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________________ THE FREE INDOLOGICAL COLLECTION WWW.SANSKRITDOCUMENTS.ORG/TFIC FAIR USE DECLARATION This book is sourced from another online repository and provided to you at this site under the TFIC collection. It is provided under commonly held Fair Use guidelines for individual educational or research use. We believe that the book is in the public domain and public dissemination was the intent of the original repository. We applaud and support their work wholeheartedly and only provide this version of this book at this site to make it available to even more readers. We believe that cataloging plays a big part in finding valuable books and try to facilitate that, through our TFIC group efforts. In some cases, the original sources are no longer online or are very hard to access, or marked up in or provided in Indian languages, rather than the more widely used English language. TFIC tries to address these needs too. Our intent is to aid all these repositories and digitization projects and is in no way to undercut them. For more information about our mission and our fair use guidelines, please visit our website. Note that we provide this book and others because, to the best of our knowledge, they are in the public domain, in our jurisdiction. However, before downloading and using it, you must verify that it is legal for you, in your jurisdiction, to access and use this copy of the book. Please do not download this book in error. We may not be held responsible for any copyright or other legal violations. Placing this notice in the front of every book, serves to both alert you, and to relieve us of any responsibility. If you are the intellectual property owner of this or any other book in our collection, please email us, if you have any objections to how we present or provide this book here, or to our providing this book at all. We shall work with you immediately. -The TFIC Team.
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________________ bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI jJAnapITha-granthAgAra "jANaM payAsa" kRpayA - (1) maike hAthoMse pustakako sparza na kiijiye| jidapara kArAga paaye| (1) pate sahAka kara ulaTiye / dhUpa prayoga na kIjiye 1 (1) vijJAnIke kiye pate na mor3iye, na koI moTI cIz2a rahiye / kAkA kar3A kAfI hai| (s) hAkSiyoMpara vijJAna na banAiye, na kucha kijiye / (5) kI pustaka ulaTakara na rajiye, na doharI karake pahiye / (6) pukhakako samayapara avazya choTA dIjiye / "haiM, inakI vinaya kIjiye"
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________________ ..sau. savitAbAI mUla kAdiyA smAraka prayAga 015 namaH sidempH| saMkSipta jaina itihaas| (bhAga 3-khaMDa 5) vijayanagara mAmrAjyakA itihAsa va jainadharma) lekhaka:zrI. bApU kAmatAprasAdajI jaina, P.L, M.R.A.S. oNnarerI mamAdaka "vIra" - "jaina siddhAnta bhAskara " oNnarerI majisTreTa aura asisTanTa karekTara tathA aneka aitihAsika jana pranyoMka racayitA, malIgaMja (eTA) 0000 prakAza:mUlacanda kimanadAsa kApar3iyA, mAlika, digambara jaina pustakAlaya-sUrata / "digambara jaina " patraka 43 varSake grAhakoMko sva0 sau. savitAbAI mUlacanda kApaDiyA, muranake smaraNAya bheTa / prathamAvRti] [prati ... bAra saM0 2476 mUlya-Der3ha rupyaa|
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________________ na vijayasa
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________________ PRA M '.. Fore . . sva0 sau. savitAbAI smAraka graMthamAlA naM. 12 hamArI di. dharmantrI sau mavitAbAI vIra saM. 1456 meM (20 vaSe hue ) sirpha 22 varSako AyumeM eka putra ci0 mAI (bo 16 varSakA hokara 8 sAla hue svargavAsIgaNa hai) aura eka putrI ci. damayaMtIko 1 // vapakI chaDakara svargavAsinI huI thA usa samaya unake smaraNArtha hamane 2622) kA dAna kiyA thA jimase 2...) sthAyI zAnadAnake liye nikAle the jisame hama granthamAlAkI sthApanA huI hai| isa anyamAlAko orase Aja taka nimna ligvita 11 aMga prakaTa sekara ve digambara na' yA jaina mahilA' ke prAhakoMko bheTa dive gajuke hai 5-aitihAsika siyAM (. candAbAjI kata) ... // ) 2-saM0 jana itihAsa hi khaMDa (na0kAmatAprasAda) m) -paMcarata (bA. kAmatAprasAdajI hata) ... ... ) "-40 jaina itihAsa (hi.bhAga vira) ... 5-pAra pAThAvali (bAla kAmatAprasAdajI) ... ... la) 1-natva (mapIka vi. zAha) ... ... ... .)
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________________ 7-saM0 jaina itihAsa (tI0 bhAga prathama khaMDa) ... 11) 8-prAcIna jaina itihAsa 3ga mAga (mUlacanda vatsala kRta) 1) 0-0na itihAsa (tI0 mAga tI0 khaMDa) ... 1) 10-mAdarza jaina cayAM (bA. kAmatAprasAdajI) ... / ) 11-jana taka mAya (dhAkRta va anuvAdaka paM. svataMtrajI) ) aura yaha * vA prajya maMkSipta jama itihAsa mA0 3 khaMDa pAMnAM pAThakoka mane jo digambara jaina ke 43 veM varSake grArako ka bheTa diyA jA ... nayA imakI kula pratiyAM vikrayA bhI nikAlI gii| ma aitahAnika prAyaM labaka zrI pA. kAmatA prasAdajI jana ( alaga ) ne isa bhAga 600 varSa pahale kA arthAt san 130014.. ke samayakA zrI vijayanagara (dakSiNa) sAmrAjya jimameM kaI jana gajA bhI gaye hai unakA nihAma 28 agraMjI va hindo pranyoMse saMkalana kiyA jo kArya atIva kaThina hai aura Apa aisA kArya oNnararI tose hI kAma kara hai ata: akayaha saMvaH bhatIva dhanyavAdaka pAtra va anukaraNIya hai| jana prama meM dAna no banAtA hai 2kana umameM vidyAdAna va zastradAnakI vizeSa avazyAnA anaH da kanakI dizA-badalaneko bhAvazyaktA hai anaH dAnakI rakamakA upayoga vidyAdAna nayA isa prakArako graMthamAlA nikAlakara hI tyAcI zAstradAnako hI vyavasthA karanI cAhiye / bhAyA hai hamAre pAThaka sanivedana dhyAna dekheNge| nivedakasurata-bIra saM0 2476 / mUlacaMda kimanadAsa kApar3iyA, , vaizAkha sudI / tA. 22-4-5. -kAzaka -
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________________ . EHIMAANINDIA HARAMHIROININAHANI do shbd| EK "saMkSipta jana imihAsa" ke bhAga tInakA yaha pAMcavAM maMDa pAThakoMke karakamaloM meM samarpita karate hue hamako prasatA hai| prastuta khaMDameM jaina dharmake prArambhika itihAsakA punaH darzana karAte hue hamane vijayanagara sAmrAjya-kAlama umake abhyudayakA digadazana karAyA hai| vijayanagara sAmrAjyako sthApanA zaiva, vaiSNava, jaina, bauddha aura liMgAyata sabhI hinduoMne milakara kI thI. kyoMki usa samaya uttarabhArata para adhikAra jamAkara mulalamAna AkramaNenA dakSiNa bhAratakI aura bar3ha rahe the aura bhAratakA prAcIna dhama maryAdA evaM saMskRtikA saMrakSaNa karanA atyanta Avazyaka thaa| sabhI mAmpradAyA~ka loga isa saMkaTake samaya saMgaThanakI mAvazyakatAko samajha gaye aura unhoMne pAmpradAyika bhadabhAvako bhulA diyA thaa| kAcina kaI kahara sAmpradAyavAdI alpa-makhyaka janoM Adiko dumvI kAnA tA vijayanagara pamrATa umakA saMrakSaNa karate the| jiyanagara mamrAToMka nikaTa sabhI dharma aura sampradAya eka samAna the| vijayanagaraMka kaI samrATa svataH jaina dharmAnuyAI the, unake anekoM sAmanta aura bahunase senApati. rAjamaMtrI nathA yoddhA bhI jana the| hama kAlameM jainAna vaMzaka maMrakSaNa, nirmANa aura samutthAnameM parA2 bhAga liyA thaa| yaha maba bAta prastuta khaMDa par3hanase pAThakoMko svayaMmeva pragaTa ho jaayeNgii| pApakagaNa! yadi isase lAbhAnvita hue to hama apanA pravAsa saphala humA samajhage / prastRta svarakI racanA hameM bigara zraoNnoMse sahAyatA mikI hai unakA ullekha hamane yathAsthAna kara diyA hai. hama unake prati mAtA pragaTa karate haiN| vizeSataH hama zrI paM0 nemIcaMdajI jyotiSAcArya,
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________________ [ 6 ] adhyakSa jaina siddhAMtabhavana, bArA gaurophesara AbhArI hai ki jinhoMne kI thiiN| hamAre mitra zrI0 [malacanda kisanadAsa kApar3iyAjI isa khaMDako bhI vavat prakAzita karake " digambara jaina " ke grAhakoMko upahArameM rahe haiM. aura isa prakAra isakA sahaja pracAra kara rahe hai / etadatha hama unake AbhArako bhI nahIM bhulA skte| alIgaMja (eTA) dinAMka 12-4-50 e. sAMdhave bambaIke sAhityika pustakeM bhejanekI kRpA } vinIta kAmatAprasAda jaina | /
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________________ vissy-suucii| 36 viSaya pR0 viSaya prAkathana ! 4-vijayanagara rAjyako sthApanA32 1-jinendra va jaina 1 / 5-vijayanagarakA prathama 2-prArambhika itihAsa 2 gajavaMza (kAkatIya nahI) 34 3-jainadharmake saMsthApaka RSabhadeva 3' 6-dazI bhI nahIM 4-bhAgavatmeM RSabhakA bhaktAra 5' 7-valAlavaMzasa sambandha 35 5-RgvedameM RSabha 7 8-sagama (yAdava) gajabaMza 36 6-RSabha janoMke mUla puSpa haiM 9, 9-mAma nareza 7-pAzvanAthajI saMsthApaka .1.-mUlavAsa bora vijayanagara 38 nahIM hai 1011-vijayanagarakA vaibhava 4. 8-siMdhuke pugatatvameM manadhama 11 12-hAhara prathama 9-sumera loga aura janakSama 13 14-harake zAsanameM jainadharma 43 1.-naMhagatA mAhana dasameM 15 14-bukAgaya prathama 11-bhAratIya pugatatva meM tIrthaMkara 17 15-anaukA saMrakSaNa 44 12-upAsameM 18 16-NavoM aura janoM meM saMdhi 45 13-bhagavAna mahAvIra 2117-gaSTrIya saMgaThana aura matasa0 47 14-balagama 1218-rabira dvitIya 48 15- pAsa 24 19-hari di. ke kArya 49 1-vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA 20-buka hi va devarAya pathama 50 itihAsa-prathama saMgamarAja- 21-ThevAyakA denA pIna 5. vaMza aura jainadharma- 21-devarAya / aname 51 1-mAratakI pUrva sviti 28.11-vijayarAe 2-vijayanagara gayaka 24-mahAn zAsaka devagaya di. 51 bhaugolika spiti 1925-1ba aura zAna 41 5.. 1-netika pavi .25-videzI yAtrI
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________________ [8] viSaya 7-vAya di. jainadharma .5 8-dhArmika sahiSNutA 28-mallikArjuna va vinyA 56 / -samAja vyavasthA 29-saMgama gajavaMza pakSa 58 ..-strI samAja 2-vijayanagarake mAluva / 11-jaina saMtra vyavasthA vaM anya rAjavaMza aura 12-jaina maniyoM kA cAritra 79 unake zAsanakAla meM janadhama- 13-muniyoMkA mahAna vyaktitva 8. *-mAma bama luA gajanaraza 5: 15-yika ye 81 2-mAnna janadhama 5: 15-zrAvaka zrAvikArya 3-mAdI nadi 60 16-sampadAyika vidveSa 4- lAmiha 6. aura pAraka prabhAva 84 5- 61 - 17-yAnna ya zAsaka jano the 86 6- gaya aura janadhama 62 18-vijayanagara gamakumAra 7-bATIda nanda63 aura dharma 87 8-samra? acyuta 63 1:-vijayanagaka sAmanta :-apana aura mahAzava 64 aura jainadharma 87 ... Elinati zAmana 65 20-ka balba evaM ka Ggalya 1-11414 (Avida vaMza) 65 vaMzake jaina zAmaka 88 12-mAvamika patana 66 21-gajamaMtrI cana vommamma 89 3-ghajayanagarako zAsana 22-daMDAdhiSa maGgagsa vyavasthA tathA sAmantI ora 23-saMgItapuTake sAluvanareza kamevAriyAMma jainadharma / aura jainadharma 1-hindu saMgaThana 68 24-rAjamantrI padma 2-samrAT aura maMtra maMDapa 68 . 25-mAluva malirAyAdi 3-maMtrI maMDapa aMtara 6 janadharmaka bhAbhayadAtA 92 4-zAsana vibhAga 7. 26-gukhAya aura bhairava nareza 5-grAma bhyavasthA 71 jainadharma prabhAvaka ye 93 -jyakara ra vyApAra 72 27-jesoppeke zAsakagaNa stioM ke bhAva kArya ! . . mora naparma 14
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________________ + 28-sammAna devarAva baDevara 944-rameza devappa 29-bAra merasa -kavirAja pradhAna mAdi bhojaparma 99 rAmasArI 115 1.nanogeke mahAga 9848-mpagoDapora jainadharma 111 1-sAnA kAmadeva 99 .9-natAkA dharma bhora 12-rAmA hammIra bhagvendra 5.-bhavaNavegona aura narma 51-loSaNa teca 12. 1-meva marasana narezoM ke 52-kRSTa 122 53-tanidhi 34-avazeSa sAmaMta bhora 54-3khare ana dharma 1.2 55-senApati siriyana 125 15-tanidhike sAmanta 56-'udara baMja' guru paraMparA 125 jainadharma prabhAvaka 1.3 57-iliMgere 128 36-bhAvAlatAmke mahAprabhu 58-rAmadurga aura dAnavulapa'du 129 aura janadharma 59-zRGgariba narasiMha rAjapura 13. 37-kRpparake zAsaka 60-pAzvavastI' maMdira 15. aura anadharma 11-minendra maMgam 13. 38-sAvanta muddappa 62-bAgakurana mulika mAridra 111 39-gopa mahAprabhU 1.761-kArakA 4.-kariyapya banAyaka 1.8 41-rAmanAyaka | 65-takAna menAhitya 42-viNyanagarake bhaneka senApati / bhaura kA 116 mora ganamantrI jaina ye 1.9/16-dakSiNamAratAnAcArya 136 1-maMtrI ignAppa 11.67-sa manya bhASAyeM 136 44-senApati ra bhora 68-samkata bhASA yi 130 emAppa 19169- sAhitya bhAra 107 132 gaNa sArasvatagayA 193 .-nadharma pani kAraNa 14.
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________________ saMketAkSara suucii| nimalakhita saketAkSaroM meM phuTanoToM dvArA praNabako HWAR mA hai| pAThaka une mAle- -: : 1. ASM RAATinokala sarve oNpha maisUra ( panukA ripArTa 1929, 30, 31 se 36 ', baMgalora / R. Pro=falafe saith Epigrapbia Carnatica, 3. hikAoyana hiTaeNrikala kATAlI, lAsa / 4. AsAmamA mabhanandana anya (pandI sAhitya sammelana, pryaag)| 5. kopaNa-do kA mizansa oNna kabalA, mA.bAglU nijAma) 6. apisonaya bhAva do bihAra aina AhisA mirca Giant, pttnaa| .. jamIsinAla bhASa do mauyika sosAiTI, baMgalora / 8. J. A. ai na paSTa keI (mAsika patra, bArA / 1. kAna ma epa karNATaka kacara, zarmA 194. (pAravADa) 10. jaikaka0=sTika jana kavi (sIjI) 11. simAnana siddhAnta maaraa| 12. azimana zilAlekha ra (mANikacandra panAlA ) saM. prA. ho / 13. pakSimi mata, jaina va ana , . bhu. pATIla sa, lo| 14. mA abhimAna jaya (bhI vazapATIkamagaDha 1946) PM. ignorron't haiza (Gazetoer, of the Bombay Pposs), Campbell, (1896). sAnA pATemAla ()
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________________ [11] 17. marmamA jaismA-madrAsa-maisUra prAcIna na smAraka (50 zIta-- prasAda, surata ). 18. mohana010 mArazala kRta 'mohanajodaro' (laMdana) 19. Major-Maijor, India in the Filteenth Century, ( London.) 20. bhAprArA-bhAratake prAcIna rAjavaMza, zrI vizvazvagnAya re ukRta, bbii| 21. mArApAsmA0 madhyaprAnta aura rAjasthAna ke prAcIna menasmAraka. zItalaprasAdanI kRta, (sarata'. 22. me0 meDiyebila janojma, zrI bhAskara Ananda sAletorana, bmii| 23. maiMmAriAryAlaoNjikala sarve ripoTa oNpha masara (baMgalaura) 24. maiku0=maisUra eNDa kurga phrAma zima, zrI luI gaImakRta / 25. vivijayanagara sAmra jyakA itihAsa ( zrI vasudeva upAdhyAya naI dillI, 1945). 26. sIvaila0%Lists of Inscrips......of South India Arch. Survey of S. India ( 1884.) 27. saMjeha-saMkSima jana itihAsa sarata-28, bhavaNabelagola gainuka maiMsara / 28. hindu0=mAnanIya zrI javAharalAla neharUkRta "hindusta nakI kahAnI" naI dillI, 1947.:
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________________ namaH siddheshyH| kArabA saMkSipta jaina itihaas| (bhAga : khaNDa 5) praakthn| bhAzana jindA aura jina jinhoMne mAnavIya kamajogiyoM kA jAna liyA :-- jitAntaya haiM-aura hai ke kalyANakattA ! vaha nA mA nAkAhAna haiM, janI hI padacihoM para calakara mahimA manitA ki... vizva ajJaHnakAlaya karate Aye haiN| inakAra jana una mAnyoM kA samudAya kA hai jo mahimA dharbhake upAsaka aura usake prakAzaka rahe haiM / jaina saMgha bhAratIya za, vizvaka mamI' loga mmilita huye aura jaina zAsanako isa saMgaThita kameM unahoMne mAta banAyA / jinendra nAti aura ke
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________________ .. .. S ee saMkSiA jaina itihaam| kAyama nahIM the-jAti aura kucha zeyavahAkI cIja hai| use laukika jIvanako puvidhA ke liye vahIM taka mAnanA ThIka hai, vahAM saka mahimA dharmako vigadhanA na ho / jAti aura kulako lekara yadi mAnava mAnavameM ucca nIcakA meda hale to vaha buga hai| jinendrane ume jAnidora kuna mana kahA hai aura madyakI nAha umko tyAjya batAyA hai| janazAsanameM jainala hI svAya cIja hai-usa jaina kulmeM mI mamopajIvI mAna kammalana hote mAye haiM . bhAmagAMcI bhArya, davira, mapura va maga traya, 35. zudra aura vidyAdhara gakSasa, bAnA mAra sanI va gAna3 jinndraka kta jainI rahe hai| vAstava jana jana taka hai jo hiMsA dharmakA himAyatI aura upa cAvala hai| eMpA jaina vizvazAntikA kSaka aura mAnake AmavikAmamA sanaka rahA hai| manarava se matalaba usa mahA mAnavasa hai jisakA kAma vizva hai aura vizvameM jisakA sAmana calA hai| jaina pugoM meM vizvavyApI aura zAmana kA itihApa surakSita hai| unameM mAnavIya mabhya jabanake vikAzakA itihAsa chuza humA hai| pArmikatAke cala se bAhara nikAya kA saM mahAzameM manakI bhAzyakatA hai| saMkSAta na itihAsa' ke prathama mAmameM hamane usakI vihaMgama rUparekhA upasthita kI tha; kintu jaina pugayoM kA to sUkSma madhyayana aitihAsika dRSTase nAnA nAyaka hai| prArambhika itihAsa baina mugaloM meM mAnavakA mAni: itihAsa, sei pa E dekhizAsikAra usakA vivAda
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________________ prAkacana / R kAruke nAma pahale tIna kAhoMmeM mAnava vizruka prakRtikA hokara rahA, jaina purANoM meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| vaha sukhamA sukhamA ra sukhamA kAla thA / saca yog yAnanda hI bAnanda thA usa kAkaDe IrSyA dveSa aura vizeSake liye sthAna na thA / mAnava prAkRtika jIvanako bitA rahA thaa| jaina pugaNa batAte haiM ki taba mAnava gRhasthI nahIM banAnA thA - yA aulAdakI gamatA aura unakA jhaMjhaTa use nahIM satAtA thaa| yugala nara-nArI kAmabhogameM jIvana binAte the / unakI AvazyakatAyeM bhI parimita thIM; jinakI pUrti vaha kalAvRkSoM se kara liyA karate the / Adhunika itihAsake anurUpa hI mAnyatA - yaha bAta hama anyatra batA cuke haiN|' ghora ghara mAnava bhaI bAba jagRta huA-mere terekI mamatAne nase jIvanako saMgharSamaya bnaayaa| jhagar3ameM tIsarI jarUrata par3atI hai| tIsarA kahIM bAharase nahIM mAneko bAmAnavoMmeMse hI vaha DhUMDhA gyaa| baDa 'manu' kahalAyA | 'kulakA ' mI use kahate the, kyoMki usane mAnavako 'kula' meM rahakara jIvana bitAne kI zikSA dI / kAlakamase aise kukakA manu eka-do nahIM pUra caudaha huye, unake nAmoM aura kAmoM kA varNana hama pahale bhAga kA cuke haiN| jainadharmake saMsthApaka RSamadeva | sarva mantrima manu nAbhirAya the| unake putra RSanadeva nava vRSabhadeva huye, jinhoMna mAnavako sambanavitAnA sikhAyA jA 1-pahalA bhAga mora 'benasiddhAMta bhAskara' bhAga 13, 109-16
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________________ saMkSisa jaina itihaam| isI kAraNa yaha brahmA mAni bhI kahate the| indranaM unake liye nayodhyAko bahuta hI sundara basAyA thaa| RSabhadevane hI mAtavarSa meM ganya vyavasthA sthApita kI thI aura isa kSetrako vibhinna dezoM meM bATa diyA, jinapara RSabhadevake putra aura pautra evaM anya sambandhI rAja zAsana kAte the| RSabhadevane hI isa kAra ke mAdimeM dharmatIrthakI sthApanA kI thii| yaha dimamA bhavameM bhAoyavAsI sAdhu ha. gaye the| dekhAdekho vaha no madhu ho gaye. pAnnu tyAgamaI jIvanakI sAdhanAmeM bahasamaphala rhe| RSabhadeva to cha mahInekA yoga mAdakara baiTha gye| bhava-ppAma, ma-garmIko unakI pAbAha nahIM thii| pA unake sAka sAdhugaNa mumba pyAra aura madardI mA~ko bAdAzta na kara sake / unase kuchane kAhe pahana liye, kuchane vRkSavAkalasa tana Dhaka liyA aura kucha naMga hI hai aura ve sAvanaphaloM aura karamUlAMsa apanI udApani karane hNge| RSabhadevakA pautra aura samrAT bhAtakA putra marAci unakA gumA banA aura usane re? darzana zastrako sthApanA kI jisakA mAdRzya sAMrUpase thaa| RSamadavana sAdhanA aura yoganiSThAko paripUrNatAkA phAvalya vibhUtimeM pAyA / kAyomarga mudrAmeM dhyAnakIna hakara unhoMne bhAmasvarUpa bAtaka karma vargaNAoM kA nAza kiyA aura sajJa sadI jIvanmukta pAmAmAkA phamapada prApta kiyA |bh bAtAbakA huye, kyoMki unhoMne hI pahale pahale varmatIrthakI svAnA kI RSabhadera jinendra ' he gaye the, isaliye unakA mataM *"kAsabAraha digamara' the, isaliye mahaMsa joka
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________________ prAkathana / mmmmmmmmmsOMMAMANNA ANIMAmmonommmmmmmm mata' mama / nindha mata' ke saMsthApaka bhI kahe gaye bhaura caMki unhoMne svayaM broMkI pAraNa kiyA thA aura lokako vRtI jIvana bitAnA sikhAyA thA, isaliye vaha mayaM mahAna tya' aura unakA mana prAtya' kahalAyA thaa| jainadharmako 'AIt mata' RSabhadeva * maI' vizeSaNa ke kAraNa kahA gayA thA, kyoMki vaha mama the aura karma-parikA unhoMna nAza kiyA thA. jainadharma kI sthApanAkI yaha nAdi kahAnI hai , jainadharma ke saMsthApaka RSabhadeva the, jaina itihAsakA zrIgaNeza RSabha jognasa honA mAnanA ThIka hai| bhAgavata meM RSamakA AThavAM avatAra / jainetA sAhityase bhI RSabhadezaka baniya para prakAza par3atA hai bhopA koI kAraNa nahIM ki jisakI vajaha se gnako jaina dharma hIkAdharmatIrthakA saMsthAka na mAnA jaave| brAhmaNa matake cauvAsa bhatAroma RSabhadeva bATa mAna gaye haiM aura unake viSayameM kahA gayA hai ki:___"rAjA nAbhiko panI suhavI garbhame bhagavAna ne apamadevake rUpa janma liyA / isa avatArameM samasta mAsaktiyA~sa rahita rahakara, apanI indriyoM aura manako atyanta zAnta karake evaM apane svarUpama sthita hokara mamadarzaka rUpameM unhoMne mUr3ha puruSaka vaSama yogamAdhanA kii| isa sthitiko maharSi ga paramasa pada athavA avakRta caryA kahate haiN|" - bhAgavana, 2-7-10)x isa yoga ke dvArA RSabhadeva saba puruSArtha pUrNa hue the aura unako saba siddhiyAM pAsa huI thiiN| kintu unhoMne unakA kamI -prAdipugaNa aura saM.... prathama bhAga evaM hamAga 'bhagavAn pArthanAya' (sakI ) prastAvanA dekhA / ___- 'kalyANa'-bhAgavatAMka, pR..23,
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________________ . saMdhi jaina itihAsa / vIkAra nahIM kiyA !+ vaha to lokodAmeM nimta the-unakA dhyeya mekako jasAda nikAlakara bAtmavAdI banAnA thaa| 'bhAgavata-kAra' kA yaha kathana jaina tIrthakarake liye sarvathA upayukta hai / isIliye hI 'bhAgavata' meM zrI RSabhadevako zraddhApUrvaka ninakAra namaskAra kiyA hai "nirantara viSaya-bhAgoMkI abhilASA karane ke kAraNa apane vAstavika meSase cirakAla taka mudha hue logoMko jinhoMne kAraNavaza nirmaka mAtmalokakA upadeza diyA aura jo svayaM nirantara anubhava honevAle mAtmasvarUpako prAptise saba prakArakI tRSNAoMse mukta the, una bhagavAn samadavako namaskAra ho|"x -(bhAgavata 5-7-19) nimmandaha bha0 RSabhadeva dvArA hI pahale-pahale yogacaryA aura nAtmabAdakA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| unase pahale huye sAta avatAroMmeMse ksiIna bhI unake dvAga nirdiSTa niHzrayamamArgakA upadeza nahIM diyA thaa| pahale bhavatAkI mahattA brahmacarya dhAraNa karane meM batAI gaI hai| dUsA bAmaha bhAtAra sAtasameM gaI pRthvIkA uddhAra kAneke lie prasiddha hai| nArada RSi tIsare bhatAra the. jo marane taMtravAdake lie prasiddha the| ga-nAgapaNakA cauthA gamanAra saMyamI jIvana ke lie pasiddha humaa| pAMca kapika bhavatA dvArA sAMspamatake nirUpaNakA ullekha hai| nAma bhI RSabha bhagavAnase pahile hI marIci RSidvArA mAMkhya sadRzaH matakA prakAza humA batalAte hai| bhAgavatameM bhI marIci nAdi RSibokA ballekha hai| unase nA vizvakA samucita vistAra nahIM humA taka tAra hue / * nareM RSabhAvatAra bhI mAnatA hai| chaThe + pUrva0 pR. 455 / - mANa'-bhAnavatAka, pR. 417 // * spANa-bhAgavatAka pR* 28.,
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________________ praakthn| bacAva avatArameM mahAdako namajJAnakA upadeza denakA ullekha hai| tI bAra yaha rUpameM mAtAra lene kA varNana hai| upAMta rAjA nAbhikI pasI merudevIke garbhase RSabhadeke kA avatAra lenakI bAta likhI maI hai| isa rUpameM unhoMna pAma soM kA baha mArga, jo sabhI nAmamiyoM ke liye bandanIya hai. digva yA '1x ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki vizuddha nAtmadharmakA nirUpaNa, jisameM yoganiSTha digaMbara bheSakI pradhAnatA hai| sabase pahile RSabhadevana hI lA+ko batAyA thA / ataH hinda purANoM ke matAnusAra bhI RSabhadeva hI jainadharmake saMsthApaka siddha hote haiM, + kyoMki * mAgavata' ke atirikta 'brahma NDa' mAdi hindU pugaNa bhI isI matake poSaka hai|' RgvedameM RSama / yaha bAta hI nahIM ki hinda purANoM meM hI RpabhAvatArakA varNana ho, balika Rgveda meM bhI RSamakA malAla hubhA milatA hai: "RSabhaM mAsamAnAnAM sapatnanAM viSA sahiM / hantAraM zatraNAM kRdhi virAjaM gopitaM gavAma" -RgvaMda 1 0 11 // 166 nimmandeha bedake isa maMtrameM Rbhadevako jaina tIrthakara nahIM kahA hai aura vedoMke TIkAkAra sAyaNa mAdi bhI unake vyaktitva para pAsa nahIM bAmte, kintu ve 'RSama' zabdasaM eka vyaktikA nAma x pUrva. pR.189, + veda pugaNAdi0, pR. 2-4 / . 1- mAya .. 5. pR. 150, pramANapugaNa ma. 14galo. 59-61, mi . syAdi-vizeSake lie|
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________________ 8] makSita jaina itihAsa / hImita mAnate haiN| aura karate haiM ki vaidika anuzrutikI vyAkhyA puNoM aura kAvyoM ke mAdhArase kahanA ucita hai|' pumaNoMmeM RSabhadevakA varNana ThIka vaisA hI hai naipA ana zAstroM meM mistA hai| bataeva yukta vemaMtrake Rmadako jaina tIrthakara mAnanA upayuka hI hai| zrI virupAya Di je vaidika vidvAna aura zrI sTIvensana sAzcAtya dvi na bhIka mAhityameM prayukta RSama nAmako janatAkA hI bodhaka mAnane haiN| ata: yaha mAnyatA ThIka hai ki una dharmake maMdhApaka RSabhadeva hIkA ullekha vaidika mAhityameM humA / unaka mAnirikta kisI dUsare RSabhadevakA patA kisI bhI anya zrotase nahIM calanA ! panyuna bauddha mAhisyame bhI jaina dharmake mAdi saMsthA ka Rdeva hI pramANata hote haiN| 1-mAvanukaNika (laMdana) pR. 164 / 2-asA iMDiyA bhuumikaa| 3-jaina pazyadarzA, bhAga 3 aMka 3 pRSTha 106. l'rof. Slevenzon remarket: )! is seldom that Juinas and Brahmanas nice, that I do not cer, how we can teluve them credit in this instance, where they rosu' -Kalpisutra, Introduction p. XVI. 4-nyAyavindu a. 3 evaM maJjuzrI maskA meM bhA jainadhamaka Adi man puruSarUpameM RSabhasakA ullegva isa prakAra hamA hai:"kapika muninAma RSivaro, nigrantha-sIkara RSabhaH nigrndhruupiH|" -bhArya-judhI-mUlAlpa (bindana) pRSTha 45. isa ulekhake sambandhameM jamana pro. glaoNsanaoNpane vicana karate huye liyA thA ki baudoMne lokakA saMketamaya citra upasthita karate huye eka maMDasameM ekamatake mahAna saMsthApakako mugayA nahIM thaa| ("......Buddhists could not omit the great propbet of a religion which...... had acquired glory all over India. -Prof Helmuth von Glassenapp ). J As, III, p. 47. :
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________________ . praakthn| wwwwwwwwwwwwsmmswwmommawmommam kucha logoMkA aisA khayAla hai ki vaivika tAromese RSamadevako lekara jainoMne apane matako prAcIna rUpa dene ke liye cauvIsa tIrtharoM kI mAnyatA gar3ha lI hai-jaina dharma bha0 pArzvanAyase purAnA nahIM hai, kintu yaha korA khayAla hI hai-isameM tathya kucha nahIM hai| hindU bhavAroM meM lokake una pramukha mahApuruSoM ko le liyA gayA hai jinakA madha kisI na kisI rUsameM bhAratavarNase yA una mahApuruSoM ko lokorakAra vRtti hI unakI ginatI bhavatAroM meM karane ke liya ma dhArazilA mAnI gii| yahI kAraNa hai ki abatAroM meM mantima do buddha aura kati mAne gaye haiM ' RSabha jainoMke mUla puruSa haiN| jima prakAra vaidika dharmAnuyAyI hote hue bhI buddhako bhavatAroM meM ginA gayA, usa taraha RSabhadeva bhI vaidika dharmAnuyAyI nahIM the aura phira bhI vaha avatAra mAna gaye, kyoMki unhoMne mahamI lokArakA kiyA thA, loko macA matmabodha karAyA thaa| hiMdU pugoM yaSTana: unako eka svataMtra pAma haMsavRttipradhAna dharmakA pratiSThApaka kahA hai| jaina bhI yahI kahate haiN| ataeva yaha mAnane ke liye koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki jainiyoMga RSabhadevakA nAritra brahmaNoMsa liyA bhavA RSabhadeva jaina mahApuruSa nahIM the| jisa prakAra bauddha dharmake saMsthApaka bha. buddhako avatAra mAnA gayA, usI taraha jainadharmake saMsthApaka RSabhadevako bhI hinduoMne bhatAra mAnA hai| hama mAmbA bainiyoM kI mAnyatA ki caubIsa tI hu, pramANika siddha hotI hai| - 1-bhAgavata dha2.. 8 lAka 37-38 /
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________________ saMkSipta jaina itihAsa | pArzvanAthajI saMsthApaka nahIM haiN| isake vidIta isa mAnyatA meM to barA bhI tathya nahIM hai ki jainadharma ma0 pArzvanAtha DI claa| pro0 harmana jaikobIko haThata yaha svIkAra karanA par3A thA ki ma0 zazvanAthako jaina dharmakA saMsthApaka mAnane ke liye koI AdhAra yA pramANa nahIM hai-jainI RSabhadevako pahilA tIrthakAmAnta hai aura unakI isa mAnyatAmeM kucha tathya hai|' pro0 dAmaguptA bhI RSabhadevako hI jainadharmakA saMsthApaka pragaTa karate hai aura spaSTa likhate haiM ki mahAvIra jainadharmake saMsthApaka nahIM the| kintu Ajakala rAjanaitika prakriyA ke vaza ho paDhera netA bha0 mahAvIrako DI janadharmakA saMsthApaka banAnekI galatI karate haiN| aura sarvaprAcIna jainazAmanako vaidika hinduoMkA pratigAmI dala yA zAstrA ghoSita karake satyakA khUna karate haiM; kintu niSpakSa athavA 10] 1-" But there is nothing to prove that Parsva was the founder of Junism. Juin tradition is unanimous in making Rishabhs, the first Tirthankara as its founder )......There may be something historied in the tradition which make him the first Tirthankara. Pref. Dr Hemaun Jacobi A, IX 163) 2- e hisTrI oNva iNDiyana philaoNsaphI - a0 6 10 169...... / 3- mAnanIya paM. javAharalAla neharUnaM yadyapi eka sthala dharmako vaidika dhamase bhinna likhA parantu dumare sthala para janoM kA hindU o0 bha0 mahAvIrako janadharmakA saMsthApaka likhanekI galatI kI hai| - ( hindU0 pR0 79 va 136 - 138 ) r. 'Modern research has shown that Jains are not Hindu dissenters.-Justice Krishnamurti Shastri, Actg. Chief Justice of Madras High Court. ~ (I. L. R. 50 Mad. 328.)
