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________________ khAraveLa sadAnaMda agravAla- zrInivAsa udagAtA LHEER THE xt TatanAEFERTUTTER troredry you clefaithsh CEMBERCHANNELKAY adiohdpar yatro-AVALESANSALMALA vam Education le nanona For Private Personal Ise o Aly www.caine brenyor
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________________ zrI sadAnanda agravAla janma : 7 navambara 1952 prakAzita racanAeM : sonapura itihAsa (dokhaNDoM meM), Orissan Palaeography, rakata (naattk)| inake atirikta aneka zodha nibaMdha maryAdita patrikAoM meM prakAzita / aitihAsaka racanA aura zodha kArya ke lie DA. mahatAva smRti puraskAra se sammAnita tathA khaDiAla sAhitya samiti, varapAlI mahAvidyAlaya, sonapura lekhaka sAmmukhya, tarabhA zrIkalA saMsada aura meNDrA spoTiMga klaba ke dvArA abhinandita / patA : meNDrA, ji. balAMgIra, oDizA PIN-767 063 Main Education International jainelibrary.org
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________________ khAraveLa zodha- saMdarbha: zrI sadAnanda agravAla prastuti: zrI zrInivAsa udgAtA zrI digambara jaina samAja, kaTaka mahatAbaroDa, kaTaka - 753012
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________________ *khAraveLa* zodha-saMdarbha - zrI sadAnaMda agravAla prastuti - zrI zrInivAsa udgAtA (c) zrImatI tArA agravAla AvaraNa -zrI asita mukhArjI alaMkaraNa -zrI saurIMdrakumAra udgAtA prathama mudraNa - janavarI, 1993 mudraka - zrIjagannAtha lAmineTara ANDa apseTa priNTar mUlyaH rU.80 (assI rUpaye) prakAzaka - zrI digambara jaina samAja, kaTaka *KHARAVELA* Research and base - Sri Sadananda Agrawal Presentation - Sri Srinivas Udgata (c) Smt. Tara Agrawal Cover - Sri Asit Mukharjee Inner designs - Sri Sourindra Kumar Udgata First Edition - January 1993 Printer - SriJagannath Laminator & Offset Printer ___Badambadi, Cuttack - 753012. Distributor - Arya Prakasan, Link Road, Cuttack. Price-Rs 80/ Published by-Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack. AvaraNa citraH AkAzacArI vidyAdhara (rANI gumphA) hAthIgumphA abhilekha kA AdyAMza
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________________ itihAsavettA, rAjanItivizArada navautkala ke nirmAtA utkala - kezarI sva. DaoN. harekRSNa mahatAba ke caraNa - kamaloM meM sAdara smrpit| --sadAnaMda
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________________ prastAvanA bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM kaliGga kA sthAna atyaMta U~cA aura mahatvapUrNa hai| purAtatva, dharma, darzana, sthApatya, saMskRti, sAhitya, lalita kalAeM Adi sabhI viSayoM ke saMdarbha meM vicAra ke samaya kaliGga kI ullekhanIya bhUmikA ko nakAranA kadAcita saMbhava nahIM hai| prAcIna kaliGga ke itihAsa meM jainadharmI mahArAjA khAraveLa kA zAsana kAla bhAratIya itihAsa meM bhI eka svarNima kAla hai| Adhunika or3izA kI rAjadhAnI bhuvanezvara ke samIpavartI udayagiri -khaNDagiri meM utkIrNita zilAlekha aura zilAMkana, aitihAsika, sAMskRtika aura dhArmika dRSTikoNa se atyaMta tAtparyapUrNa hai| yaha zilAlekha " hAtIguMmphA abhilekha" ke nAmase prakhyAta hai / ajJAta, agocara thA, jise sabase pahale lipivida jemas prinsepa ne I. 1837 meM dekhA, usakA pAThoddhAra kiyA, jisase mAnoM kaliGga itihAsa kA avaruddha dvAra hI khula gayA / usa ruddha dvAra ke unmukta hote hI aneka vidvAnoM ne anathaka parizrama se isakA pAThoddhAra aura vyAkhyAeM prastuta kara graMthoM meM, aitihAsika zodha saMdarbhoM ke rUpa meM bhinna bhinna patrikAoM meM prakAzita kara suciMtita tathA tarkapUrNa tathyoM para prakAza DAlane kI koziza kI, para ve graMtha tathA patrikAeM sAdhAraNa pAThakoM ke lie durlabha haiN| khAraveLa aura jaina dharma ke saMbaMdha meM pAThakoM ke lie eka sarala tathA sukhapAThya graMtha kI racanA bhI Avazyaka hai isI vicAra se prakhyAta kavi zrI zrInivAsa udgAtA ne mujhe prerita kiyA, kyoM ki Orissan Palaeography graMtha kI racanA ke liye maiM taba dIrgha kAla se khAraveLa ke abhilekhoM kA adhyayana kara rahA thaa| unhIM kI preraNA se merA sonapura itihAsa" do khaNDoM meM prakAzita ho cukA thaa| 66
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________________ jaba oDiA meM khAraveLa para zodha-saMdarbha lagabhaga taiyAra ho gayA aura usakI saMpuSThi ke lie Avazyaka citra, varNalipi, abhilekha Adi ke citra bana gaye taba kaTaka meM zrI zAMti kumAra jI se milane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| ve jainadharmI haiM, sadAzaya, kalA-saMskRti ke marmajJa vidvAna haiM tathA zrI bA~gAla, bihAra, oDizA digaMbara jaina tIrthakSetra kameTI, kalakattA ke pramukha kAryakartAoM meM se eka haiN| unhoMne hiMdI meM hI khAraveLa para graMtha prakAzita karane ke sujhAva diye / para mere liye hiMdI meM isakI racanA kara pAnA AsAna nahIM thaa| hara racanAtmakatA ko vRhattama maMca mile, zrI udgAtA jI bhI yahI cAhate haiN| vividhatA ke rahate bhArata eka hai| itihAsa, saMskRti, kalA - mAnasa, saba kucha AtmIya stara para eka hI haiN| dharma - mata- nirvizeSa se sabhI bhAratIya eka-dUsare ko jAne phcaaneN| yaha sadbhAvanA akSara - bhAratI ke AzIrvAda hI se jAgarita ho sakatI hai, aura hara bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie hiMdI hI vaha vistRta vicAra maMca hai jisake jariye bhArata meM bhAvanAtmaka ekAtmatA kI pratiSThA ho pAegI / ataH ve isa graMtha ko hiMdI meM prastuta kara dene ko saharSa tatkAla rAjI ho gaye, mujhe unakI usa sadayatA ke kAraNa apAra saMtoSa bhI prApta huA aura aba yaha graMtha Apake sAmane hai / mujhe zrI udgAtAjI nitya prerita karate rahate haiN| apanI sArasvata sAdhanA ke kSetra meM mujhe jo bhI saphalatA milI hai vaha unhIM se mile protsAhana aura mArgadarzana kA phala hai / cakita to taba honA par3atA hai jaba ve svayaM pustaka ko suMdara banAne ke abhiprAya se alaMkaraNa taka kI ora anurAga se dhyAna dete haiM aura mujhase bhI adhika parizrama kiyA karate haiM / isa graMtha meM saMyojita sabhI lipi citroM kA citraNa mujhase huA hai / kahIM bhI khAraveLakAlIna abhilekhoM ke spaSTa phoTocitra prApta nahIM hote| aba zilAlekha ke bahulAMza bhI naSTa ho cuke haiN| ata: eka
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________________ pramAdazUnya pATha - prastuti kadApi saMbhava nahIM hai / phirabhI pUrva prakAzita pATha, sarajamIna para hAthIgumphA abhilekha kA adhyayana se hamase jo kucha bhI bana pAyA usI ke AdhAra para maine vyAkhyA karane kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA hai| isa graMtha ke prakAzana kA sArA zreya zrI zAMtikumAra jI ko jAtA hai| unakA dhyeyaniSTha anurAga, audArya tathA prophesara zrI jagadIza kumAra guptA, zrI vinoda kumAra TiberavAla jI tathA zrI rAjendra kumAra agravAla jI ke sadAzaya sahayoga, AtmIya - Agrahase paripUrNa vyavasthAoM ke kAraNa isa kArya ko saphalatA prApta huI hai| maiM ina saba ke prati hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| mere hitAkAMkSI paNDita zrI arjuna hotAjI ke AzIrvacanoM se mujhe bala milatA hai / mujhe isa graMtha ko prastuta karane meM DaoN. zrImatI jyotsnAmayI mahApAtra, aitihAsika zrI vighnarAja paTela, prabuddha marmajJa ai~Thu sAhu, itihAsakAra pro. yajJakumAra sAhu, pro. karuNAsAgara beherA, pro. rAjakizora mizra, oDizA myujiyama ke adhikSaka DaoN. harIzacaMdra dAsa, pro. nArAyaNa pRSeTh. pro. yugala kizora bahidAra, zrI gaurIzaMkara pANigrAhI, DaoN. rAmanArAyaNa naMda, jagadAnaMda churiyA aura bhaiyA zaMkara prasAda, bhAbhI sumitrA devI Adi vidvAnoM kA akuNTha sahayoga tathA sat parAmarza prApta hai| unake prati maiM apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hUM / prakhyAta citra zilpI, parama suhRda vidvAna zrI asita mukhArjI ne apane kalAtmaka AvaraNa- citra se isa graMtha ko alaMkRta kiyA hai / eka vizAla hRdaya aura apratima pratibhA ke dhanI zrI mukhArjI ke prati AbhAra vyakta karane kI abhivyakti - samarthatA mujhameM nahIM hai| AdaraNIya zrI saurIMdrakumAra udgAtA ne isa graMtha meM saMyojita citra banAye haiM aura mere priya bhaginI putra zrI sunIla kumAra ker3iyA ne pANDulipi prastuti meM sahAyatA kI hai| ina donoM ke liye merI azeSa zubha kAmanAeM | -
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________________ prasannatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI anaMta kRpA se yaha pustaka prakAzita ho rahI hai| isa ke adhyayana se sudhI pAThaka varga lAbhAnvita hote haiM to mujhe bhI apAra AnaMda milegaa| pUrA prayatna karane para bhI truTiyA~ raha jAnA saMbhava hai| ata: sujhAveM aura saMzodhanoM kA hama svAgata kreNge| vinIta, sadAnaMda agrvaal| kArtika pUrNimA, 1992 meNDA, ji.balAMgira
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________________ Atmakathana svapna sAkAra huA, isa anubhUti ke Ate hI jo apAra Ananda milatA hai vaha anirvacanIya hai| kucha vaisI hI divya harSAnubhUti ho rahI hai hameM, 'khAraveLa' grantha ke prakAzana ke avasara para / sva. pUjya pitAjI zrI nihAla canda jI agravAla jaina the / Apa zrI khaNDagiri, zrI udayagiri siddhakSetra tathA zrI kaTaka digaMbara jaina maMdira ke kSetra - maMntrI the| dIrghakAla taka Apane kSetra kI sevA kii| apanI zArIrika asamarthatA ke kAraNa pratyakSa dAyitva se mukta hone kI icchA se zrI baMgAla, bihAra, oDizA digambara jaina tIrtha kSetra kameTI ke sAmane apane vicAra rakhe to kamiTIne merA nAma prastAvita karadiyA / jaba kSetra ke sAtha saMparka sUtra sudRDha huA, jijJAsA bar3hI to cakravartI kaliMga samrAT khAraveLa ke bAre meM bhI avagata hone kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| unake zAsana kAla meM kaliMga jaina dharma kI urvara bhUmi thI / unhone magadha vijaya kara kAliMgajina kI pratimA vApasa lAkara kaliMga meM usakI pratiSThA krvaayii| Apake digvijaya rAjya vistAra ke lie nahIM thA; varana dhArmika saMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA ke prati samarpita thA / mahArAnI bhI vaisI hI thIM jo saMsArika bhoga vilAsa ke badale Atma-kalyANa ke prati adhika anurakta thIM / samrAT aura mahArAnI donoMne digaMbarI dIkSA lelI / sAdhu aura sAdhviyoM ko eka sAtha tapasAdhanA meM asubidhA ke bAre meM munirAja se jJAta hokara mahArAjane tatkAla rANIgumphA - khanana kI yojanA banAyI Adi Adi gAthAeM sunakara mana ko bar3I zAMti milI thI / aura taba se aba taka mana meM yaha icchA balavatI hotI gayI, mana meM niraMtara yaha vicAra umaDatA rahA ki koI itihAsavettA mahAnubhava ****
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________________ mileM aura jaina dharma tathA "khAraveLa" para graMtha kI racanA karadeM to vaha zAMti prazAMta ho jaaegii| taba saMyoga se bhAI jagadIzaprasAda jI ko zrI sadAnaMdajI agravAla ke bAre meM jJAta huaa| taba taka zrI agravAla kA 'sonapura itihAsa' do khaNDoM meM prakAzita ho cukA thaa| jisa se hameM unakI vidvatA kA paricaya bhI mila cukA thaa| patrAcAra claa| bhAI vinodakumAra jI TibarevAlajI aura zrI jagadIzaprasAda jI zrI agravAla jI se vArtAlApa kI vyavasthA kii| hamArI yojanA ke bAre meM jAnakara aura hamAre anurodha se zrI agravAla jI prasanna hue tathA taiyAra hogye| para uhoMne vinamratA se batAyA ki hindI meM likhapAnA unake lie kaThina hogaa| ApahI ne hameM oDiA aura hindI ke khyAti prApta kavi- kathAkAra, uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaUke dvArA hindI divasa ke avasara para bhArata bhAratI 'sauhArda sammAna, se alaMkRta marmajJa vidvana zrI zrInivAsa jI udgAtA se anurodha karane kA Azvasana diyaa| sukhada Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki ye donoM sajjana apane apane kAryoM meM lggye| isa kArya ko pramukhatA dekara athaka parizrama se samaya para pUrA bhI krdiyaa| AraMbha hI se donoM vidvAnoM ne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki koI parizramika leMge nhiiN| yaha bAta donoM kI bar3I udAratA kA paricaya detI hai, aura unake hRdaya kI vizAlatA apane Apa adhika AbhAsita ho jAtI hai| kevala yahI nahIM graMtha kI mudraNa vyavasthA, AvaraNa citra, prUpha Adi ke saMzodhana Adi Adi prakAzana saMbaMdhI AvazyakatAoM ko suvyavasthita karane ke lie doneM ne kaTaka hI meM 'DerA DAla diyA; yaha hamAre lie kataI saMbhava nahIM ho paataa| ve hamAre atithi the| bhAI rAjendra prasAda ne unake kaTakapravAsa ke samaya AvazyakatA ke prati dhyAna diyA aur| palabhara ke lie bhI sAtha nahIM chodd'aa|
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________________ pUjya pitAjI vyApAra ke kSetra meM eka sammAnita vyakti the| unake pAsa sva. dvArakAprasAda jI kyAla kA sadA uThanA baiThanA thaa| be svargIya pitAjI se eka dharmazAlA banavA dene kA Agraha kiyA karate the| yaha bAta pUjya pitAjI ke mAnasa meM bhI smaagyii| zrI digambara jaina maMndira se laga kara hI maMdira kI jamIna thii| isapara zrI digambara jaina bhavana banavAne kA kAma Arambha ho gyaa| nicekA hissA banagayA para usase pitAjI ko saMtoSa nahIM huaa| ve cAhate the ki bhavana kI eka aura maMjila bhI bnjaae| taba ve asvastha rahane lge| taba unase yaha pUchA bhI gayA thA aura ve apanI usa eka hI icchA ko prakAzita karate rhe| usa samaya sva. pUjya pusarAja jI, pUjya phatecanda jI evaM sva pUjya sAgaramalajI the| pitAjI kI icchA thI aura nirmANa ke lie ina saba mahAnubhavoM kI sammati thii| pUjanIyA sva. mAtAjI zrImatI lakSmI devI kI bhI pati anugAminI icchA thI ki bhavana kI UparI maMjila bana jaae| batAtI rahIM ki unakI icchA se merI icchA kahIM alaga ho sakatI hai? pUjya pitAjI kA dinAMka 14 julAI 1970 ko svargavAsa huA aura usake DhAI mahIne ke bAda pUjanIyA mAtAjI bhI dinAMka 2 akTUbara 1970 ko svarga sidhaargyiiN| unakA AzIrvAda hamAre lie niraMtara hai| unheM hamAre isa kArya ke lie saMtoSa hogaa| para unake rahate bAkI kAryoM kI bhA~ti yaha bhI ho jAtA to hameM aura bhI adhika Ananda milA hotaa| aba isa graMtha ke prakAzana ke bAre meM - zrI digambara jaina samAja, kaTaka ke jo bhI bhAI bahana eka samAroha meM the, unake sAmane isa graMtha ke prakAzana kI bAta rakhIgayI to saba pulakita ho utthe| sabane cAhA ki yaha kArya sundara DhaMga se zIghra hI ho| yahI una saba kI icchA hai| jo sadvicAra saba ke mana meM barSoM se thA use hI Aja sArthakatA prApta huI hai, isa graMtha ke
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________________ prakAzana se| isa graMtha kA prakAzana digambara jaina samAja, kaTaka kI ora se huA hai| isake lie saba se hameM AMtarika sahayoga prApta huA hai| hama unakA AbhAra mAnate haiN| aMta meM zrI udgAtAjI, zrI sadAnandajI, prakhyAta citra zilpI zrI asita mukhArjI, zrI girIzacandra mizra tathA inakI dharmapatnI dIptiprabhA mizra jI ke prati bhI hama hRdaya se AbhAra mAnate haiN| inake sahayoga ke vinA itane kama samaya meM yaha kArya kadApi saMbhava nahIM ho paataa| __hameM vizvAsa hai ki isa graMtha ke adhyayana se anurAgI pravuddha pAThakoM ko lAbha hI hogaa| vinIta zAMti kumAra agravAla jaina 26 janavarI 1993 mahatAba rADa, kaTaka 753012
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________________ sUcI 2. prastAvanA Atmakathana bhUmikA hAthIgumphA zilAlekha khAraveLa kA vyaktigata itihAsa kaliGga ke mahArAja khAraveLa khAraveLa ke paravartI oDizA meM jainadharma nATya kalA ke pRSThapoSaka khAraveLa pariziSTha - 1 (kSudrabrAhmI abhilekha) 8. pariziSTha - 2 (khAraveLa kA zAsana kAla) 9. . pariziSTha - 3 (khAraveLa ke samaya meM zilpakalA) 10. pariziSTha - 4 hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI lipi aura bhASA 11. sandarbha graMtha sUcI 6. 7.
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________________
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________________ citrasUcI kramAMka - 1. hAthIgumphA abhilekha [ka] prathama pAMca paMktiyoM kA AdyAMza [kha] prathama pAMca paMktiyoM kA dvitIyAMza 2. rANIgumphA ke uparI khaNDa meM utkIrNita citrAvalI [ka] kamala sarovara meM hAthI ke sAtha lar3AI [kha] Ahata rAjA aura apahRta rAjakanyA [ga] khAraveLa kA AkheTana aura rAjakumArI kI prArthanA [gha] khAraveLa kA dvitIyA mahiSI ke sAtha utsava nirIkSaNa 3. mAnacitra - khAraveLa kA digvijaya patha 4. rANIgumphA ke nicale khaNDa meM utkIrNita citrAvalI [ka] parAjita bRhaspati mitra kA Atma samarpaNa [kha] kaliMga nagarI meM khAraveLa kI svAgata saMvardhanA 5. kAliMgajina kI pratimA kI pratiSThA [maMcapurIgumphA - nicalA khaNDa 6. rAjakIya kAryakartA [ka] daNDapAzika [rANIgumphA - nicalA khaNDa] [kha] surakSAdhikArI [maMcapurIgumphA- nicalA khaNDa] [ga] pratihArI [rANIgumphA -UparI khaNDa] [gha] senAnAyaka [rANIgumphA - UparI khaNDa] 7. dvitala prAsAda kA sAMketika citra
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________________ 8. AbhUSaNa [ka] hAtha aura bAju ke [kha] karNabhUSaNa [ga] hAra [gha] kaTi mekhalA aura pada kaMkaNa 9. keza sajjA [ka] nAriyoM ke [kha] puruSoM ke 10. nRtya dRzya-rANIgumphA nicale khaNDa-dakSiNa prakoSTha 11. nRtya dRzya- tatova gumphA-2 12. sarpagumphA abhilekha 13. hAthIgumphA abhilekha- 16vIM paMkti kA eka aMza 14. rANIgumphA raMgamaMca- sammukha bhAga parikalpita 15. anaMtagumphA kA sarpa lAMchana / 16. anaMtagumphA kA jaina sAMketika citra 17. anaMtagumphA ke barAmado meM sthita staMbha 18. lipipatra [azoka aura khAraveLa kAlIna varNamAlA] 19. lipipatra [mAtrAoM ke vikAsa.- hAthI gumphA]
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________________ bhUmikA prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa aura sAMskRtika kSetra meM prakhyAta cedi rAjavaMza kI pratiSThA kaliGga meM mahAmeghavAhana vaMza ke nAma se IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI taka ho cukI thii| bahudhA jaina dharma ke pradhAna pRSThapoSaka hone ke kAraNa isa vaMza ke rAjAoM kA yaza jaina sAhitya meM vizeSa rUpase kIrtita huA hai| mahAbhArata, bauddha cetIya jAtaka tathA anya purANoM me bhI isa vaMza kA vivaraNI pAyA jAtA hai| kaliGga meM khAraveLa isa rAjavaMza ke sarvazreSTha zAsaka mAne jAte haiN| yaha bhI tAtparyapUrNa hai ki bhAratavarSa meM ve hI mahArAjA-pada-vibhUSita sarva prathama samrATa haiM aura unakI prathama mahiSI ke maMcapurI-gumphA-abhilekha meM unheM cakravartI ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| dasa varSa ke zAsana kAla meM khAraveLa ne jo sAmarika saphalatA pAyI thI usake samakakSa dRSTAMta bhArata ke itihAsa meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| unake zAsana kAla meM kaliGga samagra bhAratavarSa meM advitIya aura ajeya zakti ke rUpa meM vivecita huA tathA apane rAjanaitika prabhAva ko himAlaya se kumArikA, pUrva sAgara se pazciya payodhi taka vyApta kara sakA thaa| zAsaka ke rUpa meM unakI mAnavikatA, kalA aura saMskRti ke prati pragADha anurAga, udAra dharma-nIti aura adhyAtmikatA ke kAraNa itihAsa meM unheM viziSTa sthAna prApta huA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM kaliGga uttara meM gaMgA se dakSiNa meM godAvarI taka suvistRta thaa| IsApUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM magadha samrATa mahApadma naMda kI vijaya ke phalasvarUpa samagra kaliGga, naMda sAmrAjya meM sammilita ho cukA thaa| paraMtu mahApadma naMda ke pazcAta gaMgAriDAi (kaliGga kA uttarAMza) ke alAvA anya sabhI kSetra naMda sAmrAjya kI adhInatA se mukta ho gye| grIka itihAsakAroM ke
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________________ vivaraNa se spaSTa rUpase jJAta hotA hai ki aMtima naMda rAjA augrasainya (dhanananda) ke samaya kevala mAtrU gaMgArir3Ai hI naMda sAmrAjya ke aMtargata thaa| jaba caMdragupta maurya ne aMtima naMda rAjA ke virUddha yuddha kI ghoSaNA kI taba rASTra viplava kA lAbha uThAte hue, gaMgAriDAi kaliGga bhI naMda sAmrAjya se alaga hogyaa| caMdragupta maurya ke IsA pUrva 322 meM magadha siMhAsanArohaNa ke samaya samagra kaliGga ekatra saMgaThita hokara eka zaktizAlI rAjya bana cukA thaa| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki caMdragupta ke uttara-pazcima meM hiMdUkuza parvata se lekara dakSiNa meM Adhunika mahIzUra (maisUra) taka apane sAmrAjya kA vistAra kara lene ke bAvajUda unhoMne kaliGga vijaya ke liye koI prayAsa kiyA nahIM thaa| I.pU. 261 meM samrATa azoka ke kaliGga-vijaya ke pariNAma svarUpa AgaMgA-godAvarI vistRta sAgara-taTavartI kSetra maurya sAmrAjya meM sammilita hue| kaliGga yuddha kI bhayAnaka pariNati ke kAraNa samrATa azoka ne giri-araNya-saMkula pazcimAMcala kA adhikAra karane kI icchA nahIM kii| maurya vaMza ke patana ke pazcAt magadha para suMga aura kANvavaMzI rAjAoM ne zAsana kiyaa| naMda samrAjya ke vilopana ke samaya jisa bhA~ti kaliGga ko parAdhInatA se mukta hone kA sAhasa prApta huA thA, usI bhAMti maurya zAsana patanonmukha kAla meM kaliGga zaurya pradarzana meM asaphala rhaa| I.pU.prathama zatAbdI meM sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA simuka ne suMga-kANva vaMzI zAsana kA aMta kara vidizA aura ujjayinI kSetra meM eka zaktizAlI rAjya kI sthApanA kii| lagabhaga usI samaya cedi vaMza ne bhI kaliGga meM kSamatAsIna hokara eka svAdhIna aura zaktizAlI rAjya kI pratiSThA kI thii| do sadiyoM kI sudIrgha avadhi kI parAdhInatA aura prabhAvahInatA ke pazcAt kaliGga ne phirase jAgrata hokara bhAratIya rAjanIti aura saMskRti ke liye apanI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA itihAsa meM nibhaayii| Rgveda ke varNana ke anusAra cedi rAjavaMza kSatriya kulAMtargata the| mahAbhArata meM bhI isa vaMza ke suyaza gAthA lipibaddha hai| ni:saMdeha
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________________ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki cedi rAjavaMza bhArata meM ati prAcIna kAla se hI pratiSThita thaa| jaina harivaMza ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa pratipAdita hotA hai ki viMdhyAcala ke samIpavartI kSetra meM abhicaMdra ne cedi rASTra kI sthApanA kI thI aura zuktimatI nadI ke taTa para unakI rAjadhAnI thI jisakI zuktimatIpura ke nAma se khyAti thI: "bindhyapRSThe'bhicaMdreNa cediraassttrmaadhisstthitm| zuktimatyAstaTe'dhyAyi nAmnA shuktimtiipurii||" aitihAsika pArjiTara ne yaha zuktimatI nadI ko madhyapradeza meM pravAhita kena nadI batAyA hai| unake matAnusAra cedi rASTra yamunA nadI ke dakSiNa meM caMbala nadI kI upatyakA se karavI nadI kI upatyakA taka vistRta thaa| paraMtu pArjiTara kA yaha mata kadApi grAhya nahIM haiN| kyoMki cedi rASTra kI rAjadhAnI se dasa yojana kI dUrI para kaliGga kI durNibittha- (durNiviSTa) nAmakI eka brAhmaNa bastI thii| ata: cedi rASTra aura kaliGga meM bhaugolika vyavadhAna vizeSa nahIM thA yaha bessAntara jAtaka se jJAta hotA hai| zuktimatI Adhunika oDizA ke balAMgIra jile meM pravAhita 'zukatela' nadI hai| isI zukatela ke taTavartI meNDA grAma ke nikaTastha lokApaDA grAma se ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne eka prAcIna janabasati ke avazeSoM kA uddhAra karake yahIM se prApta lAMchita mudraaoN|(Punch marked Silver Coin) ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| ve naMda, maurya aura mauryottara kAlIna haiN| bhAratavarSa kI anyAnya jagahoM se mile lAMchita mudrAoM kI bhA~ti ina mudrAoM ke AkAra aura gaThana meM viSamatA pAyI jAtI hai| mudrAoM meM vRkSa, bhinna-bhinna jIva, Sar3Ara-cakra, sUrya, pahAr3a, pahAr3a para ardhacaMdra, toraNa, ghere ke bIca vRkSa, vibhinna dharma saMbaMdhI pratIka cinha pAe jAte haiN| isI jagaha se patthara kI mAlAoM kI kaMThiyAM aura eka padaka bhI milA haiN| ye saba kaMThiyAM
