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________________ vacana EISLI DIIC 51C R pravacana upAdhyAya zrI amara muni sapAdana zrIvijayA muni zaracI
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana (dvitIya bhAga) pravacana 3. upAdhyAya amara muni . . . saMpAdana zAstrI vijaya muni
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________________ pustaka 11 adhyAtma-pravacana (dvitIya bhAga) viSaya adhyAtma : jJAna-mImAMsA, AcAra-mImAMsA pravacana upAdhyAya amara muni sampAdana zAstrI vijaya muni prakAzana prathama bAra vi. saM. 2048, vaizAkha maI, 1991 prakAzaka sanmati jJAna pITha, jaina bhavana, laM hAmaNDI, AgarA -282002 mudraNa sajjA rAjeza surAnA dvArA : divAkara prakAzana A-7, avAgar3ha hAUsa, ema.jI. roDa AgarA - 282002 tIsa rupayA sirpha 2
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________________ Kun sampAdakIya . . pUjya gurudeva, prajJAmaharSi upAdhyAya kavirala, dArzanika sUkSmaprajJa, parama zraddheyavara zrI amaracandra jI mahArAja kA san 1960 meM kalakattA varSAvAsa thaa| usa samaya pravacana-saritA kA jo pravAha pravAhita huA thA, unakA Alekhana tathA Akalana, prasiddha sAhityakAra zrIcanda jI surAnA 'sarasa' ne kiyA thaa| usa AdhAra para pravacanoM kA sampAdana maiMne kiyA thaa-adhyaatm-prvcn| jana-jana ke mana ko yaha pustaka atipriya evaM rucikara lgii| Aja se dasa varSa pUrva hI pustaka anupalabdha ho cukI thii| lekina aneka kAraNoM se usakA punaH prakAzana samaya rahate nahIM ho sakA thaa| adhyAtma-pravacana do bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho rahA hai| prathama bhAga meM darzana-mImAMsA hai, jisameM samyagdarzana ke sabhI aMgoM para vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| itanA mUla-sparzI tathA talasparzI varNana anyatra upalabdha nahIM hogaa| dvitIya bhAga meM jJAna-mImAMsA aura AcAra-mImAMsA kA bahu AyAmI varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra donoM bhAgoM meM mokSa ke upAya bhUta sAdhanoM kA samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kA varNana kiyA hai| mokSa kI sAdhanA hI jaina dharma kI mukhya sAdhanA kahI jA sakatI hai| vigata varSa yadi maiM gvAliyara na gayA hotA, to dvitIya bhAga kabhI kA prakAzita ho gayA hotaa| phira bIca-bIca meM merA svAsthya bhI anukUla nahIM thaa| gvAliyara se AgarA Akara bhI svAsthya bigar3a gayA thaa| lekina manobala evaM saMkalpa zakti se kArya ko sampanna karake mujhe parama santoSa tathA parama Ananda hai| AcAra-mImAMsA maiMne gvAliyara se Akara / AgarA meM likhI hai| AcAra ko adhika pAribhASika hone se bacAyA hai| adhika se adhika sarala bhASA meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| jaina samAja ke prasiddha sAhityakAra, saphala lekhaka tathA kalAkAra zrIcanda jI surAnA 'sarasa' ne mudraNa, prakAzana evaM kalAkaraNa meM pUrA-pUrA avadhAna dekara pustaka ko sundaratama banA diyA hai| unake prakAzana samasta jaina samAja meM samAdRta hote jA rahe haiN| pustaka ko sundara banAne kA samagra zreya surAnA jI ko hI jAtA hai| -zAstrI vijaya muni jaina bhavana, motIkaTarA AgarA - 18-4-91
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________________ prakAzakAya samagra jaina samAja meM sanmati jJAnapITha se prakAzita pUjya gurudeva, upAdhyAya zraddheya amaracandra jI mahArAja kA sAhitya atyanta loka-vallabha rahA hai| sAhitya kI vividha vidhAe~ unakI lekhanI se udbhava pA cukI haiN| kavitA, kAvya evaM giit| nibandha, kahAnI, rUpaka, kathA, saMsmaraNa aura zAstra-samIkSA ati lokapriya rahI hai| vizeSa rUpa meM unakA pravacana sAhitya bahuta prabhAvaka aura AkarSaka rahA hai, aura Aja bhI usakI upayogitA evaM prAsaMgitA meM kamI nahIM hai| idhara kucha varSoM meM sanmati jJAna pITha se nayA prakAzana nahIM ho pAyA hai| purAtana prakAzana samApta ho cuke haiN| ataH unake punaH prakAzana kI AvazyakatA hai| nUtana prakAzana bhI prArambha hone caahie| lekina pUjya gurudeva rAjagRhI meM virAjita haiN| svAsthya bhI unakA anukUla nahIM rhtaa| unakI vRddha avasthA bhI eka kAraNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nayA prakAzana nahIM ho rahA hai| lekina janatA meM unake sAhitya kI mA~ga nirantara bar3hatI jA rahI isa sthiti meM, pUjya vijaya muni jI zAstrI se hamane prArthanA kI thii| prArthanA ko svIkAra karate hue unhoMne adhyAtma-pravacana kA dvitIya bhAga taiyAra kara diyA hai| prathama bhAga kA punaH prakAzana bhI ho cukA hai| yaha dvitIya bhAga bhI chapakara taiyAra ho cukA hai| isameM do viSaya haiM-jJAna-mImAMsA aura aacaar-miimaaNsaa| yaha grantha lagabhaga eka sau sATha pejoM kA hai| pUjya vijaya muni jI ne adhyAtma-pravacana kA parivardhana karake tathA sundara saMpAdana karake hamArI prArthanA ko to saphala kiyA hI hai, sAtha meM apane gurudeva ke prati bhakti kI abhivyakti bhI kI hai| ___ pustaka kA mohaka mudraNa, prakAzana kI cArutA aura sAja-sajjA, AgarA nagara ke prasiddha sAhityakAra, lekhaka tathA vidvAna zrIcanda jI surAnA 'sarasa' ne kI hai| samAja meM Apake prakAzana kalAmaya tathA atyanta lokapriya mAne jAte haiN| adhyAtma pravacana ke dvitIya bhAga ke sundara prakAzana ke lie unheM dhanyavAda hai| akSaya tRtIyA oma prakAza jaina 16-5-91 mantrI, sanmati jJAna pITha
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________________ kra. saM. 1. jJAna-mImAMsA 2. pramANa-vAda 3. nayavAda 4. nikSepa - siddhAnta 7. 8. 5. jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 6. naya jJAna kI do dhArAe~ saMsAra-mukti kA hetu : jJAna pramANa aura tarka 9. naya aura nikSepa 10. bhASA - vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa bhASA - vijJAna meM zabdArtha vicAra 11. viSaya-sUcI m. m jJAna-mImAMsA 5 9-90 pRSTha saM. 9 24 37 49 53 64 71 79 83 85 88
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________________ AcAra-mImAMsA 91-168 - - 93 108 114 124 1. AcAra-mImAMsA 2. zrAvaka ke tIna guNa-vrata 3. zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 4. ekAdaza pratimA : upAsaka kI uccatara sAdhanA 5. zrAvaka kI dinacaryA 6. zrAvaka kA samyaktva vrata - 7. mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa bola 8. jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 130 136 141 145 *Kkkk
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana STER jJAna-mImAMsA
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________________
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________________ 1. jJAna-mImAMsA jJAna aura AtmA kA sambandha daNDa aura daNDI ke sambandha se bhinna hai / daNDa aura aust kA sambandha saMyoga-sambandha hotA hai| saMyoga-sambandha do bhinna padArthoM meM hI ho sakatA hai / AtmA aura jJAna ke sambandha meM yaha bAta nahIM hai| kyoMki jJAna AtmA kA eka svAbhAvika guNa 'hai| svAbhAvika guNa use kahA jAtA hai, jo kabhI bhI apane AzrayabhUta dravya kA parityAga nahIM krtaa| jJAna ke abhAva meM AtmA kI kalpanA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina-darzana jJAna ko AtmA kA maulika guNa mAnatA hai, jabaki kucha anya dArzanika jJAna ko AtmA kA maulika guNa na mAnakara eka Agantuka guNa svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana meM kahIM-kahIM to jJAna ko itanA adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai, ki AtmA anya guNoM ko gauNa karake jJAna aura AtmA ko eka hI mAna liyA gayA hai| vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se jJAna aura AtmA meM bheda mAnA gayA hai, kintu nizcaya naya se jJAna aura AtmA meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jJAna aura AtmA meM tAdAtmya sambandha mAnA gayA hai| jJAna AtmA kA eka nijaguNa hai, aura jo nijaguNa hotA hai, vaha kabhI apane guNI dravya se bhinna nahIM ho sakatA / jisa prakAra daNDa aura daNDI donoM pRthakbhUta padArtha haiM, usa prakAra AtmA se bhinna jJAna ko nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura AtmA ko bhI jJAna se bhinna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vastutaH AtmA hI jJAna hai aura jJAna hI AtmA hai| donoM meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda kiyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| samyakjJAna aura mithyAjJAna kA antara samajhane ke lie, eka bAta Apako dhyAna meM rakhanI caahie| darzana-zAstra meM aura adhyAtmazAstra meM samyakjJAna ke sambandha meM thor3A-sA matabheda hai | darzanazAstra meM jJAna kA samyaktva jJeya kI yathArthatA para AdhArita rahatA hai| jisa jJAna meM jJeya padArtha apane sahI rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotA hai, darzanazAstra meM usa jJAna ko samyakjJAna kahA jAtA hai / jJeya ko anyathA rUpa meM jAnane vAlA jJAna mithyAjJAna kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, zukti aura rajata ko lIjie / zukti ko rajata samajha lenA athavA raz2ata ko zukti samajha lenA mithyAjJAna hai| darzana-zAstra meM samyakjJAna ko pramANa kahA jAtA hai aura mithyAjJAna ko apramANa kahA jAtA hai| darzana - zAstra meM prameya kI yathArthatA aura ayathArthatA para hI pramANa kI prAmANikatA aura aprAmANikatA nirbhara rahatI hai| darzana - zAstra meM padArtha kA samyak nirNaya karane vAlA jJAna pramANa mAnA jAtA hai, aura jo jJAna padArtha kA samyak nirNaya na kare, usa jJAna ko dArzanika paribhASA meM apramANa kahA jAtA hai| 9
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________________ 10 adhyAtma-pravacana adhyAtma-zAstra meM jJAna kI yathArthatA aura ayathArthatA samyakdarzana ke sadbhAva aura asadbhAva para nirbhara rahatI hai / jisa AtmA meM samyakdarzana kI jyoti prajvalita hai, usa AtmA kA jJAna samyakjJAna hai aura jisameM samyakdarzana kI jyoti nahIM hai, usakA jJAna mithyAjJAna hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki adhyAtma-zAstra meM jJAna ko samyak banAne vAle samyakdarzana kA kathana jJAna se pUrva kiyA gayA hai| adhyAtma-zAstra kI dRSTi meM mithyAdRSTi kA jJAna ajJAna hI hotA hai, phira bhale hI vaha kitanA hI vizAla evaM kitanA hI vividha kyoM na ho| mithyAdRSTi AtmA kA bandhana- mukti para vizvAsa nahIM hotA, usakA jJAna saMsAra ke poSaNa ke lie hI hotA hai, Adara aura sammAna Adi ke lie hI hotA hai, jabaki samyakadRSTi kA jJAna bandhana-mukti ke lie hotA hai, Atmavizuddhi ke lie hI usakA upayoga evaM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| adhyAtma-zAstra meM samyak Atma-bodha ko hI vastutaH samyakjJAna kahA jAtA hai| aura yaha samyak Atma-bodha tabhI sambhava hai, jabaki samyakdarzana kI upalabdhi ho cukI ho / ataH adhyAtma-zAstra meM samyakdarzana kA sahabhAvI jJAna hI samyakjJAna kahA jAtA hai| jJAna AtmA kA eka guNa hai| usakI do paryAya haiM - samyakjJAna aura mithyAjJAna / samyakjJAna usakI zuddha paryAya hai aura mithyAjJAna usakI azuddha paryAya hai / samyakdarzana ke sadbhAva aura asadbhAva para hI yaha zuddhatA aura azuddhatA nirbhara hai| jaina- darzana kI dRSTi se AtmA aura jJAna meM guNa-guNI sambandha hai / guNI AtmA hai aura guNa jJAna hai| AtmA jJAtA hai aura saMsAra ke jitane bhI padArtha haiM, ve saba jJeya haiM / jJAtA apanI jisa zakti se jJeya ko jAnatA hai, vastutaH vahI jJAna hai| jIva kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki upayoga, jIva kA asAdhAraNa lakSaNa hai| jisameM upayoga ho, vaha jIva, aura jisameM upayoga na ho, vaha ajIva / prazna yaha hai ki upayoga kyA hai ? aura usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jIva kA bodharUpa vyApAra hI upayoga hai| AtmA apanI jisa zakti-vizeSa se padArthoM ko jAnatA hai, AtmA kI usa zakti ko upayoga kahA jAtA hai| zAstra meM upayoga ke do bheda haiM- sAkAra aura niraakaar| sAkAra kA artha hai - jJAna aura nirAkAra kA artha hai-darzana / AtmA kA bodharUpa vyApAra jaba vastu ke sAmAnya dharma ko gauNa karake mukhya rUpa se vastu ke vizeSa dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai, taba use jJAna kahA jAtA hai / aura jaba AtmA kA bodharUpa vyApAra vastu ke vizeSa dharma ko gauNa karake vastu ke sAmAnya dharma ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, taba use darzana kahA jAtA hai| thA, maiM Apake sAmane jJAna ke svarUpa kA varNana kara rahA thA aura Apako yaha batA rahA ki jaina darzana meM jJAna kA kyA svarUpa batalAyA hai ? jaina-darzana ke anusAra nizcaya na kI dRSTi se AtmA aura jJAna meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM hai| maiM apane Apako jAnatA hU~, isakA artha yaha huA ki maiM apane jJAna ko bhI jAnatA huuN|
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________________ jJAna mImAMsA 11 parantu prazna hai ki AtmA apane jJAna ko kaise jAna sakatA hai? jJAna svayaM ko svayaM se jAnatA hai, yaha bAta jaldI samajha meM nahIM aatii| jaise agni svayaM ko nahIM jalA sakatI hai, vaha padArtha ko hI jalAtI hai, vaise hI jJAna, jJAna ko kaise jAna sakatA hai, vaha dUsare ko hI jAna sakatA hai| prastuta prazna ke samAdhAna meM jaina-darzana kA kathana hai, ki jJAna apane Apako jAnatA huA hI dUsare padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka svayaM apane ko prakAzita karatA huA hI parapadArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, usI prakAra jJAna apane Apa ko jAnatA huA hI parapadArthoM ko jAnatA hai| dIpaka meM yaha guNa hai ki vaha svayaM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai aura apanI zakti ke anusAra apane samIpastha padArthoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| dIpaka ko prakAzita karane ke lie pradeza meM sthita anya kisI dIpaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI, isI prakAra jJAna ko jAnane ke lie bhI jJAna ke atirikta anya kisI padArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| ataH jJAna dIpaka ke samAna svayaM aura para prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai| maiM Apase jJAna ke sambandha meM vicAra-vinimaya kara rahA thaa|aagm meM abheda dRSTi se kahA gayA hai, ki jo jJAna hai, vaha AtmA hai, aura jo AtmA hai vahI jJAna hai| jo AtmA hai, vaha jAnatA hai aura jo jAnatA hai, vaha AtmA hai| bheda dRSTi se kathana karate hue jJAna ko AtmA kA guNa kahA gayA hai| ataH bhedAbheda dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA jJAna se sarvathA bhinna bhI nahIM hai aura abhinna bhI nahIM hai, kintu kathaMcit bhinna hai aura kathaMcit abhinna hai| jJAna AtmA hI hai, isalie vaha AtmA se abhinna hai| aura jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai, isalie vaha usase bhinna bhI hai| phalitArtha yaha hai ki AtmA jJAna-svarUpa hai, kyoMki jJAna AtmA kA svarUpa hai| prazna hotA hai, ki jJAna utpanna kaise hotA hai? jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna aura jJeya donoM svatantra haiN| maiMne Apase kahA, ki jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai aura vaha apane jJeya ko jAnatA hai| jJeya tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-dravya, guNa aura pryaay|jhaaN taka jJAna kI utpatti kA prazna hai, jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki na to jJeya se jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura na jJeya jJAna se| hamArA jJAna jJeya ko jAnatA hai, jJeya se utpanna nahIM hotA hai| jJAna AtmA meM apane guNa svarUpa se sadA avasthita rahatA hai aura paryAya rUpa se pratikSaNa parivartita hotA rahatA hai| zAstra meM jJAna ke pA~ca bheda mAne gae haiM-matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevljnyaan| ina pA~ca jJAnoM ke sambandha meM mUlataH kisI prakAra kA vicAra-bheda na hone para bhI inake vargIkaraNa kI paddhati avazya hI bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI rahI hai| Agama kAla se Age calakara pramANa-zAstra meM jJAna ke bheda-prabheda kA jo kathana kiyA gayA hai, vaha vastutaH tarka vikAsa kA pratIka hai| jaba hama darzana-zAstra kA adhyayana karate haiM, taba jJAta hotA hai, ki mUla meM jJAna ke jo pA~ca bheda haiM, unhIM ko darzana-zAstra evaM pramANa-zAstra meM tarkAnukUla banAne kA prayala kiyA gayA hai| parantu isa prayala meM mUla mAnyatA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI gar3abar3a nahIM huI hai|
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana Agama-zAstra meM jJAna ke sIdhe jo pA~ca bheda kie gae haiM, unhIM ko darzana-zAstra meM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara diyA hai- pratyakSa pramANa aura parokSa pramANa / pramANa ke ina do bhedoM jJAna ke samasta bhedoM kA samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ko parokSa pramANa meM mAnA gayA hai tathA avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa 12 mAnA gayA hai| isake bAda Age calakara jJAna-vibhAjana kI eka anya paddhati bhI svIkAra kI gaI thii| isa paddhati ko vizuddha tarka paddhati kahA jAtA hai| isa tarka-paddhati ke anusAra samyak jJAna ko pramANa kahA jAtA hai aura usake mUla meM do bheda kie haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa do prakAra kA hai - mukhya aura sAMvyavahArika / mukhya pratyakSa ko atIndriya pratyakSa aura sAMvyavahArika ko indriyAnindriya pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| nizcaya hI isa vibhAjana-paddhati para tarka - zAstra kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| maiM Apase kaha rahA thA ki mUla Agama meM jJAna ke sIdhe pA~ca bheda svIkAra kie gaye haiM, jinakA kathana maiM pahale kara cukA huuN| pA~ca jJAnoM meM pahalA jJAna hai - matijJAna / matijJAna kA artha hai - indriya aura mana sApekSa jnyaan| jisa jJAna meM indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA kI apekSA rahatI hai, use yahA~ para matijJAna kahA gayA hai| zAstra meM matijJAna ke paryAvAcI rUpa smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| maiMne abhI Apa se kahA thA, ki indriya aura mana ke nimitta se hone vAlA jJAna matijJAna hotA hai| isa prakAra matijJAna ke do bheda haiM-indriya-janyajJAna aura manojanyajJAna / jisa jJAna kI utpatti mAtra indriya nimitta ho, vaha indriyajanyajJAna hai aura jisa jJAna kI utpatti meM mAtra mana hI nimitta ho, vaha manojanyajJAna hai / aba yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai, ki indriya kyA hai aura mana kyA hai ? jaba taka indriya aura mana ke svarUpa ko nahIM samajhA jAegA, taba taka vastutaH matijJAna ko samajhanA AsAna nahIM hai| AtmA kI svAbhAvika jJAna-zakti para karma kA AvaraNa hone se sIdhA AtmA se jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH usa sthiti meM jJAna ke lie kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| jJAna kA vaha mAdhyama indriya aura mana ho sakatA hai / indra kA arthaAtmA hai, aura indra kA anumAna karAne vAle cinha kA nAma hai - indriya / zAstra meM indriyoM ke pA~ca bheda batAe gae haiM- sparzana, rasana, prANa, cakSu aura zrotra / ina pA~ca indriyoM ke zAstroM meM do bheda kie gaye haiM-dravyendriya aura bhaavendriy| pudgala kI racanA kA AkAra - vizeSa dravyendriya hai aura AtmA kA jJAnAtmaka pariNAma bhAvendriya hai| isa prakAra indriya ke bheda aura prabheda bahuta se haiM, kintu maiM Apake samakSa unameM se mukhya-mukhya bhedoM kA hI kathana kara rahA hU~ / pA~ca indriyoM ke viSaya bhI pA~ca hI haiN| sparzana kA viSaya sparza, rasana kA viSaya rasa, ghrANa kA viSaya gandha, cakSu kA viSaya rUpa aura zrotra kA viSaya zabda / aba prazna yaha hotA hai, ki mana kyA hai ? mana ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha gambhIra vicAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu maiM yahA~ para Apake samakSa saMkSepa meM hI kathana kruuNgaa| maiM abhI Apase
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________________ jJAna mImAMsA 13 kaha cukA hU~ ki ukta pA~coM indriyoM kA viSaya bhinna-bhinna hai| eka indriya dUsarI indriya ke viSaya kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI, udAharaNa ke lie rUpa ko cakSu hI grahaNa kara sakatI hai, zrotra nahIM aura zabda ko zrotra hI grahaNa kara sakatA hai, cakSu nhiiN| pratyeka kI apanI-apanI viSayagata sImA aura maryAdA hai| parantu mana ke viSaya meM yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| mana eka sUkSma indriya hai,jo sabhI indriyoM ke sabhI viSayoM ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai| isI AdhAra para mana ko sarvArthagrAhI indriya kahA jAtA hai| mana ko kahIM-kahIM para anindriya bhI kahA gayA hai| mana ko anindriya kahane kA abhiprAya yahI hai, ki usakA koI bAhya AkAra na hone se vaha atyanta sUkSma hai| ataH vaha indriya na hote hue bhI indriya sadRza hai| mana ke do bheda kie gae haiM-dravyamana aura bhaavmn| dravyamana paudgalika hai| bhAva ' upayoga rUpa hai| isa prakAra zAstroM meM mana ke svarUpa kA jo pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bhAvamana saMsAra ke pratyeka prANI ko hotA hai, kintu dravyamana kisI ko hotA hai aura kisI ko nahIM bhI hotA hai| jisa saMsArI jIva meM bhAvamana ke sAtha dravyamana bhI ho, vaha saMjJI kahalAtA hai aura jisake bhAvamana ke sAtha dravyamana na ho to vaha asaMjJI kahA jAtA hai| mana kA kArya hai-cintana krnaa| vaha svatantra cintana ke atirikta indriya ke dvArA gRhIta vastuoM ke bAre meM bhI cintana karatA hai| mana meM eka aisI zakti hai, jisase vaha indriyoM se agRhIta artha kA cintana bhI kara sakatA hai| isI ko manojanyajJAna kahA gayA hai| ____ kalpanA kIjie, Apane apane kAna se ghaTa zabda sunA, to Apa ko ghaTa zabda mAtra kA hI jJAna hotA hai, kintu ghaTa zabda kA artha kyA hai, yaha parijJAna nahIM hone paataa| yaha mana kA viSaya hai| mana ke vyApAra meM indriya kA vyApAra hotA bhI hai aura nahIM bhii| saMsAra meM jitane bhI viSaya haiM, ve pratyakSa hoM athavA parokSa hoM, una saba kA jJAna mana se ho sakatA hai| isIlie mana ko sarvArtha-grAhI kahA jAtA hai| kisI bhI padArtha ke jJAna ke lie indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA apekSita to rahatI hI hai, kintu anya bhI prakAza Adi kucha aise kAraNa haiM, jo matijJAna meM nimitta hote haiN| kintu yaha prakAza Adi jJAnotpatti ke anivArya aura avyavahita kAraNa nahIM haiN| AkAza aura kAla Adi kI bhA~ti vyavahita kAraNa ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki matijJAna ke lie indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| zabda ke jJAna ke lie zrotra kI, rUpajJAna ke lie cakSu kI, gandhajJAna ke lie ghrANa kI, rasajJAna ke lie rasana kI aura sparzajJAna ke lie sparzana indriya kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| aura mana, vaha to indriyoM dvArA gRhIta aura agRhIta sabhI viSayoM meM cintana aura manana karatA hai| ___matijJAna ke zAstroM meM mukhya rUpa se cAra bheda kie gae haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhaarnnaa| yadyapi matijJAna ke anya bhI bahuta se bheda-prabheda hote haiM, kintu mukhya rUpa meM matijJAna ke itane hI bheda haiN| matijJAna ke ukta cAra bhedoM meM sabase pahalA bheda hai, avgrh| avagraha ke paryAyavAcI rUpa meM graha, grahaNa, Alocana aura avadhAraNa zabda kA prayoga bhI
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________________ 14 adhyAtma-pravacana kiyA jAtA hai| avagraha kA kyA artha hai, isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki- indriya aura padArtha kA yogyadezAvasthitarUpa sambandha hone para nAma Adi kI vizeSa kalpanA se rahita jo sAmAnya rUpa jJAna hai, vaha avagraha hai| isa jJAna meM yaha nizcaya nahIM ho pAtA ki kisa padArtha kA jJAna huA / kevala itanA hI parijJAna hotA hai, ki kucha hai| ukta jJAna meM sattAmAtrarUpa sAmAnyagrAhI darzana se adhika vikasita jo bodha hotA hai, use hama padArtha kA prAraMbhika aviziSTa vizeSarUpa sAmAnya bodha kaha sakate haiN| avagraha ke do bheda hote haiM - vyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha | padArtha aura indriya kA saMyoga vyaJjanAvagraha hai / vyaJjanAvagraha ke bAda arthAvagraha hotA hai / vyaJjanAvagraha ko avyakta jJAna kahA gayA hai, yahI jJAna Age puSTa hokara arthAvagraha kI koTi meM pahu~ca kara kucha-kucha vyakta ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, kumbhakAra ke AvA meM se eka tAjA sakorA nikAla kara yadi koI usameM eka-eka bU~dra pAnI DAlatA jAe to kyA sthiti hotI hai ? prathama jalabindu garama sakore meM par3ate hI sUkha jAtA hai, isI prakAra dUsarA evaM tIsarA Adi - bindu bhI sUkhate cale jAte haiN| isa prakAra dhIre-dhIre nirantara jala-bindu DAlate rahane kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki phira usa sakore meM jala ko zoSaNa karane kI zakti nahIM rahatI aura eka-eka bU~da saMcita hokara aMtataH vaha sakorA jala se bhara jAtA hai| prathama bindu se lekara antima bindu taka jala usa sakore meM vidyamAna hai, kintu prathama jala-bindu usameM avyakta rUpa meM rahane ke kAraNa dRSTigocara nahIM hotA, jabaki vyakta jala-bindu dRSTigocara jAtA hai| jaise-jaise jala kI zakti bar3hatI gaI, vaha abhivyakta hotA gayA / yahA~ para yaha samajhanA cAhie ki avyakta sthiti meM jo jala-bindu haiM, unake samAna vyaMjanAvagraha kA avyaktajJAna hai, aura jo jala-bindu vyakta haiM unake samAna arthAvagraha kA vyaktajJAna haiN| yahA~ para eka prazna yaha bhI hotA hai, ki kyA vyaJjanAvagraha samagra indriyoM se ho sakatA hai, athavA nahIM? isake samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki cakSu aura mana se vyaJjanAvagraha nahIM hotA, zeSa sabhI indriyoM se vyaJjanAvagraha hotA hai| cakSu aura mana se vyaJjanAvagraha isalie nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki ye donoM aprApyakArI indriyA~ haiM / indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM- prApyakArI aura aprApyakArI / prApyakArI use kahA jAtA hai, jisakA padArtha ke sAtha sambandha ho / aura jisakA padArtha ke sAtha sambandha nahIM hotA use aprApyakArI kahA jAtA hai / vyaJjanAvagraha ke lie padArtha aura indriya kA saMyoga apekSita hai / parantu cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, ataH inake sAtha padArtha kA saMyoga nahIM hotaa| isI kAraNa cakSu aura mana se vyaJjanAvagraha nahIM hotA hai| arthAvagraha saMyogarUpa nahIM hotA, vaha vyakta sAmAnya jJAna rUpa hI hotA hai| isalie cakSu aura mana se sIdhA arthAvagraha hone meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM aatii| arthAvagraha pA~ca indriya aura chaThe mana se hotA hai| arthAvagraha ke sambandha meM kucha bAteM aura haiM kintu ve tarka-zAstra se adhika sambandha rakhatI haiN| ataH unakA varNana yahA~ para karanA ucita nahIM hai aura vaha adhika gambhIra bhI hai|
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________________ jJAna mImAMsA 15 matijJAna kA dUsarA bheda hai, iihaa| avagraha ke bAda jJAna IhA meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| IhA kyA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki avagraha ke dvArA avagRhIta padArtha ke viSaya meM vizeSa rUpa se jAnane kI jJAnapariNati ko IhA kahA jAtA hai| IhA zabda ke paryAyavAcI rUpa meM Uha, tarka, parIkSA, vicAraNA aura jijJAsA zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA jAtA hai| kalpanA kIjie, koI vyakti ApakA nAma lekara Apa ko bulA rahA hai, usake zabda Apake kAnoM meM par3ate haiN| avagraha meM Apako itanA jJAna ho jAtA hai ki kahIM se zabda A rahA hai| zabda sunakara vyakti vicAra karatA hai, ki yaha zabda kisakA hai? kauna bola rahA hai? bolane vAlA strI hai athavA puruSa? phira sunane vAlA usa zabda ke svara ke sambandha meM vicAra karatA hai ki yaha zabda madhura evaM komala hai, ataH kisI strI kA honA cAhie, kyoMki puruSa kA svara kaThora evaM rUkSa hotA hai| yahA~ taka IhA jJAna kI sImA hai| yahA~ para prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai, ki yaha to eka prakAra kA saMzaya hai, saMzaya meM aura IhA meM bheda kyA rahA? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki IhA saMzaya nahIM hai, kyoMki saMzaya meM donoM pakSa barAbara hote haiM, ataH saMzaya ubhayakoTisparzI hotA hai| saMzaya meM jJAna kA kisI eka ora jhukAva nahIM hotaa| yaha strI kA svara hai athavA puruSa kA svara hai, yaha nirNaya nahIM hone paataa| saMzaya meM na puruSa ke svara kA nirNaya hotA hai, na strI ke hI svara kA nirNaya hone pAtA hai| saMzaya avasthA meM jJAna trizaMku ke samAna bIca meM ho laTakatA rahatA hai| IhA ke sambandha meM yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki IhA meM jJAna eka ora jhuka jAtA hai| kisa ora jhukatA hai ? isa sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki avAya meM jisa vastu kA nizcaya hone vAlA hai, IhA meM usa ora hI jJAna kA jhukAva ho jAtA hai| saMzaya jJAna ubhayakoTisparzI hotA hai, jabaki IhA jJAna ekakoTisparzI hI hotA hai| yaha satya hai, ki IhA meM pUrNa nirNaya evaM pUrNa nizcaya nahIM hone pAtA hai, phira bhI IhA meM jJAna kA jhukAva nirNaya kI ora avazya ho jAtA hai| saMzaya aura IhA meM yahI sabase bar3A antara hai| matijJAna kA tIsarA bheda hai-avaay|avaay kA artha hai nishcy| IhA ke dvArA Ihita padArtha kA nizcita rUpa meM antima nirNaya karanA hI avAya hai| IhA meM hamArA jJAna yahIM taka pahu~cA thA ki yaha zabda kisI strI kA honA cAhie, kyoMki isameM mRdutA aura komalatA hai; parantu avAya meM pahu~cakara hameM yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai, ki yaha zabda strI kA hI hai| avAya ke paryAyavAcI rUpa meM AvartanatA, pratyAvartanatA, apAya aura vijJAna Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| avAya-jJAna eka prakAra kA nizcaya jJAna hai| isameM padArtha kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki vaha kyA hai| ___matijJAna kA cauthA bheda hai dhaarnnaa| dhAraNA kA artha hai-kisI jJAna kA bahuta kAla ke lie sthAyI honaa| avAya ke bAda jo dhAraNA hotI hai, usameM jJAna itanA dRr3ha ho jAtA hai, ki vaha kAlAntara meM smRti kA kAraNa banatA hai| isI AdhAra para darzana-zAstra meM 'dhAraNA ko smRti kA hetu kahA gayA hai| dhAraNA saMkhyeya yA asaMkhyeya kAla taka raha sakatI
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________________ 16 adhyAtma-pravacana hai | dhAraNA ke paryAyavAcI rUpa meM pratipatti, avadhAraNa, avasthAna aura avabodha Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| dhAraNA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAna kI avicyuti ko dhAraNA kahate haiN| jo jJAna zIghra naSTa na hokara cirasthAyI raha sake aura smRti kA hetu bana sake vahI jJAna dhAraNA hai| dhAraNA ke tIna bheda haiM- avicyuti, vAsanA aura anusmaraNa / avicyuti kA artha hai - padArtha ke jJAna kA vinAza na honA / vAsanA kA artha hai- saMskAra kA nirmANa honA aura anusmaraNa kA artha hai, bhaviSya meM prasaMga milane para una saMskAroM kA smRti rUpa meM udbuddha honA / yahA~ para maiMne saMkSepa meM matijJAna ke cAra mukhya bhedoM ke svarUpa ko batAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| zAstra meM aura bAda ke darzana graMthoM meM matijJAna ke anya bhI bahuta se bhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| mere vicAra meM jJAna ke bheda prabhedoM meM na ulajha kara usake marma evaM rahasya ko samajhane kA prayatna honA caahie| Apako yaha samajhanA cAhie, ki matijJAna kyA hai aura usake kyA kAraNa haiM tathA jIvana meM usa matijJAna kA upayoga aura prayoga kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? pA~ca jJAnoM meM dUsarA jJAna hai - zrutajJAna / zrutajJAna kyA hai ? yaha atIva vicAraNIya prazna hai / matijJAnottara jo cintana-manana ke dvArA paripakva jJAna hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai| isakA yaha artha hai ki indriya evaM mana ke nimitta se jo jJAnadhArA pravAhita hotI hai, usakA pUrvarUpa matijJAna hai, aura usI kA mana ke dvArA manana hone para jo adhika spaSTa uttararUpa hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai| yaha zrutajJAna kA dArzanika vizleSaNa hai| prAcIna Agama kI bhASA meM zrutajJAna kA artha hai - vaha jJAna, jo zruta se arthAt zAstra se sambaddha ho / Apta puruSa dvArA praNIta Agama yA anya zAstroM se jo jJAna hotA hai, use zrutajJAna kahate haiM / zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai / zrutajJAna meM anya jJAnoM kI apekSA eka vizeSatA hai| cAra jJAna mUka haiM, jabaki zrutajJAna mukhara hai| cAra jJAnoM se vastu svarUpa kA paribodha to ho sakatA hai, kintu vastu svarUpa kA kathana nahIM ho sakatA / vastusvarUpa ke kathana kI zakti zrutajJAna meM hI hotI hai| kyoMki zrutajJAna zabdapradhAna hotA hai| zrutajJAna ke do bheda haiM- dravyazruta aura bhaavshrut| zruta kA jJAnAtmaka rUpa bhAvazruta hai aura zabdAtmakarUpa dravyazruta hai| zrutajJAna ke anya prakAra se bhI bheda kie gae haiN| usameM mukhya bheda do haiM - aMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa / Avazyaka Adi ke rUpa meM aMgabAhya aneka prakAra kA hotA hai aura aMgapraviSTa ke AcArAMga Adi dvAdaza bheda hote haiM / zrutajJAna ke anya bheda kie jAte haiM, kintu yahA~ para usake mUla bhedoM kA hI kathana kara diyA gayA hai| yahA~ eka prazna hotA hai ki zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hI kyoM hotA hai ? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki zrutajJAna ke lie zabda zravaNa Avazyaka hai, kyoMki zAstra
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________________ 17 jJAna mImAMsA vacanAtmaka hotA hai| zabda kA zravaNa matijJAna hai, kyoMki vaha zrotra kA viSaya hai| jaba zabda suna liyA jAtA hai, tabhI usake artha kA cintana kiyA jAtA hai| zabdazravaNa rUpa jo jJAna hai, vaha matijJAna hai, usake bAda utpanna hone vAlA vikasita jJAna zrutajJAna hotA hai / isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki matijJAna kAraNa hai aura zrutajJAna usakA kArya hai| jJAna hogA, tabhI zrutajJAna hogaa| yahA~ para eka bAta aura samajhane yogya hai ki zrutajJAna kA antaraMga kAraNa to zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama hI hai| matijJAna to usakA bahiraMga kAraNa hai| isI kAraNa kahA jAtA hai ki zrutajJAna se pUrva matijJAna hotA hai arthAt matijJAna ke hone para hI zrutajJAna ho sakatA hai| yahA~ para maiM Apa logoM ko eka bAta aura batalA denA cAhatA hU~ ki hamAre yahA~ para aMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa kI kyA vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| aMgapraviSTa use kahate haiM, jo sAkSAt tIrthaMkara dvArA bhASita hotA hai aura gaNadharoM dvArA jise sUtrabaddha kiyA jAtA hai| parantu Age calakara bala aura buddhi kI mandatA ke kAraNa samartha AcArya athavA zrutadhara AcArya aMgapraviSTa AgamoM kA AdhAra lekara ziSyahita ke lie evaM jJAna prasAra ke lie jo grantha-racanA karate haiM, unheM aMgabAhya grantha kahate haiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ke sambandha meM kucha Avazyaka bAteM aisI haiM, jinakA jAnanA anivArya hai| maiM Apako saMkSepa meM una bAtoM ko yahA~ batalAne kA prayatna kruuNgaa| eka bAta to yaha hai, ki pratyeka saMsArI jIva meM kama se kama do jJAna to avazya hote hI haiM - matijJAna aura zrutajJAna / prazna yaha hotA hai, ki yaha jJAna kaba taka rahate haiM ? kevalajJAna hone ke pUrva taka ye rahate haiM athavA kevalajJAna hone ke bAda bhI yaha rahate haiM ? isa viSaya meM aneka prakAra ke matabheda haiM, jinake vistAra kI yahA~ AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kucha AcAryoM kA abhimata hai ki kevalajJAna kI upalibdha ke bAda bhI matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kI sattA rahatI hai| jisa prakAra divAkara ke pracaNDa prakAza ke samakSa graha aura nakSatroM kA prakAza naSTa nahIM hotA, balki tirohita ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra kevalajJAna ke mahAprakAza ke samakSa matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA alpa prakAza naSTa nahIM hotA hai, balki tirohita ho jAtA hai| taba dUsare AcAryoM kA abhimata yaha hai, ki matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kSAyopazamika jJAna haiM aura kevalajJAna kSAyika jJAna hai| jaba samagra jJAnAvaraNa kA kSaya ho jAtA hai, kSAyikajJAna prakaTa hotA hai, jise kevalajJAna kahate haiM, usa samaya kSAyopazamika jJAna nahIM raha skte| ataH kevalajJAna ho jAne para matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kI sattA nahIM rahatI, ve miTa jAte haiM, usa samaya akelA kevalajJAna hI rahatA hai| yaha pakSa prathama pakSa kI apekSA adhika tarkasaMgata hai| pA~ca jJAnoM meM tIsarA jJAna hai-avadhijJAna / avadhijJAna cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvoM ko ho sakatA hai| avadhijJAna rUpI padArthoM kA hotA hai / avadhijJAna kyA hai ? isake sambandha meM
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________________ 18 adhyAtma-pravacana kahA gayA hai, ki avadhi kA artha hai-sImA / jisa jJAna kI sImA hotI hai, use avadhijJAna kahA jAtA hai| avadhijJAna kI sImA kyA hai ? rUpI padArthoM ko jAnanA / avadhijJAna ke do bheda haiM- bhavapratyaya aura guNapratyaya / bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna deva aura nAraka ko hotA hai / guNapratyaya avadhijJAna manuSya aura tiryaJca ko hotA hai| jo avadhijJAna binA kisI sAdhanA ke mAtra janma ke sAtha hI prakaTa hotA hai, use bhavapratyaya kahate haiN| jo avadhijJAna kisI sAdhanA vizeSa se prakaTa hotA hai, use guNapratyaya kahA jAtA hai| avadhijJAna ke anya prakAra se bhI bheda kie gae haiM, kintu unakA yahA~ para vizeSa varNana karanA abhISTa nahIM hai| yahA~ to kevala avadhijJAna ke svarUpa aura usake mukhya bhedoM kAhI kathana karanA abhISTa hai| pA~ca jJAnoM meM cauthA jJAna hai - manaHparyAyajJAna / yaha jJAna manuSya gati ke atirikta anya kisI gati meM nahIM hotA hai / manuSya meM bhI saMyata manuSya ko hI hotA hai, asaMyata manuSya ko nahIM / manaHparyAya jJAna kA artha hai- manuSyoM ke mana ke cintita artha ko jAnane vAlA jJAna / mana eka prakAra kA paudgalika dravya hai| jaba vyakti kisI viSaya vizeSa kA vicAra karatA hai, taba usake mana kA tadanusAra paryAyoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai / manaHparyAya jJAnI mana kI ina paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| usa para se vaha yaha jAna sakatA hai ki amuka vyakti kisa samaya kyA bAta socatA rahA hai| ataH manaHparyAya jJAna kA artha hai-mana ke pariNamana kA sAkSAt pratyakSa karake manuSya ke cintita artha ko jAna lenaa| manaH paryAyajJAna ke do bheda haiM-Rjumati aura vipulamati / Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati jJAna vizuddhatara hotA hai| kyoMki vipulamati Rjumati kI apekSA mana ke ati sUkSma pariNAmoM ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki Rjumati pratipAtI hotA hai aura vipulamati apratipAtI hotA hai| yahI ina donoM meM antara hai| avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna pratyakSa avazya haiM, kyoMki ye donoM jJAna sIdhe AtmA se hI hote haiM / inake lie indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / kintu avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna donoM hI vikala pratyakSa haiM, jabaki kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hotA hai| avadhijJAna kevala rUpI padArthoM kA hI pratyakSa kara sakatA hai aura manaHparyAyajJAna rUpI padArthoM ke anantaveM bhAga mana kI paryAyoM kA hI pratyakSa kara sakatA hai| isalie ye donoM vikala pratyakSa haiM / pA~ca jJAnoM meM pA~cavA~ jJAna hai - kevljnyaan| yaha jJAna vizuddhatama hai / kevalajJAna ko advitIya aura paripUrNa jJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| Agama kI bhASA meM ise kSAyika jJAna kahA jAtA hai| AtmA kI jJAna zakti kA pUrNa vikAsa athavA AvirbhAva kevalajJAna hai| isake prakaTa hote hI, phira zeSa jJAna nahIM rhte| kevalajJAna sampUrNa jJAna hai, ataH usake sAtha mati Adi apUrNa jJAna nahIM raha skte| jaina darzana ke anusAra kevalajJAna AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA caramavikAsa hai| kevala se bar3hakara anya koI jJAna nahIM hotA hai| isa jJAna meM atIta, anAgata aura vartamAna ke
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________________ jJAna mImAMsA 19 ananta padArtha aura pratyeka padArtha ke ananta guNa aura paryAya kevalajJAna ke darpaNa meM pratikSaNa pratibimbita hote rahate haiN| kevalajJAna deza aura kAla kI sImA-bandhana se mukta hokara rUpI evaM arUpI samagra padArthoM kA pratyakSa karatA hai| ataH use sakala pratyakSa kahate maiM Apase pahale kaha cukA hU~, ki upayoga ke do bheda haiM-sAkAra aura anaakaar| sAkAra, jJAna ko kahate haiM aura anAkAra, darzana ko| ise eka-dUsare rUpa meM bhI kahA jAtA hai-savikalpaka aura nirviklpk| jo upayoga vastu ke vizeSa svarUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha savikalpaka hai aura jo vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha nirvikalpaka hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai, ki jaina darzana ko chor3akara anya kisI darzana meM to isa prakAra kA koI vargIkaraNa nahIM hai, phira jaina darzana kI isa mAnyatA kA AdhAra kyA hai? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki jaina darzana meM jJAna aura darzana kI mAnyatA atyanta prAcIna hai| mUla Agama meM hameM do prayoga milate haiM-'jANai' aura 'paasii'| inakA artha hai-jAnanA aura dekhnaa| jAnanA, jJAna hai aura dekhanA, darzana hai| dUsarA AdhAra yaha hai, ki jaina darzana meM karma ke ATha bheda svIkAra kie gaye haiN| una ATha bhedoM meM pahalA hai-jJAnAvaraNa aura dUsarA hai drshnaavrnn| jJAna ko AcchAdita karane vAlA karma jJAnAvaraNa aura darzana ko AcchAdita karane vAlA karma darzanAvaraNa kahalAtA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai, ki jaina-darzana meM jJAna aura darzana kI mAnyatA bahuta hI prAcIna hai| yaha siddhAnta tarka se bhI siddha hotA hai| sarvaprathama vastu ke astitva kA hI bodha hotA hai, tadanantara vastu kI anekAneka vizeSatAoM kaa| isase bhI spaSTa hai ki darzana aura jJAna do upayoga hote haiN| ___ eka prazna yaha uThAyA jAtA hai, ki darzana aura jJAna meM pUrva kauna hotA hai ? isake samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki jahA~ taka chadmastha kA prazna hai, sabhI AcArya ekamata haiM ki darzana aura jJAna yugapad na hokara kramazaH hote haiN| prathama darzana hotA hai aura pazcAt jJAna hotA hai| kevalI ke prazna ko lekara AcAryoM meM matabheda avazya hai| isa viSaya meM tIna prakAra ke mata haiM-eka mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna kramazaH hote haiN| dUsare mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna yugapad hote haiN| tIsare mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna bhinna na hokara abhinna haiN| sabase pahale hameM yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki ina tIna matoM kA mUla AdhAra kyA hai? AcAryoM ke matabheda kA AdhAra kaunasA grantha hai athavA kauna-sI paramparA hai? prAcInatA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para sabase pahale hamArI dRSTi Agama kI ora jAtI hai| prajJApanA, Avazyakaniyukti evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM kahA gayA hai, ki kevalI ke bhI do upayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho skte| zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna Agama isa viSaya meM ekamata haiN| Agama kevalI ke darzana aura jJAna ko yugapad nahIM maante|
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana digambara paramparA ke anusAra kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna yugapad hote haiN| isa viSaya meM digambara paramparA ke sabhI AcArya ekamata haiN| yugapadvAdI kA kathana hai, ki jisa prakAra sUrya meM prakAza aura Atapa eka sAtha rahate haiM, usI prakAra kevalI meM darzana aura jJAna eka sAtha rahate haiN| 20 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki kevalI ke darzana aura jJAna ko lekara zvetAmbara paramparA aura digambara paramparA meM matabheda hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kramavAdI hai aura digambara paramparA yugapavAdI hai / parantu yaha matabheda kevalI ke darzana aura jJAna ko lekara hI hai, chadmastha ke darzana aura jJAna ke prazna para zvetAmbara paramparA aura digambara paramparA meM na kisI prakAra kA vivAda hai aura na kisI prakAra kA matabheda hI hai| donoM paramparAe~ chadmastha vyakti meM darzana aura jJAna ko kramazaH hI svIkAra karatI haiM, isa dRSTi se isa viSaya meM donoM paramparAe~ kramavAdI haiM / aba prazna rahatA hai tIsarI paramparA kA, jisake AviSkAraka caturtha zatAbdI ke mahAn dArzanika, prakhara tArkika AcArya siddhasena divAkara haiN| AcArya siddhasena kA kathana hai, ki matijJAna se lekara manaHparyAyajJAna taka darzana aura jJAna meM bheda siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kA bheda siddha karanA kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| darzanAvaraNa aura jJAnAvaraNa kA jaba hama yugapad kSaya mAnate haiM, taba usa kSaya se hone vAle upayoga meM "yaha pahale hotA hai aura yaha bAda meM hotA hai athavA yugapad hote haiM, ' isa prakAra kA kathana karanA, na nyAyasaMgata hai aura na tarkasaMgata hai| pUrNa upayoga meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rahatA hai| ataH kevalI ke darzana meM tathA jJAna meM kisI bhI krama ko aura yugapad ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vastutaH kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana donoM alaga-alaga haiM hI nahIM, donoM eka hI haiN| " isa prakAra jaisA ki maiMne Apako kahA thaa| darzana aura jJAna ko lekara jainAcAryoM meM kucha matabheda hai, para isa matabheda se mUla vastusthiti para kisI prakAra kA pratikUla prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai / vastusthiti ko bhedagAmI dRSTi se dekhane para bheda kI pratIti hotI hai aura abhedagAmI dRSTi se dekhane para abheda kI pratIti hotI hai / anekAnta dRSTi meM bheda aura abheda donoM kA sundara samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM jJAnavAda kI carcA bahuta purAnI aura bahuvidha hai / aGga, upAGga aura mUla sUtroM meM, yatra-tatra jo jJAnavAda kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha aneka paddhatiyoM se pratipAdita hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM, rAjapraznIya sUtra meM aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jJAna ke sIdhe pA~ca bheda kie gae haiN| bhagavatI sUtra meM aura anuyogadvAra sUtra meM jJAna kA cAra pramANa ke rUpa meM tarka paddhati para varNana bhI upalabdha hai| nandI sUtra meM pA~ca jJAna kA varNana Agama aura tarkazailI se bhinna darzana zailI para kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM jJAnavAda kI carcA bahuvidha aura anekavidha paddhati para AdhArita hai| jJAnavAda ke varNana kI ukta
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________________ 21 jJAna mImAMsA paddhatiyoM ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM - Agamika zailI, dArzanika zailI aura tArkika arthAt nyAya shailii| Agamika zailI se pA~ca jJAna kA varNana - aMga, upAMga aura mUlasUtroM meM upalabdha hai| isameM jJAna ke sIdhe pA~ca bheda karake unake upabhedoM kA varNana kara diyA gayA hai| karma-granthoM meM bhI jJAnavAda kA varNana Agamika zailI ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai / dArzanika zailI kA prayoga nandI - sUtra meM upalabdha hai| isameM jJAna kA sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai| jitane adhika vistAra ke sAtha meM aura jitanI sundara vyavasthA ke sAtha meM pA~ca jJAna kA varNana nandI - sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai, utane vistAra ke sAtha aura utanI sundara vyavasthA ke sAtha anya kisI Agama meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| Avazyakaniryukti meM jo jJAna kA varNana hai, vaha dArzanika zailI kA na hokara Agamika zailI kA hai| AcArya jinabhadra kSamAzramaNakRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM pA~ca jJAna kA sAMgopAMga aura ati vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakI zailI vizuddha dArzanika zailI hai| yaha eka aisA mahAsAgara hai, jisameM saba kucha samAhita ho jAtA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya Agama kI pRSThabhUmi para dArzanika kSetra kI eka mahAna dena hai | Agama kA jJAnavAda isameM pIna aura paripuSTa ho gayA hai| pA~ca jJAna ke sambandha meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vahI anyatra upalabdha hotA hai| aura jo kucha isameM nahIM kahA gayA, vaha anyatra bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| AcArya jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa ke uttara-bhAvI samagra dArzanika vidvAnoM ne apane-apane granthoM meM jJAnavAda ke pratipAdana meM aura jJAnavAda kI vyAkhyA karane meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko hI AdhAra banAyA hai| isameM jJAnavAda kA pratipAdana itane vizAla aura virATa rUpa meM huA hai ki ise par3hakara jJAnavAda ke sambandha meM anya kisI grantha ke par3hane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rahatI / AcArya ne apane yuga taka kI paramparA ke cintana kA isameM Akalana aura saMkalana kara diyA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke bAda pA~ca jJAna kA sAMgopAMga varNana athavA pratipAdana upAdhyAya yazovijayakRta 'jJAna-bindu' aura 'jaina - tarka-bhASA' meM upalabdha hotA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM ukta donoM kRtiyA~ adbhuta aura bejor3a haiN| 'jJAna bindu' meM pA~ca jJAna kA varNana darzana kI pRSThabhUmi para tArkika zailI se kiyA gayA hai / parantu' 'jaina- tarka-bhASA' jJAna kA varNana vizuddha tArkika zailI para hI kiyA gayA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijaya apane yuga ke eka praur3ha dArzanika aura mahAn tArkika the| inhoMne apane graMthoM kI racanA navya nyAya kI zailI para kI hai| dArzanika zailI kA eka dUsarA rUpa, hameM pA~ca jJAna ke sambandha meM AcArya kundakunda kRta 'pravacanasAra' aura 'niyamasAra' meM bhI milatA hai / parantu yahA~ para jJAnavAda kA varNana utane vistAra se aura kramabaddha nahIM hai, jaisA ki 'nandI -sUtra' meM evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM, 'jJAnabindu' meM aura 'jaina - tarka bhASA' meM upalabdha hotA hai|
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________________ 22 adhyAtma-pravacana ____ maiM Apase itanI bAta avazya kahU~gA, ki jJAnavAda ke sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne apane-apane yuga meM pariSkAra avazya kiyA hai, kintu usakA mUla AdhAra Agama hI rahA hai| Agama ko AdhAra banAkara hI jJAna kA kahIM para saMkSepa meM to kahIM para vistAra meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| jJAna ke sambandha meM maiMne yahA~ para Apako jo kucha kahA hai, use Apa paripUrNa na samajha leN| maiMne to kevala usakA paricaya mAtra karA diyA hai| isa sambandha meM jo sajjana vizeSa jijJAsA rakhate haiM, unheM cAhie ki ve mUla Agama kA aura uttarakAla ke graMthoM kA svAdhyAya karake apane jJAna ko abhivRddha aura vikasita kreN|| yahA~ para maiM eka bAta aura spaSTa kara denA cAhatA hU~, ki jaina darzana kI mUla dRSTi kyA hai? jaba taka Apa jaina-darzana kI mUla dRSTi ko nahIM pakar3a sakeMge, taba taka Apa adhigata jJAna se kucha bhI lAbha nahIM uThA skeNge| jaina-darzana ke anusAra vizva ke samagra padArtha do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM-jIva-rAzi aura ajiiv-raashi| ukta do vibhAgoM meM jar3a aura cetana sabhI tatvoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| yaha vizva kyA hai ? jIva aura ajIva kA smuuh| jIva ko AtmA aura ajIva ko anAtmA bhI kaha sakate haiN| darzana-zAstra kI paribhASA meM jIva tathA ajIva ko prameya evaM jJeya bhI kaha sakate haiN| pramA kA viSaya prameya aura jJAna kA viSaya jnyey| pramAtA kevala jIva hI hai, ajIva nhiiN| jIva hI jJAtA draSTA hai| vaha jIva ko bhI jAnatA hai aura ajIva ko bhI jAnatA hai| pramA aura jJAna donoM kA eka hI artha hai| pramA jisameM ho, vaha pramAtA aura jJAna jisameM ho, vaha jnyaataa| pramAtA jisase prameya ko jAnatA hai-vaha pramANa hai aura jJAtA jisase jJeya ko jAnatA hai-vaha jJAna hai| pramAtA, pramANa aura prameya-yaha tripuTI hai tathA jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya yaha eka dUsarI tripuTI hai| nizcaya naya se vicAra karane para pramAtA aura pramANa meM athavA jJAtA aura jJAna meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM hai| vyavahAra naya se vicAra karane para donoM meM bheda pratIta hotA hai| ___ bhArata kI dArzanika paramparA ko do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA haidvaitavAdI aura advaitvaadii| jaina, sAMkhya, yoga, naiyAyika, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka dvaitavAdI darzana haiN| cArvAka, vijJAnavAdI bauddha aura advaitavedAntI advaitavAdI darzana haiN| vizva meM do tatvoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karane vAle dvaitavAdI haiM aura eka tatva kI sattA ko mAnane vAle advaitavAdI haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhI kucha AcAryoM ne abheda dRSTi ke AdhAra para satsvarUpa advaita-bhAva ke sthApanA kI ceSTA kI thI, para usakA adhika prasAra nahIM ho skaa| kyoMki advaitavAda kA jaina-darzana kI mUla bhAvanA se maulika sAmaJjasya nahIM baitthtaa| __ ataH jaina darzana mUla rUpa meM dvaitavAdI darzana hai| jaina darzana-abhimata mUla meM do tatva haiM-jIva aura ajiiv| kintu una donoM kI saMyogAvasthA aura viyogAvasthA ko lekara tatva ke sAta bheda ho jAte haiM-jIva, ajIva, Anava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / jIva aura ajIva jJeya haiM, Amrava aura bandha heya haiM tathA saMvara aura nirjarA upAdeya haiN| mokSa to
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________________ jJAna mImAMsA 23 jIva kI atyanta vizuddha sthiti kA hI nAma hai| pudgala kA jIva ke sAtha jo saMyoga hai, vahI saMsAra hai| jIva aura pudgala kA aikAntika aura Atyantika jo viyoga hai, vahI mokSa hai| bandha aura Anava saMsAra ke hetu haiM tathA saMvara aura nirjarA mokSa ke kAraNa haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana prameya ke sAta bheda svIkAra karatA hai| ina sAta prameyoM ko jAnane vAlA pramAtA kahalAtA hai aura pramAtA jisase ina prameyoM ko jAnatA hai, use pramANa kahA jAtA hai| Agama kI bhASA meM isI ko jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya kahA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM jJAna kA varNana yahA~ itanA hI abhISTa hai|
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________________ 2. pramANa-vAda maiM Aja Apa se pramANa ke sambandha meM carcA kara rahA huuN| pramANa ke binA prameya kI siddhi nahIM hotI / nyAya - zAstra kA eka yaha prasiddha siddhAnta hai| pramANa se hI prameya kA yathArtha parijJAna hotA hai| ataH bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM pramANa para bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai| jaina, vaidika aura bauddha- samasta dArzanikoM ne pramANavAda para bar3A bala lagAyA hai| bhAratIya darzana kI pratyeka zAkhA meM pramANa para gaMbhIra cintana aura anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai| nyAya darzana kA to mukhya viSaya hI pramANa hai| vaizeSika darzana meM prameya kI bahulatA hone para bhI usameM pramANavAda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM bhI pramANa para paryApta vivecana kiyA gayA hai, kintu vaizeSika kI bhA~ti isameM tatva carcA adhika hai| yoga to kriyAtmaka prayoga para hI khar3A hai, phira bhI usameM pramANa carcA kI gaI hai| mIsAMsA aura vedAnta meM bhI pramANavAda para bahuta bala diyA gayA haiN| bhUtavAdI cArvAka ko bhI pramANa svIkAra karanA pdd'aa| bauddha darzana meM to pramANavAda ne bahuta hI gambhIra rUpa liyA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ke sUkSma aura paine tarka suprasiddha haiN| jaina darzana meM to pramANavAda para saMkhyAbaddha grantha Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| pramANa viSaya para bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna paramparAoM meM Aja taka jo kucha bhI likhA gayA hai, usameM jaina dArzanikoM kA mahAn yogadAna rahA hai / prAcIna nyAya kI paramparA se lekara navya yuga ke navyanyAya taka kI paramparA jaina darzana ke pramANavAda meM surakSita hai| pramANa kI mImAMsA meM aura pramANa kI vicAraNA meM jaina dArzanika kabhI pazcAt pada nahIM rahe haiN| bhAratIya darzana kI pratyeka zAkhA ne apane-apane abhimata prameya kI siddhi ke lie pramANa ko svIkAra kiyA hai, aura apane-apane DhaMga se usakI vyAkhyA kI hai| pramANa ke svarUpa meM vibhinnatA hone para bhI pramANa kI upayogitA ke sambandha meM saba ekamata haiN| bhale pramANoM kI saMkhyA kisI ne kama mAnI ho aura kisI ne adhika mAnI ho, para usakI AvazyakatA kA anubhava sabane kiyA hai| prameya kI siddhi ke lie samasta darzana pramANa ko svIkAra karate haiN| parantu jaina darzana pramANa ke atirikta naya ko bhI vastu-parijJAna ke lie Avazyaka mAnatA hai| jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai, ki vastu kA yathArtha adhigama evaM paribodha pramANa aura naya se hotA hai / ataH vastu-parijJAna ke lie pramANa aura naya donoM kI AvazyakatA hai| donoM meM antara yahI hai, ki pramANa vastu ko akhaNDa rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai, ataH vaha sakalAdeza hai| naya vastu ko khaNDa rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai, ataH vaha vikalAdeza hai| 'yaha ghaTa hai' - yaha sakalAdeza pramANa 24
