Bhagwan Mahavir Ka Jivan Darshan

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006187/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-63 DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga-8 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana risA parama -DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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upAdhyAya pa.pU. puSkaramunijI ma.sA. AcArya zrI devendramunijI mahAzramaNI pU. zrI puSpavatIjI ma.sA.

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka - 63 sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga - 8 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana vidyA jAhatA JOIN* yA rajApura anekAMta vimukta lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina (prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.))

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. prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka 63 bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana aura darzana sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga 8 bhagavAna mahAvIra se sambandhita Alekha lekhaka:DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka:prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona naM. 07364-222218 prakAzana varSa 2015-16 kApIrAiTa - lekhaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina mUlya - rUpaye 200/sampUrNa seTa (lagabhaga 25 bhAga) - 5000/ mudraka chAjer3a prinTarI, sTezana roDa, ratalAma phona 07412-230557

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prakAzakIya DaoN.sAgaramala jaina 'jaina vidyA evaM bhAratIya vidhAoM' ke bahuzruta vidvAn haiN| unake vicAra evaM Alekha vigata 50 varSoM se yatratatra vibhinna patra-patrikAoM aura saMskRta, prAkRta evaM hindI ke vibhinna granthoM kI bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita hote rahe haiN| una sabako ekatrita kara prakAzita karane ke prayAsa bhI alpa hI hue haiN| prathamataH, unake lagabhaga 100 Alekha sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha meM aura lagabhaga 120 Alekha- zramaNa ke vizeSAMkoM ke rUpa meM 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI' meM athavA jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke nAma se sAta bhAgoM meM prakAzita hue haiM, kintu DaoN. jaina ke lekhoM kI saMkhyA 320 se adhika hai, sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke tathA jaina dharma aura saMskRti se saMbaMdhita aneka granthoM kI vistRta bhUmikAeM bhI likhI haiN| unakA yaha samasta lekhana prakIrNa rUpa se bikharA par3A hai| viSayAnurUpa usakA saMkalana bhI nahIM huA hai| unake grantha bhI aba punaH prakAzana kI apekSA rakha rahe haiM, kintu chaha-sAta hajAra pRSThoM kI isa vipula sAmagrI ko samAhita kara prakAzita karanA hamAre lie saMbhava nahIM thaa| sAdhvIvaryA saumyaguNAzrIjI kA sujhAva rahA ki prathama krama meM unake vikIrNa AlekhoM ko hI eka sthAna para ekatrita kara prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaye| unakI yaha preraNA hamAre lie mArgadarzaka banI aura hamane DaoN.sAgaramala jaina ke AlekhoM ko saMgRhIta karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kArya bahuta vizAla hai, kintu jitanA sahaja rUpa se prApta ho sakegA-utanA hI prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaegaa| aneka prAcIna patra-patrikAeM pahale hAtha se hI kampoja hokara prinTa hotI thIM, sAtha hI ve vibhinna AkAroM aura vividha prakAra ke akSaroM meM mudrita hotI thIM, una sabako eka sAija meM aura eka hI phoNTa meM prakAzita karanA bhI kaThina thaa| ataH, unako 'punaH prakAzita karane hetu unakA punaH TaMkaNa evaM prUpharIDiMga Avazyaka thaa| hamAre punaH TaMkaNa ke kArya evaM prUpha saMzodhana ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA chAjer3a prinTarI ne| hama unake evaM mudraka chAjer3a prinTarI ke bhI AbhArI haiN| * narendra jaina evaM TrasTa maNDala prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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viSayAnukramaNikA kra. vivaraNa pRSTha kra. 1. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana 2. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra 3. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala : eka punarvicAra 4. bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka punarvicAra 5. bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra 6. yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra svAmI ke siddhAnta 7. mahAvIra kA darzana sAmAjika pariprekSya meM 8. mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba : eka AtmavizleSaNa 9. mahAvIra ke darzana meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA aura usakI upAdeyatA 10. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta 11. mahAvIra kA anekAntavAda (syAdvAda) : eka cintana 12. mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya

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RECENT bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma bauddhika jAgaraNa ke yuga meM huA thaa| usa yuga meM bhArata meM hamAre aupaniSadika RSi nita-nUtana cintana prastuta kara rahe the| mahAvIra aura buddha bhI usI vaicArika krAMti ke krama meM Ate haiM, lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki mahAvIra kI vizeSatA kyA thI? buddha kI vizeSatA kyA thI? yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki koI bhI mahApuruSa apane yuga kI paristhitiyoM kI paidAiza hotA hai| mahAvIra aura buddha jaba isa bhUmaNDala para Aye, unake sAmane do prakAra kI samasyAe~ thiiN| eka ora vaicArika saMgharSa thA, to dUsarI ora manuSya apanI mAnavIya garimA aura mUlyavattA ko bhUlatA jA rahA thaa| mahAvIra ne jo mukhya kArya kiyA, vaha yaha ki unhoMne manuSya ko usakI vismRta mahattA yA garimA kA bodha kraayaa| agara mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana ko do zabdoM meM kahanA ho, to hama kaheMge 'vicAra meM udAratA aura AcAra meM ktthortaa|' vaicArika kSetra meM mahAvIra kI jIvanadRSTi jitanI udAra, sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI rahI, AcAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra kA darzana utanA hI kaThora rhaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sandarbha meM hamAre sAmane eka bAta bahuta hI spaSTa hai, vaha yaha ki vaha vyakti rAjaparivAra meM, sampanna parivAra meM janma letA hai, lekina phira bhI usa sAre vaibhava ko ThukarA detA hai aura zramaNa jIvana aMgIkAra kara letA hai| Akhira aisA kyoM karatA hai? usake pIche kyA uddezya hai? kyA mahAvIra ne yaha socakara saMnyAsa le liyA ki zramaNa yA saMnyAsI hokara hI mukti prApta kI jA sakatI hai? aisI bAta nahIM thI, kyoMki mahAvIra ne svayaM hI AcArAMga meM kahA

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hai-'gAme vA raNNe vA', dharma sAdhanA-gAMva meM bhI ho sakatI hai aura araNya meM bhI ho sakatI hai| phira mahAvIra ne saMnyAsa kA mArga kyoM cunA?uttara spaSTa hai- 'samica loe kheyanne paveie' -samasta loka kI pIr3A jAnakara aura jagat ko duHkha aura pIr3A se mukta karane ke lie mahAvIra ne saMnyAsa dhAraNa kiyaa| ve apane vaiyaktika jIvana se eka aisA Adarza pratiSThita karanA cAhate the, jise sammukha rakhakara vyakti mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| sambhavataH, prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa ke lie zramaNatva kyoM Avazyaka hai? mitroM! hama Aja ke yuga meM bhI dekhate haiM ki jaba taka vyakti kahIM bhI apane nijI svArthoM se aura vaiyaktika tathA pArivArika kalyANa se jur3A hotA hai, taba taka vaha samyak rUpa se lokakalyANa kA sampAdana nahIM kara sktaa| cAhe Apa usako lokakalyANa adhikArI kyoM nahIM banA deM, kyoM vaha lokakalyANa kara sakegA? vyakti jaba taka apane svArthoM evaM hitoM se Upara nahIM uTha jAtA, taba taka vaha lokamaMgala kA sRjana nahIM kara sktaa| lokamaMgala ke sRjana ke lie nijI sukhAkAMkSAoM se, svArthoM se, aham se, maiM aura mere ke bhAva se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hotA hai, isIlie cAhe ve mahAvIra hoM yA buddha yA anya koI, lokamaMgala ke lie to apane Apako pUrI taraha se laukika aiSaNAoM, vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThAnA hogaa| mamatva aura merepana ke ghere ko samApta karanA hogaa| mahAvIra ke sambandha meM jo bAta maiM Apake sAmane prastuta karane jA rahA hU~, usameM mukhya hai- mahAvIra kI vaicArika udaartaa| samAja meM agara koI saMgharSa hai, to usa saMgharSa kA samAdhAna vaicArika udAratA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| vicAroM ke prati bhI mamatva yA Agraha ko samApta karanA hogA, isalie mahAvIra ne to kabhI yaha bhI nahIM kahA ki maiM kisI navIna dharma kA pravartana kara rahA hU~ aura na hI yaha kahA ki koI navIna siddhAnta tumheM de rahA huuN| mahAvIra ne vinaya bhAva se yahI kahA ki --'samiyAe Ayarie dhamme paveie', AryajanoM ke samabhAva meM dharma kahA hai| mahAvIra kI isa vinamratA aura udAratA ko samajhiye aura usase preraNA liijie| AcArAMga meM ve kahate haiM - 'je arahantA bhagavantA paDipunnA, je vA AgamissA, je vA Asi te savve imaM bhAsaMti,

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paruveMti savve sattA na hantavvA, esa dhammo suddho Nico saasyo|' jo arahaMta ho cuke haiM, jo hoMge aura jo haiM, ve saba eka hI bAta kahate haiM ki kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| isaliye, merA nivedana hai ki mahAvIra ko kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha bA~dhe nhiiN| unako kisI eka dharma aura sampradAya ke sAtha bA~dha karake hama unake sAtha nyAya nahIM kara paayeNge| mujhe Azcarya lagatA hai jaba vidvAna yaha kahate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra jaina dharma ke pravartaka haiN| mitroM vicAra kreN| yaha 'jaina' zabda kaba kA hai? chaThavIM zatAbdI ke pahale hameM 'jaina' zabda kA kahIM ullekha hI nahIM miltaa| jaba bhI mahAvIra se koI unakA paricaya pUchatA thA, to ve kahate the--maiM zramaNa hU~, nirgrantha huuN| nirgrantha kauna ho sakatA hai? mahAvIra kahate the- 'je maNaM parijANai se nirgantha' -jo mana kA dRSTA hai, vahI nirgrantha hai| mahAvIra apane Apako kisI ghere meM bAMdha karake khar3A honA hI nahIM cAhate the| jo bhI mana kA dRSTA hai, jo apane vicAroM kA, vikAroM kA aura apanI vAsanAoM kA sAkSI hai, dRSTA hai, vahI nirgrantha hai| apane hRdaya kI granthi ko dekha lenA, yahI nirgrantha kI pahacAna hai| unakI sAdhanA yAtrA prArambha hotI thIantaradarzana se, andara jhAMkane se| yahI unakA Atmadarzana thaa| mahAvIra ne jo sikhAyA, vaha yahI ki vyakti apane andara dekhe, apane Apako parakhe, kyoMki yahI vaha mArga thA, jo ki vyakti ko apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne sampUrNa jIvana meM jo kucha kahA aura jo kucha kiyA, usakA mUlabhUta sAra tattva yahI hai| mahAvIra jIvanaparyanta yahI kahate rahe-jJAtA aura dRSTA bno| yahI vaha mUla AdhAra hai, jahA~ sthita hokara AtmavizleSaNa dvArA hama apanI aura samAja kI sArI samasyAoM ko sulajhA sakate haiN| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama apane bhItara kI vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM ke kUr3e-kacare ko na dekhakara, yahI nahIM apitu usa para sunaharA AvaraNa DAlakara apanA jIvana vyavahAra calAnA cAhate haiN| isake kAraNa na kevala hamArA jIvana viSAkta banatA hai, varan sAmAjika pariveza bhI prabhAvita hotA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jaba taka tuma apane Apako vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara nahIM uThA sakate, taba taka tuma lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA nahIM kara skte|

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hama jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAr3he bAraha varSa kaThora sAdhanA ke varSa haiN| una varSoM meM unhoMne koI upadeza nahIM diyaa| jainoM kI eka paramparA to yahA~ taka kahatI hai ki usake bAda bhI bhagavAn bole nahIM, lekina Aja hama saba adhika mukhara ho gaye haiN| hama bolate adhika haiM aura karate kama haiN| mahAvIra ne bolA bahuta alpa aura kiyA bahuta adhik| mahAvIra kA darzana thA ki yadi Apa apane jIvana ko pariSkRta kara lete haiM, to ApakA jIvana hI bolegaa| aise vyakti ke lie zAbdika upadeza dene kI bhI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kyoMki usakI jIvana zailI hI upadeza hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hamArA jIvana nahIM bolatA hai, hama mAtra upadeza dete haiN| mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana meM kitanI vyApakatA evaM udAratA thI, isakI kalpanA hama mahAvIra ko jaina dharma ke caukhaTa meM khar3A karake nahIM dekha skte| buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha sambhavataH yaha anyAya huA hai ki eka varga vizeSa ne jaba unheM apanA liyA, to dUsare varga ne unase apanA sambandha viccheda kara liyaa| agara hama jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ke prAcInatama svarUpa ko dekheM, to jJAta hogA ki mahAvIra aura buddha bhArata kI usI RSi paramparA ke aMga haiM, jinake ullekha vaidika paramparA ke upaniSadoM meM, jaina paramparA ke RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana meM tathA bauddha paramparA ke theragAthA aura suttanipAta meM milate haiN| mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna RSibhASita ke adhyayana kA saubhAgya milA hai| prAkRta kA yaha grantha, jo kisI samaya jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka bhAga thA, zatAbdiyoM se jainoM bhI upekSita banA rhaa| jahA~ usameM nirgrantha paramparA ke pArzva aura mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana hai, vahIM usameM aupaniSadika paramparA ke nArada, aruNa, uddAlaka aura bhAradvAja Adi kA, bauddha paramparA ke vajjIputta aura sAriputta, mahAkAzyapa Adi kA tathA anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke maMkhalIgozAla, saMjaya velaTThIputta Adi kA bhI ullekha hai / una sabake lie 'arhat' - isI vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| granthakAra ke lie mahAvIra bhI arhat RSi haiN| yadi Apa usa grantha ko par3heM, to Apako yaha spaSTa laga sakatA hai ki vaha grantha kisI paramparA ke Agraha se jur3A huA nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne jo vaicArika udAratA dI thI, usI kA pariNAma yaha grantha thaa| sambhavataH, jo durbhAgya pratyeka mahApuruSa ke sAtha hotA hai, vahI mahAvIra ke sAtha bhI ghaTita huaa| kucha loga unake AsapAsa gherA banA karake khar3e ho gaye aura isa prakAra ve samAja ke anya vargoM se kaTa gye| agara hama Aja bhI bhAratIya cintana kI udAra cetanA ko samyak rUpa se kucha samajhanA cAhate haiM, to maiM Apase kahU~gA ki hameM

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upaniSadoM RSibhASita aura theragAthA jaise granthoM kA niSpakSa bhAva se adhyayana karanA caahie| mitroM ! agara bauddha yaha samajhate rahe ki theragAthA ke sAre 'thera' bauddha the aura jaina yaha samajhate raheM ki 'isibhAsiyAI' ke sAre RSi jaina the, to isase bar3I bhrAnti aura koI nahIM hogii| theragAthA meM varddhamAna thera haiM aura yaha varddhamAna thera lichavI - putra haiM, yaha bAta usakI aTThakathA kaha rahI hai, to kyA hama yaha mAneM ki varddhamAna buddha kA ziSya yA bauddha thaa| mitroM! hamArA jo prAcIna sAhitya hai, vaha udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi se yukta hai aura mahAvIra ne jo hamako jIvanadRSTi dI thI - vaha dRSTi thI - vaicArika udAratA kI / Apako maiMne apane vaktavya ke pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki mahAvIra aura buddha jisa kAla meM janmeM the, vaha dArzanika cintana kA kAla thaa| aneka mata-matAntara, aneka dRSTikoNa, aneka vicAradhArAyeM upasthita thiiN| mahAvIra aura buddha-donoM ke sAmane yaha prazna thA ki manuSya ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM meM kisako satya khe| mahAvIra ne kahA ki sabhI bAteM apane-apane dRSTikoNa yA apekSAbheda se satya ho sakatI haiM, isalie kisI ko bhI galata mata kaho, jabaki buddha ne kahA ki tuma ina dRSTiyoM ke prapaMca meM mata par3o, kyoMki ye duHkha vimukti meM sahAyaka nahIM haiN| eka ne ina vibhinna dRSTiyoM se Upara uThAne kI bAta kahI, to dUsare ne una dRSTiyoM ko samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirone kI bAta kahI / sUtrakRtAGgasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM- 'sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahaMtA paraM vayaM / je u tattha viussaMti saMsAre te viussiyaa||' jo apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura dUsare ke matoM kI nindA karate haiM aura jo satya ko vidrUpita karate haiM, ve saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kreNge| Aja hamAre durbhAgya se deza meM dharma ke nAma para saMgharSa ho rahe haiN| kyA vastutaH saMgharSa kA kAraNa dharma hai? kyA dharma saMgharSa sikhAtA hai ? mitroM ! mUla bAta to yaha hai ki hama dharma ke utsa ko hI nahIM samajhate haiM, hama nahIM jAnate haiM ki vastutaH dharma kyA hai ? hama do dharma ke nAma para Aropita kucha karmakANDoM, kucha rUr3hiyoM yA kucha vyaktiyoM se apane ko bAMdha karake yaha kahate haiM ki yahI dharma hai| mahAvIra ne isa taraha ke kisI bhI dharma kA upadeza nahIM diyaa| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki 'dhammo suddhassa ciTThai', dharma to zuddha citta meM rahatA hai| dharma 'ujubhUyassa' citta kI saralatA meM hai| vastutaH, jahA~ saralatA hai, sahajatA hai, vahIM dharma hai| ||||

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dharma hai kyA? mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki 'samiyAe Ayarie dhamme pavvaiye' samabhAva meM samatva kI sAdhanA meM hI AryajanoM ne dharma kahA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jahA~ bhI samatva kI sAdhanA hai, jahA~ bhI vyaktiyoM ko tanAva se mukta karane kA koI prayatna hai, vaiyaktika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se tanAva aura saMgharSa ko samApta karane kA koI prayAsa hai, vahIM dharma hai| aisA dharma, cAhe Apa use jaina kaheM, bauddha kaheM, hindU kaheM, vaha dharma, dharma hai aura sabhI mahApuruSa dharma ke isI utsa kA pravartana karate haiN| ___mahAvIra kA jo jIvana aura darzana hai vaha hamAre sAmane isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se prastuta karatA hai ki hama vaiyaktika jIvana meM vAsanAoM se Upara uTheM, apane vikAroM para niyaMtraNa kA prayatna kareM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA kreN| vaiyaktika jIvana meM vAsanAoM se zuddhi aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSoM kA nirAkaraNa-ye do bAteM aisI haiM, jo mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana ko hamAre sAmane samyak rUpa se prastuta karatI anekAnta kA siddhAnta spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko batAtA hai ki vyakti apane ko Agraha ke ghere meM khar3A na kre| satya kA sUraja kisI eka ke ghara ko prakAzita karegA aura dUsare ke ghara ko prakAzita nahIM karegA, yaha nahIM ho sktaa| sUraja kA kAma hai-prakAza denA, jo bhI apanA daravAjA, apanI chata, khulI rakha sakegA usake yahA~ sUrya kA prakAza A hI jaayegaa| mitroM! yahI sthiti satya kI hai| yadi Apake mastiSka kA daravAjA yA khir3akI khulI hai, to satya Apako Alokita karegA hI, lekina agara hamane apane AgrahoM ke daravAjoM se apanI mastiSka kI khir3akI ko banda kara liyA hai, to satya kA prakAza praveza nahIM kregaa| satya na to merA hotA hai, na parAyA hii| vaha sabakA hai aura vaha sarvatra ho sakatA hai| 'merA satya'-yaha mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai| AcArya siddhasena mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM ki - 'bhadaM micchAdasaNa samUha maiyassa amayasArassa', 'he prabhu! mithyA darzana samUha rUpa meM amRtamaya Apake vacanoM kA kalyANa ho|' mahAvIra kA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai-jo sabakA hai, vahI unakA hai aura agara hama dArzanika gaharAI meM na jAyeM aura mahAvIra ke darzana ko jIvana-mUlyoM ke sAtha jor3eM, to hama pAyeMge ki vaha vaiyaktika jIvana meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa aura samatva kI sAdhanA kI bAta kahatA hai| 'praznavyAkaraNasUtra' meM ahiMsA ke sATha nAma diye haiN| jitane sAre sadguNa haiM, ve samasta sadguNa ahiMsA meM samAhita haiN| ahiMsA aura anekAnta

Page #13
ye do mahAvIra ke dharmacakra ke do pahiye haiM, jinake AdhAra para dharmarUpI ratha Age bar3hatA hai| maiM aba ApakA adhika samaya nahIM lenA cAhU~gA aura anta meM yahI kahanA cAhU~gA ki agara mahAvIra ko samajhanA hai, to unhoMne vaiyaktika jIvana meM jo kaThora sAdhanAe~ kI haiM, unakI ora dekheN| yaha dekheM ki vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se kaise lar3eM? yadi sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM unake jIvana ko samajhanA hai, to unakI vaicArika udAratA aura lokamaMgala kI kAmanA ko samajheM aura jiyeN| sambhavataH, tabhI hama mahAvIra ko samyak prakAra se samajha skeNge| bhagavAn mahAvIrakI jIvana dRSTi IsA pUrva chaThavIM zatAbdI ko hama punarjAgaraNa kA yuga kaha sakate haiN| cAhe vaha bhArata ho yA cIna, mistra ho, roma ho yA grIsa- sabhI dezoM meM hameM isa yuga meM mAnavIya cintana eka nayA mor3a letA huA pratIta hotA hai| purAne jIvana-mUlyoM ke AdhAra para naye jIvana-mUlyoM kI pratiSThA ke prayAsa parilakSita hote dikhAI dete haiN| cIna meM tAo aura kanphyUziyasa, bhArata meM aupaniSadik cintakoM ke sAtha zramaNa paramparA meM aneka vicAraka tathA grIsa meM pAithogorasa aura sukarAta Adi sabhI prabuddha vicAraka inhIM zatAbdiyoM ke AsapAsa janmeM haiN| jaina paramparA ke aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra bhI isI yuga kI eka vibhUti haiN| mahAvIra kI mahattA eka anyatama sAdhaka ke rUpa meM to lokavizruta hai hI, kintu isase bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa unakI navIna jIvanadRSTi thI, jisane mAnava samAja ko eka nayI dizA pradAna kii| mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana mAnavIya mUlyoM aura mAnava kI garimA kA pratiSThApaka hai| mahAvIra jisa yuga meM janmeM, usa yuga meM mAnava aura mAnavIya cetanA ko padadalita kiyA jA rahA thaa| IzvaravAda ne manuSya ko IzvarIya icchA kA mAtra eka yantra banA diyA thaa| manuSya kI vaiyaktika svatantratA aura sattA se bhI inkAra kiyA jA rahA thaa| usake astitva kI koI ahamiyata nahIM raha gaI thii| mAtra yahI nahIM, mAnava-samAja meM bhI zreSTha aura kaniSTha kI bhedarekhA khIMcakara kevala kucha brAhmaNoM aura kucha saMbhrAnta zAsakoM ne samagra mAnavatA ko apanI icchA aura vAsanApUrti kA eka sAdhana banA rakhA thaa| mahAvIra kI mahattA isI bAta meM hai ki unhoMne mAnava kI khoyI garimA ko punarsthApita kiyA aura use ahasAsa karAyA

Page #14
ki vaha kisI kA dAsa aura sevaka nahIM hai / upAsya va upAsaka kA dvaita jhUThA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA- 'he manuSya! tU svayaM paramAtmA hai, tU svayaM hI apanA niyantA aura zAsaka hai| na to terA koI bhAgyavidhAtA hai aura na koI kisI kA dAsa yA sevaka hI hai|' mahAvIra ne usa yuga meM jo kucha kahA thA, use eka urdU zAyara ke nimnalikhita zabdoM meM sundara DhaMga se abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai iMsA kI badabakhtI aMdAja ke bAhara hai| kambakhta khudA hokara baMdA najara AtA hai|| mahAvIra ne manuSya ko jo ahasAsa karAyA, vaha thA -- usameM paramAttva tattva kA ahasAsa prasupta honA, arthAt jIvana meM prasupta jina kA bodha | mahAvIra kA udghoSa thA'appA so paramappA / ' mahAvIra ne manuSya ko jo sikhalAyA, usakA sAra thA ki apanI sattA kA ahasAsa karo, apane ko pahacAno, aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jo tumheM koI dUsarA de skegaa| tuma svayaM samrATa hokara bhikhArI kyoM bane hue ho| apanI ananta aura asIma sattA kA anubhava kro| tumhArA yaha bhikhArIpana, tumhArI yaha bandagI, saba kucha tumheM anAvazyaka pratIta hogii| vizva ke vividha dharmoM meM jainadharma kI yadi koI viziSTatA khojI jA sakatI hai, to vaha yaha ki usane manuSya ko apanI khoI huI garimA vApasa dilAI, usane manuSya ko sevaka nahIM, svAmI banAyA, zAsita nahIM, zAsaka bnaayaa| - mahAvIra kI jIvanadRSTi kA eka dUsarA mahatvapUrNa pahalU hai mAnava samAja kI smtaa| mahAvIra kA yuga vaha yuga thA, jaba manuSya, manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMca dI gaI thiiN| kucha logoM ko zUdra aura achUta kahakara samAja meM ThukarAyA gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne ina bAtoM ko anucita batAyA aura kahA ki zreSThatA aura kaniSThatA kA AdhAra kisI jAti, varNa yA kula meM janma lenA nahIM, apitu vyakti kA apanA naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa hai| unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki vyakti janma se na to brAhmaNa hotA hai, na kSatriya hotA hai, na vaizya yA zUdra / yaha to vyakti kA AcaraNa hai, jo use ina vargoM meM bA~Ta detA hai| yadi vyakti apanI AdhyAtmika cetanA ko jAgrata kare aura apanI vAsanAoM, AvegoM se svayaM ko mukta rakha sake, to vaha cAhe kisI bhI kula meM kyoM na janmA ho, sabhI ke lie zreSTha bana jAtA hai|

Page #15
mahAvIra kA spaSTa udghoSa thA ki, na koI hIna hai aura na hI koI ucca hInatA aura uccatA kI bhAvanA sAmAjika samatA ko vizrRMkhalita karatI hai, ataH svastha samAja racanA ke lie hameM isase Upara uThanA hogaa| mahAvIra ne sabhI kI samatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki samRddhazAlI aura nirdhana meM koI bheda kI dIvAra mata khiiNco| sabhI ko samAna rUpa se sanmArga kI zikSA do aura sabhI ke yahA~ se samAna rUpa se bhikSA prApta kro| isa prakAra, mahAvIra sAmAjika samatA ke poSaka the| mahAvIra kI jIvanadRSTi kA tIsarA pahalU thA ki ve dUsaroM ke astitva aura dUsaroM ke vicAroM ko bhI sammAna denA atyAvazyaka mAnate the| dUsaroM ke astitva ke prati sammAna kA artha thA ki vyakti ko anya kisI kA sAdhana ke rUpa meM prayoga karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| isI se ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA prakaTana hotA hai, jo zoSaNa kA - cAhe vaha kisI bhI prakAra kA kyoM na ho, virodha hai| zoSaNa ke mUla meM svArtha kI bhAvanA hotI hai| svArtha se saMgraha kI pravRtti panapatI hai aura usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMcaya hotA hai| saMcaya mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sAmAjika hiMsA hai, kyoMki vaha vyakti ko dUsaroM ke upabhoga se vaMcita karatA hai| isI prakAra, dUsaroM ke vicAroM kA sammAna hI mahAvIra ke anekAnta darzana kA AdhAra bnaa| mahAvIra yaha mAnakara calate the ki satya ke sUrya kA udaya kisI ke bhI AMgana meM ho sakatA hai, ataH ve kahate the 'satya jahA~ kahIM bhI ho use svIkAra karo / yaha mata mAno ki maiM jo kucha kahatA hU~ aura jAnatA hU~, vahI satya hai / tumhArA virodhI bhI apanI dRSTi se satya ho sakatA hai|' mahAvIra kA yaha anekAnta vastutaH vaicArika sahiSNutA kA pratIka hai| Aja vizva meM zoSaNa, asahiSNutA aura hiMsA kA jo tANDava ho rahA hai athavA hone jA rahA hai, usase bacane ke lie hamAre pAsa mahAvIra kA darzana hI eka aisA vikalpa hai, jise apanAkara mAnava jAti ke astitva ko surakSita rakha sakate haiN| samyak jIvanadRSTi kA vikAsa Avazyaka mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa usakI apanI jIvana - dRSTi para AdhArita hotA hai / vyakti kI jaisI jIvana - dRSTi hotI hai, usI ke AdhAra para usake vikAsa kI dizA nirdhArita hotI hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki 'yAdRza dRSTi, tAdRza sRSTi', vyakti kI jisa prakAra kI jIvanadRSTi hotI hai, usI prakAra usakA jIvana vyavahAra hotA hai aura jaisA jIvana

Page #16
vyavahAra hotA hai, vaisA hI bana jAtA hai| AtmavikAsa ke AkAMkSI to sabhI vyakti hote haiM, kintu unake vikAsa kI dizA samyak hai yA nahIM yaha bAta unakI samyak jIvanadRSTi para hI nirbhara hai| ataH, mahAvIra ke darzana meM samyak jIvanadRSTi ke vikAsa para bala diyA gayA hai| jaba vyakti kA dRSTikoNa samyak hogA, taba hI usakA AcAra-vyavahAra bhI samyak ho skegaa| jaba taka dRSTikoNa samyak nahIM hogA taba taka vyakti kA jJAna aura AcaraNa samyak nahIM hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki cAhe jainoM kA trividha sAdhanA mArga ho yA bauddhoM kA aSTAMgika mArga athavA gItA kA yoga mArga ho, usameM prathama sthAna samyak darzana yA samyak dRSTi ko hI diyA gayA hai| samyak jIvanadRSTi hI vyakti ke AtmavikAsa kI samyak dizA nirdhArita karatI hai aura usI ke AdhAra para vyakti samyak dazA ko prApta karatA hai| kintu yaha samyak dazA arthAt mAnava jIvana ke lakSya kI pUrNatA tabhI sambhava hogI jaba hamAre jIvana kI dizA arthAt jIvana jIne kI paddhati aura jIvanadRSTi parivartita hogI / yahI kAraNa thA ki bhAratIya darzana ne darzanavizuddhi arthAt jIvana jIne ke samyak dRSTikoNa para sabase adhika bala diyaa| ataH, yahA~ mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana arthAt jIvana jIne kI dRSTi kyA hai ? ise samajhanA paramAvazyaka hai| jIvana kA samyak lakSya samatva kA arjana aura mamatva kA visarjana kisI bhI dharma ke jIvana darzana ke lie sabase pahalI AvazyakatA jIvana ke samyak yA Adarza lakSya ke nirdhAraNa kI hotI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana kA lakSya samabhAva yA samatva kI upalabdhi batAyA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jIvana meM, samatva kA avataraNa ho yahI jIvana kA samyak lakSya hai, kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA samatva rUpa hai aura isa samatva arthAt tanAvarahita zuddha cetanA ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA lakSya hai| isI bAta ko AcArAMgasUtra meM prakArAntara se isa prakAra kahA gayA hai ki 'Aryajana samabhAva ko dharma kahate haiN|' bhAratIya dharmoM ke anusAra sAdhanA kA artha aura iti donoM hI samatva yA samatA haiN| samatva se tAtparya hai- anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM cittavRtti meM tanAva, vicalana yA vikSobha nahIM honaa| gItA kI bhASA meM kaheM, to duHkha meM anudvignatA aura sukha meM vigata - spRhA honA hI samatA hai| - sAmAnyatayA, vibhinna dharmoM aura darzanoM meM jIvana kA lakSya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti mAnA gayA hai, kintu yahAM mokSa yA nirvANa kA kyA artha hai, yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| |||

Page #17
jaina darzana meM AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki ' moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kI jo samatvapUrNa avasthA hai, vahI mokSa hai|' vyavahAra ke kSetra meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki saMsAra kA pratyeka vyakti tanAvoM se mukta hokara Atmika zAnti ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai, kyoMki yahI usakI Antarika AkAMkSA yA nija svabhAva hai| isa prakAra, varttamAna pariprekSya meM jaina darzana ke anusAra jIvana kA samyak lakSya tanAvoM se mukta honA hI hai| sabhI prakAra ke tanAva icchA, apekSA aura bhogAkAMkSA (tRSNA) janya haiM, ataH mahAvIra ke jIvana darzana kA lakSya icchA aura AkAMkSAoM se pare samatvapUrNa caittasika avasthA kI prApti hai| mAnava samAja kA yaha durbhAgya hai ki vaha apanI antarAtmA se tanAvoM se mukta honA cAhatA hai, kintu usake sAre prayatna tanAvoM ke sRjana ke lie hI hote rahate haiN| icchA, AkAMkSA, rAga-dveSa, IrSyA, ahaMkAra, kapaTapUrNa jIvana - vyavahAra Adi sabhI vyakti ke jIvana kI AtmatulA ko udvelita karate rahate haiM aura yahI Atma- asaMtulana yA cittavRtti meM vikSobha use tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM le jAte haiN| ataH, bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra jIvana kA lakSya tanAvoM se mukti hI hai, yahI vAstavika dharma hai, samyak sAdhanA hai, ise hI AtmapUrNatA yA Atmika zAnti kahate haiM / sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI arhat (vItarAga puruSa) isI Atmika zAnti kI avasthA meM hI pratiSThita haiN| ataH, yadi sArarUpa meM kahanA ho, to mahAvIra ke dharma-darzana ke anusAra jIvana kA lakSya tanAvoM se mukti hI hai| ve sabhI jIvana vyavahAra, jo mere vaiyaktika jIvana meM, mere parivAra meM, samAja meM yA rASTra meM athavA samagra vizva meM tanAva utpanna kara svayaM ko va dUsaroM ko udvelita karate haiM, vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti bhaMga karate haiM, ve sabhI adharma haiN| isake viparIta, ve sabhI prayatna yA upAya, jinake dvArA vyakti ina caittasika vikSAbhoM ko yA caittasika vicalana ko samApta kara pAtA hai, vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti sthApita karatA hai, ve sabhI dharma haiM, isIlie gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki samatva hI yoga hai| isI bAta ko prakArAntara se bhAgavata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki samatva kI ArAdhanA hI acyuta arthAt bhagavAn kI ArAdhanA hai| isa prakAra, bhAratIya jIvana darzana kA prAthamika siddhAnta hai- hama tanAvoM se mukta hokara jIvana jiiyeN| varttamAna yuga meM jo bhautikavAdI, bhogavAdI aura upabhoktAvAdI saMskRtiyoM kA vikAsa huA hai, usake kAraNa

Page #18
Aja vyakti adhika tanAvagrasta hotA jA rahA hai| mAnava Aja jise vikAsa samajha rahA hai, vahI kisI dina mAnavIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vinAza kA kAraNa siddha hogaa| ataH, samatvapUrNa yA samatAvAdI jIvanadRSTi kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| yahI mahAvIra ke darzana kA lakSya hai| AtmasvAtaMtrya yA paramAtma svarUpa kI upalabdhi mahAvIra ke jIvana darzana kA dUsarA mukhya saMdeza AtmasvAtaMtrya hai| yahA~ yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra svataMtratA kA artha svacchandatA nahIM hai| usake anusAra svacchandatA anaitika hai, pApa-mArga hai aura svataMtratA naitikatA hai, dharma hai| sabhI vyaktiyoM kI yahI AkAMkSA rahatI hai ki ve samasta prakAra kI parataMtratAoM yA baMdhanoM se mukta hoN| yahAM parataMtratA kA artha-dUsaroM para nirbharatA hai| yahAM taka ki zramaNa jIvana darzana para-padArthoM para Azraya hI nahIM, Izvara kI dAsatA ko bhI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isI bAta ko eka urdU zAyara ne isa prakAra kahA hai "iMsA kI badabakhtI aMdAja ke bAhara hai| kamabakhta khudA hokara bhI baMdA najara AtA hai||' vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki ve cAhe jo bhI tattva hoM,jo hameM dAsatA kI ora le jAte haiM, ve sabhI hamAre samyak vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM, ataH na kevala manaM evaM indriyoM ke viSaya bhogoM kI dAsatA hI dAsatA hai, apitu kisI parama sattA kI icchA ke Age samarpita hokara akarmaNya ho jAnA bhI eka prakAra kI dAsatA hI hai| mahAvIra kA darzana upAsya aura upAsaka, bhakta aura bhagavAn ke bheda ko zAzvata mAnakara calane ko bhI eka prakAra kI parataMtratA hI mAnatA hai, isalie unakI mukti kI avadhAraNA yahI rahI hai ki vyakti paramAtma dazA ko upalabdha ho jaae| 'appA so paramappA'-yaha unake jIvana darzana kA mUla sUtra hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki tattvataH AtmA aura paramAtmA meM koI bheda nahIM hai| sabhI prANI paramAtmarUpa haiN| hama tattvataH paramAtmA hI haiN| hamameM aura paramAtmA meM yadi koI bheda hai to vaha itanA ki hama abhI avikAsa kI avasthA meM haiM, hama apane meM upasthita usa paramAtma sattA ko pUrNatayA abhivyakta nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| jaina darzana kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA lakSya paramAtmasvarUpa kI upalabdhi hI hai| bhAratIya vedAnta kA to sUtravAkya hI 'sarvaM khalu idaM brhm|' 'ayam AtmA brhm| ttvmsi|' hamameM aura paramAtmA meM vahI aMtara hai, jo eka bIja

Page #19
aura vRkSa meM hotA hai| bIja meM vRkSa nihita hai, kintu abhivyakta nahIM huA hai| usI prakAra se pratyeka vyakti meM paramAtma tattva nihita hai, kintu vaha pUrNarUpa se abhivyakta nahIM huA hai| bIja jaba apane AvaraNa ko tor3akara vikAsa kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai, to vaha vRkSa kA rUpa le letA hai| isI prakAra se vyakti bhI apane vAsanArUpI AvaraNoM ko tor3akara paramAtma avasthA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| paramAtmA ko pAne kA artha apane meM nihita paramAtma tattva kI abhivyakti hI hai, paramAtmA koI bAhya vastu nahIM hai, vaha to hamArA hI zuddha svarUpa hai, isIlie jaina darzana meM paramAtma bhakti kA lakSya hai- 'vande tadguNa lbdhye'| arthAt paramAtmasvarUpa kI upalabdhi hI vyakti kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| paramAtma sattA vyakti se bhinna nahIM hai, vaha bAhara nahIM hai, vaha hamameM hI nihita hai, ataH jaina darzana meM paramAtma bhakti kA artha koI yAcanA yA samarpaNa nahIM hai, apitu apanI asmitA ko pUrNa abhivyakti denA hai| kisI jaina kavi ne kahA hai aja kulagata kezarI re lahe re nijapada siMha nihaar| tima prabhu bhakti bhavi lahe re nija Atama sNbhaar|| svataMtratA vyakti kA svataHsiddha adhikAra hai mahAvIra ke darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki svataMtratA vyakti kA svataHsiddha adhikAra hai| hama tattvataH svataMtra haiM, parataMtratA hamArI mamatvavRtti ke kAraNa hamAre svayaM ke dvArA Aropita hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, svataMtratA hamArA nija svabhAva hai aura parataMtratA hamArA vibhAva hai, vikRta manodazA hai, ataH vibhAva ko chor3akara svabhAva meM AnA hI svataMtratA kI yA AtmapUrNatA kI upalabdhi hai aura bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra bhI 'AtmA kA paramAtmA bana jAnA,yahI mukti hai'| parataMtratA 'para' ke kAraNa nahIM hai, vaha 'sva' para Aropita hai| 'para' meM mamatvavRtti yA merepana kA AropaNa kara vyakti svayaM hI bandhana meM A jAtA hai| hamAre bandhana kA hetu yA kAraNa hama svayaM haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti mAnatI hai ki mithyA dRSTikoNa, asaMyama, pramAda (asahajatA), kaSAya aura mana-vacana-kAyA kI svachaMda pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa vyakti baMdhana meM AtA hai| parataMtratA to svayaM Aropita hai, ataH usase mukti saMbhava hai| gulAmI, cAhe vaha 'mana' kI ho yA aindrika viSayoM kI tRSNAjanita, vaha hamAre dvArA hI or3hI gaI hai, ataH samyak jIvana dRSTi ke vikAsa ke sAtha mukti ke dvAra svataH udghATita ho jAte haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra saMsAra meM manuSya hI eka aisA prANI hai, jo isa svayaM ke dvArA

Page #20
Aropita yA or3hI gaI gulAmI se mukta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM Atma-sajagatA, vivekazIlatA aura saMyamana kI zakti hai| AvazyakatA hai, use apanI isa svataMtra asmitA kA yA 'para' nirapekSa sva-svarUpa kA bodha karAne kI / hamArI moha nidrA yA ajJAnadazA hI hamAre baMdhana kA hetu hai| hameM kisI dUsarI zakti ne baMdhana meM nahIM bAMdha rakhA hai, apitu hama apanI bhogAsakti se svayaM hI baMdha gaye haiM, ataH usase hameM svayaM hI Upara uThanA hogaa| sva ke dvArA Aropita 'kArA' ko svayaM hI tor3a pheMkanA hogaa| kisI vicAraka ne ThIka hI kahA hai- 'svayaM baMdhe haiM, svayaM khuleMge, sakhe na bIca meM bola / ' isa prakAra, mahAvIra kI jIvanadRSTi sva kI svataMtra sattA ke 'asmitA bodha' yA 'svarUpa bodha' kA saMdeza detI hai| bhAratIya jIvanadRSTi kI yaha carcA vyakti svayaM kI apekSA se kI gaI hai| bAhya vyavahAra yA sAmAjika jIvana darzana kI apekSA se usane hameM tIna sUtra diye haiM 1. vaicArika stara para anAgraha 2. vyavahAra ke stara para ahiMsA 3. vRtti ke stara para anAsakti - Age hama inake sandarbha meM vistRta carcA kareMge, kintu isake pUrva jaina dharma ke isa sUtra vAkya ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai. syAdvAdo vartate'smin, pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanyaM pIDanaM kiJcit, jaina dharmaH sa ucyate / / arthAt, jainadharma kI jIvanadRSTi kA sAra yaha hai ki vyakti pakSapAta yA vaicArika durAgrahoM se Upara uThakara anAgrahI (syAdvAdi) dRSTi ko apanAye aura apane vyavahAra se kisI ko kiJcit bhI pIr3A na de| ahiMsA arthAt jIvana kA sammAna bhAratIya cintana meM 'ahiMsA' zabda eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| jaina grantha praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke nirvANa, samAdhi, zAnti, vimukti, kSAnti (kSamAbhAva), ziva (kalyANakAraka), pavitra, kaivalyasthAna Adi 60 paryAyavAcI nAma diye haiN| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to ahiMsA samasta sadguNoM kI pratinidhi hai / sAmAnya rUpa meM ahiMsA kA artha hai

Page #21
jIvana jahA~ bhI hai aura jisa rUpa meM bhI hai, usakA sammAna karo / ( isIlie mahAbhArata meM ahiMsA ko parama dharma kahA hai|) yaha mAnoM ki jisa prakAra tumheM jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai, usI prakAra saMsAra ke pratyeka prANI ko jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai, ataH jIvana ke jo-jo rUpa haiM, unheM pIr3A yA kaSTa dene, trAsa dene, unheM vidrUpita karane, unheM pradUSita karane yA unheM naSTa karane kA hameM koI adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI prANI jInA cAhate haiM, jIvana sabhI ko priya hai, koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA hai, sabhI ko sukha priya hai, duHkha apriya hai, ataH kisI kI hiMsA karanA, duHkhI karanA yA trAsa denA pApa hai, anaitika hai, anucita hai| ahiMsA Arhat pravacana kA sAra hai, use zuddha aura zAzvata dharma kahA gayA hai, kyoMki saMsAra ke pratyeka prANI meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, sabhI astitva aura sukha ke AkAMkSI haiM- ahiMsA kA AdhAra yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna bhaya nahIM hai, jaisA ki pAzcAtya dArzanika maikenjI ne apane grantha 'hindU ethiksa' meM mAna liyA hai, kyoMki 'bhaya' to hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa hai| pArasparika bhaya aura tadjanya avizvAsa se hI hiMsA kA janma hotA hai| Aja vizva meM hiMsaka zastroM kI pratispardhA aura dezoM ke madhya jo zakti-yuddha kA vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai, usakA kAraNa pArasparika avizvAsa aura bhaya kI vRtti hI hai, ataH bhAratIya jIvana darzana kA mUla siddhAnta hai- paraspara vizvAsa aura nirbhayatA kA vikAsa karo, kyoMki inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hogaa| ataH, ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yA manovaijJAnika AdhAra AtmatulyatA, para- - pIr3A kI Atmavat anubhUti aura abhayaniSThA hI hai| dUsare, prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane aura jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM para sabhI ke samAna adhikAra kI tArkika svIkRti se hI ahiMsA kA vikAsa sambhava hai| 'Atmavat sarva bhUteSu' kI jIvanadRSTi hI vaha tArkika AdhAra hai, jo ahiMsA kI sampoSaka hai| isa prakAra, ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ke mUlAdhAra haiM- jIvana ke prati sammAna, abhaya kI pratiSThA, samatvavRtti aura AtmatulA ke tArkika AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko Atmavat smjhnaa| tIsare, sAmAnyatayA yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki hiMsA nahIM karanA, kisI ko nahIM mAranA yA kaSTa nahIM denA hI ahiMsA hai - yaha ahiMsA kI AdhI-adhUrI avadhAraNA hai| hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai, lekina hiMsA nahIM karanA mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai / niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM kA sparza nahIM karatI hai, sAtha hI hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA sambandha mAtra dUsaroM se nahIM hai| jaina cintakoM kA kahanA 111

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hai ki hiMsA svayaM kI bhI hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI bhI hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, vyakti pahale svayaM kI hiMsA karatA hai, phira vaha dUsaroM kI hiMsA karatA hai| AtmahiMsA ke binA 'para' kI hiMsA sambhava hI nahIM hai| dUsaroM kI hiMsA vastutaH apanI hiMsA hai aura dUsaroM ke prati karuNA yA dayA apane prati karuNA yA dayA hai| ise adhika spaSTatA kI dRSTi se samajhane ke lie yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki dUsare kI hiMsA ke pIche kahIM na kahIM rAga-dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha kI vRtti kArya karatI hai-inase yukta hone kA artha kahIM na kahIM tanAvagrasta honA hI hai, inakI upasthiti hamArI Atmika zAMti ko bhaMga kara detI hai| zAstrIya bhASA meM kaheM, to vyakti svabhAva kI dazA chor3akara vibhAva dazA(tanAvagrasta avasthA) meM A jAtA hai| apane zAntimaya nija svabhAva kA yaha parityAga hI to 'sva' kI hiMsA hai| eka anya apekSA se jaina darzana meM hiMsA ke do rUpa mAne gaye haiN| dravya hiMsA aura bhAva hiNsaa| vaicArika stara para kaSAya se kaluSita bhAva yA dUsare ke ahita kI bhAvanA-yaha 'bhAva hiMsA' yA hiMsA kA mAnasika rUpa hai| bhAva hiMsA hI dravya hiMsA yA hiMsA kI bAhya ghaTanA kA kAraNa hotI hai| isIlie, jaina cintakoM ne yaha mAnA ki jahA~ durbhAva hai, dUsare ke ahita kI bhAvanA hai, vahA~ nizcaya hI hiMsA hai, cAhe usake pariNAmasvarUpa hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho yA nahIM bhI ho| isaliye, bhAratIya jIvana darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti ko AtmasajagatApUrvaka dUsaroM ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA se kArya karanA cAhie, sAtha hI yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha dUsaroM ke lie maMgala bhAvanA se sakriya hokara karma kre| bhAratIya saMskRti meM ahiMsA kevala niSkriyatA yA niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai, usakA eka sakArAtmaka pakSa bhI hai, jo sevA, paropakAra aura lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se jur3A huA hai| usameM nahIM mArane ke sAtha-sAtha bacAne kA bhAva bhI jur3A huA hai| usake pIche lokamaMgala yA paropakAra ke udAtta mUlya bhI jur3e haiM, jo pArasparika hita-sAdhana kI bhAvanA meM apanA sAkAra rUpa grahaNa karate haiN| ___ mahAvIra ke sAtha bhAratIya darzanoM kA mAnanA hai ki jIvana eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para calatA hai| jIvana jIne meM paraspara sahayoga kI bhAvanA honI caahie| paraspara saMgharSa, saMhAra yA zoSaNa kI bhAvanA nahIM honI caahie| yaha ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA hArda hai| jaina AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya meM likhA hai- jIvana paraspara