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________________ memommmmmmmeMAIMIMNSWmRNAammmmmmmmmmmme ___prAkathana / [19 itihAsa jainoMko bhAratakI prAcInatama loka sasA aura dharmake. banuyAyI hI pragaTa karate haiN| siMdhuke pugatasameM jainadharma / . __ bhAratakA pugatatva bhI isA matakA poSaka hai| siMdhu upatyakAme mohanajodar3o aura ise pAMca hajAra varSa pahalekI mudrAyeM aura mUrtiyAM milI haiN| unakA rUpa. dhyAnamudrA, kAyotmargasthiti aura una para bhakti riha ThIka vahI hai joki jaina mUrtiyoMmeM milate haiN|' zrI rAmaprasAdajI caMdAne likhA hai ki vaidika kriyAkAMDI matako chor3akara zeSa saba hI bhAratIya ainihAsila matoM meM yoga ka mAnya siddhAnta rahA hai| usameM bhI jaina tIroM ke nikaTa dhyAna yogakA mahatva vizeSa thaa| unakA kAryAtmana bhAsana to nirI-nirA jaina sAdhanA hIkI cIja hai| isa mAmanameM yogI baiThanA nahIM. khar3A ho gahanA hai| mAdipugaNa (18 vAMma) meM prathama tiirthngk| RSama yA vRSabhadevake prasaMgameM kAryAtma bAmanakA varNana kiyA gayA hai siMdhu Jainism prevailed in this country long befve Brshmansim came into existence or held she field, and it is wrong to think that the Jains were originally Hindus and were subsequent y converted into Jainism.'- Hon'ble Justice Rangneckus, ut the Bombay High Court. (A. L. R. 1939, Bombay 377.) 2. "The Jains bave remained as an orgar.ised coniniunily all through the history of India from before the rise of Buddhism down to day."-Port. T. W. Rhys Davids. 2-moina0, mA. 1, pR. 52-78 maoNDarnariNa, agasta 1932 * 156-151.
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________________ 12] saMkSipta jaina itihAsa | upasvakA (Indus Valley) se upa huI mudrAoM para kevala baiThI huI mUrtiyAM hI dhyAnamzna ani haiM, itanA hI nahIM, balki unapara kAyotsarga bAsana meM khar3I huI dhyAnamazna bAkRtiyAM bhI aMkita haiN| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki usa prAcInakA hameM siMdhu upatyakAmeM yogacaryA pracalita thI / karjana myujiyama mathuga meM kAyotsarga mudrA meM sthita tIrthaGkara RSabhakI eka mUrti hai| usakA sAdRzya madhukI mudrAoM para aMkita kAyotsargasthitikI AkRtiyoMse hai| RkA bhAva cailate hai aura tIrthaMkara RSabhakA cinha baila hI hai| ataH naM 3 se 5 takakI sindhumudrAoM para jo AkRtiyAM aMkita hai ve RkI hI pUrvarUra haiN| ' sindhu-mudrAoM (Indus Seals) para aGkana nama kAryotsarga bhAkRtiyoMmeM hI jaina mUrtiyokA mAnya ho, kevala yaha bAta hI nahIM hai, balki moDana jo-do aura aisI mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM, jisakI koI bhI vidvana niHpaDa jena mUrtiyAM kahatA hai; paraMtu vidvajjana unheM jaina bahane se isaliye hicakate haiM ki ve I0pU0 AThava zatAbdise pahale jaina dharmakA astitva hI nahIM maante| kiMtu unakI yaha mAnyatA nirAdhAra hai| bhAratIya sAhitya to RSabhadevako hI jainadharmakA saMsthApaka mAnatA hai. jo rAma aura raNase bhI bahuta pahale hue 1 the / mohana jodar3o ke aizvaryakAla meM bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi roar neminAthakA tIryakAla cala rahA thA / ataH vahAMke logoM meM jainadharmakI mAnyatA honA svAbhAvika hai| kAThiyAvAhase upalabdha eka rAtrameM sva0 pro0 prANanAthane par3hA ki sumera nRpane buzadanaMbara prathama maoNDarna rivyU Agasta 1932, pRSTa 156-159 d
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________________ 'prAkathana / 13 girinAra parvatapara jinendra nemikI vaMdanA karane bhAye the'| vaha usa su-prAtike zAsaka the jo mUlameM su-rASTra (sau-rASTra= kAThiyAvAr3a) ke. nivAsI the / sumera loga aura jainadharma / 2 rakta tAmrAtrameM sunRAko revAnagara ke rAjyakA svAmI' ThIka vaise hI likhA hai jaise ki upaganta kAlameM vibhinna rAjavaMzoMne apane mUla puruSake nivAmanthAnakI apekSA apaneko usa nagarakA zAsaka likhA hai jaise rASTrakUTa rAja' kohalUgadhIzvara - zilahAra vaMzake rAjA svayaMko 'nagara pugdama' va ' likhate the yaha revAnagara narmadA nadI ke taTapara jainoM kA eka prAcana kendra thA aura Aja bhI tIrtha rUpa meM jainI upakkI vandanA karate haiN| bebIlonake uparyukta nanuzadanejara nareza agneko revAnagarake rAjyakA svAmI' ghoSita karake yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki ve mUcanaH bhAratake hI nivAsI the vidvAnoMkA mata hai ki su jAtikA mRrasthAna sugaSTra hai aura isa su jAtike loga bar3e vyApArI the| unake ke jar3A rASTra IMgana mesopoTImiyA, araba, mizra aura bhejeTeniyana samudrataka aura dRSI ora jAvA, sumAtrA, kaMboDiyA aura cIna taka bAyA AyA karate the / ina sujAtike logoMne videzoMmeM upaniveza banAye the aura inakA dharma jaina dharma thaa| sumera logoMkA mukhya devatA 'sina' (caMdradeva ) mUnameM jUna' 3 1- "jaina" (gujarAtI - bhAvanagara) tA0 3 janavarI 1937, pR0 2 | 2 - nirvANakANDa gAthA dekho | 3- je. epha. hebInTa kRta prAgU aitihAsika samayakI rAjakartI jati 'aura vidhAna bhArata, bhAga 18 pRSTha 626-631 /
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________________ saMkSipta jaina isliaam| kahAnA bA, jisakA artha hotA hai sarvajJa Iza' (Knowing Lord) usa kannara' ( Light=kAza ) bhI kahate the| bainaSame meM mAptadevako mavajJa aura madarzI mAnA gayA hai aura vaha jJAnapuMbake prakAza kahe gaye haiN| candradeva dayaM eka tIrthakakA nAma thA / mUlameM 'sina' zandaka artha 'sarvajJa-Iza' ko bhUlakara mu-loga candramAko punane mNge| bainI bhI sUya aura caMdrake vinAnomeM kRtrima jina maMdira aura jina pratimA mAnA unakI niyati vandanA karate haiN| ma. pArzvanAtha apane pUrvamada jaba sAmanta kumAra gajA the, taba unhoMne mahAmaha yajJa athavA jinapUjA vidhAna kiyA thA aura sUrya vimAnameM sthita jinendrakI vaha vizeSa pUnA kAne lage the| mAluma hotA hai sabhIse mu.jAti evaM anya niyoM mUrya evaM caMdrakI pUjAnekA pracAra humA thaa| sume| aura ndhuikI mudrAoMpa. ina devatAoMke nAma arthAt sina, natrA, zrI bhAdi par3he gaye hai. bata: ma vivecanasaM bhI jainadharmakA mAna jodaDoke aizvaryakAlameM pracalita honA siddha hai| vidvAnoM ko jaina pugoM kI mAnyatAoM meM aitihAsika tathya sUmana gA hai aura ve ariSTanemikA bhI aitihAsika puruSa mAnane lage haiN|' sindhu mora sauvI yA soTraka hAtasvm W jaina pugoM aura yAyo vizeSa prakAza pAneko saMbhAvanA hai| - 1-rika mA. 7 pariziSTa pR. 27-30, 2-mAga bhayavAcanAba' (sa) pRSTa 29-37, 3-6ki. mA.7 va mA. 8ke * pariziSTa dekho| 4. Lord Aristanemi, Appiadis, D.p. 89-90. so ....le Pauranic literaware of the love son containe, some
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________________ prAkathana / . . [15 jaina devatA mohnjoddd'oNmeN| pro. prANanAthane sindhu upatyakI mudrA (Indus Seal)naM. 449 15 jinazvara' (jini {za:) zanda par3A thaa| vaha sindhulipiko bra jholipikA pUvarUra hI mAnate aura yahI siddha karate haiN| mudrAoM para jo nAma aura ciha malita haiM unase bhI mohanajodar3o ke logoM ke dharma sambandha hinda aura jaina dharmo siddha hotA hai-bI, ho, krI Adi tAMtrika devatAoM kA lemba rana mudrAmoM meM humA hai|' janamatameM zrI, hIM. dhRta, kIrti buddha aura lakSmI mukhya cha: deviyAM mAnI gaI haiM jinakA bhAvAsa madhya loka hai| mutrAoM jomasikA, bela, hAthI, gaiMDA, siMha, sA, magaramaccha karI aura vRkSati bhakti hai, ve hI cinda jaina tIrthakaroM kA matiyoM bhI milate haiN|" very valuable miterials of historical importanc., owing to the lives of the.rruthank-tasts. Risabha or Adirath and AristaNemi, the end Tiriharkoli, being ini in:iely connected with some anciert Indiin historical pers..1C, " -l'. C vinji, kane pe 175 10 foutncte 16 1-69ka0, maga 8 ribhiSTa pR. 18. 2. * 'The n..mes and symbols un llares illnexed wou'd appear to disclose a conneclion between the cid religious cults of the Hindus anil Jainas with thuse of the India's people.........1 is interesting to note that the Puranas and the Jaina religious bucks buth assign high plueks to these gods ( of Indus people )" - rof Pran Nath; I.HQ. VIII, 37-29 3-iekA., bhA. 8 pRTa 132 / 4 pratAsArobAra, 978-09 /
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________________ saMkSisa mena itihaam| naM. 1 (Ph. cxVI) moranaM. 7 (Ph. CXVIII) kI mudrAmora eka paMkti ke naMge gegI kho darzAye gaye haiN| unake. mAge eka bhakta ghuTane Teke huye baiThA hai, jisake hAthameM churI hai| usake manmukha eka pArI rUr3I hai aura bArIke sAmane eka vRkSa hai jisake madhyameM manuSyAkRti banI huI hai| yaha dRzya pazubalikA boSaka batAyA jAtA hai / bhakta vRkSa miyana detAko carIkI bali car3hAkara paNa kAnA nAhanA 4g to ThIka hai kintu cha naMge yogI kyoM aMkita kiye gaye haiM ! vRkSa zrayA yazAma unakA koI mAya kisI mAya sonama nahI hotaa| lagabhaga vIna varSakI bAta hai| * an' ke vize ke liye eka raMgIna citra hamane banavAyA thaa| 34 citra meM bhI uparyukta mudrA ke mAna hI dRzya banAyAma aMkita karAyA thA-34 maya hama mudrAkA hameM patA bhI nahIM zAcitra aura isa mudrAka bhAta kevala itanA hai ki citrameM parIke pAnasa ghor3A aura vRkSaka syAnAra yajJa evaM badhaka kita haiN| citrameM ma0 mahAvI. yoga meM : yajJa ke bhAvasaM citrita kiye gaye haiN| isI prakAuparyukta mudrAoma cha yogI bakarIkI bali na car3hAnekA undeza dene hue hI na hone haiN| jaina kathA graMthoM ma0 neminAyake mamaya hu cha ! da muniyoM ke mastitvakA patA caratA hai| matarava nidhu: ina mudrAoMsa bhI bAIsApadhAna digammara yogiyoM kA mata 34 samaya pracalita pramANita 1-rika, mA. 8 pR. 133. . . 2-aMtagata khAo (mAmadAbAda) 0 1... / . .
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________________ hotA hai| isI prakAra harappAse pAsa mAnavakI naMgI mUrti, (poTa 01.) bo kAkI STise dvitIya hai eka digamA yogIkI hI mati pramANita hotI hai, kyoMki kama maura usake hAtha kAyotsarga mudrA meM bane huye haiN| kheda hai ki mUrtikA zirobhAga mora ghuTanoMse nIcekA bhayomAga anupalabdha hai| para to bhI dhAkA mAga mUrtiko kAyotsarga mudrA sthita nama pramANita karatA hai| mata: isa mUrtiko eka digambara jaina zramaNakI pratimA mAnanA benA nahIM hai| isI taraha mohana-jo-bar3ose upalabdha eka padAmana mUrti (pleTa naM. 13 citra naM0 15 16) jipake sipa so phama banA humA hai, bilkula bhagavAna suravaM athavA pArzvanAthako panapana mUrtike anurUpa hai| use hama nimsaMkoca jaina mUrti kaha sakate hai| vesI mUrtiyAM jaina maMdiroM meM pUjI jAtI hai| ataeva pUrva vivecanako dRSTimeM rakhate huye yaha mAnanA ThIka hai ki mohanajodar3o ke logoM meM jainadharma bhI pracalita thaa| una logoMkA samarka drAvir3a nAnika logoMmeM yA baura drAvir3a bhI baina the, yaha bAta vidvajana pragaTa kara cuke haiN|' gataeka isa sAkSIse bhI ma. Rbhadevako jainadharmakA saMsthApaka mAnanA ThIka hai| bhAratIya purAtatvameM tIrthakara / pugatatva meM mathugakA devazailIkA bauddhaat| aura usa parakI manika paTanA kanake pAsase pAsa mauryakAlIna di0 jana pratimAya khaMDa. .. Short Studies in the Science of Comparative Keligion p. p. 243-244 2-premI. pRSTha 279-28.. 3-simA, bhA. 134 96. .
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________________ 18] saMkSita jaina itihAsa / giri udayagiri (moDIsA) tegapura (pAsaziva) gaura DaMka (kAThIkabAI) kI guphAoMkI jina mUrtiyAM IvI pUrva pAThavIM zatAbdIse IsvIpUrva pahalI zatAnI taka covIsa tIbaroM kI mAnyatAko pracalita pramANita karate hai| hAthIguphAke zikAlekhameM spaSTa likhA hai ki nanda samrATa liga jinakI nita mUrtiko magara le gaye use sapATa khAvika vApasa kaliMga le mAye the| ina ullakhose jaina tIroMkImAnyatA paka aitihAsika bAtA pramANita hotI hai| mataH RSamadevako hI noMkA Adi puruSa mAnanA ThIka hai| upgntkaalmeN| alamadevase uddhana hokA jainadharma aura jainI lokavyavahArameM nayara hue the| RSabhadezaka putra bhAta bhAratake pahale samrATa the aura unake dvArA hiMsA-saMskRtikA vikAsa vizvameM hunaayaa| mahisAsaMskRtikA baha aruNodaya kAla thaa| usa samaya hI zramaNa aura na maNa-do bhina pAmagaoM para hogayA thaa| RSabhase puSpadanta taka tIrtharoM dvArA baDimA dharmakA pRNa pracAra hotA rahA thaa| kintu dasa tIra zItalanAyaka mamayasa mADisA-saMskRtika sUryako pAvaharUpo gahune prAta kara liyA thaa| usa samaya taka bo bAbaNa varga brahmacaryakA pAlana karake mAtmAnubhati mma thA, vaha zithigacAkA zikAra humA / vaidika RSi muNDamAlAnana hi parako sipa rAyA-hAthI. ghoDA. 1. No:es on the Remains on Dhxuli & Caves of Udaygiripes 2-karapaMhucariya, prastAvanA, pRSTha 4-48. 3-do AyalaoNjI bhAra gujarAta, pRSTha 166-168. 4-avimokho. mA. 34 465-467. /
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________________ momeomommommommommommemories m ame kanyA. purNa mAdikA dAna denA usane svIkAra kiyaa| isa ghaTanA sAyahI bAmaNa vargameM eka anya vidhArabAga nikI, jisameM 'mAyA' nahIM, parigrAko-zarIra puSTi aura indriya lipsAko pramukha sthAna milA jisameM DimA-gakSamI mAhisA devIke mAsanapara baittho| bIsa tIrthakara munisuvratanAmajIke mamaya taka vaha itanI balavAna hogA ki khullamakhullA ki balidAnoM aura rajJoMkA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| vaidika RcAoMkA zabdArtha prANa kAke rimA aura bAmanAko poSaNa milA, gajA basune hama himA pravRttiko bhAge bar3hAyA ! mahimA pradhAna zramaNa vicAradhArA kSINa hogii| "mahAbhArata" aura kuttanipAta" se bhI yaha prATa hai ki pahale brAhmaNa bahisaka yajJoMko kAtA-zAki cAvaloM ko homatA thA, parantu panta vaha pazu yajJoMko kAna meM saMkhya humA thaa| isa hiMsaka pravRttise dezameM tAmasika pAzavistAkA pAvalyA hone loka mRr3hatA phailii| devatAoM ke kopa aura bhUtapretake bhayase mAnava ghabahA gayA / pazubali dekA usane unako prasanna karane kA svAMga rcaa| bhUnoM aura rakSaka mAvAsa-vRkSoMkI bhI pUnA hone lgaa| iMdra, varuNa nAma mAdi devatA bhI pUje jAne khge| unakA alaMkAramaya mAdhyAtmika rUpa janatAkI dRSTi se bAhara ho gyaa| hiMsA khikhilA ramA, pAntu zramaNa isase pADAya nhiiN| tIrthakara nami aura nemine punaH hiMsAkA jhaNDA UMcA utthaayaa| unake tInakAlameM kAminIkaMcana bhora maca-masakI vAsanAmeM koka bahA mAhA baa| nemine bAre meM ghire hue pazuoMke rUpale yugavartI ghora risAko delA kA nArAyaNa bAmAkImatoSabhogonika micera
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________________ 1.] saMkSiA baina itihaas| . . yaa| nemine isa zikSAkI nRzaMsatA mahAbhAratameM ghaTita mahAn mAnAhatyAkANDameM apanI, gAMkhoMse dekhI thii| mahAbhArata yuddha meM unhoMne sakriya bhAga liyA thaa| mAnavake naitika patanake usa manyatama bhayAnaka ko dekhakara unakA viveka jAgRta huA hogA-tabhI to nemi pazuoMkI vipinAhaTa sunakara zramaNa sAdhanAke sAdhaka bane the| kokakA mAnava to garthika vyaktitvakA pujArI banA huA thaa| droNa sAmAcArya apanI mAna-rakSAke liye paMcAlake do bhAga karAnemeM kAraNa banA thaa| dharmamUrti yudhiSThira satI draupadIko juemeM dAva para lagA baiThe the| yAdava mugapAnase apane kulakA hI nAza kara baiThe the| mine kAminI kaMcana aura madya mAMgake viruddha bagAyata kii| unhoMne apanA vivAha nahIM kiyA-bagata car3hIkI car3hI raha gii| nemi zramaNa mAdhu huye to unakI bhAvo patnI gajula bhI pIche nahIM-vaha sAdhvI ho gaI / lokameM tahalakA maca gayA / usane rukakara kucha socA aura tIkara namika bahisAmaI upadezase vaha prabhAvita hubhA / mAnava samAjameM pratikriyA janmI / bhAratameM upaniSadoM dvArA bhAtmavidyAkA pracAra kiyA gyaa| bhAratake bAhara bhI ahiMsA baLAtI huii| kintu hiMsA hI miTanevAlI na thii| pazuyoMke sAtha zuSka zAna aura haThayogako apanAyA gyaa| aneka mata pratika mAge jAye, binoMne manamAne DhaMgase hiMsA-bahiMsA samanvaya karAne ke prayatna diye| magavAna pArzvanAthane hiMsA-saMskRti aura digambara yogamudrAko gAye bar3AyA mahilA varmakA prabhAva ko kabApI humA / IrAnameM ho F IR mAsAna pAnAca' nAmaka pustaka (basa) dekhe|
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________________ pa rISa60... pUrva kArameM vAstu ma (Zoroaster) 1 bAga hiMsaka pabidhAnakA vidhAna humA batAyA jAtA hai, vahI vastu dvitIya (Zoroaster II) ne pUrva san 700 meM apane upadeza nasika palidAnoMkA hI nikaraNa kiyA thaa| IsvI pUrva dUsarI tIsarI zatAbdI meM race gae bariSTIyamake patra' (The Letter of Aristeas) meM spaSTa likhA hai ki yahUdI bhAdi pAcIna bhAratatara boke anya kRta bhASAmeM likhe gaye aura unameM mahiMsaka pasinAnoM kA hI vidhAna thaa| yUnAnameM pibAgora (Pythagoras) evaM naya tatvavetAoMne mahiMsAkA pracAra kiyA thaa| mAzaMzata: jaina sIkaroM aura zramaNoM dvArA mahilA saMskRtikA vikAza vizvavyApI humA thaa| ina tIrthakaroM kA varNana hama prastuta itihAsake prathama bhAgameM kara cuke hai| __ magavAna mahAvIra / uparAnta mantima tIrthakara bha0 mahAvIrane eka sarvatomukhI kAti mAtameM upasthita kI thI, jisase samAna vyavasthAmeM udAra mAmyavRttikA samAveza humA; loka jIvana paropakAramaya mahiMsA vRttikA poSaka bnaa| pazuoMko bhI trANa milA aura gopanakI vRddhi huii| mAnava bIpana naitikatAke UMce prastara para phuNcaa| koI bhI mAnava dAsa banAkara nahIM sakhA gayA, puruSa hI nahIM, khiyAM bhI ghara chor3akara lokodvArake punIta kAryameM lagI thI; mAnavoM meM rASTrIya ekIkaraNakI bhAvanA jagI thii| 1-20mA0 12 pR. 143.144 mora ai0, mA." pR. 14-19
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________________ 22] saMkSipta jaina itihAsa | bahutere rAjya prajAtaMtra rUpa meM zAsita huve aura samrAT meNaka vikArane IrAniyoM ko bhArata sImA meM paira nahIM bharane diyA / unhoMne apane mitra pArbatIya narezakI sahAyatA karaneke liye jaina yuvaka bIrabara jambUkumAra ke senApatitvameM senA bhejI thii| zreNikane magadha rAjyakA mahatva bar3hAyA kaa| yaha ma0 mahAvIrake ananya bhakta - eka kaTTara jainI the / anya rAjya | naMdavaMzake rAmrA bhI jainI the aura unhoMne mI mahiMsA saMskRtiko bAge bar3hAnekA udyoga kiyA thaa| nAkhira maurya samra TU caMdragupta dvArA bhAratakA rASTrIya ekIkaraNa huA thaa| keMndraguptane yUnAniyoMse maurcA lekara unako bhArata se bAhara nikAla diyA thA aura aphagAnistAna ke prAcIna bhAratIya pradezako bhArata meM milA liyA thA / zrutakebalI bhadramAhu mraT caMdraguptake dharmaguru the aura unake nikaTa hI unhoMne jainamuni dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI / samrAT azoka aura sampratinaM dharmalekhoMko jagaha jagaha para khudavAkara ahiMsA dharmakA pracAra kiyA thA aura videzoM meM dharmapracAraka mI mele the| aba iMDogrIka zAsaka bhAratameM ghur3a bhAye aura unakA damatrava (Damotorius) nAmaka rAjA mathuNase bhI Age magadhakI ora bar3ha gayA thA, taba kaliGga cakrapartI jaina saTU aika svAzveka bhAge mAye aura jyoM hI unhoMne magaNa samraTU bRhaspati mitrako parAsta kiyA, vo hI damatrayake ke chUTa gaye aura vaha mathuma chor3akara bhAga gyaa| ekavAra punaH bhAratako svAdhInatA prApta huI ! kintu sAmpradAyika viSamatA ke kAraNa bhAratIya rASTrIyatA adhika -
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________________ prAkayana / 23 papaI / mardabhilla rAjA zAsana-madameM nyAyako zurU gaye / jaina paparamAra huaa| kAlakAcArya usake pratizodhakI bhAvanAse zakasthAna pahuMce aura zakazAhI rAjAoMko siMdhu saugaSTrameM kiyA kAye aura garda bhilla rAjAke atyAcArakA anta kiyA ! uparAnta samrATU vikramAdityakA prabhuHkha sAre bhArata para ekasamAna vyaHpta huaa| AcArya siddhasenane samrAT vikramAdityako mahilAdharmakA pujArI banAyA thA / vaMzake rAjA mA jainadharmase prabhAvita huye the| utta' bhArata ke guptavaMza ke rAjA loga yadyapi vaiSNava vargake zraddhalu the, parantu ve bhI jainadharma se prabhAvita hue the| dakSiNa bhArata meM kadama cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, gaMga, Doypala, zilAhAra, gTTa pallava, ceTa paNDya Adi rAjavaMzoMkA bainAcAyane patha pradarzana kiyA thaa| ravivarmA, amoghavarSa, nayasiMha, kumArapAla Adi zAsakoM ke dharmagurU bar3e 2 jainAcArya the| unake dvArA rAjya saMcAlana ahiMsA niyamoMke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thA / prastuta itihAsake dvitIya aura tRtIya bhAgoMke paI khaMDa grathoMmeM hama ina sabakA sapramANa itihAsa likha cuke haiN| unakA yaha siMhAvalokana isa bAsako spaSTa karaneke liye yahAM kiyA gayA hai ki benoMne vastutaH bhArata ke rASTrIya nirmANa aura rAjanItimeM eka mahatvazAlI sakriya bhAga kiyA hai, kyoMki kucha logoM kI aisI aMti hai ki jaina dharma kabhI bhI rASTra-pradhAna dharma nahIM rahA hai| aise logoMko jaina itihAsakA navakokAma karake apane jJAnakA saMtulana kara lenA cAhiye / hamAre itihAsake tRtIya mAnake cAra khaMDa prakAzita ho cuke,
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________________ 24] saMkSipta banAividhAma / mastuzAMcA khaMDa hai| isa khaMDa meM hosa sAmrAjya ke makAke uparAnta ThiApita vijayanagara sAmrAjya mantargata cainadharmake itihAsako saMkalita karanA abhISTa hai| pAMcavA khNdd| . horala sAmrAjyakI myApa jainAcArya dvAga jainotkarSake liye huI thI aura usa kAla meM janoMkA utkarSa bhI vizeSa huA thaa| kiMtu bhI gamAnuna dvArA vaiSNavadharmake pravAsa aura homanareza viSNurdake dharmapravartana jainotkarSakA sUrya astAcarako khisaka calA thaa| usa abasAna kAla meM bhI jaina gajakarmacAriyoM, vyApAriyoM aura sAdhAraNa janatA dvArA jainakA prabhAva sthira rakhanakA sadprayAsa huA thaa| kintu usIsamaya dakSiNa bhAtapara mupalamAnoM ke nAkramaNa hue / jinake kAraNa horamA sAmrAjya hI barjarita ho gyaa| jainadhamakI pati viSama sthiti ho gaI-jainoMkI bhAzAyeM vilIna ho gaI; pAntu yaha parAmata nahIM huve / mAtA jainakI ra.jyamAnyatA naSTa ho gaI aura usakA sthAna vaiSNavarmane le liyA, phira bhI jainadharmako bar3e usa pradezameM gArI jamI huI thI, isaliye use na to vaiSNadharma nikAla sakA aura nahIM hI musalamAnoM ke mAkramaNa ! homsaka nareza bAlA caturSake pAmapane usake sAdAroM ko sAdhIna hone kA maukA diyA / upara janatAne hanuma kiyA ki devakI bAke liye eka bayAna zAsakakI nAvazyakatA hai| homaka parezAne sjimaaliigii| sAtha hI koI prabhAvasAlAparva
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________________ prAkapana / [25 mmommommmmmmaNAKAMANIRANASIAwesome bhI usa samaya nayA jo jaina zAsanako phira jAgegA / dUrI gora netara bhAcArya vidyAraNya mAdi apanI pratibhAse camaka rahe the| banatAko unhoMne musalamAnoM ke mAkramaNase sAvadhAna kiyA / sAhI saradAroMne saMgaThita hokara eka hindU sAmrAjyako sthApita karaneke kiye banatAko utsAhita kiyaa| isa manovRtti aura rASTrIya bhAvanAkA pariNAma vijayanagara sAmrAjya thaa| pAThaka mAgeke pRSThoMmeM usakI sthApanA aura rAjya zAsanake itihAsake sAtha jainadharmakI aitihAsika sthitikA paricaya avalokana kiijiye| vastuta: jainadharma bha0 RSama dvArA uddhata hokara mAnakara apanI mahiMsA-saMskRtike mAdhyAmika balapara jIvita rahA hai| jaina zAsana mahiMsA dharma pakAzameM lokavyApaka aura zaktizAlI sattA raha cukA hai| jaina zAsanane mAnavako usakI mahAnatAmeM pragaTa hone diyaa| vaha mahA mAnava humaa| lokakalyANakakA mAdarza usane upasthita kiyA / vijayanagara sAmrAjya kAlameM jainadharmake isa vizAla rUpakI nAmA sarvatra camakatI thI; pAThakagaNa vastusthitiko bhAge pddh'iye| SAREETHER -- STI
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________________ dakSiNa bhAratakA usA madhyakAlIna itihAsa. vijayanagara-sAmrAjya usameM jainadharma aura jainiyoMkI aitihAsika sthiti| -saMkSipta jaina itihaas|
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________________ 28] saMkSisa jaina itihAsa vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihAsa / prathama saMgama rAjavaMza aura jainadharma / bhAratakI pUrva sthiti| bhAratavarSakI prAkRtika racanA aisI rahI hai ki uttara bhAratake nivAsiyoM kA sambandha dakSiNake bhAratiyoMse kama raha sakA hai| bhAratakA prAcIna rUpa se kucha aTapaTA thA-taba usakA vistAra aphagAnistAnase bhI kucha mAgetaka phailA humA thaa| eka samaya magaSa bhora nepAlake nIce taka samudrakI khAr3I phailI huI thI aura rAjapUtAnAmeM bhI samudrajA hilore le rahA thaa| udhara dakSiNa bhAratameM malaya parvatase pazcima dakSiNa meM sthalabhAga maujUda thA, jo aba samudake udarameM samAyA hulA hai| usa samaya drAvir3a aura masura nAtike mUla nivAsI sAre bhAratameM phaile huye the, jinake avazeSa bhAja bhI bilocistAna, sidhu bhaura dakSiNameM candrahallo mAdi sthAnoMra miLate haiN| yaha mUla nivAsI drAviDa sarvathA samaya nahIM the| vaha dharma karmako pahicAnevAle musaMskRta aura sabhya mAnava the / jaina zAstroMse spaSTa hai ki dakSiNa bhAratameM pahale-pahale ma0 RSabhane bahiMsA saMskRtikA pracAra kiyA vA aura unake putra kAmAla dakSiNa bhAratake pahale samrATa aura pahale gagarSi huye the| dakSiNake prAcIna grantha bokappiram paura simppadikAram mahAkAya saha graMthoMse vahAM para jaina saMskRtika prAcIna bastitAkA tAtA hai, jisakA samarthana purAtatyase bhI hotA hai| mA0 1 1 aura 2 mora 'mapA.' dekhne|
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________________ ememommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| [29 vaivika mAryadharma, mAlama hotA hai, dakSiNa bhAratameM cainadharma ke bahuta samaya bAda naayaa| 'rAmAyaNa' se spaSTa hotA ki vaidika RSi jagatyane vahAra sarvaprathama bramaNa dharmako phailAyA shrii| payapugaNa se spaSTa hai ki narmadA taTake suroMmeM jainadharma kA pracAra devoM aura daityoM ke saMgharSakAlameM humA thI / bhAgavata se spaSTa hai ki RSabhadevake dharmako koMka, baiMka aura kuTaka dezake rAjA mahaMtana vahAM pracalita kiyA thaa| koMka deza spaSTataH kokaNakA aura dakSiNake veGgi' dezakA cAtaka hai| kuTakase saMbhavataH kaNATaka aura gaMgavAhi pradeza bhAbhipreta hai| yaha deza eka atyanta prAcInakAlase jainadharmake kendra rahe haiN| inama hI. uparAMta vijayanagara rAjAoMke zAsana caka calA thaa| vijayanagara rAjyakI bhogolika sthiti / hoyasala sAmrAjyake bhayAvazeSoMpara hI vijayanagarake hindU sAmrAjyakA nirmANa huaa| pariNAmataH vijayanagara sAmrajyakA vistAra horamaka samrAToMke zAsita kSetra taka pArambhameM sImita honA bAvika hai| vijayanagara sAmrAjya dakSiNake karNATaka. masA kokaNa bhAdi pradezoM meM phailA huA thaa| vaha bhUmi urvarA aura bahumUlya vRkSoM aura dhAtuoMse paripUrNa thii| vijayanagara sAmrAjpakI samRddhimeM vaha bhUmi eka mukhya kAraNa thii| - 1-vira, pR. 5 / . 2-padmapurANa (maI) prathama sRSTi khaMDa 13 m.| 3-'tasya kisAnu caritamupAraNya koGka beka kuTakAnA rAja namopazivakAvadharma ukAyamANo bhavitavyena vimohita:.........saMpavataMviSyate / +kako 19 /
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________________ saMkSiA jaina itihAsa women - SCENSES gajanaitika sthiti| yaha saMketa kiyA jAcukA hai ki musalamAnoMke bhAkramoMse dakSiNa bhAratake hinduoMmeM bhAzaMkA aura benI bar3ha gaI thii| loga apanI bAna aura mAla lekara suzita sthAnoMko bhAgate the| svayaM horamala mATako dvAgasamudraka patana para apanI rAjadhAnI vahAMse haTAkara tiruvannamalAImeM sthApita karanA par3A thii| devagirike yAdava gajA aura vAraMgalake kAratIya nareza mupalamAnoM kA lohA mAna cuke the aura kRSNA nadIse utta meM musalamAnoM kA bahumatI rAjya sthApita ho gayA thaa| bhalAddana khilajIke senAnAyaka malikakAphUrane san 1306 I0 meM dakSiNa bhArata pA bhAkaraNa kiyA thA aura horapakSa nareza vIra balAka tRtIyako va kaidakara legayA thaa| kintu sultAnakI mAjJAke u61 mukta kara diyA gayA thaa| malikakAta horakSaka sAmrAjya 15 mAvikAra jamAkara hI saMtoSana nahIM hubhA-upane mAge bar3hakara madumke pAMDya gajAoM ko bhI pagamta kiyA aura gamezyAma eka masjida banAkara umane apanI vinaya-yAtrA samApta kI thii| vaha san 1311 I. meM dillI lauTa gayA thA aura dakSiNameM mupalamAnI satAkI rakSA ke liya paia senA chor3a gayA thaa| amIra khusarUne likhA hai ki malikakAphUra isa dakSiNa vijayameM 96000 mana sonA, jAhirAta, hI mAdi bahumUlya sAmiyo, 512 hAthI aura 12000 ghor3e SaTakara dillI le gayA thaa| muhamAnoMke isa tyAcArase hindu ke hadayoM meM unake pati ghRNA aura pratihiMsAko bhAvanA bAgRta rogaI thI aura mone unako apane dezase baraane
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihAsa / [31 nizcaya kiyA thaa| kintu abhI vaha saMbhalane meM bhI nahIM pAye the ki san 1327 I0 meM muhammada tugalaka ke senApati baDhAuddInane dakSiNa para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| isa bAra musalamAna lUTamAra karake hI saMtoSita nahIM huye, balki unhoMne dakSiNa meM iglAmakI nar3a jamAneke lie logoMko jabaradastI musalamAna banAyA / bahAuddInane kahike rAjAko mAra DAlA aura usake lar3ake ko munalamAna banAyA thA / isa AkramaNakA prabhAva dakSiNa bhArata ke lie atIba hAnikAraka siddha huaa| koI bhI hiMdudharma surakSita na rahA aura samAja vyavasthA bhI china bhinna hogaI / malikakA ke dillI lauTate hI hoTala maMgza bora balla tRtIya mukta huye aura unhoMne apanA pRtre gaurava prApta kiyA thA / kAkatIya nareza kRSNA nAyakako apane sAtha lekara unhoMne musalamAnoMse morcA kiyA aura vAraMgala se musalamAnoMkI nikAla kara bAhara kara diyaa| vIra blalane +nU 1340 I0 meM dakSiNa bhArata se musalamAnoM ko nirmUla karane ke liye madugara vizAla senA leka AkramaNa kiyA thA / musalamAna zAsaka parAmsa hogA, kintu vIra ballAune usako mukta kara diyA / yavanane hindU narezakI isa udAra vRttakA uttara kRtaghnatA meM diyaa| musalamAnoMne dhokhe se galako AkramaNa kara diyaa| hiMdU senAyeM bhagadaDa maca gaI aura hama gar3hameM vIra ballAla bhI bIggatiko prasa huye| unake pazcat san 1342 se unakA putra virurAva ballAka caturtha zAsanAdhikArI huA thA; kiMtu vaha apane pUrvajoM ke samAna pratApI aura zaktizaHkI nahIM thaa| isa prakAra vijayanagara samaya dakSiNa bhAratakI rAjanaitika sthiti eka atyanta zocanIya dAyeM ke V
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________________ mommmwammam . 32] saMvi jaina itihAsa / ' vo hinduoMke dika TUTa rahe the aura sA yaha ganubhava kara rahe ke ki kisa taraha apanI khoI huI mvAdhInatA pAra kreN| vijayanagara rAjpakI sthaapnaa|| sAhI sampadAyoM ke vivAzIla puruSa manubhava kara rahe the ki kisI parAkramI aura buddhizAlI zAsakake netRtva meM hinduoMkA musaMgaThita rAjya sthApita kiyA jaaye| unhoMne yaha bhI dekhA ki hoyasala narezoMke sAmanta mahAmaMDarezvara rAjA harisara aura buka atIva zaktizAlI aura catura zAsaka hai| ata: eka saMgha bulAyA gayA aura usake nizcayAnusAra hariharake netRtva meM eka mugaThina aura samudAra gajyakI sthApanA san 135660 meM kI gii| yadyapi vaha eka rAjataMtra thA, parantu usakA dhyeya vizuddha rASTrIyatA bI-sAmpradAyika tAke jumeko hinduoMne ta utAra pheMkA thA / eka gaSTrakI bhAvanA unake hRdayameM tabhI jAgRta huI bAki yavanoMke bhayaMkara bAkamaNoMne unakI baliM kholI aura sAmpradAyikatAke viSakA ghAtaka pariNAma unakI dRSTi meM cddh'aa| vaiSNava, , jaina, aura liMgAyata jo bhAgasameM bar3A karate the, unako eka saMgaThita-zaktimeM parivartita kAnekA uddezya vijayanagara sAmrAjyakI bar3ha bamAnemeM kAraNabhUta mA ! san 134610 meM harihagne apane bhAIyoM-nuka. mAya tathA maNakI sahAyatAse lokamatako mAna dete hue dakSiNa bhAtakI svAdhInatAko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye tahamadA nadI ke taura para vijayanagara rAjyako sthApanA kI / ' katipaya 1-0, pR. 8-11, maiku pR. ..7 / / -mo.mA. 3 pR. .. bhora iMhimna. mA. 1 pR. 21-13. .. . .