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________________ pramANa-vAda 25 hai| yaha rUpavAn ghaTa hai' yaha vikalAdeza naya hai| kyoMki isameM ghaTa vastu kA parijJAna rUpamukhena huA hai, jabaki 'ghaTo'yam' kahane se ghaTa ke samasta dharmoM kA samAveza usameM ho jAtA hai| vastugata kisI eka dharma kA athavA kisI eka guNa kA bodha karane ke lie naya kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha jaina darzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai, jo anya darzanoM meM nahIM hai| jaina darzana, kyoMki anekAnta darzana hai, aura anekAnta darzana meM pratyeka vastu ko ananta dharmAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| usa ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA yathArtha bodha, pramANa aura naya se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| pramANa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI jaina darzana kA apanA eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa hai| usake pramANa kA vargIkaraNa bhI anya paramparAoM se sarvathA bhinna zailI para huA hai| sAmAnyatayA pramANa kA artha hai-jisake dvArA padArtha kA samyak parijJAna ho| zabdavyutpatti kI dRSTi jo pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa ho, vaha pramANa hai| naiyAyika pramA meM sAdhakatama indriya aura sannikarSa ko mAnate haiM, parantu jainadarzana jJAna ko hI pramA meM sAdhakatama mAnatA hai| pramA kriyA eka cetana kriyA hai, ataH usakA sAdhakatama karaNa bhI jJAna hI ho sakatA hai, sannikarSa nahIM, kyoMki vaha acetana hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pramANa kA lakSaNa hai-'sva-para-vyavasAyi jJAnaM prmaannm|' isa lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai, ki sva aura para kA nizcaya karane vAlA jJAna hI pramANa hai| sva kA artha hai-jJAna aura para kA artha haijJAna se bhinna pdaarth| - jaina darzana usI jJAna ko pramANa mAnatA hai, jo apane Apako bhI jAne aura apane se bhinna para padArthoM ko bhI jaane| aura vaha bhI nizcayAtmaka evaM yathArtha rUpa meN| upAdeya kyA hai? tathA heya kyA hai? aura heya upAdeya se bhinna upekSita kyA hai ? isakA nirNaya karanA hI pramANa kI upayogitA hai| parantu pramANa kI yaha upayogitA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai, jabaki pramANa ko jJAnarUpa mAnA jaae| yadi pramANa jJAnarUpa na hokara, ajJAnarUpa hogA, to vaha upAdeya evaM heya kA viveka nahIM kara skegaa| phira pramANa kI sArthakatA kyA hogI? pramANa kI sArthakatA aura upayogitA tabhI hai, jabaki usase sva aura para kA parijJAna ho, sAtha hI jJeya ke hAna, upAdAna evaM upekSA kA viveka ho| ___nyAya darzana meM pratyakSa pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa sannikarSa ko mAnA hai| parantu yaha ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki sannikarSa jar3a hai|jo jar3a hotA hai, vaha ghaTa kI taraha sva aura para kA nizcaya karane meM asamartha hotA hai| kyA kabhI ghaTa ko patA hotA hai ki maiM kauna hU~, aura ye mere Asa-pAsa meM kyA hai? nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha jar3a hai, cetanAzUnya hai, ataH vaha ghaTa pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa bhI nahIM bana sakatA hai| nyAya darzana meM indriya aura padArtha ke sambandha ko sannikarSa kahA hai| vaizeSika darzana bhI sannikarSa ko pramANa mAnatA hai| parantu jJAna rUpa na hone se sannikarSa kI pramANatA kA jaina-darzana meM spaSTa niSedha kiyA gayA hai| pramANa kA svarUpa evaM lakSaNa karate samaya yaha kahA gayA hai, ki pramANa nizcayAtmaka evaM vyavasAya-svabhAva hotA hai| parantu bauddha darzana meM avyavasAyI nirvikalpaka jJAna ko
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________________ 26 adhyAtma-pravacana pramANa mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM jise darzanopayoga kahate haiM- jisameM kevala vastu kI sattAmAtra kA jJAna hotA hai - vahI bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka jJAna hai / nirvikalpaka jJAna meM 'yaha ghaTa hai' aura 'yaha paTa hai'- ityAdi vastugata vibhinna vizeSoM kA parijJAna nahIM hotaa| isI kAraNa nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pramANa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaba taka vastu kI viziSTatA kA parijJAna nahIM hotA, taba taka vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| isI AdhAra para kahA gayA hai, ki bauddha darzana meM abhimata nirvikalpaka jJAna pramANa nahIM hai| jJAna mAtra pramANa nahIM hai, jo jJAna vyavasAyAtmaka hotA hai, vahI pramANakoTi meM AtA hai | yadi jJAna mAtra ko hI pramANa mAnA jAe, taba to viparyaya, saMzaya aura anadhyavasAya bhI pramANa kahA jaaegaa| kyoMki ye bhI jJAna to haiM hI, bhale hI viparIta hI kyoM na hoM ? ukta tInoM ke pramANatva kA niSedha karane ke lie pramANa ko vyavasAyasvabhAva athavA nizcayarUpa kahA gayA hai| sIpa ko cA~dI samajha lenA, aura rassI ko sA~pa samajha lenA- isa prakAra ke viparItaikakoTisparzI mithyAjJAna ko jaina darzana meM viparyaya kahA jAtA hai / viparyaya meM vastu kA eka hI dharma jAna par3atA hai, aura vaha viparIta hI hotA hai| isI kAraNa vaha mithyAjJAna hai, pramANa nahIM hai| eka hI vastu meM aneka koTiyoM ko sparza karane vAlA jJAna, saMzaya hai| jaise andhakAra meM dUrastha kisI ThUMTha ko dekhakara sandeha honA ki yaha sthANu hai yA puruSa hai / saMzaya bhI mithyAjJAna hone se pramANa nahIM hai| kyoMki isameM na to sthANu ko siddha karane vAlA sAdhaka pramANa hI hotA hai, aura na puruSa kA niSedha karane vAlA bAdhaka pramANa hI hotA hai| ataH na isameM sthANutva kA nizcaya hotA hai aura na puruSatva kA hI / nizcaya kA abhAva hone se ise pramANa nahIM kaha skte| - mArga meM gamana karate samaya tRNa Adi kA sparza hone para 'kucha hai' isa prakAra ke jJAna ko anadhyavasAya kahate haiN| isameM kisI bhI vastu kA nizcaya nahIM ho pAtA hai| nizcaya na hone ke kAraNa se hI isako pramANa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| viparyaya aura saMzaya meM bheda yaha hai, ki viparyaya meM eka aMza kI pratIti hotI hai, jabaki saMzaya meM do yA aneka aMzoM kI pratIti hotI hai / viparyaya meM eka aMza nizcita hotA hai - bhale hI vaha viparIta hI kyoM na ho / parantu saMzaya meM donoM aMza anizcita hote haiN| saMzaya aura anadhyavasAya meM bheda yaha hai, ki saMzaya meM yadyapi vizeSa vastu kA nizcaya nahIM hotA, phira bhI usameM vizeSa kA sparza to hotA hI hai, parantu anadhyavasAya meM to kisI bhI prakAra ke vizeSa kA sparza hI nahIM hotA / viparyaya, saMzaya aura anadhyavasAya, jJAna hone para bhI pramANakoTi meM nahIM aate| kyoMki ye tInoM samyak jJAna nahIM, mithyAjJAna haiN| mithyAjJAna pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| pramANa kA svarUpa samajhAte samaya kahA gayA thA, ki jo jJAna sva-para kA nizcaya karatA hai, vaha pramANa hai / sva kA artha hai- jJAna aura para kA artha hai - jJAna se bhinna 'ghaTa-paTa '
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________________ pramANa-vAda 27 Adi pdaarth| parantu zUnyavAdI bauddha ghaTa Adi bAhya padArtha ko aura jJAna Adi Antarika padArtha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| usake vicAra meM zUnya hI saba kucha hai| isa vizva meM zUnya ke atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai, yahI usakA abhimata hai| isI AdhAra para use zUnyavAdI kahA jAtA hai| zUnyavAdI bauddha zUnya ko hI sat mAnatA hai, usake atirikta sabako mithyaa| vijJAnavAdI bauddha ghaTa Adi bAhya padArtha kI sattA svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usake mata meM vijJAna hI saba kucha hai| vijJAna ke atirikta jo bhI kucha hai, vaha saba mithyA hai| vedAntadarzana bhI bAhya padArtha ko mithyA kahatA hai| vedAnta ke anusAra ekamAtra brahma ke atirikta anya samagra padArtha asat haiN| ina sabake viparIta jaina darzana jJAna ko sat svIkAra karatA hai aura jJAna ke dvArA pratIta hone vAle ghaTa Adi bAhya padArtha ko bhI sat svIkAra karatA hai| isI AdhAra para jaina darzana ke pramANa lakSaNa meM 'sva aura para' donoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| isakA artha hai ki pramANa apane ko bhI jAnatA hai aura para ko bhii| pramANa ke svarUpa aura lakSaNa kA nirdhAraNa dhIre-dhIre vikasita huA hai| kaNAda ne nirdoSa jJAna ko pramANa kahA thaa| gautama ke nyAya-sUtra meM pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa upalabdha nahIM hotA, kintu usake samartha bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne kahA hai, ki artha kI upalabdhi meM sAdhana hI pramANa hai| mImAMsaka prabhAkara ne anubhUti ko pramANa kahA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM indriya-vyApAra ke sAmAnya lakSaNa ko pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha darzana meM ajJAta artha ke prakAzaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai|jain paramparA ke vibhinna AcAryoM ne bhI pramANa kA vibhinna prakAra se lakSaNa kiyA hai| jaina nyAya ke pitA aura apane yuga ke praur3ha dArzanika AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne apane 'nyAyAvatAra' nAmaka nyAyagrantha meM sva-para ke nizcaya karane vAle bAdhavivarjita jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai| AcArya siddhasena kI bhA~ti AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI sva-para-avabhAsi jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| vAdideva sUri ne apane prasiddha tarka-grantha 'pramANa-naya tatvAloka' meM usI jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai, jo sva-para kA nizcaya karAne vAlA ho| AcArya hemacandra ne apane suprasiddha nyAya grantha pramANa mImAMsA meM artha ke samyak nirNaya ko pramANa mAnA hai| jaina tarka bhASA meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI ne vAdideva sUri ke lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kara liyA hai| zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne pramANa-lakSaNa kA vikAsa kisa prakAra kiyA, yaha maiMne Apako btaayaa| digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne bhI isa viSaya meM paryApta cintana kiyA hai| 'parIkSA-mukha' meM usa jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai, jo sva aura apUrva artha kA grAhaka ho| yatibhUSaNa ne apane 'nyAya-dIpikA' grantha meM sIdhI bhASA meM samyajJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA hai| isa prakAra jainoM kI ubhaya paramparAoM ne ghUma phira kara eka hI bAta kahI hai, ki samyakjJAna hI pramANa hai|jain-drshn ke pramANa lakSaNoM meM samyakjJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| sabakI zabdAvalI bhinna hone para bhI sabakA abhiprAya eka hI hai|
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________________ 28 adhyAtma-pravacana ___ nyAya-zAstra meM pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai-'pramA kA krnn'| pramA kA karaNa hI pramANa hai| prazna uTha sakatA hai, ki pramA kyA hai ? isake uttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai, jo vastu jaisI hai, usa vastu ko vaisI hI samajhanA pramA hai| rajata ko rajata samajhanA pramA hai, aura zukti ko rajata samajha lenA apramA hai| karaNa kA artha hai-saadhktm| eka kArya kI siddhi meM aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiM, para ve saba karaNa nahIM bana skte| karaNa to eka hI hotA hai| jisa vyApAra ke turanta bAda phala kI prApti ho, vahI karaNa hotA hai| nyAya-zAstra meM pramA ke pUrvakSaNavartI karaNa ko hI vastutaH pramANa kahate haiN| parantu prazna uThatA hai, ki karaNa hai kyA vastu? nyAyadarzana meM,jaisA ki maiM pahale Apako batA cukA hU~, sannikarSa ko pramA kA karaNa mAnA hai| bauddha darzana meM yogyatA ko pramA kA karaNa kahA hai| jaina darzana meM jJAna hI pramA kA karaNa hai| sannikarSa tathA yogyatA to jJAna kI sahakArI sAmagrI hai| pramANa-zAstra ke anusAra pramANa kA maulika phala hai-ajJAna kI nivRtti, anantara phala hai-abhimata vastu kA svIkAra, anabhimata vastu kA parihAra aura taTastha upekssaa| jainadarzana meM inhIM ko pramANa kA phala mAnA hai| parantu yaha tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai, jabaki jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA jaae| isI AdhAra para jainadarzana meM yathArtha jJAna ko arthAt 'samyak jJAna' ko pramANa mAnA hai| prazna hotA hai, ki kyA jJAna aura pramANa eka hI haiM? athavA unameM kucha antara bhI hai? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki donoM meM yahI antara hai-jJAna vyApaka hai aura pramANa vyApya hai| jJAna aura pramANa meM vyApya-vyApaka-bhAva-sambandha hai| jJAna yathArtha aura ayathArtha donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| samyajJAna yathArtha aura saMzaya Adi mithyAjJAna aythaarth| parantu pramANa to yathArtha jJAna hI ho sakatA hai| ataH samasta jaina tArkikoM ne apane-apane pramANalakSaNa meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM yathArtha athavA samyak jJAna ko avazya hI rakhA hai| jaina dRSTi se samyak jJAna hI pramANa hai| jainadarzana meM Agama aura tatvArthabhASya ke samaya taka pramANa kA lakSaNa spaSTa aura pariSkRta nahIM ho pAyA thaa| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne apane 'nyAyAvatAra-sUtra' meM pramANa kA spaSTa lakSaNa dekara vastutaH jaina pramANa-zAstra kI AdhArazilA rkhii| AcArya samantabhadra ne jo apane yuga ke eka samartha AcArya the, unhoMne apane granthoM meM AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke lakSaNa kA hI samarthana kiyaa| Age calakara akalaMkadeva ne use tarka kI kasauTI para ksaa| phira AcArya mANikyanandI, prabhAcandra, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra aura yati dharmabhUSaNa ne apane-apane granthoM meM apane-apane DhaMga se usakA vizadIkaraNa kiyaa| parantu upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne pramANa-lakSaNa ko navyanyAya ke navya Aloka meM pahuMcA diyaa| AcArya siddhasena se prArambha hokara upAdhyAya yazovijaya taka pramANa kA lakSaNa adhikAdhika spaSTa, pariSkRta aura paripuSTa banatA gyaa| jaina tArkikoM ne apane pramANa-zAstra kI paripuSTi ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha aura vaidika tArkikoM kI ora se uThane vAle tarkoM ke tUphAna kA uttara bhI diyaa| AcArya akalaMkadeva,
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________________ pramANa-vAda 29 prabhAcandra, vAdidevasUri aura AcArya hemacandra isa dizA meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| parantu upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne jJAna-bindu, jainatarkabhASA aura nayopadeza jaise grantha dekara jainadarzana ko eka apUrva dena dI hai| darzana aura nyAya ke kSetra meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI kI udbhAvanA kA sadA Adara aura satkAra hotA rhegaa| maiMne Apake sAmane pramANa ke lakSaNa ke sambandha meM mukhya-mukhya bAteM kahI haiM, pramANa ke sambandha meM bahuta gahanatA aura sUkSmatA meM utaranA yahA~ abhISTa nahIM hai, kintu pramANa ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura jAna lenA Avazyaka hai, aura vaha hai-pramANa kA prmaanntv| pramANa ke dvArA jisa vastu kA jisa rUpa meM bodha hotA hai, usa vastu kA usI rUpa meM prApta honA-pramANa kA pramANatva hai| tarka-zAstra meM isako prAmANyavAda kahate haiN| prAmANya kA kyA lakSaNa hai ? ukta prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki pramANa ke dvArA pratibhAta viSaya kA avyabhicArI honA, prAmANya hai| athavA pramANa ke dharma ko prAmANya kahate haiN| pramANa kA pramANatva kyA hai ? isa viSaya meM vAdidevasUri ne svapraNIta 'pramANanayatatvAloka' grantha meM kahA hai-prameya padArtha jaisA hai, use vaisA hI jAnanA-yahI pramANa kA pramANatva hai| isake viparIta prameya padArtha ko anyathA rUpa meM jAnanA-yahI pramANa kA apramANatva hai| pramANatva aura apramANatva kA yaha bheda bAhya padArtha kI apekSA samajhanA caahie| kyoMki pratyeka jJAna apane svarUpa ko to vAstavika rUpa meM hI jAnatA hai| svarUpa kI apekSA saba jJAna pramANarUpa hote haiN| pramANa meM pramANatva athavA apramANatva bAhya padArtha kI apekSA se hI AtA hai| pramANa ke pramANatva ko nizcaya karane vAlI kasauTI kyA hai ? isa viSaya meM jainadarzana kA kathana hai, ki pramANa ke pramANatva kA nizcaya kabhI svataH hotA hai, kabhI parataH hotA hai| abhyAsa-dazA meM svataH hotA hai aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parataH hotA hai| mImAMsaka svataHprAmANyavAdI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki pratyeka jJAna pramANa rUpa hI hotA hai| jJAna meM jo aprAmANya AtA hai, vaha bAhya doSa ke kAraNa se AtA hai| mImAMsA darzana meM prAmANya kI utpatti aura jJapti svataHmAnI gaI hai, aura aprAmANya kI prtH| isako tarkazAstra meM svataH prAmANyavAda kahA jAtA hai| naiyAyika parataHprAmANyavAdI hai| vaha kahatA hai, ki jJAna pramANa hai athavA apramANa hai? isakA nirNaya bAhya padArtha ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| nyAya-darzana meM prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM kI kasauTI bAhya padArtha mAnA gayA hai| jJAna svataH na to pramANa hai aura na aprmaann| yaha parataH prAmANyavAda hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM svataH haiN| sAMkhya kI yaha mAnyatA naiyAyika ke viparIta hai| kyoMki naiyAyika prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM ko parataH mAnatA hai, jabaki sAMkhyadarzana donoM ko svataH mAnatA hai| bauddha darzana meM prAmANya aprAmANya donoM ko avasthAvizeSa meM svataH aura avasthAvizeSa meM parataH mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki pramANa ke pramANatva ko lekara, kisa prakAra dArzanikoM meM vicAra-bheda evaM matabheda rahA hai|
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________________ 30 adhyAtma-pravacana pramANa ke sambandha meM bahuta sI bAtoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, unameM eka hai, pramANa kI saMkhyA kA vicaar| pramANa kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI bhArata ke dArzanika ekamata nahIM haiN| cArvAka darzana kevala eka indriya pratyakSa pramANa ko hI mAnatA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM do pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumaan| sAMkhya darzana meM tIna pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna aura shbd| nyAya-darzana meM cAra pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura shbd| prabhAkara mImAMsA darzana meM pA~ca pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda aura arthaaptti| bhaTTa mImAMsA darzana meM chaha pramANa haiM-pUrvokta pA~ca aura chaThA abhaav| bauddha darzana meM do pramANa haiM-pratyakSa aura anumaan| jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM tIna mata haiM-kahIM para cAra pramANa svIkAra kie gae haiM, kahIM para tIna pramANa mAne gae haiM aura kahIM para do pramANa hI kahe gae haiN| __ anuyogadvAra sUtra meM cAra pramANoM kA ullekha hai-pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama aura upmaan| AcArya siddhasena divAkara praNIta 'nyAyAvatAra sUtra' meM tIna pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna aura aagm| AcArya umAsvAtikRta 'tatvArtha sUtra' meM do pramANa haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSA jainadarzana ke granthoM meM pramANa kA vibhAjana aura vargIkaraNa vividha prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| uttarakAla ke jainadarzana ke granthoM meM pramANa ke jo cAra aura tIna bhedoM kA varNana hai, yaha spaSTa hai, ki una para nyAya aura sAMkhya darzana kA prabhAva hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai, ki pramANoM ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI maulika vicAra na ho| jainadarzana ke adhikAMza granthoM meM pramANa ke do bheda kie haiM-pratyakSa aura prokss| ukta bhedoM meM pramANa ke samagra bheda samAhita ho jAte haiN| anya kisI bhI darzana meM pramANa kA isa prakAra vargIkaraNa aura vibhAjana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ukta do bhedoM meM tarka-zAstra sammata sabhI bheda aura upabhedoM ko sameTa liyA gayA hai| sabase bar3A prazna yaha hai ki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyakSa aura parokSa kI kyA paribhASA kI gaI hai ? mukhya rUpa meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki jo jJAna Atma-mAtra sApekSa hai use pratyakSa kahate haiN| aura jo jJAna indriya aura mana sApekSa hotA hai, use parokSa kahA gayA hai| pratyakSa ke bhI do bheda kie gae haiM-sakala pratyakSa aura vikala prtykss| sakala pratyakSa meM kevalajJAna ko mAnA gayA hai aura vikala pratyakSa meM avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna ko mAnA gayA hai| dArzanika jagata meM prAyaH sabhI ne eka aise pratyakSa ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo laukika pratyakSa se bhinna ho|shaastriiy bhASA meM use alaukika pratyakSa tathA yogi-pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| kucha bhI hoM, yaha avazya hai ki AtmA meM eka atIndriya jJAna bhI sambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AtmamAtrasApekSa evaM atIndriya jJAna ko mukhya, pratyakSa athavA pAramArthika pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra dUsare darzanoM meM alaukika pratyakSa ke paracitta jJAna evaM kaivalya jJAna
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________________ pramANa-vAda 31 Adi rUpa se bheda pAe jAte haiM, usI prakAra jaina darzana meM bahuta hI adhika spaSTa rUpa meM AtmamAtra sApekSa jJAna meM avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| ___isakA artha itanA hI hai ki jainadarzana meM pratyakSa ke avadhi Adi tIna bheda kie gae haiM aura Age calakara phira pratyakSa ke do bheda kie gae-sakala aura vikl| bhale hI sakala aura vikala bheda pratyakSa ke kie gae hoM, kintu una tInoM meM pratyakSatva isa AdhAra para hai, ki ina tInoM jJAnoM meM indriya-vyApAra aura manovyApAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| kucha jaina-tarka-granthoM meM lokasammata pratyakSa ko samAhita karane ke lie pratyakSa ke do bheda kie haiM-pAramArthika pratyakSa aura sAMvyavahArika prtykss| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa indriya-sApekSa aura manaHsApekSa jJAna ko kahate haiN| vastutaH yaha pratyakSa nahIM hai, kintu vyavahAra mAtra ke lie ise pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| paramArtha-dRSTi se to AtmamAtrasApekSa avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala-yaha tIna jJAna hI pAramArthika pratyakSa haiN| ___ jaina darzana ke anusAra pramANa kA dUsarA bheda parokSa hai| yadyapi bauddha tArkikoM ne parokSa zabda kA prayoga anumAna ke viSayabhUta artha meM kiyA hai, kyoMki unhoMne do prakAra kA artha mAnA hai-pratyakSa aura prokss| pratyakSa to sAkSAta kriyamANa hai aura parokSa usase bhinn| parantu jaina darzana meM parokSa zabda kA prayoga parApekSa jJAna meM hI hotA rahA hai| pratyakSatA aura parokSatA vastutaH jJAnaniSTha dharma haiN| jJAna ke pratyakSa evaM parokSa hone para hI artha bhI upacAra se pratyakSa aura parokSa kahA jAtA hai| maiM yaha avazya kahU~gA ki jainadarzana meM prayukta parokSa zabda kA vyavahAra aura usakI paribhASA dUsaroM ko kucha vilakSaNa-sI pratIta hotI hai, parantu vaha itanI spaSTa aura yathArtha hai, ki sahaja meM hI usakA Arthika bodha ho jAtA hai| eka bAta aura hai, parokSa kI jaina darzana-sammata paribhASA vilakSaNa isalie bhI pratIta hotI hai, ki loka meM indriya vyApAra se sahita jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai aura indriya-vyApAra se rahita jJAna ko prokss| vAstava meM parokSa zabda se yaha artha dhvanita bhI hotA hai| ataH AcArya akalaMka deva ne parokSa kI eka dUsarI paribhASA racI hai, aura kahA hai ki avizada jJAna hI parokSa hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai, ki AcArya akalaMka deva kA yaha prayatna siddhAnta pakSa kA loka ke sAtha samanvaya karane kI dRSTi se huA hai| uttara kAla ke samasta AcAryoM ne Age calakara parokSa ke isI lakSaNa ko apanAyA aura apane-apane granthoM meM prakArAntara aura zabdAntara se sthAna diyaa| eka bAta yahA~ para aura jAna lenI cAhie ki AcArya akalaMka deva se pUrvavartI jina AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM parokSa pramANa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, unameM AcArya kundakunda aura vAcaka umAsvAti mukhya haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne parokSa kA lakSaNa to kara diyA, parantu usake bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM kiyaa| vAcaka umAsvAti ne svapraNIta 'tattvArtha
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________________ 32 adhyAtma-pravacana sUtra' aura usake bhASya meM parokSa ke bhedoM kA bhI kathana spaSTatayA kiyA hai| vAcaka umAsvAti ne parokSa ke do bheda kie haiM-matijJAna aura shrutjnyaan| pUjyapAda ne apanI sarvArthasiddhi meM upamAna Adi pramANa kA parokSa meM antarbhAva kiyaa| AcArya vAdideva sUri ne svapraNIta 'pramANanayatatvAloka' meM parokSa kA spaSTa lakSaNa karate hue vistAra ke sAtha usake bhedoM kA bhI kathana kiyA hai| parokSa pramANa ke kitane bheda haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara eka prakAra se nahIM diyA jA sktaa| kahIM para parokSa pramANa ke do bheda kie gae haiM-anumAna aura aagm| aura kahIM para parokSa-pramANa ke pA~ca bheda kie gae haiM-smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura aagm| inheM sabhI ne nirvivAda rUpa se parokSa pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai| parokSa pramANa ke ukta bhedoM meM sabhI bheda aura upabheda samAhita ho jAte haiN| __smRti kA artha hai-vaha jJAna jo pahale kabhI anubhavAtmaka thA, aura nimitta milane para jisakA smaraNa hotA hai| yadyapi anubhUtArtha viSayaka jJAna ke rUpa meM smRti ko sabhI darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, parantu use pramANa nahIM mAnA gyaa| jaina darzana smRti ko bhI pramANa mAnatA hai| smRti ko pramANa na mAnane vAloM kA sAmAnyatayA kathana yahI hai, ki smRti anubhava ke dvArA gRhIta viSaya meM hI pravRtta hotI hai, isalie gRhItagrAhI hone se vaha pramANa nahIM hai| nyAya aura vaizeSika tathA mImAMsaka aura bauddha gRhItagrAhI ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiN|jaindaarshnikoN kA kathana hai, ki kisI bhI jJAna ke prAmANya meM prayojaka avisaMvAda hotA hai| jisa prakAra pratyakSa se jAne hue artha meM visaMvAda na hone se vaha pramANa mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra smRti se jAne hue artha meM bhI kisI prakAra kA visaMvAda nahIM hotaa| ataHsmRti ko pramANa mAnane meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM aatii| aura jahA~ smRti meM visaMvAda AtA hai, vahA~ vaha smRti na hokara smRtyAbhAsa hotI hai| smRtyAbhAsa ko hama pramANa nahIM maante| dUsare vismaraNAdi rUpa ajJAna kA vaha vyavaccheda karatI hai, isalie bhI smRti pramANa hai| tIsare anubhava to vartamAna artha ko hI viSaya karatA hai aura smRti anubhUta artha ko atIta rUpa se viSaya karatI hai, ataH isa artha meM smRti agRhItagrAhI hone se bhI pramANa rUpa hai| use apramANa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| parokSa pramANa kA dUsarA bheda hai-prtybhijnyaan| pUrvottaravivartavartI vastu ko viSaya karane vAle jJAna ko pratyabhijJAna kahate haiN| bauddha pratyeka vastu ko kSaNika mAnate haiM, ataH kSaNikavAdI hone ke nAte ve pratyabhijJAna ko pramANa nahIM maante| unakA kathana hai ki pUrva aura uttara avasthAoM meM rahane vAlA jaba koI ekatva hI nahIM hai, taba usako viSaya karane vAlA eka jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai? yaha vahI hai-yaha jJAna sAdRzya viSayaka hai| kyoMki bhUtakAla kI anubhUta vastu to usI kSaNa naSTa ho gaI, aura aba vartamAna meM jo vastu hai, vaha usake sadRza anya hI vastu hai|atH pratyabhijJAna usa bhUtakAla kI vastu ko vartamAna meM nahIM dekhatA, apitu usake sadRza anya vastu ko hI jAna rahA hai| athavA vaha pratyakSa aura smaraNa rUpa do jJAnoM kA samuccaya hai| 'yaha' isa aMza ko viSaya karane vAlA jJAna to pratyakSa hai aura
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________________ pramANa-vAda 33 'vahI' isa aMza ko viSaya karane vAlA smaraNa hai| isa prakAra vaha eka jJAna nahIM, balki do jJAna haiN| bauddha dArzanika pratyabhijJAna ko eka jJAna mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM haiN| isake viparIta naiyAyika, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka ekatva viSayaka pratyabhijJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiN| para ve usa jJAna ko svatantra evaM parokSa pramANa na mAnakara pratyakSa pramANa svIkAra karate haiM / jaina darzana kA kathana hai ki pratyabhijJAna na to bauddhoM ke samAna apramANa hai aura na naiyAyika, vaizeSika Adi ke samAna pratyakSa hI hai / kintu vaha pratyakSa aura smRti ke anantara utpanna hone vAlA tathA apanI pUrva tathA uttara paryAyoM meM rahane vAle ekatva evaM sAdRzya Adi ko viSaya karane vAlA svatantra hI parokSa pramANa - vizeSa haiN| pratyakSa to mAtra vartamAna paryAya ko hI viSaya karatA hai aura smaraNa atIta paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai, parantu pratyabhijJAna eka aisA pramANa hai, jo ubhaya paryAyavartI ekatvAdi ko viSaya karane vAlA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai| yadi pUrvottara paryAyavyApI ekatva kA apalApa kiyA jAegA, to kahIM bhI ekatva kA pratyaya na hone se eka santAna kI siddhi nahIM ho skegii| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki pratyabhijJAna kA viSaya ekatvAdi vAstavika hone se vaha pramANa hI hai, apramANa nhiiN| pratyabhijJAna ke aneka bheda jaina darzana ke granthoM meM upalabdha hote haiM, jaise- ekatva - pratyabhijJAna, sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna aura vaisAdRzya pratyabhijJAna Adi / isa prakAra pratyabhijJAna ko jaina darzana meM pramANa mAnA hai, apramANa nhiiN| jahA~ taka usake bheda aura upabhedoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ kucha vicAra bheda avazya ho sakatA hai, parantu isa viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA vivAda evaM vicAra bheda nahIM hai, ki pratyabhijJAna eka parokSa pramANa hai| parokSa pramANa kA tIsarA bheda hai-tarka / sAdhAraNatayA vicAra - vizeSa ko tarka kahA jAtA hai / cintA, UhA, UhApoha Adi, isake paryAyavAdI zabda haiN| tarka ko prAyaH sabhI dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| tarka ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ke sambandha meM nyAya darzana kA abhimata hai, ki tarka na to pratyakSAdi pramANa catuSTaya ke antargata koI pramANa hai aura na pramANAntara, kyoMki vaha aparicchedaka hai, kintu pariccheda pramANoM ke viSaya kA vibhAjaka hone se vaha unakA anugrAhaka hai - sahakArI hai / naiyAyika kA kathana hai, ki pramANa se jAnA huA padArtha tarka ke dvArA paripuSTa hotA hai| pramANa jahA~ padArthoM ko jAnate haiM, vahA~ tarka unakA poSaNa karake unakI pramANatA ko sthira karane meM sahAyatA detA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nyAya darzana meM tarka ko sabhI pramANoM ke sahAyaka rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| kintu uttarakAlavartI AcArya udayana ne aura upAdhyAya varddhamAna Adi ne vizeSataH anumAna pramANa meM hI vyabhicAra-zaMkA ke nivartaka rUpa se tarka ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vyApti - jJAna meM bhI tarka ko upayogI batalAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra nyAya darzana meM tarka kI mAnyatA aneka prakAra se upalabdha hotI hai / para nyAya darzana meM use pramANa -rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM tarka ko vyAptigrAhaka mAnakara bhI use pratyakSa pRSThabhAvI vikalpa kahakara
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________________ 34 adhyAtma-pravacana apramANa hI mAnA hai| mImAMsA darzana meM avazya hI tarka ko pramANa koTi meM mAnA gayA hai| parantu jaina tArkika prArambha se hI tarka ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM,jaina tarka-zAstra meM use sakala dezakAlavyApI avinAbhAva rUpa vyApti kA grAhaka mAnA gayA hai| vyApti-grahaNa na to pratyakSa se ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha sambaddha aura vartamAna artha ko hI grahaNa karatA hai,jaba ki vyApti sakala dezakAla ke upasaMhArapUrvaka hotI hai| anumAna se bhI vyApti kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki prakRta anumAna se vyApti kA grahaNa mAnane para anyonyAzraya doSa AtA hai aura anya anumAna se mAnane para anavasthA doSa AtA hai| isalie vyApti ko grahaNa karane ke lie tarka ko pramANa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra parokSa pramANa kA caturtha bheda hai-anumaan| anumAna ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna karanA hI anumAna hai| eka cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara bhArata ke zeSa samasta darzanoM ne anumAna ko pramANa mAnA hai| cArvAka dArzanika anumAna ko isalie pramANa mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM haiM, kyoMki vaha kisI atIndriya padArtha meM vizvAsa nahIM rkhte| ataH unheM anumAna mAnane kI AvazyakatA hI nhiiN| jina darzanoM ne anumAna ko pramANa mAnA hai, una sabhI ne anumAna ke do bheda mAne haiMsvArthAnumAna aupraarthaanumaan| ye do bheda prAyaH sabhI ne svIkAra kiye haiN| parantu anumAna ke lakSaNa ke sambandha meM sabakA eka vicAra aura ekavAkyatA nahIM hai|nyaay darzana ke anusAra anumiti ke kAraNa ko anumAna kahA gayA hai| vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura bauddha trirUpaliGga se anumeya artha ke jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| mImAMsaka niyata sambaMdhaika darzanAdi catuSTaya kAraNoM se hone vAle sAdhyajJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra anumAna kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai-avinaabhaavruupaiklkssnn| sAdhana se sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH jisa hetu kA sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha hotA hai, usa sAdhyAvinAbhAvI hetu se jo sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai, vahI anumAna hai| yadi hetu sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhUta nahIM hai, to vaha sAdhya kA anumApaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| aura yadi vaha sAdhya kA avinAbhAvI hai to vaha niyama se sAdhya kA jJAna kraaegaa| isI AdhAra para jaina tArkikoM ne trirUpa yA paJca rUpa liGga se janita jJAna ko anumAna na kahakara avinAbhAvI sAdhana se hone vAle sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna kahA hai| kalpanA kIjie, eka vyakti kahIM yAtrA karate hue jA rahA hai, usane dUra para kisI parvata para dhUma uThatA huA dekhaa| dhUma ko pratyakSa dekhakara vaha anumAna karatA hai, ki usa parvata para dhUma hai, ataH vahA~ para agni bhI honI caahie| kyoMki dhUma binA agni ke kabhI nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra dhUma rUpa sAdhana se agni rUpa sAdhya kA jJAna karanA anumAna hai| sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna jaba svayaM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, taba vaha svArthAnumAna kahalAtA hai aura jaba vaha kisI dUsare ko karAyA jAtA hai, taba vaha parArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra anumAna pramANa hote hue bhI vaha parokSa pramANa hai| sabhI dArzanika anumAna ko parokSa pramANa mAnate haiM, isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA vicAra-bheda nahIM hai|
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________________ pramANa-vAda 35 parokSa pramANa kA pA~cavA~ bheda hai-Agama / nyAya - zAstra meM Agama pramANa ko zabda-pramANa bhI kahA jAtA hai| Agama pramANa kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki Apta-puruSa ke vacana se AvirbhUta hone vAlA artha-saMvedana Agama hai / Apta-puruSa kauna hotA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo tatva ko yathAvasthita jAnane vAlA ho aura jo tatva kA yathAvasthita nirUpaNa karane vAlA ho, vaha AptapuruSa hai| rAga evaM dveSa Adi doSoM se rahita puruSa hI Apta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha kabhI visaMvAdI aura mithyAvAdI nahIM hotA hai| jo vyakti visaMvAdI athavA mithyAvAdI hotA hai, use Apta puruSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki Apta puruSa ke vacanoM se hone vAlA jJAna Agama pramANa kahalAtA hai| jaba hama jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiM taba usa Apta puruSa ke jar3a vacana ko pramANa kaise kaha sakate haiM ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki upacAra se Apta ke vacanoM ko pramANa kahate haiN| nizcaya meM to AptavacanoM ke zravaNa yA adhyayana se hone vAlA jJAna hI Agama pramANa hai| Apta-puruSa ke do bheda haiM- laukika aura lokottara / satya pravaktA sAdhAraNa vyakti laukika Apta hote haiM, aura tIrthaMkara Adi viziSTa Apta lokottara Apta hote haiN| maiMne Apase pramANa ke sambandha meM saMkSepa meM kintu spaSTa vicAra carcA kI hai| pramANa ke bheda aura upabhedoM meM adhika gaharA utaranA aura usakI vistAra se carcA karanA yahA~ abhISTa nahIM hai| isakA gambhIra vicAra tarka zAstra meM vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ to kevala itanA batalAnA hI abhISTa hai, ki jaina darzana meM pramANa kI jo sthiti hai, usakA kyA svarUpa hai aura usake mukhya-mukhya bheda kitane haiM ? AgamoM meM aneka sthaloM para pramANa kI gambhIra vicAraNA kI gaI hai| Agamottara sAhitya ke granthoM meM, jo vizeSa rUpa se tarka-zAstra se sambaddha haiM, tarka zailI ke AdhAra para pramANa ke svarUpa para gambhIratA aura vistAra ke sAtha vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pramANa ke svarUpa ko aura usake pramukha bhedoM ko jAna lene ke bAda eka prazna upasthita yaha hotA hai, ki pramANa kA phala kyA hai ? pratyeka vyakti kriyamANa kriyA ke phala ko jAnane kI abhilASA rakhatA hai / pramANa bhI eka bodharUpa kriyA hai / usakA phala kyA hai ? yaha eka sahaja jijJAsA hai, jo pratyeka vyakti ke mAnasa meM uThatI rahatI hai| pramANa ke phala ke sambandha meM jaina dArzanikoM kA kyA dRSTikoNa rahA hai, aura ve pramANa ke phala ko kisa rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, yaha viSaya bhI bar3A hI rocaka aura mahatvapUrNa hai| pramANa ke phala ke sambandha meM jo kucha vicAra vibhinna granthoM meM upanibaddha haiM, usakA sAra isa prakAra hai : pramANa kA mukhya phala evaM prayojana ajJAna - nivRtti hai, artha- prakAza hai| kisI bhI padArtha kA vAstavika svarUpa samajhane ke lie evaM padArtha-sambandhI ajJAna kI nivRtti ke lie pramANa kI AvazyakatA hai| pramANa ke abhAva meM vastu kA paribodha nahIM ho sakatA / mere kahane kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai, ki pramANa kA phala ajJAna kA nAza hI hai /
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________________ 36 adhyAtma-pravacana AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne apane 'nyAyAvatAra' grantha meM pramANa ke phala kA kathana / karate hue kahA hai, ki pramANa kA sAkSAta phala ajJAna-nivRtti hI hai| ajJAna-nivRtti ke anantara hone vAle paramparAphala ke rUpa meM kevalajJAna kA phala sukha aura upekSA hai| zeSa cAra jJAnoM kA phala grahaNa-buddhi aura tyAga-buddhi hai| sAmAnya rUpa meM pramANa kA phala itanA hI hai ki usake rahate ajJAna nahIM rahane paataa| jisa prakAra sUrya ke AkAza meM sthita hone para andhakAra kA nAza ho jAtA hai, andhakAra kahIM Thahara nahIM pAtA, usI prakAra pramANa se ajJAna kA vinAza ho jAtA hai| isa ajJAna-nAza kA kisake lie kyA phala hai, ise spaSTa karane ke lie batAyA gayA hai, ki jisa vyakti ko kevalajJAna ho jAtA hai, usake lie ajJAna-nAza kA yahI phala hai, ki use AdhyAtmika sukha evaM Ananda prApta ho jAtA hai aura jagata ke padArthoM ke prati usakA upekSA bhAva rahatA hai| dUsare logoM ke lie arthAta chadmastha jIvoM ke lie ajJAna-nAza kA phala grahaNa aura tyAga rUpa buddhi kA utpanna honA hai| nirdoSa vastu ko grahaNa karanA aura sadoSa vastu kA parityAga krnaa| heya ko chor3anA aura upAdeya ko grahaNa krnaa| isa prakAra kA viveka ajJAna ke vinAza se hI ho sakatA hai| yahI viveka sat kArya meM pravRtti kI preraNA dene ke sAtha-sAtha asat kArya se haTane kI bhI preraNA detA hai| yahA~ isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki pramANa kA yaha phala jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai| pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna ke lie pramANa hai aura uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna kA phala hai| isa prakAra pramANa aura usake phala kI yaha paramparA uttarottara bar3hatI hI rahatI hai| pramANa ke sambandha meM jo kucha mujhe kahanA thA, saMkSepa meM maiM usakA kathana kara cukA huuN| maiMne Apako prArambha meM hI yaha batalAne kA prayala kiyA thA, ki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka vastu kA aura pratyeka padArtha kA adhigama pramANa aura naya se hotA hai| vastu bhale hI jar3a ho athavA cetana, usake vAstavika svarUpa kA paribodha pramANa aura naya ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sktaa| ataHpramANa aura naya vastu-vijJAna ke lie paramAvazyaka sAdhana haiN|
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________________ 3. naya-vAda bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AtmA Adi atIndriya padArthoM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke avasara para kabhI mauna dhAraNa nahIM kiyaa| jaba kabhI koI jijJAsu unake samIpa AyA aura usane AtmA Adi atIndriya padArthoM ke sambandha meM koI prazna pUchA, taba bhagavAna ne anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para usake prazna kA samAdhAna karane kA saphala prayala kiyA hai| jabaki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna tathAgata buddha ne isa prakAra ke praznoM ko avyAkRta koTi meM DAla diyA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke yuga ke pracalita vAdoM kA adhyayana jaba kabhI hama prAcIna sAhitya kA anuzIlana karate samaya karate haiM, taba jJAta hotA hai, ki eka AtmA ke sambandha meM hI kisa prakAra kI vibhinna dhAraNAe~ usa yuga meM thiiN| AtmA ke sambandha meM isa prakAra ke vibhinna vikalpa usa samaya pracalita the-AtmA hai bhI, nahIM bhI, nitya bhI, anitya bhI, kartA bhI aura akartA bhI aadi-aadi| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apanI anekAntamayI aura ahiMsAmayI dRSTi se apane yuga ke vibhinna vAdoM kA samanvaya karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahAsva-svarUpa se AtmA hai, parasvarUpa se AtmA nahIM hai| dravya-dRSTi se AtmA nitya hai aura paryAya-dRSTi se AtmA anitya hai| dravya-dRSTi se AtmA akartA hai aura paryAya dRSTi se AtmA kartA bhI hai| __vastutaH vastu-svarUpa ke pratipAdana kI yaha udAra dRSTi hI anekAntavAda hai| isa anekAnta-dRSTi kA aura anekAntavAda kA jaba hama bhASA ke mAdhyama se kathana karate haiM, taba usa bhASA-prayoga ko syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| anekAntavAda kA AdhAra hai, sapta ny| aura saptabhaMgI kA AdhAra hai-saptabhaMga evaM sapta viklp| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anekAnta-dRSTi aura syAdvAda kI bhASA kA AviSkAra karake dArzanika jagata kI viSamatA ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai, ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI yaha ahiMsAmUlaka anekAnta dRSTi aura ahiMsAmUlaka saptabhaMgI jaina darzana kI AdhAra-zilA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt vibhinna yugoM meM hone vAle jaina AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kI yugAnukUla vyAkhyA karake use pallavita aura puSpita kiyA hai| isa kSetra meM sabase adhika aura sabase pahale anekAntavAda aura syAdavAda ko vizada rUpa dene kA prayatna AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne tathA AcArya samantabhadra ne kiyA 37
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________________ 38 adhyAtma-pravacana thaa| ukta donoM AcAryoM ne apane-apane yuga meM upasthita hone vAle samagra dArzanika praznoM kA samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyaa| AcArya siddhasena ne apane 'sanmatitarka' nAmaka graMtha meM saptanayoM kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA hai| jabaki AcArya samantabhadra ne apane 'Apta-mImAMsA' grantha meM saptabhaMgI kA sUkSma vizleSaNa aura vivecana kiyA hai| madhya yuga meM isI kArya ko AcArya haribhadra aura AcArya akalaMka deva ne Age bddh'aayaa| navyanyAya yuga meM vAcaka yazovijaya jI ne anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda para navya nyAya zailI meM tarka grantha likhakara donoM siddhAntoM ko ajeya banAne kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai| bhagavAna vIra se prApta dRSTi ko uttarakAla ke AcAryoM ne apane yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karate hue vikasita kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie nayavAda aura saptabhaMgIvAda ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| maiM Apase pahale hI kaha cukA hU~ ki ananta-dharmAtmaka vastu ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie pramANa aura naya donoM ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| pramANa kI carcA maiM kara cukA huuN| yahA~ para sapta nayoM kI carcA karanI hI abhISTa hai| kyA vastu hai aura naya-jJAna se kyA lAbha hai ? yaha eka bar3A hI mahatvapUrNa prazna hai| nayoM ko samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai, ki usake mUla svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyA jaae| sAmAnyatayA isa jagata meM vicAra-vyavahAra tIna prakAra ke hote haiM - jJAnAzrayI, arthAzrayI aura zabdAzrayI / eka vyakti apane jJAna kI sImA meM hI kisI bhI vastu para vicAra kara sakatA hai| usakA jitanA jJAna hogA, utanA hI vaha usa vastu ke svarUpa ko samajha skegaa| yaha jJAnAzrayI pakSa vastu kA pratipAdana vicArapradhAna dRSTi se karatA hai / arthAzraya artha kA vicAra karate haiM / artha meM jahA~ eka ora eka, nitya aura vyApI rUpa se carama abheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, to vahA~ dUsarI ora kSaNikatva, paramANutva aura niraMzatva kI dRSTi se antima bheda kI kalpanA bhI kI jAtI hai| tIsarI kalpanA ina donoM carama koTiyoM ke madhya kI hai| pahalI koTi meM sarvathA abheda - ekatva svIkAra karane vAle advaitavAdI haiM, to dUsarI ora vastu kI sUkSmatama vartamAna kSaNika artha paryAya ke Upara dRSTi rakhane vAle kSaNikavAdI bauddha haiN| tIsarI koTi meM padArtha ko nAnA rUpa se vyavahAra meM lAne vAle naiyAyika evaM vaizeSika Adi haiN| zabdAzrayI loga bhASA-zAstrI hote haiM, jo artha kI ora dhyAna na dekara kevala zabda kI ora hI vizeSa dhyAna dete haiN| inakA kahanA hai ki bhinna kAla vAcaka, bhinna kArakoM meM niSpanna, bhinna vacana vAle, bhinna paryAyavAcaka aura bhinna kriyAvAcaka zabda eka artha ko nahIM kaha sakate haiN| inake kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jahA~ zabdabheda hotA hai, vahA~ arthabheda honA hI caahie| maiM Apase kaha rahA thA ki isa prakAra jJAna, artha aura zabda kA AdhAra lekara prayukta hone vAle vicAroM ke samanvaya ke lie, jina niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, unheM naya, apekSA-dRSTi aura dRSTikoNa kahA jAtA hai| naya eka prakAra kA vicAra hI hai|
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________________ naya-vAda 39 jJAnAzrita vyavahAra kA saMkalpa mAtra arthAt vicAramAtra ko grahaNa karane vAle naigama naya meM samAveza kiyA jAtA hai| arthAzrita abheda vyavahAra kA saMgraha naya meM antarbhAva kiyA gayA hai| nyAya evaM vaizeSika Adi darzana ke vicAroM kA vyavahAra naya meM samAveza kiyA gayA hai| kSaNikavAdI bauddha vicAra ko RjusUtra naya meM AtmasAt kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ taka artha ko sAmane rakha kara bheda evaM abheda para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isase Age zabda zAstra kA viSaya AtA hai| kAla, kAraka, saMkhyA aura kriyA ke sAtha lagane vAle bhinna-bhinna upasarga Adi kI dRSTi se prayukta hone vAle zabdoM ke vAcya (artha) bhinna-bhinna haiM / isa prakAra kAraka evaM kAla Adi vAcaka zabda-bheda se artha-bheda grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi kA zabda - naya meM samAveza kiyA gayA hai| eka hI sAdhana se niSpanna tathA eka kAlavAcaka bhI aneka paryAyavAcI zabda hote haiN| ina paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM bhI artha -bheda mAnane vAlI dRSTi samabhirUr3ha naya hai / evambhUta naya kahatA hai, ki jisa samaya jo artha kriyA meM pariNata ho, usI samaya usameM usa kriyA se niSpanna zabda kA prayoga honA caahie| isakI dRSTi meM sabhI zabda kriyA se niSpanna haiN| guNavAcaka 'zukla' zabda zucibhavana rUpa kriyA se, jAtivAcaka 'azva' zabda Azugamana rUpa kriyA se, kriyAvAcaka 'calati' zabda calane rUpa kriyA se, nAma vAcaka zabda 'devadatta' Adi bhI 'deva ne isako diyA' isa kriyA se niSpanna huA hai| isa prakAra jJAna, artha aura zabdarUpa se hone vAle vyavahAroM kA samanvaya ina saptanayoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sapta nayoM meM pratyeka dRSTi jaba taka apane svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, taba taka vaha sunaya kahalAtI hai, parantu jaba vaha apane svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue dUsarI dRSTi kA virodha karatI hai, taba use durnaya kahA jAtA hai| nayoM kA eka anya prakAra se bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai - abhedagrAhI dRSTi aura bhedagrAhI dRSTi / abhedagrAhI dRSTi dravyapradhAna hotI hai aura bhedagrAhI dRSTi paryAyapradhAna hotI hai / isa dRSTi se mUla meM naya ke do bheda hote haiM- dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya / jitane bhI prakAra ke naya haiM, una sabakA samAveza ina do nayoM meM ho jAtA hai| ina donoM meM bheda itanA hI hai ki sAmAnya, abheda evaM ekatva ko grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi dravyArthika naya hai / aura vizeSa, bheda tathA anekatva ko grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi paryAyArthika naya hai| pahalI ekatva ko grahaNa karatI hai, to dUsarI anekatva ko / eka dUsare prakAra se bhI ina viSaya para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| zruta ke do bheda haiMsakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza ko pramANa kahate haiM, kyoMki isase vastu kA sampUrNa jJAna hotA hai| vikalAdeza ko naya kahate haiM, kyoMki isase anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke kisI eka aMza kA hI bodha hotA hai| abhI taka maiMne Apako yaha batalAne kA prayatna kiyA ki nayavAda kI pRSThabhUmi kyA hai aura usakI AvazyakatA kyoM haiM ? yaha eka nizcita siddhAnta hai ki binA nayavAda ke vastu
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________________ 40 adhyAtma-pravacana ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| mukhya prazna yaha hai, ki naya kyA vastu hai ? usakA lakSaNa kyA hai ? usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura usakI paribhASA kyA hai ? ukta praznoM ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki pramANa se gRhIta anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke kisI bhI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se jJAna honA, naya hai| naya kI paribhASA karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai, kisI bhI viSaya ke sApekSa nirUpaNa ko naya kahA jAtA hai| kisI eka hI vastu ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna manuSyoM ke bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa ho sakate haiN| ye dRSTikoNa hI naya haiM- yadi ve paraspara sApekSa haiM, to| vibhinna vicAroM ke vargIkaraNa ko bhI naya kahA jAtA hai athavA vicAroM kI mImAMsA ko naya kaha sakate haiN| eka vidvAna ne yaha kahA hai ki - paraspara viruddha vicAroM meM samanvaya sthApita karane vAlI dRSTi ko naya kahA jAtA hai| nayoM ke svarUpa ke pratipAdana se pUrva yaha jAna lenA bhI Avazyaka hai, ki nayoM kI sImA aura paridhi kyA hai ? naigama naya kA viSaya sabase adhika vizAla hai, kyoMki vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| saMgrahanaya kevala sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai / ataH isakA viSaya naigama se kama hai| vyavahAra naya kA viSaya saMgraha se bhI kama hai, kyoMki yaha saMgrahanaya se saMgRhIta vastuoM meM vyavahAra ke lie bheda DAlatA hai / RjusUtra naya bhUtakAla aura bhaviSya kAla ko chor3akara kevala vartamAna kAla kI paryAya ko hI grahaNa karatA hai| zabda-naya vartamAna kAla meM bhI liMga, saMkhyA aura kAraka Adi ke kAraNa bheda detA hai| samabhirU naya vyutpattibheda ke kAraNa vAcyabheda ko svIkAra karake calatA hai| evambhUta naya usa-usa kriyA meM pariNata vastu ko usa usa rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| yaha hai nayoM kI apanI-apanI sImA aura apanI-apanI paridhi / pratyeka naya apanI hI paridhi meM rahatA hai| maiM Apase ya ke viSaya meM carcA kara raha thaa| maiMne abhI Apase yaha kahA thA, ki kisI viSaya ke sApekSa nirUpaNa ko naya kahate haiN| kisI eka vastu ke viSaya meM bhinna-bhinna manuSyoM ke athavA deza-kAla-paristhiti Adi kI apekSA se eka vyakti ke bhI alaga-alaga vicAra ho sakate haiN| manuSya ke vicAra asImita aura aparimita hote haiN| una saba kA pRthaka-pRthaka pratipAdana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| apane prayojana ke anusAra ativistAra aura atisaMkSepa donoM ko chor3akara madhyama dRSTi se hI nayauM ke dvArA vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| naya ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki jisase zruta pramANa ke dvArA gRhIta padArtha kA eka aMza jAnA jAe, vaktA ke usa abhiprAya vizeSa ko naya kahate haiN| naya ke nirUpaNa kA artha hai- vicAroM kA vargIkaraNa / nayavAda kA artha hai-vicAroM kI mImAMsA / vAstava meM paraspara viruddha dIkhane vAle, kintu yathArtha meM avirodhI vicAroM ke mUla kAraNoM kI khoja karanA hI isakA mUla uddezya hai / isa vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki paraspara viruddha dIkhane vAle vicAroM ke mUla kAraNoM kA zodha karate hue, una saba kA samanvaya karane vAlA zAstra nayavAda hai|
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________________ naya-vAda 41 udAharaNa ke lie AtmA ko hI liijie| kisI kA kahanA hai, ki AtmA eka hai, aura kisI kA kahanA hai ki AtmA aneka hai| yahA~ para Apa dekhate haiM ki ekatva aura anekatva paraspara virodhI haiN| nayavAda isa vivAda kA samanvaya karatA huA kahatA hai ki AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI hai| dravya-dRSTi se AtmA eka hai aura pradeza-dRSTi se athavA guNaparyAya dRSTi se eka AtmA aneka hai| athavA vyakti kI apekSA AtmA aneka haiM aura svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai| isI prakAra AtmA ke sambandha meM nityatva aura anityatva Adi aneka vivAda haiM, jinakA vAstavika samAdhAna nayavAda ke dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se manuSya kI jJAna-vRtti adhUrI hotI hai| manuSya meM asmitA evaM abhiniveza ke kAraNa apane ko hI ThIka mAnane kI bhAvanA bahuta adhika hotI hai| isakA phala yaha hotA hai, ki jaba vaha kisI viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA vicAra karatA hai, taba apane usa vicAra ko hI vaha antima, pUrNa tathA parama satya mAna letA hai| isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki vaha dUsare vyakti ke dRSTikoNa ko nahIM samajha paataa| vaha apane alpa tathA AMzika jJAna ko hI pUrNa mAna baiThatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMsAra meM saMgharSa aura vivAda khar3e ho jAte haiN| darzana ke kSetra meM hama dekhate haiM, ki eka darzana AtmA Adi ke viSaya meM apane mAne hue puruSa-vizeSa ke kisI ekadezIya vicAra ko sarvadezIya satya mAna letA hai| phira usake virodhI pratibhAsita hone vAle satya vicAra ko bhI vaha jhUThA hI samajhatA hai| isI prakAra dUsarA darzana pahale ko aura phira donoM mila kara tIsare ko jhUThA samajhate haiN| phalasvarUpa samatA ke sthAna para viSamatA aura vicAra ke sthAna para vivAda khar3A ho jAtA hai| vicAroM kI isa viSamatA ko dUra karane ke lie tathA paraspara ke vivAda ko dUra karane ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne naya-mArga pratipAdita kiyA hai| nayavAda yaha kahatA hai, ki pratyeka tathya ko aura pratyeka vicAra ko, anekAnta kI tulA para tolanA caahie| maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA, ki naya darzanazAstra kA eka gambhIra viSaya hai| ise samajhane ke lie samaya bhI cAhie aura buddhibala bhI caahie| maiM adhika gaharAI meM na jAkara usake svarUpa kA saMkSepa meM hI pratipAdana kara rahA huuN| saMkSepa meM naya ke do bheda haiMdravyArthika aura pryaayaarthik| saMsAra meM choTI-bar3I saba vastue~ eka dUsare se sarvathA bhinna bhI nahIM haiM aura eka dUsare se sarvathA abhinna bhI nahIM haiN| vizva kI pratyeka vastu meM kucha samAnatA bhI hai aura kucha bhinnatA bhI hai| isI AdhAra para jaina darzana meM pratyeka vastu ko sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka athavA ubhayAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| mAnavI buddhi kabhI vastu ke sAmAnya kI ora jhukatI hai, to kabhI vizeSa kI or| jaba vaha vastu ke sAmAnya aMza kI ora jhukatI hai, taba use dravyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai aura jaba manuSya kI buddhi vastu ke vizeSa dharma kI ora jhukatI hai, taba use paryAyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai| dravyArthika naya ke tIna bheda aura paryAyArthika naya ke cAra bheda hote haiMisa prakAra naya ke sAta bheda haiN| :
