhAga 1, pI. ela. vaidya, bambaI, 1937 mahAbhArata (nIlakaNTha TIkA sahita), sampA. Ara. kiMjavADekara, pUnA, 1929-33 mahAbhArata, gItA praisa gorakhapura saMskaraNa meghadUtam, sampA. - ke. bI. pAThaka, pUnA, 1916 yAjJavalkya smRti, sampA.- paM. nArAyaNa zAstrI tathA jagannAtha zAstrI, banArasa,1930 raghuvaMzam, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1926 rAghavanaiSadhIyam nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1926 rAghavapANDavIyam, kAvyamAlA sirIz2a, bambaI, 1897 rAjataraMgiNI, prathama khaNDa, hindI pracAraka saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 lIlAvaI, sampA- munijinavijaya,bambaI, saM. 2005 lIlAvatI, sampA-e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI, saM. 2005 vakroktijIvitam, pharmA ke ela. mukhopAdhyAya, kalakattA, 1961 vikramAMkadevacaritam, sampA. - jArja bahUlara, bambaI, 1915 viSApahAra-stotra, kAvyamAlA sirIz2a, bambaI, 1926 vRttaratnAkara, meharacanda lachamanadAsa, dillI, 1971 zatapatha brAhmaNa, lakSmI veMkaTezvara sTIma praisa, bambaI, 1940
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________________ sandarbha-grantha-sUcI zizupAlavadham, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 1979 zukranItisAra, sampA. - bI. DI. basu, prayAga, 1914 zRGgAra - prakAza, sampA. - vI. rAghavan, madrAsa, 1963 SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalATIkA sahita, bhAga 1, amarAvatI, 1938 sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, caukhambA oriyanTAliyA, vArANasI, 1976 sAhityadarpaNa, motI lAla banArasI dAsa, dillI, 1967 subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1952 suvRttatilaka, caukhambA saMskRta sirIz2a, banArasa, 1968 sUktimuktAvalI, gAyakavADa orienTala sirIz2a, baDaudA, 1938 saundarananda-mahAkAvya, eziyATika sosAyaTI Apha baMgAla, kalakattA, 1910 sthavirAvalicarita, sampA. - harmana jaikobI, kalakattA, 1932 275 haridAsI TIkA, haridAsa siddhAntavAgIza kRta sAhityadarpaNa kI TIkA, kalakattA harSacarita, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1912 sahAyaka - grantha (hindI) Ara. sI. majUmadAra : prAcIna bhArata meM saMghaTita jIvana, kalakattA, 1969 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla : rAjasthAna ke jaina santa - vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, jayapura, 1961 kezavarAva musalagAMvakara : saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, vArANasI, 1969 gulAba candra caudharI : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, banArasa, 1973 gaurI zaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA : madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, ilAhAbAda, 1966 nAthUrAma premI : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1956 nemicandra zAstrI : AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, vArANasI, 1968 nemicandra zAstrI : saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, dillI, 1971
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________________ 276 sandhAna- kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA pI. vI. kANe : dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 - 2, anu. - arjuna caube kAzyapa, lakhanaU, 1965 prema abhinandana grantha, TIkamagaDha, 1946 baladeva upAdhyAya : saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, dillI, 1967 mohanacanda : jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja, dillI, 1989 rAmazaraNa zarmA : bhAratIya sAmantavAda (anu.- Aditya nArAyaNa siMha), dillI, 1973 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla : harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1964 zambhUnAtha siMha: hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa-vikAsa, vArANasI, 1962 zyAma zaMkara dIkSita : terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina-saMskRta mahAkAvya, jayapura, 1969 zrI 108 cAritracakravartI AcArya zAMtisAgara smRti-grantha, phalaTaNa, 1973 satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra : bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa, masUrI, 1967 sahAyaka-grantha (aMgrejI) Altekar, A.S.: The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, Delhi, 1978 Choudhary, Gulab Chandra : Political History of Northern India from Jain Sources, Amritsar, 1969 History of Sanskrit Literature, Dasgupta and De Calcutta, 1947 Dixon, M. : English Epic and Heroic Poetry, London, 1912 Ghosh, Juthika : Epic Sources of Sanskrit Literature, Calcutta, 1963. Gummere, F.B. : A Handbook of Poetics, Folcroft (U.S.A.), 1973
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________________ sandarbha-grantha-sUcI puu Johari, Manorama : Politics and Ethics in Ancient India, Varanasi, 1968 Kaegi : The Rigveda, London, 1886 Keith, A.B. : A History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1941 Ker, W.P. : Epic and Romance, New York, 1957 Ker, W.P. : Form and Style in Poetry, London, 1966 Krishnamachariar, M. : History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Delhi, 1974 Lionet D. Barnett : Hindu Gods and Heroes, London, 1886 Macdonell, A.A. : A History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1913 Majumdar, R.C. : The History & Culture of the Indian People - The Classical Age, Bombay, 1954 Mirashi, V.V. : Literary and Historical Studies in Indology, Delhi, 1975 Moulton : World Literature, Folcroft (U.S.A.), 1973 Pandey, K.C. : Comparative Aesthetics, Vol.I, Varanasi, 1959 Panikkar, K.M. : Shri Harsha of Kannauj, Bombay, 1962 Raghvan, V. : Sanskrit Literature, Delhi, 1961 Sharma, Dasharatha : Rajasthan Through the Ages, Bikaner, 1966 Siddhanta, N. K. : The Heroic Age of India, London, 1929 Vaidya, P.L. : Introduction of the Mahapurana of Puspadanta, Vol. I, Bombay, 1937 Winternitz, M. : A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, II, Calcutta, 1927, 1933