Page #23
sahayoga ke AdhAra para calatA hai-(prspropgrhojiivaanaam)| jIvana jIne meM dUsaroM kA sahayoga lenA aura sahayoga denA-yahI eka prAkRtika vyavasthA hai| (The Law of life is the law of cooperation). sahayoga hI jIvana kA niyama hai| prAkRtika vyavasthA kI dRSTi hI sarvatra kArya karatI huI dikhAI detI hai, jaise-hameM jIvana jIne ke lie prANavAyu (oNksIjana) cAhie, vaha hameM vanaspati jagat se milatI hai| vanaspati jagat ko kisI eka mAtrA meM kArbana DAya oNksAiDa cAhie, jisakA utsarjana prANI jagat karatA hai| prANI jagat ke avaziSTa malamUtra Adi vanaspati jagat kA AhAra banate haiM, to vanaspati jagata ke phala Adi utpAdana prANI jagat kA poSaNa karate haiN| isa prakAra, prakRti kA jIvanacakra pArasparika sahayoga para calatA hai aura isI taraha santulita banA rahatA hai| durbhAgya se pazcima ke eka cintaka DArvina ne isa siddhAnta ko vikAsa ke siddhAnta ke nAma para ulaTa diyaa| usane kahA - 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa aura yogyatama kI vijy|' manuSya ne apane ko yogyatama mAnakara jIva, jAtiyoM aura prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA dohana kiyaa| jIvoM kI anya prajAtiyoM kI hiMsA aura prakRti ke jIvana ke lie aMgIbhUta yA paramAvazyaka havA aura pAnI ko pradUSita karane kA mArga apnaayaa| pArasparika avizvAsa aura bhaya ke bIja bokara Aja manuSya ne apanI hI citA taiyAra kara lI hai| Aja jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ke prati sammAna rUpa ahiMsA aura abhaya ke siddhAnta hI aise haiM, jo mAnava astitva ko surakSita rakha sakate haiN| Aja saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat mAnakara jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko, cAhe ve suvikasita hoM yA avikasita, unheM sammAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai, sAtha hI isa dRr3haniSThA kI AvazyakatA hai ki prANIya jIvana ke sahayogI tattvoM yathA-bhUmi, jala, vAyu aura vanaspati sahita kSudra jIvadhAriyoM kA vinAza karane, unheM pradUSita karane kA hameM koI adhikAra nahIM hai| yahI ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to ahiMsA -eka dUsare ke sahayogapUrvaka lokamaMgala karate hue jIvana jIne kI eka paddhati hai| ahiMsA kevala 'jIo aura jIne do' ke nAre taka hI sImita nahIM hai, varan ahiMsA kA Adarza hai 'dUsaroM ke lie jiyo, apane kSudra svArthoM se Upara uThakara dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana karate hue jiyo|' isa taraha ahiMsA saMkIrNatA kI bhAvanA se Upara uThakara karttavyabuddhi se lokahita karate hue jIne kA saMdeza detI hai|

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dUsaroM ke vicAroM yA mAnyatAoM ke prati sammAna kA bhAva (Respect of other's Ideology and Faiths) __ bhAratIya jIvanadRSTi kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa sUtra hai-dUsaroM ke vicAroM, mAnyatAoM, siddhAntoM ke prati samAdara yA sammAna kA bhAva rkhnaa| apane virodhI kI vicAradhArAoM aura mAnyatAoM meM bhI apekSAbheda se satyatA ho sakatI hai, ise svIkAra krnaa| jaina darzana kA anekAMtavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnyatayA hamArA jJAna sImita aura sApekSa hai, kyoMki hamAre jJAna ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hamArI indriyoM kA grahaNa-sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa hai| dUsare, jisa bhASA ke mAdhyama se hama apanI anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakti dete haiM, usakA bhI sAmarthya sImita va sApekSa hai| hamArI ghrANendriya kA sAmarthya to cIMTI se bahuta kama hai aura hamArI bhASA anubhUta gur3a ke svAda ko bhI abhivyakti dene meM kamajora par3a jAtI hai, ataH sImita aura sApekSa jJAna vAle vyakti ko yaha adhikAra nahIM ki vaha dUsaroM kI anubhUtiyoM, mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM ko pUrNatayA asatya yA mithyA kahakara nakAra de| merA jJAna aura mere virodhI vicAradhArA vAle vyakti kA jJAna yA vizvAsa bhI apekSAbheda se satya ho sakatA hai, yaha mahAvIra ke darzana ke anekAMtavAda kA mukhya AdhAra hai| yahI bAta anAgrahI, dRSTi kA vikAsa karatI hai| vaha dUsaroM ke vicAroM, bhAvanAoM, dhArmika yA dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke prati eka sahiSNu dRSTi pradAna karatI hai| yaha vaicArika ahiMsA hai| vaha vyakti yaha mAnatA hai ki satya kA sUraja jisa prakAra mere AMgana ko prakAzita karatA hai, vaise hI vaha mere virodhI ke AMgana ko bhI prakAzita kara sakatA hai| eka hI vastu ke do virodhI koNoM se lie gae citra eka-dUsare se bhinna ho sakate haiM, kintu ve donoM apane-apane koNa se satya to haiM hii| ise hI spaSTa karate hue jaina grantha sUtrakRtAGgasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki jo loga apane mata kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura apane virodhI ke mata kI niMdA karate haiM, usase gardA karate haiM, ve vastutaH satya ko vidrUpita karate haiM, ve kabhI bhI janma-maraNa ke isa cakra se mukta nahIM ho sakate haiN| satya sarvatra prakAzita hai, jo bhI Agraha yA durAgraha ke ghere se unmukta hokara use dekha pAtA hai, vahI use pA sakatA hai| durAgraha yA rAga-dveSa ke raMgIna cazme pahanakara hama satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie eka unmukta dRSTi kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| satya mere yA parAye ke ghere meM Abaddha nahIM hai| jainAcArya haribhadra ne kahA thA- mujhe na mahAvIra ke vacanoM ke prati pakSAgraha hai aura na kapila Adi ke prati dveSa hai|

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jo yuktisaMgata hai, samucita hai, vahI mujhe mAnya hai| vastutaH, jo pakSoM kA AgrahI hai, vaha satya kA AgrahI nahIM ho sakatA, isIlie gAMdhIjI ne satyAgraha kI bAta kI thii| pakSAgraha eka prakAra kA rAga hI hai, yaha satya ko sImita aura vidrUpita karatA hai| pakSAgraha se hI vivAdoM kA janma hotA hai, usake kAraNa hI sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa utpanna hote haiN| vaha vigraha, viSAda aura vaimanasya ke bIjoM kA vapana karatA hai| ataH, jIvana meM anAgrahI udAra dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika samAja-darzana ke kSetra meM jaina jIvana kA tIsarA sUtra hai- anAsakta kintu kartavyaniSTha jIvana zailI kA vikaas| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki Asakti yA tRSNA hI samasta duHkhoM kA mUla hai| tRSNA, bhogAsakti, icchA/AkAMkSA aura apekSA se hI tanAvoM kA janma hotA hai| ye tanAva prathamataH vyakti ko udvelita karate haiM aura udvelita yA vikSubdha vyakti apane vyavahAra se parivAra, samAja, rASTra aura vizva ko vikSubdha banAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, tRSNA yA Asakti na kevala vaiyaktika jIvana kI zAnti bhaMga karatI hai, apitu yaha vaizvika azAMti kA bhI mUla kAraNa hai isalie AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ mamatvavRtti hai, vahA~-vahA~ duHkha hai hii| yaha mamatvavRtti (merepana kA bhAva) hI, tRSNA hI bhogAsakti ko janma detI hai| bhogAsakti se bhogecchA janma hotA hai aura yahIM se AkAMkSA aura apekSAoM kA sRjana hotA hai| isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa Aja mAnava prakRti ke sAtha saMvAda sthApita kara jIne ke sAmAnya niyama ko bhUlakara bhogavAda ke eka vikRta mArga para jA rahA hai| Aja mAnava ne jisa upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti vikasita kI hai, vahI eka dina mAnava jAti kI saMhAraka siddha hogii| ___mahAvIra kA kahanA hai ki Asakti yA bhogAsakti se janmI upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke tIna duSpariNAma hote haiM-1.apaharaNa (zoSaNa), 2. prakRti ke viruddha bhoga kI pravRtti aura 3. saMgraha yA parigraha (sNcyvRtti)| yadyapi ina tInoM duSpariNAmoM se bacane ke lie jaina AcArazAstra meM tIna vratoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai1. asteya, arthAt dUsaroM kI AvazyakatA kI sAmagrI para unake adhikAra kA hanana nahIM krnaa| 2. bhoga aura upabhoga kI eka maryAdA/sImA rekhA nirdhArita karanA, arthAt jIne ke lie khAnA, na ki khAne ke lie jiinaa|

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3. parigraha yA saMcaya kI eka sImA nirdhArita karanA, arthAt AvazyakatA se adhika saMcaya nahIM krnaa| ina tInoM AcAra niyamoM ke pIche eka hI jIvanadRSTi rahI hai aura vaha hai- saMyamita jIvana zailI kA vikAsa karanA, jo bhAratIya saMskRti kA prANa hai| yaha satya hai ki jIvana jIne ke lie bhogopabhoga Avazyaka haiM aura bhogopabhoga ke lie saMcaya Avazyaka hai, kintu mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana kahatA hai ki yaha maryAdita honA caahie| asImita bhogAkAMkSA aura saMcayavRtti hamAre jIvana meM tanAva yA vikSobha utpanna karatI hai, vaiyaktika jIvana kI samatA ko aura vaizvika zAMti ko bhaMga karatI hai, ataH ina para niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai| ina para niyaMtraNa se hI samyak jIvanadRSTi kA vikAsa saMbhava hogaa| yaha ThIka hai ki bhoga Avazyaka hai, kintu vaha tyAgapUrvaka, saMyamapUrvaka yA maryAdApUrvaka hI honA caahie| isake lie IzAvAsyopaniSad kA 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA' sUtravAkya hI hamArA mArgadarzaka ho sakatI hai| dUsare, Aja hama bhoga ke prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA amaryAdita dohana kara jisa upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ko apanA rahe haiM, vaha upabhoktAvAdI jIvanadRSTi hai| isameM hama AvazyakatAnusAra utpAdana kI bAta bhUlakara icchAoM ke udvelana dvArA adhikatama upabhoga ke lie adhikatama utpAdana aura adhikatama maudrika lAbha ke siddhAnta para cala rahe haiN| Aja ke utpAdana kA sUtra vAkya hai'anAvazyaka mAMgeM bar3hAo, apanA mAla khapAo aura adhikatama munAphA kmaao|' mahAvIra kA cintana kahatA hai ki hamArI AvazyakatAe~ kyA haiM, isake nirNAyaka hama nahIM, prakRti yA hamArI daihika saMracanA hai / bhoga icchAoM kI pUrti ke lie nahIM, apitu saMyamI jIvana kI daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie hai| Apako jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai, kintu taba taka, jaba taka ApakA zarIra sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hai, ApakA jIvana dUsaroM ke lie bhAra - rUpa nahIM banA hai| bhAratIya jIvanadRSTi ke anusAra bhoga aura tyAga donoM - saMyamita jIvana jIne ke lie haiM, amaryAdita jIvana jIne ke lie nahIM / sAtha hI, saMcayavRtti bhI vyakti kI AvazyakatA para AdhArita hai, na ki usakI asIma tRSNA pr| mahAvIra kA darzana kahatA hai ki jitanI AvazyakatA hai, utanA hI saMcaya kro| isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata kA nimna zloka hamArA mArgadarzaka hai, kahA hai yAvat bhriyate jaTharaM tAvat svatvaM dehInAm / adhikoyo'bhimanyate stena eva saH / 1111

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arthAt, peTa ke lie jitanA Avazyaka hai, utane para hI vyakti kA adhikAra hai, jo isase adhika para apanA adhikAra jamAtA hai, vaha cora hai| bhAratIya cintana isase bhI eka kadama Age bar3hakara kahatA hai- jo dhana, sampatti Adi para-padArtha haiM, una para hamArA koI svAmitva ho hI nahIM sktaa| 'para' ko apanA mAnanA usa para mAlikAnA haka jatAnA mithyAdRSTi hai| hameM AvazyakatAnurUpa vastu ke 'upayoga' kA adhikAra hai, svAmitva kA adhikAra nahIM hai| (We have only right to use them, not the ownership) dUsare, yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki yadi para-padArthoM ke prati Asakti yA rAgabhAva nahIM hogA-udAsInavRtti hogI, to phira jIvana meM sakriyatA samApta ho jAegI, vyakti akarmaNya bana jAegA, kyoMki rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti yA svAmItva kI bhAvanA hI vyakti ko sakriya banAe rakhatI hai| isake uttara meM mahAvIra kI jIvanadRSTi eka sUtra detI hai ki -'kartavyabuddhi (Sense of duty) se jiyo, na ki mamatvabuddhi (Sense of attachment) se|' isa sambandha meM jaina paramparA meM nimna dohA pracalita hai, jo jIvanadRSTi ko spaSTa kara detA hai samyak dRSTi jIvar3A, kare kuTumba pripaal| antarasUM nyAro rahe, jyUM dhAya khilAve bAla / / mahAvIra ke darzana kA sAra yaha hai ki 'kartavyabuddhi se jIvana jiyo, mamatvabuddhi se nhiiN|'

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2 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janmasthala : eka punarvicAra jaina dharma meM caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ko eka aitihAsika vyakti ke rUpa meM nirvivAda rUpa se mAnyatA prApta ho cukI hai, phira bhI durbhAgya kA viSaya yaha hai ki na kevala unake janma evaM nirvANa kAla ke sambandha meM, apitu unake janmasthAna, kaivalyajJAnasthala aura nirvANasthala ko lekara bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, ina mAnyatAoM ke poSaNa ke nimitta bhI paramparAoM ke ghere meM Abaddha hokara yena-kenaprakAreNa apane pakSoM ko siddha karane ke lie prayatna aura puruSArtha bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| vigata 50 varSoM meM ina saba samasyAoM ko lekara vibhinna pustikAe~ aura lekha Adi bhI likhe gaye haiN| yaha kaisA durbhAgya hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlIna bhagavAn buddha ke janmasthala, jJAnaprAptisthala aura dharmacakrapravarttanasthala ko lekara sampUrNa bauddha samAja ekamata hai aura una aitihAsika sthaloM ke vikAsa ke lie prANapraNa se juTA huA hai, jabaki jaina samAja Aja apane kSudra svArthoM athavA ahaMkAroM ke poSaNa ke liye isa sambandha meM mataikya nahIM banA skaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janmasthala ko lekara varttamAna meM tIna mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM (1) adhikAMza vidvajjana evaM itihAsavettA tathA kendrazAsana vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDagrAma ko unakA janma sthAna mAnate haiN| (2) digambara paramparA rAjagRha aura nAlandA ke nikaTavartI bar3agAMva yA tathAkathita kuNDalapura ko mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnatI hai| (3) zvetAmbara paramparA bihAra meM jamuhI ke nikaTa lachavAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janma sthAna mAna rahI hai| 22

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PARINEER isa prakAra, mahAvIra ke janmasthala ko lekara zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa sambandha meM aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se vicAra karane kA koI prayatna hI nahIM kiyA gyaa| yadyapi isa sambandha meM vidvat varga evaM itihAsavidoM ne kucha lekha Adi likhe haiM, kintu pAramparika AgrahoM ke calate unakI AvAja sunI nahIM gii| zvetAmbara aura digambara pakSoM kI ora se bhI mahAvIra ke janmasthala ko lekara kucha lekha evaM pustikAoM kA prakAzana huA hai aura unameM apane-apane pakSoM ke samarthana meM kucha pramANa prastuta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, kintu sAmAnyatayA jo pramANa prastuta kiye gaye haiM, ve sabhI paravartIkAlIna hI haiN| prAcInatama sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika pramANoM ko jAnane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA gayA, yA apane pakSa ke virodha meM lagane ke kAraNa unakI upekSA kara dI gii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sambandha meM jo prAcInatama pramANa upalabdha haiM, unameM AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha lagabhaga (I.pU.5vIM zatAbdI), AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha lagabhaga (I.pU.prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI), sUtrakRtAMga (I.pU.dUsarItIsarI zatAbdI), kalpasUtra (I.pU.lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI) haiN| kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra ke vizeSaNoM kI carcA upalabdha hai| usameM unheM jJAtR, jJAtRputra, jJAtRkulacaMda, videha, videhadinne arthAt videhadinnA ke putra, videhajAtya, videhasukumAra Adi vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahI saba vizeSaNa AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke pandrahaveM adhyAya meM bhI upalabdha haiM (dekheM-AcArAMgasUtra, dvitIya zrutaskandha, muni AtmArAmajI, ludhiyAnA, pR.1373)| ina vizeSaNoM meM bhI videhajAtya vizeSaNa atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yadi eka bAra isa vizeSaNa kA artha vaidehI yA vaidehI kA putra mAnakara yaha mAna liyA jAya ki ye vizeSaNa unake mAtRpakSa ke kAraNa diye gaye hoMge, taba bhI videhajAtya vizeSaNa to spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko sthApita karatA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma videha kSetra meM hI haA thA, jabaki vartamAna meM mAnya nAlaMdA ke samIpavAlA kuNDalapura tathA lachavAr3a nahIM mAne jA skte| ataH, mahAvIra kA janmasthAna yadi kisI kSetra meM khojA jA sakatA hai, to vaha videha kA hI bhAga hogA, magadha kA nahIM ho sktaa| isI prasaMga meM kalpasUtra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'tIsaM vAsAiM videhasiM kaTTa', arthAt 30 varSa videha-kSetra meM vyatIta karane ke pazcAt mAtA-pitA ke svargagamana ke bAda guru evaM viziSTajanoM kI anujJA prApta karake unhoMne pravrajyA grahaNa kii|

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mahAvIra kA videhajAtya honA aura phira gRhasthAvasthA ke 30 varSa videha kSetra meM vyatIta karanA - ye do aise sabala pramANa haiM, jinase unake kuNDalapura (nAlaMdA) aura lachavAr3a meM janma lene evaM dIkSita hone kI avadhAraNA nirasta ho jAtI hai| zrI sItArAma rAya ne mahAvIra ke janmasthAna ko lachavAr3a siddha karane ke lie aura vahIM se dIkSita hokara kucha grAmoM meM apanI vihAra-yAtrA karane kA saMketa dete hue una grAmoM ke nAmoM kI samarUpatA ko cUrNi ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA hai, kintu unake isa prayatna kI apekSA jina vidvAnoM ne unakA janmasthAna vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDagrAma batAyA hai aura AvazyakacUrNi ke mAdhyama se unake dIkSita hone ke pazcAt hI vihAra yAtrA ke grAma kA samIkaraNa kollAgasanniveza (vartamAna kolhuA) Adi se kiyA hai, vaha adhika yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai| kollAga ko sanniveza kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vaha kisI bar3e nagara kA upanagara (kaoNlonI) thA aura yaha bAta vartamAna meM vaizAlI ke nikaTa usakI avasthiti se bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kalpasUtra meM unake dIkSAsthala kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne jJAtRkhaNDavana meM azAka vRkSa ke nIce dIkSA svIkAra kii| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki jJAtRkhaNDavana jJAtRvaMzIya kSatriyoM ke adhikAra kA vana kSetra thA aura jJAtRvaMzIya kSatriya jinakA kula lichavI thA, vaizAlI ke samIpa hI nivAsa karate the| Aja bhI usa kSetra meM jatheriyA kSatriyoM kA nivAsa dekhA jAtA hai| 'jatheriyA' zabda mUlataH jJAta kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai, ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma sthAna vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDapura hI ho sakatA hai| vaizAlI se jo eka muhara prApta huI hai, usameM vaizAlIkuNDa kA aisA ullekha hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki kSatriya kuNDa, brAhmaNa kuNDa, kollAga Adi vaizAlI ke hI upanagara the| vaizAlI gaNataMtra thA aura ina upanagaroM ke nagara-pramukha bhI rAjA hI kahe jAte hoMge, ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha ko rAjA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM aatii| punaH, kalpasUtra meM unheM rAjA na kahakara mAtra kSatriya kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janmasthAna vaizAlI kA nikaTavartI kuNDagrAma hI ho sakatA hai, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ko sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna Agama meM (1/2/3/22) jJAtRputra ke sAtha-sAtha vaizAlika bhI kahA gayA hai| unake vaizAlika kahe jAne kI sArthakatA tabhI ho sakatI hai, jabaki unakA janmasthala vaizAlI ke nikaTa huaa| kucha logoM kA yaha tarka ki unake mAmA athavA nAnA ceTaka vaizAlI ke adhipati the athavA mAtA vaizAlika thIM, isaliye unheM vaizAlika kahA gayA, samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki

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mAmA yA nAnA ke gAMva ke nivAsasthAna ke AdhAra para kisI vyakti ko tadnAma se pukAre jAne kI paramparA nahIM rahI hai| dUsare, hama yadi yaha bhI mAna leM ki mahAvIra kA nanihAla vaizAlI thA aura isaliye ve vaizAlika kahe jAte haiM, to eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai ki apane nanihAla meM janma hone ke kAraNa unheM vaizAlika kahA gayA ho| mAtA ke pitRgRha athavA santAna ke nanihAla meM janma lene kI paramparA to vartamAna meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai, kintu jaisA pUrva meM kahA hai ki unhoMne tIsa varSa taka 'videha' meM nivAsa karane ke pazcAt dIkSA grahaNa kI (kalpasUtra 110, prA.bhA.saM.,pR.160) isa AdhAra para yaha bAta pUrNataH nirasta ho jAtI hai ki unheM apane nanihAla ke kAraNa vaizAlika kahA jAtA thaa| eka mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha uThAyA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke pitA rAjA the, kintu prazna yaha hai ki ve kisa prakAra ke rAjA the- svatantra rAjA the yA gaNataMtra ke rAjA the| unheM svatantra rAjA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki kalpasUtra meM aneka sthaloM para to 'siddhatthe khattiye' arthAt siddhArtha kSatriya hI kahA gayA hai| rAjagRha kA magadha rAjavaMza sAmrAjyavAdI thA, jabaki vaizAlI kI paramparA gaNataMtrAtmaka thii| gaNataMtra meM to samIpavartI kSetroM ke choTe-choTe gAMvoM meM svAyatta zAsana-vyavasthA sambhava thI, parantu sAmrAjyavAdI rAjataMtroM meM yaha sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| ataH, hama nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI kuNDalapura ko athavA lachavAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna evaM pitRgRha svIkAra nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki magadha kA sAmrAjya itanA bar3A thA ki usake nikaTavartI nAlaMdA yA lachavAr3a meM svataMtra rAjavaMza sambhava nhiiN| vaizAlI gaNataMtra meM usakI mahAsabhA meM 7707 gaNarAjA the| yaha ullekha bhI tripiTaka sAhitya meM milatA hai, ataH mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha ko gaNarAjA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM aatii| kSatriyakuNDa ke vaizAlI ke samIpa hone se yA usakA aMgIbhUta hone se mahAvIra ko vaizAlika kahA jAnA to sambhava ho sakatA hai| yadi mahAvIra kA janma nAlaMdA ke samIpa tathAkathita kuNDalapura meM huA hotA, to unheM yA to nAlaMdIya yA rAjagRhika- aisA vizeSaNa milatA, vaizAlika nhiiN| jahAM taka sAhityika pramANoM kA prazna hai gaNanI jJAnamatI mAtAjI evaM prajJAzramaNI caMdanAmatIjI ne nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI tathAkathita kuNDalapura ko mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi siddha karane ke lie purANoM aura digambaramAnya Agama granthoM se kucha sandarbha diye haiN| rAjamalajI jaina ne isake pratipakSa meM 'mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kuNDapura' nAmaka pustikA likhI aura una pramANoM kI samIkSA bhI

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kI hai| hama usa vivAda meM ulajhanA to nahIM cAhate, kintu eka bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki digambara paramparA ke Agamatulya grantha kaSAyapAhur3a, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi ke jo pramANa ina vidvAnoM ne diye haiM, unheM yaha jJAna honA cAhiye ki ina donoM granthoM ke mUla meM kahIM bhI mahAvIra ke janmasthAna Adi ke sandarbha meM koI ullekha nahIM hai| jo samasta ullekha prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM, ve unakI jayadhavalA aura dhavalA TIkAoM se haiM, jo lagabhaga 9vIM-10vIM zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra, jina purANoM se sandarbha prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM, ve bhI lagabhaga 9 vIM zatAbdI se lekara 16vIM zatAbdI ke madhya racita haiM, ataH ye sabhI pramANa cUrNi sAhitya se bhI paravartI hI siddha hote haiM, ataH unheM Thosa pramANoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ve kevala sahAyaka pramANa hI kahe jA sakate haiN| isa sandarbha meM zrI rAjamalajI jaina ne siddha kiyA hai ki ina pramANoM meM bhI eka do apavAdoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA kuNDapura kA hI ullekha hai| kuNDalapura ke ullekha to virala hI haiM aura jo haiM, ve bhI mukhyatayA paravartI granthoM ke hI haiN| yahAM hameM yaha dhyAna rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai ki jaba kramazaH mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha camatkArika ghaTanAeM jur3atI gaIM, to ahobhAva ke kAraNa kSatriyakuNDa aura brAhmaNakuNDa ko bhI nagara yA pura kahA jAne lgaa| kalpasUtra (pRSTha 44) meM bhI kSatriyakuNDagrAma aura brAhmaNakuNDagrAma kA hI ullekha hai| yahAM inheM jo 'khattIyakuNDagAmenayare' kahA gayA hai, usameM 'grAma-nagara' zabda se yahI bhAva abhivyakta hotA hai ki ye donoM mUlataH to grAma hI the, kintu vaizAlI nagara ke nikaTavartI hone ke kAraNa inheM grAma-nagara saMjJA prApta ho gaI thii| vartamAna meM bhI kisI bar3e nagara ke vistAra hone para usameM samAhita gAMva nagara nAma ko prApta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH, kSatriyakuNDa hI mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi pratIta hotI hai aura yaha vaizAlI kA hI eka upanagara siddha hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vaizAlI kA mUla nAma vizAlA thaa| vizAla nagara hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma vaizAlI par3A thaa| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vaizAlI, nAlaMdA aura lachavAr3a ( jo jamuI ke nikaTa haiM) kI prAcInatA meM koI saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu prAcIna sAhitya meM nAlaMdA ke samIpa kisI kuNDapura yA kuNDalapura kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| vartamAna lachavAr3a, jamuI ke nikaTa hai aura jamuI ke sambandha meM sAhityika aura purAtAttvika-donoM hI pramANa upalabdha haiN| kalpasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIrasvAmI ke kevalajJAna sthAna kA jo ullekha milatA hai, usameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'jaMbhIyagAmassa arthAt jRmbhika grAma ke pAsa RjuvAlikA nadI ke kinAre vaiyyAvRtta caitya ke na adhika dUra na adhika samIpa zAmaka gAthApati ke kASTakaraNa meM

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zAlavRkSa ke nIce gaudohika Asana meM ukaDUM baiThe hue AtApanA lete hue SaSTabhakta upavAsa se yukta hastottarA nakSatra kA yoga hone para vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ko aparAhna meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna huA thaa| __isase vartamAna lachavAr3a kI, vizeSa rUpa se jRmbhika grAma kI prAcInatA to siddha ho jAtI hai, kintu yaha mahAvIra kA janmasthala hai, yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotii| prAcIna jo bhI ullekha haiM, ve mUlataH kSatriyakuNDa se sambandhita haiN| vaizAlI ke samIpa vAsokuNDa ko mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnane ke sambandha meM kendrIya zAsana aura itihAsajJa varga ne jo nirNaya liyA hai, vaha samucita pratIta hotA hai| isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki vaizAlI se prApta eka mudrA para 'vaizAlInAmakuNDe' - aisA spaSTa likhA huA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaizAlI ke nikaTa koI kuNDagrAma rahA hogA aura yahI kuNDagrAma kSatriyakuNDa aura brAhmaNakuNDa -aise do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita rahA hogA, ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janmasthAna ko vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI vAsokuNDa ko hI kSatriyakuNDa mAnanA caahiye| isa sambandha meM eka paramparAgata anuzruti yaha bhI hai ki vAsokuNDa ke usa sthala para, jise mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnA gayA hai, Aja taka hala nahIM calAyA gayA hai aura vahAM ke nivAsI zAsakIya evaM vidvAnoM ke nirNaya ke pUrva bhI usa sthAna ko mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi ke rUpa meM ullekhita karate rahe haiN| jahAM taka nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI kuNDalapura kA prazna hai, use to mahAvIra kA janmasthala nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki mahAvIra jaba-jaba bhI rAjagRhI Ate the, taba-taba varSAvAsa se liye nAlaMdA ko hI pramukhatA dete the, ataH yaha to svAbhAvika hai ki nAlaMdA ke sAtha mahAvIra kI smRtiyAM jur3I rahI hoM, kintu use unakI janmabhUmi svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki na to vahA~ jJAtRvaMzIya kSatriyoM kA AvAsa hI thA aura na magadha jaise sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI ke eka upanagara meM kisI anya rAjA kA rAjya hone kI sambhAvanA thii| jamuI ke nikaTavartI lachavAr3a ko lachavAr3a nAma kaba milA, yaha gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| jamuI kI prAcInatA to nirvivAda hai aura usakA sambandha bhI mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala kA nikaTavartI hone se mahAvIra ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| kintu use mahAvIra kA janmasthAna na mAnakara Agamika pramANoM ke AdhAra para kevalajJAna sthala hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA mahAvIra ke kaivalyabhUmi ke prasaMga meM kreNge| zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM hI paramparAoM ke granthoM meM kSatriyakuNDa yA kuNDapura

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kI avasthiti videha kSetra meM batAI gaI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi meM digambara paramparA ke kucha granthoM ke sandarbha zrI rAjamala jaina ne prastuta kie haiN| pUjyapAda devanandI kI nirvANabhakti meM yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki siddhArtharAjA ke putra ne bhArata deza ke videha kuNDapura meM devI priyakAriNI ko sukhada svapna dikhAe aura caitra zuklA trayodazI ko usane unheM janma diyaa| isI prakAra, AcArya jinasena ne (nauvIM zatI) harivaMza purANa meM bhArata deza ke videha kSetra ke kuNDapura meM mahAvIra ke janma kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI krama meM, uttarapurANa ke racayitA guNabhadra ne (vikrama kI dasavIM zatAbdI) mahAvIra ke janmasthAna kuNDapura ko bhArata ke videha kSetra meM avasthita batAyA hai| isI purANa ke 75 veM sarga meM bhI 'videhaviSayekuNDasaMjJAyAM' purI ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya puSpadaMta ne vIrajinaMdacariu (vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI) meM 'vaizAlI kuNDapure' - aisA ullekha kiyA hai| isase bhI aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapurI vaizAlI ke nikaTa hI rhii| dAmanandI ne (10 vIM - 11vIM zatAbdI) mahAvIra ke janmasthAna kuNDapura ko videha meM sthita batAyA hai| isI tathya ko asaga (11 vIM zatAbdI) ne varddhamAna caritra meM puSTa kiyA hai| ve bhI mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapura kI avasthiti videha kSetra meM batAte haiM / zrIdhara racita vaDDamAnacariu (lagabhaga 12 vIM zatI) meM bhI kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM mAnA gayA hai| sakalakIrtti ne varddhamAnacaritra meM kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM avasthita mAnA hai / punaH muni dharmacanda ne gautamacaritra (17vIM zatAbdI) meM kuNDapura ko bharatakSetra meM videha pradeza ke antargata svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki lagabhaga IsA kI 5 vIM zatAbdI se lekara 17 vIM zatAbdI taka digambara AcArya evaM bhaTTAraka kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM hI avasthita mAna rahe haiN| yahAM hamane kevala unhIM saMdarbhoM ko ullekhita kiyA hai, jinameM kuNDapura ko spaSTa rUpa se videhakSetra meM avasthita batAyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke janmasthala kuNDapura hone ke to anya bhI kaI sandarbha haiM, jinakI carcA zrI rAjamala jaina ne kI hai| vastutaH, mahAvIra kA janmasthala videhakSetra meM sthita vaizAlI kA nikaTavartI kuNDapura nAmaka upanagara hI rahA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM kahIM-kahIM kuNDapura ke kucha ullekha milate haiM, jinakI spaSTa samIkSA zrI rAjamala jaina ne kI hai| hama yahAM kuNDapura aura kuNDalapura ke vivAda meM nahIM par3anA caahte| zvetAmbara sandarbha to mUlataH kuNDagrAma ke hI haiM, aura usameM bhI spaSTa rUpa se kSatriyakuNDa ke haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM 14vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya jinaprabhasUri ne vividhatIrthakalpa kI racanA kI thii| unhoMne bhI mahAvIra kA janmasthala kuNDagrAma hI 28

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ullekhita kiyA hai| zrI rAjamala jaina ne apanI pustaka 'mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kuNDapura' meM jo ullekha kiyA hai ki kuNDapura hI 13vIM zatAbdI taka kuNDagrAma ho gayA hogA, eka bhrAnti hai| hama pUrva meM ullekha kara Aye haiM ki kalpasUtra Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se 'kuNDagrAma' kA hI ullekha hai, kuNDapura kA nhiiN| hA~, itanA avazya hai ki AgamoM meM 'kuNDapuragrAmanagara' -aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| merI dRSTi meM 'grAma-nagara' aisA samAsapada grahaNa karane para isakA artha hogA nagara kA samIpavartI gAMva yA vaha gAMva jo kAlAntara meM kisI nagara kA bhAga yA upanagara bana gayA ho| yahA~ eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki gaNanI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ne bhI kuNDalapura kA pakSa lete hue use videha meM sthita mAnA hai| aba yaha prazna varddhamAna mahAvIra ke vaizAlika hone kA eka anya pramANa hameM theragAthA kI aTThakathA (vyAkhyA) meM milatA hai| theragAthA meM varddhamAna thera kA ullekha hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki dAna ke puNya ke pariNAmasvarUpa varddhamAna ne devaloka se cyUta hokara gautamabaddha ke janma lene para vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM utpanna hokara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| (imasmiM buddhapAde vesAliyaM licchavi rAjakule nibbatti vaDDamAno tissa nAmaM ahosi-theragAthA, aThThakathA, nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR.153)| isa prakAra yahA~ unheM vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM janma lene vAlA batAyA gyaa| yadyapi paramparAgata vidvAnoM kA yaha vicAra ho sakatA hai ki ye varddhamAna bauddha paramparA meM dIkSita koI anya vyakti hoMge, kintu hamArA yaha spaSTa anubhava hai ki jisa prakAra RSibhASita sabhI arhatRSi nirgrantha paramparA ke nahIM haiM, usI prakAra theragAthA meM varNita sabhI sthavira bauddha nahIM haiN| vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM utpanna buddha ke samakAlika varddhamAna thera varddhamAna mahAvIra se bhinna nahIM mAne jA skte| theragAthA kI aThThakathA ke anusAra unhoMne AMtarika aura bAhya saMyogoM ko chor3akara, rUparAga, arUparAga tathA bhavarAga ko samApta karane kA upadeza diyA tathA yaha kahA hai ki anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM ko sAkSIbhAva se dekhate hue bhavarAga aura saMyojanoM kA prahANa sambhava hai, kyoMki unake ye vicAra AcArAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM bhI milate haiN| isa upadeza se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki theragAthA meM varNita varddhamAna thera anya koI nahIM, apitu varddhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| isa AdhAra para bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma vaizAlI ke lichavI kula meM huA thaa| mahAvIra ke pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA ullekha karate samaya yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki saMvega (vairAgya) utpanna hone para unhoMne agnikarma kA tyAga karake saMgha se kSamAyAcanA' karake karma paramparA ko dekhakara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| yaha samagra kathana

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bhI jaina (nirgrantha) paramparA ke anukUla hI hai| ataH, isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki theragAthA ke vaizAlI ke lichavI kula meM utpanna varddhamAna thera vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| isa prakAra bauddhika tripiTaka sAhitya bhI mahAvIra ke janma-sthala ke rUpa meM videha ke antargata vaizAlI ko hI mAnate haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmanajaikobI, hArnale, viseNTasmitha, munizrI kalyANavijayajI, DaoN.jagadIzacandra jaina, jyotiprasAda jaina, paM. sukhalAlajI Adi jainaajaina sabhI vidvAna vaizAlI ke nikaTastha kuNDagrAma ko hI mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnate haiN| bauddhagrantha mahAvagga(IsvI pUrva 5vIM zatI) meM vaizAlI ke tIna kSetra mAne gaye haiM1. vaizAlI, 2. kuNDapura, 3. vANijyagrAma / mahAvIra kA lichavI rAjakula meM janma mAnane para bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki mahAvagga ke anusAra vaizAlI meM 7707 rAjA the, ataH mahAvIra ke pitA ko rAjA mAnane meM bauddha sAhitya se bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai, kyoMki vahA~ 'rAjA' zabda kA artha vaizAlI mahAsaMgha kI saMghIya sabhA kA sadasya honA hI hai| kuNDagrAma kI vasukuNDa se samAnatA ke sambandha meM DaoN. zyAmAnaMda prasAda kI yaha Apatti hai ki vasukuNDa meM kevala kuNDa zabda kI hI samAnatA hai, 'vasu' zabda na to brAhmaNa kA paryAyavAcI ho sakatA hai, na kSatriya kA, ataH unakA kahanA hai ki vartamAna vasukuNDa ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kintu DaoN. prasAda ne mUla Agama sAhitya ko zAyada dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM vasu aura vIra' zabda kA prayoga zramaNa ke artha meM huA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, 'vasu' zabda kA eka artha jinadeva yA vItarAga bhI upalabdha hotA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke saMyamagrahaNa karane ke bAda isa kSetra ko kSatriyakuNDa ke sthAna para vasukuNDa kahA jAne lagA ho| varttamAna lachavAr3a ke samIpa jo brAhmaNakuNDa aura kSatriyakuNDa kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, vahA~ isa taraha kI koI basAhaTa nahIM hai / brAhmaNakuNDa aura kSatriyakuNDa nAma to unheM mahAvIra ke janmasthala mAna lene para diye gaye haiN| isa prakAra, merI yaha sunizcita dhAraNA hai ki lachavAr3a ke samIpa jamuI maNDala ke isa kSetra kA sambandha mahAvIra ke sAdhanA evaM kevalajJAna sthala se avazya rahA hai| jise varttamAna meM lachavAr3a kahA jAtA hai, usakA sambancha licchaviyA se ho sakatA hai, kintu isa nAma kI bhI prAcInatA kitanI hai yaha zodha kA viSaya hai| DaoN. prasAda kA yaha mAnanA samucita nahIM hai ki vaizAlI ko mahAvIra ke 30

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janmasthAna ke rUpa meM mAnyatA 1948 meM milii| isake pUrva bhI vidvAnoM ne vaizAlI ke nikaTa aura videha kSetra meM mahAvIra kA janmasthAna hone kI bAta kahI hai| yaha nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 15 - 16vIM zatI se zvetAmbara paramparA meM lachavAr3a ke samIpavartI kSetra ko mahAvIra ke janmasthAna mAnane kI paramparA vikasita huI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA pravacana diyA thA, isaliye ve magadha kSetra ke nivAsI hone cAhiye, aisI jo mAnyatA lachavAr3a ke pakSa meM dI jAtI hai vaha bhI samucita nahIM hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki mahAvIra kI bhASA mAgadhI na hokara ardhamAgadhI hai| yadi mahAvIra kA janma aura vicaraNa kevala magadha kSetra meM hI huA hotA, to ve mAgadhI kA hI upayoga karate, ardhamAgadhI kA nahIM / ardhamAgadhI svayaM hI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki unakI bhASA meM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya samIpavartI kSetroM kI bhASAoM evaM boliyoM ke zabda bhI mile hue the| maiM jamuI anumaNDala ko mahAvIra kA sAdhanA sthala evaM kevalajJAnasthala mAnane meM to sahamata hU~, kintu janmasthala mAnane meM sahamata nahIM hU~, ataH mahAvIra kA janmasthala vaizAlI ke samIpa varttamAna vAsukuNDa hI adhika prAmANika lagatA hai| jaina samAja ko usa sthAna ke samyak vikAsa hetu prayatna karanA caahie| saMdarbhaH 1. samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre nAe, nAyaputte, nAyakulacaMde, videhe, videhadinne, videhajacce videha sUmAle tIsaM vAsAiM videhaMsi kaTTu-kalpasUtra 110 (prAkRta bhAratI saMsmaraNa pR.160) 2. vahI, pR. 160 3. NAyasaMDavaNe ujjAge jeNeva asokavarapAyave - kalpasUtra 113 ( prAkRta bhAratI saMskaraNa, pR.170) evaM se udAhu aNuttaraNANI aNuttaradasI aNuttaraNANadaMsaNadhare / arahA-NAyaputte bhagavaM vesAlie viyAhie / / - sUtrakRtAMga- 1/2/3/22. 4. dekheM - kalpasUtra 58, 67, 69 (prA. bhA. saM., pR. 96, 114 Adi.) 5. dekheM - buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, bharata siMha, pR. 313. 6. kalpasUtra 119 (prAkRta bhAratI saMskaraNa, pR.184). 7. jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya mahAvIra yaha nirNaya lete haiM ki maiM sabake prati kSamAbhAva rkhuuNgaa| (sammaM sahissAmi ivamissAmi). 8. AcArAMga - 1/174;5/55, 6/30. 9. vahI, 1 / 37, 68. ***

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalajJAnasthala :eka punarvicAra vartamAna meM mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ke rUpa meM sammedazikhara aura giriDIha ke bIca tathA pAlagaMja ke samIpa 'bArAkara' ko mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi pAlagaMja purAtAttvika dRSTi se eka mahatvapUrNa sthala hai| vahAM pAlakAlIna (lagabhaga 10vIM zatAbdI kA) mandira bhI hai| usI ko lakSya meM rakhakara sambhavataH vartamAna sammetazikhara ko 20 tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANasthala ke rUpa meM tathA bArAkara ko mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ke rUpa meM lagabhaga 16vIM zatAbdI meM mAnyatA dI gii| merI dRSTi meM vartamAna meM jise zvetAmbara paramparA mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAna rahI hai, vaha vastutaH mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala hI hai, jaisA maiMne apane Alekha 'bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma sthalaH eka punarvicAra ' meM iMgita kiyA hai ki usa sthala para I. san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhI koI smAraka rakhA thA aura yaha bahuta kucha sambhava hai ki vaha smAraka mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna prApti sthala kI smRti meM hI banAyA gayA ho| vartamAna meM 'bArAkara' ko, jo mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala mAnA jAtA hai, vahAM 16-17vIM zatAbdI se prAcIna koI purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hote, jabaki jamuI kSetra ke antargata lachavAr3a ke samIpavartI kSetra meM kama se kama I.san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM ke purAtAttvika pramANa, vizeSa rUpa se IMTa Adi, svayaM lekhaka ne dekhe haiN| AgamoM meM, vizeSa rUpa se AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna prApti kA jo sandarbha upasthita hai, usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'jaMbhiyagrAma nagara ke bAhara RjuvAlikA ke uttarI kinAre para zAmakagAthApati ke kASTakaraNa (kASThasaMgraha kSetra)

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meM 'veyAvatta' nAmaka caitya ke uttara- -pUrva dizA bhAga meM na ati dUra aura na ati nikaTa zAlavRkSa ke nIce ukaDU hokara goduhAsana se sUrya kI AtApanA lete hue urdhvajAnu adhosira dharma- dhyAna meM nirata dhyAna koSThaka ko prApta zukla dhyAna ke antargata varttamAna varddhamAna ko nivRtti dilAne vAlA pratipUrNa avyAhata, nirAvaraNa, ananta, anuttara, zreSTha jJAna-darzana utpanna huaa|' sAmAnyatayA vidvAnoM ne yahAM yaha mAna liyA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jaMbhiyagrAma ke nikaTa RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttarI kinAre para zAmakagAthApati ke kheta meM zAlavRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta huaa| unhoMne isameM bahiyA aura kaThukaraNaMsI jaise zabdoM kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA hai / varttamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA jise mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAna rahI hai, vaha kacce mArga se varttamAna jamuI se 7-8 ki.mI. se adhika dUra nahIM hai| isa mArga meM UlAhI nadI ko do-tIna bAra pAra karate hue jAnA par3atA hai, kintu yaha mArga vastutaH moTara, gAr3I Adi ke lie nahIM hai / vaise yadi nadI ke kinAre-kinAre khetoM meM se yAtrA kI jAe, to merI dRSTi meM yaha mArga 7 ki.mI. se adhika nahIM hai| lekhaka ne svayaM kacce mArga se kAra se isa kSetra kI yAtrA kI hai| yadi hama jaMbhiyagrAma ko Adhunika jamuI hI mAneM, to bhI yaha sthAna vahAM se eka pahAr3a ko pAra karane para 7-8 ki.mI. se adhika nahIM raha jAtA hai| merI dRSTi meM 'bahiyA' kA artha ati nikaTa na samajhakara bhiyagrAma kA bAhya kSetra samajhanA caahie| Aja bhI sAmAnya rUpa se kisI bhI nagara ke 8-10 ki.mI. ke kSetra ko usa nagara kA bAhya bhAga mAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki sAmAnyatayA bhagavAn mahAvIra apane sAdhanAkAla meM kisI bhI bar3e nagara ke ati nikaTa nahIM rahate the| 'kaThThakaraNa' zabda kA jo kRSi bhUmi yA kheta artha lagAyA jAtA hai, vaha merI dRSTi meM ucita nahIM hai| 'kaThThakaraNa' kA artha jaMgala yA kASTha saMgraha karane kA kSetra-aisA hotA hai, kRSi kSetra nahIM hotA / punaH, zAmaka ko sAmAnya gRhastha yA kRSaka na mAnakara gAthApati kahA gayA hai| gAthApati sAmAnyatayA nagara ke pratiSThita vyakti ko hI kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, bhagavAn mahAvIra kevalajJAna prApti ke pUrva zAmaka gAthApati ke vana kSetra meM sAdhanA hetu sthita the, ataH mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala vastutaH RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttarI kinAre kA zAmaka gAthApati kA vanakSetra hI thA, na ki koI kheta / punaH, vahAM zAlavRkSoM ke hone kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki vaha zAlavRkSoM kA vana rahA hogaa| ataH, mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ko jaMbhiya ( varttamAna jamuI) ke RjuvAlikA nadI ke (ulAI) uttarI kinAre kA vanakSetra samajhanA caahie| lekhaka ne lagabhaga 15 varSa pUrva jaba