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________________ bhinna- bhinna raMga aura AkAra kI haiN| sabhI atyaMta masRNa aura gu~thane ke liye unake madhya bhAga meM chidra bhI hai| inameM usa kAla ke mAnava kA sauMdaryabodha aura kalAtmaka abhivyakti nihita hai| kucheka adhabanI kaMThiyAM bhI milI haiN| isase samarthita hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM isa bhAMti kI mAlAeM yahAM banatI thiiN| isI jagaha se eka zilAlekha kA khaMDita TukaDA bhI milA hai jo saMgrahIta hokara hai| usameM aMkita eka mAtra varNa ko hamane "va" ke rupa meM pAThoddhAra kiyA hai aura hamArI rAya meM yaha lipi IsavI cauthI sadI kI guptabrAhmI hai| isa kSetra meM yadi pratnatAtvika bhUkhanana kiyA jAe to IM.pU. pAMcavI sadI se IsavI cauthI sadI kI avadhi kI eka unnata jana basati kA avezaSa hone kI saMbhAvanA ko nakArA nahIM jaasktaa| hamane isI kSetra ko zuktimatI pura ke rUpa meM, isI kAraNa se cihnita kiyA hai| abhicaMdra ke putra basu cedi rAjavaMza ke eka prakhyAta rAjA the| vaidika vAGmaya evaM darzana-zAstra meM unakI asAdhAraNa bidvattA thii| vauddhika samasyAyoM ke samAdhAna ke liye usa samaya ke Arya RSiyoM taka ko unakI madhyasthatA kI apekSA thii| samrATa khAraveLa ne apane hAthIgumphA zilolakha meM jisa rAjarSi vasu ke vaMzodbhava kaha kara svayaM ko paricita karAyA hai ve hI abhicaMndra ke putra haiM (uparicita bsu)| cedirASTra aura kaliGga do prativezI rAjya hone ke kAraNa unameM dIrghakAla se nivir3a saMbaMdha thaa| I.pU. prathama zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM magadha meM rAjanaitika durbalatA kA suavasara pAkara cediyoM ne bhArata ke pUrvAMcala meM zakti aura prabhAva saMgaThita karate lge| udhara pazcimAMcala meM sAtavAhana vaMzI simuka, zaktizAlI banakara I.pU. 73 meM magadha meM suMga-kANva vaMza ke zAsana kA aMta kiyaa| yaha saMbhava hai ki usa vaiplavika parivartana ke samaya cediyoM ne kaliMga meM eka sudRDha
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________________ zAsana kI nIMva DAlI ho / mahAmeghavAhana kaliMga meM cedi rAjavaMza ke pratiSThAtA the / phalasvarUpa kaliMga magadha se svataMtra huA aura usake gauravamaya itihAsa meM naye naye adhyAya jur3agaye / khAraveLa, kaliMga meM apane vaMza ke tRtIya rAjA the, yaha unake hAthIgumphA zilAlekha se spaSTa pramANita hotA hai (tatiya purisa yuge) / sabhI aitihAsikoM ne mahAmeghavAhana ko kaliMga kA prathama cedi rAjA aura khAraveLa ko tRtIya cedi rAjA mAnA hai| para dvitIya cedi rAjA ke bAre meM zilAlekha mauna hai, yahI unhoMne darzAyA hai / hamArI rAya meM hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI AdyapaMkti meM ullikhita cetarAja khAraveLa ke pitA tathA dvitIya cedi rAjA haiN| hAthIgumphA zilAlekha meM khAraveLa ke zAsana kAla ke teraha varSo ke kramika vivaraNa ke sAtha sAtha unake pUrvajoM kI sUcanA bhI hai| isa sthiti meM unake pitA kA vismRta ho jAnA asaMbhava sA lagatA hai| phira bhI khAraveLa ke pitA cetarAja ke bAre meM vistRta vivaraNa dene ko abataka koI aitihAsika tathya yA AdhAra milA nahIM hai| yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki khAraveLa aura kudepasiri donoM ne abhilekhoM meM apane ko mahAmeghavAhanavaMzI ke rUpameM paricita karAyA haiN| prAcIna bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM ke nAma ke sAtha " vAhana" zabda saMlagna hai; udAharaNataH dadhivAhana, sAlivAhana, maNivAhana, naravAhana, sAtavAhana Adi / jaise sAtavAhana vaMzI simuka ke pUrvaja sAtavAhana ke nAmAnusAra vaMza nAmita huA hai vaise hI cedi rAjavaMza kA mahAmeghavAhana ke nAmAnusAra nAmita honA adhika samIcIna lagatA hai| para yaha nizcita hai ki isa rAjavaMza kA nAma kabhI bhI "aira" nahIM thA / abhilekhoM meM khAraveLa aura kudepasiri donoM ne apane ko aira ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa aneka vidvAnoM ne unheM aira vaMzI zAsaka ke rUpameM pratipAdita kiyA hai tathA isa vaMza kI pratiSThA kisI aira nAmaka rAjA ke dvArA huI thI, aisA batalAyA hai| yahAM taka ki zrI kAzIprasAda jayasvAla ne unheM purANa- varNita "aila" vaMza meM zAmila kara liyA hai| 5
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________________ 'aira' zabda ko kisI rAjavaMza kA nAma ke rUpa meM svIkAranA kevala bhrAMti hI hai, niHsaMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai| DaoN navIna kumAra sAhu ke matAnusAra prAkRta kA "aira" zabda saMskRta "Arya" zabda kA rUpAntaraNa mAtra hai| abhilekhoM meM brAhmaNa sAtavAhana-vaMzI rAjAoM ke nAma ke sAtha bhI "aira" hai| aba yaha praznakA uThAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai ki brAhmaNa sAtavAhana vaMza kA anya nAma "aira" thA? prAcIna bhArata meM "Arya" yA "aira" kA prayoga sammAnasUcaka saMbodhana ke rUpa meM hotA thaa| isake aneka dRSTAMta haiN| ataH khAraveLa ko 'aira' vaMzI mAnanA galata hI hogaa| khAraveLa ke rAjatva ke vivaraNa ke bAre meM jAnane ke liye unake samasAmayika udayagiri aura khaNDagiri abhilekhoM para Azrita honA pdd'egaa| udayagiri ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM khAraveLa ke bAlyakAla se lekara zAsana ke trayodaza varSa taka kA vivaraNa hai| isameM varSAnuvarSa ke vistRta vivaraNa lipibaddha hai| aba taka bhArata bhara meM prApta dUsare kisI bhI abhilekha meM isa taraha ke vistRta vivaraNa nahIM hai| abhilekha ke atirikta parvata-gAtra para ureha gaye citroM ke mAdhyama se bhI khAraveLa ke gauravamaya kArya-vivaraNa ke bAre meM jJAta hotA hai| inheM bhUlAkara mAtra abhilekhoM ke jarie khAraveLa ke rAjatvakAlIna aitihAsika bhUmikA para vicAra kareM to asaMpUrNatA hI hAtha lgegii| ataH yahA~ saMkSepa meM tathA sahaja saralatA se khAraveLa carita kI carcA, abhilekha aura khodita citroM para avalaMbita hokara karane kA prayAsa bhara kara rahe haiN|
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________________ hAthIgumphA zilAlekha: oDizA kI rAjadhAnI bhuvanezvara ke samIpa udayagiri kA hAthIgumphA nAmaka eka prAkRtika gumphA ke AbhyaMtarINa chata para khodita mahArAja khAraveLa kI eka sudIrgha prastara-lipi hai| yahI bhArata-prasiddha "hAthIgumphA zilAlekha" hai| yaha zilAlekha oDizA meM aMgreja zAsana kI pratiSThA ke prAkkAla taka ajJAta thaa| isakI khoja kara saba se pahale STarliMga sAhaba ne I. 1820 meM apane "An Account of Geographical, Statistical and Historical of Orissa or Cuttack" graMtha meM saMdarbhita kiyA thaa| taba isakA eka asaMpUrNa citra hI prakAzita huA thaa| parantu usa samaya brAhmI lipi ko par3ha pAnA saMbhava na hopAne ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ko isakI sahI jAnakArI nahIM mila paayii| jemsa prinsep ne brAhmI lipi kA rahasyodghATana I.1835 taka kara liyA thA, pariNAmata: prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke aneka tathya prakAzita hue| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI eka cAkSusa pratilipi (Eye copy) kAphI parizramase mArkham kiTo (M. Kittoe) ne banAyI aura vahI pratilipi pAThoddhAra ke liye prinsepa ko bhejiigyii| hAthIgumphA abhilekha prathama bAra prinsepa ke dvArA paThita hokara I. 1837 meM prakAzita huA (J.A.S.Vol. VI). isake bAda phira ise I. 1877 meM alekajIDara kanihAma ne apane saMkalita graMtha (A. Cunningham- "Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. I) meM prakAzita krvaayaa| usake pazcAta rAjeMdralAla mitra ne Antiquities of Orissa, Vol. II graMtha meM I. 1880 meM sAmAnya parivartita karake prakAzita kiyA thaa| usI varSa laoNka sAhaba (Locke) svayaM udayagiri Ae aura isa abhilekha kA eka "plAsTara kAsTa" taiyAra kiyaa| aba vahI "ppAsTara kAsTa" kalakattA ke iNDiyana myUjiyama meM saMrakSita hai| I. 1885 meM vienA meM prAcya vidyAvizAradoM ko lekara AMtarjAtika kAMgresa kA chaThA adhivezana kA 3FRIST F3T SIT (VIth International Congress of Orientalist), jahAM paNDita bhagavAna lAla iMndrajI ne hAthIgumphA abhilekha kA eka saMzodhita pATha prastuta kiyA thaa| yaha ullekhanIya
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________________ hai ki sabase pahale iMdrajI ne hI "khAraveLa" kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| lipi-vijJAnI vyUlara (Bihler) ne I 1895 aura 1898 meM iMdrajI ke pATha meM katipaya saMzodhana parivartana kiye| I 1906 meM vlaoNka sAhaba (J.B. Block) ne isa abhilekha kI eka praticchavi syAhI se banAkara supaNDita kIlahaoNrna (Keilhorn) ko pradAna kiyA thaa| ise J.H. Fleet ke pAsa vilAyata bhejAgayA aura phlIT sAhaba ne I 1910 meM isakA saMzodhita pAThoddhAra kara raoNyala. esiATika (Royal Asiatic) patrikA meM prakAzita karavAyA thaa| isI patrikA meM lyUdara (H. Luder) sAhaba kI TippaNI bhI prakAzita huI thii| isake pazcAta viziSTa aitihAsika TAmas ne (F.W.Thomas) Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey, India, 1922-23 meM aura sTena kono ne (Sten Konow- Acta Orientalia Vol. I) isa abhilekha para naye sire se prakAza DAla kara isake aitihAsika mahatva kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| aitihAsika rAkhAladAsa benarjI svayaM I 1913 meM udayagiri Ae the aura hAthIgumphA abhilekha kA eka phoTo citra liyA thaa| usI - phoTocitra kA prakAzana kAzI prasAda jayasvAla ke dvArA I 1927 meM bihAra- oDizA risarca sosAiTI jarnala meM huA thaa| usI varSa jayasvAla bhI udayagiri Ae the aura svayaM zilAlekha kA adhyayana anuzIlana karane kA avasara pAkara apane pATha meM kucheka saMzodhana kara pAe. the| phira 1919 I. meM jayasvAla aura benarjI donoM eka sAtha Ae aura vibhinna dRSTikoNa se zilAlekha kI samIkSA kI thii| unake vApasa jAne ke pazcAta paTanA myUjiyama ke liye isI abhilekha kA plAsTara kAsTa banAyA gayA aura kucheka phoTo bhI lie gaye the| rAkhAladAsa aura jayasvAla ne hAthIgumphA abhilekha kA pAThoddhAra karane ke lie aklAMta parizrama kiyA hai| ve donoM phirase san 1924 meM udayagiri Akara abhilekha ke vibhinna aMzoM kA punaH nirIkSaNa kiyA thaa| akele jayasvAla ne san 1927 meM bihAra-oDizA risarca sosAiTI jarnala meM aura bAda meM 1929 meM benarjI ke sAtha mila kara epIgrAphiyA iNDikA meM isI abhilekha
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________________ kA saMzodhita pATha kA prakAzana karavAyA thA (Epigraphia Indica, Vol.xx) | 1929 meM veNImAdhava baDuA kA "The Old Brahmi Inscriptions in Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves' graMtha prakAzita huaa| isa graMthame baDuA mahodaya ne abhilekha ke pUrNAMga pATha dene kI ceSTA kI thii| para unake paThana meM kalpanA kI adhikatA ke kAraNa lagatA hai usakI aitihAsika upAdeyatA hI nahIM rhii| lipivid dIneza caMndra sarakArane bhI san 1942 meM apane Select Inscriptions, Vol.I meM bhI isI abhilekha kA pAThoddhAra kiyA hai| isa saMdarbha meM itihAsakAra navIna kumAra sAhU ne apane aMgrejI graMtha "khAraveLa" meM antima prayAsa kiyA hai| ise kadApi nakArA nahIM jA sakatA ki aneka prAcya aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne isa abhilekha kA pramAda rahita pAThoddhAra karane ke hetu barSoM ke athaka zrama ke bAvajUda isakA sahI pAThoddhAra ho nahIM pAyA hai, na vyAkhyA hii| kyoMki abhilekha kI Adya cAra paMktiyoM ke atirikta anakAMzoM meM varNa paThanayogya avasthA meM nahIM hai| hamane yahAM apane pUrvavartI vidvAnoM ke pAThoddhAra aura abhilekha hI ke adhyayana aura anuzIlana ke AdhAra para nimnokta pATha aura TIkA prastuta karane kA vinamra prayAsa kiyaahai| . paMkti - 1 namo arahaMtAnaM [1] Namo savasidhAnaM [1] aireNa mahArAjena mahAmeghavAhanena cetarAja vasa vadhanena pasatha subhalakhalena caturaMtaluThAna] guNaupeneta kaliMgAdhipatinA siri khAraveLena paMkti-2 paMdarasa vasAni sIri kaDAra sarIravatA kIDitA kumAra kIDikA [1] tato lekha rUpa gaNanA vavahAra vidhi visAradena savavijA vadAtena
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________________ nava vasAni yovarAjaM pasAsitaM [ // ] saMpurNa catuvIsati vaso tadAnI dhamAno seso nAbhi vijayo tatiye paMkti - 3 kaliMga rAjavase purisa yuge mahArAjAbhisecanaM pApunAti [ // ] abhisita mato ca padhamevase vAta vihata gopura pAkAra nivesanaM paTisaMkhArayati kaliMga nagari khivIra sitala taDAga pADiyo ca vaMdhApayati savuMyAna paTi saMTapanaM ca paMkti-4 kArayati panatisAhi satasahasehi pakatiyo ca raMjayati [ // ] dutiye ca vase acitayitA sAtakaniM pachimadisaM haya gaja nara radha bahulaM daMDaM paThApayati [I] kanhavenAM gatAya ca senAya vitAsiti asika nagaraM [I] tati puna vase paMkti-5 gaMdhava veda budho da nata gIta vAdita saMdasanAhi usava samAja kArApanAhi ca kIDApayati nagari [1] tathA cavathe vase vijAdharAdhivAsaM ahata puvaM kaliMga puvarAja nivesitaM .... vitadha makuTa sa nikhita chata paMkti - 6 bhiMgAre hita ratana sApateye sava raThika bhojake pAde vaMdA payati [I] paMcame ca dAnI vase naMdarAja tivasa sata oghATitaM tanasuliya vATA panADi nagari pavesa [ya] ti... [ // ] abhisito ca [ chaThe ] vase rAjaseyaM saMdaMsayaM to savakaraNa 10 ...
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________________ paMkti-7 anugaha anekAni satasahasAni visajati poraM jAnapadaM [1] satamaM ca vase pasAsato vajiragharavati.... sa matuka pada [punAM] sa [kumAra]... [I] aThame ca vase mahati senAya mahata ... goradhagiri paMkti-8 ghAtApayitA rAjagahaM upapIDApayati [1] etinaM ca kaMmapadAna saMnAdena sabata sena vAhane vipamucituM madhuraM apayAto yavanarAja ...ma*... yachati palava bhAra paMkti-9 ___ kaparUkhe haya gaja radha saha yati savadharAvAsa parivesane... sava gahaNaM ca kArayituM bamhaNAnaM jaya parihAra dadAti [1] arahaMta [pasAdAya] navame ca vase paMkti-10 [nagariya kaliMga]' rAjAnivAsaM mahAvijaya pAsAdaM kArayati aThatisAya satasahasehi [1] dasame ca vase daMDa saMdhi sAma [mayo] bharadhavasa paThAnaM mahIjayanaM... kArApayati [I] ekAdasame ca vase [satunaM] pAyAtAnaM ca maNi ratanAni upalabhate[1] * sTena kono ne "Dimita" aura zrI jayasvAla ne "DimiTa" ke rUpa meM isakA pAThoddhara kiyA hai| aba kevala "ma" varNa hI hai.| 2. yaha pATha saMdehAspada hai|
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________________ paMkti -11 [kaliMga] puvarAja nivesitaM pithuDaM gadhavanaMgalena kAsayati [1] janapada bhAvanaM ca terasavasa sata kataM bhidati tamira deha saMghAtaM [1] bArasame ca vase...vitAsayati utarApadha rAjano [tato] paMkti -12 mAgadhAnaM ca vipulaM bhayaM janeto hathasaM gaMgAya pAyayati[1] mAgadhaMca rAjAnaM bahasatimitaM pAde vaMdApayati [I] naMdarAjanItaM kAliMgajina saMnivesaM [kaliMga rAja] gaha ratana parihAre hi aMga magadhavasuM ca nayati [1] paMkti - 13 ...tuM jaThara lakhila gopurAni siharAni nivesayati satavisikanaM parihArehi [I] abhuta machariyaM ca hathInAva [taM] parihara [upalabhate] haya hathI ratana mAnikaM [1] paMDarAjA edAni anekAni muta maniratanAni AhArApayati idha satasa [hasAni] paMkti -14 [dakSiNApatha] (?) [vA]sino vasIkaroti [1] terasameca vase supavata vijaya cake kumArI pavate arahate [hi] pakhina saMsitehi kAyanisIdiyAya....rAjabhitinaM cinavatAnaM vAsAsitAnaM pUjAnurata uvAsaga [khAravela sirinA jIvadeha sAyikA parikhAtA [ // ] paMkti -15 ...sakata samaNa suvihitAnaM ca sava disAnaM yatinaM tapasa isinaM saMghAyanaM
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________________ arahata nisIdiyA samIpe pabhAre varAkara samuthApitAhi aneka yojanAhi tAhi panatisAhi satasahasehi silAhi sihapatha rAnisa [bhalAsehi] paMkti -16 ....paTalika catare ca veDuriya gabhe thaMbhe paTithApayati pAnatariya satasahasehi [u] muriya kAla vochinaM ca coyaThi aMga saMtikaM turayiM upAdayati [1] khemarAjA sa vadharAjA sa bhikhurAjA dhamarAjA pasaMto sunaMto anubhavaMto kalaNAni paMkti -17 guNavisesa kusalo savapAsaMDa pUjako savadevAyatana saMkAra kArako apatihata caka vAhana balo cakadharo gutacako pavata cako rAjasi vasukula vinisito mahA vijayo rAjAkhAravela siri [1] bhAvAnuvAda paMkti -1-2: arhatoM ko nmskaar| sabhI siddhoM ko nmskaar| Arya mahAmeghavAhana mahArAjA zrI khAravela, jo cetarAja ke vaMza ke gauravavardhaka, sabhI zubha lakSaNoM ke AdhAra svarUpa haiM tathA jinake guNarAzi caturdizAoM meM parivyApta hai, unhIM suMdara piMgala varNa vapudhArI kaliGgAdhipati ne paMdraha varSoM taka kumAra sulabha krIDAeM kI thii| paMkti -2-3 : tatpazcAta lekha, rUpa, gaNanA, vyavahAra, vidhi Adi viSayoM ke adhyayana se sabhI vidyAoM ke pAraMgata hue aura nau varSoM taka yuvarAja ke rUpa meM rAjya kA zAsana kiyaa| caturviMzati varSa kI Ayu prApta ho ve kaliGga rAjavaMza ke tRtIya purUSa ke rUpameM siMhAsana para venya ke samAna abhiSikta hue| 13
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________________ paMkti - 3-4 : abhiSeka ke prathama varSa meM unhoMne vAtyAvidhvasta kaliGga nagarI ke durga, prAkAra, gopura, aura aTTAlikAoM kA saMskAra kiyA / sAtha hI zItala puSkariNiyoM ke sopAnoM kA nirmANa kara upavanoM ko phirase sajAyA thA / una sabhI kAryoM ke liye paMcatrizata lakSa mudrA ke vyaya se prajAraMjana kiyA thA. / paMkti - 4-5 : dvitIya varSa meM unhoMne sAtakarNI kI upekSA kara azva, gaja, padAtika aura ratha sahita vizAla senA pazcima kI aura preSita kiyA thA / tRtIya varSa meM una gAMdharvaveda- pravINa mahArAjA ne dapa, nRtya, gIta, vAdya sahita bhinna bhinna utsava samAjoM kA anuSThAna krvaayaa| phalasvarUpa kaliGga nagarI phira se krIDA mukharita ho utthii| paMkti 5-6 : cauthe varSa unhoMne kaliGga ke pUrva rAjAoM ke dvArA saMgaThita ajeya vidyAdhara rAjya... ( abhilekha meM yaha aMza aspaSTa hai) / rASTrika aura bhojaka rAjyoM ke rAjAoM ne bhagnamukuTa hokara rAjachatra aura lAMchana kA tyAga kara maNi, ratna, saMpadA, ke samarpaNa se unakI pada - vaMdanA kI thI / paMkti 6-7 : rAjatva ke pAMcave varSa meM unhoMne tIna sau varSa pUrva naMda rAjA ke dvArA khudAI gayI jala- praNAlI kA tanasulI ke patha se kaliGga nagarI taka vistAra kiyA thA / chaThe varSa unhoMne rAjaizvarya kA pradarzana svarUpa paura aura janapadoM ke kara aura anugraha chor3ane kI ghoSaNA kI thI / rAjatva ke sAtaveM varSa vajiraghararANI ko mAtRtva prApta huA / paMkti 7-8: AThaveM varSa vizAla senA lekara unhoMne sudRr3ha goratha giri durga ko vidhvaMsita kiyA thA, tathA rAjagRha [ magadha ] vAsiyoM ko 14
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________________ niryAtita kiyA thaa| yaha samAcAra pAkara yavanarAja ne mathurA meM avasthApita apane sainyadala kI surakSA ke liye palAyana kiyA thaa| paMkti 8-9: yati [khAraveLa] ne pallavabhAra kalpavRkSa ko haya, gaja aura rathAdi sahita svadeza lAkara pratyeka gRha aura AvAsoM meM AvaMTita kiyA thaa| vijayalavdha dhana sabakA grahaNIya hai yahI pratipAdita karane ke liye unhoMne brAhmaNoM ko dAna diye| paMkti 9-10: nauveM varSa meM unhoMne aSTAtriMzata mudrAoM ke vyaya se mahAvijaya prAsAda nAmaka eka rAja-nivAsa kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| dazama varSa meM daNDa, saMdhi aura sAmamaya [khAraveLa] ne bhAratavarSa vijaya ke liye sainya preSaNa kiyA thaa| paMkti 10-11 : edAdaza varSa meM unheM palAyana karate zatruoM se aneka maNi ratnAdi prApta hue| unhoMne kaliGga ke pUrvavartI rAjAoM ke dvArA pratiSThita pithuDa ko gardabha saMyojita lAMgala se karSita kiyA thaa| isake atirikta ve teraha sau varSoM se saMgaThita tAmila rASTrasaMgha ko tor3ane meM saphala hue the| paMkti 11-12 : dvAdaza varSa meM unhoMne eka lAkha sainya bala lekara uttarApatha ke rAjAoM ko saMtrasta kiyaa| unhoMne hAthiyoM ko gaMgA meM jalapAna karAte samaya magadhavAsiyoM ke manameM apAra bhaya saMcArita kiyA thaa| magadharAja vahasatimita [vRhaSpati mitra] ne unakI pada-vaMdanA kI thii| tatpazcAta unhoMne naMdarAjA ke dvArA liyA gayA kAliMgajina ke sahita aMga aura magadha rAjyoM se aneka saMpadA le Ae the| paMkti 13 : unhoMne [sata visikana] do hajAra [?] mudrA ke vyaya se sudRDha tathA suMdara gopura aura zikharoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa|
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________________ unhoMne adabhuta aura vismayakArI hAthiyoM aura nAvoM ko khokara aneka azva, gaja, maNi - mANikya prApta kiyA thaa| pANDyarAja eka lakSa mUlya ke muktA aura maNi-ratna upahAra ke rUpa meM lekara vahAM [kaliGga nagarI ko] Ae the| paMkti -14 ; unhoMne ..... ke adhivAsiyoM ko vazIbhUta kiyA thaa| terahaveM varSa meM rAjavRttidhArI, jhInavAsadhArI, saGavAsI arhatoM ke pUjaka, upAsaka zrI khAravela ne vijayacakra pravartita kumArI parvata ke gAtra para sarvatyAgI japodyApaka arhatoM ke zarIra vizrAma hetu AzramasthaloM kA khanana karavAyA thaa| paMkti - 15-16 : siMhapatha rAnI kI icchAnusAra sammAnAspada arhatoM kI suvidhA ke liye tathA sabhI ora se padhAranevAle yati, tApasa, RSi aura saMghAyanoM ke liye unhoMne aneka yojana se AnIta paMcatriMzati lakSa zilAkhaNDoM se ahaMtoM ke Azraya sthala ke samIpa tathA sammukha bhAga meM suMdara harmya kA nirmANa kiyA thA jisameM pATala-varNa ke dharAtala para vaidurya khacita khaMbhe the| isake nirmANa ke liye ekazata pAMca lakSa mudrAoM kA vyaya huA thaa| unhoMne maurya zAsana-kAlameM avyavasthita cauSaTha kalAyukta tauryatrika kA unnati-sAdhana kiyA thaa| paMkti -17 : isa prakAra rAjya zAsana kara, kSemarAja, bRddhirAja, bhikSurAja, dharmarAja, rAjarSi vasu ke dAyAda, sabhI vizeSa guNoM kA AdhAra, sarvadharma pUjaka, sarva devAyatana saMskAraka, apratihata senA-bala ke adhikArI, sAtha hI zAsana cakradhAraka, niyama zRMkhalAoM ke rakSaka, vidhiyoM ke pravartaka, mahAvijayI zrI khAravela ne sabhI viSayoM ko dekha - suna kara tathA anubhava kara aneka kalyANamaya kArya saMpAdana kiye haiN| -O man
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________________ khAraveLa kA vyaktigata itihAsa "khAravela" zabda kA artha zAyada samudra yA samudra-veSThita deza hai| saMskRta zadva "kSAravela' kA prAkRta rUpa hai "khaarvel"| vaha ullekhanIya hai ki khAravela ke hAtIgumphA zilAlekha meM sarvatra "kSa" ke sthAna para "kha" varNa kA prayoga huA hai| prakhyAta bhASAtatvavid svargIya sunIta kumAra cATArjI ne khAraveLa ko draviDa batalA kara draviDa bhASAnusAra "khAravela" kA artha "kRSNakAya" batalAyA hai| para hamane isake pUrva AlocanA kI hai ki cedi rAjavaMza vaidika kAla se hI eka samma nAspada Arya jAti ke rUpameM svIkRta hai| isaliye khAraveLa ko draviDa mAnanA kadAcita samIcIna nahIM hogaa| usI taraha unheM kRSNakAya tathA bhayaMkara rUpavAlA bhI kahA nahIM jA sktaa| ve piMgalavarNa vapuvAna rUpavaMta purUSa the, yaha hAthIgumphA zilAlekha hI se pratipAdita ho jAtA hai| janma ke samaya se unake zarIra para mahAmAnava ke lakSaNoMkA honA jJAta thaa| hAthIguMmphA zilAlekha paM 1-2] / bAlyAvasyA meM khAraveLa ke unmukha vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke liye vizeSa prayatna huA thaa| vividha krIr3aoM ke mAdhyama se zikSAraMbha hokara paMdraha varSa kI Ayu taka ve lekhana [rAjakIya patrAlApa] rUpa [mudrA-vijJAna] gaNanA [gaNita jJAna] vyavahAra [nyAya] vidhi [prazAsanika aura sabhI vidyAoM meM nipuNa ho gaye the| ____ hAthIgumphA abhilekhase yaha spaSTa hojAtA hai ki khAraveLa paMdraha varSa kI avasthA meM yuvarAja pada para adhiSThita hue the| paraMtu unheM kisane adhiSThita kiyAthA yaha isa abhilekha se jJAta nahIM hotaa| anumAna hai, usa samaya khAraveLa ke pitA kI akAlamRtyu ke kAraNa