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________________ 278 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA koza-grantha jinaratnakoza, pUnA, 1944 . digambara jaina granthakartA aura unake grantha, zolApura, 1928 bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza (rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA') medinI koza, vArANasI, 1968 hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga 1, banArasa, saM. 2015 A Dictionary of English Literature (Watt, H.A. and Watt W.w.),New York, 1952. Dictionary of World Literary Terms (Shipley Joseph T.), Boston, 1970. Encyclopaedia Americana, Vol. 3, 1958. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.2, 1974. Encyclopaedia of Literature, Vol.I. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.7. The Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend, Vol.I, New York, 1949. The Reader's Encyclopaedia (William Rose Benit). patra evaM patrikAeM anekAnta, aktUbara, 1948, mArca, 1950,dillI AlocanA, aMka 1, 1951, julAI, 1952,dillI jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 5, kiraNa 4 tathA bhAga 8, kiraNa 1 jaina hitaiSI, bhAga 15, bambaI Epigraphia Indica, Vol.19 Epigraphica Karnatika, Vol.7, Shikarpur Indian Antiquary, Vol.14,1883
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________________ sandarbha-grantha-sUcI 279 Journal of Andhra Historical research Society, Vol.2, No.2, Rajamundri, 1927 Journal of Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.21, 1904 Journal of Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society (New Series), Vol.3, 1927 Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1912 Modern Review, Dec. 1914 Report on the Search for Manuscript in the Bombay Presidency Druing the Years 1884-85, 1885-86 and 1886-87, Bomaby, 1894 Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal, Vol.8, No.1-2, Mar.-Sep. 1970 Zeitschrift der Deutschens Morganlandischen Gasellschoft, Vol.37, 39
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________________ aMzuka - 248, 261 akabara- 39 akalaGkadeva-50, 52-55, 58 akSayakumAra-78 agaracanda nAhaTA - 41 agastya - lopAmudrA sUkta - 6 aguru candana- 241 agnivarNa-31 aMkagaNita-253 zabdAnukramaNikA aGga - 114, 139, 150 aGgIrasa - 114-15 ajantA - 150 ajayapAla (cAlukyarAja) - 39 ajAtazatru-82 ajitadeva sUri- 90 aMjaNA - sundarIcariya- 28 aTThakahA- 24 aNahilavAr3a - 37 atijagatI - 207 dhRti 208 - atizakvarI - 207 atizayokti - 144, 189-91, 199 atyaSTi-207 atharvaveda - 13 adhirAja - 219 adhyApaka- 245, 254 anantakIrti-52 anantacatuSTaya-253 anantanAtha-48 anantavIrya-52 anantasUri- 91 anahilavAr3e - 248 anAra - 240 anutpAdya - 98 anuprAsa - 153, 155, 173, 198 - antyAnuprAsa - 153-54 - padAntagata- 154 - pAdAntagata - 154 - chekAnuprAsa-153 - lATAnuprAsa - 153-54, 171 - vRttyanuprAsa - 153 - zrutyanuprAsa - 153-54 anubhAva - 115 - 20, 122- 32, 134, 138-44, 146-47 anuloma- pratiloma - 49, 87, 180 anuzruti-7 anuSTup - 203, 205 anekArthanAmamAlA - 57, 60-61, 67, 266-67 antarIya (kaTivastra ) - 248, 261
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________________ zabdAnukramaNi andhas (bhAta) - 249 aparavaktra - 208 aparAjitA - 268 abhayadeva sUri - 19 abhijJAna zAkuntala - 65, 67 abhinanda kavi-32 abhinavapampa - 43-45, 47-48, 54-55, 58-59 amarakIrti - 61, 63 amarakoza - 60, 91 amaracandra sUri - 18-19, 95 amoghavarSa 43 ambAvat nagara-40 ayodhyA - 65, 71-72, 79, 82, 99, 105 'aralu zreSThin - 63 arisiMha- 24 aruMguLAnvaya - 51-52 arjuna - 36, 72, 74-75, 78-79, 81-82, 89, 117, 119 - 20, 144, 146, 204 arthagaurava - 69, 83, 199 arthavyavasthA- 237-38, 264, 271 arthazAstra (kauTilIya) - 216, 223, 237 arthazleSa - 192 arthAntaranyAsa - 192-93 arthAlaMkAra - 93, 109, 172, 185, 199, 270 ardhacakravartI - 219-20 ardhamaNDalezvara - 219 ardhasamavRtta - 208 281 arhanta - 250 ala idarisI - 248 alaMkAra - 151-53, 155, 168, 170, 172, 186 - 200, 210, 266-67, 270 alaMkRta mahAkAvya - 1 - 2, 9, 12, 14- 17, 24 - 26, 28-29, 42, 210, 265, 268 ala masaUdI - 249 avataMsa - 262 avanisvAmI- 220 avyApti doSa- 34 azoka - 242, 250 azvaghoSa - 15 - 16, 23, 29, 31, 113, 151, 221, 265 azvavAra (sAIsa) - 231, 244 azvArohI - 231, 233 azvina - 13 aSTalakSI- -39 aSTAdhyAyI-36 ahamadAbAda- 38-39 ahiMsA- 249 AisalaiMDa-4 AkSepa - 193 AkhyAnaka nRtya-gIta - 3-5, 41 - caurasiyA-5 - rAbinahuDa-4 - rAmalIlA - 5 - rAsalIlA-5 AgneyAstra - 236 AcArya - 250-51 AdinAthacariya-20 42,
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________________ 282 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA AdipurANa-18, 60 Anandavardhana-95 AnvIkSikI-255 ApaNa-243 AbhUSaNa-243, 261-62 Ayudha-234-35, 237, 243 -AkramaNAtmaka-235 -surakSAtmaka-235-36 AyudhAgArika-228 Ayurveda-257-58, 264 ArA-38, 54, 63 Arthika-vyavasAya-240, 264 Alambana vibhAva-115-17, 119-20, 122-32, 134, 138-49 AvAsIya sthiti-245, 264, 271 -grAma-245-46, 264 -nagara-245-47, 264 -nigama-245-46, 264 -bhakta-grAma-246 ikSurasa (Ikha kA rasa)-240, 249 iMglaiNDa-4-5 iNDiyana eNTIkverI-44 itihAsa-purANa-9, 23, 26, 97-98, 268 itsiMgz2a rikArDa oNpha buddhisTa praikTisiz2a ina da vaisTa-44 inIDa (Aeneid)-15 indra-13, 252 indra-aditi-vAmadeva sUkta-6 indra-indrANI-vRSAkapi sUkta-6 indra-marut sUkta-7 indrarAja-212 indravaMzA-206 indravajrA-60, 205 ipika-2 iliyaDa (Iliad)-12, 14 ugrasena-82 ujjaina-43 ur3ada-248 uttarapurANa-18 uttarIya-247, 261 utpAdya-98 utprekSA-185, 188-89, 198-99 utsAha-114, 116-17, 119-20, 122-23 udgatA-208 uddIpana vibhAva-115-17, 119-20 __ 122-32, 134,138-42,144-49 udbhaTa-151 udyAna-vyavasAya-240 udyoga-vyavasAya-239, 244, 270-71 udyotan-28 upajAti-60, 93, 205 upanayana saMskAra-251 upamA-83, 118,144, 185-86, 199 -tulyayogopamA-186 -zleSopamA-186 upamAna-upameyatA-82, 92 upAdhyAya-250-51 upAdhyAya, e.sI0-19 upAdhye, e0 ena0-27-28, 46, 50-52, 55, 60, 63, 67, 266 ubhayAlaMkAra-53 umAsvAti/umAsvAmI-51