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihAsa (13 vidvAna isa ghaTanAko san 133610 meM paTita huI batAte hai| apane matakI puSTi meM aisI zilAlekhIya sAkSI upasthita krte| visameM hosaka samrAT kabIra balAka tRtIyake samabameM hI hariharako mahAmaMDalezvara zAsanakartA aura viruvA ballAko sAmAnya zAsaka ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| kintu navIna aitihAsika sAmigrIke samaya ra mata ThIka nahIM jaMcatA / hosaka smATokA yaha niyama vA ki apane mahAmaMDalezara sAmantoM ko apane 2 prAntameM zAsana karanekI chUTa dedete the| unake hI anurUpa vijayanagara samAToMne bhI sAmantoke liye homa viruddha mahAmaMDalezvara' bAla kvAthA aura unheM pAntIya zAsanAdhikAra bhI kiyA thaa| harihara horapaka nareza vIra ballALake pAkamI sAmanta the| unhoMne isI liye harihAko sahatakA zAsana al niyukta kiyA / hagiDAne horapaLa sAmrAjyakI khAke liye hI usa sagI pradezameM kile aura durga banavAye the| unake bhAI bhI hosa sAmrAjyako rakSA hI kyA ! pahika kahiye hindU rASTrakI 1-zrI vAsudeva ugadhyAyane mi* garasa mAdikI bhAti isa purAtana matakA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| -vi., pR. 16 / 2-sAmantoke dAnapatroM meM samra kA ulekha na honese yaha nahIM kahA vAsavA ki vaha zAsaka svAdhIna hogayA thaa| vIra balAne deza. nayAkI bhAvazyaktAke samaya apane mahAna pada aura sAmantoMke padokA dhyAna hI nahIM rkhaa| eka zilAlekhameM balAla tRtIya daMDanAyaka medagideva bhora aliya mAyake sAtha zAsana karate likhe gaye haiN| (kA. 112) aise hI aura bhI ullekha hai| vigyanagara gajyakAlake zikSAsame.. prAntIya zAsakoM dvArA prakAzita kiye gaye haiN| unase yaha siddha nahI hotA ki zAsaka svAdhIna the / vizeSake liye ziyana hirIkA sAyI mA. 81meM prasApita pro. gorelAyo / - - - - - - - -. ... .... .
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________________ 15] saMcita Farm bAke liye apane zauryako prakaTa kara rahe the| homsane kATI narezake mAya gaSTrakI khAke liye hI eka saMghakI sthApanA kI thii| basa: yA patimApita nahIM hotA ki harihara kaura usake mAyane hosase bagAvata karake baneko svAdhIna zAsaka ghoSita kiyA kaa| sAtha hI eka zikAlekhase yaha spaSTa hai ki hoysaka narekhoM meM sarva mantima virupAkSa ballAsakA gajyAbhiSeka hunAbhA matabhI zAsanAdhikArI rahe the| hariharane san 1346 ke pahale mahArAjAghirAyana pAraNa hI nahIM kiyA thaa| isI kAraNa vidvajana san 1316 I. meM vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA zrIgaNeza humA mAnate hai| vijayanagarakA prathama rAjavaMza ( kAkatIya nhiiN|) vijayanagarake bhAdi zAsaka hariharake rAjavaMzake viSaya mI vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| sIveka, vilsana mAdi vidvAna unakA sammAna kAkatIya sazase sthApita karate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki harihara mora buka kAkatIya nareza pratAparudradeyake koSAdhyakSa the| kintu mahamAnoM ke raMgala para mAkramaNa karane para vaha vIra balAkI zamnameM pahuMce the| jinone ko apanA mahAmaMDalezvara' niyukta kiyA thA isameM zaka nahIM ki harihara aura buka vIra ballArU tRtIyake mahAmaMDalezvara sAmanta hokara rahe the, parantu yaha spaSTa nahIM ki kAkatIya vaMza basa huye the| horasalanareza vIra ballAlakI zatrutA kAratIyanareza tArudrase thI-1 makA balAka jAne zatruke vaMzako mahAmaMDadhara pada para niyukta karate ! ata: vinara nareza bhATIya gajAMzase mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai|' - 1. 11, so, mA. 2.01.
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| [15 kadampavaMzI mI nhiiN| rAisa mA0 ne vijayanagara rAjavaMzako utpatti kadamAzake rAjAmoMse anumAna kI thI; yadyapi antameM unhoMne unako yAdapaMkSI svIkAra kiyA thaa| kadambakulase unakA sambandha ThIka baiThatA hI nahIM haiM, kyoMki hariharake bhAI mApa dvArA kadama kuruke nAza kiye bAnakI bAta isa mAnyatA ke viruddha par3atI hai| koI bhI vyakti apane hAyase apane kulakA nAza nahIM kregaa|' mataeva vijayanagara nareza kadama kulake nahIM kahe jA sakate / balla lavaMzase sambandha / sarvazrI harAsa, veSya aura kRSNa zAtrI prabhRti vijana vijayanagara narezoMko ballArU samra ke sAmanta rUpameM umA huye mAmale hai kintu zrI gamazarmA hamake viparIta vijayanagara mAna jyako kampika rAjyake dhvaMzAvazeSoM pA khar3A humA ghapita karate hai| isa prasaMgameM yaha bAta vaha bhUla jAte haiM ki bahAuddAnake bhAkramaNameM kambhika bilakula naSTa ho gayA thaa| isake bAda usakA astitva hI na saa|' kintu horapaka rAjya sambandhameM yaha bAta nahIM huii| ballaka nRpa isa mAkramaNake bAda bhI apanI sattAko sthira rakha sake aura madugake musalamAnoMsa unhoMne mocI liyA thaa| isa mAyA ra mAnanA par3atA ki ho gajAmoMkI hI basa usa samaya dakSiNa -vida pR. 20 bhora meM0, pR. 111. 2-amIkhe, mA. 2. pR. 5-14. 1-vireNa gamatIrtha ke sAtha segama nAmaka - barA se; kintu iMdira aura unake sAtha nahIM the /
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________________ saMvita baina itihaas| bhArata meM janta taka sopari rahI thii| harihara aura duka nahIke mahAmaMDalezvara the| hoTapaka rAjAMzake samAsa hone para hI unhoMne sAsana mAsaMmAkA bAmaura vijayanagara rAjyakI sthApanA kI thii| pataH yahI yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai ki harihara mAvi vijayanagara narezoMkA rAjavaMza bhI vahI thA no horapaka narezoMkA thaa| saMgama (yAdava) raajvNsh| homanareza apaneko yAdama-kucha-candra zrIkRSNa kA vaMzaka bhaura dvArAbatI puravarAdhIzvara ghoSita karate the| harihara aura bukane bhI apane ko yAdava gajakulase utpana yA kRSNake vaMzaja likhA hai| ke saMgama nAmaka rAmAke putra the| mata: yaha mAnanA ThIka hai ki vijayanagarake rAjA yAdapakulotpanna hosaka rAjavaMzase saMbaMdhita the| sNgmnresh| vijayanagara rAjyake mAdi zAsaka aura saMsthApaka harihara evaM idake pitA saMgamanareza the| unake nAmakI apekSA yaha rAjavaMza 'saMgama' nAmase prasiddha huA thaa| saMgama candravaMzI yAdava nareza the| chanake pitAkA nAma ananta aura mAtAkA nAma meSAmbikA thaa| 1-saMaura., bhA0 3 khaMDa 4 / 2-"somavazyA yataH sadhyA yAdavA iti vibhutAH / basmin yadukule klAdhye so'bhUnchI saMgamezvaraH // bena pUrva vidhAnena pAlitAH sakalA prjaaH|" .., ::-hira ni.kA neora dAnapatra, e... 4..
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaa| [-30 measurememmamaenwwwrommomumerom unhoMne kisa pradeza para zAsana kiyA, yA jJAta nahIM hai| parantu vijayanagarake saMsthApakoM ke pitA honeke kAraNa zilAlekhoM meM unakI bhari mari prazaMsA kI gaI hai| himAyake sadRza gaMbhIra bhaura pIra the| kArtikeyake samAna vIra, prakAzake mAna tejasvI aura pramAyukta ye|' unake caraNakamalopara gajAoMke maNiyukta mukaTa jhuke rahate the| unhoMne musalamAnoM se sapharU yuddha kiye the, una saba bAtoMko dekhate huye saMgama eka pratApI sAmanta pramANita hote hai| pAdAra-sovararAmana-kathe' nAmaka graMthameM devagirika rAjAdhirAja rAmadevake vaMzaja kampa rAjendrakA caritra diyA huA hai| ina kampa rAjendranaM kambhika rAjyako unnata banAyA thaa| vaha kuntaka pradeza para hosadurgase zAsana karate the| unakA rAjadurga kummaTa bA gummaTa nAmase prasiddha vaa| yahAM zeSa, vaiSNava, jaina sabhI sampadAyoMke loga sAnanda rAte the| bAlukyakAkA dyotaka eka prAcIna jaina maMdira kA bhI vahAM apanI bIrNazIrNa dazAmeM maujUda hai| ina kummaTanarezakI rAjakumArI mArammakA vivAha saMgamadevase humaayaa| isa prathameM saMgamako 'deva' aura 'narapA) paise pratiSThAsUpaka virudoMse sUcita kiyA gayA hai| yaha saMgama kampika nareza rAmanASake sAtha balAka, kAkatIya paura musalamAnoMse maanaa|' 5-vi060, pR. 23. " somavazyA yataH ilAdhyA yAdavA ti vizrutAH / tasmin yatkule malAdhye so'bhUnchosaMgamezvaraH // vena viSAnena pAkitA: saphA : " lora dAnapatra / (ka. 14.) 2-viha, pR. 24. 1-mIyo0, mA0 20, 4-14, 89-1.6, 2.1-111 evaM 261-2...
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________________ MyAwame mammumm .34] saMkSita baina itihAsa / sanahIM sakate ki vijayanagara saMsthApaka hariharake pitA saMgama pora: basaMgama eka vyakti haiN| lAvAsa aura vijayanagara / kahA jAtA hai ki saMgamakA mUlasthAna maisUrake pazcimI bhAgameM 'kAsa' nAmaka sthAna thaa|' mataH pazcimI maisUrase bAkara harihara naura buka karNATakako rAjanItikA saMcAlana karane lage aura janta: vijayanagarake saMsthApaka aura pahale zAsaka huye| vahAM para pahale gangunDi nAmaka choTAmA nagara bamA humA thA, vaha hI unhoMne vijayanagara yA vijayAnagarakI nIMva ddaalii| anagunDike pUrvI aura dakSiNI dizAoM meM TuGgabhadrA nadI bahatI thii| vijayanagara vaha hI basAyA gyaa| usakI sthApanA hindU rASTrakI vijaya aura samRddhike liye kI gaI thii| isaliye usakA nAma vijayanagara rakhanA ucita hI thaa| nikAlekhoM meM usakA ullekha vijegAnagara, vidhAnagara aura hastinApatI nAmasa bhI huA hai| janaguNDiko hastikoNa bhI karate / bhaura vijayanagarakI sthApanA managuNDi-myAna R huI, isIkAraNa usakA dUsarA nAma hastinAvatI bhI humaa| kintu vidhAnagA to vaha bAdameM kahA gayA patIta hotA hai, jabaki mAdhavAcArya vidhAraNyakA sambandha hariharase jor3A gyaa| nimsandeha harisara aura buka kaTTara 1-viha, pRSTha 24. 2-mI., bhA. 2. pRSTha 284. 1-ASM , 1939, p. 155 gehalakA si .41. v-ASM., 1940, p. 148. 5-ASM., 1943P. 188 nagaravAjuka . .. ASM., 1982 p. 107.
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________________ mammommommmmmmmHARMAWENARMANAN vijayana sAmrAjyakA tihAsa / deNAbora viruNAyake bhakta the| ye merI maThakI bandanA karane kI gaye the; parantu yaha mapramANita nahIM ki mAdhavAcArya vicAraNyane unako rAjya sthApanAkI preraNA kI aura usako samRddhizAlI bnaayaa| vAstavameM bAta yaha hai ki hariharake eka pramumba daMDanAyaka aura senApatikA nAma bhI mASapa maa| mAdhavAcAryake bhaktoM ne donoM ko eka mAna liyA aura mAdhava vidyAraNyako hI senApati mAdhava banA diyaa| kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki do bhinna vyakti the| mAdhavAcArya vidyAraNya hariharake dharmaguru avazya the, parantu unakA sambandha vijayanagarakI rAjya basvAse kucha na thii| isaliye unake nAmakI apekSA vijayanagara usa samaya vidyAnagara kahalAyA jabaki vijayanagara rAjyako sthApanAke pAda vidyAraNyakA sambaMdha jor3A gayA thaa| vidyAkIti' nAmaka pustakameM ullekha hai ki virupAghanadevanaM vidhAyako taMtramatAnusAra vijayanagarIkA punaH nirmANa kAnekI ajJA dI, kyoMki vaha naSTa ho cukI thI-yadyapi eka samaya usakA vistAra do yojanakA thA aura usakI ginatI cahe. nagaroMmeM thii| hama lasva meM bhI spaSTa hai ki vijayanagara vidyAnagarake pahalese hI vidyamAna thaa| kisI kAraNase apa usakA hAma humA nA vidhAyane usakA punaroddhAra karAyA / 1-herAma aura bhomA0 mA0 3 pRSTha 70-73. - pIThepara saMpAtA nagarI viNyAhUyA / bhASAmavistaratA bonasammitA / mataMga iti tanmaye rAbate sarvakAmadaH / purI divAnI ayamAgatA | saMyogya sarvatatrApi bhUyopi nagImimA sammAkiyA mahAna mhaavye|' (ki. . ...) .: . . . . -A.S. M., 1932, p. 108.
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________________ 4.] saMvita jaina itihAsa / vidhAraNya dvArA punarodvAra honeke kAraNa hI vijayanagara vidhAnagara nAmase siddha humA pratIta hotA hai| vijayanagarakA vaibhv| vijayanagarakA vaibhava mahAn thA-yaha lokake mahAn nagaroM se eka thaa| mAnaka use hama kahate haiN| madrAsa prAntake vartamAna ballAri jileke antargata homapeTe tAlake meM vaha hammigrAma hai| vAstabameM vijayanagarake maMzAvazeSakA pratIka hI hamihai, jo nau vargamIkameM phaile hue hai| dAdAse yAtrI aura vyApArI usa nagarakA vizAla rUpa dekhane jAte the, parantu bhAna vaha dharAzAyI hai| usakA pUrva vaimA usake khaNDaharoM meM kula par3A hai| usake bhanUra rUpako dekhakara videzoMke yAtrI daMga raha pAte the| san 151260 meM mandumajAka nAmaka bAtrI vijayanagara dekhane nAyA thaa| usane likhA thA ki vaisA nagara kahIM dRSTimeM nahIM bAga gaura na usakI barAbarIkA koI nagara duniyA meM sunAI pdd'aa| yaha nagara sAta koToMmeM basA humA thaa| sAtaveM koTameM gajamaharU the| pratyeka vargake vyApArI vahAM maujUda the| DIga, motI, lAla mAdi navAgata khuLe bAjAra vikate the| mamIra aura garIba sabhI basAharAtake kaMThe, kuNA mora aMgUThiyAM pahanate the|' pandrahavIM zatAbdimeM damaka (siriyA) se nikokokaoNnTi (Nicolo Conti) nAmaka eka 1. The city of Bidjanagar is such that pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it, and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world. It is built in such a manner that seven citadels and the sunne number of walls caclose each other etc." -Major Pp 33-76.
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| [11 paryaTaka bhArata bhAyA thaa| usane bhI vijayanagara dekhA maa| vika nagarako vaha parvatoMke nikaTa pasA humA vizAmnagara batAtA hai| usane likhA hai ki vijayanagara sATha mIlake kSetrameM basA humAyA bhora usakI dIpA parvatoMse bAteM karatI thIM-bahuta UMcI thii|' yahA~kI sar3ako taka para bahumulya bar3e la huye the| 14 ye ullekha vijayanagarakI vizAbtA aura vibhUtikA bakhAna svataH karate haiM / isa nagarameM bhaneka jinamaMdira zobhAyamAna the; nina se kucha bhaba bhI maujUda hai| yahI saMgamagajavaMzIkI aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM kI rAjadhAnI yo| mAlama hotA hai ki vijayanagarakA nirmANa nahIM humA thA, taka harihara aura nukaballAkoM kI rAjadhAnI dvArA samudra (ileviDa) se hI zAsana karate rahe the| harihara prathama / saMgamake pAMca putra-1 harihara, 2 kapaNa, 3 buka, 1 mAraNa aura 5 mahA nAmaka the| inameM harihara sarvazreTha aura vijayanagarake saMsthApaka the| phiristAna likhA hai ki uttarake musalamAnI nAkramaNakI mAzaMkAse vIra ballAune apane jAtipAloM kI eka mahatI samA kii|' isI samA, harihara aura unake bhAyoMko viparmiyoM ke nAmoM ko viphala kAnekA mahatI kArya sauMpA gayA thaa| virupAkSapAkI kibaMdI kI gaI aura mahAmaMDalezvara padapA harihara nikata kiye gye| vidragunThakI prazastise spaSTa hai ki hariharane kisI musammAna mustAnako R-Major Pt., II P. 6. x. asimaamaa....|| 2-viha.. 1.15-16 /
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________________ 1) saMvita baina itihAsa wwe kinAzAhirakI vIratAkA paricayAsa mahatI kAryase svataH ho / balAke makALameM harihara sAmanta rUpameM hI zAsana karate rhe| unake subaha zAsana aura dumya zauryana ne banapriya banA diyA / batA hosa rAjyakI samApti para harihara hI banatAke nikaTa mAnya zAsaka huye / saMgama rAjavaMzake vaha pahale nareza aura vinaya nagara rAjya saMsthApaka hu ! hariharakI sattAko dakSiNa bhAratake prAyaH samI choTe zAsakoMna mAnya kiyA thaa| usake bhAiyoM ne bhI use apanA sabATa svIkAra kara liyA thaa| ve sA usake zAsana meM prAMtoMke kaSipati rahe the| kampaNa dakSiNa pUrvakA adhipati thaa| buka dvArA. samudameM zAsanAdhikArI thaa| mArappA prAcIna banavAsI rAjyakA zAsana prabaMdha karatA thaa| homara ke sAdhIna jo zAsaka the unamese katipaya zAsaka kadampa, kokaNa, telegu aura madugake musadhamAna zAsakoMse milakara vidrohI huye the aura dillI ke tugalaka multAnane bhI hariharako parAsta karanekA prayAsa kiyA thA. parantu yazasvI vIra hariharane una sabako pAsta karake dezamai sukha aura zAtiko sthApita kiyA baa| maMga kaliMga aura pAkhya dezoMmeM bhI unakI sattA mAnya huI bii| isakaR abhadrAse lekara pAMca deza taka samasta mAga hari. bhAbIna haavaa| san 1351 I. meM bukako usane apanA suprmpnaakaalaa| sapane mAtAmoMke sahayogase san 1346 10 se 1155 . ka sapAlapameM zAsana kiyA thaa| san 115. vAsI dunaavaa| - lomavidhim / mu sabANA: pavitaH // ' (2002) / 2-pi. pu. 1.51. ..
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________________ m o msomeonewomaaamaARESHMIRMIRAM vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| [53 hariharake zAsanameM jaindhrm| yapi hariharanareza virupAkSadevake bhakta the, parantu unake zAsanapAsa jainadharmako bhI mAzraya milA thaa| vijayanagara smAToMne samudAya nIti dhAraNa kI thI-unake nikaTa una mabako hI saMrakSaNa prApta vA, ko musalamAnoM ke virodhI the| jainadharmakI bhI unake nikaTa prazraya mikA thaa|' harihara prathamake zAsanakAlameM bellArI jilekA rAmadurga nAmaka sthAna eka pramukha jaina kendra thaa| yahAM mUru saMghake nAcArya pasiddha the| san 1355 I0 meM mogarAja nAmaka jaina vyApArI ne zAntinAtha jinezvarakI pratimA vahAM pratiSThita karAI thI aura utsama manAyA thaa| sAsvatagaccha, balAtkAragaNa aura koNDakundAnvayake namakIrti nAcArya ziSya mAghanandi bhAcArya bhogarAjake guru the| manoMko apanA dharma pAlane aura usakA prasAra karane kI pUrNa suvidhA prApta kii| hariharake sambandhI bhI kaI jaina the, jinako unhoMne apane bhASIna mahAmaMDalezvara niyata kiyA thaa| hariharane mAnI ikalautI beTIkA vivAha ballALa gAjamAra bAlappA daMDanAyakake sAtha kiyA bAla rAjyake jaina rAjAoMko saba hI madhikAra unhoMne pradAna kiye| garSa yaha ki vijayanagara rAjyameM jainoMko pArambhase hI sammAna aura saMrakSaNa mAsa vA bukarAya prathama / halake utArikArI unake bhAI dumadube, boman 11550 . -saMgara, 10 298-99|2-me.,.58|3-dkssinnaa, pR. 138 / 4-simA* mA... 4.
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________________ 45] saMdhita jaina itihAsa / hariharako mRtyuke pazcAt rAmasiMhAsanapara baiThe the| vaise baha balAka tRtIyake samayase hI rAjyake dakSiNI bhAgakA zAsana prabaMdha karate the| hariharako mRtyu ke sAtha hI telugU pAMtameM vidroha prArambha hogayA thA, kintu pratApI bukane ina vidrohiyoMko zIghra hI parAsta kara diyA thaa| bukke yuddha-kauzaka aura tarUvArakI camacamAiTase zatrubhoMke dika pAsa jAte the / bukne mAndhra, mA aura kaliGga para apanA prabhutva sthApita kiyA thaa| paraMtu bukakA adhika samaya bahamanI rAjyake prasiddha zAsaka muhammadazAha (san 1358-1377 I0) se yuddha karanemeM bItA thaa| pahale bukane musalamAnoMko pAsta karake unake kaI kilopara maSikAra banA liyA thA, kintu bAdameM daulatAbAda ke napApakI sahAyatA pAkara musalamAna kAmayAba hogaye the| satahabAra hinda isa yuddhameM mAre gaye the|bukko yaha yuddha musalamAnoM ke atyAcAroMke kAraNa sohanA par3A thaa| mAkhira donoM zAsakoMmeM saMdhi hogaI thii| unhoMne mahArAjAdhirAnakI padavI dhAraNa karake apane nAmake sikabhI calAye the|' jainoMkA sNrkssnn| rAjya zAnti sthApita ho jAnera bukarAyane hindUdharmako umata banAne ke prayAsa kiye| marImaThameM jAkara unhoMne apane guru mASaSAcAryakI bandanA kI aura kaI gAMva meMTa kiye| vedoMke TIkAkAra sAyaNAcAryako bhI unhoMne prazraya diyaa| aura zAsana vyavasthA unake dekharekha meM bhAge pddh'aaii| kintu vaidika mahAnupAyI hote hue bhI devarAyane dhenoMko apanA dharma pAlana karanekA avasara diyA thaa| -0, 11-41. 2-0, - -
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| (55 vijayanagara sAmrAjyakI sthApanAse 17 varSoM bAda hI san 1363 10 meM bainadharma viSayaka eka dhArmika vivAda uTha khar3A humaayaa| isa vivAdakA nipaTArA jisa niSpakSamAvase kiyA gayA, usase yaha chipA nahIM rahA ki vijayanagara sAmrAjyake antargata jainiyoMke maSikAra surakSita hai-vijayanagara samrATa kA rAjadharma bhale hI vaidika matA hA, parantu unake dvArA jainadharma meM hastakSepa honekA koI bhaya nahIM thaa| harihararAya prathamakA putra viruvAkA moDepara malerAjya prAnta ra mahAmA. mezvara rUpameM zAsana kara mAthA : yaha vivAda usI ke sammukha upasthitaH humaa| vivAda hedaranADake antargata taDhADa nAmaka sthAnake prAcIna baina maMdira pArzvanAtha basti' kI namInase sambandha rakhatA thA / herAnATakI badikamatAvalambI janatA usa jamIna para apanA adhikAra basA rahI thii| gajAne isa mAmaleko nauca karane kI mAzA dI aura malerAjyako rAjadhAnI sAraMgakI cAvar3I (kokAgAra ) meM mAmalekI bAMca par3atAla kI gii| isameM donoM pakSake pramukha puruSa nuhAye gaye the| mallapa mAdi jaina netAoMne upasthita hokara apane dAvAko pramA. jita kiyaa| mantameM sarvasAdhAraNa janatAkI sammanise prAcIna praSAke anusAra hI maMdirakI namInakI sImAyeM nizcita kara dI gaI gora usakI paura mAyadAda bhI surakSita banA dI gii| sarva sammatise vaha nirNaya patthara para khudavA diyA gyaa|' vaiSNavoM aura bainoMmeM sndhi| uparyuta paTanAke kevaLa pAca varSa bAda hI burAva prathamake 1-kA., mAga 81.205-2000, 10 280-288..
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________________ 16] jaina itihAsa samakSa mI eka aisI ho sAmpradAyika samasyA upasthita huii| san 13680 ke eka zilAlekha se patA patA hai ki sa samaya nainoM (bhavyoM) bhora zrI vaijaya (bhakto) meM vApasI tanAtanI hogaI thii| vaivAne niyoM ke adhikAroM meM kucha hastakSetra kiyA thaa| isa paw mAnagoNDi, hosapaTTaNa, penugoDa aura kalleDanagara nAdi saba hI nAoM ( jiloM ) ke jainiyoMne milakara samrATkI sevAmeM nyAyakI prArthanA kI thii| devarAyane ThAraha nAmoM (nikoM ) ke zrIvaiSNavoM aura kAvila, tirumale, kAMcI, melkoTe mAdike bhAva yoko ekatrita kiyA aura unako nApasameM mese rAnekA mAdeza diyA thaa| narezana jainiyoM kA hAya vaiSNavoMke hAvara rakhakara kahA ki pArmikatAmeM aniyoM aura vaiSNavoM meM koI nahIM hai / jainiyoM ko pUrvavat hI pacamahApApa aura kalazakA adhikAra hai| jaina darzanakI hAni aura vRddhiko vaiSNavoM ko apanI hI hAni vRddhi samajhanA caahiye| zrI vaiSNavoMko isa viSayake zAsana kesa samI devAlayoM meM sthApita kara denA cAhiye / jabataka sUrya aura kadra haiM tamtaka vaiSNava jainadharmakI rakSA kreN| devagayakA baha zAsana sabhIko mAnya humaa| isa niSpakSa nyAyakA vivaraNa zravaNabelagolakaM zilesa naM0 136 (344 ) zaka saM0 1290 meM garama hai| isake atirikta lekhameM kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka nagRhase pa ya prati varSa ekatrita kiyA nAbamA zikSA deNyobake devakI rakSA ke liye bAMgema maMdisake bAdala sarva - -hoda... 11-195 8 .. .
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________________ vijayavarAbAyakAvihAsA . kiyA jaayenn| borasa zAsanakA saMghama karegA rAjyakA (m) saMpakA bhaura (vaiSNapa) samudAyakA drohI aregA " TRAsanakA pariNAma yaha humA ki jaina aura veSNA premapUrvaka mane ho nahI ge; bahika eka dusareke pArmika kAryoM meM sahayogI mI hu kyoMki isI sake aMtameM likhA humA ki laDake visehIke putra bamuvisaTTina bukarAyako prArthanApatra dekara tirumale ke bAre bulAyA aura ukta zAsanakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| jaina aura vaiSNabaune milakara basavisaTToko * saMghanAyaka' ko padavI pradAna kI thii| jaina aura vaiSNayoMna eka sArasa jainadharma kI jaya' kA nArA lagAyA gaa| yAnoMse dharmAyatanoMkI rakSAke lie donoM hI sampadAmA kariSaddha hogaye the aura mApasI vaimanasyako bhUkakara saMgaThita huye the| ___ rASTrIya saMgaTana aura mtshissnnutaa| sAmpradAyika tAkA banta kAke pAra saMgaThana kAnekI usa bhAvanA ua samaya vaiSNava, zai. jaina-sabhI ke homa hikarele sI thIM / yAnoMsa apane dharma aura dezakI kSA kAnekA bosa homa umar3A hujA thaa| isakA udAharaNa karAmallikI zAntI bastIka myaMma lebameM dabaneko milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "dhamAdi yoga guNaki dhAraka. guru aura devoMka bhakta, kalikAkI kAlimAka prazAsaka kA siddhAntake ganuyAyI, after kiyA. goke vidhAyaka sAta karor3a mohadona ekatrita saMpa, dekhogala, pustaka gAke sampala simyako poTi vimAna 1-zisaM., bhUmikA * 1.2..... .
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________________ 18] saMkti mena itihaas| vyApamahApApakA vikAra pradAna kiyaa|" gaura ghoSita kiyA ki "bo koI isameM aisA nahIM honA cAhiye, kahegA ziSakA dohI khregaa|' pArasparika sauhAI aura matasahiSNutAkA yaha kaisA sundara udAharaNa hai ! isameM mUla kAraNa vijayanagara samrAToMkI udAra nIti paura samamAna dRSTi kii| nissandeha bukagayake rAjyakAlameM zaiva, vaiSNaka kyA baina pokA pracAra nirvita rUpa humA kaa| harihara dvitIya / bukagayake pazcAta usakA jeThA putra harihara dvitIya lagabhaga sana 1379 10 meM vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA adhikArI humA / isa varSaka usake sarva prathama lekhameM harihara dvi0kA sambodhana * mahArAjAdhirAja rAvaNamezvara' rUpameM humA hai| saMgamavaMzakA yaha pahalA zAsakA jisane rAmasiMhAsana para baiThate hI samrATkI mahAna padavI dhAraNa kI bii| isakI mAtAkA nAma gaurI baa| sAyaNAcArya harihaske bhI samamaMtrI rahe the| bahamanI mulatAnoM se hariharakA bhI ghora yuddha humA bA, jisameM hinduoM ko karArI coTa khAnI par3I thii| hariharanaM cAlIsa bAla rupamA dekara bahamanIke zAsakako zAnta kiyA thaa| uparAnta hariharane coka, cora aura pAya rAjAoMko pAsta kiyA thaa| isa vimyopayAmeM . ' zArdUmadamaMjana' kahalAyA thaa| hariharakA rAjya dUra dakSiNa ka vistRta hogayA thaa| musalamAna zAsakoMse saphala go meneke liye vijayanagara sATkA isa prakAra zaktizAlI hogA vitahI yaa| hariharane apane isa vizAla rAjyako kaI 't-4000, bamikA pR. 101. " ...