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________________ 66 unheM nAbAliga avasthAmeM hI yuvarAja kI padabI milI thI aura unheMne dUsaroM kI prazAsanika sahAyatA se rAjya kA zAsana kiyA thaa| isa bhAMti kI zAsana vidhi ko prAcIna jainagraMtha AyAraMga sutta" meM " yuvarAjyAni" ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla meM rAjAoM ke akAla viyoga kI sthiti meM nAbAliga yuvarAjoM ko siMhAsanAsIna karake rAjamAtAoM ke dvArA rAjya zAsana ke aneka dRSTAMta haiN| para hAthIgumphA zilAlekha isake bAre meM pUrNatayA mauna hai| sthiti cAhe kucha bhI huI ho paccIsa varSa kI Ayu meM khAraveLa ne mahArAjA ke rUpameM rAjya kI zAsana bhAra saMbhAlA thA / abhilekhIya vivaraNa aura udayagiri khaNDagiri meM utkIrNita citrAvalI se yaha pratipAdita hotA hai ki khAraveLa kI do rAniyAM thiiN| saMbhavataH unake abhiSeka utsava ke samaya unakA prathama vivAha ho cukA thA / hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM inhIM mahiSI ko vajiradhara rAnI ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| uparokta vajiradhara ko Adhunika madhya-pradeza sthita jabalapura ke samIpavartI "berAgar3ha" ke rUpa meM cinhita kiyA gayA hai| inhIM mahiSI kA paricaya maMcapurI guphA abhilekha se bhI prApta hotA hai| usameM unheM rAjA lalArka kI duhitA batalAyA gayA hai / rAjA lalArka rAjA hastIsiMha ke prapautra the / ataH abhilekha se lalArka ke pitA aura pitAmaha ke bAre meM bhI kucha patA nahIM cltaa| yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki anya samasAmayika abhilekha meM bhI ye donoM nAma nahIM pAe gaye haiM / ataH " vajiradhara rAnI" ke pitRkula kI jAnakArI de pAnA asaMbhava hI hai / hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM dvitIya mahiSIko siMhapatha - rANI ke nAmase nAmita kiyA gayA hai| siMhapatha ko Adhunika AMdhrapradeza ke zrIkAkulama jilA ke siMgupurama ke rUpameM cinhita kiyA gayA hai| I. cauthI sadI meM mAThara rAjavaMza ke rAjatvakAla meM siMhapurama hI kaliGga kI rAjadhAnI thI, yaha bhI mahatvapUrNa hai / khAravela ne kina paristhiyoMti 18
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________________ meM dvitIya mahiSI kA pANigrahaNa kiyA thA, usakA koI abhilekhIya vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| parantu rANIgumphA kI UparI sataha para utkIrNita citroM ke manana ke AdhAra para prakhyAta itihAsakAra svargIya navIna kumAra sAhU ke dvArA pradatta vivaraNa kucha isa prakAra hai : (citra kra.2) . eka bAra saparivAra siMhapatha ke rAjA vana-vihAra karake aMta meM snAna ke lie kisI padma sarovara ko aae| vaha sarovara araNya ke bIcoMbIca thaa| pahale hI se usa sarovara meM eka vizAlakAya sudaMta hAthI kuddeka hastiniyoM ke sAtha unmukta krIDAeM kara rahA thaa| rAjAne usa hastIdala ko bhagAne kA prayAsa kiyA to hAthI kruddha ho una para AkramaNa karane ko nikala aayaa| rAjA ne sAhasase usakA mukAbalA kiyA aura donoM daloM ke bIca lar3AI chir3a gyii| usa samaya rAjakanyA ne apane prANa kI paravAha na karake hAthI ke Age Akara usapara apane aMgAbharaNoM se prahAra kiyA to ghAyala hokara hAthI pIche haTane lgaa| para taba taka rAjA kAphI ghAyala ho cuke the| rAjakanyA, unheM upacAra ke liye samIpastha eka guphA ke aMdara le aayii| ___ hAthiyoM ke sAtha saMgharSa ke samaya rAjadala kI kucha mahilAeM bhayabhIta ho bhAga nikliiN| anumAna hai ki una mahilAoM meM rAjA kI koI dAsI kisI prabhAvazAlI vyakti kI guptacarI ke rUpameM kAma karatI thii| usa prabhAvazAlI vyakti kA rAjakanyA ko prApta karane kI gupta abhilASA thI aura aMta:pura kI vahI paricArikA usa icchA-pUrti kI sahakAriNI thii| vaha laMpaTa puruSa, rAjA kI dusthiti ke samAcAra usa guptacarI se pAkara cahetI rAjakanyA ko pAne kI lAlasA se asthira ho utthaa| vaha use rAha batA kara guMphA taka le aayii| vahAM usane rAjA ko Ahata aura asahAya avasthA meM dekha kara unakI hatyA karadI aura rAjakanyA ke prati bala kA prayoga karane
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________________ ko udyata huA to usa vIrabAlA ne apane mRta pitA kA astra lekara usakA sAmanA karane lgii| para vaha zIghra hI parAjita hogayI aura baMdI banAlI gayI / saubhAgya se usa samaya mahArAjA khAraveLa AkheTa ke araNya meM senA sahita upasthita the| akasmAta samrAT ke ke kolAhala se vanabhUmi mukharita hojAne ke kAraNa usa ne rAjakanyA ko araNya meM akelI chor3a kara bhaya se palAyana kiyA / usI samaya khAraveLa ke dvArA zarAhata hokara eka mRga kisI vRkSa ke nIce A girA / samrATa azvapRSTha se avatarita hue aura usa Ahata mRga kI ora agrasara hue| pAsa Akara unhoMne dekhA, vRkSa kI zAkhA para eka taruNI baiThI Azraya kI prArthanA kara rahI hai / usakA paricaya pAkara samrATa ne use abhaya pradAna kiyA aura use Adara sahita sAtha le aae| siMhapatha rAjakanyA kA uddhArakara le Ane ke upalakSya meM kaliGga nagarI meM nRtya gAyana aura vividha utsavoM ke Ayojana hue / utkIrNita citra meM svayaM samrATa usa navAgatA rAjakanyA ko pAsa biThA kara nRtya gAyana kA upabhoga karate dikhAe gaye haiN| citrAvalI ke sarvazeSa aMza meM usI rAjakanyA ke sAtha vivAha kara pramoda - udyAna meM una donoM kA sAtha sAtha vihAra ke dRzya citrita haiN| rANIgumphA kI nicalI sataha kI dAyIM aura khodita citrAvalI meM samrATa khAraveLa donoM rAniyoM ke bIca baiThe hue darzAe gaye haiN| kaI citroM se yahI jJAta hotA hai ki khAraveLa ke sAtha donoM rAniyAM bhinna--bhinna avasaroM para janasAdhAraNa ke sammukha upasthita huA karatI thIM / lie usI senA - samUha laMpaTa puruSa 20
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________________ saMbhavataH hAthIgumphA kA zilAlekha khAraveLa ke rAjatva ke caturdaza varSa hI utkIrNita huA thA / kAraNa yaha hai ki usameM kevala unake teraha varSo ke kArya vivaraNa varSAnukrama se hai| usakA paravarttI itihAsa Aja bhI aMdhakArAvRtta hai| ataH khAraveLa ne kitane varSoM taka rAjya kA zAsana kiyA thA aura kaba taka jIvita the kahA nahIM jA sakatA / kaliGga ke mahArAjA khAraveLa hAthIgumphA zilAlekha se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki kaliGga meM mahArAja khAraveLa cedi mahAmeghavAhana vaMza ke tRtIya rAjA the / "venAbhi vijayo tatiye kaLiMga rAjavase purita yuge mahArAjA bhisecanaM pApunAti / " ( paM. 2 / 3) vena ke putra kA abhiSeka utsava ke sAtha khAraveLa kA abhiSeka utsava kI tulanA tAtparyapUrNa hai| mahAbhArata kI varNanAnusAra abhiSeka ke samaya devatA aura RSigaNa vena ke putra pRthu ko zapatha lene ko kahate hue nirdeza dete haiM: ..... pratijJA cAdhirohasya manasA karmaNAgirA / pAlayisyAmahaM bhaumaM brahma ityena cAsakRta || yakSAtra dharmo nityokta daNDanIti vyApAzraya | tamazakaH kariSyAmi svavazo na kadAcana // arthAt, sAtha hI pratijJA karo ki maiM mana, vacana aura kriyAyoM ke dvArA pRthvI [ deza ] kA niraMtara pAlana karUMgA / veda meM daNDa nIti se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle jo nitya dharma batAye gaye haiM, niHzaMka hokara maiM unakA pAlana kruuNgaa| kabhI svacchaMda nahIM hoUgA / [ mahAbhArata: zAMti parva : 52/106-07] pRthu ke bAre meM mahAbhArata ke isI parva meM phira kahA gayA hai 21
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________________ " tena dharmottarazcArya kRto loko mahatmano raMjitazca prajAH sarvAstenarAjeti zabdyate // arthAta usa mahAtmAne saMpUrNa jagata meM dharma kI pradhAnatA kI sthApanA karake samasta prajAoM kA raMjana kiyA thA ataH ve rAjA kahalAte the| dharma kI saMsthApanA aura prajAnuraMjana, khAraveLa kA bhI pramukha kArya thA, yaha hAthIguMphA zilAlekha se pramANita hotA hai / khAraveLa kA zAsana anekAMzoM meM maurya zAsana ke anurUpa thA / para usakI nIti aura lakSya kucheka maulika dRSTikoNa se prabhAvita the / kaliMga meM maurya zAsana vijetAoM kA zAsana thaa| zAsakoM kI kSamatA kA sudRDhIkaraNa, aura janatA kA svAdhIna manobhAva kA damana usakA uddezya thA / usI lakSya se azoka ne kaliMga meM dvaita--zAsana kA pravartana kiyA thaa| ve apane ko janatA ke pitA ke rUpa meM ghoSita kara unhoMne dharma ke mAdhyama se saba ko saMyata aura niyamAnuvartI banAne kA prayAsa karate the, sAtha hI kaThora sAmrAjyavAdI nItiyoM ko mAna kara janatA kI rAjanaitika AkAMkSAoM kA hanana karane meM bhI pIche nahIM haTate the| para khAraveLa ke zAsana kA Adarza pUrNatayA bhinna thA / ve kaliMga kI saMtAna, kaliMga kI rAjanaitika paraMparAoM kA poSaka tathA kaliMga saMskRti ke pujArI the| rAjya ke vaibhava aura gaurava -- vardhana hI unake zAsana kA uddezya thA / ataH unhoMne rAja kSamatA kA dRDhIkaraNa se bar3ha kara unhoMne kaliMga rAjya ko zaktizAlI tathA samRddhizAlI banAne ke liye prayAsa kiyA thaa| unake mukhyarUpa se jainadharmI hone ke bAvajUda unakA anya dharmoM ke prati udAra manobhAva ne unake vyaktitva ko mahimAmaNDita kiyA hai| khAraveLa ke abhiSeka utsava ke eka varSa bAda kaliMga kA upakUlavartI kSetra vAtavidhvaMsita hone ke kAraNa kaliMga nagarI ke UMce-UMce 22
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________________ prAsAda, gopura aura durgoM ke prAcIra Dhaha gaye the jisase kaliMga kI paryApta hAni huI thii| abhiSeka ke turaMta bAda prathama varSa meM hI unhoMne rAjadhAnI kaliMganagarI ke bhagna prAsAda aura prAcIroM kA punaH nirmANa karavAyA evaM rAjadhAnI ko sudRDha tathA suzobhita kiyA thaa| durga, prAcIra aura aTTAlikAoM ke saMskAra-sAdhana ke sAtha sAtha unhoMne prAcIna jaLAzayoM kA bhI jIrNodhdAra karavAyA aura unheM suMdara sopAnazreNI se sajA kara vAta-vidhvaMsita udyAnoM ko navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| isa vikAsa kArya ke liye paiMtIsa lAkha mudrAoM kA vyaya huA thaa| tIna sau varSa pUrva kaliMga meM mahApadma naMda ne jo nahara khudavAyI thI, khAraveLa ne apane zAsana ke pAMcave varSa meM usakI abhivRddhi kara jalapravAha ko kaliMga nagarI taka le aaye| vaha jala-pravAha kaliMga meM kRSi, snAna, saMtaraNa tathA pAnIya ke liye atyaMta sahAyaka sidhda huaa| rAjatva ke chaThe varSa meM unhoMne rAjaizvarya kA pradarzana karate hue paura aura janapadoM ko niSkara ghoSita kiyaa| saMbhavataH paTTamahiSI bajiraghararANI ke garbhAdhAna ke upalakSya meM vaha ghoSaNA huI thI, tathA vaidezika dhana-saMpadAoM se rAjakoza paripUrNa thaa| ataH unnayana kAryoMpara usakA koI prabhAva nahIM par3A thaa| rAjatva ke nauveM varSa meM khAraveLa ne jaina tIrtha mathurA ko yavanoM kI adhInatA se mukta kiyaa| tatpazcAta ar3atIsa lAkha mudrAoM ke vyaya se vijaya smArikA ke rUpa meM eka mahA--vijaya prAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| rAjya meM sAMskRtika vikAsa ke liye saMgIta, nRtya, utsava, samAja [nATakAdi sAMskRtika anuSThAna] Adi kA Ayojana aparihArya mAnA jAtA hai| ina kAryoM ke liye rAjakIya pRSThapoSakatA ekAMta rUpase Avazyaka hai, aisA rAmAyaNa meM bhI kahA gayA hai "nArAjake janapade prhussttnttnrtkaaH| utsavAzca samAjAzca vardhante raassttrvrdhnaaH||
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________________ arthAt arAjaka deza meM rASTrako unnatizIla banAnevAle utsava, jinameM naTa aura nartaka harSa meM bhara kara apanI apanI kalAoM kA pradarzana karate haiM, baDhane nahIM pAte tathA anyAnya rASTra hitakArI saMgha bhI nahIM panapane pAte / / hAthIgumphA zilAlekha meM khAraveLa kA krIDA aura saMgIta ke prati pragAr3ha anurAga kI spaSTa sUcanA hai| abhilekhoM ke atirikta udayagiri aura khaNDagiri ke vibhinna guphAoM meM khodita citroM meM bhI usa samaya ke nATyAnurAga kA citraNa hai| usa para svataMtra rUpa se isI graMtha meM AlocanA hai| sAmarika kRtitvaH khAraveTa ke digadi / ke prasaMgoM para AlocanA ke pahale bhArata kA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika mAnacitra ke saMdarbha meM jAnanA Avazyaka hai| usa samaya AhimAdrI kumArikA vistRta kSetra ko bhAratavarSa kahA nahIM jAtA thaa| vastutaH bhArata ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM khAraveLa ke hAthIphA abhilekha meM hI bhAratavarSa kA Adya nAmollekha huA thA [bhara ra paThAnaM mahIjayanaM - pN.10]| usa samaya uttara bhArata meM gaMgAnadI ke taTavartI kSetra ko hI mukhyataH bhAratavarSa ke rUpameM abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| siMdhu nadI ke taTavartI kSetra uttarApatha ke nAma se nAmita thaa| viMdhya parvata ke dakSiNa meM thA dakSiNApatha aura usase dakSiNa kI ora dramila deza avasthita thaa| vahI dramila deza aneka rAjyoM ke sammelana se eka rASTrasaMgha ke rUpa meM lagabhaga teraha sau varSa pUrva hI saMgaThita huA thA [I.pU. 1300], hAthIguMphA zinAkha se isakI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| kaliMga rASTra bhArata ke sAla meM gaMgA se godAvarI taka vistRta thA aura usase saMlagna vidyAdhara] rAjya pazcima dizA meM viMdhya parvata ke pArzvavartI 24
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________________ kSetra ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA thaa| pazcimAMcala meM narmadA aura tApti kI avavAhikA meM avasthita thA avaMtIpatha, jahA~ I.pU. pahalI sadI meM sAtavAhana vaMza kSamatA saMpanna hokara thaa| pUrva-sUcanA ke anusAra suMga-kANva vaMza ke vilIna hone ke kAraNa aMga aura magadha meM mitra rAjavaMza, kaliMga meM cedi rAjavaMza aura mahArASTra meM sAtavAhana rAjavaMza kA abhyudaya huA thA aura sArvabhaumatva ke liye inameM saMgharSa anivArya thaa| I.pU. pahalI sadI ke dvitIyArdha meM mitra vaMza ke vRhaspati, cedi vaMza ke khAraveLa aura sAtavAhana vaMza ke sAtakarNI adhika zaktizAlI the| inhIM trizaktiyoM ke saMgharSa meM khAraveLa kI bhUmikA atyaMta gauravamaya thii| hAthIguMphA zilAlekha kI cauthI paMkti se yaha spaSTa rUpase pramANita hotA hai ki kaliMga kI vizAla senAvAhinI caturaMga bala se arthAta padAtika, azvArohI, gajArohI aura rathArohI sainyoM se banAyI gayI thii| punazca terahavIM paMkti se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa senA meM adbhuta kriyAzIla hAthI aura yudhda pota bhI the [abhUta machariyaM ca haathiinaav]| satrahavIM paMkti meM khAraveLa apratihata senAbala ke adhikArI ke rUpa meM varNita hue haiN| jaba khAraveLa kaliMga ke siMhAsanAsIna hue taba bhArata ke pazcimAMcala meM sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA simuka ke putra sAtakarNI kA zAsana thaa| yahAM ullekhanIya hai ki sAtavAhana aura meghavAhana donoM eka hI samaya meM bhArata ke pazcimAMcala aura kaliMga para adhikAra prApta hokarake dAkSiNAtya meM apane prabhAva vistAra karane ko tatpara the| usa samaya sAtakarNI ne svayaM Adhunika mahArASTra ke zAsaka hone ke bAvajUda apane ko dakSiNApathapati ke rUpa meM ghoSita kiyA thaa| ataH apanI zakti aura samarthatA kI pratiSThA ke liye khAraveLa ne sabase pahale sAtavAhana ke rAjya para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| hAthIguMphA zilAlekha
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________________ kI cauthI paMkti se yaha spaSTarUpase pratipAdita hotA hai ki khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke dUsare varSa hI sAtakarNI kI zakti kA bhrUkSepa na karate hue "kanhaveNA" [kRSNAveNI] taka agrasara hokara asaka nagarI para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| saMbhavataH isa sAmarika abhiyAna meM khAraveLa ko saphalatA nahIM milI thii| aura yaha Adya saMgharSa amImAMsita rahA thaa| isa yuddha kI pariNati ke saMdarbha meM hAthIguMphA yA anya kisI sAtavAhana vaMzIya zilAlekha se koI bhI jAnakArI milatI nahIM hai| para culla kaliMga jAtaka meM isa saMdarbha meM eka cittAkarSaka varNana hai| usa varNana ke anusAra rAjA kAliMga yuddha meM parAjita hokara apanI cAra suMdara rAjakumAriyoM ko asmaka ke rAjA arUNa ko pradAna kiyA thaa| isI ke AdhAra para veNImAdhava baDuA ne kahA hai ki usa yuddha meM khAraveLa parAjita hue the| yaha niHsaMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jAtaka kI isa kathA kI koI aitihAsika satyatA nahIM hai| kyoM ki hAthIguMphA zilAlekha se yaha spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita hotA hai ki usa sAmarika abhiyAna ke samaya khAraveLa kI Ayu mAtra chabbIsa sAla kI thii| usa avasthA meM cAra cAra yuvA rAjakumAriyoM kA janmadAtA banakara kisI vijayI rAjA ko arpita karane kI kalpanA taka asaMbhava hai| isake pazcAta khAraveLa ne vidyAdhara kSetra ke yoddhAoM ko saMgaThita kiyaa| azoka ke svataMtra kaliMga abhilekha meM ullikhita ATavika rAjya aura hAthIguMphA zilAlekha meM ullikhita vidyAdhara rAjya eka hai| samrATa azoka ne kaliMga yuddha ke samaya unhIM ATavika senA kI asIma zakti aura vIratA ke paricaya pAkara kaliMga para vijaya prApta hone ke bAvajUda ATavika rAjya para adhikAra pAne kA prayAsa taka kiyA nahIM thaa| aura unheM avijita jAti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thaa| Adhunika oDizA ke balAMgIra, phulavANI aura kalAhANDI Adi pArvatya kSetroM ko lekara taba vidyAdhara/ATavika rAjya kA saMgaThana huA thaa| jaina graMthoM se yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki viMdhya parvata ke samIpa aThAraha vidyAdhara gaThita kiyA ke pazcAta khAravela ko arpita 26
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________________ nivAsa avasthita the| aura usa kSetra meM sATha nagaroM kI pratiSThA haI thii| khAraveLa ke paravartI kAlake abhilekhoM se una aSTAdaza vidyAdhara rAjyoM kI avasthiti kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| ati prAcIna kAlase vaha kaliMga ke liye senA saMgraha kI bhUmi thii| kurUkSetra yuddha meM kaliMga kI jisa zavara aura puliMda senA ne apane asIma vIratva kA pradarzana kiyA thA ve yahI vidyAdhara/ATavika kSetra ke haiN| aisA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai| khAraveLa ne bhI apane abhilekha meM vidyAdhara kSetra ko "ahata pUrva' arthAta pahale kabhI parAjita na honevAlA kSetra ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| vidyAdhara rAjya ke sainyabala ko saMgaThita karake khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke cauthe varSa sAtavAhana rAjya ke virUddha dvitIya bAra yuddha ke liye prasthAna kiyA thaa| isake pahale hI rAjA sAtakarNI kI mRtyu ho cukI thI aura unake donoM putra, vedazrI aura zaktizrI ke nAbAliga hone ke kAraNa vidhavA rAnI nayAnikA para rAjya kA zAsana bhAra nyasta thaa| rAnI nayAnikA ne khAraveLa ke AkramaNa ko pratihata karane ke liye apane donoM sAmaMta, rathika aura bhojaka kSetra ke zAsakoM ko bhejaa| para khAraveLa se parAjaya svIkAra karate hue chatra parihAra kara, mukuTavihIna ho maNiratnoM sahita unakI pada-vaMdanA ko vAdhya hue| sAtavAhana rAjavaMza kI zakti kharvita huI evaM phalasvarUpa kaliMga kA rAjanaitika prabhutva pUrva se pazcima payodhi taka vistArita huaa| isa vijaya ke uparAMta khAraveLa tIna varSoM taka sAmarika abhiyAna se virata ho kara jana-kalyANakArI kAryoM meM apane ko niyojita kiyA thaa| para lagatA hai kaliMga ke pAraMparika zatru magadha ke virUddha unakI yuddha-prastuti taba bhI jArI thii| rAjatva ke AThaveM varSa hI unhoMne senA lekara uttarAbhimukha ho magadha kI vRhattama nagarI rAjagRha 27
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________________ kA avarodha kiyA thA / rAjagRha kI pratirakSA ke liye goratha giri para nirmita goratha giri durga kaliMga sainyoM ke AkramaNa se vidhvaMsita hone kI sUcanA hameM hAthIguMphA zilolakha [ paM. 7, 8] se prApta hotI hai| ukta zilAlekha meM magadha kA nAmollekha nahIM hai phirabhI goratha giri nAma ke hone ke kAraNa yaha sthAna magadha kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM hI jAnA jaaegaa| kyoM ki magadha kI rAjadhAnI ke samIpa hI gorathagiri thA, yaha mahAbhArata ke eka varNana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / jarAsaMdha vadha ke lie zrIkRSNa, arjuna aura bhIma ne magadha kI yAtrA kI thii| unhoMne gorathagiri para khar3e hokara magadha kI rAjadhAnI ko dekhA thA : te zabda godhanAkIrNamambumantaM zubhadrumam / gorathagirimAsadya dadazurmAgidhaM puram / [ sabhA 20 / 30 ] arthAta sadA godhana se bharepUre, jalase paripUrNa tathA suMdara vRkSoM se suzobhita goratha parvata para pahuMca kara unhoMne magadha kI rAjadhAnI ko dekhaa| Adhunika barAbara parvata ko uparokta gorathagiri ke sAtha saMtoSajanaka rUpase paricinhita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ lomaza maharSi aura sudAmA guphA ke sAtha sAtha samrAT azoka kA eka abhilekha bhI hai| inake atirikta, brAhmI lipi meM khodita do choTe choTe abhilekha bhI haiN| pahalA abhilekha azokakAlIna brAhmI meM " gauratha giri" aura dUsarA paravartI brAhmI lipi meM " gauradhagiri" ke rUpameM utkIrNita hai / dvitIya abhilekha kI lipi aura khAraveLa ke hAthIguMphA abhilekha kI lipi meM samAnatA ke AdhAra para benarjI mahodaya ne ise khAraveLa ke sAmarika abhiyAna ke samaya sAtha Ae kisI vyakti ke dvArA utkIrNita abhilekha batAyA hai| hAthIguMphA zilolakha meM bhI goratha 28
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________________ giri "goradha giri" ke nAma se khodita huA hai, yaha ullekhanIya kaliMga senA ke AkramaNa ke samaya jaba magadha rAjagRha ke adhivAsI saMtapta the taba yavanoM ne mathurA para adhikAra pA liyA thA aura ve magadha kI ora bar3hane kI sAmarika taiyAriyAM kara rahe the| para khAraveLa ke vijaya abhiyAna ke samAcAra pAkara grIka rAjA [nAma ajJAta hai] AtaMkita hokara mathurA kI ora palAyana kara gye| khAraveLa ne magadha ke rAjagRha para adhikAra se jainakSetra madhurA ko yavanoM ke adhikAra se mukta karanA atyAvazyaka mAnA aura rAjagRha chor3a kara mathurA ke liye prasthAna kiyaa| kaliMga senAne yavanoM ko vitADita kiyA aura tatkAlIna jainakSetra mathurA ko khAraveLa ke dvArA surakSA milii| uparokta sAmarika abhiyAna ke kAraNa na kevala khAravela kI ajeya zakti aura samarthatA pariprakAzita hotI hai, apitu dharmarakSA ke prati unakA pragADha anurAga bhI prativiMbita hotA hai| isase unheM aitihAsika mahanIyatA bhI prApta huI hai| kaliMga pratyAvartana ke samaya ve apane sAtha mathurA se jainadharma ke pavitra vRkSa kalpavaTa kI eka zAkhA ko sAtha lAye the| saMbhavata: vahI jainatIrtha mathurA ko yavanoM se mukta karane kA mahatvapUrNa dhArmika nidarzana thaa| vaha pallavapUrNa pavitra zAkhA ko caturaMga senA kI vizAla zobhAyAtrA meM rAjadhAnI kaliMga nagarI ko lAyI gayI thii| rAjadhAnI ke pratyeka gharoM meM vijayalabdha dhana kA vitaraNa haA thA aura rAjakIya utsava manAyA gayA thaa| usI vijaya kI smArakI ke rUpa meM khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke nauveM varSa meM kaliMga nagarI meM mahAvijaya prAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| usa nirmANa kArya ke liye ar3atIsa lAkha mudrAoM kA vyaya huA thaa| rAjatva ke dasaveM varSa meM khAraveLa ne phira eka bAra uttarabhArata [hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM "bharadhavasa" ullikhita huA hai] kI aura
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________________ sAmarika yAtrA kI aura aneka rAjAoM ko parAsta kiyaa| atula dhana ratnoM ke sAtha rAjatva ke gyArahaveM varSa meM kaliMga ko lautte| hAthIguMphA zilAlekha meM parAjita rAjAoM ke nAma nahIM hai, kevala parAjita aura palAyamAna rAjAoM se maNi ratna lAbha kA varNana hai| ataH isa pariprekSI meM parAjita rAjAoM ke sahI vivaraNa pradAna karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| usI ekAdazaveM varSa dakSiNa meM sthita dramila rASTra saMgha ke . sAtha bhISaNa yuddha kA prAraMbha ho cukA thaa| varNita rASTrasaMgha cola, pANDya, satyaputra, keralaputra aura tAmraparNI [siMhala] ke rAjAoM ko lekara khAraveLa ke samaya se terahasau varSa pUrva saMgaThita ho dIrghakAla se eka ajeya zakti ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hokara thaa| naMdarAjA mahApadma naMda yA maurya rAjA caMdragupta aura azoka ne bhI isa saMgha para vijaya prApta nahIM kara sake the| yaha yuddha donoM jala aura sthala bhAgoM meM huA thaa| hAthIguMphA zilolakha [paM.13] se yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki isa yuddha meM khAraveLa ko asaMkhya adbhuta kriyAzIla hAthI aura yuddha pota khone pdd'e| para aMta meM unheMhI vijayazrI prApta huI aura pADya rAjA [saMbhavataH tAmila saMgha ke pramukha ne khAraveLa ko aneka maNi mANikya upahAra svarUpa pradAna karake adhInatA svIkAra kiyA thaa| isIse tAmila saMgha kA avasAna huaa| drAmila yuddha ke avasAna ke pazcAta khAraveLa ne punarvAra uttara bhArata kI ora yuddha yAtrA kii| rAjatva ke bArahaveM varSa meM unhoMne eka lAkha kI senA lekara gAMgeya paThAra atikramaNa karake uttarApatha taka agrasara hue the| phalasvarUpa uttarApatha ke aneka zAsaka saMtrasta hue| usa abhiyAna ke samaya khAraveLa ne magadha rAjya meM gaMgA nadI ke taTa para asaMkhya hastI aura azvoM ke sAtha zivira kI sthApanA kI thii| una hastiyoM ko gaMgA meM jalapAna karate hue dekha kara magadhavAsiyoM ke mana meM apAra bhaya saMcArita huA thaa| bAdhya hokara 30