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________________ 42 adhyAtma-pravacana dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie eka udAharaNa liijie| kalpanA kIjie, Apa ghUmane ke lie apane ghara se bAhara nikale, aura ghUmate-ghUmate Apa samudra kI ora jA phuNce| jisa samaya Apane pahalI bAra samudra kI ora dRSTipAta kiyA, taba kevala Apane sAgara ke jala ko hI dekhaa| usa samaya Apane na usakA svAda liyA, na usakA raMga dekhA aura na usake anya vizeSa dharmoM ko hI Apa jAna paae| kevala Apane sAmAnya rUpa meM samudra ke jala ko hI dekhaa| isako sAmAnya dRSTi kahA jAtA hai| isake bAda Apa samudra ke taTa para pahu~ca ge| vahA~ para Apane sAgara ke jala ke raMga ko dekhA, usameM pratikSaNa uThane vAlI taraMgoM ko dekhA, usake jala ko pIkara usakA svAda bhI cakhA, usakI eka-eka vizeSatA ko jAnane kA Apane prayala kiyA, isako vizeSa dRSTi kahate haiN| -- loka meM jise sAmAnya dRSTi kahA jAtA hai, vastutaH vahI dravyArthika naya hai| loka meM jise vizeSa dRSTi kahA jAtA hai, vastutaH vahI paryAyArthika naya hai| __ maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA ki pramANa se parijJAta ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke kisI eka dharma ko mukhya rUpa se jAnane vAlA jJAna, naya hai| ukta do nayoM ke hI vistAra dRSTi se sAta bheda haiM-maigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evmbhuut| ukta sAta nayoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA maiM pahale bhI kara cukA huuN| aba yahA~ kucha aura adhika spaSTIkaraNa ke sAtha Apako paricaya de rahA hU~, jisase Apa bhalI-bhA~ti naya ke svarUpa ko samajha skeN| eka bAta Apa aura samajhaleM, aura vaha yaha hai, ki jaina granthoM meM naya kA varNana do prakAra se kiyA gayA hai-dArzanika dRSTi se aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi se| dArzanika dRSTi se naya kA varNana isa prakAra hai: sAta nayoM meM pahalA naya hai-naigm| nigama zabda kA artha hai-janapada athavA desh| jisa janapada kI janatA meM jo zabda jisa artha ke lie niyata hai, vahA~ para usa artha aura zabda ke sambandha ko jAnanA hI naigama naya hai| isa zabda kA vAcya yaha artha hai aura isa artha kA vAcaka yaha zabda hai, isa prakAra vAcya-vAcaka bhAva ke sambandha-jJAna ko naigama naya kahate haiN| jo aneka arthoM se vastu ko jAnatA hai athavA aneka bhAvoM se vastu kA nirNaya karatA hai, use naigama naya kahate haiN| nigama kA artha-saMkalpa bhI hai| jo nigema (saMkalpa) ko viSaya kare, vaha naigama naya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie samajhie ki eka vyakti baiThA haA hai aura bAtacIta ke prasaMga meM vaha kahatA hai, ki "maiM dillI jA rahA huuN|" yadyapi abhI usane gamana-kriyA prArambha nahIM kI hai, mAtra jAne kA saMkalpa hI kiyA hai, phira bhI vaha kahatA hai, ki maiM dillI jA rahA huuN| isI AdhAra para naigama naya ko saMkalpa mAtra grAhI kahA gayA hai| zabdoM ke jitane aura jaise artha loka meM mAne jAte haiM, unako mAnane kI dRSTi naigama naya hai|
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________________ naya-vAda 43 naigamanaya padArtha ko sAmAnya, vizeSa aura ubhayAtmaka mAnatA hai, naigamanaya tInoM aura cAroM nikSepoM ko mAnatA hai, tathA naigamanaya dharma aura dharmI donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai / isI AdhAra para darzana granthoM meM naigamanaya ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki do paryAyoM kI, do dravyoM kI tathA dravya aura paryAya kI pradhAna evaM gauNa bhAva se vivakSA karane vAle naya ko naigamanaya kahate haiM / naigamanaya ke do bheda haiM- sarvagrAhI aura dezagrAhI / kyoMki zabda kA prayoga do hI prakAra se ho sakatA hai - eka samAnya aMza kI apekSA se aura dUsarA vizeSa aMza kI apekSA se / sAmAnya aMza kA AdhAra lekara prayukta hone vAle naya ko sarvagrAhI naigamanaya kahate haiN| vizeSa aMza kA Azraya lekara prayukta hone vAle naya ko deza-grAhI naigamanaya kahate haiM / udAharaNa ke lie, jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki 'yaha ghar3A hai' yahA~ para yaha vivakSA nahIM kI jAtI ki 'yaha ghar3A' cA~dI kA hai, sone kA hai athavA pItala kA hai athavA vaha sapheda hai yA kAlA hai, to yaha sarvagrAhI sAmAnya dRSTi hai / kintu jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki 'yaha cA~dI kA ghaTa hai, yaha sone kA ghaTa hai aura yaha pItala kA ghaTa hai, athavA yaha sapheda hai yA kAlA hai,' to yaha kathana pUrva kI apekSA vizeSagrAhI ho jAtA hai| jaba dRSTi vizeSa kI ora na jAkara sAmAnya taka hI rahatI hai, taba use sarvagrAhI naigama naya kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jaba dRSTi vizeSa kI ora jAtI hai, taba use dezagrAhI naigama-naya kahA jAtA hai| eka dUsare prakAra se naigamanaya ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM- bhUta naigamanaya, bhAvI naigamanaya aura vartamAna naigamanaya / atIta kAla kA vartamAna kAla meM saMkalpa bhUta naigamanaya hai| jaise yaha kahanA ki Aja 'mahAvIra jayantI hai|' yahA~ Aja kA artha hai - vartamAna divasa, lekina usameM saMkalpa hajAroM varSa pahale ke dina kA kiyA gayA hai| bhaviSya kA vartamAna meM saMkalpa karanA bhAvI naigamanaya hai / jaise arihanta ko siddha kahanA / yahA~ para bhaviSya meM hone vAlI siddha paryAya ko vartamAna meM kaha diyA gayA hai| kisI kArya ko prArambha kara diyA gayA ho, parantu vaha abhI taka pUrNa nahIM huA ho, phira bhI use pUrNa kaha denA, vartamAna naigamanaya hai / jaise yaha kahanA ki 'Aja to bhAta banAyA hai'| yadyapi bhAta banA nahIM hai, phira bhI use banA huA khnaa| isa prakAra naigama naya ke vividha rUpoM kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sAta nayoM meM dUsarA naya hai-saMgraha / vastu ke vizeSa se rahita dravyatva Adi sAmAnyamAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra saMgraha naya hai| jaise ki jIva kahane se nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya, deva aura siddha saba kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / saMgrahanaya eka zabda ke dvArA aneka padArthoM ko bhI grahaNa karatA hai / athavA eka aMza yA avayava kA nAma lene se samagra guNa aura paryAya se sahita vastu ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra saMgraha naya hai / jaise kisI seTha ne apane sevaka ko Adeza diyA ki 'dAtuna lAo' / dAtuna zabda ko sunakara vaha sevaka apane svAmI ko kevala dAtuna hI nahIM detA, balki sAtha meM jIbhI, pAnI kA loTA aura hAtha poMchane ke lie
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________________ 44 adhyAtma-pravacana tauliyA bhI prastuta kara detA hai| yahA~ para 'dAtuna' itanA hI kahane se samagra sAmagrI kA saMgraha ho gayA hai| saMgraha naya ke do bheda haiM-para saMgraha aura apara sNgrh| sattA mAtra arthAt dravyamAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya para saMgraha naya kahalAtA hai, kyoMki yaha naya sat yA dravya kahane se jIva aura ajIva ke vizeSa bhedoM ko na mAnakara kevala dravya mAtra kA grahaNa karatA hai| jIva aura ajIva Adi avAntara sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA aura unake bhedoM kI upekSA karane vAlA-apara saMgraha naya hai| jaise jIva kahane se saba jIvoM kA grahaNa to huA, kintu ajIva dravyoM kA grahaNa nahIM ho skaa| ajIva kahane se dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAza, kAla Adi kA to grahaNa ho jAtA hai, parantu jIva kA grahaNa nahIM hotaa| saMgraha naya kA artha hai-saMgraha karane vAlA vicaar|atH isake apara saMgraha meM bhI bheda kI nahIM, abheda kI hI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| ____sAta nayoM meM tIsarA naya hai-vyvhaar| laukika vyavahAra ke anusAra vibhAga karane vAle vicAra ko vyavahAranaya kahate haiN| jaise jo sat hai, vaha dravya hai athavA pryaay| jo dravya hai usake jIva Adi chaha bheda haiN| jo paryAya hai usake do bheda haiM-sahabhAvI aura krmbhaavii| isI prakAra jo jIva hai usake aneka bheda haiN| jaise saMsArI aura mukta aadi-aadi|sb dravyoM aura unake viSaya meM sadA bhedAnusArI vacana-pravRtti karane vAle naya ko vyavahAra naya kahate yaha naya sAmAnya ko nahIM mAnatA, kevala vizeSa ko hI grahaNa karatA hai, kyoMki loka meM ghaTa Adi vizeSa padArtha hI jala-dhAraNa Adi kriyAoM ke yogya dekhe jAte haiN| kevala sAmAnya nhiiN| rogI ko auSadhi do, itanA kahane se samAdhAna nahIM hai| samAdhAna ke lie Avazyaka hai ki auSadhi kA vizeSa nAma batAyA jAya ki amuka auSadhi do| yadyapi nizcaya naya kI apekSA se ghaTa meM pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza hote haiM, kintu sAdhAraNa loga usa ghaTa ko lAla, kAlA yA pIlA hI kahate haiN| vyavahAra naya se koyala kAlI hai, parantu nizcaya naya se usameM pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza pAe jAte haiN| vyavahAra naya meM upacAra hotA hai| binA upacAra ke vyavahAra naya kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vyavahAra naya ke do bheda haiM-sAmAnya bhedaka aura vizeSa bhedk| sAmAnya saMgraha meM do bheda karane vAle naya ko sAmAnya bhedaka vyavahAra naya kahate haiM, jaise dravya ke do bheda haiM-jIva aura ajiiv| vizeSa saMgraha meM aneka bheda karane vAlA vizeSa bhedaka vyavahAra naya kahalAtA hai| jaise jIva ke cAra bheda-nAraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura dev| sAta nayoM meM caturtha naya hai-RjusUtra / vartamAna kSaNa meM hone vAlI paryAya ko pradhAna rUpa se grahaNa karane vAle naya ko RjusUtra naya kahate haiN| jaise 'maiM sukhI huuN|' yahA~ para sukha paryAya vartamAna samaya meM hai| Rju-sUtra naya vartamAna kSaNasthAyI sukha paryAya ko pradhAna rUpa se viSaya
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________________ naya-vAda 45 karatA hai, parantu sukha paryAya kI AdhArabhUta AtmA ko gauNa rUpa se mAnatA hai| RjusUtra naya bhUta aura bhaviSya kAla kI paryAya ko nahIM mAnatA, kevala vartamAna paryAya ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| RjusUtra kI dRSTi meM vartamAna kA dhana hI dhana hai aura vartamAna kA sukha hI sukha hai, bhUta aura bhaviSya ke dhanAdi vartamAna meM anupayogI haiN| __ RjusUtra naya ke do bheda haiM-sUkSma RjusUtra aura sthUla Rjusuutr| jo eka samaya mAtra kI vartamAna paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai, use sUkSma RjusUtra kahate haiN| jo aneka samayoM kI vartamAna paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai, use sthUla RjusUtra kahate haiN| sapta nayoM meM pA~cavA~ naya hai-shbd| kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA, puruSa aura upasarga Adi ke bheda se zabdoM meM artha-bheda kA pratipAdana karane vAle naya ko zabda naya kahate haiM, jaise, meru thA, meru hai aura meru hogaa| ukta udAharaNa meM zabda naya bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat kAla ke bheda se meru parvata ke bhI tIna bheda mAnatA hai| vartamAna kA meru aura hai, bhUta kA aura thA, evaM bhaviSyat kA koI aura hI hogaa| kAla paryAya kI dRSTi se yaha saba bheda haiN| isI prakAra ghaTa ko karatA hai aura ghaTa kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ kAraka ke bheda se zabda naya ghaTa meM bheda karatA hai| liGga, saMkhyA, puruSa aura upasarga ke bheda se bhI zabda naya bheda ko svIkAra karatA hai| zabda naya RjusUtra naya ke dvArA gRhIta vartamAna ko bhI liMga Adi ke kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se mAnatA hai| jaise 'taTaH taTI, taTam'-ina tInoM ke arthoM ko liMga bheda se zabdanaya bhinna-bhinna mAnatA hai, jaba ki mUla meM taTa zabda eka hI hai| yaha zabda naya kI eka vizeSatA hai| sAta nayoM meM chaThA naya hai-smbhiruuddh'| paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM bhI nirukti ke bheda se bhinna artha ko mAnane vAle naya ko samabhirUr3ha naya kahate haiN| yaha naya kahatA hai, ki jahA~ zabda-bheda hai, vahA~ artha-bheda avazya hI hogaa| zabdanaya to artha-bheda vahIM mAnatA hai, jahA~ liGga Adi kA bheda hotA hai, parantu samabhirUr3ha naya kI dRSTi meM to pratyeka zabda kA artha alaga-alaga hI hotA hai, bhale hI ve zabda paryAyavAcI hoM aura unameM liMga, saMkhyA evaM kAla Adi kA bheda na bhI ho| jaise indra aura purandara zabda paryAyavAcI haiM, ataH zabda naya kI dRSTi se inakA eka hI artha hai-indr| parantu samabhirUr3ha naya ke mata meM inake artha meM antara hai| 'indra' zabda se aizvaryazAlI kA bodha hotA hai, jabaki purandara' se nagara ke vinAzaka kA bodha hotA hai| yahA~ donoM kA eka hI vyakti AdhAra hone se, donoM zabda paryAyavAcI batAe gae haiM, kintu inakA artha bhinna-bhinna hI hai| samabhirUr3ha naya zabdoM ke pracalita rUr3ha artha ko nahIM, kintu unake mUla utpatti artha ko pakar3atA hai| ataHzabda naya indra, aura purandara-ina donoM zabdoM kA eka hI vAcya mAnatA hai, parantu samabhirUr3ha naya kI dRSTi se ina donoM ke do bhinna-bhinna vAcya haiM, kyoMki ina donoM kI pravRtti ke nimitta bhinna-bhinna haiN| sAta nayoM meM sAtavA~ naya hai-evmbhuut| evambhUta naya nizcaya pradhAna hotA hai, isalie yaha kisI bhI padArtha ko, tabhI padArtha svIkAra karatA hai, jabaki vaha padArtha vartamAna meM
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________________ 46 adhyAtma-pravacana kriyA se pariNata ho / ataH evambhUta naya ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki zabdoM kI svapravRtti ke nimittabhUta kriyA se yukta padArthoM ko hI zabdoM kA vAcya mAnane vAlA vicAra evambhUta naya hai| samabhirUr3ha naya indana Adi ke hone yA na hone para bhI indra Adi zabdoM kA vAcya mAna letA hai, kyoMki ve zabda apane vAcyoM ke lie rUr3ha ho cuke haiN| parantu evambhUta naya, indra Adi ko indra Adi zabdoM kA vAcya tabhI mAnatA hai, jabaki vaha indana Adi kriyAoM meM vartamAna meM pariNata ho / evambhUta naya indana kriyA kA anubhava karate samaya hI indra ko indra kA vAcya mAnatA hai, anyathA nahIM / evambhUta naya ke mata se indra tabhI indra hai, jabaki vaha aizvaryazAlI ho / yahA~ taka nayoM para dArzanika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| aba AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI nayoM para vicAra kara lenA caahie| jaina darzana ke aneka graMthoM meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI nayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| maiM Apako yahA~ para saMkSepa meM yaha batalAne kA prayatna karU~gA ki AdhyAtmika dRSTi se naya ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kisa prakAra kiyA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se naya ke do bheda haiM-nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya / vyavahAra naya ko upanaya bhI kahA gayA hai| jo naya vastu ke mUla svarUpa ko batalAtA hai, use nizcaya naya kahA jAtA hai| jo naya dUsare padArthoM ke nimitta se vastu ke svarUpa ko anyathA batalAtA hai, use vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi vyavahAra naya vastu ke svarUpa ko dUsare rUpa meM batalAtA hai, tathApi vaha mithyA nahIM hai| kyoMki jisa apekSA se athavA jisa rUpa meM vaha vastu ko viSaya karatA hai, vaha vastu usa rUpa meM upalabdha bhI hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, hama kahate haiM-' ghI kA ghdd'aa|' isa vAkya se vastu ke asalI svarUpa kA jJAna to nahIM hotA, yaha to nahIM mAlUma par3atA ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai, pItala kA hai, athavA anya kisI dhAtu kA hai| isalie ise nizcaya naya nahIM kaha skte| lekina ukta vAkya se itanA avazya jJAta ho jAtA hai, ki usa ghar3e meM 'ghI' rakhA jAtA hai| jisameM ghI rakhA jAtA ho, usa ghar3e ko vyavahAra naya meM ghI kA ghar3A kahate haiM / ukta kathana vyavahAra naya se satya hai aura isI AdhAra para vyavahAra naya bhI satyarUpa hai, mithyArUpa nahIM / vyavahAra naya mithyA tabhI ho sakatA hai, jabaki usakA viSaya nizcaya kA viSaya mAna liyA jaae| yadi Apa 'ghI kA ghar3A' - isakA artha yaha samajheM ki ghar3A ghI kA banA huA hai, to loka meM kahIM para bhI yaha bAta satya pramANita nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki kahIM para bhI ghar3A ghI se banatA nahIM hai, balki ghar3A ghI kA AdhAra mAtra hI rahatA hai| jaba taka vyavahAra naya apane vyAvahArika satya para sthira hai, taba taka use mithyA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nizcaya naya ke do bheda haiM- dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika / vastu ke sAmAnya dharma ko viSaya karane vAle naya ko dravyArthika naya kahate haiN| vastu ke vizeSa dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya paryAyArthika kahA jAtA hai / dravyArthika naya ke tIna bheda haiM- naigama, saMgraha aura vyvhaar| paryAyArthika naya ke cAra bheda haiM-RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evmbhuut| isa
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________________ naya-vAda 47 prakAra yaha vargIkaraNa AdhyAtmika dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| isake bheda aura upabheda meM kisI prakAra kA antara nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se nizcaya naya kA svarUpa maiMne Apako btlaayaa| aba AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyavahAra naya kA svarUpa bhI samajha lenA Avazyaka hai / vyavahAra naya kA lakSaNa Apako batAyA jA cukA hai| vyavahAra naya ke do bheda haiM- sadbhUta vyavahAra naya aura adbhUta vyavahAra naya / eka vastu meM guNaguNI ke bheda se bheda ko viSaya karane vAlA sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai| isake bhI do bheda haiM- upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya aura anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya / sopAdhika guNa evaM guNI meM bheda grahaNa karane vAlA upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai| nirupAdhika guNa evaM guNI meM bheda grahaNa karane vAlA anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai| jaise jIva kA mati-jJAna tathA zrutajJAna ityAdi loka meM vyavahAra hotA hai| isa vyavahAra meM upAdhirUpa jJAnAvaraNa karma ke AvaraNa se kaluSita AtmA kA malasahita jJAna hone se jIva ke matijJAna zrutajJAna Adi kSAyopazamika jJAna sopAdhika haiM, ataH yaha upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| nirupAdhika guNabheda ko grahaNa karane vAlA anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai / upAdhirahita guNa ke sAtha jaba upAdhirahita AtmA kA sambandha batAyA jAtA hai, taba nirupAdhika guNa-guNa ke bheda se anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya siddha hotA hai| jaise kevalajJAnarUpa nirupAdhika guNa se sahita nirupAdhika kevalajJAnI kI AtmA / kevalajJAna AtmA kA sarvathA nirAvaraNa zuddha jJAna hai, ataH vaha upAdhirahita hone se nirupAdhika hai| isalie vItarAga AtmA kA kevalajJAna, yaha prayoga nirupAdhika guNa-guNI ke bheda kA hai| asadbhUta vyavahAra naya ke bhI do bheda haiM- upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra, aura anupacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra / sambandha se rahita vastu meM sambandha ko hI viSaya karane vAlA naya upacarita asadbhUta kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki sambandha kA yoga na hone para bhI kalpita sambandha mAnane para upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra hotA hai| jaise 'devadatta kA dhana / ' yahA~ para devadatta kA dhana ke sAtha sambandha mAnA gayA hai, parantu vAstava meM vaha kalpita hone se upacArita hai, kyoMki devadatta aura dhana- vAstava meM donoM do bhinna dravya haiM, eka dravya nahIM haiN| isalie bhinna dravya hone se devadatta tathA dhana meM yathArtha sambandha nahIM hai, upacarita hai| ataH asadbhUta evaM upacarita hone ke kAraNa ise upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahate haiN| sambandha se sahita vastu meM sambandha ko viSaya karane vAlA naya anupacarita asadbhUta naya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA bheda vahA~ hotA hai, jahA~ karma janita sambandha hotA hai| jaise jIva kA zarIra / yahA~ para AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha devadatta aura usake dhana ke samAna kalpita nahIM hai, kintu jIvana paryanta sthAyI hone se anupacarita hai| jIva aura zarIra ke bhinna hone se vaha asadbhUta vyavahAra bhI hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se yaha vyavahAra naya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 48 adhyAtma-pravacana aba naya ke sambandha meM eka prazna aura khar3A hotA hai, ki vastutaH nayoM kI saMkhyA kitanI hai? nayoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kA eka mata nahIM hai| nayoM ke agaNita evaM asaMkhyAta bheda haiM, phira bhI ativistAra tathA ati saMkSepa ko chor3akara nayoM ke pratipAdana meM madhyama mArga ko hI apanAyA gayA hai| nayoM ke sambandha meM eka bAta kahI jAtI hai, ki jitane prakAra ke vacana haiM, utane hI prakAra ke naya haiN| isa para se do tathya phalita hote haiM-nayoM kI saMkhyA sthira nahIM hai aura nayoM kA vacana ke sAtha sambandha rahA huA hai, phira bhI yahA~ para itanA batalA denA Avazyaka hai ki sthAnAMga sUtra meM aura anuyogadvAra sUtra meM sAta nayoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| digambara paramparA meM bhI ukta sAta naya mAne gaye haiN| kintu vAcaka umAsvAti praNIta 'tatvArtha sUtra' meM mUlarUpa meM pAMca nayoM kA ullekha hai-naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura shbd| zabda naya ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM, jo isa prakAra haiMsAmprata, samabhirUr3ha aura evmbhuut| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne apane dArzanika grantha 'sanmati prakaraNa' meM nayoM kI saMkhyA aura unake vargIkaraNa meM eka nayI zailI ko apanAyA hai| ve naigama naya ko chor3akara zeSa chaha bhedoM ko mAnate haiN| inase pUrva kahIM bhI yaha zailI aura yaha paddhati dekhane ko nahIM milatI hai| yaha eka tarka-pUrNa dArzanika zailI hai| vAdidevasUri ne svapraNIta 'pramANanaya-tatvAloka' grantha meM Agama paramparA ke anusAra naigama se lekara evambhUta taka ke sAta nayoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra nayoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vibhinna AcAryoM ne vibhinna vicAra abhivyakta kie haiM, kintu mUla vicAra sabakA eka hI ___nayoM kI saMkhyA para vicAra karane ke bAda, nayoM ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna sAmane AtA hai| nayoM kA vargIkaraNa vividha prakAra se aura vibhinna zailI se kiyA gayA hai| sabase pahalA vargIkaraNa yaha hai ki naya ke do bheda haiM-artha-naya aura shbd-ny| jisa vicAra meM zabda kI gauNatA aura artha kI mukhyatA rahatI hai, vaha artha-naya kahA jAtA hai| jisa vicAra meM artha kI gauNatA aura zabda kI mukhyatA rahatI hai, vaha zabda-naya hai| isa vargIkaraNa ke anusAra naigama se RjusUtra taka ke naya,artha-naya haiM, aura zabda se evambhUta taka ke naya, zabda naya haiN| eka dUsare vargIkaraNa ke anusAra naya ke do bheda haiM-jJAna-naya aura kriyaa-ny| kisI padArtha ke vAstavika svarUpa kA paribodha karanA, jJAna-naya hai| jJAna-naya se prApta bodha ko jIvana meM dhAraNa karane kA prayatna karanA, kriyA-naya hai| tIsare prakAra kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra se hai ki naya ke do bheda haiM-dravya-naya aura bhaav-ny| zabda-pradhAna athavA vacanAtmaka naya ko dravya naya kahA jAtA hai, aura jJAnapradhAna athavA jJAnAtmaka naya ko bhAva-naya kahA jAtA hai| caturtha prakAra kA vargIkaraNa bhI hai| isake anusAra naya ke do bheda haiM-nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra ny| jo naya vastu ke vAstavika svarUpa ko batalAe vaha nizcaya naya kahA jAtA hai| jo naya anya padArtha ke nimitta se vastu kA anya rUpa batalAe, vaha vyavahAra-naya kahA jAtA hai| eka pA~caveM prakAra kA bhI naya kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai-sunaya aura ~~ durny| ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke eka dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA aura itara dharmo kA niSedha
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________________ naya-vAda 49 na karake udAsIna rahane vAlA naya sunaya kahA jAtA hai|jo itara dharmoM kA niSedha karatA hai, vaha durnaya hai| ___ nayoM ke vargIkaraNa ke bAda eka prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai, ki nayoM kI paridhi evaM parisImA kyA hai ? isake sambandha meM maiM Apako pahale batalA cukA hU~ ki kisa naya kI kyA paridhi hai aura kyA parisImA hai| sabase adhika vizAla evaM vyApaka viSaya naigama naya kA hai, evaM sabase thor3A viSaya evambhUta naya kA hai| nayoM ke sambandha meM mUla AgamoM se lekara aura adyAvadhi taka ke granthoM meM bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai, kintu yahA~ para maiMne nayoM kA tathA nayoM se sambaddha kucha anya viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM hI paricaya karAyA hai| eka bAta avazya hai, ki jaba taka nayavAda ko nahIM samajhA jAegA, taba taka jaina darzana ke anekAnta siddhAnta ko bhI nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| kisI bhI vyakti ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhe binA usake viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA nirNaya karanA na ucita hai aura na nyaaysNgt| nayavAda aura anekAntavAda hameM yahI sikhAtA hai, ki hama satya-dRSTi ko kisa prakAra grahaNa kreN| kisI eka dRSTi se satya ko samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| ekAGgI dRSTi vastu ke svarUpa ko grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai| vastutaH anekAGgI dRSTi hI satya ke svarUpa ko samajha sakatI hai| naya-jJAna kA uddezya yahI hai ki hama ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke svarUpa ko nayavAda ke dvArA hI bhalI bhA~ti samajha sakate haiN| apane vicAroM kA anAgraha hI vastutaH anekAnta hai aura usa anekAnta kI AdhArazilA hai-nayavAda evaM apekssaavaad|
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________________ Mr. nikSepa-siddhAnta / manuSya apane vicAroM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai| binA bhASA ke athavA binA zabda-prayoga ke vaha apane vicAroM kI acchI taraha abhivyakti nahIM kara paataa| pazu kI apekSA manuSya kI yaha vizeSatA hai, ki vaha apane vicAroM kI abhivyakti bhASA ke mAdhyama se bhalI bhA~ti kara letA hai| yaha eka satya hai, ki jagata kA koI bhI vyavahAra binA bhASA ke cala nahIM sktaa| ataH paraspara ke vyavahAra ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie bhASA kA sahArA aura zabda-prayoga kA mAdhyama manuSya ko pakar3anA par3atA hai| saMsAra meM hajAroM-hajAra prakAra kI bhASAe~ haiM aura una bhASAoM ke zabda hajAroM hI prakAra ke haiN| pratyeka bhASA ke zabda alaga-alaga hI hote haiN| bhASA ke jJAna ke lie zabda-jJAna Avazyaka hai aura zabda-jJAna ke lie bhASA-jJAna Avazyaka hai| bhASA avayavI hai aura zabda usake avayava haiN| vyAkaraNa-zAstra ke anusAra avayavI ke jJAna ke lie avayava kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hai| bhASA-jJAna ke lie zabdoM kA jJAna nitAnta Avazyaka ___ hama kisI bhI bhASA kA ucita prayoga tabhI kara sakeMge, jabaki usake zabdoM kA ucita prayoga karanA hama sIkha leNge| kisa samaya para aura kisa sthiti meM kisa zabda kA prayoga kaise kiyA jAtA hai aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ko kaise samajhA jAtA hai? yaha eka bahuta bar3A siddhAnta hai| zabda prayoga ke AdhAra para vaktA ke abhiprAya ko ThIka rUpa se samajha lenA, jainadarzana meM isako nikSepavAda kahA jAtA hai| nikSepa kA dUsarA nAma nyAsa bhI hai| nikSepa aura nyAsa ke siddhAnta ko samajhane ke lie bhASA ke zabdoM ko aura una zabdoM ke arthoM ko ThIka rUpa meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra nikSepa kA lakSaNa yaha hai ki, zabdoM kA arthoM meM aura arthoM kA zabdoM meM Aropa karanA arthAt nyAsa krnaa| ___ saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra zabda aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| jaise nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga, aura nipaat| ghaTa, paTa Adi nAma zabda haiN| paThati, gacchati Adi AkhyAta arthAt kriyA-zabda haiN| pra, parA, upa Adi upasarga evaM nipAta zabda haiN| ina cAra prakAra ke zabdoM meM nikSepa kA sambandha kevala nAma se hai| anya zabdoM ke sAtha nikSepa kA sambandha nahIM hotaa| kyoM nahIM hotA? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki AkhyAta zabda, upasarga zabda aura 50
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________________ nikSepa-siddhAnta 51 nipAta zabda vastu-vAcaka nahIM hote haiN| nikSepa kA sambandha usI zabda se rahatA hai, jo vastu-vAcaka hotA hai| vyAkaraNa ke anusAra vastu-vAcaka zabda nAma hI hotA hai| ataH ukta cAra prakAra ke zabdoM meM se nikSepa kA sambandha kevala nAma ke sAtha hI rahatA hai| nikSepa-siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha avazya hI hote haiN| vaise eka zabda ke adhika artha bhI ho sakate haiM aura hote bhI haiM, kintu yahA~ para nikSepa kA varNana abhISTa hai, ataH zabdakoSa ke anusAra zabda kA artha grahaNa na karake yahA~ para kevala nikSepa-siddhAnta ke anusAra hI zabda kA artha grahaNa karanA hai| __ eka bar3A hI mahatva kA prazna yaha hai, ki nikSepa ke siddhAnta kA uddezya kyA hai aura usakA jIvana meM kyA upayoga hai? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki nikSepa-siddhAnta kA prayojana evaM upayoga yahI hai, ki aprastuta artha kA nirAkaraNa karake prastata artha ko btlaanaa| udAharaNa ke lie, kisI ne kahA ki "garu to mere hRdaya meM haiN|" yahA~ para guru zabda kA artha guru vyakti kA jJAna lenA hogA, kyoMki zarIra-saMyukta guru kisI ke hRdaya meM kaise raha sakatA hai ? ataH ukta vAkya meM guru kA jJAna, yaha artha prastuta hai, na ki svayaM guru vykti| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, nikSepa kA sabase bar3A upayoga yaha hai, ki vaha aprastuta artha ko dUra karake prastuta artha kA jJAna hameM karA detA hai| nikSepa kI upayogitA kevala zAstroM meM hI nahIM, balki manuSya ke dainika vyavahAra meM bhI rahatI hai| binA nikSepa ke manuSya kA dainika vyavahAra bhI sucAru rUpa se cala nahIM sakatA hai| saMsAra ke jIvoM kA samagra vyavahAra padArtha ke Azrita rahatA hai| padArtha eka nahIM, ananta haiN| una samagra padArthoM kA vyavahAra eka sAtha nahIM ho sktaa| yathAvasara prayojana-vazAt amuka kisI eka padArtha kA hI vyavahAra hotA hai, ataH jisa upayogI padArtha kA jJAna hama karanA cAhate haiM, usakA jJAna zabda ke AdhAra se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu kisa zabda kA kyA artha hai, yaha kaise jAnA jAe? vastutaH isI prazna kA samAdhAna nikSepa-siddhAnta hai| vyAkaraNa ke anusAra zabda aura artha paraspara sApekSa hote haiN| zabda ko artha kI apekSA rahatI hai aura artha ko zabda kI apekSA rahatI hai| yadyapi zabda aura artha donoM svatantra padArtha haiM, phira bhI una donoM meM eka prakAra kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| isa sambandha ko vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha kahA jAtA hai| zabda vAcaka hai aura artha vAcya hai| vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha kA jJAna hone para hI zabda kA ucita prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se nikSepa kA siddhAnta eka vaha siddhAnta hai, jisase zabda ke artha ko samajhane kI kalA kA parijJAna hotA hai| prazna yaha hai ki nikSepa ke kitane prakAra haiM ? isake uttara meM itanA kahanA hI paryApta hogA ki, kisI bhI vastu-vinyAsa ke jitane krama ho sakate haiM, utane hI nikSepa hote haiN| parantu kama se kama cAra nikSepa mAne gae haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhaav| kisI vastu kA apanI icchA ke anusAra nAma rakha denA-nAma-nikSepa hai| jaise kisI manuSya kA nAma usake mAtA-pitA ne 'mahAvIra' rakha diyaa| yahA~ para mahAvIra zabda kA jo
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________________ 52 adhyAtma-pravacana artha hai, vaha apekSita nahIM hai, balki eka saMjJAmAtra hI hai| nAmanikSepa meM jAti, guNa, dravya aura kriyA kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai, kyoMki yaha nAma to kevala loka-vyavahAra calAne ke lie hI hotA hai| nAmakaraNa saMketa mAtra se kiyA jAtA hai| yadi nAma ke anusAra usameM guNa bhI hoM, taba vaha nAmanikSepa na kahalAkara bhAvanikSepa khlaaegaa| bhAva-nikSepa usI ko kahA jAtA hai, jisameM tadanukUla guNa bhI vidyamAna hoN| kisI vastu kI kisI anya vastu meM yaha parikalpanA karanA ki yaha vaha hai, sthApanA nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| mere kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki jo artha tadpa nahIM hai, use tadrUpa mAna lenA hI sthApanA-nikSepa hai| sthApanA-nikSepa ke do bheda haiM-tadAkAra-sthApanA aura atdaakaar-sthaapnaa| kisI mUrti athavA kisI citra meM vyakti ke AkArAnurUpa sthApanA karanA, tadAkAra-sthApanA hai, tathA zataraMja Adi ke moharoM meM azva, gaja Adi kI jo apane AkAra se rahita kalpanA kI AtI hai, use atadAkAra sthApanA kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ para yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie, ki nAma aura sthApanA donoM vAstavika artha se zUnya hote haiN| atIta avasthA, anAgata avasthA aura anuyoga-dazA-ye tInoM vivakSita kriyA meM pariNata nahIM hote| isI kAraNa inheM dravya-nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jaise jaba koI kahatA hai, ki 'rAjA to mere hRdaya meM hai|' taba usakA artha hotA hai- rAjA kA jJAna mere hRdaya meM hai| kyoMki zarIradhArI rAjA kA kabhI kisI ke hRdaya meM rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| yaha anuyoga dazA hai| dravya-nikSepa ke anya do udAharaNa haiM, ki jo pahale kabhI rAjA rahA hai, kintu vartamAna meM rAjA nahIM hai, use rAjA kahanA atIta dravya nikSepa hai| vartamAna meM jo rAjA nahIM hai, kintu bhaviSya meM jo rAjA banegA use vartamAna meM rAjA kahanA, anAgata dravya nikSepa hai| ukta dravya-nikSepa kA artha hai-jo avasthA atIta kAla meM ho cukI ho athavA bhaviSya kAla meM hone vAlI ho, usakA vartamAna meM kathana krnaa| vartamAna paryAya-sahita dravya ko bhAva-nikSepa kahate haiN| jaise rAjya siMhAsana para sthita vyakti ko rAjA khnaa| bhAva-nikSepa kI dRSTi meM rAjA vahI vyakti ho sakatA hai, jo vartamAna meM rAjya kara rahA ho| isake viparIta jo vyakti pahale rAjya kara cukA hai athavA bhaviSya meM rAjya karegA, kintu vartamAna meM vaha rAjya nahIM kara rahA hai, to bhAvanikSepa use rAjA nahIM maantaa| nikSepa ke anusAra rAjA zabda ke cAra artha hue-nAma-rAjA, sthApanA-rAjA, dravya-rAjA aura bhaav-raajaa| kisI vyakti kA nAma rAjA rakha denA nAmarAjA hai| kisI rAjA ke citra ko rAjA kahanA athavA kisI bhI padArtha meM yaha rAjA hai isa prakAra kI parikalpanA karanA, yaha sthApanA rAjA hai| dravya rAjA use kahA jAtA hai, jo vartamAna meM to rAjA nahIM hai, kintu atIta meM raha cukA hai athavA bhaviSya meM rAjA bnegaa| bhAva-rAjA vaha hai, jo vartamAna meM rAjya pada para sthita hai aura rAjya kA saMcAlana kara rahA hai|
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 53 yahA~ para yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai, ki nAma nikSepa meM aura sthApanA nikSepa meM kyA antara hai? kyoMki nAma-nikSepa meM kisI vyakti kA kucha bhI nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai aura sthApanA nikSepa meM bhI mUrti athavA citra Adi meM nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai ? isake samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki nAma aura sthApanA meM itanA hI bheda hai, ki nAma-nikSepa meM Adara aura anAdara-buddhi nahIM rahatI, jabaki sthApanA nikSepa meM Adara aura anAdara buddhi kI jA sakatI hai| kalpanA kIjie, eka vyakti kisI nadI meM se gola patthara uThA lAyA aura usane usameM zAligrAma kI sthApanA karalI, usa sthiti meM vaha vyakti usameM Adara-buddhi bhI rakhatA hai| isa prakAra Apane dekhA nikSepa-siddhAnta ke dvArA kisa prakAra jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA jAtA hai| zAstrIya rahasya ko samajhane ke lie hI nikSepa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, balki lokavyavahAra kI ulajhanoM ko sulajhAne ke lie bhI nikSepa kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| ataH nikSepa kA parijJAna parama Avazyaka hai| eka prazna yaha bhI uThAyA jAtA hai, ki naya aura nikSepa meM kyA bheda hai? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki naya aura nikSepa meM viSaya aura viSayI-bhAva sambandha hai| naya jJAnAtmaka hai aura nikSepa jnyeyaatmk| nikSepa ko jAnane vAlA naya hai| zabda aura artha meM jo vAcya-vAcaka sambandha hai, usake sthApanA kI kriyA kA nAma nikSepa hai aura vaha naya kA viSaya hai, tathA naya usakA viSayI hai| Adi ke tIna nikSepa dravyArthika naya ke viSaya haiM aura antima bhAva nikSepa paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya hai| yahA~ para maiMne saMkSepa meM hI nikSepa kA varNana kiyA hai, vaise nikSepa kA viSaya bahuta hI gambhIra hai|
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________________ 5. jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna AtmA kA eka nija guNa hai| jJAna AtmA kA eka svabhAva hai| nija guNa athavA svabhAva use kahA jAtA hai, jo sadAkAla apane guNI ke sAtha rahatA hai| AtmA ko chor3akara jJAna anyatra kahIM nahIM rahatA aura AtmA bhI jJAna se zUnya kabhI nahIM rhtaa| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki AtmA guNI hai aura jJAna usakA guNa hai| Atma-svarUpa kI jitanI bhI carcA aura varNana kiyA jAtA hai, usakA mUla kendra jJAna hai| AtmA kyA hai aura usakA kyA svarUpa hai ? ukta praznoM kA samAdhAna jJAna se hI hotA hai| cetanA AtmA kI eka zakti hai, jo AtmA ke atirikta anya kisI bhI padArtha meM upalabdha nahIM hotii| AtmA kI sthiti aura sattA anantakAla se hai, isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM hai| AtmA ananta guNoM kA nidhi hai, usameM prameyatva evaM jJeyatva Adi sAmAnya evaM vizeSa ananta guNa haiN| una sabakI jAnakArI evaM una saba guNoM kA patA jJAna ke dvArA hI lagatA hai| ataH jJAna AtmA kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| viziSTa guNa bhI kyA hai ? vaha usakA sva-svarUpa aura nija svabhAva hI hai| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai, ki AtmA kA jo yaha jJAna guNa hai, jisase saba kucha kA jJAna aura patA lagatA hai, usa jJAna guNa kI sthiti aura sattA kA bodha kisa prakAra hotA hai ? AtmA ke dUsare guNoM ko to jJAna jAna sakatA hai, parantu svayaM jJAna ko kaise jAnA jAe ? jJAna dUsaroM kI jAnakArI to prApta kara letA hai, parantu jJAna kI jAnakArI kisase hotI hai ? prazna kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki jJAna kabhI jJeya banatA hai ki nahIM ? jisa zakti ke dvArA AtmA ko vastuoM ke svarUpa Adi kA bodha hotA hai, AtmA kI usa zakti kA nAma jJAna hai / jJeya vaha hai, jise jJAna kI zakti se jAnA jAtA hai / jJAtA vaha hai, jo jJAna prApta karatA hai| ataH jisake dvArA bodha hotA hai, vaha jJAna hai| jise bodha hotA hai vaha jJAtA hai / aura jisakA bodha hotA hai, vaha jJeya hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha huA ki jJAna kA viSaya hone se jJAtA AtmA aura usake dUsare guNa bhI jJeya haiN| unakI vibhinna paryAya bhI jJeya haiM, kyoMki ve bhI jJAna meM pratibimbita hotI haiN| hamArA jJAna sImita hotA hai, parantu kevalajJAnI kA jJAna asIma aura ananta hotA hai| unake ananta jJAna meM samasta padArtha aura eka eka padArtha ke ananta - ananta guNa tathA paryAya pratikSaNa pratibimbita hotI rahatI haiN| vizva kA eka bhI aisA padArtha nahIM hai, jo kevalajJAna kA jJeya na banatA ho / mere kahane kA abhiprAya yahI hai, ki AtmA apanI jisa zakti se padArthoM kA bodha karatA hai, use jJAna kahA jAtA hai| vaha jJAna kevala dUsaroM ko hI jAnatA hai athavA apane Apako bhI jAna sakatA hai ? yaha eka bahuta bar3A prazna hai, darzanazAstra kA / 54
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 55 bhArata ke darzanoM meM se eka darzana ne yaha bhI kahA hai, ki jJAna para-padArtha ko to jAna sakatA hai, kintu svayaM apane ko nahIM jAna sktaa| apane vicAra kI puSTi ke lie unhoMne eka rUpaka prastuta kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai, ki naTa-putra naTa-kalA meM kitanA bhI nipuNa ho, vaha dUsare ke kandhoM para to car3ha sakatA hai, kintu svayaM apane kandhoM para nahIM car3ha sktaa| naTa-putra bAMsa para car3ha sakatA hai, patalI rassI para nAca sakatA hai aura dUsare ke kandhoM para car3ha kara logoM kA manoraMjana kara sakatA hai| kintu vaha kitanA bhI nipuNa kyoM na ho, svayaM apane kandhoM para nRtya nahIM kara sktaa| isa tarka ne eka bahuta bar3I vicAra dhArA evaM cintana dhArA khar3I karadI hai| isa mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra jJAna kitanA hI nirmala aura svaccha kyoM na ho, usameM para-padArtha ko jAnane kI zakti to hai, parantu apane ko jAnane kI zakti usameM nahIM hai| A~kha dUsare padArthoM ko dekha letI hai, parantu vaha apane Apako nahIM dekha sktii| yahI sthiti jJAna kI hai| jisa prakAra A~kha svayaM ko nahIM jAnatI, vaha apane se bhinna dUsaroM ko hI jAnatI hai, usI prakAra jJAna dUsare padArthoM ko jAna sakatA hai, parantu svayaM apane Apako nahIM jAna sktaa| - isakA abhiprAya yahI huA ki jJAna eka ajJeya tatva hai| Azcarya hai, dUsaroM ko jAnane vAlA svayaM apane Apako nahIM jAna sktaa| paranta bhArata ke dArzanikoM kA mastiSka jJAna kI isa ajJeyatA para cupa nahIM raha skaa| mImAMsA darzana ne jJAna ko ajJeya mAna liyA, parantu prazna yaha hai, ki jo svayaM prakAza rUpa nahIM hai, vaha dUsare ko prakAzita kaise kara sakatA hai? jisa andhe vyakti meM svayaM dekhane kI zakti nahIM hai, vaha apane se bhinna dUsare andhoM ko mArga kA parijJAna kaise karA sakatA hai? bhArata ke dUsare dArzanikoM ne spaSTa rUpa meM yaha kahA ki jJAna ko ajJeya mAnanA tarka-saMgata nahIM hai| jJAna meM jaba jAnane kI zakti hai, to jaise vaha dUsare ko jAnatA hai vaise svayaM apane Apako kaise nahIM jAna sakatA? jaina darzana kA sabase bar3A tarka yahI hai, ki yadi jJAna meM jAnane kI zakti hai, to dUsaroM ke samAna vaha svayaM apane Apako kyoM nahIM jAna sakatA? jaina darzana ne kahA ki jJAna to dIpaka ke samAna hai, jaise dIpaka svayaM apane ko bhI jAnatA hai aura apane se bhinna dUsare padArthoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| jisa prakAra dIpaka apane se bhinna dUsare padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, usI prakAra vaha svayaM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| yadi dIpaka meM svayaM ko prakAzita karane kI zakti na ho, to vaha dUsare padArthoM ko bhI prakAzita nahIM kara skegaa| maiM Apase AtmA ke jJAna guNa kI carcA kara rahA thA aura Apako yaha batA rahA thA ki bhArata ke vibhinna dArzanika jJAna ke sambandha meM kyA socate aura vicArate rahe haiM ? bhArata ke dArzanikoM meM kaNAda aura gautama bhI vikhyAta dArzanika rahe haiN| ve bhI jJAna ko ajJeya nahIM maante| unakA kahanA hai, ki jJAna svayaM bhI jJeya hai, parantu jJAna ko jJeya mAnane
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________________ 56 adhyAtma-pravacana kI paddhati unakI bhinna hai| unakA kathana hai, ki eka jJAna ke bAda eka dUsarA jJAna hotA hai, jise anuvyavasAyAtmaka jJAna kahate haiN| prathama jJAna kA jJAna isa dUsare hI jJAna se hotA hai| anuvyavasAyAtmaka jJAna kI kalpanA karake kaNAda aura gautama ne eka bahuta bar3A prayatna yaha kiyA ki unhoMne jJAna ko ajJeya koTi se nikAla kara jJeya kI koTi meM khar3A kara diyaa| isakA artha yaha huA ki jJAna svayaM apane ko nahIM jAnatA, kintu usa jJAna ko jAnane ke lie dUsare jJAna kI AvazyakatA hai aura usa dUsare jJAna ko jAnane ke lie tIsare jJAna kI AvazyakatA hai| isa para jaina darzana kA kathana hai, ki yadi uttarajJAna pUrvajJAna kA jJAna karatA hai, to phira usa uttarajJAna kA jJAna kauna karegA? isa prakAra jo sabase anta kA jJAna hai, vaha to ajJeya hI raha jaaegaa| isa prakAra anavasthA doSa bhI AyA aura antima jJAna ajJeya hI banA raha gyaa| isakI apekSA yahI mAnanA adhika tarkasaMgata aura samucita hogA ki jJAna dIpaka ke samAna dUsare padArthoM ko jAnatA hai aura svayaM apane ko bhI jAnatA hai, balki yaha kahanA adhika upayukta rahegA ki jJAna svayaM apane ko jAna kara hI dUsaroM ko jAnatA hai| ___ dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi prathama jJAna ke lie dUsare jJAna kI kalpanA kI jAegI, to yaha prazna khar3A hogA, ki pahale jJAna kI parIkSA dUsare jJAna ne ThIka rUpa meM kI hai yA nahIM? arthAt uttarajJAna ne pUrvajJAna ko ThIka rUpa meM samajhA hai yA nahIM? isakI parIkSA ke lie eka tIsare jJAna kI kalpanA karanI pdd'egii| isa dRSTi se yahI adhika tarkasaMgata hai ki jJAna ko sva-para-prakAzaka mAna liyA jaae| isase na anavasthA doSa rahegA aura na dUsare-tIsare jJAna Adi kI ananta kalpanA hI karanI pdd'egii| ataH jJAna sva-para-prakAzaka hI hai| isa sambandha meM maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA ki jJAna ko dIpaka ke samAna sva-para-prakAzaka mAnanA hI tarkasaMgata evaM ucita hai| yadi jJAna meM jJeyatA nahIM hai, to vaha jJAna, jJAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jainadarzana ke anusAra jJAna ko jJeya na mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| jainadarzana kA yaha vizvAsa hai, ki jJAna meM eka aisI adbhuta zakti hai, jo svayaM ko bhI jAnatA hai aura apane se bhinna ko bhI jAnatA hai| isI abhiprAya se jainadarzana meM jJAna ko svaparAbhAsI kahA hai| svaparAbhAsI kA artha hai-svayaM apane ko aura apane se bhinna para-padArtha ko prakAzita karane vaalaa| jisa prakAra dIpaka dUsare padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, to sAtha hI vaha svayaM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| svayaM ko prakAzita kie binA vaha dUsare ko prakAzita nahIM kara sktaa| yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai, ki dIpaka jale aura vaha dUsaroM ko prakAzita kare, parantu svayaM aprakAzita rahe athavA usako prakAzita karane ke lie dUsarA dIpaka jalAnA pdd'e| isI prakAra jJAna ke sambandha meM bhI yahI siddhAnta hai, vaha dUsaroM ko bhI jAnatA hai aura svayaM apane ko bhI jAnatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki svayaM kI jAna kara hI vaha dUsaroM ko jAnatA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jJAna na svAbhAsI hai aura na parAbhAsI hai, balki
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 57 sva-parAbhAsI hai| svaparAbhAsI kA artha yahI hai, ki apane Apako jAnatA huA dUsaroM ko jAnane vAlA jnyaan| maiM Apase pahale yaha kaha cukA hU~, ki AtmA meM ananta guNa haiN| una ananta guNoM meM jJAna bhI AtmA kA eka guNa hai, kintu yaha sAmAnya nahIM, eka viziSTa guNa hai| viziSTa guNa isalie hai, ki isa cetanA zakti ke AdhAra para hI AtmA ko jar3a padArthoM se bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA ke svarUpa kA paribodha aura AtmA se bhinna pudgala Adi tatvoM kA paribodha isa jJAna guNa ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jAtA hai| AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA parijJAna jJAna guNa se hI kiyA jAtA hai| AtmA kI zuddha aura azuddha avasthA kA paribodha bhI jJAnaguNa ke AdhAra para hI hotaa| pApa kyA hai ? puNya kyA hai? dharma kyA hai ? adharma kyA hai ? kartavya kyA hai aura akartavya kyA hai ? isa sabakA bodha jJAna se hI hotA hai| isa dRSTi se jJAnaguNa sAmAnya guNa nahIM, AtmA kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| AtmA ke prameyatva Adi guNa to AtmA se bhinna jar3a padArtha meM bhI rahate haiM, kintu jJAna guNa to AtmA kA eka asAdhAraNa guNa hai, jo ekamAtra AtmA ke atirikta anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM rahatA hai| jJAna guNa hI jar3a aura cetana kI bheda-rekhA hai| abheda dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAna guNa meM AtmA ke anya azeSa guNoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| yaha kevala kathana hI nahIM hai, kintu kucha jaina AcAryoM ne isa dizA meM prayatna bhI kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda una AcAryoM meM se eka haiM, jinhoMne abheda dRSTi se aura advaita pradhAna dRSTi se yaha batAyA ki jJAnaguNa meM AtmA ke anya samasta guNoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| jJAna vastuoM ko prakAzamAna karatA hai, usa samaya kyA vaha AtmA ko karma kA bandha karAtA hai, yaha eka dArzanika prazna hai| samAdhAna hai ki nimna avasthA meM jJAna ke sAtha jo rAga dveSa kA mizraNa rahatA hai, cAritramohanIya ke udaya se jJAna-dhArA meM jo zubha-azubha bhAva hotA hai, jainadarzana ke anusAra vahI bandha kA hetu hai| parantu jaba jJAna-dhArA meM na rAgAMza rahatA hai aura na dveSAMza rahatA hai, taba usase karma kA bandha nahIM hotaa| ____ mere kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki rAgadveSa ke kAraNa jaba cetanA azuddha ho jAtI hai, tabhI karma kA bandha hotA hai| aura jaba jJAna-cetanA vizuddha evaM pavitra rahatI hai, taba karma kA bandhana nahIM hotaa| jJAna kA kAma kisI para rAga karanA, kisI para dveSa karanA, kisI para vaira karanA athavA kisI para prema karanA nahIM hai| jJAna kA kAma to eka mAtra vastuoM ko prakAzita karanA hI hai| itanI bAta avazya hai, ki jaba taka usameM cAritra-moha kA aura darzana-moha kA prabhAva rahatA hai, taba taka yaha azuddha jJAna bandha kA hetu hI rahatA hai| parantu sakala-mala-kalaMkarahita vizuddha jJAna kabhI bandhana kA hetu nahIM banatA hai| jaba rAga-dveSa kA abhAva ho jAtA hai, taba AtmA kA jJAna guNa pUrNa rUpa se nirmala aura pavitra bana jAtA hai| usa samaya saMsAra ke ananta-ananta jar3a cetana padArtha jJAna meM jJeya rUpa se pratibhAsita hote
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________________ 58 adhyAtma-pravacana haiM, parantu unase kisI prakAra kA karmabandha nahIM hotaa| ataH siddha hai ki jJAna bandha kA hetu nahIM hai| maiM Apase jJAnaguNa ke sambandha meM carcA kara rahA thA aura yaha kaha rahA thA, ki jJAtA jJAna ke dvArA padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| kintu jAnane ke tarIke do prakAra ke haiM- pratyakSa aura prokss| jainadarzana ke anusAra yaha vizva SadravyAtmaka hai| chaha dravyoM ke atirikta saMsAra anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| saMsAra kA jo kucha bhI khela hai, vaha saba SaDdravyoM kA hI hai| SaDdravya isa prakAra haiM-jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kaal| ina chaha dravyoM meM jIva jJAtA bhI hai aura jJeya bhI hai aura zeSa dravya mAtra jJeya haiN| jJAtA meM jJeya padArtha pratikSaNa jhalakate rahate haiN| antara itanA hI hai, ki kevalajJAnI una jJeya padArthoM ko pUrNa pratyakSa rUpa meM jAnatA hai, jabaki zrutajJAnI zAstra ke AdhAra para unheM parokSa rUpa meM jAnatA hai| eka bAta yahA~ para aura dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki ina SaDdravyoM meM se pratyeka dravya eka hokara bhI ananta hai| kyoMki jainadarzana meM pratyeka vastu ko ananta dharmAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| jijJAsA hotI hai, ki vastu ke ananta dharma kauna se haiM ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki vastu ke gaNa aura paryAya hI vastu ke dharma hai| aura guNa tathA paryAya pratyeka vastu ke ananta hI hote haiN| isa dRSTi se eka vastu bhI apane Apa meM ananta hai| zrutajJAnI zrutajJAna ke AdhAra para parokSa rUpa meM dravyoM ko jAna sakatA hai, kintu unakI ananta paryAyoM ko nahIM jAna sktaa| sAntajJAna se ananta paryAyoM ko kaise jAnA jA sakatA hai ? ananta ko jAnane ke lie jJAna bhI ananta hI caahie| isI abhiprAya se yaha kahA gayA hai ki kevalajJAnI hI apane ananta jJAna meM samagra dravyoM ko aura unakI samasta paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai| kevalajJAna ke atirikta zeSa jitane bhI jJAna haiM, unase sImita rUpa meM hI padArthoM kA parijJAna hotA hai| ___ kalpanA kIjie, Apake samakSa sarasoM kA eka vizAla Dhera par3A huA hai| Apa usa Dhera ko dekhakara yaha to jAna sakate haiM, ki yaha sarasoM kA Dhera hai, parantu una sarasoM ke dAnoM kI saMkhyA kitanI hai, yaha Apa nahIM batalA skte| jaba Apa aura hama sarasoM jaise sthUla vastu kA bhI pUrNa jJAna nahIM kara sakate, taba eka-eka dravya kI ananta-ananta paryAyoM kA jJAna hama kaise kara sakate haiM ? isI prakAra manuSyoM ke samUha ko dekhakara hama yaha kahate haiM, ki yaha samAja hai athavA sabhA hai ? eka manuSya ke eka zarIra kA jJAna ho jAtA hai, kintu usake ananta-ananta paramANuoM kA jJAna karanA hamAre vaza kI bAta nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sAvaraNa jJAna sasIma hotA hai, aura nirAvaraNa jJAna asIma hotA hai| kevalajJAna hI nirAvaraNa jJAna hai| isI se usase vastu ke ananta guNa paryAyoM kA parijJAna hotA hai| jJAna ke sAtha padArthoM kA kyA sambandha hai ? yaha bhI eka jaTila prazna hai| padArtha kA jJAna ke sAtha viSaya-viSayI bhAva sambandha hai| jJAna viSayI hai aura padArtha viSaya hai| jJAna ke sAtha
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 59 padArthoM kA jJApya jJApaka-bhAva sambandha bhI ho sakatA hai| jJAna-jJApaka hai aura padArtha jJApya haiN| kucha AcAryoM ne jJAna ke sAtha padArthoM kA bodhya-bodhaka bhAva sambandha bhI batalAyA hai| jJAna bodhaka hai aura padArtha bodhya haiN| parantu sabase bar3A prazna yaha hai, ki jJAna kA jJAna ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM do vicAra-dhArAe~ sAmane AtI haiM-eka vicAra-dhArA vaha hai, jo jJAna ko kevala para-prakAzaka hI mAnatI hai| aura dUsarI vicAra-dhArA vaha hai jo jJAna ko sva-paraprakAzaka mAnatI hai| dUsarI vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra jJAna ke sAtha tInoM prakAra kA sambandha ho sakatA hai-viSaya-viSayI bhAva sambandha, jJApya jJApaka-bhAva sambandha aura bodhya-bodhakabhAva smbndh| jaba jJAna svayaM ko jAnatA hai, taba vaha svayaM hI viSayI hai aura svayaM hI apanA viSaya hai, taba vaha svayaM hI jJApaka hai aura svayaM hI jJApya hai, taba vaha svayaM hI bodhaka hai aura svayaM hI bodhya hai| __"maiM apane Apako Apase jAnatA huuN|" isa vAkya meM jAnane vAlA aura jisako jAnA jAtA hai, ve donoM eka haiM, aura jisase jAnatA hai, vaha bhI bhinna nahIM hai| isa udAharaNa meM hama dekhate haiM, ki yahA~ para jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya tInoM eka ho gae haiN| aba taka ke vivecana para se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jJAna kA padArthoM ke sAtha jJAna-jJeya sambandha hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kA jJAna ke sAtha bhI jJAna-jJeya sambandha hai| saMsAra meM pratyeka padArtha, phira bhale hI vaha cetana ho athavA jar3a ho, jJAna kA viSaya hone se jJeya hotA hai| jJAna kA viSaya zubha evaM sundara padArtha bhI ho sakatA hai tathA azubha evaM asundara padArtha bhI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra jJeya padArtha zubha aura azubha, sundara aura asundara sabhI ho sakate haiN| vRkSa kI TahanI meM khilane vAlA phUla bhI jJeya hai aura usI vRkSa kI TahanI meM janma lene vAlA kA~TA bhI jJeya rUpa meM pratibhAsita aura pratibimbita hotA hai| manuSya ke jJAna meM jJeya rUpa se tIrthaMkara evaM siddha jaisI pavitra AtmAe~ bhI pratibimbita hotI haiM aura usake jJAna meM abhavya evaM nAraka Adi jaise malina jIva bhI pratibhAsita hote haiN| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki AtmA ke jJAna-guNa meM jJeya rUpa se saMsArI jIva bhI pratibimbita hotA hai aura sakalakarmakalaGka-vikala siddha bhI pratibhAsita hotA hai| jJAna kA viSaya mUrta aura amUrta sabhI prakAra ke padArtha ho sakate haiN| sthUla aura sUkSma sabhI prakAra ke padArtha jJAna ke viSaya haiN| jaba hama jJAna ko darpaNa ke samAna mAna lete haiM, taba usameM kisI bhI prakAra ke padArtha kA pratibimba par3e binA kaise raha sakatA hai? __ yaha tathya Apako nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki jJAna kA kAma kisI padArtha ko rAgarUpa athavA dveSarUpa meM pratibhAsita karanA nahIM hai| jJAna kisI bhI padArtha ko hita ahita rUpa meM pratibimbita nahIM krtaa| jJAna kA kArya padArtha ke rUpa ko pratibimbita karanA hai| darpaNa kA padArthoM ke sAtha jo sambandha hai, vahI AtmA ke jJAna-guNa kA sambandha padArthoM ke sAtha meM hai| yaha kabhI sambhava nahIM hai, ki padArtha jJAna kA viSaya na ho athavA jJAna padArtha ko viSaya na kre|