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isa kSetra kI yAtrA kI thI, taba bhI yaha kSetra tIna ora se pahAr3iyoM se ghirA huA vanakSetra hI thaa| usake ati nikaTa lekhaka ko kisI grAma Adi kI upasthiti nahIM milii| yadi hama 'bahiyA' kA artha nagara kA bAhya bhAga mAneM tathA usa sthala ko RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttara kinAre para sthita vanakSetra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM, to bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala vahI siddha hotA hai, jise Aja zvetAmbara samAja mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAna rahA hai| Agama meM kevalajJAna sthala ko jaMbhiyagrAma nagara kA bahirbhAga (bAhiyA) kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA, 'bahiyA' yA bahirbhAga kA artha nikaTastha sthala mAnA jAtA hai, kintu AgamoM ke anusAra usa kAla meM 20-25 kilomITara dUra sthita sthaloM ko bhI usa nagara kA bahirbhAga hI mAnA jAtA thA, udAharaNArtha nAlaMdA ko bhI rAjagRha kA bahirbhAga (tassa NaM rAyagihassa nagarassa bahiyA uttara puratthime disIbhAe etthaNaM nAlandA nAma-jJAtAsUtra adhyAya 7 kA prArambhika sUtra) kahA gayA hai, jabaki nAlandA aura rAjagRha ke bIca kI dUrI lagabhaga 20 kilomITara hai| ataH, vartamAna lachavAr3a ko jamuI (jambhiya) kA bAhya vibhAga mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM koI bhI vipratipatti nahIM hai| vartamAna meM mahAvIra ke janmasthAna ke rUpa meM mAnya 'lachavAr3a' mahAvIra kA kaivalya prApti kA sthAna hai| isakI puSTi anya tathyoM se bhI hotI hai| prathamataH, isake samIpa bahane vAlI 'UlAI' nAmaka nadI 'ujuvAliyA' kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai, kyoMki prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se ujuvAliyA kA 'ulAI' rUpa sambhava hai| sarvaprathama, lopa ke niyamAnusAra 'ja' kA lopa hone para aura 'va' kA 'u' hone para tathA tInoM hrasva 'u' kA 'U' hone para UliyA rUpa hogA, isameM bhI U+la+i+ya+ A (UlaiyA) meM 'i'+'ya' kA dIrgha 'I' hokara 'A' kA sthAna parivartana hokara 'la' ke sAtha saMyoga hone se 'UlAI' rUpa banatA hai| punaH, saMskRta ke kucha granthoM meM ujuvAliyA (RjuvAlikAH) ke sthAna para RjukUlA rUpa bhI milatA hai| prAkRta ke niyamoM ke anusAra R kA 'u', madhyavartI ja kA lopa hone para 'ju' kA 'u' aura madhyavartI 'ka' kA lopa hone para 'kU' kA 'U'-isa prakAra u+u+U+lA meM donoM hasva 'u' kA dIrgha 'U' meM samAveza hokara UlA rUpa banatA hai, jisameM mukha suvidhA hetu 'I' kA Agama hokara UlAI rUpa banatA hai|

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jJAtavya hai ki yahI nadI anya jaladhArAoM se milatI huI Age calakara jamuI ke AsapAsa kyUla ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai, yaha bhI kUla kA apabhraMza rUpa lagatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki -UlAI jo jamuI nagara se Age calakara kyUla ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai RjuvAlikA athavA RjukUlA kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| ataH, nadI ke nAma kI dRSTi se bhI mahAvIra kA kevala jJAna sthala vartamAna lachavAr3a hI hai| lachuvAr3a nAma kI licchavI vATaka arthAt licchavI kA mArga yA lakSyavATa arthAt lakSya prApti kA mArga -aisA siddha karatA hai| cUMki isa prakAra licchavI mahAvIra kA jJAnaprApti yA lakSyaprApti kA sthala hone se yaha sthala lachuvAr3a kahalAyA hogA, isa sambhAvanA ko pUrNataH nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sthAna para tIrthasthApana nahIM hone kA kAraNa bhI spaSTa hai| cUMki Aja bhI yaha sthAna nirjana hai, usa kAla meM to isase bhI adhika nirjana rahA hogA, phira saMdhyAkAla hote-hote vahA~ koI upadeza sunane ko upalabdha ho, yaha bhI sambhava nahIM thA, sAtha hI isa kSetra meM mahAvIra ke paricitajanoM kA bhI abhAva thA, ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra ne yaha nirNaya kiyA hogA ki jahA~ unake jJAtIjana yA paricitajana rahate hoM, aisI madhyamA apApApurI (pAvApurI) meM jAkara prathama upadeza denA ucita hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM lachuvAr3a se madhyadeza meM sthita malloM kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kI dUrI 12 yojana batAI gaI hai, jo lagabhaga sahI pratIta hotI hai| vartamAna meM bhI lachuvAr3a se usamAnapura-vIrabhArI ke nikaTavartI sthala ko pAvA mAnane para Rju yA sIdhe mArga se vaha dUrI lagabhaga 190 kilomITara hotI hai| 15 kilomITara kA eka yojana mAnane para yaha dUrI 180 kilomITara hotI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jainendrasiddhAntakoza meM eka yojana 9.09 mIla ke barAbara batAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para 1 yojana lagabhaga 15 kilomITara kA hotA hai| mAnacitra meM hamane ise skela se mApakara bhI dekhA hai, jo lagabhaga sahI hai| isa prakAra, hamArI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna prApti kA sthala jamuI ke nikaTavartI kSetra lachuvAr3a hI hai, vartamAna bArAkara aura jAmU nahIM haiN| ***

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka punarvicAra yaha jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki jahA~ bhagavAn buddha ke bauddha dharma kA bhArata se lopa ho jAne ke bAda bhI bhagavAn buddha ke janmasthala, jJAna-prAptisthala, prathama upadeza-sthala aura parinirvANa-sthala kI samyak pahacAna ho cukI hai aura isa sambandha meM koI matavaibhinnya nahIM hai, vahIM jaina dharma ke bhArata meM jIvanta rahate hue bhI Aja bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janmasthala, kevalajJAnasthala, prathama upadezasthala aura parinirvANasthala -sabhI vivAdoM ke ghere meM haiM, unakI samyak pahacAna abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai, jabaki una sthaloM ke sambandha meM Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM tathA purANa sAhitya meM spaSTa nirdeza haiN| pUrva ke do AlekhoM meM hamane unake janmasthala aura kevalajJAnasthala kI pahacAna kA eka prayatna kiyA thaa| isa Alekha meM hama unake tIrthasthApanasthala aura parinirvANasthala kI pahacAna kA prayatna kreNge| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrthasthApanAsthala aura parinirvANasthala -donoM ko 'majjhimApAvA' arthAt madhyama+apApA ko mAnatI hai, vahIM digambara paramparA tIrthasthApana sthala to rAjagRha ke vaibhAragiri ko mAnatI hai, kintu parinirvANa sthala pAvA ko hI mAnatI hai| isa prakAra, nirvANasthala ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mataikya hai- donoM hI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kA parinirvANa sthala mAnatI haiM, kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki pAvA kahA~ sthita hai? _ vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM hI paramparAe~ rAjagRha aura nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kA nirvANasthala mAna rahI haiM aura donoM ke dvArA usa sthala

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MerRaman para mandira Adi nirmita haiM, kintu vidvatvarga isa sthala ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAnane meM sahamata nahIM hai| usakI ApattiyA~ nimna haiM1. bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya nava malla, nava licchavI Adi 18 gaNarAjyoM ke rAjA tathA kAzI aura kauzala deza ke rAjA upasthita the (kalpasUtra 127) / rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA meM unakI upasthiti sambhava nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki rAjagRha rAjataMtra thA aura malla, licchavI, vajI, vaizAlI Adi ke gaNataMtrAtmaka rAjyoM se usakI zatrutA thI, jabaki gaNataMtra ke rAjAoM meM pArasparika saumanasya thaa| dUsare, kAzI aura kauzala ke rAjAoM kA vahAM upasthita rahanA bhI sambhava nahIM thA, kyoMki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA se unakI dUrI lagabhaga 300 kilomITara thI, jabaki phajilakA yA usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI pAvA samIpa thI aura unake rAjyoM kI sImA se lagI huI thii| 2. yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA ke pAsa hotA, to usa samaya vahAM kuNika ajAtazatru kI upasthiti kA ullekha nizcita huA hotA, kyoMki vaha mahAvIra kA bhakta thA, kintu prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM bhI usakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM haiN| isake viparIta malla, licchavI Adi gaNataMtroM ke rAjAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa haiN| 3. mahAvIra ke kAla meM rAjagRha ke samIpa kisI pAvA ke hone ke saMketa prAcIna jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka meM nahIM milate, jabaki bauddha tripiTaka meM kuzInagara ke samIpavartI malloM kI pAvA ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| tripiTaka meM malloM ke kuzInagara aura pAvA - aise do gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha hai, ye mallagaNarAjA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya upasthita bhI the| 4. purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para rAjagRha kI samIpavartI vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA hI mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI hai, yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki vahA~ jo prAcInatama purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha hai, vaha saMvat 1260 meM abhayadevasUri dvArA sthApita caraNa hai| isa AdhAra para bhI vartamAna pAvA kI aitihAsikatA terahavIM zatI se pUrva nahIM jAtI hai| 5. rAjagRha ke ati samIpa vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA meM kalpasUtra meM ullekhita hastipAla jaise kisI svataMtra rAjA kA rAjya honA sambhava nahIM hai| do gaNarAjyoM kI rAjadhAnI aura rAjya 20-25 mIla kI dUrI para honA sambhava hai, jaise kuzInagara ke malloM kI aura

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pAvA ke malloM kI rAjadhAniyA~ mAtra 20 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita thIM, kintu magadha jaise sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI ke ati samIpa mAtra 20-25 kilomITara kI dUrI para hastipAla jaise svataMtra rAjA kI rAjadhAnI pAvA honA sambhava nahIM thA / 6. kucha vyaktiyoM kA tarka hai ki vartamAna 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra nirvANasthala aura lachavAr3a yA nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI kuNDapura ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna mAnanA ucita hai, kyoMki ye donoM varttamAna pAvA ke itane nikaTa haiM ki bhagavAn ke pArthiva zarIra kI dAha kriyA ke samaya bhagavAn ke bar3e bhAI nandivarddhana usameM sammilita ho sake, kintu yaha tarka samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki prathama to nandivarddhana mahAvIra kI dAha kriyA meM sammilita hue the, aisA koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAneM ki 18 gaNarAjAoM meM nandivarddhana bhI the, to ve to pauSadha ke nimitta pUrva se hI vahA~ upasthita the| punaH, vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI kSatriya kuNDagrAma se bhI usamAnapura vIrabhArI yA phAjila nagara ke nikaTa saThiyA~va ke samIpa sthita pAvA kI dUrI bhI lagabhaga 100 mIla se adhika nahIM hai, ghor3e para eka dina meM itanI dUrI pAra karanA kaThina nahIM hai, kyoMki acchA ghor3A eka ghaNTe meM 10 mIla kI yAtrA AsAnI se kara letA hai| punaH, eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke parinirvANa sthala ko 'majjhimA pAvA' kahA gayA hai| 'majjhimA' zabda kI vyAkhyA vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTi se kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra majjhimA kA artha hai - madhyavartI pAvA arthAt unake anusAra usa kAla meM tIna pAvA rahI hogii| una tIna pAvAoM meM madhyavartI pAvA ko hI majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| varttamAna carcAoM ke AdhAra para yadi hama rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA aura par3araunA samIpa sthita pAvA kI kalpanA ko sahI mAneM, to inake madhyavartI phAjila nagara yA vIrabhArI kI pAvA ko madhyavartI pAvA mAnA jA sakatA hai| par3araunA (pAvA) kuzInagara ||| phAjilanagara (saThiyaoNva) usamAnapura (vIrabhArI) rAjagRha ke samIpa varttamAna pAvA

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kintu, usa kAla meM aisI tIna pAvA thIM, isakA koI bhI pramANa jainAgamoM aura tripiTaka meM nahIM miltaa| yadyapi isa kalpanA kI eka phalazruti avazya hai, vaha yaha ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA cAhe usa yuga meM rahI bhI ho, kintu vaha madhyavartI pAvA (majjhimA pAvA) nahIM ho sakatI hai, ataH use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha madhyavartI pAvA na hokara dakSiNa yA antya pAvA hI siddha hogI, kyoMki usake dakSiNa yA pUrva dizA meM kisI anya pAvA ke koI bhI saMketa nahIM mile haiN| ina tIna pAvA nagaroM kI kalpanA ko svIkAra karane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA yaha bhI hai ki purAtAttvika aura sAhityika sAkSyoM se yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI ki mahAvIra yA buddha ke kAla meM pAvA nAmaka nagara tIna the| jo bhI sAhityika ullekha upalabdha haiM, ve malloM kI madhyadezIya pAvA ke hI haiM, anya kisI pAvA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne tIna 'pAvA' kI bAta to svIkAra nahIM kI, kintu majjhimA pAvA kA artha yaha lagAyA hai ki pAvA nagara ke madhya meM sthita hastipAlarAjA kI rajjuka sabhA meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA, isI kAraNa use majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se majjhimA pAvA kA vizeSaNa hai, usakA artha hai madhyamA arthAt bIca kI pAvA yA madhyadezIya pAvA- aisA hogA, kintu pAvA ke madhya meM - aisA nahIM, kyoMki lekhaka ko yadi yaha bAta kahanI hotI, to vaha 'pAvAe majjhe' - ina zabdoM kA prayoga karatA na ki 'majjhimA pAvA' kaa| dUsare, mahAvIra jaba bhI cAturmAsa karate the, to gA~va yA nagara ke madhya meM na karake gA~va yA nagara ke bAhara hI kisI udyAna, caitya Adi para hI karate the, ataH unhoMne yaha cAturmAsa pAvA nagara ke madhya meM kiyA hogA, yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotii| kasabhA kA artha bhI yaha batAtA hai ki vaha sthAna hastipAla rAjA ke nApa-taula vibhAga kA sabhAsthala rahA hogA, kintu yaha sabhAbhavana ke nagara ke madhya meM ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM nApa ke lie 'rajju' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se rajjuka ve rAjakIya karmacArI the, jo rassI lekara bhUmi yA khetoM kA mApa karate the| ye karmacArI varttamAna kAla ke paTavAriyoM ke samAna hI the| rAjya meM pratyeka gAMva kA eka rajjuka hotA hogA aura eka choTe se rAjya meM bhI hajAroM gA~va hote the, ataH rAjya karmacAriyoM meM rajjukoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hotI thI / sambhava hai, unakI sabhA hetu koI vizAla bhavana rahA ho| mahAvIra ne yaha sthala cAturmAsa ke lie isa kAraNa se cunA hogA ki isameM vizAla 111

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sabhAgAra rahA hogaa| aisA sabhAgAra mahAvIra ke vizAla saMgha ke cAturmAsa kA upayukta sthala ho sakatA thA, kintu yaha nagara ke madhya ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| isa prakAra, majjhimA kA artha na to madhyavartI pAvA hogA aura na pAvA ke madhya meM- aisA hogaa| aba hama 'majjhimA' zabda ke tIsare artha madhyadezIya pAvI kI ora jAte haiN| tIsare artha ke anusAra isakA tAtparya yaha hogA ki vaha pAvA nagara madhyadeza meM sthita thaa| jJAtavya hai ki pAli tripiTaka aura buddhakAlIna bhUgola meM madhyadeza kI sImAe~ isa prakAra thIMmadhyadeza ke pUrva meM videha, pazcima meM kauzala, uttara meM zAkya/mauriya (nepAla kA tarAI kSetra) tathA dakSiNa meM kAzI deza sthita the| isakA artha hai ki majjhimApAvA madhyadeza meM sthita thI, jabaki vartamAna meM mAnya rAjagRha kI samIpavartI pAvA magadhadeza meM sthita hai| ataH, majjhimA vizeSaNa se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANasthala ke rUpa meM mAnya pAvA usa kAla ke madhyadeza arthAt malloM ke gaNataMtra meM sthita thii| isa AdhAra para kuzInagara se lagabhaga 20 kilomITara dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita phAjilanagara saThiyA~va yA usamAnapura vIrabhArI ke samIpavartI kSetra ke pAvA hone kI sambhAvanA adhika samIcIna lagatI hai, kyoMki usakI puSTi bauddha sAhityika sAkSyoM se hotI hai| ___madhyadeza meM sthita isa 'pAvA' kI pahacAna karane meM bhI kaThinAI yaha hai ki isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM abhI mataikya nahIM ho pAyA hai| khetAnajI Adi kucha vidvAna vartamAna par3araunA ke siddhavA ko pAvA mAnate haiM, to kAralAila prabhRti kucha vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara 'saThiyA~va' ko 'pAvA' mAnA hai| zrI omaprakAzalAla zrIvAstava ne 'zramaNa' janavarI-jUna 2000 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM eka nayA mata prastuta karate hue, usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI vIrabhArI nAmaka TIle ko pAvA batAyA hai, ataH cAhe rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA ko mahAvIra nirvANa sthala nahIM bhI mAnA jAye aura madhyadeza sthita malloM kI 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnA jAye, to bhI usa sthAna kA samyak nirNaya karanA abhI zeSa hai| __madhyadeza sthita malloM kI rAjadhAnI 'pAvA' kI pahacAna kA sabase mahattvapUrNa sAhityika sAkSya yaha hai ki vaha bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa sthala kuzInagara se 3 gavyUti kI dUrI para sthita thA, kintu kuzInagara ko kendra mAnakara yadi tIna gavyUti vyAsa se vRtta khIMcA jAya, to usameM cAroM dizAoM ke aneka sthala AyeMge, ataH isa AdhAra para bhI samyak nirNaya para kaise pahu~ceM? isa hetu hameM buddha ke antima yAtrAmArga ke AdhAra para nirNaya |||| 2 . . .- - - - - - - |||

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lenA hogaa| apane jIvana kI saMdhyA meM buddha kisa mArga se kuzInagara se Aye the? sambhAvanAeM tIna ho sakatI haiM-rAjagRha vaizAlI mArga se, zrAvastI ke mArga se yA zAkya pradeza arthAt kapilavastu (nepAla kI tarAI) se| yadi ve zrAvastI se A rahe the, to 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke pazcima meM karanI hogii| yadi ve zAkya rAjya se A rahe the to pAvA kI khoja kuzInagara ke uttara meM karanA hogI, kintu yadi ve rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se A rahe the, to hameM 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanI hogii| pAlI sAhitya se jo sUcanAeM hameM prApta haiM, usa AdhAra para unakI yAtrA rAjagRha-vaizAlI kI ora se thI, ataH 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanA hogii| isa AdhAra para par3araunA ke siddhavA ko 'pAvA' mAnane kI saMbhAvanA nirasta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki par3araunA kuzInagara (vartamAna kasAyA) ke ThIka uttara meM hai| yadyapi bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi 'pAvA' nAmaka bhagavatIprasAda khetAna kI pustaka kI bhUmikA meM unake mata kA samarthana karate hue merA jhukAva bhI par3araunA ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM thA, kintu nimna tIna kAraNoM se aba mujhe apane dRSTikoNa meM parivartana karanA par3a rahA hai1. par3araunA ke 'pAvA' hone ke pakSa meM Aja taka koI bhI Thosa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM haiN| AdaraNIya bhagavatIprasAda khetAna dvArA diye gaye tarkoM aura sAkSyoM se yaha to siddha hotA hai ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA vAstavika pAvA nahIM hai, kintu par3araunA kA siddhavA sthAna hI pAvA hai, yaha pUrNatayA siddha nahIM hotaa| 2. dUsare, paDaraunA rAjagRha-vaizAlI-kuzInArA ke sIdhe yA sarala mArga para sthita nahIM hai, rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se paDaraunA hokara kuzInArA AnA eka cakkaradAra rAstA hai| bhagavAn buddha kI isa yAtrA kA lakSya kuzInArA thA, ataH uttara meM jAkara punaH dakSiNa meM Ane vAle mArga kA cayana ucita nahIM thaa| 3. jaina vyAkhyA sAhitya ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane kaivalyasthala se bAraha yojana calakara pAvA meM apane dharma tIrtha kI sthApanA kI thii| merI dRSTi meM vartamAna jamuI ke samIpavartI lachavAr3a mahAvIra kA janmasthala na hokara kaivalyajJAna-sthala hai| vahA~ se sIdhe mArga se pAvA kI dUrI lagabhaga 190 kilomITara se adhika nahIM honI caahie| paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane para yaha dUrI lagabhaga 250 ki.mI. se adhika ho jAtI hai, ataH paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ haiN|

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kuzInagara se dakSiNa pUrva meM pAvA ko mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI aba hamAre sAmane do vikalpa haiM? prathama, phAjilanagara saThiyaoNva aura dUsarA usamAnapura viirbhaarii| yadyapi kArlAila Adi vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara saThiyAMva ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM apanA mata diyA thaa| usake pariNAmasvarUpa gorakhapura, devariyA Adi ke kucha digambara jainoM ne aura kucha prabuddha varga ne use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnakara mandira, dharmazAlA Adi bhI banavAye haiM, kintu zrI omaprakAzalAla kA kahanA hai ki vahA~ se jo mRNamudrA milI hai, usase vaha sthala zreSThigrAma siddha hotA hai, pAvA nhiiN| punaH, vaha sthala bhI kuzInArA se 18-20 mIla pUrva meM hI hai, dakSiNa pUrva meM nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane kA pakSa adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai| isa sambandha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa sAkSya vahA~ se 'pa(1)vAnArA' ke ullekha yukta mRNamudrA kA prApta honA hai| jisa prakAra prApta mRNamudrAoM ke AdhAra para una-una grAma yA nagaroM kI pahacAna pUrva meM itihAsakAroM ke dvArA kI gaI, usI prakAra isa mudrA ke AdhAra para ise 'pAvA' svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH, mahAvIra ke kaivalyasthala se isa sthala kI dUrI bhI sarala sIdhe mArga se 12-13 yojana ke lagabhaga siddha hotI hai| jJAtavya hai ki yojana kI lambAI ko lekara bhI vibhinna mata haiN| yaha dUrI eka yojana mAtra 9.09 yA lagabhaga 15 kilomITara mAnakara nizcita kI gaI hai| ___ maiMne isa pAvA kI avasthiti ko usamAnapura ke samIpa aura kaivalyasthala lachavAr3a ko jamuI ke samIpa mAnakara nakze ke skela ke AdhAra para dUrI nikAlI thI, jo lagabhaga 190 kilomITara AtI hai, ataH usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane para Agamika vyAkhyAoM kI 12 yojana kI dUrI kA bhI kucha samAdhAna mila jAtA hai| phira bhI, jaba taka phAjilanagara ke DIha aura vIrabhArI ke TIloM kI khudAI na ho aura sabala purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha na hoM, isa sambandha meM antima nirNaya denA samucita nahIM hogA, tathApi pAvA kI pahacAna ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna vikalpa haiM, unameM mujhe usamAnapura vIrabhArI kA pakSa sabase adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai aura vartamAna meM rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA mAnanA sandehAspada lagatA hai|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi : eka punarvicAra sAmAnyatayA, jaina lekhakoM ne apanI kAla gaNanA ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake yaha mAnA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt zaka rAjA huaa| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM bhI mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU.527 mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika jaina lekhakoM meM digambara paramparA ke paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke muni zrI kalyANavijayajI Adi ne bhI vIranirvANa I.pU.527 varSa mAnA hai| lagabhaga 7 vIM zatI se kucha apavAdoM ke sAtha isa tithi ko mAnyatA prApta hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama 'titthogAlI' nAmaka prakIrNaka meM aura digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama 'tiloyapaNNatti meM spaSTarUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 505 varSa evaM 5 mAha ke pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| ye donoM grantha IsA kI 6-7 vIM zatI meM nirmita hue haiN| isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla ko zaka samvat se samIkRta karake unake antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA ho--yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 6-7 vIM zatI se hI mahAvIra nirvANa zaka pUrva 605 meM huA thAyaha eka sAmAnya avadhAraNA rahI hai| isake pUrva kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI aura nandIsUtra kI vAcaka vaMzAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA kA ullekha to hai, kintu inameM AcAryoM ke kAlakrama kI koI carcA nahIM hai, ataH inake AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha to ullekha milatA hai ki aba vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa vAcanAntara se 993 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiN| isase itanA hI phalita 434RARA

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hotA hai ki vIra nirvANa ke 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt devardiddhakSapaNazramaNa ne prastuta grantha kI yaha antima vAcanA prastuta kii| isI prakAra sthAnAMga', bhagavatI sUtra aura Avazyakaniyukti meM nihnavoM ke ullekhoM ke sAtha ve mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla aura nirvANa se kitane samaya pazcAt hue haiM-yaha nirdeza prApta hotA hai| ye hI kucha aise sUtra haiM, jinakI bAhya sunizcita samaya vAle sAkSyoM se tulanA karake hI hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para vicAra kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke prazna ko lekara prArambha se mata-vaibhinya rahe haiN| digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya tiloyapaNNatti meM yadyapi yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAsa pazcAt zaka nRpa huA, kintu usameM isa saMbaMdhI nimna cAra matAntaroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 1. vIra jinendra ke mukti prApta hone ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 2. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 9785 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 3. vIra bhagavAna ke mukti prApta hone ke 14793 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 4. vIra jina ke mukti prApta karane ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| isake atirikta, SaTkhaNDAgama kI 'dhavalA' TIkA meM bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane varSoM ke pazcAt zaka (zAlivAhana zaka) nRpa huA, isa sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai|" 1. vIra nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pshcaat| 2. vIra nirvANa ke 14793 varSa pshcaat| 3. vIra nirvANa ke 7995 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pshcaat| zvetAmbara paramparA meM AgamoM kI devarddhi kI antimavAcanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane samaya pazcAt huI, isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA do matoM kA ullekha milatA hai-prathama mata use vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA mata use 993 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM candragupta maurya ke rAjyArohaNakAla ko lekara bhI do mAnyatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| prathama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIra nirvANa samvat 215 meM

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rAjyAsIna hue| jabaki dUsarI hemacandra kI mAnyatA anusAra ve vIra nirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna hue| hemacandra dvArA prastuta yaha dUsarI mAnyatA mahAvIra ke U.pU.527 meM nirvANa prApta karane kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai| isa vivecana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcInakAla meM bhI vivAda thaa| cU~ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcIna Antarika sAkSya sabala nahIM the, ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA, pariNAmasvarUpa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM aneka naye mata bhI prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke mata isa prakAra haiM -- 1. haramana jakobI, I.pU.477 inhoMne hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva ke usa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA hai ki candragupta maurya vIra nirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna huA aura isI AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi nizcita kii| 2. je.zArapenTiyara," I.pU.467 inhoMne bhI hemacandra ko AdhAra banAyA hai aura candragupta maurya ke 155 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 3. paM.e.zAntirAja zAstrI, I.pU.663. inhoMne zaka samvat ko vikrama samvat mAnA hai aura vikrama saM. ke 605 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 4. pro.kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla" inhoMne apane lekha 'AiDenTIphikezana oNpha kalkI' meM mAtra do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA hai| 5. esa.vhI.vaikaTezvara I.pU.437 inakI mAnyatA ananda vikrama saMvat para AdhArita hai| yaha vikrama saMvat ke 90 varSa bAda pracalita huA thaa|

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6. paM.jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, inhoMne aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para I.pU.528 paramparAgata mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyaa| 7. muni zrI kalyANavijaya, inhoMne bhI paramparAgata mAnyatA kI puSTi karate hue usakI asaMgati ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 8. pro.pI.eca.ela.jhagaramoMTa,23 inake tarka kA AdhAra jaina paramparA meM tiSyagupta kI saMghabheda kI ghaTanA kA jo mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM unake kaivalya ke 16veM varSa meM ghaTita huI, bauddha saMgha meM tiSyarakSitA dvArA bodhivRkSa ko sukhAne tathA saMghabheda kI ghaTanA se jo azoka ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI samIkRta kara lenA hai| 9. vI.e.smitha, I.pU.527 inhoMne sAmAnyatayA pracalita avadhAraNA ko mAnya kara liyA hai| 10.pro.ke.Ara.nAramana, lagabhaga I.pU.400 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu jaina sAhityika srotoM ke sAtha-sAtha hameM anuzrutiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para bhI vicAra karanA hogaa| pUrvokta mAnyatAoM meM kaunasI mAnyatA prAmANika hai, isakA nizcaya karane ke lie hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA anusaraNa kareMge aura yathAsambhava sAkSyoM ko prAthamikatA deNge| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika vyaktiyoM meM bhagavAna buddha, bimbasAra, zreNika aura ajAtazatru kUNika ke nAma suparicita haiN| jaina srotoM kI apekSA inake sambandha meM bauddha srota hameM adhika jAnakArI pradAna karate haiN| jaina srotoM ke adhyayana se bhI inakI samakAlikatA para koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya buddha ke jIvana vRttAnta ke sambandha meM prAyaH mauna hai, kintu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra aura buddha kI samakAlika upasthiti ke aneka sandarbha haiN| yahA~ hama unameM se kevala do prasaMgoM kI carcA kreNge| prathama prasaMga meM dIrghanikAya kA vaha ullekha AtA hai, jisameM ajAtazatru

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apane samaya ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM se milatA hai| isa prasaMga meM ajAtazatru kA mahAmAtya nirgrantha jJAtRputra ke sambandha meM kahatA hai--'he deva! ye nirgantha jJAtRputra saMgha aura gaNa ke svAmI haiM, gaNa ke AcArya haiM, jJAnI, yazasvI, tIrthaMkara haiM, bahuta se logoM ke zraddhAspada aura sajjana mAnya haiN| ye cirapravrajita evaM arthagatavaya (adhedd')haiN|' tAtparya yaha hai ki ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya mahAvIra lagabhaga 50 varSa ke rahe hoMge, kyoMki unakA nirvANa ajAtazatru koNika ke rAjya ke 22 veM varSa meM mAnA jAtA hai| unakI sarva Ayu 72 varSa meM se 22 varSa kama karane para usa samaya ve 50 varSa ke the-yaha siddha ho jAtA hai|" jahA~ taka buddha kA prazna hai, ve ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 8 veM varSa meM nirvANa ko prApta hue, aisI bauddha lekhakoM kI mAnyatA hai| isa AdhAra para do tathya phalita hote haiM-prathama, mahAvIra jaba 50 varSa ke the, taba buddha (80-8) 72 varSa ke the, arthAt buddha, mahAvIra se umra meM 22 varSa bar3e the| dUsare yaha ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke (22-8=14) 14 varSa pazcAt huA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki 'dIghanikAya' ke isa prasaMga meM jahA~ nirgantha jJAtRputra Adi chahoM tIrthaMkaroM ko ardhavayagata kahA gayA hai, vahA~ gautama buddha kI vaya ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai| kintu, uparyukta tathya ke viparIta 'dIghanikAya' meM yaha sUcanA bhI milatI hai ki mahAvIra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirvANa ko prApta ho gae the| 'dIghanikAya' ke ve ullekha nimnAnusAra haiM aisA maiMne sunA-eka samaya bhagavAn zAkya (deza) meM vedhanjA nAmaka zAkyoM ke Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the| usa samaya nigaNTha nAtaputta(tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) kI pAvA meM hAla hI meM mRtyu huI thii| unake marane para nigaNThoM meM phUTa ho gaI thI, do pakSa ho gae the, lar3AI cala rahI thI, kalaha ho rahA thaa| ve loga eka-dUsare ko vacana-rUpI bANoM se bedhate hue vivAda karate the--'tuma isa dharmavinaya (dharma) ko nahIM jAnate, maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tuma bhalA isa dharmavinaya ko kyA jAnoge? tuma mithyA pratipanna ho (tumhArA samajhanA galata hai), maiM samyak pratipanna huuN| merA kahanA sArthaka hai aura tumhArA kahanA nirrthk| jo (bAta) pahale kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pIche kahI aura jo pIche kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pahale kii| tumhArA vAda binA vicAra kA ulTA hai| tumane vAda ropA, tuma nigraha-sthAna meM A ||||

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gye| isa AkSepa se bacane ke lie yatna karo, yadi zakti hai, to ise suljhaao| mAnoM nigaNThoM meM yuddha (badha ) ho rahA thaa| ' nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zveta-vastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta (ThIka se na kahe gaye), duSpravedita (ThIka se na sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye), anairyANika ( pAra na lagAne vAle), an -upazama- saMvartanika (na - zAntigAmI), asamyak saMbuddha-pravedita (kisI buddha dvArA na sAkSAt kiyA gayA), pratiSThA (nIMva ) rahita bhinna- stUpa, Azrayarahita dharma meM anyamanaska ho khinna aura virakta ho rahe the / * 30 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ko adher3avaya kA kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora buddha ke jIvanakAla meM unake svargavAsa kI sUcanA bhI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki donoM bAteM eka sAtha satya siddha nahIM ho sktiiN| muni kalyANavijayajI Adi ne buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bhrAnta batAyA hai, unhoMne mahAvIra ke kAlakavalita hone kI ghaTanA ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara, unakI mRtyu kA pravAda mAnA hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki unake nirvANa ke lagabhaga 16 varSa pUrva unakI mRtyu kA pravAda phaila gayA thA, jise sunakara aneka jaina zramaNa bhI azrupAta karane lage the| cU~ki isa pravAda ke sAtha mahAvIra ke pUrva ziSya maMkhalIgozAla aura mahAvIra evaM unake anya zramaNa ziSyoM ke bIca hue kaTu - vivAda kI ghaTanA jur3I huI thI, ataH dIghanikAya kA prastuta prasaMga ina donoM ghaTanAoM kA eka mizrita rUpa hai, ataH buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke dIghanikAya ke ullekha ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara gozAlaka ke dvArA vivAda ke pazcAt pheMkI gaI tejolezyA se utpanna dAha jvarajanya tIvra bImArI ke phalasvarUpa phaile unakI mRtyu ke pravAda kA ullekha mAnanA hogaa| 31 cU~ki buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatru kuNika ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa " meM huA, ataH mahAvIra kA 22 veM varSa 2 meM huA hogA, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke 14 varSa bAda huA, isaliye buddha kI nirvANa kI tithi kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko prabhAvita avazya kregaa| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA jainasrotoM evaM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNa kareMge aura phira yaha dekheMge ki isa AdhAra para buddha kI nirvANa tithi kyA hogI ?

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mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra kI mahApadmananda evaM candragupta maurya se, AcArya suhasti kI samprati se, Arya maMkSu (maMgU), Arya nandila, Arya nAgahasti, AryavRddha evaM Arya kRSNa kI abhilekhoM meM ullekhita unake kAla se tathA Arya devarddhikSamAzramaNa kI vallabhI ke rAjA dhruvasena se samakAlInatA kisI prakAra bAdhita nahIM ho| itihAsavid sAmAnyatayA isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki candragupta kA rAjyasattAkAla I.pU. 297 se I.pU. 321 taka rahA hai| ataH vahI sattAkAla bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kA bhI honA caahiye| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki candragupta ne nandoM se sattA hastagata kI thI aura antima nanda ke maMtrI zakaDAla kA putra sthUlIbhadra thA, ataH sthUlIbhadra ko candragupta maurya kA kaniSTha samasAmayika aura bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA variSTha samasAmayika honA caahiye| cAhe yaha kathana pUrNataH vizvasanIya mAnA jAye yA nahIM ki candragupta maurya ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kI thI, phira bhI jaina anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke samasAmAyika the| sthUlIbhadra ke vairAgya kA mukhya kAraNa usake pitA ke prati nandavaMza ke antima zAsaka mahApadmananda kA durvyavahAra aura unakI ghRNita hatyA mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH; sthUlIbhadra bhadrabAhu se nahIM, apitu sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita hue the| pATalIputra kI prathama vAcanA ke samaya vAcanA pramukha bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra na hokara sambhUtivijaya rahe haiM, kyoMki usa vAcanA meM hI sthUlIbhadra ko bhadrabAhu se pUrva-granthoM kA adhyayana karAne kA nizcaya kiyA gayA thA, ataH prathama vAcanA nanda zAsana ke hI antima caraNa meM kabhI huI hai| isa prathama vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat mAnA jAtA hai| yadi hama eka bAra donoM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko satya mAnakara yaha mAneM ki AcArya bhadrabAhu vIranirvANa saM.156 se 170 taka AcArya rahe aura candragupta maurya vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna huA, to donoM kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| isa mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 45 varSa pUrva hI bhadrabAhu svargavAsI ho cuke the| isa AdhAra para sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke laghu-sama-sAmayika bhI nahIM raha jAte haiN| ataH, hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki candraguta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt hI rAjyAsIna huaa| himavanta sthavirAvalI evaM AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva " meM bhI yahI tithi mAnI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kI candragupta maurya se samasAmayikatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| lagabhaga sabhI paTTAvaliyA~ bhadrabAhu ke AcAryatvakAla

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kA samaya vIranirvANa 156-170 mAnatI haiN| digambara paramparA meM bhI tIna kevalI aura pA~ca zrutakevali kA kula samaya 162 varSa mAnA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevali the, ataH digambara paramparAnusAra bhI unakA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM.162 mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha ho jAtI hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI samasAmayikatA siddha karane hetu sambhUtivijaya kA AcAryatvakAla 8 varSa ke sthAna para 60 varSa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra, unhoMne eka ora mahAvIra kA nirvANa samaya I.pU.527 mAnakara bhI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama sAmayikatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA, kintu isa sandarbha meM ATha kA sATha mAna lenA unakI apanI kalpanA hai, isakA prAmANika AdhAra upalabdha nahIM hai| sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ vIranirvANa saM.170 meM hI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa mAnatI haiN| punaH titthogAlI meM bhI yahI nirdiSTa hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 170 meM caudaha pUrvo ke jJAna kA viccheda (kSaya) prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu hI antima 14 pUrvadhara the, unake bAda koI bhI 14 pUrvadhara nahIM huA, ataH bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 162 hI siddha hotA hai aura isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nanda evaM candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai, jaba mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 410 tathA I.pU.467 mAnA jaaye| anya sabhI vikalpoM meM bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nandarAjA aura candragupta maurya se samakAlikatA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI hai| 'titthogAlI painnayaM' meM bhI sthUlIbhadra aura nandarAjA kI samakAlikatA varNita hai|" ataH, ina AdhAroM para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU.467 hI adhika yuktisaMgata lagatA hai| punaH, Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA kI samakAlInatA bhI jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai| itihAsakAroM ne samprati kA samaya I.pU.231-221 mAnA hai| jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya suhasti yuga pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saM.245291 taka rahA hai| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU.527 ko AdhAra banAkara gaNanA kareM, to yaha mAnanA hogA ki Arya suhasti I.pU.282 meM yuga pradhAna AcArya bane aura I.pU.236 meM svargavAsI ho ge| isa prakAra, vIranirvANa I.pU.527 meM mAnane para Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA meM kisI bhI rUpa meM samakAlInatA nahIM banatI hai, kintu yadi hama vIranirvANa

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I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM, to Arya suhasti AcAryakAla 467-245 I.pU. 222 se prArambha hotA hai| isase samakAlInatA to bana jAtI hai, yadyapi AcArya ke AcAryatvakAla meM samprati kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 1 varSa hI rahatA hai, kintu Arya suhasti kA samparka samprati se usake yauvarAjya kAla meM, jaba vaha avanti kA zAsaka thA, taba huA thA aura sambhava hai ki taba Arya suhasti saMgha ke yuga pradhAna AcArya na hokara bhI prabhAvazAlI muni rahe hoN| jJAtavya hai ki Arya suhasti sthUlIbhadra se dIkSita hue the| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra sthUlIbhadra kI dIkSA vIranirvANa saM. 146 meM huI thI aura svargavAsa vIranirvANa 215 meM huA thaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke 9 varSa pUrva antima nanda rAjA (nava nanda) ke rAjyakAla meM ve dIkSita ho cuke the| yadi paTTAvalI ke anusAra Arya suhasti kI sarva Ayu 100 varSa aura dIkSA Ayu 30 varSa mAneM, to ve vIranirvANa saM.221 arthAt I.pU.246 (vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para) meM dIkSita hue haiN| isase Arya suhasti kI samprati se koI samakAlikatA to siddha ho jAtI hai, kintu unheM sthUlIbhadra kA hasta-dIkSita mAnane meM 6 varSa kA antara AtA hai, kyoMki unake dIkSita hone ke 6 varSa pUrva hI vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM sthUlIbhadra kA svargavAsa ho cukA thA / sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki suhasti 30 varSa kI Ayu ke sthAna para 23-24 varSa meM hI dIkSita ho gaye hoM, phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki paTTAvaliyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para Arya suhasti aura samprati kI samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 para hI sambhava hai| usake pUrva I.pU.527 meM athavA usake pazcAt kI kisI bhI tithi ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa mAnane para yaha samakAlInatA sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra, bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kI mahApadmananda aura candragupta maurya se tathA Arya suhasti kI samprati se samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para siddha kI jA sakatI hai| anya sabhI vikalpoM meM inakI samakAlikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ataH, merI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU.467 mAnanA adhika yuktisaMgata hogaa| aba hama kucha abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa samaya para vicAra kareMge mathurA ke abhilekhoM " meM ullekhita pA~ca nAmoM meM se nandisUtra sthavirAvalI" ke Arya maMgu, Arya nandila aura Arya hasti (hasta hasti ) - ye tIna nAma tathA kalpasUtra

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sthavirAvalI ke Arya kRSNa aura Arya vRddha-ye do nAma milate haiN| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya maMgu kA yuga-pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saMvat 451 se 470 taka mAnA gayA hai|" vIra nirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU.16 se I.san 3 taka aura vIra nirvANa I.pU.527 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU.76 se I.pU.57 AtA hai| jabaki abhilekhIya AdhAra para inakA kAla zaka saM. 52 (huviSka varSa 52) arthAt I.san 130 AtA hai| arthAt inake paTTAvalI aura abhilekha ke kAla meM vIranirvANa I.pU.527 mAnane para lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara AtA hai aura vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para bhI lagabhaga 127 varSa kA antara to banA hI rahatA hai| aneka paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya maMgu kA ullekha bhI nahIM hai, ataH unake kAla ke sambandha meM paTTAvalIgata avadhAraNA prAmANika nahIM hai| punaH, Arya maMgu kA nAma mAtra jisa nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai aura yaha sthavirAvalI bhI guru-ziSya paramparA kI sUcaka nahIM hai| ataH bIca meM kucha nAma chUTane kI sambhAvanA hai jisakI puSTi svayaM muni kalyANavijayajI ne bhI kI hai| isa prakAra, Arya maMgu ke abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki isa AdhAra para I.pU.527 kI paramparAgata mAnyatA I.pU.467 kI vidvanmAnya mAnyatA-donoM hI satya siddha nahIM hotI haiN| abhilekha evaM paTTAvalI kA samIkaraNa karane para isase vIranirvANa I.pU.360 ke lagabhaga phalita hotA hai| isa anizcitatA ke kAraNa Arya maMgu ke kAla ko lekara vividha bhrAntiyoM kI upasthiti hai| ____ jahA~ taka Arya nandila kA prazna hai, hameM unake nAma kA ullekha bhI nandisUtra meM milatA hai| nandisUtra meM unakA ullekha Arya maMgu ke pazcAt aura Arya nAgahasti ke pUrva milatA hai| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM nandika (nandila) kA eka abhilekha zaka-samvat 32 kA hai| dUsare zaka saM.93 ke lekha meM nAma spaSTa nahIM hai, mAtra 'ndi' milA hai| Arya nandila kA ullekha prabandhakoza evaM kucha prAcIna paTAvaliyoM meM bhI hai, kintu kahIM para bhI unake samaya kA ullekha nahIM hone se isa abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai| aba hama nAgahasti kI ora jAte haiM--sAmAnyatayA sabhI paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM.584 meM mAnA gayA hai| Arya vajra ke pazcAt 13 varSa Arya rakSita, 20 varSa puSyamitra aura 3 varSa vajrasena yugapradhAna rahe arthAt vIranirvANa saM.620 meM

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vajrasena kA svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI vicArazreNI meM isake bAda Arya nirvANa 621 se 690 taka yugapradhAna rhe| yadi mathurA abhilekha ke hastahasti hI nAgahasti hoM, to mAghahasti ke guru ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha zaka saM.52 ke abhilekha meM milatA hai, arthAt ve I.san 132 ke pUrva hue haiN| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnate haiM, to unakA yuga pradhAna kAla I.san 154-223 AtA hai| abhilekha unake ziSya ko I.san 132 meM hone kI sUcanA detA hai, yadyapi yaha mAnakara santoSa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yuga pradhAna hone ke 22 varSa pUrva unhoMne kisI ko dIkSita kiyA hogaa| yadyapi inakI sarvAyu 100 varSa mAnane para taba unakI Ayu mAtra 11 varSa hogI aura aisI sthiti meM unake upadeza se kisI kA dIkSita honA aura usa dIkSita ziSya dvArA mUrti pratiSThA honA asambhava sA lagatA hai, kintu yadi hama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vIranirvANa ko zaka saMvat 605 pUrva yA I.pU.527 mAnate haiM, to paTTAvalIgata ullekhoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| isa AdhAra para unakA yugapradhAna kAla zaka saM.16 se zaka saM.85 ke bIca AtA hai aura aisI sthiti meM zaka saM.54 meM unake kisI ziSya ke upadeza se mUrti pratiSThA honA sambhava hai| yadyapi 69 varSa taka unakA yuga pradhAnakAla mAnanA sAmAnya buddhi se yuktisaMgata nahIM lagatA hai| ataH, nAgahasti sambandhI yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya paTTAvalI kI sUcanA ko satya mAnane para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU.527 mAnane ke pakSa meM jAtA hai| __punaH, mathurA ke eka abhilekhayukta aMkana meM AryakRSNa kA nAma sahita aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 95 kA hai| yadi hama AryakRSNa kA samIkaraNa kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM zivabhUti ke bAda ullikhita AryakRSNa se karate haiM, to paTTAvaliyoM evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke AdhAra para inakA sattA samaya vIranirvANa saM.609 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai| kyoMki inhIM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti ke vastra sambandhI vivAda ke pariNAmasvarUpa boTika nihnava kI utpatti huI thI aura isa vivAda kA kAla vIranirvANa saM. 609 sunizcita hai| vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para usa abhilekha kA kAla 609-467=142 I.AtA hai| yaha abhilekhayukta aMkana 95+78=173 I. kA hai| cU~ki aMkana meM AryakRSNa ko eka ArAdhya ke rUpa meM aMkita karavAyA gayA hai, yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki unakI hI ziSya paramparA ke kisI Arya ahaM dvArA I.san 173 meM yaha aMkana unake svargavAsa ke 20-25 varSa bAda hI huA hogaa| isa prakAra, yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya vIranirvANa saMvat I.pU.467 mAnane para hI anya sAhityika ullekhoM se saMgati rakha

