Sramana 1996 01

Author(s): Ashok Kumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525025/1

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OTHU pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 60010 vidyApati hArANasI janavarI-mArca 1666 varSa 47] [aMka 1.3 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ucation international

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zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA aMka 1-3] [janavarI-mArca, 1996 pradhAna sampAdaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka maNDala DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha DaoN0 zivaprasAda DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya prakAzanArtha lekha-sAmagrI, samAcAra, vijJApana evaM sadasyatA Adi ke lie samparka kareM pradhAna sampAdaka zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI0 TI0 AI0 mArga, karauMdI po0 oN0 - bI0 eca0 yU0 vArANasI - 221 005 dUrabhASa : 311462 phaiksa : 0542 - 311462 vArSika sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru0 60.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru0 50.00 eka prati : ru0 15.00 AjIvana sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru0 1000.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru0 500.00 yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka sahamata hoN|

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zramaNa hindI khaNDa prastuta aGka meM pRSTha 3 - 10 11 - 19 21 - 46 1. jaina dharma aura hindU dharma (sanAtana dharma ) kA pArasparika sambandha pro0 sAgaramala jaina 2. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA DaoN. anila kumAra siMha 3. zabda sAmya : prAkRta-aMgrejI pro0 surendra varmA 4. jaina-darzana meM puruSArtha-catuSTaya / pro0 surendra varmA 5. vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna DaoN0 rajjana kumAra 6. dhUmAvalI-prakaraNam sAdhvI atulaprabhA 7. pustaka samIkSA 8. jaina jagat 8. Vidyapeeth in the Eyes of Distinguished Visitors 10. zramaNa pAThakoM kI naz2ara meM 47 - 59 60 -64 65 - 79 80 -8 0 - 93 94 - 96

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zramaNa jaina dharma aura hindU dharma (sanAtana dharma ) kA pArasparika sambandha pro0 sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDakhaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAta jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyaka adhyayana kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-purjI kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, hindU yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina dharma ke adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya dharma kA, hameM usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika .prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai|

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4 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skeNge| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thii| jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa, mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad

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jaina dharma aura hindU dharma ( sanAtana dharma ) kA pArasparika sambandha : 5 aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRttipradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI, zramaNa paramparA ke samAna, AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI giiN| unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA, hindU dharma vaidika zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAyI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ye vaidika karmakANDa,janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsa ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara ke hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| ___ yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyasthA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye; kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gye| vaidika karmakANDa aba tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gyaa| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gyiiN| aneka hindU devadeviyoM prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSayakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN|

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6 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsanarakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gyiiN| zrutadevatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gii| hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| ___Aja maiM kahanA cAhU~gA ki hameM isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha aura sikkhoM - jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ( Revolt ) ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUlabhUta praznoM ko lekara matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna varNoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thIM, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA aura cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina cintaka bhI yaha mAnane

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jaina dharma aura hindU dharma ( sanAtana dharma ) kA pArasparika sambandha : 7 lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika ( hindU ) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai, cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho, kintu Aja na to hindU paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina evaM bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho, athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI bhI eka pakSa pramukha ho| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti ke evaM hindU dharma meM nivRtti ke tattva nahIM haiN| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai| isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura preya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttipradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kI vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hindU prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko, vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika hindU dharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai| hindU dharma aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai yA kaheM ki vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda-anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRttinivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyoM taka sabhI kucha sanniviSTa haiN| jo loga use eka dharma sampradAya meM sImita kara dete haiM, ve use saMkIrNa banA dete haiN| ata: jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI haiM jisakA pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita

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8 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| unakI bhUmikA eka zalya cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai, jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatru kI nhiiN| jaina aura bauddha aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa hai aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSa rUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAGga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAGga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvata milatA hai| AcArAGga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| unameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAGga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA - videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAGga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura tapodhanA ke rUpa meM ullikhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama

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jaina dharma aura hindU dharma ( sanAtana dharma ) kA pArasparika sambandha : 9 sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAGgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke mAnya RSi the| sUtrakRtAGga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura yaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhitra AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita ( isibhAsiyAI ) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko ArhataRSi, buddhaRSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, unameM bhI unake aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA prAcIna kAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA, to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita aura AcArAGga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI

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10 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai| rAkSasa aura devatA motIlAla surAnA, indaura subaha ke samaya jo gurujI ne ziSya ko par3hAyA thA, usa bAbata dopahara ko bAhara baiThakara gurujI va ziSya Apasa meM bAtacIta kara rahe the| tabhI eka vyakti jo ziSya se dIkSita hone se pahale hI paricita thA, AyA tathA khar3Akhar3A ziSya ko DA~Tane-DapaTane lgaa| bolA - tujhe zarma nahIM aatii| gurujI ke hAtha-pA~va dabAnA to dUra baiThA-baiThA gappeM hA~ka rahA hai| ziSya kucha na bolA to vaha aura adhika teja AvAja meM bolA - muphta kA mAla khAtA hai tathA mA~gakara kapar3e pahanatA hai| tujhe kisa bAta kI phikr| mehanata karake kamAkara khAve to patA cale ki ATe-dAla kA bhAva kyA hai ? isa para ziSya kucha na bolA to vaha vyakti choTI-moTI gAliyoM kA upayoga karate hue naI-naI bAteM sunAne lgaa| isa para ziSya ko krodha A gayA tathA vaha bhI teja AvAja meM saphAI dete hue gar3e murde ukhAr3ane lgaa| yaha saba sunakara gurujI kamare meM cale gye| do-cAra bAteM krodha kI ho jAne para jaba ziSya ne dekhA ki gurujI kamare meM cale gaye haiM to vaha uThakara unake pAsa A gayA tathA bhItara cale Ane kA kAraNa pUchA to gurujI bole - jaba taka tU kSamA dhAraNa kara usakI bAta suna rahA thA taba taka tujhameM devatA virAjamAna the| para jaba tU krodhita hokara javAba savAla karane lagA to devatA calA gayA aura rAkSasa Akara tere bhItara baiTha gyaa| phira maiM rAkSasa ke pAsa kaise baiThatA? yaha sunakara ziSya pazcAttApa karate hue bolA - bhaviSya meM maiM kabhI bhI krodha nahIM kruuNgaa| krodha rAkSasa ke samAna hai|

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zramaNa TRAOBA prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA DaoN0 anila kumAra siMha* rAjasva kI vicAradhArA ko lagabhaga utanA hI prAcIna kahA jA sakatA hai jitanA prAcIna svayaM rAjya' kA astitva hai| bhArata, misra, bhUTAna Adi prAcIna dezoM meM rAjasva ke niyamoM va nItiyoM kA prAdurbhAva ho gayA thaa| prAcIna sabhyatAoM kI rAjasva praNAliyA~ pramukhataH parAjita dezoM se vasUla kiye gaye karoM para nirbhara karatI thiiN| isake alAvA, apratyakSa kara jaise bhUmi hastAntaraNoM tathA vyApArika saudoM para kara bhI lagAe jAte the| roma sAmrAjya meM uttarAdhikArI kara tathA sAmAnya bikrI kara bhI lagAyA jAtA thaa| bhArata meM 'manusmRti' tathA kauTilya ke 'arthazAstra' meM karAropaNa tathA rAjakIya vyaya kI vyavasthA ke bAre meM siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| grIka yuga kI choTI pustaka 'Athenian Revenues' jisake lekhaka jenophe the, ullekhanIya hai| pleTo tathA arastU ke lekhoM meM bhI rAjakoSIya viSayoM para TippaNiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| roma ke itihAsakAroM ke lekhoM meM bhI romana rAjakoSIya praNAliyoM kA vizleSaNa tathA unakI samAlocanA milatI hai| DAlTana' ke anusAra "rAjasva sArvajanika adhikAriyoM ke Aya tathA vyaya evaM inake pArasparika samanvaya kA adhyayana hai|" sAmAnya rUpa se hama kaha sakate haiM ki rAjasva vibhinna sarakAroM kI maudrika Aya-vyaya se sambandhita siddhAntoM va samasyAoM kA adhyayana hai| __ mUlata: jaisA ki DAlTana ne batAyA hai rAjasva ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai : sArvajanika Aya tathA sArvajanika vyy| parantu adhyayana meM spaSTatA lAne ke dRSTikoNa se rAjasva ko pA~ca vibhAgoM meM bA~TanA adhika upayukta samajhA jAtA hai - 1. sArvajanika vyaya, 2. sArvajanika Aya, 3. sArvajanika RNa, 4. vittIya prazAsana, 5. rAjakoSIya niiti| prArambha meM rAjya eka pulisa rAjya ke hI rUpa meM huA karate the, jinakA pramukha kArya Antarika kAnUna vyavasthA ko banAe rakhanA tathA bAharI AkramaNoM se deza kI rakSA karanA thaa| rAjya kA astitva kevala surakSA banAe rakhane ke lie thaa|

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12 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 isa prakAra rAjya ke kArya atyanta hI sImita the| isI kAraNa prAcIna kAla meM sArvajanika RNa, vittIya prazAsana evaM rAjakoSIya nIti jaisI avadhAraNAoM kA astitva lagabhaga nahIM thaa| ataH prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM inakA ullekha nahIM miltaa| . prAcIna jaina sAhitya pramukha rUpa se zvetAmbara paramparA se sambandhita rahA hai| yaha prAkRta bhASA meM AgamoM, niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM ke rUpa meM nibaddha hai| yaha mukhyataH uttarI evaM uttara pazcimI bhArata se hI sambandhita hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA ke kucha purANa-graMthoM kA racanA-kSetra dakSiNa bhArata rahA, para ve tatkAlIna Arthika jIvana para koI vizeSa prakAza nahIM ddaalte| isakA ullekha DaoN0 motIcanda ne "sArthavAha' meM bhI kiyA hai| ataH isa lekha kA sambandha uttara bhArata se hI adhika hai| jahA~ taka kAla-nirdhAraNa kA prazna hai prAcIna jaina Agama sAhitya evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM deza aura kAla kA spaSTa aura nizcita saMketa na hone se tathA prAyaH atizayoktipUrNa aura kahIM-kahIM doSapUrNa varNana hone ke kAraNa unakI viSayavastu ko aitihAsika dharAtala para kharA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| phira bhI haramana jaikobI ke vicAra meM jaina AgamoM kA racanAkAla jo bhI ho para unameM jina tathyoM kA saMgraha hai, ve prAcIna paramparA ke haiM aura prAcIna paramparA kA kAla IsvI pUrva tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya-kAla taka mAnA jAtA hai| rAjakIya Aya jaina Agama-graMtha mukhyataH AdhyAtmika graMtha the| ataH inameM rAjya kI Aya-vRddhi ke lie lagAe gae karoM, unake nirdhAraNa aura unakI dara ke sambandha meM vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA / yatra-tatra Adhe prasaMgoM se hI kara-vyavasthA kA kucha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| kara lagAte samaya kara dene vAle kI Arthika kSamatA kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| vipAkasUtra meM prajA ko kaSTa dekara atyadhika dhana-saMgraha karane vAle rAjA ko pApI kahA gayA hai| AdipurANa meM ullekha hai ki rAjA dvArA prajA ko binA kaSTa diye kara grahaNa karanA caahie| nItivAkyAmRtam ke anusAra bhI prajA ko pIr3ita karane vAle rAjA kA koSa naSTa ho jAtA hai aura rAjya kI mahAna kSati hotI hai kyoMki bhaya ke kAraNa yA to loga vyApAra hI banda kara dete haiM yA phira chala-kapaTa kA Azraya lete haiN| ApattikAla meM rikta koSa kI pUrti hetu somadeva sUri ne rAjA ko brAhmaNoM aura vaNikoM kA aisA dhana adhigrahIta kara lene kA parAmarza diyA hai jo ki dharmAnuSThAna, yajJa aura kuTumba-saMrakSaNa meM upayogI na ho| isake atirikta unhoMne dhanikoM, dharmAdhikAriyoM, maMtriyoM, purohitoM aura adhInastha rAjAoM