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________________ vivA / 15 w e Ke mana pasyA kI thii| usake loka lalita'mAntIkA basamA mitA-(1) udayagiri rAjya () viSaya, (3) guNa rAjya (1) maleha (pAcInavanavAsI) gajya tularAjyatayA (7) rAjya gmbhiirraam| ina prAntorasa ne rAjamAroM nau patiSThita vyaktiyoMko prAntIya zAsaka niksa kiyA sirakA zAsana anya itanA sumpapasthita thA ki usakI spativArIbora kaila gaI thii| harihara di. ke dharmakArya / harihara dvArA bhAratIya saMskRtika samyudayakA prayAsa humaayaa| sarako vikAsakA pujArI bA; pAntu manya matoMka pati mI bhAra vaa| vaidika matake skarSake liye hame bo kiyA usake kAraNa dikamArga sthApanAcAryaH' bhorapatavAMween 'kAyA vaa| hamane samayakA eka bar3A dAnavIra 'usa gArmokarSake liye mUhabadrI bhora vaina maMdiroMko bAbakA panI dharmasahiSNutAkA paricaya diyA thaa| hariharake garmacArI bhI baina the| hariharake ganadaramA vAjivaMzake mAla madhura nAmaka vaina vidvAn rAmAvi the, jinakA eka viruddha ' manAvasthAna nA ' vIra harihAyakI eka sanI, jinakA nAma dubye dharmase pramAdina huI thI .. unahoMne gajamaMtrI gama nArA 1-fat., pR41-43 / 2-biha.. pR. 45-46|3-maa. bhAva sAutha iNivA, bhAga 2 (mI vel)| 4- 0, pR. 305 / 5- 0376 / 6-me0, pR. 3.1 pR. 245. 30.. . 114 /
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________________ 5.] saMvi jaina itihAsa / nirmAvita jinamaMdirake ki dAna diyaa| isa prakAra. risgako zAsanakAla meM bhI jainadharma apane pUrva gauravako prApta karane meM samAna bhaa| zrANavegorake zilAlekha na0 126 (329) se harie dvi0 kI mRtyu mAdapada kRSNA dazamI somabAra zaka saMvat 1326 (san 1905) ko huI pramANita hai|' buka di0 va devarAma prathama / san 140110 ke pazcAt hariharakA jyeSTha putra devarAva yA vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA mAvikArI humA / kintu kinhI vidvAnoMkA yaha bhI mata hai ki devAyasa paDaLe usake bhAI bukagayadvitIbana ke do varSa (san 1404 se 15.660) gajya kiyaa| isake pakSAt devarAya prathamane sana 1406 10 meM san 142260 zAsana kiyA thaa| bukAya dvitIya mudrabidurIko 'guruga-svi' nAmaka vaina maMdirake liye dAna diyA thaa| senApati gappane ciMga peTake jileke eka jaina maMdike liye nubrAyake puSpa nimita dAna diyA thA ki vaha rAjakumAra the| sAkSataH duka dvitIya bhI jainopA sadaya huye the| devagayakA dainika jIvana / nukAyake garukAlIna zAsana ke pazcAt devagava prathama zAsanavikArI huai| 46 raMgIko tabiyatakA zAmaka / sinA .1-ghisaM0. bhamakaH pR. 193 / 2-11, pR. 463-g. jaya hisTrI. bhA. 11. 89 / 4-28., pR. 45. 5- 0, pR.1.5 /
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________________ vijayanagara sAMbAyako itihaam| mummomemamam HIN / eka sakArakI bhakIpara mohita ho gayA aura usase vivAha kAnA cAhA, parantu yaha bhakI isa kAryase samaya navI gaura bhAgakara bahamanI rAjyameM sI gii| isI bahAnese bahamanI nareza phirojazAhane mudrA para car3hAI kara dii| sAta mahamadakhAne dvApara adhikAra kara liyaa| devagayane parAsta honA mAnoM se saba kAkI. jisameM vijayanagara rAjyakI hAni vizeSa huii| kApurake jile yavanoMko dediye gaye aura saMrUpa dravya-hoga, motI mustAnako dene pdd'e| mumahamAnoMne do hamAra nAcanevAle ra aura yuvatiyAM bhI mAMgI evaM devarAyakI putrI vivAha karake hIra saMtogina humA kahA jAtA hai / imasa duzAkA mULa kAraNa devarAmana rAgaraMgameM phaMsA hanA baa| kintu usake mantrI lakSmIdharana usakA bahuta kucha sudhAra kiyA aura rAjavyavasthAko sucAru rotise cAla sakhA bAra dasare rAnamaMtrI ne bhI majpakI dazA sudhAranameM paryAya bhAga kiyaa| devarAya va jainadharma / .. igAke kAraNa hI devAya dvArA madiroM aura vidvAnoM ko bhUmi sAnameM dIgaI thii|' pravaNabeLagorake zilAlekha naM. 128 (337) sakasaM. 1332 se spaSTa hai ki devAya prathamakI bhImAdevI nAmaka rAnI naparmAnuyAyIM thiiN| unake guru nAbhinapacArukIti paMDitApArka the| apane guruke upadezase bhIgadevIne mavamavelgo ke maMgAyIpani mApaka maMdira sAnidhanAva bhagavAnakI adhikArI -are, ar8, 2-in. av, Rim
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________________ 1012. sapake saba-sisne vivarmanI banAvAstiko nAma diyA thaa| usane kagirika aura viko mI maleyUra grAma bheMTa kiyA thaa| rAnI mIyAdevIkAraNa dekhAva prathama baina gurubhoMkI mora nAsa huye the; visake kAraka sanakA bIvana mabAra hI paka gayA / jainadharmako unhoMne kaI samAnakI dRSTise dekhA thaa| hummAkI bhAvatI-pastika zimalane pragaTa hai ki varddhamAna munike pramukha ziSya dharma guru eka mahAn mAyAtA paura muniyoM evaM gavAnoM dvArA saMhA the| unake pAlakamaka gabAdhigama paramezvara samrAT devarAva (bama )ke rAbamuTase pramAyuka huye the| mata: mAlama hotA hai ki rAnI bhImAdevI bora rAmamaMtrI higAke prabalAse samrAT devarAya (pakSama) kA mantima jIvana zAMti aura dharmamaya bana gayA thaa| san 142260 meM unakI mRtyu hogaI thii| vijayarAma / - devarAyake pazcAt unake putra vinayApane kucha kAtaka zAsana satra saMbhAga thaa| usane bahamanI napAko vArSika kara denA banda kara diyA thA, jisase cir3hakara san 1923 I0 meM mahamadasAna vijayanagara sacar3haI kaadiibii| hiMdU senA isabAra bhI mumahamAnoMkA mukAviNa kara skii| hinduoMkI kSati huI aura bahutase hiMdU, musammAna panA diye gye| isa durgatimeM vijayane pahamakhAse saMdhi kI aura RORImadA kiyA aura bahuta-sA bana bAmadakhAMko dina! viSaya rAjya prabhA dusI hii| 1 0,119, 2-0, pR. 129, 3-0. 199
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________________ vijayanagara sAhAsa 9 majham zAsaka rAhi . vijaya pavAra usakA putra devAra dvitIya vizpanarako sapAsiMhAsanA san 19210 meM bAlana humaayaa| devarAyA vijayanagara rAyasa gompa aura vistAra bar3hAyA thaa| usa - mata dakSiNa bhArata meM kAke samIpasaka phailA humaayaa| bhAraphArakA bhAra usake bhAIko aura zeSa dakSiNakA gajyakArya usake maMtrI ko sauMpA gayA thaa| eka mAvaza zAsaka vA / zAsanakAlameM saMgamakI dezakI vizeSa maatiiibii| aisA sa hiAn the mora paMkho nAmamadAtA kaa| bAke - dukhakA. use pUrA dhyAna thaa| usane rAjyameM pati vaivAhika canda kara diyA thA aura khetIkI atike liye nahareM khudavAI thiiN| zikSA pracAra ke liye bhI devarAyane dAna diye the| unake pramukha rAmamaMtrI rUgappa jaina aura unoMne vijayanagara rAjyako zaktizAlI jamAne meM pUrA mAga liyA thaa| yuddha aura shaasnprbndh| dezaka pratyeka ndUiko viSayamA rAjyakI musammAnoM dvArA saTakIvI-bahamanI zAsakoMse hArakara piyana samAnoMko bAba sandhi karanA kI dii| janatAke isa dukhako sapane kI cInA mora pAnI borIko kI do pahiyAmA ma RREARS TRorapAta senA ke gaye kirina sainikoko pAta bAnakA pustakAlaya
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________________ 54) saMvita baina ivitAmA bIpanA dI thii| dobAra musammAna panupAriyoMne sATha habAra bindU sainikoM ko dhanuSANa sAnemeM niSNAta panAyA baa| isa mAra devarAyane vizAka aura mur3a senA taiyAra kara kI aura ise merA san 1913I. ko rAyacUra dvApara car3ha gyaa| devarAne adga, rAyacUra bhora kApurake prasiddha kile jIta kiye gaura kRSNA nadI taka adhikAra jamA liyaa| lika bIjApura bhora sAgaratakakI pRthvIko rauM / vijayanagarako yaha bAta bahuta mahaMgI par3I-isameM vijayanagarake kaI rAjakumAra kAma jAye aura jana dhanakI bhI vizeSa hAni huii| isa bItase cir3hakara musakamamAnI senAne adhika bora dikhAyA / haThAt devarAyako musalamAnoMse sandhi karanA pdd'ii|' videzI yaatrii| devarAyake zAsana kAla haTalIse nikolo kaoNnTi (san 1921) paura zanIdUta bhandukAjAka (san 1412) do yAtrI bhArata mAye aura vijayanagAmeM bhI rahe the| noMne vijayanagAko ki, mandiroM aura sundara mahalese susajita pAyA / bhAratake samasta barezAne devarAva sase adhika zaktizAlI the| rAjAko bAroM rAniyA pii| nikoko kaoNnTi tatkAlIna mAsako tIna bhAgoM meM baMTA huna art -(1) irAnase sindhu nadI taka, (2) sipa sTase baMgAkora (3) mAzeSa mAsa zeSa bhAratako nApanasampani mAnaura saMhatimeM sabase bar3A car3hA likhatA hai| bhAratIyoMkana devikavI mAra usane yahAAsiyoM kA manorambAra - 0.50-51 . /
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________________ vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA itihaas| . [55 paa| unake vizAka mapana sundara siMhAsanoM. kursiyoM aura meghoMse supajita mora panagatise mApUra the| mAnA samAva masyaMta gayA / bandumajAkako inake zAha rukhane sapanA dUta banAkara megaavaa| isase devagAyakI zakti aura mahatAkA bodha hotaa| nissandeha vaha eka mahAna zAsaka thaa| devarAya di0 va jainadharma / devarAya dvitIyakA pratApa aura gaurava usake pArmika kAryose dviguNita hogayA thaa| usane bAmaNoM aura janoM ko samAnarUgmeM dAna diye the| bramoM ke liye yapi vaha vRkSa turupa kahA gayA hai, santu jainoM ko apanAne meM vaha kisI prakAra pIche nahIM rahA thaa| devAbane apane nAma aura pupako yAbadabandra vivAkara sthira rakhane ke liye pAna supArI bAjArameM rAjamahalake pAsa t pArzvakA eka utuMga binAsya pASANakA nirmANa karAyA thA aura kahA utsava manAyA thaa|' hoMne haDika candanAya devA, muhabidurIke tribhuvana tian caitvAlaya, vAraMgake neminAtha jinAlaya mAdi kI jina maMdiroMko bhUmi dAna diyA thaa| baina vidvAna mallinAsUrI kokAvAne devagayakAralela bATa bora.pApa praur3ha devarA rUpa kiyA thaa| devarAyana ina jaina vidvAn ko apane nyAya vibhAgameM ubApadapara niyukta kiyA thaa| devarAyakI -megA. (Myjor), 3-26 - bhA. 2 pR. 5-24 / : 2-Devaraya II, The tree of heaven to the Brahmanas yer patronised: jaines.........in order that his fame and merit night last as long as the moon & stars caused a temple of stone to be built to the Arhat Parsya."-S. R. Sharma, on.,8 1 -simA., bhA. 1 pR. 114,
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________________ visa kSetra vikaas| samAnusAra noMne vezapAka' nAmaka bAbA, bile vaizya, nagara-paNika, vaNija, pANi, vyApArI, rusa, tRtIyAni, samAtIyamedava. uttarApathanagarezvara, devatopAsaka nAdizabdoM kA vistA vivecana karake yaha siddha kiyA thA ki gega komarise milaa| kAbIke eka zikAkhamAna zabdoM kA prayogamA thAvimAnagarako mana vArtA aura vyApArika samRddhiko bA enakara bahutase nArI mana mAnase vahAM pahuMce the| usa aura dakSiNaka vyApAriyoM kA matabheda upasthita humA, taba devarAyane usakA nirNaya karane ke liye mallinAyasariko niyukta kiyA thaa| aura noMne bata karake uparyuka pustaka likhI thii|' samAja zAsake iti lie yaha pustaka mahatvapUrNa hai| vijayanagara sATne dezako harAkara ma banAnameM baina na sahI vidvAnoM kA sahayoga pAsa kimA isase spaSTa hai ki devarAya pUjAke sukha-dusakA gaganalamA videzoMse vyApAra karanekI viSAya usane vyApAriyoM ko dI thii| parama bhora IrAnake atirikta purtagAse bhI nApAra sambaMdha sthApita kiye the| hAzitaH devAyake zAsanakAla meM deza vizeSa samRdizAma pamA thA.'san 111610 devakI mRtyu kyA huI, Raran sadI mata hogyaa| usake pazcAt saMgasakI panAti mAmalA mallikArjuna vivAda devarA payat usake donoM pu tikAnuna aura dilyAne san 1910.00 HAMPIONS 14 mA. 1-18
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________________ vijayanagara sAkArAsa 50 mmmmmmmmkama rAja kiyA thaa| isake zAsanakA vilo zakiDIna samajhakara karoM bora zatrunoMne sAmAna diyA thA, kintu hamajIke nayA morIla rAjAko mahiArnuko pAsta kiyA thaa| phiristA sapanAko mustAna masAndonakI sayuke pazcAta (sana 1458) ke bAda huI sAtA hai| ki boDosAke sabako yaha pAjavITa gii| usane viSayamA well sAnAkA mhenya nahIM paricAnA-hindU zAsaka apane smAra saktigata mAnAmAnameM baha gye| moDIsAsa sasa poja vijayanagara ke viruddha bahamanIke mustAnase bAmila pora donoM mika kara tailiMgAnA ra mAkramaNa kara diyaa| kapilehAne karNATakako bItakara kAzI taka apanA adhikAra bmaaliyaa| pabpirAbAne bhI yaha gacchA ra samajhA-usane bhI san 19690 meM vijayanagara mAkramaNa kiyaa| pAyaH sImAke sabhI prAnta sAmrAjyase prathA hosataMtra ho gye| hindUrASTrakA prama khaTA meM pA gyaa| bAstapameM saMgamanarezoMne rAjyavikArA hone ma yaha yAna hI bhUma diyA ki unako ) vindarAjyako saMgaThi kara musalamAnoMse mrAiSTrakopamA kAnA hai| vijayanagarakI zakti kSINa huI bAnakara bahamanI subatAnone usa pApAkamoM kA tAMpa diyaa| viSayanagAvapAnI anugosa sTAdI gaI thii| mallikArjuna mAyaH 15660 taka zAsana kAla hA pAtu vijayanagAko khoI huI zaktiko vA pApasa na basA pAntoka saba hI nAyaka stra rUpameM dAna dene gaye kendrIya homagArjumA
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________________ 14] saMcita na itihAsa / nAmamAtrake kiye gamA humA san 1969se 1981 gAtAra anamoke pAkramaNoMse vijayanagara rAjya chinna mila gayA / prAntapatinAsiMha sAlayakA pramukha mAre sAmrajyameM phaila gyaa| narasiMha samrATakI sahAyatAke liya simmako bhejA thaa| panta gamavaMzakA sUrya gahu gRpta ho cukA thaa| ataH san 1986 10meM virupAkSake sAtha hI saMgamavaMzakA anta hogayA thii| ina donoM aMtima vibhayanagara samAnoM ke zAsanakAlameM bhI jainadharma banatAmeM pUrvarata prabalita haa| virupAkSake rAjadApArameM jainAcArya vizArakIrtina vAdiyoM ko parAsta karake jayapatra prApta kiyA thaa| sNgm-gj-vNsh-pkss| saMgama 1-risara prathama kampaNa 2-buka (1355-77) mudapa mAraNa saMgama dvitIya 3-harihara vitIya (1377-1404) 4-puka dvitIya (14.4-6) 5-devarAya prathama (1406-22) 6-vIra vijayagaya (9422) *-devarAva dvitIya (1421-46) e-zima (4-65) 9-vikSa (1411-1485)
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________________ vijayanagara ke mAluma gaja 59 vijayanagarake sAluva evaM anya rAjavaMza aura unake zAsanakAlamai janadharma / saMgama va sAluva rAjanareza / vijayanagara saMgama-vaMzake rAjAmauke patha ta sAlu zake rAmAbaune zAsana kiyA thaa| saMgamavaMzakI orasa vaMza bAloM ko dakSiNakA zAsana-prabandha sauMga gayA thaa| prArambhase hI saMgamavaMzakA ina nAmose ghaniSTa samma kaa| yahAMtaka ki prAT devarAya dviAne apanI bahana hiriyAdevIkA vivAha sAluA-nareza tirase kiyA thA aura Teka nAmaka padeza unheM pradAna kiyA thaa| saMgamavaMzake mantima do rAnAmoMke samayameM mAlusanareza nAsiMha vijayanagara gajyake dakSiNa mAgameM prAntapati the / 14 candragirise apanA zAsana karata the / malli juna mora virupAkI zakti kSINa huI jAnakara prAnsapatiyoM meM sarva avama narasiMha mAlugne ganya prabandha apane hAthameM le liyA thaa| isa pakAra sAluvaMzakA rAjya san 1986 se bAramma humaa|' sAluvanareza jainadharma / sAlubanareza mumataH saMgItapurake zAsanAdhikArI the aura ana.. parmako ukta banAne ke liye ve hamezA kaTiddha rhe| una gAyoMki hI kuTuMbI devarAva bahanoI timaalaaye| mAlama aigahoMgare . 1-0, . 59-6. 0, mA. 21159. 2- ra.mA. saM 1'pR. 159. -
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________________ ki vijayanagara ke saMgama rAjyameM tinake bhAI guNako dakSiNa bhAgakA zAsanamAra mauMma gayA tamIse pandragirimeM mAna the| narasiMha eka pratApI nareza thaa| usane modIsAke rAmA puruSa uma mora mupAmAnoM ke nAmoM ko vikA kiyA thaa| kintu yaha sahI prAntIya nAyakoM ko apane pApIna nahIM rakha sakA thaa| usane rAjAvigaja kAmezvara' kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI thii| imAdI nrsiNh| san 14930meM usakA bhakA sampAdi nAsiMha zAsanAvikArI huA thA aura sn 15.2 I. taka yaha zAsana karatA hA thA / salu nAsiMhane senApati nareza nAyakako usakA saMrakSaka niyukta kiyA thA, isaliye zAsana meM usakI hI maantaabii| narezane kAparIke sadA dakSiNa pratiko jIvahAM vizvastama banavAyA musalamAnoM ko bhI usane pAsta kiyA / ' laba nareza pIra naasiNh| mareza lavaM nala thA / usane gavAtisamora -- mAna mustAnako pAsa kiyA thaa| usane san 1505.. vijayanagA meM sAmana kiyA thaa| usake bAda tupA Tm zAsaka bIra narasiMha san 1506 meM zAsanAdhikArI humA / usako kI zrImAn mahArAjAdhigaja-meza bhujabampA jAti mahArA mAkI mahAnatAkI sUkamA simma usa yogya maMtrI thaa| mAlike mAI ruSNadevarAyane musammAnoMke bhAkramoMse zikAmagarako kI bImora se HiASI parisi1-10, . 1-4 -2. 44-4. - - -
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________________ vijavanamA / [19 san 150960 meM vIra narasiMhake pathAt zrI kRSNadevAne nagarakA zAsana mAra apane kuzAhAyoma kiyA thaa| hindU aura gurummAma bAdazAhoMmeM isakI tulanA nahIM kI jA sktii| videziyoM uSNadevakI bhUrI bhUrI prazaMsA kI hai|' pani use tapa sundA lilA thaa| bapi kRSNadevarAya vayaM vaiSNapamatakA anuyAyI thA, para usane bhoM aura jainoMko bhI dAna diye the| yaha saMskRta aura telugu bhASAmokA vidUna aura kviyaa| usake darabAra meM bane kavi rahate the, jo dimAna' kahe gaye hai| kRSNadevarAyakA patA vikramAdityake samatulka mAnA jAtA thaa| vaha gajA mojake nAmase apanI vipArasikatA, nyAyapANalA mora vyavahArakuzatAke kAgna prasiddha thaa| 21 varSakI yuvA napasyA gamasiMhAsana para baiTA thA; parantu apane buddhikozarase gasyapasthAko muha banAne meM ga saphala humA kaa| pahale usane bArSika sudhAra kiyA : tAsAta usane saMgaThana karake senAko bAna paura yuvAzaka bnaayaa| sAlu timmane haSNadevakI vizeSa sahAyatAkI thii| usane dasa hajAra hAthiyoM, caubIsa bAra isabAroM aura eka bAla yAdoMkI zaktizAlI senA taiyAra kI thii| isa vizAla senAko kara usane ekerI. maduga mAdi prAntoMke zAsakoMko parAsta karake meM pUrvagna kara dene ke liye bAdhya kiyaa| isa prakAra kendrIya zakiko ThIka karake vaha vAstavika samAT bnaa| san 1513 meM usane modIsakegamA gaNapati RAN R nAkramaNa kiyA gaura se pApIna kara diyA-usane kara denA sIkara liyA 515
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________________ 1] kisa kSetra vikAsa 1. meM havana bigAnAko jIta liyA thaa| gajapatine kRSNadevase sandhi kI gaura apanI rAjakumArI bhI usako byAha dI thii| goviMda mAlA liMgAnAkA zAsaka niyukta kiyA gayA thaa| isake pazcAta san 152060 meM kRSNadevane eka lAkha senA lekara gAdibyAta para nAkramaNa kiyA aura unake rAyacU', mudra, modanI mAdi durgAko chIna liyaa| parAsta huye musalamAnoMne kRSNadevarAyake bIvanakAlameM vidhavanagara para mAkramaNa kanekA sAhasa nahIM kiyaa| rAyacUrake yuddha meM musammAna senApati salAbatakhAM pakar3A gayA thA aura bahutasI sAmigrI hinduoM ke hAtha lagI thii| tIsarI yuddhayAtrAmeM kRSNadevane gamezvaram taka sadUra dakSiNa pradezako jIta liyA thaa| rAmezvarammeM usane vivayotsava manAyA thaa| usane san 1530 I. taka saphara zAsana kiyA gaa| putaMgArake gavarnara balaburkase vyApArika sandhi karake unako pazcimI kinAre para kilA banAnekI bhAjJA dI thii| isase vijaya nagarakA vyApAra bahutar3ha gayA vo| kRSNadevarAya aura jainadharma / . SNadevarAyane bhI saMgamavaMzake narezoMke padacinhoM para calakara pratyeka dharma aura pAyakA bAdara kiyA thaa| unake vizAka hadasameM majAke pratyeka vargake liye ya na bAnoko unoMne apane viSada sAmrAjyake donoM mudAyIM choroghara dAna diyA thaa| ciMgaLapeTa vipake kAMjIvarama tAluke vittiAru nAmaka sthAnameM trikoSaka kya-siko mone san 1516 gaura 1519. meM do .: - ... .-..
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________________ vijayanagarake saamaajl| aTa.kiye the| san 1528. meM.mone pirI : bike. bAlakeke cippagiri nAmaka sanake jaina maMdirako bhI dAna yi thaa| usa dAnapatrako unhoMne behaTaramaNa maMsikI dIvAra kI nahita kara diyA thaa|' hoMne pArapArake binamavirako bhI bAra diyA thaa| vAdIndra vidyAnanda / jisa prakAra usa samayake rAnAmoM meM prAT kRSNadevarAva mahAnU pratApo narendra the, usI prakAra usa samabake yogiyoM meM bAdI vidhAnanda soMgara the| vaha kRSNadevagAyaka gajadarabAra meM lAye the aura paramAdiyoko apane kAvya tarka aura tI buddhasa parAsta kiyA thaa| samAna Isa jaina yAgirAnakA samucita sammAna aura abhiSeka kiyA thaa| isaprakAra ekabAra phira baina pramoM kI pratimA rAjadaravAroM camakI thii| samrATa acyuta / kintu kRSNadevarAyakI mRtyuke prazvAta vijayanagara sAmrAjyako samRddhiko tira kATha mAra gayA / musalamAnoM ne isa samaya puna: nAma kAnA vAraMbha kiyaa| isa saMkaTAkA kArameM kRSNadevake mAI bacyutane rAjyakA kAryabhAra saMbhAlA thA. pantu 46 mubhammAnoM ke samakSa nirva pramANita humA / musalamAnoMne rAyacU / mudrasake prAntoMko ekara ki apane adhikAra kara diyaa| acyutane sastAnako kAvA 1-me, .1. x n (MSS) . .. 2- 0, pR. 3.1-104 vi. .
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________________ kara kisAnoI vikAsa maMtrI the| kintu ra pI kendrIya zaktiko skina ske| prAyaH sabhI pAnta sataMtra ho gye| isa vikaTa paristhitima gacyutako zaurya bAgRta humAnacyusane sAmantoMko pAne ke liye una para kara dI aura sapako mata apane nAdhIna kara liyA / kintu rinda saMgaThanakA dhyAna bAbAko rahA aura na sAmaMtoMko / ve rAgaraMgameM phasa gye| bacyuta san 15120 meM sargavAsI hunaa| pAma vaiSNava zAsaka thaa| caina inake rAjyameM bhI bAdI vidhAnaMda dvArA utkarSako pAsa humaayaa| acyuta aura pdaashiv| mahama maktA cuke hai ki acyutake bahanaI timmake sapane rAjyakA zAsanastra thaa| macyutake pazcAta usakI rAnI basdadevI putra behaTako gasiMhAsana para baiThAnA cAhatI thI aura usakA haka bhI thA, kintu timma svayaM rAjyAdhikArI bananA cAhatA thaa| apane svArtha ke samakSa hindazAsaka hindudharma aura hindU hitoMko bhaag| haThAt ganI gAvadevIne bIjApura mustAna mAdikazAhake pasI bheja dI mora vesTakI rakSA karane ke liye kahA mevaa| vimA vijayanagara para car3ha mAyA-panA bhI usake sAka je garma; kintu timmane use pacAsa lAkha ruAya aura lakar3oM hAthiyoM kI sa dekara zAnta kara diyA-mAdilazAha pApa bIjApura kaTa gyaa| panerI hatyA karapAke sapanA prabhAva jamAvA | usama pa rAmarAko ! usane ti prako gahose harAyake 1-li., . .1-71. 2-0, pR. 121.
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________________ vijayanagara ma raajvNsh| 4 MeosamasiMhAsana para baiThAyA! rAmarAmakRSNadevakarAmA mAra zamazakke saMrakSaNase tuluza naSTa honese papa gyo| sadAdhikkA nAmamAtra vaasn| __jisa samaya sadAzivakA gatika humA isa samaya baha rahA parvakA zaktirahita bAlaka / usake bahanoI rAmarAyane usakI vApara sthA kI aura usake liye kaI kile jIte the| zAsana saMbAhAmakI mazakti rAmarAyake hAthoM meM hI thii| san 155210meM jAsadAzipane sAba pAka kaiDAye to rAmAyane use kaida kara liyA aura sArameM kevala ekabAra usake darzana pAko karAne lgaa| isakA spaSTa bhaI yahI ki rAmarAya svayaM sadAziSake nAmase zAsana karatA thA-sadAziva usake hAthoM meM kaThaputalI thA / isa prakAra sana 1570 I. taka sadAziva nAma mAtrakA zAsaka rahA thaa| kRSNadevake pazcAta jainadharmako rAmAzraya nahIM milA; bapi pranAmeM vaha pUrvavat pracarita mhA! rAmarAya (bAravidu vNsh)| rAmarAya mAravidu vaMzakA prathama rAjA thA, jisane vijayanagara para bAMsana kiyA / panAko saMtuSTa rakhane ke liye usane sadAzivako sabA banAye rakhavA bhora phira jaba rAmagaya rAjA banA to kisI ne usakA virodha nahIM kiyaa| isapakAra rAmarAyase vijayanagarake zAsakoMkA coyA samakSa pAmma huaa| gamarAva eka pratApI gavA bA-kAke samAne zrI-kI-pIyA svArI kii| purtagAkI logoMko mI usane 04-05. 2-vi., 76.
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________________ 66] saMkSipta jaina itihAsa : sahAyatA dI aura gApArako bar3hAyA thaa| purtagAliyoMkI nasabake mAkramaNako vijayanagarako basanAke nAyaka timojAne viphala kiyA thaa| isake pazcAt purtagAliyoMne mayikI thI aura vijayanagarake rAjadUtakA abhUtapUrva svAgata gomA kiyA thaa| musalamAnoMko bhI usane burI taraha harAyA thaa| unakI masjidoMmeM mUrtiyAM sthApita karake unako maMdira banA diyA thaa| ahamadanagara bilakula naSTa kara diyA gayA thaa| isapara saba mupalamAna zAsaka saMgaThita hokara san 156510meM vijayanArapara car3ha mAye / rAmAyake musalamAna senApatiyoMne use dhokhA diyA aura tAlikATake yuddha meM vIra marAya kheta rahA ! mumahamAnoMne turI sAha laTA, musalamAna 550 hAdhiyopara lAdakara vijyanagarase taka banarAzi legye| musalamAnoMne hiMdUoMko patA kiyA aura maMdiroM tathA rAjamahaloko naSTa kara diyA / cha mahIne taka musammAna sena vijaya. nagAmeM par3I huI laTamAra karatI rhii| baisA atyAcAra zAdI kabhI kahIM kiyA gayA ho|' sArvabhaumika patana / isa bhayaMkara parAjayakA prabhAva yaha humA ki isake pathAta dakSiNakA koI bhI hindU zAsaka puna: eka vizAla sAmrAjyake nirmANa karanekA sAhasa na kara sakA | hiMdU samAjyakA ekadama patana humaa| pariNAmataH brAmaNa bhora baina saMskRtiyoM kA hAsa humaa| sAhitya, kApaura byApArako bhI sati huI evaM purtagAlI nAdi videza bhI 1-zi. . .1-84. -
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________________ vijayanagarake sAluna ra anya gjvNdh| . [6. Thaura Taura para bhagnA adhikAra jamA beThe ! rAmarAyake pazcAta tiruma, zrIraMga prathama, zrIveTapatideva aura moraMga dvi0 nAmaka gAyole 'vijayanagarapara zAsana kiyA avazya pAntu ve vijayanagarake saMsthApana dhvaMyakI rakSA karane meM asamartha rhe| zrIveTakI udAratAse IsAiyoMne bhI yahAM jAne para jamA liye aura bahuta se hinduoMko IsAI banA liyA / prajA asaMtopa bar3ha gayA / sara hI sAmanta svatantra hogye| vijayanagarake rAjAoMkA koI prabhAva hI naha! zAhajI aura maujumalAne mantameM unakI rAjadhAnI para bhI adhikAra jamAyA aura vijayanagara sAmrAjyakA panta kara diyA ! unake sthAna para magaThA rAjyakI sthApanA huii| (1) saaluss-vNshvRkss| (3) bhaavidu-vNsh-vRkssaa| narasiMha gAya hammAdI narasiMha timmala (2) tulutra-yaza-vRkSa / narezanAyaka zrI/ga prathama vara narasiMha zrI kaTapati deva bhIraga ditIya adhyata sadAzirAya
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________________ 16] ... . sAta jana vikAsa (3) vijayanagarakI zAsana-vyavasthA tathA unake sAmantoM aura rAjakarmacAriyoMmeM jainadharma / hiMdU sNgtthn| hariharane kA vijayanagara rAjyako sthApanAkI to unhoMne hosaka 'saMjAoMkA bhAdarza apane mammukha rakabA bA-horasala zAsanapraNAlIkA 'anukaraNa karake unhoMne rAjaprabaMdha prArambha kiyA thaa| usI praNAlIke ganurUpa pazcAtke sahI vijayanagara rAjAmoMne apane zAsanako calAyA thA / alabattaH ve loga harihara buka mAdi mahAn narezoMkI usa bhAdarza nItiko bhuma baiThe the, jisake kAraNa prajAvargameM sAmpadAyika vidUSakA anta hokara pAramparika saMgaThana dvAga eka mahAn hindU gaSTrako puna: sthAnakA mumba svapna mUrtimAna hone jA rahA thaa| vijayanagarake upAntakAlIna rAjA loga hindu rASTra nirmANako bAta hI bhUka gaye the aura ve mApasameM lAne lage the| vijayanagarake patanameM vahI eka kAraNa mukhya thaa| samrAT aura usakA maMtrimaMDala / vaise vijayanagara rAjyakA zAsana prAcIna bhArya prabAke anusAra samrATake mAdhIna cAlita humA thA, paraMtu samrATako pUrNa svataMtratA prApta hote hue bhI ucchRkhastAkI nAzakAko miTAneke liye unako eka maMtrimaMDala ke sAtha zAsana karanA anivArya baa| samrATako vaise pUrNa adhikAra mAthe para ye maMtrimaMDakI sammatikA saMpana kadAcita
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAna vyAyAma nprm| [19 dI karate the| kintu ma mAma nahIM hotA ki vijayanagara sAmrAjya, rAniyoMkI sthiti kyA thI ! horapala--ganiyoM kI taraha unako zAsanAghikAra zAyada nahIM milA thA-koI bhI rAnI prAntIya zAsanakI bhI, adhikAriNo nahIM bI! itane para bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki baha zAsana-nItise niroDa mAricita tI thI, kyoMki kRSNadevarAyake. samayameM hama do rAniyoM ko zAsana-prabandha sakriya bhAga lete huye pAte, haiN| mandukAjAka aura nikAko kaoNnTi nAmaka vizo yAtriyoM ke varNanase bhI yahI pragaTa hotA hai ki rAniyAM gajAke bhoga-vilAsakI, bastumAtra thIM aura mAne pati ke sAtha pAyaH satI ho jAtI thiiN| rAbAkAra hajAra kAminiyoM se vivAha karatA thaa| rAjAkI mahAnatAke viSayameM bhabdulAjAkaMne likhA hai ki vijayanagarake rAya (rAjA) se adhika zaktizAlI narezako bhAratameM DhUMDhanakA pragasa karanA niryaka hai| kaoNSTi likhatA hai ki bhAratameM sabhI ganAoM meM vijayanagara nareza, vizeSa zaktizAlI hai ! maMtrimaMDalakA mntrruup| vijayanagarake zaktizAlI nazoMke sucAru rAjaprabaMdhake liye bo. maMtrimaMDala nayA rAjasamA thI, usameM (1) pradhAna maMtrI, (2) pAntIya suvedAra, (3) senApati, (7) rAjaguru, tathA (5) kavigaNa, * nirAka kiye jAte the| sa rAjA usakA pradhAna hotA thaa| unakI samAvi bhora bhI choTe choTe karmacArI niyukta kiye jAte the| 1-. 0112-Major, P SI Pt. ILp.. -bid, Pt I p. 23 & P. EP. 6.
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________________ saMkSita baina itihAsa / isa rAjamamAke sadasyoM kI niyuktiyAM prAyaH bAkI icchAnusAra hotI bI ganapAnIke prabaMdhake liye niyukta pulisakA raca adhikArI bhI isa zAsana sabhAkA sadasya hotA thaa| ina sabameM pradhAna maMtrIkA pada hI mahatvapUrNa hotA thaa| koSAdhyakSa bhI niyukta kiye jAte the, bo nAva-vyakA hisAba rakhate the| bhATa, pAna kAnevAlA, paMcAMgakartA, khudAI karanevAlA, lekha-nirmAtA tathA zAsanAcArya bhI mahAmaMtrIke pApIna hokara apanA2 kArya karate the| nyAyakA kArya senApati supurda bAparantu padhAna nyAyAdhIza svayaM rAjA hI thaa| daNDameM jurmAnA kiyA. bAvA yA mathavA divya parIkSA (Ordeal) tathA mRtyudaMDa diyA jAtA thaa| devarAyane prAyazcittakA daMDa bhI diyA thaa|' shaasn-vibhaag| rAjA zAsana-sabhAke adhikAriyoM sahita panAkI hita dRSTise zAsana kiyA karatA thaa| prajAko dhArmika saMskRti aura bAbA samRddhiko abhivRddhi karane kA dhyAna rAjAko thaa| dezameM zAntipUrNa suvyavasthA hane para yaha abhivRddhi sambhava thii| isaliye hI zAsana-prabandha cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA thA / (1) kendrIya zAsana, (2) prAntIya zAsana, (3) nAdhInasva rAjya zAsana, (1) prAma prabandha / kendrIya zAsana rAbA aura maMtrimaNDaske bhASIna thaa| bramaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya ke koga maMtrIpadA niyukta kiye jAte the| prAntIya zAsanakA bAra pAntapati sAmantoM ko nAyakopara nirbhara baa| rAjakumAra gaura sabasamadhIhI pAya pratApa zasaka niyukta kiye jAte the| koI
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA bndhrm| [71, prAMtIya zAsaka aisA bhI hotA thA vo rAjagharAnese sambandhita hote : huye bhI apanI yogyatA aura vizvAsapAtratAka lihAjase usa padara niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| patipatiyoM ko apane2 pratimeM svataMtra zAsana karanekA adhikAra thaa| bhUmikarakA tIsarA bhAga baha rAjAko dete the caura rAjAkI sahAyatAke liye senA bhI rakhate the| yaha kokanAyaka pavamA mahAmaMDalezvara kahalAte the|' graam-vyvsthaa| ___prAMtIya nAyakoM ko hI yaha adhikAra thA ki 'nADU' (paraganA) caura grAmoMke prabandhake liye malA maga adhikArI niyukta kreN| nAda nAdhikArI sapahI gAMvoM ke kAryakA nirIkSaNa kiyA karatA thaa| grAma adhikArakA pada vaMza parAmparA- gata hotA thaa| kintu prAmakA prabandha 'prAma-paMcAyata' dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / mApasI jhagar3eko sya kAnA, daNDa denA, gAMvakI rakSA karanA bhAdi kArya grAma paMcAyata hI karatI thii| grAma karmacArI murUpana: sabhAga ( lekhaka ), kAyasa. (pulisa) banAyagara hote the| grAma paMcAyata saba bAtoM kA vArSika-vivANa. zAsakake pAsa bhejA karatI thii| kendriya zAsanako muhada khanake liye eka yaha kramika rAja vyavasthA kAryakArI thii| vaise kendra meM bhI. eka vizAla senA, catura pulisa aura rahasyavid guptacara rahA karate the| sainikoM kA vetana nakada diyA jAtA thaa| senApara honevAlA yaha sA. hInyapadAravadhunoM (riyoM) para gAye gaye karasepasUka kiyA jAtA, mA senAke vavimAga (1) paidarU, (2) isabAra, (3)hAvI, (7) 1-vi0, pR. 129-1.....2-pahI 151. ...
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________________ Mewatimemumauwoo 7..]. saMmizana inita anupadhAro. (5) aura topakhAnA the| vijayanagara rAjya sevaas| bhI apanA eka bedd'aabaa| mukhakamAna sainikAmI sepAne rakhegAte the| rAjapakI gAya sAdhAraNataH bhUmikAse murUpataH aura makarose humA karatI thii| dhAnyakA chaThA bhAga kara-rUpameM vasUla kiyA jAtA thaa| vizeSa avasthAmeM bhUmikarameM parivartana bhI hotA thaa| pampa karoMmeM (1) cuMgo, (2) pazu vanekA kara, (3) nAyakara, (1) aMgaka. .., (5) maya kara, (6) kArakhAnoMkA kara, (7) vivAha-kA, nAdi sammilita the| bAvakA tIsarA bhAga rAjakIya mahasane tyAnArAmako sAmigrI para kharca kiyA jAtA thaa| aura jAyakA nAmamA senAle ara kharca hogAtA thaa| vyaapaar| narama, Izana, purtagAsanAdi dezoMse vibhayanagA rAmAnoM rAjanatika samparka sthApita kiye the, jisake AraNa vinyanagA rAjya vyApAra khUpa hI camakA bA / baneka bhAratIya vyApAse dUra kara dezole vyApAra karate the| unake apane bahAba the| unameM ve megA zo naura rezamI kapar3A, una, hIrA, mAharAta, masAlekI comeM, tIsa gora kAphI mAphara videzoMko lenAte the| videzI meMga jAne dezoM sAmAnamAra vizvanagarake bar3e nagaroMke kamasena ca / bhandumajjAkane siki vijayanagara sampane tIsI - be, jinameM nikalana, mis.i (Syrial vana, sa Ara - FiR-RR5.