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA 283 uSAsUkta-15 uSANiruddha-35 UrujAla-262 Rgveda-6,11,13,15-16 RSabha-jina-stuti-60 RSabhadeva-38, 41, 89-90 ekAvalI-262 ensAiklopIDiyA oNpha liTarecara-28 enasAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA-5 elorA-150 aitareya brAhmaNa-7 aitihAsika zailI ke mahAkAvya-22-25, 42, 265 ojhA-248 oDesI (Odyasey)-12, 14 olDanabarga-7, 11 aupacchandasika-208 kaMsa-vadha-5, 36 kaMkaNa-262 kacchI (mAlAkAra)-244 kaMcuka-248, 261 kaMcukazrI (darjI)-244 kaMcukI-230 kaTaka-262 kaTakopAdhyAya-48 kaNa-236 kathAtrayI-71 kathAsaritsAgara-26 kadamba-242 kadrU-9 kanakAnaka-237, 256 kanakAmara-29 kannauja-35, 212 kapphiNAbhyudaya-34 kamala-241 kamalabandha-152 kambala-243, 248, 261 karakaMDucariu-29 karakaMDu mahArAja-29 karuNarasa-114, 138-39,146, 203, 270 karuNA-139 karketana-66, 243 karkoTaka vaMza-211 karNa-78 karNATaka-63 karNATaka-kAdambarI-48 karNikA (kAnoM kI bAliyA~)-262 karpUra-243, 257 karmAdhyakSa-229 kalakattA-46 kalacuri-57 kalA (saMgIta aura nRtya)-256, 270 kaliyuga-252 kalyANa-23, 91 kalyANI-82 kalhaNa-24 kavaca/varma-236 kavirahasya-36 kavirAkSasIya-70 kavirAja-44, 46, 50-52, 71, 80, 90 kazmIra-39 kaSAya-251
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________________ 284 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA kAjala-261 kItha, e.bI0-7, 43, 45-46, 69 kAMcI-262 kIrti (vyApArI)-63 kANe, pI0vI0-214 kIrtividyAhara-47 kAtantra vyAkaraNa-36-37 kuMkuma-241, 261 kAma-kalA-260 kutUhala-27-28 kAmadeva-129, 131-32, 186 kunta-235 kAmadeva (kadambavaMzIya)-46, 50, 90 kuntaka-95 kAmandakanItisAra-215 kuntApa mantra-13 kAmasUtra-150, 249 kuntI-72, 82 kArtikeya-57 kubja-230 kAlakAcAryakathAnaka-28 * kumAradAsa-32 kAlidAsa-15-16, 31-33, 35, 42, kumArapAla (cAlukya nareza)-24, 37, 53, 63, 65-67, 69, 91, 111, 39, 90 113, 151, 221-22, 265-67 kumArapAlacarita-24, 37 kAvyakAra-245, 267 kumArabhRtya-258 kAvyaguNa-105 kumAravihAraprazasti-38 . -gAmbhIrya-105 kumArasambhava-2, 31, 265 -prasAda-105 kumbhakarNa-74, 78, 82 -mAdhurya-105 kurabaka-242 kAvyaprakAza-49 kuru-212 kAvyamaNDana-32 kulakarNI (DaoN.)-54 kAvyamImAMsA-30 kulacandra-47, 55 kAvyAlaMkAra-vRtti-46 kulabhUSaNa-47, 55 kAvyAlaMkAra-sUtra-44, 98 kuvalayamAlA-28 kAvyavalokana-48 kRtavarman-82 kAzI-61 kRpANa-235 kiMzuka-242 kRSi-237-40, 242, 246, 263 kirAtArjunIya-1,33,65-67, 265-66 kRSNa-20, 36-39, 41, 62,75-79, kirITin-82 81-82,91,100-1,105,107-8, kiSkindhA-75, 145 115,118-19,122-23,137-38, kIcaka-73-74, 81-82, 99, 117, .. 141-42, 145, 150, 203, 125, 140-41, 143, 192 250-51
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________________ 285 zabdAnukramaNikA kRSNadAsa kavirAja-19 kRSNamAcAriyara-43 kRSNarAja tRtIya-36 kRSNalIlAMzuka-37 kekara-262 kera, DablyU 0pI0-5 kerala-36 kevala jJAna-251, 253 kezasajjA-261 kaikeyI-73, 223, 268 kaitha-240 kailAza candra zAstrI-40 kailAza parvata-116 koTizilA-76, 81, 104, 252 kodaNDa-rAma-47 kollAgiri-44 kolhApura-44, 47-48,54-56,58-59 koSa-saMgrahaNa-226, 237-38, 243, 264 koSAdhyakSa-228 kauTilya-215, 223, 225, 232 / kauzalyA-72, 82, 224, 268 krodha-140-42 kSatravidyA-255, 264 kSemendra-18, 36 kSauma (paridhAna vastra)-248, 261 kSmAdhipa-220 khara-73-74, 81-82, 99, 117, 119-20, 140, 144, 146, 192, 268 khalakapota-nyAya-195-96 khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA-70 kheTaka (DhAla)-236 gauDavaho-25, 35, 212 gaMgavaMza-211 gaMgA-78, 100, 141 gajAnana-57-58 gajArohI-231, 233 gaNaratnamahodadhi-45, 50, 53 gaNitazAstra-62 gaNDarAditya (zilAhArarAjA)-48 gadA-235 gandhamAdana-82 garuDamaNi-66, 243 garuDAstra-236 gAthaka-231 gAthA-cakra-3, 8-10, 15, 41-42, 265 -dharma-bhAvanA-pradhAna-8 -prema-bhAvanA-pradhAna-8 -vIra-bhAvanA-pradhAna-8 gAMdhAra-212 gAyaka (saMgItakAra)-245 gIti-4 gujarAta-24 gur3a-248 guNacandramaNi-20 guNapAla-19 guNabhadra-18 guNasamRddhimahattarA-28 guNADhya-25-27 guptacara-229-30 gurjara-pratihAra vaMza-211, 221 gulAba-241
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________________ 286 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA gulAbacandra caudharI-62 * cApavidyA-255 gRdhrapiccha-51 'cAMdI-243 geziste der indrizena lirecara-45 cAlukya vaMza-211, 221 gehUM-248 cAvala-248 gopAla (rAjA)-212 citrakalA-256 gopikA-245 citrakAra-245, 256 gopura-247 citrAlaMkAra (citrabandha)-87-88, 92, gomUtrikAgarbhazloka-88 109-11,151-52,173-74, 179, govardhana-116 181,183, 185, 198,209, 267, govindalIlAmRta-19 270 gaur3a deza-32, 35 -AkAra citra-87, 173, 175, gautama (gaNadhara)-62, 71 182 ghaTIyantra-240 -kamala citra-175 ghAtiyA karma-253 -cakra citra-175 ghI-248 -zaila citra-182 cauppanamahApurisacariya-14 -SaDaracakra-175-76 cakra-235 -gaticitra-87, 173, 177-78, cakraratna-79, 251 198 cakravartI (cakrI)-18, 219-21 -ardhabhrama-178-79 cakrAyudha (rAjA)-212 -gatapratyAgata-44-45, 49, 71, caturodAtta-107-8 87-88, 91, 177 caturviMzatisandhAna-mahAkAvya-38, 40, -gomUtrikA-181-82, 184 42 -tadakSaragata-177-78 catussandhAna-mahAkAvya-38, 40, 42, -turaGgagati-177 267 -pAdagata-gatapratyAgata-178 cattAri-aTThagAthA-38 -pAdapratiloma-177 candana-260 -zlokagUDha ardhabhrama-179-80, candappahacariu-21 198 candraprabhacarita-26, 52 -zlokArdhapratiloma-177 candrAloka-151 -sarvatobhadra-178, 180-81 camUbhartA-227. -gUDha citra-173, 184 caraNavinyAsa-255 -abhiprAyagUr3ha-184
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA -kArakagUr3ha-184 -kriyAgUr3ha-184 -pAdagUr3ha-184-85 - vastugUr3ha - 184 - sambandhagUr3ha - 184 -bandha citra-87-89, 173, 182 - dvicatuSkacakrabandha-182 - dvizRGgATakabandha-182 - muraja bandha- 152, 182-84 - musala bandha-182 - viviDita bandha - 182 - vyomabandha- 182 -zara ( yantra) bandha- 182-84 - hala bandha- 182 - varNacitra - 163-74 - eka varNa citra - 174-75 - ekAkSara - pAdazloka - 174 - caturvarNa citra - 174 - trivarNa citra - 174 - dvivarNa citra - 174-75 - dvayakSara- ardhazlokI - 174 - pAdagata- dvivarNa citra - 175 - sthAna citra - 173 - svara citra - 173 citrAlaMkAramUlaka sandhAna-vidhi - 80, 87 cidambara-71 cihnAMkana- 107 cUDAkaraNa - 251, 254 coL kAlAnala- 47 cola vaMza - 211 chanda - 200-9, 270 chandombudhi- 48, 54 chAndogyopaniSat - 9 jagatI - 206 jagatIpati-220 jagatIbhuja-220 jagadekamalla (cAlukya rAjA ) - 45, 47-48, 51, 56 jagannAtha - 40-41 jaTAsiMhanandi-18 janArdana- 48 287 janna- 48 jambU - 240 jambUcarita - 19 jambU dvIpa - 72 jambUsvAmI ( antima kevalI ) - 22 jambUsvAmIcariu - 21-22 jayacandra- 24 jayadeva - 151 jayadratha (sajAnaka) - 18, 24, 78, 82 jayadhavalA (TIkA) - 52, 54, 57 jayantavijaya - 19 jayantIpurI - 46, 50, 90 jayamitra halla - 22 jayasiMha (cAlukyarAja) - 39, 47, 51, 56 jayA - 63 jarAsaMdha-74-79, 81-82, 88, 100, 108, 115-18, 121-22, 141-42, 145, 191, 202, 232 jarnala oNpha bAmbe brAMca rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI - - 44, 51 jaladharamAlA - 207 jaloddhatagati-206