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prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA : 13 se dhana lene kI salAha bhI dI hai| kara ke rUpa meM rAjA ko pradAna kiye jAne vAle dravya ko nizIthacUrNi' meM 'khor3a' kahA gayA hai| kara nakada aura vastu donoM rUpoM meM kara-adhikAriyoM dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| grAma kara : bRhatkalpabhASya aura cUrNiyoM meM 18 prakAra ke grAma karoM kA ullekha hai, jinakA vivaraNa DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne diyA hai| ye haiM - gokara, mahiSakara, uSTrakara, pazukara, ajakara, tRNakara, bhusakara, palAlakara, aGgArakara, kASThakara, lAGgalakara, dehalIkara, jaMghAkara, balivardakara, ghaTakara, karmakara, bullakara aura autitakara / ye sabhI kara kRSi aura pazu sambandhI the| AvazyakacUrNi12 meM bhI kSetrakara aura pazukara kA ullekha huA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki kRSi-Aya kA koI bhI srota karamukta nahIM thaa| aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki jahA~ para kara nahIM lagate13 vaha nagara hai| para anya bahuta se sandarbho meM nagaroM se vANijya-vyApAra sambandhI kara liye jAne kA ullekha hai, jisase nagaroM ke kara-mukta hone kI puSTi nahIM hotii|" jaina granthoM meM rAjakIya Aya kA vistRta ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, para bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya, nizIthacUrNi Adi graMthoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhUmikara, vANijyazulka, vANijyapatha, daNDa, upahAra aura vijita rAjAoM se prApta dhana rAjakIya Aya ke sAdhana the| bhUmikara : Aya kA sabase mahattvapUrNa srota bhUmikara thA, jo bhUmi kI urvaratA para nirbhara karatA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya5 meM ullekha hai ki ikSvAkuvaMza ke rAjA 1/10 aura vRSNi vaMza ke rAjA 1/6 bhAga kara grahaNa karate the| vyavahArabhASya meM bhI upaja kA 1/4, 1/6, 1/10 rAja-aMza kahA gayA hai| gautamadharmasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kRSaka ko upaja ke anusAra 1/6, 1/4, 1/10 kara ke rUpa meM denA caahie| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhUmikara upaja kA rAjyAMza thA, jise 'bhAga' kahA jAtA thA aura jo sAmAnya upaja kA 1/6 hotA thaa| bhUmi ke nIce se prApta guptadhana rAjakIya sampatti samajhA jAtA thaa|8 vANijya-kara : rAjya ko vyApAriyoM dvArA prApta kara 'zulka' kahalAtA thaa| zulka grahaNa karane vAle AdhikArI ko 'sukiyA' aura zulka grahaNa kiye jAne vAle sthAna ko 'suvaMvaddhaNe' kahA jAtA thaa|9 bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra vANijya-kara vastu ke kraya-vikraya kI lAgata, mArga-vyaya, yAtAyAta-vyaya aura vyApArI ke bharaNa-poSaNa hetu paryApta dhana ko chor3akara lagAyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi batAtA hai ki paNya para mUlya kA 1/20 cuMgI ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA thaa| gautamadharmasUtra meM bhI vikraya kI jAne vAlI vastuoM para 1/20 rAjakIya kara

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14 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 mAnA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA23 se jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI rAjA prasanna hokara vyApAriyoM ko vANijyakaroM se mukta bhI kara dete the| vartanIkara : yAtAyAta kI suvidhA ke lie sar3akoM, ghAToM aura nAvoM kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI, jisake liye rAjya, vyApAriyoM aura yAtriyoM se kara letA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki mArgoM para 'vartanIkara' liyA jAtA thaa| aise bhI ullekha milate haiM ki nadI Adi pAra karane ke lie bhI zulka denA par3atA thA jise 'taradeya' yA 'tarapaNa' kahA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi25 se jJAta hotA hai ki eka rAjya se dUsare rAjya meM jAte hue vyApAriyoM aura yAtriyoM ko nirdhArita kara dekara pAra-patra lenA Avazyaka thaa| niHsvAmika dhana : uttarAdhikArIvihIna svAmI kI sampatti ko rAjya adhigrahIta kara letA thaa| uttarAdhyayana26 tathA jAtaka kathAoM27 meM eka purohita kA ullekha AtA hai jisake patnI tathA putroM ke sAtha dIkSita ho jAne para rAjya dvArA usakI sampatti kA adhigrahaNa kara liyA gyaa| gRhakara : pratyeka gRha se gRhakara liyA jAtA thaa| piMDaniyukti28 se jJAta hotA hai ki pratyeka gRha se do 'drama' gRhakara liyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya29 ke AdhAra para yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki bar3e bhavanoM para adhika kara tathA choTe para kama kara nirdhArita the, jabaki bahuta choTe ghara karamukta the| upahAra : rAjA ke rAjyAbhiSeka, putrotpatti tathA vizeSa utsavoM ke avasara para prajA tathA adhInastha sAmanta rAjA ko bheMTa dete the| dUsare dezoM ke vyApArI bhI vyApAra Arambha karane ke pUrva rAjA ko bheMTa Adi dekara prasanna karate the| vijita rAjAoM se prApta dhana : rAjakoSa meM vRddhi kA eka pramukha sAdhana yuddha meM parAjita rAjAoM se prApta dhana bhI thaa| jambUdvIpaprajJapti se jJAta hotA hai ki bharata cakravartI ko yavana tathA araba Adi parAjita videzI aura dezI rAjAoM ne AbhUSaNa aura ratna bheMTa kiye the| paumacariyaM32 meM ullekha hai ki rAjakumArI kalyANamAlinI apane baMdI pitA ke siMhAsana aura rAjya kI surakSA ke badale mleccha zAsaka ko nizcita dhana kara ke rUpa meM bhejatI thii| AvazyakacUrNi33 ke anusAra nirdhArita dhana na de pAne kAraNa kucha rAjAoM ne apane sAmantoM para AkramaNa kara diyA thaa| artha-daNDa : rAjya ke niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane para aparAdha kI gambhIratA ke AdhAra para artha-daNDa bhI lagatA thaa| vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI vyakti para prahAra karane yA use girAkara ghAyala karane vAle ko sAr3he teraha rupaka daNDa svarUpa denA par3atA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathA5 meM ullekha hai ki meghakumAra ke

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prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA : 15 janma ke avasara para dasa dinoM ke liye 'daNDa-kara' banda kara diye gaye the| nItivAkyAmRtam ke anusAra rAjA kA apanI prajA se daNDa svarUpa dhana prApta karane kA uddezya mAtra dhana-saMgraha nahIM, apitu prajA kI rakSA hotA hai| begAra : kara dene meM asamartha logoM ko rAjA ke liye begAra karanI par3atI thii| uttarAdhyayana meM ullekha hai ki zramika rAjAjJA se begAra karate the, apanI icchA se nhiiN| begAra lenA rAjA kA adhikAra thaa|38 gautamadharmasUtra meM bhI zilpiyoM dvArA mahIne meM eka dina rAjA ke liye begAra karane aura rAjA dvArA usa dina unheM bhojana dene kA ullekha hai| kara-saMgraha : kara-saMgraha kaThoratA se kiyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi" ke eka prasaMga meM sopAraka nagara ke rAjA dvArA vyApAriyoM para lagAye gaye kara ko na dene se kruddha rAjA ne unheM agni-praveza kA daNDa diyA thaa| vipAkasUtra, bRhatkalpabhASya aura jAtakakathA meM bhI atyanta kaThoratA se kara-saMgraha kA ullekha hai| isa kaThoratA ke kAraNa kucha kara-adhikArI utkoca lene kA bhI prayAsa karate the| ye adhikArI jhUThe aura lobhI bhI hote the| nirdhArita tithi taka kara jamA na kara pAne kI sthiti meM kabhI-kabhI kucha samaya kI chUTa bhI dI jAtI thI, jisake samApta ho jAne para karadAtA daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa|3 kara-mukti : prajA ko kabhI-kabhI kara se mukta bhI kara diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA siddhArtha ne mahAvIra ke janmotsava para kuNDagrAma ko dasa dinoM ke liye karamukta kara diyA thaa| rAjA zreNika dvArA bhI meghakumAra ke janma para rAjagiri ko dasa dinoM ke liye sabhI karoM se mukta kara dene kA ullekha hai|5 karApavaMcana : kucha loga karoM se bacane ke liye apanI Aya chupAne kA bhI prayatna karate the| rAjapraznIya se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha vyApArI rAjakIya zulka se bacane ke liye rAjamArgoM se yAtrA nahIM karate the| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM aisA ullekha hai ki videzoM se vyApAra kara lauTe acala nAmaka vyApArI ne karApavaMcana kA prayAsa kiyA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa rAjA ne usake dvArA arjita sonA-cA~dI tathA bahumUlya motiyoM ko chIna liyaa| rAjakIya vyaya rAjya ke koSa kA bahuta bar3A bhAga janahita ke kAryoM para vyaya kiyA jAtA thaa| kara lene ke bAda bhI yadi rAjA prajA kI dekha-bhAla nahIM karatA, to vaha kunRpa mAnA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAGga. ke anusAra uttama rAjA pIr3ita prANiyoM kA rakSaka