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaandhrm| [730 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmsunasAnamAvikoMse vyApArI bAte mora gAte the| phorama(Orms), kAlIkaTa, maMgore bhora khaMbhAta ullekhniiy.drmaaithe| bossA samudra ke madhya sthita thaa| bhanduka rajjAkakI himeM usake samaka. dUparA baMdaragAha duniyA meM nahIM thaa| (Ormaj... has not its equal on the surface of the globe). kAgekaTakA bandaragAha bhI osmanake samAna surakSita aura bar3A daramahA bhabIsIniyA, nisvAda, naMjIvAra aura hemAnasa nAma mAvikatara bhAvA karate the aura yahAMko surakSita sthiti aura pApArika suvidhAke kAraNa adhika samaya taka Thaharate the| yahA~ rahe catura aura sAhasI nAvika (Sailors) gate the| unake kAraNa samudra ke luTere kAlIkaTake mahAjoMko TanekA sAhasa hI nahIM karate the| nikiTina (Nikitin) nAmaka yAtrI ke zo meM khambhAta usa samaya sAre bhAratIya mahAsAgara bahAjoMke lie pramukha baMdaragAha thA aura vahAM pratyeka prakArakI vyApArika vastuyeM taiyAra kIjAtI thiiN| sAzataH vijayanagara rAjyoM bApAkI mupasthita vRddhisa deza samRdizAkI humA thaa| yahAMka koga bahuta hI sabhya aura ucakoTikA jIvana vyatIta karate the| bhAvanA nikiTina nAmaka ( Athanasius Nikitin ) yAtrIne likhA hai ki bhAratameM dainika jIvanakA vyaya anya dezoMkI peza atyadhika vaa| nAba jisa prakAra jamarIkAko samRdine yahA~kA dainika 1-Major PEp. -4 pRSTha 13-173-hI, mA. 2019 / 4-Living. in India is remexper weitosinjor-P: 28%
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________________ 71] saMdhita jaina itihaas| bIvana mAvika khI banA rakhA hai| vaise hI bhAratakI vakAlIna samRddhine bhAtIyoMkA jIvana-vyaya bhASika khIMga banA diyA thaa| unakA rahana sahana UMce darjekA thaa| nAgarikoMke Adaze kaayeN|| bhAratIya usa samaya khUba bharepUre the| rAjA aura patrA, donoM hI nAmoda-pramodake sAtha-sAya dAna-dharmameM bhI kAphI rupayA kharcate. the|hoNne nayanAbhirAma maMdira aura prAsAda banAye the| vijayanagarakI sahakaoNpara hoga, motI, gala, javAharAta nahakara unhoMne apanI samRddhisAkInatAkA paricaya diyA thaa| kintu isa dhanako unhoMne ImAnadArIse saMcita kiyA thaa| vyApArIgaNa dena lenameM saccAI aura ImAnadArIkA bartAva karate the / dharma-puruSArthako bhAge rakhakara hI ve artha puruSArthakI siddhi ke liye bama karate the / mandula rajjAkane likhA hai ki vitra. banagarake bandaragAhoMmeM rakSA aura nyAyakI aisI muvyavasAyI ki bar3ese bar3e dhanI vyApArI apanA mAla laganemeM hicakate nahIM the| kAlIkaTameM ve nissaMkoca apanA mAla bAjAroM meM bheja dete the| bhAratIya vyApAriyoMkI ImAnadArIkA unako itanA bharosA thA ki ve hisAba jAMcane athavA apane mAkI kharagirI khanakI bhI mAvazyakatA nahIM samajhate the| cuMgIke rAjakarmacArIgaNa bhI itane ImAnadAra the ki ve vyApAriyoM kA mAkapane suparda kara usakI pUrI nigarAnI rakhate the-vyApAriyoM kI 2-'vicitravari tatrAsti vibyAbhiSaM, nagaraM saupasaMdohAzivAcA // 26 // / maNikarimo mulAH . setasetumiH, . dAna pani nizAnA bAti vAri51-pigiti-simaka
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA va jainadharmaM / [ 75 tanika bhI hAni nahIM hotI thii| ina vyApAriyoMmeM bahutase bar3e2 vyAyArI jainI hote the / jaina vyApAriyoMne dezako samRddhizAlI banAne meM apane satsAhasa aura satya dharmakA paricaya diyA thaa| ve apanI mArika saMsthAyeM banA kara vyApAra karate the / dhArmika sahiSNutA / vijayanagara sAmrAjya meM dhArmika sahiSNutA bhI eka ullekhanIya vastu thiiN| videziyoM aura musalamAnoM taka ko apane dharma niyamoMko pAlane kI suvidhA prApta thI, musalamAnoMke liye rAjyakI orase masjida banAnekI suvidhA prApta huI thii| musalamAna rAjakarmacArIgaNa bhI samudAha aura hindU dharmAtanoM ke prati sahAnubhUti rakhate the| unhoMne hiMdU maMdiroM ko dAna diye the / pArasparika sauhArdakA yaha sundara namUnA thaa| purtagAla ke IsAI pAdariyoM ko bhI apane matakA pracAra karanekI chUTa thI / kintu itane para bhI ina videzI matoMko sapharatA nahIM milatI thii| unake pracArako yogigaT vidyAnanda sadRza mahAtmA nirarthaka aura niSphala banA dete the| vAstava meM janatA meM vaiSNava, zaiva aura jaina mata itane gahare paiThe huye the ki videzI matoMkI ora ve AkRSTa hI prAyaH nahIM hote the| 'kAlIkaTa meM gaUnaca niSiddha thA aura koI bhI vahAM go mAMsa nahIM 1- Major, Pt. I pp. 13-14 2 - vi0 pR0 168 / 1-kora ke zilAlekha naM0 16 se spaSTa hai ki dilakhA nAmaka musalamAna aphasarane musalamAna zAsaka sitAbaki liye eka hindU maMdirako bhUmidAna diyA thaa| dastamajIkhAMne 11 jUna 1556 I0 ko devApurake maMdirako dAna diyA thaa| - ( ASM., 1941, pp. 153 - 154 )4 - vi0, pR0 168.
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________________ on] . savina vidAsa / mammommmmm khA- N-ndu jAkakA yaha likhanA vijayanagara sAmrAjyamAse nagalA rakhatA hai| jainadharmako rAmAzraya prAya baa| samaya para baha visanagarakA rAjadharma mI rahA thaa| vijayanagara samrAToMkI usake pati, samudAra dRSTi thii| unake rAjadarabAroM meM jaina bhAgoM paMDito. mora. kaviyoM ko sammAnanIya pada prApta thaa| vijayanagara zAsanake prArambhameM digana bAdakuzaka jainAcAryokA prAyaH samAra. vA-isIliye baha mainetA vAdiyoM ke mamakalameM nahIM Tika pAte. the; kintu bAdI viSAnandane isa. kamIko pUrA karake jainadharmakI bhapUrva pramAvanA kI thii|' samAja vyvsthaa| vijayanagara sAmrAjyameM samAna vyAsthA apane prAcIna. rUpa bhalita thI / musammAnoM aura IsAiyoM ke pracArako lakSya karake varNAzrama dharmake pArane meM ahAnA karatI jAtI thii| vijayanagara rAjAbhoMka vinoM meM savarNAzramAcAra-pratipAvanatatparaH' manavA 'varNAzramadharmapAlitA' isa bAta ke yotaka hai ki rAbAyoga varNAzrama- dharmakI rakSA meM tatpara / barAcaryajI ke samaya hI varNAdhamI paurANika sindUdharmakA pAra kara rahA thA kintu brAhmaNa, kSatriya, kSetra aura co" In this harbour one may find everything that can be desired. Ope thing alone is forbidden namely to kill a row or to eat ils flesh: whosoever should be discovered slaughtering or. cating one of these animals, would be immediately punished with date -Major I. p. 18. 2-1, pR. 196-16 // popaTaka sagA bhAvIvIpaka, nija parihara diH (114 KASM. 1938. p. 319)
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________________ wwmomenammaNIN vijayanagIvAsana baasnaandhrm| . chadroMka tirikta maura bhI jAtiyAM ho cako yo| momeM parNAzramakI kaTTaratA mI pUrNa rUpameM praviSTa nahI huI thI, 'janameM bainAcArya aura kuruko mAnyatA pUrvavata pracalita thii| 30 varNake jainI paraspara vivAha samma karate the| inameM mI seThI vANi"baneTa nAnIdezI, amarAvatIkoTe, tadeyara kuka, kaDitalegotra gAdi bAtiyoMkA bananA zurU humA thaa| strI smaaj| samAjameM striyoM kA sammAnIya sthAna thaa| pAlaka-bAlikAoM ko samAnarUpameM zikSA-dIkSA dI jAtI thii| kanyAoM ko saMgIta, nRtya, citrakArI nAdi lalita kalAyeM vizeSa rUpase sikhAI jAtI thii| triyoM kA patike sAtha yuddha, yAtrA aura paNijameM nAkara bhAga lene ke tallekhoMse spaSTa hai usa samaya siyoM meM paradekA rivAna nahIM thaa|' videzI yAtrI bhI yahI likha gaye haiM 1+ dakSiNameM pAdekI prathA mAtra bhI nahIM hai| kintu usa samaya bahu vivAha prathAkA bahupacAra thaa| sarvasAdhAraNa loga bhI aneka vivAha karate the| dahejameM gAMvataka diye jAte the| zudra mapanI kanyAoMko becate bhI the| ina samAnaniyamoM kA pAna na karane loga jAtipahiSkRta kara diye jAte the| isa prakAra samAjameM vaivAhika prayA kaThora aura burAIsa khAlI nahIM thii| liyoM meM patika sAba nala mAnekI nRzaMpa matI-prathA pracalita thii|' 1-vi0, pR. 200-201 1+Not did they try to hide their women.-Major, p. 14 2-Major, II. 'p. 23'vi . 1.1 ||-vih. "pR. 2012. . Major, IL. P. 6.
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________________ saMkSipta jaina itihAsa jaina liyoMmeM bhI koI 2 isa koka prathAkA meSa- manukaraNa karatI / rAjamahaloM aura vaiSNava maMdiroM meM saMgIta aura nR yake liye gaNikAyeM bhI hotI thii| jaina mahilAoMko unakI anya bahinoM kI apekSA adhika vAdhInatA prApta thii| vaha dharmakAyoko karaneke liye svAdhIna thii| aneka jaina mahilAyeM mAryikAyeM (sAdhvI) hokara lokakalyANameM nirata rahatI thiiN| ve svataMtra rUpameM dAna bhI detI thIM aura apane dharmaguruyosa zikSA bhI letI thiiN| dAyabhAgameM bhI unako aSikAra prApta thA ! unameM aneka kaviyatrI aura paMDitAyeM bhI thiiN| unake saundaryako prazaMsA videziyoM ne kI thii| ve bAdhya sundariyAM hotI thiiN| jaina saMgha vyvsthaa| dakSiNa bhAratake jainiyoM meM prAcIna saMgha vyavasthA mana bhI maujUda thii| muni aura mAryikA saMghake sAtha zrAvaka saMgha bhI maujUda thaa| mAthikAyeM apanA saMgha malaMga banAkara nahIM rahatA thI; malika ne muni saMghake vAcAryokI ziSyA kahI gaI hai| isI taraha zrAvaka-zrAvikA * bhI apane guruke saMghameM sammilita hote the / muni saMgha kaI antaramedoM meM baMTA huA thaa| zilAlekhoM meM mUla saMgha. sAmyatI gaccha, 1-mani dhake lekha naM. 54 meM likhA hai ki kamalAkSI mahAlakSmI apane hadaya jinendra bhagavAna. niprAya guru. aura apane pyAre pata bagyinandanakA dhyAna rakhate hue sAhasapUvala mimeM baThI aura satI hogI .ASM , 1942, P. 185. 2-vi0, pR. 2.1 / |-belor (Bolour) me hune bhandulAjAne hokI siyoM ke anya masAnoM jaga paayaa| ("Women reminded one of the bualty of Hauris." -Major, I, p. 80 ).
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA va jainadharma / / 79 koNDa kundAnyayake atirikta mUka saMgha kA gU'gaNa-pustaka gacche; muka saMgha dezIyagaNa - pustaka gacche mUka saMgha-palAtkAragaNai; drAvidvAnyama yApanikA - saMgha; iMgalezvara saMdha; mULa saMgha-sUrastagaNa citrakUTAnyayai; zrImaiNadAnbaya - dezIyagaNa ityAdi saMghoM aura gaNakA patA calA hai / yaha nAma bhI prAyaH kSetrakI apekSA se khakhe gae hoM / kANura, dezI, drAvir3a, citrakUTa iMgalezvara bAdi nAma kSetroMke hI ghAtaka hai / jainamaTha bellUra ke tAmrazna naM0 62 se spaSTa hai ki san 1680 ke pahale se dakSiNa bhArata meM vaiSNava maThoMkI taraha jaina maTokI sthApanA ho gaI thii| dillI, kolhApura, jinAMcI aura panugaDemeM jaina bhaTTArakoMkI gaddiyA~ thiiN| yaha saba bhaTTAraka lakSmIsena kahalAte the aura vastra pahanate the / (ASM., 1939, p. 190) jaina muniyoMkA cAritra / yadyapi di0 jaina munigaNa aneka saMghoM aura gacchoM meM baTe hube antu unake bAcAra-vicAra prAya: eka samAna the| ve saba hI mainadharmakI prabhAvanAyeM dasacita the| cUMki maMdiroMkI vyavasthAkA mAra aura sampatikA uttaradAyitva vibhinna bhAcAryoM para hotA thA, isaliye unameM vividha kSetroM aura sthAnoMkI apekSA saMgha aura gaccha bane huye the / mAluma hotA hai ki usa samaya videzI logoko bhI benathame meM 1-ASM., 1931, p. 114. 2 - baho, san 1933.10 266 3 - vahI, 1934 10 176.4 - bahI, san 1940, pR0 171-171. 5 - vahI, 1938, 1083-88. 6-10 1827 nahI 1942, 10286. 8 - yahI 1943, 10 194 - 1110 ...
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________________ kiyA gayA thaa| kinImAyAvanikA rAyake samAna gAmAte the. jisase una saba paradezase stt| jara martipUjaka gate the| unake jainadharmAnuyAyI aura rAjyAdhikArI zokarAni homepara jainAcAryone unakA eka bar3A saMghAnikA yAmaka sthApita kiyA pratIta hotA hai| use pAnIya' kA apavaMza mAnamA kucha ThIka nahIM calA ! unakA mA saMgha panAnekI nApa"satA yUM par3I hogI ki ve videzI aura usa samaya varNAzramI maharAkA prabhAva niyoMga mI pAvA! naI 2 upamAtiyAM bhI banegI thiiN| eka lekha meM usa samaya aThAraha nAtiyoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM achUta bhI sammilita the aura una sabane milakara kezavamaMdira banAyA thaa| vaiSNavoMmeM yaha dAvA noMkI dekhAdekhI pracalita hI pratIta hotI hai| muniyoMkA mahAna vyaktitva / digambara jaina muni nigarambha aura niSparigraha kara apanI mAmAkA barSa aura lokakA pakAra kAnemeM nita the| unakI mahAn padriyoMse spaSTa hai ki ve cAritra, vidyA aura zAnameM bar3e par3he. evaM devendroM-narendrodvArA pUjya the| bhaTTAraka dharmabhUSaNako eka mekha meM "minendramANa roka"-"devendrapUjya"-"caturvidhatAna cintAmaNi" paura "minamaMdira-vIrNAdvAraka" kahA gayA hai, jisase pragaTa hai ki . .1-saMha, mA. 3 khA 2 pR. 162-163. -ASM. -1989.: p. 101. 1-paMcamAtI vA lekhana.. 4.. ASM. 1934176
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________________ vijayanagaravAsanAlA nrm| [81 puniyA vinavapati kIna mora maMdiroM ke saMrakSaka hote the| maMdirose mArane hue the, unakI nAmadanIse 8 maMdirakA nAcArya (1)mAhAra, (2) meSajya, (3) namaya, (4) mora zAma dAnakI vyavasthA madira kAsAbAisa prakAra munirAja bhora madira kokopakAraka sAdhana bane huye the| logoM para unakA bacchA prabhAva par3A humaayaa| jaina siddhAntake sAra munijana anya siddhAntoMka bhI pAragAmI hote the| isIliye nidharmaka sthama mAne jAte the| jJAna-aMdhakArakA nAza karane ke kAraNa ve avivalita-boSa-nIpa' aura 'samohara' kahe bAte ' banatA jJAna-pramA karanA unakA parama kartavya bA / jo mAdhu hAnI pAnI nahIM hote the, unheM sAdhuveza mAnA jAtA thA aura kasA vAtAva kiye jJAnahIna sadhudeSo kena apanA peTa bhAgAtI sAmate mArgazataH muniSa vivekapUrvaka lokakalyANameM nirata thaa| aapikaaye| mumukSu mahilAyeM pA chor3akara sara karUpANameM nirata hotI thiiN| sake saMghakA netRtva bhI saMbhavataH mainAcArya kati the; kyoMki lekhoM meM bake guru jainAcArya raha gaye haiN| yaha mAthikA jJAna-dhyAnameM 1-gaNitti vazilAlekha-simA0, bhA0 10 pR. 3-4. 2-kepi svAdApANe pariNatA vidyAvahInatama yogIzA bhuvi saMbhava ki naMtarikSa / gaNigitti vargAta zilAlekha / ' 3-gadara (vigere) ke lekha na. 44 meM ilekariyara nAmaka pAkSika guru nadimAka hai| malasaMpa korakumdAnvayase sambandhita (ASM., 1936, p. 178.)
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________________ 82] saMvita baina itihaas|.. . Mon samaya bitAtI huI Thora-Thaura bAkara banatAko nAmabodha kI bIpAlikAmoM bhora biyoMko zikSA dIkSA detI thiiN| ve svayaM niyama pAtIM thIM aura bhAvikAoMko unako pAne ke liye sArita karatI thii| mantameM samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka vaha apanI hI pUrNa karatI thiiN| zrAvaka shraavikaayeN| sAdhuoMke pavitra jIvana aura unakI satsaMgatikA prabhAva bhAvaka mAvikAnoM para par3A thaa| ve laukika dharmakA pAna karate huye nAmazuddhike mArgameM bhAge bar3hate the| jinendrakI pUjA karanA gaura dAna denA unake mukhya dharma-karma the| vo aura puruSa samAna rUpoM jinendra patrA evaM anya dhArmika kriyAyeM karate the| prAvikAboke apane dharmaguru hote the; jo unheM dharmapAlana ke lie utsAhita bhAra sAvadhAna karate the| jaina kuchAcArakA pAna Thokase ho; isasa dhyAna nAbAyoMke sAtha 2 pramukha sApaka bhI rakhate the| stanidhika ana zAsaka bommagauDakA jIvana eka mAyake bAdatrako kama karatA hai| jinakaraNa roka the-guruH kta the| dUsare deva naura guruke bhAge natamastaka nahIM hote the| hamezA sambakatvameM gata rahate naura jainamatakI padike liye tat gate the| baina nArakI , 1-lentiyAne samAdhimA bimA / (hI) vindiganAle sthAna sana. 15 se sthAki amAnnesiyA nAmaka mAvikAne anam aura samAdhipUrvaka pApavina kiye(ASM., 1939,P193)
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaapndhrm| [1] vikA unone mezA dhyAna sA kaa|' mimaMdisamora cartikI banavAnA, zAma likhakara bheTa karanA, pAThazAma sthApita karanA, .x bIparmAyatanoMkA uddhAra karanA nAdi dharmakArya the jinako mAyaka kiyA karate the| maMdiroM meM nadIkara dvopake binAvyoM kI bhI rakhanA karAI jAtI thii| bhAvaka bhAvikAyeM jinamUrtiyoM ke atirika sIyoM aura guruloMkI pUjA karate the| mAmeM cApakoM ke sAtha eka bhI car3hAye jAte the, jinake liye mAyaka maMdiroMko bAga vAnameM dekheM the|'bhaabk aura mukhyataH zrAvikA anantabA mAvikA pAna karake unakA gyApana ko utsabase manAte the| zAsanadevoMkSetrapA kSaNIkI bhI mUrtiyAM banAte the aura unako pUjate the| gantameM samAdhimANa pUrvaka apanI bIvana kIlA samAta karane meM loga gaurava banubhava karate the| samAdhimANa bhayabA sallakhAnAvata gurukI bAbAsakI kiyA thA sakatA hai| guru mahArAja yaha samajha lete hai ki bhaktakA bIvana - 1-ASM, 1942, 181-181. '...aba nA dharmamagana kulAcAraM gala beseMdatAgiremAlu punariyaM mAra punyA satkIti tanidhiya madhiNaM bomna meru dhayamanu / '- manamatAbaddhava - - samyAnAkara tilaka' ityaadi| 2-ASM., 1941. P 2043 Tbid, 1942, p. 186. x levira thama kesa naM. 35 Ibid 1937, p. 185. 3-Ibid., 1942, pp 40-11 4-18 nidhilekha naM. 36 se spaSTa hai ki hara mAdapNane nidho ke siM midAna diyA thaa| (ASM, 1931, pp 164-165) 5-lbid., 1939, p. 152. 6-lbid, 1930, p. 175 7-Ibid 1911, 204. 8-Ibid 1912pp. 181-185.'
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________________ mastanisaniamayan weat to use salesanAne meM dete hai aura na akase ho, isake liye niSika kara dete haiN| gurunoMka pAskI samayasamA pracAra samucita pvaa| malekhanAke samaya meM nindradevakA dhyAna bhora NamokAramaMtrA smaraNa karate huve evaM niyoko pAte huye mumukSu svarga-sukha pAya phAte the| svargavAsI bandhuNoMkI smRtima niSi aura vIragala banavAye jAte the| isana jileke govara nAmaka sthAnase jo * niSadhikala ' (nidhikA zilApaTa) pATha hunA hai. 88 para tIna bhAgoM meM tIna dRzya nAkIrNa hai| taka mAnoM pAhe hI ina do zrAvikAoM ke citra utkIrNa haiM, jinhoMne sallekhamA viSise mAma visarjana kiyA thaa| ve vIravara satya mgerekI paliyAM gaura bhAcArya nayakIrtideva siddhatizakI zinA bhii| patika bIgatiko prApta hone para unhoMne lekhanAvata liyA thaa| isake upara dUsare zyameM donoM zrAvikAyeM devAganAmoMse veSTita vimAnameM svargako bAtI huI dikhAI detI hai| isa dRzyaka pradarzanase salakhanA-kA mAhAsya banatAke hRdayameM ghara kara jAtA thaa| tIsare dRzyameM minendra bhagavankI mUrti bahina hai, jinapara do devAzanAya camara Dhola rahI hai| "jinendrakI bhakti hI svargamukhadAyinI hai"-isa satyakA bakhAna nidhilake isa dRzyase hotA thaa| sArAMzataH nainAcArako pAlana pAnekA samucita thAna saMghameM rakkhA bAtA thaa| sAmpradAyika vidveSa aura pArasparika prmaav| . kintu isane para bhI, yaha mAnanA par3egA ki usa samaya vargaRAH, IOS.P.T+
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAna ma jaindhrm| 18 memmmmmmm samAna vinAmakI mAnA thii| yapi vipata In sAra pArmika nIti thI, phira bhI vaiSNA mora zaiva janAko ra dete rastAra se jAte the| aruNadevarAya sadara mahAn bhora rasara sanake rAjyakA meM hI nRzaMsa paTanA ghaTita huI thii| kAnU bike bhIka nAmaka sthAnakA zAsaka zAntaputra vIzi dharmakA anusAra aura bhanekAntamaya (jainadharma) kA vizeSI / / san 151210 prakasase spa hai ki usane zvevAra niyoM kA kalemAma karAma ko' lesameM usake isa nRzaMsa karmakI gaNanA usake dharmakRtyoM kI hai| bhalA isase jyAdA aura kyA atyAcAra ho sakatA thA! aise bhayA sthiti nAcAyoMke liye dharmako sthitanA kaThina hosa kAkahIM kahIM to bainadharmAtanoM meM vinandrapanA bhI na ho pAtI thii|' kahIM-kI madA-sadA sAvaka mAvikAnoM para unake paDosI vimiyoM ke bhAvAra-vicAra kA prabhAva pAtA thaa| janI unake dekhAdekhI gomUhAne jAte the; 4 vinayako tA bhI na bhUkhate the ! kSmIdezI mI I-mimeM bAmarI, ra marate damataka binadeva bhora mena dharmagurule bhUnI ! elinAkI caina paskike lekha 056 se sTI ki pokA caukIdAra aura usakI mAM bampa evaM ketiSa aura usakI patnI candudevIne sanyAsa maraNa kiyA aura kAmastiliMgadevameM jIna ho gye| yahApara kAstiliMgadeva' nAma zaiva matake prabhAvako baka karatA hai- bainI kAmdevameM vilIna hue-sargavAsI huye' bAyo sthAnazikIna huhgye| yA minendra devaka R-MAHISHAahidiGPALI
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________________ 85] saMkSisa baina itihaas| liye moga' denekA' bhI lekha hiMdU maMdiroM meM bamogakA smA hai| kintu isake sAtha hI, yaha bAta nahIM mubaI jA sakatI ki usa samudAra kAmeM niyoM kI mAnyatAoM kA prabhAva bhI hiMduoMrahA thaa| paTTa parNAzramI hote huye bhI, hindubhoMne joko dharmakA sthAna diyA thA, yaha niyoMkI samuzAra parmanItikA hI pariNAma samajhanA ThIka hai| yahI nahIM, hinduoMna bainI deza deviyoM ko bhI apanAyA thaa| siddha bhagavAna aura padmAvatIdevI unake nikaTa padmAkSI devI aura siddhezvara' deva hogaye the| jaina muniyoM ke digambara meSakA prabhAva zaiva bhora vaiSNava sAdhunoM para par3A thA-unhoMne bhI pAmahaMsavRtti' bANa kI thii| unakI mUrtiyAM bhI panAsana minamati mitI jubtI banAI gaI thii| jaina hI nahIM, hinduoM . usa samaya musalamAnoM kA bhI asara humA thA-banArdanakA eka nAma malA la nAva' isI samaya rakhA gayA thaa| dilabarakhA jaise musamAna bA hindU maMdiroMko dAna dete the, taba yadi mallAha' ke nAmase hinda napane dezako pukArane lage, to nAcarya hI kyA ! mata sahiSNuH zAmeM hI jJAnadharma camakatA hai aura mAnava apanA mora pAyA hika sapa sakatA hai| prAntIya zAsaka bainI the| isa prakArakI samudAra dharma-pravRttike kALameM vijayanagarake katipaya - 1-Ibid. -Ibid. 3- 0, mA. 2 pR. 16-10 / -4-pariNayacA nAdi Re | ASM., 1961 P.254-Ibid.t-bid. -Ibids 1911. pp. 150-154
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________________ AmAImammeenamoonam vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaapndhrm| [8.' (sabATa baura unake vaMzaja hI bainadharmake anuyAyI rahe. yahI nahIM, parika vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke kaI pAntIya zAsaka bhaura senApati bhI baiva dharmake mAnanevAle the| jaina dharmakI mAnyatAne unake jIvana samu. dAra banAye the| jainI zAsaka nyAyazIla aura panAke rakSA hote the; bainI senApati zauryake nAgAra aura nyAyake nApAra the; jaina gaNika sAhasI, deza aura dharmake rakSaka maurabarddhaka the| sAsaMzataH jainadharmakA prabhAva usa samaya bhI mAnava jIvanako samunata banAne meM kAryakArI thaa| vijayanagarake rAjakumAra aura jainadharma / vijayanagarake samrAToMke atirikta unake rAmakumAroMne bhI baina dharmako prazraya dekara use unnata banAyA thaa| gajamAra hariharane kanakagirika jaina maMdirake liye dAna dekara apaneko sarvapriya banAyA thaa| noMne jinendradevako bhI vijayanAthadeva kahakara pukaagvaa| isase binadevameM unakI mAsthA spaSTa hotI hai|' unake putra rAjakumAra virupAkSa bhI unhIkI taraha jaina dharmapara sadaya hue the| malegapara bAbA zAsana kA rahe the ta unhoMne tAmAkI zvanAtha pastikI amInakA niSaSyA nyAya kAke mena pAvakI rakSA kI thii| . vijayanagarake sAmanta aura jainadharma / . vijayanagarake sAmanta zAsakoM kojasya, bAsa, sAla, bessoppeke zAsaka aura kArakarake merasa morevara vizeSa slekhanIya 1, binoMne bainamatako lata banAne meM sakriya bhAga liyA thaa| choTe santoba pApavinATake zAsakasadara, mogamunATa vidila, 1- 0, pR. 199. 2-hI, . 28.: ' . ' . .. ? - -
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________________ 88] saMvidhAna vikAsa pArnuasIme, nammehalli ityAdi sthAnoMke mahAna benadharma - maka the| yaha sAmantagaNa vijayanagara smAroMkI chAna banera prAntapara svAdhIna zAsana karate the aura samaya 21 bAke kiye yuddha bhAra sammAna prApta karate the| kohala evaM kAla ke jana shaask| kojalavavaMzake narezoMne jainadharmake liye bhUmidAna diye the, parantu jantameM ve bhI vIrazaiva dharmameM mukta huye the| vIra zaiva hone para bhI unhoMne jainoMko samase dekhA thaa| caMganADake cAya nareza bhI vIra zaiva dharmameM dIkSita huye the; kintu phira bhI ve bainadharmako muga / nasake! pAlava narezoMne apane svAmI vizvanagarake samATokI bhAra dharmanItikA janukANa kiyA thaa| unhoMne niyoM aura pIra bokA paraspara mela karAneke sad prayAsa kiye the| kahate hai ki apane isa prayAsa saphala huye the| jainoM aura saimeM parama saMbaMdha sthApita huye the| usa samayake bane huye aise zivali mile, dina para digambara jina mUrtiyAM banI huI hai / unako quida vIra zaiyoMko virodha thA aura nahIM hI bainiyoNko|' bAma nareza cainadharma ke pArIsa cuke the| eka cAma nareza cika hanasoge sthAnapara trikUTAca-jina-pastI' nAmaka vinamaMdira mAmA kii| parekhoM ke samarthakA parI 1- 0, mA. 1 2 pR.156. evaM me0, pR. 111. 1 . 115 / -in.. mA.. .51 me 1.15.
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________________ vijayanagarako sa mrm| [81 sAsarata cAlamanareza vikramarA (san 155710) samAna hai| isa dAnapatrameM minendrako maMgalAcaraNa ke hai ki bAGgalyAnarezane nAsIbhaTTa nAmaka brAmaNa vidvAnako eka bAra mera kiyaa| sambhava hai, nasIbhaTTa bhI narma mukta ho| maMga vAsarako sthAbAda matakA upAsaka siddha karatA hai! rAjamaMtrI mommarasa / san 150960meM cenabommarasa nAmaka vI sAla narekhake rAmamaMtrI the| bommake vaMza baneka puruSa sAmaMtrI rahe mora ve sajanadharma-sahAva-pratipAlaka' kAgate / somyaka maMtrI * sampata-cUr3AmaNi' kahe jAte the| nAma para mate the, vahAM unake kAraNa bainadharma unnata banA humaayaa| vahAM - mAnya banI rahate the| unhoMne bommamaMtrI ke sAba mikA mAyarokane gommaTasvAmI mUrtika palibhara' (urbour) kA jIrNobAra kraayaa| daMDAdhipa mjaars| kintu hA narezoM ke rAjakarmacAriyoM meM dAvipa mArasakA sthAna sarvopari hai| rasa malsenAke senApati ramAvatI midharmake mananya maka aura pratimA-mampaka kavi bhii| sake pitA mahApamu vilAsa bAlA-narezaka rAjamaMtrI aura kAraka maka kSetrake zAsaka (bAsarAya) / unakI mAtA devi bhii| mAraka mArmi - maathe| kI fat. bApa marasa sa miTa kI! pinta mAhisA savAra 1-meza. pR. 116|2-hii. pR. 10
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________________ 9.] saMsina itihAsa / . . . sasaka hote huye bhI marasakA zaurya aura bhuSavikrama mekviruupaataa| beDara nAmaka pAsI koga sabhya bIvanake liye pharaka ho rahe the, basA saMskRtikI gati matiko mAge bar3hAneke liye beDaroMko zaktihIna karanA nAvazyaka vaa| vIra marasa jaMgalI bAtike una kogoM ke viruddha bA htte| ghora yuddha humA / antameM beDara parAsta huye! cAlA nareza vikamarAma yaha sunakara prasamA hune / maharasake caukI unhoMne prazaMsA kI | marasane apanI isa viSayako 'bepura' basAkara mUrtamAna banAyA thaa| unhoMne kalahAla, cilukuNDa, mallarAja paNa, pAlupAre gAdi sthAnora durga banavAye the aura kaI anya sthAnoM para tAbA khudavAye the| magarasane kaI jinamaMdira banavAye the, parantu unameM 'yamagumbAsati' nAmaka jinamaMdira ullekhanIya baa| usa maMdirameM banAne ma. pArzvanAtha, padmAvatIdevI bhora canigamagakI mUrtiyAM sthApita karAI thI aura bar3A sava manAyA thaa| saMgItapurake sAlubanareza aura jainadharma / bapi bAGgalaba narezoMne cainadharmotkarSake liye jo kArya kiye prazaMsanIya the, parantu saMgItapura. berasoMpe aura kArakarake sAmanta zAsakone jainadharma ke liye bhaTUTa parizrama kiyA thaa| saMgItapura (hA. halli) se kAiyagotrI candravaMzI sAmanareza toma dezara zAsana late the| san 19881. eka zilesameM bo saMgItapurakA 1-0 1. 115-116 mArake prasaMga dvArAvatIse bhArI ke sAtha mArapUrNa deza se the aura sAla para pAna pAte the| (. ) ...... . . . . . ..
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________________ mmmmmmamerammamminewwwomewwwmomematomoooommeme vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaapndhrm| [91 vivANa diyA hai, usase TA nagarakI samRddhi aura bahAra dharmake pAvalyakA patA calA hai / umameM likhA hai ki taulavadezameM saMgItapura saubhAgyakA hI niketa vA-usameM usaMga caityAlaya bane huye the| bahara mukhI, udAra aura bhoga vikAsameM nimama nAgarika rahate the aura hAthI ghor3ese vaha bhagapurA vA saMgItapurameM mahAna yoddhA, ucakoTike kavigaNa, bAtI aura patA rahate the| yaha nagara sAstIkA nAgasa horahA bA, kyoMki vahAM ucca sAhityakA nirmANa hotA thaa| saMgItapura mapanI kalita kalAoM ke liye bhI prasiddha thaa| usa mahAn nagAmeM usa samaya mahAmaMDalezvara sAluvendra zAsanAdhikArI the| yaha sAlupendranareza binendra caMdraguptapamuke caraNa caMcarIka bane huye the| unakA hRdaya satraya dharmake kiye mur3a maMjUSA thaa| unhoMne saMgItA matIya uttuMga aura nabanAbhirAma jinacaityAlaya banavAye the, jinameM vizAla maMsa aura sundara mAnastama bane huye the| dhAtu aura pApANakI bhavya mUrtiyAM bhI nhoMne nirmANa kagaI thiiN| nagarameM manorama pu vATikAyeM banavAkara unhoMne nagarakI zobhAko bar3hAyA thaa| nAgarika unameM bAkara mAnandakeli karate the| itane para bhI sAluvendra narezako isa bAtakA dhyAna thA ki nagarameM dharmamadA akSuNNa rhe| isIliyara maMdiroMko dharmavyavasthA ThIka rakhane ke liye satarka rahate the| maMzika niyamita dharma kriyAyeM hotI rahe, isake liye noMne dAna-vyasampA kI thii| devapUjA, pariSi dAna aura vidvAnoMko silAna kiye bhI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| sArAMza ki sAlapendra narezana rAmapake. bhAva aura parma maryAdAko ThIka tarahase nivAhA baa| minendrake,
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________________ 11] rAnamantrI / pAlagendra nareza rAnamantrI para abhayA paannye| hamI sambaMdha hosa / rAnamaryAdAko sthira rakhane meM sakA lekhAvIta saaybaa| isI prasanna hokara mAluvendrave unako bhogeko nAka grAma meMTa kiyaa| kintu padma itane samudAra aura dharmakAye ki unohamAma jina varmaka utkarSake liye dAna kara diyaa| saMbhavata: mone apane nAma para 'pAkApura ' nAmaka grAma basAyA aura san 1998 I0 meM unhoMne usa prAmameM eka anya jinA nirmANa karAkara usameM bha0 pArzvanAyakI mUrti vimalamAna kI bhii| mahAmaMDalezvara indrA borAkIcchAnusAra unhoMne usake liye bhUmidAna diyaa| ___mahAmaMDalezvAndagarasa bhI mahAmaMDalezvara saMgiganake putra the| mAlumendra nareza samakta: saMgirAyake ureSTha putra the| indasammati mAlupendra mAmase bho virUpAta the| unakA nAma sainika pravRtiyoM ke kAraNa khUna ba hA g| san 1491 ke eka lekhameM unake zauryakA bakhAna hai aura likhA hai ki unhoMne zauryadevatAko jIta kiyA thA ! viDika (veNupura ) kI parvamAnasvAmI basadise prAcIna bhUmidAnakA punaruddhAra karake unhoMne bainadharmako usa banAyA thaa| sAluna mallirApAdi jainadharma ke maashrydaataa| mAge saMgItapurake mAlusa narezoM meM sAhasa mallirAva, mAlA deza. samora sAlaNadevataparma kI apekSA ullekhanIya hai| kRSNa kI mAtA mAmA nijalagara pravAsa prazAkIbAnI na 153... ke vAnarase sABii
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________________ vijayanagarakI shaasnaandhrm| 15 siniminimadindianiminishinnintendednewslimmemebasida ne guru bAdI vidhAnarako prazraya diyA thaa| sAla malika mora sAluna devarAyake rAjamAroMmeM vAdI vidhAnaMdane paravAdiyoM se saphala bAda kiyA thaa| kRSNadekhane unake pAdayoMkI panA kI thii|' sIza rAmAnoMne vijayanagarake sAsiMhAsamA vikAra kiyA pAyaha likhA nAcukA hai| gururAya aura bhairavanareza jainadharma prabhAvaka the| san 152960 ke eka sTekhase spaSTa hai ki sama yaka zAsanakAlameM gurugaya saMgItapurama zAmanasUtra saMbhAle huye the| samakA sambandha berasoppeke zAsakoMse thaa| marendra gurugaya bhI apane pUrvajoMka anulata jainadharma ke ananya bhakta the| vaha satraya dharmapUjA--jinaparma patrako phAganevAle ' rNima jinamaMniga aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmAtA' aura vinamaMdiroM kI ziviroM kA svarNakalazoko bar3hAnevAle' kahe gye| ina virudoM se unakI jainadharmake prati zraddhA syaM vakta horahI hai / isI vaMzake nauvanAzane bhAcArya vIrasanakI nAsAnusAra yeNupurako tribhuvana cUDAmaNisAtI' kI itara veke patra pAye the| unake gamaguru paMDiAcArya (bIsana ! ) the aura kuladeva ma. pArdhanAya the| unakI ganI nAgadevI mI jaina dharmakI upAsikA thii| unhoMne vahIM maMdirake sAmane eka sundara mAnasthama banavAyA thaa| unakI do putriyAM lakSmIdevI aura paMDitAdevI nAmaka bii| ve nintara jaina sAdhunoMko dAna diyA karatI thii| bhairava moza bama rogapata huye to usase mukta hone ke lie unhoMne jimanAke hetu dAna diyaa| (-0. 1. 114-18. 2-megA. (MSS). ..
