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that is available now. Two strongholds of the Yapaniya monks have been discovered in the old Parasgad or present Saundatti taluk of the Belgaum Dt., one at Hosûr and another at Manoli. At the former village flourished during the age of 11-12th century A. D. a line of renowned preceptors who belonged to the Kandur gana of the Yapaniya Samgha. The record furnishing valuable details regarding these teachers was damaged and broken into more than one piece when I visited the place in 1940-41. The fragments were lying near the temple of Basavanna and no whereabouts of the Jaina shrine which is referred to in the inscription as having been dedicated to Santinatha Tirthankara and with which these preceptors were obviously connected, could be traced. Some of the names of the preceptors occurring in the genealogical account of this monastic organisation, be noted here; Subhachandra (I), Chandrakirti, Subhachandra (II), Nēmichandra (I), Kumārakirti, Prabhachandra, Nēmichandra (II).
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4. JAINISM IN KARNATAKA
The other inscriptions also were secured by me in the same year on partly buried slabs of stones set up in a neglected corner of the village Manoli near the shrine of a local deity named Kariyavva. They constitute three Nishidhi records commemorating the demise of reputed Jaina preceptors who lived and preached here during the 12th century A. D. Three teachers are known from these epigraphs, viz., Bālakirti, his disciple Munichandra, his pupil Palyakirti. Munichandra was a divine of much influence. He was the high priest of the Jaina temple built at Munivalli (i. e., modern Manoli) by Siriyādēvi and a lady of high status who was his lay disciple, was responsible for the erection of his Nishidhi. It is interesting to note that these teachers belonged to the Vadiyur or Vamdiyūr gaņa of the Yāpaniya Samgha. Vamdiyūr gana is one of the less known monastic sections of the Yapaniyas, though we have come across this name more than once in our survey. This name of the order is displayed prominently on the top panel of one of these epitaphs.
Turning to the Dharwar Dt., two more strongholds of the Yapaniya monks are disclosed as having existed in the area near Hubli during the age of the 18th century A. D. One is the suburb of modern Hubli called Hale Hubballi and the other Adargunchi. The inscription on the pedestal of a Jaina image kept in the Anantanatha Basadi at the former place, mentions the Yapaniya Samgha and Kāḍur gana which is evidently the same as Kandur gana. The epigraph at Adargunchi found on a stone set up near a field, records the grant of land made by the Gaundus and the Sthānikas of Adirgunte
1 I am grateful to the authorities of the Epigraphical Branch for their kind permission to utilise this unpublished material in the proof stage, which is accessible to me as a member of the Office of the Government Epigraphist for India. These epigraphs have been registered as Nos. 15 and 63 to 65 of 1940-41, Appendix E, An. Rep, on 8. I. Epigraphy, 1939-40 to 1942-43,