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16 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 hotA hai, prajA ke kalyANa ke lie naitikatA aura maryAdA kI sthApanA karatA hai| vaha setu, nahara, pula tathA sar3aka kA nirmANa karavAtA hai, bhUmi tathA kRSi kI ucita vyavasthA karatA hai| rAjya ko coroM, luTeroM tathA upadraviyoM se rahita karake durbhikSa aura mahAmArI se rakSA karatA hai| zAsana-vyavasthA : zAsana vyavasthA ke sucAru saMcAlana ke liye pUrA rAjya aneka vibhAgoM meM vibhakta thA, jahA~ vibhinna padAdhikArI evaM rAjakarmacArI niyukta the| jaina sAhitya meM zAsana-vyavasthA ke liye mukhya yuvarAja, zreSThi, amAtya, purohita Adi sahAyaka puroSoM ke atirikta anya bahuta se rAjyAdhikAriyoM kA ullekha milatA hai|49 vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjakIya Aya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga ina rAjya karmacAriyoM ke vetana para vyaya hotA thaa| sainya-vyavasthA : bAhya AkramaNa se surakSA evaM Antarika zAnti vyavasthA banAe rakhane ke lie rAjA vizAla senA rakhate the, jisake rakha-rakhAva para rAjya kA bahuta sA dhana vyaya hotA thaa| rAjapraznIyara se patA calatA hai ki kaikayArdha kA rAjA rAjya kI Aya kA 1/4 bhAga senA para vyaya karatA thaa| Antarika zAntivyavasthA ke lie nyAya-vyavasthA kA bhI sudRr3ha honA Avazyaka thaa| ataH rAjya ke nyAyAlayoM meM nyAyika prakriyA, kArAvAsoM kI vyavasthA tathA nyAyAdhIzoM evaM anya daNDAdhikAriyoM ke vetana evaM rakha-rakhAva para bhI rAjya kA bahuta sA dhana vyaya hotA thaa| __ antaHpura-vyavasthA : prAcIna kAla meM vizeSakara IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM uttara bhArata meM rAjatantra pUrNatayA sthApita ho cuke the| ina rAjAoM kA jIvana bar3A aizvaryazAlI evaM vilAsitApUrNa thaa| unake vizAla antaHpura para rAjya kA bahuta dhana vyaya hotA thaa| rAjapraznIya2 se jJAta hotA hai ki kaikayArdha kA rAjA pravezI rAjakIya Aya kA 1/4 bhAga antaHpura ke rakha-rakhAva para vyaya karatA thaa| nizIthacUrNi3 meM ullekha hai ki hemapura ke rAjakumAra ke antaHpura meM 500 striyA~ thIM jina para bahuta dhana vyaya hotA rahA hogaa| jana-kalyANa : prajAhita ko sarvopari mAnakara zAsana karane vAlA rAjA uttama mAnA jAtA thaa| oghaniyukti se jJAta hotA hai ki daivIya vipadA jaise durbhikSa, anAvRSTi aura mahAmArI ke samaya prajA kI sahAyatA kI jAtI thii| aise samaya meM rAjya kI ora se prajA ko anna vitarita kiyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacarNi5 se jJAta hotA hai ki samrATa azoka ke prapautra samprati ne nagara ke cAroM dvAroM para dAnazAlAe~ khulavAI thIM, jahA~ niHzulka bhojana upalabdha thaa| rAjapraznIya.6 se jJAta hotA hai ki

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prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA : 17 kezIzramaNa kA anuyAyI bana jAne ke bAda rAjA pradezI apane 7000 gA~voM kI Aya kA cauthAI bhAga brAhmaNoM aura bhikSaoM ko dAna dene meM vyaya karane lgaa| antakaddazAGga se jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI yadi parivAra kA bharaNa-poSaNa karane vAle vyakti kI mRtyu ho jAtI thI, taba rAjya una parivAroM ke nirvAha kA dAyitva le letA thaa| rAjA, prajA ke manoraJjana ke lie saMgIta Adi kA Ayojana bhI karavAtA thaa|8 zreNika ne putra janmotsava para nagara meM gAyana, vAdana tathA nRtya kA dasa dina taka calane vAlA Ayojana karavAyA thaa| ina ullekhoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki rAjya kI Aya kA eka bar3A bhAga janakalyANa para vyaya kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra rAjya kI Aya tathA vyaya ke uparokta vivecana se jaina AgamoM meM bhASyakAla tathA cUrNikAla meM rAjasva kI uttama vyavasthA kA citra prastuta hotA sandarbha 1. DAlTana : pablika phAinensa, pR0 9 2. herAlDa grobsa : phAineMsiMga gavarnameMTa, 5vA~ saMskaraNa, pR0 1 3. haramana jaikobI : sekreDa buksa oNpha da IsTa, khaNDa 22, pR0 34 4. vipAkasUtra, 1/28 5. AdipurANa, 16/254 . 6. somadevasUri : nItivAkyAmRtam, 8/11 7. vahI, 21/14 8. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6295 9. vahI, bhAga 4, gAthA 6296, 6408 10. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1088 uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 2/97; nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4128 11. jagadIzacandra jaina : jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 112 12. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 4 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1089, uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 2/107, nizItha cUrNi 3/4128 14. uttarAdhyayana, 14/37; piNDaniyukti, gAthA87; nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6521 bRhatkalpabhASya, 5/5257 16. vyavahArabhASya, 1/14

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18 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 17. gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/24 18. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4316; bhAga 4, gAthA 6522 19. vahI, bhAga 4, gAthA 6519 20. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 952 21. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6519 22. gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/26 23. jJAtAdharmakathA, 4/13 24. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 789 25. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3386 26. uttarAdhyayana, 14/37 27. hatthipAla jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA, 5/74 28. piNDaniyukti, gAthA 47 29. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 4770 30. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1481 31. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2/13, 3/18 32. vimalasUri : paumacariyaM, 34/35 33. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 190 34. vyavahArabhASyapIThikA, 1/6 35. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/78 36. somadevasUri : nItivAkyAmRtam, 9/3 37. uttarAdhyayana, 27/13 38. jinasena : AdipurANa, 16/168 39. gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/31, 2/1/34 49. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5156 41. vahI, gAthA 6413 42. praznavyAkaraNa, 2/3 43. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6296 44. kalpasUtra, 99 45. jJAtAdharmakathAGga, 1/81 46. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 48

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prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM rAjasva vyavasthA : 19 47. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 4/120 48. sUtrakRtAGga, 2/1/643 49. praznavyAkaraNa, 4/8; nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 2502 50. vyavahArabhASya, gAthA 29 51. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 43 52. vahI, 83 53. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3575 54. oghaniyukti, pR0 28 55. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5747, 5756 56. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 83 57. antakRddazAGga, 5/1/7 58. jJAtAdharmakathAGga, 1/81 * variSTha pravaktA, gaNezarAya snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya DobhI, jaunapura

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zramaNa zabda sAmya : prAkRta-aMgrejI DaoN0 surendra varmA prAkRta bhASA saMskRta kA dezaja rUpa hai| bhAratIya sabhI bhASAe~ bAda meM prAkRta se hI nikalI haiN| yaha bar3I dilacaspa bAta hai ki prAkRta, bhASA ke kucha zabda apane artha meM hU-ba-hU aMgrejI zabda hI lagate haiM - hama saba kevala sabjI hI nahIM khAte, sabjiyoM kA rasA bhI pIte haiN| ise jhola bhI kahA gayA hai| isI jhola ke lie aMgrejI zabda 'sUpa' hai|aajkl 'sUpa' lenA bhojanaziSTAcAra meM calana meM A gayA hai lekina Apako tAjjuba hogA, prAkRta bhASA meM isI jhola/rase ke lie sUpa' zabda hI prayoga meM AtA thaa|* deha ke lie prAkRta meM zabda, bodi' hai| aMgrejI meM ise 'baoNDI' (bI o DI vAI) kahate haiN| hai na camatkRta karane vAlI smaantaa| 'maIa' prAkRta meM merA yA apane ke liye istemAla hotA hai| aMgrejI meM mere yA apane ke liye 'mAI' (ema vAI) hai| basa 'maIa' kA antima 'a' 'ma' meM jur3a gayA aura mAI ho gyaa| prAkRta meM pheMkane ke lie choha' zabda hai| aMgrejI meM isI ko 'thro' (TI eca Ara o DablyU ) kahate haiN| bandara ko prAkRta meM maMkaNA' kahA gayA hai aura (bandara kI taraha ) kUda kara jAnA 'maMkiya' hai| aMgrejI meM 'maMkI' sIdhA bandara ko hI kaha diyA gayA hai| prAkRta meM 'ave' kA artha dUra haTane se hai| aMgrejI meM ave' (eDablyU e vAI) bhI yahI mAyane detA hai| isI taraha prAkRta meM mizraNa karane ko 'missa' kahA gayA hai| aMgrejI meM 'miksa' (ema Ai eksa) kahate haiN| prAkRta meM jAnanA yA dekhanA 'lakkha' hai| aMgrejI meM 'luka' (ela o o ke) khilAr3I jaba koI galatI kara baiThatA hai to use 'AuTa' kara diyA jAtA hai| vaha nivRtta ho jAtA hai| nivRtta hone ke artha meM hI prAkRta bhASA meM bhI 'AuTTa' zabda hI prayukta kiyA gayA hai| sUpa' aura 'baoNDI' zabdoM kI aMgrejI meM sAmyatA ke viSaya meM merA dhyAna sarvaprathama DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne dilAyA thaa| unakA AbhAra /

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zramaNa jaina - darzana meM puruSArtha-catuSTaya pro0 surendra varmA 'puruSArtha catuSTaya' kI avadhAraNA hindU mUlya-darzana kI AdhArazilA hai| isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha hameM jaina-darzana meM bhI milatA hai| kintu jaina-darzana meM isakI vistRta vyAkhyA nahIM kI gayI hai| mokSa- carcA ke calate, puruSArtha-catuSTaya kA ullekha mAtra huA hai| udAharaNArtha jJAnArNava meM kahA gayA hai ki prAcIna kAla se hI maharSiyoM ne dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa - puruSArtha ke cAra bheda mAne haiN|' kintu isa svIkRti ke bAvajUda pahale tIna puruSArtha nAza sahita aura saMsAra ke rogoM se dUSita batAe gae haiN| ataH jJAnI puruSoM ko kevala mokSa ke lie hI prayatna karane ko kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra paramAtmaprakAza meM bhI dharma, artha aura kAma ina sabhI puruSArthoM 'maiM mokSa ko hI 'uttama' mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki anya kisI meM 'parama sukha' nahIM hai| vastutaH jainadarzana isa prakAra kevala mokSa ko hI puruSArtha rUpa meM svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai| dharma puruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hai tathA artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki "bhAratIya cintana meM jahA~ puruSArtha-catuSTaya pratibimbita hotA hai, vahA~ jaina darzanadarpaNa meM puruSArtha-dvaya hI (dharma aura mokSa) avalokita hotA hai|"" . lekina, yaha mAnanA ki jaina darzana meM kevala mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai aura dharma, mokSa mArga hai tathA zeSa do tathAkathita puruSArthoM kA isa darzana meM koI sthAna nahIM hai - eka ekAMgI vicAra hai aura koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| eka Adhunika vyAkhyAkAra ke anusAra, 'yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jaina dRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiN| lekina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiM... nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai| "5 yadi hama dhyAna se dekheM to lagabhaga yahI sthiti hameM hindU darzana meM bhI milatI hai| hindU - darzana meM bhI artha aura kAma nirapekSa mUlya na hokara dharmAnusAra maryAdita hokara hI mUlyagata zreNI meM Ate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, jaina dharmAcAryoM ne bhI