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________________ 288 jalhaNa-53-54 jAtaka kathA-24 jAnakIharaNa-32 jAmbavAn-76, 116, 122, 202 jAyasavAla, ke0 pI0-246 .. jAvA-36 jiNadattacariu-29 jinaprabhasUri-37 jinasena-14, 18, 52, 55, 57, 60 jIvasiddhi-52 jugupsA -145-46 jUthikA ghoSa-70 jaikobI-19 jainakumArasambhava-32 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa-62 / / jainendra vyAkaraNa-58 jaisalamerIya bhANDAgArIya granthAnAM sUcI-22 jonarAja-24 jJAnakIrti (bhaTTAraka)-61 jJAnasAgara sUri-41 jyAsphAlana-255 jyotiSa-62 jyotiHzAstrajJa-228 jvAra-248 TiranarI oNpha varlDa liTorI Tarsa-5 De, esa0ke0-24, 33-34, 46, 70 NAyakumAracariu-29 NemiNAhacariu/ya-19, 21-22 tattvArthazraddhAna-253 tattvArthazlokavArttika-52 tattvArthasUtra-253 tamAla-242 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA talavarga (mahAvata)-244 talavAra-235 tAkAkusu, je0-44 tAmbUla-75, 241, 261 tArA-75, 82 tAla-242 tisaTTimahApurisaguNAlaGkAra-21 tIrI-235 tIrthaMkara-18, 22, 39-41, 59, 71, 250, 257 tUNIra-235 tUrya-237, 256 tejapAla-22, 24 terdAL-43-45, 55 toTaka-206 tomara-235 trayI vidyA (dharmAdharmaviveka)-254-55 tripuTI (utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya)-250, 252 tripuruSa (brahmA-viSNu-maheza)-250, 252 tribhuvanamalla (cAlukya rAjA)-23 trivikrama-37 trividha zaktiyA~-219, 215 -utsAha zakti-215, 216 -prabhu zakti-215, 216 -mantra zakti-215. 216 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita-14-15, 18, 20-21 triSTup-205 trisandhAnamahAkAvya-42 therI gAthA-24 daNDakAraNya-73-74 daNDanAyaka/daNDAdhikArI-229
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA daNDanIti - 196 daNDI - 26, 30, 32, 34, 50, 53, 57, 71, 95, 101, 104, 107 - 10, 151, 159, 177 damayantI - 34 darpaNa - 231 darzana - 252, 264, 269 dazamukha - 117 dazaratha - 55, 58, 63-64, 67, 72-73, 99, 105, 122-23, 148, 187, 190, 268 dazarUpaka- 43, 54 dazAvatAracarita - 18 dAnastuti - 7, 13 dAsaguptA, esa0ena0 - 16 dilIpa - 31 divAkara- 36 divyAstra - 236 dI Atharsa oNpha dI rAghavapANDavIya eNDa gadyacintAmaNi - 51 dI jaina poima rAghavapANDavIya e riplAI TU pro0 maiksamUlara - 44 dIpaka - 190, 198 dIpavaMza - 24 dukUla - 243, 248, 261 durgasiMha - 37, 45, 47, 51, 54, 56 durgAdhyakSa- 229 durgAprasAda - 37 durmarSaNa- 78, 82 duryodhana- 73, 75, 78, 82, 117 duHzAsana- 78, 82 duSyanta - 65 289 dUta - 230 dUdha - 248 dUSaNa - 73-74, 81-82, 99, 117, 119-20, 140, 144, 146, 192, 268 dRSTAnta - 190-91, 198 devacandra sUri - 20 devadAru- 242, 244 devaprabha sUri - 18, 20 devara (kavi) - 63, 67 daivajJa - 228 dodhaka - 203 dravya - 252 drAkSA ( dAkha) - 241 drutavilambita-206 drupada -82 droNa - 82, 89 droNAcala - 78 dropadI - 73, 81, 125, 143 dvAdazAGgavANI ( zrutaskandha) - 149, 250 dvArAvatI / dvArakA- 66, 74-75, 79, 81-82 dvisandhAna-mahAkAvya -1-2, 38, 42-43, 46-50, 52-54, 56-60, 62-68, 71, 79-84, 86 - 111, 114-15, 117, 122-23, 125, 131, 133, 135-40, 142-46, 148-50, 152-59, 161-75, 177-99, 201 - 3, 205, 208-11, 213 - 15, 217-19, 221 - 26, 229, 231-34, 236-61, 263-71 dvyartha - karNapArzvastava - 41 dvayAzrayakAvya- 37
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________________ 290 dhanaJjaya (sandhAna-kavi)-1,38,43-63, 65-67,71,79,81, 84,87,89, 92-94,97-98,105-7,109-10, 115-16,118-19,122-23, 125, 127-33, 135, 137, 139, 141-46,148-50,152-53, 170, 179, 184-85, 198-99, 202, 205, 208, 210, 216, 222, 226, 238, 249-50, 252, 263, 266-71 dhanaJjaya-nighaNTu-60 dhanapAla-21, 29 dhanAdhyakSa-228 dhanurvidyA-254-55, 264 dhanuSa-235, 255 dhanezvara-28 dharmakathAnuyoga-14 dharmapAla-212 dharmazarmAbhyudaya-19, 25, 27 dhAtukAvya-36 dhArA nagarI-48, 50, 56, 89 dhIrodAtta-107 dhRtarASTra-73, 82 dhotI-243 dhruva, kezavalAla-19 nakula-79, 81 naTa-231, 245 naTantya (bhaDue)-230, 245 napuMsaka praharI-230 namisAdhu-98 narasiMhAcAriyara-48, 52, 54 narendra-220 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA narendrakIrti-40 narezvara-37, 220 nartakI-231, 245, 256, 260 narmadA nadI-212 narmadAsundarIkathA-28 nala-34, 41, 90-91 nalayAdavarAghavapANDavIya-71 nala-harizcandrIya-91 navakhaNDapArzvastava-41 navasAhasAMkacarita-25-26 nAgakezara-241 nAgacandra-43, 45, 60 nAgapAza-236 nAgavarmA-48 nAgavallI (tAmbUla latA)-241 nAgojibhaTTa-230 nATyazAstra-29, 147 nATya-sandhiyA~-98, 112, 267 -garbha sandhi-98, 100 -nirvahaNa sandhi-98, 100-1 -pratimukha sandhi-98-99 -mukha sandhi-98-99 -vimarza/avamarza sandhi-98, 100 nAthurAma premI-59-60 nAbheyanemidvisandhAna-38, 90 nAmakaraNa-251 nAmamAlA-47,50,52-54,58,60-61, 67, 266 nAmamAlAbhASya-61 nArAyaNa-75, 88, 106, 116, 121, 147, 221 nArAyaNa (kavi)-36
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________________ 291 zabdAnukramaNikA nArAzaMsI gAthA-6-7 nijandharI AkhyAna-24 nibeluMgenalIDa (Nibelungenlied) 12-13 nimittazAstra-257 nizcaya-188 nItipatha-66 nItivAkyAmRta-226 nItizAstra-228 nIla-243 nIlakaNTha dIkSita-19 nRpa-219 nRpati-219 nemicandra (padakaumudIkAra)-58, 62, 67, 88, 213-15, 217, 227, 229, 233-34, 238, 244, 246, 262 nemicandra zAstrI-40, 60, 149, 214, 227 neminAtha-22, 38, 41, 59, 79, 89-90, 250 neminAthacarita-32, 38, 89 neminAthacariya-20 neminirvANa-19, 26-27 naiSadhacarita-34-35 nyAya (zAstra)-254 nyAyAdhIza-229, 255 paumacariu-20 paumacariya-14, 19, 27, 268 pajjuNakahA-29 paJcakalyANacampU-71 paMcakalyANavidhAna-29 paMcaNamokAra maMtra-29 paMcatantra-47, 51, 54 paMcatIrthIstuti-41 paJcamIkahA-20, 28 paMcasandhAna-mahAkAvya-38 paMcAcAra-251 paTa-247, 261 paTaha-237, 256 paNDitarAja jagannAtha-40-41 pataJjali-5 patrAvalI-261 padakaumudI-TIkA-58, 62, 67, 214, 227-29, 255, 262 padArtha-vaividhya-83 padmakIrti-21 padmagupta-25-26 padmanandi-62 padmapurANa-14, 20, 250, 252-53, 268-69 padmAnanda-19 pamparAmAyaNa-44-45 paramabhaTTAraka-221 paramAnanda jaina zAstrI-29 paramAra vaMza-43 paramezvara-221 parameSThI-106, 250 pararASTra nIti-216-17, 232, 263 paravAdighaTTa-63 parazu-235 parikhA-247 paricArikA-231 paridhi-247