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sakatA hai, anya kisI vikalpa se isakI saMgati baiThAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mathurA abhilekhoM meM eka nAma AryavRddhahasti kA bhI milatA hai| inake do abhilekha milate haiN| eka abhilekha zaka saM.60 (huviSka varSa 60) aura dUsarA zaka saM. 79 kA hai| IsvI san kI dRSTi se ye donoM abhilekha I.san 138 aura I.san 157 ke haiN| yadi ye vRddhahasti hI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke AryavRddha aura paTTAvaliyoM ke vRddhadeva hoM, to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vIra nirvANa 695 meM koraMTaka meM pratiSThA karavAI thii|" yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnate haiM, to yaha kAla 695-467=218 I.AtA hai, ataH vIranirvANa I.pU.527 mAnane para isa abhilekhIya sAkSya aura paTTAvalIgata mAnyatA kA samIkaraNa ThIka baiTha jAtA hai| paTTAvalI meM vRddha kA krama 25vA~ hai| pratyeka AcArya kA ausata sattAkAla 25 varSa mAnane para inakA samaya vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para bhI abhilekha se vIranirvANa 625 AyegA aura taba 625-467=158 I.saMgati baiTha jaayegii| antima sAkSya jisa para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha hai- mahArAja dhruvasena ke abhilekha aura unakA kaal| paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke pazcAt sarvaprathama kalpasUtra kI sabhA ke samakSa vAcanA Anandapura (bar3anagara) meM mahArAja dhruvasena ke putra maraNa ke duHkha ko kama karane ke lie kI gii| yaha kAla vIra nirvANa saM.980 yA 993 mAnA jAtA hai| dhruvasena ke aneka abhilekha upalabdha haiN| dhruvasena prathama kA kAla I.saM.525 se 550 taka mAnA jAtA hai| yadi yaha ghaTanA unake rAjyArohaNa ke dvitIya varSa I.san 526 kI ho, to mahAvIra kA nirvANa 993526=469 I.pU.siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra, ina pA~ca abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM tIna to aise avazya haiM, jinase mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU.467 siddha hotA hai, jabaki do aise haiM, jinase vIranirvANa I.pU.527 bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| eka abhilekha kI inase koI saMgati nahIM hai| ye asaMgatiyA~ isalie bhI haiM ki paTTAvaliyoM meM AcAryoM kA jo kAla diyA gayA hai, usakI prAmANikatA saMdigdha hai aura Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para isa asaMgati ko samApta kiyA jA ske| phira bhI, isa vivecanA meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki adhikAMza sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla ko I.pU.467 mAnane kI hI puSTi karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM buddha nirvANa I.pU.482, jise adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnya kiyA

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hai, mAnanA hogA aura tabhI yaha siddha hogA ki buddha ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 15 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa huaa| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **** saMdarbha (a) NivvANe vIra jiNe chavvAsasadesu paMcavArisesu / paNamAsesu gadesu saMjAdo sagaNio ahavA / / - liyoyapaNatti, 4 / 1499 (ba) paMca ya mAsA paMca ya vAsA chacceva haoNti vAsasayA / pariNivvasuassa'rihato so uNNaNo sago rAyA / / - titthogAlI painnai 623. paMDita jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 26-44, 45-46 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, prakAzaka vi. zAstra samiti, jAlaura (mAravAr3a) pR. 159. titthogAlI painnayaM (gAthA 623), paiNNayasuttAiM, saM. muni puSyavijaya, prakAzaka zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI 400036 tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499, saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina saMskRtirakSaka saMgha zolApura, lalpasUtra, 147, pR. 145, anuvAdaka mANikamuni, prakAzaka- sobhAgamala harakAvata, ajamera | ThANaM (sthAnAMga), aguMsuttANi bhAga 1, AcArya tulasI, jainavizvabhAratI, lADanU 7/141. bhagavaI 9/222-229 (aMgasuttANi bhAga- 2/ AcArya tulasI, jaina vizva bhAratI lADanU) bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| satte NiNahagA khula titthami u vaddhamANassa / / bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvattA''sADhAo saamuccheyaa''smittaao|| gagAo dokiriyA chalugA terAsiyANa uppattI / therAya goTThamAhila puTThamabaddhaM parUviMti / / sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullUgAtIraM / purimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca nagarAi / / coddasa solasa vAsA cauddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi sayA / aTThAvIsA yaduve paMceva sayA u coyAlA / / paMca sayA calasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoMti / NANupattIya duve uppaNNA Nivvue sesA / / Avazyaka niryukti 778-783 (niryuktisaMgraha - saM. vijayajinasena sUrIzvara harSapuSpAmRta, jainagranthamAlA, lAkhA bAkhala, saurASTra, 1989 )

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10. vIrajiNe siddhigade cusdigistttthivaasprimaanne| kAlammi adikte uppaNNe ettha skraao||4611 ahavA vIre siddhe sahassaNavakammi sgsybbhhie| paNasIdimmi yatIde paNamAse sakaNio jaade| 9785. mAsa 5. coddsshsssgsytennudiivaaskaalvicchede| vIresarasiddhIdo uppaNNe sagaNio ahvaa||1479311 NivvANe vIrajiNe chavvAsasadeSu pNcvrisesuN| paNamAsesu gadekheM saMjAdo sagaNio ahvaa||605 mA 511 - tiloyapaNNati 4/1496-1499 bhavaNidesu paMcamAsAhiyapaMcuttarachassadavAsANi hvNti| eso vIrajiNiMdaNivvANagadadivasAdo jAva sagakAlassa AdI hodi taavdiykaalo| kudo ? 605/5 edamhi kAle sagaNariMdakAlammi pakkhitte vddttmaannjinnnnivvudkaalaagmnnaado| vuttaM ca - paMca ya mAsA paMca ya trAsA chacceva hoMti vaassyaa| sagakAleNa ya sahiyA thAveyavvo tado raasii|| aNNe ke vi AiriyA codasasahassa-sattasada-tiNaudivAsesu jiNaNivvANadiNAdo aikkaMtesu sagaNariMduppatti bhaNaMti 147931 vRttaM ca - gutti-payattha-bhayAiM coddasarayaNAi smikNtaaii| pariNivvude jiNiMde to rajja sgnnriNdss|| aNNe ke vi AiriyA evaM bhnnNti| taMjahA - sattasahassa-Navasaya-paMcANaudivarisesupaMcadhamAsAhiesu baDDhamANajiNaNivvudadiNAdo aikkaMtesu sagaMNariMdarajjuppattI jAdo tti| ettha gAhA - sattasahassA Navasada paMcANaudI sapaMcamAsA yA aikaMtA vAsANaM jaiyA taiyA sguppttii|| edesu tisu ekkeNa hodvvN| Na tiNNamuvadesANa saccattaM, annnnonnnnvirohaado| tado jANiya vttvyN| -dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama khaNDa bhAga 4,1, pustaka 9, pR. 132-133. - 12. samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa jAva savvadukkhapahINassa nava vAsa sayAiM viikaMtAI dasamassa vAsasayassa ayaM asIime saMvacchare kAle gacchai, vAyaNaMtare puNa ayaM vAyaNaM tere puNa ayaM te Naue saMvacchare kAle gacchai iha diisi| - kalpasUtra (maNikamuni, ajamera) 147, pR. 145 13. pAlagaraNNo saTThI paNapaNNasayaM viyANaM nnNdaannN| maruyANaM aTThasayaM tIsA puNa pusmittaannN||

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COMP3 15. 6. - titthogAlI painnayaM (paiNNayasuttAI), 621 60 pAlaka+155 nandavaMza=215 bItane para mauryavaMza kA zAsana prArambha huaa| 14. evaM'ca zrI mahAvIra mulevarSazate, paMca paMcAzadadhike cndrgupto'bhvnnRpH| - pariziSTaparva, hemacandra, sarga, 8/339 (jaina dharma prasAraka saMsthA bhAvanagara) jJAtavya hai candragupta maurya ko vIra nirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna mAnakara hI, vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 meM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu use vIranirvANa 155 meM rAjyAsIna mAnane para vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnanA hogaa| Jacobi, V. Harman - Buddhas and Mahaviras Nirvana and die politische Entwiclund Magadhas Zu Jarier Zelt. 557. Charpentier Jarl - Uttradhyanasutra, Introducing P. 13-16. anekAnta, varSa 4, kiraNa 10, zAstrI e.zAntirAja- bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa samvat kI smaalocnaa| 9. Indian Antiguary, Vol. XLVI, 1917, July 1917, Page 151-152, Swati Publications, Delhi, 1985. 20. The journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1917, Vanteshvara, S.V. - The date of Vardhamana P. 122-130. mukhtAra jugalakizora- "jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza', zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, I. san 1956, pR. 26-56. muni kalyANavijaya- vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA prakAzaka ka. vi. zAstra samiti jAlaura, vi. saM. 1987. 23. Eggermont, P.H.L. - "The year of Mahavira's Decease". Smith, V.A. - The Jaina Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1969, P. 14. Norman K.R. - Observations on the Dates of the Jaina and the Buddh. aJjataro pikho rAjAmacco rAjAnaM mAgadhaM, ajAtasattuM vedehiputtaM etadavoca- "ayaM deva, nigaNTho nATaputto saGghI ceva gaNI ca gaNAcariya ca, JAto, yasassI, titthakaro, sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rattaJjU cirapabbajito, addhagato, vyoanupptto| - dIghanikAya sAmaJaphalasuttaM, 2/1/7 27. dekheM - muni kalyANa vijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 4-5. 28. dekheM - muni kalyANavijaya vIranirvANa aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 1 29. dekheM - dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphalasuttaM, 2/2/8. 30. evaM meM sutN| ekaM samayaM bhagavA sakkesu viharati vedhaJA nAma sakyA tesaM ambavane paasaade| tena kho

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pana samayena nigaNTho nATaputto pAvAyaM adhunAkAlaGkato hoti| tassa kAlaGkiriyAya bhinnA nigaNThA drodhikajAtA bhaNDanajAtA kalahajAtA vivAdApannA acamanaM mukhasattIhi vitudantA viharanti- "na tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAsi, ahaM imaM dhammavinayaM aajaanaami| kiM tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnissasi? micchApaTipanno tvamasi ahamasmi smmaapttipnno| sahitaM me, asahitaM te| purevacanIyaM pacchA avaca, pacchA-vacanIyaM pure avc| adhiciNNaM te vipraavttN| aropito te vaado| niggahito tvmsi| cara vaadppmokhkhaay| nibbeThehi vA sace pahosI'' ti| vadho yeva kho mace nigaNThesu nATaputtiyesu vttti| ye pi nigaNThassa nATaputtassa sAvakA gihI odAtavasanA te pi nigaNThesu nATaputtiyesu nimbinnarUpA virattarUpA paTivAnarUpA - yathA taM durakkhAte dhammavinaye duppavedite aniyyAnike anupasamasaMvattanike asammAsambuddhappavedite bhinnathUpe appttisrnne| - dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 6/1/1 31. dekheM __ dekheM - muni kalyANavijaya vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kaalgnnnaa| 33. (37) Majumdar, R.C. Ancient India, Published by Motilal Banarsidas, Banaras, 1952,P.108. (ba) DaoN. ramAzaMkara tripAThI - prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, motIlAla, banArasIdAsa, 1968, pR. 139 titthogAlI painnayaM, 78 (paiNNayA suttAI, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI) jJAtavya hai ki lagabhaga sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ isI kAla kA ullekha karatI haiN|dekheN - vividha gacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha (prathama bhAga) muni jinavijaya siMghI jainazAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI, 1961 jJAtavya hai ki himavat sthirAvalI kI mUlaprati usake gujarAtI anuvAda ke pazcAt upalabdha nahIM ho pA rahI hai| paM. hIrAlAla haMsarAja jAmanagara kA usakA gujarAtI anuvAda hI isakA eka mAtra AdhAra hai| isameM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt sATha varSa kuNika aura udAyI kA rAjyakAla dikhAkara usake pazcAt nandoM ke 94 varSa dikhAkara vIranirvANa 155 meM candragupta maurya kA rAjyorohaNa dikhAyA gayA hai| dekheM - vIranirvANa samvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA muni kalyANavijaya, pR. 178. 37. pariziSTa parva, hemacandra,8/339 38. dekheM - (a) paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha - muni kalyANavijayajI (ba) vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha- prathama bhAga sampAdaka-jinavijaya, siMghI jaina ___-zAstra zikSA pITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 39. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa, pustaka 40. (a) muni kalyANavijaya-paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha, ka.vi. zAstrasaMgraha samiti jAlaura, 1966, pR.52 munijI dvArA kiye gaye anya parivartanoM ke liye dekheM - pR. 49-50

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41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. (ba) muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 137. jJAtavya hai ki munijI ne mauryakAla ko 108 ke sthAna para 160 banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha itihAsa sammata nahIM hai| 58. 59. jJAtavya hai ki munijI dvArA eka aura sambhUti vijaya ke svarga ke kAla ko sATha varSa karanA aura dUsarI ora mauryoM ke itihAsa sammata 108 varSa ke kAla ko eka sau sATha varSa karanA kevala apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi kA prayAsa hai| titthogAlI painnayaM - paiNNA suttAiM / - saM. puNyavijayajI mahAvIra vidyAlaya, 793, 794. DaoN. rAmazaMkara tripAThI, prAcIna bhArata kA satihAsa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1968, pR. 139 jJAtavya hai '"inhoMne sampratikAla 216-207 I.pU. mAnA hai| (a) dekheM - jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 2, prakAzaka maNikacandra digambara granthamAlA, 1952, lekha kramAMka 41, 54, 55, 56, 59, 63 (ba) AryakRSNa (kaNha) ke liye dekheM - V. A. Smith The jain S. and other Antiquities of Mathura, P. 24. nandI sUtra sthavirAvalI 27, 28, 29. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAthA bhAga) gAthA 1 evaM 4 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 122, 3 - yugapradhAna pttttaavliyaaN| muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 121 50. dekheM - naMdIsUtra sthavirAvalI 27, 28 evaM 29 51. dekheM - jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga - 2, lekha kramAMka 41, 67. 52. muni kalyANa vijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 106. 53. V.A. Smith, the Jain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura P. 54. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAthA bhAga), gAthA 1 55. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 56. . jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 56, 59. 57. muni jinavijaya vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha, prathama bhAga, siMghI jainazAstra zikSA pITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, pR. 17 kalpasUtra (saM. mANikamuni, ajamera) 147. gujarAta no rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa grantha 3, vI. je. iMsTITyUTa ahamadAbAda - 9, pR. 40. dekheM jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, sa sitambara 1952, lekha kramAMka 54. --***-- 59

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6 yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra svAmI ke siddhAnta Aja sampUrNa vizva azAnta evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai| bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAna-rAzi aura vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAyI hai| jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA dene vAle sahastrAdhika mahAvidyAlayoM aura vizvavidyAlayoM ke hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura bhoga-lolupatA para viveka evaM saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA yaha aMbAra bhI usake mAnasa ko santuSTa nahIM kara sakA hai| AvAgamana ke sulabha sAdhanoM ne vizva kI dUrI ko kama kara diyA hai, kintu manuSya-manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUrI Aja jyAdA ho gaI hai| surakSA ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI usake mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAyI hai| Aja bhI manuSya utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita aura AkrAmaka hai, jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Aja vidhvaMsakArI zastroM ke nirmANa ke sAtha usakI yaha AkrAmaka vRtti adhika vinAzakArI bana gaI hai aura Aja zastra nirmANa kI isa aMdhI daur3a meM sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI antyeSTi kI sAmagrI hI mAno taiyAra kI jA rahI hai| Arthika sampannatA kI isa avasthA meM bhI manuSya utanA hI arthalolupa hai, jitanA ki vaha Adima yuga meM kabhI rahA hogaa| Aja manuSya kI isa artha lolupatA ne mAnava jAti ko zoSaka aura zoSita ke do aise vargoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai, jo eka dUsare ko pUrI taraha nigala jAne kI taiyArI kara rahe haiN| eka bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNA kI daur3a meM pAgala hai, to dUsarA peTa kI jvAlA ko 60

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RECENTRE zAnta karane ke lie vyagra aura vikssubdh| Aja vizva meM vaijJAnika takanIka aura Arthika samRddhi kI dRSTi se sabase adhika vikasita rASTra yUesae mAnasika tanAvoM evaM AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa sabase adhika parezAna hai| isa saMbaMdha meM usake A~kar3e cauMkAne vAle haiN| Aja manuSya kA sabase bar3A durbhAgya to yaha hai ki isa tathAkathita sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha usakI Adima yuga kI eka sahaja, sarala evaM svAbhAvika jIvana-zailI bhI usase china gaI hai| Aja jIvana ke hara kSetra meM kRtrimatA aura chamoM kA bolabAlA hai| usake bhItara usakA 'pazutva' kulAMce bhara rahA hai, kintu bAhara se vaha apane ko 'sabhya' dikhAnA cAhatA hai| andara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAe~ aura bAhara saccaritratA aura sadAzayatA kA chadama jIvana-yahI Aja ke mAnava-jIvana kI trAsadI hai, pIr3A hai| Asakti, bhogalipsA, bhaya, krodha, svArtha aura kapaTa kI damita mUla pravRttiyA~ aura unase janita doSoM ke kAraNa mAnavatA Aja bhI abhizapta hai| Aja vaha dohare saMgharSa se gujara rahI hai-eka Antarika aura dUsarA- baahy| Antarika saMgharSoM ke kAraNa Aja usakA mAnasa tanAvayukta hai-vikSubdha hai, to bAhya saMgharSoM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana azAnta, astvyst| Aja kA manuSya paramANu takanIka kI bArIkiyoM ko adhika jAnatA hai, kintu eka sArthaka sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana ke Avazyaka mUlyoM ke prati usakA upekSA bhAva hai| vaijJAnika pragati se samAja ke purAne mUlya Dhaha cuke haiM aura naye mUlyoM kA sRjana abhI ho nahIM pAyA hai| Aja hama mUlyariktatA kI sthiti meM jI rahe haiM aura mAnavatA naye mUlyoM kI prasava pIr3A se gujara rahI hai| Aja hama usa kagAra para khar3e haiM, jahA~ mAnava jAti kA sarvanAza hameM pukAra rahA hai| dekheM, isa duHkhada sthiti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAnta hamArA kisa taraha mArgadarzana kara sakate haiM? ___vartamAna mAnava jIvana kI samasyAe~ haiM- 1. mAnasika antadvaMdva, 2. sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa, 3. vaicArika saMgharSa evaM 4. Arthika sNghrss| aba hama ina cAroM samasyAoM para bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zikSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kara yaha dekheMge ki ve ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke kyA upAya hameM batAte haiM? 1. mAnasika antardvadra manuSya meM upasthita rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ aura unase utpanna krodha, mAna, mAyA aura

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lobha ke Avega hamArI mAnasika samatA ko bhaMga karate haiN| vizeSa rUpa se rAga aura dveSa kI vRtti ke kAraNa hamAre citta meM tanAva utpanna hote haiM aura isI mAnasika tanAva ke kAraNa hamArA bAhya vyavahAra bhI asaMtulita ho jAtA hai, isalie bhagavAn mahAvIra ne rAga-dveSa aura kaSAyoM arthAt ahaMkAra, lobha Adi kI vRttiyoM para vijaya ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| ve kahate the, ki jaba taka vyakti rAga-dveSa se Upara nahIM uTha jAtA hai, taba taka vaha mukti ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| vItarAgatA hI mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM jIvana kA sabase bar3A Adarza hai| isI kI upalabdhi ke lie unhoMne 'samabhAva kI sAdhanA' para bala diyaa| yadi mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati ko eka vAkya meM kahanA ho, to hama kaheMge ki vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA hai| unake vicAroM meM dharma kA ekamAtra lakSaNa 'samatA' hai| ve kahate haiM ki samatA hI dharma hai| jahA~ samatA hai, vahA~ dharma hai aura jahA~ viSamatAe~ haiM, vahIM adharma hai| AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA thA ki AryajanoM ne samatva kI sAdhanA ko hI dharma batAyA hai| samatva kI yaha sAdhanA tabhI pUrNa hotI hai, jabaki vyakti krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha jaise AvegoM para vijaya pAkara rAgadveSa kI vRtti se Upara uTha jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga meM mAnava jAti meM jo mAnasika tanAva dina-pratidina bar3ha rahe haiM, unakA kAraNa rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA manuSya para adhika hAvI ho jAnA hai| vastutaH, vyakti kI mamatA, Asakti aura tRSNA hI ina tanAvoM kI mUla jar3a hai aura mahAvIra inase Upara uThane kI bAta kahakara manuSya ko tanAvoM se mukta karane kA upAya sujhAte haiN| AcArAMga meM ve kahate haiM ki jitanA, jitanA mamatva hai, utanA-utanA duHkha aura jitanA-jitanA nirmamatva hai, utanA hI sukha hai| unake anusAra, sukha aura duHkha vastugata nahIM, Atmagata haiN| ve hamArI mAnasikatA para nirbhara karate haiN| yadi hamArA mana azAnta hai, to phira bAhara se sukha-suvidhA kA aMbAra bhI hameM sukhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| 2. sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa ____ sAmAjika aura jAtIya saMgharSoM ke mUla meM jo pramukha kAraNa rahe haiM- vaha yaha ki vyakti apane antas meM nihita mamatva va rAga-bhAva ke kAraNa mere parijana, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra-aise saMkucita vicAra vikasita kara apane 'sva' ko saMkucita kara letA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, apane aura parAye kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai, phalataH bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA Adi kA janma hotA hai| Aja manuSya-manuSya ke bIca sumadhura sambandhoM ke sthApita hone meM yahI vicAra sabase adhika bAdhaka hai| hama apanI rAgAtmakatA

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ke kAraNa apane 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA banAkara mAnava samAja ko choTe-choTe gheroM meM vibhAjita kara dete haiM, phalataH mere aura parAye kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai aura yahI Age calakara sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA kAraNa banatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sandeza thA ki sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hai (egA maNussajAI); use jAti, varNa athavA rASTra ke nAma para vibhAjita karanA, yaha mAnavatA ke prati sabase bar3A aparAdha hai| mahAvIra ke anusAra sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko eka aura pratyeka mAnava ko apane samAna banAkara hI hama apane dvArA banAye gae kSudra gheroM se Upara uTha sakate haiM aura tabhI mAnavatA kA kalyANa sambhava hogaa| ____ bhArata meM Aja jo jAtigata saMgharSa cala rahe haiM, usake pIche mUlataH jAtigata mamatva evaM ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA hI kArya kara rahI hai| mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki jAti yA kula kA ahaMkAra mAnavatA kA sabase bar3A zatru hai| kisI jAti yA kula meM janma lene mAtra se koI vyakti mahAn nahIM hotA hai, apitu vaha mahAn banatA hai-sadAcAra se| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jAti ke nAma para mAnava samAja ke vibhAjana ko aura brAhmaNa Adi kisI varga vizeSa kI zreSThatA ke dAve ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake dharma-saMgha meM harikezI jaise cANDAla, zakaDAla jaise kumbhakAra, arjuna jaise mAlI aura sudarzana jaise vaNik sabhI samAna sthAna pAte the| ve kahate the ki cANDAla kula meM janma lene vAle isa harikezI bala ko dekho, jisane apanI sAdhanA se mahAnatA arjita kI hai| ve kahate the, janma se koI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra, mahAvIra ne jAtigata AdhAra para mAnavatA ke vibhAjana ko evaM jAtIya ahaMkAra ko niMdanIya mAnakara sAmAjika samatA evaM mAnavatA ke kalyANa kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| 3. vaicArika saMgharSa __ Aja mAnava samAja meM vaicArika saMgharSa, rAjanItika pArTiyoM ke saMgharSa aura dhArmika saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para haiN| Aja dharma ke nAma para manuSya eka dUsare ke khUna kA pyAsA hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM isakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha hai ki hama apane hI dharma, sampradAya yA rAjanItika matavAda ko sarvazreSTha mAnate haiM aura dUsaroM ke mata yA mantavyoM kI AlocanA karate haiN| mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki dUsare dharma, sampradAya yA matavAda ko pUrNataH mithyA kahanA -yahI hamArI sabase bar3I bhUla hai| ve kahate haiM ki jo loga apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare ke matoM kI nindA karate haiM, ve satya ko hI vidrUpita karate haiN| mahAvIra

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kI dRSTi meM satya kA sUrya sarvatra prakAzita ho sakatA hai, ataH hameM yaha adhikAra nahIM ki hama dUsaroM ko mithyA kheN| dUsaroM ke vicAroM, matavAdoM yA siddhAntoM kA samAdara karanA mahAvIra ke cintana kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA rahI hai| ve kahate the ki dUsaroM ko mithyA kahanA-yahI sabase bar3A mithyAtva hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jisa anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI usakA mUla uddezya vibhinna dharmoM, sampradAyoM aura matavAdoM ke bIca samanvaya aura sadbhAva sthApita karanA hai| unake anusAra, hamArI AgrahapUrNa dRSTi hI hameM satya ko dekha pAne meM asamartha banA detI hai| mahAvIra kI zikSA Agraha kI nahIM, anAgraha kI hai| jaba taka durAgraha rUpI raMgIna cazmoM se hamArI cetanA AvRtta rahegI, hama satya ko nahIM dekha skeNge| ve kahate the ki satya, satya hotA hai, use mere aura parAye ke ghere meM bA~dhanA hI ucita nahIM hai| satya jahA~ bhI ho, usakA Adara karanA caahie| mahAvIra ke isa siddhAnta kA prabhAva paravartI jainAcAryoM para bhI par3A hai| AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya dharmAvalaMbI, yadi vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA; rAga, Asakti yA tRSNA ke ghere se uThegA, to avazya hI mukti ko prApta kregaa| apane hI dharmavAda se mukti mAnanA- yahI dhArmika sadbhAva meM sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| mahAvIra kA sabase bar3A avadAna hai ki unhoMne hameM Agraha mukta hokara satya dekhane kI dRSTi dI aura isa prakAra mAnavatA ko dharmoM, matavAdoM ke saMgharSoM se Upara uThanA sikhaayaa| 4. Arthika saMgharSa Aja vizva meM jaba kabhI yuddha aura saMgharSa ke bAdala maMDarAte haiM, to unake pIche kahIM na kahIM koI Arthika svArtha hote haiN| Aja kA yuga arthapradhAna yuga hai| manuSya meM nihita saMgraha-vRtti aura bhoga-bhAvanA apanI carama sImA para hai| vastutaH, hama apane svArthoM se Upara uThakara dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko jAnanA hI nahIM caahte| apanI saMgraha-vRtti ke kAraNa hama samAja meM eka kRtrima abhAva utpanna karate haiN| jaba eka ora saMgraha ke dvArA sampatti ke parvata khar3e hote haiM, to dUsarI ora svAbhAvika rUpa se khAiyA~ banatI haiM, phalataH samAja dhanI aura nirdhana, zoSaka aura zoSita- aise do vargoM meM ba~Ta jAtA hai aura kAlAntara meM inake bIca varga-saMgharSa prArambha hote haiN| isa prakAra, samAja vyavasthA chinna-bhinna ho jAtI hai| samAja meM jo bhI Arthika viSamatAe~ haiM, usake pIche mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM parigraha vRtti hI mukhya hai| yadi samAja se Arthika saMgharSa samApta karanA hai, to hameM manuSya kI saMgraha vRtti |||| - -60 - - - - |||

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aura bhogavRtti para aMkuza lAnA hogaa| mahAvIra ne isake lie aparigraha, parigraha - parimANa aura upabhoga - paribhoga parimANa ke vrata prastuta kiye| unhoMne batAyA ki muni ko sarvathA aparigrahI honA cAhiye, sAtha hI gRhastha ko bhI apanI sampatti kA parisImana karanA cAhie, usakI eka sImA rekhA banA lenI cAhiye / isI prakAra unhoMne varttamAna upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke virodha meM manuSya ko yaha samajhAyA thA ki vaha apanI AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM ko sImita kre| mahAvIra kahate the ki manuSya ko jIvana jIne kA adhikAra to hai, kintu dUsaroM ko sukha-suvidhAoM se vaMcita karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| unhoMne vyakti ko khAna-pAna Adi vRttiyoM para saMyama rakhane kA upadeza diyA thaa| yaha jAnakara sukhada Azcarya hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva apane gRhastha upAsakoM ko yaha nirdeza diyA thA ki ve apane khAna-pAna kI vastuoM kI sImA nizcita kara leN| jaina AgamoM meM isa bAta kA vistRta vivaraNa hai ki gRhastha ko apanI AvazyakatA kI kina-kina vastuoM kI mAtrA nirdhArita kara lenI caahie| abhI vistAra se carcA meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne manuSya kI saMcaya - vRtti para saMyama rakhane kA upadeza dekara mAnava jAti ke Arthika saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka mArga prazasta kiyA / vastutaH, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAroM meM anekAnta vyavahAra meM ahiMsA, Arthika jIvana meM aparigraha aura upabhoga meM saMyama ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM mAnavatA ke kalyANa kA jo mArga prastuta kiyA thA, vaha Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai, jitanA kI Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva thaa| Aja bhI ahiMsA, anekAnta, aura aparigraha kI yaha triveNI mAnava jAti ke kalmaSoM ko dho DAlane meM utanI hI upayogI haiM, jitanI mahAvIra ke yuga meM thii| Aja mAtra vaiyaktika stara para hI nahIM, sAmAjika stara para bhI ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA karanI hogI, tabhI hama eka samatAmUlaka samAja kI racanA kara mAnava jAti ko saMtrAsoM se mukti dilA sakeMge aura yahI mahAvIra ke prati hamArI saccI zraddhAMjali hogii| ***

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7 mahAvIra svAmI kA darzana, sAmAjika pariprekSya meM yadi hama nivarttaka jaina dhArA kI sAmAjika sArthakatA evaM prAsaMgikatA kI ora dRSTipAta karate haiM, to prathama dRSTi meM aisA lagatA hai ki isameM sAmAjika dRSTi kI upekSA kI gaI hai| sAmAnyatayA, yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki nivRtti pradhAna darzana vyakti-paraka aura pravRtti pradhAna darzana samAja-paraka hote haiN| pravarttaka dharma samAja-gAmI hai, isakA matalaba yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM rahakara (una) sAmAjika karttavyoM kA pAlana kare, jo aihika jIvana se sambandha rakhate haiM, jabaki nivarttaka dharma vyaktigAmI hai, (vaha) sAmAjika karttavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM kahatA hai| usake anusAra, vyakti ke lie mukhya karttavya eka hI hai, vaha yaha ki jisa taraha bhI ho Atma-sAkSAtkAra kare aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kare, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki bhAratIya cintana kI nivarttaka jainadhArA asAmAjika hai yA usameM sAmAjika sandarbha kA abhAva hai, nitAnta bhrama hogaa| usameM bhI sAmAjika bhAvanA se parAGmukhatA nahIM dikhAI detii| vaha itanA to avazya mAnatI hai ki cAhe vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho, kintu usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM hI honA caahie| mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki ve jJAna prApti ke pazcAt jIvanaparyanta lokamaMgala ke lie kArya karate rhe| yadyapi nivRttipradhAna jainadharma meM jo sAmAjika sandarbha upasthita haiM, ve thor3e bhinna prakAra ke avazya haiN| usameM mUlataH sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAmAjika sandarbha kI dRSTi se inameM samAja - racanA evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM ke pAlana kI apekSA samAja- jIna ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala 66

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diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke paMca mahAvratoM kA sambandha anivAryataH hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se hI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra nAmaka jaina Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| pA~coM mahAvrata sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke lie hI haiM, praznavyAkaraNa (1/1/21-22) / hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, saMgraha (parigraha)-ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI duSpravRttiyA~ haiN| ye saba dUsaroM ke prati hamAre vyavahAra se sambandhita haiN| hiMsA kA artha hai- kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai- kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai-kisI dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai- sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita karanA, isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai-samAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha yA sandarbha raha jAtA hai? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI jo maryAdAe~ jaina darzanoM meM dI haiM, ve hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi ke lie hI haiN| jaina sAdhanA paddhati ko maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura mAdhyastha kI bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para bhI usake sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya amitagati kahate haiM - satveSu maitrI guNISu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaa-prtvm| madhyastha-bhAvaM viparIta vRttau, sadAmamAtmA vidadhAtu dev||- sAmayika pATha he prabhu! hamAre manoM meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNA tathA duSTajanoM ke prati mAdhyastha bhAva vidyamAna rhe| isa prakAra, ina bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama se samAja ke vibhinna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM se hamAre sambandha kisa prakAra ke hoM, ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| samAja meM dUsare logoM ke sAtha hama kisa prakAra jIvana jiyeM, yaha hamArI sAmAjikatA ke lie ati Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma ne vyakti ko samAja-jIvana se jor3ane kA hI prayAsa kiyA hai| jainadharma kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka kI karuNA ke lie hotA hai (sameca loye kheyanne pvvhye)| AcArya samantabhadra likhate haiM, 'sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva'- he prabhu! ApakA anuzAsana sabhI duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa, sarvodaya karane vAlA hai| usameM prema aura karuNA kI aTUTa dhArA baha rahI hai| jaina AgamoM meM prastuta kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma evaM rASTradharma bhI usakI samAja-sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN|

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pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke saMbaMdha meM usakA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| vastutaH, jaina darzana ne AcAra zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| usane vyakti ko samAja kA kendra mAnA aura isalie usake caritra nirmANa para bala diyaa| vastutaH, mahAvIra ke yuga taka samAja - racanA kA kArya pUrA ho cukA thA, ataH unhoMne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika jIvana kI burAiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para bala diyaa| sambhavataH, jaina darzana ko jina AdhAroM para sAmAjika jIvana se kaTA huA mAnA jAtA hai, unameM pramukha haiM rAga yA Asakti kA prahANa, saMnyAsa yA nivRttimArga kI pradhAnatA tathA mokSa kA prtyy| ye hI aise tattva haiM, jo vyakti ko sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karate haiM, ataH ina pratyayoM kI sAmAjika dRSTi se samIkSA Avazyaka hai| sarvaprathama bhAratIya darzana Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA kI samApti para bala detA hai, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA Asakti yA rAga se Upara uThane kI bAta sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karatI hai| sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra pArasparika sambandha hai aura jaba sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga se mukti yA Asakti kI samApti tabhI sambhava hai, jabaki vyakti apane ko sAmAjika jIvana se yA pArivArika jIvana se alaga kara le, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai| na to sambandha tor3a dene mAtra se rAga samApta ho jAtA hai, na rAga ke abhAva mAtra se sambandha TUTa jAte haiN| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAga yA Asakti kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika sambandha bana hI nahIM pAte haiN| sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai| sAmAnyatayA, rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e hote haiM, to ina sambandhoM ke dvArA TakarAhaTa evaM viSamatA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM |111 upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke, yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni caiva / sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa / / AtmAnaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM 'zakyate / na zakyate / / -bodhicaryAvatAra-8/134-135

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saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya evaM tadjanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hote haiN| jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka ina duHkhoM kI samApti saMbhava nahIM hai, jaise agni kA parityAga kiye binA tadjanya dAha se bacanA asambhava hai| rAga hameM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3atA nahIM hai, apitu tor3atA hI hai| rAga ke kAraNa mamatva bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere sambandhI, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra-ye vicAra vikasita hote haiM aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM ye hI sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva haiN| ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiN| ye hI Aja kI viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| jaina darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikatA kI eka yathArtha dRSTi hI pradAna kI hai| prathama to yaha ki rAga kisI para hotA hai aura jo kisI para hotA hai, vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH rAga se Upara uThe binA yA Asakti ko chor3e binA sAmAjikatA kI saccI bhUmikA prApta nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAjika jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hI hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara sakeM, kintu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA 'mamatva', cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana, pArivArika jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detaa| svahita kI vRtti, cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue saccA sAmAjika jIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra parivAra yA jAti kA mamatva hamArI rASTrIya ekatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra rASTrIyatA kA mamatva hamArI vasudhaiva kuTumbakam kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti jaba taka rAga yA Asakti se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka sAmAjikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| cUMki samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, ataH vItarAga yA anAsakta dRSTi hI sAmAjika jIvana ke lie vAstavika AdhAra prastuta kara sakatI hai aura

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sampUrNa mAnava jAti meM sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai| jaina darzana meM rAga ke sAtha-sAtha mAna (ahaMkAra) ke pratyaya ke vigalana para bhI samAna rUpa se bala diyA gayA hai| ahaMkAra bhAva bhI hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM meM bAdhA hI utpanna karatA hai| zAsana karane kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiM aura inake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa utpanna hotI hai| yadi hama sAmAjika sambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM, to usake mUla meM hamArI Asakti, rAgAtmakatA yA ahaM hI pramukha haiN| Asakti, mamatva bhAva yA rAga ke kAraNa hI manuSya meM saMgraha, Aveza aura kapaTAcAra ke tattva janma lete haiN| saMgraha kI manAvRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra evaM vizvAsaghAta ke tattva vikasita hote haiN| isI prakAra, Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa krUra vyavahAra, saMgharSa, yuddha evaM hatyAe~ hotI haiN| isI taraha kapaTa kI manovRtti avizvAsa evaM amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra ko janma detI hai| ataH, yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki bhAratIya darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko samApta karane evaM sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA meM mahatvapUrNa sahayoga diyA hai| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa para khar3A hotA hai, jItA hai aura vikasita hotA hai; yaha bhAratIya cintana kA mahatvapUrNa niSkarSa hai| vastutaH, Asakti yA rAga tattva kI upasthiti meM saccA lokahita bhI phalita nahIM hotA hai| Asakti yA karmaphala kI apekSA ke sAtha kiyA gayA koI bhI lokahita kA kArya svArthaparatA se zUnya nahIM hotA hai| jisa prakAra zAsana kI ora se niyukta samAja-kalyANa adhikArI lokahita ko karate hue bhI sacce arthoM meM lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha jo kucha karatA hai, vaha kevala apane vetana ke lie karatA hai, isa prakAra Asakti yA rAga bhAvanA se yukta vyakti cAhe, bAhara se lokahita kA kartA dikhAI de, kintu vaha sacce artha meM lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai| ataH, jaina darzana ne Asakti se yA rAga se Upara uThakara lokahita karane ke lie eka yathArtha bhUmikA pradAna kI, sarAga lokahita yA phalAsakti se yukta lokahita chadma svArtha hI hai| ataH, bhAratIya darzana meM anAsakti evaM vItarAgatA ke pratyaya para jo kucha bala diyA hai, vaha sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA, jaina darzana ke saMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAja nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu kyA saMnyAsa kI dhAraNA samAja-nirapekSa hai? nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArika jIvana kA tyAga karatA hai, kintu isase kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai? saMnyAsa ke

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saMkalpa meM vaha samatA (sAmayika) ko svIkAra karatA hai aura mamatA kA parityAga karatA hai, kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, saMtAna, parivAra Adi ke prati mamatA kA parityAga samAja kA parityAga hai? vastutaH, samasta eSaNAoM kA tyAga svArtha kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai| saMnyAsI kA vaha saMkalpa use samAja-vimukha nahIM banAtA hai, apitu samAja-kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA para adhiSThita karatA hai, kyoMki saccA lokahita niHsvArthatA evaM vItarAgatA kI bhUmi para sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM mAnatA hai| bhagavAn buddha kA yaha Adeza- 'caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya, lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya deva manussAnaM (vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga), lokamaMgala ko saMnyAsI kA sarvopari kartavya batAtA hai|' ataH, hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana meM saMnyAsa kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha sAmAjikatA virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A huA vyakti hotA hai, jo Adarza samAja racanA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aba hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA para carcA karanA cAheMge___ mokSa pratyaya - rAga-dveSa sAmAjika jIvana ke lie bAdhaka hai| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA hArda hai, to mukti kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| mokSa eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai, apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambandhita hai| mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai, isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prApya hai| jo loga mokSa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve mokSa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM - dehasya mokSo na mokSo na daNDasya kmnnddloH| avidyA hRdaya granthi mokSo ytsttH|| -vivekacUDAmaNi, 559 . vastutaH, mukti kA artha hai- rAga-dveSa, tRSNA, kaSAya Adi vikAroM se mukti| maraNottara mokSa yA videha-mukti sAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie koI sAdhanA apekSita nahIM hai, sAdhya to hai- viitraagtaa| jisa prakAra mRtyu janma lene kA anivArya pariNAma hai, usI prakAra videha-mukti to jIvana-mukti yA vItarAgatA kA anivArya pariNAma hai, ataH jo prAptavya hai, jo puruSArtha hai aura jo sAdhya hai, vaha to vItarAgatA hI hai| jIvana mukti yA vItarAga dazA ke pratyakSa kI sAmAjika sArthakatA se hama inkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate,

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kyoMki jIvana mukta tIrthaMkara eka aisA vyaktitva hai, jo sadaiva loka kalyANa ke lie prastuta rahatA hai| jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkara, bauddha darzana meM aha~t evaM bodhisatva kI jo dhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para paha~ca sakate haiM ki mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha lokamaMgala aura mAnava kalyANa kA eka mahAn Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jana-jana kA duHkhoM se mukta honA hI mukti hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, bhAratIya cintana meM vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA bhI loka kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI bodhisatva kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva aura tIrthaMkara sadaiva hI dIna aura duHkhIjanoM ko duHkha se mukta karAne ke lie prayatnazIla rahate haiN| vastutaH, mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM vinobA bhAve ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiM-'jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akele hathiyAne kI vastu hai, vaha usake hAtha se nikala jAtA hai| 'maiM' ke Ate hI mokSa bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa- yaha vAkya hI galata hai| 'merA' miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai|' (AtmajJAna aura vijJAna, pRSTha 71) / isI prakAra, vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra se mukti hI hai, 'maiM' athavA 'ahaM' bhAva se mukta hone ke lie hameM apane Apa ko samaSTi meM, samAja meM lIna kara denA hotA hai| mukti vahI vyakti prApta kara sakatA hai, jo ki apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM, samAja meM vilIna kara de| isa prakAra, yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, galata hai| mokSa vastutaH duHkhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya jIvana ke adhikAMza duHkha mAnavIya saMvegoM ke kAraNa hI haiM, ataH mukti IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi saMvegoM se mukti hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika- donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| duHkha, ahaMkAra evaM mAnasika kleza se mukti rUpa meM mokSa kI upAdeyatA aura sArthakatA ko asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| anta meM, hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina darzana kI dRSTi pUrNatayA sAmAjika aura lokamaMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI hai| usakI ekamAtra maMgala kAmanA hai sarve sukhinaH sNtu| sarve saMtu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pshytu| mA kazcit duHkhmaapnuyaat||

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mahAvIrakA zrAvaka varga, taba aura aba :eka AtmavizleSaNa prastuta Alekha meM hamArA pratipAdya bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zrAvaka saMsthA kI vartamAna pariprekSya meM samIkSA karanA hai| jaina dharma nivRttiparaka dharma hai| saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA nivRttiparaka dharmoM kA hArda hai| isa AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA meM gRhastha kA vaha sthAna nahIM rahA, jo ki pravRtimArgI hindU paramparA meM use prApta thaa| pravRttimArgI paramparA meM gRhastha Azrama ko sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA thaa| yadyapi zramaNa paramparA meM saMnyAsa dharma kI pramukhatA rahI, kintu yaha samajha lenA bhrAMtipUrNa hogA ki usameM gRhastha dharma upekSita rhaa| ve zramaNa paramparAe~, jo saMghIya vyavasthA ko lekara vikasita huIM, unameM gRhastha yA upAsaka varga ko bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA meM jaina, bauddha Adi aisI paramparAe~ thIM, jinhoMne saMghIya sAdhanA ko mahattva diyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanI tIrthasthApanA meM zramaNa, zrAmaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikArUpa caturvidha tIrtha kI sthApanA kii| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ye cAroM hI dharmasaMgha ke pramukha stambha mAne jAte haiN| unhoMne apanI saMgha vyavasthA meM gRhastha upAsaka evaM upAsikAoM ko sthAna dekara, unake mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI varga aura gRhastha varga- donoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra karatI hai| unhoMne sUtrakRtAMga (2/2/39) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA thA ki aNuvrata ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA gRhastha dharma bhI Arya hai aura samasta duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA pUrNatayA samyak aura sAdhu hai|

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uttarAdhyayasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki cAhe sAmAnya rUpa se gRhasthoM kI apekSA zramaNa ko zreSTha mAnA jAe, kintu kucha gRhastha aise bhI hote haiM, jo zramaNoM kI apekSA saMyama ke paripAlana meM zreSTha hote haiN| mahAvIra ke zAsana meM mahattva veza kA nahIM hai, AdhyAtmika niSThA kA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmika jAgarUkatA, apramattatA, anAsakti aura nirAkulatA hai| jisakA citta nirAkula aura zAnta hai, jo apane kartavyapatha para pUrI ImAnadArI ke sAtha cala rahA hai, jisakI antarAtmA nirmala aura vizuddha hai, vaha mahAvIra ke mukti patha para calane kA adhikArI hai| __ bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane dharma-mArga meM sAdhanA evaM saMgha vyavasthA kI dRSTi se gRhastha ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA thaa| yadi madhyavartI yugoM ko dekheM, to bhI yaha bAta adhika satya pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki madhyayuga meM bhI jaina dharma aura saMskRti ko surakSita rakhane meM gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| unhoMne na kevala bhavya jinAlaya banavAye aura granthoM kI pratilipiyA~ karavAkara sAhitya kI surakSA kI, apitu apane tyAga se saMgha aura samAja kI sevA bhI kii| yadi hama vartamAna kAla meM jainadharma meM gRhastha varga ke sthAna aura mahattva ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra kareM, to Aja bhI aisA lagatA hai ki jainadharma ke saMrakSaNa aura vikAsa meM gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sampUrNa bhArata meM eka pratizata janasaMkhyA vAlA yaha samAja sevA aura prANI-sevA ke kSetra meM Aja bhI agraNI sthAna rakhatA hai| deza meM janatA ke dvArA saMcAlita janakalyANakArI saMsthAoM arthAt vidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya, cikitsAlaya, gauzAlAeM, pAMjarApola, alpamUlya kI bhojanazAlAoM Adi kI parigaNanA kareM, to yaha spaSTa hai ki deza meM lagabhaga 30 pratizata lokasevI saMsthAeM jaina samAja ke dvArA saMcAlita haiN| eka pratizata kI janasaMkhyA vAlA samAja yadi 30 pratizata kI bhAgIdArI detA hai, to usake mahattva ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| eka dRSTi se dekheM, to mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka jainadharma, jaina samAja aura jaina saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kA mahattvapUrNa dAyitva zrAvaka varga ne hI nibhAyA hai, cAhe use preraNA aura dizAbodha zramaNoM se prApta huA ho| isa prakAra, sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para mahAvIra ke yuga aura Aja ke yuga meM koI vizeSa antara pratIta nahIM hotaa| __kintu, jahA~ cAritrika niSThA ke sAtha sadAcArapUrvaka naitika AcAra kA prazna hai, Aja sthiti kucha badalI huI pratIta hotI hai| mahAvIra ke yuga meM gRhastha sAdhakoM ke dhanabala aura sattAbala kI apekSA cAritrabala ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne magadha samrATa zreNika ko puniyAM zrAvaka ke pAsa bhejakara dhanabala aura sattAbala para cAritrabala kI mahattA kA Adarza upasthita kiyA thaa| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM dhanabala aura sattAbala kI apekSA cAritrabala pradhAna hai| apane pradhAna ziSya aura 14,000 nigraMtha bhikSuoM |||| --- (70 - - - / / / /