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________________ 95] ....saMcita na itihAsa mATE: mAtA rAjavaMzameM bena dharmakI mAnyatA hI nahIM, balika BAR mahatI kI usake dvArA humA thaa| rasoppeke zAsakagaNa aura jainadharma / besoppa pAgAsoppeke zAsakagaNa bhI vijayanagara samrAToke sAmanta aura pArambhase hI jainadharmake anuyAyI the| unakA sambaya saMgItapura aura kArakarake jaina namAmoMse baa| unake kAryAna gesoppe kA nAma jaina saMghake itihAsa jamara banAyA thaa| caudAvI zatAni mantimapAdameM majamapa mamA maGgagana nAmaka narela sapane dharmakarmake liye prasiddha the| nakkAsi unakI ganI thii| sabakulmeM nirantaradharma kAyokI carcA rahatI thii| usase prabhAvita hokara maMgarAmake pAnoI pANNarasane ma. pArzvanAyakI pUjA ke liye bhamidAna dina bhora maMdikA jIrNoddhAra karAyA, apanI svargIya ganI tagAdevIkI mAmAko zAMti pahuMcAne ke liye unhoMne yaha dAna diyA thaa| maMgarAmake putra narahayaSaNAsa the / unakI rAnI sAtAdevI bommaNaseDikI putrI thii| yaha dampati antarajAtIya kSatriya-zya vivAha sampakA jIvita mAdarza baa| sAntakadevo jinendradevakI nanasa upAsikA biiN| 1-upavAsa karate huye pavitra jIvana vyatIta kA banAne samAdhimANa kiyA thaa| immaDi devagapa aMDeyara / san 152310 meM nirisopake bAda zAsaka immati devAsa boDekaye binakA subhasmata nAma devamaya baa| kapAsakosakI /
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________________ vijayanagarakI sana yAvA naparma / 95 rAnI bhairavAya mnthe| mevA girisoyarAmakI rAmabAbI| isaliye hI unakA putra girisopekA zAsaka humaa| eka bAmapanameM nagarI (girimona) hai , tulu. koraNa nAdi dezoM ke bAsanAdhikArI kahe gaye hai| devA mI bainadharmake ddhAlu the| svayaMrma niyamoM kA pAlana karate the aura apanI patrAko bhI dharma Rju karate the|sn 1523. meM yaha smaNezvAko sala jinaparatIke barzana karane gaye mora bandupAla nAmaka grAma mandirako isaliye kiyA ki usakI bhAyase candranAya minendrakI pUnA mora unake kalyANaka saba niratA kiMga jAte hai| dazoyANake bhAcArya candraamadevake supurda yaha dAna vyavasthA kI gaI thii| isa dAnapatrake aMtameM gaMgA, godAvarI, bhoparvata-tirumale nAmaka sthAnoM ke sAtha anta (giranA) kA bhI ullekha hai, jisase pratibhAsita hai ki girisopyeka nivAsiyoM ko tIrthagana girinArakA paricaya thaa| unhoMne arjayasapara RSiyoM ke darzana kiye the / nRpa mahi devAya na kevAvamazUko balikA karmaza bhI the| vaha mampUrNa rAjanuddhi-koza ke svAmI aura sapta-1-agoM meM niSNAta the| inakA zaurya btaayaa| sAhityarasika bhI the| unhoMne zAntijinakI manba mUrti bhI pratikSita kAI bIjo bAjAra madrAsake saMgrahAlaya meM maujUna hai| devagana prANavegorake gobarAmIkA mahAmastakAbhiSeka raspandraka samAna vizeSatAse manAma thaa| yaha mahAna basya san 1539 * se paTita humA thaa| usa samaya anuhina patikA pApavegopane karmacAroM ko baMdhanamukara diyA
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________________ bhAmA mayA pativimmita honA samAvikIsonAgarikone vivarma-mandAkinI sI umasa bAra pAThaka mAgeke eka prasaMgameM pdd'eNge| kArakarake bairama kAsaka aura mainadharma / kArakAke messa boDepapara zAsakagaNa bhI vijayanagara sAmrAjya pakisAThI sAmanta the| unakA sabakula mathurA ke pravaMzI namAmose savisabA, jinameMsa ganA sAkArakA putra jinadatAya dakSiNa mAstameM mAra zAsanAdhikArI humA thaa| unhIM binadatamayake vaMzaja kAra ke merA nareza the| isa vaMzake mAdi nareza rAmu pombupake nikaTa ripase nAmaka myAnapara maharU banAkara hanege the| eka vimoza sapane mahAse dakSiNakI mora mIna dekhane gaye to mhoMne kahA eka kAre vRkSa ke nIce gAya bora siMhako pAva sAba pemase mamatApUrvaka baiThe huye dekhA / usa myAnako mahatvazAlI jAnakara hone vahI eka suMdara jinamaMdira banavAyA aura usameM apane kuchadevatA memIsvAmIkI mUrti sthApita kii| kAra vRkSa teka gaDa naura siMhako paTTA pAne ke kAraNa unhoMne apanI gajadhAnIkA nAma bhI barakamalA bA / unakI virunAbalI nimna prakAra bhI: svasti zrI mahAmaNDalezvara, rigayAgaMDa, nADidamAge lappuka mis, mare hokara kAya, maretA geluba, mallavaMTara.... vika, paramahI hobara, narapatanAku-maMDalikA-Da, gunjiniyara-is, mukha-puravAyacA, suvarNAzasthAnAcArya, mI vIra mevendra B,
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA va jaindhrm| [97 somavaMza, kAzyapagotra, satpAtradAna- jinadharmadhurambara, kAraphaLa siddha siMhAsanAmIzvara / "" isa birudAbakrI se bhairava narezake vyaktitvakI mahAnatA spaSTa hai| jinadattarAbake samAna hI vaha bIra aura jainadharmake jananya maka the| unake pazcAt kArakakameM nimnakikhita rAmAmane zAsana thaa| 1- pAMkhyadevarasa athavA pAMDya cakravartI, 2- lokanAtha devarasa, 3-vIrapAMkhyadevarasa, 4 - rAmanAtha bhAsa, 5-maiksa moDena, 6 - vIra pAMDya maigsa thoDepa, 7- abhinava pAMkhyadeva (pAMDaya cakravartI) 8- Diriba bhairadeva oDeya, 9-10maDi bhairabarAba, 10- pANDayaTa moDeva 11 - imaDi nairamarAya 12 rAmanAtha 13 - vIra pAMkhya / yaha saba DI rAjA jainadharmake upAsaka mahAn vIra the| deza aura dharmakI rakSA ke liye ve sadA tatpara rahate the / antameM kAraka ke isa rAjavaMzako bhI bora zaivoMne apane dharma meM dIkSita kara kiyA thaa| isa para bhI ve bainadharma ke sahAyaka rahate the 4 prathama nareza pAMkhyadevarAjane san 1334 meM kAra karUke pAsa harivanagaDIkI gurugalavastI nAmaka jinamaMdirako dAna diyA thaa| rAjA kokanAbAsa dvArA tulupadezameM jaina dharmakA vizeSa pracAra kiyA gayA thA / 'ballA karAyacita camatkAra' viruda ghArI zrI cArukIrti paMDitadeka unake ziSya the| kArakarameM mUkasaMgha krANuragaNa ke bhAcArya mAnukIrti mArideva ke paTTaziSya kumudadeva bhaTTArakane ma0 zAntinAthakA bhavya > kalakI kephiyata - jesimA0 bhA0 3 10 19 / 2-bahI ...32 / 3-meje0, 10 280 / 4-vahI. pR0 361|5-me* 10 129 /
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________________ - 90] maMsi nirmANa kiyA thaa| rAjA nAyake meM ma. 13310 meM unakI jyeSTha mamaniyoM yA rAjyavibharika sA maMdirako mamidAna diyA thaa| donoM meM bolatI aura somaveyI jainadharmakI jananya upAsikA thiiN| madhyApikariyA bAla adhikArI apanI dhArmikatA ke liye prasiddha the| bonAkI vilAlImeM samastabhunAya'-'zrIkRSIvalama' aura mahAmavApisa bihanoMse sAki vaha eka hada taka sAdhIna zAsaka the|' inasogeke bhaTTArakagaNa aura maigSa nresh| uparAna jaba kAkalake ina jaina zAsakoMpara kiMgAla matantra pamA pahA, to hanasogeke jainaguru mAge mAye aura unhoMne ina rAjAoMkA mana punaH syAdvAda siddhAntake prati Rju kiyaa| inasogeke bhaTTAraka lalitakIrtimarUpArideSake upadezase mainendra nareza aura candAmA putra vIrapAkhya nRpandane kArakaLameM eka vizAkhakAya gommaTapatimA nirmApita kagaI kii| sa vizAla mUrtikI pratimA mahotsava budhabAra san 1532 ko sapase kiyA gayA barakarake nikaTavartI grAma tirimADimeM sthita hare nabIsadiko mIdoMne dAna diyA thaa|' san 1531.meM bI nareza pANayegorake gomavara mUrtike liye dAna de cuke the| purA weafww. sanA pAne kokone nit ddohaapaa| DirivArika vyApAriyo unake mosena .. ., . , 2-0 - 19, -- besmA., . 29.
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________________ vijayanagara kI zAsana vyavasthA va jainadharma / [99 1405-76 10 meM vahA~ko tIrthaDara basalikA mulameTa banAnA thaa| bIrapAMkhya kA aparagAma pANDaya kSmApati bhI anumAna kiyA gayA jinhoMne bhavyAnanda zAstra racA thA x zAsanakartA kAlaladevI / san 1530 10 bokhyikI buA aura bhairavendra narezakI choTI bahana kA devI yAgu khasIme nAmaka sthAna para zAsana kAlIM thiiN| yaha rAnI bhI navane bhAI masIo ke anurUpa cainadhamakI upAsikA thiiN| unhoMne apane rAjyameM jainadharma pracArakA vizeSa praee kiyA thA / bAji bhavyajIvoM (jainiyoM ) kA pramukha kendra thaa| kala bastI ke pArzvatI phAladevIke kuladevatA the| jaba unakI putrI rAmadevIkA asAmayika svargavAsa huA to kAladevIne unakI smRtimeM apane devatAkI dainika pUjA aura utsabake kiye bhUmidAna diyA thA / -kucha samaya pahale usI kallI (maMdira) ko koliya nAmaka mallAha dAna diyA thaa| zanIna mallAha ke dAnako bhI bar3hA diyA thaa| kAlaka mahAdevI dvArA jaina dharmakA utkarSa vizeSa huA thaa|* rAjA immaDi bhairavendra aura jaina dharma / sampati mairakeMdra boDebara apaneko paTTi pombucapura kA zAdhikArI kahate the| unhoMne kArakako vizAka' caturmukhasati" nAmaka maMdira nirmANa kama ke janaka- bhaktikA paricaya diyA thaa| 16 mArca 186 10 ko pratiya 38. 162 - 2- me0 10 120-121.
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________________ 1..] ... saMvibena itihAsa : humaayaa| san 1598 meM unhoMne kopa prAmake sAvana vAyake ma. pArzvanAyake nimita bhI dAna diyA thaa| panAyakane ina bhagavAnkI mUrti pratiSThita karAI thii| san 1916 10 meM hamati bhairavendrane kAraka ke vizAlakAya gomaTezvara-mUrtikA mAmastakAbhiSeka utsaba bar3I zAnase manAyA baa| bhairavendrane kaki padamko bhAzraya diyA thA, jinhoMne bha0 tikIrtikI nAjJAnusAra *kArakA-gomaTezvara-carite ' pravaracA bhii| hiriyaGgADikI gammanaparabastI nAmaka jina maMdirako bhI saMbhavataH inhIM bhairavarAja moreyarane dAna diyaa| hI imaDi bhairavanarezakA eka zigalekha kArakakakI pahAr3I ra sthita caumukhA maMdirameM nimna prakAra hai: sArAMzataH kArakarake bhairava pAsunarezoM dvArA baina dharmakI umati vizeSa huI thii| vijayanagara kArake ve svAdhIna zAsaka the| "zrI jinendrakI kRpAsa bhairavendrakI jaya ho| zrI pArzvanAma sumati ! mI nemi bina baLaka yaza deN| mI bAha, malli, mukta aipa hai| pombucAkI pAvatI devI icchA pUrNa kre| panasogAke devIgaNake guru katikIrtike upadezase somakulI, jidapakuDolpA, meva rAjAkI bahana gummatambAke putra, pomaccapurake svAmI, 61 rAbAyo murUpa, ganagAke rAmA, nyAyazAsake jJAtA bApagotrI hamati bhairavane kavikA (kArakara) kI pAbanagarI meM bhI gomaTeksAke ..- .. 385 / 1-me mAdme,
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA nirm| [1.1 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmsAmane kiyA caityAlaya banavAyA gayA tathA zAmiAhama . 1508 caitra sudI 5 ko bhI para, malli yA pustakI mati cAroM sampha sthApita kI pazcimameM 24 tIrthakara sthApita kiye| unake bhAbhiSekake liye tespArU grAma diyaa| indrapana chaMdameM sarva mahArAbane racakara likhA hai|' isa varNanase mAha bhairavanarekhA aizarya, dharmabhAva aura vidyApaTutA spaSTa hai| bhairava bharasUnarezoMke dharmakRtya / bhairava parasanarezoM ke zilAlekhoMse unakA narma prema aura pradAna spaSTa hai! san 190810meM 20 mATraparako mA bhairavadevAne samAdhimaraNa kiyA to unakI niSadhi banAI gaI / bhairabarasA rAmAnoMka sAmanta bhI cainadharma ke prabhAvaka rahe the| hApalimeM sAsavendrakSitipaya saMgItapurake paMDitArya paramaguruke upadezase 13 jUna sana 1981ko caMdrapama jinakI patimA aura mAnastaMma nirmANa kArya the| muhamaTakasameM baka guruke ziSya cenarAyane eka caitya nirmANa kraayaa| unakI rAnI gaMgAnvayI bhAminIdevI prAcAra pAne meM thii| 1. bhane san 199010 ko none sallekhanA vidhisa prANa disata kiye| saM0 1351 meM aminA bArakIrtike ziSya mero tribhuvanacUDAmaNi vaiya nAmaka maMdira mAlAtakIpura, belgopura, caMdraguNa aura homAvarameM banAye the| veNurake candraminamaMdirako banAne vIra seva gurukI bhAvAnusAra pItamse maMDavAyA thaa| isakI ganI nAgane mAnaslama banAyAApauSa ga 1 puSapara saM0 1985 ko2-yA , pR. 150-112.2-20, mA. 91...1-01.
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________________ 2023 4 bagirahire bhaimya bahuta bImAra the, to unhoMne vidhirendranAmako bhUmidAna diyaa| unake choTe bhAI cairAsa aura rAya belgo ke paMDitadeva ke ziSya the| kSemapurameM bhairavadevIne maMDapa banAyA thA tumacAke abhizaMkhya nareza makadhArI katikIrtike ziSya the (maire0, bhA09 pR0 73-74 ) / avazeSa sAmaMta aura jainadharma / lakSmI bomma aura unake pati bommarasa / avazeSa sAmantoMmeM AbalinaoNDa-nareza, soDArAma aura kucha TUra ke prabhu, morAgADa, vidikara, bAmujhisI meM naggehalinAdi sthAnoMke zAsaka mI jainadharmake bhakta aura usakI prabhAvanA karanevAle the| soharAba bIra gaur3akI putrI aura mamahAprabhU tanadhi jhakI rAnI kSmI bommaka bainadharmakI dRr3ha zraddhala upAsikA thii| unake guru mahAtkAragaNa ke siMhAnandyAcArya the; jinake upadezAnusAra lakSmIne aneka dharma kArya-aura upavAsa kiye the / san 1572 I0 meM usane samAdhimaraNa kiyA kSmI bommale pati bommarasa bhI jaina dharmake har3ha upAsaka the| vaha saba aura svapanidhi donoM sthAnoM para zAsana karate the| zikA kela ma donoM sthAnoMkI tulanA amarAvatI aura makkAtI kI gaI hai; jisase unakA baibhavazAlI honA spaSTa hai| kintu yA muktaH nidhimeM hI rahate the| vaha harihara dvitIyake sAmanta the| pa (bommarasa ) ke biruda 'zrImAn bhAnuva mahApam, siromaNi, bahAvabhUmakAdizya unake aidharya haiN| 1-30 pR0 320 -
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________________ vijayanamaskIvAsa vyastarabainadharma 101 adhika 18 kammaNoM kI gaura-jAne eka paMcAyata banasIgat kI, usake pramukha mahe the| mAzaya ki pravA masako bhAkA bahilapI mAnatI thii| vaha eka mAdarza zAsaka boye| jaika parva ke roma-romameM samAyA humA thA / unako sAkSAt pukAra para meharA nAtA thaa| dharmake maMgalarUpa nakulAcArakA bamhoMne punarodA kiyA thaa| unakI satkIti munAvilyAt thii| unakAsa sapanA isI liye bramane pratijJAkI kI ki 'maiM jinadeSake atirika kisI bama devako namaskAra nahIM kruuNgaa| usa samaya jaina kI sthiratA ke liye isa prakArako pratikSAyeM kAnA maaykii| binadeva hI ekamAtra unake harayAsana 15 virAjamAna the| batA kAmadevakI gati ke liye unake citra sthAna hI nahIM thaa| rAmabukiyoM aura paradAyoM ke liye vaha mahodA the| kAmadevako unhoMne bIta liyA thaa| zAntinAba unake pitA bhora pA unakI mAtA bI1 bAIsena unake guru the| nI mAtra unake sage sambandhI the| aisA unakA vAtsalya dharma thaa| nisandeha eka mahAna vIra, kItiba, sambatabasAkaratikaka, namAninasa, aura sakoganAsamAna mAnane ko koI nahIM thaa| mAnanda gaurapayukta vikara mogara bramane sAsaM0 1301 meM sanyAsa mANa ke vargaharekako mAna kiyA thaa| ( ASM., 1942, pp. 181-184 Taranaadi lavorip: No. 68). svAniSike sAmanta bananamA / (nivi) ke sAmanta bainarmaka
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________________ 1.1] ... saMvita baina itihAsa / anuyAyI the| mAdigor3ake putrakA nAma bhI bommaNa vAhamA bandra manpArideSake ziSya the| san 137210 meM unoMne samAdhimANa kiyA thaa| unakA eka rAmakarmacArI bhI unhIM gurukA ziSya thaa| usa samaya jainaguru bhAvakoMko dharmamArgameM prasara karate rahate the| soharAyake mahApam sammagaur3a kayarogase pIr3ita huye / san 13940 meM vaha pATa-parvatoMkI tATImeM nagiyakoya nAmaka sthAna mauSadhi upacAra ke liye nA rahe the| parantu unako svAsthaya kAma nahIM humA / baha aura mAye aura apane guru siddhAMtadevakI zaraNameM phuNce| guru mahArAjane unakA aMta samaya nikaTa jAnakara usallekhanA vrata diyaa| paMca namaskAra maMtrakA bApa karate huye unhoMne vidhivata prANa visarjita kiye the| isa vaha soharAyake mahAprabhUoM dvArA dharmakA utkarSa vizeSa humA vaa| .. bhAvalinaoNDake mahAprabhu aura jaina dharma / soharAba stavanidhike zAsakoMke anurUpa hI bAlinaoNDake mahApa bhI baina dharmake mananya upAsaka the| unake saMrakSaNameM baina dharmakA utkarSa isa pradezameM aisA humA thA ki vaisA usa samaya nyA kahIM bhI nahIM humaayaa| bhApakinaoNDake mahApama zAsakoMke sAtha bahaka sambAra, sabamahilAyeM aura nAgarika bhI baina dharma pramANanAke . 1-me. pR. 135 / 8-" The Mabaprabhus of Avaliand by their stead-fastmono to the service of the Jaiaa Dharma bad nised religious soul to a height which it rarely attained anywhere in those daya." .:-Dr. Salators, me . .
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA jaindhrm| [1.. kArya karane meM namasara rahe the| caudahavIM zatAbike madhyase. pandrahama zatAdhike prathama pAda taka hI jaina dharmakA utkarSa khUpahI humaa| rAmA aura pranA-sahI naina dharmake pAcAra-vicAroMmeM raMge huye aura baina niyamoMko pAlane meM garva karate the| ve dhArmika jIvana bitAne ke sAtha hI manta samayameM dharma vidhipUrvaka hI apanI aihika kI samApta karate the| jaina guru nirantara pAyaka saMghako dharma pAne ke lie sAvadhAna karate rahate the| bhaneka prAyakoMkI nidhikA nAma bhI bhAvacinAikI dhArmikatAko pagaTa karatI hai / san 1353 I. meM zrI rAmacandra mahadhArideyake ziSya kAmagaur3ane samAvimaraNa paMcanamaskAra maMtrakI mArAdhanA karate huye kiyA thaa| unake dharmAvaraNakA prabhAva banatA para itanA adhika thA ki usane svayaM unakI smRtiko sthira rakhane ke liye niSadhikA banavAI thii| sna 1354 meM jaba magoDane samAdhimaraNa kiyA to unakI panI cenakane unake viyogameM sahagamana' kiyaa| candagorake choTe bhAI siddhAMtadeva guruke ziSya the| san 1366 meM unoMne bhI sanyAsa lekara vargagamana kiyA thaa| se kAra pakSana varSoM taka sanyAsamaraNa karanA bhAvarinADake gaur3a prabhumomeM eka mAnanIya gayA hI bii| bAlinADake mahAmuoMne tI yaM yA bAda banatAke samakSa upasthita kiyA thaa| bhAgaphinAike mahApabhUdagorake putra vecigaura nAcArya zrI rAmacaMdra mApArideke ziSya the| apane guruke pacapadarzanameM dharma niyamoM kA pAna karate the| ganna samaya mone gurunAnAse namaskAra maMtrakA smaraNa karate huye san 2006 meM samAdhimaNa kiyA thaa| isa mI -panI
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________________ 2.6] saMkSina inAma / puhinonine sahamama'-yAkA anusaraNa kiyA bA-usane bhI bane pasike bAba mAnI aihikIkA samA kara dI thii| isapara mAlike baka pramumoMne isarAna-matiko jinadharma-maktiko cirasthAyI banA ke liya nidhikA banAI mI! zAsanAdhikArI mahApam pegaur3akI patInI amigonTinaM mI san 1995 meM samAdhimaraNa kiyA thaa| yaha sabaguru middhAMtipatikI ziSyA biiN| 1398 meM mahApa dagora zAsana kara rahe the| unakI rAnI bandagaundi bhAcArya viSakItikI ziSyA kii| dharma-karma karane meM vaha saceta rahatI thI mahona bhI apanI aihika jIvanalIga sanyAsamaraNa dvArA samApta kI bii| nApali-zAsaka mahAmu rAmagor3ake putra hAlvagaur3a muni bhadradeSake ziSya the| san 1908 I0 meM hone bhI apane gusse mallekhanA kiyA thaa| san 191760 meM jana mahAprabhu bhayagaur3a zAsana kara rahe the, taba unakI pani kAlagonDine bhI samAvimAna kiyA bAna lekhoMse pAThaka samajha sakate hai ki usasamaya nAvalinaoNsmeM bena dharma kisa pahArika rUpameM unnata ho rahA thaa| paTAke zAsaka aura jaina dharma / isI prakAra chappadAke zAsaka bhI jinendra bhakta the| pAki Tramya bAmaNoMkA gAyaba, kintu bAma pAkara narmadA bolI hAvA hI kAmAMzakI zanI mAgdevIko kamI pramAhitI bI, san 10. meM pAsa nizi nAmadAyoMne sakAra
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________________ vijayanagara kI zAsana vyavazthA jaindhrm| 207 'nAkA' malA gaura unhoMne bhI jinamaMdiko dAna dekara apanI ustAkA paricaya diyaa| isa maMdirakI vyavasthA kandaNike tIrthake zrI manandi AcArya karate the|' sAvanta muddayya / san 1207 I0 meM kuzTUrama sAbanta muhayyane bhI eka suMdara jinamaMdira banavAyA thA | mUkasaMgha kANU' gaNa titriNI kagacchake anaMtakIrti bhaTTAraka unake guru the| ballAladeva ke rAjya-bhUSaNa vaha samajhe nAte the / vaha dharmAtmA aura dAnavIra zrAvaka the| khecamUpatike vaha bomya uttarAdhikArI the| mArguDi nAmaka sthAna para bhI unhoMne jina mandira banAkara dAna diyA thA / 1213 meM kuppaTUgmeM zrI kalitakIrtimunike ziSya zubhacandrane samAdhimaraNa kiyA thaa| gopa mahAprabhU / kupyapura ke prAntIya zAsaka ( Governor ) gova mahAprabhu bhI nainadharma ke ananya bhakta the| nainadharmako dhAraNa karake vaha aise pavitra Dube ki unakA cAritra dharma svarga ke kiye sIDiyAM hI mAnA gayA ! gopa cAmUpa gauDa the aura unake guru mUDhasaMgha dezIyagaNa ke siddhAMtAbAyeM the| unhoMne jaina siddhAMta meM unako pAhata banAyA thaa| kucha TUmeM eka vimAna banavAkara usake liye khUba dAna diyA thaa| inake putra siriyaNNa zrIpati bAMdhava purake zAsaka the aura pautra mahApavAna gova the| gopaNake durgake zAsaka niyukta kiye gae the / una mahAprabhu dodharmana (1) gopAI naura (2) pAI nAmaka thIM aura donoM hI apane patike samAna jinendrabhakkA thiiN| eka dina cAmuka 1-mebai0 pR0 158-156, 20
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________________ 1.8] saMvita baina itihAsa / gopa mahAmane kokako apane banavakA paricaya denA ThIka sama! apanA nAmahita sApaneke sAba rokahita sAdhanA bhAdarza bainakA kartavya hai| unoMne khupa mAnandotsava manAyA-pakSiyoM ke sAtha khUba bhogavilAsa kiyA aura unako saMtuSTa karake unhoMne indriyajanya mukhAmAsase muMha mor3a liyA / vairAgya unake mana bhAyA / jamaNoMko unhoMne gaTha, nAtra, svarNa mAdikA dAna diyaa| jinendra bhagavAnakA smaraNa kiyA aura dharma sAdhanoMmeM lIna hogye| momalakSmIke baradAstakA bhavasambana liye huye paha svargavAsI huye / bhavyoMne unake dharma ko sarAhA / unakI dharmapaliyA bhI pIche nahIM rhii| unhoMne bhI prAmaNoMko dAna diyA aura manazuddhipUrvaka siddhAMtAcAryake pAdapoMko namaskAra karake dharmasApanameM juTa gaI / niraMtara vIrAga bhagavAnkA dhyAna karake ve bhI sagako sidhaarii|' kariyappa dNddnaayk| mogsunAtu usa pratike zAsaka zrI kariyappa daMDanAyakane san 1426 meM cokamaya jinA nirmANa karAyA thA aura usake liye bhUmidAna diyA thaa| unake guru pustakagacchake zrI bhAcArya zubhacandrajI siddhAMtadeva the| vahAMke nanya zAsakoMke viSaya meM adhika raamnaayk| vidiharake zAsaka rAmanAyakane san 19871. meM 27 maI 1-0 pR. 1.9 sozala e polITi ba hana ke vijayanagara emAvara, mA.2... 245...: . . . :
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA pjaindhrm| [1.9 (jeTha mudI 5 saM0 1910 zaka) ko vahAM parvamAnasvAmI vastI' nAma eka suMdara jina maMdira nirmANa karAkara isameM bAdinAtha bhagabAnakI patimA virAjamAna kI thii| rAmanAyaka sAntAra sAdAra ke aura unakA sambaMdha mAdiyA (Adiyas) logoMse thaa| vaha eka mahAn vIra the| isase pahale pira eka anya jinamaMdirakA nirmANa zrI bhagadAndhaya, dezIyagaNa, nAgarapakaguDike nAcArya zubhacaMdradekhane karAyA thaa| kaDitale gotrake malline usameM jina pratimA virAjamAna karAI thii| unako jinendra bhakti prazaMsanIya thii|' vijayanagarake aneka senApati aura rAjamantrI jaina the| isa prakAra vijayanagara bAToMka prAntIya zAsakagaNa aura sAmanta bana jaina dharmake poSaka aura anuyAyI the| unhIM ke anurUpa vijayanagara samra ToMke senApati aura maMtrI bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| unameM senApati irugapakA vaMza prasiddha thaa| usa baMzameM kaI pIr3hiyoM se maMtrIgaNa hote bhAye the| samrAT bukkarAyaka mahApadhAna vaiva daNDeza the, jo apanI dAnazIlatA, saMyama aura vidya ke liye prasiddha the| apanI gajanItike liye baha prakhyAt the| unakI rAjanIti sAmAnya ho rahI thii| kavigaNa unake guNoMkA bakhAna karane meM mazakya the| jaise 14 nItinipuNa the, 1-ASM. 1943, pp. 113-115. 2-"zrI bukarAyarasa babhUva mantrI bhI cdnnddeshvrnaamdheyH| nItiyadIyA nikhilAmiyA nizzeSayAmAsa vipakSamekam // 2 // . dAnaM cekapayAmi.lubdha parI. gAheta. sntaanko| . bedagdha yadi sApakhakiyA.SA ... ... .: zAnti-sAtApinIyA smRti mhaa|
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________________ 11. ee rAkamI bhI the| eka vIragaLameM sammAna kiye kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne koNake yuddha meM apane zokA paricA diyA thA-saikar3oM koNiyoMko unhoMne tabArake ghATa utArA thaa| binendra bhAvAnke vaha mananya bhakta the| ho sakatA hai ki uparyulikhita yuddha meM unhoMne bIragati pAI ho; kyoMki vIragalameM unako sargapusva prApta kiyA likhA hai|' bapi unakI santatikA paricaya milatA hai, kintu unake vaMzake viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| unake tIna putra (1) maGgappa, (2) rUgappa mora (3) bukhaNya nAmaka huye the| ve tInoM zIka dharmase maSita maura khatraya dharmake bhArAdhaka the| rAjamaMtrI irugappa / inameM se upeTha putra manapara apane pitAke pazcAt rAjamaMtripada ra bhAsada huye the| vaha mahAn guNavAna the aura bahAdura bhI the| nainAgamake jJAtA aura aNuvratoMke mAgaSaka the| unakI dharmapatrI nAnako sItAke samAna yo; jinase unake do putra (1)vaicara, (2) aura (ru nAmaka huye the| harihara dvitIyake maMtriyoM meM tAtra bacapadaNa ntule sasya vInA // 3 // tasmAdajAyanta jagadajayantaH putrAstrayA bhUSita kaashiilaaH| yebha pa. mAnata madhyala kI ca bhavana svA sadi 1-kA. 8 (5b, 152. - .... 2- timAninI surke| mahitaguNo'mA pani mani ... mANapoyomara..
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________________ vijayanagarakI yaayaandhrm| 199 maanaakye| san 1991 / 1298 lona mahApadhAna' kahe gaye haiN| unake gAdhIna more hoyasA dezapara zAsana mar II isase spaSTa hai ki mera . pradesake eka bhAga zAsanAdhikArI bhI the|' saMmataH damoM majapa eka hI vyakti the| maGgapake bhAI gopya kI saMnApati the| aura donoM hI jainadharma ke anuyAyI the| senApati kapa aura irugpp| maGgapake donoM putra ca aura gAbhI senApati the| bhI apane pitAka samAna gadhA ke slama the| donoM bAyoDA the| unameM rUgappa daNDAdhipakI prasiddhi baaNdhkyo| yuddha kSetra ke liye prayAsa karate the to unakI ghAhiyoM kI khosa rAjAma Ate the ki gadala banakA bhAkAzameM chA jAte the aura sUrya kiraNoM ko acchAdita kara dete the, jisake kAraNa bhatruke kama svata: muMda jAte -zatru unakI bhAnamAna lete the| rugendrakA praka unake bhamase hI vyakta ho rahA 4-puNyazAko jIbI mahAmA prakAzameM gAne hI pragaTa hotI hai| ru :ppake janma ke sAto unake mitroM ke mAM sampatikI vRddhi huI thI aura unakI lisa hAsamoThe the / baha ra bAroM para bAta1-sImA bhA. 19 pR. 5 va 10, 1.1.. 2-"vAsAyI panipatariyA ghATIpara gharapora khura bhAratatibhiH / me mAnure'HiIokam / bAyakocijamAtIvinAcartm..