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________________ aMga aura magadha ke rAjA vRhaspatimitra [vahasatimita] ne parAjaya svIkAra kiyA thaa| isa vijaya ke dvArA kaliMga ko apanI do bAra kI pUrva parAjaya ke pratizodha kI saMtuSTi milI thii| khAraveLa ke tIna sau varSa pUrva mahApadma naMda ne kaliMga para AkramaNa karake kaliMga se dhanaratnoM ke sahita jina pratimA ko bhI balapUrvaka magadha le Ae the| magadha vijaya ke pazcAta khAraveLa ne kaliMga jina pratimA ke sAtha apAra dhana saMpadA aura gaurava lekara kaliMga aae| magadha ke usa parAkramI zAsaka kI zocanIya parAjaya se khAraveLa kI asIma zakti aura samara kauzala kA paricaya milatA hai| khAraveLa ke dvArA kaliMga kA sammAna abhivRddha hokara AkumArI himAcala sarvatra prasarita huA thaa| khAraveLa kI prathama mahiSI ne apane maMcapurI guMphA abhilekha meM unheM yathArthataH cakravartI ke rUpameM abhihita kiyA hai| abhilekhIya vivaraNoM ke sAtha -sAtha udayagiri ke rANIgumphA meM khodita khAraveLa ke saphala sAmarika abhiyAna kI citrAvalI ke dvArA bhI unakA sAmarthya pradarzita huA hai| rANIguMphA ke nimnAMza ke sammukha bhAga ke cAra prakoSThoM ke zIrSadeza para ye dIrgha citrAvalI khodita huI haiN| inheM vizleSita karate hue itihAsakAra DaoN navIna kumAra sAhU batAte haiM: (ci.kra.-4ka-kha) "citrAvalI ke prAraMbha meM kaliMga senA rAjadhAnI kaliMga nagarI ke rAjapatha para yuddha ke liye jArahe haiM aura aTTAlikAoM para, barAmadA tathA gavAkSoM meM khar3e hokara janatA dvArA zubhecchArpaNa ke duzya aMkita hai| citroM ke anekAMza aba saMpUrNa dhvaMsa ho cuke haiN| phirabhI jo kucheka avikRta avasthA meM haiM unase samrATa ke dvAdaza varSoM kI digvijaya yAtrA kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| jisameM kisI rAjA ke natajAnu hokara khAraveLa kI pada-vaMdanA karate dikhAyA gayA hai-vaha magadharAja vRhaspati mitra kA AtmasamarpaNa kA citra hai| usameM rAjachatra zobhita samrATa khAraveLa haiM, unhIM ke Age natajAnu hokara praNipAta karate hue magadharAja ke zirastrANa nahIM hai| samIpa
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________________ hI unakA susajjita azva hai tathA azva ke pAsa khar3e anucaroM ko bhI hAtha joDa kara abhivAdana karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| zrImatI devalA mitra ne ise kisI yavana narapati kA Atma samarpaNa kA citra batAyA hai| para hAthIgumphA abhilekha varNita vRhaspati mitra kA Atma samarpaNa kI varNanA ke sAtha isa citra kI adhikatara samAnatA hai| yaha sunizcita hai ki kaliMga zilpI ne kisI grIka rAjA kI parAjaya ke citra se magadha rAja ke Atma samarpaNa ke citra ko adhika gurUtvapUrNa aura gauravamaya mAnA hai| citrAvalI ke zISAMsameM kaliMga kI vijayI senA kA rAjadhAnI ko pratyAvartana ke dRzya aMkita hai| lagatA hai kaliMga ke nAgarikoM ke dvArA vijayI samrAT ke svAgata abhinaMdana ke liye vipula Ayojana huA thaa| mahilAeM mastakoM para pUrNa kumbhadhAraNa kara katAroM meM khar3I haiM aura eka-eka kara samrAT ke pada-prakSAlana kara rahI haiN| khAraveLa ke aMtima [?] yuddhayAtrA se pratyAvartana ke samaya kaliMga janatA ke dvArA abhinaMdana ke yaha dRzya atyaMta suMdara hai| dharmanIti khAraveLa mAtra eka yodhdA yA rAjyajayI cakravartI samrATa nahIM the| unhoMne apanI udAra dharmanIti aura AdhyAtmikatA ke liye bhI itihAsa meM eka vizeSa sthAnAdhikAra kiyA hai| khAraveLa kA janma eka jaina parivAra meM huA thaa| unake pUrvaja paraMparAnukrama se jainI the| azoka kI bhAMti khAraveLa ne naye dharma kI dIkSA nahIM lI thii| ve janmataH jainI the| ataH jaina dharma kA gauravavardhana unake liye svAbhAvika kartavya thaa| kaliMga kA prathama jJAta saMgaThita dharma thA jaina dhrm| kaliMga meM jainadharmAvalambI rAjAoM meM saMbhavataH Adya rAjA the karakaNDa [karaNDa] / ve trayoviMzatama tIrthankara pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pravartita caturyAma jaina dharma
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________________ se dIkSita hue the| kumbhakAra jAtaka kI varNanAnusAra karakaNDa, pAMcAla meM dummukha, gAMdhAra meM naggaji aura videha meM rAjA nimi ke samasAmayika the / jainagraMtha uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM isakA ullekha hai ki inhoMne rAjAoM meM vRSabha aura jaina dharma meM dIkSita hokara siMhAsana kA tyAga karake zramaNa ke rUpa meM kAlAtipAta kiyA thaa| inakA rAjatva kAla I. pU. AThavIM sadI hogI, yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoM ki pArzvanAtha I.pU. 717 meM nirvANa prApta hue / nageMdranAtha basu ne jaina graMtha " kSetra samAsa" ke tathyoM ke AdhAra para kahA hai ki pArzvanAtha svayaM tAmralipti aura kopakaTaka ko Akara dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA / tAmralipti ko Adhunika midanApura jilA ke tAmaluka aura kopakaTaka ko oDizA ke bAlezvara jilA ke kupArI ke sAtha zrI vasu ne paricinhita kiyA hai| karakaNDa apane vaibhava, dharma- cetanA aura satjJAna ke kAraNa jainiyoM ke dvArA rAjazrI aura bauddhoM ke dvArA paccheka-buddha ke nAmase abhihita hue haiN| khaNDagiri ke sarpagumphA meM anaMtalAMcchana dekha kara vidvAna ise pArzvanAtha ke uddezya se utsargIkRta batalAte haiN| sthUlataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pArzvanAtha kaliMga ke dhArmika jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTa rUpa se jur3e hue the aura rAjA karakaNDa ke samaya se kaliMga meM jaina dharma kI sudRr3ha bhitti bhUmi kI pratiSThA ho cukI thI / karakaNDa ke bAda meM bhI pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pravarttita caturyAma jaina dharma ne kaliMga ko pUrNa rUpase prabhAvita kara rakhA thaa| jaina muni sarabhaMga kA vihAra godAvarI ke taTa para avasthita hokara thA / sarabhaMga jAtaka se pratipAdita hotA hai ki, kaliMga ke rAjA kAliMga, assaka ke rAjA aTThaka aura vidarbha ke rAjA bhImaratha unake rAjakIya ziSya the| inhIM varNanoM se mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI kAla ke kaliMga meM jainadharma ke prabhAvazAlI pravAha kA spaSTa pramANa milatA hai / " Avazyaka sUtra" tathA AcArya haribhadra kRta TIkA aura " jaina harivaMza " meM yaha varNita huA hai ki svayaM mahAvIra ne kaliMga Akara 33
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________________ apane dvArA pravartita nUtana paMcayAma jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| jaina graMthoM ke ina saMdarbho ko hAthIgumphA zilolakha [paM.14] ke vivaraNoM ke anusAra bhI samarthana prApta hotA hai| prAcIna kAla se udayagiri khaNDagiri kI prasiddhi kumArI parvata ke rUpa meM thii| jaina dharma ke aMtima tIrthakara isI kumArI parvata para se kaliMgavAsiyoM ko jainadharma kI vijaya vANI sunAyI thI [supavata vijaya cake kumArI pvte]| khAraveLa ke samaya kaliMga meM jisa bhAMti jaina dharma kA vikAsa huA thA usake pUrva yA paravartI kAla meM vaisA ho nahIM paayaa| hAthIgumphA abhilekha se khAraveLa ke dhArmika avabodha kA spaSTa citra milatA hai| prathama paMkti hI meM arhata aura siddhoM ke prati praNata honA hI mahatvapUrNa hai : namo arahaMtAnaM [1] Namo savasidhAnaM [u] yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki paravartI kAlameM jaina dArzanika bhadrabAhu ke dvArA racita "kalpasUtra" nAmaka graMtha ke prAraMbha meM bhI isI taraha kI abhivAdanAtmaka abhivyakti hai: "Namo arihaMtANam, Namo sidhANam [1]" hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM vadhdha maMgala, svastika, naMdipada, aura vRkSacaitya Adi lAMcchana aMkita hue haiM, jaina dharma meM ye mAne hue zubha pratIka haiN| punazca anaMtagumphA meM bhI jaina dharma kI sAMketika cinhoM kI pUjA huA karatI thii| guphA kI bhItarI dIvAra para sAta sAMketika citra eka hI paMkti meM khodita huI haiM- madhya bhAga meM naMdipada, tathA usake donoM pArvaM meM vRkSacaitya, zrIvatsa aura svastika aMkita hue haiN| yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki khAraveLa ke yuddhAbhiyAna jainadharma kI surakSA aura saMsthApanA ke abhiprAya se hue the| rAjatva ke AThaveM varSa meM unhoMne jaina kSetra mathurA se yavanoM ko vitADita kiyA thaa| mathurA vijaya ke pazcAta unhoMne vahAM se 34
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________________ kalpavRkSa kI eka pallava-zobhita zAkhA sammAna sahita apanI rAjadhAnI ko lAye the| vaha kalpavRkSa Adijina RSabhanAtha kA pratIka thaa| usI avasara para unhoMne kaliMga nagarI meM mahAvijaya prAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| khAraveLa ke pUrva hI kaliMga kA pithuNDa nAmaka eka sthAnane jainakSetra ke rUpameM prasidhdi pAyI thii| punazca yaha bhI hAthIgumphA zilAlekha meM ullikhita hai ki yaha sthAna kaliMga ke rAjAoM kA eka pramukha adhiSThAna thaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki pihaNDa [abhilekha kA pithuDa:pithuNDa] kaliMga kA eka prakhyAta baMdaragAha thA; tathA mahAvIra ke samaya ise eka prasiddha jaina kSetra mAnA jAtA thaa| kisI kAraNavazaH yaha kSetra paravartI kAlameM parityakta hogyaa| hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM yaha vivaraNa hai ki khAravela ne pithuNDa kA punarUddhAra ke liye gardabha-yojita lAMgala kA upayoga kiyA thaa| baila yA sAMr3ake badale gadahe kA upayoga honA dhArmika dRSTi se tAtparyapUrNa hai| kyoM ki baila yA sA~r3a Adi jina-RSabhanAtha ke lAMchana mAne jAte haiN| lagatA hai pithuNDa Adijina kA pavitra pITha thA ata: khAraveLa ne unake lAMchana svarUpa baila yA sA~DhoM ko upayoga meM na lAkara gadahe se kAma calAyA thaa| pithuNDa nagarI kA punarUddhAra kArya eka ora calatA rahA thA taba dUsarI ora uttarApatha ke liye abhiyAna kI taiyAriyAM bhI hotI rahI thii| khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke bArahaveM varSa meM magadha ke rAjA vRhaspati mitra ko parAsta kiyA aura kAliGga- jina mUrti lauTA laae| hAthIgumphA zilAlekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki khAraveLa ke tInasau varSa pUrva magadha ke rAjA mahApadma naMda ne kAliGga- jina mUrti kA apaharaNa kara jisa taraha kaliGga ke dharmakSetra para AghAta kiyA thA, yaha eka taraha se usI kA pratizodha thA jisase kaliMga ke gaurava aura mAna sammAna kI rakSA karake khAraveLa cira smaraNIya hue haiN| DaoN. kAzIprasAda jayasvAla aura rAkhAla dAsa benarjI ke anusAra kAliGga jina mUrti dazama tIrthaGkara 35
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________________ zItalanAtha kI pratimUrti thI, para DaoN.navIna kumAra sAhU ke yathArtha matAnusAra vaha RSabhanAtha kI pratimUrti thii| kAliGgajina nAma karaNa kI dRSTi se DaoN. yajJa kumAra sAhu kA kahanA hai ki kAliMgajina kaliMga ke ArAdhya deva the, I.pU. cauthIsadI meM jainadharma kaliMga kA rASTradharma thaa| khAraveLa ke dvArA rAjatva ke ekAdazaveM varSa meM pidhuMDa kA punaruddhAra kArya aura dvAdazaveM varSa meM magadha para vijaya pAkara kAliGgajina ko lauTA kara pithuDa meM phirase pratiSThita karanA aitihAsika vicAra se tAtparyapUrNa hai| isase yahI pramANita hotA hai ki khAraveLa ne magadha abhiyAna ke pUrva hI kAliMga-jina ko lAkara unake pUrva adhiSThAna pidhuMDa meM phira se pratiSThita karane kI yojanA banAyI thii| ata: dvAdaza varSa kA vaha yuddhAbhiyAna bhI jainadharma kI surakSA aura saMsthApanA ke uddezya se huA thA, yaha ni:saMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai| pithuDa meM kAliMgajina pratimA kI pratiSThA ke dRzya bhI maMcapurI gumphA ke nicale bhAga para utkIrNita hokara hai| duHkha kI bAta hai ki vaha mUrti ke adhikAMza bhAga TUTa cuke haiN| kevala mAtra mUrti ke sammukha daNDAyamAna rAjapurohita hI arcanA kI mudrA meM spaSTa dikhAI par3ate haiN| purohita ke pIche svayaM khAraveLa, rAjamahiSI. aura aMta meM rAjakumAra khar3e hue hAtha jor3a kara bhakti aura sammAna pradarzita karate dikhAI dete haiN| (ci.kra.pu-5) khAraveLa hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI caturdaza paMkti meM jaina dharma ke sarvazreSTha pRSThapoSaka ke rUpameM varNita hue haiN| isameM yaha vivaraNa bhI hai ki jisa kumArI parvata para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharmacakra kA pravartana kiyA thA vahAM pUjAnurata upAsaka khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke trayodaza varSa meM zvetAMbara jainiyoM ko aura yApanIya nAmaka digaMbara arhatoM ko rAjapRSThapoSakatA arpaNapUrvaka unake AvAsa ke liye aneka gumphAoM kI khudavAI kI thii| prAcIna kAla meM yApanIyaka digaMbara arhata ulagna rahate the| mastaka ko mayUra paMkha se sajAte the aura AhAra ke liye kucheka rIti-nItiyoM kA pAlana karate the| dvitIya 38
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________________ mahiSI siMhapatha rANI ke anurodha se unhoMne vibhinna sthAnoM se Agata zramaNa, yati, tApasa, RSi aura saMghAyanoM ke Azraya ke liye arhatoM ke girigRha ke samIpa eka vizAla vizrAmAgAra kA bhI nirmANa kiyA thaa| dUradUra se AnIta paMcAtriza lakSa prastara phalakoM se usa anulanIya suramya prAsAda kA nirmANa huA thaa| usake pharza ko pATala raMga se raMgAyA gayA thaa| usake vaidurya khacita khambhe the| prAsAda ke nirmANa ke liye eka lAkha pAMca sahasra mudrAe~ vyayita huI thI, yaha sUcanA hameM abhilekha hI se prApta ho jAtI hai| khAraveLa kI prathama mahiSI, rAjakamAroM aura vibhinna padAdhikAriyoM kI jaina dharma ke prati pragADha anurakti aura pRSThapoSakatA bhI udayagiri-khaNDagiri meM utkIrNita vibhinna kSudrAbhilekhoM meM hai, jisakA pAThodhdAra aura vyAkhyA isa pustaka meM pariziSTa ke rUpameM haiN| __ bhArata ke dhArmika aura sAMskRtika vikAza kSetrameM bhI khAraveLa kI udAra dharmanIti kI bhUmikA gurUtvapUrNa hai| brAmhaNya dharma ke prati unakI pRSThapoSakatA kA udAharaNa bhI hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI paM. 9 ke anusAra magadha vijaya ke pazcAta vijayalabdha dhana ko brAmhaNya dharmI RSi tApasoM ke liye bhI prabaMdha thaa| vastuta: vaha vizAmAgAra sarvadharma samanvaya kA pratIka thaa| khAraveLa kA vauddha dharma ke prati bhI anurAga thaa| kyoM ki vauddhoM meM jo dhArmika viplava kA sUtrapAta huA thA, khAraveLa ke samasAmayika kaliMga kI bhUmi para hI use saphala pariNAma prApta huA thaa| kaliMga yuddha kI bhA~ti eka mahAyuddha ke pariNAma svarUpa azoka jaise suvikhyAta samrATne bauddha dharma ko apanAyA thA aura caNDAzoka se dharmAzoka bne| yaha kaliMga bhUmi para bauddha dharma kI lokapriyatA kA pramANa hai| azoka ke bauddha dharma-dIkSita hone ke kucha hI varSoM meM vauddha dharma kI lokapriyatA kI gati aisI prakhara huI ki kucheka vaSoM meM kazmIra se siMhala aura grIsa se bramhadeza taka parivyApta /
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________________ ho gyii| usa samaya pRthvI kI itanI hI jAnakArI thI / samrATa azoka ke putra mahendra dharma-saMgaThaka ke rUpame I. pU. 250 meM siMhala phuNce| vahAM unhoMne rAjA devapriyatiSya se yathArtha hI kahA thA- " samasta jambudvIpa pIlI pozAka meM udbhAsita ho uThA hai" bauddha paraMparA se jJAta hotA hai ki azoka apane jIvana ke uttarArdha meM bauddha dharma kI pRSThapoSakatA ke liye atyaMta AgrahI the / bauddha saMgha aura bhikSuoM ke prati unakI badAnyatA kI adhikatA ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre magadha kA rAja koza zUnya hotA gayA / brAmhaNa senApati puSyamitra suMga ne magadha meM maurya vaMza ke aMtima bauddha samrATa kI hatyA svaccha divAloka hI meM kI aura magadha siMhAsanAsIna hue / puSyamitra brAmhaNa dharma kI pratiSThA aura prasAra ke lie tatpara the| unake pratihiMsAparAyaNa ho bauddha dalana nIti apanAne ke kAraNa aneka bauddha sanyAsiyoM ne prANa visarjana athavA anyatra palAyana kara gaye / bauddha dharma ne thor3e hI samaya meM jo sammAna aura pratiSThA pAyI thI, use akSuNNa rakha pAne ke prayAsa se bauddha netRvarga asthira ho utthe| samrATa azoka se lekara khAraveLa taka dIrgha do zatAbdiyoM kI avadhi brAmhaNya aura bauddha dharmI ke madhyaprati dvaMdvitA kI rhii| bauddha dharma ko adhika lokapriya banAne ke hetu nUtana nItiyoM ke praNayana ke liye usake netRvarga ciMtita hue| aMta meM I. pU. prathama zatAvdI meM sarvastivAdI baudhdoM ke dvArA prajJA pAramitA sAhitya aura darzana kI pahalI nIMva kaliMga kI dharatI para hI par3I thI / iso sAhitya kI prAcInatama graMtha racanA hai aSTasahasrikA prajJApAramitA, jisakI racanA kaliGga meM hI huI thI / isIke dvArA kevala bhArata hI meM nahIM varana sAre esiyA mahAdeza meM eka nUtana sAMskRtika yuga kA prArambha huaa| DaoN. sAhU kA kahanA hai- baudhda jagata meM jo aneka samaya taka asaMbhaba thA vahI saMbhava ho pAyA khAraveLa ke udAranIti - zAsati kaliMga meM / " 38
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________________ hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI saptadaza paMkti meM khAraveLa ne apane ko sabhI dharmoM ke mUrti pUjaka aura samasta devAyatanoM ke saMskAraka ke rUpa meM kiyA hai jisakI yathArthatA isa bhAMti unakI kAryAvalI se spaSTa rUpase pratipAdita ho jAtI hai / khAraveLa ke paravartI oDizA meM jaina dharma aba taka khAraveLa ke paravarttI vaMzadharoM ke vistRta vivaraNa prApta hue nahIM haiN| unake rAjatva kAla meM kaliMga meM jainadharma kI kyA sthiti thI, usa saMdarbha meM bhI koI tarka sammata vistRta pramANa yA pratnatAtvika vivaraNa abhI taka milA nahIM hai| khAraveLa ke pazcAta oDizA meM jainadharmI pAraMparika anuSThAnoM ke bAre meM bhI koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM hai| phirabhI, jo upalabdha hai, unameM se eka kA AdhAra hai jaina-graMtha " abhidhAna rAjeMdra " / isa graMtha ke anusAra toSalI viSaya ke selapura meM 'RSi tar3Aga' nAma se jainiyoMkA eka pavitra sarovara thA jahA~ hara varSa eka ATha dinoM kA utsava samAroha huA karatA thA: "Adeso selapure AdANaTThahiyA hiAya mahimAe tosalivisa viNNavaNaThAtaha hoti gamaNaM vA / selapure isita lAgamma hoti aTThAhiyA mahAmahimA koMDalametta pabhAse avavuya pAiNa vAhammi // sarasvatI nadI ke sAtha milI prAcInavAha nadI ke taTa para AnaMdapura ke vAsiyoM ke dvArA vaha utsava manAyA jAtA thA, usa graMtha meM isakA bhI ullekha huA hai| svargIya paMDita vAnAmbara AcArya ne sarasvatI nadI ko [ brahmA - tanayA] brAhmaNI nadI aura prAcInavAha nadI ko vaitaraNI mAnA hai| AMnadapura ko Adhunika keMdujhara jilA ke AMnadapura ke rUpa meM cinhita kiyA gayA hai| AnaMdapura ke nikaTastha poDasiMgAr3i, baidAkhiA, sose Adi sthaloM se jina jaina avazeSoM 39
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________________ kA AviSkAra huA hai usase usa kSetra meM jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatA spaSTa rupase pratipAdita ho jAtI hai yaha mahatvapUrNa hai| I. chaThI-sAtabIM sadiyoM meM Anandapura kSetra meM jaina dharma lokapriya thaa| madhya yugameM use jaina saMskRti aura kalA kA eka unnata kSetra ke rUpameM prakhyAti mila cukI thii| I. sAtavI-AThavI sAdiyoM meM kaMgoda rAjya oDizA ke samudra taTavartI pradeza meM mahAnadI se maheMdragiri taka vistRta hokara thaa| usa samaya kaMgoda meM jainadharmAvalambI the aura zailodbhava vaMzI rAjA dvitIya dharmarAja kI rAnI bhagavatI zrI kalyANa devI bhI jaina dharma kI pRSThapoSaka thiiN| vANapura tAmrazAsana ke varNanAnusAra rAnI ne arhadAcArya nAsicaMdra ke ziSya ekazATa prabuddhacaMdra ko jaina dharma kI abhivRddhi ke lie bhUmi kA dAna diyA thaa| rAjA dvitIya dharma rAja brAhmaNa dharma ke samarthaka the aura svayaM ko paramamAhezvara ke nAma se prajJApita kareta the| brAhmaNa aura zaivadharma ke prati anugata rAjA kI rAnI kalyANa devI kA jainadharma kI pRSThapoSaka honA bhI gurutvapUrNa hai| prabuddhacaMdra kI "ekazATa" padavI se pratIta hotA hai ki ve eka hI vastra pahanA karate the| zAyada usa samaya kaMgoda rAjya meM sabhI dharmoM kI sahAvasthiti aura sahayoga ke kAraNa hI drutatara sAMskRtika vikAsa saMbhava ho pAyA thaa| madhyayugIna oDizA ke itihAsa meM semavaMzI rAjAoM kI bhUmikA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| unheM oDizA ke nirmAtA ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai [Makers of Orissa] ( isa vaMza ke rAjAoM ne apane ko dAna patroM meM parama-mAhezvara ke rUpa se prajJApita karake mukhyata: zaivadharma kI pRSThapoSakatA kI thii| paraMtu dharmakSetra meM inakI nIti-udAra thii| somavaMzI rAjA udyota kezarI kI jainadharma ke prati pRSThapoSakatA kA abhilekhIya pramANa bhI prApta huA hai [I. 1040-60] / khaNDagiri ke lalATeMdu kezarI guMphA abhilekha se yaha jJAta hotA 40
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________________ hai ki apane rAjatva ke pAMcaveM varSa meM rAjA udyota kezarI ne kumAra parvata [khaNDagiri] ke katipaya maMdira aura sarovaroM kA jIrNodhdAra karavAyA thaa| vahA~ caturviMza jaina tIrthaMkara kI pratimA ke sAtha-sAtha zrI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA kI pratiSThA bhI karavAyI gayI thii| pUjA ArAdhanA ke liye yazanaMdi nAmaka eka jaina AcArya bhI vahAM niyojita hae the| zilAlekha kI bhASA saMskata hai phira bhI usameM kahIM-kahIM prAkRta zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke liye usa zilAlekha kA saMpUrNa pATha nIce pradatta hai: __ "u~ zrIudyotakezarI vijayarAjya sambata 5 zrI kumAra pavvata sthAne jinna vApi jinna isaNa udyotita tasmina thAne caturvisati tirthaMkara sthApita pratiSThA kAle hariopa jasanaMdika __ **** zrI pArasyanAthasya karma khayaH nava muni gumphA abhilekha inake rAjatva ke aThArahaveM varSa meM utkIrNita huA thaa| AcArya kulacaMdra ke ziSya jaina muni zubhacaMdra isa gumphA ke nirmAtA the, yaha usI abhilekha hI se jJAta ho jAtA hai: "u~ zrImadudyotakezarIdevasya pravadamAne vijayarAjye saMbata 18 zrIAryasaMgha prativaddha grahakula vinirgata dezIgaNa _ AcArya zrI kulacaMdrabhaTTArakasya ziSya subhcNdrsy|" sthUlata: itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki oDizA me somavaMzI rAjatva kAla taka jaina dharma ko rAja-pRSThapoSakatA prApta hotI rahI thI aura I.bArahavIM sadI ke bAda kisI aura rAjavaMza se sahAyatA prApta hokara isa dharma kA koI vikAsa haA ho, jJAta nahIM hotaa| oDizA ke vibhinna kSetroM se prApta jaina avazeSoM se anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki brAhmaNa dharma ke sAtha yaha dharma bhI banA rahA thaa|