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ke agraNI Arya indrabhUti gautama ko samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA meM rata Ananda zrAvaka ke pAsa kSamAyAcanA ke lie bhejakara mahAvIra ne jahAM eka ora gRhastha ke cAritrabala kI mahattA ko pratipAdita kiyA thA, vahIM zrAvaka ke jIvana kI garimA ko bhI sthApita kiyA thaa| varttamAna saMghIya vyavasthA meM gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna to svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu ina badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM cAritrabala kI apekSA gRhastha kA dhanabala aura sattAbala hI pramukha bana gayA hai| samAja meM na to Aja cAritravAn zrAvaka sAdhakoM aura na hI vidvat varga kA hI koI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Aja jainadharma kI sabhI zAkhAoM meM samAja para, (samAja para hI kyA kaheM) munivarga para bhI dhanabala aura sattAbala kA prAdhAnya hai| mahAvIra ke yuga meM aura madhyakAla meM bhI unhIM zrAvakoM kA samAja para varcasva thA, jo saMghIya hita ke lie tanamana-dhana se samarpita hote the, phira ve cAhe sampattizAlI hoM yA Arthika apekSA se nirdhana hI kyoM na hoN| Aja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki samAja ke zIrSa sthAnoM para ve hI loga baiThe hue haiM, jinakI cAritrika niSThA para aneka praznacihna lage hue haiN| - sAmAnyatayA, Aja yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki munijIvana kI sAdhanA gRhastha jIvana kI sAdhanA kI apekSA adhika duHsAdhya hai, kintu merA aisA mAnanA hai ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM zreSThatA kA AdhAra muniveza yA gRhastha veza nahIM hai| jaina dharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA hArda mamatva kA tyAga kara samatA yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai / vaha indriyoM kI viSaya-vAsanA kI mAMga para saMyama ke vijaya kI sAdhanA hai| saMnyAsa mArga kI sAdhanA kaThora hote hue bhI susAdhya hai, jabaki gRhastha dharma kI sAdhanA susAdhya pratIta hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai| citta vicalana ke jo avasara gRhastha jIvana meM rahe hue haiM, unakI apekSA muni jIvana meM ve atyanta alpa haiN| giri kaMdarAoM meM rahakara brahmacarya kA pAlana utanA kaThina nahIM hai jitanA nAriyoM ke madhya rahakara usakA pAlana karanA hai| kyA vijaya seTha aura seThAnI ke athavA kozA vaizyA ke ghara meM cAturmAsa meM sthita sthUlibhadra ke kaThora brahmacarya kI sAdhanA kI tulanA kisI anya muni ke brahmacarya kI sAdhanA se kI jA sakatI hai ? gRhastha dharma se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora jAne vAlA mArga phisalana bharA hai, usameM kadama-kadama para sajagatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAdhaka yadi eka kSaNa ke lie bhI vAsanAoM ke Avega meM bhaTakA, to usakA patana ho sakatA hai| vAsanAoM ke bavaMDara ke madhya rahate hue unase aprabhAvita rahanA sarala nahIM hai| gRhastha jIvana meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kAjala kI koTharI meM rahakara bhI cAritrarUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakhanA hai| mere yaha saba kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki maiM muni jIvana kI mahattA aura garimA ko nakAra rahA huuN| eka muni jina AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM ko chUtA hai, yadi koI gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI una U~cAiyoM ko chU le, to vaha adhika |||| 75

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mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| vaise to hara yuga ke andara isa prakAra ke gRhastha sAdhaka rahe haiM, jinhoMne apanI cAritrika sAdhanA ke uccatama Adarza upasthita kiye haiN| varttamAna yuga meM bhI aise kucha sAdhaka haiM, jinakA cAritrabala kisI apekSA se sAmAnya muniyoM se bhI zreSTha rahA hai, phira bhI yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke yuga kI apekSA Aja isa prakAra ke AtmaniSTha gRhastha sAdhakoM kI saMkhyA meM kamI AyI hai / yadi hama mahAvIra ke yuga kI bAta karate haiM, to vaha bahuta purAnI ho gaI / yadi nikaTabhUta arthAt unnIsavIM zatI kI bAta ko hI leM, to IsTa iNDiyA kampanI ke kAla ke jo samAjaAdhArita AparAdhika AMkar3e hameM upalabdha hote haiM, yadi unakA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe, to spaSTa lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM jainoM meM AparAdhika pravRtti kA pratizata lagabhaga zUnya thA / yadi hama Aja kI sthiti dekheM, to choTe-moTe aparAdhoM kI bAta eka ora rakha deM aura deza ke mahAaparAdhoM kI sUcI para dRSTi DAleM, to cAhe ghI meM carbI milAne kA kANDa ho, cAhe alakabIra ke katlakhAne meM tathAkathita jaina bhAgIdArI kA prazna ho, athavA bar3e-bar3e havAlA jaise Arthika ghoTAle hoM, hamArI sAkha kahIM na kahIM girI hai| eka zatAbdI pUrva taka sAmAnya janadhAraNA yaha thI ki AparAdhika pravRttiyoM kA jaina samAja se koI nAtA-riztA nahIM hai, lekina Aja kI sthiti yaha hai ki AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke saraganAoM meM jaina samAja ke logoM ke nAma Ane lage haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki varttamAna yuga meM hamArI ImAnadArI aura prAmANikatA para aneka prazna cihna laga cuke haiN| taba kI apekSA aba aNuvratoM ke pAlana kI AvazyakatA kahIM adhika hai| eka yuga thA, jaba zrAvaka se tAtparya thA - vratI zrAvaka / tIrthaMkaroM ke yuga meM jo hameM zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha saMkhyA zraddhAzIla zrAvakoM kI nahIM, balki vratI zrAvakoM kI hai, kintu Aja sthiti bilkula badalatI huI najara AtI hai| yadi Aja hama zrAvaka kA tAtparya ImAnadArI evaM niSThApUrvaka zrAvaka vratoM ke pAlana karane vAloM se leM, to hama pAyeMge ki unakI saMkhyA hamAre zramaNa aura zramaNI varga kI apekSA kama hI hogii| yadyapi yahA~ koI kaha sakatA hai ki vrata grahaNa karane vAloM ke A~kar3e to kahIM adhika haiM, kintu merA tAtparya mAtra vrata grahaNa karane se nahIM, kintu usakA paripAlana kitanI ImAnadArI aura niSThA se ho rahA hai, isa mukhya vastu se hai| mahAvIra ne gRhastha varga ko zramaNasaMgha ke praharI ke rUpa meM udghoSita kiyA thaa| use zramaNa ke mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA gayA thA / yadi hama sudUra atIta meM na jAkara kevala apane nikaTa atIta ko hI dekheM, to yaha spaSTa hai ki Aja gRhastha na kevala apane karttavyoM aura dAyitvoM ko bhUla baiThA hai, balki vaha apanI asmitA ko bhI kho baiThA hai| Aja yaha samajhA jAne lagA hai ki dharma aura saMskRti kA

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saMrakSaNa tathA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA, saba kucha zramaNa saMsthA kA kArya hai, gRhastha to mAtra upAsaka haiN| unake karttavyoM kI itizrI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko dAna dene athavA unake dvArA nirdezita saMsthA ko dAna dene taka sImita hai| Aja hameM isa bAta ko anubhUta karanA hogA ki jaina dharma kI saMgha vyavasthA meM hamArA kyA aura kitanA garimAmaya sthAna hai / caturvidha saMgha ke cAra pAyoM meM yadi eka bhI pAyA caramarAtA yA TUTatA hai, to dUsare kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sakatA hai| yadi zrAvaka apane dAyitva aura karttavya ko vismRta karatA hai, to saMgha ke. anya ghaTakoM kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| cAhe yaha bAta kahane meM kaThora ho, lekina yaha eka spaSTa satya hai ki Aja kA hamArA zramaNa aura zramaNI varga zithilAcAra meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA hai| yahA~ maiM kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI bAta nahIM kara rahA hU~ aura na merA yaha AkSepa una pUjya munivRMdoM ke prati hai, jo niSThApUrvaka apane cAritra kA pAlana karate haiM, yahA~ merA izArA eka sAmAnya sthiti se hai| anya vargoM kI apekSA jaina zramaNa saMsthA eka Adarza rUpa pratIta hotI hai, phira bhI yadi hama usake aMtasthala meM jhAMkakara dekhate haiM, to kahIM na kahIM hameM hamAre Adarza aura niSThA ko Thesa avazya lagatI hai| Aja jinheM hama Adarza aura vaMdanIya mAna rahe haiM, unake jIvana meM chala-chadma, durAgraha aura aham ke poSaNa kI pravRttiyA~ tathA vAsanA - jIvana ke prati lalaka ko dekhakara mana pIr3A se bhara uThatA hai, kintu unake isa patana kA uttaradAyI kauna hai ? kyA ve svayaM hI haiM ? vAstavikatA yaha hai ki unake isa patana kA uttaradAyitva hamAre zrAvaka varga para bhI hai, yA to hamane unheM isa patana ke mArga kI ora agrasara kiyA hai, yA kama se kama isameM sahayogI bane haiN| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM meM zithilAcAra, saMsthAoM ke nirmANa kI pratispardhA aura maThavAsI pravRttiyA~ Aja jisa tejI se bar3ha rahI haiM, vaha madhyakAlIna caityavAsI aura bhaTTAraka paramparA, jisakI hama AlocanA karate nahIM aghAte, unase bhI kahIM Age haiN| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM meM jo zithilAcAra bar3hA hai, vaha hamAre sahayoga se hI bar3hA hai| Aja zrAvaka, unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se sampanna zrAvaka, dharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhya ADambaroM meM adhika ruci le rahA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke sthAna para vaha pradarzanapriya ho rahA hai| dharma prabhAvanA kA nAma lekara Aja ke tathAkathita zrAvaka aura unake tathAkathita gurujana-donoM hI apane aham aura svArthoM ke poSaNa meM lage haiN| Aja dharma kI khoja antarAtmA meM nahIM, bhIr3a meM ho rahI hai| hama bhIr3a meM rahakara akele rahanA nahIM jAnate, apitu kahIM apane astitva aura asmitA ko bhI bhIr3a meM hI visarjita kara rahe haiN| Aja vahI sAdhu aura zrAvaka adhika pratiSThita hotA hai, jo bhIr3a ikaTThA kara sakatA hai| bAta kaThora hai, kintu satya hai| Aja majamA jamAne meM jo jitanA kuzala hotA hai, vaha utanA hI adhika

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- pratiSThita bhI hotA hai| ___ Aja sevA kI apekSA sevA kA pradarzana adhika mahattvapUrNa banatA jA rahA hai| maiM pazcima ke lAyansa aura roTarI klaboM kI bAta nahIM karatA, kintu Aja ke jaina samAja ke vikasita hone vAle sozala grupa kI bAta karanA cAhatA huuN| hama apane hRdaya para hAtha rakhakara pUche ki kyA vahA~ sevA ke sthAna para sevA kA pradarzana adhika nahIM ho rahA hai? mere isa AkSepa kA yaha Azaya nahIM ki sozala grupa jaisI saMsthAoM kA maiM Alocaka hU~, vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki yadi Aja samAja, saMskRti aura dharma ko bacAe rakhanA hai, to aisI saMsthAoM kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| maiM to yahA~ taka kahatA hU~ ki Aja eka maMdira, upAzraya yA sthAnaka kama bane aura usake sthAna para gA~va-gA~va meM jainoM ke sozala klaba khar3e hoM, kintu unameM kahIM hamAre dharma, darzana aura saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa honA cAhie, AcAra kI maryAdAoM kA pAlana honA caahie| Aja ke yuvA meM jaina saMskAroM ke bIjoM kA vapana ho aura ve vikasita hoM, isalie aise sAmAjika saMgaThana Avazyaka haiM, kintu yadi unameM pazcima kI aMdhI nakala se hamAre sAMskRtika mUlya aura sAMskRtika virAsata samApta hote haiM, to unakI upAdeyatA bhI samApta ho jaaegii| Aja ke yuga meM saMcAra ke sAdhanoM kI vRddhi huI hai aura yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki hameM ina saMcAra sAdhanoM kA upayoga bhI karanA cAhie, kintu inake upayoga se jIvana mUlyoM aura AdarzoM kA prasAraNa honA cAhie, na ki vaiyaktika aham kA possnn| Aja hamArI ruci una AdarzoM aura mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM utanI nahIM hotI, jitanI apane aham ke sampoSaNa ke lie apanA nAma va phoTo chapA huA dekhane meM hotI hai| isa yuga meM sAdhanApriya sAdhu aura zrAvaka to kahIM ojhala ho gae haiN| yadi unakA jIvana aura cAritrika mUlya Age Ae, to unase hamAre jIvana mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hogA, anyathA kevala pradarzana aura apane aham kI puSTi meM hamArI asmitA hI samApta ho jaaegii| Aja na kevala netAoM ke bar3e-bar3e horDiMgsa laga rahe haiM, apitu hamAre sAdhuoM ke bhI horDiMgsa laga gae haiN| saMcAra sAdhanoM kI suvidhAoM ke isa yuga meM mahattva mUlya aura AdarzoM ko diyA jAnA cAhie, na ki vyaktiyoM ko, kyoMki usake nimitta se Aja sAdhu samAja meM eka pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI janmI hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa saMgha aura samAja ke dhana kA kitanA apavyaya ho rahA hai, yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha dhana bhI sAdhuvarga ke pAsa se nahIM, gRhastha varga ke pAsa se hI AtA hai| Aja pUjA, pratiSThA, dIkSA, cAturmAsa, ArAdhanA aura upAsanA kI kharcIlI vyavasthAe~ banda honA caahie| ***

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mahAvIra ke darzana meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa ahiMsA kA artha vistAra evaM usake vividha AyAma vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM evaM dharmagraMthoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA pAI jAtI hai| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI isa sArvabhauma svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ahiMsA ke artha ko lekara una sabameM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca khIMcI gaI bheda rekhA sabhI meM alaga-alaga hai| kahIM pazuvadha ko hI nahIM, nara-bali ko bhI hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai, to kahIM vAnaspatika hiMsA arthAt per3a-paudhoM ko pIr3A denA bhI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai| cAhe ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA una sabameM samAna rUpa se upasthita ho, kintu ahiMsaka-cetanA kA vikAsa una sabameM samAna rUpa se nahIM huA hai| kyA mUsA ke Adeza kA vahI artha hai, jo mahAvIra kI 'savve sattA na haMtavvA' kI zikSA kA hai? yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsA ke arthavikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI kAlakrama meM na hokara mAnava-jAti kI sAmAjika cetanA, mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai| jo vyakti yA samAja jIvana ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA, usane ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko utanA hI adhika vyApaka artha pradAna kiyaa| ahiMsA ke artha kA yaha vistAra bhI tInoM rUpoM meM huA hai| eka ora ahiMsA ke artha ko vyApakatA dI gaI, dUsarI ora, ahiMsA kA vicAra adhika gahana hotA calA gyaa| eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya kI hatyA ke niSedha se prArambha

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SaTjIvanikAya kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane artha vistAra pAyA hai, to dUsarI ora prANI viyojana ke bAhyarUpa se dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda) ke AMtarika rUpa taka isane gaharAiyoM meM praveza kiyA hai| punaH, ahiMsA ne 'hiMsA mata karo' ke niSedhAtmaka artha se lekara dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA, sahayoga ke vidhAyaka artha taka bhI apanI yAtrA kI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kA arthavikAsa triAyAmI (thrI DAyameMzanala) hai, ataH jaba bhI hama ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko lekara koI carcA karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM usake sabhI pahaluoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| jainAgamoM ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA ke artha kI vyApti ko lekara koI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki ahiMsA kI isa avadhAraNA ne kahAM kitanA artha pAyA hai? yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra mUsA dhArmika jIvana ke lie jo dasa Adeza prasArita kie the, unameM eka hai- 'tuma hatyA mata karo', kintu isa Adeza kA artha yahUdI samAja ke lie vyaktigata svArtha ke lie apanI jAtIya bhAI kI hiMsA nahIM karane se adhika nahIM rhaa| dharma ke nAma para to hama svayaM pitA ko apane putra kI bali dete hue dekhate haiN| islAma ne cAhe allAha ko 'rahimAnurrahIma' (karuNAzIla) kahakara sambodhita kiyA ho aura cAhe yaha bhI mAna liyA ho ki sabhI jIvadhAriyoM ko jIvana utanA hI priya hai, jitanA tumheM apanA hai, kintu usameM allAha kI isa karuNA kA artha svadharmiyoM taka hI sImita rahA / itara manuSyoM ke prati islAma Aja taka saMvedanazIla nahIM bana sakA / punaH yahUdI aura islAma-donoM hI dharmoM meM dharma ke nAma para pazubali ko sAmAnya rUpa se Aja taka svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, ina dharmoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA svajAti aura svadharmI arthAt apanoM se adhika arthavistAra nahIM pA sakI hai| isa saMvedanazIlatA kA adhika vikAsa hameM IsAI dharma meM dikhAI detA hai| IsA, zatru ke prati bhI karuNAzIla hone kI bAta kahate haiN| ve ahiMsA, karuNA aura sevA ke kSetra meM apane aura parAe, svadharmI aura vidharmI, zatru * aura mitra ke bheda se Upara uTha jAte haiN| isa prakAra unakI karuNA sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati barasI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki madhyayuga meM IsAIyoM ne dharma ke nAma para khUna kI holI khelI ho, aura Izvara - putra ke AdezoM kI avahelanA kI ho, kintu aisA to hama sabhI karate haiN| dharma ke nAma para pazu bali kI svIkRti IsAI dharma meM bhI nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| isa 111

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prakAra, usameM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA adhika vyApaka banI hai| usakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM sevA tathA sahayoga ke mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se ahiMsA ko eka vidhAyaka dizA bhI pradAna kI gaI hai| phira bhI, sAmAnya jIvana meM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ke niSedha kI bAta vahAM nahIM uThAI gaI hai| ataH usakI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA mAnavatA taka hI sImita mAnI jA sakatI hai| vaha bhI samasta prANI jagat kI pIr3A ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM bana sakA / bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAMsu paripAtu vizvataH' athavA 'mitrAsyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe' (yajurveda 36.18) ke rUpa meM sarva prANiyoM ke prati mitrabhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho, kintu vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka cetanA mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga haiM, jinameM zatru varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAeM bhI kI gaI haiN| yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI, veda - vihita hiMsA ko hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra, unameM dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ko samarthana hI diyA gyaa| vedoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA arthavistAra utanA hI hai, jitanA ki yahUdI aura islAma dharma meN| ahiMsaka cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai- zramaNa paramparA meN| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| jIvanayApana arthAt AhAra, surakSA Adi ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka to hai hI, ataH una sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM, jo mUlataH nivRttiparaka yA saMnyAsamArgIya nahIM thIM, ahiMsA ko utanA arthavistAra prApta nahIM ho sakA, jitanA zramaNa dhArA yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA meM saMbhava thaa| yadyapi zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA hiMsAparaka yajJa yAgoM kI AlocanA aura mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika paramparA meM bhI eka ora vedoM ke pazu hiMsAparaka padoM kA artha ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne lagA, mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM rAjA vasu kA AkhyAna (adhyAya 337-338) isakA pramANa hai, to dUsarI ora dhArmika jIvana ke lie karmakANDa ko anupayukta mAnakara aupaniSadika dhArA ke rUpa meM jJAnamArga kA aura bhAgavata dharma ke rUpa meM bhaktimArga kA vikAsa huaa| isameM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra sampUrNa prANIjagat arthAt trasa cIjoM kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ko kaMdamUla evaM phala 81

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kA upabhoga karane kI svataMtratA hai, isa prakAra vahA~ vAnaspatika hiMsA kA vicAra upasthita nahIM hai, phira bhI yaha to satya hai ki ahiMsaka cetanA ko sarvAdhika vikasita karane kA zreya zramaNa paramparAoM ko hI hai| bhArata meM I.pU. chaThavIM zatAbdI kA jo bhI itivRtta hameM prApta hotA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne meM zramaNa sampradAyoM meM hor3a lagI huI thii| kama se kama hiMsA hI zrAmaNya jIvana kI zreSThatA kA pratimAna thaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM ArdrakakumAra kI vibhinna mata vAle zramaNoM se jo carcA hai usameM mUla prazna yahI hai ki kauna sabase adhika ahiMsaka hai (dekhie, sUtrakRtAMga 2/6) / trasa prANiyoM (pazu, pakSI, kITa, pataMga Adi) kI hiMsA to hiMsA thI hI,kintu vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne lgaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, manasA, vAcA, karmaNA aura kRta, kArita aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA nahIM, aura karane vAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM krnaa| bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke zramaNoM ne bhI isa navakoTika ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kara usake artha ko gahanatA aura vyApakatA pradAna kI, phira bhI bauddha paramparA meM SaTjIvanikAya kA vicAra upasthita nahIM thaa| bauddha bhikSu nadI-nAloM ke jala ko chAnakara upayoga karate the| dUsare, unake yahAM navakoTi ahiMsA kI yaha avadhAraNA bhI svayaM kI apekSA se thI, dUsarA hamAre nimitta kyA karatA hai-isakA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA, jabaki jaina paramparA meM zramaNa ke nimitta se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA bhI vicAra kiyA gyaa| nirgrantha paramparA kA kahanA thA ki kevala itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai ki hama manasA, vAcA, karmaNA hiMsA na kareM, na karAeM aura na use anumodana deM, apitu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko hamAre nimitta hiMsA karane kA avasara bhI nahIM deveM aura unake dvArA kI gaI hiMsA meM bhAgIdAra na bneN| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahAM buddha aura bauddha bhikSu nimaMtrita bhojana ko svIkAra karate the, vahAM nirgrantha paramparA meM auddezika AhAra bhI agrAhya mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki usameM naimettika hiMsA ke doSa kI sambhAvanA thii| yadyapi piTakagraMthoM meM bauddha bhikSu ke lie aisA bhojana niSiddha mAnA gayA hai, jisameM usake lie prANI hiMsA kI gaI ho aura vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA ho, yA usane aisA sunA ho, phira bhI yaha atizayokti nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ko jitanA vyApaka artha jaina paramparA meM diyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra anupalabdha hI hai|

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jaina paramparA meM ahiMsA kA artha-vistAra sambhavataH, vizva sAhitya meM upalabdha prAcInatama jaina graMtha AcArAMga hI aisA hai, jisameM ahiMsA ko sarvAdhika arthavistAra diyA gayA hai| usameM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa prANI ke rUpa meM SaTjIva nikAya kI hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| usake prathama adhyAya kA nAma hI zastra-parijJA hai, jo apane nAma ke anurUpa hI hiMsA ke kAraNa aura sAdhanoM kA viveka karAtA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka ke saMbaMdha meM SaTjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA AcArAMga kI apanI vizeSatA hai, jo ki paravartI sampUrNa jaina sAhitya meM svIkRta rahI hai| AcArAMga meM na kevala ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko artha vistAra diyA gayA hai, apitu use adhika gahana aura manovaijJAnika banAne kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA AcArAMga meM dharma kI do pramukha vyAkhyAeM upalabdha haiN| prathama vyAkhyA hai - somiyAe dhamme AriyehiM paveie (1/8/3), AryajanoM ne samatA (samabhAva) ko dharma kahA hai| dharma kI dUsarI vyAkhyA hai- savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA, na hNtvvaa| esa dhamme suddhe, niie, sAsae, samica loyaM kheyannehiM paveie (1/41), kisI bhI prANI, jIva aura sattva kI hiMsA nahIM karanA- yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara diyA gayA hai| vastutaH, dharma kI ye do vyAkhyAeM do bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita haiN| 'samabhAva' ke rUpa meM dharma kI paribhASA samAja nirapekSa vaiyaktika dharma kI paribhASA hai, kyoMki samabhAva saiddhAntika aura manovaijJAnika dRSTi se hamAre sva-svabhAva kA paricAyaka hai, jabaki ahiMsA eka vyAvahArika evaM samAja sApekSa dharma hai, kyoMki vaha loka kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke lie hai| ahiMsA samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI bAhya abhivyakti hai| samabhAva ahiMsA kA sAratattva hai aura ahiMsA kI AdhAra bhUmi hai| ahiMsA kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa ___ AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para bhI sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vahAM ahiMsA ko Arhat pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAe? sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI

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prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH, sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla haisavve pANA piAuyA suhasAyA duHkhapaDikUlA (1/2/3), ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai| yadyapi maikeMjI ne apane lekhana meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra 'bhaya' ko mAnA hai, kintu usakI yaha dhAraNA galata hai, kyoMki yadi bhaya ke siddhAnta ko ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAegA, to vyakti kevala sabala kI hiMsA se virata hogA, nirbala kI hiMsA se nhiiN| bhaya ko AdhAra mAnane para to jisase bhaya hogA, usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi banegI, jabaki AcArAMga to sabhI prANiyoM ke prati, yahAM taka ki vanaspati, jala aura pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka hone kI bAta kahatA hai, ataH AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu jijIviSA aura sUkhAkAMkSA ke manovaijJAnika satyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA gayA hai| punaH, ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha hI usameM ahiMsA ko tulyatA-bodha kA bauddhika AdhAra bhI diyA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki 'jo ajjhatthaM jANaI se bahiyA jANaI evaM tullamannasiM,(1/1/7), jo apanI pIr3A ko jAna pAtA hai, vahI tulyatA-bodha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| prANIya pIr3A kI tulyatA ke bodha ke AdhAra para hone vAlA AtmasaMvedana hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| sUtrakAra to ahiMsA ke isa siddhAnta ko adhika gaharAI taka adhiSThita karane ke prayAsa meM yahAM taka kaha detA hai ki jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, satAnA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai (AcArAMga -1/5/5) / ' Age vaha kahatA hai ki jo loka kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA apalApa karatA hai (aacaaraaNg-1/1/3)| ahiMsA ko adhika gahana manovaijJAnika AdhAra dene ke prayAsa meM vaha jaina darzana ke AtmA saMbaMdhI anekAtmavAda ke sthAna para ekAtmavAda kI bAta karatA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki vahAM vaha isa manovaijJAnika satya ko dekha rahA hai ki kevala AtmabhAva meM hiMsA asaMbhava ho sakatI hai| jaba taka dUsare ke prati 'para buddhi' hai, parAepana kA bhAva hai, taba taka hiMsA kI saMbhAvanAe~ upasthita haiN| vyakti ke lie hiMsA tabhI asaMbhava ho sakatI hai, jaba usameM prANI jagat ke prati apanatva, AtmIya dRSTi jAgrata ho| ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie jo manovaijJAnika bhUmikA apekSita thI, use prastuta karane meM sUtrakAra ne AtmA kI vaiyaktikatA kI dhAraNA kA bhI atikramaNa kara use abheda kI dhAraNA para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| hiMsA ke nirAkaraNa meM

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bhI sUtrakAra ne eka sthAna para jisa manovaijJAnika satya ko ujAgara kiyA hai, vaha satya yaha hai ki hiMsA se hiMsA kA aura ghRNA se ghRNA kA nirAkaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai-zastroM ke AdhAra para abhaya aura hiMsA ke AdhAra para zAMti kI sthApanA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki eka zastra kA pratikAra dUsare zastra ke dvArA sambhava hai, zAMti kI sthApanA to nirvairatA yA prema ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| azastra se bar3hakara anya kucha bhI nahIM hai (aacaaraaNg-1/3/4)| AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM zramaNa sAdhaka ke lie jisa jIvanacaryA kA vidhAna hai, use dekhakara hama sahaja hI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vahAM jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne kA eka prayatna avazya huA hai, kintu unameM ahiMsaka muni jIvana kA jo Adarza citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai, vaha ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pahalU ko hI prakaTa karatA hai| ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pahalU kI vahAM koI carcA nahIM hai| yadyapi AcArAMga meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki isa zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata ahiMsAdharma kA pravartana loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara hI kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI, tIrthaMkaroM kI yaha asIma karuNA vidhAyaka banakara baha rahI ho- aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA yaha Adarza niSedhAtmaka hI rahA hai| yadyapi yahAM yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM huA? isakA uttara yahI hai ki ahiMsA ko vidhAyaka rUpa dene kA koI bhI prayAsa hiMsA ke binA sambhava nahIM hogaa| jaba bhI hama jIvana rakSaNa (dayA), dAna, sevA aura sahayoga kI koI kriyA kareMge to nizcita hI vaha binA hiMsA ke saMbhava nahIM hogii| navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza kabhI bhI jIvana rakSaNa,dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke mUlyoM kA sahagAmI nahIM ho sktaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ke dUsare adhyAya ke pAMcaveM uddezaka meM muni ke lie cikitsA karane aura karavAne kA bhI niSedha kara diyA gyaa| satya to yaha hai ki jIvana rakSaNa aura pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kA paripAlana eka sAtha sambhava nahIM hai| punaH, sAmudAyika aura pArivArika jIvana meM to usakA paripAlana azakya hI hai| hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsaka jIvana jIne ke lie jisa Adarza kI kalpanA AcArAMga meM kI gaI thI, usase jaina paramparA ko bhI nIce utaranA par3A hai| AcArAMga ke dUsare zrutaskaMdha meM hI ahiMsaka muni jIvana meM kucha apavAda svIkAra kara lie haiM, jaise-naukAyana, girane kI sambhAvanA hone para

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latA-vRkSa Adi kA sahArA lekara utaranA aadi| isI prasaMga meM hiMsA-ahiMsA-viveka ke saMbaMdha meM alpa-bahutva kA vicAra sAmane aayaa| jaba hiMsA aparihArya hI bana gaI ho, to bahu-hiMsA kI apekSA alpa hiMsA ko cunanA hI ucita mAnA gyaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke Ardraka nAmaka adhyAya meM hasti tApasoM kI carcA hai| ye hastitApasa yaha mAnate the ki AhAra ke lie aneka vAnaspatika-ekendriya-jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kI apekSA eka mahAkAya hAthI ko mAra lenA alpa hiMsA hai aura isa prakAra ve apane ko adhika ahiMsaka siddha karate the| jaina paramparA ne ise anupayukta batAyA aura kahA ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM kitane prANiyoM kI hiMsA huI, yaha aura bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isI prazna ko lekara yaha kahA gayA ki sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA trasa jIva kI aura trasa jIvoM meM paMcendriya kI, paMcendriyoM meM manuSya kI aura manuSya meM RSi kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, jahAM trasa jIva kI hiMsA karane vAlA aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai, vahA~ RSi kI hiMsA karane vAlA anaMta jIvoM kI hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai| ataH, hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM saMkhyA kA prazna itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA ki prANI kI aiMdrika evaM AdhyAtmika kSamatA ke vikAsa kI baat| yaha mAnyatA ki sabhI AtmAeM samAna haiM, ataH, sabhI hiMsAeM samAna haiM, samucita nahIM hai| kucha paramparAoM ne sabhI prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko samAna stara kA mAnakara ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa kA jo niSedha kara diyA, vaha tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| usake pIche bhrAMti yaha hai ki hiMsA kA sambandha AtmA se jor3a diyA gayA hai| hiMsA AtmA kI nahIM, prANoM kI hotI hai, ataH jina prANiyoM kI prANasaMkhyA arthAt jaivika zakti adhika vikasita hai, unakI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai| punaH, hiMsA meM stara-bheda svIkAra karake hI ahiMsA ko vidhAyaka rUpa diyA jA sakatA hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM yaha prazna isalie bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa bana gayA hai ki isakA sIdhA saMbaMdha mAMsAhAra aura zAkAhAra ke prazna se jur3A huA thaa| yadi hama zAkAhAra kA samarthana karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM saMkhyA kA prazna mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| mahatvapUrNa hai-usakA aiMdrika aura AdhyAtmika vikaas| mAtra yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM alpa Arambha (alpa hiMsA) yukta gRhastha dharma ko bhI ekAMta-samyak kahakara hiMsA-ahiMsA ke prazna ko eka dUsarI hI dizA pradAna kI gii| ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha bAhara kI apekSA aMdara se jor3A jAne lgaa| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM bAhya ghaTanA kI apekSA sAdhaka kI manodazA ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAne lgaa| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke Adraka

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nAmaka adhyAya meM bauddha dharma kI isa dhAraNA kI AlocanA kI gaI hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna vyakti kI manodazA ke sAtha jur3A huA hai, na ki bAhya ghaTanA para / kintu hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke paravartI granthoM meM manodazA ko hI hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| jahAM dravya hiMsA (bAhya ghaTanA) aura bhAva hiMsA (manodazA) kA prazna sAmane AyA, vahAM yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki bhAva - hiMsA hI vAstavika hiMsA hai| bhagavatI (7/1/6-7), pravacanasAra (3/17), oghaniyukti (748- 758), nizIthacUrNi (92) Adi graMthoM meM eka svara se yaha bAta svIkAra kI gaI hai ki jo apramatta aura kaSAyarahita hai, usake dvArA bAhya rUpa se hone vAlI hiMsA vastutaH hiMsA nahIM hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA ki jisa hiMsA meM hiMsA karate hue jitanI manobhAvoM kI krUratA apekSita hai, vaha hiMsA utanI hI nikRSTa koTi kI hai| vanaspati kI hiMsA kI apekSA pazu kI hiMsA meM aura pazu kI hiMsA kI apekSA manuSya kI hiMsA meM adhika krUratA apekSita hai, ataH hiMsaka bhAvoM yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratA ke kAraNa manuSya kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hogii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hiMsA - ahiMsA kA viveka rakhate samaya bAhya ghaTanA para hI nahIM, varan karttA kI manovRtti para bhI vicAra karanA hotA hai| ahiMsA ke bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM yaha ThIka hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM bhAvAtmaka yA AMtarika pahalU mahatvapUrNa haiM, kintu bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM hai| vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika evaM AMtarika pakSa hI sarvAdhika mUlyavAn hotA hai, lekina jahAM sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna hai, vahAM hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pahalU ko jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyAvahArika jIvana aura sAmAjika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jisa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha to AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa hI hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana kI apekSA jaina vicAraNA ne isa bAhya pakSa para gahanatApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki kinhIM apavAdAtmaka avyavasthAoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA jo vicAra meM hai, jo AMtarika hai, vahI vyavahAra meM prakaTa hotA hai| aMtaraMga aura bAhya athavA vicAra aura AcAra ke saMbaMdha meM dvaita-dRSTi use svIkArya nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM aMtasa meM ahiMsakavRtti ke hote hue bAhya rUpa meM hiMsaka AcaraNa karanA eka prakAra kI bhrAMti hai, chalAvA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'yadi hRdaya |||

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pApamukta ho, to (hiMsAdi) kriyA karane para bhI nirvANa avazya milatA hai|' - yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi gItA kA yaha mantavya ho ki antasa meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bhI hiMsAtmaka kriyA kI jA sakatI hai, to jaina vicAraNA kA spaSTa rUpa se usake sAtha virodha hai| jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai ki aMtasa meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue hiMsA nahIM kI jA sakatI, yadyapi hiMsA ho sakatI hai| hiMsA kiyA jAnA sadaiva hI saMkalpAtmaka hogA aura AMtarika vizuddhi ke hote hue hiMsAtmaka karma kA saMkalpa saMbhava hI nahIM hai (sUtra - kRtAMgasUtra 2/6/35) / vastutaH, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM jaina dRSTi kA sAra yaha hai ki hiMsA cAhe bAhya ho yA AMtarika, vaha AcaraNa kA niyama nahIM ho sakatI hai| dUsare, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA mAtra katipaya apavAdAtmaka avasthAoM meM hI kSamya ho sakatI hai| hiMsA kA hetu mAnasika pravRttiyAM, kaSAya haiM- yaha mAnanA to ThIka hai, lekina yaha mAnanA ki mAnasika vRttiyoM yA kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM kI gaI dravya hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, yaha ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha ThIka hai ki saMkalpajanya hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai, lekina saMkalpa ke abhAva meM hone vAlI hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM hai yA usase karma Asrava nahIM hotA hai-yaha jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM hai| vyAvahArika jIvana meM hameM isako hiMsA mAnanA hogaa| pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI sambhAvanA kA prazna yadyapi antasa aura bAhya rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI upalabdhi jaina vicAraNA kA sAdhya hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM isa Adarza kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hai| ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai aura AdhyAtmika stara para hI isakI pUrNa upalabdhi saMbhava hai| bhautika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM hai| ahiMsaka jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM bhautika stara se Upara uThane para vikasita hotI haiN| vyakti jaise-jaise bhautikatA ke stara se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, ahiMsaka jIvana kI pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hatA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para, jaina vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie kucha stara nirdhArita kie gae haiN| hiMsA kA vaha rUpa, jise saMkalpajA hiMsA kahA jAtA hai, sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai|

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saMkalpajA hiMsA hamAre vaicArika yA mAnasika jagat para nirbhara hai| mAnasika saMkalpa ke kartA ke rUpa meM vyakti meM svataMtratA kI saMbhAvanAe~ sarvAdhika vikasita haiN| apane mAnasika jagat ke kSetra meM vyakti apekSAkRta adhika svataMtra hai| isa stara para pUrI taraha ahiMsA kA pAlana adhika sahaja evaM saMbhava hai| bAhya sthitiyA~ isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, lekina zAsita nahIM kara sktiiN| vyakti svayaM apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, ataH isa stara para ahiMsaka honA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| yaha na to jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie hai aura na jIvana nirvAha ke lie hai, ataH ise sabhI ke dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa virodhajA hai| yaha pratyAkramaNa yA surakSAtmaka hai| 'sva' evaM 'para' ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie ise karanA par3atA hai| isameM bAhya paristhitigata tattvoM kA prabhAva mukhya hotA hai| bAhya sthitiyA~ vyakti ko bAdhya karatI haiM ki vaha apane evaM apane sAthiyoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie pratyAkramaNa ke rUpa meM hiMsA kre| jo bhI vyakti zarIra evaM anya bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM, athavA jo bhI apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke adhikAroM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, isa virodhajA hiMsA ko chor3ane meM asamartha haiN| gRhastha upAsaka hiMsA ke isa rUpa ko pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha hote haiM, kyoMki ve zarIra evaM anya bhautika vastuoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiN| isI prakAra zAsaka varga, rAjanItika netA, jo mAnavIya adhikAroM, rASTrIya hitoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ise pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha haiN| Adhunika yuga meM gAMdhI eka aise vicAraka avazya haiM, jinhoMne virodha kA ahiMsaka tarIkA prastuta kiyA aura usameM saphalatA bhI prApta kI, kintu ahiMsaka ke rUpa meM virodha kara pAnA, usameM saphalatA prApta kara lenA, hara kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ahiMsaka rIti ke adhikAroM kA saMrakSaNa karane meM vahI vyakti saphala hotA hai, jise zarIra ke prati moha na ho, padArthoM meM Asakti na ho, jisake hRdaya meM vidveSa kA bhAva na ho| yahI nahIM, ahiMsaka rIti se adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa kI kalpanA eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava samAja meM hI sambhava ho sakatI hai| yadi virodhI pakSa mAnavIya stara para ho, taba to ahiMsaka virodha saphala ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi virodhI pakSa pAzavika stara para ho, to ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| punaH, mAnava meM mAnavIya guNoM kI saMbhAvanA kI AsthA hI ahiMsaka virodha kA kendrIya tattva hai| mAnavIya guNoM meM hamArI AsthA jitanI

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balazAlI hogI aura virodhI meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA adhika prakaTana hogA, ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| jahAM taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA kA prazna hai, eka gRhastha upAsaka usase baca nahIM sakatA, kyoMki jaba taka zarIra aura sampatti kA moha hai, AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI pUrti donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| isa stara para hiMsA ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA-ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai aura vyakti apane ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacA sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM gRhastha upAsaka ke lie udyoga, vyavasAya evaM jIvana rakSaNa ke lie bhI trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| lekina, jaba vyakti zarIra aura sampatti ke moha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, to vaha pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM aura Age bar3ha jAtA hai| jahAM taka zramaNa sAdhaka yA saMnyAsI kA prazna hai, vaha niSparigrahI hotA hai, use apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM hotA, ataH vaha sarvatobhAvena hiMsA ke virata hone kA vrata letA hai| zarIra dhAraNa mAtra ke lie kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara vaha saMkalpapUrvaka aura vivazatAvaza- donoM hI paristhitiyoM meM trasa aura sthAvara kI hiMsA se pUrNa virata ho jAtA hai| muni nathamalajI ke zabdoM meM-'koI bhI vyakti eka hI Daga meM coTI taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| vaha dhIme-dhIme Age bar3hatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kI pahuMca ke kucha stara nirdhArita kie haiN| ve vastusthiti para AdhArita haiN| unhoMne hiMsA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA- 1. saMkalpajA, 2. virodhajA, 3. aarmbhjaa| saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| vaha sabake lie sarvathA parihArya hai| virodhajA-hiMsA pratyAkramaNa hiMsA hai| use chor3ane meM vaha asamartha hotA hai, jo bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA astitva rakhanA cAhatA hai| ArambhajA hiMsA AjIvikAtmaka hiMsA hai| use chor3ane meM ve saba asamartha hote haiM, jo bhautika sAdhanoM ke arjana-saMrakSaNa dvArA apanA jIvana calAnA cAhate haiM (taTa do, pravAha eka, pRSTha 40) / ' prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara kI jAne vAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se baceM, phira dUsare stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvikopArjana ke nimitta hone vAlI trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se virata hoveM, tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka tarIke ko apanAkara pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se virata hoveN| isa prakAra, jIvana ke lie Avazyaka banI huI hiMsA se kramazaH uThate hue cauthe stara para zarIra

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aura parigraha kI Asakti kA parityAga kara sarvatobhAvena pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'eN| isa prakAra, pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza pUrNatayA avyavahArika nahIM rahatA / vyakti jaisejaise sampatti aura zarIra ke moha se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, ahiMsA kA Adarza usake lie vyavahArya banatA jAtA hai| pUrNa anAsakta jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA vyavahArya bana jAtI hai, yadyapi yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki zarIradhArI rahate hue pUrNa ahiMsA eka Adarza hI rahegI, vaha yathArtha nahIM bana paaegii| jaba zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA moha samApta hogA, tabhI vaha Adarza, yathArtha kI bhUmi para avatarita hogA, phira bhI eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI hogI, vaha yaha ki jaba taka zarIra hai aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti hai, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke lie hI kyoM na ho, yaha kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai ki vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko pUrNarUpeNa sAkAra kara ske| zarIra ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai, koI bhI AhAra binA hiMsA ke saMbhava nahIM hogaa| cAhe hamArA munivarga yaha kahatA bhI ho ki hama auddezika AhAra nahIM lete, kintu kyA unakI vihAra yAtrA meM sAtha calane vAlA pUrA lavAjimA, sevA meM rahane ke nAma para lagane vAle cauke auddezika nahIM ? jaba samAja meM rAtribhojana sAmAnya ho gayA ho, kyA saMdhyAkAlIna gocarI meM anauddezika AhAra mila pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai? kyA kazmIra se kanyAkumArI taka, mumbaI se kalakattA taka kI sArI yAtrAeM auddezika- AhAra ke abhAva meM nirvighna saMbhava ho sakatI haiM? kyA Arhat pravacana kI prabhAvanA ke lie maMdiroM kA nirmANa, pUjA aura pratiSThA ke samAroha, saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana, munijanoM ke svAgata aura vidAI samAroha tathA adhivezana, SaTnikAya kI navakoTiyukta ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sAtha koI saMgati rakha sakate haiM? hameM apanI aMtarAtmA se yaha saba pUchanA hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha virala saMta aura sAdhaka hoM, jo ina kasauTiyoM para khare utarate hoN| maiM unakI bAta nahIM kahatA, ve zatazaH vaMdanIya haiM, kintu sAmAnya sthiti kyA hai ? phira bhikSAcaryA, pAda vihAra, zarIra saMcAlana, dhAsocchvAsa- kisameM hiMsA nahIM hai? mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM kahA gayA hai- 'jala meM jIva hai, pRthvI para aura vRkSoM ke phaloM meM aneka jIva haiN| aisA koI manuSya nahIM, jo inheM nahIM mAratA ho / ' (15 / 25-26 ) punaH, kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM, anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke jhapakane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, ataH jIva hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| eka ora SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dUsarI ora pUrNa navakoTiyukta pUrNa ahiMsA kA aadrsh| jIvita rahakara ina donoM meM saMgati biThA pAnA azakya hai| ataH, jaina AcAryoM ko bhI yaha ||||

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kahanA par3A ki 'anekAneka jIva samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antas maM AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai' (oghaniyukti, 747), lekina isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki hama ahiMsA ko avyavahArya mAnakara tilAMjali de deveN| yadyapi eka zarIradhArI ke nAte yaha hamArI vivazatA hai ki hama dravya aura bhAva-donoM apekSAoM se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha nahIM karA sakate haiM, kintu usa dizA meM kramazaH Age bar3ha sakate haiM aura jIvana kI pUrNatA ke sAtha hI pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko bhI upalabdha kara sakate haiN| kama se kama hiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate hue sAdhaka ke lie jIvana kA aMtima kSaNa avazya hI aisA hai, jaba vaha pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM, to pAdapopagamana saMthArA evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna kI avasthAeM aisI haiM, jinameM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra ho jAtA hai| punaH, ahiMsA kI saMbhAvanA para hameM na kevala vaiyaktika dRSTi se hI vicAra karanA hai, apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA hai| cAhe yaha sambhava bhI ho, vyakti zarIra, sampatti, saMgha aura samAja se nirapekSa hokara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha ho sakatA ho, phira bhI aisI nirapekSatA kinhIM virala sAdhakoM ke lie hI sambhava hogI, sarvamAnya ke lie to sambhava nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai, ataH mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA sAmAjika jIvana pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza para khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA sambhava hai? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva maiM Apase samAja racanA ke svarUpa para kucha bAteM kahanA caahuuNgaa| eka to yaha ki ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM samAja kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai, AtmIyatA, prema aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para arthAt ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| hiMsA, lobha, ghRNA, vidveSa, AkrAmakatA kI vRttiyA~ jahA~ balavatI hoMgI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAvegI, samAja Dhaha jAvegA, ataH samAja aura ahiMsA sahagAmI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ahiMsA usake lie svAbhAvika hI hai| jaba bhI koI samAja khar3A hogA aura TikegA, to vaha ahiMsA kI bhitti para hI khar3A hogA aura TikegA, kintu eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai, vaha yaha ki samAja ke lie bhI apane astitva aura apane sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahAM astitva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hai, vahAM hiMsA aparihArya hai| hitoM