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________________ 111] saMDisa jaina itihAsa | 1-mAhAra, 2-abhaya, 3- bhaiSajya aura 4 - jJAnakA dAna vaha diyA karate the| unase hiMsA, asatya, caurya, paradArA saMbhoga aura kobha durguNa dUra rahate the| vaha parama dharmaniSTha jaina jo the / vaha sada hI dharma pamAganAmeM nimta rahate the| jinendradeva kI kIrtigAthA sunane meM unake kAna sadA hI bage rahate the| jihA nirantara jinendrake guNagAna se pavitra hotI rahatI thI / zarIra sadA unake DI samakSa nata- binasa rahatA thA aura unakI nAka kevaLa jinendra caraNakamakoM kI paramasugaMdhI sUcanemeM mana rahatI thii| jinendrakI sevA ke lie unakA sarvasva samarpita thaa| nissandeha daNDAcipa irupa gajabhakta dharmAtmA aura pake jaina the / san 1382 I0 meM unhoMne ciMgakapeTa jileke tirupparuci kuNaru nAmaka grAmake prAcIna " trailokyanAtha bantI" nAmaka jinAlaya ke kiye bhUmidAna diyA thA / usasamaya harihararAyadvitIya zAsanAdhikArI the| yaha bhUmidAna irugapane rAjakumAra bukkake puNya-barddhana hetuse diyA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki irugapane pahale ciMgalapeTameM bukake bhAdhIna rahakara rAjasevA kI thii| usa maMdirakA maMDapa bhI senApati irugapane apane guru puSpasenakI nAjJAse nirmANa karAyA thA / uparAnta vaha vijayanagara rAjadhAnI meM jAkara smrAT ivhisya dvi0 kI AjJA kA pAlana karane bage the / unako rAjamaMtrIkA mahatIpada bar3I masa huA thaa| vijayanagara meM unhoMne nayanAbhirAma kunthujinAlaya nirmANa karAyA thA jo 16 kAvarI sana 1386 I0 ko banakara taiyAra huA thaa| isa maMdirako unhoMne zrI siMhanAdyAcArya ke upadezase banavAyA thA / kaha ima 162 / 2-mebai0 10 205 / *
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________________ momomommommommemom vijayanagarakI zAsana maasvaaynrm| [113 masta maMdirako gANigiti vasati' kahate hai| anumAna kiyA jAtA ki kisI dharmAtmA telinane isa maMdirakA jIrNoddhAra karAvA vAisaliye isa maMdirakI prasiddhi " gaNigita " ( lekina ) kA maMdira bAmase huI thii| isa maMdirake sammukha eka dIpama para zigaLesa natijo saMskRta bhASA 28 zlokoM meM nipddh| isameM zrI hinyAcAryakI guruziSya pAgA nimnaprakAra likhI huI: musa-nani:saMpa-balAtkAragaNa-sArasvatagana bhAcArya padmanandI bhadhAraka dhammabhUSaNa prathama amarakati siMhanandI gaNabhara bhAka dhammabhUSaNa badamAna mahAraka muni dharmabhUSaNa dvitIya nAcArya pavanandIme zilAlekhameM kundakundAcArya mAmipreta hai| usameM unake pavi nAma (1) kuMkuMda, (2) vakragIya, (3) mahAmati, (1) ekAcArya naura (5) gRddhapiccha pragaTa kiye gaye hai| isake bane jokse vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya zramaNa parampagameM 1-mAcAgyaH kuzAlyo pAnIko mahAmatiH / yekAcAryo pika baampNcaa| " -
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________________ 11.] - saMbita na itihAsa / sAdhuveSiyoM kA bAhusma ho gayA thaa| kevAjAnI peTa bharanevAle mAdhuveSI kahe gaye haiN| bha. siMhanandIko isa zilAlekhameM jina dharmarUpI pavitra prAsAdakA stambha kahA hai| 33 lokase paTa hai. kivaMza ilAkA dhanuSa logoMko sampAcAritrakI zikSA detA thaa| hariharanarezakI rAjakSmIko zrIvRddhi unhoMne kI thii| siMhanandIguruke paraNoM ke baha bhakta the| unake sucAru zAsana-sUtrase vijayanagara samRda-. zAlI humA thaa| vahAkI sar3akoMmeM bahumUlya va jar3e huye the| aise vizAla nagAmeM rUgane kuMthujinAlaya banavAyA thaa| irugappa keka yoddhA aura rAjanItijJa hI nahIM the vaha eka mahAna sAhityAthI aura vizvakarmA bhI the| san 1394 meM unhoMne kUNigala nAmaka eka sundara sarovara nirmANa kiyA thaa| isa sarobAke nirmANa sambandhI zilAlekhase maSTa hai ki irugappa saMskRta bhASAke zreSTa vidva n the| unhoMne saMskRta bhASAmeM "nAnArthamnAkara" nAmaka granthakI racanA kI thii| igara na kevala harihara dvitIyake rAjamaMtrI the, pakSika samrATa devagana dvitIyake zAsanakAlameM bhI vaha usa mahatI pada para niyata rahe the| san 1422 meM unAne kA prANavelgoDa tIrSakI yAtrA kI to guru zrutamunikI baMdanA karake unhoMne gomaTezvAkI pUjA ke lie relgoka nAmaka grAma meMTa kiyA thaa| san 1992 meM yaha vaina senApati gove (Gos) aura caMdraguttike vAyasarAya the| isa prakAra senApati gama eka vizvasanIya senyanAyaka, tura zisavetA gaura saphala zAsaka pAsAba guNa- sAhityapavitA pramANita hote hai| khoparirvAta maga sATha varSe (1383-11111),
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasvAM janadharma / (115 DaratA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke itihAsameM isane dIrghakAtaka zAsana va saMbhAganevAlA koI dUsarA senApati nahIM dikhatA! mahAn ruganA kintu vaha vidita nahIM ki unhoMne kisa sthAna kisa samaya apanA gauravazAlI iha jIvana samA kiyA thaa|' daNDeza cpp| irugappake bhAI daNdeza vaicappa bhI eka tmiA bainI the| san 1922 meM zravaNabeLagoLake eka zilAlekhameM unakA ballekha bhanyAmanI' rUpameM humA hai| rugappakI bhAMti yaha bhI dharmamArgako pavitra karanegale kahe gaye haiN| (pavitrIkRta-dharmamArgAna ) magad vijetA mI vaha kahalAte the| san 1520 meM vecadaNDa nAyaka mamrAT devarAva dvitIyake mahApradhAna the| isa samaya unhoMne samAjJa nusAra belagoko gomaTezakI ke liye belame prAmakI vRtti pradAna kI thii| kUSirAja pradhAna mAdi raajkrmcaarii| rugaka samakAlIna rAbakarmacAriyoMmeM kUcirAma brAmaNa, mahA pavAna gopacAra, guNDadaNDanAtha pramRti pramurUpa vyakti the| zrI kRSijanAcArya candrakIrtideyake ziSya the, jinake guru mUbasaMva iMguLezvara palike mArya zubhacaMdadeva the| inoMne san 150.ke. saMgamaga koNama caMdraprama bhagavAn pratiSThita kAye the| mahA pAna gopa caam| niduHnaka durgake adhyakSa the| jainasaMpake jainendra. samayAmbuSi-ddhana-pUrNa-pandra' kahate the| unakA vaMza jainatAke ki 1 0, pR.15-1... .2- 0, 5. 15.. 3-me0, 1...-., 198.8
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________________ 114] jaina itihAsa | bAta thaa| unakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| guNDa daNDanAtha bApa jaina nahIM the, kintu unakI udAra vRti thI / apane eka kilekhake makAcaraNameM unhoMne jinendrakA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| " kampaNagaur3a aura jainadharma | gayinADa ke zAsaka masanahalli kambhaNagaur3a bhI ullekhanIya jaina rAjyAdhikArI the| unake guru zrI paNDitadeva the| san 1424 meM unhoMne hoTahali nAmaka grAma zravaNabelagokake gommaTadevakI pUjA ke lie bheMTa kiyA thaa| unhIM kI taraha ballabharAjadeva mahAbhara mI eka nAdarza. baina the| vaha mahAmaNDalezvara zrIpanirAjake pautra aura rAjayyadeva mahAmarasuke putra the / unhoMne cinavara gobinda seTTike nAvadana para hemAzvasadi nAmaka jaina maMdira ke lie bhUmidAna diyA thaa| harihara dvi0 ke rAjamaMtriyoM meM bhI eka ballabharAya mahArAja the, jo vIra devarasa aura malidevI ke putra the| vaha cAlukya cakravartI kahalAte the| * saMbhaka hai unhoMke vaMzaja ballabharAjadeva ho / harihararAyake eka anya rAjamaMtrI muhamya daMDAdhipa the| unhoMne saMbhavataH madhura jaina paMDitako lAbha diyA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vijayanagara ke rAjakarmacAriyoMmeM zrI jaina dharmakI mAnyatA thI / 4 janatAkA dharma aura kendra sthAna / isa prakAra rAjyAzrayako punaH prApta karake jaina dharma janatA meM bhI camaka uThA thaa| jaba kabhI sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA se baiSNavAdi loga 1- Ibid, 292. 2- Ibid, 309 - 0 10 310 4-mI0, 19/4 5-Ibid. 5
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthApanadharma / [117 noMko bAsa dete the to rAjyase unakA saMrakSaNa kiyA jAtA bAra pahale hI pAThaka par3ha cuke haiN| isa prakAra manatA bhI jainadharmakai mArisaka vAtAvaraNameM mukha anubhava kA siibii| usa samaya jainakendroma zaMgeri sahasa bhI svAna the jo phase jaina sara matoMke gahane huve the| pramukha aura kendrasthAna ye the / bhagaNavelgola, kopaNa, kuzTrA, uddhare, zaMgeri, mandasike, kolApura nAdi / shrvnnbelgol| zravaNabelagola pugavanakAla se hI eka mahAn tIrtharUpameM mAnyatA yA jainoM mora vaiSNavoM meM paraspara asahiSNubhAva bar3ha gayA to sabATa karAvane donoM meM sandhi kAgadI thI, yaha kilA mAcukA hai| isa samaya apanavelagolake gommaTTadevako rakSAkA bhAra zrI vaiSNava mevA sAtavya para par3A bAbo tirumaleke nivAsI the| zrI gommaTadevakI vizAla mUrti unake saMrakSaNameM rahakara mAna bhI koko bhAratIya gora baina bAdarzako vyakta kara rahI hai| sAmpadAyika-sahiSNumAyA kaisA sukhada dRSTAMta hai| usa samaya sabhI nI sAnaMda aSaNapesgo. kI yAtrA karate the| bIsa sipAhI gomaTezvara-matikI rakSA ke lie hara samaya niyata rahate the|' samrATa bukarAyana bahAka sabhI masina bIgoMdAra kAkara unheM nayanAbhirAma banA diyA thaa| devarAya prathamakI rAnI bhImAdevIne kAhI maMgAyI-bastI meM zAMtinAvasvAmIkI matiko patitApita kiyA thaa| isa maMdiko samakiyoMmeM ziromaNi maMgAvI mAnakI (Dancing sil) bAbA hA .
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________________ 118] saMvita jaina itihAsa / abhinava cArukIti paMDita the 'najarAyaNDanake bhAvaka saMpane yahA~kI bAtrA karaka balivAr3akA vIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| sacamuca pravaNabesgo usasamaya vijayanagara sAmrAjyameM pramukha jaina tIrtha mAnA jAtA vA mora dUra dUrase yAtrIgaNa bandanA karane mAte the| san 1398meM usa pradezake zAsaka hariyaNa aura mANikadeva the, jinake guru mavaNabelgorake cArukIrti paMDita the| san 1400 meM to pravaNabelagolakI trAko bahuta hI adhika saMkhyAmeM yAtrI bhAe the| yaha bAta vahA~ka zikAlekhoMse spaSTa hai| zravaNabelgolake jainoMkI eka khAsa bAta yaha bhImI ki unhoMne tatkAlIna rAjanItise apaneko achUtA nahIM sakhA baa| gajanItise achUtA hakara koI bhI samudAya mahatvazAlI aura zatipUrNa nahIM bana sktaa| pravaNabelagolake jainI "cainaM bayatu zAsana" strako prakAzamAna aura prabhAvazAlI banAye rakhaneke liye noMkI purAtana rIti nItiko apanAye rhe| rAjazAsanase unakA samparka rhaa| unhoMne rAjyakI choTo-sI choTI bAtako bhI nahIM mulAyA / san 1.01 meM jaba samrAT harihararAya dvitIyakA svargavAsa humA, to unoMne isa ghaTanAkI smRtimeM eka mArmika zilAlekha racA raag| aise hI san 1956 meM devarAya dvi0kI niSana-vArtAko do zikA. mesa purakSita kiye hue haiN| ina zilAlekhoMse noMke rAnapremakA parikya bhora sambaMdha spaSTa hotA hai| . . .nissandeha mavaNavelgoDa bhArata-vikhyAt tIrtha horahA bA / dUra durakose panAma seTha loga saMgha mekara apanavelgokI bAbAke * "-bid 209. 2-Tbrd 3i4. - -ybid.
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaapndhrm| [115 mi momwwwwwmomwrimmamimmi binAte the aura pA karake dAna dete the| san 15.7 meM momakuDake katipaya yAtrI bandanAke kiye jAye the| san 1409meM gaMgavatIke nivAsI aura bhAcArya candrakItika ziSya mAvaSNana belgo ke gaMgasamudra nAmaka sroparakI bhUmi kharIdakara gommaTasvAmIkI pujAke liye bheMTa kI thii| mAyaNa bhavya bhAva the aura samyaktAcUDAmaNi bhAte the| isa dAnake samaya pravaNabelagolake paTTazreSTIgaNa maura do gaur3a upasthita the| san 1510 meM zrI paMDitadevake ziSya yastAyine vahA~ parvamAnasvAmIkI mUrti sthApita kagaI thii| san 1517 ke magamaga biDita nAmaka sthAnase kariya gummaTaseTTi eka saMgha lekara prANavelgoka pahuMce the aura unane snAya vratakA upApana kAke saMpakA nAdara-satkAra kiyA thaa| vijayanagara sAmrajapameM uttara bhArata mukhyataH mAgvAise bahutase hinda nAkara basa gaye the-una logoM kA udhara pAnA bAnA banA hI saataabaa| inameM bahunase jainI bhI the| zravaNabelagolake lekhoM meM hama mAravAr3I jainoMkA vizeSa lekha hai / samrATa devarAya dvitIyaka samayameM ina logoMkA slekha "uttamapatha-nagarezvadevatogasaka" rUpameM huA hai| san 1986 meM mAravAr3a nivAsI mUlasaMdhI zrInagamuje bagada nAmaka mAtmA sajjanane eka jinamatimAko sthApanA vaNavelgokameM kiivii| san 1988 meM purasthAna nAmaka sthAnase gomaTa bhUpAsamAnorAbArI kavikAMzI bane sambaMdhIjanoM mati praNavelgo kI davA pilAye the| usa viSamakAmeM uttara bhArase yAtriyoM kA 1-0, 195. -
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________________ 13.] saMmizana itihAsa / caMdanAke kiye mAnA usa tIrthaka mahala aura yAtriyoMkI tIkikI ghotaka hai| san 1990 meM bhI mAravAise maTTAraka namacaMdrake kiamabarmaruci aura brama guNasAgara paMDita zravaNavelgoko banAne gAce the| san 1500 meM pravaNabelgo ke maThAdhIza zrI paMDitadeha prayAsa gommaTezvarakI vizAkamartikA mahAmastakAbhiSeka utsava samAroha manAyA gayA thA usa samaya svayaM gurujIne gaura begurunA ke nAma goDa tathA mutaga homenahAlaka gavuDagarane maTha evaM majhAyo-pastike liye dAna diye the| sArAMza yaha ki bhANavelgoka usa samaya sAMskRtika samparkakA kendra banA huvA thaa| tara bhora dakSiNa-donoM hI dezoMke jainI hI bAte aura pAspara miste jubte the|' kopaNa tiirth| aSaNa velgoke uparAMta dakSiNa bhAratameM dUsarA pAna tIrtha kopaNa kA yaha pAThakoM ko pahale hI basAyA mA cukA hai| vijayanagara sAmAjya-kALa mI kopaNakA pArmika aura sAMskRtika mAsa kSekhanIya haavaa| isa mauryakAlIna tIrthakI mahatogoM ke mana par3I huI thii| vijayanagara samATa kRSNadevarAyake samayameM koya rAjya-sImA mAnI jAtI thii| usasamaya koSapake Asaka simmamaya naaye| vaha kezavopAsaka the| unhoMne san 15213 kopaNake sevA maMdirako dAna diyA / maMdira mU: maMdira syoMki isakI dIpora babIbI jaina paskio ma 1... -
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA jaina dharma [121 vijayanagara kAlameM vaha zaivamaMdira banA kiyA gyaa| isa ghaTanAse kopaNa para zaivoMkA prabhAva vyakta hotA hai| prAcIna kAkI sabhha kopaNa eka mAtra jainatIrtha aura jaina sAMskRtika kendra taba na rhaa| phira mI baDI jainakA prAbalya thaa| isa samayake prasiddha jainAcArya zrI bAdI vidyAnandajIne anya sthAnoMke atirikta kopaNa sImeM bhI bar3e 2 jaina utsava racAye the aura apUrva dharma prabhAvanA kI bI / jaina vyApArI aura bheSTI nirantara isa tIrtha kI bhI vRddhi karane meM kame huye the aura bhI vAdI vidyAnanda, zrI mASanandi evaM ma0 mASa caMdra za jainAcArya vahAMse sadaiva dharmAmRta barasA aura hiMsA saMskRtikA prasAra kiyA karate the / san 1400 meM sakala-kalA-pravINa caura zrI zubhacaMdradeva ke pramukha ziSya candrakI rtidevane vahA~ candramamajinakI 'pratimA isa mAbase nirmANa karAI thI ki vaha unakI nidhi para birAjamAna kI jAvegI / ' sacamuca zrAvakagaNa isa tIrtha para bhAra sAdhujanoM kI saMgatimeM dharma sevana karate the aura unake nikaTa taraNa aura vRtodyApana karake bAtmahita sAdhate the| aise hI eka samaya aba kopaNa meM mukasaMgha dezIyagaNa pustakagaccha jalezvara zAkhAke nAcArya mAdhavacandra bhaTTAraka virAjamAna the taba unake nikaTa imavarge nAmaka pATanagara ke kulAgri - senaboba adhikArI devaSNa maaye| devaSNa naka * jayake suputra dharmAtmA zrAvaka the| ma0 mAnavacaMdra unake guru the / unhoMne gurUse do (1) siddhacakra aura (2) mukhya kamI nAmaka grahaNa karake pAna kiye the| aba una loMkA upAya karake unhoMne 1. me0 10 198-1990 *
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________________ 121] saMvita baina itihAsa / paMcaparameSTIkI eka marti pratiSThita karAI thii|vhii hI eka samaya mApanaMdi sidAntacakravartI bhI hahe the| unake priya ziSya bopaNa paura unakI patnI makauvvene hA eka caubIsI-TTa sthApita kiyA yaa| samrAT kRSNadevarAyake rAjyakALameM saM0 1513 zAke (1521 1.) meM bhaMDArI apparasayyake putra bhaMDArada timmappaTayane hiriyasindogi nAmaka prAmakA dAna kopaNa vIke liye kiyA thaa|' IsvI maThArahavIM sadI meM devendrakIti bhaTTArakake ziSya parddhamAnadeyane vaha chAyA-pandranAmasvAmIkI jinamati nirmApita karAI thii| isa prakAra 18vIM zatAbdi taka kopaNa jainadharma kA kenda rahA thaa| upAMDa kAkI viSamatA aura jainagurugoMke gamAvameM usakA hAsa ho gyaa| kuppttr| - kuNTrarakI prasiddhi bhI jaina kendra ke rUsameM 15 samaya taka vizeSa ho gaI thii| yaha pahale brAmaNoMkA kendra thA, kintu kadamba ganI mAladevIke svaMgase yaha jainoMkA bhI pramukha sthAna ho gyaa| baina munigaNa yahAM mAkara rahate aura dharmopadeza dekara hiMsA saMskRtiko mAge bar3hAte the| caudahavIM zatAbdimeM vahAM zrutamuni rahate the| unake. ziSya devacandra eka prasiddha kavi the. jinakI prazaMpA acche 2 kavIndra karate the| zrutamuni bhI sAhitya spanA karate the| san 13656.meM inhoMne hI saMbhavata: malligeNa sUrihata sajjana vitapallamakI karnATakI vAsyA kisI bii| ye dezIyagaNase sambandhita the| devacandrajIne . 1-koNa, 0.52-pA, pu. 11, -kopaNa, pu. 1., 4-kopana, ...
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthApanadharma / [ 123 kudarameM eka jinamaMdirakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA basna 1267 meM unakA samAdhi maraNa humA thaa| san 1902 meM kuSparakI prasiddhi dara2 taka kaika gaI thii| nagarakhaMDapadezameM yaha pramukha nagara bAyAMka eka minamaMdirako kadama rAmAoMse zAsna patra AtA / usI baityAlayameM prasiddha candrapama rahate the, jo pArzvanAbake baaye| unake pitA durgezane paMDitadevako unakA guru nirdhArita kiyA thaa| ina vidvAnoM dvArA vahAM nirantara jainadharmakI mApanA hotI thii| san1508 ..ke eka zilAlekhameM kuTAkI prazaMmAmeM likhA hai ki "karNATakadeza saba dezo sundara thaa| usa karNATaka pradezameM gutinAbA, jo 18 kampoM meM vibhakta thaa| usa kampoM meM sarva prasiddha nagara khaMDa nADuvA / kussssttr| usakI hI rAjadhAnI thii| zilAlekhameM kuppaTUAko nagarakhaMukA bhUSaNa kahA hai, jo parva caityAlayoM, kamalasaroM, kAmapATikAmoM aura gaMpazAki cAvaloM ke khetoMse muzobhita thA / kaNTrakA vaha vizAla vaibhava bhavya prAkkoM kI udAratAkA RNo thaa| mAvakagaNa aise saMkIrNa-hRdaya nahIM the ki apane nAmake liye rupayA kevala sAmpradAyika kAryoM meM svarcate hoM, balki ye kokahitake kAryo sapane dhanakA sadupayoga karate the| usa samaya bhAvakagaNa dezakI gaNanIti paura samRddhipaka kAryoko karane ke liye agrasara ho rahe the| nI ke zAsaka nirmAtA (King Makers ) hI nahIM, nagaranirmAtA 1-"bhavya-bana-dharmAvAdi saMtataM sake -catyAlayadinda -gAlida ucAnadi gapazAmi-t-kSetra nikAyadinda smaraNIyaM besu-vimurAmika - -.- sAlindra malati ke ravairigoTa-kolyAcyA muhai minamA re-mereA parisammoha:- .-110 - -
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________________ 124] saMcita na itihAsa / bhI bane huye the| vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke pramukha nagaroMke nirmANameM jainoMkA hAya hI srvopriyaa| deza ke bar3e vyApArI aura yogI loga the| apane dharma kI prabhAvanA evaM lokahitake kAryoko karane ke eka dUsarese pardA kiyA karate the|' stvnidhi| stabanidhi soharAba tAlukameM eka pramukha nagara bhaura bainadharmakA kendra thA / vahAke zAsakagaNa jainadharmAnuyAyI hone ke sAtha sAtha usake ananya pracAraka the, yaha pahale likhA bAcukA hai| stabaniSi samRddhizAlI nagara thA, jisakI tulanA eka zikAlesameM indrakI nagarI balakAratIse kI gaI thii| vahAM nayanAbhirAma vinamaMdira bane huye the. jinameM niraMtara bainAcAryokA dharmopadeza, jinendrakI pUjA-arcA aura dAna-puNya huA karatA thaa| zrApaka zrAvikAyeM nirana dharmaniyamoM kA pATana karake sanyAsamaraNa kiyA karate the| unakI smRtimeM niSadhi vIragala banAye jAte the| aisA hI eka nipaSikA yahA~se milA thA, jisameM eka bhavya bAvikAkA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| nissandeha stanidhikI prasiddhi isanI maSika thI ki zaiSa bAmaNoMne bhI apane eka kendrakA nAma 'tabaniSi' sakhA bA, boki hasana bile meM thii| mI namasena ne apane kalaha dharmAmRta' (111260) saMbhavataH isI svapaniSikA ullekha kiyA hai aura bisAki vahAke nAvAmI (mati) prasiddha the| papi kA pavidhi soyA -... 11-114. 1-0.115. 1-AMINOD 11.1..-IA,XI.P.B.s-bidrp.it
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyvsthaapndhrm| / 125 satambA , pAntu eka anya stanidhi vegAma bikeke nipANI nAmaka sthAnase dakSiNa dizAmeM do miikaa| bAra bhI jaina maMdiroMka saMbara se prAcIna sthAna siddha karate haiN|' satrahavI zatAbdimeM isa svanirikI gaNanA tIyAmeM hotI thii| yaha bAta sAmya sAdhu zIkavimyake nimnalikhita ullelase hotI hai bo udoMne apanI 'tIrdhamAga" meM likhA hai: "cAraNagiri navanidhi pAsa, rAyabAga hukerI bAsa / deva paNA prAvaka dhanavaMta, paMcamanA tahaM bahu satavaMta // 10 // paMcama vanIka DIpI kaMsAra, vaNakara cotho bhAvaka sAra / bhojana melA koi navi kari, vaigaMbara zrAvaka te siri||10|| zivAtaNI sIni valI jaina, marahaTha desi rahi AdhIna / tulajAdevI sevi ghaNA, paratA pUri sevaka taNA // 10 // " isa ullekhase usa samaya paMcama, chIpI, kaMsAra vaNakA aura caturtha pAtike bhAvakoMkA mastisya bhI pramANita hotA hai, unameM vAtsalya dharmakA itanA abhAva thA ki ve sAtha 2 baiThakara bhojana bhI nahIM kara sakate the| yaha varNAzramI hindudharmakA prabhAva kA ki jisane bhAvakake mUla samyaktva guNoMse mI jainoMko gahirmukha kara diyA thaa| usa samayake yaha bainI rAbavAgake nikaTa upasthita tanidhiko vIrata mAnate the| mAvasa aisA hotA hai ki sohagama jileke prAcIna stanidhi tIrthakI pasiddhiko sunakara aura yahAM pahuMca na sakanake kAraNa upa mahArASTra dekha usakI punaH sthApanA kI gaI thii| kI pAzvanAtha mati 1-JA., X. 49-52.
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________________ 126 ] saMkSipta jaina itihAsa | * . natizayapUrNa honeke kAraNa cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha' nAmaka prasiddha huI thI / baDhA~kI eka anya pArzvamUrti jo kisI bakSmIsena bhaTTArakako belagAma jileke hukeri grAmake pAsa milI thI, usako unhoMne sana 1880 I0 meM lAkara eka bar3e pratiSThA mahotsabake sAtha svayanidhimeM birAjamAna kiyA thaa| isa mUrtiko zrI bIramandi siddhAMtacakravartIka ziSya saradAra senAsakI dAdI kaccheyAdevIne nirmANa karAyA thA / yaha stayanidhi eka pahAr3I para sthita hai| pahAr3I para hI paramake parakoTe meM pAMca jinamaMdira bane hue haiN| parakoTeke bhItara eka macchAsA mAnastaMbha banA huA hai| yaha mukhya maMdira ke sAmane sthita hai| isa pahAr3Ike pAsa hI brahmanAtha aura padmAvatIdevIke bhI maMdira hai| isa tIrthakI kucha aisI mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka mAsakI namAvasyAko uttarIya karNATaka aura dakSiNa mahArASTra pradezake jainI kandanA karane jAte hai / varSAnta meM vahA~ eka bar3A melA bhI lagatA hai| jaba to vahA~ 'eka jaina gurukula bhI sthApita ho gayA hai / " sArAMzataH svayaniSi pradhAnakendra do kSetroM meM rahA thA / uddhare / * soharAba tAluka meM dUsarA pradhAna nagara ddhare bhI jainakendra thA / 'hoTala rAjAoMke samaya se hI vahAM jaina dharmakI pradhAnatA thI / bAja kakkA udri hI prAcIna uddhare kyA uddhavapura hai / sma TU riDagAva dvitIyake rAjyakAra meM uddhareke jaina netA baicappa the| vaha bahu prasiddha pardAmA aura dezabhaka the| san 1380 I0 ke eka zilAlekha se 1-Ibid.
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA jainadharma / [127 sakinA mAdhavarAya banavAse 12000ke prAntIya zAsaka the, taba eka upadrava uTha khar3A humA / kokaNa pradezake katipaya nIca puruSoMne vidroha kara diyaa| ganasenAkA netRtva garA kara rahe the| yaha bar3I bahAdurIke sAtha koMkaNiyoMse bar3e aura isI yuddha meM bIragatiko. prApta huye| unhoMne vidrohiyoMko parAsta karake jinendra ke caraNoM meM sInatA prApta kii| mahAna the vaha ! senApati siriynnnn| vaicappake putra siriyaNNa bhI jainadharma ke ananya bhakta the| unake pitAne jahAM deza aura rAjakI sevA pANotsarga kiye the, et siriyaNNane dharmaprabhAvanAke liye agnI aihika jIvanako samApta kI thii| unakI prakRti bacapanase hI nivRtti-pAka thii| unakA vivAha huaa| apanI patnI padAmbike ke sAtha unhoMne bhoga bhoge| kintu vaha hada samyaktvI the| bhoga unako bhuga se upate the| eka dina unhoMne apane guru munibhadrase nivedana kiyA ki vaha usako parama sukhadhAma-mokSa mata karanekI nAjJA hai| gurune unako bhavya ganakara sAdhu dIkSA dI / sAdhu siriya dharmasApanA meM lIna hogye| san 110010 meM unhoMne samAdhimaraNa kiyA / usamaya nAkAzase puSpavarSA horahI thI aura meri, duMduni evaM mahAmuruma bAje bAhe the| vaha jinendrakoMmeM jIna hogye|' udare- guru paramparA / so baina guru bAbASNarUpameM pravAhita hI thii| isaThiye 1 me, 1. 115-11. .. .. .:
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________________ 198] saMkti nlikaas| haba gurumoMkI pA 'dare- ke nAmase prasiddha hogaI kii| isa gurukula muni bhadradeva prasAta the| nhoMne hisagAvastikA nirmANa kiyA jaura mulaguMDake jinamaMdirakA vistAra vddaabaabaa| usakA samaya sevagaNasevA-senagaNake nAcArya ina yatirAmakA bAdara karate the| nhoMne sapatharaNa karake samAdhimaraNa kiyA thaa| pantasamaya mI ra mAgamakA vyAkhyAna karate rahe the| unake samAdhi sthala para unake ziSya pAripeNadevane eka nidhi banAI thii| huligere| soharAba tAlukamai eka anya benakendra hugire nAmaka baa| san 198310 ke eka zilAlekhase zAta hotA hai ki hubigoke mAlama-parvAt paNika saMgha apanI udAratA ke lie prasiddha the| dubgeiremeM inAra, koNDAre, hAnugaDa, cikavigalige, hariyAbigalige, bAcaugAnAha, hosanAra, kambunAlige, aiDAlige. hirika mAgi, cikamahAkige, bamyAkinADa, hedanADa, kRjinADa, horanA, konADa, guttimaSTAdazakamyaNa, bolavigerenADa, hobattinADa, hasike ityAdi sthAnoM ke paNika ekatrita huye the| una sabane mikakara kuggei. kI saMkalimasAdiko dAna diyA aura zAsanapatra likhA thA / usasamaka pradhAna-daNDASipa muda bhI upasthita the| muda daNDanAyaka pRthvIseTTi' pahanate the| vaha jaina zreSTiyoM meM usa samaya ekAsa the| ina baNika saMghoMke pikAMza sadasya yadi isamamaya bIra zeSa dharma meM dIkSita ho gare, aMta pane pUrvajoM dharma bainamatako bhA nahIM gaye the|' 1-40 * 317. -vahI, pR. 11-138
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA bainadharma / [119 zabadurga aura dAnavurUpAi / bekArI aura kuppaTa mikoMmeM rAmadurga aura dAmamurUpA baina kendra the| zabadurgoM mULa saMbake bhASAyokA paha thA / isa saMpake sArasvata gaccha kAskAragaNa kundakundAnyaya ke mAcArya amarakI rtike ziSya muni mApanandi the / unake upadezase samrAT harihara prathamake zAsana kAlameM jaina zreSTi bhogarAjane zAntinAtha jinezvarakI pratimA pratini karAI thii| rAmabhAgase upabbya rasasiddha mUrtiyoM ke nAsana lekhase mUkasaMgha candrabhUti aura mApanIya saMgha ke candrendra, bAda maura timmanna nAmaka prAyakA patA calatA hai| isase bhI rAmadurga kendra honA hai| dAvupake jaina vyApArI prasiddha the| baDhI unakI vidhi milI hai|' zRGgeri va narasiMharAjapura / zRGgeriDoTasa kALase hI jaina kendra thaa| vaha narasiMharAjapurase prAcIna thaa| narasiMharAjapurakI prasiddhi to caudahavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha se hI huI hai| vahA~ 'zAntinAtha bastI' nAmaka eka jinamaMdira hai, jisake mukanAyaka zAntinAyakI mUrti san 1300 kI pratiSThita mAnI jAtI hai| mUrnikI sthApanA uddharekI bagiyanyeganti nAmaka mArmikAkI ziSyA candiyakAne karAI thii| soDavIM zatAbdI taka narasiharAnapura eka samRddhizAkI caina kendra thaa| bahakI 'candranAtha bastI' nAmaka jinamaMdirameM virAjamAna caturviMzatitIrthaMkara aura jagan sIkarI mUrtiyoM ke zAsana-lekhose spaSTa hai ki boMgAradevI se Dike 1- me0, pR0 338-1190
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________________ 13) saMki nient putra doGaga seTTine panAvizati tIna mahine pratiSThA karAI bI gaura namiseDike putra gummaNa seTine anta tIkI mUrti pazikSita kara siMganagadde jina maMdismeM virAjamAna kI thii|' kchanAvabastIke mUkanAyaka candrapramakI mUrti zvetApAnako itanI suMbhAra hai ki mAnoM mATha varSakA bAlaka hI baiThA ho- kora banAhamAkI hai|hmdaa nadI se nikAlakara virAjamAna kI gaI thii| pArzvavastI' maMdira / zerikI pAvanAyavastI nAmaka jinamaMdikSa 12vIjAndina hai, bo nagarake madhyabhAgameM hai maura jainoM ke pramukhako pakarA hai| 16vIM zatAbhike madhya taka zarimeM baina yAtrIgaNa gAte rahe the| san 1523 meM devanaseSTine banantanAbakI pratimA isa maMdismeM virAjamAna kI baa| bomjarAsaMTTina candranAyamUrtikI patiSThA karAI thii| mahagirimeM man 1531 meM eka jinamaMdira thA, jisako yondiAtimarapakI patnI vayamne dAna diyA thaa| unake guru mallinAva deva the| jinaMndramaMgalam / inake atirikta choTe choTe caina kendra bhI vijayanagara sAmane bilo huye miLate the| san 1533-34 ke eka ziNasAne vidita hai ki samrATa acyuta devagatake vAsamA puraya pAsa. stana minendramaMgalam gora bamjuko? bosanI / pinalagAma nAma anatvakA bolaba ma' . 1-par3I, .. 156. 2-411 2 - -
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________________ vijayanagarakI shaalaandhrm| / 1995 Dimiti kAmatA vAhana kendroMse tAmika deza benapaka nAtasAsa tAtA hai| tAmiLanAra meM kuhagoDakA jaina mandira pasiddha thaa| usako rAmarAja moDegAke pautra aura himAyake jyeSTha mAga rAjapane apane pitA maliga moDelake pu0pa hetu mamadAna dika thaa| yaha dAna mamrAT sadAzivAyake zAsanakAlameM diyA gayA thaa|' cikAnasogeke mAdinApa nAmaka basI jinamaMdira meM bAdazvara, zAMtIpara aura candranAtha tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM bramaNoM ke netA cikamayake putra aura cArukIrti paMDinadezake ziSya paMDitarapane 1585 10 pati kagakara virAjamAna kaI thii| vikAsoge isa samaya bhI jainoMkA kendra banA huA thaa| pAkuru, malika Adi kendra / tulAdezameM bhI janoM ke kendramyAna pAkuru, bhUhika, paDaNambUka, himAra aura kApU nAmaka nagara the| bAhAru to tulAdezakI gajabAnI mI sI thii| vahAMkA mAdIpAmedhA pani nAmaka mitra maMdira prasiddha thaa| usa maMdiko sAMtAra nasabhAbane san 1908 meM dAna diyA thA / san 1999-1500 ke ma usI maMdiko zrI cAhakIrti dine bhI dAna diyA thaa| maMgara tAlukA mahika aura parapaNampUruke maina maMdira rallekhanIya the| pApaNampUrukI inla sadiko san 1512 meM kisI gamakumArane bAna diyA thaa| himahari bokanAvara basavilyAta dii| aura sidilA hogA sasamaya usa 1-0, 1. 158-159 /
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________________ 135] . saMkSisa bana itihAsa / jaina dharmake mahatvazAlI mastisyako pramANita karatI hai| isa maMdirako 16vIM zatAnike mantimapAdameM vijayanagarake zAsaka (Viceroyt ne,dAna diyA thaa| kApU Dipi tAlukameM vA morayA bhI haTTa. bAiDike samAna hI pramukha caina kendra thaa| vaha kinhIM hegaDe saradArakI rAjadhAnI thaa| san 1556 meM pAMgAvaMzake madahegaDe. jinadharmake ananya bhakta aura upAsaka the| noMne kaNaragaNake nAcArya devacandradevako mallAru nAmaka grAma bheMTa kiyA thaa| ina deva. padradevake guru muni caMdradeva aura dAdAguru abhinayamAdi kIrtideva the| kA prAma kApUke prasiddha jinendra dharmanAvakI pUjAke lie dAna kiyA gayA thaa| zilAlekhameM kAkI tujhnA hama dAnake kAraNa hI velgoka, kopaNa aura Untigiri (girinA) se kI gaI hai / isa dAnako bhara karanevAle jainake liye jo zApakA bhaya diyA hai, usase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya belagolake gommaTanAya, koNake candranAtha aura antake nemIzvara prasiddha the| kApake jaina ina pavitra sthAnoMse paricita the| kaarkl| , kArakala bhI isI samaya eka pamukha baina kendra thaa| binadarake zava sAtA ganAoMne svI caudahavIM zatAbdike bArambhameM kArakako manI rAjadhAnI banAyA thaa| yahA~ka zAsaka kokanAyarasane talAdezameM bahArmakA khUpa pracAra kiyA thA lAmAviSayamaskAra bhI cAhatIki paMDitadeva unake guru the| lokanAvarasakI bar3I bahaneM bommadevI aura sonmAdevI thiiN| unone mallapa adhikArI nAdi rAbakarmacAriyoMka 1-meba, . 359-39. / . .