Page #23
22 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 kAma aura artha ko na kevala dharmonmukhI banAne para bala diyA, balki ThIka hindU 'trivarga' kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI 'dharma', 'artha' aura 'kAma' ke kucha isa prakAra ke sevana kI anuzaMsA kI ki ve paraspara avirodha meM rheN| phira bhI itanA to mAnanA hI par3egA ki jaina mUlyoM meM artha aura kAma ko kula milAkara heya dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai, aura ina donoM kI AvazyakatA para bahuta hI kama bala diyA gayA hai| hindU darzana inheM nindanIya nahIM ThaharAtA balki inake udAttIkaraNa para bala detA hai, tAki ye bhI mokSa-mArga ko prazasta kara skeN| jaina darzana meM 'artha' aura 'kAma' kI yadi koI svIkRti hai to vaha kevala manuSya kI apanI durbalatA ko dekhate hue mAno majabUrI meM hai| yadi manuSya apanI durbalatAoM para vijaya prApta kara mokSa ke lie udyata ho jAtA hai to usake lie yaha bilkula Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vaha kAma aura artha ko mUlyoM ke rUpa meM grahaNa kre| mokSa kI apekSA se to antataH kAma aura artha jainadarzana ke anusAra 'vimUlya' hI haiN| kintu hindU darzana meM aisA nahIM hai| hindU darzana kAma aura artha ko bhI unake udAtta svarUpa meM mokSa ke lie sahAyaka mAnatA hai| ve vimUlya kabhI nahIM hote| ve sAdhana mUlya kI apanI zreNI se kabhI cyuta nahIM kiye gae haiN| isakA kAraNa mukhyataH yahI hai ki jahA~ eka ora jainadarzana mUlataH nivRttiparaka hai, vahIM hindU darzana ke nivRttimArga meM bhI 'pravRtti ko aMzataH svIkRti milI huI hai| kintu jaina darzana meM 'pravRtti ke liye yadi koI sthAna hai to kevala saMyama aura tapa kI ora pravRtti ke lie hI koI guMjAiza sambhava hai| eka jaina gAthA meM bar3e AkarSaka DhaMga se kahA gayA hai ki eka ora nivRtti to dUsarI ora pravRtti kA pAlana karanA cAhie - asaMyama se nivRtti aura saMyama meM prvRtti| hindU darzana bhI bezaka saMyama para bala detA hai kintu vaha zarIra kI ora se pUrI taraha vimukha ho jAne ke lie kabhI nahIM kahatA kyoMki jaba taka manuSya zarIradhArI hai use apanI zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara use svastha rakhanA hI hogA aura isake lie artha aura kAma donoM hI mUlya bane rheNge| ve kabhI vimUlya nahIM ho skte| pUrNataH nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa, jaina darzana meM isa prakAra kevala do hI puruSArthoM para bala diyA gayA hai - mokSa aura dhrm| mokSa parama puruSArtha hai aura dharma mokSa kA rAja-mArga hai| puruSArtha kA artha puruSArtha se sAmAnyataH do artha lagAe gae haiM - 1. puruSa kA prayojana aura 2. pauruSa athavA puruSa dvArA kiyA gayA prytn| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina darzana meM puruSArtha ke dUsare artha para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| puruSArtha ko paribhASita karate

Page #24
jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 23 samaya jaina saMskRti meM kahA gayA hai - "pauruSaM punariha ceSTitam / " tAtparya yaha hai ki manuSya yadi apanA prayojana (jo mokSa hai) prApta karanA cAhatA to use isake lie svayaM prayatna karanA hogaa| isake lie kisI bhI prakAra kI daivI sahAyatA use upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina darzana Izvara kI sattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai| IzvaravAdI dArzanika paddhatiyA~ prAya: mAnavAropaNa ke doSa se grasita hotI haiN| ve Izvara ko manuSya ke stara para deva yA avatAra ke rUpa meM nIce khIMca lAtI haiM aura isa prakAra Izvara manuSya kA sahAyaka bana jAtA hai| jaina darzana, ThIka isake viruddha manuSya ko hI, jaba usakI zaktiyA~ pUrNa vikasita ho jAtI haiM, Izvara ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| Izvara yahA~ adhika se adhika 'AtmA' ke lie eka dUsarA zabda hai| yaha vaha 'Adarza puruSa' hai jo manuSya kA Adarza hai| isa Adarza kI prApti kA eka hI mArga hai ki ise ThIka usI taraha prApta kiyA jAya jaise arhatoM, RSiyoM-muniyoM ne, jinake udAharaNa hamAre sAmane haiM, ise prApta kiyA thaa| jaina darzana ke isa Adarza meM manuSya ko apane prati pUrNa AsthA hai| use pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki vaha svataH prayatna se Izvara kI koTi taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| jaina darzana ne isa prakAra mokSa-prApti kA pUrA uttaradAyitva svayaM manuSya para DAla diyA hai| usakI sahAyatA ke lie kisI bhI daivI rokti yA Izvara kA yahA~ prAvadhAna nahIM hai| je0 jainI kA mata hai ki kisI bhI anya dharma kI bajAya jaina dharma manuSya ko pUrNa dhArmika svatantratA yA svAdhInatA pradAna karatA hai| manuSya jo bhI karatA hai aura jo bhI usake karmoM ke phala haiM, ina donoM ke bIca koI hastakSepa karane vAlA nahIM hai| eka bAra karma sampanna ho jAne ke bAda una para manuSya kA koI vaza nahIM rhtaa| usake phala use bhugatane hI par3ate haiN| isa prakAra hamArI svatantratA aura hamAre dAyitva kA eka saha-sambandha hai| hama jaisA cAheM kara sakate haiN| lekina eka bAra hamArI icchAnusAra jo bhI hamane cunA hai usa karma se aura usake phala se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| jaina darzana meM puruSArtha se Azaya, isa prakAra malataH mAnava-ceSTA se hai - jisameM vyakti ko svatantratA bhI milI huI hai aura jisakA uttaradAyitva bhI use nibhAnA hai| vyakti karma karane ke lie svatantra hai kiMtu phala bhogane kA uttaradAyitva bhI usI kA hai| isameM kisI anya vyakti/devatA/Izvara kA hastakSepa nahIM hai| manuSya cAhe to Izvara kI koTi bhale prApta kara sakatA hai, yaha manuSya kI kSamatA ke bAhara kI vastu nahIM hai| lekina Izvara se tAtparya yahA~ vyakti kA svayaM apanA hI nijarUpa hai jo sabhI aizvaryoM se paripUrNa hai| apane nijarUpa ko prApta karanA hI, manuSya kA prayojana/Adarza hai|

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24 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 isa Adarza ko prApta karane ke lie, jaina darzana ke anusAra dhIra puruSa ko kSaNa-bhara kA pramAda nahIM karanA cAhie - 'dhIre muhuttamavi No pmaade| kuzala vyakti vahI hai jo binA pramAda ke puruSArtha meM vizvAsa karatA hai| kuzala ko pramAda se bhalA kyA prayojana ? jaina darzana meM isa prakAra hama mAnava prayatna ke lie eka vizeSa Agraha pAte haiN| isI kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM hameM sthAna-sthAna para pramAda kI nindA aura puruSArtha kI prazaMsA bharapUra milatI hai| dharma kA svarUpa puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM prathama mUlya 'dharma' hai| dharma se Azaya yahA~ mukhyataH naitika mUlyoM se hai| jaina darzana meM dharma ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane vAle aneka sUtra aura gAthAe~ haiN| ve jahA~ eka ora dharma ke AkAragata svarUpa para prakAza DAlatI haiM vahIM ve dUsarI ora dharma kI antarvastu ko bhI spaSTa karatI haiN| _naitika mUlyoM ke eka varga ke rUpa meM dharma ko puruSArtha paddhati meM prathama sthAna prApta hai| jisa prakAra sabhI mUlyoM kA svarUpa AdezAtmaka hotA hai, dharma kA AkAragata svarUpa bhI AdezAtmaka hI mAnA gayA hai| naitika mUlyoM kI abhivyakti sadaiva hI Adeza ke rUpa meM hotI hai| hama kyA kareM yA kyA na kareM, naitika mUlya isa sambandha meM RNAtmaka athavA dhanAtmaka upadeza dete haiN| hama satya boleM, hiMsA na kareM, brahmacarya kA pAlana kareM aura corI na kareM ityAdi aise hI upadezAtmaka mUlya haiM jo AjJAoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gae haiN| ye sabhI hameM eka vizeSa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke lie prerita karate haiN| ataH dharma ko 'preraNAsvarUpa' kahA gayA hai| dharma niyojaka hai, vihita hai| veda vAkya anya lakSaNoM ke atirikta vihita hone ke nAte hI dharma haiN| jaina darzana meM bhI dharma ke AdezAtmaka svarUpa para spaSTa Agraha hai| AcArya mahAprajJa, 'AjJAyAM mAmako dharmaH' sUtra dvArA, apane mahAkAvya sambodhi meM, dharma ko pAribhASita karate haiN| isa sUtra kA Agamika srota AyAro meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| AcArAGga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai - 'ANAe mAmagaM dhamma 12, arthAt AjJA meM hI dharma kA gUr3ha tattva chipA huA hai| isake rahasya ko jAnane vAlA hI usako prApta kara sakatA hai|13 spaSTa hI dharmAdezoM meM Adeza ke bala ke anusAra bhinnatAe~ ho sakatI haiM kinta kisI bhI naitika vAkya kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha niyojaka (preskripTiva) ho| usakA yaha niyojakatva, spaSTa hI, use svayaM naitika mUlyoM se hI prApta hotA hai, kisI bAhya kAraka se nhiiN| dharma ko isIlie 'ANAe mAmagaM dhamma', sUtra dvArA

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 25 paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| __ dharma kI eka anya paribhASA jo usake svarUpa ko suspaSTa karatI hai, hameM nimnalikhita sUtra meM milatI hai - "dhammo vtthushaavo||14 arthAta, dharma vastu kA svabhAva hai| sAmAnyataH jaba hama kahate haiM ki agni kA dharma jalAnA hai, jala kA dharma zItala karanA hai yA vAyu kA dharma bahanA hai to yahA~ dharma se hamArA tAtparya kathita vastuoM ke svabhAva se hI hai| ata: mAnava pariprekSya meM pUchA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya kA svabhAva kyA hai ki jise dharma kahA jAe ? spaSTa hI manuSya kA sAra usakI cetanA meM hai| jo manuSya jIvita nahIM hai, vaha jar3a hai| zarIra nizcita hI manuSya kA eka pakSa hai kintu zarIra gauNa hai| jIvana/cetanA ke abhAva meM zarIra kA koI mahattva nahIM hai| cetana zarIra svataH mUlyavAna hai aura zarIra parataH mUlyavAna hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo cetanA kA svalakSaNa hogA vahI manuSya kA vAstavika dharma hogaa| hameM apane dharma ko samajhane ke lie 'cetanA' ke svalakSaNa-svabhAva ko jAnanA hogaa| cetanA kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara hameM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca hue eka saMvAda meM milatA hai| gautama pUchate haiM --- 'bhagavan ! AtmA kyA hai aura AtmA kA artha yA sAdhya kyA hai ? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM - 'gautama! AtmA kA svarUpa 'samatva' hai aura samatva ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| 15 / dUsare zabdoM meM samatA yA samabhAva svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai| jo vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM hameM le jAtA hai, vahI dharma hai| dharma viSamatA se samatA kI ora adhigamana hai| samatA dharma hai, viSamatA adharma hai| samatA kA artha hai apane mUla svabhAva meM vikRti na Ane denaa| sadaiva sva-bhAva meM sthita rhnaa| AcArya hemacaMdra sUri ne kahA hai - AdIpa Asyaua samatva bhaavN| AyAro meM to spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai - 'samiyAe dhamme'16 arthAt dharma samatA meM yA samatA hai| samatA aura dharma meM koI antara nahIM hai| jo samatA hai vaha dharma hai aura jo dharma hai, vahI samatA hai| jisa prakAra AtmA jJAna hai aura jJAna AtmA hai (appA NANaM, NANaM appA), usI taha samatA aura dharma ekarUpa haiN|" pravacanasAra meM samatA ko dharma ke rUpa meM aura adhika mUrtamAna liyA gayA hai| yahA~ spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki cAritrya hI dharma hai aura dharma nizcita hI samatA hai|8 moha-kSobha se rahita AtmA kI jo pariNati hai, vahI sAmya hai| jo lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, nindA-prazaMsA, mAna-apamAna se vicalita nahIM hotA aura