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meM TakarAva svAbhAvika hai| aneka bAra to eka kA hita dUsare ke ahita para, eka kA astitva dUsare ke vinAza para khar3A hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM samAja - jIvana meM bhI hiMsA aparihArya hogii| punaH, samAja kA hita aura sadasya - vyakti kA hita bhI paraspara virodha meM ho sakatA hai| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM ke saMgharSa kI sthiti ho, to bahujana hitArtha hiMsA aparihArya bhI ho sakatI hai| jaba samAja yA rASTra kA koI sadasya yA varga athavA dUsarA rASTra, hitoM ke lie hiMsA karane athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAve, to nizcaya hI ahiMsA kI duhAI dene se kAma na clegaa| jaba taka jaina AcAryoM dvArA udghoSita 'mAnava jAti eka hai' kI kalpanA sAkAra nahIM ho pAtI aura jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja ImAnadArI ke sAtha ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka ahiMsaka samAja kI bAta kapola-kalpanA hI kahI jaaegii| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi jainAgama jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karate haiM, usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI yA saMgha ke kisI sadasya kI surakSA yA nyAya kA prazna AyA, to hiMsA ko svIkAra karanA pdd'aa| gaNAdhipati ceTaka aura AcArya kAlaka ke udAharaNa isake pramANa haiN| yahI nahIM, nizIthacUrNi meM to yahAM taka svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki saMgha kI surakSA ke lie muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM pazu hiMsA to kyA, manuSya hiMsA bhI ucita mAna lI gaI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika pravRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai, yaha socanA vyartha hI hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke apavAdoM ko lekara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, use cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya karanA na cAhate hoM, kintu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI, jaba kisI muni saMgha ke sAmane kisI taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho, yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve ahiMsA kI duhAI dete hue mauna darzaka bane raheM? kyA unakA koI dAyitva nahIM hai ? yaha bAta cAhe hAsyAspada lagatI ho ki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka hai, kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM aneka bAra aisI paristhitiyA~ A sakatI haiM, jinameM ahiMsaka saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie hiMsakavRtti apanAnA pdd'e| yadi hiMsA meM AsthA rakhane vAlA koI samAja kisI ahiMsaka samAja ko pUrI taraha miTA dene ko tatpara ho jAve, to kyA usa ahiMsaka samAja ko apane astitva ke lie koI saMgharSa nahIM karanA cAhie ? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna taba taka nirA vaiyaktika prazna nahIM hai, jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara 93

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nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA kI jAne vAlI ahiMsA ke Adarza kI bAta koI artha nahIM rakhatI hai| saMrakSaNAtmaka aura surakSAtmaka hiMsA samAja - jIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| samAja - jIvana meM ise mAnya bhI karanA hI hogaa| isa prakAra, udyogavyavasAya aura kRSi kAryoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA bhI samAja jIvana meM banI hI rhegii| mAnavasamAja meM mAMsAhAra evaM tajjanya hiMsA ko samApta karane kI dizA meM socA jA sakatA hai, kintu usake lie kRSi ke kSetra meM evaM ahiMsaka AhAra kI pracura upalabdhi ke saMbaMdha meM vyApaka anusaMdhAna evaM takanIkI vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hogii| yadyapi hameM yaha samajha nA hogA ki jaba taka manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA ko pazujagat taka vikasita nahIM kiyA jAvegA aura mAnavIya AhAra ko sAtvika nahIM banAyA jAvegA, manuSya kI AparAdhika pravRttiyoM para pUrA niyaMtraNa nahIM hogaa| Adarza ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA hetu hameM samAja se AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko samApta karanA hogA aura AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke niyamana ke lie hameM mAnava jAti meM saMvedanazIlatA, saMyama evaM viveka ke tattvoM ko vikasita karanA hogaa| - hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA sImA kSetra hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke sImA kSetra ko samajhane ke lie hameM hiMsA ke tIna rUpoM ko samajha lenA hogA - 1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai, 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, 3. hiMsA ho jAtI hai| hiMsA kA vaha rUpa, jisameM hiMsA kI nahIM jAtI, varan ho jAtI hai, hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai| hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi hiMsA ho jAtI hai, to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI eka saMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI kriyA ke daurAna sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda anya koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, jaise- gRhastha upAsaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa prANI kI hiMsA kI jAnA, athavA kisI muni dvArA padayAtrA karate hue trasaprANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA, to unheM usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai, ataH aisI hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke nimna cAra stara mAne gae haiM- 1. saMkalpajA, 2. virodhajA, 3. udyogajA, 4 ArambhajA / inameM 111

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saMkalpajA hiMsA vaha hai, jo kI jAtI hai, jabaki virodhajA, udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA, hiMsA kI ve sthitiyA~ haiM, jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| phira bhI, cAhe hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, donoM hI avasthAoM meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata dabAva ke svataMtra rUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate haiM aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI, pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai, kyoMki AkrAmaNAtmaka hai| yaha arthadaNDa hai arthAt anAvazyaka hai| vaha yA to manoraMjana ke lie kI jAtI hai yA zAsana karane ke lie yA svAda ke lie| hiMsA kA yahI rUpa aisA hai, jo sabake dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hamAre jIvana jIne ke lie jarUrI nahIM hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa, jisameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, hiMsA to hai kintu ise chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha Avazyaka hai, arthadaNDa hai, jaisA ki hamane ahiMsA kI saMbhAvanA ke prasaMga meM dekhA thaa| ve sabhI gRhastha upAsaka, jo apane svatvoM kA rakSaNa karanA cAhate haiM, jo jIvana jIne ke lie udyoga aura vyavasAya meM lage hue haiM, jo samAja, saMskRti aura rASTra kI surakSA evaM vikAsa kA dAyitva lie hue haiM, isase nahIM baca skte| na kevala gRhastha upAsaka, apitu munijana bhI, jo kisI dharma, samAja evaM saMskRti ke rakSaNa, vikAsa evaM prasAra kA dAyitva apane Upara liye hue haiM, isa prakAra kI aparihArya hiMsA se nahIM baca sakate haiN| phira bhI, yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aisI hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jaavegaa| vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve, anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI, jaise-kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsAahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgrata rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdayazUnya nahIM banAnA hai, kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgrata banI rahI, to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpatama karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kareMge, sAtha hI vaha hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka banakara mAnava samAja meM sevA aura sahayoga kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| sAtha hI, jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI eka ko cunanA anivArya ho, to hameM alpa hiMsA ko cunanA hogA, kintu kaunasI hiMsA alpa hiMsA hogI? yaha nirNaya

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deza, kAla, paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara kregaa| yahAM hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai-1. prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura 2. usakI sAmAjika upyogitaa| sAmAnyataH, manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAn hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kaa| kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAna ho sakatA hai| saMbhavataH, hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rhaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cIMTiyoM ke prati saMvedanazIla bana sake, kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati ahiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| jaina-darzana meM ahiMsA kA sthAna ahiMsA jaina-darzana kA prANa hai| jaina-darzana meM ahiMsA vaha dhUrI hai, jisa para samagra jaina AcAra vidhi ghUmatI hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA bhagavatI hai| usakI viziSTatA kA varNana karate hue sUtrakAra kahate haiM-'bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tRSitoM ko jaise jala, bhUkhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko jaise auSadhi aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha AdhArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA cara evaM acara sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vahI mAtra eka aisA zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA jaina tIrthaMkara upadeza karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai-bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI aha~t yahI upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANiyoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI satvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie aura na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA samasta loka ke duHkha jAnakara arhatoM ke dvArA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai|' sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra, jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hai ki hiMsA na kareM, ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke prati saMyama meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra ne isako 'prathama sthAna' para kahA hai| bhaktaparijJA nAmaka graMtha meM kahA gayA hai ki ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai|'

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AcArya amRtacandra sUri ke anusAra to jaina AcAra vidhi kA sampUrNa kSetra ahiMsA se vyApta hai, usake bAhara usameM kucha hai hI nhiiN| sabhI naitika niyama aura maryAdAeM isake antargata haiN| AcAra ke niyamoM ke dUsare rUpa, jaise-asatya bhASaNa nahIM karanA, corI nahIM karanA Adi to janasAdhAraNa ko sulabha rUpa se samajhAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH, ve sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna pakSa haiN| deg jaina AcAra darzana meM ahiMsA vaha AdhAra vAkya hai, jisase AcAra ke sabhI niyama nirgamita hote haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki ahiMsA saba AzramoM kA hRdaya hai, saba zAstroM kA garbhasthala (utpatti sthAna) hai|' 6 bauddha AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsA kA sthAna bauddhadarzana ke dasa zIloM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna prathama hai| catuHzataka meM kahA gayA haitathAgata ne saMkSepa meM kevala 'ahiMsA' - ina akSaroM meM dharma kA varNana kiyA hai| dhammapada meM buddha ne hiMsA ko anArya karma kahA hai| ve kahate haiM, jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya nahIM hotaa| sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA hI Arya kahA jAtA hai| ' 9 buddha hiMsA evaM yuddha ke nItizAstra ke tIvra virodhI haiN| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki vijaya se vaira utpanna hotA hai, parAjita duHkhI hotA hai, jo jaya-parAjaya ko chor3a cukA hai, use hI sukha hai, use hI zAMti hai| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa kara dete haiM ki hiMsaka vyakti isI jagat meM nArakIya jIvana kA sRjana kara letA hai, jabaki ahiMsaka vyakti isI jagat meM svargIya jIvana kA sRjana kara letA hai| ve kahate haiM- 'bhikSuoM! tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara svarga meM DAla diyA gayA ho| kauna se tIna ? - 'svayaM prANI hiMsA se virata rahatA hai, dUsare ko prANI hiMsA kI ora nahIM ghasITatA aura prANI hiMsA kA samarthana nahIM karatA hai|" mahAyAna sampradAya meM karuNA aura maitrI kI bhAvanA kA jo carama utkarSa dekhA jAtA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM yahI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta rahA huA hai| hindU - darzana aura gItA meM ahiMsA kA sthAna gItA meM ahiMsA kA mahatva svIkRta karate hue use bhagavAn kA hI bhAva kahA gayA hai,

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use devI sampadA evaM sAtvika tapa batAyA hai|" mahAbhArata meM to jaina vicAraNA ke samAna hI ahiMsA meM sabhI dharmoM ko antarbhUta mAna liyA hai|" mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM bhI dharma ke upadeza kA uddezya prANiyoM ko hiMsA se virata karanA mAnA gayA hai| 'ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAkara hai'- ise spaSTa karate hue mahAbhArata ke lekhaka kA kathana hai- 'prANiyoM kI hiMsA na ho, isalie dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, ataH jo ahiMsA se yukta hai, vahI dharma hai|' 14 lekina, yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki gItA meM to bAra-bAra arjuna ko yuddha karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai aura usakA yuddha se vimukha honA nindanIya evaM kAyaratApUrNa mAnA gayA hai, phira gItA ko ahiMsA kI vicAraNA kA samarthaka kaise mAnA jAe? isa saMbaMdha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha kahU~, isake pahale hameM gItA ke vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi se hI isakA samAdhAna pA lene kA prayAsa karanA caahie| gItA ke Adya TIkAkAra AcArya zaMkara 'yuddhasva' (yuddhakara) zabda kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki yahAM yuddha kI karttavyatA kA vidhAna nahIM hai|" mAtra yahI nahIM, AcArya gItA ke 'Atmopamyena sarvatra' ke AdhAra para gItA meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiN|' jaise mujhe sukha priya hai, vaise hI sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha anukUla hai aura jaise duHkha mujhe apriya evaM pratikUla hai, vaise saba prANiyoM ko bhI duHkha apriya va pratikUla hai| isa prakAra, jo saba prANiyoM meM apane samAna hI sukha aura duHkha ko tulyabhAva se anukUla aura pratikUla dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI pratikUla AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha ahiMsaka hai| aisA ahiMsaka puruSa pUrNajJAna meM sthita hai, vaha saba yogiyoM meM parama utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai| " 16 17, mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai- 'gItA kI mukhya zikSA hiMsA nahIM, ahiMsA hai| hiMsA binA krodha, Asakti evaM ghRNA ke nahIM hotI aura gItA hameM satva, rajas aura tamas guNoM ke rUpa meM ghRNA, krodha Adi kI avasthAoM se Upara uThane ko kahatI hai, phira hiMsA kaise ho sakatI hai|"" DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kI pratipAdaka mAnate haiM, ve likhate haiM- 'kRSNa arjuna ko yuddha karane kA parAmarza dete haiM, to isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki ve yuddha kI vaidhatA kA samarthana kara rahe haiN| yuddha to eka aisA avasara A par3A hai, jisakA upayoga guru usa bhAvanA kI ora saMketa karane ke lie karatA hai, jisa bhAvanA ke sAtha saba kArya, jinameM yuddha bhI sammilita hai, kiye jAne caahie| yahA~ hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA prazna nahIM hai, apitu apane una mitroM ke viruddha hiMsA ke ||||

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prayoga kA prazna hai, jo aba zatru bana gae haiN| yuddha ke prati usakI hicaka AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA satva guNa kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu ajJAna aura vAsanA kI upaja hai| arjuna isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki vaha durbalatA aura mamatva ke vazIbhUta ho gayA hai| gItA hamAre sammukha jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha hiMsA kA nahIM, apitu ahiMsA kA hai| kRSNa arjuna ko Aveza yA durbhAvanA ke binA, rAga aura dveSa ke binA yuddha karane ko kahate haiM aura yadi hama apane mana ko aisI sthiti meM le jA sakeM, to hiMsA asambhava ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki gItA bhI ahiMsA kI samarthaka hai| mAtra anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie adveSa-buddhipUrvaka vivazatA meM karanA par3e, aisI hiMsA kA jo samarthana gItA meM dikhAI par3atA hai, usase yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka hai| apavAda rUpa meM hiMsA kA samarthana niyama nahIM bana jaataa| aisA samarthana to hameM jainAgamoM meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtA hai| ahiMsA kA AdhAra ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke mUlAcAra ke saMbaMdha meM vicArakoM meM kucha bhrAMta dhAraNAoM ko prazraya milA hai, ataH una para samyakrUpeNa vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| maikenjI ne apane 'hinda ethiksa' meM isa bhrAMta vicAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai ki ahiMsA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa bhaya ke AdhAra para huA hai| ve likhate haiM-asabhya manuSya jIva ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura bhaya kI yaha dhAraNA hI ahiMsA kA mUla hai, lekina maiM samajhatA hU~, koI bhI prabuddha vicAraka maikenjI kI isa dhAraNA se sahamata nahIM hogaa| jainAgamoM ke AdhAra para bhI isa dhAraNA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna evaM samatvabhAvanA hai| samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti, samAnubhUti evaM AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM, jIvana ke prati sammAna se vikasita hotI hai| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai-sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA, ataH nirgrantha prANavadha (hiMsA) kA niSedha karate haiN| vastutaH, prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya kI sthApanA karatA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI

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sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka jIvana ke prati prema rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAnakara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kreN| 21 yaha maikenjI kI bhaya para adhiSThita ahiMsA kI dhAraNA kA sacoTa uttara hai| jainaAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM to AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA siddhAnta kI prastAvanA kI gaI hai| jo loka (anya jIva samUha) kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA bhI apalApa karatA hai|" isI graMtha meM Age pUrNa AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ko paripuSTa karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM- jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai, jise tU zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai aura jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha bhI tU hI hai / bhaktaparijJA se bhI isI kathana kI puSTi hotI hai, usameM likhA hai- kisI bhI anya prANI kI hatyA vastutaH apanI hI hatyA hai aura anya jIvoM para dayA apanI hI dayA hai| " 23 24, bhagavAn buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM isI 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko grahaNa kiyA thaa| suttanipAta meM ve kahate haiM ki jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI ye saba prANI haiM aura jaise ye saba prANI haiM, vaisA hI maiM huuN| isa prakAra, apane samAna saba prANiyoM ko samajhakara na svayaM kisI kA vadha kareM aura na dUsaroM se kraaeN| " gItA meM bhI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI udAtta dhAraNA hI hai| yadi hama gItA ko advaitavAda kA samarthaka mAneM, to ahiMsA ke AdhAra kI dRSTi se jaina darzana aura advaitavAda meM yaha antara ho sakatA hai ki jahAM jaina paramparA meM sabhI AtmAoM kI tAttvika samAnatA ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai, vahAM advaitavAdI vicAraNA meM tAttvika abheda ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| koI bhI siddhAnta ho, ahiMsA ke udbhava kI dRSTi se mahatva kI bAta yahI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA yA abheda kA vAstavika saMvedana hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA mUla udgama hai| " jaba vyakti meM isa saMvedanazIlatA kA sacce rUpa meM udaya ho jAtA hai, to hiMsA kA vicAra asambhava ho jAtA hai| 26 jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA kI vyApakatA jaina vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai, isakA bodha hameM praznavyAkaraNasUtra se ho sakatA hai, jisameM ahiMsA ke nimna sATha paryAyavAcI nAma die gae haiM - 27 1. nirvANa. 2. nivRtti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAMti, 5. kIrtti, 6. kAMti, 7. prema, 8., TIT 100

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vairAgya, 9. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11. dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. samyak ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 19. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi (poSaka), 24. nanda (ANaMda), 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27. labdhi, 28. vizeSa dRSTi, 29. kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34. siddhAvAsa, 35. anAsrava, 36. kaivalyasthAna, 37. ziva, 38. samiti, 39. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIla parigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48. yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53. sarva anAghAta (kisI ko na mAranA), 54. cokSa (svaccha), 55. pavitra, 56. zuci, 57. pUtA, 58. vimalA, 59. prabhAta aura 60. nirmltraa| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra, sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM aura ahiMsA hI ekamAtra sadguNa hai| ahiMsA kyA hai? hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai, lekina mAtra hiMsA ko chor3anA ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM kA sparza nahIM krtii| vaha eka AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya banakara raha jAtI hai, jabaki AdhyAtmikatA to AMtarika hotI hai| hiMsA nahIM karanA- yaha ahiMsA kA zarIra ho sakatA hai, ahiMsA kI AtmA nhiiN| kisI ko nahIM mAranA, yaha ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai, lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAMtipUrNa hogA ki jaina vicAraNA ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taka sImita rahI hai| jaina AcAra darzana kA kendrIya tattva ahiMsA zAbdika rUpa meM yadyapi nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| sarva ke prati AtmabhAva, karuNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se hI ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| hiMsA nahIM karanA- yahI mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai| ahiMsA kriyA nahIM, sattA hai, jo hamArI AtmA kI eka avasthA hai| AtmA kI pramatta avasthA hI hiMsA hai aura apramatta avasthA hI ahiMsA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu oghaniyukti meM likhate haiM -pAramArthika dRSTikoNa se AtmA hI

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hiMsA hai aura AtmA hI ahiMsA hai, pramatta AtmA hiMsaka hai aura apramatta AtmA hI ahiMsaka hai| dravya evaM bhAva hiMsA ___ ahiMsA ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie pahale yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina vicAraNA hiMsA ke do pakSoM para vicAra karatI hai| eka, hiMsA kA bAhya pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravya hiMsA kahA gayA hai| dravya hiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM eka sthUla evaM bAhya dRSTikoNa hai| yaha eka kriyA hai, jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahanana Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA AtmA ko apekSAkRta rUpa se nitya mAnatI hai, ataH hiMsA ke dvArA jisakA hanana hotA hai, vaha AtmA nahIM varana 'prANa' hai| prANa jaivika zakti hai| jaina vicAraNA meM prANa dasa mAne gae haiN| pAMca indriyoM kI pAMca zaktiyA~ mana, vANI aura zarIra inakA vividha bala tathA zvasana kriyA evaM AyuSya- ye dasa prANa haiM aura ina prANazaktiyoM ke viyojIkaraNa ko hI dravya dRSTi se hiMsA kahA jAtA hai| yaha hiMsA kI dravya dRSTi se kI gaI paribhASA hai, jo ki hiMsA ke bAhya pakSa para bala detI hai| bhAva hiMsA hiMsaka vicAra hai, jabaki dravya hiMsA hiMsaka karma hai| bhAva hiMsA mAnasika avasthA hai| AcArya amRtacaMdra ne bhAvanAtmaka pakSa para bala dete hae hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA kI hai| unakA kathana hai ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA utpanna honA hiMsA hai| hiMsA kI eka pUrNa paribhASA tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra rAga, dveSa, aviveka Adi pramAdoM se yukta hokara kiyA jAne vAlA prANa vadha hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne dravya aura bhAva-ina do AdhAroM para hiMsA ke cAra vibhAga kie haiM(1)mAtra zArIrika hiMsA, (2)mAtra vaicArika hiMsA, (3) zArIrika evaM vaicArika hiMsA aura (4)zAbdika hiNsaa| mAtra zArIrika hiMsA-aisI dravya hiMsA hai, jisameM hiMsaka kriyA to sampanna huI ho, lekina hiMsA ke vicAra kA abhAva ho, udAharaNArtha-sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calate hue bhI dRSTidoSa yA sUkSma jantu ke nahIM dikhAI dene para hiMsA ho jaanaa| mAtra

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vaicArika hiMsA - yaha bhAva hiMsA hai, isameM hiMsA kI kriyA to anupasthita hotI hai, lekina hiMsA kA saMkalpa upasthita hotA hai, arthAt kartA hiMsA ke saMkalpa se yukta hotA hai, lekina bAhya paristhitivaza use kriyAnvita karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA hai, jaise-kaidI kA nyAyAdhIza kI hatyA karane kA vicAra (paramparAgata dRSTi ke anusAra taMdulamaccha evaM kAlakausarika kasAI ke udAharaNa isake lie die jAte haiN)| vaicArika evaM zArIrika hiMsA -jisameM hiMsA kA vicAra aura hiMsA kI kriyA-donoM hI upasthita hoM, jaisesaMkalpapUrvaka kI gaI htyaa| zAbdika hiMsA, jisameM na to hiMsA kA vicAra ho aura na hiMsA kI kriyA- mAtra hiMsaka zabdoM kA uccAraNa ho, jaise sudhAra bhAvanA kI dRSTi se mAtA-pitA kA bAlakoM para yA guru kA ziSya para kRtrima rUpa se kupita honaa| naitikatA yA baMdhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se hiMsA ke ina cAra rUpoM meM kramazaH zAbdika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalparahita mAtra zArIrika hiMsA, saMkalparahita zArIrika hiMsA kI apekSA mAtra vaicArika hiMsA aura mAtra vaicArika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpayukta zArIrika hiMsA adhika nikRSTa mAnI gaI hai| hiMsA kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ vastutaH, hiMsA kI tIna avasthAe~ ho sakatI haiM-(1)hiMsA kI gaI ho, (2)hiMsA karanI par3I ho aura (3)hiMsA ho gaI ho| pahalI sthiti meM yadi hiMsA cetana rUpa se kI gaI ho, to vaha saMkalpayukta hai aura yadi acetana rUpa se kI gaI ho, to vaha pramAdayukta hai| hiMsaka kriyA cAhe saMkalpa se utpanna huI ho yA pramAda ke kAraNa huI ho, vahAM kartA doSI hai| dUsarI sthiti meM hiMsA cetana rUpa se, kintu vivazatAvaza karanI par3atI hai, yaha bAdhyatA zArIrika ho sakatI hai athavA bAhya pristhitijny| yahA~ bhI kartA doSI hai, karma kA baMdhana bhI hotA hai, lekina pazcAtApa yA glAni ke dvArA vaha usase zuddha ho jAtA hai| bAdhyatA kI avasthA meM kI gaI hiMsA ke lie kartA ko doSI mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki samagra bAdhyatAe~ svayaM ke dvArA Aropita haiN| bAdhyatA ke lie kartA svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bAdhyatAoM kI svIkRti kAyaratA evaM zarIra moha kI pratIka haiN| baMdhana meM honA aura baMdhana ko mAnanA- yaha donoM hI kartA kI vikRtiyA~ haiM aura jaba taka ye vikRtiyA~ haiM, kartA svayaM doSI hai hii| tIsarI sthiti meM hiMsA na to pramAda ke kAraNa hotI hai aura na vivazatAvaza hI, varan sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI ho jAtI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra hiMsA kI yaha

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tIsarI sthiti kartA kI dRSTi se nirdoSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa hiMsaka karma kI uparyukta tIna vibhinna avasthAoM meM yadi tIsarI hiMsA ho jAne kI avasthA ko chor3a diyA jAe to hamAre samakSa hiMsA ke do rUpa bacate haiM - 1. hiMsA kI gaI ho, aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho| ve dazAe~, jinameM hiMsA karanA par3atI hai, do prakAra kI haiM - 1. rakSaNAtmaka aura 2. aajiivikaatmk| AjIvikAtmaka meM bhI do bAteM sammilita haiM, jIvana jIne ke lie sAdhanoM kA arjana aura unakA upbhog| jaina acAra darzana meM isI AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra varga mAne gae haiM - 1. saMkalpajA - saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| yaha AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| 2. virodhajA - svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana aura svatvoM (adhikAroM) ke ArakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA krnaa| yaha rakSaNAtmaka hiMsA 3. udyogajA - AjIvikA ke upArjana athavA udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta hone vAlI hiNsaa| yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai| 4. ArambhajA - jIvana nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA, jaise bhojana pakAne meN| yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke 4 kAraNa mAne haiM1.rAga, 2.dveSa, 3. kaSAya aura 4. prmaad| hiMsA ke sAdhana

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jahAM taka hiMsA ke mUla sAdhanoM kA prazna hai, ve tIna haiM- mana, vacana aura shriir| vyakti sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA inhIM tIna sAdhanoM ke dvArA karate haiN| kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka honA sambhava hai? jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra na kevala pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu, agni evaM vanaspati hI jIvanayukta haiM, varan samagra loka hI sUkSma jIvoM se bharA huA hai| kyA aisI sthiti meM koI vyakti pUrNa ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai? mahAbhArata meM bhI jagat ko sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta mAnakara yahI prazna uThAyA gayA hai| jala meM bahutere jIva haiM, pRthvI para tathA vRkSoM ke phaloM meM bhI aneka jIva (prANa) hote haiN| aisA koI manuSya nahIM hai, jo inameM se kisI ko kabhI nahIM mAratA ho| punaH, kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo iMdriyoM se nahIM, mAtra anumAna se hI jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke girane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM arthAt mara jAte haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIvoM kI hiMsA se nahIM bacA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna yuga se hI jaina vicArakAM kI dRSTi bhI isa prazna kI ora gaI hai| oghaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu isa prazna ke saMdarbha meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM-jinezvara bhagavAn kA kathana hai ki anekAneka jIva samUhoM ke parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antasa meM AdhyAtma-vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai, bAhya hiMsA yA ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nhiiN| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI bAhya hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca pAnA sambhava nhiiN| jaba taka zarIra tathA zArIrika kriyAeM haiM, taba taka koI bhI vyakti bAhya dRSTi se pUrNa ahiMsaka nahIM raha sktaa| hiMsA, ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha vyakti ke antaHkaraNa se hai hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA pratyaya bAhya ghaTanAoM para utanA nirbhara nahIM hai, jitanA vaha sAdhaka kI AMtarika avasthA para AdhArita hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra pramukha rUpa se AMtarika hai| hiMsA-vicAra meM saMkalpa kI pramukhatA jaina AgamoM meM svIkAra kI gaI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM eka saMvAda ke dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| gaNadhara gautama mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM- he bhagavan! kisI zramaNopAsaka ne trasa prANI ke vadha nahIM karane kI pratijJA lI ho, lekina pRthvIkAya kI hiMsA kI pratijJA nahIM grahaNa kI ho, yadi bhUmi khodate hue usase kisI prANI kA vadha ho jAe, to kyA usakI pratijJA bhaMga huI? isa

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prazna ke uttara meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki usakI pratijJA bhaMga 36 nahIM huI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki saMkalpa kI upasthiti athavA sAdhaka kI mAnasika sthiti hI hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pramukha tattva hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM bhI yaha dhAraNA puSTa hotI rahI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki 'sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calane vAle sAdhu ke paira ke nIce bhI kabhI-kabhI kITa-pataMga Adi kSudra prANI A jAte haiM aura dabakara mara jAte haiM, lekina ukta hiMsA ke nimitta se sUkSma karmabaMdha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha antasa meM sarvatobhAvena usa hiMsA - vyApAra se nirlipta hone ke kAraNa niSpApa hai| 7 jo vivekavAn, apramatta sAdhaka hRdaya se niSpApa hai aura Agamavidhi ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, usake dvArA ho jAne vAlI hiMsA bhI karmanirjarA kA kAraNa hai, lekina jo pramatta vyakti hai, usakI kisI bhI ceSTA se jo bhI prANI mara jAte haiM, vaha nizcita rUpa se una sabakA hiMsaka hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, varan jo prANI nahIM mAre gae haiM, pramatta unakA bhI hiMsaka hai, kyoMki vaha aMtara meM sarvatobhAvena pApAtmA hai| isa prakAra, AcArya kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki kevala dRzyamAn pAparUpa hiMsA se hI koI hiMsaka nahIM ho jaataa|' 38 39 .40 741 AcArya kundakunda pravacanasAra meM likhate haiM, ki 'bAhara meM prANI mare yA jIye, AtatAcArI pramatta ko aMdara meM hiMsA nizcita hai, parantu jo ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai, saMyatAcArI hai, usakI bAhara se hone vAlI hiMsA se karmabaMdha nahIM hai / ' 1 AcArya amRtacaMdra sUri likhate haiM ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM se mukta niyamapUrvaka AcaraNa karate hue bhI yadi prANAghAta ho jAe, to vaha hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM hai| 2 nizIthacUrNi meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prANAtipAta (hiMsA) hone para bhI apramatta sAdhaka ahiMsaka hai aura prANAtipAta na hone para bhI pramatta vyakti hiMsaka hai| 43 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se AMtarika rahA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche jo pramukha vicAra hai, vaha yaha hai ki vyavahArika rUpa meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana aura jIvana meM sadguNa ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se jIvana ko banAe rakhane kA prayAsa - ye do aisI sthitiyA~ haiM, jinako sAtha-sAtha calAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai, ataH jaina vicArakoM ko aMta meM yahI svIkAra karanA par3A ki hiMsA ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha bAharI ghaTanAoM kI apekSA AMtarika vRttiyoM se hai| isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM gItA aura dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai| gItA kahatI hai 111 106

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jo ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se mukta hai, jisakI buddhi malina nahIM hai, vaha ina saba manuSyoM ko mAratA huA bhI mAratA nahIM hai aura vaha (apane karmoM ke kAraNa) baMdhana meM nahIM pdd'taa| 45 dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai- 'vItatRSNa vyakti brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jItA hai, kyoMki vaha pApa-puNya se Upara uTha jAtA hai|" isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI vivecanA ke mUla meM pramAda yA rAgAdi bhAva hI pramukha tathya haiN| saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. **** ahiMsAe bhagavatIe-esA sA bhagavatI ahiMsA (praznavyAkaraNasUtra - 2 / 1 / 21-22) je aiyA, , je ya paDuppannA, je AgamissA-arahaMtA bhagavaMto te savve evamAikkhaMti, evaM bhAsaMti, evaM paNNaviMti evaM paruviMtisavve pANA, savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA, na haMtavvA, na ajjAveyavvA, na paridhitavvA, na paritAveyavvA, na uddaveyavvA, esa dhamme suddhe, niie, sAsae samicca loye kheyaNNAhiM paveie / ( AcArAMga - 4 / 127 saM. AtmArAmajI, jaina sthAnaka ludhiyAnA, 1964) 4/127) evaM khuNANiNo sAraM jaMNa hiMsai kiMcanaM / ahiMsA samaya ceva etAMvataM viyANiyA / - sUtrakRtAMga 1/4/10 111 tatthimaM par3hamaM ThANaM mahAvIreNa desiyaM / ahiMsA niuNaA diTThA savvabhUe susaMjamo / - dazavaikAlika-6/91 dhammamahiMsA samaM natthi / bhaktiparijJA - 91 anRtavacanAdi kevalamudAhRtaM ziSyabodhAyA / - puruSArthasiddhayupAya 42 savvesimAsamANaM hidayaM gabbho va savva satthANaM ya / - bhagavatI ArAdhanA 90 dharmaM samAsato'hiMsA varNayanti tathAgatA / - catuHzataka na tena ariyA hoMti yena pANAni hiMsati / ahiMsA savvapANAnaM,ariyo ti pavuccati / - dhammapada 270 jayaveraM pasavati duHkha seti praajito| - upasanto sukhaM seti jypraajyo| - dhammapada 201 aMguttaranikAya, tIsarA nipAta 153 gItA - 10 / 5-7, 16 / 2, 7/14 evaM sarvamahiMsAyAM dharmArthamapidhIyate / - mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva - 245 / 19, gItApresa gorakhapura,

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14. ahiMsAya bhUtAnAM dharmapravacanaM kRtm| yaH syAdahiMsAsapRktaH sa dharma iti nishcyH| - mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva-109/121 15. na hi anna yuddhaHkartavyo vidhiiyte| - gItA, zAMkarabhASya-2/181 16. gItA, zAMkarabhASya -6/32 17. dI bhagavadgItA eNDa cejiMga varlDa, pRSTha 122 18. bhagavadgItA-rAdhAkRSNan, pRSTha 74-75 19. hindU ethiksa ( ) 20. savve jIvA vi icchaMti jIviuM na marijiuM tamhA pANivahaM ghoraM niggaMthA vjjyNtinnN|- dazavaikAlika-6/11 ajjhatthaM savvao savvaM dissa paannepiyaaye| Na haNe pANiNo pANe bhayaverAo uvarae / / uttarAdhyayana-6/7 je logaM abbhAikkhati se attANaM abbhaaikkhti| - AcArAMga-13/31 tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM hantavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM ajAveyavvati mannasi, tumaMsi nAma ta ceva jaM pariyAveyavvati mannasi - AcArAMga-1/5-4 24. jIvavaho appavaho jIvadayA appaNo dayA hoii|- bhaktaparijJA 93 25. yathA ahaM tathA ete, yathA ete tathA ahN| attAnaM upamaM katvA, na haneyya na ghaayte||- suttanipAta-3/37/27 darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 125 27. praznavyAkaraNasUtra-2/21 28. hiMsAe paDivakkho hoI ahiMsA-dazavaikAlika, niyukti 60 AyA ceva ahiMsA AyA hiMsatti nicchayo eso| jo hoi appamatto ahiMsao iyro||- oghaniyukti 754 paMcendriyANi trividhaM bala ca ucchvaasnishvaasmthaanydaayuH| prANAH dazaitebhagavadbhiruktAsteSA viyojIkaraNa tu hiNsaa|| -abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pRSTha 1228 31. aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAM bhvtyhiNseti| teSAmevotpatti hiMseti jinAgamasya sNkssepH|| - puruSArthasiddhayupAya 44 32. pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA-tattvArthasUtra-7/8 33. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pRSTha 1231 udake bahavaH prANAH pRthivyAM ca phaleSu c| na ca kazcinna tAn hanti kimanyat praannyaapnaat|| 34.

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26 38. sUkSmayonIni bhUtAni tarkagamyAni kaanicit| pakSmaNo'pi nipAtena yeSAM syAt skndhpryyH|| - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva-15/25-26 ajjhattha visohIe jIvanikAehiM saMthaDe loe| desiyamahiMsagaMtta jinnehitiloydrisiihiN|| - ogha niyukti, 747 smnnovaagssnnNbhte| puvvameva tasa pANa samArambhe paJcakhAe bhavaI, puDavIM samArambhe Na paccakhAe bhavai, se ya puDhavi khaNamANe aNNayaraM tasapANaM vihiMsejjA seNaM bhaMte te vayaM aticarita? no iNaDe samaDhe no khalu se tasa aivAyAe aauttii| - bhagavatI-7/1 uccAliyaMmi pAe, IriyAsamiyassa sNkmtttthaae| vAvajeja kuliMgI, marija taM jogmaasjj| na ya tassa tannimitto, baMdho suhamo vi desio sme| aNAvajjo u pa ogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| - oghaniyukti 778-49 jA jayamANassa bhave, virAhaNA suttvihismggss| sA hoI nijaraphalA, ajjhtthvisohijuttss|| - oghaniyukti 559 39. je ya pamatto puriso, tassa yoga paDucca je sttaa| vAvajaMte niyamA, tesiM so hiMsao hoii|| je vi na vAvajaMtI, niyamA tesiM pi hiMsao sou| sAvajjo u paogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| - oghaniyukti 752-53 na ya hiMsAmetteNaM, sAvajjeNAvi hiMsao hoii| oghaniyukti 758 maradu va jiyadu va jIvo, ayadAcArassaNicchidA hiNsaa| payadassa natthi baMdho hisAmetteNa smidss||- pravacanasAra 217 yuktAcaraNa sya sato raagaadyaavshmntrennaa'pi| ___ na hi bhavati jAtu hiMsA praannvypropnnaadev|| -puruSArthasiddhayupAya 45 sati pANAtivAe appamatto avahago bhvti| evaM asati pANAtivAe pammattAe vahago bhvti||- nizIthacUrNi 92 dekhie- darzana aura ciMtana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 414 45. yasya nAhaMkRto bhAvo buddhiryasya na lipyte| hatvApi sa imAMllokAnna hanti na nibdhyte|| - gItA-18/17 46. mAtaraM pitaraM hantvA rAjAno dve ca khttiye| raTuM sAnucaraM hantvA anidho yAti braahmnno|- dhammapada 294 40. ***

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hai 10 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAMta aura usakI upAdeyatA saMgrahavRtti kA udbhava evaM vikAsa aparigraha kA prazna sampatti ke svAmitva se jur3A huA hai aura sampatti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa mAnava jAti ke vikAsa kA sahagAmI hai| mAnava isa pRthvI para kaise aura kaba astitva meM AyA? yaha prazna Aja bhI vaijJAnikoM ke lie eka gUr3ha pahelI banA huA hai| vikAsavAdI dArzanika mAnava-sRSTi ko vikAsa kI prakriyA kA hI eka aMga mAnate haiN| amIbA jaise ekakozIya prANI se prANiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyoM kI vikAsa prakriyA ke mAdhyama se manuSya kI utpatti kI vyAkhyA karate haiM, jabaki jainadarzana sRSTi ko Aroha aura avaroha kI eka satata prakriyA (continuing process) batAtA hai aura mAnava jAti ke astitva ko bhI isa Aroha aura avaroha krama ke saMdarbha meM hI vivecita karatA hai| phira bhI nRtatva vijJAna, vikAsavAdI darzana aura jaina darzana isa saMbaMdha meM ekamata haiM ki mAnava kI vartamAna sabhyatA kA vikAsa usake prAkRtika jIvana se huA hai| eka samaya thA, jabaki manuSya vizuddha rUpa se eka prAkRtika jIvana jItA thA aura prakRti bhI itanI samRddha thI ki manuSya ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie na to koI viziSTa zrama karanA hotA thA aura na saMgraha hI, ataH usa yuga meM parigraha kA vicAra hI utpanna nahIM huA thA, kyoMki usa yuga meM na to sampatti hI thI aura na usake svAmitva kA vicAra hI thaa| mAnava udAra prakRti kI goda meM palatA aura poSita hotA thaa| jaina paramparA meM ise yaugalika yuga (akarma 110

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yuga) kahA jAtA hai| sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se yaha prArambhika sAmyavAda (Primitive Socialism) kI avasthA thii| sAmAnyatayA, isa yuga meM mAnava kI AkAMkSAeM itanI bar3hI-car3hI nahIM thIM aura eka dRSTi se vaha sukhI aura saMtuSTa thaa| kintu, dhIre dhIre eka ora janasaMkhyA bar3hI tathA dUsarI ora prakRti kI samRddhatA kama hone lagI, ataH jIvana jInA jaTila hone lgaa| yahIM se zrama kI udbhAvanA huii| jainaparamparA ke anusAra, aisI avasthA meM sarvaprathama bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne mAnava jAti ko kRSi kI zikSA dii| kRSi meM jahAM eka ora mAnava zrama lagane lagA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa zrama ke pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna anna sAmagrI ke saMcayana aura svAmitva kA prazna bhI uTha khar3A huaa| vastutaH, kRSi se utpanna sAmagrI aisI nahIM, jo varSa meM hara samaya sulabha ho sake, kevala varSA para Azrita kRSi niyata samaya para apanI upaja de pAtI thI aura isalie varSabhara ke lie anna kA saMcayana Avazyaka thaa| jIvana rakSaNa ke lie saMcayana kI isa vRtti se parigraha kA vicAra vikasita huA hai| manuSya kI yaha saMgrahavRtti kRSi utpAdana ke saMcayana aura svAmitva taka hI sImita nahIM rahI, apitu kRSi bhUmi aura kRSi meM sahayogI pazuoM ke svAmitva kA prazna bhI sAmane aayaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha samaya taka mAnava ne samUha ke sAmUhika svAmitva kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kArya calAyA ho, kintu saMcayana aura svAmitva kI vRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa svArtha kA udbhava svAbhAvika hI thaa| mAnava kI isa svAmitva kI bhUkha aura svArthalipsA ne sAmantavAda ko janma diyaa| rAjya evaM unake svAmI rAjA, mahArAjA aura sAmaMta astitva meM Ae aura pariNAmasvarUpa mAnava jAti svAmI aura dAsa varga meM vibhAjita ho gii| mAnava ke zoSaNa, pIr3ana aura atyAcAra ke eka nae yuga kA sUtrapAta huA / bhagavAn RSabha ke dvArA pravarttita vahI kRSi krAMti, jo mAnava jAti kI sukha-suvidhA aura zAMti kA saMdeza lekara AI thI, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke yuga taka Ate-Ate svArthalipsA se yukta hAthoM meM pahuMcakara na kevala mAnava jAti meM dAsa aura svAmI kA tathA zoSita aura zoSaka varga kA bheda khar3A kara rahI thI, apitu mAnava samAja ke eka bahuta bar3e bhAga ke saMtApa aura pIr3A kA kAraNa bhI bana gaI thii| mahAvIra ke yuga kI sAmAjika aura Arthika sthiti bhagavAn mahAvIra ke yuga meM tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kaisI thI ? usameM Arthika viSamatAjanya dveSa, IrSyA, zoSaNa aura pIr3ana Adi vidyamAn the yA nahIM? yaha mahatvapUrNa 111

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prazna kaI vicArakoM ke sammukha hai| tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA kA jo citra jaina AgamoM meM vidyamAna hai, usase yaha niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI Arthika viSamatAeM aura tajjanya dveSa, IrSyA Adi saba kucha the| tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA kA jo zabdacitra lagabhaga 2500 varSa pazcAt Aja bhI upalabdha hai, usase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya samAja ke sadasyoM meM saMgrahavRtti bhI thI, isa kAraNa jahAM eka vyakti bahuta adhika dhanI thA, vahIM dUsarA vyakti atyadhika abhAvagrasta thaa| eka ora zAlibhadra jaise zreSThi the, to dUsarI ora paNiyA jaise nirdhana shraavk| bar3e-bar3e sAmanta aura seTha apane yahAM naukara-cAkara rakhate the| kevala yahI nahIM, apitu dAsa prathA taka vidyamAna thii| DaoN.jagadIzacandra ne apanI pustaka 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' meM 'RNadAsa', 'durbhikSadAsa' Adi kA ullekha karate hue batAyA hai ki isa prakAra ke dAsoM kI mukti kisa prakAra huA karatI thI? tAtparya yaha hai ki tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA meM artha ke sadbhAva tathA abhAva ( Haves & Haves not) kI samasyA thii| nizcita rUpa meM, isa kAraNa viSamatA, dveSa, IrSyA-saba huA karatI hoNgii| yadi hama jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga kA avalokana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAegA ki kucha logoM ke pAsa kitanI pracura mAtrA meM sampatti thii| kevala yahI nahIM, apitu dhana ke utpAdana ke mukhya sAdhana (bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI evaM prabaMdha) para unakA adhikAra (cAhe ekAdhikAra na ho) thaa| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM eka ora samAja ke kucha sadasyoM ke pAsa vipula sampatti tathA arthopArjana ke pramukha sAdhana vipula mAtrA meM the, to dUsarI ora kucha loga abhAva aura garIbI kA jIvana jI rahe the| mahAvIra ne samAja meM upasthita isa Arthika viSamatA ke kAraNa kI khoja kI aura mAnava kI tRSNA ko isakA mUla kAraNa maanaa| saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kA mUla kAraNa-'tRSNA' ___bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra ' meM Arthika viSamatA tathA tajjanita sabhI duHkhoM kA kAraNa tRSNA kI vRtti ko maanaa| ve kahate haiM ki jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai, usake duHkha bhI samApta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH, tRSNA kA hI dUsarA nAma lobha hai aura isI lobha se saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai| 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM lobha ko samasta sadaguNoM kA vinAzaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra tRSNA eka aisI duSpUra khAI hai, jisakA kabhI aMta nahIM hotaa| 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue bhagavAn

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mahAvIra ne kahA hai- yadi sone aura cA~dI ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya parvata bhI khar3e kara die jAeM to bhI yaha tRSNA zAMta nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki dhana cAhe kitanA bhI ho, vaha sImita hai aura tRSNA ananta (asIma)hai, ataH sImita sAdhanoM se asIma tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM kI jA sktii| ___vastutaH, tRSNA ke kAraNa saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai aura yaha saMgrahavRtti Asakti ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai| yahI Asakti parigraha kA mUla hai| dazavaikAlika ke anusAra Asakti hI vAstavika parigraha hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM ke dvArA anubhUta yaha satya Aja bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA ki usa yuga meM thA, jaba isakA kathana kiyA gayA thaa| na kevala jaina darzana meM apitu bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM bhI tRSNA ko samasta sAmAjika vaiSamya aura vaiyaktika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki tRSNA se saMgrahavRtti utpanna hotI hai, saMgraha zoSaNa ko janma detA hai aura zoSaNa se anyAya kA cakra calatA hai| bhagavAn buddha kA bhI kahanA hai ki yaha tRSNA duSpUra hai aura jaba taka tRSNA naSTa nahIM hotI, taba taka duHkha bhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| 'dhammapada' meM ve kahate haiM ki jise yaha viSailI aura nIca tRSNA ghera letI hai, usake duHkha usI prakAra bar3hate haiM, jisa prakAra khetI meM vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI hai| bhagavAn buddha ne isa tRSNA ko tIna prakAra kA mAnA hai-1. bhava tRSNA, 2. vibhava tRSNA aura 3. kAma tRssnnaa| bhavatRSNA astitva yA jIvana bane rahane kI hai, yaha rAgasthAnIya hai| vibhavatRSNA samApta ho jAne yA naSTa ho jAne kI tRSNA hai, yaha dveSa-sthAnIya hai| kAmatRSNA bhogoM kI upalabdhi kI tRSNA hai aura yahI parigraha kA mUla hai| gItA meM bhI Asakti ko hI jAgatika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| 'gItA' meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki Asakti kA tattva hI vyakti ko saMgraha aura bhogavAsanA ke lie prerita karatA hai| 'gItA' yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki Asakti meM baMdhA huA vyakti kAma-bhogoM kI pUrti ke lie anyAyapUrvaka saMgraha karatA hai| isa prakAra, sampUrNa bhAratIya ciMtana saMgrahavRtti ke mUla kAraNa ke rUpa meM tRSNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| saMta suMdaradAsajI ne isa tathya kA eka suMdara citra khIMcA hai| ve batAte haiM ki kisa prakAra yaha tRSNA, saMgraha kI uddAma vRttiyoM ko janma de detI hai| ve likhate haiM jo dasa bIsa pacAsa bhaye, zata hoi hajAra tu lAkha maaNgesii| koTi arabba kharabba, dharApati hone kI cAha jgegii| svarga patAla ko rAja karo, tisanA adhikI ati Aga lgegii|