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________________ 60 adhyAtma-pravacana jaba AtmA apanI jJAna-zakti se apane zuddha svarUpa ko samajha letA hai, taba vaha saMsAra ke padArthoM meM na rAga karatA hai aura na dveSa karatA hai, kintu jaba AtmA apare svarUpa ko nahIM samajha pAtA, tabhI ajJAnavaza vaha padArthoM meM rAga-buddhi athavA dveSa-buddhi karatA rahatA hai| sabase bar3A prazna yaha hai ki jaba AtmA jJAna-svarUpa hai aura jJAna kA kArya rAga-dveSa karanA nahIM hai, taba AtmA meM rAga-dveSa kahA~ se aura kaise A jAte haiM ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA meM rAga athavA dveSa kI utpatti jJAna se nahIM hotI, vaha to moha ke kAraNa hI hotI hai| para-padArthoM ke sAtha jo rAga athavA dveSa kA sambandha hotA hai, usako karane vAlA jJAna nahIM hai, balki cAritramohanIyakarma hai| cAritra guNa ke viparIta pariNAma ko cAritramoha kahate haiN| jIva kI kriyA zakti kI vikArI dazA cAritra-moha hai aura jIva kI isI zakti kI avikArI dazA cAritra guNa hai| isI prakAra AtmA ke darzana guNa ke vikAra ko mithyAtva kahA jAtA hai, jabaki AtmA ke darzanaguNa ke avikAra ko samyaktva kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH cAritramohanIya aura darzanamohanIya ke kAraNa hI AtmA meM nAnA prakAra ke vikAroM kI utpatti hotI hai, jJAna ke kAraNa nhiiN| jJAna to AtmA kA eka viziSTa guNa hai jisake prakAza meM AtmA apane svarUpa kA paribodha karatA hai| jJAna apane Apa meM vizuddha hotA hai| parantu cAritramoha tathA darzanamoha ke kAraNa vaha azuddha bana jAtA hai, jisase navIna karmoM kA bandha hotA hai| vaizeSika darzana ke upadeSTA kaNAda ne kahA hai, ki saMsAra meM sukha-duHkha aura bandhana Adi sabhI kA mUla kAraNa jJAna hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prabhu se prArthanA karate hue eka AcArya ne yaha kahA hai ki bhagavan! isa jJAna se merA piNDa chur3Ao, kyoMki jaba taka jJAna vidyamAna hai, taba taka zAnti sambhava nahIM hai| apane vicAroM ko puSTa karane ke lie unakA tarka hai, ki bAlaka ko parivAra ke kisI vyakti ke maraNa kA athavA dhanahAni Adi kA duHkha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki usameM duHkha kI anubhUti karane jaise jJAna kA abhAva rahatA hai| bAlaka ko kevala deha kA bhAna rahatA hai aura isIlie bhUkha athavA pyAsa lagane para vaha rotA hai| bAlyakAla meM duHkha zarIra taka hI sImita rahatA hai| phira Age jyoM-jyoM vaha bar3hatA hai aura usake jJAna kA vikAsa hotA hai, tyoM-tyoM usake mana meM mAtA-pitA Adi parivAra evaM parijana ke vividha vikalpa utpanna hone lagate haiM, kyoMki jJAna ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha usake mana meM padArthoM ke prati apanatva kA vikalpa bhI paidA ho jAtA hai| jaise-jaise jJAna vikasita hotA aura bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise duHkha aura sukha ke vikalpa bhI vikasita hote rahate haiM aura bar3hate rahate haiN| vivAha karane se pUrva usake mana ke vikalpa mAtA-pitA aura bahina-bhAI taka hI sImita the, vivAha hone para una vikalpoM kA vistAra palI aura usake mAtA-pitA tathA Age calakara apane putra aura putrI taka phaila jAte haiN| kaNAda ke anusAra isa prakAra jJAna ke bar3hane para duHkha hI duHkha hotA hai| manuSya ke mana meM sukha-duHkhAtmaka jitane adhika vikalpa hoMge, usake mana meM utanI hI adhika azAnti
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 61 bddh'egii| isI tarka ke AdhAra para vaizeSika darzana ke upadeSTA kaNAda ne kahA hai, ki saMsAra meM duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa jJAna hI hai| ataH jJAna ko samApta karanA cAhie, naSTa kara denA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka jJAna rahegA, taba taka jIvana meM zAnti sambhava nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM, kaNAda darzana to isase Age yaha bhI kahatA hai ki jaba taka AtmA meM jJAna hai, taba taka mukti bhI sambhava nahIM hai| jaise rAga aura dveSa Adi vikAroM ko dUra karane kA prayala kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra kaNAda jJAna ko bhI AtmA kA vikAra samajhakara use dUra karane kA prayatna karatA hai| kaNAda-darzana ke anusAra mukta-avasthA meM AtmA meM jJAna nahIM rhtaa| maiM Apase vaizeSika darzana kI carcA kara rahA thA aura yaha kaha rahA thA, ki vaizeSika darzana meM jJAna ko duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM itanI saccAI to avazya hai, ki vaha duHkhoM se chuTakArA prApta karane ke lie upadeza detA hai, sAtha hI vaha AtmA meM jJAna kI sthiti ko svIkAra karatA hai, phira bhale hI vaha saMsArI avasthA meM kyoM na rahatA ho| kaNAda kA kahanA hai ki jJAna AtmA kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| vaha jaba kabhI utpanna hogA, taba AtmA meM hI hogA, AtmA ke atirikta jJAna anya kisI padArtha meM utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| itanA hone para bhI isa darzana ke sambandha meM yaha bAta avazya vicAraNIya raha jAtI hai ki yadi mukta avasthA meM AtmA meM jJAna nahIM rahatA hai, to phira jJAna-zUnya AtmA, AtmA kaise raha sakatA hai? yadi AtmA meM se jJAna kA abhAva svIkAra kara liyA jAe, taba vaha cetana na rahakara jar3a bana jaaegaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jaba jJAna ko AtmA kA eka viziSTa guNa mAna liyA, eka asAdhAraNa guNa svIkAra kara liyA, phira AtmA ko jJAna-zUnya kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? kyoMki jo jisakA viziSTa athavA asAdhAraNa guNa hotA hai, vaha apane guNI kA parityAga tIna kAla meM bhI nahIM kara sktaa| ___ aba rahI jJAna se duHkha utpatti kI bAta, tarka ke prakAza meM yaha bAta satya siddha nahIM hotI hai| jahA~-jahA~ jJAna hai, vahA~-vahA~ duHkha hI hotA hai, isa prakAra kI vyApti banAnA kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| bhAratIya itihAsa ke pRSThoM para una viziSTa jJAnI sAdhakoM kA jIvana aMkita hai, jinhoMne apane jJAna aura viveka ke bala para saMsAra kI bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara pIr3A ko, yAtanA ko tathA duHkha aura kleza ko bhI sukharUpa smjhaa| nizcaya hI yadi unake pAsa jJAna aura viveka kA bala na hotA, to saMsAra ke ve viziSTa sAdhaka prasanna bhAva se na zUlI para car3ha sakate the, na phA~sI para laTaka sakate the, aura na ha~sate-ha~sate jahara kA pyAlA hI pI sakate the| bhArata meM tathA bhArata ke bAhara kucha aise vilakSaNa saMta athavA sAdhaka hue haiM, jinhoMne zUlI kI noMka para car3hakara bhI AtmA kA saMgIta sunAyA, jo phA~sI ke takhte para jhUlakara bhI AtmA ke Ananda ko bhUla nahIM ske| aura jinhoMne viSa-pAna karate hue bhI, sukha aura zAnti kA anubhava kiyaa| yaha saba kucha jJAna aura viveka kA hI camatkAra hai|
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________________ 62 adhyAtma-pravacana Apane jaina itihAsa kI vaha jIvana-gAthA sunI hogI, jisameM kahA gayA hai, ki kisI rAjA ne eka muni ke zarIra kI camar3I ko usakI jIvita avasthA meM hI utaravA DAlA thaa| jaina itihAsa meM usa divya jyoti kA paricaya skandaka muni ke nAma se milatA hai| skandaka muni ko kisa kAraNa pakar3A gayA aura kisa kAraNa vahA~ ke rAjA ne unake zarIra kI camar3I ko utArane kA Adeza diyA, isa sambandha meM mujhe yahA~ kucha kaha kara kahAnI ko lambA nahIM karanA hai| kintu maiM Apako yaha batalA rahA hU~ ki jisa samaya jallAda skandaka muni ke zarIra kI khAla ko utAra rahe the, usa samaya skandaka muni ke mana meM kyA vicAra the aura ve kyA soca rahe the? __skandaka muni apane viveka aura nirmala jJAna dhArA meM tallIna hokara vicAra kara rahe the, ki ina jallAdoM kA kyA doSa hai? yaha to rAjA ke Adeza kA pAlana kara rahe haiN| apane svAmI ke Adeza kA pAlana karanA hI inakA kartavya hai| rAjA kA bhI kyA doSa hai ? nizcaya hI yaha to mere apane karmoM kA hI doSa hai| maiMne apane pichale janma meM kisI prakAra kA bhayaMkara azubha karma kiyA hogA, usI kA yaha phala Aja mujhe mila rahA hai| mahAn Azcarya hai, ki zarIra se camar3I jisa samaya utArI jA rahI thI, usa dAruNa aura bhayaMkara duHkha kI velA meM bhI skandaka muni ke mana meM na camar3I utArane vAle jallAda ke prati dveSa thA aura na camar3I utArane kA Adeza dene vAle rAjA ke prati hii| ____ Apa yaha mata samajhie, ki usa samaya skandaka muni ko vedanA yA pIr3A nahIM ho rahI thii|shriir meM eka choTI sI suI cubhane para bhI jaba pIr3A hotI hai aura paira meM eka sAdhAraNa sA kA~TA laga jAne para bhI jaba vyathA hotI hai, taba yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai, ki zarIra kI khAla utArate samaya skandaka muni ko vedanA, pIr3A athavA vyathA nahIM thii| bAta yaha hai ki zarIra kI pIr3A aura vyathA to bhayaMkara thI, kintu AtmA ke paribodha ne usa vedanA aura vyathA ko unake mana meM praveza nahIM karane diyaa| jaba sAdhaka AtmA aura pudgala meM bheda-vijJAna kara letA hai aura yaha nizcaya kara letA hai, ki AtmA bhinna hai aura yaha zarIra bhinna hai, taba isa bheda-vijJAna ke AdhAra para bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara kaSTa ko bhI sahana karane.kI adbhuta kSamatA usameM A jAtI hai| skandaka muni ne apane zarIra para se apanA upayoga haTAkara use AtmA meM kendrita kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai, ki jallAda unake zarIra se khAla utAratA rahA aura ve AtmalIna rhe| itanA hI nahIM, skandaka muni ne khAla utArate samaya zAnta svara se jallAda se kahA-"tujhe apane isa kArya ko sampanna karane meM kisI prakAra kI asuvidhA aura bAdhA na honI cAhie, isake lie yadi karavaTa badalane kI AvazyakatA ho to mujhe batalA denA, maiM vaisA hI kara luuNgaa|" kalpanA kIjie, jaba kisI mRta zarIra kI khAla utaratI dekhane se bhI mana meM bhaya hotA hai taba jIvita zarIra para se khAla utArane ke isa dAruNa dRzya ko dekhane vAloM ke mana
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________________ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya 63 meM bhaya kyoM na huA hogA? svayaM khAla utArane vAlA jallAda bhI isa bhISaNa kArya se kA~pa uThA thaa| kintu skandaka muni ke mana meM na kisI prakAra kA bhaya aura na kisI prakAra kA kampana hI thaa| jarA vicAra to kIjie, isa prakAra kI sthiti meM samabhAva rakhanA kitanA kaThina kAma hai ? para skandaka muni ke lie yaha kaThina na thA, kyoMki unhoMne apane upayoga ko evaM cetanA kI dhArA ko zarIra para haTAkara AtmA meM kendrita kara diyA thaa| aura jaba jJAna kI dhArA zarIra se haTakara AtmA meM samAhita ho jAtI hai, taba duHkha hote hue bhI use duHkha kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| ___ maiM Apase kaha rahA thA, ki isa prakAra kI dazA jIvana meM taba AtI hai, jaba ki jJAna-cetanA vizuddha, nirmala aura pavitra ho jAtI hai| yadi kaNAda ke anusAra jJAna ke kAraNa hI duHkha hotA hai, taba skandaka muni ko bhI vaha honA cAhie thA aura usa sthiti meM ve apane zarIra kI camar3I kaise utaravA sakate the? yAda rakhie, isa prakAra kI sthiti meM na koI apane zarIra se camar3I utaravA sakatA hai, na koI zUlI para car3ha sakatA hai, na koI phA~sI ke takhte para jhUla sakatA hai aura na koI ha~sate-ha~sate jahara kA pyAlA hI pI sakatA ataH itihAsa kI ukta jIvana gAthAoM se yaha siddha hotA hai, ki duHkha kA kAraNa jJAna nahIM hai, phalataH mukti ke lie jJAna ko samApta karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki zarIra aura AtmA meM bheda-vijJAna kiyA jaae|shriir se upayoga haTAkara, AtmA meM usa upayoga ko lagAnA, sAdhaka-jIvana kI yaha eka bahuta bar3I aura bahuta U~cI kalA hai, jo jJAna aura viveka se hI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM hai, kintu jaba jJAna meM rAga-dveSa kA mizraNa ho jAtA hai, tabhI use duHkha kA kAraNa kahA jAtA hai| jJAna se to duHkha ko dUra kiyA jAtA hai, jJAna aura viveka ke kAraNa hI AtmA meM se viSamatA dUra hokara samatA utpanna hotI hai| maiM Apase AtmA ke jJAna-guNa kI carcA kara rahA thaa| AdhyAtmika granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha bhalIbhA~ti parijJAta hotA hai, ki AtmA kA jJAna-guNa AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai| jo AtmA hai, vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai vahI AtmA hai| nizcaya-dRSTi se jJAna aura AtmA meM dvaitatA hai hI nahIM, kintu vyavahAra-bhASA meM hI hama kahate haiM ki AtmA meM jJAna-guNa hai athavA jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai| - jaina-darzana ke anusAra guNa aura guNI meM na ekAnta bheda mAnA gayA hai aura na ekAnta abheda hii| jaina-darzana ke anusAra guNa aura guNI meM kathaMcit bheda bhI hai aura kathaMcit abheda bhI hai| jaba bheda dRSTi se kathana kiyA jAtA hai, taba hama kahate haiM, ki jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai kintu jaba abheda dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, taba hama kahate haiM ki AtmA jJAnasvarUpa hI hai| jJAna AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai| jo jJAna hai, vahI AtmA hai aura jo AtmA hai, vahI jJAna hai|
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________________ 64 adhyAtma-pravacana ___ jJAna kA yaha svabhAva hai ki vaha padArtha ke svarUpa kA jJAna karAtA hai, isake lie hameM apanI jJAna cetanA ko yaha Adeza nahIM denA par3atA ki tuma padArthoM kA jJAna hameM kraao| jisa prakAra darpaNa kA yaha svabhAva hai ki usake sAmane jaisA bimba AtA hai, vaisA hI usameM pratibimbita ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra jJAna kA bhI yaha svabhAva hai, ki padArtha jaisA hotA hai, vaisA hI jJAna meM pratibhAsita ho jAtA hai| jJAna ho aura vaha apane jJeya kA jJAna na karAe, yaha kabhI sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| jJAna meM hajAroM, lAkhoM, padArtha jJeyarUpa meM pratibimbita hote rahate haiN| kevalajJAnI ke jJAna meM to samasta anantAnanta padArtha aura eka-eka padArtha kI ananta-ananta paryAya jJeyarUpa meM pratikSaNa pratibimbita hotI rahatI haiN| darzanazAstra ke anusAra kisI padArtha kA jJAna karane ke lie tIna tatvoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai-jJAtA, jJAna aura jnyey| isI kI carcA maiMne Apase kI hai| jJAtA AtmA hai, jJAna usakI zakti hai aura jJAna kA viSaya banane vAlA padArtha jJeya hotA hai| saMsAra meM padArtha ananta haiM, isalie una ananta padArthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA jJAna bhI ananta hai| kintu AvaraNa-dazA meM jJAna sImita hotA hai, ataH sImita padArtha hI hamAre jJeya banate haiN| nirAvaraNa-dazA meM jJAna ananta ho jAtA hai, ataH vaha ananta padArthoM ko jAna sakatA hai| adhyAtma-zAstra ke anusAra jJAna do prakAra kA hai-svabhAva-jJAma aura vibhaav-jnyaan| svabhAva jJAna kA artha hai, vaha jJAna jisameM na rAgAMza ho, aura na dveSAMza ho, AtmA kI zuddha dazA ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna svabhAvajJAna hotA hai| AtmA kA jJAna jaba jJAnarUpa meM rahatA hai, taba saMvara aura nirjarA kI sAdhanA se isa saMsArI AtmA ko mukti kI prApti ho jAtI hai| jaba jJAna ke sAtha rAga-dveSa rahatA hai, taba jJAna kI vaha vibhAva dazA hotI hai| vibhAva-dazA meM AtmA Amnava ke kAraNa karmabandha karatA hai aura karmabandha ke kAraNa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki svabhAva-jJAna mokSa kA kAraNa hai aura vibhAva-jJAna saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| jJAna kI vizuddhi aura pavitratA hI jIvana ke vikAsa kA kAraNa hai|
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________________ 6. naya jJAna kI do dhArAe~ zrutajJAna ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa vicAra karane kI apekSA hai| zrutajJAna pramANa rUpa hai, kyoMki vastutatva kA akhaNDa rUpa se bodha karatA hai| zrutajJAna rUpa virAT mahAsAgara meM rUpI, arUpI, pudgala, AtmA aura dharmAstikAya Adi sabhI padArthoM kA jJeyatvena samAveza ho jAtA hai| vaha apane jJAna prakAza meM ananta vastuoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| bhale hI una ananta vastuoM kI jhalaka zrutajJAna meM parokSa rUpa se hI hotI hai; parantu vaha apane meM samagra padArthoM kA pratibimba avazya le sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM nayoM kA jo varNana AtA hai, unakA sambandha kisa jJAna se hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki nayoM kA sambandha zrutajJAna se hai| zruta ke hI bheda, vikalpa yA aMza naya haiN| zrutajJAna aMzI hai, aura naya usake aMza haiN| ataH eka prazna yaha bhI upasthita hotA hai, ki zrutajJAna to pramANa hai, kintu naya pramANa haiM athavA apramANa? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki naya na ekAnta rUpa se pramANa hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se apramANa hI hai, apitu pramANa kA aMza hai| jisa prakAra samudra kI taraMga ko hama na samudra kaha sakate haiM aura na asamudra hI, hA~ samudra kA aMza avazya kaha sakate haiN| usI prakAra zrutajJAna rUpI mahAsAgara kI taraMgeM haiN-ny| isa dRSTi se hama unheM na pramANa kaha sakate haiM, na apramANa hii| zrutajJAna rUpa pramANa sAgara kA aMza hone se unheM pramANAMza kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi nayoM ke asaMkhyAta prakAra haiM, tathApi mukhya rUpa se naya ke do bheda haiM-nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra ny| nizcaya naya Atmatatva ke akhaNDa rUpa kA varNana karatA hai| deza aura kAla ke bheda se athavA guNa aura paryAya ke bheda se vaha AtmA ke alaga-alaga svarUpa kA varNana nahIM karatA, balki trikAlI jIvasvarUpa akhaNDa caitanyadhArAtmaka AtmasvarUpa ke paribodha meM hI usakI sArthakatA hai| nizcaya naya meM AtmA baddha nahIM mAlUma par3atA, balki vaha bandhana-mukta sadA eka rasa jJAyakasvabhAvI mAlUma par3atA hai| baddha dazA AtmA kA trikAlI svabhAva nahIM hai| nizcayanaya meM AtmA kA trikAlI rUpa hI jhalakatA hai| usameM AtmA kA dezakAla Adi apekSAkRta rUpa nahIM jhalakatA hai| AtmA kI baddha avasthA usakA trikAlI svarUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki karma kA kSaya kara dene para usakI sattA nahIM rahatI hai| isI kAraNa se nizcaya naya meM karmoM kA bhAna nahIM hotA, balki AtmA ke zuddha evaM nirvikAra svarUpa kA hI darzana hotA hai| AtmA bandhana mukta hai aura isI svarUpa kA darzana nizcayanaya meM hotA hai| AtmA ke badalate hue vibhinna bandhana-yukta rUpoM kA darzana usameM nahIM hotA hai| 65
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________________ 66 adhyAtma-pravacana nizcaya naya meM zarIra, indriya aura mana bhI nahIM jhalakatA hai, kyoMki ve Aja haiM to kala nahIM haiM, ve anAdi, ananta eva trikAlI nahIM hai| AtmA kI jo badalane vAlI avasthA jisakA Adi hai, aura anta bhI hai, vaha nizcaya naya meM dikhalAI nahIM par3atI hai| usameM kevala AtmA ke trikAlI, akhaNDa, anAdi evaM ananta svarUpa kA darzana hI hotA hai| nizcaya naya meM AtmA kA vibhAva bhAva parilakSita nahIM hotA hai, kevala AtmA kA zuddha svabhAva hI usameM parilakSita hotA hai| nizcaya naya ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki AtmA kI jo avasthA bandha aura karma ke sparza se rahita hai, jahA~ kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM hai aura jisameM kisI bhI prakAra kA vikAra pratibimbita nahIM hotA hai, AtmA kI usa vizuddha dazA kA nAma hI nizcaya naya hai| vastutaH isa nizcaya naya kI zuddha pratIti ko hI parama zuddha samyaktva kahate haiN| yaha avasthA AtmA kI vizuddha avasthA hai| - saMsAra karmoM kA hI eka khela hai| AtmA kA baddharUpa, spRzya rUpa, bheda rUpa aura aniyata rUpa to sAdhAraNa dRSTi meM jhalakatA hai, parantu AtmA abaddha hai, aspRzya hai, abhinna hai aura niyata hai-isa prakAra isake vizuddha svarUpa kA paribodha jaba taka nahIM ho pAegA, taba taka AtmA apane bhava-bandhanoM se vimukta nahIM ho skegaa| jahA~ bheda aura vikalpa rahate haiM, vahA~ nizcaya naya nahIM hotaa| nizcaya naya vahIM hotA hai, jahA~ kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda aura kisI bhI prakAra kA vikalpa nahIM rahane paataa| nizcaya naya kI deha, karma, indriya aura mana Adi se pare ekamAtra vizuddha Atma-tatva para hI ekAgratArUpa dRSTi rahatI hai| jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM para vijaya prApta karanA hai| karmoM kA jo udaya bhAva hai, vaha nizcaya dRSTi kA lakSya nahIM hai| indriyoM kA viSaya aura mana kA viSaya bhI AtmA kA apanA svarUpa nahIM hai| yaha saba audayika bhAva hai, jo karmoM ke udaya se prApta hotA hai| nizcaya dRSTi sampanna vyakti ise kabhI bhI apanA svarUpa nahIM mAnatA hai / jaina darzana kA lakSya vyavahAra naya ko lA~gha kara usa parama vizuddha nirvikAra sthiti taka pahu~canA hai, jahA~ na kisI prakAra kA kSobha rahatA hai aura na kisI prakAra kA moha hI raha pAtA hai| paryAyoM kI jo pratikSaNa badalatI dazA bhedarUpa dRSTigocara hotI hai, usa ko bhI lA~gha kara usase bhI pare jo eka abheda dravyArthika bhAva hai aura jo anAdi kAla se kabhI azuddha huA hI nahIM, aura jaba azuddha huA hI nahIM to phira zuddha bhI kahA~ rahA? isa prakAra jo zuddha aura azuddha donoM se pare ekamevAdvitIya nirvikalpa, trikAlI nijasvarUpa hai, vahI zuddha nizcaya naya kA svarUpa hai| zuddhanizcaya naya dravyapradhAna hotA hai| kSaNa-kSaNa meM badalane vAlI nara evaM nArakAdi paryAyoM ko vaha grahaNa nahIM karatA / vaha to AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko hI grahaNa karatA hai| jo vyakti zuddha nizcaya naya ko prApta kara letA hai, usake lie sat, cit evaM Ananda rUpa AtmA ke atirikta anya kucha bhI isa saMsAra meM na jJAtavya rahatA hai, na prAptavya rahatA hai aura na upAdeya hI rahatA hai|
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________________ naya jJAna kI do dhArAe~ 67 deha ke astitva kI pratIti karanA, indriya aura mana Adi ke svarUpa ko jAnanA bhI, caturtha guNasthAna para ArohaNa karane ke lie arthAt samyaktva prApti ke lie Avazyaka nahIM hai| karma ko evaM AtmA ke azuddha svarUpa ko svIkAra karane meM bhI samyaktva kI koI jyoti evaM prakAza nahIM hai, kyoMki jahA~ taka deha, indriya, mana, karma aura rAga aura dveSa haiM, vahA~ taka saMsAra kI sthiti hI rahatI hai / samyak dRSTi AtmA kA dRSTikoNa zarIra, indriya, mana aura karma Adi se pare honA cAhie, kyoMki ye saba bhautika hote haiN| eka abhautika tatva AtmA hI usake jIvana kA lakSya hotA hai| karma evaM rAga-dveSa Adi ke vikalpa bhI AtmA ke apane nahIM haiN| ajJAnI AtmA ajJAnavaza hI inheM apanA samajhatA hai| karma AtmA kA svarUpa nahIM hai| kyoMki vaha traikAlika nahIM hai, Agantuka hai| karma kA mUla kAraNa rAga aura dveSa haiN| samyak dRSTi AtmA ina vibhAva bhAvoM ko kabhI apanA svarUpa nahIM samajhatA / eka mAtra zuddha Atma tatva ko hI vaha apanA svarUpa samajhatA hai| dharma-sAdhanA kA eka mAtra uddezya yahI hai, ki AtmA sva-svarUpa meM lIna ho jaae| dharma kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki vastu kA apanA svabhAva hI dharma hai / ataH AtmA kA jo trikAlI jJAyaka svarUpa hai, vahI dharma hai| maiM Apase nizcaya dRSTi kI bAta kaha rahA thA / jIvana ke asaMkhyAta evaM ananta vikalpoM ko chor3akara sva-svarUpa kI pratIti karanA hI nizcaya naya hai| mana ke saMkalpa aura vikalpoM se pare AtmA kA darzana karanA hI samyaktva hai| AtmA ananya aura abhedya hai| AtmA ke isa svarUpa kA zraddhAna hI samyak darzana kahA jAtA hai| Atma-svarUpa kI pratIti hue binA, apane svarUpa ko samajhe binA, apane ko dharma-sAdhanA meM lagAe rakhanA sambhava nahIM hai| maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA, ki AtmA ke azuddha svarUpa ko na dekhakara usake zuddha svarUpa ko hI grahaNa karanA, yahI nizcaya naya hai| nizcaya naya ke abhAva meM dharma-sAdhanA kA mUlya eka zUnya bindu se bar3hakara nahIM rahatA / nizcaya naya nimitta ko na pakar3a kara upAdAna ko pakar3atA hai, jabaki vyavahAra naya upAdAna para na pahu~ca kara, kevala nimitta meM hI aTaka jAtA hai| vyavahAra dRSTi se dekhane para to yaha AtmA azuddha aura karmabaddha pratIta hotA hai, kintu nizcaya naya se dekhane para vaha abaddha aura zuddha pratIta hotA hai / vyavahAra naya se dekhane para AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa nahIM jAnA jAtA, kyoMki nimitta kAraNoM se hone vAle parivartanoM ko hI vaha AtmA kA svarUpa samajhane lagatA hai, jabaki nizcaya naya se dekhane para hameM AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa hI parijJAta hotA hai, kyoMki nizcaya naya AtmA ke vibhAva-bhAvoM ko AtmA kA svarUpa nahIM maantaa| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAra naya ke sambandha meM Apako eka bAta aura samajha lenI cAhie ki vyavahAra naya kA AdhAra bheda dRSTi hai, jabaki nizcaya naya kA AdhAra abheda dRSTi hai| bheda meM abheda dekhanA, yaha nizcaya naya hai aura abheda meM bheda dekhanA, yaha vyavahAra
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________________ 68 adhyAtma-pravacana na hai / abheda dRSTi se dekhane para AtmA kA eka aura akhaNDa vizuddha svarUpa hI parijJAta ho jAtA hai, isake viparIta vyavahAra naya se dekhane para AtmA paryAya bhAva se bhinna-bhinna hI pratIta hotI hai, usameM abheda kA darzana nahIM hone pAtA / maiM Apase nizcaya naya kI bAta kara rahA thA, kintu aba vyavahAra naya ke sambandha meM bhI kucha vicAra kara leM / vyavahAra naya ke mukhya rUpa meM do bheda haiM- sadbhUta vyavahAra naya tathA asadbhUta vyavahAra naya / yadi Apa gambhIratA ke sAtha vicAra kareMge to Apako yaha pratIta hogA ki ina donoM meM maulika bheda kyA hai ? jaba hama jJAna aura AtmA ko abhinna mAnate hue kahate haiM, ki jJAna svayaM AtmA hai, taba yaha nizcaya naya kI bhASA hotI hai / aura jaba hama jJAna aura AtmA ko bhinna mAnate hue yaha kahate haiM ki jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai, taba yaha vyavahAra naya hotA hai| jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai, yaha sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai / yahA~ para AtmA guNI hai aura jJAna usakA guNa hai| guNa kabhI apane guNI se alaga nahIM ho sakatA aura guNI bhI kabhI guNazUnya nahIM ho sktaa| jala meM zItalatA rahatI hai aura agni meM uSNatA rahatI hai, kintu jala kI zItalatA ko jala se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura agni kI uSNatA ko bhI agni se kabhI alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra AtmA ke jJAna guNa ko kabhI AtmA se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / guNa aura guNI meM abhedatA aura akhaNDatA rahatI hai| phira bhI jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai, isa udAharaNa meM bheda kI jo pratIti hotI hai, vaha abheda meM bheda kA kevala vyavahAra hai / vyavahAra meM AtmA ko guNI mAnA jAtA hai aura jJAna ko usakA guNa mAnA jAtA hai, yaha to bolane aura samajhane kI bhASA hai| vastutaH guNa aura guNI meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rahatA hai| jJAna jaba kabhI rahegA, taba AtmA meM hI rahegA, AtmA se alaga vaha kahIM raha nahIM sakatA, phira bhI yahA~ para jo guNa guNI meM bheda batalAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, usakA abhiprAya itanA hI hai, ki yaha kathana abheda dRSTi se na hokara bheda dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra guNa aura guNI meM tAdAtmya sambandha hai, AdhAra - Adheya bhAva sambandha nahIM hai, jaisA ki ghRta aura pAtra meM hotA hai / ghRta Adheya hai aura pAtra usakA AdhAra hai| pAtra meM ghRta saMyoga sambandha se rahatA hai, parantu ghRta pAtra svarUpa na hone se unakA sambandha tAdAtmya sambandha nahIM ho sktaa| jabaki AtmA kA aura usake jJAna guNa kA sambandha tAdAtmya sambandha hotA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra guNa aura guNI meM na ekAnta bheda hotA hai aura na ekAnta abheda / jaina darzana ke anusAra guNa aura guNI meM kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abheda rahatA hai| mUla dravya kI apekSA se abheda sambandha rahatA hai aura guNa evaM paryAya kI dRSTi se bheda sambandha rahatA hai| jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai, yahA~ para jo bheda batalAyA hai, vaha sadbhUta hai, asadbhUta nahIM, kyoMki jJAna AtmA meM hI milatA hai, AtmA ke atirikta anyatra usakI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki yaha sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai| sadbhUta hote hue bhI yaha vyavahAra hI hai, nizcaya nhiiN| kyoMki hA~ bheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ vyavahAra hI hotA hai| jJAna AtmA se abhinna hote
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________________ naya jJAna kI do dhArAe~ 69 hae bhI, isa udAharaNa meM, usameM bheda kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| isI AdhAra para yaha sadbhuta vyavahAra naya hai| sadbhUta vyavahAra naya mAnatA hai, ki jo vastu sat hai, usameM bheda bhI hai| isa prakAra AtmA meM aura usake guNoM meM bheda na hone para bhI jaba bheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai taba use vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| vyavahAra naya meM upacAra kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ jJAna guNa aura AtmA meM bheda na hone para bhI bheda kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai, ataH vyavahAra naya vyavahAra naya kA dUsarA bheda hai-asadbhUta vyavahAra ny| asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA~ hotA hai, isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jahA~ bheda kA kathana ho, kintu vaha sadbhUta na hokara yadi asadbhUta ho to vahA~ para asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie samajhie ki jaba maiM yaha kahatA hU~ ki, 'yaha zarIra merA hai' taba yaha kathana asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahalAtA hai| vastutaH yaha zarIra merA nahIM hai, arthAt jIva kA apanA nahIM hai, yaha to pudgaloM se banA huA hai| isI prakAra mana aura indriya bhI AtmA ke apane na hokara zarIra ke samAna paudgalika hI haiN| phira bhI vyavahAra meM hama yaha kahate haiM ki merA zarIra, merI indriyA~ aura merA mn| vastutaH ukta tInoM tatva apane na hote hue bhI hama unameM apanatva kA upacAra karate haiN| isI AdhAra para isa dRSTi ko asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| ___kalpanA kIjie; Apake sAmane eka miTTI kA ghar3A rakkhA huA hai, usameM kabhI ghI rakhA thaa| ataH usa miTTI ke ghar3e ko jaba Apa miTTI kA na kaha kara, ghI kA ghar3A kahate haiM, taba isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki ApakA yaha kathana asadbhuta vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi se huA hai| vAstava meM ghar3A na kabhI ghI kA hotA hai aura na tela kA hotA hai, kintu saMyoga sambandha ko lekara hama yaha kahate haiM ki yaha ghI kA ghar3A hai aura yaha tela kA ghar3A hai| kyoMki bhUta kAla meM athavA vartamAna kAla meM usa ghar3e ke sAtha hama ghI kA aura tela kA saMyoga sambandha dekha cuke haiM, isI AdhAra para vyavahAra meM hama yaha kaha dete haiM, ki ghI kA ghar3A athavA tela kA ghar3A laao| bhaviSya ke saMyoga sambandha ko lekara bhI vartamAna meM ghI ghar3A aura tela kA ghar3A, ityAdi vyavahAra ho sakatA hai| parantu yaha kathana satyabhUta nahIM hai| isIlie ise asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki ghar3A ghI se aura tela se kabhI nirmita nahIM hotaa| zarIra aura AtmA meM bheda hai, parantu donoM ke saMyoga ko lekara yaha kathana kara diyA gayA hai, ki 'merA shriir|' zarIra aura AtmA meM bheda hai, kyoMki zarIra bhautika hai aura AtmA abhautika hai| zarIra jar3a hai, aura AtmA cetana hai| cetana rUpa AtmA kA jar3a rUpa zarIra apanA kaise ho sakatA hai| yaha satya hone para bhI hama dekhate haiM, ki AtmA isa zarIra meM vAsa karatA hai| dehI isa deha meM vidyamAna hai| jaba dehI isa deha meM nivAsa karatA hai to upacAra se yaha mAna liyA gayA, ki yaha zarIra AtmA kA hai|
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________________ 70 adhyAtma-pravacana kalpanA kIjie, eka vyakti jisakA apanA ghara nahIM hai, vaha kisI dUsare kA ghara kirAe para le kara usameM rahatA hai, vaha vyakti jaba taka usameM rahatA hai, taba taka vaha use apanA hI kahatA hai| vaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki yaha ghara merA nahIM hai| yahI dRSTi maiM Apako yahA~ batalA rahA thaa| zarIra aura AtmA svabhAvataH bhinna hone para bhI, yahA~ para zarIra ko jo merA kahA gayA hai, isa upacAra kathana kA mukhya kAraNa zarIra aura AtmA kA saMyoga sambandha hI hai| isI prakAra merI indriyA~ aura merA mana, yaha yaha kathana bhI ukta AdhAra para hI kiyA jAtA hai| bheda hote hue bhI yahA~ abheda kA kathana upacAra se kiyA gayA hai, aura vaha upacAra bhI sadbhUta na hokara asadbhUta hI hai| isI AdhAra para isa dRSTi ko asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA ki jaba dRSTi abhedapradhAna hotI hai, taba nizcaya naya hotA hai aura jaba dRSTi bhedapradhAna hotI hai, taba vyavahAra naya hotA hai| vyavahAra naya meM bhI kathana do prakAra kA hotA hai-sadbhUta aura asdbhuut| jaba sadbhuta kathana hotA hai, taba vaha sadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahalAtA hai aura jaba kathana asadbhUta hotA hai taba use asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| vastukathana ke aneka prakAra haiN| eka hI vastu kA kathana aneka prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI ko anekAnta dRSTi athavA anekAntavAda kahA jAtA hai,jo jainadarzana kA prANa hai| ___maiM Apase nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya kI bAta kaha rahA thaa| nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke sambandha meM yathArtha dRSTikoNa samajhAne kA maiMne prayala kiyA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki viSaya bar3A gambhIra hai, para yaha bhI satya hai ki ise samajhe binA Apa jaina-darzana ke marma ko nahIM samajha skte| jaina darzana ke adhyAtmavAda ko samajhane ke lie to nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya ko samajhanA paramAvazyaka hai| __ nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie eka dUsare prakAra se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai| AtmA aura karma pudgala ko eka kSetrAvagAhI kahA hai| AkAza rUpa kSetra meM AtmA aura karma pudgala donoM rahate haiN| ataH AtmA aura karma pudgala donoM kA kSetra eka hai, parantu yaha kathana vyavahAra dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| nizcaya naya meM yaha kathana yathArtha nahIM hai, kyoMki nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se AtmA AtmA meM rahatA hai, karma-karma meM rahatA hai, aura AkAza-AkAza meM rahatA hai| nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se pratyeka dravya apane meM hI rahatA hai, kisI dUsare meM nhiiN| prAcIna kAla meM bhI isa prakAra kA prazna uThAyA gayA thA ki AtmA kahA~ rahatA hai aura siddha kahA~ rahate haiM ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA aura siddha AkAza meM rahate haiM, parantu AkAza meM to AkAza rahatA hai, phira vahA~ AtmA aura siddha kaise raha sakate haiM, ataH vastusthiti yaha hai ki AtmA AkAza meM nahIM rahatA, balki AtmA meM hI rahatA hai| isI prakAra karma AkAza meM nahIM rahatA, karma meM hI rahatA hai| yaha nizcaya dRSTi hai| parantu vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi meM eka kSetrAvagAhI evaM saMyogI hone ke
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________________ saMsAra-mukti kA hetu : jJAna 71 kAraNa donoM kA kSetra eka kahA jAtA hai| dUdha aura pAnI milane para yaha nahIM kahA jAtA ki yaha dUdha kA pAnI hai, balki yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki yaha dUdha hai| kyoMki jaba dUdha pAnI mila gae to donoM alaga kahA~ rahe? parantu nizcaya dRSTi se dekhane para dUdha aura pAnI eka nahIM ho skte| dUdha-dUdha hai aura paanii-paanii| eka kSetrAvagAhI hone mAtra se hI donoM eka nahIM ho skte| isI prakAra yahA~ para bhI AtmA aura karma eka kSetrAvagAhI hone se eka nahIM ho skte| nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para AtmA aura karma donoM kI sattA alaga-alaga hai| AtmA cetanA hai aura karma pudgala haiM, ve donoM eka kaise ho sakate haiM, jabaki donoM ke svabhAva alaga-alaga haiN| ataH vyavahAra naya se AkAza rUpa eka kSetra meM rahate hue bhI nizcaya se ve alaga haiN| kalpanA kIjie, Apa svarNa kharIdane ke lie bAjAra ge| yadi kisI prakAra Apako yaha mAlUma ho jAegA ki jisa svarNa ko Apa kharIda rahe haiM, usameM milAvaTa hai, to nizcaya hI Apa khoTe sone ko kharIdane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hoNge| milAvaTa usI avasthA kA nAma hai, jabaki do vibhinna vastuoM kA mizraNa hotA hai| jaba sone meM sone ke atirikta kisI dUsarI dhAtu kA mizraNa hotA hai, taba Apa use loka-bhASA meM khoTA sonA kahate haiN| isI prakAra khoTA rupayA, khoTA paisA Adi vyavahAra Apa karate rahate haiN| jaba taka Apako sone ke khoTepana kA bodha nahIM thA, taba taka Apa use kharIda sakate the, kintu jaba usake khoTepana kA parijJAna Apako ho jAtA hai, taba Apa use nahIM khriidte| isI prakAra AtmA aura karma donoM alaga-alaga padArtha haiM, kintu anAdikAla se unakA saMyoga hai|aatmprdesh aura karma paramANu paraspara dUdha aura pAnI ke samAna mile hue haiM, parantu yaha dRSTi vyavahAra dRSTi hai, nizcaya dRSTi nhiiN| nizcaya dRSTi meM kisI bhI prakAra kI milAvaTa grahaNa nahIM kI jA sktii| AtmA ko AtmA samajhanA aura karma ko karma samajhanA, yahI nizcaya dRSTi hai| vyavahAra dRSTi AtmA aura karma meM bhinnatA kI pratIti nahIM karatI, vaha karma ko AtmA kA hI rUpa samajha letI hai, jisa prakAra ki eka ajJAnI vyakti khoTe sone ko saccA sonA samajhane kI bhUla kara letA hai| isake viparIta nizcaya dRSTi vaha hai, jo vastu ke mUla svarUpa ko grahaNa karatI hai| AtmA ke mUla-svarUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi, AtmA ke vaibhAvika rUpa ko grahaNa kaise kara sakatI hai| maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA, ki jIvana-vikAsa ke lie nizcaya naya kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hai| nizcaya naya AtmA ke vizuddha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie parama sAdhana hai|
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________________ // ||7. saMsAra-mukti kA heta: yaha saMsAra kyA vastu hai ? kyA isa saMsAra kA kabhI vinAza ho sakatA hai ? jIvana ke sAtha jagata kA aura jagata ke sAtha jIvana kA kyA sambandha hai ? isa prakAra ke prazna darzana-zAstra meM cirakAla se uThate rahe haiM aura unakA samaya-samaya para samAdhAna bhI kiyA jAtA rahA hai| mukhya prazna yaha hai,ki isa saMsAra kA svarUpa kyA hai? aura isakA vinAza athavA abhAva kaise ho sakatA hai ? zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai, ki jaba AtmajJAna prakaTa ho jAtA hai, taba saMsAra nahIM rhtaa| saMsAra samApta ho jAtA hai, phira usakI sthiti nahIM rhtii| kahA gayA hai ki-'jJAte tatve kaH saMsAraH?' tatva kA parijJAna ho jAne para phira yaha saMsAra nahIM raha paataa| mere kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki tatva jJAna ho jAne para saMsAra kyoM nahIM rahatA? yadi saMsAra satyabhUta hai aura vAstavika hai, to phira usakI sattA se inakAra kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? jo sat hai vaha kabhI asat nahIM ho sakatA hai| aura jo asat hai, vaha kabhI sat nahIM ho sktaa| yadi saMsAra sat hai, to tatvajJAna ke prakaTa hone para bhI vaha rahegA hI, usakA vilopa aura vinAza nahIM ho sktaa| phira bhI yahA~ para tatvajJAna se saMsAra kA jo vinAza batalAyA hai, usakA eka vizeSa uddezya hai| vizeSa uddezya yahI hai, ki tatvajJAna prakaTa ho jAne para bAhara meM saMsAra kI sattA to rahatI hai, parantu andara meM sAdhaka ke mana meM saMsAra kI Asakti nahIM rahatI, phalataH saMsAra nahIM rhtaa| saMsAra kI sattA rahe, para Asakti na rahe to sAdhaka jIvana kI yaha eka bahuta bar3I siddhi hai| jaina darzana meM isI ko vItarAga avasthA kahA gayA hai| gItA meM isI kI sthitaprajJa dazA kahA gayA hai| jIvana meM isa prakAra kI sthiti aura isa prakAra kI avasthA kA AnA hI sAdhanA kI saphalatA hai| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki AtmA kI zuddha vastusthiti kA patA cala jAne para tathA sva-para kA bhedajJAnarUpa tatvajJAna prakaTa ho jAne para saMsAra nahIM rahatA, taba prazna uThatA hai, ki saMsAra naSTa hone kA kyA artha hai ? jJAna hone para zarIra rahatA hI hai| indriyA~ bhI rahatI haiM aura mana bhI rahatA hai| mana meM vicAra bhI uThate rahate haiM, kabhI sukha aura kabhI duHkha kI sthiti bhI AtI aura jAtI rahatI hai| jaina darzana kahatA hai ki jaba taka karma haiM aura jaba taka karma kA udayabhAva hai, taba taka sukha aura duHkha, hAni aura lAbha, jIvana aura maraNa, zAnti aura azAnti-ye saba dvandva calate hI rheNge| zarIra ke sukha evaM duHkha ke bhoga bhI miTeMge nhiiN| indriyA~ bhI apane-apane viSayoM ko grahaNa karatI rheNgii| phira saMsAra kyA miTA aura kaise miTA? tatvajJAna hone para 72
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________________ saMsAra-mukti kA hetu : jJAna 73 bhI, jaba yaha rahate hI haiM, taba phira saMsAra ke vinAza kA kyA abhiprAya hai? bhArata ke adhyAtmadarzI dArzanikoM ne kaise kaha diyA ki tatvajJAna hone para saMsAra naSTa ho jAtA hai! prAcIna AcAryoM ne isa sambandha meM gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai| apane cintana kI cAbI se rahasya ke tAle ko kholane kA prayala kiyA hai| una tatva cintakoM ne kahA hai, ki Atmatatva mUla meM eka hI hai| usameM kahIM para bhI nAnAtva pratIta nahIM hotaa| AtmA kI audayika Adi vividha paryAyoM meM aura rUpoM meM kevala usa trikAlIjJAyaka svabhAva rUpa eka AtmarUpa kA hI dhyAna karo, tathA pratikSaNa badalatI huI ananta paryAyoM kA jo pravAha baha rahA hai, usameM usa eka divya zakti kI hI khoja karo aura apane andara meM yahI vicAra karo ki hameM usa eka ke lakSya para pahu~canA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra isa vicAra ko dravya dRSTi aura pAriNAmika bhAva kahA jAtA hai| bheda se abheda kI ora jAnA, khaNDa se akhaNDa kI ora jAnA tathA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora jAnA hI, pAriNAmika bhAva hai| yaha jo dRzyamAna jagata hai, sukha-duHkha hai, mana aura indriyoM kA bheda hai, usase nikala kara abheda, anAdi aura ananta dhruva svarUpa meM lIna honA hI vastutaH AtmA kA sahaja svabhAva hai| ____saMsAra ke jitane bhI parivartana haiM, una sabakA AdhAra bheda-buddhi hai| jahA~-jahA~ bheda-buddhi hai, vahA~-vahA~ paryAya aura parivartanoM kA cakra calatA hI rahatA hai| jaba taka yaha bheda-dRSTi vidyamAna hai, taba taka saMsAra meM AtmA ko na sukha hai, na santoSa hai aura na zAnti pratyeka sAdhaka ko yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki ina paryAya aura rUpoM ke bhedoM meM lIna rahanA merA jIvana-uddezya nahIM hai| mere jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya yahI hai, ki maiM aneka se eka kI ora Age baDhU~, bheda se abheda kI ora pragati karU~ tathA udayabhAva se nikala kara pAriNAmika bhAva kI ora nitya calatA rhuuN| jahA~ bheda-buddhi aura paryAyabuddhi hotI hai, vahA~ ekatva nahIM rahatA, anekatva Akara khar3A ho jAtA hai| yaha anekatva bhI kyA hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki sAdhaka ke jIvana meM tana kA, mana kA, indriyoM kA tathA rAga evaM dveSa Adi vikalpoM kA hI anekatva hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra isa anekatva se ekatva kI ora bar3hanA hI dravya-dRSTi evaM abheda dRSTi hai| ___ eka bAra eka pustaka meM maiMne par3hA ki bhAratIya darzana kA lakSya ekatva meM anekatva kA pratipAdana karanA hai| parantu mere vicAra meM yaha kathana ucita nahIM hai| anekatva kI ora bar3hanA bhAratIya saMskRti aura bhAratIya darzana kA mUla uddezya nahIM hai| maiM isa tathya ko svIkAra karatA hU~, ki jIvana kI prArambhika sAdhanA meM kucha dUra taka yaha anekatva hamArA sAtha detA hai| isa abhiprAya se vaha hamArA sAdhana ho sakatA hai, sAdhya nahIM ho sktaa| sAdhya to eka mAtra ekatva hI hai| abheda-dRSTi hI hai| jIvana ke khaNDa-khaNDa rUpoM meM ekamAtra akhaNDa rUpa ko hI dekhanA, yahI bhAratIya darzana aura saMskRti kA mUla rUpa hai|
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana bhAratIya darzana kA lakSya ekatva meM anekatva kA darzana nahIM hai, balki anekatva meM ekatva kA darzana karanA hai| bhAratIya darzana anekatva meM ekatva kA, bheda meM abheda kA, khaNDa meM akhaNDatA kA aura paryAya meM dravya kA vidhAna karatA hai| yahI hai, eka mAtra usakA apanA lakSya evaM kendra-vicAra / bheda-buddhi isa jagata ko khaNDa-khaNDa rUpa meM dekhatI hai, jabaki abheda-buddhi ise akhaNDa rUpa meM dekhatI hai| pratyeka sAdhaka ko yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki isa bheda-buddhi se use kabhI sukha aura zAnti milane vAlI nahIM hai| ekatva meM anekatva kI pratIti isalie hotI hai, kyoMki yaha AtmA anantakAla se paryAya buddhi meM aura bheda-buddhi rahatA AyA hai| ataH apane isa vartamAna jIvana meM yadi vaha abheda meM bheda ko dekhatA hai, to yaha usake saMskAroM kA doSa hai| 74 jaina darzana ke AcAryoM ne eka bahuta bar3I bAta kahI hai| unakA kathana hai ki samyak darzana vahA~ rahatA hai, jahA~ paryAya- buddhi, bheda-buddhi aura khaNDa- buddhi nahIM rahatI / vastutaH dravya buddhi aura abheda buddhi hI vAstavika samyak darzana hai / isa abheda - buddhi ko samajhanA bahuta bar3I bAta hai| jaba taka yaha abheda-buddhi hamAre jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM rama na jAegI, taba taka adhyAtma-sAdhanA saphala nahIM ho skegii| bheda meM abheda darzana karanA hI adhyAtma- jIvana kI sarvocca kalA hai| isa sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM ne eka bahuta hI sundara udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| isa udAharaNa meM una prAcIna AcAryoM ne yaha batalAyA hai ki kisa prakAra abheda meM bheda-buddhi utpanna ho jAtI hai| eka kumbhakAra miTTI se ghar3A, Dhakkana, surAhI, sikorA aura nAnA prakAra ke khilaune banA DAlatA hai| miTTI eka hI hai, kintu kumbhakAra apane nimitta ke yoga ke usako nAnA AkAroM meM badala detA hai| jaba miTTI ke ina nAnA rUpa - vidhAna meM aneka vastuoM kA nirmANa hama dekhate haiM, taba hameM nAnAtva kI evaM anekatva kI pratIti hone lagatI haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra isako bheda-buddhi aura paryAya buddhi kahA jAtA hai| parantu jarA vicAra to kIjie, ina samasta rUpa parivartanoM ke pIche eka hI tatva hai, miTTI / jisa prakAra eka hI miTTI nAnA rUpa, AkAra aura prakAroM ko dhAraNa karatI hai, usI prakAra yaha AtmA bhI karmavaza hokara nAnA yoniyoM ko evaM vibhinna sthitiyoM ko prApta hotI rahatI hai| eka hI AtmA kabhI nAraka, kabhI tiryaJca, kabhI manuSya aura kabhI deva banatI rahI hai| AtmA ke nAnA rUpa aura paryAya bheda-buddhi para Azrita haiN| abheda-buddhi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to ina nAnA AkAroM aura prakAroM ke pIche eka hI sattA aura eka hI zakti hai, aatmaa| jisa prakAra miTTI ke nAnA AkAroM ke pIche, mUla rUpa meM miTTI eka hI hai, usI prakAra AtmA kI nAnA paryAyoM ke pIche mUla rUpa meM AtmA eka hI hai| saMsAra meM jahA~-jahA~ hameM nAnAtva aura anekatva dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaha saba paryAya kA khela hai| paryAya kA janma bheda-buddhi se hI hotA hai / eka bAta aura hai, jaba taka AtmA meM paryAya dRSTi vidyamAna hai, tabhI taka yaha nAnAtva dRSTigocara hotA hai / pAriNAmika dRSTi ke jAgRta hote hI nAnAtva aura anekatva sthira
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________________ saMsAra-mukti kA hetu : jJAna 75 nahIM raha paataa| zarIra, mana aura indriya Adi ke rahane para bhI dRSTi meM jaba abhinnatA A jAtI hai, taba saMsAra kA nAnAtva khar3A nahIM raha sktaa| yaha tabhI sambhava hotA hai, jaba lakSya evaM dRSTi Atma-tatva para pahu~ca jAtI hai| miTTI kA jJAna karane ke lie miTTI ke svabhAva ke pAsa pahu~canA par3atA hai aura miTTI ke svabhAva ke pAsa pahu~ca jAne para, miTTI ke bane vibhinna khilaune, miTTI hI najara Ane lagate haiN| AtmA ke sambandha meM bhI yahI satya lAgU par3atA hai| pazu, manuSya aura deva kA zarIra athavA jIvana tabhI taka najara AtA hai, jaba taka paryAya-buddhi hai| parantu jaba dRSTi paryAya se haTa kara trikAlI parama pAriNAmika bhAva rUpa AtmasvabhAva ke nikaTa pahu~ca jAtI hai, taba mAlUma par3atA hai ki vaha AtmA na pazu hai, na manuSya hai, aura na deva hI, AtmA to AtmA hai| jaba Atma-jJAna ho jAne para nAnA AkAra-prakAroM meM AtmA kA hI paribodha hotA hai, usa sthiti meM yaha bAhya saMsAra udaya bhAva meM rahane para bhI ApakI dRSTi meM usakA vinAza ho jAtA hai| jaba Atma-dRSTi udayabhAva se haTakara pAriNAmika bhAva meM pahu~ca jAtI hai, taba sadA aura sarvathA use AtmA hI AtmA dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra yahI dravya dRSTi aura abheda buddhi hai| isakA parijJAna ho jAne para saMsAra ke rahate hue bhI usa sAdhaka ke lie saMsAra nahIM rahane pAtA, isI ko saMsAra kA vinAza kahate haiN| __ isa bAhya jagata ko chor3akara jaba hama Antarika jagata para vicAra karate haiM taba hama jAna pAte haiM, ki yaha saMsAra kSaNa meM naSTa ho jAtA hai aura kSaNabhara meM hI phira khar3A ho jAtA hai| aisA kyoM hotA hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki Asakti hI sabase bar3A saMsAra hai| anAsakti hI saMsAra kA vinAza hai| jaba sAdhaka ke mana meM anAsakti bhAva rahatA hai, taba bAhya padArthoM kI sattA rahane para bhI ve sAdhaka ko pakar3a nahIM skte| isa dRSTi se mere kahane kA abhiprAya yahI hai, ki Asakti hI saMsAra hai aura anAsakti hI saMsAra kA abhAva evaM vinAza hai|jb manuSya bhojana karatA hai, aura jaba madhura evaM kaTu padArthoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, taba usakI AtmA kA upayoga yadi usakI jihvA ke sAtha jur3a jAtA hai, to use svAda kI anubhUti hotI hai, parantu jaba upayoga kA sambandha jihvA se nahIM rahatA, taba padArtha kA sevana karate hue bhI usameM rasa kI anubhUti nahIM hone paatii| ___ isakA sIdhA artha yahI huA, ki vastu kA svabhAva arthAt svAda naSTa ho gyaa| yadyapi usakA svabhAva evaM svAda naSTa to nahIM huA, kintu vaha khAne vAle kI anubhUti meM nahIM rhaa| kyoM ki usakI AtmA kA upayoga usakI jihvA ke sAtha nahIM rhaa| isI prakAra yadi anubhUti meM vaha nahIM rahA, to usake hote hue bhI, vaha nahIM rahA yA naSTa ho gayA, yaha kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra kisI bhI vastu kA sarvathA abhAva nahIM hotA, balki usakA anubhUti meM na AnA hI usakA abhAva hai| jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ vairAgya nahIM raha sakatA, jahA~
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________________ 76 adhyAtma-pravacana Asakti hai, vahA~ anAsakti nahIM raha sakatI, yaha eka nizcita siddhAnta hai| kyA kabhI eka myAna meM do talavAreM raha sakatI haiM ? kabhI nhiiN| prabhu kA mArga bhI itanA saMkarA hai, ki usameM Atma-jJAna aura saMsAra eka sAtha nahIM raha skte| usameM bhagavAna aura zaitAna eka sAtha nahIM raha skte| yadi Apane apane mana ke siMhAsana para rAvaNa ko baiThA liyA hai, to vahA~ rAma ke baiThane kA sthAna nahIM raha sktaa| eka hI siMhAsana para rAma aura rAvaNa donoM nahIM baiTha skte| mana ke siMhAsana para rAma ko baiThAne ke lie vahA~ se rAvaNa ko haTAnA hI pdd'egaa| bhalA yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai, ki andhakAra aura prakAza donoM mitra bana kara eka sAtha calate rheN| jaba eka rahatA hai, taba dUsarA gAyaba ho jAtA hai| andhakAra ke rahane para prakAza nahIM rahatA aura prakAza ke AjAne para andhakAra nahIM Thahara sktaa| Atma-jJAna ho jAne para saMsAra bhAva nahIM hotA aura saMsAra ke rahate hue Atma-bhAva nahIM hotaa| - mere kahane kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai, ki saMsAra kA vinAza athavA vilopa, isakA artha itanA hI hai ki saMsAra ke padArthoM ke prati Asakti hamAre mana meM na rhe| saMsAra ke jisa padArtha ke prati hamAre mana meM rAga hai, vaha hameM sukha rUpa pratIta hotA hai aura saMsAra ke jisa padArtha ke prati hamAre mana meM dveSa rahatA hai, vaha hameM duHkha rUpa pratIta hotA hai, kintu saMsAra ke jisa padArtha ke prati hamAre mana meM na kisI prakAra kA rAga hai aura na kisI prakAra kA dveSa hai, vaha padArtha hameM na sukha rUpa hotA hai aura na duHkha rUpa hotA hai| vastutaH isI vItarAga sthiti ko athavA vItarAga dazA ko saMsAra kA vinAza athavA saMsAra kA vilopa kahA jAtA hai| padArtha ke rahate hue bhI usakI sukha-duHkhAtmaka pratIti na honA, jainadarzana ke anusAra isI ko saMsAra kA abhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaba padArtha kA rAga aura dveSa hamAre mana meM nahIM hai, taba vaha padArtha hamAre mana meM kaise Thahara sakatA hai ? aura padArtha kA mana meM na ThaharanA hI usa padArtha kA abhAva yA vinAza hai| jaba Atma svarUpa kI pratIti hotI hai, taba vaha svabhAva kI ora jAtA hai| isakA yaha artha huA ki jaba AtmA vibhAva se haTa kara svabhAva kI ora jAtA hai, taba saMsAra kI sthiti raha hI nahIM sakatI hai| vastra meM jaba maila jama jAtA hai, taba vastra kI dhavalatA dRSTi meM nahIM AtI hai| svaccha rahane para hI vastra kI dhavalatA dRSTi meM AtI hai| jaba vastra kA maila dUra ho jAtA hai, taba vastra kI dhavalatA kI pratIti hotI hai, kintu usake maila kI pratIti nahIM hotii| isI prakAra maiM Apase kaha rahA thA, ki jaba AtmA meM ekatva AtA hai, taba anekatva nahIM AtA hai| eka samaya meM do meM se koI eka hI dhyAna meM A sakatA hai| jaba ApakI buddhi ekatva meM sthira rahatI hai, taba usameM anekatva kI taraMga nahIM uTha sakatI aura jaba usameM anekatva kI taraMga uThatI hai, taba usameM ekatvabhAva sthira nahIM rahane paataa| Apake sAmane do tatva haiM-eka sRSTi aura dUsarI dRsstti| sRSTi kA artha hai-saMsAra aura dRSTi kA artha hai-vicAra aura vivek| ina donoM meM se pahale kisako badalA jAe,
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________________ saMsAra-mukti kA hetu : jJAna 77 sRSTi ko athavA dRSTi ko ? bhAratIya dharma aura darzana meM isa viSaya para bar3I gambhIratA ke sAtha vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA kathana hai, ki sRSTi ko badalane kA prayatna mata kro| pahale dRSTi ko bdlo| yadi dRSTi badala jAtI hai, to phira sRSTi ke badalane ke lie pRthak prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rhtii| ___ jaina darzana kA mUla saMgharSa sRSTi ke sAtha nahIM hai, saMsAra ke sAtha nahIM hai, balki dRSTi aura vicAra ke sAtha hai| yadi Apane apanI viparIta dRSTi aura vicAra ko nahIM badalA hai, to hajAra-hajAra prayatna karane para bhI saMsAra badalA nahIM jA sktaa| Apa jAnate haiM ki bhISma pitAmaha ne tathA vidura jaise paNDita ne duryodhana ko badalane kA kitanA prayatna kiyA thA, kintu usakI dRSTi meM badalAva na Ane ke kAraNa bhISma pitAmaha aura anya nItijJa puruSa duryodhana ke saMsAra ko badala nahIM ske| duryodhana ke jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM dveSa-dRSTi kA jo viSa vyApta thA, usako dUra kie binA usake bAhya jIvana ko badalane ke samagra prayatna niSphala aura vyartha ge| ataHjaina-darzana yaha kahatA hai ki sRSTi ko badalane se pUrva dRSTi ko bdlo| yadi dRSTi badala jAtI hai, to phira zarIra, indriya aura mana ke rahate hue bhI hamArI adhyAtma-sAdhanA meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA upasthita nahIM ho sktii| mere vicAra meM mUla bAta saMsAra ko badalane kI nahIM hai, balki apane mana ko badalane kI hai| ___maiM Apase kaha rahA thA ki jIvana meM bAnA badalane kA mahatva nahIM hai, bar3I bAta hai, bAna badalane kii| AtmA kA svabhAva anantakAla se jaisA rahA hai, anantakAla taka vaisA hI rahegA, isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM hai| zAstra meM kahA gayA hai, ki pAnI garama hokara jaba khaulane lagatA hai aura hAtha DAlane para jaba hAtha bhI jalane lagatA hai, taba sAdhAraNatayA yaha kaha diyA jAtA hai, pAnI Aga ho gayA hai parantu vastu sthiti yaha hai, ki pAnI sadA pAnI hI rahatA hai, vaha kabhI Aga nahIM bntaa| pAnI na kabhI Aga banA hai aura na kabhI bhaviSya meM bana hI skegaa| bAta vAstava meM yaha hai, ki agni ke saMyoga se pAnI meM garamI AgaI hai| pAnI kI uSNatA kI ora jaba dhyAna diyA jAtA hai, taba pratIta hotA hai, ki vaha Aga ho gayA hai| parantu pAnI to pAnI hI hai| jaba taka agni ke svabhAva ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai, taba taka pAnI ko Aga bhale hI kahA jAe, parantu vaha garama pAnI, garama hone se pUrva bhI pAnI hI thA, garama hone para bhI pAnI hai aura Age bhI pAnI hI rhegaa| yadi usa garama pAnI ko bhI Aga para DAlA jAe, to vaha Aga ko bujhA ddaalegaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki uSNatA ke saMyoga ke bAda bhI pAnI kA svabhAva badalA nahIM, balki vahI rahA, jo usakA apanA svabhAva thaa| agni kA saMyoga hone para bhI jaba vaha Aga ke samAna uSNa huA, taba bhI usakA mUla svabhAva zItalatA hI thA, agni ko bujhAne kA hI thA, anyathA vaha Aga ko kaise bujhA sakatA thA? jaba mUla svabhAva para dRSTi dI jAtI hai, taba pAnI garama hone para bhI pAnI hI hai, parantu jaba saMyogI bhAva kI ora dRSTi jAtI hai,