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26 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 isa dvaita ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI samyak jIvana jItA hai| __itanA hI nahIM, samabhAva kI AvazyakatA vyakti kI dvividha prakRti ke pariprekSya meM hI nahIM hai| sabhI prANiyoM ke prati bhI samabhAva Avazyaka hai| kahA hai, jo sabhI trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM para samabhAva rakhatA hai vaha samadRSTa hai aura yaha bAta kevalI bhASita hai|20 prazna uThatA hai ki jaba AtmA kA svabhAva hI samatva hai to manuSya ko ise prApta karane ke lie puruSArtha kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isakA uttara hai ki manuSya kevala AtmA hI nahIM hai, vaha zarIra bhI hai| vaha jIva aura ajIva donoM kA sammizraNa hai| vaha svayaM hI dvaita hai| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane isa dvaita se virata hokara apane sva-bhAva meM sthita ho| rAga, Asakti, tRSNA Adi bhAva Atma-bhAva nahIM ho skte| inakA sambandha antataH zarIra se hai| jahA~ rAga hai, Asakti hai aura tRSNA hai, vahA~ sukha-duHkha, jaya-parAjaya, mAna-apamAna bhI hai| manuSya ko inhIM kaSAyoM se Upara uThanA hai tabhI vaha 'sama' para A sakatA hai| AtmA kI samasthiti prApta karanA hI manuSya kA uddezya hai, usakA parama prayojana hai| yaha sthiti kahIM bAhara nahIM hai, AtmA ke Upara prakSepita nahIM hai, kisI aura ne usa para lAdI nahIM hai| yaha usI kI apanI satyaniSTha sthiti hai| isa sthiti meM hI AtmA zAnta raha sakatI hai| ve sArI bAteM jo AtmA ko, manuSya ko azAnta karatI haiM, use dvandva meM avasthita karatI haiM, use tanAvagrasta karatI haiM - AtmA ke apane bhAva nahIM haiM, ve vibhAva haiN| AtmA kA kyA svabhAva hai aura kyA vibhAva hai, ise nirdhArita karane kA eka hI mApadaNDa hai| jisase hama tanAvagrasta hote haiM, vikSobhita hote haiM, vicalita hote haiM, vahI vibhAva hai| jo zAnti pradAna karatA hai vaha svabhAva hai| samabhAva spaSTa hI zAntidAyaka hai kyoMki isameM rahate AtmA apane svarUpa ko prApta karatI hai| vaha jo vItarAga hai, anAsakta hai, tRSNArahita hai, vaha apanA nijI svarUpa prApta karatA hai, sama-bhAva arjita karatA hai| dharma kA yahI Adeza hai| yahI usakI AjJA hai ki vyakti apanI AtmA meM avasthita ho aura sabhI dvandvoM se sukha-duHkha, kAma-krodha, mAnApamAna, nindA-prazaMsA se vItarAga ho| yahI dharma hai aura yahI dharmAdeza hai| jisane dharma ke isa gUr3ha rahasya ko jAna liyA hai, vahI use prApta bhI kara sakatA hai| dharma jahA~ eka ora vastu ke sva-bhAva kI ora saMketa karatA hai, vahIM vaha dUsarI ora manuSya ke kartavya kI ora bhI svataH iMgita karatA hai| yadi manuSya kA svarUpa AtmA hai aura AtmA kA svabhAva samabhAva hai to spaSTa hI usa samabhAva ko prApta kara lenA hI manuSya kA kartavya bhI ho jAtA hai| isa kartavya ko kaise nibhAyA

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 27 jAe ? jainadharma meM apane kartavya kA bhalI-bhA~ti nirvAha karane ke lie ki jisase sama-AcaraNa sunizcita ho sake dasa niSThAoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA kI 478vIM gAthA meM se eka sUtra, 'dhammo vatthusahAvo' kA sandarbha hama pahale hI de Aye haiN| gAthA kI pUrI prathama paMkti isa prakAra hai - dhammo vatthusahAvo, khamAdi bhAvo ya dasa viho dhmmo| arthAt dharma se Azaya jahA~ vastu ke svabhAva se hai, vahIM kSamA Adi dasa bhAva bhI dharma haiN| kSamA Adi ye dasa bhAva kyA haiM ? uttama kSamA, uttama mArdava, uttama Arjava, uttama satya, uttama zauca, uttama saMyama, uttama tapa, uttama tyAga, uttama AkiJcanya tathA uttama brahmacarya -- ye dasa dharma ginAe gaye haiN| ye sabhI dasa dharma vastutaH ve kartavya haiM jinake nirvAha se manuSya apane sva-bhAva meM sthita ho sakatA kSamA mUlataH akrodha hai| krodha bhAvanAtmaka rUpa se manuSya kI eka vicalita avasthA hai| isa vicalana se svayaM ko bacAkara hI vyakti zAnti prApta kara sakatA hai| jo krodha se tapta nahIM hotA, vahI nirmala kSamA bhAva rakhatA hai|22 kSamA meM maitrI bhAva bhI nihita hai| jo sabhI prANiyoM se maitrI rakhatA hai aura kisI se vaira nahIM karatA, vahI kSamA bhI kara sakatA hai|23 / / citta meM mRdutA aura vyavahAra meM namra vRtti kA honA mArdava dharma hai| vastuoM kI nazvaratA kA vicAra karake hI vyakti apane abhimAna aura garva ko samApta kara sakatA hai| kula, rUpa, jAti, jJAna, tapa, zruta aura zIla kA tanika bhI gaurava na karanA hI mArdava dharma hai| __ kuTilatA kA parityAga aura sahaja AcaraNa hI Arjava hai| apane doSoM ko chipAe binA kuTila vicAroM, kuTila kAryoM aura kuTila vacanoM se bacanA Arjava dharma hai|25 zauca se tAtparya vastuta: alobha se hai| jisameM kisI vastu ke lie lipsA nahIM hai, vahI saccA zauca karma kA pAlana karatA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo samasantoSa rUpI jala se lobha-rUpI mala ko dho detA hai aura bhojana taka kI lipsA jisameM nahIM rahatI, vaha vimala zauca kA pAlana kara pAtA hai|6 dUsaroM ko santApa pahu~cAne vAle vacanoM kA tyAga karake jo sva para hitakArI vacana bolatA hai, vaha satya dharma kA pAlana karatA hai| niHsandeha yathArtha vacana bolanA hI satya hai kintu sAtha hI satya vacana hitakArI bhI honA hI caahie| mana, vacana aura kAya kA niyamana karanA, arthAt vicAra, vANI, gati aura

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28 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 sthiti meM sAvadhAnI baratanA saMyama hai| iMdriya-viSayoM tathA kaSAyoM kA nigraha kara dhyAna aura svAdhyAya ke dvArA jo AtmA ko saMskArita kara apane aMtaHkaraNa ko vikasita karatA hai vaha tapa karatA hai|28 isI prakAra tyAga hai| tyAgI vaha kahalAtA hai jo kAnta aura priya bhoga upalabdha hone para unakI ora se pITha phera letA hai aura svAdhInatApUrvaka (svecchA se) bhogoM kA tyAga karatA hai|29 kisI bhI vastu meM mamatva bhAva na rakhanA hI AkiJcanya hai| jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra kAma-bhoga ke vAtAvaraNa meM utpanna huA jo manuSya usameM lipta nahIM hotA vahI akiMcana brAhmaNa (sat-puruSa) kahalAtA hai|" __isI prakAra dehAsakti se jo yukta haiM, arthAt jo dUsare ke zarIra se tRpti karane se pUrNataH vimukha haiM (vimukta paradehatRpte) aura striyoM ke sabhI aMgoM ko dekhate hue bhI jo apane mana meM durbhAva nahIM lAte aura vikAra paidA nahIM hone dete, ve vastutaH brahmacarya-bhAva ko hI dhAraNa karate haiN|31 / uparokta sabhI dasa dharma manuSya ke kartavyoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM ki use kyA karanA caahie| use apane svabhAva meM sthita hone ke lie dUsaroM ko kSamA kara denA cAhie, vinamra honA cAhie, kuTilatA se bacanA cAhie, kisI ke prati bhI mamatva nahIM rakhanA cAhie ityaadi| manuSya ke ye sabhI sAdhAraNa kartavya haiN| ina kartavyoM meM, yadi hama dhyAna se dekheM, to kucha kartavya svayaM se sambandhita haiM, tathA kucha anya samAja se| mArdava, zauca, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, AkiMcana, aura brahmacarya mUlata: vaiyaktika guNa haiN| isI prakAra kSamA, Arjava, satya Adi sAmAjika haiN| kyoMki vyakti se samAja ke bIca meM koI spaSTa vibhAjana rekhA nahIM ho sakatI isalie ina sadguNoM ko bhI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kI spaSTa koTiyoM meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| vaiyaktika guNoM meM bhI samAja ko pUrI taraha khArija nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jo sAmAjika sadguNa haiM, unheM baratane vAlA to Akhira vyakti hai hii| jaina darzana meM dasa sAmAnya dharmoM ke atirikta kucha vizeSa-dharma bhI haiM jo muniyoM aura sAmAnya jana ke lie alaga-alaga nirdhArita kiye gae haiN| jaina-sAdhanA meM dharma ke do rUpa mAne gaye haiM - eka, zruta dharma (tattvajJAna) aura do, cAritra dharma (naitika sdgunn)|32 zruta dharma kA artha hai - jIvAdi tattvoM ke svarUpa kA jJAna aura shrddhaa| cAritra dharma kA artha hai - saMyama aura tp| gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM hI

