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skarandaka, Lokaprakasha etc. and their commentaries. Acharya Sagarananda Suri then admitted that it was not possible to prepare a Jain Panchanga exclusively on the data available in works on Jain Astronomy, as such data was insufficient and defective. I think the Jain Tippana lost currency on this very account and popular or secular Panchanga took its place from very early times, even in the age of Umasvati. This Laukika Panchanga is prepared in accordance with Tables of Hindu Astronomers today represented by the Grahalaghaviya System. The scheme of the Laukika Panchanga contains about ten ksaya tithis and five to six vrddha tithis in the year, and their occurrence is not regular as in the scheme of Siddhanta Tippana. Similarly the scheme of intercalary months is not restricted to Pausa and Asadha, but may be almost any month.
As this Laukika Panchanga came into vogue and as it contained ksaya and vrddhi of tithis, it was necessary to lay down rules for adjustments caused by this phenomenon; for, even though a tithi is ksina. the duties prescribed for that tithi are not to be dropped, nor in the case of vrddhi of a tithi are they to be doubled, or practised twice. Hence Umasvati, a famous Acharya of early centuries of the Vikrama Era, an Acharya whose authority is accepted by all sects and sub-sects of Jains, was required to enunciate certain principles, re: ksaya and vrddhi of tithis and as tradition unanimously declares, he framed the Rule : क्षये पूर्वी तिथिः कार्या वृद्धौ कार्या तथोत्तरा. My findings therefore on this issue are that the Jain Tippana or Siddhanta Tippana lost currency since very early times or times of Umasvati; in any case it had lost currency in the year 1159 V. E. when the first split among the Jain Svetambara monks occured. In the Vidhimargaprapa (page 119) of Jinaprabha Suri, who wrote this work in 1363 V. E., there is clear reference to the loss of Siddhanta Tippana.
After the loss of Siddhanta Tippana the Jain community, both of monks and laymen, adopted the Laukika Tippana for religious as well as secular purposes. This Tippana, as mentioned above, contained about ten ksin as against six of the Siddhanta Tippana, and about five to six vrddha tithis as against nil in the Siddhanta Tippana. It is the use of this Laukika Tippana which created several difficulties, discussions, and even dissensions among the community of Jains. The origin of Purnima, Kharatara and other Gacchas is primarily to be traced to the difficulties caused by the adoption of this Laukika Panchanga. In several works of all these schools, therefore, the topic of tithis is very hotly discussed. The followers of Tapagaccha stuck to the old practice, adopted once for all, Umasvati's Rule, and allowed only one slight change in the date of Samvatsari as ordered by Kalakacharya and a consequent change to Asadha Chaturdashi from Purnima for their quarterly Pratikramana. There are several
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