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________________ 78 adhyAtma-pravacana taba vaha Aga najara AtA hai| kintu isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhie ki apane mUla svabhAva se pAnI sadA hI zItala hai aura usa samaya bhI zItala hai, jabaki usameM uSNatA kA saMyoga rahA yahI siddhAnta AtmA ke sambandha meM bhI hai| jaba AtmA meM udayabhAva kI ora dRSTi rahatI hai, taba saMsAra khar3A ho jAtA hai, kintu dRSTi jaba AtmA ke svabhAva kI ora jAtI hai, taba AtmA kA bandhana-mukta evaM akhaNDa svabhAva sarvatra najara AtA hai| udayabhAva kI ora dekhane para bandha najara AtA hai aura svarUpa kI ora dRSTi jAne para AtmA kA vizuddha pAriNAmika bhAva tathA caitanya svarUpa dIkha par3atA hai| jaba-jaba dRSTi pAriNAmika bhAva kI ora jAtI hai, taba-taba udayabhAva ke rahate hue bhI AtmA ko usake bandha rUpa kI pratIti nahIM hotI hai| yadi Apa bandha ko mahatva nahIM denA cAheMge, to jJAna meM usakA koI mahatva nahIM rhegaa| mere kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki sArA kA sArA khela dRSTi kA hai| sabase bar3I bAta yaha dekhanA hai ki ApakI dRSTi kyA hai ? yadi ApakI dRSTi vizuddha pAriNAmika bhAva meM hai, taba saMsAra meM kahIM para bhI Apako bandhana nahIM hai| isake viparIta yadi ApakI dRSTi audayika bhAva meM aTakI huI hai, to isa saMsAra meM kadama-kadama para sarvatra Apako bandhana hI bandhana mileNge| maiM Apase yaha kaha rahA thA, ki yaha saMsAra kyA hai ? usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa sambandha meM maiMne jo kucha kahA hai, vaha Apane sunA hogA aura use samajhane kA prayala bhI kiyA hogaa| bAta yaha hai ki sunane ko Apa bahuta kucha suna lete haiM, kintu usake anusAra jIvana ko banAne kA prayatna nahIM hotA, isalie hamArA jJAna pothI-pannoM taka hI sImita raha jAtA hai, vaha jIvana kI dharatI para utara kara panapane nahIM paataa| __ maiMne Apase abhI kahA thA, ki saMsAra ko badalane kA prayatna mata kIjie, prayala kIjie, apane mana ko badalane kaa| mana badala gayA to saba kucha badala gyaa| yadi mana nahIM badalA, to kucha bhI nahIM bdlaa| mana ko badalane kA artha hai-buddhi ko bheda se haTAkara abheda kI ora lagAnA, buddhi ko anekatva se haTAkara ekatva kI ora le jAnA aura AtmA ko audayika bhAva se haTAkara pAriNAmika bhAva meM sthira krnaa| apane svarUpa ko pAne kA aura saMsAra ko naSTa karane kA isase sundara anya koI mArga nahIM hai| apane svarUpa meM sthira ho jAne kA artha yahI hai, ki saMsAra-sAgara se pAra ho jaanaa| saMsAra meM jitane bhI duHkha evaM kleza haiM, una sabakA AdhAra dvaita-buddhi hI hai| jaba taka yaha dvaita buddhi dUra nahIM hogI, taba taka saMsAra kA nAza nahIM hogaa| dvaita-buddhi kA artha haivaha buddhi, jisameM apane svarUpa para vizvAsa na hokara para-padArtha para vizvAsa hotA hai| yadi eka bAra bhI usa Anandamaya cidAkAra akhaNDa jyoti kI anubhUti karalI jAe, jo anAdikAla se udaya bhAva ke kAraNa ojhala thI, to phira eka kSaNa meM hI isa duHkhamaya
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________________ pramANa aura tarka 79 saMsAra kA vinAza ho sakatA hai| nizcaya hI eka bAra sampUrNa rUpa se jaba yaha AtmA audayika bhAva se vimukta ho jAtA hai aura apane vizuddha pAriNAmika bhAva meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, taba saMsAra kA eka bhI bandhana isameM raha nahIM sktaa| jaba-jaba dRSTi pAriNAmika bhAva meM rahatI hai, taba-taba hama mukti meM rahate haiM, aura jaba-jaba dRSTi udayabhAva meM rahatI hai, tabataba hama saMsAra meM nivAsa karate haiN| jaba hama zarIra meM AtmA kA darzana karate haiM, taba hama deha-buddhi meM rahate haiM, parantu jaba sva-svarUpa meM lIna ho jAte haiM, taba saMsAra ke rahate hue bhI, yaha saMsAra hamAre lie ojhala ho jAtA hai| mere kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki AtmA ke vizuddha jJAna meM saMsAra kA duHkha evaM kleza nahIM rahane paataa|
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________________ 2. pramANa 8. pramANa aura tarka bhAratIya nyAya-zAstra meM pramANa aura tarka donoM eka hI artha meM prayukta hote haiN| lekina pAzcAtya darzana meM donoM ke artha meM kucha bhinnatA bhI hai| pramANa-zAstra (Epistemology) jJAna aura satya kA zAstra hai| usakI samasyAeM kisI bhI jJAna kI prakriyA meM mUlabhUta samasyAeM haiN| pramANa-zAstra kisI bhI prakAra ke jJAna ko maulika AdhAra pradAna karatA hai| pramANa-zAstra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai, ki kyA jJeya, jJAtA se pRthaka hotA hai, athavA donoM hI paraspara saMbandhita haiN| pramANa-zAstra jJAna ke vibhinna sAdhanoM para tarka-pUrNa vicAra karatA hai| tarka-zAstra (Logic) cintana kI vidhiyoM athavA nihita arthoM kA patA lagAne kA vijJAna hai| vaha vicAra kI saMracanA kA adhyayana karatA hai| vicAra kyA hai? jagata se usakA kyA sambandha hai? mana kisI samasyA ko kisa prakAra se sulajhAtA hai ? cintana kI svAbhAvika vidhi kyA hai? paribhASA, parikalpanA, vibhAjana aura vyAkhyA Adi kyA haiM? kisI vAkya se kyA-kyA artha aura kisa prakAra nikAlA jA sakatA hai| ye saba tarka-zAstra kI samasyAeM haiN| pramANa-zAstra ke samAna hI tarka-zAstra bhI bhalI prakAra se jJAna kI prApti meM maulika niyama bhI pradAna karatA hai, kyoMki kisI bhI prakAra ke jJAna kI prApti meM cintana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, aura cintana kI zuddhi tathA azuddhi para tarka-zAstra vicAra karatA hai| tarka se buddhi kA vikAsa hotA hai| tarka se manuSya aneka doSoM se baca jAtA hai| padArtha kyA hai? kaisA hai ? kyoM hai ? anyathA kyoM nahIM ho sakatA? inakA samAdhAna tarka se hotA hai| nyAya-zAstra pAzcAtya vidvAn jisako tarkazAstra kahate haiM, jisako (Logic)kahate haiM, usako bhAratIya vidvAn nyAya-zAstra, pramANa-zAstra kahate haiN| vastutaH anumAna pramANa hI nyAya athavA tarka kahA jAtA hai| nyAya darzana meM tarka bhI nyAya kA hI eka aMga mAnA gayA hai| nyAya-zAstra tarka ko svatantra pramANa nahIM maantaa| jaina nyAya meM avazya hI tarka ko pA~ca parokSa pramANoM meM eka svatantra pramANa mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya naiyAyikoM ne anumAna ko pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai| bRhaspati ke anuyAyiyoM ne kevala pratyakSa ko hI pramANa kahA hai, anumAna ko pramANa nahIM maanaa| vaidika, jaina aura bauddha, sabhI ne isako pramANa mAnA hai, aura pratyeka sampradAya ne apane-apane DhaMga se anumAna kI vizada vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| 80
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________________ pramANa aura tarka 81 anumAna pramANa : anumA jJAna kA sAdhana anumAna hai| yaha parokSa jJAna hai,jo ki sAdhya se anivArya rUpa se saMbandhita hetu athavA liMga se hotA hai| anumAna kA AdhAra hetu hai| hetu aura sAdhya kA anivArya sambandha hai, isa saMbandha ko vyApti kahate haiN| isake dvArA hI pakSadharmatA kA jJAna, parAmarza kahA jAtA hai| ataH anumAna ko parAmarzajanya jJAna bhI kahA gayA hai| anumAna liMga ke dvArA sAdhya ke pakSa meM upasthiti kA jJAna hai, jo ki pakSadharmatA meM hai, aura vyApti se anivArya rUpa se saMbandhita hai| jaise ki parvata meM agni hai, kyoMki vahA~ dhUma hai, jahA~ para dhUma hotA hai, vahA~ agni hotI hai, isa prakAra pAkazAlA meM hai, yahA~ para bhI dhUma hai, ataH agni avazya hI honI caahie| kyoM ki dhUma aura agni meM vyApya-vyApaka sambandha hotA bhAratIya nyAya-zAstra ke anusAra anumAna ke kama se kama do tathA tIna aura pA~ca avayava hote haiN| do hoM, to sAdhya aura hetu| tIna hoM, to pakSa, sAdhya aura hetu| yadi pA~ca hoM, to isa prakAra hoMge 1. pratijJA-parvata meM agni hai 2. hetu-kyoMki parvata meM dhUma hai 3. dRSTAnta-jaise pAka zAlA meM 4. upanaya-isa parvata meM dhUma hai 5. nigamana-ataH isa parvata meM agni hai prayojana ke anusAra anumAna ke do bheda isa prakAra se haiM-svArtha aura praarth| svArtha anumAna apane lie hotA hai| parArtha anumAna dUsare ko samajhAne ke lie hotA hai| isameM vAkyoM ko kramabaddha rUpa meM rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai, ina paJca avayava rUpa vAkya prayoga ko nyAya-zAstra meM nyAya kahA gayA hai| prakArAntara se bheda : vyApti-sthApana kI dRSTi se anumAna ke tIna bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. kevalAnvayi anumAna-isameM sAdhana aura sAdhya sadA sAtha pAe jAte haiN| isameM vyApti kevala anvaya ke dvArA sthApita hotI hai, aura isameM vyatireka bilkula nahIM hotaa| jaise ki sabhI manuSya maraNa-zIla haiM rAma manuSya hai ataH rAma maraNa-zIla hai isa anumAna ke pahale vAkya meM, uddezya aura vidheya ke bIca vyApti kA sambandha spaSTa 2.kevala vyatireki anumAna-isameM anumAna sAdhana aura sAdhya kI anvaya mUlaka vyApti se nahIM, balki sAdhya ke abhAva ke sAtha sAdhana ke abhAva kI vyApti ke jJAna se hotA hai
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________________ 82 adhyAtma-pravacana anya bhUtoM se jo bhinna nahIM hai, usameM rUpa nahIM hai| agni meM rUpa hai| ataH agni anya bhUtoM se bhinna hai| isameM, pahale vAkya meM, sAdhya ke abhAva ke sAtha sAdhana ke abhAva kI vyApti spaSTa hai| sAdhana rUpa ko pakSa agni ke atirikta aura kahIM dekhanA saMbhava nahIM hai| 3. anvaya-vyatireki anumAna-isameM, sAdhana aura sAdhya kA sambandha anvaya tathA vyatireka, donoM ke dvArA sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| jaise ki jahA~ dhUma hai, vahA~ agni hai, parvata meM dhUma hai, ataH parvata meM agni hai| jahA~ agni nahIM hai, vahA~ dhUma nahIM hai, parvata meM dhUma hai, ataH parvata meM agni hai| anumAna kA lakSaNa : anumAna kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai-tRtIya liMga parAmarzaH anumaanm| isa anumAna meM, tIna bAra liMga kA darzana hotA hai| pahalI bAra dhUma cUlhe meM najara par3A, dUsarI bAra parvata meM aura tIsarI bAra parvata meM agni se vyApta dhUma najara pdd'aa| paJcAvayava anumAna ko hama parama nyAya kahate haiN| pAzcAtya anumAna se tulanA : bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya anumAna meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai, kevala vAkya vinyAsa meM antara hai| vAkyoM ke krama meM antara hai| nyAya-zAstra aura tarka-zAstra meM bhI nAma kA hI antara hai, pariNAma kA antara nahIM hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM, tarka-zAstra kA prArambha arastU se hotA hai| manuSya sadA vartamAna tathyoM ke AdhAra para ajJAta tathyoM kA anumAna karatA hai| anumAna kI yaha svAbhAvika vizeSatA sabase bar3I zakti hai| isake hI kAraNa manuSya kA vyAvahArika jIvana sarala evaM saphala hai| eka kisAna ko jaise hI megha kA pratyakSa hotA hai, vaise hI vaha varSA kA anumAna karake apane khalihAna ko sameTane lagatA hai| varSA ke abhAva meM akAla kA anumAna karake, apane saMcita anna ko nahIM becatA hai| ataeva yaha anumAna manuSya ke jIvana kA saMbala hai| anumAna, bhASA meM vyakta jJAtA kI vaha mAnasika kriyA hai, jisameM vaha jJAta tathyoM athavA tArkika vAkyoM ke AdhAra para anivArya rUpa se ajJAta tathyoM athavA tArkika vAkyoM kI ora prasthAna karatA hai| jJAta se ajJAta ko jAnatA hai| jJAna vAkyoM ko AdhAra vAkya (Premises)evaM unase anivArya rUpa meM mile hue vAkya ko niSkarSa vAkya (Conclusion) kahA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ naya aura nikSepa 83 pAzcAtya tarka meM anumAna ke bheda : pAzcAtya tarka zAstra meM anumAna ke do bheda mAne gae haiM1. AgamanAtmaka (Inductive-Inference) 2. nigamanAtmaka (Deductive-Inference) 1. AgamanAtmaka anumAna meM, vizeSa niyamoM ke AdhAra para, sAmAnya niyama kI sthApanA karate haiN| kucha se sabakI ora jAte haiN| jaise ki rAma, zyAma, sItA evaM rAdhA Adi manuSyoM ko maraNazIla dekhakara, sAmAnya niyama banAte haiM, ki sabhI manuSya maraNazIla haiN| 2. nigamanAtmaka anumAna meM, sAmAnya niyama se vizeSa niyama kI ora jAte haiN| sabase kucha kI ora jAte haiN| jaise ki sabhI manuSya maraNazIla haiN| sabhI zikSaka manuSya haiN| ataH sabhI zikSaka maraNa-zIla haiN| eka dUsarA udAharaNa bhI dekhie sabhI manuSya maraNazIla haiM, zyAma manuSya hai, ataH zyAma maraNa zIla hai| pAzcAtya tarka-zAstra meM, arastU (Aristotle) ne, josepha (Joseph) ne aura kAMTa (Kant) ne paryApta likhA hai| inake mata prAmANika mAne jAte rahe haiN| inake atirikta mila (Mill) ne tathA velTana (Welton) Adi ne bhI apane granthoM meM tarka (Logic) para kAphI prakAza DAlA hai| pAzcAtya tarka-zAstra meM, mila aura kAMTa ne bahuta kucha nayA diyA hai| donoM ke nAma vizeSa rUpa meM ullekha yogya haiN|
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________________ 9. naya aura nikSepa 9. naya aura nikSepa jaina tarka-zAstra meM, pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| pramANa kA pratipAdana to anyatra bhI upalabdha ho sakatA hai, kintu naya aura nikSepa kA varNana to jaise darzana kI apanI maulika dena hai| bauddha darzana meM naya zabda kA ullekha bhara to milatA hai, para usakA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa athavA vyAkhyA nahIM kI gii| vaidika darzanoM meM naya zabda se to nahIM, lekina bhAva se, abhiprAya se nayoM jaisA varNana mila sakatA hai| vedAnta sampradAyoM meM, eka hI brahma-sUtra ko lekara 8-10 vyAkhyAe~ kI haiN| jaise ki advaita, dvaita, dvaitAdvaita aura viziSTAdvaita aadi| yaha kyA hai? yaha bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa haiN| eka hI brahmatatva ko kisI ne advaita kahA, kisI ne dvaita mAnA aura kisI ne dvaita evaM advaita khaa| yaha apekSAbheda hI to naya ho jAtA hai| lekina yaha apekSA bheda kisI ke dvArA bhI vikasita nahIM ho skaa| ekAnta dRSTi hone se anekAnta nahIM bana skaa| jahA~ anekAnta hotA hai, vahIM para naya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vaisA kucha bhI vaidika sampradAyoM meM nahIM ho skaa| bIja thA, lekina usakA vikAsa nhiiN| jaina darzana meM vaha bIja apane pUrNa vikAsa para jA phuNcaa| ataH pratyeka jaina dArzanika ke lie nayoM kI vyAkhyA anivArya thii| nikSepa ke sambandha meM bAta kucha bhinna hai| nikSepa kA prayoga jaina darzana kI apekSA, jaina AgamoM meM bahulatA se huA hai| isakI vizeSa vyAkhyA, AgamoM kI apekSA bhI unake vyAkhyA-grantha-niyukti tathA bhASyoM meM kI hai| nikSepa tarka-zAstra kA viSaya na thA, parantu upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne ise tarka-zAstra meM,sammAnapUrNa sthAna diyA thaa| apane grantha jainatarka-bhASA meM to use pramANa aura naya kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| akalaMka deva ne bhI apane grantha laghIyastraya meM tIna vibhAga rakhe haiM-pramANa, naya aura nikssep|atH nikSepa tarka-yuga meM praveza pA cukA thaa| vastu-tatva kA vivecana karane ke lie nikSepa kA prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai| naya kI bhA~ti nikSepa bhI jaina darzana kI apanI eka viziSTa dena hI hai, jo anyatra nahIM hai, aura yadi hai, to spaSTa nahIM hai| nikSepa nAma se bhI nahIM hai| lekina anya darzanoM meM, isakI sthiti se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki jahA~ zabda aura artha para, usake saMbandha para vicAra hogA, vahA~ nikSepa hogA hii| zabda kA artha karane para nikSepa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| zabda vAcaka hai, aura artha vAcya hai| binA saMbandha ke zabda apanA artha kaise vyakta kara sakatA hai ? kisa prasaMga para kisa zabda kA kyA artha lenA, yaha nikSepa kA kArya-kSetra hai| isake sambandha meM, vyAkaraNakAra, sAhityakAra aura dArzanika tathA naiyAyikoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se vicAra 84
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________________ bhASA-vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa 85 kiyA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM kA sphoTa, sAhityikoM kI vRtti athavA zabda zakti, bauddhoM kA apoha, mImAMsakoM kI jAti, naiyAyikoM kA kita graha-ye saba nikSepa ke hI vibhinna rUpa rahe haiN| zabda vijJAna pAzcAtya darzana meM zabda aura artha para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana kA yaha eka nUtana vicAra hai, jo zabda-vijJAna ke nAma para pracAra evaM prasAra pA rahA hai| yaha zabda vijJAna kyA vastu hai? isake uttara meM, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki vAcaka aura vAcya ke sambandha kI vyAkhyA karane kI eka pddhti| zabda-vijJAna (Sementics) jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hai, zabdoM ke artha aura jina vastuoM ko ve iMgita karate haiM unase unake saMbandha para vicAra karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, yaha bhASA ke artha kA vijJAna hai| isameM,bhASA meM pAe jAne vAle vibhinna zabdoM,pratIkoM, cinha tathA saMketoM Adi ke kArya kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, aura unake artha nizcita kie jAte haiN| ataH pramANa-zAstra aura tarka-zAstra ke samAna, zabda-vijJAna bhI kisI bhI prakAra kI jJAna-sAdhanA meM, atyanta Avazyaka hai| samakAlIna pAzcAtya dArzanika sampradAyoM meM tArkika-bhAvavAda (Logical Positism) nAmaka sampradAya ke dArzanikoM ne zabda vijJAna kI samasyAoM ko darzana kI mukhya samasyAe~ mAnA hai| (LogicalPositism) zabda-vijJAna (Sementics) samakAlIna dArzanika sampradAya tArkika bhAvavAda (Logical-Positism) ke anusAra darzana kI sabase adhika mukhya zAkhA zabda-vijJAna hai| isameM jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hotA hai, vibhinna zabdoM ke arthoM kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| vijJAna kA artha hotA hai, kisI viSaya kA vizeSa jnyaan| zabda-vijJAna, zabdoM kA vizeSa parijJAna karAne vAlA zAstra hai|
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________________ 100. bhASA-vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa || | 10. bhASA-vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa bhASA vijJAna kA saMbandha vyAkaraNa se hai, aura vyAkaraNa kA bhASA vijJAna se| vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM, aSTAdhyAyI kA gaurava-pUrNa sthAna mAnA gayA hai| yaha grantha mahAn vaiyyAkaraNa pANini kI amara racanA hai| aSTAdhyAyI meM saMskRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa atyanta vaijJAnika DhaMga se likhA gayA hai| pANini kA samaya pA~cavIM zatI IsA pUrva ke madhya meM hai| kucha itihAsakAra vidvAn pANini kA samaya 800 IsA pUrva se 300 IsA pUrva ke madhya meM svIkAra karate haiN| aSTAdhyAyI : aSTAdhyAyI meM ATha adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM cAra pAda haiM, aura pratyeka pAda meM aneka sUtra haiN| lagabhaga cAra hajAra sUtra haiN| pANini ne zabda rUpoM aura dhAtu rUpoM kA ati sUkSmatA ke sAtha prakRti ke aura pratyaya ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa kiyA hai| pANini ne dhAtu-pATha, gaNa-pATha aura uNAdi sUtra bhI likhe haiN| aSTAdhyAyI vizva kA eka AdarzabhUta vyAkaraNa grantha hai| paribhASAoM se paripUrNa hai| isakI kucha vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra haiM 1.sabhI zabdoM ko dhAtuoM para AdhArita kiyA hai| dhAtu kisI kriyA kA bhAva prakaTa karatI hai| inhIM se upasarga tathA pratyaya Adi kI sahAyatA se aneka zabda banA lie jAte haiN| 2. bhASA kA prArambha vAkyoM se huA hai, isakA bhI prathama ullekha yahIM hai| isake anusAra bhASA meM vAkya hI pradhAna hai| 3. yAska ke nAma evaM AkhyAta Adi cAra bhedoM ko svIkAra na karake pANini ne samasta zabdoM ko subanta tiGanta-ina do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| Aja taka vizva meM zabda ke jitane bhI vibhAjana kie gae haiM, unameM yaha sabase adhika vaijJAnika hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke ATha bheda (EightParns of Speech) bhI isake samakakSa evaM samakSa nahIM Thahara pAte haiN| 4. dhvaniyoM kA sthAna aura prayatna ke anusAra vaijJAnika vargIkaraNa jo isa meM hai, vaha vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| 5. laukika aura vaidika saMskRta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI isakI sabase bar3I apanI vizeSatA hai| Agama kA svarUpa : Agama kA artha siddhAnta hotA hai, dharma-zAstra ko bhI Agama kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM, Agama kA artha dharmazAstra, tIrthaMkara vANI aura siddhAnta kiyA jAtA hai,
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________________ bhASA-vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa 87 lekina vyAkaraNa-zAstra meM Agama se abhiprAya, ina sabase atirikta hotA hai| yahA~ Agama kA abhiprAya hai, ki jaba kisI zabda meM koI akSara bAhara se Akara jur3a jAe to use vyAkaraNa-zAstra meM Agama kahA gayA hai| Agama svaroM meM bhI hotA hai, aura vyaJjanoM meM bhI hotA hai| yahA~ taka ki pUrA svara tathA pUrA vyaJjana bhI nayA hI A jAtA hai| Agama ke bheda : Agama ke aneka bheda hote haiM, lekina usameM tIna bheda mukhya haiM-svara Agama, vyaJjana Agama aura akSara aagm| Agama dhvani-parivartana kA eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta hai, usakA viparIta hai, lopa kA siddhaant| Agama kA kAraNa hai, mukha-sukha arthAt uccAraNa kI suvidhaa| Agama kA dUsarA kAraNa hai, upamAna athavA sAdRzya, jisake AdhAra para dhvaniyoM kA Agama hotA hai| kavitA meM mAtrika chandoM meM, mAtrA kI pUrti ke lie varNAgama hotA hai| jaise ki kRpAlA, dayAlA Adi meM 'A' kA aagm| svarAgama jaise ki kRSNA se kasaNA, bhakta se bhagata, indra se indara aura prasAda se parasAda aadi| vyaJjanAgama jaise ki ullAsa se hulAsa, aMsalI se haMsalI aura asthi se haDDI aadi| akSarAgama jaise ki kallasa se cakallasa, sphoTa se visphoTa, amUlya se anamola, vadhU se vadhUTI, mukha se mukhar3A, Dapha se DaphalI, jIbha se jIbhar3I aadi| nirukta meM zabdArtha vicAra vaidika sAhitya kA sundara tathA sArthaka artha pratipAdita karane meM vedAMgoM kA mahatva-pUrNa sthAna hai| vedAMgoM meM bhI nirukta mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki vaidika zabdoM ke artha karane meM nirukta kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka hai| isake binA zabdoM kA yathArtha artha samajhanA kaThina hai| nir upasarga pUrvaka ukta, vizeSa rUpa se kathana karanA hI nirukta kahA gayA hai| veda ke zabdoM kA artha karane ke lie koSoM kI bhI racanA kI thI, ye nighaNTu nAma se prasiddha haiN| nighaNTu zabda vaidika koSa ke artha meM rUr3ha hai| lekina zabdoM kA artha jAnanA hI paryApta nahIM hotA, unakI vyutpatti ko samajhanA bhI Avazyaka thA, jisakI pUrti nirukta karatA hai| nirukta athavA nirukti ke pA~ca bheda hote haiM1. varNAgamaH 2. varNa-viparyayaH 3. varNa-vikAraH 4. varNa-nAzaH 5. dhAtvartha-saMbandha kahIM para zabdoM meM Agama hotA hai, kahIM viparyaya, kahIM vikAra, kahIM lopa aura ghAtu ke artha kA smbndh| jaina paramparA meM paJcAMgI veda ke Sar3a aMga hote haiM, aura jaina Agama ke pA~ca aMga hote haiN| ataH jaina Agama ko paJcAMgI kahA jAtA hai| ye pA~ca aMga haiM-mUla Agama, niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura saMskRta
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________________ 88 adhyAtma-pravacana ttiikaaeN| niyukti aura bhASya padyamaya hote haiN| cUrNi gadya-padyamaya aura TIkA gadhamaya haiN| mUla AgamoM ke gahana-gambhIra bhAvoM ko samajhane ke lie niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| tabhI yathArtha artha hotA hai| niyukti athavA niruktiH ___donoM kA eka hI artha hai-zabda kI vyutpatti karake usake saMbhavita sabhI arthoM kA kathana krnaa| usake adhika se adhika artha krnaa| kama se kama cAra artha to avazya hI karanA caahie| isa prakriyA ko nikSepa kahA gayA hai| niyukti aura nikSepaH niyukti AgamoM kI prathama vyAkhyA hai| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| vartamAna meM 10-12 AgamoM para niyukti vyAkhyA upalabdha haiN| inameM AgamoM ke zabdoM kI nirukti kI hai, aura nikSepa ke AdhAra para, athavA nikSepa paddhati se zabdoM ke artha kie gae haiN| mUla sUtroM meM jo artha supta haiM, unako jAgRta kiyA gayA hai| zabdoM kA artha vistAra binA nikSepa ke sambhava nahIM hai| kisa prasaMga para, kisa zabda kA kyA artha ho sakatA hai? aura usakA prayoga kaise kiyA jAtA hai? yahI niyuktiyoM kA mukhya viSaya rahA hai| niyukti, ni!haNA tathA nirukti evaM nirukta-ye samAnArthaka zabda rahe haiN| nikSepa paddhati kA abhiprAya hai,zabdoM ke artha kA vistAra tathA sNkoc|
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________________ 11. bhASA-vijJAna meM zabdArtha vicAra bhASA-vijJAna, bhASA ke vaijJAnika adhyayana para AdhArita hai| yaha bhASA kI prakRti, vikRti aura pariSkRti se usa prakAra saMbaddha nahIM, jaise vyAkaraNa hai| vyAkaraNa, bhASA vaijJAnika ke lie adhyayana kI sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| bhASA-vijJAna saMkalita sAmagrI ke AdhAra para vizleSaNa prastuta karake vaijJAnika niSkarSa nikAlakara, bhASA vijJAna ke siddhAnta athavA niyamoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra bhASA vijJAna vizleSaNa aura siddhAnta nirUpaNa kI paddhati se Age bar3hatA hai| bhASA vijJAna kA sIdhA artha hai, bhASA kA vijJAna, aura vijJAna kA artha hai, viziSTa jnyaan| bhASA vijJAna, bhASA kA viziSTa jJAna hai| isameM bhASA sambandhI sabhI prakAra kI vizeSatAoM kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| bhASA vijJAna ke pradhAna aMga isa prakAra haiM 1. vAkya vijJAna (Syntax) 2. rUpa vijJAna (Morphology) 3. dhvani vijJAna (Phonetics) 4. artha vijJAna (Semantics) ina pramukha zAkhAoM ke atirikta bhASA vijJAna meM, bhASA kI utpatti, bhASAoM kA vargIkaraNa, bhASika bhUgola, bhASA kAla-krama vijJAna, lipi vijJAna, mano bhASA vijJAna, samAja vijJAna, zailI vijJAna aura bhU-bhASA vijJAna Adi kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| (ka) vAkya-vijJAna-isameM vAkyoM kA svarUpa, vAkyoM kA paraspara saMbandha, zabda evaM padoM kA paraspara sambandha, aura krama Adi kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| vAkya vijJAna meM, vyAkaraNa kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| (kha) rUpa-vijJAna-rUpa vijJAna kA sambandha vAkyoM ko banAne vAle zabdoM evaM padoM ke svarUpa athavA racanA ke adhyayana se hai| isako pada vijJAna bhI kahate haiN| pada vijJAna ke arntagata prakRti tathA pratyaya Adi bhASA kA rUpAtmaka vivecana rahatA hai| (ga) dhvani-vijJAna-dhvani vijJAna ke tIna vibhAga hote haiM1. dhvani yantroM kA adhyayana 2. dhvaniyoM kA adhyayana 3. dhvaniyoM ke parivartana ke niyamoM kA adhyayana (gha) artha-vijJAna-artha-vijJAna kA svarUpa vivecana karate hue DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI ne likhA hai, ki "arthati, iti arthHshbd-pryogH|" zabda kA prayoga artha ko prakaTa karane ke lie hI kiyA jAtA hai| bhASA ke saMbandha meM maulika siddhAnta hai| artha-vijJAna kA viSaya usI artha ke sambandha meM vaijJAnika paddhati se vicAra karanA hai| zabda aura artha kA kyA saMbandha hai? zabdArtha meM prakRti evaM pratyaya Adi kyA sahAyatA karate haiM? zabdoM ke artha meM parivartana kaise ho jAte haiM ? isa prakAra kI artha viSayaka samasta jijJAsA kA samAdhAna, 89
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________________ 90 adhyAtma-pravacana artha-vijJAna dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| deza-bheda aura kAla-bheda se eka hI zabda ke artha meM hone vAle parivartana ko ThIka se samajhane ke lie artha-vijJAna kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka hai| bhASA ke tIna pramukha aMga haiM-dhvani, rUpa aura arth| ina sabhI meM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai| dhvani-vikAra, rUpa vikAra aura artha vikAra bhASA parivartana ke rUpa haiN| artha parivartana ke siddhAnta : __ artha parivartana ke tIna siddhAnta haiM-artha vistAra, artha saMkoca aura arthaadesh| artha vikAsa ke mUla meM lakSaNA vRtti kAma karatI hai| zabda ke mukhya artha meM jaba bhI koI parivartana hogA, vaha lakSaNA ke kAraNa hI, jaba taka lakSaNA kA AdhAra nahIM milatA, taba taka parivartana nahIM ho sktaa| vyaJjanA se bhI vistAra hotA hai| eka zabda ke aneka artha nikalate haiN| artha-vistAra : zabdoM ke artha kA vistAra hotA hai| unakA maulika artha banA rahatA hai, aura usakA vistAra ho jAtA hai| jaise ki tela zabda hai| isakA sambandha tila se hai| tila se nikale rasa ko mUlataH tela kahate haiN| yaha tela zabda dhIre-dhIre vistAra pAtA rhaa| sarasoM, alasI, jaitUna aura mUMgaphalI-inake rasa ko bhI tela kahA jAne lgaa| miTTI ke rasa ko bhI tela kahA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra viziSTa artha meM, sAmAnya artha kI sthApanA kA artha-vistAra ho gayA hai| artha-saMkoca : artha-saMkoca kA abhiprAya hai, zabda kA dubalA ho jaanaa| bhASA ke vikAsa meM artha-saMkoca kA bahuta hI mahatva-pUrNa sthAna hai| artha-saMkoca ke kAraNa kisI zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya yA vistRta artha se haTakara viziSTa athavA sImita artha meM hone lagatA hai| jaise ki go zabda gam dhAtu se saMbaddha hone ke kAraNa gamana karane vAle ke sAmAnya artha meM prayukta hotA thA, kintu aba usakA prayoga kevala gAya ke lie hI hotA hai| yaha artha-saMkoca kA eka udAharaNa hai| anya zabda bhI isa prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| jaise ki vara zabda hai, jisakA artha hai, jo mAMgA jaae| lekina Aja isakA prayoga dUlhA, artha meM hotA hai| arthAdeza kA arthAntara : isameM artha kA vistAra evaM saMkoca na hokara, bilkula parivartana ho jAtA hai| eka zabda pahale kisI dUsarI vastu kA vAcaka hotA hai, aura bAda meM dUsarI vastu kA vAcaka bana jAtA hai| veda meM asura zabda devatA vAcaka thA, bAda meM daitya kA vAcaka bana gyaa| AkAza-vANI kA artha pahale deva-vANI thA, aba reDiyo kendra ho gayA hai| upavAsa zabda kA maulika artha yajamAna kA agni ke pAsa rahanA hotA thA, aba nayA artha anazana evaM anAhAra ho gyaa| upekSA zabda kA artha maulika rUpa meM, pAsa se dekhanA thA, aura nayA artha udAsInatA ho gayA hai| isa prakAra se arthAdeza ke anya hajAroM udAharaNa ho sakate haiN| .
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________________
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________________ adhyAtma-pravacana AcAra-mImAMsA 20855
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________________ 1. AcAra-mImAMsA saMsAra ke samasta dharma sampradAyoM ne apane-apane zAstra ke anusAra, AcAra, cAritra tathA vrata, niyama aura saMyama ko svIkAra kiyA hai| bhArata ke tIna prasiddha dharma haiM-vaidika, jaina aura bauddha / zeSa samasta sampradAyoM kA tIna meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| eziyA ke anya dharmoM meM cIna kA kanphyUsiyasa dharma, jApAna kA zinto dharma aura IrAna kA pArasI dharma bhI AcAra-saMhitA ko mAnatA hai| arabiyana dharma tIna haiM-yahUdI, IsAI aura islaam| ye tInoM bhI apanI-apanI AcAra-saMhitA kA anupAlana karate haiN| arabiyana loga bhI apane manonIta AcAra kA pAlana karate haiN| mAnava-mAtra kisI na kisI dharma ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM mAnate haiN| apane vicAra ke anurUpa unakA AcAra bhI hotA hai| kyoMki dharma vizvAsa karane bhara kI vastu nahIM hai, tadanurUpa AcaraNa bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dharma ho, aura AcaraNa na ho, yaha to sambhava hI nahIM hai| manuSya mahI maNDala para kahIM para bhI rahatA hai, dharma ke binA usakA jIvana cala nahIM sktaa| manuSya jIvana kI AvazyakatA-roTI, kapar3A aura makAna bhara nahIM ho sktii| inase Age aura uccatara bhI bahuta zeSa raha jAtA hai| roTI se bharA peTa, kapar3oM se sajA zarIra, tathA saradI, garamI aura barasAta se bacAne vAle makAna meM rahakara bhI manuSya asantulita evaM asaMtuSTa dekhA jAtA hai| ataHjIvana kA uccatara Adarza use Upara uThane kI preraNA pradAna karatA hai| manuSya usako pAne kA prayatna satata karatA rahatA hai| kyA hai, vaha uccatara dhyeya? jisako prApta karane ke lie manuSya jAti sAdA se vyagra rahI hai? vaha hai, amrtaa| miTane kI AkAMkSA kisI ke bhI antara meM nahIM hotii| apanI sattA sabako priyatara hai, madhuratara hai, sundaratara hai| sattA zAzvata rahe, yahI hai, amrtaa| manuSya amara honA cAhatA hai| __bhArata ke RSi, muni aura saMnyAsiyoM ne isa amaratA tathA sattA kI zAzvatatA ko mukti, mokSa aura nirvANa kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| usake tIna sAdhana haiM-vizvAsa, vicAra aura aacaar| vizvAsa utaratA hai, vicAra meM aura vicAra banatA hai, AcAra meN| vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI ina tInoM kI AvazyakatA hai; anyathA to vyakti bikhara jaaegaa| parivAra bana na skegaa| samAja kI sattA hI nahIM rhegii| bIja nahIM to aMkura kaisA? aMkura nahIM, to vRkSa kaisA? vRkSa nahIM to phala kaisA? phala ke abhAva meM rasa kI niSpati kahA~ para ho? ataH jIvana kI uccatara sAdhya-siddhi ke lie hI nahIM, vyavahAra-jIvana ko sukhada banAne ke lie bhI vizvAsa, vicAra aura AcAra kI parama AvazyakatA hai| 93
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________________ 94 adhyAtma-pravacana parama sAdhya mokSa kI siddhi ke lie veda ke udgAtA RSi ne tIna sAdhana batalAe~ haiMjJAna, karma aura bhkti| upaniSad tathA gItA meM yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho jAtI hai| gItA kA sArA sAra ina tIna tatvoM meM samA gayA hai| zeSa saba usa kA hI vistAra athavA saMkSepa hotA gayA hai| tathAgata buddha ne kahA-jIvana ke uccatara lakSya nirvANa ko pAne kA rAstA eka hI hai-prajJA, zIla aura smaadhi| nirvANa ke ye tInoM acUka sAdhana haiN| prajJA kA artha hai, dRsstti| zIla kA artha hai, sadAcAra aura samAdhi kA artha hai, sNklp| tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra ne kahA-saMsAra kA vipakSa mokSa hai, use prApta karane ke upAya tIna haiM-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura smykcaaritr| ina tInoM ke samanvaya se zAzvata sukha mokSa kI prApti ho jAtI hai| ina tIna meM tapa ko milA dene se mokSa mArga cAra ho jAte haiM-darzana, jJAna, cAritra tathA tp| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne cAroM ke samudAya ko mokSa-mArga kahA hai| mArga kA artha hai-upAya evaM saadhn| ina sAdhanoM meM eka sAdhana, cAritra evaM AcAra hai| AcAra kI paribhASA jainadharma meM AcAra, cAritra aura vrata ko jIvana vikAsa kA ananya kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| paJca AcAra, paJca cAritra aura paJca aNuvrata tathA paJca mahAvratoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra ke dvitIya sthAna meM do prakAra ke dharmoM kA kathana upalabdha hotA hai-zruta dharma aura cAritra dhrm| cAritra dharma ke do prakAra haiM-sAgAra dharma aura anagAra dharma| zrAvaka kA AcAra aura zramaNa kA aacaar| paJca AcAra aura paJca cAritra kA kathana zramaNa kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai| mahAvratoM kA vidhAna bhI zramaNa ke lie hotA hai| zrAvaka ke lie paJca aNuvratoM kA vidhAna hai| samyagdarzana : Atma-vikAsa ke krama meM, zrAvaka kA sthAna, caturtha guNasthAna mAnA gayA hai| isake pUrva ke tIna guNasthAnoM meM mithyA darzana hotA hai| samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi caturtha guNasthAna meM hotI hai| sAdhaka ke jIvana meM jJAna aura AcaraNa kI apekSA bhI prathama sthAna zraddhAna kA hotA hai| kyoMki zraddhAna-rahita jIvana meM na jJAna hotA hai, aura na aacrnn| yadi jJAna evaM AcaraNa hotA bhI hai to vaha mithyA hotA hai| jJAna aura AcaraNa se pUrva deva, guru aura dharma meM aDiga evaM acala zraddhAna parama Avazyaka hai| Apta, Agama aura AjJA meM aTUTa vizvAsa honA caahie|jiiv tathA ajIva Adi tatvoM para bhI zraddhA, AsthA tathA niSThA hI samyagdarzana hai| samyagjJAna : samyagjJAna kA artha hai-aatm-bodh| sva ko aura para ko samajhanA, samyagjJAna hotA hai| jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai| jisase padArthoM kA bodha ho, vaha jJAna hai| jo jIva ko aura
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________________ 95 AcAra mImAMsA ajIva ko nahIM jAna pAtA, vaha cAritra kA paripAlana kaise kara sakatA hai ? zruta jJAna se hI padArthoM kA parijJAna ho sakatA hai| ataH saMyama ke pAlana ke lie zruta jJAna kA honA parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| saMsAra kyA hai ? mokSa kyA hai ? bandha, Amrava, saMvara tathA nirjarA kyA hai ? yaha bodha bhI zruta ke dvArA hI hotA hai| samyakucAritra : samyakcAritra kA prArambha paJcama guNasthAna se hotA hai| caturtha guNasthAna meM samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kI prApti ho jAtI hai / parantu samyak cAritra nahIM hotA / ataH zrAvaka ke do bheda haiM- vratI aura avratI / jisake kisI prakAra kA vrata na ho, vaha avratI hotA hai| jisake kisI prakAra kA vrata ho, vaha vratI hotA hai| zrAvaka ko dezavratI athavA aNuvratI kahA gayA hai| vratI kauna ho sakatA hai ? jisake kisI prakAra kA zalya na ho / zalya ke tIna prakAra haiMmAyA, nidAna aura mithyAtva | jaise paira meM kA~TA laga jAne para manuSya yAtrA nahIM kara sakatA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka tIna zalyoM ke kAraNa saMyama kI sAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA / ataH vratI ko zalya - zUnya honA cAhie / zrAvaka ke bheda : zrAvaka ke tIna bheda hote haiM-samyagdRSTi, dvAdaza vratI aura pratimA dhAraka / digambara paraMparA meM zrAvaka ke anya prakAra se bhI tIna bheda hote haiM- pAkSika, naiSThika aura sAdhaka / pAkSika vaha hotA hai, jo zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vratoM kA nirdoSa pAlana karatA hai| naiSThika vaha kahA jAtA hai, jo zrAvaka kI ekAdaza pratimAoM kI nirdoSa evaM yathAvidhi ArAdhanA karatA hai| sAdhaka vaha hotA hai, jo Arambha aura parigraha kA tyAga karake jIvana aura maraNa meM nirAkAMkSa hokara, jIvana ke anta meM sallekhanA vrata kI samyak sAdhanA karatA hai| eka anya AcArya ke anusAra zrAvaka vaha hotA hai, jisameM tIna guNa avazya hoN| tIna guNa isa prakAra haiM - zraddhA, viveka aura kartavya pAlana / zrAvaka viveka-zIla hotA hai| AcAra kA AdhAra jaina AcAra karmavAda para AdhArita hai| karmavAda kA AdhAra, AtmavAda hai| AtmavAda kA prANa tatva hai- ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anAgraha arthAt anekAnta / jaina paramparA ke AcAra - zAstra meM, cAritra - vikAsa kI aneka paddhatiyA~ tathA aneka avasthAe~ haiM / Atma-vikAsa kI arthAt Atma- guNoM ke vikAsa kI avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahA gayA hai / guNasthAnoM kA nirUpaNa aura unakA kramika vikAsa, moha-zakti kI prabalatA tathA kSINatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| yogamUlaka dRSTi se bhI AcAra para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / ataH karma, adhyAtma aura yoga- ina tInoM ke AdhAra para jaina AcAra kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| karma, guNasthAna aura yoga- ina para AcAra kA prAsAda khar3A huA hai / AcAra eka hone para bhI usakA pAlana karane vAle vyakti do haiM - zrAvaka aura shrmnn| ataH AcAra do prakAra kA hai-zrAvakAcAra tathA zramaNAcAra / sAgAra dharma tathA anagAra
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________________ 96 adhyAtma-pravacana dhrm| varNAcAra aura AzramAcAra, jaina saMskRti meM mAnya nahIM hai| kyoMki kisI bhI varNa kA aura kisI bhI Azrama meM sthita vyakti zrAvaka ke vrata tathA zramaNa ke vrata grahaNa karane meM svatantra hai| use kisI prakAra kA pratibandha nahIM hai| zrAvaka ke aNuvrata hote haiN| zramaNa ke mahAvrata hote haiN| aNuvrata ko dezavirati aura mahAvrata ko sarvavirati bhI kahate haiN| zrAvaka kA vrata sAgAra arthAt AgAra sahita hotA hai| zramaNa kA vrata anagAra AgAra rahita hotA hai| zrAvaka samasta bandhanoM se vimukta nahIM ho paataa| kyoMki usake sAtha parivAra hai, parijana haiM, samAja hai aura rASTra hai| use inake prati kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA hotA hai| zramaNa ghara-bAra ke samasta bandhanoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai| vaha Atma-sAdhanA meM tallIna rahatA hai| Atma-cintana meM ekAgra hokara rahatA hai| zrAvakAcAra zrAvaka ke do bheda haiM-samyagdRSTi aura deshvrtii| zrAvaka ko upAsaka, zramaNopAsaka, aNuvratI, dezavratI aura gRhastha sAdhaka kahate haiN| guNasthAna kI apekSA se vaha caturtha guNasthAna sthita tathA paJcama guNasthAna sthita hotA hai| vaha zraddhApUrvaka zramaNoM se nirgrantha pravacana kA zravaNa karane se zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| zramaNoM kA anugamana karane se zramaNopAsaka kahA jAtA hai| apUrNa cAritra kA pAlana karane se dezavratI kahalAtA hai| laghu vratoM kA pAlana karane se aNuvratI kahA gayA hai| deza-virata aura deza-saMyamI bhI kahA jAtA hai| caturtha guNasthAna sthita avirata samyagdRSTi zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| kyoMki vaha AgAra meM arthAt ghara meM rahatA hai| ataH usakI gRhastha saMjJA bhI hai| usake vrata-niyama-saMyama meM kucha chUTa hone se vaha sAgAra kahA gayA hai| zrAvakAcAra ke granthoM meM, upAsaka dharma kA kathana tIna prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai 1.dvAdaza vratoM ke AdhAra pr| 2. ekAdaza pratimAoM ke AdhAra pr| 3.pakSa, caryA evaM AsthA ke AdhAra pr| upAsaka-dazAMga sUtra meM, tatvArtha-sUtra meM aura rana-karaNDa zrAvakAcAra meM, samyaktva-pUrvaka tathA saMlekhanA-sahita dvAdaza vratoM ke AdhAra para zrAvaka-dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke cAritra-prAbhRta meM, svAmI kArtikaya ke anuprekSA grantha meM aura vasunandi ke zrAvakAcAra grantha meM ekAdaza pratimAoM ke AdhAra para zrAvaka dharma kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| paNDita AzAdhara ne Apane sAgAra dharmAmRta grantha meM pakSa, niSThA evaM sAdhana ko AdhAra banAkara zrAvaka dharma kA arthAt zrAvaka AcAra kA varNana kiyA hai| jaina granthoM meM zrAvakAcAra kA kathana tIna paddhatiyoM ke AdhAra para upalabdha hotA hai|
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________________ paNDita AzAdhara kI paddhati pakSa, caryA aura sAdhana athavA pakSa, niSThA aura sAdhana ke AdhAra para AzAdhara ne isa prakAra se zrAvaka AcAra athavA zrAvaka dharma kA kathana kiyA hai 1. . nirgrantha deva, nirgrantha guru aura nirgrantha dharma ko hI mAnanA pakSa hai| isa prakAra kA pakSa rakhane vAle gRhastha ko pAkSika-zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai| isa upAsaka kI AtmA maitrI, muditA, karuNA tathA madhyasthatA bhAvanAoM se bhAvita hotI hai| 2. hiMsA na karanA, nyAya-nIti se dhana kA upArjana karanA, dvAdaza vratoM kA pAlana karanA aura ekAdaza pratimAoM kI savidhi sAdhanA karanA, caryA athavA niSThA hai| isa prakAra ke zrAvaka ko AzAdhara naiSThika zrAvaka kahatA hai| AcAra mImAMsA 3. jIvana kI sandhyA velA meM, sAvadha yoga kA tyAga karake, bhakta-pAna kA pratyAkhyAna karanA, sAdhana hai| isa prakAra ke sAdhana ko svIkAra karane vAlA zrAvaka sAdhaka kahalAtA hai| 1. paJca aNuvrata / 2. tIna guNavrata / 3. cAra zikSAvrata / 97 sAdhakoM ke anya prakAra se prakArAntara ho sakate haiN| jaise ki guNasthAnoM meM, sAdhakoM ke do prakAra haiM- avirata aura virata / viratoM ke bhI dezavirata aura sarvavirata / sarvaviratoM meM bhI pramatta aura aprmtt| yoga zAstra meM bhI AcArya haribhadra ne tathA AcArya hemacandra ne sAdhakoM ke aneka bheda, prabheda aura anubheda kie haiN| zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinakA kathana isa prakAra hai (a) paJca aNuvrata (ba) sapta zIlavrata (sa) paJca aNuvrata (da) sapta zikSAvrata / vratoM kI krama-vyavasthA zrAvaka ke athavA upAsaka ke dvAdaza vratoM meM, prathama paJca aNuvrata, dvitIya tIna guNavrata aura tRtIya cAra zikSAvrata haiN| zramaNa ke paJca mahAvratoM kI apekSA laghu hone ke kAraNa zrAvaka ke paJca vrata aNuvrata athavA laghuvrata kahe jAte haiN| ye pA~ca aNuvrata zrAvaka ke mUlaguNa hote haiN| tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata zrAvaka ke uttaraguNa haiN| zramaNa ke pA~ca mahAvrata mUlaguNa haiM, aura paJca samiti tathA tIna gupti, uttaraguNa kahe jAte haiN| mUlaguNa zramaNa dharma ke tathA zrAvaka dharma ke AdhArabhUta hote haiN| uttaraguNa, mUlaguNoM ko
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________________ 98 adhyAtma-pravacana bar3hAte haiN| ve mUlaguNoM kA saMgopana, saMrakSaNa aura saMpoSaNa bhA karate haiN| zrAvaka ke pA~ca mUlaguNa evaM aNuvrata isa prakAra haiM 1. sthUla prANAtipAta viramaNa 2. sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNa 3. sthUla adattAdAna viramaNa 4. svadAra-santoSa vrata 5. icchA parimANa vrata (ka) prathama aNuvrata kA svarUpa cAra zabdoM se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai-sthUla, prANa, atipAta aura virmnn| prANa kA artha hai,jIvana zakti prANa ke daza bheda haiM-paJca indriya, tIna bala arthAt manobala, vacobala aura kAyabala, zvAsa-prazvAsa aura aayussy| atipAta kA artha hai-ghAta karanA evaM naSTa krnaa| daza prANoM meM se yadi kisI kA bhI ghAta kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha hiMsA hai| usa hiMsA se alaga ho jAnA, viramaNa hai, virati hai, saMyama hai| zramaNa kI apekSA, zrAvaka kA hiMsA se viramaNa sthUla hai| kyoMki zrAvaka SaTkAya ke eka indriya vAle jIvoM kI hiMsA kA sarvathA tyAga nahIM kara sktaa| pA~ca sthAvara arthAt pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ke jIvoM kI hiMsA kI maryAdA karatA hai, eka sImA bA~dha letA hai| ataH zrAvaka kA hiMsA-tyAga sthUla hai| isake viparIta zramaNa kA hiMsA-tyAga sUkSma hai| kyoMki vaha SaTkAya ke jIvoM kI hiMsA kA tyAga pUrNatayA karatA hai| ataH zrAvaka kA prathama aNuvrata-sthUla prANAtipAtaviramaNa vrata kahA gayA hai, zAstroM meN| zramaNa kI sarva hiMsA virati kI apekSA se zrAvaka kI sthUla hiMsA virati, dezavirati kahI jAtI hai| zrAvaka ahiMsA vrata kA aMza rUpa meM pAlana karatA hai| zramaNa ahiMsA vrata kA pUrNa rUpa meM pAlana karatA hai| kyoMki vaha mana se, vacana se aura kAya se kisI bhI prANI arthAt trasa evaM sthAvara kI hiMsA na karatA hai, na karavAtA hai aura na karane vAle kA anumodana karatA hai| isa prakAra zramaNa, hiMsA kA tyAga tIna yoga aura tIna karaNa se karatA hai| yoga kA artha hai-mana, vacana aura kAya kA vyaapaar| karaNa kA artha hotA haikRta, kArita aura anumodit| usakA tyAga sarvavirati kahA gayA hai-savvAo pANAivAyAo veramaNaM arthAt sarva prakAra kI hiMsA kA sarvathA parityAga karatA huuN| sthUla aura sUkSma hiMsA ko chor3atA huuN| zramaNa sAparAdhI vyakti kI bhI hiMsA nahIM krtaa| zrAvaka niraparAdhI vyakti kI hiMsA to nahIM karatA lekina sAparAdhI kI hiMsA kara sakatA hai| kyoMki use apanI rakSA karanI hotI hai| apane parivAra, samAja aura rASTra kI bhI rakSA karanI hotI hai| ataH aparAdhI ko daNDa denA hotA hai, anyathA, vaha adhika dussAhasI ho jaaegaa| apanI bahana-beTI ke zIla kI rakSA kA dAyitva bhI usa para hotA hai| apanI sattA, saMpatti aura saMpadA kA saMrakSaNa use karanA hotA hai| ataH zrAvaka kAyara nahIM, vIra hotA
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________________ AcAra mImAMsA 99 hai / usakI ahiMsA bhI vIryavatI hotI hai, usakI ahiMsA balavatI hotI hai | ahiMsA balavAn kA dharma hai| zrAvaka kisI para anyAya nahIM karatA, parantu apane para hone vAle anyAya ko bhI vaha sahana nahIM kara sktaa| vIrya - hInatA evaM kAyaratA, ahiMsA nahIM ho sakatI / anIti, anyAya, atyAcAra evaM viSamAcAra ko sahanA ahiMsA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sthUla ahiMsA vrata ke aticAra pratyeka svIkRta vrata ke cAra dUSaNa hote haiM- atikrama, vyatikrama, aticAra aura anAcAra / svIkRta vrata ko tor3ane chor3ane kA saMkalpa, atikrama doSa mAnA gayA hai| vrata ko tor3ane kI sAdhana-sAmagrI taiyAra karanA, vyatikrama kA doSa hai| vrata ko aMza meM, khaNDita karanA evaM aMza meM, pAlana karanA, aticAra doSa hai| vrata ko pUrNa rUpa meM, tor3a denA evaM chor3a denA, anAcAra doSa hai| pratyeka vrata ke ye cAra doSa hote haiN| kisI vyakti ne vrata kiyA, pratijJA kI, ki maiM rasAla phala kA sevana nahIM kruuNgaa| parantu Amra phala kI Rtu Ane para, logoM ko khAte dekhakara aura unake raMga-rUpa tathA rasa aura surabhi se prabhAvita 'hokara Amra phala ko khAne kA apane mana saMkalpa kara letA hai, vicAra kara letA hai| phira khAne kI khoja-khabara karane lagatA hai| phira pahale luka-chupa kara khAtA hai, aura anta meM nissaMkoca hokara khAne-pIne lagatA hai| ye hI anukrama se atikrama, vyatikrama, aticAra aura anAcAra doSa hai / svIkRta ahiMsA vrata ko chor3ane kA atikrama arthAt ullaMghana karanA, tor3ane kI yojanA banAnA, vyatikrama arthAt ulaTa-palaTa kara denA / ahiMsA kA kabhI pAlana karanA, aura kabhI na karanA / vrata kA aMza rUpa meM hI pAlana karanA, aticAra arthAt AcAra kI maryAdA kA lopa karanA / vrata kA sarvathA hI pAlana na karanA, arthAt bhaMga kara denaa| anAcAra ahiMsA aNuvrata ke aticAraH jaina dharma kA mukhya AcAra hai- ahiMsA / anya samasta vrata usake paripoSaka haiN| ahiMsA ke pA~ca aticAra haiM, pA~ca doSa haiN| una doSoM kA parityAga karanA, zrAvaka kA parama kartavya ho jAtA hai| 1 . bandha - isakA artha hai, baaNdhnaa| apanA bandhana kisI ko pasanda nahIM hotaa| kisI ko usakI icchA ke viruddha rokakara rkhnaa| ghara meM kAma karane vAle, dukAna para kAma karane vAle aura kArakhAne meM tathA kAryAlaya meM kAma karane vAle karmakaroM ko samaya kI avadhi se adhika samaya taka roka rkhnaa| ye saba bandha ke prakAra haiN| 2. vadha - isakA artha hai, mAranA, pITanA, pIr3A denA tathA nAnA prakAra kA zArIrika athavA mAnasika kaSTa denaa| ye saba vadha ke prakAra haiN| 3. vRtticcheda - isakA artha hotA hai - kisI kI AjIvikA ko chIna lenaa| kisI kI rojI-roTI meM bAdhA ddaalnaa| kisI kA vyApAra banda karA denaa| naukarI chur3A denA / ye saba
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________________ 100 adhyAtma-pravacana vRtticcheda ke prakAra haiN| vRtticcheda ke sthAna para chaviccheda pATha bhI hotA hai, usakA artha haikisI kA aMga bhaMga krnaa| hAtha, paira, nAka aura kAna Adi kATa lenaa| 4. atibhAra-isakA artha hai, ki pazu tathA manuSya para usakI zakti se adhika bhAra lAda denaa| kisAna loga baila para, ghor3A aura U~Ta para adhika bojha lAda dete haiN| ghara ke dAsa-dAsI se unakI zakti se adhika kAma lenaa| 5. bhakta-pAna nirodha-isakA artha hai-pazu ko ThIka samaya para cArA-pAnI nahIM denaa| karmakaroM ke bhojana kA samaya ho jAne para unako bhara peTa bhojana na denaa| pyAsa lagane para bhI unheM pAnI pIne kA avakAza na denaa| bhUkhe-pyAse manuSya evaM pazu ke bhakta-pAna kA nirodha krnaa| hiMsA ke prakAra : hiMsA kA artha hai-kisI bhI prANI ko mana se, vacana se aura kAya se kaSTa phuNcaanaa| hiMsA karanA bhI pApa hai, hiMsA kI preraNA dekara dUsare se hiMsA karavAnA bhI pApa hai aura hiMsaka kI hiMsA kA samarthana karanA bhI pApa hai| hiMsA ke cAra prakAra haiM 1.saMkalpajA-mana meM kisI ke prati dveSa, ghRNA, vaira, virodha tathA krodha aura asUyA ke bhAva rkhnaa| jAna-bUjhakara kisI ke sAtha vaira evaM virodha rkhnaa| kisI para AkramaNa kara denaa| 2.virodhajA-virodhI vyakti kI binA kAraNa ke hiMsA kara denaa| use naSTa-bhraSTa kara denaa| usake parivAra taka ko gambhIra evaM ghAtaka coTa phuNcaanaa| jAna-bUjhakara vaira-virodha mola lenaa| 3. audyogika hiMsA arthAt udyogajA-hiMsA-hiMsApradhAna vyApAra krnaa| jisa vyApAra meM paJca indriyoM vAle jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI ho| 4.ArambhajA-jIvana-yApana ke sAdhanoM se tathA kAryoM se hone vAlI hiMsA / hiMsA karane meM do sthitiyA~ hotI haiM-eka jisameM hiMsA kI jAtI hai| dUsarI jisameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| AkrAmaka hiMsA kI jAtI hai| jIvana-yApana ke lie manuSya ko saMrakSaNa janyA, udyoga janyA aura Arambha janyA hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| apanI surakSA karane meM bhI hiMsA hotI hai| dhandhe-pAnI meM bhI hiMsA hotI hai| zramaNa-jIvana meM to hiMsA kA sarvathA tyAga hotA hai| parantu zrAvaka-jIvana meM hiMsA kA sampUrNa rUpa se tyAga sambhava nahIM hai| ataH zrAvaka-jIvana kA vidhAna hai, ki vaha niraparAdha prANI kA vadha na kre| sAparAdha vyakti kI hiMsA kA pratikAra karanA, usakA kartavya ho jAtA hai| usakI hiMsA kA doSa zrAvaka ko nahIM lgtaa| yaha zrAvaka-jIvana kI maryAdA hai| (kha) dvitIya aNuvrata-sthUla mRSAvAda virmnn| isameM cAra zabda haiM-sthUla, mRSA, vAda aura virmnn| viramaNa kA artha hai-virati / sthUla kA artha hai-sUkSma kA viparIta bhaav|
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________________ AcAra mImAMsA 101 sAdhu sUkSma asatya bhI kabhI nahIM boltaa| upAsaka sthUla asatya paristhitivaza bola jAtA hai| athavA to use bolane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai| mRSA kA artha hai-mithyA evaM asty| vAda kA artha hai-kathana karanA, bolnaa| zrAvaka sthUla mithyA bhASaNa se virata hotA hai, sUkSma se nahIM ho paataa| asatya vacana na bolanA, mRSAvAda viramaNa vrata kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa hai, aura satya vacana bolanA, isa vrata kA vidheyAtmaka pakSa hai| isa satya vrata ke pAlana se bolane vAle ko loka meM pUjyatA prApta hotI hai| vizvAsa utpanna hotA hai| satyaniSThA jAgRta hotI hai| vacana-siddhi kI prApti hotI hai| vaha vyakti loka meM vacana-siddha kahA jAtA hai| usakI bAta para saba loga kAna banda kara vizvAsa karate haiN| ahiMsA kI ArAdhanA ke lie satya kI sAdhanA, parama Avazyaka hai| jhUThA manuSya sahI artha meM, ahiMsaka nahIM ho sktaa| saccA ahiMsaka kabhI asatya AcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| ahiMsA aura satya kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| donoM eka-dUsare ke abhAva meM raha nahIM skte| jIvita rahane ke lie manuSya hiMsA kA pUrNatayA tyAga nahIM kara sktaa| khAna-pAna meM aura rahana-sahana meM hone vAlI sUkSma hiMsA ko manuSya dUra nahIM kara sktaa| asatya ke viSaya meM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| manuSya asatya ko pUrNa rUpa se nahIM to sthUla rUpa meM to chor3a sakatA hai| zrAvaka ke lie sAdhAraNatayA mRSAvAda kA sarvathA tyAga arthAt sUkSma asatya kA parityAga zakya nahIM hotaa| vaha sthUla mRSAvAda kA tyAga avazya kara sakatA hai| __ sthUla jhUTha kA tyAga bhI sAmAnyatayA sthUla hiMsA ke tyAga ke hI samAna do karaNa va tIna yoga pUrvaka hotA hai| sthUla jhUTha kisa ko kahate haiM ? jisa asatya se samAja meM pratiSThA na rahe, mitroM meM prAmANikatA na rahe, jana-jIvana meM pratIti na rahe aura samAja kI dRSTi meM giranA par3e tathA rAja-daNDa bhI kabhI bhoganA par3e, use sthUla asatya evaM moTI jhUTha kahA jAtA hai| aneka kAraNoM se manuSya sthUla asatya kA prayoga karatA hai, jaise ki 1. vara-kanyA ke sambandha meM asatya vacana kA prayoga krnaa| 2. gAya, bhaiMsa evaM ghor3A Adi pazu ke sambandha meM, usake kraya-vikraya ke lie asatya bhASaNa kA prayoga krnaa| 3. bhUmi athavA anya kisI vastu ke svAmitva bhAva ke sambandha meM asatya kathana krnaa| jhUThI jAnakArI denaa| 4. kisI kI dharohara ko har3apane ke lie asatya vANI bolnaa| lekara mukara jaanaa| 5. korTa-kacaharI meM, jhUThI gavAhI denaa| jhUThe bayAna denaa| asatya bolnaa| kisI ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta krnaa| rizvata khAnA aura dUsaroM ko khilaanaa| zrAvaka ke isa prakAra kA jhUTha bolane-bulavAne kA mana, vacana aura kAya se tyAga hotA hai| sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNa ke pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jinakA zrAvaka sevana nahIM karatA(ka) sahasA abhyAkhyAna (kha) rahasi abhyAkhyAna
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________________ 102 adhyAtma-pravacana (ga) svadAra tathA svapati mantra bheda (gha) mRSA upadeza (Ga) kUTa-lekha karaNa sthUla mRSAvAda ke pA~ca aticAra : 1. binA soce-samajhe, binA dekhe-sune kisI ke viSaya meM bhrAnta dhAraNA banA lenaa| kisI para mithyA kalaMka lgaanaa| sajjana ko durjana aura durjana ko sajjana khnaa| sahasA abhyAkhyAna hai| abhyAkhyAna kA artha hai-mithyA doSa kA AropaNa krnaa| sahasA kA artha hai-binA soce smjhe| 2. kisI kI gupta bAta ko sabake samakSa prakaTa krnaa| kisI vyakti ke jIvana ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa karanA, ghora vizvAsaghAta hai| rahasi kA artha hai-ekAnta meM, jo ghaTita huA hai, usakA abhyAkhyAna arthAt usakA prakaTIkaraNa kara denA, saba meM pracArita kara denaa| 3. sva-dAra-mantra-bheda kA artha hai-apanI patnI ke gupta rahasya ko kisI dUsare ke sAmane prakaTa kara denaa| sva-pati-mantra-bheda kA artha hai-apane pati kI gupta bAtoM ko dUsaroM ke sAmane kholakara rakha denaa| isase paraspara meM donoM ke manoM meM vaira-virodha utpanna hotA hai| yaha eka ghora vizvAsaghAta hotA hai| dhIre-dhIre samagra parivAra meM kleza-kaSAya kI jvAlA utpanna ho jAtI hai| pati-patnI lajjAvaza apaghAta kara lete haiN| 4. mRSA upadeza kA artha hai-mithyA kathana krnaa| kisI ko sanmArga se haTAkara unmArga para le jaanaa| bali dene se devI prasanna hotI hai, manovAJchA kI pUrti karatI hai| isa prakAra kA evaM anya aneka prakAroM se mithyopadeza denaa| isase saMsAra kI vRddhi hotI hai, usakA kSaya nahIM hotaa| 5. jhUThe lekha likhnaa| jhUThe dastAveja taiyAra krnaa| jhUThe bahI-khAte taiyAra krnaa| jhUThe sikke banAnA aura unheM bAjAra meM claanaa| yaha kUTa lekha-karaNa athavA kUTa-lekha kriyA hai| zrAvaka ko ina aticAroM kA parityAga kara denA caahie| (ga) tRtIya aNuvrata-sthUla adttaadaan-virmnn| isameM cAra zabda haiM-viramaNa arthAt virti| sUkSma kA viparIta sthUla hai| adatta kA artha hotA hai-jo diyA nahIM gyaa| AdAna kA artha hai-grahaNa krnaa| sthUla adatta ke AdAna kA tyAga krnaa| yaha asteya vrata hai| steya kahate haiM, corI karane ko| asteya kahate haiM, corI na karane ko| zrAvaka kabhI kisI kI corI nahIM krtaa| lekina vaha sUkSma corI se baca nahIM paataa| ataH vaha sthUla corI kA hI parityAga kara sakatA hai, sUkSma kA nhiiN| steya karma kA artha hai-corI krnaa| asteya karma kA artha hai-corI na krnaa| dUsaroM kI sattA, dUsaroM kI saMpatti aura dUsaroM kI sampadA aura dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM
