Pushkarmuni Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Devendramuni, A D Batra, Shreechand Surana
Publisher: Rajasthankesari Adhyatmayogi Upadhyay Shree Pushkar Muni Abhinandan Granth Prakashan Samiti

Page 445

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श्री पुष्करमुनि अभिनन्दन ग्रन्थ : चतुर्थ खण्ड
Class Reptilia : (Parisar pas)-75: Lizards (grhagolikā), snake (ahi), turtles (kūrma), crocodiles (makara) etc. The body is covered with scales derived from the epidermis of the skin. The animals breathe by means of lungs and have a three-chambered heart.
Class Aves176: The birds (Pakşin): Warm-blooded animals whose skin is covered with feathers (lomas of paksa).
Class Mammalia: 77: Warm-blooded animals whose skin is covered with hair. The females have mammary glands, which secrete milk for the nourishment of the young, e. g. cow (go), buffalo (Mahisa), goat (ajā), sheep (avika), horse (aśva), ass (Khara) camel (ustra), deer (mga), etc, up to man (manuşya).
Sub-Class Eutheria : The placental mammals (Jarāyujas). The young develop within the uterus of the mother, obtaining nourishment via the placenta, e. g. Man, cow, Buffalo, goat, sheep, etc. 177 Potajas also, e. g. elephant.
Order Insectivora: Primitive Insect eating mammals; moles and shrews, e. g. Savita and Läpaka178 (Hedgehogs and other creatures that lap up, Insectivora.178
Order Chiroptera: Bats (Valgulī).180 Order Carnivora : Dogs (Sunaga or Sva), Cats (bidālia), bears (Rkşa) etc.181 Order Rodentia : Rats (mūşikas), squirrels. (śayika), beavers and procupines (sallaka),
etc. 182
Order Lagomorpha : Rabbits 183 (Saśaka) and hares. (Saba). Order Primates : Monkeys, apessi and man (manusya) 85 Order Artiodatyla : Even-toed ungulates (Dukhură), e. g. cattle, dear, camels, etc. 166 Order Perissodactyla : Odd-toed ungulates (egakhurā) horses, rhinoceroses, etc..? Order Proboscidea : (Gandipada): Elephants (Hasti), 1 88 Order Cetaces : Whales (Timi). 189
It is suggestive from the survey of the classification of the plant and animal kingdoms that the Jainācāryas recognized in principle the grades of likeness or similarity in animal classifications, viz. (1) the complete identity of type which exists within a single species, (2) the likeness between species of the same great genus (such species have the same bodily parts), differing only in degree in number, size, etc. and (3) the likeness by analogy between greatest genera themselves on the basis of sense-organs, for they grasped firmly the homology between arm, foreleg, wings, fin, between bone and fish spine, between feather and scale. 10
They never applied any cut-and-dried classifications of animals. They were well aware of the difficulties of the existence of isolated species which fall under no recognized greatest genera and species intermediate between two such genera. But their classification is clear enough in its main lines. It was in great advance of anything that preceded it in the Vedic period and no further advance on it was made in the field of Ancient Indian Biology. 181
The widest divisions are Dvindriya (two-sensed). Trindriya (three-sensed). caturindriya, (four-sensed), and Pancendriya (five-sensed) animals, answering to the modern Invertebrates (two-sensed, three-sensed and four-sensed animals) and Vertebrates (five-sensed animals) on the basis of the number of sense-organ?? possessed by each of them and also on that of habitatJalacara (aquatic), Sthalacara (terrestrial) and Nabhacara (aerial) 1:8 Of the pancendriyas (fivesensed animals) the main genera are viviparous quadrupeds-cetacea (Jarāyuja) and oviparous (andaja), birds (paksin), apoda-oviparous reptiles (parisarpas) and amphibia (frog.manduka) and oviparous fishes (matsyas),
Besides these, there are the isolated species--man and certain intermediate speciesmonkey (golāngula) etc. Dvindriya, Trindriya, and Caturindriya pränis (lower and higher invertebrates) and divided on the basis of the consistency of their jnner and outer parts and sense-organs
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