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 29 sAdhakoM ke lie zruta dharma to samAna hai, yadi koI antara hai to vaha cAritra-dharma meM hI hai, jisake paripAlana meM bhinnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| cAritra dharma do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai|33 eka anagAra aura dUsarA AgAra dhrm| anagAra-dharma zramaNa-dharma yA munidharma hai jabaki AgAra-dharma gRhastha yA upAsaka dharma hai| 'AgAra' zabda 'guru' yA 'AvAsa' ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai jisakA lAkSaNika artha hai - pArivArika jiivn| ata: jisa dharma kA paripAlana pArivArika jIvana meM rahakara kiyA jAya use AgAra-dharma kahA jAtA hai| punaH 'AgAra' zabda kA artha jaina paramparA meM chUTa, suvidhA yA apavAda ke lie bhI lagAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para AgAra dharma kA artha hogA - sAdhanA kA vaha viziSTa svarUpa jisameM sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vizeSa suvidhA upalabdha ho| jaina vicAraNA meM gRhastha-dharma ko dezavirati cAritra aura zramaNa dharma ko sarvavirati cAritra, athavA kramaza: vikala cAritra aura sakala cAritra bhI kahA gayA hai| jisa sAdhanA meM ahiMsAdi vratoM kI sAdhanA pUrNarUpeNa ho vaha sarva-virati cAritra kahalAtA hai| gRhastha apane pArivArika jIvana ke kAraNa ahiMsA, satyAdi vratoM kI pUrNa sAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai, ata: usakI sAdhanA ko deza cAritra, aMza cAritra yA vikala-cAritra bhI kahate haiN| isa sambandha meM do bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiN| eka to yaha ki yadyapi jaina dharma meM muni-dharma aura gRhastha-dharma meM bheda avazya kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha bheda guNAtmaka na hokara kevala mAtrika hai| eka gRhastha apane parivAra meM rahatA hai aura pArivArika dAyitvoM se mukta nahIM hotA, isalie use kevala dharmAcaraNa meM kucha chUTa mAtra milI huI hai| ahiMsA, satya-vrata Adi kA pAlana to vastutaH use bhI karanA hI hai tabhI vaha sAdhanA patha para Age bar3ha sakatA hai| usake lie sadguNoM kI koI alaga se gaNanA nahIM huI hai| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki aNuvratoM aura mahAvratoM meM antara hai to yaha antara kevala unake pAlana karane kI mAtrA meM hai na ki vratoM meM antarvastu kA antara hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki muni-dharma aura gRhastha-dharma yadyapi do vizeSa prakAra ke logoM ke lie nirdhArita dharma haiM kintu inheM isa artha meM vizeSa-dharma nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki jisa artha meM hindU darzana meM varNAzrama vizeSa-dharma mAne gaye haiN| jaina darzana gRhasthoM kI kisI varNa-vyavasthA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA aura isalie pratyeka varNa ke vyaktiyoM ke lie usameM kartavyoM kA alaga-alaga prAvadhAna bhI nahIM hai| sabhI gRhasthoM ko aNuvratoM kA pAlana karanA hai, vaha phira hinduoM ke hisAba se kisI bhI varNa kA kyoM na ho| isI prakAra jaina dharma meM Azrama-vyavasthA kA bhI kar3AI se

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30 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 pAlana Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ kisI bhI vyakti ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vaha gRhastha Azrama meM praveza ke binA vAnaprastha yA saMnyAsa dhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| vastutaH yahA~ jitanI hI zIghratA se vyakti mokSa ke lie apane ko taiyAra kara letA hai, utanI hI jaldI vaha zramaNa-dharma dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| dharma kA nirukta artha dhAraNa karavAne se hai| dharatIti dharmaH, jo dhAraNa karAve, pahu~cAve use dharma kahate haiN| dharma, pUchA jA sakatA hai -- kahA~ pahu~cAtA hai, kyA dhAraNa karAtA hai ? dharma jIvoM ko saMsAra ke duHkhoM se nikAla kara unheM uttamasukha dhAraNa karAtA hai| saMsAra duHkhataH sattvAna yo dharatyuttame sukhe|4 yahA~ uttama sukha se tAtparya mokSa-sukha se hai kyoMki mokSa prApta hone para hI jIva janma-maraNa ke duHkhoM se baca sakatA hai| mokSa-prApti ke abhAva meM svargAdika sukhoM ko bhI ApekSika sukha kahA jAtA hai, parantu mumukSa kA lakSya usa ora nahIM hotaa| usakA lakSya to mokSa-sukha kI ora hI rahatA hai|35 dharma isa prakAra antataH mokSa-prApti kA sAdhana hai| yahI usakI artha-kriyA hai| kintu ve gRhastha jinakA tAtkAlika lakSya mokSa-prApti nahIM hai ve bhI yadi dharma kA sevana karate haiM aura unheM aisA karanA hI cAhie to unakA gArhastha kama nahIM hogA apitu bar3hegA hii| duHkha meM nizcita hI kamI aaegii|26 gRhasthoM hetu isIlie aNuvrata rUpa meM dharma-pAlana vyavasthA jaina darzana meM kI gaI hai| dharma kI to kisI na kisI rUpa meM isa prakAra sadA hI AvazyakatA hai| vastutaH dharma kI to indriya-sukha ke lie bhI AvazyakatA hai| sampUrNa indriyoM ke iSTa viSaya sambandhI jo sukha haiM, una sabako dharma vRkSoM ke hI phala samajhanA caahie| ataH dharma kI rakSA karate hue, viSaya phala bhogoM ko bhoganA hI ucita hai|37 dharma kI artha kriyA - usakA apanA kArya - kabhI ghAtaka nahIM ho sktaa| kahIM prayatkSa to kahIM parokSa rUpa se dharma to sAdhaka hI hotA hai| ataH aisA socanA ki viSaya-sukhoM meM dharma-dhAraNa se bAdhA A par3egI aura isalie dharma se vimukha ho jAnA cAhie, galata hogaa| dharma se to sadaiva hI sukha kI utpatti hotI hai|38 sukha-sampatti Adi vibhava kI prApti dharma dvArA hI huI hai| isalie dharmarUpa pradhAna kAraNa kI rakSA karate hue hI bhoga bhogane cAhie, na ki dharma kA dhvaMsa krke| kisAna ko jo dhAnya milatA hai vaha bIja bone se hI milatA hai| isIlie vaha bIja ko Age ke lie bhI saMbhAlakara rakhatA hai jisase ki eka bAra utpanna huA dhAnya bhoga lene para bhaviSya meM bhI usakI upaja hotI rhe| isI prakAra dharma hai| dharma se hI hama bhaviSya meM bhI sukha ke lie Azvasta ho sakate haiM anyathA svacchanda viSaya-bhoga to AtmaghAtI hI hote haiN|

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 31 dharma sevana isa prakAra sadaiva hI sabhI logoM ke lie upakArArtha hai, 'jIvalokopakArthaM dhrmH'| vastutaH dharma ke samAna anya koI puruSArtha (artha yA kAma) samasta prakAra se abhyudaya kA sAdhaka nahIM hai| yadi parama puruSArtha, mokSa, prArthanIya hai to bhI dharma kA hI sevana karanA hogaa| saMkSepa meM, dharma jaisA ki hindU-darzana meM kahA gayA hai, abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa, donoM kI hI siddhi karAtA hai| usakI rakSA karanA hamArA kartavya hai aura yadi hama usakI rakSA karate haiM to vaha bhI hamArI rakSA karatA hai - dharmo rakSati rkssitH| ThIka vaise hI ki jaise yadi kisAna apane bIjoM kI rakSA karatA hai to ve hI bIja use bhaviSya meM bharapUra phasala dete haiN| dharma na kevala viSaya-bhogoM meM nihita duHkha ko kama karatA hai, varan niHzreyasa, parama puruSArtha - mokSa - ko bhI prApta karAne kA rAjamArga hai| jaina AcAryoM ne dharma kI vyAkhyA aneka prakAra se kI hai| jaisA ki hama ullekha kara hI Ae haiM ki kabhI ise "vatthusahAvo dhammo" kahA gayA hai to kabhI ise "khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhammo" kahA gayA hai| kabhI "cAritraM khalu dhammo" kaha kara ise pAribhASita kiyA gayA hai to kabhI "jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo" kaha kara isake ahiMsA pakSa para bala diyA gayA hai| yadi hama dhyAna se dekheM to dharma kI ye sabhI paribhASAe~ "vatthusahAvo dhammo", isa paribhASA ke vistAra ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiN| antataH kSamA Adi sAre dharma AtmA ke hI to svabhAva haiN| eka svabhAva ke kathana meM anya svabhAvoM kA kathana svataH hI sammilita ho jAtA hai| punaH, isa svabhAva kI prApti meM sahAyaka tattva bhI upacAra rUpa se dharma hI mAne jAne caahie| artha aura kAma sAmAnyata: yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki nivRtti pradhAna jaina darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharma-puruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA jaaegaa| jaina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiN|" bhadrabAhu ne apanI dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM spaSTa ghoSaNA kI hai ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI anya vicAraka paraspara virodhI mAnate hoM kintu jina-vANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone para paraspara asapala (avirodhI) haiN| yahI bAta bAda meM AcArya hemacaMdra bhI kahate haiM ki gRhastha upAsaka dharma aura kAma puruSArthoM kA isa prakAra sevana kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho|" artha aura kAma ke sambandha meM vastutaH yahI dRSTi hindU

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32 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 darzana meM bhI apanAyI gayI hai aura isa prakAra hama donoM dRSTikoNoM meM sArarUpa koI bheda nahIM paate| kintu mUlataH nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa jaina-darzana meM viSaya kA nirUpaNa alaga DhaMga se huA hai jo kucha isa prakAra kA AbhAsa detA hai ki mAno artha aura kAma ko mUlya-vyavasthA se pUrI taraha nirasta kara diyA gayA ho| vastutaH jisa artha aura kAma ko jaina darzana meM nirasta kiyA gayA hai, vaha amaryAdita artha aura kAma hai jise puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM mUlya mAnA hI nahIM gayA hai| artha aura kAma puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM mUlya kA rUpa tabhI dhAraNa karate haiM jaba vaha dharma dvArA maryAdita hokara mokSonmukha hote haiN| jaina darzana ke eka Adhunika vyAkhyAkAra amaramuni kA bhI yahI mata hai| unake anusAra artha jaba dharma kI chAyA meM A jAtA hai tabhI vaha dharma kI hI taraha divya ho jAtA hai| lakSmI, jo artha kA pratIka hai, devI hai, rAkSasI nhiiN| artha ko devatva dharma pradAna karatA hai| dharma dRSTi detA hai ki artha kahA~ se AnA cAhie, usakA kisa prakAra upayoga honA cAhie aura Age bhI kaisA rahanA caahie| dharma artha ke Ane kI dizA nirdhArita karatA hai aura Age kI gati kA bhI nirdeza karatA hai| yahI bAta kAma (bhoga) para bhI lAgU hotI hai| kAma bhI deva hai| kAma-deva asura nahIM hai| na jainoM ne kahA, na bauddhoM ne aura na hI vaidika AcAryoM ne| sabane hI deva kahA use| rAkSasa kisI ne nahIM khaa| deva kA matalaba divya hotA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki kAma zarIra kI kSudra vAsanA hI nahIM hai| zarIra ke jitane bhI bhoga haiM ve kAma meM A jAte hai| artha kA upayoga bhI kAma hI hai| yaha bhoga divya kaba banegA? amara muni kahate haiM ki dharma kA prakAza artha ke mAdhyama se sIdhe kAma taka jAnA cAhie, tabhI vaha divya hogaa| athavA kaheM, tabhI kAma mUlyavattA prApta kara skegaa| dUdha, pAnI ityAdi yadi sApha nahIM hotA to hama use chAnate haiM, usI prakAra artha ko bhI chAnanA hogA aura yaha chAnanA dharma hI kregaa| yadi artha chAnA nahIM gayA, usakA ThIka-ThAka upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA to vaha artha, artha na rahakara anartha ho jaaegaa| artha ke chAnane kA kyA Azaya hai ? daan| artha ke pIche yadi dAna kI bhAvanA hai tabhI vyakti artha pacA sakatA hai| kahA bhI hai ki agara tU pacA pAtA hai to sau hAthoM se kamA aura sau hAthoM se sameTa, ikaTThA kara, lekina use hajAra hAthoM se luTAne kI, barasAne kI himmata bhI rkh| artha kI taraha kAma ko bhI chAnanA hogaa| kAma ko chAnane ke lie jo chananA hai vaha hai, anaaskti| kAma yadi Asakti se bharA huA hai to vaha kSudra hai, hIna hai, kintu yadi vaha Asaktirahita hai to divya hai| jisa kAma meM Asakti kI gandagI

