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INTRODUCTION
11. Somadatta alias Somadeva, 12. Mathura alias Kṣapaka, 13. 500 pupils of Skandaka Muni, 14. Balabhadraji, 15. Dhandha Muni, 16. Kālavaiśyika Muni, 17. Bhadra Muni, 18. Sunanda, 19. Indradatta, 20. Arya Kālaka and his pupil Sagaracandra, 21. Asakaṭapitā and 22. Aṣāḍhabhūti Acārya. Almost all these illustrations are found in Ac. Nemicandrasūri's Tika on the Uttaradhyayanasūtra. Again, Gāthās 504-506 exhort one to endure afflictions. Gāthās 507-524 give examples of animals who practised religion. They were a fish, a monkey, a lion, a hawk, an elephant, a gandhahasti, a male and a female serpents, and a bhadrakamahiṣa. Gāthās 525-550 explain the nature of the death called pädapopagamana. Gāthās 551-552 point out to a muni staying among the people what is conducive to ärädhanā. Gāthās 553-569 narrate what one should contemplate at the time of calamities and on the occasion of great fear. Gāthās 570-640 expound at length the twelve Reflections (Bhāvanās, Anuprekṣās). Gāthās 641-659 contain preaching causing aversion to worldly pleasures and describe the death called panditamarana. Gāthās 660-661 point out the importance of virtuous concentration (dharmadhyāna) and pure concentration (śukladhyāna).
6. Aurapaccakkhāṇām [1] In the present volume entitled Painṇayasuttaim there are three Prakirnakasutras having the same title 'Aturapratyākhyānaprakirṇaka'. Of them, the first is the sixth item in the content of this volume, the second is the thirteenth (p. 305) and the third is the sixteenth (p. 329). The author of the third one is Virabhadracārya. So we can independently recognise it. This is the reason why we have not given the backeted number [3] to recognise it. Virabhadrācārya flourished in the 11th Century V.S. This is stated in Muni Shri Punyavijayaji's Note on Jaina Āgamas prefaced to this Introduction. I request the learned scholars to decide if either of the remaining two Aturapratyākhyānaprakīrnakas is identical with the one mentioned in the Nandisutra and the Pākṣikasūtra. The Nandisutracurṇi,1 Haribhadrasūri's the Nandisūtravṛtti and the Pākṣikasūtravṛtti describe this Prakirņaka as follows: 'If a person is suffering from incurable terrible disease, the gitartha elders make him renounce the food. They direct him to decrease the quantity of food gradually. At last when he becomes completely indifferent to food, he is made to perform the bhavacari
1. Auro gilāņo, tam kiriyātitam natum giyattha paccakkhāvemti, dine dine davvahrāsaṁ karemtā amte ya savvadavvadātanatãe bhatte veraggam jaņemtā bhatte nittanhassa bhavacarimapaccakkhāņaṁ auphpytt pyze w savittharam vannijjai tamajjhayanam Aurapaccakkhānam / Nandisūtracārņi, p. 58. The concerned text-portions in the Nandisūtravṛtti (p. 72) and the Pākṣikasūtravṛtti (p. 65) being identical with this curni quotation they are not quoted here.
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