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2. Arbitrary usage of the terms indicating philosophical categories :
It seems that in Pañcāstikāya some terms or expressions are used ambiguously and equivocally. These terms are dravya, padārtha, artha, bhāva and tattva. The term tattva (tacca) is used in Aștapāhuda and others in Pañcāstikāya. In verse 16, Kundakunda says, 'Har tarctur'. The commentators explain that 'जीवादयः षट् पदार्थाः', but immediately they give the names of six dravyas. In Dvādaśānuprekṣā, Kundakunda says, taife Teretui HAT3T forEIC CIPTI' 6- Here the term padārtha is used in the sense of dravyas. After completing the chapter of five astikāyas Kundakunda says, aft prerojot HERGET allesgif 1'? - Here he means the nine categories. In verse 108, he mentions nine padārthas as 'Edifa à est l'. In Darśanapāhuda, he mentions, 'Jecod, ura oren, zet Hat de forfest l'.' In this particular context he is quite clear about the concepts of dravya, padārtha, astikāya and tattva. But still ‘Bhāva' and ‘Artha' remain unexplained. The terminology used in Pāhuda is not followed strictly in other places.
Dr. M.P. Marathe has pointed out the same difficulty in Tattvārtha in the ‘Studies of Jainism?? Dr. S.S. Barlingay has tried to understand the difficulty in the prespective of the development of other philosophical systems. The Vaišeșikas use the term padārtha and dravya while Sāṁkhyas use the term tattva.
In the course of time, the nine or seven ethical tenets of Jainism are
generally called as tattvas. Six physical realities are dravyas. Five extended substances are astikāyas. The terms 'padārtha', 'artha' and 'bhāva' are used while explaining these terms.
It is very interesting to note at the end that Sthānānga uses the word 'sadbhāvapadārtha' for nine tattvaso while Uttarādhyayana uses the word *tathya' (ailed) for it.'
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