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________________ para yaha nizcita rUpa se svIkAraNIya aura gaurava kI bAta hai ki, khAraveLa ke pazcAta isa dharma kI pRSThepoSakatA ke liye kisI aura rAjavaMza ke na hone ke bAvajuda ababhI oDizA meM eka vizeSa saMpradAyane apane ko jainadharmAvalaMbI ke rUpa meM abhihita kara prAcIna kaliMga kA eka rASTra dharma ko ujjIvita kara rakhA hai| khAraveLa kAlIna zAsana aura samAja: kauTilya ke arthazAstra ne bhAratavarSa kI zAsana dhArA ko dIrgha kAla taka prabhAvita kara rakhA thaa| khAraveLa kI zAsana-vidhi para vicAra AlocanA se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki, unake dvArA bhI anekAMzoM meM arthazAstra kI paddhatiyAM apanAyI gayI thiiN| unake prazAsanika kAryakartAoM kA paricaya khaNDagiri aura udayagiri ke kucheka abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| usa samaya nAkIya "mahAmada" kI padavI se alaMkRta hue the| unakI patnI kA nAma thA baariiyaa| ye donoM pati-patnI ne jaina arhatoM ko jamezvara guMphA samarpita kiyA thaa| mukhyamaMtrI ko mahAmada kahA jAtA thaa| azoka ke samaya yaha padavI "mahAmAtra" nAmase nAmita huI thii| kucheka abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya bhAratavarSa meM "karma saciva" aura "mati saciva" nAmase padastha rAjapurUSa vibhinna prAMtoM meM niyukta hue the| khAraveLa ke zAsana meM "mati saciva" nahIM the para karma-vibhAga ke adhikArI "karma saciva" kI sUcanA hameM milatI hai| karma saciva ko usa samaya "kamma" kahA jAtA thaa| unake sahayogI ko "cula kamma' ke nAmase jAnA jAtA thaa| durga, prAsAda Adi kA nirmANa, kUpa, sarovara Adi kA khanana, parvatoM meM gumphA Adi banAne ke kAma se zAyada unakI niyukti huA karatI thii| sarpagumphA abhilekha meM "kamma" aura haridAsa gumphA abhilekha meM "culakamma", ye donoM padaviyAM ullikhita huI haiN| udayagiri vyAghraguMphA 42
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________________ abhilekha meM "nagaraakhadaMsa" bhUtikA nAma hai| usa samaya nagara ke vicArapAti athavA nyAyAdhIza ko 'nagara arakhadaMsa' kahA jAtA thA / saMbhavataH ve hI sAmrAjya ke vicAra vibhAga ke mukhya mAne jAte the / azoka ke samaya isa pada ko " nagara viyAhAlaka" aura arthazAstra meM, "nAgarika mahAmAtra " ke nAma se nAmita kiyA gayA hai| khAraveLa ke samaya " pAdamUlika" eka aura rAjapuruSa huA karate the / usa samaya yahI padanAmadhArI rAjapuruSa kaliMga ke saMlagna kSetroM meM bhI niyukta the, isakI jAnakArI hameM kirAri staMbha abhilekha se prApta hotI hai| khaNDagiri ke tatuA guMphA abhilekhase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki khAraveLa ke samaya kaliMga ke pAdamUlika ke rUpa meM kusuma nAmaka eka vyakti avasthApita hokara thA / yuddha aura zAMti donoM samaya rAjA ke samIpa raha kara pAdamUlika dUsare kAryakartAoM meM eka vizeSa Asana ke adhikArI mAne jAte the| usa samaya ina padoM ke atirikta kaliMgake anya padAsInoM ke bAre meM hAthIgumphA yA aura kisI abhilekhoM se hameM koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| phirabhI khaNDagiri aura udayagiri guMphA meM kucheka anya kAryakartAoM kI mUrtiyAM hai, jinake bAre meM DaoN. sAhU kA kahanA hai: "rANIgumphA ke nIcale khaNDa meM dAhinI ora ke gumphAke sAmane eka pAdukAvihIna, daNDa- pAzadhArI daNDAyamAna dIrghakAya vyakti kI mUrti hai| ni:saMdeha use usa samaya ke 'daNDapAzika' upAdhidhArI pulisa kAryakartA kahA jA sakatA hai| usa samaya rAjaprAsAda, vibhinna saMsthA aura adhikaraNoM meM dauvArikoM ke dvArA kisa bhAMti surakSA kArya kA saMpAdana huA karatA thA usakA anumAna udayagiri ke rANIgumphA ke donoM khaNDoM meM, maMcapurI gumphA ke nicale khaNDa, jaya vijaya gumphA meM tathA khaNDagiri ke tatovA gumphA ke nicale khaNDa meM banI astradhArI dauvArikoM kI mUrtiyoM se lagatA hai ki inakA kAma paharA denA hI thA / " dauvArikoM" ke kAma kI nigarAnI 'pratihArI' kiyA karate the aura unake Upara ke adhikArI ko nAyaka yA senA-nAyaka 43
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________________ - kahA jAtA thaa| rANIgumphA ke uparI hisse kI dAhinI aura bane prakoSTha ke sAmane dvArapAla ke rUpameM khar3e do rAjapuruSa una dauvArikoM se kucha bhinna se jAna par3ate haiN| unake veza bhUSaNa aura roba se ve donoM sAdhAraNa prahariyoM se ucca padAdhikArI lagate haiN| usa para ve donoM eka hI varga ke lagate nahIM hai| saMbhavataH unameM se eka hai pratihArI aura dUsarA nAyaka hai| pratihArI ke sara para pagar3I hai / usane dhotI bAMdha rakhI hai| laMbodara tathA astrarahita naMgepAMva khaDA hai| jaba kI nAyaka [ yA senA nAyaka ] ne salavAra acakana pahana rakhA hai| sara para pagar3I hai| bUTa numA jUtA pahana rakhA hai| kamara meM talavAra jhulAe darpa se khar3A hai| rANIgumphA ke nicale khaNr3a ke madhya bhAgake prakoSThoM meM khAraveLa ke digvijaya kI jo citrAvalI utkIrNita huI haiM unameM samrATa ke sAtha kucheka padastha kAryakartA bhI haiM / senApati ke hAtha meM eka laMbI talavAra hai aura ghor3e para savAra hokara, pITha para sainikoM ke liye khAdya kI vyavasthA hetu pAtra laTakAe calanevAle kAryakartA 'bhANDAgArika" kahalAte the| sainikoM ke liye vijaya abhiyAna ke samaya khAne kA prabaMdha karanA unakA kAma thA / inameM se aneka aba vinaSTa ho cuke haiM para jo bhI hai usameM se una donoM rAjapuruSoM ko tathA chatra - cAmara zobhita samrATa khAraveLa ko sahaja hI pahacAnA jA sakatA hai | ( ci. kra. 6) / yaha sunizcita hai ki khAraveLa ke samaya ina kAryakartAoM ke atirikta aura bhI aneka padAdhikArI rahe heNge| para unake vivaraNa pradAna karane ke lie Ajataka koI pratnatAtvika pramANa upalabdha nahIM he pAyA hai| sAmrAjya meM sukha aura zAMti kI pratiSThA aura saMvRddhi ke liye hI khAraveLa kA zAsana abhipreta thA isakI spaSTa sUcanA hameM unake zilAlekha aura zilAMkanoM se prApta hojAtI hai / hAthIgumphA zilAlekha ke aMtima aMza kI ghoSaNA [bhAvAnuvAda paM. 16 - 17 draSTavya ] khAraveLa ke guNa aura sAmarthya hI ko udghoSita karatI hai / 44
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________________ khAraveLa ke rAjatva ke pAMcaveM varSa taka kaliGga ko eka zaktizAlI aura vikAsazIla rASTa ke rUpa meM pratiSThA mila cukI thii| apratima saMvRddhi ke kAraNa hI unhoMne chaThe varSa meM rAja-aizvarya kI pradarzanI kA Ayojana kiyA thaa| prAcIna bhAratavarSa kI itihAsa meM isa taraha kI eka pradarzanI kA koI dUsarA udAharaNa nahIM hai| rAjya bhara meM lAkhoM ke rAjasva kI chUTa bhI dI gayI thii| hAthIgumphA abhilekhoM meM anekatra mudrA kA ullekha hai| isase, taba mudrAoM kA pracalana thA, nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| or3izA ke balAMgIra jile meM sonapura, zukatela nadI ke taTavartI lokApar3A, udayagiri-khaNDagiri ke samIpavartI jAgmarA, jhArapadA, kaTaka meM sAlipura, gaMjAma meM jaugar3a, keMndujhara meM sItAvIjI, aura kAlAhAMr3I ke asuragar3a se aneka paMca mArkar3a raupya mudrAeM milI hai| pratnAtAtvika bhUkhanana se bhuvanezvara ke samIpa zizupAlagar3a se bhI isI taraha kI paMca-mArkar3a [Punch Marked] mudrAeM prApta huI haiN| ina mudrAoM kA pracalana prAgamaurya kAla se i.pAMcavI sadI taka thaa| ina mudrAoM ke AkAra, prakAra aura una para ke lAMchanoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM kA yahI mata hai| khAraveLa ke samasAmayika rAjA sAtakarNI aura vRhaspati mitra ke nAma unake dvArA pracalita mudrAoM meM aMkita hai| para or3izA se prApta kisI bhI mudrApara khAraveLa kA nAmAMkana huA nahIM hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai I.pU. pahalI sadI ke pUrvavartI kisI bhI rAjAne apane dvArA pracalita mudrAoM para apane nAmoM ko aMkita kiyA nahIM thA, saMbhavataH isI prAcIna paraMparA ke vicAra se khAraveLa ne bhI apanI mudrAoM para apanA nAmAMkana nahIM karavAyA thaa| usa samaya kaliMga meM jana-jIvana kA stara ati unnata thaa| hAthIgumphA ke nicale khaNr3a para banI kaliMganagarI ke sAMketika citra se lagatA hai, rAjadhAnI meM nAgarikoM kI suMdara suMdara aTTAlikAeM thIM, do maMjile prAsAda bhI the, prAsAdoM ke Upara mardalAkAra chata
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________________ thA, chata ke Upara zikhara thA aura prAya: sabhI gharoM ke udyAna tathA patthara se banI cAradIvAriyAM bhI thiiN| vAsabhavanoM meM pRthulAkAra staMbha, aliMda, toraNa, prazasta barAmadA aura bar3e bar3e jharokhe bhI the| (citra naM.7) udayagiri khaNDagiri meM khodita citrAvaliyoM se usa samaya ke logoM ke vastra, AbhUSaNa tathA sauMdarya-zrRMgAra ke saMbaMdha meM bhI dhAraNA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| taba nArI murUSa donoM alaMkArapriya the| kuNDala, karNaphUla, kaMgana, bAlA strI-purUSoM ke sAdhAraNa alaMkAra the| nAriyAM alaga se kaTimekhalA, nUpura, padakaMkaNa, sImaMtamaNi Adi pahanA karatI thiiN| isa pustaka meM yathAsaMbhava una AbhUSaNoM ke rekhAcitra die gaye haiM (citra naM. 8-9) / nArI aura purUSa donoM jhIne vastra pahanA karate the| para donoM ke Urdhva bhAga para vastrAcchAdana sAdhAraNatayA nahIM rahatA thaa| yahAM taka ki nAriyAM bhI kamara ke Upara koI pozAka pahanatI nahIM thiiN| kevala sauMdarya vinyAsa ke lie nartakiyAM mastaka para avaguMThana rakhatI thIM, para vaha lalATa taka nahIM, kevala jur3e ke UparI bhAga taka ko AvRtta kara rakhatA thaa| yadAkadA utsava kAla meM kahIM kahIM-uttarIya dhAraNa ke citra bhI pAe gaye haiN| purUSa mastaka para pagar3I bAMdhA karate the| dhanika varga una pagar3iyoM ko alaMkAroM se bhI sajAyA karate the| usa samaya gRhopakaraNa tathA bartana Adi bhI rUcisaMpanna the| rANIgumphA aura gaNezagumphA ke citroM meM sugaThita thAla, loTA, kalasa, tathA anyAnya pAtroM ke citra bhI haiN| khAraveLa kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM cinhita bhuvanezvara ke samIpa zizupAlagar3a meM pratnatAtvika utkhanana ke samaya roma-nirmita citra-zobhita mRNmaya-pAtra mile haiN| poNDicerI ke pAsa erikAmeDu se bhI vaise hI mRdabhANDa, madyapAtra, madyAdhAra Adi Adi prApta hue haiN| isa bhA~ti ke bartana aura pAtra roma se AyAta haA karate the| usa samaya roma ke sAtha kaliMga kA vyApArika susaMbaMdha bana cukA thaa| madrAsa myUjiyama meM saMrakSita romana mudrAeM pUrva bhAratIya samudra taTavartI kSetroM ke sAtha 46
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________________ roma ke vANijya- saMparkoM kI sUcanA detI hai| itihAsakAra plinI ne likhA hai- bhAratIya vyApArI rom se kAphI artha le liyA karate the jisa kI tulanA meM bahuta hI kama paNya sAmagrI diyA karate the / eka ajJAta grIka nAvika ke dvArA racita [ I. 60 ] 'perIplasa oNpha dI erIthrIyana sI (Periplus of the Erythraen Sea) graMtha meM kaliMga ke dakSiNa se uttara dizA meM kramazaH pithuNr3a. palura, gaMgA aura tAmralipti baMdaragAhoM se roma sAmrAjya ke sAtha vANijya vinimaya ke dRSTAMta lipivaddha hokara hai| ina baMdaragAhoM ke jariye sUtI vastra, mazAle, vibhinna prakAra ke raMga roma ke lie niryAta kiye jAte the / usa samaya nAriyoM ko sammAnAspada Asana prApta thA / khAravela kI donoM mahiSiyoM kA unake dhArmika vicAra para pUrNa prabhAva thA, jisa para carcA ho cukI hai| taba nAriyAM svacchaMdatA se A-jAsakatI thiiN| unheM apane patiyoM ke sAtha utsava samArohoM meM bhAga lene yA dekhane kA avasara milatA thaa| akelI nAriyAM rAjapatha para azva va hastI cAlana bhI karatI thiiN| ve nRtya saMgIta Adi meM pravINa thIM / khAraveLa ke samasAmayika khodita citroM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mAno nRtya, saMgIta vAdana Adi kevala nAriyoM kI kalAeM mAnI jAtI thIM / prAcIna kAla se bhArata ke vibhinna rAjyoM meM gaNikAoM kI pratiSThA thI / prAcIna graMthoM meM isake aneka udAharaNa haiN| madhyayugIna oDizA ke kaI dAnapatroM se bhI gaNikAoM ke bAre meM aneka AkarSaka sUcanAeM milatI hai| para khAraveLa ke abhilekha aura citroM se isa ke saMbaMdha meM koI sUcanA nahIM milatI / khAraveLa ke abhilekha aura khodita citroM se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki, usa samaya guphA khanana aura prastara-zilpa kA kAphI vikAsa huA thaa| isake atirikta, vayana, prasAdhana sAmagrI aura AbhUSaNa nirmANa Adi kAryoM meM aneka niyojita hokara the| vardhaki zilpAgAroM 47
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________________ meM ratha, gAr3iyAM, nAva Adi kA nirmANa hotA thA / khAraveLa kI abhUtapUrva sAmarika saphalatA aura udayagiri- khaNDagiri meM aMkita astra-zastroM se yaha bhI nizcita ho jAtA hai ki usa samaya kaliMga meM zastrAstroM kA nirmANa bhI hotA thA / kRSi ke atirikta pazupAlana bhI eka unnata vyavasAya thA / una samasAmayika citroM meM purUSoM kA hirana, siMha, vyAghrAdi AkheTa tathA vRSabha azvAdi ke sAtha laDAI ke dRzya bhI haiN| vibhinna jAnavaroM aura purUSoM ke sAtha lar3AI karatI nAriyoM ke citra bhI haiN| mAnoM kaliMga ke nara-nAriyoM ke vIratva aura sAhasa ke pradarzana kI icchA se taba ke kalAkAroM ne ye citra banAe the| nATya-kalA kA pRSThapoSaka khAraveLa hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM khAraveLa ko gaMdharvaveda - vizArada ( gaMdhava veda budho ) kahAjAnA tAtparyapUrNa hai| mahAkSatrapa rAjA ne bhI apane junAgar3a zilAlekha meM ( zakAbda 72 I. 150 ) bhI unheM anya vidyAoM ke atirikta gAMdharva vidyA meM nipuNa batalAyA hai| I. cauthI sadI meM guptavaMzI rAjA samudragupta ke ilAhAbAda staMbha abhilekha meM varNita hai ki ve [ samudragupta ] gAMdharva vidyA meM pAraMgata the| unhoMne prabhUta jJAnArjana kara vRhaspati, tumburU, nArada sarIkhe saMgIta vizAradoM ko nIcA dikhAne meM samartha hue the : " gaMndharba lalitai vrIDita tridazapati tummurU nAradA...' moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM khAraveLa ke pUrva anya kisI bhI rAjAne svayaM ke dvArA udghoSita kisI bhI abhilekha meM svayaM ko gAMdharva vidyA- pravINa nahIM batAyA hai| bharata muni ke nATya zAstra [ I. prathama - tRtIya zatAbdI ] ke pahale bhArata meM " gAMdharva veda" nAmaka eka graMtha kA pracalana thA / yaha niHsaMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai| para aba vaha mahAna graMtha aprApya hai| = 48 ""
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________________ yAmalASTaka taMtra se jJAta hotA hai ki "gAMdharva veda" graMtha meM chattIsa hajAra zloka the jisameM saMgIta aura nRtya saMbaMdhI nIti niyamoM kI vistRta varNanA aura vyAkhyA thii| bAda meM bharata muni ne isI graMtha ke AdhAra para saMkSepa meM "nATyazAstra' kI racanA kI thI, aisA vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai| cAhe jo bhI ho, I.pU. pahalI sadI meM isa gAMdharva veda ke sAtha kaliMgavAsiyoM kA paricaya thA aura khAraveLa isI se vidyAdhyayana kara vizArada bane the| udayagiri- khaNDagiri meM citrita nRtya bhaMgimAeM zAstrIya anukRti haiM, isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai| kaliMga meM maurya zAsana ke pahale cauMsaTha kaLAoM se yukta tauryatrika (nRtya, saMgIta, vAdya) kI eka unnata paraMparA kI pratiSThA ho cukI thii| azoka ke rAjatva kAla meM ise baMda kiyA gayA thaa| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI paM.16 meM isakI suspaSTa sUcanA hai| kaliMga meM maurya zAsana vijetAoM kA zAsana thaa| para khAraveLa kI bAta saMpUrNa bhinna thii| ve kaliMga kI saMtAna, kaliMga kI rAjanaitika-paraMparAoM ke paripoSaka tathA kaliMga saMskRti ke pUjaka the| khAraveLa ne maurya zAsana kAla meM vyavacchinna hue causaTha kalAoM se yukta tauryatrika kA punarUddhAra kiyA thA: "muriya kAla voniM ca coyaThi aMga saMtikaM turiyaM upAdayati // " kaliMga ke kalApremiyoM ko protsAhita karane ke lie unhoMne apane rAjatva ke tIsare varSa meM sarvatra saMgIta-nRtya Adi ke utsava samArohoM kI rAjakIya pRSThapoSakatA kii| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI bhASAmeM "usa samaya mAnoM kaliMga nagarI krIDApramatta ho uThI thI [kIDApayati ngrii]"| rANIgumphA ke khodita citroM se bhI khAraveLa kA saMgItAnurAga aura pRSThapoSakatA kA paricaya milatA hai| nicale khaNDa ke dAhinI aura ke prakoSTha meM saMgIta nATaka anuSThAna kA eka AkarSaka citra hai| jisameM caMdrAtapa-maNDita eka raMgamaMca para eka pInastanI yauvanavatI nartakI nRtya kara rahI hai| usakI yugma veNI kamara ke nIce donoM ora dolAyamAna hokara hai| mastaka para jhIna-uttarIya, kAnoM meM kuNDala,
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________________ gale meM hAra, dAhine paga meM jAna par3atI haiN| do ke hAtha meM vINA aura bA~surI hai| isa citra ko dekha kara apane Apa naMdIkezvara ke usa zloka kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai : pagoM meM pAyala, hAthoM meM koI arthapUrNa mudrA aura tAla- vinyAsa hai| cAra nAriyAM haiM jo ekyatAnikAeM eka mRdaMga, eka tabale kI bhAMti koI vAdya, bAkI abhinava jIvaMta nartana 'abhinaya - darpaNa' kA AsyenAlamvayeda gItaM hastenArtha pradarzayet / cakSurbhyA darzayeda bhAvaM pAdAbhyAM tAlamAcareta // ( ci. 10) isa citra meM nAriyoM ke dvArA mRdaMga aura tabalA sadRza kisI vAdya kA vAdana tAtparyapUrNa hai| kyoM ki nATyazAstra meM bharata muni ne nAriyoM ke dvArA ina vAdyoM kA vAdana niSedha batAyA hai| isalie ki isa vAdana hetu samIcIna zakti aura zrama Avazyaka hai| isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki bharata muni ke pUrva kAla meM nAriyA~ bhI ye vAdya bhI bajAyA karatI thIM tathA rANIgumphA kA vaha citra bharata muni ke pahale kA hai| rANIgumphA ke Upara ke khaNDa meM bhI alaga-alaga bhaMgimA meM nRtya karatI do kRzAMgI taruNiyoM ke citra hai| vahAM bhI svara-saMgama ke lie tIna nAriyAM mRdaMga, karatAla aura vINA lie haiN| para nicale khaNDa ke citra kI bhAMti isameM raMgamaMca nahIM hai / uparokta donoM nRtya-saMgIta samAroha meM apane donoM mahiSiyoM ke sAtha baiThe khAraveLa tanmaya mudrA meM rasAsvAdana karate darzAye gaye haiM / tatovAgumphA [ naM. 2] meM nRtya kA eka aura jIvaMta citra hai| eka vRkSa ke nIce eka nArI nAca rahI hai| koI purUSa vINA bajA rahA hai| unake veza bhUSaNa, vizeSakara keza vinyAsa atyaMta cittAkarSaka hai / vINA kI banAvaTa bhI camatkRta karatI hai ( ci. kra. 11) / usa samaya kaliMga meM nRtya-saMgIta kalA kI zIrSatA kA sAkSya pradAna karate haiM khAraveLa ke abhilekha aura zilAMkita citrAvaliyAM / 50
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________________ gAMdharvaveda pravINa mahArAja khAraveLa kI dakSa pRSThapoSakatA se ye kalAeM sadA pallavita hotI rhiiN| Adi kavi vAlmIki ne yathArtha meM kahAhai ki rAjAnugraha ke binA ye rAjya ke hitakArI nRtya saMgIta Adi kalAoM kA varddhana asaMbhava hai| nATyavizAradoM ke matAnusAra rANIgumphA meM eka prekSAgRha kA nirmANa huA thaa| rANIgumphA kA yaha raMgamaMca nizcita rUpa se eka zAstrasammata prekSAgRha hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha prekSAgRha bharatamuni praNIta nATyazAstra ke anusAra banA thaa| para yaha mata grahaNayomya nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai kucha samAnatA hoN| kyoMki isa raMgamaMca kA nirmANa I.pU. pahalI sadI meM huA thA jabaki nATyazAstra kI racanA kAla I. pahalI- tIsarI sadI hai| rANIgumphA kI gaThanazailI aura kalAtmakatA ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita rUpase kahA jAsakatA hai ki tatkAlIna bhAratavarSa meM yaha eka bhavya raMgamaMca thaa| khAraveLa ke rAjatva kAla meM kaliMga ke zilpiyoM ne usa samaya kI unnata saMgIta nRtya paraMparA ke kAlajayI Alekhya ke rUpa meM udayagiri aura khaNDagirI ke pattharoM para jo utkIrNita kara gaye haiM usase anaMta kAla taka bhaviSya ke kalAnurAgI anuprANita hote raheMge, isa meM dvimata hone kI kSINatama zaMkA bhI nahIM hai|
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________________ pariziSTa-1 kSudra brAhmI abhilekha: khAraveLa ke hAthIgumphA zilolakha ke atirikta udayagiri khaNDagiri ke guphAoM meM aba brAhmI lipi meM khodita teraha abhilekha pAe gaye haiN| ye abhilekha saba se pahale mArkhama kiTo ke dvArA san. 1837 meM AviSkRta hue the| prophesara rAkhAla dAsa benarjI ne ise Ep. Ind. Vol. XIII aura DaoN. veNImAdhava barUA ne I.H.Q Vol. XIX meM inheM saMpAdita kara ke prakAzita kiyA thaa| aitihAsika DaoN. navIna kumAra sAhU ne svaracita aMgrejI graMtha "khAravela" [1984] meM punaH saMpAdita kara prakAzita kiyaa| una abhilekhoM kA sahI pAThoddhAra aura vyAkhyA phirase de rahe haiN| sAdhAraNa pAThakoM kI suvidhA ke liye aspaSTa vargoM ke liye vartanI kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 1- maMcapurI gumphA abhilekha - (UparI khaNDa): paMkti-1- arahaMta pasAdAya kaliMgAnaM samanAnaM lenaM kAritaM rAjino lalAkasa paMkti-2- hathisihasa papotasa dhatunA kaliMga cakavatino sirikhAravelasa paMkti-3- agamahisinA kAritaM [1] bhAvAnuvAda arhatoM ke AzIrvAda se cakravartI samrATa zrI khAravela kI agramahiSI ne, jo hathIsiMha [hastI siMha] kI prapautrI aura lalAka [lalArka] kI duhitA thiiN| kaliMga meM zramaNoM ke lie isa guphA kA khanana krvaayaathaa| pAdaTIkA- hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM inhIM agramahiSI ko vajiraghararANI ke rUpa meM avihita kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 2. maMcapurI gumphA abhilekha - nicalA khaNDa ka--airasa mahArAjasa kaliMgAdhipatino mahAmeghavAhanasa kudepasirino leNaM [1] bhAvAnuvAdaH yaha gumphA kaliMgAdhipati mahArAja Arya mahA meghavAhana kudepasiri kA hai zrI benarjI ne "airasa" ko "kharasa" aura "kudepasiri" ko "kuDepasiri" ke rUpa meM pAThoddhAra kiyA hai| para abhilekha kI praticchavi aura use svayaM kSetra para dekhane ke pazcAta lagatA hai zrI benarjI kA pAThoddhAra grahaNIya nahIM hai| rAjA kudepasiri ke bAre meM koI savizeSa vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| saMbhavata: ve khAraveLa ke paravartI rAjA the| kha--kumAro vaDukhasa leNaM bhAvAnuvAda- kumAra baDukha kA guphaa| DaoN. navIna kumAra sAhU ne isa abhilekha kA pATha "kumAra vaDukhasa lenaM" ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| para vaha tarka -saMgata nahIM hai| "ra" aura "na" vargoM para spaSTa Ar3I rekhA haiM jisase ve brAhmI lipi ke anusAra "ro' aura 'Na" hoNge| brAhmI lipi meM ina vaNoM ke svarUpa darzAte hue eka citra-phalaka pradatta hai : jAmIlipi meM ra-1, na-1,-T, Na= I, no- hogA no kA eka anya rUpa bhI hai
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________________ anumAna hai abhilekha meM varNita "kumAra vaDukha" khAraveLa ke vaMzaja eka rAjakumAra the / ve kisa rAjA ke putra the aura ve kaba siMhAsanAsIna hue, tathyoM ke abhAva se kaha pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / 3. sarpagumphA abhilekha ka- cUla kaMmasa koThA jeyA ca ( ci. 12) cUlakamma kA artha hai " upa-karma saciva / isa abhilekha kA bhAvAnuvAda hogA " cUlakamma kA abhedya AvAsa prakoSTha " / kha isa abhilekha kI praticchavi itanA aspaSTa hai ki saThIka pATha karapAnA hamAre lie saMbhava nahIM hai / parantu DaoN. sAhU ne ise " kaMmasa koThA ca khiNAya ca pasAdo" aura zrI benarjI ne " kaMmasa halakhi NAya ca pasAdo" batAyA hai. / 4. haridAsa gumphA abhilekha " cUlakaMmasa pasAto koThA jeyA ca" - jisakA artha " culakaMma kA abhedya upAsanA aura AvAsa prakoSTha " hogA / " 5- vyAghragumphA abhilekha nagara akhaMdasa sabhUtino leNaM arthAta- nagara vicArapati bhUti kA gumphA / zrI benarjI ne vicArapati kA nAma sabhUti yA subhUti batAyA hai / lagatA hai vaha, grahaNayogya nahIM hai| dvitIya paMkti kA varNa "sa" prathama paMkti kA aMtima varNa ke rUpa meM bhI hai| yaha artha kI dRSTi se Avazyaka hai| isakA saMzodhita pATha hogA Adya : nagara akhaMdasasa bhUtino leNaM 54
