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EXAMINATION OF THE IMPORT OF WORDS.
537
describing the other two kinds of Apoha (described under 1007-1008) as forming the secondary (indirect) ' denotation of words':
TEXTS (1013-1015).
THE DIRECT FORM (OF Apoha) HAVING BEEN EXPLAINED AS ABOVE, Absolute Negation ALSO IS APPREHENDED BY IMPLICATION IN THE FORM THAT THE NATURE OF THIS THING IS NOT THE NATURE OF THE OTHER THING-WHEN THERE IS CONNECTION (OF THE WORD) WITH CERTAIN THINGS, THERE COMES ABOUT, BY IMPLICATION, THE APPREHENSION OF
EXCLUDED THINGS ALSO.-HENCE THIS ALSO IS FIGURATIVELY SPOKEN OF AS THE DENOTATION OF THE WORD.
THESE TWO KINDS OF VERBAL A poha ARE NOT DIRECTLY SPOKEN OF AS SUCH.
-(1013-1015)
COMMENTARY.
. As above-as something brought about. Question :-"How is Absolute Negation apprehended by implication ?"
Answer:-That the nature, etc. etc.—That is, on the basis of the fact that the nature of this thing-the reflection of the Cow-is not the nature of the other thing-the reflection of the Horse and other things.
Having this shown that the notion of the Apoha in the shape of Absolute Negation forms, on the ground of invariable concomitance, the secondary denotation of words, the Author proceeds to assert the same in regard to * Specific Individuality also :- When there is connection, etc. etc.' ;-the
connection of the Word with the object meant here is the indirect one of invariable concomitance in the shape of that of Cause and Effect; in the follow. ing way - First of all there is the apprehension of the object as it stands i then the speaker's desire to speak of it, then the movement of his palate and other organs of speech; then the utterance of the word ; in this way when there is this indirect connection between the word and the objects spoken of-such as Fire and the like,-then there follows the cognition, through Presumption, of the object as 'excluded from unlike things'.
Thus both these kinds of Apoha,- Absolute Negation and that in the form excluded from others, -are figuratively spoken of as denoted, by the word.
This also';-i.e. the Specific Individuality; also refers to the Absolute Negation.-(1013-1015)
As against the Revered Dinnāga, Uddyotakara has urged the following (in Nyayavārtika, 2. 2. 63, pages 333-334) :-"If the Apoha is not denoted
word (Apoha), then you have to explain what the word can signify apart from what is denotable by it? If that same (Apoha itself) forms