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'suMdara' eka saMtoSa binA, zaTha terI to bhUkha kabahUM na bhgegii| pAzcAtya vicAraka mahAtmA TAlasTAya ne bhI How much land does a man need nAmaka kahAnI meM eka aisA hI suMdara citra khIMcA hai| kahAnI kA sArAMza yaha hai ki kathAnAyaka bhUmi kI asIma tRSNA ke pIche apane jIvana ko samApta kara detA hai aura usake dvArA upalabdha kie gae vistRta bhU bhAga meM kevala usake zava ko daphanAne jitanA bhU-bhAga hI usake upayoga meM AtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mAnava meM saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa usakI tRSNA ke kAraNa hI huA hai| manuSya ke aMdara rahI huI tRSNA yA Asakti mukhyataH do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai - 1. saMgraha bhAvanA aura 2. bhoga bhAvanA / saMgraha bhAvanA aura bhoga bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsare vyaktiyoM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra, Asakti kA bAhya prakaTana nimnalikhita tIna rUpoM meM hotA hai1. apaharaNa (zoSaNa), 2. bhoga, 3. saMgraha / saMgrahavRtti evaM parigrahajanya samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saMgrahavRtti ke kAraNa utpanna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM vicAra karate hue batAyA ki saMgrahavRtti pApa hai| yadi manuSya AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha karatA hai, to vaha samAja meM apavitratA kA sUtrapAta karatA hai| saMgraha phira cAhe dhana kA ho yA anya kisI vastu kA, vaha samAja ke anya sadasyoM ko unake upabhoga ke lAbha se vaMcita kara detA hai| parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti eka prakAra kI sAmAjika hiMsA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna haiM / vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hI eka rUpa bana jAtA hai | ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki vyakti bAhya parigraha kA bhI visarjana kre| parigrahatyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM diyA gayA pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti kA siddhaant| ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM ho sktaa| yadi mana meM anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai, to usakA bAhya vyavahAra meM anivArya rUpa se prakaTana honA caahie| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha maryAdA aura zramaNa jIvana meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| digambara jaina muni ke aparigrahI jIvana kA Adarza 111 114

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anAsakta dRSTi kA eka jIvita pramANa hai| yadyapi yaha sambhava hai ki aparigrahI hote hue bhI vyakti ke mana meM Asakti kA tattva raha jAe, lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA ki vipula saMgraha ko rakhate hue bhI anAsakta vRtti kA pUrI taraha nirvAha ho sakatA hai, samucita nahIM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Arthika viSamatA, bhogavRtti aura zoSaNa kI samApti ke lie mAnava jAti ko aparigraha kA saMdeza diyaa| unhoMne batAyA ki icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta hotI hai (icchA ha AgAsa samA aNaMtayA) aura yadi vyakti apanI icchAoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM rakhe, to vaha zoSaka bana jAtA hai| ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra ne icchAoM ke niyaMtraNa para bala diyaa| jaina darzana meM jisa aparigraha siddhAnta ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai usakA eka nAma 'icchA parimANa vrata' bhI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mAnava kI saMgrahavRtti ko aparigraha vrata evaM icchA parimANa vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita karane kA upadeza diyA hai, sAtha hI usakI bhoga-vAsanA aura zoSaNa kI vRtti ke niyaMtraNa ke lie brahmacarya, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata tathA asteya vrata kA vidhAna bhI kiyA hai| manuSya apanI saMgrahavRtti ko icchA parimANa vrata ke dvArA yA parigraha vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kre| isI prakAra, apanI bhoga vRtti evaM vAsanAoM ko upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata evaM brahmacarya vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kare, sAtha hI samAja ko zoSaNa se bacAne ke lie asteya vrata aura ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana kre| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ne mAnava jAti ko Arthika viSamatA aura tajjanita pariNAmoM se bacAne ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa dRSTi pradAna kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, mahAvIra ne una logoM ko, jinake pAsa saMgraha thA, dAna kA upadeza bhI diyaa| abhAva pIr3ita samAja ke sadasyoM ke prati vyakti ke dAyitva ko spaSTa karate hae mahAvIra ne zrAvaka ke lie Avazyaka kartavyoM meM dAna kA vidhAna kiyA hai, yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM dAna abhAvagrasta para koI anugraha nahIM hai, apitu unakA adhikAra hai| dAna ke lie 'saMvibhAga' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA ki jo vyakti samavibhAga aura sama vitaraNa nahIM karatA usakI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| aisA vyakti pApI hai| sama vibhAga aura sama vitaraNa sAmAjika nyAya evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke anivArya aMga mAne gae haiN| jaba taka jIvana meM sama vibhAga aura sama vitaraNa kI vRtti nahIM AtI aura apane saMgraha kA visarjana nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka AdhyAtmika jIvana yA samatva kI upalabdhi bhI sambhava nahIM hotii| saMdarbha:1. uttarAdhyayana, 32/8, 2. uttarAdhyayana-9/48, 3. dazavaikAlika-6/21, 4. dhammapada 335, 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra-17/11, praznavyAkaraNa-2/3/ ***

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11 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA anekAMtavAda (syAdvAda) : eka cintana syAdvAda kA artha-vizleSaNa 'syAdvAda' zabda 'syAt' aura 'vAda' ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai, ataH syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM zabdoM kA artha vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| syAt zabda ke artha ke saMdarbha meM jitanI bhrAMti dArzanikoM meM rahI hai, saMbhavataH utanI anya kisI zabda ke saMbaMdha meM nahIM / vidvAnoM dvArA hindI bhASA meM syAt kA artha 'zAyada', 'saMbhavataH', 'kadAcit' aura aMgrejI bhASA meM probable, may be, perhaps, some how Adi ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| inhIM arthoM ke AdhAra para use saMzayavAda, saMbhAvanAvAda yA anizcayavAda samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM saMdarbhoM meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit, zAyada yA saMbhava Adi bhI hotA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA anizcayavAda mAna lenA eka bhrAMti hogii| hameM yahAM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki prathama to eka hI zabda ke aneka artha ho sakate haiM, dUsare, aneka bAra zabdoM kA prayoga unake pracalita artha meM na hokara viziSTa artha meM hotA hai, jaise-jaina paramparA meM 'dharma' zabda kA prayoga dharma-dravya ke rUpa meM hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne syAt zabda kA prayoga eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM kiyA hai| yadi syAdvAda ke Alocaka vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda saMbaMdhI kisI bhI mUla graMtha ko dekhane kI koziza kI hotI, to unheM syAt zabda kA jaina paramparA meM kyA artha hai, yaha spaSTa ho jaataa| syAt III 116

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zabda ke artha ke saMbaMdha meM jo bhrAnti utpanna hotI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa use tinta pada mAna lenA hai, jabaki samantabhadra, vidyAnandi, amRtacaMdra, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne ise nipAta yA avyaya mAnA hai| samantabhadra syAt zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM likhate haiM ki syAt eka nipAta zabda hai, jo artha ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hone para vAkya meM anekAMtatA kA dyotaka aura vivakSita artha kA eka vizeSaNa hai|' isI prakAra, paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM AcArya amRtacaMdra bhI syAt zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'syAt' ekAntatA kA niSedhaka, anekAntatA kA pratipAdaka tathA kathaMcit arthadyotaka eka nipAta zabda hai| 2 malliSeNa ne bhI syAdvAdamaMjarI meM syAt zabda ko anekAntatA kA dyotaka eka avyaya mAnA hai|' isa prakAra, yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi se syAt zabda saMzayaparaka na hokara anekAntika kintu nizcayAtmaka artha kA dyotaka hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, jaina dArzanika isa saMbaMdha meM bhI sahaja the ki Alocaka yA janasAdhAraNa dvArA syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka artha grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie unhoMne syAt zabda ke sAtha 'eva' zabda ke prayoga kI yojanA bhI kI hai, jaise - 'syAdastyeva ghaTaH', arthAt kisI apekSA se yaha ghar3A hI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki 'eva' zabda nizcayAtmakatA kA dyotaka hai| 'syAt' tathA 'eva' zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga zrotA kI saMzayAtmakatA ko samApta kara use sApekSika kintu nizcaya jJAna pradAna karatA hai| vastutaH, isa prayoga meM 'eva' zabda 'syAt' zabda kI anizcitatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura 'syAt' zabda 'eva' zabda kI nirapekSatA evaM ekAntatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura isa prakAra ve donoM milakara kathit vastu-dharma kI sImA niyata karate hue sApekSa kintu nizcita jJAna prastuta karate haiN| ataH, syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA saMbhAvanAvAda nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| 'vAda' zabda kA artha kathanavidhi hai| isa prakAra, syAdvAda sApekSika kathana paddhati yA sApekSika nirNaya paddhati kA sUcaka hai| vaha eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo vastutattva kA vividha pahaluoM yA vividha AyAmoM se vizleSaNa karatA hai aura apane una vizleSita vividha nirNayoM ko isa prakAra bhASA meM prastuta karatA hai ki ve apane pakSa kI sthApanA karate hue bhI vastutattva meM nihita anya 'anukta' anekAneka dharmoM evaM saMbhAvanAoM (paryAyoM) kA niSedha na kreN| vastutaH, syAdvAda hamAre nirNayoM evaM tajjati kathanoM ko prastuta karane kA eka nirdoSa evaM ahiMsaka 111

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tarIkA hai, avirodhapUrvaka kathana kI eka zailI hai| usakA pratyeka bhaMga anekAMtika DhaMga se ekAMtika kathana karatA hai, jisameM vaktA apanI bAta isa DhaMga se kahatA hai ki usakA vaha kathana apane pratipakSI kathanoM kA pUrNa niSedhaka na bne| saMkSepa meM, syAvAda apane samagra rUpa meM anekAnta hai aura pratyeka bhaMga kI dRSTi se samyak ekAnta bhI hai| saptabhaMgI anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke saMbaMdha meM eka aisI kathana-paddhati yA vAkya-yojanA hai, jo usameM anukta dharmoM kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha karate hae sApekSika kintu nizcayAtmaka DhaMga se vastutattva ke pUrNa svarUpa ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhate hue, usake kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana yA niSedha karatI hai| isI prakAra, anekAMtavAda bhI vastutattva ke saMdarbha meM ekAdhika nirNayoM ko svIkRta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka hI vastutattva ke saMdarbho meM vibhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para aneka nirNaya (kathana) diye jA sakate haiM, arthAt anekAMta vastusvarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM aneka nirNayoM yA niSkarSoM kI saMbhAvyatA kA siddhAnta hai| jainAcAryoM ne anekAMta ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki 'sarvathaikAMta pratikSepalakSaNo'nekAMtaH', arthAt anekAMta mAtra ekAMta kA niSedha hai aura vastu meM nihita paraspara viruddha dharmoM kA prakAzaka hai| syAvAda ke AdhAraH sambhavataH, yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki syAvAda yA sApekSita kathana paddhati kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? syAvAda yA sApekSika kathana paddhati kI AvazyakatA ke mUlataH cAra kAraNa haiM 1. vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA, 2. mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kI sImitatA, 3. mAnavIya jJAna kI apUrNatA evaM sApekSatA tathA 4. bhASA ke abhivyakti sAmarthya kI sImitatA evaM saapeksstaa| (a) vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA sarvaprathama syAvAda ke aucitya sthApana ke lie hameM vastutattva ke usa svarUpa ko samajha lenA hogA, jisake pratipAdana kA hama prayAsa karate haiN| vastutattva mAtra sImita lakSaNoM kA puMja hai, jaina dArzanikoM ne use anantadharmAtmaka kahA hai| yadi hama vastutattva ke

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bhAvAtmaka guNoM para hI vicAra kareM, to unakI saMkhyA bhI aneka hogI, udAharaNArtha-gulAba kA phUla gaMdha kI dRSTi se sugaMdhita hai, to varNa kI dRSTi se kisI eka yA ekAdhika viziSTa raMgoM se yukta hai, sparza kI dRSTi se usakI paMkhur3iyAM komala haiM, kintu DaMThala tIkSNa hai, usameM eka viziSTa svAda hai, aadi| yaha to huI vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI bAta, kintu usake abhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI saMkhyA to usake bhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI apekSA kaI gunA adhika hogI, jaise-gulAba kA phUla, camelI, mogare yA palAza ke phUla sA nahIM hai| vaha apane se itara sabhI phUloM se bhinna hai aura usameM una sabhI vastuoM ke anekAneka dharmoM kA abhAva bhI hai| punaH, yadi hama vastutattva kI bhUta evaM bhAvI tathA vyakta aura avyakta paryAyoM (saMbhAvanAoM) para vicAra kareM, to usake guNa dharmoM kI yaha saMkhyA aura bhI adhika bar3hakara nizcita hI ananta taka pahuMca jAvegI, ataH yaha kathana satya hai ki vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha anekAntika bhI hai| mAnava buddhi jinheM paraspara virodhI guNa mAna letI haiM ve eka hI vastutattva meM apekSAbheda se eka sAtha rahate hue dekhe jAte haiN| astitva nAstitva pUraka haiM aura nAstitva astitva pUraka haiN| ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai, jo dravya dRSTA se nitya hai, vahI paryAyadRSTi se anitya bhI hai| utpatti ke binA vinAza aura vinAza ke binA utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| punaH, utpatti aura vinAza ke lie dhrauvyatva bhI apekSita hai anyathA utpatti aura vinAza kisakA hogA? kyoMki vizva meM vinAza ke abhAva se utpatti jaisI bhI koI sthiti nahIM hai| yadyapi dhrauvyatva aura utpatti-vinAza ke dharma paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu donoM ko sahavartI mAne binA vizva kI vyAkhyA asambhava hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM pracalita zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI Adi paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke madhya meM samanvaya karate hue anekAntika dRSTi se vastutattva ko utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvyAtmaka kahakara paribhASita kiyaa| jinopadaSTi yaha tripadI hI anekAntavAdI vicAra paddhati kA AdhAra hai|' syAdvAda aura nayavAda saMbaMdhI vipula sAhitya mAtra isakA vistAra hai| tripadI hI jina dvArA vapita vaha 'bIja' hai, jisase syAdvAdarUpI vaTavRkSa vikasita huA hai| yaha vastutattva ke usa anekAntika svarUpa kI sUcaka hai, jisakA spaSTIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vividha prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, jaba mahAvIra se gautama ne yaha pUchA ki he bhagavan! jIva nitya yA anitya hai? taba unhoMne batAyA- he gautama! jIva

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apekSAbheda se nitya bhI hai, paryAyadRSTi se anitya / isI prakAra, eka anya prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne somila ko kahA thA - he somila ! dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, kintu parivartanazIla cetanAvasthAoM (paryAyoM) kI apekSA se maiM aneka bhI huuN|' vastutattva ke isa anantadharmAtmaka evaM anekAntika svarUpa kA yaha pratipAdana ukta Agama meM bahu hI vistAra ke sAtha huA hai, kintu lekha kI maryAdA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue uparyukta eka-do udAharaNa hI paryApta hoNge| vastutattva kI yaha anantadharmAtmakatA tathA usameM virodhI dharmayugaloM kI eka sAtha upasthiti anubhava - siddha hai| eka hI Amraphala khaTTA aura madhura (khaTTA-mIThA ) - donoM hI ho sakatA hai| pitRtva aura putratva ke do virodhI guNa apekSA -bheda se eka hI vyakti meM eka hI samaya meM sAtha-sAtha siddha ho sakate haiN| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jinheM hama virodhI dharma- yugala mAna lete haiM, unameM sarvathA yA nirapekSa rUpa se virodha nahIM hai| apekSA bheda se unakA eka hI vastutattva meM eka hI samaya meM honA sambhava hai| bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se eka vyakti choTA yA bar3A kahA jA sakatA hai, athavA eka hI vastu ThaNDI yA garama kahI jA sakatI hai| jo saMkhiyA janasAdhAraNa kI dRSTi se viSa hai, prANApahArI hai, vahI eka vaidya kI dRSTi meM auSadhi yA jIvana-saMjIvanI bhI hai| ataH, yaha eka anubhavajanya satya hai ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharmayugaloM kI upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharmayugaloM kI upasthiti nahIM hai| isa saMbaMdha meM dhavalA kA nimna kathana dRSTavya hai- 'yadi vastu meM sampUrNa dharmoM kA eka sAtha rahanA mAna liyA jAe, to paraspara viruddha caitanya, acaitanya, bhavyatva aura abhavyatva Adi dharmoM kA eka sAtha AtmA meM rahane kA prasaMga A jAvegA / " ataH, yaha mAnanA adhika tarkasaMgata hai ki vastu meM kevala ve hI virodhI dharmayugala yugapat rUpa meM raha sakate haiM, jinakA usa vastu meM atyantAbhAva nahIM hai, kintu isa bAta se vastutatva kA anantadharmAtmaka svarUpa khaNDita nahIM hotA hai aura vastutattva meM nityatA - anityatA, ekatva - anekatva, astitvanAstitva, bhedatva - abhedatva Adi aneka virodhI dharmayugaloM kI yugapat upasthiti mAnI jA sakatI hai| AcArya amRtacaMdra 'samayasAra' kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki apekSAbheda se jo hai, vahI nahIM bhI hai, jo sat hai, vaha asat bhI hai, jo eka hai, vaha aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai|' vastu ekAntika na hokara anekAntika hai| AcArya hemacandra 111

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anyayoga-vyavacchedikA meM likhate haiM ki vizva kI samasta vastueM syAdvAda kI mudrA se yukta haiM, koI bhI usakA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| yadyapi vastutattva kA yaha anantadharmAtmaka evaM anekAntika svarUpa hameM asamaMjasa meM DAla detA hai, kintu yadi vastu svabhAva aisA hI hai, to hama kyA kareM? bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ke zabdoM meM 'yadidaM svayarthebhyo rocate ke vayaM?' punaH, hama jisa vastu yA dravya kI vivecanA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha hai kyA? jahAM eka ora dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA Azraya kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora use guNoM kA samUha bhI kahA gayA hai| guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthak dravya kI koI sattA hI nahIM hai aura dravya se pRthak guNa aura paryAyoM kI koI sattA nahIM hai| yaha hai vastu kI sApekSikatA aura yadi vastutattva sApekSika, anantadharmAtmaka aura anekAntika hai, to phira usakA jJAna evaM usakI vivecanA nirapekSa evaM ekAntika dRSTi se kaise sambhava hai? isalie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki (anantadharmAtmaka ) mizrita tattva kI vivecanA binA apekSA se sambhava nahIM hai| (ba) mAnavIya jJAna-prApti ke sAdhanoM kA svarUpa yaha to huI vastu svarUpa kI bAteM, kintu jisa vastu svarUpa kA jJAna hama prApta karanA cAhate haiM, usake lie hamAre pAsa sAdhana kyA haiM? hameM una sAdhanoM ke svarUpa evaM unake dvArA pradatta jJAna ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| manuSya ke pAsa apanI satyAbhIpsA aura jijJAsA kI saMtuSTi ke lie jJAna prApti ke do sAdhana haiM 1. iMdriyAM aura 2. tarkabuddhi mAnava apane inhIM sImita sAdhanoM dvArA vastutattva ko jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai| jahAM taka mAnava ke aindrika jJAna kA prazna hai, yaha spaSTa hai ki aindrika jJAna na pUrNa hai aura na nirapekSA mAnava indriyoM kI kSamatA sImita hai, ataH ve vastutattva kA jo bhI svarUpa jAna pAtI haiM, vaha pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| iMdriyAM vastu ko apane pUrNa svarUpa meM dekha pAne ke lie sakSama nahIM haiN| yahAM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki hama vastutattva ko jisa rUpa meM vaha hai vaisA nahIM jAnakara use jisa rUpa meM iMdriyAM hamAre samakSa prastuta karatI haiM, usI rUpa meM jAnate haiN| hama iMdriya saMvedanoM ko jAna pAte haiM, vastutattva ko nhiiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki hamArA AnubhAvika jJAna iMdriya sApekSa hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha iMdriya sApekSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha una koNoM para bhI nirbhara rahatA hai, jahAM se vastu dekhI jA rahI hai aura

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yadi hama usa koNa yA sthiti ke vicAra ko apane jJAna se alaga karate haiM, to nizcita hI hamArA jJAna bhrAMta ho jaaegaa| udAharaNArtha-eka gola sikkA apane aneka koNoM se hameM vRttAkAra na lagakara aNDAkAra dikhAI detA hai| vibhinna gurutvAkarSaNoM evaM vibhinna zArIrika sthitiyoM se eka hI vastu halkI yA bhArI pratIta hotI hai| hamArI pRthvI ko jaba hama usake gurutvAkarSaNa kI sImA se Upara jAkara dekhate haiM, to gatizIla dikhAI detI hai, kintu pRthvI tala para hameM sthira pratIta hotI hai| dUra se dekhane para vastu choTI aura pAsa meM dekhane se bar3I dikhAI detI hai| eka Tebala ke jaba vividha koNoM ke phoTo lie jAte haiM, to ve paraspara bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| isa prakAra, hamArA sArA AnubhAvika jJAna sApekSa hI hotA hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| iMdriya saMvedanAoM ko una saba apekSAoM (conditions) se alaga haTakara nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, jisameM ki ve hue haiN| ataH aindrikajJAna dik, kAla aura vyakti sApekSa hai| kintu, mAnava mana kabhI bhI iMdriyAnubhUti yA pratIti ke jJAna ko hI aMtima satya mAnakara saMtuSTa nahIM hotaa| vaha usa pratIti ke pIche bhI jhAMkanA cAhatA hai| isa hetu vaha apanI tarkabuddhi kA sahArA letA hai, kintu kyA tArkika jJAna nirapekSa ho sakatA hai? prathama to tArkika jJAna bhI pUrI taraha se iMdriya saMvedanoM se nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, dUsare, tArkika jJAna vastutaH eka saMbaMdhAtmaka jJAna hai| bauddhika ciMtana kAraNa aura kArya, ekaaneka, asti-nAsti Adi vicAradhArAoM se ghirA huA hai aura apanI ina vicAra vidhAoM ke AdhAra para vaha sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nhiiN| tarkabuddhi jaba bhI kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kara koI nirNaya prastuta karatI hai, to vaha hameM do tathyoM ke bIca kisI saMbaMdha yA asaMbaMdha kI hI sUcanA pradAna karatI hai aura aisA saMbaMdhAtmaka jJAna, saMbaMdha sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nahIM, kyoMki sabhI saMbaMdha (Relation) sApekSa hote haiN| (sa) mAnavIya jJAna kI sImitatA evaM sApekSatA - vastutaH, vastutattva kA yathArtha evaM pUrNa jJAna sImita kSamatA vAle mAnava ke lie sadaiva hI eka jaTila prazna rahA hai| apUrNa ke dvArA pUrNa ko jAnane ke samasta prayAsa AMzika satya ke jJAna se Age nahIM jA pAe haiM aura jaba isa AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai, to vaha satya, satya na rahakara asatya bana jAtA hai| vastutattva kevala utanA hI nahIM hai jitanA ki hama use jAna pA rahe haiN| manuSya kI aindrika jJAna kSamatA evaM tarkabuddhi

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itanI apUrNa hai ki vaha sampUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| sAdhAraNa mAnava-buddhi pUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI, ataH sAdhAraNa mAnava pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra satya ajJeya to nahIM hai, kintu binA pUrNatA ko prApta kie use pUrNa rUpa se nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| prasiddha vaijJAnika albarTa AiMsTIna ne kahA thA ki 'hama kevala sApekSika satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa satya ko to koI pUrNa dRSTA hI jAna skegaa| aura aisI sthiti meM jabaki hamArA samasta jJAna AMzika, apUrNa aura sApekSika hai, hameM yaha dAvA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki merI dRSTi hI ekamAtra satya hai aura satya mere pAsa hI hai| hamArA AMzika, apUrNa aura sApekSika jJAna nirapekSa satyatA kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA, ataH aise jJAna ke lie hameM aisI kathana paddhati kI yojanA karanI hogI, jo ki dUsaroM ke anubhUta satyoM kA niSedha nahIM karate hue apanI bAta kaha ske| hama apane jJAna kI sImitatA ke kAraNa anya sambhAvanAoM (possibilities) ko nirasta nahIM kara sakate haiN| kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hotA hai? yadyapi jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki kyA sarva kA jJAna nirapekSa hai? isa saMdarbha meM jaina dArzanikoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samakAlIna jaina vicAraka sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa mAnate haiM, jabaki dUsare kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI sApekSa hotA hai| zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne 'syAdvAda maMjarI' kI bhUmikA meM savajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa satya batAyA hai, jabaki muni zrI nAgarAjajI ne 'jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna' nAmaka pastikA meM yaha mAnA hai ki sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI kahane bhara ko hI nirapekSa hai, kyoMki syAdasti syAnnAsti se pare vaha bhI nahIM hai, kintu vastusthiti yaha hai ki jahAM taka sarvajJa ke vastu jagat ke jJAna kA prazna hai use nirapekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki usake jJAna kA viSaya anaMtadharmAtmaka vastu hai| ataH, sarvajJa bhI vastutattva ke ananta guNoM ko ananta apekSAoM se hI jAna sakatA hai| vastugata jJAna yA vaiSayika jJAna (objective knowledge) kabhI bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA, phira cAhe vaha sarvajJa kA hI kyoM na ho? isIlie jaina-AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki dIpa se lekara vyoma taka vastu mAtra syAvAda kI mudrA se aMkita hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna

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rakhanA hogA ki jahAM taka sarvajJa ke Atmabodha kA prazna hai, vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha vikalpa rahita hotA hai| sambhavataH, isI dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara AcArya kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki vyavahAra dRSTi se sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai, kintu paramArthataH to vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki sarvajJa kA Atmabodha to nirapekSa hotA hai, kintu usakA vastu viSayaka jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| (da) bhASA kI abhivyakti- sAmarthya kI sImitatA aura sApekSatA __ sarvajJa yA pUrNajJa ke lie bhI, jo sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, satya kA nirapekSa kathana yA abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| sampUrNa satya ko cAhe jAnA jA sakatA ho, kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| usakI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI koI prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha sApekSika bana jAtA hai, kyoMki sarvajJa ko bhI apanI abhivyakti ke lie usI bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, jo ki sImita evaM apUrNa hai, 'hai' aura 'nahIM' kI sImA se ghirI huI hai| ataH, bhASA pUrNa satya ko nirapekSatayA abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatI hai| prathama to vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, jabaki mAnavIya bhASA kI zabda saMkhyA sImita hai| jitane vastu dharma haiM, utane zabda nahIM haiM, ataH aneka dharma anukta yA akathita raheMge hii| punaH mAnava kI jitanI anubhUtiyAM haiM, una sabake lie bhI bhASA meM pRthak-pRthak zabda nahIM haiN| hama gur3a, zakara, Ama Adi kI miThAsa ko bhASA meM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki sabhI kI miThAsa ke lie alaga-alaga zabda nahIM haiN| AcArya nemicaMdra 'gommaTasAra' meM likhate haiM ki hamAre anubhUta bhAvoM kA kevala anantavAM bhAga hI kathanIya hotA hai aura jitanA kathanIya hai, usakA bhI eka aMza hI bhASA meM nibaddha karake likhA jAtA hai (gommaTasAra, jIvakAMDa 334) / cAhe nirapekSa jJAna ko sambhava bhI mAna liyA jAe, kintu nirapekSa kathana to kadApi sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha kisI na kisI saMdarbha meM (in a certain context) kahA jAtA hai aura isa saMdarbha meM hI use ThIka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai, anyathA bhrAMti hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, isIlie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki jagat meM jo kucha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai vaha saba kisI vivakSA yA naya se garbhita hotA hai| jina yA sarvajJa kI vANI bhI apekSArahita nahIM hotI hai| vaha sApekSa hI hotI hai| ataH, vaktA kA kathana samajhane ke lie bhI apekSA kA vicAra Avazyaka hai|

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punazca, jaba vastutattva meM aneka viruddha dharma yugala meM rahe hue haiM, to zabdoM dvArA unakA eka sAtha pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| unheM kramika rUpa meM hI kahA jA sakatA hai| zabda eka samaya meM eka hI dharma ko abhivyakta kara sakatA hai| anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke samasta dharmoM kA eka sAtha kathana bhASA kI sImA se bAhara hai, ataH kisI bhI kathana meM vastu ke aneka dharma anukta yA akathita hI raha jAeMge aura eka nirapekSa kathana anukta dharmoM kA niSedha karane ke kAraNa asatya ho jaaegaa| hamArA kathana satya rahe aura hamAre vacanavyavahAra se zrotA ko koI bhrAMti na ho, isalie sApekSika kathana paddhati hI samucita kahI jA sakatI hai| jainAcAryoM ne syAt ko satya kA cihna " isIlie kahA hai ki vaha apekSApUrvaka kathana karake hamAre kathana ko avirodhI aura satya banA detA hai tathA zrotA ko koI bhrAMti bhI nahIM hone detA hai| syAdvAda aura anekAnta sAdhAraNatayA, anekAnta aura syAvAda paryAyavAcI mAne jAte haiN|" aneka jainAcAryoM ne inheM paryAyavAcI batAyA bhI hai, kintu phira bhI donoM meM thor3A antara hai| anekAnta syAvAda kI apekSA adhika vyApaka dyotaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne donoM meM vyApakavyApya bhAva mAnA hai| anekAnta vyApaka hai aura syAdvAda vyaapy| anekAnta vAcya hai, to syAdvAda vaack| anekAnta vastu svarUpa hai, to syAdvAda usa anekAntika vastu svarUpa ke kathana kI nirdoSa bhASA pddhti| anekAnta darzana hai, to syAvAda usakI abhivyakti kA ddhNg| vibhajyavAda aura syAdvAda vibhajyavAda, syAvAda kA hI eka anya paryAyavAcI evaM pUrvavartI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra ne bhikSuoM ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza diyA hai ki ve vibhajyavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kreN| isI prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne bhI majjhimanikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki he mANavaka! maiM vibhajyavAdI hU~, ekAntavAdI nhiiN| vibhajyavAda vaha siddhAnta hai, jo prazna ko vibhAjita karake uttara detA hai| jaba buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? unhoMne isa prazna ke uttara meM yaha kahA ki gRhastha evaM tyAgI yadi mithyAvAdI haiM, to ArAdhaka nahIM ho sakate, kintu yadi donoM hI samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM, to donoM

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hI ArAdhaka ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra, jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne yaha pUchA ki 'sonA acchA hai yA jAganA?' to unhoMne kahA thA ki kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha kA jaagnaa| pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmAtmAoM kA jaagnaa|" isase yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vaktA ko pratipakSa ke prazna kA vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara denA vibhajyavAda hai| praznoM ke uttaroM kI yaha vizleSaNAtmaka zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI tathA vastu ke aneka AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI hai| isase vaktA kA vizleSaNa ekAMgI nahIM banatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kA yaha vibhajyavAda hI Age calakara zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM vikasita huA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda" bhagavAn buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda- ina donoM ko asvIkAra kiyA aura apane mArga ko madhyama mArga kahA, jabaki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ko apekSAkRta rUpa se svIkRta karake eka vidhimArga apnaayaa| bhagavAn buddha kI paramparA meM vikasita zUnyavAda aura jaina paramparA meM vikasita syAdvAda- donoM kA hI lakSya ekAntika dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI asvIkRti hI thaa| donoM meM pharka itanA hI hai ki jahAM zUnyavAda eka niSedhapradhAna dRSTi hai, vahIM syAdvAda meM eka vidhAyaka dRSTi hai| zUnyavAda jo bAta saMvRti satya aura paramArtha satya ke rUpa meM kahatA hai, vahI bAta jaina dArzanika vyavahAra aura nizcaya naya ke AdhAra para pratipAdita karatA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM maulika bheda apane niSkarSoM ke saMbaMdha meM hai| zUnyavAda apane niSkarSoM meM niSedhAtmaka hotA hai aura syAvAda vidhaanaatmk| zUnyavAda apanI sampUrNa tArkika vivecanA meM isa niSkarSa para AtA hai ki vastutattva zAzvata nahIM hai, ucchinna nahIM hai, eka nahIM hai, aneka nahIM hai, sat nahIM hai, asat nahIM hai, jabaki syAdvAda apane niSkarSoM ko vidhAnAtmaka rUpa se prastuta karatA hai ki vastu zAzvata bhI hai, azAzvata bhI hai, eka bhI hai, aneka bhI hai, sat bhI hai, asat bhI hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura syAdvAdI- donoM hI dekhate haiN| isa ekAnta ke doSa se bacane kI tatparatA meM zUnyavAda dvArA prastuta zUnyatA- zUnyatA kI dhAraNA aura syAdvAda dvArA prastuta anekAnta kI anekAntatA kI dhAraNA bhI vizeSa rUpa se dRSTavya hai|

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saptabhaMgI saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko prastuta karatI hai| hamArI bhASA vidhi-niSedha kI sImAoM se ghirI huI hai| 'hai' aura 'nahIM hai'- hamAre kathanoM ke do prArUpa haiM, kintu kabhI - kabhI hama apanI bAta ko spaSTatayA 'hai' (vidhi) aura 'nahIM hai' (niSedha) kI bhASA meM prastuta karane meM asamartha hote haiM, arthAt sImita zabdAvalI kI yaha bhASA hamArI anubhUti ko prakaTa karane meM asamartha hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM hama eka tIsare vikalpa 'avAcya' yA 'avaktavya' kA sahArA lete haiM, arthAt zabdoM ke mAdhyama se 'hai' aura 'nahIM hai' kI bhASAyI sImA meM bAMdhakara use kahA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavyatA se jo sAta prakAra ke vacana vinyAsa banate haiM, use saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai|" saptabhaMgI meM syAt asti, syAt nAsti aura syAt avaktavya - ye tInoM asaMyogI maulika bhaMga haiN| zeSa cAra bhaMga ina tInoM ke saMyoga se banate haiN| unameM syAt asti-nAsti, syAt asti - avaktavya aura syAt nAsti - avaktavya ye tIna dvisaMyogI aura aMtima syAta-asti- nAsti - avyaktavya yaha trisaMyogI bhaMga hai| nirNayoM kI bhASAyI abhivyakti vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavya - ina tIna hI rUpa meM hotI hai| ataH usase tIna hI maulika bhaMga banate haiM aura ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM meM se gaNitazAstra ke saMyoga ke niyama ke AdhAra para sAta bhaMga banate haiM, na kama, na adhika / aSTasahasrI TIkA meM AcArya vidyAnaMda ne isIlie yaha kahA hai ki jijJAsA aura saMzaya aura unake samAdhAna sapta prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| ataH, jaina AcAryoM kI saptabhaMgI kI yaha vyavasthA nirmUla nahIM hai| vastutattva ke ananta dharmoM meM se pratyeka ko lekara eka-eka saptabhaMgI aura isa prakAra ananta saptabhaMgiyAM to banAI jA sakI haiM kintu anantabhaMgI nahIM / zvetAmbara Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM SaTpradezI skaMdha ke saMbaMdha meM jo 23 bhaMgoM kI yojanA hai, vaha vacana - bheda - kRta saMkhyAoM ke kAraNa usameM bhI mUlabhaMga sAta hI haiN| paMcAstikAya aura pravacanasAra Adi prAcIna digambara Agama graMthoM meM aura zeSa paravartI sAhitya meM saptabhaMgI hI mAnya rahe haiN| ataH, vidvAnoM ko ina bhramoM kA nivAraNa kara lenA cAhie ki aise saMyogoM se saptabhaMgI hI kyoM ananta bhaMgI bhI ho sakatI hai athavA AgamoM meM sAta bhaMga nahIM haiN| saptabhaMgI bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hai| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika nirNaya prastuta karatA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt asti Adi jo sAta bhaMga haiM, ve kathana ke tArkika AkAra haiM, usameM syAt zabda kathana kI

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sApekSikatA kA sUcaka hai aura asti evaM nAsti kathana ke vidhAnAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka hone ke sUcaka haiN| kucha jaina vidvAn asti ko sattA kI bhAvAtmakatA kA aura nAsti ko abhAvAtmakatA kA sUcaka mAnate haiM kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ko mAnya nahIM ho sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie, jaina darzana meM AtmA bhAva rUpa hai, vaha abhAva rUpa nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH, hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki syAt asti, syAt nAsti apane ApameM koI kathana nahIM hai, apitu kathana ke tArkika AkAra haiM, ve kathana ke prArUpa haiN| una prArUpoM ke lie apekSA tathA uddezya aura vidheya padoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai, jaise syAd asti bhaMga kA Thosa udAharaNa hogA-dravya kI apekSA AtmA nitya hai| yadi hama isameM apekSA (dravyatA) aura vidheya (nityatA) kA ullekha nahIM kareM aura kaheM ki syAd AtmA hai,to hamArA kathana bhramapUrNa hogaa| apekSA aura vidheya pada ke ullekha ke abhAva meM saptabhaMgI ke AdhAra para kie gae kathana aneka bhrAMtiyoM ko janma dete haiM, jisakA vizeSa vivecana hamane dvitIya bhaMga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai| Adhunika tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika kathana hai, jise eka hetuphalAzrita vAkya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke prasaMga meM utpanna bhrAMtiyoM se bacane ke lie use nimna sAMketika rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke isa sAMketika prArUpa ke nirmANa meM hamane cihnoM kA prayoga unake sAmane darzita arthoM meM kiyA hai cinha yadi-to (hetuphalAzrita kathana) apekSA (dRSTikoNa) saMyojana (aura) yugapat (ekasAtha) anantattva vyAghAtaka uddezya vidheya

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bhaMgoM ke Agamika rUpa bhaMgoM ke sAMketika rUpa 1. syAt asti a' uvi hai 2. syAt nAsti 3. syAt asti nAsti ca 4. syAt avaktavya syAt asti ca avyaktavya ca 6. syAt nAsti ca avaktavya ca 111 KH uvi nahIM hai| aM uvi ~ hai. au vi nahIM hai (aM. a~)" > u avaktavya hai au vi ~ hai. (31.372)3 avaktavya hai athavA au vi X hai. (3700)3 avaktavya hai| au vi nahIM hai, (a. aM)" u Thosa udAharaNa yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya hai| yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| yadi dravya aura paryAya- donoM hI apekSA se eka sAtha vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| ( kyoMki do bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se do alaga-alaga kathana to ho sakate haiM, kintu eka kathana nahIM ho sakatA) yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya hai, kintu yadi AtmA kI dravya, paryAya donoM yA anaMta kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA

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avaktavya hai athavA (a) - u vi nahIM hai (a)- u avaktavya hai 7. syAt asti ca, au vi hai. nAsti ca (a) - u vi nahIM hai. avaktavya ca (a)- u avaktavya hai athavA - u vi hai. aM- uvi nahIM hai (a) ya u avaktavya hai nitya nahIM hai, kintu yadi apanI anaMta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA avaktavya hai| yadi dravyadRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAyadRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to AtmA nitya nahIM hai, kintu yadi apanI anaMta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| saptabhaMgI prastuta sAMketika rUpa meM hamane kevala do apekSAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva-aisI cAra apekSAeM mAnI haiM, usameM bhI bhAva apekSA vyApaka hai| bhAva apekSA meM vastu kI avasthAoM (paryAyoM) evaM guNoM-donoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| kintu yadi hama pratyeka apekSA kI sambhAvanAoM para vicAra kareM, to ye apekSAeM bhI ananta hoMgI, kyoMki vastuttva anantadharmAtmaka hai| apekSAoM kI ina vividha sambhAvanAoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa choTe se lekha meM yaha sambhava nahIM hai| ___ isa saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga 'syAd asti' hai| yaha svacatuSTaya ko apekSA se vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA vidhAna karatA hai, jaise- apane dravya kI apekSA se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, kSetra kI apekSA se iMdaura nagara meM banA huA hai, kAla kI apekSA se zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, bhAva arthAt vartamAna paryAya kI apekSA se lAla raMga kA hai yA ghaTAkAra hai aadi| isa prakAra, vastu ke sva dravya, kSetra, kAla, evaM bhAva kI apekSA se usake bhAvAtmaka guNoM kA vidhAna karanA- yaha prathama 'asti ' nAmaka bhaMga kA kArya hai| dUsarA

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'syAt nAsti' nAmaka bhaMga vastutattva ke abhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kI anupasthiti yA nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastu meM sva se bhinna para-catuSTaya kA abhAva hai, jaise-yaha ghar3A tAmbe kA nahIM hai, bhopAla nagara se banA huA nahIM hai, grISma Rtu kA banA huA nahIM hai, kRSNa varNa kA nahIM hai aadi| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yaha bhaMga isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki ghar3A sirpha ghar3A hai, pustaka, Tebala, kalama, manuSya Adi nahIM hai| jahAM prathama bhaMga yaha kahatA hai ki ghar3A, ghar3A hI hai, vahAM dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A, ghaTa itara anya kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai ki 'sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca', arthAt sabhI vastuoM kI sattA svarUpa se hai pararUpa se nhiiN| yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM guNadharmoM kI sattA bhI mAna lI jAegI, to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika bheda hI samApta ho jAvegA aura vastu kA sva-svarUpa hI nahIM raha jAvegA, ataH vastu meM para-catuSTaya kA niSedha karanA dvitIyabhaMga hai| prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki vastu kyA nahIM hai| sAmAnyataH, isa dvitIya bhaMga ko 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH' arthAt kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai, isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isake prastutikaraNa kA yaha DhaMga thor3A bhrAMtijanaka avazya hai| sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para aisA lagatA hai ki prathama bhaMga meM ghaTa ke astitva kA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA thA, usI kA dvitIya bhaMga meM niSedha kara diyA gayA hai aura aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda ko saMdehavAda yA AtmA virodhI kathana karane vAlA siddhAnta samajha lene kI bhrAMti ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaMkaraprabhRti vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda kI jo AlocanA kI thI, usakA mukhya AdhAra yahI bhrAMti hai| 'syAt asti ghaTaH' aura 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH' meM jaba syAt zabda ko dRSTi se ojhala kara yA use sambhAvanA ke artha meM grahaNa kara 'asti' aura 'nAsti' para bala diyA jAtA hai, to Atmavirodha kA AbhAsa hone lagatA hai| jahAM taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~, syAdvAda kA pratipAdana karane vAle kisI AcArya kI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga kA kArya prathama bhaMga meM sthApita kie gae guNadharma kA usI apekSA se niSedha karanA nahIM hai, apitu yA to prathama bhaMga meM asti rUpa mAne gae guNa dharma se itara guNa dharmoM kA niSedha karanA hai, athavA phira apekSA ko badalakara usI guNa dharma kA niSedha karanA hotA hai aura isa prakAra dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga ke kathana ko puSTa karatA hai, khaNDita nahIM / yadi dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko usI apekSA se prathama bhaMga kA niSedhaka yA virodhI mAna liyA jAvegA to nizcaya hI yaha [11

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siddhAMta saMzayavAda yA Atmavirodha ke doSoM se grasita ho jAvegA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM 'syAdastyeva ghaTaH' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hai hI aura dvitIya bhaMga meM 'syAnnAstyeva ghaTaH' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hI nahIM hai- aisA kareMge to AbhAsa hogA ki donoM kathana virodhI haiM, kyoMki ina kathanoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa se aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina kathanoM meM ghaTa ke astitva aura nAstitva ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ina kathanoM kA bala unameM prayukta 'syAt' zabda meM hI hai, ve yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki dvitIya bhaMga, prathama bhaMga meM sthApita satya kA pratiSedha karatA hai| donoM bhaMgoM meM ghaTa ke saMbaMdha meM jinakA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, ve apekSAzrita dharma haiM na ki ghaTa kA svayaM kA astitva yA naastitv| punaH, donoM bhaMgoM ke 'apekSAzrita dharma' eka nahIM haiM, bhinna-bhinna haiN| prathama bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA niSedha huA hai, ve dUsare arthAt para-catuSTaya ke haiM, ataH prathama bhaMga ke vidhAna aura dvitIya bhaMga ke niSedha meM koI Atmavirodha nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM isa bhrAMti kA mUla kAraNa prastuta vAkya meM usa vidheya pada ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai, jisakA ki vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yadi 'nAsti' pada ko vidheya sthAnIya mAnA jAtA hai, to punaH yahAM yaha bhI prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jo ghaTa asti rUpa hai, vaha nAsti rUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAe ki paradravyAdi kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, to paradravyAdi ghaTa ke astitva ke niSedhaka kaise bana sakate haiM? yadyapi yahAM pUrvAcAryoM kA mantavya spaSTa hai ki ve ghaTa kA nahIM, apitu ghaTa meM dravyAdi kA niSedha karanA cAhate haiN| ve kahanA yaha cAhate haiM ki ghaTa paTa nahIM hai yA ghaTa meM paTa Adi ke dharma nahIM haiM, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki isa kathana meM prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM apekSA nahIM badalI hai| yadi prathama bhaMga se yaha kahA jAve ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAve ki ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai, to donoM meM apekSA eka hI hai, arthAt donoM kathana dravya kI yA upAdAna kI apekSA se hai| aba dasarA udAharaNa leN| kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya hai, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| yahAM donoM bhaMgoM meM apekSA badala jAtI hai| yahAM prathama bhaMga meM dravya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya kahA gayA aura dUsare bhaMga meM paryAya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya nahIM kahA gayA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke pratipAdana ke ye donoM rUpa bhinna bhinna haiN| dUsare, yaha kahanA ki paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai yA paTa kI apekSA ghaTa nahIM hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se thor3A bhrAMtijanaka avazya hai, kyoMki paracatuSTaya vastu kI

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sattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastu meM paracatuSTaya arthAt sva-bhinna para dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA abhAva to hotA hai, kintu unakI apekSA vastu kA abhAva nahIM hotA hai| kyA yaha kahanA ki kursI kI apekSA Tebala nahIM hai, yA pItala kI apekSA yaha ghar3A nahIM hai, bhASA ke abhrAMta prayoga haiM? isa kathana meM jainAcAryoM kA Azaya to yahI hai ki Tebala kursI nahIM hai, yA ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai| ataH, paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu nahIM hai, yaha kahane kI apekSA yaha kahanA ki vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA abhAva hai, bhASA kA samyak prayoga hogaa| vidvAnoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve saptabhaMgI ke vizeSa rUpa se dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMga ke bhASA ke svarUpa para aura svayaM unake AkArika svarUpa para punarvicAra kareM aura Adhunika tarkazAstra ke saMdarbha meM use punargaThita kareM, to jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka bar3I upalabdhi hogI, kyoMki dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMgoM kI kathana vidhi ke vividha rUpa parilakSita hote haiN| ataH, yahAM dvitIya bhaMga ke vividha svarUpoM para thor3A vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| merI dRSTi meM dvitIyabhaMga ke nimna cAra rUpa ho sakate haiM cihna artha 1. prathama bhaMga - anau vi hai, dvitIya bhaMga ana u nahIM hai prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma (vidheya) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usI dharma (vidheya) kA niSedha kara denaa| jaiseH dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai, paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| 2. prathama bhaMga ana u vi hai, dvitIyabhaMga anau ba hai 3. prathama bhaMga ana u vi hai, dvitIyabhaMga ana uba vi hai prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma kA pratipAdana kara denA hai| jaise dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| - prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita dharma ko puSTa karane hetu usI apekSA se dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma yA bhinna dharma kA vastu meM niSedha kara denaa|

