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Substance exists with qualities and modes. Without it there is no existence of the substance. Pancāastikaya explains the characteristics of Dravya:
Davvam sallakkhaņayam uppādavvayadhuvattasani |
Guņapajjayāsayam va jam tam bhannamti savvanhu || (1/10) Whatever has substantiality, what has the dialectical triad of birth, death and permanence, and what is the substratum of qualities and modes, is dravya. So says the all knowing - omniscience. 4.4. Explanation of Jīvāstikāya
Acārya Kundakunda gave very long explanation about Jīvāstikāya. He defines the Jiva :
Jivo ttī havadī chedā uvaogvīsesīdo pahu kattā
Bhottā ya demoatto na hī mutto kammsaījutto (1/24) The Jīva (soul) has the following attributes. It has life, consciousness, upayoga (knowledge and perception) and is potent, performs action, and is affected by their results, is conditioned by his own body, is incorporeal and ordinarily found with Karma. Kundakunda discussed many subjects which are directly related to jīva i.e. position of pure soul; knowledge of soul, Bhāva of the soul, etc.
4.5. Concept of matter - Theory of atom
Theory of atom is a very deep discovery of the Pancāstikāya. We can compare this theory with modern science. Kundakunda mentions four different kinds of material objects:
Khandhā ya khandhadesā khandhapadesā ya honti parmānūl
Edi te chaduvvīyappā puggalakāyā muñeyavvā ||| These are the four basic modifications out which the multifarious modes of matter are formed. Matter exists in four main modes: skandhas,
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