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________________ sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA 292 pariziSTa parva-18 parisaMkhyA-195 palAza-242 palyakIrti-52 pallava vaMza-211 pazupAlana-237-38, 242, 246, 264 pATaNa-37-38 pAThaka, ke0bI0-43-47, 59, 67 pANini-31, 36 pANDava-49,71-79,81,92,96-97, 99-100, 105, 107, 146, 191, 197, 256, 271 pANDavacarita-18 pANDu-63-64, 72-73, 82, 99, 122-23, 148, 187, 190 pANDukazilA-252 pAdalipta-28 pArajiTara (Pargiter)-9 pAriplava AkhyAna-13 pArvatI-38, 70, 91 pArvatIrukmiNIya-38, 91 pArzvanAtha-41, 60 pArzvanAthacarita/ya-20, 26-27, 51, 53, 56, 59 pArzvastava-41 pArzvastavana-41 pAla vaMza-211-12 pAsacarita-21 pIpala-242 punnAga-241 pururavorvazI AkhyAna-7 pururavorvazI sUkta-6 puruSArtha-111 -artha-111, 223 -kAma-111, 223 -dharma-111, 223 -mokSa-111, 223, 250, 253 puruSottama-76, 81 purodhA-251 puSpadanta-15, 20 puSpitAgrA-60, 203-4, 208 puSyasena ziSya-63, 67 pUga (supArI)-241 pUjA-paddhatti/vidhAna-250-51, 264 pUjyapAda/devanandi-50-51, 53, 55, 58,62 pRthvI-87, 203, 207 pRthvIrAjavijaya-24 pRthvIvallabha-43 pairADAiz2a lAsTa (Paradise Lost)-15 poMstavana-251 paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvya-17-22, 26, 42, 265 prakaraNa-samAnatA-81 prajApati-87, 219 pratijJA-gAMgeya-36 pratibaladeva-18 pratisarga-18 pratihArendurAja-151 prathamAnuyoga-14, 16 pradhAnamantrI-227 prabhAcandra-53, 57 pramitAkSarA-207 pramuditavadanA-206
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA prameyakamalamArtaNDa - 53, 57 prameyaratnamAlA - 52 pravarasena- 32 prasAda guNa- 33 prasvApanAstra - 236 praharSiNI - 207 prAkAra - 247 prArambha - 99 - 101 prAsa - 235 phaliyA~-248 phrAMsa- 13 pherodvIpa - 4 bakula- 241 baMgAla - 38, 90, 212 bar3audA-38 baDamANakavvu-22 badrInAtha - 62, 67 bandhUka- 241, 261 bambaI - 50, 62 baladeva - 18, 20 balarAma - 75- 77, 116, 122, 202, 234 balabandha-5 bAjarA - 248 bANa - 235-36, 255-56 bANabhaTTa - 19, 68-71, 221 bArneTa - 13 bAlacandrasUri-24, 47, 55 23, 26, 32, 48, bAlabhArata - 18 bAla-81 bAlI (deza) -36 bAhubalicariu - 22 biyovulpha (Beowulf ) - 92 bilhaNa - 23, 25 bIja - 99-100 bIbhatsa rasa - 114, 145-47, 270 buddha - 248 buddhacarita - 23, 31 bRhatkathA-25-26 bRhaspati-45 belagAme -> -47 293 belUra - 51 brahmA - 39, 57, 194, 250, 252 bhaTTi - 36 bhaTTikAvya- 36-37 bhaTTibhIma (bhUma yA bhaumaka ) - 36 bhaNDArakara, Ara0jI0 - 43, 46, 50, 67 bhaya - 113, 143-45 bhayAnaka rasa- 114, 143-45 bharata - 78, 81-82 bharata (AcArya) - 29, 43, 98, 124, 147, 155-56, 159, 161, 167, 169-71 bharata kSetra - 72, 220 bhalli - 235 bhavadeva sUri-26-27 bhaviSyatta kahA - 27, 29 bhANDAgArI - 228 bhAmaNDala - 269 bhAmaha - 26, 30, 34, 95, 98, 101, 107-11, 151, 156, 161, 167 bhArata - 4, 11, 14, 42, 211, 213, 226, 239, 251, 258, 266
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________________ 294 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA bhAratamaJjarI-18 manusmRti-216, 223 bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa-45 manoramAcarita-28 bhAravi-15, 33-35, 42, 65-67,69, manohara (kavi)-40 ___91, 113, 151, 265-66 mantraNA ke tattva-225 bhASAbhUSaNa-48 -caturvidha-upAya-213, 217-18, bhAsa-29 225 bhIma-73-76, 79, 81-83, 119-20, daNDa-217-19, 227, 232, 255 . 140-41, 143-44, 146, 149 dAna-217-19, 227, 232 bhISma-36, 78, 82 bheda-217-19, 227, 232 bhUpa-220-21 sAma-217-19, 227, 232 bhUpati-220 -mantraNA-kAla-225 bhUpAla-220 -mantraNA-sthAna-225 bhUbhuja-220 -mantraNIya viSaya-kArambha-225 bhUbhRta-220 -mantradAtA-225 bhUmipa-220 mantrazAlA-225 bhUrizravas-82 'mandAkrAntA-202-3, 208 bherI-233, 237, 256 manvantara-18 bhoja-48, 52-53, 56-57, 89, 95, / mammaTa-49 124, 155, 168, 173, 212 malayasundarI kathA-27 bhrAntimAn-187-88 mallikA-241 magadha-212 masUra-248 maMkhaka-25, 34 mahatI ghaTanA-97 machalI-248 mahAkAla-146 majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0-244, 246 mahAkAvya-2-3, 6, 8-11, 13-22, maTara-248 24, 26-38,41-42,62,64,67, maNDalezvara-219 71, 81, 89-98, 101, 103-14, matisAgara-51-52 125, 146-52, 172, 199, 201, mattamayUra-207 205, 209-10, 212, 224, 246, matsya deza/rAjA-73, 212 252, 263, 265-68, 270-71 madyapAna/madirApAna-249, 259-60 mahAkAvyatva-parIkSA-95-111 madra-212 -atiprAkRta aura alaukika tattva 103 manu-218, 222, 225
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________________ 295 zabdAnukramaNikA -anta yA samApti-105 -alaMkAra-vinyAsa-109 -avAntara-kathA-yojanA-101 -Arambha-104 -uddezya-111 -kathAnaka-96, 210, 263, 268 69 -kathAnaka kA AdhAra-97 -kathAnaka-vyavasthA-98 -gauNa-pAtra-108 -chanda-yojanA-109 -nAmakaraNa-107 -nAyaka-107 -pratinAyaka-108 -bhASA-110 -rasa-paripAka-109 -varNya-viSaya-101 -sargabaddhatA-95 -sarga-samApti-106 mahApurANa-14, 20-21, 52 mahApurisacariya-20 mahAbhArata-1-2,5,7,11,13,17-18, 20-21, 24, 38-39,42,67,71, 79-84, 90-93, 97-98, 111, 117, 151, 171, 192, 210, 213, 215-16, 222, 236-37, 265, 268 mahAbhASya-5 mahAmANDalika-219 mahArAja-220-21 mahArAjAdhirAja-221, 224 mahArAjAdhirAja-paramezvara-221 mahAvaMza-24-25 mahAvIracariya-20 mahAvIra svAmI-37, 41 mahIkSita-220 mahIndra-22 mahIpati-220 mahIpAla-57 mahIbhuja-220 mahendra-114 mahendrapAla (pratihArarAja)-57 mahendra sUri-28 maheza-39, 250, 252 mahezvara sUri-20, 28 mAgha-15, 33-35, 66-69 mAghanandi saiddhAntika-44, 47, 55 mANikarAja-29 mANikyanandI-48 mANDalika-220 mAtsya-nyAya-212 mAdhavabhaTTa (kavirAja)-38, 46, 90 mAdhurya guNa-94 mArIca-78 mAlava-43 mAlinI-207 mirAzI, vI0vI0-46, 49, 54-56,59, 67,266 milaTana-15 muktAvalI-262 muMja (dhArAdhIza)-43, 50, 90 mudgara-235 mudrArAkSasa-70 municandrasUri-90