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya hai, vaha sar3akara barbAda ho jAtA hai / artha aura kAma dharma ke prakAza se hI mokSonmukha hote haiN| : 33 saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina darzana meM bhI artha aura kAma ko vimUlya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, yadi ve dharmAnukUla haiN| dharma, 'artha aura kAma' donoM ko hI mUlyavattA pradAna karatA hai| vaha amaryAdita artha jisameM dAna ke lie, aparigraha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai, aura amaryAdita kAma jo Asaktiyukta hai nizcaya hI mUlya nahIM mAne jA skte| artha kA svarUpa jaina darzana meM 'artha' kI kahIM bhI koI nizcita paribhASA nahIM dI gaI hai| moTe taura para artha se Azaya yahA~ parigraha se liyA gayA hai aura kula milAkara parigraha kA yA to pUrNa niSedha kiyA gayA hai ( munidharma ), athavA use maryAdita kiyA gayA hai ( gRhastha - dharma ) / yadi hama isa bAta para vicAra kareM ki kina vastuoM ke parigraha kA niSedha athavA maryAdA batAI gayI hai to hameM spaSTa hI 'artha' kA matalaba samajha meM A sakatA hai| alaga-alaga gAthAe~ / zlokoM meM alaga-alaga prakaraNa ke anusAra vastuoM ke aparigraha ke lie athavA sImita parigraha karane ke lie upadeza haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM 1. khetI bAr3I aura nivAsa hetu jamIna, 2. cA~dI - sonA, 3 . dhana (rupayA-paisA) aura pazudhana tathA anAja, 4. naukara-cAkara aura karmacArI, ityAdi tathA 5 bartana - bhA~De, vastrAdi kI mAtrA ko nizcita karane ko kahA gayA hai|" isase spaSTa hai ki artha ke antargata ye pA~coM vastue~ A jAtI haiM / sUtrakRtAGga meM dhana-sampatti aura sahodara bhAI-bahinoM ke tyAga kI bAta kahI gayI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki nAte-riztedAra bhI artha - rUpa hI mAne gae haiM jo sampatti kI bhA~ti hI manuSya kI rakSA karane meM samartha samajhe jAte haiM kintu vastutaH aisA hai nahIM / ve bhI rakSA karane meM antataH asamartha hI siddha hote haiM, ataH unake tyAga meM bhI manuSya kA kalyANa hI hai / sUtrakRtAGga kI hI eka anya gAthA sampatti aura pazuoM ke sAthasAtha jJAniyoM ko bhI dhana athavA artha meM sammilita karatI hai kyoMki ve bhI trANa aura zaraNa dene vAle samajhe gae haiN| ina saba uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki jise bhI hama apanA rakSaka aura poSaka samajhate haiM, athavA ve saba jo trANa yA zaraNa dene vAle samajhe gae haiM, 'artha' ke antargata A jAte haiN| inakI nimnalikhita vargoM meM gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai 1. kSetra - vAstu, hiraNya- suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya aura kupya Adi vstueN| 2. dAsa - dAsI, sahodara bhAI-bahina, nAte-riztedAra Adi /

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34 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 3. jJAnI, vidvAn puruSa jinheM hama apanA rakSaka aura zaraNadAtA samajhate haiN| spaSTa hI artha se tAtparya yahA~ kevala dhana-sampatti se hI nahIM hai balki una sabhI jIvita prANiyoM se bhI hai jinheM hama apanA hitaiSI yA rakSaka mAnate haiN| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki kAmasUtra meM bhI artha ke antargata na kevala bhUmi, cA~dI-sonA, pazudhana, dhana-dhAnya aura bhAMDopaskara kA arjana sammilita kiyA gayA hai balki vidyArjana aura mitra-lAbha ko bhI yadi bhautika lAbha aura laukika kalyANa ke lie unakA istemAla kiyA jAtA hai, to artha kI koTi meM hI rakhA gayA hai|50 parigraha-aparigraha jaisA ki hama Upara saMketa de Ae haiM ki artha apane ApameM na mUlya hai aura na hI vimuuly| yadi vaha dharmAnusAra arjita, vitarita aura upabhogita hai to vaha mUlyavAna ho jAtA hai aura yadi vaha amaryAdita hai to vaha vimulya bana jAtA hai| aise mahattvahIna artha ko tyAganA evaM usase pUrNa nivRtti pA lenA hI zreyaskara hai| jainadarzana meM jaba artha ko anartha kahA gayA hai to tAtparya amaryAdita artha se hI hai| isakA parigraha, manuSya bhramavaza samajhatA hai ki usakI rakSA kara skegaa| kintu vastusthiti yaha hai ki dhana-sampatti aura sahodara bhAI-bahana ityAdi koI bhI vyakti kisI kI bhI rakSA karane meM asamartha hai| yadi vyakti yaha jAna sake aura apane jIvana kI kSaNa-bhaMguratA ko samajha sake tabhI vaha karma-bandhana se mukta ho sakatA hai|52 vastutaH ajJAnI jIva hI dhana, pazu aura jJAnI puruSoM ko apanA zaraNadAtA yA rakSaka samajhate haiM, ki ye mere haiM aura maiM unakA huuN| parantu ye saba, vastutaH, na to trANarUpa haiM aura na hI shrnnruup|53 jainadarzana isa prakAra kisI bhI prakAra ke artha ke parigraha ko galata samajhatA hai kyoMki yaha socanA ki artha hamArI rakSA karegA mAtra eka bhUla hai| vastutaH parigraha hI ( svayaM, artha nahIM ) anarthoM kA mUla hai| isI se icchAe~ aura kAmanAe~ janma letI haiN|5 parigraha ko 'mUcchI' kahA gayA hai|6 mUrchA sammohana hai, Asakti hai| Antarika yA bAhya, bhAvoM yA vastuoM meM baMdha jAnA hai, unameM saMlagna ho jAnA hai aura isa prakAra viveka-zUnya ho jAnA hai| artha se jaba hamArA isa prakAra kA parigraha ho jAtA hai to artha vimUlya bana jAtA hai, anartha ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke parigraha se apane Apako bacAnA hI puruSArtha hai, mUlyavAna hai| eka aparigrahI vastutaH vaha hai jo artha ke prati mUrchA nahIM rakhatA, usase koI lagAva nahIM rakhatA aura usake saMgraha ko isalie anAvazyaka samajhatA hai|

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 35 artha ke prati mUrchA na rakhanA aura isalie usake saMgraha se bace rahanA, yahI aparigraha hai, yahI dharma hai| yadi artha ke prati koI lagAva nahIM hogA to usakA dAna bhI sambhava ho sakegA aura dAna karane se vyakti usake saMgraha se bhI baca skegaa| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki isa saMsAra meM jitane manuSya aparigrahI haiM ve isI artha meM aparigrahI haiM ki ve na to vastuoM ke prati Asakta hote haiM aura na hI unakA saMgraha karate haiN|57 punaH parigraha do prakAra kA hotA hai| eka, bAhya ( vastuoM ke prati ) aura dUsarA, Abhyantara prigrh| dasa prakAra kI vastue~ bAhya haiM jinake prati vyakti kA parigraha (Asakti, lagAva) ho sakatA hai, ve haiM - kheta, makAna, dhana-dhAnya, vastra, bhANDa, dAsa-dAsI, pazu, yAna (vAhana), zayyA aura aasn| isI prakAra caudaha prakAra ke Abhyantara parigraha haiM, ve haiM - rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, ityaadi| una sabhI ke parigraha se yadi manuSya mukta ho jAtA hai to vaha zAnti pAkara prasannacitta ho sakatA hai aura yaha mukti-sukha aisA hogA jo cakravartI rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko bhI nasIba nahIM hai| parigraha kA sAmAnya artha saMgraha se hai| yadi saMgraha kA yaha sAmAnya artha hI liyA jAya to artha kA pUrNa-aparigraha lagabhaga asambhava hai| manuSya Akhira eka deha dhArI prANI hai aura dehadhArI kI apanI kucha AvazyakatAe~ hotI haiM jinakI pUrti artha dvArA hI kI jA sakatI hai, aura phira mokSa hetu dharma sAdhane ke lie bhI to zarIra kI AvazyakatA hai| ataH zarIra aura usakI AvazyakatAoM ko hama pUrNataH nirasta nahIM kara skte| mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna aura tapa hai aura tapa kA sAdhana deha hai| deha ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai|58 ataH thor3A bahuta artha-saMgraha aura artha-upArjana bhI jarUrI hai| jaina-darzana meM isalie gRhastha ke lie yaha nirdeza hai ki vaha svayaM apane puruSArtha se hI sampatti kA arjana kre| puruSArtha se yahA~ tAtparya svaprayatna se hai| manuSya ko kevala svaprayatna se upArjita sampatti ko bhogane kA hI adhikAra hai| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI lakSmI para-strI ke samAna hai| donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai| ataH svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga dharmAnusAra kahA jA sakatA hai| prazna yaha hai ki vyakti ko bhoga karane kA bhI Akhira kitanA adhikAra hai ? yaha prazna hameM sIdhe kAma kI vyAkhyA kI ora agrasara karatA hai| kAma kA svarUpa jaina darzana meM manuSya-jIvana meM kAma ke mahattva ko kabhI anadekhA nahIM kiyA gyaa| Agamika sAhitya spaSTata: kahatA hai ki puruSa nizcita rUpa se kAma

