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INTRODUCTION
the Thorn. In other words, there are three Thorns (1) False pretension, deception, or a tendency to cheat, (2) Greed for worldly enjoyments and (3) Not to have faith in what is true or to insist on what is false. Gāthās 127-153 relate the types of penances, and state the merits and importance of Knowledge and Conduct. Gāthās 154-175 deal with the purity of soul. Gāthās 176-209 explain external and internal samlekhana (voluntary submission to death). Gāthās 210-257 contain a sermon to the diseased on Confession which should always be preceded by renunciation. Gāthās 258-269 instruct what to do for the protection of five vows. Gāthās 270-289 deal with ärädhanā. Gāthās 290-296 emphasise the importance of Knowledge for the destruction of karmas. Gāthās 297-302 treat of the activities involving violence and defects. Gāthās 303-307 state that one should take recourse to the three main padas, viz. Arihamta, Siddha and Kevali, and exhort to endure pains. Gāthās 308-317 deal with abhyudyatamarana1, ārādhanāpatākāharaṇa, etc. Gāthās 318-324 inform us of the divisions, sub-divisions and results of ärādhanā. Gāthās 325-334 expound the nature etc. of ārādhaka. Gāthās 335-365 describe the act of seeking forgiveness for the passions one has indulged in as also the act of pulling out the Thorn pricking to the soul. Gāthās 366-385 contain exhortation for patiently enduring pains. Gāthās 386-401 contain preaching on miseries living beings experience in their stay in embryos as also on miseries they experience in births in various classes. Gāthās 402-405 exhort one to give up attachment to one's body. Gāthās 406-408 exhort one to endure hardships and afflictions and to abandon inauspicious concentration. Gāthās 409-412 exhort one to endure patiently the terrible diseases and give an illustration of Sanatkumāracakri in point. Gāthās 413-485 exhort one to take courage and bear calamities (upasargas) by citing examples of the lives of great religious personages, viz. Jinadharma Śreṣṭhi, Metarya Rși, Cilātīputra, Gajasukumāla, Sāgaracandra, Avantisukumāla, Candravatamsaka Nṛpa, Damadānta Maharși, Khandaka Muni, DhanyaŚalibhadra, five Pāṇḍavas, Danda Anagāra, Sukośala Muni, Vajra Rși, Arhannaka, Cāṇākya and Ilāputra. Gāthās 486-503 give examples of 22 religious persons who patiently endured any one of 22 afflictions (pariṣahas). They are 1. Hastimitra, 2. Dhanamitra, 3. Muni Catuşka (a pupil of Arya Bhadrabāhu), 4. Arhannaka, 5. Sumanobhadra Muni, 6. the father of Aryarakṣita Kṣamāśramaṇa, 7. Jätimüka, 8. Sthulabhadra Muni, 9. Datta, 10. Kurudattasuta,
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1. That death which one voluntarily submits to after having known the remaining life-span by supernatural knowledge, is called Abhyudyatamarana. It has three types, viz. (1) Padapopagamana, (2) Inginimarana and (3) Bhaktapratyākhyāna.
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