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jaise- raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja nIlI hai, raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja pIlI hai, athavA apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM cetanA hai, apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA acetana nahIM hai, athavA upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A svarNa kA nahIM hai| 4. | prathama bhaMga ana u hai, jaba pratipAdita kathana deza yA kAla-donoM ke | dvitIya bhaMga ana u nahIM hai saMbaMdha meM ho, taba deza-kAla Adi kI apekSA ko badalakara prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara denA, jaise-27 navaMbara kI apekSA maiM yahAM para huuN| 20 navaMbara kI apekSA meM yahAM para nahIM thaa| dvitIya bhaMga ke uparyukta cAroM rUpoM meM prathama aura dvitIya rUpa meM bahuta adhika maulika bheda nahIM hai, aMtara itanA hI hai ki jahAM prathama rUpa meM eka hI dharma kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhAna aura dUsare bhaMga meM niSedha hotA hai, vahAM dUsare rUpa meM donoM bhaMgoM meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM do viruddha dharmoM kA vidhAna hotA hai| prathama rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba vastu meM eka hI guNa apekSA bheda se kabhI upasthita rahe aura kabhI upasthita nahIM rahe, isa rUpa ke lie vastu meM do viruddha dharmoM ke yugala kA honA jarUrI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsare rUpa kA prastutikaraNa kevala usI sthiti meM sambhava hotA hai, jaba vastu meM dharma viruddha yugala ho| tIsarA rUpa taba banatA hai, jaba usa vastu meM pratipAdita dharma ke viruddha dharma kI upasthiti hI na ho| caturtha rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba ki hamAre pratipAdana meM vidheya kA spaSTa ullekha na ho| dvitIya bhaMga ke pUrvokta rUpoM meM prathama rUpa kI apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) vahI rahatA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai| dvitIya rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha dharma (vidheya kA vyAghAtaka pada) hotA hai aura kriyApada vidhAnAtmaka hotA hai| tRtIya rUpa meM apekSA vahI rahatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha yA viparIta pada rakhA jAtA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai

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tathA aMtima caturtha rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai aura pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara diyA hai| jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI kA tIsarA maulika bhaMga avaktavya hai, ataH yaha vicAraNIya hai ki isa bhaMga kI yojanA kA uddezya kyA hai ? sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahate hue sat-asat, nitya - anitya Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat arthAta eka sAtha pratipAdana karane vAlA koI zabda nahIM hai, ataH viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha abhivyakti kI zAbdika asamarthatA ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI hai, kintu avaktavya kA yaha artha usakA ekamAtra artha nahIM hai| yadi hama avaktavya zabda para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to usake artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| DaoN. padmarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai 1. pahalA, vedakAlIna niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM vizva ke kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi usa kAraNa tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai, yahAM donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| 2. dUsarA, aupaniSadika vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM sat, asat Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai, jaise- 'tadejati tannejati', 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn' aadi| yahAM donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| 3. tIsarA dRSTikoNa, jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM milatA hai, paramatattva ko 'yato vAco nivartante', 'yadvAcAnabhyuditaM, naiva vAcA na manasA prAptuM zakyoH' aadi| buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI catuSkoTi vinirmukta tattva kI avadhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| 4. cauthA dRSTikoNa, jaina nyAya meM sApekSika avaktavyatA yA sApekSika anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| sAmAnyatayA, avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM 1. sat va asat - donoM kA niSedha karanA / 2. 3. 111 sat, asat - aura sadasat - tInoM kA niSedha karanA / sat, asat, sat-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat na asat (anubhaya) - cAroM kA

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MOREOVES niSedha krnaa| vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya mAnanA, arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhava meM to A sakatA hai, kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| 5. sat aura asat-donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake kathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa avaktavya khnaa| vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai, arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM haiM, ataH vAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya maannaa| yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina vicAra-paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatayA, jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat-donoM kA yugapat vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie vastutattva avaktavya hai, kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaha artha aMtima nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko jisa rUpa meM vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai, vaha vicAraNIya hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki 'AtmA dhvanyAtmaka' kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahAM vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahAM taka pahuMca nahIM hai, mati use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAvAn hai| usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| punaH, vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA aura zabdasaMkhyAta kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva ko avaktavya mAnA gayA hai| AcArya nemicaMdra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApya bhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Ae avaktavya bhAvoM kA anantavAM bhAga hI kathana kiyA jAne yogya hai| ataH yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA

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kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai| isa prakAra, jaina darzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThaveM artha mAnya rahe haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa avaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavya ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa kI nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai, kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avaktavya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna leMge, to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| ataH, jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anirvacanIyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha anirvacanIya bhI hai| sattA aMzataH nirvacanIya hai aura aMzataH anirvacanIya, kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra, pUrva nirdiSTa pAMca arthoM meM se pahale do ko chor3akara aMtima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| merI dRSTi meM avaktavya bhaMga kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai| prathama to, 'hai' aura 'nahIM hai' - aise vidhi pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA hai| dUsare, nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva kA kathana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai| tIsare, apekSAeM ananta ho sakatI haiM, kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, isalie bhI use avaktavya mAnanA hogaa| isake nimna tIna prArUpa haiM 1. (a.)z u avaktavya hai 2. - aZ u avaktavya hai, 3. (a) Z u avaktavya hai| saptabhaMgI ke zeSa cAroM bhaMga sAMyogika haiN| vicAra kI spaSTa abhivyakti kI dRSTi se inakA mahatva to avazya hai, kintu inakA apanA koI svataMtra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, ye apane saMyogI mUlabhaMgoM kI apekSA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI vastusvarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| ataH, ina para yahAM vistRta vicAra apekSita nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra vartamAna yuga meM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke vicArakoM meM lyusAivikana ne eka naI dRSTi dI

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hai| usake anusAra, tArkika nirNayoM meM kevala satya, asatya-aise do mUlya hI nahIM hote, apitu satya, asatya aura saMbhAvita satya-aise tIna mUlya hote haiN| isI saMdarbha meM DaoN.esa.esa.bAraliMge ne jaina nyAya ko trimUlyAtmaka siddha karane kA prayAsa jayapura kI eka goSThI meM kiyA thaa| yadyapi jahAM taka jainanyAya yA syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA prazna hai, use trimUlyAtmaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jainanyAya meM pramANa, sunaya aura durnaya-aise tIna kSetra mAne gae haiN| isameM pramANa -sunizcita satya, sunaya-saMbhAvita satya aura darnayaasatyatA ke paricAyaka haiN| punaH, jaina dArzanikoM ke pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya-aise do prakAra ke vAkya mAnakara pramANavAkya ko sakalAdeza (sunizcita satya yA pUrNa satya) kahA hai| nayavAkya ko na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asty| ataH, satya aura asatya ke madhya eka tIsarI koTi AMzika satya yA saMbhAvita satya mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH, vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA evaM syAdvAda siddhAnta bhI sambhAvita satyatA ke samarthaka haiM, kyoMki vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA anya sambhAvanAoM ko nirasta nahIM karatI hai aura syAvAda usa kathita satyatA ke atirikta anya sambhAvita satyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra, jaina darzana kI vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA tathA pramANa, naya aura durnaya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda siddhAnta trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (three valued logic) yA bahumUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (many valued logic) kA samarthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jahAM taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai, use trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM nAstika nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga kramazaH asatya aura aniyatatA (indeterminate) ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga satya-mUlya kA sUcaka hai, yadyapi jaina vicArakoM ne pramANa-saptabhaMgI aura naya-saptabhaMgI ke rUpa meM saptabhaMgI ke jo do rUpa mAne haiM, usake AdhAra para yahAM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANasaptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sunizcita satyatA aura naya saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sambhAvita yA AMzika satyatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| asatya kA sUcaka to kevala durnaya hI hai| ataH, saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka nahIM hai| kintu, mere ziSya DaoN.bhikhArIrAma yAdava ne apane prastuta zodha nibaMdha meM atyanta zramapUrvaka saptabhaMgI ko saptamUlyAtmaka siddha kiyA hai aura apane pakSa ke samarthana meM samakAlIna pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke pramANa bhI prastuta kie haiN| AzA hai vidvajjana unake isa

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prayAsa kA samyak mUlyAMkana kreNge| Aja mujhe isa bAta kI prasannatA hai ki mere hI ziSya ne ciMtana ke kSetra meM mujhase eka kadama Age rakhA hai| hama guru-ziSya meM kauna satya hai yA asatya hai, yaha vivAda ho sakatA hai, yaha nirNaya to pAThakoM ko karanA hai, kintu anekAMta zailI meM apekSAbheda se donoM bhI satya ho sakate haiN| vaise, zAstrakAroM ne kahA hai ki ziSya se parAjaya ke lie parama AnaMda kA viSaya hotA hai, kyoMki vaha usake jIvana kI sArthakatA kA avasara hai| guru syAdvAda kA lakSya-eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa (a) dArzanika vicAroM ke samanvaya kA AdhAra syAdvAda - 23 bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya bhArata meM vaicArika saMgharSa aura dArzanika vivAda apanI carama sImA para the| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra usa samaya 363 aura bauddha AgamoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika mata pracalita the / vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA thI, jo vivAdoM se Upara uThane ke lie dizA nirdeza de ske| bhagavAn buddha ne isa Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie vivAda parAGgamukhatA ko apnaayaa| suttanipAta meM ve kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA huuN| eka to vaha apUrNa va ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare kalaha evaM azAMti kA kAraNa hotA hai, ataH nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na pdd'e|" buddha ne apane yuga meM pracalita paravirodhI dArzanika dRSTikoNoM ko sadoSa batAyA aura isa prakAra apane ko kisI bhI dArzanika mAnyatA ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| ve kahate haiM ki paMDita kisI dRSTi yA vAda meM nahIM pdd'taa| 24 buddha kI dRSTi meM dArzanika vAdavivAda nirvANa mArga ke sAdhaka ke kArya nahIM haiN| anAsakta mukta puruSa ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| isI prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI Agraha ko sAdhanA kA samyak patha nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne bhI kahA ki Agraha, matAndhatA yA ekAMgI dRSTi ucita nahIM hai| jo loga apane kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI niMdA karane meM hI pAMDitya dikhAte haiM, ve saMsAra-cakra meM ghUmate rahate haiN|" isa prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra va buddha-donoM hI usa yuga kI Agraha vRtti evaM matAndhatA se janamAnasa ko mukta karanA cAhate the, phira bhI buddha aura mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thor3A aMtara thaa| jahAM buddha ina vivAdoM se bacane kI salAha de rahe the, vahIM mahAvIra inake samanvaya kI 25

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RE eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta kara rahe the, jisakA pariNAma syAdvAda hai| syAvAda vividha dArzanika ekAntavAdI meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM nityavAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, bhedavAda-abhedavAda Adi sabhI vastusvarUpa ke AMzika pakSoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| inameM se koI bhI asatya to nahIM hai, kintu pUrNa satya bhI nahIM hai| yadi inako koI asatya banAtA hai, to vaha AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna lene kA unakA Agraha hI hai| syAvAda apekSA bheda meM ina sabhI ke bIca samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki satya tabhI asatya bana jAtA hai, jabaki hama AgrahI dRSTi se use dekhate haiN| yadi hamArI dRSTi apane ko Agraha ke Upara uThAkara dekhe, to hameM satya kA darzana ho sakatA hai| satya kA saccA prakAza kevala anAgrahI ko hI mila sakatA hai| mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya gautama kA jIvana svayaM isakA eka pratyakSa sAkSya hai| gautama ke kevala jJAna meM Akhira kauna sA tattva bAdhaka bana rahA thaa| mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna karate hue gautama se kahA thA- he gautama! terA mere prati jo samatva hai, vahI tere kevalajJAna (satya darzana) kA bAdhaka hai| mahAvIra kI spaSTa ghoSaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM rahakara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Agrahabuddhi yA dRSTirAga satya ko asatya banA detA hai| satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai, virodha meM nahIM, samanvaya meM hotA hai| satya kA sAdhaka anAgrahI aura vItarAgI hotA hai, upAdhyAya yazovijayajI syAvAda kI isI anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue adhyAtmasAra meM likhate haiM yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu, tanayeSviva, tasyAnekAMtavAdasya ka, nyUnAdhikazemuSI tena syAdvAmAlaMvya sarvadarzana tulytaam| mokSodevizeSaNa yaH pazyati saH shaastrvit|| mAdhyasthameva zAstrArtho yena tayAru siddhyti| sa eva dharmavAdaH syAdanyadvAliza vlgnm|| mAdhyasthasahitaM hyokapadajJAnamApi prmaa| zAstrakoTivRthaivAnyA tathA cauktaM mhaatmnaa|| -adhyAtmopaniSad-61,70-72

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saccA anekAntavAdI kisI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sabhI dRSTikoNa (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya dRSTi se dekhatA hai, jaise- koI pitA apane putra ko, kyoMki anekAntavAdI ko nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sktii| saccA zAstrajJa kahe jAne kA adhikArI to vahI hai, jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa darzanoM meM samAna bhAva rakhatA hai| vAstava meM, mAdhyasthabhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai, yahI dharmavAda hai| madhyastha bhAva rahane para zAstra ke eka pada para jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI vRthA hai, kyoMki jahAM Agraha buddhi hotI hai vahAM vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana sambhava nahIM hotA / vastutaH zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda, nityavAda, anityavAda, bhedavAda, abhedavAda, dvaitavAda, advaitavAda, hetuvAda, ahetuvAda, niyativAda, puruSArthavAda Adi jitane bhI dArzanika matamatAntara haiM, ve sabhI parama sattA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se lie gae citra haiM aura ApekSika rUpa se satya haiM, dravya dRSTi aura paryAya dRSTi ke AdhAra para ina virodhI siddhAntoM kA samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH, eka saccA syAvAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA hai, vaha sabhI darzanoM kA ArAdhaka hotA hai| paramayogI AnaMdaghanajI likhate haiM. - SaT darasaNa jina aMga bhaNIje, nyAya SaDaMga jo sAdhe re| nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, SaTadarzana ArAdhe re||1|| jina sura pAdapa pAya bakhANuM, sAMkhya joga doya bhede re / Atama sattA vivaraNa karatA, lahI duya aMga akhede re / / 2 / / bheda abheda sugata mImAMsaka, jinavara doya kara bhArI re| lokAloka avalaMbana bhajiye, gurugamathI avadhArI re||3|| lokAyatika sukha kUkha jinavara kI, aMza vicAra jo kIje / tatva vicAra sudhArasa dhArA, gurugama biNa kema pIje / / 4 / / jaina jinezvara uttama aMga, aMtaraMga bahiraMge re| akSara nyAsa dharA ArAdhaka, ArAdhe dharI saMge re | 15 || (ba) rAjanItika kSetra meM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA upayoga anekAnta kA siddhAnta na kevala dArzanika apitu rAjanItika vivAda bhI hala karatA hai| Aja kA rAjanItika jagat bhI vaicArika saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai| pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda,

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sAmyavAda, phAsIvAda, nAjIvAda jaisI aneka rAjanItika vicAradhArAeM tathA rAjataMtra, kulataMtra, adhinAyaka taMtra Adi anekAneka zAsana praNAliyAM varttamAna meM pracalita haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM unameM se pratyeka eka dUsare kI samApti ke lie prayatnazIla haiN| vizva ke rASTra khemoM meM baMTe hue haiM aura pratyeka kheme kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA rAjanItika saMgharSa Arthika hitoM kA saMgharSa na hokara vaicArika saMgharSa hai| Aja amerikA aura rUsa apanI vaicArika prabhusattA ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke lie hI pratispardhA meM lage hue haiN| eka dUsare ko nAma - zeSa karane kI unakI yaha mahatvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava jAti ko hI nAma zeSa na kara de| Aja ke rAjanItika jIvana meM syAdvAda ke do vyAvahArika phalita vaicArika sahiSNutA aura samanvaya kA atyanta upAdeya hai| mAnava jAti ne rAjanItika jagat meM, rAjataMtra se prajAtaMtra taka kI jo laMbI yAtrA taya kI hai, usakI sArthakatA syAdvAda dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai| virodhI pakSa dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara usake dvArA apane doSoM ko samajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA, Aja ke rAjanItika jIvana kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala kI upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA hai, isa vicAradRSTi aura sahiSNu bhAvanA meM hI prajAtaMtra kA bhaviSya ujjavala raha sakatA hai| rAjanItika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtaMtra ( pArliyAmeMTrI DemokresI) vastutaH rAjanItika syAdvAda hai| isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvArA gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathAsambhava usase lAbha bhI uThAtI hai / dArzanika kSetra meM jahAM bhArata syAdvAda kA sRjaka hai, vahIM rAjanItika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtaMtra kA samarthaka bhI hai, ataH Aja syAdvAda siddhAnta ko vyAvahArika kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai| isI prakAra, hameM yaha bhI samajhanA hai ki rAjya-vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya janakalyANa hai, ataH janakalyANa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vibhinna rAjanItika vicAradhArAoM ke madhya eka sAMga saMtulana sthApita karanA hai| AvazyakatA saiddhAMtika vivAdoM kI nahIM, apitu janahita se saMrakSaNa evaM mAnava kI pAzavika vRttiyoM ke niyaMtraNa kI hai|

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(sa) anekAMta dhArmika sahiSNutA ke kSetra meM sabhI dharma sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai| jaina dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA hai, to bauddha dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai| vahIM, vedAMta meM ahaM aura Asakti se Upara uThanA hI mAnava kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai, lekina kyA ekAMta yA Agraha vaicArika rAga, vaicArika Asakti, vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM doSarUpa nahIM haiM aura jaba taka ve upasthita haiM, dhArmika bhAvanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI? jina sAdhanA paddhatiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA, unake lie Agraha yA ekAMta vaicArika hiMsA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai| eka ora sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pahalU kI dRSTi se matAgraha vaicArika Asakti yA rAga kA hI rUpa hai, to dUsarI ora sAdhanA ke sAmAjika pahalU kI dRSTi se vaha vaicArika hiMsA hai| vaicArika Asakti aura vaicArika hiMsA se mukti ke lie dhArmika kSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAMta kI sAdhanA apekSita hai| vastutaH, dharma kA AvirbhAva mAnava jAti meM zAMti aura sahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huA thaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA, lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSya-manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM khIMca rahA hai| dhArmika matAndhatA meM hiMsA, saMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra kyA nahIM ho rahA hai? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara nizcita rUpa se 'hA~' meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM 'dharma' nahIM, kintu dharma kA AvaraNa DAla kara mAnava kI mahatvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra hI yaha saba karavAtA rahA hai| yaha dharma nahIM, dharma kA nakAba DAle adharma hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka haiM yA ho sakate haiM? isa prazna kA uttara anekAMtika zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| sAdhyAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, jabaki sAdhanAtmaka dharma aneka haiN| sAdhya rUpa meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura sAdhanA rUpa se anekatA ko hI yathArtha dRSTikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAdhya hai- samatva lAbha (samAdhi) arthAt Antarika tathA bAhya zAMti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA nirAkaraNa, lekina rAgadveSa aura asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyA hoM? yahIM vicAra-bheda prArambha hotA hai| lekina yaha vicAra-bheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya kI ora

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unmukha hone se ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA skte| eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khIMcI huI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai kintu yathArtha meM hotA nahIM hai, kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai, kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai, vaha dUsarI rekhAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai| sAdhya ekatA meM hI sAdhanA rUpa dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai| yadi dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, to unameM virodha kaisA ? anekAMta dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhanAparaka anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanoM ke bAhya niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA / dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma sAdhanA ke bAhya rUpoM meM vibhinnatAoM kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aisA huA bhI, kintu manuSya ko apane dharmAcArya ke prati mamatA (rAgAtmakatA) aura usake apane mana meM vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne apane-apane dharma yA sAdhanA paddhati ko hI ekamAtra evaM aMtima satya mAnane ko bAdhya kiyaa| phalasvarUpa, vibhinna dhArmika sampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyika vaimanasya kA prArambha huaa| munizrI nemIcaMdajI ne dharma sampradAyoM ke udbhava kI eka sajIva vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'manuSya svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai, usake ahaM ko jarA sI coTa lagate hI vaha apanA akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho sakatA hai|' yadyapi vaiyaktika ahaM dharmasampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA kAraNa avazya haiM, lekina vahI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhika bhinnatA aura dezakAlagata tathya bhI isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM AI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bne| unake anusAra sampradAya banane ke nimna kAraNa ho sakate haiM - 1. IrSyA ke kAraNa, 2. kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI lipsA ke kAraNa, 3. kisI vaicArika matabheda (matAgraha) ke kAraNa, 4. kisI AcAra saMbaMdhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa, 5. kisI vyakti yA pUrva sampradAya dvArA apamAna yA khIMcatAna hone ke kAraNa, 6. kisI vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi meM, 7. kisI sAmpradAyika paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se| uparyukta kAraNoM meM aMtima do ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna sampradAya Agraha, dhArmika asahiSNutA aura sAmpradAyika vidveSa ko janma dete haiN| 111

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vizva itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki dhArmika asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya duSkRtya karAe haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana ko dharma kA bAnA pahanAyA gyaa| zAMtipradAtA dharma hI azAMti kA kAraNa bnaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM dhArmika anAsthA kA mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI hai / yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMthoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka anAgrahI ho, to usameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra parilakSita ho sakate haiN| anekAnta vicAra-dRSTi vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti dvArA ekatA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai, kyoMki vaiyaktika ruci bheda evaM kSamatA bheda tathA dezakAlagata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharma evaM vicAra sampradAyoM kI upasthiti aparihArya hai| eka dharma yA eka sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata aura avyAvahArika hI nahIM, apitu azAMti aura saMgharSa kA kAraNa bhI hai| anekAMta vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM kI samApti kA prayAsa na hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM susaMgata rUpa se saMyojita karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai, lekina inake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA hai - dhArmika sahiSNutA aura sarvadharma samabhAva kii| anekAMta ke samarthaka jainAcAryoM ne isI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA to sarvavidita hI hai| apane graMtha zAstravArttAsamuccaya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda, nyAyadarzana ke Izvara kartRtvavAda aura vedAMta ke sarvAtmavAda (brahmavAda) meM bhI saMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane graMtha lokatattvasaMgraha meM AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM - pakSapAto na me vIreM na dvoSaH yuktimadvacanaM yasya, tasya kArya kapilAdiSu / parigrahaH / / mujhe na to mahAvIra ke prati pakSapAta hai aura na kapilAdi munigaNoM ke prati dveSa hai| jo bhI vacana tarkasaMgata hoM use grahaNa karanA caahie| isI prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate samaya sarva deva samabhAva kA paricaya dete hue kahA thA bhavavIjAMkurajananA, rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNurvA haro, jino vA namastasmai / / saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho cuke haiM, use maiM praNAma karatA hU~,

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cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, ziva hoM yA jina hoN| (da) pArivArika jIvana meM syAdvAda dRSTi kA upayoga ____ kauTumbika kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAMtipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa kregaa| sAmAnyatayA pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra hote haiM- pitA-putra tathA saas-bhuu| ina donoM vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa donoM kA dRSTibheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM bar3A huA, unhIM saMskAroM ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| jisa mAnyatA ko svayaM mAnakara baiThA hai, unhIM mAnyatAoM ko dUsare se manavAnA cAhatA hai| pitA kI dRSTi anubhavapradhAna hotI hai, jabaki putra kI dRSTi trkprdhaan| eka prAcIna saMskAroM se grasita hotA hai, to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA cAhatA hai| yahI sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki bahU aisA jIvana jIe jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM vyatIta kiyA thA, jabaki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtRpakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svataMtra jIvana jIe, jaisA vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke pAsa jItI thii| isake viparIta, zvasura pakSa usase eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai| yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa banate haiN| isameM jaba taka sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH, isake mUla meM jo dRSTibheda hai, use anekAMta paddhati se samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke saMbaMdha meM koI vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM, to hameM svayaM apane ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kara socanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake hI use samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA putra se jisa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le| adhikArI karmacArI se kisa DhaMga se kAma lenA cAhatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le| yahI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jisake abhAva meM lokavyavahAra asaMbhava hai aura jisa AdhAra para anekAntavAda jagadguru hone kA dAvA karatA hai| kahA hai

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jeNa viNA vi logassa vavahAro savvahA na nivvddii| tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo Namo annegNtaavss|| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki anekAMta evaM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta dArzanika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika evaM pArivArika jIvana ke virodhoM ke samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta karate haiM, jisase mAnava jAti ko saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM, anekAnta vicAra-paddhati ke vyAvahArika kSetra meM tIna pramukha yogadAna haiM 1. vivAda parAGgamukhatA yA vaicArika saMgharSa kA niraakrnn| 2. vaicArika sahiSNutA yA vaicArika anAgraha (vipakSa meM nihita satya kA drshn)| 3. vaicArika samanvaya aura eka udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA nirmaann| bauddha AcAra darzana meM vaicArika anAgraha bauddha AcAradarzana meM madhyama mArga kI dhAraNA anekAntavAda kI vicArasaraNI kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI madhyama mArga ke vaicArika kSetra meM anAgraha kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI satya ko aneka pahaluoM se yukta dekhA aura yaha mAnA ki satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA vidvattA hai| theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo satya kA hI pahalU dekhatA hai, vaha mUrkha hai|" paNDita to satya ko sau (aneka) pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vaicArika Agraha aura vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTikoNa se hotA hai, ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiM aura vivAda meM ulajhate haiN|29 bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra Agraha, pakSa yA ekAMgI dRSTi rAga meM rata hotA hai| vaha jagat meM kalaha aura vivAda kA sRjana karatA hai aura svayaM bhI Asakti ke kAraNa baMdhana meM par3A rahatA hai| isake viparIta, jo manuSya dRSTi, pakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai aura na baMdhana meN| buddha ke nimna zabda bar3e marmasparzI haiM- jo apanI dRSTi se dRr3hAgrahI ho, dUsare ko mUrkha aura azuddha batAne vAlA hotA hai vaha svayaM kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai| kisI dhAraNA para sthita ho, usake dvArA vaha saMsAra meM vivAda utpanna karatA hai, jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai, vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM krtaa|"

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maiM vivAda ke phala batAtA huuN| eka, yaha apUrNa yA ekAMgI hotA hai, dUsare, vaha vigraha yA azAMti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAle yaha bhI dekhakara vivAda na kreN| sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyAM haiM, paNDita ina sabameM nahIM pdd'taa| dRSTi aura zruti ko grahaNa na karane vAlA, Asaktirahita vaha kyA grahaNa kare? (loga) apane dharma ko paripUrNa batAte haiM aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiN| isa prakAra, bhinna mata vAle hI vivAda karate haiM aura apanI dhAraNA ko satya batAte haiN| yadi koI dUsare kI avajJA (niMdA) karake hIna ho jAe, to dharmoM meM zreSTha nahIM hotaa| jo kisI vAda meM Asakta hai, vaha zuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotA, kyoki vaha kisI dRSTi ko mAnatA hai| vivekI brAhmaNa tRSNA-dRSTi meM nahIM pdd'taa| vaha tRSNA-dRSTi kA anusaraNa nahIM krtaa| muni isa saMsAra meM graMthiyoM ko chor3akara vAdiyoM meM pakSapAtI nahIM hotaa| azAMtoM meM zAMta vaha jise anya loga grahaNa karate haiM, usakI apekSA karatA hai, bAda meM anAsakta dRSTiyoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta vaha dhIra saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotaa| jo kucha dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vaha vijayI hai| pUrNa rUpa se mukta, mAra-tyakta vaha saMskAra, uparati tathA tRSNArahita hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha sadAcaraNa aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAda yA vAgvilAsa yA Agraha vRtti ko anupayukta samajhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM yaha pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirvANa-mArga ke pathika kA kArya nahIM hai| yaha to mallavidyA hairAjabhoga se puSTa pahalavAna ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM rhaa| jo kisI dRSTi ko grahaNa kara vivAda karate haiM aura apane mata ko satya batAte haiM, unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahAM koI nahIM hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki buddha ne bhI mahAvIra ke samAna hI dRSTi rAga ko anupayukta mAnA hai aura batAyA ki satya kA sampUrNa prakaTana vahIM hotA hai, jahAM sArI dRSTiyAM zUnya ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI eka vicitra saMyoga hai ki mahAvIra ke antevAsI iMdrabhUti ke samAna hI buddha ke antevAsI AnaMda ko bhI buddha ke jIvanakAla meM ahaMta pada prApta nahIM ho skaa| sambhavataH, yahAM bhI yahI mAnanA hogA ki zAstA ke prati AnaMda kA jo dRSTirAga thA, vahI usake ahaMta hone meM bAdhA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM donoM dharmoM ke niSkarSa samAna pratIta hote haiN|

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- gItA meM anAgraha vaidika paramparA meM bhI anAgraha kA samucita mahatva aura sthAna hai| gItA ke anusAra Agraha kI vRtti AsurI vRtti hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki AsurI svabhAva ke loga dambha, mAna aura mada se yukta hokara kisI prakAra bhI pUrNa na hone vAlI kAmanAoM kA Azraya le ajJAna se mithyA siddhAntoM ko grahaNa karake bhraSTa AcaraNoM se yukta ho saMsAra meM pravRtti karate rahate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, Agraha kA pratyaya tapa, jJAna aura dhAraNA sabhI kA vikRta kara detA hai| gItA meM Agrahayukta tapa ko aura Agrahayukta dhAraNA ko tAmasa kahA hai| AcArya zaMkara to jaina paramparA ke samAna vaicArika Agraha ko mukti meM bAdhaka mAnate haiN| vivekacUr3AmaNi meM ve kahate haiM ki vidvAnoM kI vANI kI kuzalatA, zabdoM kI dhArAvAhitA, zAstra-vyAkhyAna kI paTutA aura vidvatA-yaha saba rAga kA hI kAraNa ho sakate haiM, mokSa kA nhiiN| zabdajAla citta ko bhaTakAne vAlA eka mahAna vana hai| vaha cittabhrAMti kA hI kAraNa hai| AcArya vibhinna mata-matAntaroM se yukta zAstrAdhyayana ko bhI nirarthaka mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki yadi paramatattva kA anubhava nahIM kiyA to zAstrAdhyayana niSphala hai aura yadi paramatattva kA jJAna ho gayA, to zAstrAdhyayana Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM vaicArika Agraha yA dArzanika mAnyatAeM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se adhika mUlya nahIM rkhtiiN| vaidika nIti-vettA zukrAcArya Agraha ko anucita aura mUrkhatA kA kAraNa mAnate hue kahate haiM ki atyaMta Agraha nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki ati saba jagaha nAza kA kAraNa hai| atyanta dAna se daridratA, atyanta lobha se tiraskAra aura atyanta Agraha se manuSya kI mUrkhatA parilakSita hotI hai| vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI vaicArika Agraha ko anaitika mAnA aura sarvadharma samabhAva ke rUpa meM vaicArika anAgraha para jora diyaa| vastutaH Agraha satya kA honA cAhie, vicAroM kA nhiiN| satya kA Agraha tabhI to ho sakatA hai, jaba hama apane vaicArika AgrahoM se Upara utthe| mahAtmAjI ne satya ke Agraha ko to svIkAra kiyA, lekina vaicArika AgrahoM ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unakA sarvadharma samabhAva kA siddhAnta isakA jvalaMta udAharaNa hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM kI paramparAoM meM anAgraha ko sAmAjika jIvana kI dRSTi se sadaiva mahatva diyA jAtA rahA hai, kyoMki vaicArika saMgharSoM se samAja ko bacAne kA ekamAtra mArga anAgraha hI hai|

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.. vaicArika sahiSNutA kA AdhAra : anAgraha (anekAMta-dRSTi) jisa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ke kAla meM vaicArika saMgharSa upasthita the aura pratyeka matavAdI apane ko samyakdRSTi aura dUsare ko mithyAdRSTi kaha rahA thA, usI prakAra vartamAna yuga meM bhI vaicArika saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para hai| siddhAntoM ke nAma para manuSya-manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMcI jA rahI haiN| kahIM dharma ke nAma para eka dUsare ke viruddha viSavamana kiyA jA rahA hai| dhArmika yA rAjanItika sAmpradAyikatA janatA ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banA rahI hai| pratyeka dharmavAda yA rAjanItika vAda apanI satyatA kA dAvA kara rahA hai aura dUsare ko bhrAMta batA rahA hai|is dhArmika evaM rAjanItika unmAda evaM asahiSNutA ke kAraNa mAnava mAnava ke rakta kA pyAsA banA huA hai| Aja pratyeka rASTra kA evaM vizva kA vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha hai| eka ora pratyeka rASTra kI rAjanItika pArTiyAM yA dhArmika sampradAya usake AMtarika vAtAvaraNa ko vikSubdha evaM janatA ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM ko tanAvapUrNa banAe hue haiM, to dUsarI ora rASTra svayaM bhI apane ko kisI eka niSThA se saMbaMdhita kara guTa banA rahe haiM aura isa prakAra vizva ke vAtAvaraNa ko tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha banA rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yaha vaicArika asahiSNutA sAmAjika evaM pArivArika jIvana ko viSAkta banA rahI hai| purAnI aura naI pIr3hI ke vaicArika virodha ke kAraNa Aja samAja aura parivAra kA vAtAvaraNa bhI azAMta aura kalahapUrNa ho rahA hai| vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jo logoM ko Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie dizAnirdeza de ske| bhagavAn buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra do aise mahApuruSa hue haiM, jinhoMne isa vaicArika asahiSNutA kI vidhvaMsakArI zakti ko samajhA thA aura usase bacane kA nirdeza diyA thaa| vartamAna meM bhI dhArmika, rAjanItika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM jo vaicArika saMgharSa aura tanAva upasthita haiM, unakA samyak samAdhAna inhIM mahApuruSoM kI vicArasaraNI dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai| Aja hameM vicAra karanA hogA ki buddha aura mahAvIra kI anAgraha dRSTi dvArA kisa prakAra dhArmika, rAjanItika aura sAmAjika sahiSNutA ko vikasita kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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saMdarbha 1. vAkyeSvanekAMtadyotI gamyaM prati vishessnnm| syAnnipAto'rthayogitvAttava kevalinAmapi / / - AptamImAMsA, kArikA 103 2. sarvathAtvaniSedhakonaikAMtatA dyotakaH kathaMcidarthesyAcchabdo nipAtaH / -paMcAstikAya, gAthA 14 kI amRtacaMdrakRta TIkA 3. syAdityavyayamanekAMtadyotakaM / - syAdvAdamaMjarI 4. kIdRzaM vastu ? nAnA dharmayuktaM vividhasvabhAvaiH sahitaM, kathaMcit astitvanAstitvaikatvAnekatvanityatvAnityatva-bhinnatva pramukherAviSTam - svAmI kArttikeyAnuprekSA - TIkA zubhacaMdra, 253 5. utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat - tattvArthasUtra 5- 29 6. goyamA ! jIvA siya sAsayA siya asAsayA - davvaTTayAe sAsayA bhAvaTTayAe asAsayA - bhagavatIsUtra 7-3-273. 7. bhagavatIsUtra - 1.8-10 8. dhavalA, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, sUtra 11, pRSTha 11, pRSTha 167 - uddhRta - tIrthaMkara mahAvIra DaoN. bhArilla 9. yadeva tat tadeva atat yadevaikaM tadevAnekaM yadeva sat tadevAsat, yaMdeva nityaM tadevAnityaM-samayasAra TIkA (amRtacaMdra) pariziSTa 10. AdI pamAvyomasamasvabhAvaM syAdvAdamudrA natibhedi vastu - anyayogavyavacchedikA 5 11. na vivecayituM zakyaM vinA'pekSAM hi mizritam - abhidhAnarAjendra koza khaNDa 4, 1 pR.1853 12. "We can only know the relative truth, the real truth is known only to the universal observer." Quoted in cosmology old and new, P.XIII. 13. syAtkAraH satyalAJchanaH. 14. tataH syAdvAda anekAMtavAda - syAdvAdamaMjarI. 15. bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyAgarejjA - sUtrakRtAMga- 1/1/4/22 16. majjhimanikAya - sUtra 99 (uddhata - Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, pR.53) 17. bhagavatIsUtra - 12-2-443 18. dekhie - zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda nAmaka lekha, paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyI, AcArya 111

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AnaMdaRSijI abhinaMdana graMtha, pR.265 19. (a) saptabhiH prakArairvacanavinyAsaH sptbhNgiitigiiyte|-syaadvaadmNjrii, kArikA 23 kI TIkA. (ba) praznavazAdekasmin vastuni avirodhana vidhipratiSedhavikalpanA sptbhNgii| rAjavArtika 1-6-5 20. dekheM-jaina darzana- DaoN.mohanalAla mehatA, pR. 300-307 savve sarA niyaTRti, takkA jattha na vijai maI tattha na gahiyA..... uvamA na vijai apayassa payaM ntthi| - AcArAMga-1-5-17 22. paNNavaNijjA bhAvA aNaMtabhAMgo duannbhilppaanN| paNNavaNijjANaM puNa aNaMtabhAgo sudnibddho|.-gommttsaar, jIvakANDa 334 23. suttanipAta 51-21 24. suttanipAta 51-3 25. suttanipAta 46-8-9 26. sayaM sayaM paMsasaMtA garahantA paraM vyN| je u tattha viussayanti saMsArete viussyaa| -sUtrakRtAMga 1-1-2-23 27. theragAthA-1 /106 28. udAna-6/4 29. suttanipAta-40/16-17 30. suttanipAta-51/2,3,10,11,16-20 31. vahI-46/8-9 32. gItA-16-10 33. vahI-17.19, 18/35 34. vivekacUr3AmaNi, 60 35. vahI, 62 36. vahI, 61 37. zukranIti-3/211-213

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12 mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya dharma aura naitikatA AtmA saMbaMdhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko usake AtmA saMbaMdhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya-sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya sthApana Avazyaka hai, sAtha hI, mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke lie unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke saMbaMdha meM varttamAna yuga meM zrI e.sI. mukharjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self" evaM zrI esa. ke. saksenA ne apanI pustaka ' Nature of conciousness in Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra vyakta kiyA hai, lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI prakAza nahIM DAlA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka 'bhagavAna buddha' meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA laghu prayAsa avazya kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI isa saMbaMdha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda saMbaMdhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDIya vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH, isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna aupaniSadika III PMC 153

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sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda saMbaMdhI vibhinna parikalpanAeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA saMbaMdhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM, ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hAM, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| lekina, yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmA saMbaMdhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka bhrAMta dhAraNA hai| merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda saMbaMdhI vibhinna dhAraNAeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu / kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thA / kucha vicAraka use ( AtmA ko ) karttA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna nae vicAra sAmane aae| eka ora thA-' upaniSadoM kA sarva- AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora thA - buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI - jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva saMbaMdhI pramANa prastuta kie jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha - pAlI - Agama sAhitya, jaina Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha - pAlI - Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM ina AtmavAdoM ke saMbaMdha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi uparyukta suttoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo aMtatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda saMbaMdhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA detI hai| pAlI-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahAM eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA bahujanoM dvArA susammata kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, unake naitika siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA

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haiM ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH, yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI nindya naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai? yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the, varan ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAeM bhI karate the| unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara ske| merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainAgamoM, jaise-sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka haiM, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke saMbaMdha meM kucha jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahAM ukta sabhI graMthoM ke vibhinna saMketoM ke AdhAra para unake pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama yahAM kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa adhyayana to svataMtra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| isa dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda, 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda,

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4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, 6. vibhu AtmavAda, 7. anAtmavAda, 8. sarvaAtmavAda yA brahmavAda. prastuta nibaMdha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta kramazaH bauddha aura vedAMta paramparA meM vikasita hue haiM, jo kAphI vistRta haiM, sAtha hI lokaprasiddha haiM, ataH unakA vivecana prastuta nibaMdha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svataMtra rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho sakA, ataH usakA bhI vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyataH eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga mAne gae haiM, phira bhI mahAvIra kA Atmadarzana samanvayAtmaka hai, ataH unake Atmadarzana ko ekAMta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| anitya AtmavAda mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA pratinidhitva ajitakezakambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra, AtmA yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha haiN| sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phala-vipAka nhiiN| yaha lokaparaloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahI... AdamI paMca mahAbhUtoM se banA hai, jaba maratA hai, taba (zarIra kI) pRthvI-pRthvI meM, pAnI-pAnI meM, Aga-Aga meM, vAyu-vAyu meM aura AkAza-AkAza meM mila jAtA hai... dAna, yaha mUroM kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paMDita, zarIra chor3ane para ucchinna ho jAte haiN...| bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana yA AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai,

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lekina punaH yahAM yaha zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakezakambala naitika dhAraNA meM sukhavAdI aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA, to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura deha - daNDana patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA? usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thaa| yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI, to use svayaM saMnyAsa mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI kA sthAna honA thaa| sambhavataH, vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thaa| vaha loka, paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tatva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thaa| usakA yaha kahanA 'yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... ' kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki ina sabhI kI zAzvata sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiN| vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nhiiN| pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAkTisa (535 I.pU.) bhI isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anityavAdI hI thaa| sambhavataH, ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thA, kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai, to phira hiMsA kisakI? ataH, ajita ne yajJa, yAga evaM yuddhajanita hiMsA se mAnava jAti ko mukta karane ke lie anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogaa| sAtha hI, aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRhatyAga aura dehadaNDana, jisase Atmasukha aura bhautika sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| isa prakAra, ajita kA darzana Atma-anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai-Atmasukha (subjective pleasure) kI uplbdhi| sambhavataH, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha

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daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prAraMbha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ne ajita ke anityavAdI AtmasiddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka nae rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| anitya AtmavAda ke saMbaMdha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14 veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahAM yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra rahatI hai, jaise-tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20 veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura AtmaanityatAvAda meM kaunasI dhAraNA satya hai aura kaunasI asatya ? isa prakAra, yaha to nirbhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the, lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve AtmazAMti evaM Asakti nAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrvI kar3I thA / bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo AlocanA kI thI athavA usake naitika niSkarSa prastuta kie the, usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapaNAza evaM akRta-karmabhoga ke doSa se yukta samajhakara hemacaMdrAcArya ne prastuta kii| anitya-AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI, kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma-vipAka yA karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotA, ataH karmaphala kI dhAraNA ke lie nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare, anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdarzoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA /

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SRADH nityakUTastha-AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha (niSkriya) evaM nitya hai| sAMkhya aura vedAMta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai| ataH, hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda-donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTasthanitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNakazyapa the| pUrNakazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha-sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai- agara koI kriyA kare, karAe, kATe, kaTavAe, kaSTa de yA dilAe, corI kare, prANiyoM ko mAra DAleparadAra gamana kare yA asatya bole, to bhI use pApa nhiiN| tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mAMsa kA Dhera lagA de, to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai- dAna,dharma aura satya bhASaNa se koI puNya prApti nahIM hotii| isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan dhUrta hogA, lekina pUrNakazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA, jo eka virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI, isameM itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNakazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate the, vastutaH unakI Atma-akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNakazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhyadarzana aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga 400 I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ye pUrNakazyapa ke Atma-akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| kapila ke darzana se Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNakazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke lie koI sthAna nahIM thaa| sAMkhyadarzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| AtmA

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sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI, vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA ki AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra, pUrNakazyapa kA darzana kapila ke darzana kA pUrvavartI thaa| isI prakAra, gItA meM bhI pUrNakazyapa ke isa AtmaakriyavAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhyadarzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahuMcI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahAM una saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullekhita sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| uparyukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNakazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma-akriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kI kartA nahIM hai, to phira zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI use nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI nahIM bntii| isa prakAra, Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA, karttavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavata ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, Atma-akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai, kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai, to puruSArthavAda ke dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA thaa| makkhalIputra gozAlaka, jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha thA-pUrNakazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka thA, lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke kAraNa evaM AtmavikAsa kI paramparA ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thA, ataH nimna yoni se AtmavikAsa kI uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko prApta karane ke lie usane niSkriya Atma

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vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA, usake siddhAntako niyativAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake siddhAnta ko niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita hai| ___ aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gozAlaka usa yuga kA prabuddha vyakti thaa| usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI sAdhanA paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone para usane pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisakA darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNakazyapa kI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the, to sAdhanA mArga kA bAhya svarUpa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai, yadyapi usakA prastutikaraNa eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAlIAgama meM nimnAnusAra hai hetu ke binA - prANI apavitra hotA hai, hetu ke binA-prANI zuddha hote haiM, puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA-sarva satya, sarva prANI, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, avaza, durbala, vIrya haiM, ve niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNata hote haiM stis F. isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra se bhraSTa prakAra meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvataH hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai aura nirvANa yA mokSa prApta kara letA hai| lekina, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi dehadaNDana ko kyoM svIkAra karatA, jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| vartamAna yuga meM breDale ne (my station and its duties) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra chaH abhijAtiyoM' (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI

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abhijAtiyoM ke karttavya kA pAlana karate hue svataH vikAsa kI kramika gati se Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAda vicAraNA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtaMtrya(free will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai, phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA svataH vikAsavAdI dhAraNAeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| nitya kUTastha- sUkSma-AtmavAda buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko nitya aura kUTastha (akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| 'brahmajAlasutta' ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA sAta padArtha kisI ke bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya haiM), ve to avadhya kUTastha - acala haiN| jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letA | basa itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa gayA hai| isa prakAra, isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha to thI hI, sAtha hI sUkSma aura achedya bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA gItA meM use achedya, avadhya kahA gayA hai| sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka doSoM se pUrNa hai, ataH bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| mahAvIra kA AtmavAda yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAe, to hama unake chaH varga banA sakate haiM 1. anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda 2. nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda 3. kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda

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. 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda yA kartA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda 5. sUkSma AtmavAda 6. vibhu AtmavAda (yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA brahmavAda banA hai) mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoMge, ataH unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka suMdara samanvaya hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAgastotra meM ekAMtanitya AtmavAda aura ekAMta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai| vistArabhaya se yahAM nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA kisa rUpa meM samanvaya kiyA 1. nityatA- AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai, arthAt nitya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| 2. anityatA- AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai| AtmA ke eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate haiN| AtmA kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM paryAya parivartana ke kAraNa anityatva kA guNa bhI rahatA hai| 3. kUTasthatA-svalakSaNa kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| 4. pariNAmIpana yA kartatva- sabhI baddhAtmAeM karmoM ke kartA aura bhoktA haiN| yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karmapudgaloM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| 5.6.sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA- AtmA saMkocI evaM vikAsazIla hai| Atmapradeza ghanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI haiN| talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekeMdriya jIvoM ke zarIra taka ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| | | . . D / / / /

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isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tatkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM, varan yaha samanvaya isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAeM apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara yahAM Akara mila jAtI haiN| hemacandra isa samanvaya ko aucityatA ke eka sundara udAharaNa dvArA prastuta karate haiM guDo hi kapha hetuH syAt nAgaraM pittkaarnnm| vdayAtmani na doSosti guddnaagrbhessje|| jisa prakAra gur3a kaphajanaka aura sauMTha pittajanaka hai, lekina donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rahate, isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta haiM, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kie gae isa samanvaya meM ve sabhI apaneapane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiN| yahI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| *** saMdarbha 1. majjhimanikAya-2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya-3/1/1 3. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, prathama adhyayana, (ba) bhagavatI-1/9/5, zataka 15, (sa) uttarAdhyayana-14/18 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna yA unake kucha paravartI hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna 'ajAtazatru kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha hai| bRhadA-2/15-17 5. gItA-3/27, 2/21,8/17 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAtasutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, dharmAnanda kauzambI, pR.18 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyAM vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAeM haiM 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita, 5. zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, jainoM kA lezyA siddhAnta-1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. kapota, 4. tejo, 5. padma, 6. shukl| (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirgrantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM, jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA yA lohita varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai|) 8. chAndogya upaniSad-3/14/3 / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad-5/6/1 kaThopaniSad -2/4/12 9. gItA-2/18-20 ***

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RAAAAAAHITI prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana : 49 pustakeM sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka : jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra : 1987 DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna : 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e : 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna : 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna : 2011 samatA manISI sammAna : 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ : pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa : yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamArcha (nepAla)