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________________ 296 munijinavijaya-19, 27-28 munibhadrUsari-26 munisuvrata-71 murgApAlana-243 mUMgA-66, 243 mUDabidrI-60 mUlakavi-36 mekhalA-262 meghacandra-47-48, 55 meghadUta-64-65, 67 meghanAda (indrajita)-75, 78, 82 meghavijaya-41 meghAstra-236 maikaDAnala-16 maiksamUlara-11, 44 maisUra-48 mokSamArga-253 motI-66, 243-44 molTana-8 mohanacanda-214, 228, 234 mauktikamAlA-206 yajJopavIta-254 yadu-212 yama-116-17, 142-44 yamaka-42, 69, 85-87, 92, 109, 152, 155, 157, 161-70, 173, 177, 198, 267, 270 -asthAna yamaka-155, 167-68 -AvalI yamaka-168 -avyapeta madhya yamaka-168 -avyapeta yamaka-168 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA -pAdagata sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka-168 -pAdasandhigata svAnyabhedAnucchedaka sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka168 -zlokagata sthUla avyapeta asthAna yamaka-168 -svAnyabhedagata sthUla sUkSma avyapeta asthAna yamaka-169 -pAda yamaka-155, 169 -ardhAbhyAsa yamaka-169-70 -caturvyavasita yamaka-171 -dvitIya-caturtha pAdAbhyAsa yamaka 170 -pAdAbhyAsa yamaka-169 -prathama-tutIya pAdAbhyAsa yamaka 169 -mahAyamaka-169, 179 -vikrAnta yamaka-169-70 -sandaMza yamaka-169 -saMdaMSTaka yamaka-170 -samudra yamaka-170 -mizra yamaka (saMkara yamaka)-157, 162, 165 -sthAna yamaka-155 -anta yamaka-156, 161, 16566 anekajAtIya yamaka-162 avyapeta-anta yamaka-161 caturtha pAdagata avyapeta anta yamaka-163 catuSpAdagata vyapeta anta yamaka162
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA dvitIya- caturtha pAdagata vyapeta anta yamaka - 163 dvitIya pAdagata avyapeta anta yamaka - 162 pAdAnta yamaka- 161 pAdAntAmreDita yamaka - 161 prathama-dvitIya pAdagata vyapeta anta yamaka - 163 prathama pAdagata avyapeta anta yamaka - 162 vijAtIya yamaka - 162 vyapeta anta yamaka - 162 samasta pAda yamaka - 161 - antAdika yamaka - 156, 167 cakravAla yamaka - 167 catuSpAdagata0 - 167 tRtIya- caturtha pAdagata0 - 167 prathama-dvitIya pAdagata0 - 167 - Adimadhya yamaka - 156, 163 avyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 163 avyapeta- vyapeta prathama pAdagata Adimadhya yamaka - 164 tRtIya pAdagata avyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 163 dvitIya pAdagata avyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 163 prathama-dvitIya pAdagata vyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 164 prathama pAdagata vyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 164 vyapeta Adimadhya yamaka - 163 - AdimadhyAnta yamaka - 156, 166 297 - Adi yamaka - 156-57, 159, 165 aneka jAtIya yamaka - 157 avyapeta Adi yamaka / sandaSTa yamaka - 156-57 ekAntara - Adi yamaka - 156 tRtIya pAdagata avyapeta Adi yamaka - 158 dvitIya- caturtha pAdagata vyapeta Adi yamaka - 158 dvitIya pAdagata avyapeta Adi yamaka - 157 pAdAdi yamaka - 156, 159 pAdAnta yamaka- 156, 159 prathama-tRtIya pAdagata vyapeta Adi yamaka - 158 prathama-dvitIya pAdagata vyapeta Adi yamaka - 158 prathama pAdagata avyapeta Adi yamaka - 157 vijAtIya yamaka - 157 vyapeta Adi yamaka - 156-58 -Adyanta yamaka - 156, 164-65 avyapeta Adyanta yamaka - 164 avyapeta- vyapeta Adyanta yamaka 165 kAJcI yamaka - 164 pAdAgata vyapeta Adyanta yamaka164-65 - madhya yamaka - 156, 158, 166, 198 avyapeta madhya yamaka - 159
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________________ 298 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA avyapeta-vyapeta madhya yamaka-159 . yazovarmA-35, 212 caturthapAdagata avyapeta madhya yamaka- yaSTi-235 160 yAdavarAghavIya-39, 91 caturtha pAdagata vyapeta madhya yamaka- yAdavAbhyudaya-18 160 yuddhanIti-232 tRtIya-caturtha pAdagata vyapeta yudhiSThira-72-76, 78-79, 81, 87, madhyayamaka-161 99, 122, 139, 194, 204 tRtIya-caturtha pAdagata avyapeta yuvarAjadeva-57 madhya yamaka-160 raighU-29 tRtIya pAdagata vyapeta madhya rakkasagaGga-48 yamaka-160 raghuvaMza-1-2, 24, 31-32, 63-64, dvitIya-caturtha pAdagata vyapeta madhya 67, 221, 265 yamaka-161 rati-124-32, 134 dvitIya pAdagata avyapeta madhya ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra-51 yamaka-160 ratnatraya (samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi)-59, prathama-dvitIya pAdagata vyapeta madhya 251, 253 yamaka-161 ratnazekhara sUri-41 prathama pAdagata avyapeta madhya ratnAkara-34, 70 yamaka-159 rathI-233 prathama pAdagata vyapeta madhya rathoddhatA-206 yamaka-160 raviSeNa-14, 268 vyapeta madhya yamaka-159 rasa-113-14, 124, 131, 146-47, -madhyAnta yamaka-156, 166 149, 151-52, 200, 203, 265, avyapeta madhyAnta yamaka-166 269-71 tRtIya pAdagata vyapeta madhyAnta rAghavana, vI0-70 yamaka-166 rAghavanaiSadhIya-41, 90 vyapeta madhyAnta yamaka-166 rAghavapANDavayAdavIya-39, 71 yamakamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi-80, 85 rAghavapANDavIya-38, 44-48, 50-52, yama-yamI sUkta-6 54-55,62,67,71,80,90,96, yavana-212 107, 210 yaza:kIrti (bhaTTAraka)-21 rAghavapANDavIya parIkSA-63 yazastilaka-60 rAghavapANDavIya prakAzikA-63, 67 yazodharacarita-19, 60-61, 67, 266
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________________ 299 zabdAnukramaNikA rAghavayAdavIya-39, 91 rAghavAcAriyara-43 rAjaka-221 rAjagRha-77-78, 82, 137 rAjacUDAmaNi-71 rAjataraMgiNI-24-25 rAjanItizAstra-62, 216-18, 263 / rAjavidyA-255, 264 rAjazekhara-30, 54-55, 57 rAjasthAna-212, 221 rAjA-219-32, 234, 238, 240, 243, 249, 253, 258-59, 263-64 . rAjAdhirAja-paramezvara-221 rAjyavyavasthA-65,212-14, 219, 221, 224, 253, 268 rAjyAbhiSeka-224, 256, 268 rAma-20, 33, 39, 41, 49, 62, 64, 71-79,81-82,87,90-92,97, 99-101,105, 107-8,118-20, 122,137-39,141-46,149-50, 171-72, 191, 194, 203, 234, 250-51, 268-69, 271 rAmakRSNaviloma-kAvya-71 rAmaghaTa-63 rAmacandracarita-44-45 rAmacarita-24, 32, 38, 54 rAmadAsa-39 rAmapANipAda-35 rAmapAla-38, 90 rAmapAlacarita-90 rAmabhaTTa-63 rAmAyaNa-1-2,5,13,18-21,30-33, 38-39,42,47-48,55,59,67, 71, 79-84, 90-93, 97-98, 111, 116-17, 151, 171, 192, 210, 213, 236, 250, 265, 268-69 rAmAyaNamaJjarI-18 rAmAyaNu purANu-20 rAvaNa-33, 36,65,74-79, 81,88, 99-100, 104, 108, 115-18, 121-22, 137, 141-42, 145, 197, 202, 232, 252, 268 rAvaNavadha-36 rAvaNavaho-32 rAvaNArjunIya-36 rASTrakUTa vaMza-36, 211 riTThaNemicariu-20 riporTa Ana dI sarca phAra mainuskripTsa ina dI bombe presIDeMsI DyuriMga dI iyarsa 1884-85, 1885-86 tathA 1886 87-50 rukmiNI-38, 91 rudraTa-26-27, 95, 97-98, 101, 103-5, 107-9,124,151, 164, 169-70 rUpaka-186-87, 199 rUpanArAyaNa basadi-44, 55 ropaNa-236 romAMcaka tathA kathAtmaka mahAkAvya-9, 23, 25-29, 42, 265-66 raudra rasa-114, 140-42 lakSaNazAstra/vyAkaraNa-50,62,83-84, 93, 254, 264