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________________ AcAra mImAMsA 103 ko unakI binA anumati ke grahaNa karanA corI hai| apanI yogyatA aura AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha tathA saMcaya ko bhI corI hI kahA gayA hai| dUsare ke yaza kA apaharaNa bhI corI hai| dUsare kI kRti kI anukRti karanA bhI corI hai| corI ke hajAroM prakAra ho sakate haiN| samAja viruddha aura rASTra viruddha kArya karanA bhI corI hai| jaina dharma ke AcAra-zAstra meM, corI ko tRtIya avrata bhI kahA gayA hai, aura sapta prakAra ke kuvyasanoM meM bhI isakI parigaNanA kI hai| vyavahAra-jIvana kI zuddhi ke lie bhI corI kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| vyApAra meM Aya-corI aura vyaya-corI kI jAtI hai| kisI bhI prakAra kI corI ho, jaina AcAryoM ne usako anAcAra kahA hai, usakA niSedha kiyA hai, use akarma mAnA hai| Aja kI paristhiti meM saba se bar3I aura vikaTa samasyA kara-corI tathA kara-vaJcanA kI hai| janatA aura sarakAra donoM ke sira darda kI davA nahIM ho pA rahI hai| kyoMki corI ke mUla ko nahIM pakar3A jA rahA hai| corI kA mUla hai, asantoSa evaM dhn-lobh| adattAdAna kA artha hai-binA dI vastu kA grahaNa krnaa| isI ko sAmAnya bhASA meM corI kahate haiN| zrAvaka ke lie usa corI kA tyAga Avazyaka hai, jisa kAraNa rAjya daNDa bhoganA pdd'e| samAja meM avizvAsa utpanna ho| pratiSThA ko dhakkA lge| sthUla corI kisa prakAra kI hotI hai ? uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki kisI ke ghara meM seMdha lgaanaa| kisI kI gAMTha kaattnaa| Aja kI bhASA meM kisI kI jeba kaattnaa| kisI kA tAlA todd'naa| kisI ko luuttnaa| kisI ke ghara yA dukAna para DAkA ddaalnaa| kisI kA dhana lekara na lauttaanaa| AvazyakatA se atirikta vastuoM kA saMgraha karake rkhnaa| apane pAsa kI vastu kA anucita upayoga karanA bhI eka prakAra kI corI hai| zrAvaka corI kA tyAga bhI do karaNa evaM tIna yoga se karatA hai| adattAdAna ke pA~ca aticAra : 1.steya AhRta 2. taskara prayoga 3. rAjya viruddha karma 4. kUTa tola-kUTa mAna 5. tatpratirUka vyavahAra (ka) corI kA mAla lenA, stena AhRta aticAra hai| corI kI vastu kama mUlya meM mila jAtI hai| ataH vyakti lobhavaza le letA hai| adhika mUlya se beca detA hai| zrAvaka dvArA corI kA mAla kharIdane se corI ko protsAhana milatA hai| (kha) corI karane kI preraNA denaa| cora kI sahAyatA krnaa| taskara arthAt cora ko zaraNa denaa| DAkU, luTerA aura cora kA pakSa krnaa| (ga) rAjya viruddha kArya krnaa| prajA ke hita meM jo niyama bane haiM, unheM bhaMga krnaa| kara curaanaa| binA anumati para-rAjya kI sImA ko pAra kara lenA, rAjya niSiddha vastuoM
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________________ 104 adhyAtma-pravacana ko rAjya meM laanaa| rAjya hita ke viruddha Sar3ayantra karanA / svArtha pUrti ke lie rAjya ke kAnUna ko bhaMga krnaa| ye saba corI ke kArya haiN| (gha) lene-dene meM kama-adhika karanA / yaha kUTa tola aura kUTa mApa aticAra kahA jAtA hai| isase vyakti kI prAmANikatA naSTa ho jAtI hai| zrAvaka kisI ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta nahIM krtaa| vaha kisI ke ajJAna kA anucita lAbha nahIM uThAtA / kama- adhika tolanA - nApanA aura gaNanA karanA, yaha vizvAsaghAta hai| (Ga) vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA, tatpratirUpaMka vyavahAra kahA gayA hai| asalI vastu dikhAkara nakalI vastu denA / bahumUlya vastu meM, alpamUlya vastu milAkara denA / zuddha dUdha meM pAnI milAnA / nakalI davA denA, jisase svAsthya bigar3a jAtA hai| milAvaTa karake denA bhI eka prakAra kA vizvAsaghAta hI hai| ye saba sthUla corI ke udAharaNa haiN| zrAvaka ko isa prakAra ke chala-bala pUrNa evaM mAyA-kapaTa pUrNa kArya kadApi nahIM karane caahie| ye saba aticAra kahe jAte haiN| stena kA artha hai-cora / usake dvArA jo vastu AhRta arthAt lAI jAtI hai| cora dvArA curAkara lAI vastu grahaNa karanA / taskara kA artha bhI cora hai-usakA prayoga karanA, use mAdhyama bnaanaa| rAjya ke viruddha arthAt viparIta karma arthAt kArya karanA / kUTa kA artha hai-jhUThA / tolane aura nApane ke sAdhana - tulA, bA~Ta aura gaja, mITara ko kama-adhika rakhanA / tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra / isakA artha hai-usake jaisA vyavahAra krnaa| ye mUla zabdoM ke artha haiM, jinako samajhanA zrAvaka ke lie parama Avazyaka hai, anivArya hai| Aja ke yuga meM isa vrata kA paripAlana ati kaThora, ati kaThina tathA ati kaTu mAnA jAtA hai| vyApArI aura sarakArI karmacArI meM eka-dUsare kA vizvAsa nahIM raha paataa| donoM eka-dUsare ko cora samajhate evaM mAnate haiM / ataH saMtulana bigar3atA calA jA rahA hai | zrAvaka ke samakSa aneka samasyAe~ khar3I ho jAtI haiN| usakI sahI bAta kA bhI vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| ataH isa vrata kA pAlana ati kaThina kArya hai| (gha) caturtha - aNuvrata sthUla maithuna viramaNa - svadAra santoSa vrata - sva- pati santoSa vrata / svadAra - santoSa vrata kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra se hai, ki apanI patnI ke atirikta zeSa samasta striyoM ke sAtha maithuna sevana kA mana, vacana evaM kAya pUrvaka tyAga kara denaa| jisa prakAra zrAvaka ke lie svadArasantoSa kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra se zrAvikA ke lie sva- pati-saMtoSa kA niyama hai| apane pati ke atirikta zeSa samasta puruSoM ke sAtha mana, vacana evaM kAya pUrvaka maithuna sevana kA tyAga kara denA / zrAvaka ke lie svadAra-santoSa evaM zrAvikA ke lie sva- pati-santoSa anivArya niyama hai| sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie to tIna karaNa tathA tIna yoga se maithuna kA sarvathA parityAga hotA hI hai| zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA ke lie isakA pAlana do karaNa tathA tIna yoga se mAnA gayA hai| ataH isa vrata ko sthUla maithuna
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________________ AcAra mImAMsA 105 viramaNa kahA gayA hai| sAdhaka jIvana meM zIla vrata kA honA, parama Avazyaka hotA hai| jaba zrAvaka maithuna sevana kI svadAra santoSa maryAdA karatA hai, taba usameM svataH hI para-dAra-tyAga, vezyA-tyAga, kanyA-tyAga kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| sthUla maithuna viramaNa ke pA~ca aticAra: anya vratoM kI bhA~ti caturtha aNuvrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM(ka) ityarika parigRhItA-gamana (kha) aparigRhItA - gamana (ga) anaMga-krIr3A (gha) para - vivAha karaNa (Ga) kAma bhoga- tIvra abhilASA 1. jo strI para -dAra koTi meM nahIM AtI, usako dhana kA lobha dekara, kucha samaya ke lie apanI banA lenA, svadAra koTi meM le AnA, phira usake sAtha kAma bhoga kA sevana karanA, itvarika parigRhItA gamana kahA jAtA hai / itvara kA artha hai- alpa kAla / parigrahaNa kA artha hai - svIkAra / gamana kA artha hai-kAma-bhoga kA sevana / 2. jo strI apane lie aparigRhIta arthAt asvIkRta hai, usake sAtha kAma bhoga kA sevana karanA, aparigRhItA gamana kahA gayA hai| isa kakSA meM, una striyoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai, jinakA abhI vivAha nahIM huA, kevala sambandha huA hai| jo abhI taka kanyA hai| jo strI vezyA kA vyavasAya karatI hai / jo strI apane pati ke dvArA parityaktA hai / yA phira jisane apane pati ko chor3a diyA hai| jisakA pati pAgala ho gayA ho| jo apane ghara kI dAsI ho / yaha aparigRhItA gamana rUpa aticAra hotA hai| 3. kanyA-dAna meM puNya samajha kara, athavA to moha-mamatAvaza evaM rAga bhAva se dUsaroM ke lie vara-vadhU kI khoja karake vivAha kraanaa| yaha para vivAha karaNa aticAra hai| apane putra tathA putrI kA vivAha karanA, to zrAvaka ke apane kartavya meM A jAtA hai| vaha aticAra rUpa nahIM hai / 4. jisa kisI bhI strI ke sAtha krIr3A karanA, kAma ceSTA pradarzita karanA / AliMgana karanA, cumbana lenaa| hasta karma karanA / saMgharSaNa maithuna karanA, nAbhi maithuna karanA / kRtrima sAdhanoM se kAmAcAra kA sevana karanA / ye saba anaMga -krIr3A aticAra ke arntagata Ate haiN| 5. pA~ca indriyoM meM se netra aura zrotra ke viSaya - rUpa aura zabda ko kAma kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki inase kAmanA to hotI hai parantu bhoga nahIM hotA / ghrANa, rasana evaM sparzana ke viSaya - gandha, rasa evaM sparza bhoga kahe jAte haiN| kyoMki bhoga inhIM se hotA hai / kAma aura bhoga meM atyanta Asakti rakhanA, kAma bhoga tIvra abhilASA aticAra kahA jAtA hai|
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________________ 106 adhyAtma-pravacana (Ga) paJcama aNuvrata-icchA parimANa vrata / sthUla parigraha viramaNa rUpa vrata / AkAza ananta hai| usakA Ara-pAra nahIM hai, usakA kahIM para anta najara nahIM AtA / kSitija ke Ara bhI AkAza hai, aura kSitija ke pAra bhI AkAza hai| ataH use ananta kahA gayA hai| prANI kI icchA evaM tRSNA bhI anta-hIna hai| usakA kahIM anta nahIM hotA / zaizava, kaumAra, yauvana aura vArdhakya meM, sarvatra parivyApta rahatI hai| ataH icchA evaM tRSNA ko zAstrakAroM ne ananta kahA hai| yadi usakA kahIM anta ho sakatA hai, to santoSa meM hI ho sakatA hai / parantu santoSa kI sImA meM praveza karanA, bar3A duSkara kArya hai| zrAvaka apane jIvana meM, icchAoM kA, tRSNAoM kA aura parigrahoM kA sarvathA tyAga nahIM kara sakatA / ataH usakA paJcama aNuvrata sthUla parigraha viramaNa kahA gayA hai| vaha icchAoM kA tyAga nahIM kara sakatA lekina unakA parimANa kara sakatA hai| ataH usakA yaha vrata icchA parimANa kahA gayA hai| kyoMki parivAra meM, parijana meM aura samAja meM rahakara, icchAoM kA sarvathA tyAga saMbhava nahIM, vaha to zramaNa jIvana meM hI saMbhava ho sakatA hai / icchA-tRpti kA zreSTha mArga hai, icchA - niyantraNa / isI ko santoSa kahA gayA hai| icchAmaryAdA athavA icchA - niyantraNa kA nAma hai-icchA parimANa vrt| yaha zrAvaka kA paJcama aNuvrata hai| anAvazyaka saMcaya tathA saMgraha se tRSNA bar3hatI hai, samAja meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai, saMgharSa khar3e hote haiM / sarva-nAzI yuddha hote haiM / ataH zAstra meM nava prakAra ke parigraha kahe haiM1. kSetra 2. vAstu 3. hiraNya nava prakAra kA parigraha : 4. suvarNa 5. dhana 6. dhAnya 7. dvipada 8. catuSpada 9. kuSya / 1. kSetra - kheta, bAga-bagIcA aura gocara bhUmi 2. vAstu-makAna, dukAna aura godAma 3. hiraNya - rajata pAtra, AbhUSaNa aura anya upakaraNa 4. suvarNa-svarNa pAtra, AbhUSaNa, sikkA aura mudrA 5. dhana -- rupayA, ratna, hIrA aura motI 6. dhAnya-godhUma, yava, cAvala, mU~ga aura tila 7. dvipada-nara-nArI, kabUtara, mayUra, sArasa evaM haMsa 8. catuSpada - gAya, baila, bhaiMsa, hAthI aura ghor3A 9. kupya - lohA, tAMbA, kAMsA, pItala aura jastA / zrAvaka ko isa vrata meM inakA parimANa karanA caahie| gAr3I, moTara, baggI, tAMgA, rela aura ratha Adi sacitta evaM acitta vAhana - yAnoM kA bhI samAveza inameM sugamatA se ho
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________________ AcAra mImAMsA 107 jAtA hai| zrAvaka ko inakA bhI parimANa karanA caahie| Aja ke nUtana vAhana, jaise ki jala-yAna evaM vAyu-yAna tathA loha-patha-gAminI gantrI kA bhI parimANa karanA caahie| zramaNa-jIvana meM to sacitta tathA acitta samasta vAhanoM kA sarvathA parityAga hotA hai| icchA parimANa vrata ke paJca aticAraH (ka) kSetra vAstu-parimANa atikramaNa (kha) hiraNya-suvarNa-parimANa atikramaNa (ga) dhana-dhAnya-parimANa atikramaNa (gha) dvipada-catuSpada-parimANa atikramaNa (Ga) kupya-parimANa atikramaNa ina paJca aticAroM kA sambandha nava prakAra ke padArthoM se hai| zrAvaka ko ina aticAroM kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, anyathA svIkRta vrata bhaMga ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka, zramaNa ke samAna parigraha kA sarvathA tyAga nahIM kara paataa| aMza rUpa meM hI vaha parigraha kA parityAga karatA hai| yaha tyAga usake icchA parimANa arthAt parigraha parimANa vrata se phalita hotA hai| ataH isako sthUla parigraha viramaNa bhI kahA gayA hai|
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________________ 2. zrAvaka ke tIna guNa-vrata zrAvakAcAra meM, zrAvaka ke paJca aNuvratoM kA kathana kiyA jA cukA hai| dvAdaza vratoM meM tIna guNavrata bhI haiN| guNa kA artha hai- vizeSatA evaM vishisstttaa| ye tIna guNavrata, paJca mUlaguNoM meM vizeSatA utpanna karane vAle haiN| vizeSatA kA kyA artha hai ? uttara meM kahA jAtA hai, ki ye tInoM guNavrata mUla vratoM kA vizeSa vikAsa karate haiN| unakA saMgopana aura saMrakSaNa bhI karate haiN| unameM zithilatA A jAne para unheM dRr3ha karate haiN| AcAra - zAstra meM guNavrata tIna mAne gae haiM (ka) dizA - parimANa vrata (ba) upabhoga- paribhoga-parimANa vrata (sa) anartha daNDa viramaNa vrata zrAvaka ke paJca mUla guNoM kI rakSA karane se, vikAsa karane se tathA abhivRddhi karane vrata saMjJA sArthaka hai| AcAryoM kA eka vicAra yaha bhI hai, ki aNuvratoM kI bhAvanA ke rUpa meM inakA kathana kiyA gayA hai| guNavratoM kI sAdhanA se athavA paripAlanA se aNuvratoM athavA mUlavratoM kI rakSA vizeSa rUpa meM sugama evaM subodha ho jAtI hai| AcArya ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja ne upAsakadazAMga sUtra kI sva-praNIta TIkA meM guNavrata kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai - " vratAntara - paripAlanena sAdhakatamAni vratAni, guNa-vratAni kathyante / " arthAt anya vratoM ke anupAlana karane meM, jo sAdhakatama arthAt atizaya sAdhaka hote haiM, unheM guNavrata kahA gayA hai| 1. dizA parimANa vrata- apanI tyAga vRtti ke anusAra, vyavasAya tathA vyApAra kI pravRtti ke nimitta dizAoM kI sImA nizcita karanA - dizA parimANa vrata hai| isa guNavrata se parigraha parimANa rUpa paJcama aNuvrata kI rakSA hotI hai / dizAoM kI maryAdA nizcita ho jAne para, tRSNA kA evaM icchA kA niyantraNa sahaja-sarala ho jAtA hai| tRSNA kama hone para saMgraha kama hogA, aura saMgraha kama hone para parigraha kama hogaa| dizA - parimANa vrata, icchA parimANa vrata kI hI eka bhAvanA hai, guNa vizeSa hai| dizA - parimANa vrata ke aticAra: dizA parimANa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jo isa prakAra se haiM (ka) Urdhva dizA parimANa atikramaNa (kha) adho dizA parimANa atikramaNa 108
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________________ zrAvaka ke tIna guNa-vrata 109 (ga) tiryak dizA parimANa atikramaNa (gha) kSetra-vRddhi (Ga) smRti antardhA dizAoM kI gaNanA tIna prakAra se kI jAtI hai, jaise ki tIna dizAe~-Urdhva dizA, adho dizA aura tiryak dishaa| tiryak dizA ke cAra bheda haiM-pUrvA, pazcimA, uttarA aura dkssinnaa| cAra anudizAe~ haiM, jo cAroM ke koNa meM AtI haiN| upAsaka ne dizAoM kA jo parimANa kiyA hai, usakA atikramaNa karanA arthAt ullaMghana karanA, aticAra doSa hai| kisI vyakti ne U~cI dizAoM meM eka koza,nIcI dizA meM eka koza aura cAroM dizAoM meM tathA cAroM anudizAoM meM pA~ca-pA~ca koza kI maryAdA rkhii| usase Age jAne meM aticAra doSa lagatA hai| kisI ne eka dizA kI koza saMkhyA ko ghaTAkara, yadi anya dizA meM bar3hA diyA hai, to vaha kSetra-vRddhi aticAra hotA hai| smRti antardhA kA artha hai-jo dizA nizcita kI hai, usakI smRti na rahanA, yaha bhI aticAra doSa hai| jAne Ane ke vizAla kSetra ko sImita kSetra karane kI yaha eka vidhi hai| isase lobha para niyantraNa hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra sUri ne yoga-zAstra meM kahA hai-jisa sAdhaka evaM upAsaka ne dizA parimANa vrata ko aMgIkAra kiyA hai, usane tRSNA ke mahAsAgara ko bar3hane se rokA hai| lobha tathA tRSNA kA mahAsAgara nirantara bar3hatA rahatA hai, use roka denA, dizA parimANa vrata kA phala hai| upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata 2. guNavratoM meM dvitIya guNavrata hai-upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrt| bhoga kI tRSNA manuSya ko patana ke gahana garta meM DAla detI hai| bhoga-ananta haiM, kyoMki bhogya bhI ananta haiM, aura bhoktA bhI ananta haiN| lekina eka manuSya, jisakA jIvana sAnta tathA sImita hai, vaha apane alpa jIvana ke kSaNoM meM kitane bhogya padArthoM ko bhoga sakatA hai ? kaba taka bhoga sakatA hai ?jIvana kA anta A sakatA hai, parantu bhogoM kA anta nahIM A sktaa| ataH upAsaka evaM zrAvaka ko yA to bhogoM kA tyAga kara denA cAhie, yA phira unakI maryAdA bA~dha lenI caahie| santoSa se hI parama zAnti kA mArga upalabdha kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ jo vastu eka bAra upabhoga meM AtI hai, use upabhoga kahate haiN| bAra-bAra upabhoga meM Ane vAlI vastu ko paribhoga kahate haiN| upabhoga aura paribhoga kI maryAdA bA~dhane ko upabhoga paribhoga parimANa vrata kahA gayA hai| isa guNavrata kI sAdhanA karane se ahiMsA vrata kI rakSA hotI hai, aura parigraha sImita hone se santoSa guNa kI abhivRddhi bhI hotI hai| jIvana meM sahajatA tathA saralatA kA Agamana hotA hai| sAdhaka ko mokSa kA mahAlAbha bhI hotA hai| kyoMki bhoga kA tyAga karane se mahArambha, mahAparigraha aura mahAtRtNA kA anta ho jAtA hai|
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________________ 110 adhyAtma-pravacana ____ AcArya hemacandra sUri ne apane yoga zAstra meM kahA hai, ki isa vrata kI sImA meM bhogya yogya samasta vastuoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| khAne-pIne kI vastu, rahane-sahane kI vastu, pahanane or3hane kI vstu| sacitta vastu aura acitta vastu-saba isake arntagata haiN| ataH zAstrakAroM ne chabbIsa bola kI maryAdA kA kathana kiyA hai1.aMgochA 14. odana 2.maJjana 15. sUpa-dAla 3. phala 16.ghRta 4. tela 17. zAka 5. ubaTana 18. mevA 6.snAna jala 19. jemana-bhojana 7. vastra 20.peya jala 8.vilepana 21. mukhavAsa 9. phUla 22. vAhana 10. AbharaNa 23. upAnat, jUtA 11. dhUpa-dIpa 24. zayyA Asana 12. peya padArtha 25. sacitta vastu 13. miSThAna 26.khAdya padArtha zrAvaka ko ina chabbIsa vastuoM kI nizcita maryAdA kara lenI caahie| kyoMki maryAdA karane se usake jIvana meM zAnti tathA santoSa rhegaa| viveka jAgRta hogaa| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jinakA parityAga kara denA cAhieupabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata ke aticAraH (ka) sacitta AhAra (kha) sacitta pratibaddha AhAra (ga) apakva AhAra (gha) duSpakva AhAra (Ga) tuccha auSadhi-bhakSaNa ye pA~ca aticAra bhojana se saMbaddha haiN| jo sacitta vastu maryAdA ke andara nahIM hai, usakA bhUla se sevana karane para prathama aticAra hotA hai| tyakta sacitta vastu se saMsakta, acitta vastu kA AhAra karane para sacitta pratibaddha aticAra hotA hai| jaise vRkSa meM cipakA goMda, Amraphala guThalI sahita aura piNDa khajUra / sacitta vastu kA tyAga karane para binA agni ke pake AhAra kA sevana karanA, aticAra hai| jisakA nAma apakvAhAra hai| athavA
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________________ zrAvaka ke tIna guNa-vrata 111 binA pake kacce evaM hare zAka tathA phala kA sevana krnaa| Adhe pake aura Adhe kacce padArthoM kA sevana karanA,jo khAne meM kama aura phaiMkane meM adhika, isa prakAra ke zAka evaM phala tathA padArtha kA sevana karanA-tuccha auSadhi-bhakSaNa aticAra hotA hai| bhUla-cUka se yadi aticAroM kA sevana ho jAe, to AlocanA, pratikramaNa aura prAyazcitta karane se aticAra dUra ho jAtA hai| paJcadaza karmAdAnaH manuSya ko upabhoga aura paribhoga vastuoM ko prApta karane ke lie karma karanA par3atA hai| udyoga, vyavasAya aura vyApAra karanA par3atA hI hai| jisa karma se, jisa vyavasAya se aura jisa vyApAra se mahArambha hotA ho, mahAhiMsA hotI ho,sthUla pApa hotA ho, zrAvaka ke lie ve niSiddha karma haiN| kyoMki unase azubha karmoM kA upArjana hotA hai| zAstrakAroM ne unheM karmAdAna kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| upAsaka dazAMga meM unakI saMkhyA paJcadaza hai1. aMgAra karma 2. vana karma 3. zakaTa karma 4. bhATa karma 5. sphoTaka karma 6. dantavANijya 7. lAkSA vANijya 8. rasa vANijya 9. keza vANijya 10. viSa vANijya 11. yantra pIDana kriyA 12. nilAMchana kriyA 13. dAvAgnidAna kriyA 14. sarohrada taDAga zoSaNa kriyA 15. asatI-jana poSaNa kriyA dharma kI upAsanA karane vAle upAsaka ko ina niSiddha kAmoM kA parityAga karanA, parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| ina paJcadaza karmAdAnoM meM pA~ca to AjIvikA rUpa karma haiN| jaise ki lakar3I evaM patthara jalAkara koyalA taiyAra krnaa| AvA jalAkara IMTa taiyAra krnaa| bhaTTA jalAnA aMgAra karma hai| hare-bhare vRkSa kATanA evaM harI ghAsa kATanA, vana karma hotA hai| gAr3I, bahalI evaM ratha banAnA, zakaTa karma hai| vAhana evaM yAna kirAye para denAcalAnA, bhATa karma hotA hai| bhUmi khudavAnA, suraMga lagavAnA, makAna banavAnA aura kUpa-nahara khudavAnA, sphoTaka karma hotA hai| kucha AcArya kRSi karAne ko bhI sphoTaka mAnate haiN| ina karmoM meM paJca indriya jIvoM kA vadha hotA hai| ataH ahiMsA kI ArAdhanA karane vAle ko inakA niSedha hai| __pA~ca vANijya haiM, jaise ki dA~ta kA vANijya, lAkha kA vANijya, rasa kA vANijya, keza kA vANijya aura viSa kA vaannijy| vANijya kA artha hai-vyApAra evaM vyvsaay| danta ke lie gaja ko mArA jAtA hai| lAkha taiyAra karane ke lie vRkSoM ko kATA jAtA hai| rasa arthAt madirA ke lie hajAroM-lAkhoM jIvoM kA vadha hotA hai| keza arthAt bAloM ke
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________________ 112 adhyAtma-pravacana lie bAloM vAle prANiyoM kA vadha kiyA jAtA hai| AcAryoM ne keza se kezavatI artha bhI kiyA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai, sundarI nAriyoM kA vyApAra, unheM kharIdakara beca denA / . viSa kA artha hai - mAdaka vastuoM kA vyApAra, astra-zastra banAkara becanA - ina vANijyoM meM ghora hiMsA hotI hai| ataH zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha haiN| pA~ca kriyAe~ hotI haiM, jaise ki yantra kI kriyA, nilachana kI kriyA, dAva agni kI kriyA, sarovara-taDAga zoSaNa kI kriyA aura kulaTA poSaNa kI kriyA / telI kI ghAnI, baila ko khassI karanA, kheta meM evaM jaMgala meM Aga lagAnA, jhIla evaM tAlAba ko sukhAnA aura kulaTA tathA vezyAoM kA poSaNa krnaa| ina kriyAoM meM bhI ghora pApa karma hotA hai| anartha- daNDa- viramaNa vrata vyavasAya kisI bhI prakAra kA ho| yadi usameM do bAteM dRSTigocara hoM, to vaha zrAvaka ke lie karane yogya hotA hai| pahalI bAta hai, ki usameM sthUla hiMsA arthAt sajIvoM kI hiMsA na hotI ho| dUsarI bAta hai, ki usa meM kisI vyakti kA athavA samAja kA zoSaNa na hotA ho / anartha daNDa viramaNa meM ina tathyoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA caahie| apane tathA apane parivAra ke jIvana nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAle anivArya sAvadha arthAt hiMsA pUrNa vyApAra ke atirikta zeSa sabhI pApamaya pravRttiyoM se nivRtta ho jAnA, anartha-daNDa viramaNa vrata hai| isa tIsare guNavrata se mukhya rUpa meM ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kA paripoSaNa hone se isako guNavrata saMjJA prApta hotI hai| anartha daNDa arthAt nirarthaka pApa pravRtti cAra prakAra se hotI hai (ka) apadhyAna AcaraNa se (kha) pramAda AcaraNa se (ga) hiMsA pradAna se (gha) pApakarma ke upadeza se 1. apadhyAna kA artha hai - azubha dhyAna / dhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai - Arta, raudra, dharma aura zukla / prathama ke do azubha haiM, aura anta ke donoM zubha haiN| zubha dhyAna kalyANakArI hotA hai| 2. pramAda AcaraNa kA artha hai - Alasya kA sevana / zubha pravRtti meM Alasya rakhanA, athavA zubha pravRtti karanA hI nahIM / sAdhaka ko sadA udyamazIla rahanA cAhie / yahI isakA abhiprAya hai| 3. hiMsA pradAna kA artha hai - kisI ko hiMsaka sAdhana dekara, hiMsaka kRtyoM meM sahAyaka honA / jaise astra-zastra kA vyApAra karanA / 4. pApa karma upadeza kA artha hai - jisa upadeza se sunane vAlA pApa karma meM pravRtta ho, vaisA upadeza denA / jaise kisI vyakti ko zastra dekara use hiMsA karane ke kArya meM niyojita krnaa|
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________________ zrAvaka ke tIna guNa-vrata 113 anartha daNDa viramaNa vrata ke aticAraanya vratoM kI bhA~ti anartha-daNDa-viramaNa vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra hote haiM 1. kandarpa 2. kautkucya 3. maukharya 4. saMyukta adhikaraNa 5. upabhoga-paribhoga atirikta svayaM vikAra utpanna karane vAle bola bolanA athavA dUsare kisI ke sunanA-kandarpa hai| vikAra utpanna karane vAlI bhANDa jaisI ceSTA karanA-kautkucya hai| samaya-asamaya asaMbaddha tathA anAvazyaka vacana bolanA-maukharya kahA jAtA hai| jina upakaraNoM ke saMyoga se hiMsA ke ugra hone kI saMbhAvanA ho, unheM saMyukta karake rakhanA-saMyukta adhikaraNa hai| jaise kAratUsa bharakara pistaula rakhanA, bANa car3hAkara dhanuSa rakhanA, myAna se nikAla kara talavAra rkhnaa| AvazyakatA se adhika upabhoga evaM paribhoga kI sAmagrI kA saMgraha rakhanA-upabhoga-paribhoga-atirikta hai| ye pA~coM aticAra nirarthaka hiMsA kA paripoSaNa karane vAle haiN| sAdhaka zrAvaka ko kadApi inakA sevana nahIM karanA caahie| niSprayojana hiMsA aura asatya bhASaNa manuSya kI pravRtti ke aMga bana cuke haiN| snAna maJjana meM adhika jala kA prayoga krnaa| bhojana meM jUThA chor3anA, saMbhASaNa meM arthAt bAta-cIta meM azlIla tathA apazabdoM kA prayoga krnaa| mauja-majA karane ke lie surApAna krnaa| vyasana ke mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana krnaa| cala citra adhika dekhnaa| nAca-gAna meM adhika abhiruci rkhnaa| aise upanyAsa, kathA, evaM kahAnI par3hanA, jisase manovikAra prabala hote hoN| vyartha kA cintana krnaa| zrAvaka ko ina sabakA tyAga karanA caahie|
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________________ 3. zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata zrAvaka athavA upAsaka ke dvAdaza vratoM meM pA~ca mUla vrata haiN| tIna guNavrata haiN| cAra zikSAvrata haiN| aNuvrata aura guNavratoM kA sambandha, manuSya ke sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya jIvana se adhika hai| manuSya ko samAja aura rASTra meM, isa prakAra se rahanA cAhie, ki dUsaroM ke sAtha usakA saMgharSa na ho| vaha svayaM bhI sukhI aura zAnta jIvana vyatIta kara sake, aura dUsaroM ke sukha aura zAnti meM sahayoga evaM sahakAra kara ske| lekina cAra zikSAvratoM meM, vaha adhyAtma sAdhanA kI ora vizeSa rUpa meM agrasara hotA calA jAtA hai| vaha vyaktigata, samAjagata aura rASTragata sambandhoM se Upara uThakara adhyAtma sAdhanA meM ekAgra hotA hai| agAra dharma se anagAra dharma kI ora apanI antar yAtrA karatA hai| nIti aura dharma se U~cA uThakara, adhyAtma bhAva meM ramaNa karatA hai| zramaNa dharma kI zikSA grahaNa karatA hai| ataH cAra vratoM ko zikSA-vrata kahA gayA hai| yaha vizeSa sAdhanA hai| zikSAvrata kI paribhASAH yahA~ para zikSA kA kyA artha hai? uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki -"zikSaNaM shikssaa|" arthAt sIkhane ko zikSA kahA jAtA hai| kyA sIkhA jAtA hai ? uttara isa prakAra hai"parama-pada-prApti-sAdhanIbhUtA kriyaa|" parama pada arthAt mokSa, usako prApta karAne meM sAdhanabhUta jo kriyA arthAt saadhnaa| abhiprAya yaha hai, mokSa kI ora le jAne vAlI sAdhanA hI zikSA hai| jaina dharma kI sAdhanA kA sAra hai-mokSa kI praapti| Atma-guNoM ke vikAsa kI parAkASThA hI mokSa hai| AtmA ke ananta guNoM meM se tIna guNa mukhya haiMsamyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura smykcaaritr| ye tInoM milakara mokSa ke mArga haiM, upAya hai, sAdhana haiN| ina tInoM kA caramotkarSa hI mokSa hai| usakI prApti ke lie prayAsa kA nAma cAritra hai| cAritra kA artha hai-janma-janmAntaroM se saMcita karma-mala ko dUra karane kI shkti| jJAna kA artha hai-vastu tatva kA yathArtha pribodh| darzana kA artha hai-dRsstti| jisake dvArA, zraddhA aura AsthA sthira ho, cala-vicala na ho, vaha dRSTi hai, darzana hai| zrAvaka jaba apane jIvana kA lakSya mokSa ko banA letA hai, taba vaha cAra zikSA-vratoM kI sAdhanA karatA hai| zrAyaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata isa prakAra haiM 1.sAmAyika vrata 2. dezAvakAzika vrata 3.poSadha vrata 4.atithi saMvibhAga vrata ye cAroM zikSAvrata haiN| zikSA kA artha hai-abhyaas| jisa prakAra eka chAtra bAra-bAra vidyA kA abhyAsa karatA hai, usI prakAra zrAvaka ko zikSAvratoM kA bAra-bAra abhyAsa .. 114
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________________ zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 115 karanA, parama Avazyaka hotA hai| aNuvrata arthAt mUlavrata tathA guNavrata jIvana meM eka bAra hI grahaNa kie jAte haiM, jabaki zikSAvrata bAra-bAra grahaNa karane yogya hote haiN| aNuvrata aura guNavrata jIvana bhara ke lie hote haiM, kintu zikSAvrata alpakAla ke lie hote haiN| jaise ki sAmAyika vrata kevala 48 minaTa ke lie hotA hai| deza kA avakAza bhI roja-roja karanA hotA hai| dizA vrata meM jo maryAdA kI thI, usakA anudina saMkSepa karanA hotA hai| poSadha bhI eka pakSa meM do bAra kiyA jAtA hai| vaha roja karane kA nahIM hai| poSadha eka bahuta U~cI sAdhanA hai, isameM zrAvaka zramaNabhUta ho jAtA hai| zramaNa jaisI sAdhanA karatA hai| sarva sAvadha vyApAroM kA parityAga kara detA hai| vaha sAdhanA bhI 24 ghaMTe kI evaM 36 ghaMTe taka calatI hai| usa sthiti meM zrAvaka ko zramaNabhUta arthAt zramaNa tulya kahA gayA hai| atithi kI sevA evaM satkAra karanA bhI zikSAvrata hai| kyoMki isa meM apane bhojana meM se atithi kA saMvibhAga kiyA jAtA hai| isase dAna evaM tyAga kI zikSA milatI hai| zrAvaka kA sAmAyika vrata cAra zikSAvratoM meM se sAmAyika vrata prathama zikSAvrata hai| sAmAyika zabda meM do pada haiMsama aura aay| donoM ke saMyoga se samAya zabda banatA hai, phira sAmAyika bana jAtA hai| yaha vyAkaraNa kI prakriyA hai| sama kA artha hai-samatA evaM smbhaav| Aya kA artha hai- lAbha evaM praapti| jisa sAdhanA se samabhAva athavA viSamatA miTakara samatA kI prApti hotI hai, usa sAdhanA kA nAma vastutaH sAmAyika vrata hai| samabhAva kA kyA artha hotA hai ? uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo trasa aura sthAvara, sabhI jIvoM para samatva bhAva rakhatA hai, vaha sAmAyika vrata kA ArAdhaka hotA hai| sAmAyika meM mana kI zuddhi, vacana kI zuddhi aura kAya kI zuddhi apekSita hai| jisakA zarIra bhI svastha ho, aura mana bhI svastha ho, vahI isa vrata kI sAdhanA karane meM saphala hotA hai| tInoM yoga vizuddha hoM tabhI usakA adhyAtma lAbha prApta hotA hai| nirdoSa sAdhanA hI phalavatI mAnI jAtI hai| sAmAyika vrata ke aticAraH anya vratoM kI bhA~ti sAmAyika vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM1. manoduSpraNidhAna 2. vaco duSpraNidhAna 3. kAya duSpraNidhAna 4. smRti akaraNa 5. anavasthita karaNa (ka) mana se rAga-dveSAtmaka athavA kaSAya bhAya kA arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA anucintana krnaa| duzcintana krnaa| (kha) yANI se sAvadha vacana bolnaa| azlIla vacana aura apazabda khnaa| miSTavAk na bolakara, kaTuvAk bolnaa| mIThA bola na bolnaa| (ga) kAya se sAvadha kriyA krnaa| kisI ko mAranA, pITanA aura pIr3A denaa| zarIra :: se vyartha kI ceSTA krnaa| kisI prANI kA pAta krnaa|
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________________ 116 adhyAtma-pravacana (gha) sAmAyika kI smRti na rkhnaa| sAmAyika kI athavA nahIM kii| kaba grahaNa kI thii| samaya kI vismRti ho jaanaa| sAmAyika kA kAla pUrA kiyA yA nahIM kiyaa| isako smRti akaraNa kahate haiN| (Ga) sAmAyika kI jo vidhi hai, usake anusAra sAmAyika na krnaa|saamaayik roja na krnaa| kabhI kara lenA, kabhI na krnaa| isako anavasthita karaNa aticAra kahA gayA sAmAyika vrata kI mahimAH AcArya hemacandra sUri ne yoga-zAstra meM kahA hai ki jisa vyakti ne apane mAnasika dharAtala para uThane vAle apadhyAna athavA azubha dhyAna ke tUphAna ko zAnta, prazAnta aura upazAnta kara diyA hai, aura jisane samasta pApa pUrNa vyApAroM kA parityAga kara diyA hai, jisake antara citta meM, muhUrta bhara ke lie samabhAva kA udaya huA ho, vahI sAdhaka sAmAyika vrata kA ArAdhaka mAnA jAtA hai| jisa sAdhaka ne nizcaya se apanI AtmA ke svarUpa ko samajha liyA hai, aura jisane apanI viveka zakti se nIra-kSIra kI bhA~ti paraspara saMbaddha jIva aura karma kA pRthakkaraNa kara liyA hai, vahI vyakti sAmAyika vrata kA adhikArI mAnA gayA hai| karma aura jIva ko alaga-alaga karanA hI vastutaH sAmAyika vrata kI saccI sAdhanA hotI hai| samabhAva rUpa sUrya kI prabhA se rAgadveSa rUpa andhakAra kA vinAza ho jAne para, yogIjana jaba apanI AtmA ke svarUpa ko apane meM hI dekhatA hai, apane dvArA, taba unakI sAdhanA, sAmAyika vrata kahI jA sakatI hai| bhogI bAhara meM dekhatA hai, yogI apane andara meM dekhatA hai, aura rogI zarIra bhara kI cintA karatA hai| zrAvaka kA dezAvakAza vrata zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vratoM meM se yaha dvitIya zikSAvrata hai| deza aura avakAza-ina do padoM ke mela se banA deshaavkaash| phira bana gayA deshaavkaashik| deza kA artha hai-aNsh| avakAza kA artha hai-chuttttii| jisa sAdhanA meM, aMza rUpa meM chuTakArA milatA ho, use dezAvakAza kahate haiN| dizA parimANa vrata meM, aura dezAvakAza vrata meM, paraspara sambandha hai| dizA parimANa aura dezAvakAza meM eka bheda to yaha hai, ki dizA parimANa, tIna guNavratoM meM se eka guNavrata hai| dezAvakAza vrata, cAra zikSA-vratoM meM se eka zikSAvrata hai| dUsarA bheda yaha hai, ki dizAvrata jIvana bhara ke lie, jIvana meM eka bAra grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| dezAvakAza vrata, dizA parimANa kI maryAdA kA saMkSepa karatA hai| yaha saMkSepa pratidina karanA hotA hai| rAtri meM bhI kara sakate haiN| divasa meM bhI kara sakate haiN| alpa kAla ke lie bhI kara sakate haiN| adhika samaya ke lie bhI kara sakate haiN| para pUre jIvana ke lie nahIM hotaa| deza zabda kI yahI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai|
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________________ zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 117 dezAvakAza kA eka artha yaha bhI hai, ki deza arthAt kSetra kA eka aMza aura avakAza arthAt sthaan| isa vrata meM jIvana bhara ke lie gRhIta dizA parimANa arthAt kSetra maryAdA ke eka aMza rUpa sthAna kI kucha samaya ke lie vizeSa sImA kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai| ataH isako dezAvakAza vrata kahate haiN| yaha vrata kSetra maryAdA ko saMkucita karane ke sAtha hI upalakSaNa se upabhoga-paribhoga rUpa anya maryAdAoM ko bhI saMkucita karatA hai| maryAdita kSetra se bAhara na jAnA, bAhara se kisI ko andara na bulAnA, na bAhara kisI ko bhejanA, kraya aura vikraya na krnaa| sAvadha vyApAroM se avakAza grahaNa kara lenaa| dezAvakAzavrata ke aticAraH pUrva varNita vratoM kI bhA~ti dezAvakAza vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra haiN| zrAvaka inako samajha to leM, parantu inakA AcaraNa na kreN| kyoMki ye to doSa rUpa haiN| ve pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra haiM 1.Anayana prayoga 2. preSaNa prayoga 3. zabdAnupAta 4. rUpAnupAta 5. pudgala prakSepa (ka) maryAdA kSetra se bAhara kI vastu lAnA, maMgavAnA, Adi kriyA Anayana prayoga hai| (kha) maryAdita kSetra se bAhara vastu kA bhejanA, lejAnA, preSaNa prayoga hai| (ga) kisI ko maryAdita kSetra se bAhara khar3A yA baiThA dekhakara khA~sI yA khakAra Adi zabda saMketa dvArA, use bulAne kI ceSTA krnaa| zabda kA anupAta hai| (gha) maryAdita kSetra se bAhara sthita vyakti ko bulAne ke lie hasta, mukha evaM zIrSa Adi kA saMketa karanA, rUpa kA anupAta hai| (Ga) maryAdita kSetra se bAhara sthita vyakti ko bulAne hetu kaMkara, kAgaja, vastra Adi phaiMkanA, pudgala kA prakSepa kahA jAtA hai| manuSya kA jIvana jaba atyanta pravRttimaya bana jAtA hai, taba usako zAnti nahIM mila paatii| lekina jaba vaha pravRtti ko chor3a kara nivRtti kI ora lauTatA hai, taba vaha zAnti kA anubhava karane lagatA hai| vaidika paramparA meM, jo sthiti evaM dazA eka vAnaprastha kI hotI hai, kucha vaisI hI sthiti dezAvakAzika vrata meM hotI hai| saMkSepa meM kaha sakate haiM, ki yaha bhoga se yoga kI ora unmukha hone kI sthiti hai| ghara bAra ke kolAhala se haTa kara, apane andara jhA~kane kI yaha eka sthiti vizeSa aura dazA vizeSa hai| zrAvaka kA poSadha vrata zrAvaka ke cAra zikSAvratoM meM poSadha vrata tRtIya zikSA-vrata hai| anya vratoM se yaha kaThina vrata hai| kyoMki isameM cAra prakAra ke AhAra kA tyAga hotA hai| cAra prakAra AhAra isa prakAra se hai
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________________ 118 adhyAtma-pravacana 1.azana 2.pAna 3.khAdya 4.svAdha isa vrata meM isa cAroM prakAra ke bhojana kA pratyAkhyAna hotA hai| zrAvaka parva tithiyoM para poSadha vrata kI sAdhanA karatA hai| zarIra ke prasAdhanoM kA tyAga karatA hai| samasta AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga karatA hai| ekAnta meM poSadha-zAlA meM rahatA hai| tapa,japa, dhyAna,zAstra kA svAdhyAya karatA hai, aura stotra kA bhI pATha karatA hai| na kucha khAnA, na kucha piinaa| sUryodaya se lekara agale dina ke sUryodaya taka arthAt aSTa prahara kI yaha adhyAtma bhAva kI kaThora evaM kaThina sAdhanA hai| samasta sAvadha kriyAoM kA isameM tyAga hotA hai| poSadha ke sAtha upavAsa zabda bhI jor3A jAtA hai, jisakA artha hai-poSadha vrata meM upavAsa arthAt anAhAra avazya hotA hai, usakA pUrA rUpa isa prakAra hai-poSadhopavAsa vrt| isa vrata kI sAdhanA meM sthita zrAvaka zramaNabhUta arthAt zramaNavat mAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki isameM brahmacarya kA bhI pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| parigraha kA bhI tyAga hotA hai| poSadha vrata ke aticAra anya vratoM kI bhA~ti isake bhI pA~ca aticAra hote haiM, jinakA sevana nahIM kiyA jAtA 1. apramArjita-duSpramArjita shyyaa-sNstaark| 2. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita, shyyaa-sNstaark| 3. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita uccAra-pranavaNa bhUmi arthAt sthAna vishess| 4. apramArjita-duSpramArjita uccAra-prasravaNa bhUmi arthAt sthAna vishess| 5. poSadhopavAsa samyak annupaalntaa| yaha paJcama aticAra hai| (ka) zayyA arthAt vasati, makAna aura saMstAraka arthAt bichaunA, kaMbala Adi kA pratilekhana arthAt pratyavekSaNa-nirIkSaNa na karanA, athavA vidhipUrvaka ThIka DhaMga se na karanA, apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita aticAra hai| (kha) zayyA aura saMstAraka ko pramArjita kie binA, poMche binA, athavA binA acchI taraha sApha kie, kAma meM lenA, apramArjita-duSpramArjita zayyA-saMstAraka aticAra kahA gayA hai| (ga) mala-mUtra bhUmi ko uccAra-prasravaNa bhUmi kahA jAtA hai, usake sambandha meM bhI cAra prakAra samajha lenA caahie| (gha) poSadhopavAsa kA samyak prakAra se pAlana na karanA, paJcama aticAra hai| ina saba aticAroM ko samajhakara inakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA chie| prathama ke cAra aticAroM meM anirIkSaNa athavA durnirIkSaNa, aura apramArjana tathA duSpramArjana ke kAraNa
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________________ zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 119 hiMsA doSa kI pUrI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| choTe-choTe jIva-jantuoM kA vighAta ho sakatA hai| usase vrata dUSita hotA hai| ataH zrAvaka ko sAvadhAna honA caahie| poSadha kI paribhASAH upadeza prAsAda grantha meM kahA gayA hai, ki jisase dharma kI puSTi hotI hai, use poSadha kahA jAtA hai| vaha poSadha vrata cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-AhAra-poSadha, zarIra-satkAra poSadha, brahmacarya poSadha aura avyApAra possdh| athavA, yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha poSadha cAra prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| isakI sAdhanA karane se bahuta karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| zrAvaka kA atithi saMvibhAga vrata zrAvaka ke cAra zikSAvratoM meM se yaha caturtha zikSA-vrata hai| zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vratoM meM se yaha dvAdazam vrata mAnA gayA hai| isako antima vrata bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA pUrA nAma haiatithi sNvibhaag| saMvibhAga kA artha hai-samAna vibhaajn| kama evaM adhika vibhAjana viSama vibhAga hogaa| viSama vibhAga meM rAga aura dveSa hotA hai| saMvibhAga, samabhAva se kiyA jAtA hai| saMvibhAga kisake lie ho? vaha atithi ke lie hotA hai| sAmAnya bhASA meM, atithi ko abhyAgata bhI kahA jAtA hai| lekina ina donoM zabdoM ke artha meM aura bhAva meM, antara hai| abhyAgata vaha hotA hai, jisake Ane kI pUrva sUcanA hotI hai| atithi vaha hotA hai. jisake Ane kI tithi arthAt samaya nizcita nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra kA atithi, zramaNa nirgrantha hI ho sakatA hai| bhojana velA meM samAgata zramaNa ko zrAvaka pUjya evaM guru samajhakara, apane bhojana meM se bhakta-pAna detA hai, use atithi saMvibhAga vrata kahA gayA hai| atithi saMvibhAga kI paribhASAH ___ upadeza prAsAda grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki anna Adi sAmagrI prApta hone para, jo vyakti sadA zramaNoM ko dAna dekara, bAda meM svayaM bhojana karatA hai, isa prakAra kA zrAvaka kA jo niyama hotA hai, use atithi saMvibhAga vrata kahA gayA hai| yaha zrAvaka kA mukhya kartavya hai| jo zrAvaka atithi rUpa zramaNa nirgrantha ko bhojana, vasati arthAt nivAsa sthAna, vastra arthAt kaMbala Adi aura pAtra kA nitya prati dAna karatA hai, usakA yaha dAna atithi saMvibhAga kahA jAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra sUri ne apane yoga-zAstra meM kahA hai ki dekho, vicAra karo, gopAla saMgama ne apanI priyatara vastu kSIrAnna, dAna meM, tapasvI zramaNa ko bhAva-pUrvaka pradAna kI, usake phala svarUpa usako kitanI Rddhi vRddhi aura siddhi milii| yaha atithi saMvibhAga caturtha zikSAvrata kA kitanA mahattara lAbha hai|
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________________ 120 adhyAtma-pravacana atithi saMvibhAga ke aticAraH zrAvaka dharma kI sAdhanA karane vAle ko aticAroM kA sevana nahIM karanA caahie| kyoMki aticAra se vrata bhaMga ho jAtA hai| saMvibhAga vrata ke pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra se kathana kie gae haiM, jaise ki 1. sacitta nikSepa 2. sacitta pidhAna 4. para - vyapadeza 3. kAla atikrama 5. mAtsarya (ka) dAna na karane kI bhAvanA se kapaTa pUrvaka, zramaNa ko dene yogya padArtha ko sacitta vanaspati Adi para rakha denA - sacitta nikSepa hai| (kha) bhojana Adi ko sacitta vastu se Dhaka denA - sacitta pidhAna hai / pidhAna kA artha hai - Dhaka denA aura nikSepa kA artha hai- rakha denaa| (ga) atithi ko kucha na dene kI bhAvanA se bhikSA ke samaya se pUrva athavA pazcAt prArthanA karanA - kAla atikrama hai| atikrama kA artha hai - lAMghanA / (gha) denA na par3e isa bhAva se apanI vastu ko dUsare kI khnaa| dUsare kI vastu dekara apanI batAnA / vyapadeza kA artha hai- bahAnA banAnA / (Ga) dAna dene kI bhAvanA na hone para bhI dUsare ke dAna guNa kI prazaMsA hotI sunakara yA dekhakara IrSyA bhAva se dAna karanA bhI doSa hai| nirgrantha zramaNa ko atithi kyoM kahA? kyoMki vaha adhyAtma sAdhanA ke lie gRha-vAsa tyAga cukA hai / anagAra bana kara tapa aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA meM hI apanA samasta samaya evaM zakti lagA detA hai| vaha bhramaNazIla hai, pada-yAtrI hai aura usake Ane-jAne kA bhI patA nahIM lgtaa| ataH vaha saccA atithi hotA hai| apane sAdharmika ko bhI dAna denA caahie| karuNA vRtti se dIna-hIna bhikhArI ko bhI denA caahie| dAna karane se tyAga kA abhyAsa hotA calA jAtA hai| zrAvaka kA sallekhanA vrata zrAvaka kA antima vrata sallekhanA yA saMlekhanA hotA hai| dvAdaza vratoM ke anta meM, isakI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| dvAdaza vratoM se pahale samyaktva vrata hotA hai, jahA~ se sAdhanA prArambha kI jAtI hai / anta meM, saMlekhanA vrata hai, jahA~ para sAdhanA samApta ho jAtI hai| isa jIvana kI antima sAdhanA saMlekhanA hai / samyaktva prArambha hai, aura saMlekhanA anta hai| donoM ke madhya meM zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata haiN| yaha hI zrAvaka kI sAdhanA kA krama rahA hai| ataH zrAvaka vratoM meM antima vrata sallekhanA, saMlekhanA yA saMthArA rahA hai| jIvana ke anta samaya meM, maraNa se pUrva jo tapovizeSa kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai, vaha saMthArA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| zAstra kI paribhASA meM usakA svarUpa isa prakAra se
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________________ zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 121 hai-apshcim-maarnnaantik-sllekhnaa| apazcima kA artha hai-jisake pazcAt dUsarA na ho, arthAt saba se antim| mAraNAntika kA artha hai-mRtyu ke samaya meM hone vaalii| sallekhanA kA artha hai-jisake dvArA kaSAya kRza hoM, usa prakAra kI AlocanA pUrvaka tapasyA vishess| isa prakAra apazcima-mAraNAntika-sallekhanA kA artha hotA hai-maraNAnta ke samaya apane bhUtakAlIna kriyA-kalApoM kI samyaktayA AlocanA karake zarIra aura kaSAya ko kRza karane ke lie kI jAne vAlI sabase antima tpsyaa| isakA abhiprAya hai, ki antima samaya meM bhakta pAna kA tyAga kara, pahale anna aura bAda meM jala kA athavA donoM kA eka sAtha tyAga karake samAdhi pUrvaka zAnta bhAva se mRtyu ko prApta krnaa| isa dRSTi se saMlekhanA prANAnta anazana hai| isa prakAra kI mRtyu ko jaina AcAra-zAstra meM, samAdhi-maraNa evaM paNDitamaraNa kahA gayA hai| isako sAmAnya bhASA meM loga saMthArA bhI kahate haiN| saMthArA kA artha hai-sNstaark| saMstAraka kA artha hai-bichaunaa| saMthArA meM tIna bAta hotI haiM-ghAsa kA bichaunA, bhakta-pAna kA parityAga aura kaSAya kA tyaag| saMthArA karane vAlA vyakti, ghAsa kA bichonA bichAkara, bhakta-pAna kA pratyAkhyAna kara zAnta citta se baiThakara athavA leTakara tapa aura japa tathA svAdhyAya aura dhyAna karate hue isa sAdhanA meM tallIna ho jAtA hai| saMthArA kI sAdhanA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI bAdhyatA nahIM hai| kisI ke dabAva meM nahIM kI jaatii| kisI prakAra kI vivazatA bhI isameM nahIM hai| yaha to antara mana kA ullAsa bhAva evaM harSa bhAva hai| jaba zarIra samasta prakAra kI zakti kho baiThatA hai, balahIna ho jAtA hai, jIvana apane lie hI nahIM, dUsaroM ke lie bhI bhArabhUta ho jAtA hai| roga se zarIra AkrAnta ho jAtA hai, mRtyu-kSaNa nikaTatara AtA pratIta ho, taba saMthArA kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAnIjanoM kA vicAra hai, ki jaba zarIra kisI kAma kA na rahakara, sva-para ke lie kevala bhArabhUta ho jAtA hai, taba usase vimukta ho jAnA hI kalyANakara mArga hai| sAdhaka svayaM hI apanI antaH sphuraNA se apane prANoM kA utsarga karane ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| isakA nAma hai-saMthArA saadhnaa| isa sAdhanA meM viveka tathA jAgaraNa kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai| binA viveka ke saMthArA parihAsa bhI bana jAtA hai| isameM dravya zuddhi, kSetra zuddhi, kAla zuddhi aura bhAva zuddhi-ina cAroM kI AvazyakatA hai| moha mamatA ko jItanA, sAdhAraNa bAta nahIM ho sktii| dravya mamatA, zarIra mamatA aura parivAra mamatA ko jItane vAlA vIra sAdhaka saMthArA kara sakatA hai| saMthArA kAla meM upasarga aura parISahoM kI tIvra pIr3A kI anubhUti hone para bhI apane citta kI zAnti ko na khonA, yaha vIroM kA paripatha kahA hai| zAstra meM zrAvaka aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie isa sallekhanA vrata kA samAna vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| saMthArA tathA Atma-hatyAH ___ saMthArA aura hatyA, donoM eka kabhI nahIM ho skte| phira bhI katipaya bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne, katipaya pazcimI vidvAnoM ne saMthArA jaisI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko hatyA, Atma-hatyA kahA hai ? isake tIna kAraNa haiM
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________________ 122 adhyAtma-pravacana (a) jaina paramparA ke sAhitya kA gahana adhyayana na hone se| usa sAhitya ke mUla-srota kA paricaya na hone se| mUla granthoM kA adhyayana na hone se| (ba) jaina paramparA, jaina saMskRti aura usake dIrghakAlIna itihAsa kA parijJAna na kara sakane ke kAraNa bhI bhrAnti dUra nahIM kI jA skii| __ (sa) jaina AcAra kI, paribhASAoM kI mImAMsA, samIkSA aura anya dharma ke AcAra kI tulanA na hone se saMthArA ke virodha meM pracAra hotA calA gyaa| ___ vastutaHsallekhanA, saMlekhanA yA ki saMthArA Atma-hatyA, Atma-ghAta evaM Atma-hanana nahIM ho sktaa| donoM meM bhArI antara hai| Atma-ghAta ke mUla meM krodha, dveSa, apamAna aura nirAzA-ye kaSAya bhAva vidyamAna hote haiN| krodha aura nirAzA meM hI vyakti Atma-hatyA karatA hai| saMlekhanA ke mUla meM kaSAya kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai| Atma-hatyA citta kI azAnti tathA aprasannatA kA dyotaka hai, jabaki saMthArA citta kI zAnti aura prasannatA kA pratIka hotA hai| Atma-ghAta meM manuSya kA adhaHpatana hotA hai, jabaki saMthArA meM manuSya ke jIvana kA utkarSa hotA hai| Atma-ghAta vikRta citta vRtti kA kupariNAma hai, jabaki saMthArA saMskRta citta vRtti kA supariNAma hotA hai| saMlekhanA pUrvaka hone vAlI mRtyu ko niSkaSAya maraNa, paNDita maraNa aura samAdhimaraNa kahA jAtA hai, jabaki Atma-hatyA sakaSAya maraNa, bAla maraNa evaM ajJAna maraNa hai| Atma-ghAta Aveza ke kAraNa hotA hai, jabaki saMthArA viveka tathA zAnti se soca-vicAra kara kiyA jAtA hai| kyoMki jaina dharma kI sAdhanA meM para-hatyA kI bhA~ti sva-hatyA ko bhI bhayaMkara tathA ghora pApa mAnA gayA hai| saMlekhanA ke aticAraH samyaktva tathA dvAdaza vratoM kI bhA~ti saMlekhanA vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra mAne jAte haiN| . zrAvaka ko ina doSoM se dUra rahanA caahie| inakA sevana evaM AcaraNa nahIM karanA caahie| aticAra isa prakAra haiM 1. iha loka AzaMsA prayoga 2.para loka AzaMsA prayoga 3.jIvita AzaMsA prayoga 4. maraNa AzaMsA prayoga 5. kAma bhoga AzaMsA prayoga (ka) iha loka kA artha hai-manuSya loka arthAt vartamAna jiivn|aashNsaa kA artha haiabhilaassaa| prayoga kA artha hai-prvRtti| manuSya loka viSayaka abhilASA rUpa prvRtti| saMlekhanA meM yaha icchA karanA ki AgAmI bhava meM isI loka meM, kanaka, kIrti aura bhoga prApta hoM, prathama aticAra hai|
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________________ zrAvaka ke cAra zikSA-vrata 123 (kha) para loka meM, anAgata jIvana meM deva banane kI abhilASA krnaa| dvitIya aticAra hai| saMthArA meM deva sukhoM kI abhilASA nahIM karanI caahie| (ga) apanI prazaMsA, pUjA tathA satkAra hotA dekhakara, adhika kAla taka jIvita rahane kI aura pUjA-satkAra pAne kI abhilASA karanA, tRtIya aticAra hai| (gha) saMthArA meM apanI prazaMsA hotI na dekhakara, aura bhUkha-pyAsa ke parISaha se Akula-vyAkula hokara zIghra maraNa hI abhilASA karanA, caturtha aticAra hai| (Ga) AgAmI bhava meM manuSya sambandhI aura deva sambandhI kAma evaM bhoga prApta karane kI abhilASA karanA, paJcama aticAra hai| zrAvaka tathA zramaNa jIvana kI yaha atikaThora evaM ati kaThina sAdhanA hai| isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA citta vikAra aura tIvra icchA nahIM honI caahie| moha-mamatA kA tyAga hone para citta zAnta, prazAnta tathA upazAnta honA caahie|
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________________ 4. ekAdaza pratimA : upAsaka kI uccatara sAdhanA jaina-zAstra kI paribhASA meM gRhastha vyakti ko agAra evaM agArI, samyagdRSTi aura aNuvratI kahate haiN| kintu usake viziSTa nAma haiM-upAsaka evaM zrAvaka zrAvaka kI sAdhanA tIna prakAra kI hai (a) nIti (ba) dharma (sa) adhyAtma 1. nIti meM, rIti aura vyavahAra kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| jIvana meM loka-nIti tathA loka-vyavahAra kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| sarva prathama manuSya kA vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai| vyavahAra bahuta sthUla hotA hai| ataH sarvaprathama usa para hI najara TikatI hai| vyavahAra evaM nIti meM tIna bAta hotI haiM (ka) bola-cAla (kha) rahana-sahana (ga) khAna-pAna 2. dharma se abhiprAya hai, manuSya ke AcAra-vicAra se| AcAra aura vicAra donoM manuSya kI chavi ke nirmAtA haiN| AcAra hai, bAhara kA jIvana aura vicAra hai, antar kA jiivn| vicAra bIja hai, to AcAra aNkur| AcAra-vicAra kA samanvita rUpa dharma kahA jAtA hai| 3. adhyAtma kA artha hai-aatm-gt| AtmA se saMbaddha ko adhyAtma kahA jAtA hai| nIti ucca hai, dharma uccatara hai aura adhyAtma uccatama hai| ataHjIvana ke tIna vibhAga haiMnItimAn jIvana, dharmavAn jIvana aura adhyAtma jiivn| zrAvaka ke nItimaya jIvana meM sapta vyasana kA prityaag| zrAvaka ke eka-viMzati gunn| zrAvaka ke paJcatriMzat bola, mArgAnusArI ke bol| dharmamaya jIvana meM paJca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| zrAvaka kI adhyAtmamayI sAdhanA haiekAdaza pratimAoM kii| pratimA kI paribhASA: prAkRta kA paDimA zabda, saMskRta bhASA meM pratimA hai| isake do artha hote haiM-mUrti evaM prtijnyaa| yahA~ pratijJA artha hI ghaTita hotA hai| pratijJA kA artha hai-saMkalpa vizeSa, abhigraha 124
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________________ ekAdaza pratimA : upAsaka kI uccatara sAdhanA 125 vizeSa, tapa vizeSa aura sAdhanA vizeSa / yahA~ para sAdhanA vizeSa artha hI abhipreta hai| zrAvaka jIvana kI yaha eka viziSTa sAdhanA hai- agAra se anagAra banane kI eka dizA hai, eka soddezya antaryAtrA hai, mUla se zikhara kI gati hai, upAsaka poSadha-zAlA meM jAkara aNuvrata, guNavrata aura zikSAvratoM ke atirikta jina pratijJAoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, unheM paDimA arthAt pratimA tathA pratijJA kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga sUtra kI abhayadeva viracita vRtti meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo zramaNa kI upAsanA karate haiM, ve upAsaka kahalAte haiN| upAsakoM kI pratijJA athavA pratimA, upAsaka pratimA haiM / upAsaka kI ekAdaza pratimAoM kA ullekha aneka AgamoM meM hai| aMga-zAstra meM caturtha aMga samavAyAMga sUtra meM aura cheda sUtroM meM AcAra-dazA meM tathA Avazyaka sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM vizeSa varNana upalabdha hotA hai| mukhya rUpa meM upAsaka dazAMga sUtra meM varNana hai / kyoMki isa sUtra meM zrAvaka kI sAdhanA kA varNana kiyA hai| upAsaka dazAMga sUtra ke anusAra varNana isa prakAra hai 1. darzana pratimA 3. 5. pratimA- pratimA 7. sacitta AhAra varjana pratimA 9. preSya Arambha varjana pratimA sAmAyika pratimA 1. daMsaNa paDimA 3. sAmAiya paDimA 5. divA baMbhacera paDimA 7. sacitta pariNNAya paDimA 9. pesa pariNNAya paDimA 11. samaNabhUya paDimA 2. vrata pratimA 4. 6. 8. 10. 11. zramaNabhUta pratimA AcAra-dazA meM ekAdaza pratimA : cheda-sUtroM meM AcAra meM lagane vAle aticAra - doSoM ke prAyazcitta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / cheda sUtroM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM matabheda rahA hai| cheda sUtroM kI saMkhyA chaha hainizItha, mahAnizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra, paJcakalpa aura jIta klp| cAra saMkhyA isa prakAra haiM- AcAra-dazA, nizItha, kalpa aura vyavahAra / AcAra dazA meM pratimAoM kA vistAra se varNana hai poSadha pratimA abrahma varjana pratimA svayam Arambha varjana pratimA uddiSTa bhakta varjana pratimA 2. vaya paDimA 4. posaha paDimA 6. divA ratti baMbhacera paDimA 8. AraMbha pariNNAya paDimA 10. uddiTTha bhatta pariNNAya paDimA