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________________ vijayanagarakI zAsana vyavasthA baindhrm| [155 sAba san 1931 meM kArakA kI zAMtinAva pasIko dAna diyA thA, jise musaMvakaNagaNake bhAnukIrti mApArIdeva paTTaziSya kumudacaMdra bhaTTArakadevane nirmANa karAyA thaa| mokanAtharasake samastabhuganAlaya zrIpRthvIvallabha' aura mahArAjAdhirAma viruNa unako eka sthApIna zAsaka pramANita karate hai| inake kucha samaya pazcAt kArakaDake zAsakagaMNa bapi liMgAyata matase pabhAvita huye the, phira bhI ve jainadharmaka sahAyaka rahe the| inasogeke jaina gurumona kArakarake gabAmoMko 'punaH na dharmakA bhakta banAyA thA aura tAnone bainotkarSake kArya kiye, vaha pahale likhA jA cukA hai| kintu kArakala meM jaina myudaya bahAka mApakokA hAva bhI kucha kama na thaa| sammAjJAna prakAza karake becaina dharmakI sacI prabhAvanA karate hate the| san 1579meM kArakarake katipaya bAyakone hiriyanagaDike bammanapara-basti nAmaka minamaMdirameM nirantara zAsapaNacanakA prabaMdha rahe, isaliye nakada vAna 'divA baa| kalitakIrti bhaTTAraka bAdhakartA niyukta huye jo vicArakartA karAte the| san 1586 meM hamari bhavendra moreyara, bo pahipomucapurake zAsaka karAte the, unhoMne "caturmalapati" nAmaka vinamaMdirakA nirmANa karAyA / jina maMdiroM meM isa samaya taka cAroM prakArako dAnazAkAya paNatI mI thI, jinake kAraNa sAMskRtika kendra bane huye the| kAMpa nAmaka sthAna banAne ma. pAnAvakI mati sAdhana caityAlaya sthApita kI thii| bhairavendrale kI pUjAke lie bhI mamidAna vivaanaa| 1-0, 199-351.
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________________ 14] viyana sAmrAjyameM yadyapi varNAzramI pomaNika dharmakA * bAra guNA bA, phira bhI mainadharma bIvitA , kyoMki janatAmeM usakI bAdI peTha ho gaI thii| isa samaya jaina dharma para par3osI hindU armakA prabhAva pA aura unameM nAti-pAMtikI uti bhora pahAtAkA zrIgaNeza humA bA, yaha pahale bhI lilA bAcukA hai| aise samabameM yo veNuru jaise nagaNya prAmameM bhI baina zAsakoMkA prApalya ullekhanIya yA veNUrumeM san 1601 meM timmarAjane mANavegogake zrI bAhakIrti paMDisake upadezase gomaTezakI vizAlakAya marti sthApita kI yo / se veNaru bhI eka pramukha kendra aura vIrya hogayA / belUra / isI 14 zatAbdise 17vIM zatAni taka belara bhI baina na kendra rahA thA, yadyapi kaha hindU dharmakA gddh'vaa| bahAra bIca mandira pAsa', 'pAdinApera bhora zAMtinAthezvara sati: nAmaka bana gaye the| belagmeM mUlasaMSake dezIyagaNa varapAli aura mAnAyake gurubhoMkI samparA sthApita hogaI thii| isakA prabhAvakA kina saMgha gaNa-gabase gAye bar3hakara ki-'samujha meM bhI nimaka hogaa| san 1938 meM rake hayAdri nAyako ziyoM aura kainoM meM bahumA ko pevArake na niian sIne vizvAsa se bhAsa: yAne senA pramANita hai| vijayanagara sAmAnI Amit pAleko vizI, kahAra, bena baliyoko
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________________ vijayanagarakI shaasbssthaandhrm| [135 vaSiSThatA ghoSita kiyA thaa| inake ziSya kA sakasahine nAgamaMgAya na 1680 meM bhI vimAya pAyA nirmANa karAvA / penugoDa bhI baina kendra thaa| vaha pArzvanAvapassI bI, jisake pAsa hI jinamUSaNa bhaTTArakake ziSya nAgamayakI nissssikii|' sakAra.jaina dharma vijayanagara sAmrAjyameM apanA mApAkI mastisa banAye hupeyaa| mamatA usake mArya pa se zAnapAna aura prabhAvakArI nahIM the, mo zAsakoMko jaina dharmakA malAlu banAye ste| phira bhI ve samayake anusAra badalate huye baina dharmake payAmeM bahIna yebhora antasi sasakoMko mAvita karane meM saphala hote the| kA diyamAsako bhI usanA mahatva prApta nasA kyoMki unakA svAna sapArI mahArakoMne li| kintu isakA bhI bahI ki digamsa muniyoM kI mAnyatAmeM koI mantara pahAvA bihe hI vaisI pUjya haTisa dekhe .te the| unameM sAdhuveSI, udarapoSaka madhunoMkA jamAva nahIM'; kintu aise mAdhureSiyoM kI khulI bharsamA kI mAtI bI-zimaloM meM bhI unakA balakha huA mikatA hai| sArAMzataH baina saMghameM isa samaya gaharaM parivartana hue the| nokan -
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________________ saMkSita baina itihaas| / tatkAlIna jaina sAhitya aura klaa| dakSiNa bhAratake jainAcArya / bainadharma nahiMsA-pradhAna rahA hai| hiMsA mAnA napane sarasvatI putroMko hamezA karuNa aura zAMta isameM nimama banAye rhii| vaina bhAcAryoM aura vidvAnoM ne 'svAntaH sukhAya' hI nahIM aura nahIM hI mAtra 'satya-ziSa-mundAma' kI upAsanAke kiye sAhitya-subana kiyA, paratyuta unakA dhyeya sAhitya racanA dvArA lokopakAra kAnA vA-kokako sampadAna pradAna karanA thaa| apane isa dhyeyakI siddhike liye dakSiNa bhAratake bena bhAcAryone dakSiNAtya hote huye bhI kana, tAmika, tuma nAdi dezI bhASAyoMke matirikta saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASANoM meM mI racanA kii| saMskRta sAhityaka bagatakI bhASA mI, to pAkRta noMkI nija bhASA thii| pacapi vijayanagara sAmrAjyameM bhI nintara yuddha hote rahe, kintu sa viSamatAmeM bhI jainAcArya evaM manya mana:pI satyaM zivaM. sandarako nahIM mule| isaliye hI hama dekhate haiM ki isa kAmme mI sAhitya mora kake janThe namune siraje gaye the| . kapar3a ganna maapaayeN| vijananagara sAmrAjyakA bahumAga kA maapiiyaa|btaa banAne sabhApAko sAmikaura marAThI bhApAgoMki sAba mulAyA nhiiN| isa samaya mI nAgarI, amika, kamara pora mAThI evaM saMskara bhApApoMjamAra dakSiNa bhArata meM honA bAkI
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________________ sAlI sAhitabora klaa| [130 nAgarI jo 'nAgara-mAyA mamatIbI, bhAvIna paritika rUpa maryAta purAnI hindI ho sktii| saMskRta bhASA-sAhitya / horapaka gajAoMke samayase hI samhata bhASAnoMka na sAhityakA kendra uttama kI mora bar3ha gayA thA, kiMtu vidyAnagara hATAne -saMskRta bhASAko apanAyA thA, yapi unako mAtRmapA teluguubii| saMskRta tA bhI devANI' karAtI thii| tAsAsakA bApita 'ki zAstreNa rakSite rASTra zAstraciMtA vartate / parivArya hogA / vijayanagAke samrAToM, sAmanto maura senApatiyoM, jinameM jaina kI ullekhanIya the, ne apane bAhupAse dezako mukSita banA diyA thA aura una zAMtipUrNa pahiyoMmeM vidvajjana mAritva vRddhi karane meM salIma huye the| sAyaNane vedokA bhASya isI samaya milA thaa| saMskRta ke isa bakarSameM hAtha baMTAne ke liye jaina vidvAn pIche na rhe| karNATakI hote huye bhI ve saMmata bhASAko svanAmoM meM pravRtta / tApameM to zrI somapamAcArya, zrI hemacandrAcArya prabhRti dAna vidvAnoM ne saMskRta sAhityakI zrIpati kI thii| zrI somaprabhAvAne 'nAkAvya racakara goko nAca saka diyA thA, jisake ekahI kokake sau varSa hote ye bakSiNAsya kaviyoM meM zrI vIranandinAcArya elekhanIya hai| isakA bandamamakA saMskRta sAhityakI anUThI raktA / so bAdirAjakA ekIyasto nindra stutikI bahupati yA kI kanyA mAgoma vIrSaka rUpamaNIvavijaya aura bAravikA mI pAye gaye hai| paryAya:svira
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________________ 138] in zrI.dinAhiye, jInakA kAranAma musabA gaura hAdavidhApati'-vAha vidhAnoM ke mAtA mahAte the| unakI eka anya skanA 'yazodharavariza' mii||' 12vIM zatAni vAdImasiMha bopadeva gavacintAmaNi aura kSAtracUDAmaNi' nAmaka campakAlaya zrI saMta sAhityako bolanIya racanAyeM haiN| muni kalyANakIrti racita 'jiyA kahodaya', 'jJAnacandra.bhyudaya', 'tapamedATaka', 'sivarAja', watSara paritra mAvi ba bhI ullekhanIya hai / meya samaguru kAraka maThAdhIza zrI milakItijIke vaha ziSya the| none kA saM. 1350 meM 'binayajJa phakodaya' yA thaa| 'kAma' 'manase' gAdi kamalatiyAM bhI unakI yI huI hai|" pAva munikA bayAnahosa' jyotiSa zAsakI ballekhanIyaramA |kaarko pAMca-bhAvavaMzIya rAmA pANyApati bhI saMskRta sAke yo kavi the| unakA kA humA 'bhayAnala Sures hai|bhaark cAlIrtimIne 'gItavItarAga' kI racanA karake kati gorake gIta-govinda ' mahAkAnyakI samakoTikI utama racanA jaina Prem wlameM bhI kama karatI hai| mahAkavI sagIta zAsake bhAtA the, isaliye unakI bahanA saMgIta samora sAko Thokase nikAlI hai| vahItikA basasthAna prAkTivezAntargata siMj .-CSL, P. 286495.DaoN. mariyAne isI praviyo aura elImA spaSitA / padigo kI bAli bhAle / kI socanA baar|
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________________ tatkAlIna jaina sAhitya ra kalA / [ 139 thaa| unakI rAmarAjagurU, samaMtakAcArya, mAhAdavAdIzvara upAdhiyoM unakI vidvatA aura mahatAko spaSTa karatI haiN| vaha apanegokA ke maThAdhIza the| inhoMne apanI yaha racanA gaMgavaMza ke rAjakumAra devarAja ke anuze se zaka saMvat 1321 ke pazcAt strI thI, 'pramezakhamAkA 1 ''pArzvAbhyudayaTokA' nAdi kaI TokA aMba bhI unhoMne rathe the|' kavivara vijayayaNakA 'zRMgArArNava caMdrikA' nAmaka alaMkAra zAstra mI isa samayakI ullekhanIya racanA hai| isako unhoMne san 1264 ke kagabhaga kAmarAya baMga narezakI prArthanApatra racA thaa| isa prakAra bhaneka anya jaina vidvAnoMne saMskRta sAhityako apanI satkRtiyoMse samakaMkRta kiyA thA jinakA itihAsa likhA jAnA bohanIya hai / kamar3a-sAhitya aura jaina kavigaNa | vijayanagara samrAToMke zAsana kADhameM bhI kamar3a sAhityako sAta banAne meM jaina kaviyoMne bllekhanIya bhAga kiyA thaa| jainadharma aura kathA sAhitya ke atirikta unhoMne sarvasAdhAraNopayogI sAhityakI mI racanA kI thii| kiMtu vijayanagara sAmrAjyoMmeM smArta aura paurANika hindu dharmakA prArUpa honeke kAraNa jaina kavigaNa usase achUne nahIM rahe the| jo bAteM jainadharma ke andara nahIM milI thIM unako bhI isa samaya baise hI apanAyA gayA, jaise ki bhAvakaka kucha ajJa jainakavi kartRtvabAdakI gaMdha apanI racanAoMmeM kUTakara bhara dete haiN| yaha samayakA mAya hai| vivakSaNahI nakneko isa prabhAvase surakSita rakha pAte haiN| kezikA (san 1917) svayaM baiga meM unake putra mallikArjuna Alat-p-48, 10:26. *
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________________ 14.]. saMcita caina itihAsa | bhI jaina the| mallikArjunage 'suktisucArNava' nAmaka kalar3a anya - sArvabhAvase dikhaa| usake bhAdi maMgalAcaraNameM jinendradevako namaskAra kiyA, parantu bhItara suktiyoM meM niga smArta-tra saNa-dharma bhara diyA / bAma vidvAna yaha dekhakara mAcaryacakita hai !' mallikArjunakA putra 'kezirAja dvi0 (1260 I0 ) bhI kavi thA / usake race hube cokapAlaka carita, subhadrAhANa, pradoSacaMdra, kirAta aura zabdamaNidarpaNa ye, parantu upalabya kevaLa aMtima graMtha hai| yaha kalar3a vyAkaraNakA advitIya graMtha hai|" kavi vRcirAja (1173 I0) mahAkavi polake samAna * mArmika zreSTakavi the, paraMtu unakI koI bhI racanA upalabdha nahIM hai| kaki - boypaNa paMDita sumanojaMsa pratiSThA prApta prasiddha kavi the| kavi agAla (1989 60) kavikula kakamavAsayUmA ghinAtha, kAvyakarNavAra, bhAratI bAlanetra, sAhitya vidyAvinoda, jinasamaya sarassAra ke li-marAka yAdi vizdoM se suzobhita the| vaha kisI rAjadarabAra meM uccakoTike kavi the| unakA ravA huA 'caMdraprabhapugaNa' miLatA hai| 'pArzvapaMDita' - (1205 I0) sauMdasike sTurAjA kArtavIrya caturthakA samAkavi thA / pArzvapaMDita kavikulatilaka kahalAte the| inakA pArzvanAtha purANa' advitIya gadyapadyamaya grantha hai| kavi jama bhI apane samayake prasiddha kavi the aura mallikArjuna ke sAle the| cokuruke rAjA narasiMhadeva ke vaha sabhAkavi, senAnAyaka aura maMtrI bhI the| vaha eka bar3e dharmAsyA * 6 1- maibhAri0 1931, pR0 80. 2-kameka0, 10 29. 6. * Jowal-Mirror of Grammar " remains to this day the standard early authority on the Kannada language. -Prof. 8. R. Sharma.
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________________ tatkAlIna jaina sAhitya aura klaa| (151 bhI the| noMne kikA durgameM manantanAvakA maMdira aura bArasadake vijayI pArzvanAyake maMdirakA mahAdvAra bnaayaa| zoSaracarita, anantanAtha purANa aura zivAyasmaratantra nAmake tIna anya usake race hue milate haiN| maTukavi mA dAsa san 1600 ke jagamaga hue the| yaha baina brAmaNa the aura apane nAma ke sAtha jinagaNapati, girinagarAdhIzvA nAdi vizva likhatA thaa| 48: vaha kisI nagarakA rAjA pragaTa hotA hai| isakA svA humA " "humata " nAmaka jyotiSa grantha sarvopayogI hai| maMgagajakA khagendra maNidarpaNa' bhI soyogI racanA samrATa hariharAyake samayakI hai| yaha kavi surUlitakavi vigata' *vidhuvaMzakalAma' mAdi vigdoMse samalaMkRta pAkavi sAmane sAla bhArata san 1510 meM rakhakara kRSNa aura pAsaparitrakA vyAkhyAna kiyA thaa| yaha sArasamalla narezakA samAvi sAta 'karNATaka-saMjIvana' nAmaka koSa bhI mikatA hai, jisameM se bhArambha honevAle zabdoM kA saMgraha hai| mahavidrIke kSatriya rakhAkara varSAne san 15.7 meM bharatezvara carita', 'aparAmita zataka' bhora 'trikoka zataka' nAmaka graMtha race the| isa samayake prasiddha jainavAdI jaminamAvI-vidyAnandikA racA humA (san 1533) 'kABAHILY bhI ballekhanIya racanA hai| dakSiNake prasiddha abhinaya vaiyAkaraNoM meM mahAkaladevakI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| mone taka zamAnu. zAsana' svara mA sAhityako zrIvRddhi kI kii| saMskRta bhASA 1- 0, pR 23-11. -
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________________ 12] sakina hAla / bhI mAne pracanA kI thii| san 1601 meM unIne yA rakA thaa| isa prakAra kalA sAhitya prAMgaNako aneka baina kaviyoM suzomita kiyA thaa| jainakalA-vijayanagara sAmrAjya-kAra meM sAhityake sAtha kamakI bhI pracura pRddhi huI thii| kAkI zrI dimeM bhI jainoMkA sahayoga apUrva baa| kAkA pradhAnakArya mAnava hRdayameM sphUrti mora ullAsako nAgRta karanA hai| kalAkRti se mAtmavibhora banAde, yahI kAkI vizeSatA hai| jainakalA ina bAtoM meM sarvopari rahI hai| yaha * sa. ziva.sandarakA mUrtimAna rUpa hai| isa samayakI nirmita vizAlakAya gomaTezvAkI bhanba mUrtiyAM, jo veNUra aura kArakasameM hai, isakI sAkSI hai| satyamora ziva (nirvANa) unameM guthA humA hai aura unakA saundarya nihArate rahane kI vastu hai| gyo (vijayanagara) ke jaina maMdiroM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI kathana caritArtha hotA hai| vaha sthAna atIva ramaNIka hai| usapara kA kArakI painIchainI ra memAkI patrI vasUlane vahAM nayanAbhirAma maMdira banAye the| vijayanagarakI mayuga-kalAke ye anUThe namUne the| drAvir3a zailIko apanAkara vijayanagarake ziliyoM ne eka nigalI hI vijaya nagara zailIko janma diyA thaa| unake maMdira aura matiyoM kahA darzanIya namUne hai| unakA lakSaNa kArya aura saMga dekhanekI bAta hai| nome sAre dezako hI namI kalAse meM dika 1-Jainism and Karnataka Culturo po -100.
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________________ tatkAlIna sAhitya aura laa| Em he ma pATakoke parijJAga una boke bola paricaya karAte hai, no kammakI dRSTise mahatvapUrNa haiM: (1) vijayanagara vA hampIke zApazeSa 9mArane kele huye hai, mo usake gata vaibhavakI sAkSI rahe hai| mI. numati zAkhIne unako dekhakara likhA hai ki "eka sAdhAraNa vicAzIdarzaka mI ina dhvaMzAvazeSoM ko dekhakara isake gata bhako mAsAnIse pAsa legaa| hampIke prAcIna smArakoM meM yahAM ke jaina maMda. hI sarva prAcIna haiN| nahAra ye maMdira hai. vaha sthAna itanA suMdara ki ise nagarakI nAka kahA jAya to bhI anyukti nahIM hogii| gharoM para bhI hAsa haTanekI icchA hI nahIM hotii| harike zikAmaya yA bhaya mandira BMI evaM.vikSA eka caTTAnake Upara eka hI pati subara degase nirmita hai|' inase kucha jaina maMdira vijayanagAsa bhI pAcana, parantu kaI maMdira vijayanagarake zAsanakAlake hai bhora varzanIya haiM / ekasi to spaTa devagaya dvitIyana hI vijayanagAke pAna sugarI gamA banavAyA thaa| yaha maMdira maNiyosa kRta nabanAmirAmA / kampatiko bAnevAlI maha miti nAmaka maMdira bhAnI vizAlatAke liye prasiddha thaa| ise jaina senApati ruganaM san 1385 meM banavAyA thA aura kisI mA himane isa nIrNoddhA karAyA thaa| isa maMdigke mAgekI dIpAzrama vanIyA pagatI maMdirake nIce utara jaina maMdiroM kA sabase sahI usake zilie dekhA pokAbATa 1-3 -8. Primamate
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________________ 144] sAvita baina itihaa|| vijayanagara samrAToMDI chAvA jainadharmakA bamyudaya vizeSa humAyA unameM kI samrATone jaina maMdiroMko dAna diye the, para jilA hai| bukagaya dvine mUDavidareke maMdirako, devarAya dine bahara, mNgch| mAdike jaina maMdiroMko aura kRSNadevarAvane cimpeTa milake koyanAva binAyako dAna diye the|' unakA anukaraNa kena prajAne kiyA thaa| pariNAmataH sAre dezameM kAkA adbhutaH pradarzana humA kaa| (2) mahavidure (mahabadrI) bakSiNa kamA jile kA pramukha kendra thaa| use loga jaina kAzI' kahate the| vahAM vijayanagara samAyoMke samayake bane huye aneka jina maMdira haiN| unakI banAvaTa himAla pradezake devasthAnoM jaisI DhA (Sloping roofs of flat overlapping slabs ) chatadAra hai, jinameM pASANake jharokhe aura sma hote haiN| yaha isa borake jaina maMdiroMkI khAsa banAvaTa hai, bisakA prabhAva hindu moMke maMdiroM aura musalamAnoMkI masjidoMpara bhI par3A hai| musammAnoMne to jaina maMdiroMko dhvaMza karake unako masbidoM meM parivartita kara diyA tabhIse yaha jainazailI unakI masjidoM meM milatI hai| maMdiroM kI bhAMti jainoMke sthaMbha bhI the| mUviremeM . 1-anIma eDa karNATaka.kalanA, pR. 45-46. . . . . . 2-"The Jains seem to have left behind them. one of their. peculiar siyles of temple architecture; for the Hindu: temples and even the Muhammedan mosques of Malabar are all built in the style peculiar to the Jains, as it is still to be seen in the Jain bastis at Mudbidre & other places in the south kanara district. Logan, Malabar, pp. 186-188.
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________________ tatkAlIna va mahilA mora klaa| 1955 kI bhI tA| am eka saMbha 52 Taca, sekasakA badbhuta nmuunaa| nissandeha noMkera ma mAtIya kiMvA samasta pUrvIyakA niraa|' sthaMma maMdiroM ke sammukha bogane hI hote hai aura mAnamarAte hai, santu mainoM ne maMdiroke mIna bhI mApakatAse vika bama banAnekI nirAkI prathAko apanAyA thaa| mUbidurImeM hI sAsakUTa jinAlaya meM lagabhaga eka hamAra sma hoMge aura aise bane huye hai ki eka sthaMbha isase milkula nigama aura sunna / unakA taraNa kArya bhI janThA hai, jisakI samAnatA mAyA mora namarI kAkI kalAmeM mikatI.' mahAdIko veNugura bhI kahate the| prATa devarAyakI mAse yahAM san 1530 meM trimugana- cUmamaNi-tyAjya banAyA gayA thA, nimameM mUndrIkI jaina yAne ma0 candrapama tIyezvarakI manamohana mUrtikI gyApanA kI thii| yaha mUrti sapane parikA sahita camakatI 1- Anothet reculiar contribution of the Jainas, not only no Karnataka but also to the whule of Indian or even Kastern art, is the free-standing pllar, found in front of almost every broll or Jaina umple in Karnatak. -rof. S R. Sharma, TKC., P. 109. o lo the whole range of Indian art, there is nothing, perhaps, equal to these Kapara pillars for good taste. A partir cularly elegant example, 521/2 ft. in height, faces a Jaina bermple at Mudbidre. The material is granite, and the design is of singulur grace" - Sir Vincient Smiib (History of Fine Art in Inr'ia, p. as. .8-Jainism & Karnataks Culture, a ne .
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________________ 146] saMkSipta baina itihAsa / duIpotakI vizAkAra manya pratibidha hai| san 1.44 60 meM bhandumajAka nAmaka rAjadUta Iganase bhArata mAyA baa| umaneM ima mati aura maMdirako dekhakara likhA thA ki usake samAna lokameM dUpI vastu nahIM hai| maMdiracA vanakA hai| usa sapako baha pItAkA banAtA hai aura vizAlakAya pratimAko nirI sone kI likhatA hai, jisakI akhima dokA bar3e huye the| vaha likhatA hai ki mUrti staname nAI gaI hai ki vaha sarvathA muhaula bhora kalAmaya hai. mAno ko mora hI nihAra rahI hai| jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya maMdira se hI banakara taiyAra huA thA aura usapara sunaharI raMgakI dii isaliye hI bhandura rajjAkako usake pItAkA honekA prama hogA paura mUrtiko usane sonakI likha dii| mAja bhI jaina maMdiroM meM pItakI mUrtiyoM para sonekI luka phirI huI dekhakara bahuta se loga ko sonekI mAna beTate the . sAzita: usa samaya mUDasTrI meM eka bar3e kara kalAmaya jaina maMdira bomma bane huye the| vahAMka jaina savAloM gama mahasa mA darzanIya the| (3) aMgreri maina kendra hone ke sAtI kAmaya 1-MAia distance of three pansings from Mangalor, he (Abd-es-Razzak) saw a temple of idols, which hlas ir.. equal' in the universe...... It is en riely formed of cast bronze. le ha's four estrades. Upon that in the frout stands a human Boguto, of great size made of gold; its eyes are formed of two rubies, placed so artistically that the slaine seems in luok met you. The whole is worked with wonderful' deliciwj perfection." -Major, India in the Agtk. Cette derni . p.-20.
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________________ m m mmmmmmmmsamasummer makAlIna baina sAhitya mora klaa| [157 maMdiroMko bhI kiye hu / ma nagarake hadaya kI pArzvabhara basti / nAmaka sundara maMdira bA, bisake garbhagRha, sukhanAsi, yakSiNA, pAla aura caukora smoM sati naraMga mora musamaMdara darzanIya p| yaha san 1900se pUkI kRti dii| garbhagRhameM eka phuTa uMcI kRSNa pASANakI jinamUrti virAjamAna hai| navaraMga tIrthara pArthakI tIna matiyAM hai| kamI bhAgameM bhI binamati hai| nIce ke mAgameM eka muni-pati majakI bhAti banI huI hai, vo eka ganIko parbhAsadArahe hai ganIpara usakI paricArikA caMgara kA rahI hai| samaya sanA hai| maMdira nigoDa nivAsI vijayanArAyaNa kAtisahita mAriTTikI..smRtimeM banAyA mayA thaa| (1) aGgadimeM kaI jinamaMdira zanIya hai, jinameM neminAva rAptIkA logNa eka sundara kalAkRti hai. vo bastihallI ke nAdinAra maMgika togNake samAna hai| yaha dikSAsa aura yakSa-yakSiyoMkI martiyAM mA kAmaya banI huI hai| . (5) melige nAmaka choTese grAmameM jo nIhAlI 2 mIka dUra dakSiNa meM hai, anaMtanAvagamtI nAmaka jinamaMdira darzanIya hai| yA maMdira san 1608 meM puna: banAyA gayA thaa| mAnAma bahuta hI andara kAtiti sake sama banI huI zili nayanAbhirAma baisara sTeTameM isake bor3A dusarA koI bhI prAcIna mamI hai| I-ASM-1931.P.5. -1b9 % 8:. . ..
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________________ 148] saMcita na iti / maMdira bommahine banAyA thA, jinakI mUrti bhI banI huI hai| (6) humyucA navA vizvanAgapura bhI dakSiNamAsameM pramukha maina kendra thaa| ise jinadatarAbane basAyA thaa| vahAMkI pArdhanAva bastI bhora payAvatI bastI nAmaka prAcIna maMdira punaH 16 vI zAbdI meM prenAiTa (Granite ) pApANake keAdi-zailIke bane huye andara hai| paMrakUTapantI' maMdira inase prAcIna drAvir3a zaikAra, visako san 1077 meM baladevIne banavAyA thaa| usakA nAmakaraNa 'vIM tilaka marvAta pRthvIkA gorakha (Glory of the world) usakI mahAnatA svayaM pragaTa karatA hai| kiMtu isa samaya isa maMdirA sundara mAnavaMma toraNadvAra, vizAlakAya dvArapAka aura katipaya jinendra matiyAM hI zeSa hai| sa maMdikA punaH vIrNodvAra ho cukA hai| parvatAra mI na kalAkI vstuyeN||' (7) kambadallIkI paMcakUTavastI evaM anya jaina maMdira kI ballekhanIya hai / vahA~kA mAnadhama bahuta hI sundara kAmabAra panimako kAmora gA~vakA nAma bhI isa sthapakI apekSA kama. bAlI par3A hai| (The pillar is one of the elegant in the stato and has given the village its name. ASM.,-1989, p. 10) patinAva hosa bItI 3-lbid, 1936. pp. 38-39. " The finest architectural piece in the neaple in the Kanasthnmblea in front...bone old piller is the Mysore state. . . . . . . . 1-ASM. 1929, . 199% e0-108.
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________________ tatkAlIna jaina sAhitya aura kalA / 149 namUnA hai| usa aMkita pazuoMkI akRtiyoM bar3I hI samIpa aura sundara haiM | pUrvIya bastIkI chata anUThI kalAmaya hai (8) guDiMba de Gndibando Kolar District) jainoM kA eka samRddhizAlI kendra thaa| bar3akA 'caMdranAnavastI' nAmaka jina maMdira Aja mA prasiddha hai| vahA~ke do maMdira aura padma nAmaka parvata, a jainamuni tapasyA karate the. ullekhanIya haiN| caMdranAbha-vidyAbastI maMdira vijayanagara- zAsana-kAlakI kRti hai| isa maMdira ke navaraMga sthaMbhoM aura mukhamaMDapa vijayanagara zailIkI zikalA ke namUne haiN| svaMgoM para gau, sarpa mo', arddhacandra evaM anya devI-devatAnoMkI suMdara bhAkRtiyAM ani hai| navaraMgakI unameM madhyavartI padma suMdara banA hu hai| dostI meM bhI kAmaya lakSaNa kArya darzanIya hai| maMdira - mUrtiyoMke atirikta jainoMne hama samayameM bhI apane bIroM ko -smRti bIragala aura niSadhi banAkara surakSita rakhI thii| senApati decoratinla eka yuddha bIrakA smAraka hai, to dUsarI bhora mandi bhaTTArakakI ziSyA bha. vikAkA niSadhikala eka marmavIra mahilA kI smRtiko surakSita rakve huye hai / ' isa prakAra saMkSepa meM vijayanagara phALake jaina sAhitya kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| 1-Ibid., 1989, pp. 44-49, 2-ASM. 1941 pp. - 86-37. 2-Ibid, 1938, 10 171. * ! :i
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________________ m 15.] sakSita kSetra itihAsa / jenabarmaka patanake kaarnn| dakSiNa bhArata ke nirmANameM caino kA hAyasvI 12 vI zatAni mogari thaa| dezakA zAsana, vANijya, sAmAjika netRtva maura sAhitya evaM kalA jainoMke hI bhASIna horahe the| kintu housaka hAreta . viSNuvarddhanake vaiSNava ho jAnake pazcAt noMkI isa zrI vRddhiko kATha mAra gyaa| unakI bhAcArya pAmpA vikSuNNa hogaI nasake kAraNa unako rAja apase hAtha dhone pdd'e| rAjadaravAroMmeM * bainaM bastu zAsanaM ' sUtrako bAjAlpAmAna banAnevAle nAcArya nA vilAI hI nahIM par3ate the| rAjanIti saMcAlana aura deza mAga nirmANameM bhAve pUrvapata netRtva karane ke liye kSINazakti hogaye the| *gaSTrIya pragatimeM svasthya bhAga liye binA koI bhI saMmbA yA saMgha lAge nahIM bar3hakara zaktizAlI nahIM ho sakatA', isa starako vijayabagara kA na bhUle nahIM the, parantu ve mAntarika patroM evaM bAra pAkamoM ke kAraNa aise barisa hogaye the ki kucha bhI nahIM kara sakate the| vijayanagara zAsanakAlane mI jainoM meM sthApi vAdI vidyAnanda sAhuye mora unhoMne jaina jayatu zAsana' sUtrako camakata karane ke liye kucha bThA na rakhA, parantu pAThaka nAnate hai ki makekA canA pAinahIM phodd'taa| phira bhI unake sadUpayalosa jainadharma kahIra aura samIra gabAzraya pAnemeM saphaLa humA bhora banatAmeM usakI mAnyatA bila nahIM huii| ... nAka isa patanake kAraNa banlAjameM unakA pAtra saMgaThita honA cAvaki unameM gira gAva para ." 1 :
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________________ bana dharmake pasana ke kaarnn| . 159 jAne ke kAraNa evaM mAra na maMdiroM kA sampatti saMktioM jAne ke kAraNa kama ho gaI thii| sapA pAzramI hiMdUdharmakI pradhAnatAkA prabhAva bhI unapara pahA / madhyakAlameM bahutase bramaNa bhAra anya hinda naparma dIkSita kara liye gaye the-mena ho bAnayara bhI ve apane vaidika saMskAroMko bhukA na sake / jainoM meM bhI bAti-mara poSaka ra nApanakA bhAva kogoM meM pAkA gyaa| yastan fe jaina bramA jAneko zreSTha mAnate aura jinandra ke abhiSeka aura qrkA SikAra unhoMne mAne nAdhIna kA foyaa| bama purohitoMkI nAna yA purohita IkA dama bhAna rge| digambara nAgoMka: pAna bhaTTAkona le liyaa| unameM mo - nIvakA durbhAva bAgRta hogayA / vaha saMbhavata: bhina2 jAtiyoM ke guru honekA kAraNa baa| yaha UMca nIrakA durbhAva madhyayugameM karapa, bana paMcama, baturtha, baMTa nAdi mAtiyoM ke logoMko amadharma meM dIkSita lene ke kAraNa mastitva mAyA thA / udAharaNata: baMTa, paMcama nAdi ko hiMduoM meM mAtra mI zadra mAne jAte hai kiMtu jainoM meM unakA sAmAjika pada hai| bamabAna nai mAneko zreSTa mAnate the . unake guru bhaTTAka bhI baMTa meM tigurugosa apaneko ra mAnate the| namaka kamAna mA. * namAnA zAsanaka makhA thaa| anUThe rIti-rivAna cAlaka pakhe jinake kA jaina na kevala china mina hI hu ka jainadharma ke mujhako bhI pillaabetthe| apane par3omI hinnumokI nAhI mI saMbake liyena mahArako gaura sApAyoMkI mAnyatA
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________________ saMvisa jaina itihAsa | aura apane 2 maMdira bhI baga 2 banA baitthe| yahAM taka ki Apaka hote huye bhI eka dUsare ke yahAM bhojana nahIM karate the| ve aneka choTI choTI upajAtiyoMmeM baMTa gye| unake apane nyAre nyAre guru the| aise jo apaneko dUsare bar3A mAnate the, antaraMga kI isa duravasthAnenako saMgha bhAvanAse vimukha kA diyA aura bhAge calakara jaina saMgha amAva ho gayA, udhara jainapara bAharase bho mAkramaNa huye / jainoMkI raMga karUne unakI vidyA aura kalAko bhI hIna banA diyAupara vaiSNAya aura zaivoko avasara milaa| unameM rAmAnuja, mAdhavAcArya prabhAvazAlI guru huye jinhoMne jainoMke viruddha nAndolana macA diyaa| aneka jaina kolhU meM pela diye gye| bhAva bhI dakSiNa ke hinduoMmeM eka tyauhAra isa ghaTanA ko jIvita banAye rakhane ke liye manAyA jAtA hai / loka jaina, vaiSNava aura liMgAyata hogaye evaM kaI jaina maMdira zaiva maMdira athavA masjida banA liye gaye / isa viSama sthitimeM caraneko ovita rakhaneke liye jainoMne apane par3osI vaiSNavAdi hinduoM kI rIti nItiko apanA kiyaa| mAM pahale cainadharmakA prabhAva vaiSNavoM para par3A thA, vahA~ aba varNAzramI hindU karma jainoM ko apane raMga meM raMga liyA | itihAsa apaneko duharAtA bo hai| jaina apaneko aMgUna aura zaktizAlI banAye rakhane meM aise hI kAraNoMse nasaphala huye the / itizam / : 1 1 akogaMja (eTA), bIranirvANa divasa 21-10-1949. - kAmatAprasAda jaina /
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________________ svAnapITha pratyAvArakAcI primaadit| - - - -