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________________ 300 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA lakSaNAdarza-36 lakSmaNa-20,72-74,76,78,81-82, 100, 104, 117, 119-20, 123, 125, 140-41, 143-44, 146, 186, 204, 232, 252, 268-69 lakSmaNa kavi-29 lakSmaNadeva-19 lakSmI-106-7, 145, 148, 187, 250, 253 lakSyasandhAna-255 laMkA-36, 74-75, 77-79, 81, . 137, 141, 203 lavaGga (lauMga)-241 lavaNa samudra-72 lAkSArasa-261 lAGgala-235 lAbhavijaya-40 lAla (naga)-66, 243 lipaz2iga-45 lipizAstra-62 lIlAgRha-256, 260 lIlAvatI-27-28 loka-gAthA-3, 5-6, 41 lohA-243 lauhakAra (luhAra)-244 vaMza-18, 104, 117, 239 vaMzapatrapatita-207 vaMzastha-203-4, 206 vaMzAnucarita-18 vakrokti-70, 172-73, 185 vakrokti-paMcazika-70 vakrokti-bhaGga-84 vajra-244 vaTa-242 vaDakahA-27 vaNikpatha-226, 243 vanadevI-104 vararuci-37 varAGgacarita-18 varjila-15 varNamAlA-253 varNa-vyavasthA-238, 250, 264 varNya-viSaya-101 -avizada-101, 103 -nAmollekha-101, 103 -vizada-101-2 varddhamAnAcArya-20, 28, 45, 50, 53 vardhamAnagaNi-38-39 varlDa liTarecara-8 vasantatilakA-207 vasantavilAsa-24 vasudevahiNDI-38 vastupAla-24 vAkpatirAja-25, 35, 43, 212 vAgbhaTa-19, 26-27, 38, 95, 106, 119 vANijya-237-38, 243, 264 vAtsyAyana-150, 249 vAdirAja-51-53, 55-56, 59 vAdyayantra-237 vAmana-44, 46 vArANasI-46 vArtA (lAbha-hAni)-237, 255 vAlmIki-20,32,59,250,268-69
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________________ 301 zabdAnukramaNikA vAsudeva-18, 36, 46, 58, 67, 76, 151, 171 105, 116, 123, 192 vizvavizvambharAnAtha-220 vAsudeva (kavi)-36 vizvAmitra-nadI sUkta-7 vAsudevavijaya-36 viSama-194-95 vAsupUjya-47, 55 viSamavRtta-208 vAstukalA-256 viSApahAra-stotra-60, 67, 266 vikasanazIla mahAkAvya-1-2, 9-10, viSNu-39, 43, 49, 57, 88, 104, 12-17, 24, 42, 210, 265 / 141, 194, 250, 252 vikramAMkadevacarita-23, 25 vIra kavi-21 vikramAditya (SaSTha)-23 vIradhavala-24 vijayotsava-251 vIranandI-26, 52 viNTaranitz2a-9, 11, 16-17, 19, 25. / vIra-yuga (prArambhika tathA sAmantI)27, 29, 43, 45, 70 12-13, 29, 42 vidyAdhanaJjaya-52 vIra rasa-31, 113-18, 120-21, vidyAnanda-52 123, 150, 203-5, 208, 266, vidyAmAdhava-38, 91 269 vinatA-9 -dayAvIra-115, 123-24 vinayacandra-62 -dAnavIra-115, 122 vibhItakA (baher3A)-242 -dharmavIra-115, 122-23 vibhISaNa-74, 78-79, 81-82 -yuddhavIra-115, 117 vimalasUrI-14, 19-20, 268 vIrarAghavAcArya, I0 vI0-52 viyoginI-202-3, 208 vIrasena-52, 54, 57 virAT bhUmi-73 vRkSa-udyoga-240-41, 264 virAT rAja-73-74 vRttaratnAkara-205 virodha-193-94 veMkaTanAtha-18 vilAsavaIkahA-28-29 veMkaTasubbaiyA, e0-43, 51, 54-55, viliyama roz2a bainiTa-97 59, 67 vilomakAvya-71 veMkaTAdhvari-39, 91 vizalyA-82 vedAntadezika-70 vizAladeva-24 vezabhUSA-247, 261, 271 vizeSaNa-vizeSyatA-81-83, 92 vezyA-245, 260 vizeSavAda-52 vaidya, pI0 ela0-21 vizvanAtha-95-96,106-7,113,124,
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________________ 302 vairocana-82 vaizvadevI-207 vyatireka-191 vyabhicArI bhAva-115-18, 122, 124-32, 134, 138-42, 144, 146-47 vyAsa-59 vyUha-racanA-87, 140, 228 -ahi-vyUha-87 -cakra-vyUha-87 -turaga-vyUha-87 zakunazAstra-257, 264 zakuntalA-65 zakkara-248 zakti -235 zakvarI-207 zaMkha-237, 243, 256 zatapatha brAhmaNa-7, 13 zatasandhAna-kAvya-39 zatrughna-81-82, 268 zabdAlaMkAra-92-93, 109, 151-52, 172-73, 185, 198, 209, 267, 270 zama-147-49, 216 zambukumAra (zambUka)-73, 99, 269 zambhUnAtha siMha-21 zara-236 zarIrAnugata-99 zalAkApuruSa-14, 20, 104, 149 zastrI -235 zAkAhAra-249 zAntarasa-31, 147-50, 269 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA zAntinAtha-41 zAntinAthacarita-26 zAntinAthacariya-20 zAntirAjakavi-38 zArdUlavikrIDita-208 zAla-247 zAlicUrNa-260 zAlinI-203-4, 206 zAsana-vyavasthA-66, 211-14, 216, 220-21, 224, 226-29, 237, 263 zAstrakavi-30 zAstrIya mahAkAvya-1, 13, 22-24, 26, 29-33, 35, 37, 42, 111, 265 -rasasiddha yA rItimukta-30, 32-33, 42, 265 -rUDhibaddha yA rItibaddha-30, 33, 35, 42, 265 -zAstrakAvya aura sandhAnakAvya-1, 30, 35-39, 42, 53, 58, 62, 68-69, 80-81, 85, 89, 91-94, 198-99, 267, 270 zikhariNI-203, 207 ziJjanA (pAjeba)-263 zitArddhacandraka-236 ziple, josepha TI0-5 zirastra/zirastrANa-237 zilImukha-236 zilpa-vyavasAya-244, 264 ziva-38, 57, 70, 91 zivalIlArNava-19 zivasvAmI-34
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________________ zabdAnukramaNikA 303 zizupAlavadha-33-34, 66-67 zoka-138-39 zIlAGka-14 zobhana (kavi)-40 zIlAcArya-20 zaubhika-5 zukranItisAra-216, 233 zrama-237-39 zuna:zepa AkhyAna-7 zravaNabelgolA-44-45, 51-52, 55 zubhakIrti-21, 55 zrIkaNThacarita-25, 34 zRGgAraprakAza-56 zrIdevI-46, 58, 67, 105 zRGgAra rasa-31,93,113-94,124-26, zrIdhara (vibudha)-21 133, 146, 150, 203-4, 266, . zrIpAla-38, 51, 90 268-69 zrImadbhAgavata-17, 39, 91 -vipralambha zRGgAra-124, 135 zrIvadhadaiva-63 -karuNa-135, 137-38 zrIvallabha-43 -pUrvarAga-135 zrIzaila-66, 77, 81-82, 100, -pravAsa-135 137-38, 142, 203, 230, 232 -mAna-135-36 zrIharSa-34-35, 69 -sambhoga zRGgAra-124-35, 269 zrutakIrti traividya-43-49, 54-56, -adharakSata-125, 129 58-59 -AliGgana-125,127-28,260 / zrutapaMcamIvrata-29 / -kAmakrIDA-125, 133, 259- zreNika-62, 71, 244 60, 269 zreNika vyAzrayakAvya-37 -candrodaya-125, 132 zleSa-38, 40-42, 70-71, 80, 87, -cumbana-125-27, 260 92, 109, 152, 171-73, 187, -dolAkrIDA-125, 130 192, 198, 267, 270 -nakhakSata-125, 129, 259 zleSa-kAvya (citrakAvya)-1-2, 37, -puSpAvacaya-125, 130 68, 70, 80, 109 -madhupAna-134, 259 zleSamUlaka sandhAna-vidhi-80, 172 -vastrAharaNa-125-26 SaDvidha bala-213-14, 238, 244 -sandarzana-125 -AraNya-214-15, 233, 239 -salilakrIDA-125, 131, 268- -durga-214-15, 233, 239, 264 -bhRtaka (padAti)-214, 233, 239 -sparza-125-26 -mitra-214-15, 233, 239 zekhara (jUr3e kI mAlA)-261 -maula-214, 233, 239 69