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________________ 126 adhyAtma-pravacana niryukti vyAkhyA grantha : AgamoM para sarvaprathama vyAkhyA grantha, AcArya bhadrabAhu kRta niyukti haiN| dazavaikAlika mUla sUtra para bhI niyukti upalabdha hai, usameM zrAvaka kI ekAdaza pratimAoM kA eka gAthA sUtra meM varNana kiyA hai 1. daMsaNa paDimA 3. sAmAiya paDimA 5. abaMbha paDimA 7. Arambha paDimA 9. uddiTTha bhatta pariNNAya paDimA 5. 7. sacitta AhAra varjana pratimA 9. bhRtya preSya Arambha varjana pratimA 11. zramaNabhUta pratimA AcArya samantabhadrakRta zrAvakAcAra : 2. vaya paDimA 4. posaha paDimA 99. 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AcArya hemacandra sUrikRta yoga-zAstra : yoga-zAstra, AcArya hemacandra sUri kI amara kRti kahI jA sakatI hai| yaha grantha dvAdaza prakAzoM meM arthAt dvAdaza adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| yoga ke AdhAra para isameM zramaNa dharma aura zrAvaka dharma kA bhI varNana kiyA / zrAvaka ke samyaktvamUlaka dvAdaza vratoM kA aura unake aticAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| zrAvaka kI ekAdaza pratimAoM kA varNana mUla meM to nahIM, TIkA meM hai 1. darzana pratimA 3. sAmAyika pratimA kAyotsarga pratimA 6. sacitta paDimA 8. pesa paDimA 10. samaNa bhUya paDimA 2. vrata pratimA 4. poSadha pratimA 6. abrahma varjana pratimA 8. svayaM Arambha varjana pratimA 10. uddiSTa bhakta varjana pratimA ratna-karaNDa zrAvakAcAra, AcArya samantabhadra kI eka laghu amara kRti hai| isake saptama pariccheda meM zrAvaka kI ekAdaza pratimAoM kA varNana kiyA hai 1. darzana pratimA 3. sAmAyika pratimA 5. sacitta tyAga pratimA 7. brahmacarya pratimA 9. parigraha tyAga pratimA 11. uddiSTa tyAga pratimA 2. vrata pratimA 4. 6. 8. 10. poSadha pratimA rAtri bhojana tyAga pratimA Arambha tyAga pratimA anumati tyAga pratimA
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________________ ekAdaza pratimA : upAsaka kI uccatara sAdhanA 127 upAsaka dazAMga sUtra meM pratimA varNana : ekAdaza aMga sUtra meM upAsaka dazA sUtra saptama aMga hai| isake daza adhyayanoM meM se prathama adhyayana meM, prasiddha Ananda zrAvaka kA aura usakI dharmapatnI zivA kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| zrAvaka ke samyaktvamUlaka paJca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata, cAra zikSAvrata aura zrAvaka jIvana kI uccatara evaM utkRSTatara sAdhanA ekAdaza pratimAoM kA varNana bhI kiyA gayA hai| anta meM saMlekhanA vrata kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| pratimA, pratijJA, zreNi, pada aura bheda-vibhAga-ye saba ekArthaka zabda haiN| pratimAoM kA kAla : 1. prathama pratimA kA kAla eka mAsa hai| 2. dvitIya pratimA kA kAla do mAsa hai| 3. tatIya pratimA kA kAla tIna mAsa hai| 4. caturtha pratimA kA kAla cAra mAsa hai| 5. paJcama pratimA kA kAla pA~ca mAsa hai| 6. SaSTha pratimA kA kAla chaha mAsa hai| 7. saptama pratimA kA kAla sAta mAsa hai| 8. aSTama pratimA kA kAla ATha mAsa hai| 9. navama pratimA kA kAla nava mAsa hai| 10. dazama pratimA kA kAla dasa mAsa hai| 11. ekAdazama pratimA kA kAla ekAdaza mAsa hai| isa prakAra samasta pratimAoM kA pUrA kAla pA~ca varSa tathA chaha mAsa hotA hai| pratyeka pratimA ke dhAraNa se pahale upAsaka ke dvArA pUrva kI pratimA kA yathAkAla, yathAniyama, yathAvidhi, yathAkalpa, aura yathAsUtra, usakA anupAlana karanA caahie| upAsaka ko usakI sAdhanA meM sadA sAvadhAna, sajaga, saceta aura apramatta rahanA, parama Avazyaka hai| sAdhanAkAla meM, jo bhI anukUla athavA pratikUla upasarga aura parISaha A jAe, to use zAnta, prazAnta evaM upazAnta citta se sahana karanA caahie| samabhAva se sahana karane para zrAvaka ke karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| 1. darzana pratimA-jIva aura ajIva sapta tatva tathA nava padArthoM para yathArtha zraddhAna honA, samyagdarzana hai, samyaktva hai| jaba upAsaka samyagdarzana kA niraticAra arthAt zaMkA-kAMkSA Adi doSoM se rahita hokara, nirdoSa rUpa meM pAlana karatA hai, taba usake darzana pratimA kahI jAtI hai| 2.vrata pratimA-darzana pratimA kA pUrA abhyAsa kara lene ke bAda, usakA kAla pUrA ho jAne para zrAvaka vrata pratimA ko svIkAra karatA hai| niraticAra rUpa meM, pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna
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________________ 128 adhyAtma-pravacana guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai, yaha vrata pratimA hai| isakI sAdhanA karane se zrAvaka aneka guNoM kA vikAsa karatA hai| 3. sAmAyika pratimA - darzana aura vratoM kI sAdhanA karate hue upAsaka sAmAyika vrata kI vizeSa sAdhanA prArambha karatA hai| sUryodaya kI velA meM, madhya velA meM aura sUryAsta velA meM, arthAt tri-sandha sAmAyika karatA hai| samabhAva kI sAdhanA karatA hai / sAmAyika vrata kA niraticAra pAlana karatA hai| tapa, japa, pATha, svAdhyAya karatA hai| jIvana meM samabhAva kA nirantara AcaraNa karatA hai| sAmAyika kI sAdhanA, vItarAga bhAva kI sAdhanA kahI hai| 4. poSadha pratimA-zrAvaka yathAzakti aura yathAkAla tapasyA karatA hai / kintu poSadha rUpa tapa kI sAdhanA vizeSa kI jAtI hai| zrAvaka poSadhazAlA meM rahakara parva tithiyoM para poSadha grahaNa karatA hai| vizeSa rUpa meM mAsa ke donoM pakSoM meM aSTamI aura caturdazI ko cAra prakAra ke AhAra kA parityAga kara detA hai / mauna rahakara Atma-cintana meM lIna rahatA hai| sarva prakAra ke sAvadha vyApAroM ko chor3a detA hai / brahmacarya kA pUrNa pAlana karatA hai| phUla mAlA evaM muktA-mAlA Adi AbhUSaNa rUpa parigraha kA parityAga karatA hai| poSadha vrata kI sAdhanA aSTa prahara kI hotI hai| isameM tapomaya jIvana hotA hai| 5. pratimA- pratimA - jisa upAsaka ne poSadha pratimA kA samyak prakAra se anupAlana kiyA hai, vaha isa pratimA-pratimA ko dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| jo upAsaka pratyeka aSTamI evaM caturdazI kI rAtri meM pratimA kI bhA~ti sthira, acala aura niSkampa rahatA hai, kevala dina meM bhojana karatA hai, brahmacarya kA pUrA pAlana karatA hai, zramaNa ke samAna cola paTTA aura cAdara ke vastra pahanatA hai, kAma bhogoM kI smRti bhI nahIM krtaa| dina meM bhI adhika samaya sthira Asana meM hI vyatIta karatA hai, jitakaSAya aura jitabhaya jina bhagavAn kA dhyAna karatA hai, athavA apanI AtmA ke svarUpa kA cintana karatA hai, vaha paJcama pratimAdhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| pratimA meM pratimA kI sAdhanA hone se ise pratimA- pratimA kahate haiN| 6. abrahma varjana pratimA - isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti rAtri meM bhI zRMgAra-carcA nahIM krtaa| striyoM se ati paricaya nahIM rakhatA / zarIra zRMgAra evaM vibhUSA kA parityAga kara detA hai| 7. sacitta AhAra parivarjana pratimA- isameM khAne-pIne kI sacitta vastuoM kA tyAga hotA hai| sacitta padArthoM kA upabhoga paribhoga nahIM karatA / 8. svayaM Arambha varjana pratimA- isameM upAsaka svayaM to kisI prakAra Arambha nahIM karatA, lekina AvazyakatA hone para dUsaroM se karA sakatA hai| 9. para Arambha varjana pratimA- isakI sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka upAsaka dUsaroM se bhI Arambha nahIM karAtA / na karatA hai, aura na karAtA hai| lekina anumodanA kara detA hai, samarthana kara detA hai|
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________________ ekAdaza pratimA : upAsaka kI uccatara sAdhanA 129 10. pUrva pratimAoM kA pAlana karate hue upAsaka apane uddezya se taiyAra kie hue bhojana kA jo tyAga karatA hai, vaha uddiSTa bhakta varjana pratimA hai| isameM sira kA muNDana hotA hai, athavA zikhA bhara bAla rakha letA hai| kisI viSaya meM pUchane para vaha yadi jAnatA hai, to kahatA hai, ki maiM jAnatA huuN| yadi nahIM jAnatA hai, to kahatA hai, ki maiM nahIM jaantaa| vaha saMsAra ke prapaJcoM se dUra rahatA hai| 11. zramaNabhUta pratimA-isa pratimA meM zrAvaka sira ke bAloM kA loca karatA hai, athavA kSura-muNDa karA letA hai| zramaNa veSa ko dhAraNa karatA hai| zramaNa ke jaise hI upakaraNa rakhatA hai| kaThora tapa tyAga aura saMyama kA pAlana karate hue zramaNa jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| ataH zramaNabhUta zramaNa kalpa aura zramaNa sadRza kahA jAtA hai| yaha antima pratimA hai| zrAvaka ke jIvana kA Adarza : zrAvaka tathA upAsaka ke jIvana kA Adarza zramaNa hai| zramaNa ke mArga kA anugamana, anusaraNa, anucaraNa aura anukaraNa-zrAvaka ke jIvana kA eka ucca Adarza hai| kyoMki zramaNa tyAga, vairAgya aura tapa ke mArga para calane vAlA eka mahAn sAdhaka hai| zramaNa kA AcAra hai-paJca mahAvrata, paccIsa mahAvrata kI bhaavnaa| paJca samiti evaM tIna gupti| dazavidha yatidharma, SaD Avazyaka, dviviMzati parISaha jaya, cAra kaSAya jy| dvAdaza vidha tapa, dvAdaza bhAvanA aura paJca caaritr| paJca prakAra kA aacaar| zAnti aura smaadhi| zrAvaka kA AcAra hai-samyaktva, paJca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata, cAra zikSA vrt| jIvana kI uccatara sAdhanA ekAdaza prtimaa| zramaNa kI bhA~ti ubhaya kAla SaD aavshyk| ataH zrAvaka kA jIvana bhI tapomaya evaM tyAgamaya hotA hai| jaina AcAra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-zramaNAcAra aura shraavkaacaar| AcAra meM antara nahIM hai, lekina pAlana karane vAle kI zakti, kSamatA aura yogyatA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara, usakA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| sAdhu kI apanI sImA hai, upAsaka kI apanI maryAdA hai| lakSya donoM kA eka hI hai-parama Ananda rUpa mokss|
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________________ 5. zrAvaka kI dinacaryA AcArya hemacandra sUri ne sva-praNIta yoga-zAstra meM, jaina dRSTi se yoga kA sundara varNana kiyA hai| pataJjali ne apane yoga sUtroM meM, yoga kA vistAra se pratipAdana kiyA thaa| vaha vaidika dRSTi se kiyA gayA thaa| bauddha paramparA ke AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bauddha dRSTi se sva-racita vizuddhi mArga grantha meM yoga kA varNana kiyA thaa| AcArya hemacandra ne jaina AcAra ko yoga kI paribhASA meM rUpAntara karake prastuta kiyA thaa| tInoM ne apanI-apanI paramparA AcAra ko yoga rUpa meM DhAla kara prastuta kiyA thA / sarva prathama yaha kArya pataJjali ne kiyA thaa| usakA anusaraNa bauddha tathA jainoM ne kiyA thaa| AcArya hemacandra ne samagra jaina AcAra - zAstra ko yoga rUpa meM parivartita karake mahAn upakAra kiyA thaa| unake yoga- zAstra meM zramaNAcAra aura zrAvakAcAra ke samasta tatvoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| zramaNa kA saMkSepa meM, zrAvaka kA vistAra meM varNana kiyA hai| zrAvaka ke mUla guNa evaM uttara guNoM kA kathana karane ke bAda meM zrAvaka kI dinacaryA kA sundara pratipAdana kiyA hai / dinacaryA ke tIna vibhAga haiM- prabhAta kAla, madhya kAla tathA sandhyA kAla | kisa samaya kyA karaNIya hai ? prAtaHkAla kyA kareM? : 1. prAtaHkAla brAhma muhUrta meM uThanA caahie| sUryodaya se pUrva hI zayyA kA parityAga kara de| brAhma muhUrta kA artha hai, ki rAtri ke paJca daza muhUrta hote haiM, unameM se caturdazam muhUrta ko brAhma kahA gayA hai| yaha kAla sUryodaya se do ghar3I pUrva kA mAnA gayA hai| yaha sarva zreSTha samaya hotA hai| 2. zayyA para baiThakara hI paJca parameSThI kA smaraNa kre| parameSThI meM pA~ca tatva haiMarhan, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu / inheM pA~ca pada bhI kahate haiM / mahAmantra bhI kahate haiM | namaskAra mantra, navakAra mantra, parameSThI mantra aura mahAmantra - ye saba isake nAma haiN| pA~ca bAra athavA sAta bAra isakA smaraNa kare / 3. phira zayyA se uThakara mAtA-pitA ke caraNa sparza kara praNAma kre| guru-janoM ko namaskAra kare / samavayaska janoM ko 'namo jiNANaM' kahe, jaya jinendra khe| bAla-baccoM ko pyAra kare, prema kare / 4. apanA nitya karma kare / zuddha vastra pahane / phira tIna manorathoM kA cintana kare, manana kare 130
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________________ zrAvaka kI dinacaryA 131 (a) vaha dina dhanya hogA, jaba maiM mahArambha aura mahAparigraha kA tyAga karake laghubhUta bnuuNgaa| (ba) vaha dina dhanya hogA, jaba maiM agAra dharma se anagAra dharma meM praveza kruuNgaa| saMsAra ke karma prapaJca kA tyAga karake zAnta jIvana vyatIta kruuNgaa| (sa) vaha dina dhanya hogA, jaba maiM jIvana ke antima kSaNoM meM saMthArA grahaNa kruuNgaa| zAnta, prazAnta evaM upazAnta hokara, samAdhi prApta kruuNgaa| 5.phira zrAvaka nagara meM sthita zramaNa evaM zramaNI ke darzana kre| dharmasthAna meM,mandira tathA sthAnaka meM jAkara, dharma pravacana sune| tyAga kre| madhya kAla meM kyA kareM? 1.madhya kAla meM ghara Akara, bhojana kre| bhojana se pUrva pA~ca yA sAta bAra namaskAra mantra pddh'e| sAdhu-sAdhvI ko AtA dekhakara prasanna ho jaae| sAta-ATha kadama Age jAkara bhakta-pAna kI prArthanA kre| atithi saMvibhAga vrata ko saphala kre| 2.sAdharmika upasthita ho, to usako bhI bhojana kraae| usako sahayoga pradAna kre| 3. dvAra para yAcaka evaM bhikhArI upasthita ho, to usako bhI karuNA vRtti se dAna kre| 4.nitya prati dAna karanA zrAvaka kA parama kartavya hai| dAna karane se tyAga kA abhyAsa bar3hatA hai| apanI zakti ke anusAra dAna kre| 5. phira thor3A vizrAma karake kucha samaya svAdhyAya kre| jina-vANI kA adhyayana kre| adhyAtma granthoM kA vAcana kre| cintana-manana kre| madhya kAla kI sAmAyika kre| dhyAna kre| sAyaM kAla meM kyA kareM? 1. sAyaM kAla meM bhojana karanA ho, to divA bhojana kare, rAtri meM bhojana na kre| sambhava ho, to rAtri meM caturvidha AhAra kA tyAga kare, anyathA to trividha AhAra kA pratyAkhyAna kre|chnaa pAnI grahaNa kare, kadApi anachanA pAnI grahaNa na kre| 2.phira sUryAsta se pUrva hI dharma sthAna mandira, sthAnaka evaM upAzraya tathA poSadha-zAlA meM pahu~ca kara, SaD Avazyaka kre| stotra pATha kre| AgamoM kA svAdhyAya kre| adhyAtma carcA kre| dhArmika praznottara kre| zrI saMgha ke prema aura gaurava kI bAta-cIta kre| kisI kI nindA AlocanA na kre| 3. phira apane ghara lauTakara apane vRddha mAtA-pitA kI sevA kre| rugNa vyakti kI sevA kre| ghara meM saba kI sukha-sAtA puuche| 4. phira tIna prakAra kI jAgarikA kA vicAra kre| tIna jAgaraNa isa prakAra haiM (a) dharma jAgaraNa-dharma hI kalyANakara hai| dharma kA pUrA paripAlana kre| vItarAga dharma hI saccA dharma hai| dharma hI merA mitra hai|
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________________ 132 adhyAtma-pravacana (ba) kuTumba jAgaraNa-parivAra aura parijana ke prati merA jo kartavya karma hai, usakA maiM bhalI bhA~ti pAlana-anupAlana karatA hU~, ki nhiiN| parivAra kA bharaNa, poSaNa evaM zikSaNa Adi karAnA, merA parama kartavya karma hai| (sa) rASTra jAgaraNa-yaha rASTra merI janma bhUmi hai, merI pitR-bhUmi hai, mAtR-bhUmi hai| isake anna-jala para hI merA jIvana TikA hai| isakI rakSA karanA, isakA gaurava bar3hAnA merA parama kartavya hai| isakI svatantratA meM, merI svatantratA hai| 5. rAtri velA meM, itanA karane ke bAda meM saba bikalpoM ko chor3a kara, saba cintAoM ko dUra kara zayana kare, nidrAdhIna ho jaae| SaD Avazyaka: ___ avazyameva karaNIya karma ko arthAt kriyA ko Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| cAra mUla sUtroM meM se, eka Avazyaka sUtra bhI hai, jisameM SaD Avazyaka karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| zrAvaka aura zramaNa-donoM ko ubhayavelA meM yaha karanA caahie| zramaNa ke lie to yaha anivArya hai, vratI zrAvaka ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| saMkSepa meM isako pratikramaNa kahA jAtA hai| pratikramaNa SaD AvazyakoM meM se eka Avazyaka hotA hai| zrAvaka evaM zramaNa kI dinacaryA kA anivArya aMga mAnA gayA hai| sUtroM meM SaD Avazyaka kA kathana isa prakAra hai1. sAmAyika 2. caturviMzati stavana 3. vandana 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6. pratyAkhyAna samatva-bhAva kI sAdhanA ko sAmAyika kahA gayA hai| isase citta zAnta, prazAnta evaM upazAnta rahatA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti ko stavana kahate haiN| tIrthaMkara dharma ke saMsthApaka hote haiN| patha ke Aloka hote haiN| jIvana ke kalyANakara hote haiN| dharma ke upadeSTA haiN| vandana ko bhI eka Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| vandana guru ko kiyA jAtA hai| kyoMki vaha sAdhanA mArga kA upadezaka hai| jIvana meM, ajJAna se evaM pramAda se lagane vAle doSoM kI AlocanA ko pratikramaNa kahA gayA hai| azubha se zubha meM lauTane ko pratikramaNa kahate haiN| yaha aticAroM kA prAyazcitta hai| kAyotsarga dhyAna hai| pratyAkhyAna eka prakAra kA tyAga hai| usake daza bheda haiN| pratikramaNa pA~ca haiM 1. daivasika pratikramaNa 2. rAtrika pratikramaNa 3. pAkSika pratikramaNa 4. cAturmAsika pratikramaNa 5. sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa zrAvaka ke pratidina ke niyama bhArata ke samasta dharmoM meM apanI-apanI paramparA ke anurUpa, apanI-apanI saMskRti ke anusAra, manuSya ke kalyANa, vikAsa tathA abhyutthAna ke lie yama, niyama aura saMyama
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________________ zrAvaka kI dinacaryA 133 ko nitAnta Avazyaka mAnA hai / manu ne apanI smRti meM daza niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| bauddha paramparA meM paJcazIla, aSTa zIla aura daza zIloM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA ke AcAra-zAstra meM zramaNa ke daza dharmoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / daza yati-dharma jaina paramparA meM prasiddha haiN| zrAvaka ke lie caturdaza niyamoM kA vidhAna hai| yama kA artha haivrata vratoM kA grahaNa jIvana meM eka bAra kiyA jAtA hai, jo jIvana bhara ke lie hote haiN| niyama vaha hai, jo prati divasa svIkAra kie jAte haiN| kevala dina bhara ke lie| ina caturdaza niyamoM meM choTe-bar3e sabhI prakAra ke niyama haiN| inako roja-roja svIkAra karane se aura unakA anupAlana karane se manuSya meM tyAga bhAvanA bar3hatI hai| dharma kA lakSya hai, ki manuSya htbhoga se tyAga kI ora le jaae| caturdaza niyama isa prakAra haiM 1. sacitta tyAga 2. dravya 3. vikRti 5. tAmbUla 7. kusuma 9. zayana 11. brahmacarya 4. upAnat 6. vastra 8. vAhana 10. vilepana 12. dizA 13. snAna jala 14. bhakta gRhastha jIvana meM sacitta vastu kA sarvathA tyAga nahIM ho sakatA, usakA mayAdA ko jAtI hai| jaise ki phala, phUla, mUla, kaccA jala- inakI maryAdA kre| dravya meM, roTI, dAla aura bhAta Ate haiN| vikRti, vaha hai, jo zarIra meM vikAra utpanna kre| jaise ki dUdha, dahI, ghI aura tel| makkhana mahAvikRti hai / madirA aura mAMsa kA to jaina dharma meM sarvathA hI prabala niSedha kiyA gayA hai| jUtoM kI bhI maryAdA kre| camar3e ke jUte na phne| pahanane-or3hane tathA bichAne ke vastroM kI maryAdA kre| khAne kA pAna tAmbUla kahA jAtA hai| usakI bhI maryAdA kare / kusuma kI mAlA kI maryAdA kre| mAlA se zRMgAra buddhi utpanna hotI hai| phUla aura itara kI maryAdA kre| vAhana do prakAra ke hote haiM-sacitta aura acitta / jaise ki ghor3A, hAthI evaM U~Ta Adi sacitta hote haiM / jahAja, moTara evaM rela Adi acitta hote haiN| inakI bhI maryAdA kre| zramaNa ko vAhana kA sarvathA tyAga hotA hai| vaha to pAda - vihAra hI karatA hai / zayana kA artha hai - palaMga, khATa aura bichaunA Adi kI maryAdA kre| vilepana kA artha haicandana, ubaTana, tela Adi kI maryAdA kre| zrAvaka ko para-nArI aura vezyA Adi ke sevana kA sarvathA tyAga hotA hai| apanI patnI ke sAtha bhI maryAdita maithuna kA sevana kre| parva tithiyoM para zrAvaka brahmacarya kA paripAlana kre| dizAoM meM jAne-Ane kI maryAdA bhI kare / snAna jala kA adhika khulakara, vyartha hI sacitta jala evaM acitta jala kA bhI durupayoga na kare / bhakta-pAna kA artha hai - khAna-pAna arthAt bhojana aura pIne kA pAnI kI bhI maryAdA kre|
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________________ 134 adhyAtma-pravacana caturdaza niyamoM kA athavA inameM se kucha kA roja pAlana kre| jo vastu upabhoga-paribhoga ke lie khulI rakhanI ho, usake uparAnta saba vastuoM kA parityAga kara de|jo vastu khulI rakhanI ho, usakI sImA evaM maryAdA kara le| sapta vyasana tyAga . jaina dharma meM samasta vyasanoM ke parityAga kA sundara upadeza diyA gayA hai| vyasana zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, lekina do artha to ati prasiddha haiM-prathama hai, kisI bhI prakAra kI burI aadt| Adata ke paravaza hokara, manuSya, pazu jaisA bana jAtA hai| use bhale-bure kA jarA bhI dhyAna nahIM rhtaa| vaha dAruNa pApoM meM pha~sa kara apane amUlya mAnava jIvana ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara detA hai| vyasana zabda kA dUsarA artha hotA hai-saMkaTa, kaThina saMgharSa aura sahasA A par3ane vAlI Apatti evaM duHkh| isa saMdarbha meM bhI vaha jIvana tatva kA zoSaNa karatA hai| jaina dharma kI udghoSaNA hai, ki ye sAta vyasana manuSya kI durgati ke kAraNa hai, naraka meM jAne ke kAraNa haiN| sapta vyasanoM kA sevana karane vAlA vyakti zrAvaka to kyA, manuSya kahalAne kA adhikAra bhI nahIM rkhtaa| zrAvaka-vrata grahaNa karane ke pUrva hI sapta vyasanoM kA parityAga kara denA parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| ve sapta vyasana isa prakAra se kahe gae haiM 1. dyUta-krIr3A arthAt juA khelanA 2. corI karanA 3. zikAra khalanA 4. mAMsa-bhakSaNa karanA 5. madirA-pAna karanA 6. para-nArI rati 7. vezyA-gamana jisako juA khelane kI Adata hotI hai, use corI karanI par3atI hai| mAMsa khAne vAle vyakti ko zikAra bhI karanI par3atI hai| jo madirA pAna karatA hai, use para-nArI kA sahavAsa karane kI aura vezyA-gamana kI bhI Adata par3a jAtI hai| ye sAtoM mahApApa hote haiN| juA se aparigraha vrata bhaMga hotA hai, corI se asteya vrata bhaMga hotA hai, mAMsa aura madirA se ahiMsA vrata bhaMga hotA hai aura para-nArI evaM vezyA se brahmacarya vrata bhaMga hotA hai| zrAvaka ke ekaviMzati guNa jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM zrAvaka ke ekaviMzati guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ye samasta guNa vyavahAra aura nIti-rIti ke niyAmaka mAne jAte haiN| inakA abhyAsa, zikSaNa aura AcaraNa nitAnta Avazyaka hai| AcArya nemicandra sUri ne pravacanasAroddhAra meM zrAvaka ke guNoM kA kathana isa prakAra se kiyA hai, ki pratyeka zrAvaka dhIre-dhIre abhyAsa karake unheM apane jIvana meM utAra sakatA hai| vastutaH mAnava jIvana ke ye naitika niyama haiM
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________________ zrAvaka kI dinacaryA 135 1. akSudratA arthAt hRdaya kI udAratA 2. svasthatA zarIra aura mana kI 3. saumyatA-kaTutA aura kaThoratA kA abhAva 4. lokapriyatA 5. akrUratA arthAt komala bhAva 6. pApa-bhIrutA 7. azaThatA arthAt saralatA 8. dakSatA caturatA 9. lajjA-zIlatA lajjAvAn 10. dayA-zIlatA dayAvAn 11. guNoM kA anurAga 12. priya saMbhASaNa 13. madhyastha bhAva 14. dIrghadarzitA, vicAra kara kAma karanA 15. satyabhASI yA madhurabhASI 16. vinamratA vinayavAna 17. vizeSajJatA avasara ko jAnane vAlA 18. vRddha-sevA bhAvI yA anugAmI 19. kRtajJatA 20. parahitakArI yA paropakArI 21. labdha-lakSya-lakSya prApta karane vAlA jaina AcAra-zAstra manuSya jIvana ke vyavahAra evaM nIti kI upekSA karake nahIM cltaa| ye guNa vyakti aura samAja donoM ke lie upayogI haiN| adhyAtma sAdhanA ke mandira meM praveza pAne ke lie bhavya praveza dvAra bhI kahe jA sakate haiN|
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________________ 6. zrAvaka kA samyaktva vrata AcArya umAsvAti ne sva-praNIta tatvArtha sUtra meM, prathama adhyAya ke dvitIya sUtra meM, samyagdarzana kA arthAt samyaktva kA lakSaNa isa prakAra se kiyA hai - tatvArtha-zraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / tatvabhUta jo artha arthAt padArtha, una para yA unameM zraddhAna karanA, niSThA evaM AsthA rakhanA, samyaktva hai, samyagdarzana hai, yathArtha dRSTi hai| kisI bhI vrata ko grahaNa karane se pUrva samyagdarzana kA honA, parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, jina-Agama meM / vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa para zraddhAna arthAt vizvAsa rakhanA, vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhanA, samyagdarzana hai| yahI samyaktva hai| Avazyaka sUtra meM, samyaktva kA svarUpa isa prakAra se pratipAdita kiyA hai, ki rAga-dveSa ke vijetA arhan ko deva samajhanA, dharma kA mArga batAne vAle nirgrantha zramaNa ko guru samajhanA aura vItarAga kathita tatvoM ko satya samajhanA, una para ruci rakhanA - yahI samyaktva hai| eka anya prakAra se bhI samyaktva kA lakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| jaise ki Apta, Agama evaM AjJA para pUrA vizvAsa rakhanA / yathArtha vaktA aura yathArtha darzI ko jina zAsana meM Apta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra arhan vItarAga aura sarvajJa hI vastutaH Apta puruSa haiN| Apta puruSa kI vANI ko Agama kahA jAtA hai / Agama meM jo vidhi aura niSedha kiyA gayA hai, vahI AjJA hai| ina tInoM para apAra AsthA ko samyagdarzana, zraddhAna aura samyaktva kahate haiN| samyaktva ke pA~ca lakSaNa : samyagdarzana AtmA kA nija guNa hai| usakA patA kaise lage, ki isa jIva meM vaha hai, aura isameM nahIM hai| ataH zAstrakAroM ne samyagdarzana ke pA~ca lakSaNa batAe haiM 2. saMvega 4. anukampA 1. prazama 3. nirveda 5. AstikatA kaSAya kI mandatA, upazamatA aura kSINatA ko prazama kahA gayA hai| krodha na ho, yA kama ho, mAna na ho, yA kama ho, mAyA na ho, yA kama ho, lobha na ho, yA bahuta kama ho / saMsAra ke padArthoM para ruci na hokara, mokSa meM ruci ko saMvega kahate haiM / viSaya aura kaSAya bhAva se virakti ko nirveda kahA hai| saMsAra ke sahAya-hIna prANiyoM para karuNA ko anukampA kahate haiN| AtmA kI trikAla sattA para vizvAsa ko AstikatA kahate haiN| 136
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________________ zrAvaka kA samyaktva vrata 137 samyaktva ke aticAra : samyaktva ke pA~ca aticAra hote haiN| ye samyaktva ko malina banAte haiN| ye samyaktva ke doSa haiN| zrAvaka inako samajhale, para inakA AcaraNa kabhI na kre| pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra se haiM1. zaMkA 2. kAMkSA 3. vicikitsA 4. para pASaNDa prazaMsA 5. para pASaNDa saMstava adhyAtma sAdhanA ke phala meM saMdeha krnaa| mokSa kI sattA meM avizvAsa karanA, loka aura paraloka ko svIkAra na karanA-yaha zaMkA aticAra hai| apane dharma ke vrata, niyama aura saMyama ko kaThora evaM kaThina samajha kara dUsare sampradAyoM meM idhara-udhara bhaTakanA-yaha kAMkSA aticAra hai| lambe samaya taka bhI sAdhanA karane para usakA phala na milane para, phala meM sandeha karanA, isakA phala mujhe milegA, ki nahIM milegA-yaha vicikitsA aticAra hai| kisI anya sampradAya ke prapaJcI tathA pAkhaNDI dharma guru kI Rddhi, siddhi aura thothe camatkAra kI bAta sunakara usase prabhAvita ho jAnA, usakA anugAmI ho jAnA-yaha para pASaNDa prazaMsA aticAra hai| DhoMgI dharma guru ke pAsa svayaM bAra-bAra jAnA, aura dUsare bhole logoM ko lejAkara patha-bhraSTa karanA-yaha para pASaNDa saMstava aticAra hai| zrAvaka ke pA~ca abhigama ekAdaza aMgoM meM, bhagavatI sUtra, jisakA apara nAma, vyAkhyA-prajJapti bhI kahA jAtA hai, use paJcama aMga sUtra bhI kaha sakate haiM, usake dvitIya zataka ke paJcama uddezaka ke sUtra 109 meM, paJca abhigamoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| abhigama zabda kA artha hai-saMmukha jAnA, sAmane jaanaa| kisake saMmukha jAnA, kisake abhimukha honA, kisake unmukha honA? dharmaguru ke saMmukha jAnA, aura dharmasthAna ke abhimukha jaanaa| jahA~ bhagavAn tIrthaMkara dharma dezanA karate haiM, usa samavasaraNa bhUmi kI ora jAnA, zramaNa-zramaNI guru jahA~ upadeza dete hoM, pravacana karate hoM, vahA~ jAne ko abhigama kahate haiN| Aja kI bhASA meM, mandira upAzraya aura sthAnaka kI ora jaanaa| vahA~ pahu~cane se pUrva, usameM praveza karane pUrva, pA~ca abhigamoM kA paripAlana karanA, parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaise ki 1. sacitta dravya kA tyAga karanA 2. acitta dravya kA tyAga karanA 3. uttarAsaMga karanA 4. guru ke saMmukha hote hI hAtha jor3anA 5. mana ko ekAgra karake pravacana sunanA
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________________ 138 adhyAtma-pravacana ina pA~ca niyamoM ko abhigama kahate haiN| sacitta dravya kyA hai? puSpa, phala, phUloM kI maalaa| mukha meM tAmbUla rakhakara cabAte jaanaa| inakA tyAga hI sacitta kA tyAga hotaa| kaccA pAnI bhI to sacitta dravya hai| acitta dravya kyA hai? chatra, ca~vara, zastra aura upAnat arthAt jUte evaM cppl| ye saba ahaMkAra aura aviveka ke pratIka mAne jAte haiN| uttarAsaMga kA artha hai-ka~dhoM para par3A dupaTTA, jisase vandana karate samaya, mukha kA AcchAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai, athavA karanA caahie| tIrthakara, gaNadhara, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura guru ko vandana karanA, hAtha jor3anA, vinaya dharma kahA gayA hai| vinaya samasta guNoM kA mUla mAnA jAtA hai| pravacana sunate samaya mana bhI ekAgra ho| ___ samyaktva kI SaD bhAvanA pravacanasAroddhAra grantha meM aura dharma saMgraha grantha meM, samyaktva kI SaD bhAvanAoM kA sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para bhAvanA kA artha hai-bAra-bAra abhyAsa krnaa| vicAraNA aura cintanA krnaa| abhyAsa ke karane se asthira hotA samyaktva phira sthira ho jAtA hai| zrAvakoM ko ina SaD bhAvanAoM kA abhyAsa anudina karanA caahie| bhAvanAoM ke bAra-bAra abhyAsa se bujhatA huA samyaktva dIpaka sthira hokara prakAza detA hai| Sar3a bhAvanA isa prakAra haiM 1. samyaktva-dharma rUpa vRkSa kA mUla hai 2. samyaktva-dharma rUpa nagara kA dvAra hai 3. samyaktva-dharma rUpa prAsAda kI nIMva hai 4. samyaktva-dharma rUpa jagata kA AdhAra hai 5. samyaktva-dharma rUpa vastu kA pAtra hai 6. samyaktva-cAritra rUpa dharma kA koSa hai yahA~ para upamAoM ke dvArA samyaktva kI mahimA tathA garimA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo satya, jo tathya aura jo tatva, upadeza dekara nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai, usako upamA, rUpaka aura dRSTAnta-ina tIna alaMkAroM dvArA sahaja hI sugama tathA subodha banAkara samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ chaha upamAe~ yA chaha rUpaka yA chaha dRSTAnta haiN| jinake dvArA gahana gambhIra samyaktva ko samajhAyA gayA hai| upamAe~ chaha isa prakAra se haiM1. mUla 2. dvAra 3. nIMva 4. AdhAra 5. pAtra 6. koSa samyaktva mUla hai, dvAra hai, nIMva hai, AdhAra hai, pAtra hai aura koSa arthAt nidhi hai|
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________________ zrAvaka kA samyaktva vrata 139 mithyAtva kA phala prakAza kA virodhI andhakAra hai, zIta kA virodhI tApa hai, puNya kA virodhI pApa hai, jJAna kA virodhI ajJAna hai, dharma kA virodhI adharma hai, aura samyaktva kA virodhI mithyAtva hai| AcArya hemacandra sUri ne mithyAtva kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai, ki adeva ko deva mAnanA, aguru ko guru mAnanA aura adharma ko dharma mAnanA-nizcaya hI mithyAtva hai| yoga-zAstra meM, AcArya ne kahA hai ki mithyAtva hI parama roga hai, parama andhakAra hai, parama zatru hai, aura parama viSa hai| mithyAtva kA lakSaNa : adhyAtma sAra grantha meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo vyakti chaha bAtoM ko mAnatA hai, vaha mithyAtvI kahA gayA hai| vaha ina chaha bAtoM para vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| loka, siddha, tarkasiddha, zAstra-siddha aura anubhava-siddha, ina chaha bAtoM ko svIkAra na karane vAlA mithyAtvI hotA hai| adhyAtma sAra grantha meM, prabandha 4 meM zloka 6 meM SaT pada ye haiM 1. nAsti-arthAt AtmA nahIM hai 2. na nitya-vaha nitya nahIM hai 3. na kartA-vaha kartA nahIM hai 4. na bhoktA-vaha bhoktA nahIM hai 5. na mokSa-mokSa nahIM hai 6. na upAya-mokSa kA upAya nahIM hai AtmA pramANa-siddha hai, tarka-siddha hai aura anubhava-siddha bhI hai| lekina mithyAtvI AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| zarIra,jo ki paJcabhUtAtmaka hai, usI ko AtmA kahatA hai| ataH AtmA nitya bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki zarIra to naSTa hotA, dekhA jAtA hai| vaha karma kA kartA bhI nahIM hai| karma phala kA bhoktA bhI nahIM hai| saMsAra to pratyakSa hai, indriya-gamya hai, lekina usakA pratipakSa mokSa nahIM hai, kyoMki jaba vaha bandha hI nahIM, taba mokSa kisakA? ataH mokSa nahIM hai| usakA upAya arthAt mArga evaM sAdhana bhI nahIM hai| kyoMki jaba sAdhya hI nahIM, taba sAdhana kisakA aura kaisA? jisa vyakti ko AtmA kI sattA para aura usakI nityatA para vizvAsa nahIM hotA, vaha mithyAtvI hotA hai|jo AtmA ko karma kA kartA, aura karma phala kA bhI bhoktA nahIM mAnatA, vaha mithyAtvI hotA hai| jo vyakti saMsAra ke pratipakSIbhUta mokSa ko aura usake upAya evaM sAdhana ko nahIM mAnatA, vaha mithyAtvI hotA hai| jisameM satya ke viparIta dhAraNA ho, vaha mithyAtva hai, aura jisameM mithyAtva ho, vaha mithyAtvI hotA hai| mithyAtva kA phala : mithyAtva ananta saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| janma aura maraNa kA kAraNa hai| dAruNa duHkha kA kAraNa hai| eka AcArya kA kathana hai, ki jaise zarIra meM kA~TA gar3ane se duHkha hotA hai, vaise hI AtmA kA zalya arthAt kA~TA mithyAtva hotA hai| mithyAtva ke sAtha meM mAyA aura nidAna arthAt bhoga-lAlasA bhI AtmA ke zalya haiN| tInoM ko nikAla pheMkane para hI zAnti aura
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________________ 140 adhyAtma-pravacana samAdhi kI prApti ho sakatI hai| isI meM AtmA kA kalyANa hai| tatvAmRta grantha ke zloka 53 meM kahA gayA hai, ki mithyAtva, saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa hai, parama bIja hai| mokSa kI abhilASA karane vAle ko mithyAtva kA tyAga kara denA caahie| ataH mithyAtva ko chor3akara, apanI AtmA ko nirmala karanA caahie| mithyAtva kA parityAga kaise kiyA jAe? usake upAya kyA haiM ? isake viSaya meM kahA gayA hai, ki usake cAra upAya haiM 1. zAstra kA svAdhyAya 2. saMyama kA paripAlana 3. tapa nirjarA kA kAraNa 4. arhana evaM siddha kI bhakti mithyAtva kA parityAga hI zuddha samyaktva hai| samyaktva kI prApti ke lie mithyAtva kA tyAga parama Avazyaka hai| mithyAtva rUpa andhakAra ke naSTa hote hI samyaktva kA prakAza prakaTa ho jAtA hai| samyaktva ke prApta hote hI vratoM kI sAdhanA prArambha ho jAtI hai|
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________________ 7. mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa bola zrAvaka vrata grahaNa karane se pahale zrAvaka banane kI bhUmikA taiyAra karanI caahie| bhavana ke nirmANa ke pUrva hI usakI AdhArazilA rakhanA parama Avazyaka hotA hai| citra banAne ke pUrva bhittI ko svaccha evaM sApha kiyA jAtA hai| zilpa kalA kA yaha niyama hotA hai, ki mUrti taiyAra karane ke pUrva mUrtikAra prastara para hathaur3A aura chenI calAkara usako tarAzatA hai, tabhI usameM se sundara mUrti prakaTa hotI hai / jIvana ke nirmANa kA bhI yahI siddhAnta hai, ki usako khodanA par3atA hai, svaccha karanA hotA hai, tarAzanA par3atA hai, tabhI usameM se zIla kI zAlInatA, cAritra ke candana kI mahaka aura sundara AcAra kI suSamA phUTa nikalatI hai| isake lie tIna bAtoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, jaise ki (ka) mArgAnusArI jIva ke bola (kha) zrAvaka banane yogya guNa (ga) tatva-traya para agAdha AsthA AcArya haribhadra ne sva-racita dharma bindu prakaraNa grantha meM aura AcArya hemacandra ne sva-praNIta yoga- zAstra meM mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa boloM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| mArgAnusArI kA artha hai, mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAlA jIva / ve paiMtIsa bola isa prakAra se haiM 1. nyAya evaM nIti se dhana kA upArjana kare 2. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kare 3. kula-zIla meM tulya evaM bhinna gotra meM vivAha kare 4. pApa kAryoM se bhayabhIta rahe 5. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kare 6. kisI kI bhI nindA na kare, vizeSataH rAjA kI 7. jo sthAna na ekadama khulA ho, na DhakA ho, vahA~ para ghara banAe 8. ghara se bAhara nikalane ke dvAra bahuta-se nahIM hone cAhie 9. zIlavAn puruSoM kI saMgata meM rahe 10. mAtA-pitA kI sevA-bhakti kare 11. jahA~ citta zAnta na rahe, usa sthAna meM vAsa na kare 12. nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti na kare 141
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________________ 142 adhyAtma-pravacana 13. Aya se kama vyaya kare 14. apanI sthiti ke anurUpa vastra dhAraNa kare 15. anudina dharma kA zravaNa kare, usa para vicAra kare 16. ajIrNa ho jAne para bhojana kA tyAga kare 17. niyata samaya para bhojana kare, santoSa rakhe 18. paraspara aviruddha dharma pUrvaka tri-puruSArtha kI kAmanA kare 19. atithi, sAdhu evaM yAcaka kA yathAyogya satkAra kare 20. kisI prakAra kA kadAgraha na rakhe 21. guNoM kA pakSapAta kare tathA prazaMsA kare 22. deza-kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kare 23. apanI zakti evaM yogyatA kA vicAra karake kArya kare 24. vRddha janoM kA sadA vinaya kare 25. apanI santAna kA pAlana-poSaNa-zikSaNa kare 26. dIrghadarzI ho, bhaviSya kA vicAra kare 27. sva-para-hita kA sadA vicAra kare 28. lokapriya ho, prema se sabakI sevA kare 29. kRtajJa ho, dUsaroM ke upakAra ko na bhUle 30. lajjA-zIla ho, burA kAma karane meM lajjA kare 31. dayAzIla ho, dIna-hInoM para karuNA kare 32. saumya ho, sadA zAnta evaM prasanna ho 33. paropakArI ho, dUsaroM kA upakAra kare 34. SaD ari-varga para vijaya kare-kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, mada, mAtsarya 35. indriya nigraha kare ___ vItarAga-dharma ke mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAle vyakti meM ina guNoM kA, ina niyamoM kA aura ina boloM kA honA, anivArya mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki yaha vyavahAra ke siddhAnta haiN| vyavahAra tathA nIti ke abhAva meM, dharma aura adhyAtma kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hotii| vrata rUpa dharma aura pratimA rUpa adhyAtma kI sAdhanA ke lie vyavahAra aura nIti patha para calanA Avazyaka hai| loka meM sarvaprathama vyavahAra aura nIti ko hI dekhA jAtA hai| dharma aura adhyAtma to bahuta dUra evaM uccatara vastu haiM, andara kI, AtmA kI vastu haiM, bAhara kI nhiiN|
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________________ mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa bola 143 zrAvaka ke ekaviMzati guNa apane guNoM kA vikAsa hI apane jIvana kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai| guNoM kI saMkhyA kA pAra nahIM hotaa| jainadharma ke anusAra to pratyeka AtmA meM ananta guNa hote haiN| aparimita guNoM kA vikAsa kaise kareM? unakA jAnanA aura samajhanA bhI kaThina hotA hai| phira vikAsa to aura bhI kaThina hai| isa samasyA kA eka hI samAdhAna hai, ki mukhya guNoM kA vikAsa ho jAne para, gauNa guNoM kA vikAsa svataH ho jAtA hai| ataeva AcArya nemicandra ne apane grantha pravacanasAroddhAra meM zrAvakoM ke ekaviMzati mukhya guNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| paNDita AzAdhara ne apane grantha sAgAra-dharmAmRta meM saptadaza mukhya guNoM kA kathana kiyA hai| kahA gayA hai, ki ina guNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti hI aNuvratoM kI, guNavratoM kI aura zikSAvratoM kI sAdhanA meM saphala ho sakatA hai| zrAvaka ke ekaviMzati guNa isa prakAra haiM, jaise ki1. akSudratA-vizAla dRSTikoNa 2. svasthatA 3. saumyatA 4. lokapriyatA 5. akrUratA 6. azaThatA 7. dAnazIlatA 8. lajjA-zIlatA 9. dayA-zIlatA 10. pApabhIrutA 11. guNAnurAga 12. priya evaM madhura sambhASaNa 13. madhyastha vRtti 14. dIrgha dRSTi 15. satyabhASitA 16. vinamratA vinaya 17. vizeSajJatA 18. vRddhAnugAmitA 19. kRtajJatA 20. parahitakAritA paropakAritA 21. labdha lakSyatA apane sAdhya kA parijJAtA
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________________ 144 adhyAtma-pravacana digambara paramparA meM, paNDita AzAdhara ne ikkIsa guNoM ke sthAna para sataraha guNoM kA kathana kiyA hai| ve sataraha guNa isa prakAra se kahe gae haiM 1. nyAya-nIti se dhana kA upArjana karanA 2. guNI ke guNoM kA Adara karanA 3. satya - bhASI tathA mitabhASI honA, hitabhASI 4. tri-varga kA paraspara virodha rahita sevana - dharma, artha, kAma 5. priya-madhura bhASiNI bhAryA honA 6. rahane kA yogya sthAna-na adhika khulA aura na adhika DhakA 7. sajjana puruSoM kI vasati, AvAsa sthAna 8. lajjA-zIlatA 9. yogya evaM samayAnukUla bhojana 10. sadAcAra-zIlatA 11. jJAnI puruSoM kI saMgati 12. buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta honA 13. kRtajJatA, upakAra ko na bhUlanA 14. indriya nigraha 15. dharma kA zravaNa karanA 16. dayAzIlatA 17. pApabhIrutA pApakRtya se Darane vAlA honA mArgAnusArI ke paiMtIsa bola, zrAvaka ke ikkIsa guNa evaM sataraha guNoM meM saMkhyA kA bheda hai, kucha saMjJA kA bheda hai tathA kucha svarUpa meM bheda avazya hai| kintu abhiprAya meM bheda nahIM hai| phalitArtha sabakA eka hI hai| vratoM kI sAdhanA se pUrva kathita guNoM kA honA, donoM hI paramparAoM ko abhISTa hai| dharma aura adhyAtma se pUrva vyavahAra-zuddhi kA honA, aura nIti-zuddhi kA honA bahuta Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mana kI malinatA, vANI kI karkazatA-kaThoratA aura zarIra kI zithilatA kA dUra honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| yahI hai, abhyAsa kA phala /
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________________ 8. jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra bhAratIya darzana meM AcAra-zAstra darzana-zAstra kA hI eka aMga hai| pramANa-zAstra, tattva-zAstra aura AcAra-zAstra-bhAratIya-darzana meM ye tInoM sAtha-sAtha hI calate haiN| bhAratIya-darzana kI pratyeka zAkhA ne apanA pramANa-zAstra, apanA tattva-zAstra aura apanA AcAra-zAstra banAyA hai| cArvAka jaise nAstika-darzana meM bhI ye tInoM aMga paripUrNa rUpa meM haiN| phira Astika darzanoM ne to ina tInoM para vizeSa bala diyA hI hai| AcArya zaMkara jaise ekAnta jJAnavAdI evaM advaitavAdI darzana meM bhI AcAra ko sthAna milA hai| ataH bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratyeka darzana meM jJAna, tattva aura AcAra para apanI-apanI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM jJAna-mImAMsA, tattva-mImAMsA aura AcAra-mImAMsA kA samanvita rUpa to upalabdha nahIM hotA, kintu ina tInoM aMgoM para bhinna rUpa se paryApta likhA gayA hai| anubhavavAdiyoM ne jJAna para hI vizeSa bala diyA, jabaki tattvavAdiyoM ne tattva kI vyAkhyA para hI apanA bala lgaayaa| AcAra-zAstra ke sambandha meM svatantra rUpa se aneka grantha upalabdha haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM jise AcAra-zAstra kahA jAtA hai, pAzcAtya-darzana meM use nIti-zAstra kahA gayA hai| nIti-zAstra ke sambandha meM yUnAnI dArzanikoM ne, yUropIya dArzanikoM ne aura amarIkI dArzanikoM ne apane darzana-granthoM ke sAtha nahIM, svatantra rUpa se hI isa viSaya para grantha likhe haiN| samAja aura AcAra AcAra zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA rahA hai; jaise-nIti, dharma, kartavya aura naitiktaa| 'dharma' eka vyApaka zabda hai aura AcAra zabda bhI utanA hI adhika vyApaka hai| mAnava ke kartavya ke rUpa meM jina bAtoM kA athavA jina niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, ve saba niyama AcAra aura dharma meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| jisa yuga meM mAnava jaMgaloM meM rahatA thA, kuTumba, parivAra aura samAja kI racanA nahIM huI thI, usa samaya dharma aura AcAra ke niyamoM kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| jaise-jaise mAnava ne vikAsa kiyA, vaise-vaise use sabhya aura susaMskRta banane ke lie niyamoM kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| akelA vyakti jisa paddhati se rahatA hai, parivAra, samAja aura rASTra meM rahane kI paddhati usase sarvathA bhinna prakAra kI hotI hai| jaba mAnava kuTumba, parivAra aura samAja rUpa meM badalA, tabhI se jIvana ko vyavasthita banAne ke lie kucha niyamoM kI AvazyakatA huii| jaba kartavya ke sAtha adhikAra kI bhAvanA ne bala pakar3A, taba apane adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie aura dUsaroM ke adhikAroM meM bAdhA na DAlane ke lie maryAdA kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| yaha maryAdA aura yaha sImA hI Age calakara niyama rUpa meM badalI, phira AcAra rUpa meM aura anta meM dharma rUpa 145/
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________________ 146 adhyAtma-pravacana meM bdlii| samAja ke nirmANa ke sAtha hI AcAra aura dharma kA bhI AvirbhAva sahaja hI ho jAtA hai| jisa samAja ke AcAra aura dharma ke niyama jitane adhika vyApaka aura udAra hote haiM, vaha samAja utanA hI adhika samunnata samajhA jAtA hai| AcAra aura dharma ke bAda hI darzana aura tattva kA vikAsa hotA hai| samAja ko sthira, sampanna aura samRddha banAne ke lie nizcaya hI AcAra aura dharma kI jIvana vikAsa ke lie nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| isa vizva meM eka bhI samAja isa prakAra kA nahIM hogA, jisameM AcAra aura dharma ke niyamoM kA vidhAna nahIM hogaa| bhAratIya AcAra ___ jaina paramparA ke vizvAsa ke anusAra usake dharma aura AcAra ke niyamoM kA nirmANa prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kiyaa| usI paramparA kA kucha parivartanoM ke sAtha athavA apane yuga kI bhAvanA ke anusAra bhagavAna neminAtha ne aura mahAzramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane-apane tIrtha meM AcAra aura dharma ke niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA thaa| tathAgata buddha ne bauddha paramparA ke anusAra niyamoM kI racanA kii| vaidika paramparA meM maryAdA puruSottama bhagavAna rAma aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa ne bhI usa yuga kI janatA ke lie naitika niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyaa| bhAratIya AcAra aura dharma ko sudRr3ha banAne vAle mUla rUpa meM ye hI mahApuruSa haiN| phira zruti, smRti aura kalpa Adi granthoM meM tathA piTaka aura Agama Adi vAGmaya meM unhIM kA pallavana, vistAra, saMkoca aura vikAsa hotA rahA hai| niyamahIna athavA AcArahIna mAnava ko bhAratIya sAhitya meM pazu ke samAna mAnA gayA hai| ataH jIvana vikAsa ke lie AcAra Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya AcAra __ pAzcAtya AcAra aura dharma kI nIMva DAlane vAle meM IsA, mUsA aura mohammada mukhya haiN| bAibila aura kurAna meM darzana aura tattva kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gyaa| balki mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie jina niyamoM kI AvazyakatA thI, unhIM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| IsA ne cAra bAtoM kA upadeza diyA thA-prema, sevA, dAna aura udaartaa| mohammada ne bhI kahA thA-tuma sabase prema karo, Apasa meM prema se raho, rojA aura namAja bhI niyamita rUpa se kro| pAzcAtya vicArakoM para bAibila aura kurAna ke vicAroM kA hI adhika prabhAva par3A hai| yUnAnI AcAra __ yUnAna ke dArzanikoM meM prasiddha vicAraka sukarAta thaa| usakA ziSya pleTo thA aura pleTo kA ziSya arastU thaa| tInoM ne hI nIti aura AcAra para vizeSa bala diyA thaa| sukarAta ke vicAra meM nIti athavA dharma kA sthAna sarvocca thaa| bhadra kyA hai aura abhadra kyA hai ? isakI nIMva sukarAta ne buddhi para rkhii| sukarAta ne kahA ki jo bhadra hai, vaha sabhI ke lie bhadra hai aura jo abhadra hai.vaha sabhI ke lie abhadra hai| sukarAta ne sabase bar3I bAta yaha
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 147 kahI thI ki sadAcAra hI jJAna hai| isa prakAra sadAcAra ko jJAna kahakara sukarAta ne dharma kA gaurava bar3hAyA thaa| sukarAta kA kahanA thA ki jisa vyakti ko sadAcAra kA jJAna na ho, vaha sadAcAra kA pAlana nahIM kara sktaa| nyAya vahI kara sakatA hai jise nyAya kA jJAna ho| sukarAta ne yaha bhI kahA thA ki niyama manuSya ke lie banate haiM, manuSya niyama ke lie nhiiN| sukarAta ne satya, nyAya aura saMyama ke lie khUba kahA thA, aura pracAra bhI khUba kiyA thaa| pleTo ne nIti ke sAtha rAjanIti ko bhI jor3a diyA aura kahA ki samAja ko samRddha aura zaktizAlI banAne ke lie jisa prakAra naitikatA kI AvazyakatA hai, usI prakAra rAjanIti kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| pleTo ke vicAroM ke anusAra nIti aura rAjanIti donoM kA prayojana mAnava-kalyANa hai| nIti batAtI hai ki vyakti bhadra kI utpatti meM apane prayala se kyA kara sakatA hai ? rAjanIti batAtI hai ki manuSyoM kA sAmUhika prayatna kyA kara sakatA hai ? nyAya kI paribhASA karate hue pleTo ne kahA thA-nyAya dUsaroM ke sAtha ucita aura niSkapaTa vyavahAra kA nAma hai| jo kucha apanA hai, use prApta karanA, yahI nyAya hai| sAmAjika jIvana kA sAra pleTo ke vicAra meM vyavasthA kA sthApana hai| samAja niyama sthApita karatA hai aura mA~ga karatA hai ki nAgarika una niyamoM para cleN| pleTo kahA karatA thA ki acchA vyakti acche rASTra kA acchA nAgarika hai| isa prakAra pleTo ne sadAcAra, nIti aura AcAra ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha likhA thaa| pleTo ke samAna arastU kA bhI yahI vicAra thA ki samAja aura rASTra ko samRddha aura zaktizAlI banAne ke lie nIti aura rAjanIti donoM kI AvazyakatA hai| arastU kA kahanA hai ki zakti aura sadAcAra meM mitratA nahIM ho sktii| vyavahAra kI dRSTi se arastU kisI eka ke sthAna meM kucha bhale puruSoM ke hAthoM meM zakti dene ke pakSa meM thaa| usakA yaha bhI vizvAsa thA ki rASTra meM kisI varga kA bahuta dhanavAna honA athavA bahuta daridra honA rAjya ke lie hAnikAraka hotA hai| madhyama varga rASTra meM rIr3ha kI haDDI ke samAna hotA hai| arastU kahatA thA-prema strI aura puruSa ko do se eka banAtA hai, prema parivAra ko janma detA hai, santAna ise sthAyI banAtI hai| arastU ne apane nItizAstra meM kahA hai ki dhana kA vyaya karane meM kaMjUsa eka sImA para jAtA hai aura apavyayI dUsarI sImA para jA pahu~catA hai| udAra-puruSa madhyama mArga cunatA hai| dUsaroM ko dhana kI sahAyatA denA sugama hai, parantu ucita manuSya ko, ucita samaya para, ucita mAtrA meM aura ucita DhaMga se sahAyatA denA bahuta kaThina hai| arastu jJAna ke sAtha kriyA ko bhI mahattva detA hai| usake vicAra meM abhyAsa kA phala sadAcAra hai| jaise gAte-gAte hI manuSya gAyaka bana jAtA hai, vaise hI acchA AcAra bhale karmoM ke lagAtAra karate rahane se hI banatA hai| hama dekhate haiM, ki yUnAnI dArzanikoM ke vicAra, jo dharma aura nIti ke sambandha meM unhoMne likhe haiM, unameM una sabhI bAtoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai jo jIvana ko sundara aura madhura banAne ke lie Avazyaka haiN| dharma ke sabhI aMga ina vicAroM meM A jAte haiN|
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________________ 148 adhyAtma-pravacana spinojA kI nIti yUropIya dArzanikoM meM spinojA ne nIti aura rAjanIti donoM ke sambandha meM apane vicAra spaSTa rUpa se rakhe haiN| spinojA kA siddhAnta yaha thA ki saMsAra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, niyama-baddha ho rahA hai, isase adhika kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA thaa| spinojA yaha bhI kahatA hai, ki AtmarakSA se bar3hakara anya koI dharma nhiiN| spinojA ne kahA thA, jo puruSa samasta prANiyoM ko AtmA meM aura AtmA ko sarva prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha kisI se ghRNA nahIM krtaa| spinojA kA yaha kathana dharma aura sadAcAra kA U~ce se U~cA rUpa mAnava-samAja ke samakSa prastuta karatA hai| rAjanIti ke sambandha meM spinojA kA vicAra thA, ki vaha mAnava udvegoM kA khela hai| vaha kahatA hai ki zAsaka kA mukhya kAma zAsana karanA hai| pratyeka manuSya apane Apako saMrakSita rakhane ke lie zakti-sampanna honA cAhatA hai| manuSyoM ke lie sabase bar3I hAni samAja aura rASTra meM avyavasthA hai| jo zAsana rakSA aura svAdhInatA de sakatA hai, usakI zakti kAyama rakhane ke lie vyakti ko hara prakAra ke balidAna dene ke lie taiyAra rahanA caahie| amarIkI dArzanika ___ amarIkI dArzanikoM ne bhI nIti, sadAcAra aura dharma ke rUpa meM bahuta kucha likhA hai| hama pUchate haiM-naitika Adarza kyA hai ? amarIkI dArzanika DyUDa pUchatA hai-kisa viSaya meM aura kisa sthiti ke viSaya meM prazna karate ho ? samasta manuSya eka sthiti meM nahIM aura koI eka manuSya bhI eka hI sthiti meM nahIM rhtaa| pratyeka kA kartavya vartamAna bAdhA ko dUra karake Age bar3hanA hai| yadi mere lie isa samaya zArIrika durbalatA bAdhA hai, to merA kartavya svastha aura balavAna honA hai| yadi mere par3ausI ke lie pArivArika kalaha vizeSa bAdhA hai, to usakA kartavya usa kalaha ko dUra karanA hai| yaha bAta vizeSa mahattva kI nahIM hai ki hama kahA~ khar3e haiM ? mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki jahA~ kahIM hama haiM, vahA~ se Age bar3hane kA prayatna kreN| acchA vyakti vaha hai, jo aura adhika acchA banane ke prayala meM lagA rahatA hai| isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana meM AcAra, dharma aura naitikatA ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| sadAcAramaya jIvana banAnA hI dharma kA mukhya kAma hai| manovijJAna aura AcAra sAmAjika AdarzoM kI pratiSThA samAja ke AcaraNa aura vyavahAra para nirbhara rahatI hai| sAmAjika AcaraNa kI vyAkhyA do paraspara virodhI siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai-pahalA buddhivAda aura dUsarA muulprvRttivaad| buddhivAda ke anusAra manuSya kA AcaraNa buddhi ke dvArA niyantrita hotA hai| kisI kArya ko karane se pUrva manuSya sAdhya evaM sAdhana Adi para paryApta vicAra kara letA hai| phira vivekapUrvaka usa kArya meM laga jAtA hai| dUsare siddhAnta ke anusAra sAmAjika AcaraNa meM isa prakAra kI sthiti kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vyakti ke anubhava aura vicAra vyakti taka hI sImita rahate haiN| vyApaka
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 149 samudAya ke AcaraNa kA niyamana manuSya kI svAbhAvika mUlapravRttiyoM ke dvArA hotA hai| DaoN. maikDUgala kA kahanA hai ki sAmAjika AcAra kA AdhAra prema athavA komalatA kA saMvega hai| isa vaijJAnika siddhAnta ke anusAra jaba taka vyakti meM komalatA kA saMvega aura prema na ho taba taka usakA AcaraNa sundara nahIM bana sktaa| jinsavarga kI AlocanA kA sAra yaha hai ki sAmAjika AcaraNa ke lie manuSya ko kucha udAra aura zraddhAzIla bhI bananA par3atA hai| sAmAjika AcAra kI vyAkhyA kucha vidvAnoM ne katipaya isa prakAra kI pravRttiyoM para kI hai jinako yathArtha meM pravRtti kI saMjJA nahIM dI jA sakatI kintu ve pravRtti ke samAna pratIta hotI haiN| isakA artha yaha hai ki AcaraNa kI yaha vyAkhyA bAhya saMketa ke anukaraNa ke siddhAnta se sambandha rakhatI hai| AcAra athavA dharma sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA ki raajniiti| bejahaoNTa (Bagehot) kA mata bejahaoNTa ke anusAra Adima mAnava samAja ke AcAra evaM vyavahAra, rIti aura nIti tathA dharma aura saMskRti ko preraNA dene vAlA tattva anukaraNa hai| prAyaH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki eka vyakti dUsare kA anukaraNa karatA hai| ghara meM bAlaka apane gurujanoM kA anukaraNa karate haiN| ziSya guru kA anukaraNa karatA hai| anuyAyI apane netA kA anukaraNa karate haiN| kucha manovijJAnapaNDitoM ne sAmAjika manuSya kI samasta kriyA kA mUla AdhAra anukaraNa ke isa sAmAjika tathya ko mAnA hai| prasiddha samAjazAstrI bejahaoNTa ne san 1878 meM apane grantha Physics & Politics meM isa siddhAnta kI ora sarvaprathama saMketa kiyA thA aura phrAMsIsI samAjazAstrI TArDa ne 1885 meM isako adhika vikasita rUpa pradAna kiyaa| anukaraNa mAnava-mana meM rahane vAlI eka vRtti hai aura isI ke anusAra AcAra banatA hai| pratyeka vyakti jo kucha dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaha apane isI anukaraNa guNa kA vikAsa hai| bejahaoNTa ke mata ke anusAra isa prakAra kA anukaraNa jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM Aja bhI vyApta hai| veza evaM bhUSA meM, rahana-sahana meM aura yahA~ taka ki dharma aura rAjanIti meM bhI anukaraNa kA prabhAva hai| janatA kisI viziSTa vyakti kA kisI vastu meM AkarSaNa anubhava karatI hai aura yathAzakti usake anukaraNa kA prayatna karatI hai| bejahaoNTa kA mata hai ki anukaraNa kI kriyA ajJAta rUpa meM hotI hai| isake lie vyakti ko na icchA karanI par3atI hai aura na cessttaa| kucha bhI ho aura kisI bhI prakAra ho parantu yaha satya hai ki jIvana-yAtrA meM anukaraNa kA bar3A mahattva hai| manovijJAna ke siddhAnta ke anusAra yaha anukaraNa vRtti hI hamAre AcAra kI AdhArazilA banatI hai| ___TArDa kA anukaraNa kA siddhAnta satya ke sampUrNa darzana kA eka aMga hai| samasta sAmAjika samasyAoM ke lie isakA upayoga karake unhoMne adbhuta kalpanA-zakti kA