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________________ 6 - jambezvara gumphA abhilekha " mahAmadasa bAriyAya nAkiyasa lenaM" arthAta " mahAmada nAkiya aura bAriyA kA gumphA" / taba pradhAnamaMtrI ko mahAmada kahA jAtA thA / bAriyA saMbhavataH unakI patnI thI / 7- choTa hAthIgumphA abhilekha -sa lenaM" arthAta " 66 ke Adya aMza duSpAThya hai / 8- anaMtagumphA abhilekha " dohada samaNAnaM lenaM" arthAta " dohada zramaNoM kA gumphA" ye varNa 9- tatovA gumphA abhilekha - kA gumphA" [ isa abhilekha anaMtagumphA ke barAmade meM eka patthara para cAra varNa haiM [ ? ]. duSpAThya haiN| gumphA naM. 1 - pAdamUlikasa kusumasa leNa ni [ ? ] isa abhilekha kA saMpUrNa artha batApAnA kaThina hai, kyoM ki aMtima varNa par3hA nahIM jaataa| " pAdamUlika" saMbhavataH rAjA ke vyaktigata sevaka haiN| jinakA nAma "kusuma" thA / kozala ke kirArI kASThastaMbha abhilekha meM bhI yahI padavI utkIrNita huI hai, yaha ullekhanIya hai / gumphA naM 2 - isa gumphA ke bhItara dIvAra para brAhmI lipi ke kucha varNa haiN| saMbhavataH paravartI kAla meM kisI ziSya ne adhyayana ke lie inheM utkIrNita kiyA thA / ye khAraveLa ke paravartI kAla ke varNa haiN| 55
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________________ pariziSTa - 2 khAraveLa kA zAsana kAla khAraveLa ke zAsana kAla ke bAremeM nizcita rUpa se kucha kaha pAne ke lie athavA usakA saMtoSaprada samAdhAna ke liye hameM bhArata tathA or3izA itihAsa ke saMkalanoM para nirbharazIla honA hI hogA / para nAnA munaryo mataryo vibhinnAH yahI viDamvanA hai| samrATa khAraveLa ke kAla ke bAre meM rAjedralAla mitra kA mata hai I. pU. cauthI sadI, jaba ki phliT ( Fleet ) aura lyudara (H Luder) ke anusAra vaha I. pU. tIsarI sadI hai / bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI, kAzIprasAda jayasavAla, rAkhAladAsa benarjI Adi itihAsakAroM ke anusAra ve I. pU. dUsarI sadI ke haiN| eka ora ramAprasAda caMda, hemacaMdra rAyacaudhurI, nagendranAtha ghoSa, dInezacandra sarakAra aura navInakumAra sAhU haiM jinhoMne apane tarkoM ke AdhAra para isa kAlakhaNDa ko I. pU. pahalI sadI batAyA hai| lagabhaga eka sau varSoM se isa samasyA ke hala ke lie tarka aura aitihAsika vivAda calA A rahA hai| khAraveLa ne apane abhilekha meM apane pUrvavartI naMda aura maurya zAsana kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| punazca I. pU. cauthI sadI meM naMda vaMza aura tIsarI sadI meM maurya samrATa azoka ne kaliMga para vijaya pAyI thI / inhIM nizcita aura sudRDha pramANa ke rahate usI kAlakhaNDa meM khAraveLa kI upasthiti kI kalpanA taka nahIM kI jA sakatI / jina itihAsakAra aura lipivida vidvAnoM ne khAraveLa ko I.pU. dUsarI sadI meM avasthApita kiyA hai, unake pramukha tarkoM kI samIkSA ekAMta rUpa se Avazyaka hai| saba se pahale bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI ne hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI 16 vIM paMkti kA pATha prastuta kiyaa| unhoMne apanI vyAkhyAnusAra khAravela ke rAjatva ke trayodaza varSa ko saMbata 165 batAyA hai| 56
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________________ + unake matAnusAra azoka kI kaliMga para vijaya prApti yAni I.pU. 255 se maurya saMbata kA prAraMbha huA hai. ataH khAraveLa kA siMhAsana ArohaNa kA varSa I. pU. 103 hogA [ ( 255 - 165 ) 103 hogA [ ( 255 - 165 ) + 13 ] / yadyapi kAzIprasAda jayasvAla aura rAkhAladAsa benarjI ne iMdrajI ke dvArA prastuta pATha ke kucheka aMza se sahamata hue nahIM hai, taba bhI unhoMne caMdragupta maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka varSa [ I.pU. 322] se maurya saMbata kA prAraMbha batAyA hai aura usIke anusAra I. pU. 170 ko khAraveLa kA siMhAsanArohaNa varSa mAnA hai [ ( 322 - 165 ) 13 ] | aba yaha prazna kA uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki bhArata meM maurya saMbata ke nAma se kabhI bhI kisI saMbata kA pracalana huA thA kyA ? isa saMdarbha meM aba taka kisI zilAlekha yA graMtha se koI tathya nahIM miltaa| yahAM taka ki maurya vaMzIya narapati caMdragupta aura azoka taka ne bhI isa saMbata kA ullekha kahIM bhI kiyA nahIM hai| aisA eka bhI dRSTAMta upalabdha nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se khAraveLa sarIkhe, magadha ke prati sadA pratizodha parAyaNa, kaliMga ke svAdhIna aura cakravartI virUda-vimaNDita samrATa kA, vaha bhI magadha kA maurya Adhipatya kA bhAratavarSa se astamita ho jAne ke pazcAta, apane abhilekha meM "maurya saMbata " ko apanAne kI kalpanA taka nahIM kI jaasktii| yaha bhI paravartI kAla meM pramANita ho cukA hai ki hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI 16 vIM paMkti meM kahIM bhI "maurya saMbata " kA ullekha nahIM hai| usa paMkti meM spaSTa rUpa se muriya kAla" utkIrNita huA hai| para vaha maurya saMvata nahIM maurya zAsana ko sUcita karatA hai| pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke liye 16 vIM paMkti ke vahI saMdarbhita aMza kA pATha phirase nIce pradatta hai : 66 muriya kAla vochinaM ca coyaThi aMga saMtikaM turiyaM upAdayati [ 1 ] ( citra. 13) arthAta- maurya kAla meM vyavacchinna hue causaTha aMgayukta tauryatrika (nRtya, saMgIta, vAditya) kA unnayana karavAyA / 57
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________________ yathArtha meM DaoN. sAhU ne kahA hai ki isameM maurya saMbata kI parikalpanA taka nahIM hai aura khAraveLa ke kAla nirUpaNa ke liye isakI koI bhUmikA hI nahIM hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM anya cAra kIrtimAna rAjAoM ke nAma milate haiN| lagatA hai ye hI khAraveLa ke rAjatva kAla ko nirUpita karane meM atyaMta sahAyaka siddha hoNge| ve haiM-naMdarAja, vRhaspatimitra, sAtakarNI aura yavana raaj| yavana rAja hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI AThavIM paMkti meM yavanarAja Dimata kA nAmollekha hai, jayasvAla, benarjI, STenakono [Sten konow] Adi aitihAsikoM kA yahI mata hai| abhilekha meM "yavanarAja' zabda suspaSTa hai para usake paravartI zabda mAtra "ma" varNa hI hai aura bAkI do varNa pUrNa rUpase viniSTa ho cuke haiN| una itihAsakAroM ne kalpanA ke AdhAra para use "Dimita" par3hA hai| etAdRza anumAna-bhittika paMThana ke jarie, usa para Dimita ko grIka rAjA DimeTiyasa mAna kara khAraveLa ke zAsana kAla ko I.pU. dUsarI sadI ke prathamArddha ke rUpameM nirUpita karane kA prayAsa kataI grahaNIya nahIM ho sktaa| vRhaspati mitra magadha rAja vRhaspati mitra ne [bahasatimita] parAjaya svIkAra kara khAraveLa kI pada vaMdanA kii| yaha vivaraNa hameM hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI 12 vIM paMkti se milatA hai| uparokta vRhaspati mitra ko suMga vaMza ke zAsaka puSyamitra suMga ke rUpa meM kAzIprasAda jayasvAla ne cinhita kiyA hai| puSyamitra I.pU. 185 meM magadha meM suMga zAsana ke sthApayitA haiN| isase unakA asAdhAraNa pANDitya kI sUcanA avazya
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________________ hI mila jAtI hai, para aitihAsika samasyA kA samAdhAna ke liye vaha kadApi upayogI nahIM hai / kyoM ki vRhaspati mitra nAmaka rAjA bhArata itihAsa meM ajJAta nahIM haiN| abhilekhoM aura mudrAoM meM bhI yaha nAma aMkita hokara hai| isa pariprekSa meM hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM varNita vRhaspati mitra ko puSya mitra ke rUpa cinhita karanA eka bhrAMta prayAsa hI mAnA jaaegaa| kozAmbI ke samIpastha pobhaSA grAma se prApta eka zilAlekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA vRhaspati mitra kI mAtA kA nAma gopAlI thaa| unake mAmA ASAr3ha sena ahichatra ke zAsaka the| eka aura abhilekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA vRhaspati mitra kI yasamitA nAma kI beTI mathurA kSetra kI rAnI thii| abhilekha meM donoM ASAr3ha sena aura yasamitA ne rAjA vRhaspati mitra ke svajana hone ke nAte svayaM ko gauravAnvita mAnA hai| lipitAtvika dRSTi se vRhaspati mitra ke pabhoSA abhilekha aura mudrA kI lipiyAM I.pU. prathama zatAbdI kI mAnI gayIM hai| khAraveLa ke abhilekhoM kI lipiyAM ina lipiyoM kI samakAlIna lipiyAM haiM, yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| naMdarAja hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI SaSTha aura dvAdaza paMktiyoM meM naMdarAja kA nAmollekha hai| SaSTha paMkti ke vivaraNa ke anusAra khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke pAMcaveM varSa meM naMdarAja ke dvArA tIna sau [ tivasa sata] varSa pahale khudavAyI gayI praNAlI ko tinasulI hote hue kaliMga nagarI taka vistRta kiyA thaa| dvAdaza paMkti ke anusAra khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke bArahaveM varSa meM magadha para vijaya prApta hone ke pazcAta naMdarAja ke dvArA liyA gayA kAliMgajina sahita aMga aura magadha se atula saMpadA le Aye the / hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM ullikhita naMdarAja nizicata rUpa se mahApadma naMda haiN| ullikhita "tivasa sata" kA artha hai tIna sau / isa siddhAMta meM upanIta hone ke pazcAta khAraveLa kA samaya nirNaya 59
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________________ karane meM koI kaThinAyI nahIM raha jAtI hai| para isa para bhI kucheka vidvAnoM kA bhinna mata hai ataH una para bhI vicAra samIkSA Avazyaka hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke naMdarAja ko jayasvAla aura benarjI ne zizunAga vaMzIya rAjA naMdivardhana aura kRSNacaMdra pANigrAhI ne maurya samrATa azoka ke rUpa meM cinhita kiyA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki zizunAga vaMza ke rAjA naMdivardhana ke parAkrama yA yuddhAbhiyAna ke bAre meM kucha bhI pramANa itihAsa yA purANoM meM saMrakSita ho kara nahIM hai| unhoMne kaliMga para kabhI vijaya pAyI thI isakI bhI koI sUcanA kisI bhI sUtra se prApta nahIM hotii| varan matsya, vAyu, brahmANDa Adi purANoM meM tathA jaina pariziSTa parva meM naMdarAja mahApadma kA kaliMga para adhikAra ke bAre meM ullekha hai| unhoMne aneka rAjyoM para vijaya pAyI thI ataH unheM bhAgavata meM dvitIya pazurAma kI AkhyA milI hai| isake atirikta oDizA ke kaI kSetroM se naMdavaMza kI mUdrAeM bhI prApta huI haiN| hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke naMdarAja ko mauryavaMzI samrATa azoka mAnane ke liye koI grahaNIya aitihAsika kAraNa bhI nahIM hai| prAcIna bhArata ke kisI bhI abhilekha athavA sAhitya meM azoka naMdavaMza ke zAsaka ke rUpa meM varNita hue. haiM kyA? yaha bhI eka prazna hai| ekAdaza zatAbdI meM kAzmIra ke somadeva aura kSemeMdra nAmaka do paMNDitoMne kramaza: "kathA-sarita- sAgara" aura "bRhat kathA maMjarI' nAma se do graMthoM kI racanA kI thii| ye donoM racanAeM I. dvitIya zatAbdI meM racita paizAcI bhASA kA "kathA koza" yA "vRhat kathA koza" ke saMskRta aduvAda haiN| yaha eka anavadya kathA-saMkalana hai| isameM caMdragupta nAmaka nAyaka ko "pUrva naMdasuta" ke rUpa meM aura I. SaSTha zatAbdI meM racita vizAkhAdatta kI nATya racanA "mudrArAkSasa" meM azoka ke pitAmaha caMdragupta ko "naMdAnvaya' ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa vicAra se azoka ko naMdarAja mAna lenA kahAM taka tarka sammata hogA, vaha vicAraNIya hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha se spaSTa jJAta ho jAtA hai ki khAraveLa ko naMda vaMza aura maurya vaMza
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________________ ke zAsana ke bAre meM patA thaa| una rAjavaMzoM kA ullekha unhoMne ekAdhika bAra kiyA hai| ata: ve maurya samrATa azoka ko naMdarAja mAna lene kA bhrama bhI kara sakate haiM, yaha aMsabhava sA lagatA hai| khAraveLa ke prAya eka zatAbdI ke pazcAta zaka rAja rUdradamana ne azoka ko mauryavaMzI narapati ke rUpa meM apane junAgar3a abhilekha meM ullekha kiyA hai: "mauyyasya rAjJaH caMdraguptasya rASTriyeNa vaizyena puSyaguptena kAritaM azokasya mauryyasya kRte yavanarAjena tRSAspenAdhiSThAya prnnaaliibhirlNkRtN|" - (paM. 8-9) moTe taura para yahI kahA jAsakatA hai ki azoka ko naMdavaMzI rAjA ke rUpameM pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa bhramAtmaka hI hogA aura hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM varNita naMdarAjA mahApadma naMda hI the, isa meM prativAda kI kSINatama zaMkA bhI nahIM honI caahie| aba prazna uThatA hai "tibasa sata" kA sahI artha kyA hai 103 yA 300! aneka vidvAna ise 103 mAnate haiN| para khAraveLa ke hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI 16 vI paMkti meM 105 ko "pAnatariya sata' likhA gayA hai| usa hisAba se 103 "titariya sata" honA caahie| pAlI bhASAmeM "pAMca sau zakaTa" "paMcahi zakaTa satehi" hogaa| pAMca sau jAtaka kahAniyoM kA "paMca jAtaka sata" ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI bhASA zAstrIya pAli bhASA kI samIpavartI bhASA hai| ata: isakA bhASAMtaraNa pAli ke anurUpa hI hogaa| ata: hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM ullikhita "tibasa sate" nizcita rUpa se 300 hI hogaa| yaha 103 ho hI nahIM sktaa| isa siddhAta para pahuMcane ke bAda khAraveLa ke sahI zAsana kAla ke nirNaya meM koI kaThinAI raha nahIM jaatii| i.pU. 350 meM kaliMga ke aMtima kSatriya rAjA kI hatyA kara ke mahApadma naMda ne kaliMga para adhikAra pAyA thaa| unhoMne kaliMga para rAjatva ke kucha hI samaya bAda kaliMga ke nivAsiyoM 61
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________________ ke abhAva aura AvazyakatAoM kA anubhava kara nahara khudavAne kI yojanA banAyI hogii| vaha kArya saMbhavata: unakI mRtyu ke pUrva hI pUrA huA hogaa| mahApadma naMda kI mRtyu I. pU. 334 ko huI, ata: vaha kArya I.pU.335 ko pUrA ho gayA hogaa| isI ko AdhAra banAkara DaoN. sAhU ne khAraveLa ke rAjatva ke pAMcaveM varSa ko I.pU.35 [335-300] mAnA hai tathA I.pU. 40 meM rAjyAbhiSeka hone kA mata pradAna kiyA hai| sAtakarNI hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI varNana ke anusAra sAtakarNI ke bala-vikrama kI upekSA karate hue khAraveLa ne apane rAjatva ke dUsare varSa hI unake viruddha yuddha abhiyAna kI taiyAriyAM kii| isake pariNAma ke saMbaMdha meM hAthIgumphA zilAlekha pUrNa rUpa se mauna hai| isa abhilekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki khAraveLa apane rAjatva ke cauthe varSa ke yuddhAbhiyAna meM saphala hue the aura sAtavAhana rAjA ko parAsta kiyA thaa| para yahAM bhI sAtakarNI kA ullekha huA nahIM hai| ata: vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki usa samaya rAjA sAtakarNI kI mRtyu ho cukI thI aura unakI vidhavA patnI para rAjya zAsana kA bhAra thaa| ata: khAraveLa ke rAjatva kAla kI gaNanA sAtavAhana vaMza ke kAlakhaNDa ke sAtha milA kara kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna purANoM kI gaNanA ke anusAra maurya baMza ne 137 varSa aura suMga-kANva vaMza ne 112 varSoM taka zAsana kiyA thaa| ata: sAtavAhana vaMzI simuka ne I.pU. 73 [I.pU. 322-137-112] meM suMga-kANva zAsana kA aMta kiyaa| simuka sAtavAhAna ne apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAta magadha kI suMga-kANva zakti ke viruddha yuddhabhiyAna ke liye dIrgha kAla kA prayAsa kiyA hogaa| isI vicAra se DaoN.sAhU ne rAya dI hai ki simuka ne apane rAjatva ke paMdrahaveM varSa meM magadha para AkramaNa kiyA thA aura usI ke AdhAra para unhoMne 62
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________________ I.pU. 88 ko simuka ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA varSa batAyA hai| paurANika matAnusAra simuka kA zAsana kAla teraha varSa, unake pazcAta bhAI kanha kA aThAraha varSa aura kanha ke bAda simuka ke putra sAtakarNI ne kevala daza varSa ke liye rAjya kA zAsana kiyA thaa| sAtavAhana vaMza prathama tIna rAjAoM kA zAsana kAla isa prakAra nirNita huA simuka - I.pU. 88 se I.pU. 65 taka kanha - I.pU. 65 se I.pU. 47 taka sAtakarNI - I.pU. 47 se I.pU. 37 taka khAraveLa ke rAjyAbhiSeka IsApUrva 40 meM huA thA, isa nirUpaNa ke sAtha svata: sAtakarNI ke rAjya kAla kI puSTI ho jAtI hai| khAraveLa ke zAsana ke dvitIya varSa arthAta IsApUrva 38 meM sAtakarNI jIvita the| para cauthe varSa [IsApUrva 36] yuddha meM sAtakarNI kI vidhavA rAnI nAyAnikA ne sAmanA kiyA thaa| sAtavAhana vaMza kA samaya nirupaNa aura khAraveLa kA rAjyAbhiSeka kisa samaya huA thA yaha Aja bhI itihAsa kI eka jaTila samasyA hai| para lagatA hai IsApUrva 40 ko khAraveLa kA rAjyAbhiSeka varSa mAna lenA satya kA adhika nikaTatama hogaa| khAraveLa IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI meM the, isameM koI saMdeha hI nahIM hai| sara jaoNna mArzala (Sir John Marshall) ne bharahuta aura udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI kalAkRtiyoM para tulanAtmaka vivecana kara bharahuta ko IsApUrva dvitIya zatAbdI aura khAraveLa ke samakAlIna udayagiri-khaNDagiri ko IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI kA mAnA hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI lipi bhI lipitAtvika dRSTi se IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI kI hai| 3
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________________ pariziSTa - 3 khAraveLa ke samaya meM zilpakalA pazcima oDizA ke gur3ahANDI se prAgaitihAsika yuga ke citroM ke AviSkAra ke pazcAta bhArata meM kalA aura sthApatya ke kSetra meM or3izA ne eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta kiyA hai| isake pUrva bhArata meM jina kucheka citroM kA AviSkAra huA thA unameM se uttara pradeza ke mirjApura ke nikaTa parvata gumphA ke citra aura madhyapradeza meM rAyagar3ha jilA ke siMhanapura ke pAsa pAe gaye citra ullekhanIya haiN| inake atirikta bhArata meM kahIM aura bhI prAgaitihAsika citra haiM, nizcita rUpa se inakA koI patA nahIM thaa| aba gur3ahANDI ke citra bhArata meM prAgaitihAsika mAnava ke anyatama kalAkRti ke rUpa meM gRhIta hue haiN| gur3ahAMDI meM pAe gaye citroM meM vizeSakara eka zikAra kA citra cittAkarSaka hai| saMpUrNa citra kA aMkana gerU ke raMga se huAhai aura asakA kisI prAgaitihAsika kalAkAra kA bAlaka tulya aMkana hone ke bAvajUda usameM aMtarnihita prANavattA aura prAkRtika kamanIyatA kI sarAhanA vidvAnoM ne kI hai| gur3ahAMr3I ke atirikta pazcima oDizA ke saMbalapura jile meM ulAphagar3a, suMdaragaDa jilA ke uSAkoThI, mANikamar3A aura kAlAhAMr3I jile meM yogImaTha Adi jagahoM se bhI prAgaitihAsika citra pAe gaye haiN| ___ khAraveLa ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki prAgmaurya kAla se kaliMga ke pihuNDa meM kAliMgajina pratimA kI pUjA hotI thii| DaoN. sAhU batAte haiM, kaliMga ke pihuNDa meM pratiSThita jaina pratimA bhArata ke aitihAsika yuga meM pratimA pUjA kA prathama dRSTAnta hai| bhArata meM maurya zAsana kAla se patthara kATane aura khodane kI eka zailI vikasita ho cukI thii| vihAra rAjya ke paTanA jile meM barAbara aura nAgArjunI parvatoM meM kramaza: azoka aura unake nAtI 64
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________________ dazaratha ke dvArA khodita gumphAeM Aja bhI akSata avasthA meM haiN| ina gumphAoM ke khanana ke hetu bhAratIya prastara khodana zailI meM eka nayI dhArA ne janma liyaa| barAbara aura nAgArjunI pahAr3I gumphAoM ke khanana kA vaha prAraMbhika prayAsa IsApUrva tRtIya zatAbdI se dhIre vikasita hokara I. dvitIya tRtIya zatAbdI taka bhAjA, ber3asA, kAle, kAnherI, ajaMtA Adi ke atyaMta kalAtmaka bauddha giri gumphAoM meM utkarSa ke zikhara svarza karatA sA lAgA / guphAkhanana ke prAthamika prayAsa aura carama utkarSa ke madhyabartI kAla khaNDa meM udayagiri - khaNr3agiri meM mAdhyamika upAdAna lakSaNIya haiN| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya gumphA nirmANa kalA kI vikAsadhArA meM udayagiri aura khaNr3agiri ne digadarzaka kI bhUmikA nibhAyI hai| khAraveLa ke rAjatva kAla meM udayagiri - khaNr3agiri meM kitanI gumphAeM thI batA pAne ke liye koI vizvasanIya tathya nahIM hai| veNImAdhava baDuA ne hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI caturdaza paMkti kA bhramapUrNa pATha kara ke vahAM 117 gumphAoM kI viddadyamAnatA kI puSTi kI hai| para vaha grahaNIya nahIM hai| jaoNna mArzala ke anusAra una guMphAoM kI saMkhyA 35 se adhika hogii| para manamohana gAMgulIne una pahAr3oM meM guMphAoM kI gaNanA kI thI / unake anusAra guMphAoM kI saMkhyA 27 haiN| yaha nizcita rUpa se svIkAraNIya hai ki manuSya aura prakRti ke hAthoM kaI guMphAeM dhvaMsa hogayI haiM, para unake avazeSa aba bhI vidyamAna haiN| aba udayagiri meM 18 aura khaNr3agiri meM 15 gumphAeM haiN| ina gumphAoM ko bArIkI se dekha kara r3aoN. navIna kumAra sAhU, zrImatI devalA mitra aura DaoN. rameza mahApAtra ne apane apane saMdarbhoM meM kaI amUlya tathyoM para prakAza DAlA hai| una gumphAoM ke aba pracalita nAma isa prakAra haiM: 65
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________________ udayagiri rANIgumphA bAjAghara gumphA choTa hAthIgumphA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. paNasa gumphA 7. ThAkurANI gumphA 8. pAtAlapurI gumphA 9. maMcapurI gumphA 10. gaNeza gumphA 11. jambezvara gumphA alakApurI gumphA jayavijaya gumphA 12. vyAghra gumphA 13. sarpa gumphA 14. hAthI gumphA 15. dhAnaghara gumphA 16. haridAsa gumpA jagannAtha gumphA 17. 18. roSei gumphA khaNr3agiri tatovAgumphA - 1 tatovA gumphA - 2 anaMta gumphA teMtulI gumphA khaNDagiri gumphA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ambikA gumphA 11. lalATeMdu kezarI gumphA 12. ajJAta 13. 14. 15. dhyAna gumphA navamuni gumphA bArabhujI gumphA trizUla gumphA sthAnIya logoM ke dvArA ina gumphAoM ke nAma rakhe gaye haiM aura aba ye bhAratIya pratnatatva sarvekSaNa saMsthA ke dvArA svIkRta nAma haiN| 66 ajJAta ekAdazI gumphA ajJAta ina gumphAoM ke saMkSipta vivaraNa nIce pradatta hai / udayagiri meM sarvazreSTha gumphA hai rANIgumphA / ise "rANI naara" bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha do khaNDoM meM banA eka suMdara zaila nivAsa hai /
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________________ nicale khaNr3a meM donoM ora guphAeM khodI huI haiN| jisase bIca meM eka prazasta AyatAkAra AMgana hai| UparI khaNDa eka vizAla prAkRtika gumphA hai, jise arhatoM ke AvAsa ke rUpa meM upayoga karane liye unnata zilpa-kauzala apanAyA gayA thaa| rANIgumphA ko eka raMgamaMca ke rUpa meM bhI svIkArA gayA hai| samrATa khAraveLa kI digvijaya varNana, nRtya nATakoM ke abhinava dRzya, siMhapatha rAnI (dvitIya mahiSI) ke romAMcaka caritra kI citrAvalI bhI isI gumphA meM haiM, jinake vivaraNa isake pUrva isI graMthameM diye jA cuke haiN| una para carcA bhI ho cukI hai| phira bhI pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke liye yahAM raMgamaMcakA eka rekhA citra prastuta kara rahe hai| (ci.kra.14) rANIgumphA kI bAyIM ora se lekara dAhine pArzva taka aneka guphAeM khodita huI thiiN| unameM se kucheka dhvaMsa ho cukI haiN| jo aba bhI akSuNNa avasthA meM haiM, ve haiM-bAjAghara gumphA, choTa hAthI gumphA, alakApurI gumphA, jaya vijaya gumphA, gaNeza gumphA, ThAkurANI gumphA, aura, pAtAlapurI gumphaa| ina gumphAoM meM khodita vRkSa, latA, jIvajaMtu aura nara-nAriyoM kI pratimUrtiyAM kalA kI dRSTi se rANIgumphA ke citroM kI samAkalIna jAna par3atI haiN| bAjAghara gumphA meM bAraha prakoSTha haiN| pratyeka prakoSTha kA apanA barAmadA hai| aba adhikAMza prakoSTha bhagnaprAya ho cuke haiN| dAhinI aura jo prakoSTha hai use marammata ke bAda khaMbhoM ke sahAre saMrakSita kara rakhA gayA hai| ___choTa hAthIgumphA meM IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI kA eka kSudra abhilekha hai [dekheM pariziSTa -1.naM 7] / isa gumphAke sammukha bhAga para tIna-tIna hAthiyoM ko patra-puSpa lekara dhIre-dhIre Ate se dikhAe gaye haiN| donoM pArzva ke hAthiyoM meM prathama hai zAvaka, bIca meM bar3e bar3e dAMtovAlA nara hAthI aura aMta meM hai haathin| lagatA hai jaise ve tadgata mana se arhatoM ke svAgata sammAna ke lie bar3hate Arahe haiN| .
