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EXAMINATION OF THE FIRST CATEGORY_SUBSTANCE'.
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and Components, is never apprehended. As a matter of fact, any such composite substance as the Cloth complete in itself, and entirely different from qualities like Whiteness, and from compononts, in the shape of the Yarns (composing it)-never appears in any visual or other kinds of Cognition.From this non-perception of the Substance as distinct from Qualities, it also follows that there is no basis for the idea that Substance and Quality are distinct categories and from the non-perception of the Composite as distinct from the Components, it follows that the idea of Component and Composite (Part and Whole) is groundless. This argumont may be formulated as follows: -When a perceptible thing is not perceived, it does not exist, just as the Jar, not being perceived at a certain place, is regarded as non-existent ; and no Qualified Substance', apart from the Qualities and Components, which is held to be perceptible,-is ever perceived as occupying the sanno place nor is any * Composite' ever perceived apart from the Componenta; hence this is a natural reason (for regarding such Composite Substance as non-existent).-The Reason adduced hero cannot be said to be not admitted '; because there is the distinct declaration of Kanāda to the effect that 'In a gross substance, there is perception due to its containing several substances and to qualities' (Vaishēsika-sutra), which clearly shows that the Quality and the Components are regarded as perceptible.-(556)
In the following Texts, the Author sets forth the arguments put forward by Uddyotakara, Bhävivikta and others,-to show that the Reason that
the Composite Substance is never perceived as distinct from its Qualities and Components', adduced in the above argument, is 'not admitted ', * unproven'
TEXTS (557-558).
" As A MATTER OF FACT, THE ROOK-CRYSTAL IS ACTUALLY PERCEIVED WHEN IN CONTACT WITH ANOTHER THING, EVEN THOUGH ITS QUALITY IS NOT PERCEIVED; SIMILARLY THE LINE OF CRANES AND SUCH THINGS ARE ALSO SEEN ;-WHEN THE MAN IS COVERED BY A LONG CLOAK, EVEN THOUGH HIS COMPLEXION, ETC. ARE NOT PERCEIVED, THERE IS PERCEPTION OF HIM AS A 'MAN' IN THE OASE OF THE RED CLOTH, THERE IS PERCEPTION
OF IT ASOLOTH'." (557-558)
COMMENTARY.
The said writers argue as follows:-"The Substance is really appre. hended as apart from its Qualities; in fact, even when its Colour and other Qualities are not perceived, the Substance itself is perceived. For instance, (a) when the Rock-crystal is placed near another thing, even though the colour of the white Rock-crystal itself is not perceived, the Crystal itself is perceived.-(6) Similarly things like the Line of Cranes flying in the sky at night when the light is dim, are actually perceived, even though their white
