Pushkarmuni Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Devendramuni, A D Batra, Shreechand Surana
Publisher: Rajasthankesari Adhyatmayogi Upadhyay Shree Pushkar Muni Abhinandan Granth Prakashan Samiti

Page 444

A Survey of the plant and Animal Kingdoms as Revealed in Jaina Biology
Yos
characterized by elongated, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical bodies they live as parasites in plants and animals, or are free living in the soil or water.
Phylum Annelida : The segmented worms (Nūpuraka). There is a distinct head, digestive tract coleom, and in some non-jointed appendages. The digestive system is divided into specialized regions.
Class Hirudinea : The leeches (Jaluka)15: flattened annelids lacking bristles and parapodia, but with suckers at anterior and posterior ends.
Phylum Arthropoda: Segmental animals with jointed appendages and a hard, chitinous skin, with a body divided into head, thorax and abdomen, e. 8., gandupada252 (knotty legged, Arthropoda, including crustacea, Myriapoda, etc.)
Class Crustacea : Lobsters, crabs, etc. (a class of gandupada)153 Animals that are usually aquatic have two pairs of antennae, and respire by means of gills.
Class Chilopoda: The Centipeds (Şatapadika).154 Each body segment except the head and tail has a pair of legs.
Class Arachnoidea : Spiders (Nandyāvarta)155, scorpions (Vğścikas).156 Adults have no antennae : the first pair of appendages ends in pincers, the second pair is used as jaws and the last four pairs are used for walking.
Class Insecta (kita) : The largest group of animals, mostly terrestrial. The body is divided into a distinct head, with four pairs of appendages; the thorax has three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings; the abdomen has no appendages. Respiration by means of tracheae. There are different orders of insects157 of which the following are common in Jaina Biology.
Order Orthoptera: Grass hoppers (Patanga) 158 etc. Order Isoptera: Termites (Kāştbāhārakas), 159 etc. Order Anoplura : Lice (Kärpāsāsthika)160, (Aptera, Ametabola) Order Coleoptera: Cucumber-Weevils (Trapusamimjiya), etc. Order Lepidoptera: Butterflies and moths (Kita).151 Order Diptera: Flies (Maksikā), mosquitos (masaka) and gnats (Puttika). 62
Order Hymenoptera: Ants (pipilikā)163 wasps (Varatas), 164 bees (bhramaras): 15 and gall flies (Damśas). 1 66
Phylum Mollusca : Unsegmented, soft-bodied animals, usually covered by a shell, and with a ventral muscular foot. Respiration is by means of gills, protected by a fold of the body wall, e. g. Sankha (conchifera, Lamelli branchiata), Suktika (pear-mussels) Lamelli Branchiata) 167
Class Gastropoda: Snails (Sambuka), 1 68 etc.
Phylum Echinoderamata168: Marine animals which are radially symmetrical as adults, bilaterally symmetrical as larvae.
Phylum Chordata : Bilaterally symmetrical animals with a notochord, gill clefts in pharynx, and a dorsal, hollow neural tube.
Subphylum Vertebrata171: (Five-sensed Animals)--Animals having a definite head, a backbone of vertebrae, a well-developed brain and usually, two pairs of limbs. They have ventrally located heart, and a pair of well developed eyes.
Class Chonodrichthyes 112: Sharks, etc, e. g. Fishes with a cartilaginous skeleton and scales of dentin and enamal imbedded in the skin.
Class Osteichthyes 173 : The bony fishes, e. g. Rohitaka (Selly fish), etc.
Class Amphibia 174: Frog (Manduka), toads, (a kind of mandukas), Salamanders, (Lizard like animal) etc.
As larvae these forms breathe by gills, as adults they breathe by lungs. There are two pairs of five toed limbs; the skin is usually scaleless.