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________________ alakApurI gumphAmeM Upara nice do prakoSTha haiN| nice kA prakoSTha naSTa ho cukA hai| Upara ke prakoSTha meM hastI, siMha Adi aneka citra khodita hue haiN| kucheka jAnavaroM ke paMkha haiN| manuSya tathA pakSiyoM ke saravAle jAnavara bhI haiN| isa gumphA meM eka rAja hastI kA citra saba ko AkArSita karatA hai| rAjahastI kamala phUla lie darpa se khar3A hai, usake donoM ora do hAthina chatra aura cAmara lie usakI sevA niyukta hokara khar3I haiN| gumphA meM bAyIM ora eka aura citra hai| jisameM eka puruSa hai, usakI bAyIM bhujA meM eka nArI ko dhAraNa kiye hue hai aura eka hAthI hai jisakI sUMDa sahalAkara usapara savAra hone kI icchA se anurodha karatA sA dikhatA hai vaha puRss| usa khodita citra meM vaha hAthI bhI kucha baiTha jAne ko udyata sA lagatA hai / jaya vijaya gumphA meM bhI do prakoSTha haiN| isa gumphA meM khodita hokara vRkSa devatA kI pUjA kA eka citra hai| vRkSa caitya kI cAroM aura veSTanI, Upara chatra aura pArzva meM patAkAeM haiN| eka puruSa aura eka nArI donoM ora pUjA kI mudrA meM haiN| puruSa praNAma mudrA meM aura nArI phUla kI mAlA lie khar3I hai| donoM ora se do gaMdharva pUjA ke upacAra liye vRkSa devatA kI pUjA meM sammilati hone ko Ate se dikhAI de rahe haiN| isa gumphA meM dvArapAla ke rUpameM dhotI bAMdhe eka puruSa hai aura dAhinI ora eka nArI khar3I hai jisake dAhine hAtha meM eka totA hai| usake sajjita keza ke Urdhva bhAga puSpa -patroM se maNDita hai| paNasa gumphA meM kalA kA koI saMketa hI nahIM hai aura isakI banAvaTa bhI sAdhAraNa hI hai| ThAkurANI aura pAtAla purI guMphAoM meM alakApurI kI bhAMti pakSayukta jIvoM ke citra haiM, para yaha nimna mAna kI kalAkRtiyA~ 68
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________________ maMcapurI gumphA do khaNDoMvAlA eka viziSTa gRhAAvAsa hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra UparI khaNDa kA nAma "svargapurI" aura nimna khaNDa kA nAma "maMcapurI' hai| UparI khaNDa ke abhilekha se (pariziSTa-1-abhilekha-1) jJAta hotA hai ki cakravartI samrATa khAraveLa kI agra mahiSI ke dvArA zramaNoM ke lie nirmita huA thaa| nicale khaNDa ke abhilekha (pariziSTa-1.abhilekha-2ka) se spaSTa siddha ho jAtA hai ki isakA nirmANa mahArAjA Arya meghavAhana kudepasiri ne karavAyA thaa| saMbhavataH kudepasiri khAraveLa ke paravartI rAjA haiN| (prishisstt-1-abhilekh-2kh)| maMcapurI gumphA ke nIcale khaNr3a meM pithuNDa meM kAliMgajina kI pratimA kI pratiSThA ke citra ke bAre meM DaoN. navIna kumAra sAhU ne kahA hai: "kAliGga jina kI pratimA ke Age rAjapurohita arcanA kI mudrA meM khar3e haiM, unake pIche svayaM khAraveLa haiM, unake pIche rAjamahiSI ke pIche rAjakumAra kudepasiri praNAma mudrA meM khar3e hokara kAliMga jina ke prati zradhdArpaNa karate dikhAI dete haiN| rAjachatra vihIna samrATa ke zirodeza para vAdya bajAte do gaMdharva haiN| rAjachatra kI bhAMti yaha bhI eka gRhIta rAjakIya saMketa hai| rAjakumAra ke mastaka para udIyamAna sUrya aMkita hai| jisa hAthI para rAja parivAra pithuNDa AyA thA vaha hAthI saba ke pIche khar3e hokara kAliMgajina ke prati bhakti-jJApana karatA sA dikhAI detA hai| hastI ke UparI bhAga meM eka vidyAdhara pUjA upahAra lie AkAza mArga se jinapITha ko Ate se dikhate haiN| yaha zilAMkana kalA aura dharma kI dRSTi se atyaMta gurutvapUrNa hai| para viDamvanA to yaha hai ki aba kAliMga jina kI pratimA ke bahulAMza TUTa cuke haiN| zrImatI devalA mitra ke matAnusAra IsA ke pUrva kAla meM jainoM kI manuSyAkRti pratimA kI parikalpanA taka huI nahIM thii| unheM udayagiri aura khaNDagiri kI gumphAoM meM usa samaya kI eka bhI manuSyAkRti jaina pratimA milI nahIM thii| para khaNDagiri kI anaMta gumphA meM eka manuSyAkRti lakSmI kI pratimA hai| isa saMdarbha meM DaoN.sAhU kA
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________________ mata hai- "maMcapurI ke nIcale khaNr3a meM kAliMga jina kI mUrti TuTa cukI hai| vaha manuSyAkRti pratimA thI isake saMketa usa bhagna vigraha hI se mila jAte haiN|" gaNeza gumphA ke dAhine prakoSTha ke bhItara eka gaNeza kI mUrti hai| isI se use gaNeza gumphA ke nAma se nAmita kiyA gayA hai| jJAta hotA hai ki bhaumakara vaMzIya mahArAjA zAMtikara deva ke rAjatva kAla meM virajA nivAsI bhiSaka (vaidya) bhImabhaTTa kA putra nannaTa ne yahAM eka prasta (nApa kA parimANa) dhAna diyA thaa| yaha kArya bhauma saMvata 91 (caMdrAMka) arthAta I. 827 [736+91] ko sampanna huA thaa| usa samaya gumphA ke sAmane do hAthiyoM kI pratimAeM bhI sthApita huI thiiN| isa gumphA ke AbhyaMtarINa citra rANIgumphA ke UparI khaNDa meM bane citroM ke AdhAra para bane hue hone ke bAvajUda unase bhinna lagate haiM. isameM lagatA hai kavivara bhAsa varNita udayana aura vAsavadattA kI prema-kathA citrita huI hai| para ina aMkanoM meM bhauma kAlIna kalA kA nikhAra hai| jambezvara gumphA meM eka kSudra brAhmI abhilekha hai [pariziSTha - kSudra brAhmI abhilekha - naM 6](1) jisase patA calatA hai ki isa gumphA kA nirmANa mahAmaMtrI nAkiya aura bAriyA ke dvArA huA thaa| vyAghragumphA meM bhI do hI paMktiyoM meM eka kSudra brAhmI abhilekha hai [pariziSTa- kSudra brAhmI abhilekha naM- 5](1) nagara vicArapati bhUti ne ise khudavAyA thA, yaha bAta isI abhilekha se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| isa gumphA kA sammukha bhAga eka muMha khole bAgha ke sara kI taraha dikhAI par3atA hai jisase ise "vyAghragumphA ke nAmase nAmita gayA hai| 70
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________________ AkRti ke AdhAra para hI isa gumphA kA nAmakaraNa "sarpagumphA" huA hai| isa gumphA meM bhI do abhilekha haiM [pariziSTa- kSudra abhilekhanaM. 3](1) prathama meM yaha ullekha hai ki vaha upakarmasaciva [cUlakaMma] kA abhedya AvAsa prakoSTha thaa| dvitIya abhilekha kA pAThoddhAra saMbhava nahIM ho paayaa| hAthIgumphA eka prAkRtika gumphA hai| AkRti ke anusAra hI isakA nAmakaraNa huA hai| khAraveLa ke rAjatva kAla meM zilpa kauzala se zAyada vaisA banAyA gayA ho| isa gumphA ke AbhyaMtarINa chat para mahArAjA khAraveLa kI eka dIrgha prastara lipi khodita huI hai| usakA saMpUrNa vivaraNa isa graMtha ke dvitIya pariccheda meM diye gaye hAthIgumphA aura gaNeza gumphA ke bIca me dhAnagharagumphA hai| isake dvAra para dhoti caddara dAra paharedAra, pagar3I bAMdhe, naMge pAMva, bar3I sI lAThI TikAe khar3A hai| yaha anucca gumphA bhI kalA kI dRSTi se vizeSa AkarSaNIya nahIM hai;| hAthIgumphA kI bAyIM ora thor3I sI dUrI para hai haridAsa gumphA / saptadasa zatAbdI ke or3iA siddha saMta haridAsa ke nAmAnusAra yaha gumphA nAmita hai| oDiA kavi sadAnaMda kavisUrya brahmA praNita "nAma ciMtAmaNi' graMtha se jJAta hotA hai ki bAdazAha ne unheM isalAma dharma se dIkSita karane ko unapara kAphI atyAcAra kiyA thaa| zAyada vaha bAdazAha haiM aurNgjeb| yaha gumphA bhI khAraveLa ke samaya hI banavAyI gayI thii| kyoM ki isameM bhI IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI kA eka kSudra abhilekha hai [pariziSTa -1- kSudra brAhmI abhilekha- naM,4] (1) jagannAtha gumphA kI dIvAra para eka raMgIna citra thaa| jisakI pUjA bhI huA karatI thii| zAyada yahI kAraNa hai jisase isa gumphA 71
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________________ kA nAma jagannAtha gumphA par3A hai| aba vaha raMgIna citra pUrNa rUpase miTa cukA hai| para gumphA ke prAcIna alaMkaraNa akSuNNa haiN| yaha udayagiri meM sabase bar3I kRtrima gumphA hai / isa gumphA meM jaba jagannAtha kI pUjA hotI thI taba pAsavAlI gumphA meM mahAprasAda kA raMdhana kArya huA karatA thA / usIse vaha gumphA raSoI gumphA ke nAma se paricita hai| khaNr3agiri ke gumphA samUhaH khaNr3agiri kI donoM tatovA gumphAoM ke toraNoM para zuka pakSI utkIrNita hue haiN| saMbhavata: isI kAraNa ye guphAeM tatovA nAmase nAmita huI haiN| prathama gumphA ke kucha hI Upara dUsarI banI hai| prathama gumphA meM do aura dvitIya meM tIna alaMkRta toraNoM se inake praveza patha sajAe hue haiN| prathama gumphA ke donoM toraNoM ke bIca eka abhilekha hai [ pariziSTa - 1 - kSudra brAhmI abhilekha naM 9 ] / isI se siddha hotA hai ki yaha gumphA pAdamUlika kusuma ke dvArA banAyI gayI thii| isa gumphA ke Age dhoti aura cAdara pahane do dvArapAla hAthoM meM talavAra lie khar3e hone kI chavi khodita huI thii| dUsarI gumphA meM nRtya aura saMgIta ke kaI abhinava dRzya haiM jisakA vivaraNa isI graMtha meM isake pUrva diyA jA cukA haiN| isI gumphA ke bhItara 6 paMktiyoM meM geru raMga se likhita brAhmI lipi ke kucha varNa dikhAI par3ate haiN| saMbhavataH paravartI kAla meM kisI vidyArthI ke dvArA lipizikSA ke samaya ye lipiyA~ likhI gayI haiN| nizcita rUpa se ye khAraveLa kI samakAlIna lipiyA~ nahIM haiM / khaNr3agiri pahAr3a ke bIca kI anaMta gumphA dhArmika tathA zilpakalA, donoM dRSTi se gurUtvapUrNa hai| yaha gumphA UMcI chata vAlA eka laMbA prakoSTha hai| gumphA ke cAra praveza-patha haiM jinheM AlaMkArika staMbha aura toraNoM se sajAyA gayA hai| staMbhoM ke pAdapradeza meM pUrNa-kuMbha, 72
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________________ zikhara para ulaTA kamala, usa ke Upara toraNa haiN| toraNoM para tIna phanavAle sarpa aMkita hue haiM ( ci. kra. 25) / isI sarpa-lAMchana ke lie yaha gumphA sarpagumphA ke nAma se nAmita hai / sarpa tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA lAMchana hai| ataH anumAna hai ki yaha gumphA tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke prati utsargIkRta gumphA hai| gumphA ke toraNa bhI sUkSma kArUkArya se suzobhita haiN| prathama toraNa puSpamAlya dvArA, dvitIya aura tRtIya toraNa para siMha aura vRSabhoM ke sAtha nAgarikoM kI kautuka krIr3AeM citrita huI haiN| cauthe toraNa meM nIlotpala lie ur3ajAte rAjahaMsoM kI paMkti utkIrNita hokara hai| toraNa ke AbhyaMtarINa aMzoM ke jo citra banAe gayeM haiM ve aitihAsika aura dhArmika dRSTikoNa se atyaMta mahatvapUrNa haiN| prathama citra meM eka cAra dAMtoMvAlA pRthulakAya hAthI do hAthiniyoM ke bIca khar3A hai| usakI bhAva- mudrA gaMbhIra hai| dvitIya citra meM eka rAja - puruSa cAra azva-yukta ratha para cale jArahe haiN| donoM ora doM nAriyAM bhI baiThI huI haiN| rAjA ke Upara rAjachatra zobhita hai| AkAza para sUrya, tArakAeM aura caMdramA haiM jinase yahI sUcanA milatI hai ki rAjapuruSa dina rAta ratha para paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| ratha kI gati ke sAtha tAla milAte se eka kharvakAya manuSya daur3atA sA dikhAyA gayA hai jisake bAyeM hAtha meM pAnapAtra hai aura dAhine hAtha meM ur3atI huI patAkA hai| kaI vidvAnoM ne una rAjapuruSa ko sUrya deva mAnA hai para yaha siddhAnta tarka-saMgata nahIM lagatA / sUrya ke ratha meM cAra ghor3e nahIM hote na ki sUrya ke mastaka para rAja chatra hotA hai| usa para isa citra meM AkAza para sUrya kA vartulAkAra citra bhI hai| yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha koI mahA meghavAhana vaMzaja rAjapuruSa haiN| tIsare toraNa para padma sara meM khar3I zrI yA lakSmI kI manuSyAkRti kA citraNa huA hai| devI lakSmI ke donoM hAthoM 73
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________________ meM kamala hai, donoM ora do hAthiyAM haiM jo kamala para khar3e hue haiM aura sUMDa uThAe pAnI varasA rahe haiN| donoM hAthiyoM ke pIche do tote bhI haiN| cauthe toraNa para vRkSa deva kI pUjA kA . dRzya hai| ghere ke aMdara pavitra vRkSa hai, donoM ora rAjA aura rAnI haiN| pUjA kara rahe haiN| unake pAsa do kharvakAya puruSa bhI khar3e hue haiN| - ye citra dhArmika dRSTikoNa se mahatvapUrNa haiN| prathama citra meM cAra dAMtovAlA hAthI hai| jaina graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra kI mAtA kSatrANI trizalA ne apane caturdaza svapnoMmeM saba se pahale cAra dAMtoMvAlA hAthI dekhA thaa| unhoMne apane cauthe sapane meM do hAthiyoM ke bIca baiThI zrI yA lakSmI ko dekhaathaa| [zaMsitacitra meM lakSmI baiThI huI nahIM haiN]| ata: yaha bhI eka jaina dharma kI pAraMparikatA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya kalA kSetra meM ghere meM vRkSa ko vauddha dharma kA 'bodhidruma' aura jaina dharma kA 'kalpavRkSa' ke pratIka mAnA gayA hai| udayagiri khaNDagiri meM khAraveLa ke kAla meM isa vRkSa caitya kI pUjA ko jaina dharma ke saMketa ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA hI adhika saMgata hogaa| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki, hastI, aura zrI .devI hiMda aura bauddha dharma ke sAtha bhI jur3I huI haiN| . isakA bhI pramANa hai ki anaMta gumphA meM jaina dharma ke lAMchanoM kI pUjA hotI thii| gumphA kI bhItarI dIvAra para sAta sAMketika citra utkIrNita hue haiM (ci.kr.26)| madhya bhAga meM naMdipada hai aura donoM pAryoM meM krama se vRkSacaitya, zrIvatsa aura svastika lAMchana hai| paravartI kAla meM vahAM eka jaina tIrthaMkara kA vigraha banAne kA prayAsa bhI huA thaa| para vaha saMpUrNa nahIM ho paayaa| isI gumphA ke abhilekha [pariziSTa-1 kSudra abhilekha -na.8] se jJAta hotA hai
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________________ ki isakA nirmANa IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI meM dohada zramaNoM ke liye huA thaa| yahAM ke eka aura abhilekha aba duSpAThya ho gayA hai| sara jaoNna mArzalake matAnusAra gumphA sthApatyakI dRSTise yaha gumphA saMsArameM sarva prathama hai| kA kalI hai dvitIya tatovA gumphA kI bAyIM aura thor3I sI dUrI para teMtuli gumphA hai jisase lagabhaga saMlagna hokara hai khaNDagiri gumphaa| zAyada isa gumphA ke samIpa koI teMtuli [ImalI] vRkSa thA jisase yaha teMtuli gumphA ke nAma se nAmita huI hai| kalA kI dRSTi se ye donoM gumphAeM sAmAnya haiN| phirabhI teMtuli gumphA ke eka pArzva meM eka nArI kI pratimA hai jisake hAthoM meM kamala kI kalI hai aura anya pArzva meM krIr3Arata hAthI hai| khaNDagiri pahAr3a para banI sIDhiyAM car3hate jAeM to saba se pahale khaNDagiri gumphA aaegii| khaNDagiri pahAr3a ke nAma ke AdhAra para isa gumphA kA nAma khaNDagiri par3A nahIM hai, gumphA ke sabhI aMzoM meM darAra A cukI hai jisase vaha khaNr3oM meM baMTagayA hai| nAmakaraNa kA yaha bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai| isa gumphA ke Upara aura nIce do prakoSTha haiN| Upara ke prakoSTha kI pIche kI dIvAra para oDizA ke ArAdhya deva jagannAtha kA eka citra raMgoM meM aMkita ho kara hai| hAthI hai| khaNDagi r3hiyAM car3hate jAeM to khaNDagiri gumphA kI bAyIM ora cAra gumphAeM haiN| ve haiM -dhyAnagumphA, navamunigumphA, bArabhUjIgumphA, aura trishulgumphaa| dhyAnagumphA ko dhyAnaghara kahA jAtA hai| nAma se hI isakI upayogitA ke bAre meM jJAta ho jAtA hai| yaha eka sAdhAraNa aura ADamvarahIna prakoSTha hai|
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________________ navamuni gumphA ke aMdara nau tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM khodita hokara haiN| yahI kAraNa hai jisase yaha navamuni gumphA ke nAmase nAmita huI hai| isa navamuni gumphA ke do prakoSTha the| sAmane barAmadA thA / somavaMzI zAsana kAla meM prakoSThoM ke bIca kI dIvAra aura barAmade kI dIvAra ko tor3a kara vistRta karake jaina - pUjApITha ke rUpameM badalA gayA hai / isI gumphA ke eka abhilekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kArya somavaMzI rAjA udyota kezarI ke samaya [I. 1058] sampanna huA thA / [ isa abhilekha kA pUrNapATha isI graMtha meM sannivezita kiyA gayA hai ] / usake pazcAta jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM banAyI gayI / tIrthaGkaroM meM se sAta pIchalI dIvAra meM yogAsana meM upaviSTa mudrA meM haiN| ve haiM RSabhanAtha, ajitanAtha, sambhavanAtha, abhinaMdananAtha, vasupUjyanAtha, neminAtha, aura paarshvnaath| sabhI ke mastaka para trichatra zobhita hai aura chatra ke Upara karatAla bajAte do hAtha dikhAI par3ate haiM / pratyeka ke donoM pAvoMmeM cAmaradhArI sevaka khar3e haiM aura nIce zAsana deviyoM kI pratimAeM haiN| inakI zAsana deviyAM krama sa isa prakAra haiM- cakrezvarI, rohiNI, prajJapti, bajrazrRMkhalA, gAMdhArI, padmAvatI aura AmrA / dAhinI dIvAra para phirase RSabhanAtha aura pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyAM utkIrNita huI haiN| ina do mUrtiyoM ko milAkara "navamunI" nAmase gumphA kA nAmakaraNa huA hai| bAyIM dIvAra para caMdraprabhanAtha kI eka choTIsI pratimA bhI hai| para navamuniyoM meM unakI ginatI nahIM hotI / bArabhujI gumphA ke barAmade kI dIvAra kI donoM ora bAraha hAthoMvAlI do jaina zAsanadeviyoM kI mUrtiyAM utkIrNita huI haiN| usI dina se yaha gumphA bArabhujI gumphA ke nAma se prasidhdi pAyI hai| dAhinI ora kI devI haiM rohiNI / ve tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha kI zAsana devI haiN| bAyIM ora AdinAtha RSabha kI zAsanadevI cakrezvarI haiN| yaha gumphA prazasta aura AyatAkAra hai / usameM cauvIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI 76
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________________ mUrtiyAM haiN| sabhI yogAsana meM haiM aura pArzvanAtha kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM eka mUrti bhI hai| sabhI tIrthakaroM ke nIce unakI zAsana deviyoM kI pratimAeM bhI utkIrNita huI haiN| pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke liye sabhI tIrthaGkara aura zAsana deviyoM ke nAma pradatta hai| 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. tIrthaGkara RSabhanAtha ajitanAtha sambhavanAtha abhinaMdananAtha sumatinAtha padmaprabha supArzvanAtha caMdraprabha 9. suvidhinAtha [ puSpadaMta] 10. zItalanAtha 11. zreyAMzanAtha 12. vasupUjya 13. vimalanAtha 14. anaMtanAtha 15. dharmanAtha 16. zAMtinAtha 17. kuMthanAtha 18. aranAtha 19. mallInAtha 20. munisuvrata vAhana vRSabha hastI azva markaTa sArasa padma svastika caMdra magara zrIvatsa gaMr3aka mahiSa barAha zaina bajra hirana chAga naMdyAvarta kalasa kacchapa 77 zAsanadevI cakrezvarI rohiNI prajJapti bajrazrRMkhalA puruSadattA manovegA kAlI jvAlAmAlinI mahAkAlI mAnavI gaurI gAMdhArI vairoTI anaMtamatI mAnasI mahAmAnasI jayA [vijayA] tArA aparAjitA bahurUpiNI
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________________ naminAtha 21. nAmanA 22. nAmanA neminAtha nIlpadma zaMkha sarpa siMha cAmuNDI AmrA padmAvatI siddhAyikA 23. pArzvanAtha 24. mahAvIra pahale trizUlagumphA kA nirmANa bhI jaina arhatoM ke AvAsa ke rUpameM huA thaa| bAdameM vahI upAsanA maMdira bnii| yahAM bhI cauvIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyAM haiN| ye mUrtiyAM bArabhUjI gumphA kI mUrtiyoM se arvAcIna lagatI haiN| ye sabhI digaMbara mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM parikalpita haiM aura kalA kI dRSTi se I.paMdrahavIM sadI ke pahale kI nahIM lgtii| isa ke nAmakaraNa kA koI AdhAra jJAta nahIM hai| trizUla gumphA se dakSiNAbhimukha ho Age bar3hajAne se pahale eka TUTI huI gumphA dikhAI degii| gumphA ko kATa kara samatala bhI kara diyA gayA hai, phirabhI usakI dIvAra para utkIrNita RSabhanAtha aura AmrA devI kI mUrtiyAM haiN| AmrA devI phaloM se bharapUra Amra vRkSa ke nIce tribhaMga bhaMgimA meM khar3I haiN| mUrti kI bAyIM ora TuTa gayI hai para mukha maMDala aura zirobhUSA akSuNNa haiN| saMbhavata: AmrA yA ambikA ke nAmAnusAra isa gumphA kA nAma ambikAgumphA rakhA gayA hai| isake bAda hai lalATeMdu kezarI gumphaa| isa gumphA ke pAsa aura barAmade ke sAtha pahAr3a ke anekAMza kATaliye gaye haiN| gumkA ke aMdara RSabhanAtha aura pArzvanAtha kI kAyotsarga mudrA viziSTa do suMdara mUrtiyAM haiN| para isa gumphA meM somavaMzI rAjA udyota kezarI [I 1045] ke rAjatva ke pAMcave varSa kA eka abhilekha hai| isI abhilekha se prApta vivaraNoM ke anusAra kumAra parvata [khaNDagiri] meM 78
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________________ eka jIrNa vApI thI, kucheka prAcIna TuTehue maMdira the jinakA saMskAra kara 24 tIrthaGkaroM kI pratimAoM kI pratiSThA kI gayI thii| isa abhilekha kA pUrNa pATha isI graMtha meM pradatta hai| isa gumphA ke pAsa AkAzagaMgA nAma se eka choTA sA jala bhaMDAra hai tathA gupta gaMgA, zyAma kuNDa aura rAdhA kuNDa ke nAmase tIna aura jalAzaya bhI haiM, yaha ullekhanIya hai| isI pahAr3a para kaI TuTe maMdiroM kI AmalakI zilA aura zikhara ita stata: par3e hue haiM jo abhilekha varNita cauvIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke maMdiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa se lagate haiN| khaNDAgAra khaNDagiri kI aneka kIrtiyoM kA nAza manuSyoM ke hAthoM huA hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha dharmadhvajI manuSya kA asahiSNu bhAva kA spaSTa nidarzana hai| jo bhI avazeSa haiM ve hamArI unnata kalA aura sauMdaryavodha ke prAcIna sAkSI haiN| udayagiri khaNDagiri kI gumphAoM meM aMkita citroM ko dekha kara zrImatI devalA mitra ne yathArtha meM kahA haiM: ....... "mUrtiyoM ke sammukha bhAga ke sauMdarya ko nikhArane kI niSThAvAn ceSTA aura gaThita mUrtiyoM meM svAbhAvikatA ko dekha kara kahIM bhI zilpiyoM kI sujana akSamatA yA apAragatA najara nahIM aatii| varan hara dizAse dakSatA hI dikhAI par3atI hai| mUrtiyoM ke paripUrNa mukha maMDala, tricaturthAMza yA ardha khodita hokara pradarzita hue haiN| mUrtiyoM kI bhAva bhaMgimAeM svAbhAvika aura svacchaMda haiN| gati utphulla, sajIva aura bhAvodyotaka haiN| yaMtraNA, bhayabhIti, saMkalpa, mAnasika uttejanA Adi atyaMta svAbhAvika aura mUrtiyAM samamita haiN| vibhinna mUrtiyoM meM pAramparika saMbaMdha hai| guhAoM ke bhitti-citroM se utkIrNita mUrtiyoM meM zilpa paripakvatA adhika spaSTa hai| sAtha hI AkRtiyoM ke gaThana, Adarza kI jIvaMta avatAraNa pUrNa mAtrA meM ho pAyI hai|