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________________ 150 adhyAtma-pravacana paricaya diyA thaa| unake anusAra sAmAjika prakriyA samUha meM sthita vyaktiyoM kI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kA pariNAma hai| sabase bar3I bAta bAhya sakata yA nirdeza kI bhI hai| manovaijJAnikoM ne bAhya saMketoM kI bhI prakriyA kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki bAhya saMketoM kA sAmAjika AcaraNa meM sthAna hai| jana-jIvana meM zabdoM ke rUpa meM bAhya saMkatoM kA kyA prabhAva par3atA hai, yaha vibhinna rAjanaitika daloM ke nAroM se pramANita ho jAtA hai| jaise-dhana aura dharatI ba~Ta ke raheMge, kamAne vAlA khAegA aura lUTane vAlA jAyegA-ye samAjavAdI nAre haiN| kamyunisToM kA nArA isa prakAra kA hotA hai-'duniyA~ ke majUdaro eka ho jAo, tumheM kucha khonA nahIM hai, apane bandhanoM se hI mukta honA hai|' isa prakAra ke nAre athavA zabdAvalI manuSya ke mana para nizcita rUpa se prabhAva DAlatI hai| ataH bAhya saMketa aura nirdezana kA hamAre AcAra meM eka vizeSa mahattva hai| sAmAjika niyantraNa meM dharma kA sthAna yuga ke prArambha se hI dharma ne mAnava ke vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika AcAra kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM niyantraNa kiyA hai| jina siddhAntoM kA pAlana adhikAMza loga apane dainika jIvana meM karate haiM, unakA vidhAna usake dvArA hotA hai, jise dharma kahate haiN| pratyeka dharma kucha isa prakAra ke vizvAsoM ko upasthita karatA hai, jo hamArI bhAvanA evaM AsthA ke niyama bana jAte haiN| ye vizvAsa hamArI AsthA kA niyamana karate haiM aura vividha vyavahAroM ko janma dete haiN| inhIM vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para rIti evaM nIti tathA AcAroM kA vikAsa hotA hai, jinheM dharma kA samarthana prApta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra se dharma kA prayojana na kevala manuSya ko Izvara se bA~dhanA raha jAtA hai, balki vyakti aura samAja kA dhAraNa bhI ho jAtA hai| sAmAjika vyavasthA saMsthA, vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke lie siddhAntoM kA vidhAna prAyaH pratyeka dharma-hindU, jaina, bauddha, IsAI aura islAma ke mahatvapUrNa aMga haiN| jahA~ taka dharma aura AcAra kA sambandha hai, pratyeka manuSya ke jIvana meM isakA eka mahattva hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| para AcAra aura dharma eka vastu hai aura sampradAya eka bhinna vastu hai| sampradAya aura dharma ko eka mAnane ke bhayaMkara pariNAmoM se pratyeka vyakti bhalIbhA~ti paricita hai, kintu dharma kI sattA yA mahattA ko aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi meM asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vastutaH manuSya ko manuSya banAne kI kSamatA satya, ahiMsA aura brahmacaryAdi dharma meM hI hai| parantu isa samaya dharma kA vaha ujjvala rUpa dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| Aja to manuSya apane dharma kI apekSA apane sampradAya ko adhika mahattva detA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki dharma ke nAma para aneka saMgharSa Aja khar3e hote jA rahe haiN| jIvana aura AcAra manuSya ke vikAsa ke lie dharma eka saMjIvanI hai, isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kintu dharma kI paribhASA evaM vyAkhyA karanA utanA sarala va sahaja nahIM hai, phira bhI kucha niyama isa prakAra ke haiM jinako dharma kI saMjJA pradAna kI jA sakatI hai| jaina paramparA meM
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 151 paMca mahAvrata, paMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata evaM cAra zikSAvrata Adi AcAra ke ve pavitra vidhAna haiM, jinake pAlana se manuSya kA jIvana pAvana va pavitra bana sakatA hai| vaidika paramparA meM pataMjali ke yoga sUtroM meM pA~ca yamoM kA varNana AtA hai| bauddhoM ke yahA~ para paMcazIla kA varNana AtA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya paramparA meM mahAvrata, yama aura zIla dharma ke pratIka mAne jAte haiM aura inameM una samasta niyamoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, jo mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa evaM utthAna ke lie Avazyaka haiN| yadyapi Aja pAzcAtya jagata meM rAjanIti, arthanIti aura vijJAna se dharma abhibhUta ho cukA hai, usakA apanA svatantra astitva vahA~ vilupta ho cukA hai athavA atyanta kSINa avasthA meM cala rahA hai, phira bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsA, mUsA aura mohammada ne jo kucha kahA thA, vaha mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie upayogI thaa| dharma, darzana aura tattvaina tInoM kI bhI mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie nitAnta AvazyakatA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI rhegii| jo kucha vyakti ke lie zreyaskara ho sakatA hai, vahI samAja ke lie bhI zreyaskara hogaa| isa prakAra vyakti aura samAja donoM ke AcAra evaM vyavahAra kA eka-dUsare para prabhAva par3atA hai| pAzcAtya AcArazAstra AcArazAstra aura anya vijJAna saMsAra ke sabhI padArtha eka-dUsare se sambaddha haiN| ataH bhinna vijJAna bhI, jinameM una viSayoM kA adhyayana hotA hai, eka-dUsare se sambandhita haiM, para kucha vijJAna aise haiM, jinameM bahuta hI ghaniSThatA rahatI hai aura kucha aise bhI hote haiM, jinameM vaisI ghaniSThatA nahIM rahatI / yoM to AcArazAstra arthazAstra Adi se sambandhita hai, para isakI ghaniSThatA manovijJAna, dharmazAstra, darzanazAstra, samAjazAstra tathA rAjanIti zAstra se adhika hai| AcArazAstra aura manovijJAna (Psychology) AcArazAstra kA sambandha AcAra kI ucitatA aura anucitatA se hai| yaha mAnava-AcaraNa ke Adarza kI mImAMsA karatA hai| kauna-se AcaraNa ko acchA yA burA kahA jA sakatA hai, yahI samasyA hai AcArazAstra kI / AcaraNa kA svarUpa jAna lene para hI usake Adarza kI mImAMsA hama kara sakate haiN| mAnava AcaraNa kI kyA vizeSatAe~ haiM, yaha jAnakara hI usakA Adarza nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAnava AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa, usakA svarUpa aura srota Adi kA adhyayana manovijJAna meM hotA hai / ataH AcArazAstra aura manovijJAna meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai / vAstava meM AcArazAstra kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra jAnanA Avazyaka hai| mAnava - AcaraNa kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiye binA usake AdarzoM kI mImAMsA hama nahIM kara skte| sijavika ne kahA hai ki 'prAyaH sabhI naitika vicAroM meM manovaijJAnika tathya vartamAna haiN|' kisI bhI naitika mata kA pAlana kyoM na kiyA
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________________ 152 adhyAtma-pravacana jAye arthAt mAnava-AcaraNa kA koI bhI Adarza kyoM na mAnA jAye / mAnava jIvana ke lakSya ke vAstavika svarUpa ko jAne binA manuSya ke mAnasika svarUpa ko jAnanA sambhava nahIM hai| para AcArazAstra aura manovijJAna meM aisI ghaniSThatA rahane para bhI donoM ke kSetra aura dRSTikoNa meM antara hai / mAnasika kriyAoM ke tIna pahalU haiM - jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka / manovijJAna sabhI kA adhyayana karatA hai| AcArazAstra kA sambandha kevala aicchika kriyAoM se hI hai / ataH isa dRSTi se manovijJAna kA kSetra AcArazAstra ke kSetra se adhika vyApaka hai| manovijJAna meM aicchika kriyAoM kA vizleSaNa tathA unake svarUpa kA adhyayana hotA hai| AcAra zAstra kA lakSya hai-AcaraNa ke Adarza kA jJAna / ataH jahA~ manovijJAna eka yathArtha vijJAna hai, vahA~ AcArazAstra eka Adarza nirdezaka vijJAna hai| manovijJAna kA sambandha 'hai' se hai aura AcArazAstra kA 'cAhie' se / vijJAna kA dRSTikoNa vastuniSTha aura AcArazAstra kA AtmaniSTha mAnA jAtA hai| manovijJAna mAnasika tathyoM kA vastuoM kI bhA~ti adhyayana karatA hai| AcArazAstra vyaktiyoM kI Antarika mAnasika avasthAoM aura vyaktigata anubhUtiyoM se sambandhita rahatA hai| AcArazAstra meM manovaijJAnika paddhati se kAma liyA jAtA hai / parantu usakI pUrti dArzanika paddhati se hotI hai| isameM manuSya 'kyA karatA hai' yaha jAnakara use 'kyA karanA cAhie' kI samIkSA hotI hai / AcArazAstra aura samAjazAstra (Sociolgy) samAjazAstra samAja kA vijJAna hai| isameM samAja ke svarUpa, niyama tathA vikAsa kA adhyayana hotA hai| vibhinna sAmAjika vargoM kA nirmANa, bhinna saMsthAe~, rIti-rivAja Adi kA prArambha tathA vikAsa kaise huA yahI jAnanA samAjazAstra kA lakSya hai| Adi kAla se vartamAna rUpa meM manuSya-samAja kA kaise vikAsa yA parivartana huA, samAjazAstra meM isI kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| AcArazAstra kA sambandha AcaraNa se hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| vyakti samAja kA aMga hai| mArTinyu ne kahA hai ki 'samAjahIna manuSya nAma kA hI manuSya hai| ataH mAnava-AcaraNa kA adhyayana binA usake sAmAjika jIvana kA adhyayana sambhava nahIM hai|' vyakti kA sukha samAja ke sukha se hI sambandhita hai| vAstava meM binA samAja ke manuSya kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / jise manuSya kA sadguNa yA durguNa kahA jAtA hai, vaha to manuSya kA dUsare ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra hotA hai, isI para nirbhara hai| ataH AcArazAstra aura samAjazAstra meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai / mAnava-AcaraNa kA kyA Adarza honA cAhie yaha vyakti aura samAja ke vAstavika sambandha ko jAnakara hI vicArA jA sakatA hai| samAja aura vyakti meM anyonyAzraya sambandha
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 153 hai| ataH vyakti ke sukha kA artha hai-sAmAjika sukha aura sAmAjika sukha kA artha haivyakti kA sukha / vyakti aura samAja abhinna haiN| mAnava kA carama lakSya yA carama zubha sAmAjika zubha hai| __AcArazAstra vAstava meM samAjazAstra para Azrita hai| sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA itihAsa, rIti-rivAjoM kA vikAsa tathA naitika niyamoM ke vikAsa kA itihAsa samAjazAstra meM milatA hai| inhIM ke AdhAra para hama mAnava-AcaraNa ke Adarza kA vicAra karate haiN| yathArtha kA jJAna samAjazAstra se hotA hai aura Adarza kA AcArazAstra se| isalie samAjazAstra AcArazAstra kA AdhAra hai| para vAstava meM samAjazAstra svayaM AcArazAstra para Azrita hai| samAja ke niyamoM aura usake itihAsa ko jAnakara hI usakI pragati yA patana kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| samAja ke utthAna yA patana kA mUlyAMkana kisI mApadaNDa se hI sambhava hai| yaha mApadaNDa AcArazAstra se hI milatA hai| ataH samAjazAstra meM sAmAjika vikAsa yA parivartanoM kA mUlyAMkana AcArazAstroM ke mApadaNDoM ke dvArA hotA hai| AcArazAstra aura samAjazAstra kI ghaniSThatA ke kAraNa kucha vicArakoM (speMsara, sTIphana Adi) ne AcArazAstra ko samAjazAstra kI eka zAkhA mAnA hai| samAjazAstra meM naitika AdarzoM ke vikAsa kA adhyayana hotA hai, isIlie ve aisA vicArate haiN| para AcArazAstra meM mukhyataH naitika AdarzoM ke vikAsa kA adhyayana nahIM hotA, balki usake svarUpa kI mImAMsA hotI hai| isake atirikta donoM vijJAnoM meM antara bhI hai| AcArazAstra mAnava jIvana ke Adarza se sambandhita hai| para samAjazAstra mAnava samAja ke itihAsa tathA vikAsa se| AcArazAstra Adarza nirdezaka vijJAna hai, para samAjazAstra yathArtha vijJAna hai| kisI samAja yA sAmAjika saMsthA kA vikAsa kaise huA, isake kyA niyama haiM, ye prazna samAjazAstra ke haiN| vyakti yA samAja kA kyA Adarza honA cAhie, ye prazna AcArazAstra ke haiN| ataH samAjazAstra varNanAtmaka hai, AcArazAstra aadrsh-nirdeshk| AcArazAstra vyAvahArika vijJAna hai| isakA sambandha manuSya ke dainika vyavahAroM se hai| yaha AcaraNa kaisA honA cAhie, isakA jJAna detA hai| samAjazAstra saiddhAntika hai| isameM samAja kA saiddhAntika adhyayana hotA hai| samAjazAstra meM manuSya ke sAmUhika rUpa kA adhyayana hotA hai| AcArazAstra meM sAmUhika tathA vyaktigata donoM rUpoM kaa| samAjazAstra meM mAnasika tathyoM kA vastuniSTha adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| jaiserIti-rivAjoM kA, saMsthAoM kaa| AcArazAstra meM AtmaniSTha mAnasika prakriyAoM kA adhyayana hotA hai jaise-icchA, prayojana Adi kaa|
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________________ 154 adhyAtma-pravacana AcArazAstra aura rAjanItivijJAna (Politics) rAjanItizAstra vaha vijJAna hai jisameM rAjya aura zAsana sambandhI samasyAoM kA adhyayana hotA hai / kisa prakAra kA zAsana ho ki sampUrNa mAnava-jAti sukha aura zAnti se rahe, yahI isakI samasyA hai| kaisA vidhAna yA niyama ho jisase mAnava varga meM zAnti rahe aura usakA utthAna ho, yahI prazna hai rAjanItizAstra kA, isalie yaha Adarza-nirdezaka hai| AcArazAstra kA sambandha bhI AcaraNa ke Adarza se hai| isalie donoM vijJAna Adarza-nirdezaka haiN| donoM vijJAnoM kA sambandha manuSya ke dainika jIvana se hai| isalie donoM vyAvahArika haiN| rAjanItizAstra kA AdhAra AcArazAstra hI hai| kisI bhI vidhAna ko nyAyasaMgata hone ke lie naitika honA Avazyaka hai| rAjya ke vidhAna naitika siddhAntoM ke anukUla yadi nahIM rahate, to unakA phala kharAba hotA hai| koI rAjya anaitika nahIM ho sktaa| nIti aura rAjya ke vidhAna meM, AcArazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai| donoM zAstroM meM aisI ghaniSThatA ke kAraNa kucha dArzanikoM ne rAjanItizAstra ko AcArazAstra kA aMga mAnA hai (pleTo aura arastU ) / unhoMne naitika niyamoM se hI rAjya zAsana ke vidhAna kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| para kucha vicArakoM ne rAjanItizAstra ko AcArazAstra se bilkula bhinna mAnA hai (maaikaavelii)| unake anusAra rAjya naitika niyamoM se ba~dhA nahIM hai| zAsana ke vidhAna avasara ke anusAra banate haiN| yadi kisI rAjya kA lakSya ucca hai, to use kisI bhI sAdhana dvArA prApta karanA ucita hotA hai| jhUTha, dhokhA ityAdi jo naitika dRSTi se asaMgata haiM, avasara ke anusAra rAjanItika dRSTi se saMgata bhI ho sakate haiN| kucha vicArakoM ne AcArazAstra ko rAjanItizAstra kA aMga mAnA hai / ve rAjya ke niyama ko hI naitika niyama batalAte haiN| inameM haoNbsa aura bena pramukha haiN| uparyukta vicAra ekAMgI haiN| kisI zAsana krama se yadi naitikatA ko haTA deM to usakA prabhAva manuSya para nahIM pdd'taa| jo rAjya naitika dRSTi se girA huA rahatA hai, usakI sattA adhika dinoM taka nahIM TikI rahatI, eka na eka dina usakA lopa ho hI jAtA hai| naitika zakti hI sabase bar3I zakti hai| isalie rAjanIti kA AdhAra AcArazAstra hI hai / para isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM ki donoM eka haiN| unameM bheda bhI haiN| rAjanItizAstra kA sambandha adhikatara kriyA-kalApoM ke bAhya rUpa se hai| manuSya ke karma aise hoM ki unakA phala sukhakara ho / AcArazAstra kA sambandha adhikatara manuSya kI icchA, abhilASA, AkAMkSA tathA lakSya se hai| manuSya kI abhilASA tathA AkAMkSA ucca honI caahie| rAjanItika vidhAna ke anusAra kisI ko kaSTa denA eka aparAdha hai para AcArazAstra ke anusAra kisI ko kaSTa dene kA vicAra bhI aparAdha hai / yadyapi
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 155 rAjanItizAstra manuSya ke Antarika pahalU se bhI sambandhita hai, para bAhya rUpa hI pradhAna vicAre jAte haiN| rAjanItizAstra kA uddezya hai-adhikAMza manuSyoM ko sukha denaa| isakA sambandha samudAya se hai aura AcArazAstra kA vyakti se| vyakti kA sukha hI isakA lakSya hai| isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki vyakti aura samudAya virodhaka haiM, vAstava meM donoM pUraka haiN| hara rAjanItizAstra meM sAmudAyika pahalU kA aura AcArazAstra meM vaiyaktika pahalU kA adhika vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| rAjanIti samudAya ke sammilita vyavahAra ko dekhatI hai, AcArazAstra manuSya kI vyaktigata kriyAoM ko| donoM ke dRSTikoNoM meM bhI bheda haiN| kisI samudAya ke lie kauna-sA kArya lAbhadAyaka hogA yaha batAnA rAjanItizAstra kA lakSya hai| AcArazAstra meM bAhya lAbha kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki jo kArya lAbhadAyaka ho vaha naitika dRSTi se bhI ucita ho| rAjya ke niyama daNDa aura puraskAra ke Dara tathA pralobhana dvArA lAgU hote haiN| AcArazAstra ke niyama kA pAlana bAhya Dara tathA pralobhanoM se nahIM hotA hai| yadi kevala daNDa ke Dara se hI koI sadA satya bole to naitika dRSTi se usakA mahattva nahIM hai| AcArazAstra kA kSetra rAjanItizAstra se adhika vyApaka hai| rAjanItika niyamoM kI bhI naitika parIkSA hotI hai| AcArazAstra aura dharmazAstra (Theology) dharmazAstra dharma ke siddhAntoM kI mImAMsA hai| dharma kA artha hai-mAnava zakti se uccatara kisI zakti meM vizvAsa! yaha zakti indriyagocara nahIM, para mAnava saMvega se udAsIna bhI nahIM hai| dharma kA sabase vikasita rUpa eka sarvazaktizAlI, antaryAmI, sarvajJAnI vyakti-rUpa Izvara kA vicAra karanA hai| dharmazAstra Izvara-prApti ko hI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya vicAratA hai| ataH yaha usa lakSya kI prApti ke viSaya meM batalAtA hai, isalie donoM zAstroM meM bar3A ghaniSTha samparka hai| bahuta se dArzanikoM ne AcArazAstra ko dharmazAstra ke adhIna mAnA hai| unake anusAra dharma hI nIti (morality) kA mUla hai| (Descares, Locke, Duns Scotus)| dharma ke niyama hI naitika niyama haiN| hamAre vaise hI AcAra naitika kahe jA sakate haiM, jo dharma ke niyamoM ke anusAra hoN| Izvara kI icchA para hI ucita aura anucita nirbhara hai| jise vaha AdiSTa karatA hai, vahI ucita aura jisakA niSedha, vaha anucita hotA hai| Izvara apanI icchAoM kA pAlana daNDa ke bhaya aura puraskAra ke pralobhana se karAtA hai| yaha mata mAnya nahIM pratIta hotaa| dhArmika vicAra manuSya-jIvana ke pichale bhAga meM udaya hote haiN| para bAlyakAla hI se satya aura asatya kA jJAna Arambha ho jAtA hai| yadi dhArmika vicAra hI naitika vicAroM kA sAdhana hotA to aisI bAta nahIM hotii|
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________________ 156 adhyAtma-pravacana yadi bhaya aura pralobhana se hI koI manuSya koI karma karatA hai to usameM naitikatA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| hamAre AcaraNa kevala daNDa ke Dara aura puraskAra ke pralobhanoM se yadi saMcAlita hoM, to unheM acchA yA kharAba kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? una karmoM se to hamAre vAstavika svarUpa kA patA nahIM cltaa| dharma yA satya Izvara kI AjJAoM para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu unakI prakRti ke dyotaka haiN| Izvara apanI icchAnusAra kisI kArya ko satya yA asatya nahIM banA sktaa| koI karma isalie satya yA asatya nahIM hotA ki vaisI Izvara kI icchA hotI hai, apitu vaha kisI karma kA Adeza detA hai, isalie ki vaha satya hai aura niSedha karatA hai, isalie ki vaha asatya yA adharma hai| yadi dharmazAstra ko AcArazAstra kA sUtra mAnA jAya to binA Izvara ke vizvAsa ke nIti kA bhI lopa mAnA jAtA hai| para vAstava meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| bauddha mata aura jaina mata isake udAharaNa haiN| isake viparIta kucha dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki dharmazAstra kA AdhAra AcAra-zAstra hai, kyoMki dharma kA AdhAra hai nIti (morality) / hamameM yaha vizvAsa hai ki acche karmoM kA phala acchA hotA hai aura bure karmoM kA buraa| para vAstavika jagata meM aisA nahIM pAyA jaataa| bure hI adhikatara sukha bhogate haiM aura sadAcArI kaSToM ke zikAra banate haiN| isalie isa bheda ke kAraNa hamameM yaha vizvAsa utpanna hotA hai ki koI zaktizAlI Izvara kA astitva hai, jo ina viSamatAoM ko dUra karatA hai aura sadAcAriyoM ko puraskAra detA hai aura durAcAriyoM ko ksstt| yahI vizvAsa dharma kI nIMva hai-kAnTa, mArTinyu (Kant, Martineau) ityaadi| dUsare, manuSya naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA apanA kartavya samajhatA hai| kisI sattA ke prati hI koI kartavya hotA hai| yaha sattA kauna hai ? isake phalasvarUpa Izvara meM hamArA vizvAsa hone lagatA hai| tIsare, AcArazAstra meM caritra kA Adarza nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha Adarza kevala saiddhAntika nahIM mAnA jaataa| isalie eka aisI zakti ko hama mAnate haiM, jo una AdarzoM se sampUrNa hai| inhIM kAraNoM se kahA gayA hai ki naitika vicAroM se hI Izvara ke astitva meM vizvAsa utpanna hotA hai| kisI na kisI rUpa meM dharma hara deza aura kAla meM rahatA hai, cAhe vahA~ naitika vicAra hoM yA nahIM hoN| isake alAvA, dhArmika vicAra manuSyoM kI apUrNatA ke bhAva se udaya hote haiN| manuSya apane ko apUrNa pAkara eka aisI sattA meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo sarvazaktimAna hai| naitika vicAroM kA udaya mAnavaAtmA kI pUrNatA kI bhAvanA se hotA hai| donoM ke do sUtra hote haiN| eka ke binA dUsare kA vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| koI binA dhArmika vicAroM ke bhI naitika niyamoM kA pAlana kara sakatA hai aura binA naitika vicAroM
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 157 ke dhArmika niyamoM para cala sakatA hai| para donoM zAstroM kA sambandha ghaniSTha hai| eka kA prabhAva dUsare para bahuta adhika hai| vAstava meM jo naitika dRSTi se acchA hai vaha dhArmika bhI hai, aura jo dhArmika dRSTi se acchA hai, vaha naitika bhI hai| AcAraniyama dhArmika vicAroM kI puSTi karate haiN| isa dRSTi se dharmazAstra aura AcArazAstra eka-dUsare se sambandhita haiN| AcArazAstra aura darzanazAstra (Ethics and Philosophy) saMsAra tathA usake tattva-sambandhI praznoM kI vivecanA darzanazAstra meM kI jAtI hai| saMsAra kyA hai, manuSya kA usameM kyA sthAna hai ? AtmA tathA paramAtmA kyA hai ? usakI prakRti kyA hai ? ityAdi prazna isa zAstra ke haiN| darzana kA sambandha padArthoM kI vAstavikatA se hai| AcArazAstra darzana se sambandhita hai| usakI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna darzana kI vivecanAoM para adhikatara nirbhara hai| jisa prakAra ke dArzanika vicAra hote haiM, hamAre naitika vicAra bhI vaise hI hote haiN| jar3avAda (Materialism) para hI sukhavAda (Hedonism)AdhArita hai| yadi jar3a jagata hI vAstavika hai, to manuSya kA dhyeya adhika se adhika sukha prApta karanA hI honA caahie| isa taraha sukhavAda kI pravRtti hotI hai| vaise hI cetanavAda (Spiritualism) para pUrNatAvAda (Perfectionism) kI nIMva hai| binA kisI dArzanika AdhAra ke AcArazAstra eka kalpanA hai| ___ icchAzakti kI svatantratA, manuSya kI naitika prakRti ityAdi praznoM kI vivecanA darzanazAstra meM hotI hai| AcArazAstra unhIM para avalambita hai| AcArazAstra ko AcAra-darzana bhI kahA gayA hai| isalie darzana AcArazAstra kA AdhAra hai| para donoM meM antara bhI hai| darzana kA kSetra AcArazAstra ke kSetra se vistRta hai| AcAra sambandhI samasyAe~ darzana kA eka aMga haiN| darzanazAstra meM anya samasyAoM para bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| darzanazAstra saiddhAntika hai| usameM kisI bhI viSaya kA cintana jJAna kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai| AcArazAstra vyAvahArika tathA Adarza-nirdezaka hai| isakA sambandha manuSya ke dainika jIvana aura vyavahAra se hai| . bhAratIya AcAra-paramparA bhArata ke tInoM prAcIna dharmoM-vaidika, jaina aura bauddha-ne apanI paramparA aura paddhati ke anurUpa AcAroM kI prarUpaNA kI hai| bhArata kI prajA meM prAcIna kAla se hI AcAra atyanta lokapriya rahA hai| bhAratIya jana-jIvana kA vaha abhinna aMga rahA hai| loka-jIvana kI prANazakti hI AcAra hai| bhAratIya saMskRti tathA sabhyatA kA mUla AdhAra AcAra rahA hai| AcArahIna jIvana ko bhArata kI prajA kabhI sahana nahIM kara sktii| AcArasampanna vyakti yadi anakSara bhI ho to usakA satkAra hogaa| vidvAna yadi
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________________ 158 adhyAtma-pravacana AcAra-hIna hai to usakA tiraskAra hI hogaa| AcAra-hIna vyakti ko na veda pavitra kara sakate haiM, na Agama evaM piTaka hii| bhArata ke jana-jIvana meM sadA se hI AcAra kI pratiSThA rahI hai| ataH zruti, smRti, Agama evaM piTakoM meM AcAra kI hI garimA tathA mahimA rahI hai aura Aja bhI hai| vaidika paramparA kA AcAra, jaina paramparA kA cAritra aura bauddha paramparA kA vinaya-bhAvanAtmaka rUpa meM ye tInoM eka hI artha kI abhivyakti karate haiN| parantu paddhati tInoM kI eka nahIM rahI hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki tInoM kA AdhArabhUta tattva alaga-alA hai| eka kA AdhAra hai veda, dUsare kA AdhAra hai Apta aura tIsare kA AdhAra hai, buddha / veda, tIrthaMkara aura buddha hI bhAratIya AcAra ke mApadaNDa rahe haiN| veda kisI bhI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM hai| tIrthaMkara aura buddha nizcaya hI vyakti vizeSa haiN| veda apauruSeya hai| ataH usameM vihita karma bhI apauruSeya hI hogaa| usakA artha hai-nitya, sanAtana, sdaakaaliin| tIrthaMkara ke anuyAyI aura buddha ke anugAmI-isa vyavasthA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| tIrthaMkara-AcIrNa AcAra ko hI ve cAritra kahate haiN| buddha-Asevita AcAra ko hI ve vinaya kahate haiN| tIrthaMkara aura buddha-donoM hI apanI paramparA meM Apta puruSa haiN| Apta kI vANI hI Agama evaM piTaka haiN| Agama aura piTaka meM nihita jo bhI karma athavA kriyA hai, vaha cAritra evaM vinaya hai| vihita karma AcAra hai, aura niSiddha karma anaacaar| anAcAra kabhI dharma nahIM ho sktaa| vaha to adharma hI hai| ataH jo kucha veda-vihita hai, tIrthaMkara-AcIrNa hai tathA buddha-Acarita hai, vaha saba AcAra hai, zeSa sabhI anAcAra hai| bhAratIya AcAra paddhati kI isa vyavasthA evaM paramparA ko hI bhAratIya AcAra-zAstra kahA gayA hai| ___ bhAratIya AcArazAstra ke tIna pravAha rahe haiM-vaidika AcAra, jaina cAritra aura bauddha viny| AcAra zabda bahuarthI evaM bahuAyAmI rahA hai, ataH Agama, piTaka evaM zruti-smRti zAstra meM parivyApta hai| cAritra evaM vinaya zabda kA prayoga bhI sarvatra dRSTigocara hotA hai| vinaya zabda kA prayoga vaidika zAstra meM evaM jaina zAstra meM anya arthoM meM hai; kevala AcAra dharma meM nhiiN| bauddhazAstra meM yaha kevala AcAra artha meM prayukta hotA hai| ataH yaha eka pAribhASika zabda hai| ____ bhAratIya AcArazAstra ke mUlabhUta grantha tIna haiM-smRti, AcArAMga aura vinypttik| smRti veda kA anugamana karatI hai| AcArAMga carama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI prathama dezanA hai| vinayapiTaka buddha ke anubhUta zikSApada haiN| vaidika paramparA kA mUla AdhAra hai-varNa vyavasthA, Azrama vyavasthA aura yjny-hom|any zeSa saba isI kA vistAra hai| jaina paramparA kA mUla AdhAra hai-ahiNsaa| anya vrata niyama kevala ahiMsA ke hI AyAma haiN| ahiMsA kA hI vistAra hai-tapa aura sNym| amRSAvAda, asteya, akAma, aura aparigraha-ye saba ahiMsA ke hI parijana-parivAra haiN| ahiMsA ke hI astitva meM ina sabakA astitva hai| ataH ahiMsA hI jaina AcAra hai| bauddha paramparA kA mUla AdhAra hai-aSTAMga
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 159 maarg| vinaya usI kA hI vistAra hai / vinayapiTaka ke jitane bhI zikSApada haiM, ve saba aSTAMga mArga kI dena haiN| ataH mUla meM yahI bauddha paramparA kA vinaya evaM AcAra hai| vaidika AcAra AryoM kI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura dharma kI rUpa-rekhA jAnane kA evaM samajhane kA eka mAtra sAdhana veda grantha hI haiN| paramparA se zruta (sunA huA) hone ke kAraNa veda ko zruti kahA gayA hai / manu ne apanI smRti meM kahA hai " zrutistu vedo vijJeyo dharma-zAstraM tu vai smRtiH / " vaidika sAhitya ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai - jJAnakANDa aura karma - kANDa | prathama meM saMhitA evaM upaniSadoM kA samAveza hotA hai tathA dvitIya meM brAhmaNa grantha evaM kalpasUtra granthoM kaa| yajJa-yAgAdi kA pUrNa paricaya kalpasUtroM se hotA hai| kalpasUtroM ke do vibhAga haiM - zrauta sUtra, smArta sUtra / zrautasUtra zruti se prasUta haiM isalie zrauta sUtra kahe jAte haiN| AryoM ke mUla AcAra athavA yAga paddhati kA paribodha zrauta sUtroM se hI hotA hai| smArtasUtroM kI saMracanA smRti ke AdhAra para huI hai| smArtasUtroM ke bhI do vibhAga haiM - gRhyasUtra aura dharmasUtra / gRhyasUtroM meM gRhastha ke AcAra, anuSThAna aura yajJa karane kI vidhi kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| inameM manuSya ke janma se lekara mRtyuparyanta hone vAle SoDaza saMskAroM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo AryoM kA vizeSa AcAra hai / dharmasUtroM meM dhArmika niyama, rAjA aura prajA ke adhikAra tathA kartavyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| varNa-vyavasthA evaM Azrama vyavasthA kA pUrNa parijJAna karAyA gayA hai| dharmasUtroM ke AdhAra para smRtiyoM kI racanA huI hai| smRtiyoM kI saMkhyA aniyamita hai / parantu do smRtiyA~ atyanta prasiddha haiMmanu-smRti aura yAjJavalkyasmRti / mahAkavi kAlIdAsa ne raghuvaMza mahAkAvya ke Arambha meM hI smRti ko vedAnugAminI kahA hai| veda ke artha kA hI smRti grantha anucintana karate haiN| loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA se janakalyANa ke lie veda vihita vyavasthA dete haiN| isI AdhAra para smRtiyoM ko dharmazAstra kI saMjJA prApta hotI hai| ve lokAcAra kA pratipAdana karate haiN| manu ne AcAra ko parama dharma kahA hai| sadAcAra kA vistAra se varNana manu ne kiyA hai / brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdroM ke kartavyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ataH smRti grantha AcAra - zAstra haiN| smRti pratipAdita AcAra vaidika paramparA meM gautamadharmasUtra sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| dharmasUtroM ko AdhAra mAnakara vibhinna smRtiyoM kA saMgumphana kiyA gayA hai| smRtiyoM meM sabase prAcIna hai - manusmRti / jisameM vaidika AcAra kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa huA hai / prAyaH sabhI smRtiyoM kA eka hI viSaya hai- deza evaM kAla ke anusAra AcAra kI mImAMsA karanA tathA prasupta jana cetanA ko prabuddha karake dharma kI ora unmukha karanA / jo jana-jIvana, rAjadharma aura arthazAstra adhIna hokara cala rahA thA use manu ne apanI smRti meM dharma ke adhIna lAkara dharmazAstra
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________________ 160 adhyAtma-pravacana, kA upajIvaka banA diyaa| yahI thA manu kA apanA maulika navIna cintn| usa yuga meM manu ke AcAra evaM vicAra kA khulakara svAgata huaa| varNadharma aura Azramadharma-smRtiyoM kA . mukhya viSaya rahA hai| hindU samAja ke lie ye dharma-zAstra hI nahIM hai, apitu vidhi grantha bhI haiN| aMgrejI zAsana kAla meM isI ko hindU laoN,dharma kahA gayA thaa| bhAratIya AcAra paramparA ke ye pratinidhi grantha haiN| smRti racanA kAla AcAra-zAstra aura dharma-zAstra ke mUlabhUta tattvoM kI vyAkhyA evaM paribhASA karane vAle smRti granthoM kI saMracanA kisa kAla meM prArambha huI aura kisa kAla meM parisamApta huI isakA nirNaya karanA AsAna nahIM hai| bhAratIya dharmazAstroM kA itihAsa jinhoMne likhA hai, unake anusAra smRti granthoM ke nirmANa ko tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-prathama yuga-IsA pUrva 600 se 100 tk| dvitIya yuga-IsA 100 se 800 taka aura tRtIya yuga IsA 900 se 1800 tk| prathama yuga dharma-sUtroM kA hai, jo smRtiyoM kA mUla srota haiN| dvitIya yuga dharmasUtroM kI vyAkhyA kA hai aura sAtha hI smRtiyoM ke nirmANa kA prArambha bhii| itihAsakAroM kI dRSTi meM zuMga yuga hI smRti nirmANa kA yuga hai| "dharmazAstra kA itihAsa" pustaka ke lekhaka bI. pI. kANe kA mata hai, ki manusmRti yAjJavalkya smRti se bahuta prAcIna hai kyoMki manusmRti meM nyAya sambandhI bAteM pUrNa rUpa se nahIM haiM, lekina yAjJavalkya smRti meM ye saba bAteM pUrNa rUpa meM haiN| yAjJavalkya kI tithi kama se kama tRtIya zatAbdI hai| ataH manusmRti ko unase bahuta pahale honA caahie| manusmRti kI racanA IsvI pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI tathA IsA ke uparAnta dvitIya zatAbdI ke madhya kabhI huI hogii| mahAbhArata manusmRti ke bAda kI racanA hai| manu aura yAjJavalkya ____manusmRti aura yAjJavalkyasmRti meM kAphI samAnatA hai| phira bhI yAjJavalkya manu kI bahuta-sI bAtoM ko svIkAra nahIM krte| vibhinnatA isa prakAra hai-manu brAhmaNa ko zUdra kanyA se vivAha karane kA vidhAna karate haiM, parantu yAjJavalkya nahIM krte| manu putrahIna puruSa kI vidhavA patnI ke dAyabhAga para mauna haiM, yAjJavalkya isa viSaya meM spaSTa haiN| vidhavA ko usakA haka dilAte haiN| manu juA kI nindA karate haiM, yAjJavalkya juA ko rAjya niyantraNa meM rakhakara rAjakIya kara kA eka hissA banA dete haiN| isa prakAra manu ke aura yAjJavalkya ke AcAra meM kAphI antara hai| veda dharma kA mUla hai-"vedo dharmasya mUlam / " yaha kathana gautamasUtra kA hai| manusmRti meM dharma ke pA~ca upAdAna haiM-veda, vedajJoM kI paramparA evaM vyavahAra, sAdhujanoM kA AcAra aura Atma tusstti| yAjJavalkya kA kathana hai ki veda, smRti, sadAcAra, ziSTajanoM kA AcAravyavahAra aura jo apane ko acchA lage tathA zubha saMkalpa-yahI dharma ke upAdAna haiM, jo paramparA se cale A rahe haiN| isa prakAra dharma ke viSaya meM manu aura yAjJavalkya ke vicAra eka
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 161 hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM para kAphI bar3A antara bhI hai| AcAra para deza evaM kAla kA prabhAva avazya hI par3atA hai| yAjJavalkya smRti vaidika AcAra granthoM meM yAjJavalkya smRti eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA gayA hai| isake praNetA eka maharSi, dArzanika evaM yogIzvara the| isakI racanA mithilA meM huI hai| mithilA magadha kA eka sAMskRtika sthala rahA hai| vaidika paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA mukhya kendr| yAjJavalkyasmRti dharmazAstra preNatA maharSi yAjJavalkya kI eka mahanIya kRti hai| vaidika paramparA ke AcAra granthoM kI sampUrNa pUrva paramparA isameM samAhita ho cukI hai| AcAra athavA dharma kA koI bhI viSaya aisA nahIM, jisakA samAveza isameM na ho gayA ho| praNetA ne apane sampUrNa smRti grantha ko tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai aura viSayAnurUpa samucita sthAna diyA hai| yAjJavalkya smRti meM do hajAra sAta sau zloka haiN| manusmRti kA parimANa bahuta adhika hai| viSaya vyavasthA bhI itanI sundara nahIM hai| yAjJavalkya smRti meM veda, vedAMga, yoga, adhyAtma, daNDa-nIti, dharma aura AcAra kI sundara vyAkhyA evaM vyavasthA hai| tIna adhyAyoM meM vaha vibhakta hai-AcAra, vyavahAra aura praayshcitt| AcAra granthoM kA isa prakAra kA vibhAjana jaina AcAra ko vyavasthita evaM sthira karane vAle chedasUtrakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kiyA thA-AcAra-dazA, kalpasUtra aura vyvhaarsuutr| bauddha AcAra vaidika AcAra gRhastha ke lie hai| usameM saMnyAsa kA mahattva utanA nahIM, jitanA gRhastha kaa| vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa ke niyama bahuta kama, bahuta saMkSepa meM haiN| yatidharma saMgraha jaise grantha haiM avazya; parantu saMnyAsa evaM yati ke AdhAra para jaina evaM bauddhoM kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| unake niyama, upaniyama tathA unakI jIvanacaryA, zramaNoM jaisI hai| jaina aura bauddha saMnyAsa-pradhAna dharma rahe haiN| gRhastha ke AcAra evaM caryA kI donoM meM upekSA rahI hai| kyoMki donoM zramaNa paramparAoM meM tyAga kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, bhoga kI nhiiN| brAhmaNa paramparA meM isase viparIta sthiti hai| bauddha paramparA kA mukhya AcAra grantha hai-vinypittk| isameM bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI ke AcAra kA kathana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| vastra, pAtra, khAna-pAna aura Ane-jAne ke niyama hai| bauddha saMgha meM vinayadhara bhikSu kA utanA bar3A gaurava hai, jitanA bar3A gaurava jaina saMgha meM AcArAMgadhara aura prakalpadhara zramaNa kA mAnA jAtA hai| vinayapiTaka tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-vibhaMga, mahAvagga, aura cullvgg| vibhaMga do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-bhikSuprAtimokSa aura bhikSuNI praatimokss| vibhaMga bhikSu varga kI AcAra saMhitA evaM prAyazcitta saMhitA hai| vinaya ko buddhazAsana kA mUla kahA gayA hai| bhikSu prAtimokSa meM paripAlanIya niyamoM kI saMkhyA do sau sattAIsa hai aura bhikSuNI
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________________ 162 adhyAtma-pravacana prAtimokSa meM tIna sau gyAraha niyamoM kI saMkhyA hai| mahAvagga meM bhagavAna buddha kI jIvanI se lekara pravrajyA, uposatha, varSAvAsa evaM pravAraNA Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| cullavagga meM choTI-moTI zikSAoM aura niyama upaniyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaise ki snAna, AbhUSaNa, keza, kaMghI, darpaNa, lepa, mAliza, nAca, tamAzA Adi ke sambandha meM niSedha kiyA gayA hai| ataH vinayapiTaka bauddha paramparA ke AcAra kA pratinidhi grantha hai| parantu isameM kahIM para bhI upAsaka evaM zrAvaka ke AcAra kA kathana nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI yahI sthiti hai| AcArAMga, AcAracUlA aura AcAraprakalpa meM kahIM para bhI zrAvaka ke lie kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| kyoMki donoM zramaNa paramparAe~ saMnyAsapradhAna haiN| bhikSu caryA pradhAna hai| ataH donoM paramparAe~ AcAra ko mukhyatA pradAna karane vAlI rahI hai| jaina AcAra - zAstra bhAratIya darzanoM meM tattva paricaryA apanI caramasImA para pahu~ca cukI hai| sAMkhya aura vedAnta donoM hI darzana jJAnavAda ko pradhAnatA dete rahe haiN| nyAyadarzana pramANa evaM prameya kI carcAhI adhika karatA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM tattva mImAMsA bahuta hI sUkSma rUpa meM kI gaI hai aura vizeSataH usameM paramANuvAda kI carcA atyanta gahana evaM jaTila hai| vaidika paramparA meM AcAra athavA kriyAkANDa kI vicAraNA karane vAle do darzana haiM-mImAMsAdarzana aura yogdrshn| ina donoM kI AcAra mImAMsA athavA kriyAkANDa kI vicAraNA vibhinna paddhatiyoM para AdhArita hai| vaidika paramparA meM AcAra evaM cAritra zabda kA prayoga kama hai| usake sthAna para karma aura kriyA kA prayoga adhika huA hai| mImAMsA yajJavAdI darzana hai| AcAra ke nAma para yajJa kI hI kriyAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yogadarzana kA AcAra-pakSa AdhyAtmikatA para avalambita hai kyoMki usameM cittavRttiyoM kA adhika vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| usameM indriya-damana aura manojaya ke upAya batalAye gaye haiN| jaina aura bauddha jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA mUlataH AcAravAdI paramparAe~ rahI haiN| ina donoM paramparAoM meM tattva kI apekSA AcAra kI vyAkhyA evaM vizleSaNa adhika huA hai / parantu donoM paramparAe~ AcAra para bala dete hue bhI donoM kI paddhati meM mahAna antara hai / bauddha paramparA meM AcAra ke sthAna para do zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai-zIla evaM vinaya / zIla kA sambandha gRhastha-jIvana se adhika hai, bhikSu-jIvana se kama / kintu, vinaya kA artha bauddha paramparA ke anusAra bhikSu kA AcAra arthAt sAdhvAcAra hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM AcAra aura cAritra zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA kA AcArazAstra vyavasthita, vizAla aura bahuAyAmI hai| jaina paramparA meM dharma ke do bheda haiM- AgAradharma evaM aNagAradharma / isI ko zrAvakAcAra aura zramaNAcAra bhI kahA jAtA hai|
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________________ jaina AcAra - zAstra ke grantha jaina AcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAle grantha prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM meM vipula mAtrAoM meM likhe gaye haiN| jaina paramparA ke jo AcAra grantha haiM unakA kramika adhyayana isa prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai zramaNAcAra : 1. AcArAMga 2. dazavaikAlika 3. Avazyaka sUtra 4. AcAradazA 5. bRhatkalpa 6. vyavahAra 7. nizItha 8. mahAnizItha 9. paMcakalpa zrAvakAcAra : 1. upAsaka dazAMga 2. dharmabindu 3. yogazAstra 4. tattvArthasUtra 5. AcAra dinakara 6. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 7. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra 8. sAgAradharmAmRta 9. amitagati zrAvakAcAra 10. upAsakAdhyayana jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 163 10. jItakalpa 11. piNDaniryukti 12. oghaniyukti 13. mUlAcAra 14. mUlArAdhanA 15. anagAra dharmAmRta 16. AcArasAra 17, pravacanasAroddhAra 18. yati-jItakalpa 11. jJAnArNava 12. zrAvaka pratikramaNa 13. paMcapratikramaNa 14. pAkSika sU 15. sAvayapaNatti 16. sAvayadhammavihi 17. puruSArthasiddhayupAya 18. zrAvakAcAra 19. lATI saMhitA 20. zrAddhavidhi 21. zrAvakadharmapradIpa AcAra, kalpa aura samAcArI zramaNa paramparA meM aura mukhyata: jaina paramparA meM AcAra para atyadhika bala diyA gayA hai, isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM hai / AcAra zabda ko lekara hI jainoM meM vibhinna sampradAya khar3e hue haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambaroM meM mukhyataH parigraha evaM aparigraha kI vyAkhyA ko lekara hI bheda par3A hai| zvetAmbaroM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra mUrcchAbhAva hI parigraha hai, vastu
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________________ 164 adhyAtma-pravacana nhiiN| isake viparIta digambara paramparA meM vastuoM ko parigraha kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM sacelavAda ke mUla meM parigraha hI mukhya hai| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha sampradAyoM meM jo Aja bheda dRSTigocara hotA hai, usakA mukhya AdhAra hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA hI rahA hai| zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI-ye saba bheda AcAra ko lekara hI mukhya rUpa meM pracalita hue haiN| ataH AcAra kI vistRta vyAkhyA kA jaina paramparA meM honA sahaja evaM svAbhAvika thaa| AcArAMga sUtra, usakI niyukti, usakI cUrNi aura usakI saMskRta TIkA meM AcAra ke svarUpa para atyadhika vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra, usa para niyukti, usa para cUrNi evaM usa para vividha saMskRta TIkAoM meM AcAra kA hI maMthana kiyA gayA hai| chedasUtroM evaM una para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi evaM saMskRta TIkAoM kA, jo eka vizAla sAhitya hai, vaha saba sAdhvAcAra ko lekara hI likhA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM AcAra zabda ke atirikta kalpa aura samAcArI zabda kA artha bhI AcAra hI hotA hai, phira bhI AcAra kI apekSA kalpa aura samAcArI ye donoM hI sImita zabda haiM tathA ina tInoM ke artha meM bhI paryApta bheda hai| vastutaH jaina paramparA meM mUla-guNoM ko hI acAra kahA gayA hai| kalpa aura samAcArI zabdoM kA prayoga uttaraguNoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| mUlaguNoM kI saMrakSA ke lie jo choTe-bar3e niyama evaM upaniyama banAe gaye evaM jinakA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, vastutaH vahI kalpa aura samAcArI hai| dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra kalpa aura samAcArI meM paryApta bheda aura prabheda hote rahe haiN| isake spaSTa pramANa Aja bhI AgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| prAcIna sAdhvAcAra AcArAMga-sUtra meM jisa sAdhvAcAra kA varNana upalabdha hai, dazavaikAlika sUtragata sAdhvAcAra meM usakI apekSA kAphI vikAsa huA hai| isa satya ko svIkAra karanA hI caahie| AcArAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM vastradhArI bhikSuoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa vivecana AtA hai| sAdhuoM ke utkRSTa AcAra kA pAlana karane vAle bhikSu aneka prakAra ke haiM-eka vastradhArI, dvivastradhArI, trivastradhArI aura bhuvstrdhaarii| pAtra ke sambandha meM bhI isI prakAra kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai| AcArAMga-sUtra meM bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI ke lie piNDaiSaNA, pAtraiSaNA, zayyaiSaNA Adi kA jo vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai, usa prakAra ke utkRSTa sAdhvAcAra kA varNana anyatra durlabha hI hai| gocarI ke lie bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI kisa kula meM jAe~ aura kisa kula meM na jAe~, isakA rocaka varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| vRttikAroM evaM TIkAkAroM ne inakI vyAkhyAe~ vibhinna prakAra se kI haiN| AcArAMga-sUtra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki bhikSA ke lie jAne vAlA bhikSu apane saba upakaraNa apane sAtha rakhakara hI bhikSA ke lie jaay| bhikSArtha eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va jAte samaya bhI isI niyama kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thaa|
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 165 bhikSu aura bhikSuNI ko kisa prakAra kA jala lenA cAhie aura kisa prakAra kA nahIM lenA cAhie, isakA bhI vistRta evaM spaSTa varNana kiyA gayA hai| kisa prakAra kA pAnI bhikSuka ko lenA cAhie, usake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai-tilodaka, tandulodaka, tuSodaka, AmrapAnaka, drAkSApAnaka tathA khajUra kA pAnI, nAriyala kA pAnI, kera kA pAnI, imalI kA pAnI, evaM AMvale kA pAnI Adi jala sAdhu ke lie grAhya haiN| bhikSu ko kisa prakAra kI bhASA bolanI cAhie aura kisa prakAra kI bhASA nahIM bolanI cAhie, isake sambandha meM bhI nizcita vidhAna kiye gaye haiN| bhikSa kisa prakAra ke makAna meM rahe aura kisa prakAra ke makAna meM na rahe tathA use kisa sthAna para kitanA rahanA cAhie aura vahA~ se kaba vihAra kara denA cAhie; vastra, pAtra, tathA anya upakaraNoM kI yAcanA kisase aura kisa prakAra karanI cAhie, isakI sundara vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| eka bAra bhojana karane kA vidhAna hai, eka hI dina meM bAra-bAra AhAra karane kA vidhAna nahIM hai| sAdhu kalpa ___zAstroM meM aneka sthAnoM para dasa prakAra ke kalpoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jinakA paripAlana mUlaguNoM kI saMrakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai| kintu ina kalpoM meM kucha kalpa sthita haiM, kucha anvsthit| rAjapiNDa evaM pratikramaNa Adi kalpa sthita nahIM haiN| kyoMki madhya ke bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA ke anusAra rAjapiNDa lenA koI doSa nahIM thA tathA pratidina ubhayabelA meM pratikramaNa karanA Avazyaka nahIM thaa| parantu prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura carama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zAsana meM rAjapiNDa lenA niSiddha mAnA gayA tathA pratidina ubhayabelA meM pratikramaNa karanA anivArya ho gyaa| ina dasa prakAra ke kalpoM meM samayAnusAra parivartana hote rahe haiN| ataH dasa prakAra ke kalpa uttaraguNa kahe jAte haiN| kyoMki unameM samaya-samaya para paristhitivaza evaM AvazyakatA ke anusAra parivartana karane kI chUTa gItArtha muni ko sahaja hI upalabdha rahI hai| sAdhu samAcArI kA artha hai-sAdhu-jIvana ke lie nitya karmoM kI vyvsthaa| rAta aura dina meM sAdhu ko kisa kAryakrama ke anusAra apanA sAdhanAmaya jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie-isa prakAra kA vidhi-vidhAna hI sAdhu samAcArI hai| prAcIna kAla meM sAdhu-samAcArI ke anusAra sAdhujana apanA sAdhanAmaya jIvana isa prakAra se vyatIta karate the-dina kI prathama pauruSI meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM AhAra-pAnI, evaM vihAra aura caturtha meM punaH svaadhyaay| rAtri meM prathama pauruSI meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM zayana-nidrA aura caturtha meM punaH svaadhyaay| isa samAcArI meM svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| __ vastutaH sAdhu-jIvana kI saccI sAdhanA, svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna hI hai| bhikSuNI evaM bhikSu ke jIvana kA eka bhI kSaNa vyartha na jAya tathA pramatta bhAva meM vyatIta na ho, isa vyavasthA kA nAma hI vastutaH sAdhu samAcArI hai| isa sAdhu samAcArI ke anusAra jIvana
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________________ 166 adhyAtma-pravacana vyatIta karane vAle sAdhu evaM sAdhvI jJAnI, dhyAnI evaM tapasvI tathA saMyamI hote the| sAdhvI evaM sAdhu ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka thA, ki vaha AcArAMga sUtra tathA nizItha sUtra kA pratidina svAdhyAya kareM, tAki ve vismRta na ho jaayeN| yadi ye vismRta ho jAte the, to usake lie kaThora prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI chedasUtroM meM hai| yadi koI bhikSu yA bhikSuNI isalie bhUla gayA hai ki vaha asvastha thA, rogI thA athavA durbhikSa thA, usake lie prAyazcitta kA vidhAna nahIM hai| yadi pramattabhAva se usane ina zAstroM ko vismRta kara diyA hai, to usa sthiti meM prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| sAdhu ho yA sAdhvI ho, yadi ina do zAstroM kA usane vidhivat adhyayana nahIM kiyA hai, to use svatantra hokara vihAra karane kA bhI niSedha thaa| ina donoM zAstroM kA parijJAtA na hone ke kAraNa use AcArya pada, upAdhyAya pada evaM pravartaka pada tathA pravartinI pada nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| sAdhu jIvana meM parivartana ____ prAcIna-yuga se lekara Aja taka ke yuga meM sAdhu-jIvana meM kAphI parivartana A cukA hai| khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, lenA-denA tathA karanA-karAnA Adi meM prAcIna yuga ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha paripAlana Aja nahIM ho pA rahA hai| jaise ki jaina bhikSuoM kI mana, vacana evaM kAya ke hiMsA na karane, na karavAne tathA karate hue kA anumodana na karane kI pratijJA hotI hai| prAcIna yuga ke jaina bhikSu evaM nirgrantha isa pratijJA kA akSarazaH pAlana karane kA prayala karate the| jisa vastu ko prApta karane meM hiMsA kI tanika bhI saMbhAvanA rahatI thI, usa prakAra kI kisI bhI vastu ko ve svIkAra nahIM karate the| AcArAMga sUtra evaM chedasUtroM ko dekhane se unakI yaha caryA spaSTa mAlUma par3a jAtI hai| _isa prakAra atyanta kaThora AcaraNa ke kAraNa ye zramaNa dharmarakSA ke nAma para apanI caryA meM kisI prakAra kI DhIla nahIM rakhate the| jahA~ kahIM hiMsA yA parigraha kI saMbhAvanA hotI, una pravRttiyoM kA ve parityAga kara dete the| yahA~ taka ki zAstra-lekhana kI pravRtti ko bhI unhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| hiMsA evaM parigraha kI saMbhAvanA ke-kAraNa vyaktigata nirvANa ke abhilASI ina nispRha sAdhuoM ne zAstra-lekhana kI pravRtti kI upekSA kii| unakI isa ahiMsAparAyaNatA kA ullekha bRhatkalpa nAmaka chedasUtra ke bhASya meM spaSTatayA Aja bhI upalabdha hai| usameM spaSTa vidhAna hai ki pustaka pAsa meM rakhane vAlA zramaNa prAyazcitta kA bhAgI hotA hai| ukta Agama meM batAyA gayA hai ki pustaka pAsa meM rakhane vAle zramaNa meM pramatta doSa utpanna hotA hai| pustaka pAsa meM rahane se svAdhyAya meM pramAda kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| dharma pravacanoM ko kaMThastha rakhakara unakA bAra-bAra smaraNa karanA svAdhyAya rUpa Antarika tapa kahA gayA hai| pustakeM pAsa rahane se yaha tapa manda hone lagatA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda sAdhu saMgha ke AcAra meM zithilatA Ane lgii| usake vibhinna sampradAya banane lge| sacelaka evaM acelaka-paramparA prArambha huii| vanavAsa
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________________ jIvana kA niyAmaka zAstra : AcAra 167 kama hone lgaa| loka-samparka bar3hane lgaa| sAdhujana caityavAsI bhI hone lge| caityavAsa ke sAtha unake sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM parigraha praviSTa huaa| isa samaya zramaNoM ne apanI jIvana caryA meM aneka apavAda bhI svIkAra kiye| ataH unheM isa likhane-likhavAne kI pravRtti kA apavAda bhI svIkAra karanA pdd'aa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa bAda devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne zruta ko jaba pustaka baddha evaM vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA, taba unakA ghora virodha huA thaa| ahiMsA ke sAdhakoM ko yaha hiMsA-pravRtti kaise svIkAra ho sakatI thI? para, Aja samasta sAdhujana, phira cAhe ve kisI bhI paramparA ke kyoM na hoM, devarddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kA guNotkIrtana hI karate haiN| purAtana-yuga kA nirgrantha-saMgha purAtana-yugIna nirgrantha-saMgha ke jIvana para AcArAMga sUtra meM vistAra ke sAtha prakAza DAlA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki AcArAMga sUtra kA samagra vidhAna yaha pramANita karatA hai ki sAdhu-jIvana kA mukhya dhyeya kyA hai aura use kyA karanA cAhie ? usa samaya ke nirgrantha AcArasampanna, viveka-sampanna, tyAgI, tapasvI aura zrutadhara hote the| unake jIvana kA lakSya jana-samparka nahIM thA, ekAnta meM rahakara tapa-dhyAna kI sAdhanA karanA hI thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya utkRSTa tyAga, tapa evaM saMyama ke aneka jIte-jAgate AdarzoM kI upasthiti meM bhI kucha zramaNa tapa-tyAga aMgIkAra karane ke bAda bhI usameM sthira, dRr3ha evaM kaThora nahIM raha pAte the| isa prakAra ke aneka pramANa chedasUtroM meM tathA unake vyAkhyA grantha niyukti, bhASya evaM cUrNiyoM meM spaSTa rUpa meM Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| yaha eka nizcita bAta hai ki nirgranthoM ke upakaraNoM kI saMkhyA meM nirantara dhIre-dhIre vRddhi hotI rahI hai| sAdhuoM kI apekSA sAdhviyoM ke upakaraNa aura bhI adhika haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prAcIna yuga se Aja taka sAdhu-jIvana ke AcAra meM AvazyakatA ke anusAra tathA yugAnukUla paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAphI parivartana hote rahe haiN| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM zruta kA mahattva ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma ke do bheda batalAye haiM-zrutadharma aura cAritra dhrm| pA~ca jJAnoM meM se eka zrutajJAna hai| zrutajJAna kA sAdhaka-jIvana meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna prAcIna kAla se hI rahA hai| zrutajJAna ke binA AcAra evaM usakA svarUpa hI nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| ataH zruta dharma kI ArAdhanA ke bAda hI cAritradharma kI ArAdhanA kI jA sakatI hai| AcArAMga sUtra ke do zrutaskandhoM meM se prathama zrutaskandha meM AcAra ke pA~ca bheda pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM-1. jJAnAcAra, 2. darzanAcAra, 3. cAritrAcAra, 4. tapAcAra aura 5. viiryaacaar| isake atirikta anya koI AcAra nahIM hai| jinavANI meM pratipAdita mUlaguNa tathA uttaraguNa Adi sabakA samAveza ina pA~coM meM hI ho jAtA hai| isa paMcavidha AcAra meM bhI sarva-prathama jJAnAcAra hI hai| jJAnAcAra ko hI AcArAMga Adi sUtroM meM zruta-dharma kahA gayA hai| darzanAcAra jJAnAcAra se abhinna hai| vIryAcAra AtmA kI zakti kA nAma hai| zeSa raha jAte haiM-do-cAritrAcAra aura tpaacaar|
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________________ 168 adhyAtma-pravacana Ajakala ke alpazrutajJa mahAnubhAva ina do ko hI AcAra samajha baiThe haiN| vAstava meM unakI yaha mAnyatA AcAra viruddha hai| kyoMki zAstroM meM sthAna-sthAna para isa satya kA nirdeza hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM jo AcAra hotA hai, vaha mithyAcAra hai tathA jo tapa hotA hai vaha bAlatapa hai| mithyAcAra evaM bAla-tapa mokSa ke sAdhana nahIM ho skte| ataH zAstroM meM zrutadharma athavA jJAnAcAra kA mahattva siddha ho jAtA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM dayA arthAt cAritra samyakcAritra nahIM ho sakatA / ataH prathama jJAna hai aura phira dayA arthAt cAritra / isI dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki ajJAnI AtmA saMyama ko athavA asaMyama ko nahIM samajha sakatA / puNyamArga ko athavA pApamArga ko, kalyANa ko athavA akalyANa ko, sunakara hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ para bhI prAthamikatA zrutadharma kI hI pratipAdita kI gaI hai| yahI tathya Avazyakaniryukti, bRhatkalpabhASya tathA nizItha cUrNi Adi meM kahA gayA hai| Aja ke jo alpajJa loga haiM, unheM AcAra kI krAnti karane ke pUrva zruta-dharma ko aura jJAnAcAra ko samajha lenA parama Avazyaka hai| vicAra ke abhAva meM ekamAtra AcArakrAnti kA apane Apa meM koI mahattva nahIM hai, balki usase daMbha evaM ahaMkAra kA hI poSaNa hogA, zuddhAcAra kA nahIM /
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________________ adhyAtma pravacana : eka saMdarzana - bhAratIya dharma, darzana ke gaMbhIra cintaka satya ke spaSTa vivecaka evaM nirbhIka udghoSaka, prajJA maharSi rASTrasanta upAdhyAya zrI amara muni kA nAma, Aja samasta adhyAtma jagata meM eka jAgRta prajJAzIlatA kA paryAya hai| pratyeka dizA meM unmukta evaM svatantra, taTastha tathA saMtulita vicAra cintana, jisameM mukharita hotA hai; bhAratIya manISA kA mUla svara, darzana kA Aloka aura dharma kA amRtcintn| gurudeva zrI amara muni, eka sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa ke pariveza meM samagra jainatva ke pratIka haiN| sampradAya aura rUr3hivAda kI saMkIrNatA se sarvathA mukta; mahAvIra ke ananta satya kA samagratA ke sAtha darzana, pravacana aura prasthApanA karane meM sakSama, vAg devatA ke varadaputra, mahAvIra ke adhyAtmika uttarAdhikArI mahAn manISI haiN| ApazrI ke adhyAtma viSayaka pravacanoM kA eka virATa saMskaraNa "adhyAtma pravacana" bhAga 1, lagabhaga 25 varSa pUrva prakAzita ho cukA hai| usameM mukhyataH darzana kA sparza karane vAle gUr3ha adhyAtma viSayoM para bahuta hI sundara, santulita aura hRdaya sparzI pravacana hai| aba prastuta adhyAtma pravacana (dvitIya bhAga) meM jJAna evaM AcAra ke gahana tathyoM ko udghATita karane vAle, tatva cintana pradhAna jIvana sparzI tatvoM kA vizada vivecana prastuta hai| prastuta bhAga meM jJAna-mImAMsA ke antargata pramANa, naya, Adi kA sArapUrNa sarvAMga vivecana huA hai| tathA AcAra-mImAMsA meM zrAvaka kI AcAra maryAdA, Adarza jIvana zailI para naI dRSTi se cintana kiyA gayA hai| isa pravacana saMgraha kA sampAdana kiyA hai Apake hI vidvAna ziSya zrI vijaya muni jI zAstrI ne| zrI vijaya muni jI eka bahuzruta cintaka to hai hI, pravacana evaM lekhana kalA ke kSetra meM svataH pratiSThApanna haiN| aba taka 50 se adhika pustakoM kA sampAdana/lekhana kara cuke haiN| pAThaka unakI pravAhapUrNa lekhanI kA Ananda anubhava kreNge.....| prApti sthAna * sanmati jJAna pITha, jaina bhavana, lohAmaMDI, AgarA-282002 * vIrAyatana, rAjagira, 403116 jilA nAlandA (bihAra) Jain Education-inema For Private Persohal Use Only wwwamary.org