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in the 5th and the 13th Padas respectively. Näraka (class of infernal beings), etc., the divisions of jiva enumerated in the 1st Pada are included in jivaparyāyas and jīvaparināmas mentioned in the 5th and the 13th Padas respectively. Rūpi and arūpi, the main divisions of ajīva, and their sub-divisions, enumerated in this first Pada, are named as ajivaparyāyas in the 5th Pada.3
A black material thing, while remaining black, can assume in all 20 various transformations (2 odours, 5 flavours, 8 touches and 5 structures) through the passage of time. So, the modes or transformations of black colour are considered to be 20 in number. Similarly, the remaining four colours, blue etc. also have 20 possible transformations each. Thus the possible transformations of a physical quality colour are in all 5 20 = 100. On this same line we are to understand the transformations of odour etc. The table is given below :
5 colours x 20 modes of the rest odour etc = 100 2 odours 23 modes of the rest colour etc = 46 5 flavours x 20 modes of the rest colour etc = 100 8 touches x 23 modes of the rest colour etc = 184 5 structures x 20 modes of the rest colour etc = 100
Total modes 530 These 530 modes or transformations of matter are enumerated by their names in the Sūtra proper (9-13). The commentator describes these modes by the technical term 'parasparasañvedha of Varna, etc.' (mutual penetration of colour etc.) (Tikā folio 13A). There are 5 colour, 2 odours, 5 flavours, 8 touches and 5 structures. Thus they are 25. Out of them let us take 8 touches. The divisions of these 8 touches, based on samvedha, are more than those of others. It is so because a mode of touch viz. hard touch can coexist with the other modes of touch except the soft touch which is its contradictory. But a mode of colour can never co-exist with any other mode of colour. The same logic applies to the modes of odour etc.
At this juncture the commentator makes it clear that the modes of colour etc. are to be counted from the standpoint of an aggregate also (folio 17 B). In an aggregate a part of it may have a mode of black colour while its another part may have a mode of another colour. Thus from this standpoint the alternatives should be more than what are given above. But they are
1. Sū. 438. 2. Sû. 439 ff. 3. Sü. 500 ff. The difference between the subject-matters of these two Padas
will be brought out in due course.
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