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________________ jaina kalA meM pratikoM kA viziSTa mahatva hai| prAcIna jaina mUrtiyoM, maMdiroM aura zilAlekhoMmeM inakA khulakara prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| kucha vidvAnoMkA to yaha matabhI hai ki pratIka yojanA usa samayase pracalita hai, java mUrtikalAkA prArambha bhI nahIM huA thaa| khAraveLa ke abhilekha tathA zilAMkana meM bhI naMdIpada, zrIvatsa, vRkSacaitya, svastika, vaddhamaMgala Adi lAMchana pAe jAte haiN| ye sava jaina dharma ke zubha pratIka mAne jAte haiN| moTe taura para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki khaNDagiri udayagiri meM kalA sthApatya ke mAdhyama se kaliMga ke zilpiyoM ne apanI dharma-dhAraNA, sauMdarya-vodha, aitihyapUrNa saMskRti aura asIma vIratva kI kAlajayI kathA ko aMkita kara gaye haiN| isa pahAr3a ke zilAlekha aura zilAMkana hamArI jAtIya saMpadA haiM aura inheM surakSita rakhanA hamArA kartavya banatA hai| 80
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________________ pariziSTa- 4 hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI lipi aura bhASA or3izA ke prakhyAta lipivida padmazrI r3akTara satyanArAyaNa rAjaguru apanI "or3iA lipira krama vikAza" pustaka ke Adya panne meM hI kahate haiM: " IsApUrva tIsarI sadI meM mauryavaMzI rAjA azoka ne kaliMga para vijaya prApti ke uparAMta or3izA ke dhauli aura jaugar3a meM zilA para apanA dharma anuzAsana utkIrNita karavAyA thA / merI jAnakArI ke anusAra vahI isa deza kI sarva prathama lipi hai| ise vidvAnavarga prAcIna brAhmI lipi mAnate haiM / " rAjagurUjI kA yaha mata pUrNa rUpase bhramAtmaka hai| or3izA ke pazcimAMcala aMtargata saMbalapura jilA ke bikramakhola meM eka prAgaitihAsika abhilekha kA AviSkAra huA thA, jise saba se pahale zrI kAzIprasAda jayasvAla ne I 1933 meM Ind. Ant. LXII meM prakAzita kara eka tathya garbhaka nibaMdha ke mAdhyama se usa para AlocanA bhI kI thii| jayasvAlajI ke matAnusAra "- The writing in not of pictographic nature but has reached syllabary or alphabetic stage." paravartI kAla meM vidvAnoM ne bhI ise svIkArA hai| maheMjodAr3o aura haDappA meM lipi ke AviSkAra ke pazcAta prAcya aura pAzcAtya jagata ke sabhI vidvAna sahamata hote haiM ki brAhmI lipi ke kAphI pahale isa deza meM eka aura lipi pracalita ho cukI thI / para vaha brAhmI kI pUrva lipi Aja bhI ajJAta aura rahasyamaya hai / 81
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________________ vaha bhASA bhI ajJAta hai, ata: pAThoddhAra bhI saMbhava nahIM ho pAyA hai| cAhe jo bhI ho brAhmI ko or3izA kI prAcInatama lipi ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa hI hAsyAspada hai, yaha nizcita . rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| lagabhaga eka sau varSoM taka aneka vidvAnoM ne khAraveLa ke hAthIgumpA abhilekha kA pAThoddhAra ke liye hara dizA se athaka zrama kiye haiN| isake vivaraNa isI graMtha ke dvitIya pariccheda meM hai| .. aba abhilekha kI lipi aura bhASA ke saMkSipta vivaraNa denA aura usa para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| mahatvapUrNa aura ullekhanIya yaha hai ki bhAratavarSa meM vibhinna prAMtoM se jitane bhI azoka kAlIna brAhmI abhilekha AviSkRta hue haiM, saba kI lipi aura bhASA samAna hai| usameM prAdezika bheda kI talAza karanA nirarthaka hai| usakI bhASA ko mAgadhI prAkRta aura lipi ko azoka kAlIna brAhmI (Ashokan Brahmi)ke nAma se nAmita kiyA gayA hai| apane sAmrAjya kA ekatrIkaraNa ke uddezya se azoka ne apane abhilekha meM samAna bhASA aura lipi kA prayoga kiyA thaa| svAdhIna cetA samrATa khAraveLa kaliMga kI saMtAna the| kaliMga kI rAjanaitika paraMparA kA pRSThapoSaka tathA kaliMga saMskRti ke pUjaka the| ata: sabase pahale unhI ke abhilekhoM meM kaliMga kI lipi aura bhASA ko sthAna prApta huaa| una abhilekhoM kI lipi ko paravartI brAhmI lipi kahanA samIcIna hogaa| DaoN.rAjaguru ne apanI "or3izA lipira krama vikAza' pustaka meM pradatta prathama aura dvitIya citra phalakoM meM kramaza: azoka aura 82
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________________ khAraveLa ke samaya kI lipiyoM ko pradarzita kiyA hai| paraMtu una abhilekhoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yahI patA lagatA hai ki rAjaguru jI ke usa citra meM pradarzita aneka varNa kalpanA-prasUta haiN| ve varNa utkIrNita abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI vidyamAna nahI haiN| isa se lagatA hai, unakI pustaka meM pradarzita khAraveLakAlIna lipi pAThakoM ko kAphI vibhrAMta karatI hai| hama yahAM eka lipi-patra taiyAra karake azoka aura khAraveLakAlIna varNamAlA ko darzAne kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| lipi-patra ke staMbha 1 meM aba pracalita nAgarI lipi, staMbha 2 meM azoka-kAlIna lipi aura staMbha 3 meM khAraveLa kI hAthIgumphA lipi pradarzita huI haiN| [citra kra.18] hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM pAMca svaravarNa haiM (initial Vowels)aura 26 vyaMjana varNa haiN| DaoN. sAhU ke anusAra vyaMjana varNoM kI saMkhyA 28 hai, yaha sahI nahIM hai| abhilekha meM eka hI varNa ke kahIM do yA tatodhika. svarUpa ke varNa bhI haiN| prathama azoka-kAlIna lipi to dUsarI usI varNa kI vikasita yA parivartita lipi bhI ho sakatI hai, jaisA ki hamane lipi-patra meM spaSTa kara diyA hai| isI se zAyada bhrama huA ho, udAharaNoM ke jariye lipiyoM meM parivartana kI sucanA se isa kathana kI puSTI ho jaaegii| "kha", "ma" , aura "va" , ina vargoM ke azoka ke samaya kI lipiyoM meM nimnapArzva vuttAkAra thA jaba ki khAraveLa ke samaya tribhujAkAra bnaa| usI prakAra "la" aura "ha" vaNoM ke nimna bhAga koNayukta huA hai| azoka-kAlIna lipi meM kahIM 'ga" varNa kA Urdhva bhAga koNayukta hai jo khAraveLa-kAlIna lipi meM nahIM
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________________ hai| "ba" varNa kahIM AyatAkAra to kahIM vargAkAra hai| khAraveLa kAlIna abhilekhoM meM "ai" kI vidyamAnatA saba se adhika mahattapUrNa hai| kyoM ki bhArata bhara meM aba taka AviSkRta pUrvavartI abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI isa varNa kA prayoga huA nahIM haiN| isa pariccheda ke aMtima bhAga meM bhASA kA anuzIlana karate vaNoM ko bAre meM carcA karane kA vicAra hai| hamane kahA hai ki azoka ke dvArA dhaulI aura jaugar3a meM utkIrNita anuzAsana kI bhASA mAgadhI prAkRta hai| kevala kaliMga nahIM hiMdUkuza se maizUra taka azoka ke jitane bhI zilAlekha AviSkRta hue haiM saba kI bhASA yahI hai| phirabhI bhinna bhinna kSetroM ke abhilekhoM meM vahAM kI kathita bhASA ke dvArA mAgadhI prAkRta avazya hI prabhAvita huI hai| vidyAnoM ne kaliMga ke anuzAsana ke saMdarbha meM bhI yahI kahA hai| para IsApUrva pahalI sadI meM khAraveLa kAlIna hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM bhASA kA stara aura rUpa unnata tathA vikazita hai| vaha kaliMga kI maulika bhASA hai, jo zAstrIya pAli bhASA kI nikaTavartI hai| aura ise uDU prAkRta ke nAma se nAmita kiyA gayA hai| isa bhASA para AlocanA ke pahale isa saMdarbha meM vidvAnoM ke matoM para samIkSA Avazyaka hai| tripiTaka kA saMpAdana karate samaya pAli gaveSaka haramana olDanavarga ne pAli kI Adi bhUmi para vicAra kiyA thaa| unake dvArA saMkalita vinaya piTaka ke prathama bhAga meM mahAvagga graMtha bhI saMpAdita huA hai aura usake mukhavaMdha meM unhoMne saTIka tarkoM se pratipAdita kiyA hai ki pAli kaliMga kI bhASA hai aura yadi yaha bhASA bhArata ke kisI bhI kSetra se siMhala meM prasArita huI thI to vaha kSetra
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________________ kaliMga ke atirikta koI aura kSetra ho hI nahIM sktaa| haramana olDanavarga (H.Oldenburg) ne apanI tarkoM kI puSTI khAraveLa ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke AdhAra para kI hai| unake matAnusAra isa abhilekha kI bhASA zAstrIya pAli kI atyaMta nikaTavartI bhASA hai aura taba yaha abhilekha kaliMga ke jana -sAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM hI likhA gayA thaa| olDanavarga ke vaktavya ke pazcAta bauddha paNDita kArNa (.kern)ne pAli ko kaliMga aura AMdhra kI bhASAke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| ulanara ne (Woolner) kahA "pAli magadha kI bhASA nahIM hai| phirabhI maiM ise kaliMga kI bhASA mAnatA huuN|" bhaNDArakara ne apane karamAikala saMbhASaNa meM kahA -" yaha saca hai ki pAli kaliMga kI bhASA hai, para mahArASTra meM bhI yaha bhASA pracalita thii| uparokta AlocanAoM se yaha spaSTa rUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai ki " zAstrIya pAli bhASA ke udbhava aura vikAsa donoM ke liye kaliMga kI bhUmikA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| asamIyA paMr3ita veNimAdhava baDuA olDanavarga ke tarkoM kA samarthana to karate haiM para kaliMga ko pAli kI bhUmi ke rUpa meM svIkArate nahIM haiN| ve khaNDagiri aura udayagiri ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko pAli mAnane ko taiyAra haiM para use kaliMga kI loka bhASA mAnane ko kuNThita haiN| unake matAnusAra kaliMga meM janatA asabhya aura azikSita thI aura usa jaise eka anunnata kSetra meM pAlikA pracalana bilakula saMbhava nahIM haiN| ve phira kahate haiM ki kaliMga ke kisI vyakti ne hAthIgumphA abhilekha likhA nahIM hai| kaliMga meM kisI lekhaka ko na pAkara isa kArya ke liye gujarAta se eka jaina sanyAsI ko bulAyA gyaathaa| "majhijhama nikAya' graMtha se eka udAharaNa dekara unhoMne prAcIna kaliMga aura utkala ke logoM ko azikSita batAne kA ayathArtha prayAsa 85
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________________ kiyA hai| isI graMtha meM varNita hai ki utkala meM vassa [vatsa] aura bhaja (bhaMja) ina do jAti ke logoM kA nathikavAdI aura akiriA vAdI hone ke kAraNa pahale unhoMne buddha ke dvArA pracArita dharma ko svIkArA nahIM thaa| baDuA mahAzaya ne "ukkala vassa bhaba" meM se prathama do zabdoM ko "utkala varSa' aura 'bhatra' ko asabhya bhASA ke rUpameM vyutpanna kara kadartha hI kara diyA hai| I. pAMcIM sadI meM bauddha paNDita buddhaghoSa ne apane 'manoratha pusaNi' graMthameM isI ukkala vassa bhatra ko utkala ke vatsa aura bhaMja nAmase do jAtiyoM ke rUpameM darzAye haiN| lagatA hai baDuAjI ina graMtho ke bAre meM jAnate nahIM haiM, jAnate bhI hoM to upekSA se sahI artha jAnane kA prayAsa hI kiyA nahIM ho| para yaha to jAnanA cAhiye ki kadartha grahaNIya nahIM hotA aura vaha eka hAsyAspada asaphala tathA dAyitvahIna prayAsa hI kahalAtA hai! lipivida jayasvAla aura benarjI ne bhI hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI bhASA ko eka unnata bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkArA hai| unake matAnusAra yaha bhASA zAstrIya pAli kI atyaMta samIpavartinI bhASA hai| azoka-kAlIna mAgadhI prAkRta se yaha bhASA bhinna hai batalAte hue spaSTa rUpameM isakI svataMtratA para prakAza DAlA hai| para inhoMne bhI baDuA kI bhAMti ise kaliMga kI bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki khAraveLa ne isa abhilekha lekhana ke liye gujurAta yA mahArASTra se kisI jaina sAdhu ko lAyA thaa| unhoMne yaha pratipAdita karane ke liye hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI 16-vIM paMkti ke pATha ko AdhAra ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA thA jise pUrNata: galata mAnA jA cukA hai| hAthIgumphA amilekha kI bhASA ko kataI tatkAlIna gujurAta kI bhASA mAnI nahIM jA sktii| taba gujurAta meM paizAcI prAkRta bhASA pracalita thI jaba ki kaliMga oDU prAkRta kI bhUmi thii| 86
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________________ bharata ke nATyazAstra meM [I.1-2 sadI] isa oprAkRta ko "oDU vibhASA" ke nAma se nAmita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna saMskRti kI AlecanA ke kSetra meM bharata kI bhUmikA gurUtvapUrNa hai| ata: unakA abhimata praNidhAnayogya hai| unake praNIta nATyazAstra meM bhArata varSa / cAra sAMskRtika kSetroM meM vibhAjita hai| ve haiM "AvaMtI, dAkSiNAtya oDmAgadhI aura pAMcAlI": "caturvidhA pravRttizca proktA nATya pryoktibhiH| AvaMtI dAkSiNAtya ca pAMcAlI coddmaagdhii||" [13-17] anyatra isI graMtha meM cAra ke badale bharata muni ne pAMca sAMskRtika kSetroM kA ullekha kiyA hai: "AvaMtI dAkSiNAtya ca tthaacaivoddmaagdhii| pAMcAlI madhyamA ceti vijJeyAstu prvRttyH||" [6-26] bharata "pravRtti" kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM "nAnA deza veza bhASAcAra vArtA:" kahate haiN| arthAta alaga alaga kSatroM meM veza bhUSaNa, bhASA, taura tarIke Adi ke sammilita rUpa ko "pravRtti" kahA jAtA hai| uparokta uddhRti meM "AvaMti" pazcima bhAratIya saMskRti, "dAkSiNAtya" dakSiNa meM drAvir3a saMskRti, "madhyamA" madhya bhAratIya saMskRti, pAMcAlI' uttara bhAratIya saMskRti, tathA "oDU bhAgadhI" pUrva bhAratIya saMskRti kA dyotaka hai| oDramAgadhI saMskRti kI sImA ko bharata ne sudUra-vistAraNa batAyA hai| uttara meM nepAla se dakSiNa meM kaliMga, pUrva meM brahmadeza se pazcima meM vatsarAja taka yaha sAMskRtika kSetra vistRta hokara thaa| 87
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________________ aba isa prazna kA uThAyA jAnA ucita lagatA hai ki oDU prAkRta kI bhAMti eka unnata bhASA ko bharata ne kyoM oDU vibhASA ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA hai! isa saMdarbha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki drAmiLa yA drAvir3a bhASA ko bhI unhoMne vibhASA kahA hai yadyapi yaha bhASA bhI annata aura prAcIna hai| ataH "vibhASA" ke kAraNa " anunnata bhASA" kahA nahIM jA sktaa| kyoM ki jo kSetra Arya adhyuSita hokara nahIM the una kSetroM kI bhASA ko nATyazAstra meM "vibhASA" kahA gayA hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha se usa samaya ke lekhana, rUpa, gaNanA, AcaraNa vidhi, gAMdharva veda Adi kI zikSA kaliMga meM pracalita thI, isakA spaSTa pramANa milatA hai| isI graMtha meM hama unake vivaraNa de cuke haiN| khAraveLa ke khaNr3agiri - udayagiri abhilekha aura zilAMkana Aja bhI kaliMga kI suunnata aitihyamaya sAMskRtika paraMparA kA zreSTha nidarzana ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| ataH khAraveLa - kAlIna kaliMga ko asabhya aura azikSita batalAne kA prayAsa azobhanIya hogA tathA use itihAsa ko vibhrAMta karane kA zaikSika aparAdha hI kahA jAegA / khAraveLa ke hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI bhASA kaliMga kI unnata nijasva bhASA hai aura usakA lekhana kArya kaliMga-saMtAna ke dvArA hI saMpanna huA thA, isa kathana ke khaNr3ana ke liye kisI bhI aitihAsika tarka prastuta kiyA nahIM jA sakatA / hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAeM haiN| vidvAnoM ne isameM aMtarnihita kAvyika tathA prabhAvazAlI gadyazailI ke kAraNa samagra bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM viziSTa sthAna diyA hai| nice prayoga kiye gaye kucheka prAkRta zabda tathA saMskRta pratizabda pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke liye de rahe haiM: 88
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________________ saMskRta bRhaspati mitra rAjagRha prAkRta bahasatimita rAjagahaM isinaM kaparUkha rathika siri dutiye tatiye veDuriya yovarAjaM RSinaM kalpavRkSa rASTrika zrI dvitIye tRtIye vaidurya yauvarAjyaM muriya maurya turiya taurya varSe vase uvAsaga vijAdhara savavijA patipAdayati goradhAgiri radha utarApatha hathi sAtakani seyayo upAsaka vidyAdhara sarvavidyA pratipAdayati gorathagiri ratha uttarApatha hastI sAtakarNI zaizava hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM "*", "ra" aura "rapha" kI mAtrAoM kA prayoga hue nahIM haiN| kevala "sa" kA hI prayoga hai| jabaki
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________________ azoka ke abhilekhoM meM "za", "sa" aura "Sa" tInoM haiM / inake atirakta hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM "Ja", "Dha" aura "pha" bhI nahIM haiM / sarvatra " kSa" sthAna para "kha" kA prayoga huA hai| yadyapi "Na" aura "na", donoM varNa haiM, phira bhI anekatra "Na" ke sthAna para "na" kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| anekatra "dha" ne "tha" kA sthAna grahaNa kiyA hai jabaki abhilekha meM kaI jagaha " tha" kA bhI ullekha hai| sAvalIla uccAraNa ke liye sAre abhilekha meM yukta vyaMjana barNoM kA mAno parihAra huA ho / mAtra do hI zabda haiM- "kanha" " aura bAmhaNa" jinameM 'ha' ke sAtha 'na' aura 'ma' ko saMyojita kiyA gayA hai| anusvAra kA bharapUra prayoga hai, para visarga kahIM bhI nahIM hai / hAthIgumphA abhilekhako kevala bhASA aura sAhityika mUlya ke liye bhAratavarSa meM pramukhatA yA prasiddhi milI nahIM hai, ise khAraveLa ke rAjatva ke prathama se lekara terahaveM varSa taka ke dhArA vivaraNoM ke sAtha sabhI unnayana kAryoM ke, yahAM taka ki rASTrIya vikAsa ke liye vyaya ke vivaraNa bhI kahA jAegA pradatta hai, aura usa jaisA eka samasAmayika abhilekha bhArata bhara meM durlabha hai| eka Adarza mahArAjA ke dakSa zAsana meM kaliMga itihAsa kA eka vizeSa kAlakhaNDa ko udghoSita karanevAlA yaha abhilekha apratima hai| O 90
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________________ sandarbha grantha - sUcI Dr. H.K. Mahatab- History of Orissa Dr. N.K. Sahu - History of Orissa, Vol. I (U.U.) Dr. N.K. Sahu - Kharavela Dr. N.K. Sahu - Buddhism in Orissa Dr. K.C.Panigrahi- History of Orissa Paramananda Acharya- Studies in Orissan History, Archaeology and Archives. R.D. Benarjee - History of Orissa, Vol.I B.M. Barua - Old Brahmi Inscriptions in Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves. Buhler- Indian Palaeography A.H. Dani - Indian Palaeography. G.H. Ojha- Indian Palaeography (Hindi) Cunningham- Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.I, Hiralal- Inscriptions of C.P. and Berar. A.P. Sastri - Early Inscriptions of Bihar and Orissa. B.C. Mazumdar - Orissa in the Making. Oldenburg- The Vinaya Pitaka- Vol.I Debla Mitra - Udayagiri and Khandagari Dr.K.C. Panigrahi- Archaeological Remains of Bhubaneswar. J. Prinsep- Essays on Indian Antiquities. D.C. Sircar- Select Inscription- Vol-1 P.L. Gupta- Coins Dr. H.C. Das - Cultural Development in Orissa. Dr. R.P.Mohapatra - Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves Sahu, Mishra and Sahu - History of Orissa. S.N. Agrawal - Orissan Palaeography. 91
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________________ Epigraphia Indica. Indian Historical Quarterly Journal of Andhara Historical Research Society. Indian Antiquary. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society. Journal of the Kalinga Historical Research Society. Orissa Historical Research Journal. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. hindI balabhadra jaina - bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha kAzIprasAda jayazvAla- khAravela ke zilAlekha kA vivarana sAhitya saMgama (saM.) - utkala darzana mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, ( gItA presa ) oDiA DaoN. navIna kumAra sAhU- oDiA jAtira itihAsa kedAranAtha mahApAtra - zrIkhAraveLa DaoN. satyanArAyaNa rAjaguru - oDiA lipira krama vikAza DaoN. satyanArAyaNa rAjaguru - oDizA itihAsa DaoN. yajJa kumAra sAhu - oDizA itihAsa DaoN. dhirendra nAtha paTnAyaka - saM- abhinaya darpaNa oDizA sAhitya akAdamI- nATya zAstra / 92
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________________ .VN I{71 m 1870 113*9*5 24 / 14 1 4 / h 332 mrk yTh3 Tp +mwz m 1973m b`r381 339 41 4 37 (r wz : 111
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________________ rakha 1 SNA #fruced fowihind bespobal seordea burn, sapn. Its JYPX 23 PIYs yo Jungu? NeonkyAYYU PORT TE$93897 TL10999139Y ZIUNTRY TEDYRYZJYP TOOSMADA TAJ
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________________ NA WS
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________________ V . 19 . 20 S. . gen A OS a Y
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________________ tilA khAraveLa kA digvijaya patha | - gaMgA ( magadha pATalIpana .. mahAna. . .1 : kA For abharAvata kAMcI saMketa nadiyA rAjadhAnI digvijaya patha
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________________ : Hui Guo Liu Guo Guo Guo Guo Guo
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________________ villa was nymy 5
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________________ FVN M xco .. TEAZA . asi Y .. Y . . . . 2 KA
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________________ Nannie . : VE RI IMATAJINA 1518ISATIREAKThe 19 PRATIBA Y Kiwics : VEHTANUARCH ...OMDEH. Tar DADAR 8 6ga If ..... . P inch h 6ghaRAM
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________________ B Jit 1
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________________ v`sSH 82 Xing
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________________ FORMA 10 FA Li 8 kha binn nt
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________________ 8 J U
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________________ Ye - --- Yin ::: 7 : . .
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________________ 9a ((6)
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________________ . y WARE Fyr
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________________ Huwwuula wie YM: NA . 11
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________________ 13 STIITIYIZAUKOTLO I TO PITIA SNA 12 dPS 78% F$?PSPS d SNA
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________________ 14
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________________ 15
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________________ 23 BA
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________________ led 2 tilt: 17 SE
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________________ 1 37 HAALLESPIers 2 18 2xx KK .... J4 L ADD 75 2+? 73 UV eto Ta 3 `d Jokr Z + ches U V bbb d mg. 333 20020 voz 1 2 21094349 +- 49018~81 g Lo I YYYYY E l < 20 TUOOTX1 IX3 I ra | | / a J 886 b MAA t 3 I T ULL 00 te ta 4 44 II I 1 pp | d i EN ANN
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________________ kA TA mA ki kI ku F EUR & t t t cU ke je no ro mo d 7 PS 1 T 4 bamhaNAna *TI X(r) 61 SNA
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