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________________ 304 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA -zreNI-214-15, 233, 239, 264.saciva-227 -amAtya-214, 227, 232 saMcArI bhAva-123-24, 147-49 -gaNaka-214 sat-252 -caturaMgiNI senA-214, 227 sandhAna-vidhA (nAnArthaka/dvayarthaka)-24, 233-34, 242 45, 48,58-59,68-70,80,82, azva senA-214, 234, 242 84-85, 87, 89, 92-93, 96, padAti senA-214, 234 101,105, 107,110,144,152, ratha senA-214, 234 172, 185, 198, 252, 266-67 hasti senA-214, 234, 242 sandhyAkaranandI-24, 38, 71, 90 -caturvarNa (brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya / saptacchada-242 aura zUdra)-214 saptasandhAna-mahAkAvya-1-2, 38, -talavara-214 40-42, 71, 267 -daNDAdhipati-214 saptAGga rAjya (sapta prakRti)-213 -purohita-214, 228, 245, 251 -amAtya-213 -mantrI-214, 227 -koSa-213 -mahattara-214, 228 -daNDa-213 -mahAmAtya-214 -durga-213, 229 -rAjazreSThI-214 -mitra-213 -senApati-214, 227 -rASTra yA janapada-213 SaSThika (dhAna)-240 -svAmI-213 SADguNya-215-17 samantabhadra-51 -Asana-216-17 samayasundara-39, 41 -dvaidhIbhAva-216-17 samarAiccakahA-28-29 -yAna-216-17 samavazaraNa-250 -vigraha-216-17 samavRtta-205, 209 -saMzraya-216-17 samAnayana-100-1 -sandhi-216-17 samasokti-70 saMvAda-sUkta-6, 7, 11, 41 samuccaya-195-96 saMskAra vidhAna-250-51, 264 sambhavaNAhacariu-22 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-16, 46 samyagdarzana-253 saGkara-197-98 saramA-paNi sUkta-7 sagara (rAjA)-117 sarasvatI-45, 56, 104
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________________ 305 zabdAnukramaNikA sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa-155 sarga-18, 95-96, 99-101, 104-6, 109-11, 133, 140, 148, 152, 155, 205, 269 sargabaddha kAvya-2, 95-96 sarpAstra-236 sarvajJa stotra-41 salIma (zahajAdA)-39 sahadeva-81-83 sahokti-191-92 sAgarAvarta-83 sAMga oNpha da rolAM (Song of the Roland)-13 sAtyaki-78 sAttvika bhAva-125-32, 134 sAdhAraNa kavi-29 sAdhu-250 sAntiNAhacariu-21-22 sAmanta-220-22, 226-27, 231, 253, 258, 268 sAmanta-yuga (1. prArambhika, 2. madhya/ sAmantI tathA 3. uttara)-11-12, 29, 33, 93, 111, 211-13, 239, 246, 248 sAmAjika pariveza-249 sAmudrika zAstra-62, 257, 264 sAmUhika nRtya-gIta-3, 41, 265 -karamA-3 -kairola-3 -bailAre-3 -zailA-3 sArthavAha-229, 245 sAhasagati-75, 82, 100-1, 142, 269 siMhakavi-29 siMhakezara-241 siMhanandi-63 siMhala-24 siMcAI ke sAdhana-240 siddha-250-51 siddhakavi-29 siddhacakkamAhappa-29 siddharAja-90 siriciMghakavva-37 silvAlevI-11 sItA-65, 74-75, 77-78, 82, 99, 104, 108, 137-38, 142, 202, - 232, 269 sIpa-243 sukRtasaMkIrtana-24 sugrIva-75-78, 81-82, 100-1, __ 115-16, 201-2, 232 sudaMsaNacariu-29 sudakSiNA-64 sudarzana (seTha)-29 sudhIra kumAra gupta-70 sundara-vana-77, 137 sundarI-77, 137-38, 202, 232 suparNAkhyAna/suparNAdhyAya-9,41 suprajA-268 subandhu-26, 68-71 subhadrA-75, 82 subhASitanIvi-70 sumatinAthacarita-20
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________________ 306 sandhAna-kavi dhanaJjaya kI kAvya-cetanA sumatibhaTTAraka-52 sumitrA-82, 268 sumeru-252 surathotsava-26 surasundarIcariya-28 savratanAtha-250 sUktimuktAvalI-54 sUta (cAraNa)-231, 245 sUrAcArya-38, 89 sUrpaNakhA-73-74,81,125, 140-41, 143, 268-69 sUrya-87 sUryapaNDita-71 seubandha-32 sella-235 sainya bala/sainika zakti-214, 227, 232 sainyavyavasthA-231, 243, 263 sonA-243 somatilakasUri-41 somadeva-26, 60, 91 somaprabha-19, 39 somezvara kavi-26, 91 saundarananda-31, 221, 265 saundarya-prasAdhana-241, 260-61 saurASTra-75, 145 skandapurANa-19 stotra-4, 41, 266 sthavirAvalIcarita-18 sthAnezvara-212 sthAyI bhAva-114,116-17,119-20, 122-32, 134, 138-45, 147, 149 * sragdharA-203 svapnazAstra-257, 264 svabhAvokti-196-97 svayaMbhU-15, 20 svAgatA-203-4, 206 hanumAna (AJjaneya)-76-78, 81, 88, 100, 137-38, 142, 202, 230, 232, 256 hammIramahAkAvya-24 haracaritacintAmaNi-18-19 haradatta-90 haravijaya-34 haricandana-137, 241 hariNI-208 haridatta sUri-41 haribhadra sUri-20-21, 28-29 harivaMzapurANa-14, 20 harizcandra-19, 25, 27, 91 harizcandrodaya-91 harTela-11 harSacarita-23, 221 harSavardhana-211, 224 halAyudha-36 hastinApura-65, 71-72, 99, 105 hAsya rasa-203 himAlaya-186 hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-46 hIrA-66, 243 hIrAlAla jaina-63 hRSikeza-82 hemacandra-14-15, 18, 24, 37-38, 90, 95, 105, 110 hemasena-52
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________________ DaoN bizana svarUpa rustagI * ema0 e0 (saMskRta), pI-eca0 ddii0| * jApAnI bhASA evaM sAhitya meM ema0 e0 tathA speniza bhASA meM dvivarSIya ddiplomaa| tokyo vizvavidyAlaya, jApAna meM eka varSa chaH mAsa ke vizeSa anusandhAna kArya hetu jApAna ke zikSA mantrAlaya kI chaatr-vRtti| hindU mahAvidyAlaya, dillI vizvavidyAlaya tathA javAhara lAla neharU vizvavidyAlaya meM zikSaNakArya ke uparAnta, samprati rAmajasa mahAvidyAlaya, dillI meM variSTha prAdhyApaka ke pada para kaaryrt| AsthA aura cintana (AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana-grantha) ke prakAzanArtha bhArata ke rASTrapati mahAmahima jJAnI jaila siMha jI dvArA smmaanit| vibhinna kAnphrensa tathA seminAroM meM dasa zodhapatroM kA prstutiikrnn| vibhinna zodha-patrikAoM meM pandraha zodha-patra prkaashit| "eziyAI deza tathA bhAratIya saMskRti'' zIrSaka se saMskRti pariSad, dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke tattvAvadhAna meM eka dvidivasIya akhila bhAratIya seminAra kA Ayojana va sNcaaln| * aneka zodha-saMsthAoM kA AjIvana sdsy|
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