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36 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 kAmI hai|60 manuSya kI kAmanAe~ vizAla haiM, ananta haiN| itanA hI nahIM ve durAgrahI aura haThI haiM - 'guru se kaamaa|'61 unakA atikramaNa karanA sahaja nahIM hai| isIlie kAmanA ko 'guru' kahA gayA hai aura phira, kisI bhI kAmanA kI pUrNa santuSTi nahIM ho pAtI, kyoMki yaha puruSa aneka citta vAlA hai| eka kAmanA santuSTa ho nahIM pAtI ki mana dUsare kI ora, dUsare viSaya kI ora AkRSTa ho jAtA hai| koI agara yaha socatA hai ki zayana se nIMda para, bhojana se bhUkha para athavA lAbha se kAmanAoM para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai to nizcita hI vaha bhrama meM hai|62 manuSya mAno calanI bharanA cAhatA hai jo kabhI bhara hI nahIM sktii|63 / ___puruSArtha catuSTaya meM kAma sAdhya hai aura artha saadhn| kAma kI Asakti hI manuSya ko arthasaMgraha ke lie prerita karatI hai aura artha-saMgraha se kAmanAe~ paidA hotI haiN|65 yaha eka duScakra hai| jo bAta artha ke lie sahI hai, kAma ke sandarbha meM bhI vahI kharI utaratI hai| artha apane ApameM na mUlya hai, na vimuuly| usakA upayoga hI use mUlya yA vimUlya banAtA hai| jo artha kA parigraha karatA hai aura padArthoM ke prati Asakti rakhatA hai, vaha artha ko vimUlya kara detA hai| isI prakAra jo kAmabhoga ke prati mamatva rakhatA hai, vaha kAma ko vikRta karatA hai, use viSama banAtA hai|66 ataH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama kAma ko vikRta na hone deM aura isa prakAra use mUlyavAna bnaaeN| aisA nahIM hai ki viSaya-bhogoM (kAma) meM koI sukha nahIM hai| yadi sukha na hotA to manuSya usakI ora AkRSTa hI kyoM hotA? kintu kAma kI apanI sImAe~ aura samasyAe~ haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. sabhI viSaya bhoga jo sukha pradAna karate haiM, unakA sukha kSaNika hai aura ve dIrghakAla taka duHkha dene vAle haiN|67 2. zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza meM Asakta vyakti AtmA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko nahIM jAna sakatA kyoMki ye sabhI viSaya indriyoM se sambandhita haiN| indriyA~ zarIra kA aMga haiN| ve AtmA meM anupasthita haiN| zuddha AtmA meM to varNa, rasa Adi tathA strI, puruSa Adi paryAya aura saMsthAna, saMhanana hote nahIM haiM,68 phira inameM Asakti rakhakara bhalA vyakti AtmalAbha kaise kara sakatA hai ? 3. viSaya bhoga dvArA prApta zArIrika sukha, jise hama vastutaH sukha samajhate haiM, sukha hotA hI nhiiN| isakI tulanA khujalI ke rogI se kI jA sakatI hai| khujalI kA rogI jaise khujalAne para duHkha ko bhI sukha mAnatA hai, vaise hI mohAtura manuSya kAmajanya duHkha ko sukha mAnatA hai|69 / /

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 37 4. jo manuSya zarIra meM Asakta haiM ve viSayoM kI ora khiMce cale jAte haiM aura isa prakAra bAra-bAra duHkha uThAte haiN| kAma-bhogoM ke ye kaTu pariNAma haiN| inheM bhrAnti jAna lenA caahie|70 5. indriya-viSaya vyakti ko cAroM ora se ghera lete haiN| jaise eka Avarta (bhaMvara) meM pha~sA vyakti nikala nahIM sakatA vaise hI viSayoM meM ghirA vyakti svayaM ko asahAya pAtA hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki jo viSaya hai, vaha Avarta hai aura jo Avarta hai, vaha viSaya hai| viSaya aura Avarta kA ekatva pratipAdana kara yaha nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko yadi viSayoM kA grahaNa karanA hI par3e to mUrchA nahIM karanI cAhie, kyoMki mUrchA se grasta vyakti icchA ke adhIna hokara viSaya lolupa ho jAtA hai aura phira viSayoM se chuTakArA lagabhaga asambhava ho jAtA hai| 6. kAmanAoM kA atikramaNa sahaja nahIM hai| ve vizAla haiM, durAgrahI aura haThIlI haiN| isalie ajJAnI puruSa unakI pUrti ke lie krUra se krUra karma karane ko udyata ho jAte haiN| krUra karma karate hue ve sukha kI bajAya duHkha kA sRjana karate haiM aura isa prakAra 'viparyAsa' ko prApta hote haiN| sukha kA arthI isa taraha duHkha ko prApta hotA hai|72 sukhavAda kI yahI viDambanA hai| sukha kI talAza apane Apa meM duHkhada hai| isI ko pAzcAtya nItizAstra meM 'pairADaoNksa oNva heDonijma' kahA gayA hai| kAma kI uparyukta sImAoM ko dekhate hue manuSya ko sahI nirNaya lenA Avazyaka hai| vastutaH jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai ki bhoga apane Apa meM na acchA hai na burA hai, na samatva jAgrata karane vAlA hai aura na hI viSama hai| kAma-bhoga meM vikRtiyA~ yA viSamatAe~ AtI haiN| ve kAma ke prati vyakti ke mamatva, Asakti ke kAraNa AtI haiN| yaha liptatA hI kAma ko viSama banAtI hai| ataH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI itanI nahIM hai ki kAma se vyakti pUrNataH virata ho jAe yA use nirasta kara de| jaba taka vyakti ke pAsa zarIra hai, aisA kiyA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| kintu AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki vaha - (ka) apane kAma kA vRtta kama kre| kAmanAoM ko asImita na hone de, balki unakI sImA nirdhArita karatA jAe aura dhIre-dhIre isa sImA ko, kAma ke dAyare ko, saMkucita karatA jaae| (kha) kAma ke prati Asakti na rakhakara eka niHsaMga, niSkAma-bhAva vikasita kare ? viSaya bhogoM kI vikRtiyoM se isI prakAra bacA jA sakatA hai| satpuruSa isIlie kAma Adi viSaya-bhogoM kA sevana samyaktva bhAva se karate haiM na ki unameM lipta hokr| jaise kamalinI kA patra svabhAva se hI jala meM lipta nahIM hotA, vaise hI satpuruSa samyaktva ke prabhAva se vikAroM aura viSayoM meM lipta nahIM

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38 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 hote aura ve jo bhale hI tilaka Adi lagAkara muni kA veza dhAraNa kara leM, yadi kAma ke prati apanI Asakti nahIM chor3a pAte to unheM kAma se Avarta hI samajhA jaaegaa| kucha loga to viSayoM kA sevana karate hue bhI sevana nahIM karate (arthAt viSayoM meM lipta nahIM hote) aura kucha sevana na karate hue bhI viSayoM kA sevana karate haiM (arthAt, unase apane rAgAtmaka lagAva ko nahIM chor3a paate)| ina donoM meM spaSTa hI prathama prakAra ke loga hI sacce satpuruSa haiM jo karma to karate haiM kintu usameM (usake phala meM/usake kartRtva meM) apanA adhikAra nahIM maante| yaha ThIka vaise hI hai jaise atithi rUpa meM AyA koI puruSa vivAhAdi kArya meM lagA rahane para bhI usa kArya kA svAmI na hone se kartA nahIM hotaa| mokSa kA svarUpa anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI bhAMti hI jaina-darzana kA abhISTa bhI jJAna prApta karanA mAtra nahIM hai| mokSa jaina-darzana kA kendra bindu hai aura mokSa se Azaya duHkha se Atyantika nivRtti aura carama sukha prApta karanA hai| isIlie jaina darzana meM mokSa ko puruSArtha meM sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai aura kyoMki isa mokSa kI prApti kevala dharma-mArga se hI sambhava hai isalie dharma bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai| dharma, yadyapi mokSa kI apekSA se, kevala eka sAdhana mUlya hai kintu sAdhana-mUlya hone ke nAte vaha mokSa-mArga bhI hai| ataH usakI mUlyavattA mokSa se kataI kamatara nahIM hai| jaina darzana meM 'mArga' aura 'mArga-phala ina do avadhAraNAoM meM antara kiyA gayA hai| 'mArga mokSa kA upAya hai| usakA phala 'mokSa' yA 'nirvANa' hai| kintu upAya yA mArga Akhira hai kyA ? gAthA ke anusAra yaha nizcita hI 'samyaktva' hai| jo vyakti samyak mArga para calatA hai, vahI antataH mokSa prApta karatA hai| isa mArga ke anusaraNa ke phalasvarUpa hI nirvANa sambhava ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM samatva ko dharma kahA gayA hai| jo dharma hai, vahI samatva hai| ataH siddha huA - mArga = samatva = dharma dharma aura mokSa eka dUsare se sAdhana-sAdhya rUpa meM sampRkta haiN| eka mArga hai dUsarA mArga-phala hai| eka upAya hai, dUsarA gantavya hai| gantavya (mokSa) vaha prayojana hai jisa taka kevala mArga (dharma) dvArA hI pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| mokSa kevala ve hI prApta kara sakate haiM jo dharma-mArga para calate haiM, unheM maharSi kahA gayA hai| unheM mahAvIra, arhat, vItarAga Adi nAmoM se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| mokSa ke lie bhI jaina sAhitya meM ekAdhika nAma milate haiM -- 1. nirvANa, 2. abAdha, 3. siddhi, 4. lokAgra, 5. kSema, 6. ziva aura 7. anAbAdha

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 39 ityAdi mokSa ke hI samAnArthaka hai, bhale hI unake artha-chaTAoM meM thor3A bahuta antara kyoM na ho ? nirvANa zabda kA prayoga adhikatara bauddha-darzana meM huA hai| usakA artha bujhA dene se hai| nirvANa vaha avasthA hai jahA~ duHkhoM aura kaSToM kI agni zAnta kara dI gaI hai| jaina-darzana meM bhI nirvANa isI artha meM prayukta huA hai| abAdha se tAtparya bandhanarahita hone se hai| yaha AtmA kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM AtmA janma-maraNa ke cakra se pUrNataH mukta ho jAtI hai aura isa prakAra apane sAMsArika bandhanoM se chuTakArA pA jAtI hai| siddhi, Atmasiddhi yA AtmalAbha hai| yaha AtmA ke svabhAva kI upalabdhi hai| AtmA kA svabhAva jaina darzana ke anusAra 'samatva' hai| samatva kA AdhyAtmika artha AtmA kA apane ApameM avasthita honA hai| AtmA jaba apane ApameM sabhI karma-bandhanoM se mukta hokara avasthita hotI hai, tabhI vaha siddhi prApta karatI hai| siddhi isa prakAra AtmA kI siddhAvasthA hai| jaina darzana kA ekamAtra mUlya AtmA kI apanI pahacAna prApta karanA hai| yaha sarca phaoNra AiDeMTiTI hai| isI khoja kI pariNati siddhi hai| lokAgra se artha, jaina darzana ke anusAra, Urdhvaloka ke agrabhAga se hai jahA~ AtmAe~ siddhi ke uparAnta 'siddhazilA' ke nAma se vizruta sthAna para sthita rahatI haiN| jaina darzana meM kaI lokoM' kI parikalpanA kI gaI hai aura AtmA ko UrdhvagAmI mAnA gayA hai| AtmA jaba karmoM ke bandhana se pUrNataH mukta ho jAtI hai to vaha Urdhvagamana karatI hai| yaha Urdhvagamana Urdhvaloka ke agrabhAga taka hI sambhava hotA hai kyoMki isake Age dharmAstikAya (gati kA niyama) kA abhAva hai| ataH mokSa ko lokAgra bhI kahA gayA hai| kSema se Azaya kalyANakArI yA hitakara se hai| manuSya kA hita yA kalyANa isI meM hai ki vaha mokSa-prApti ke lie prayatna kre| kSemAvasthA eka aisI sthiti hai jo sabhI upadravoM se mukta hai| mokSa ko anAbAdha bhI kahA gayA hai| yahA~ koI bAdhA nahIM hai| yaha bAdhA-rahita, abAdhita hai| yaha vaha avasthA hai jahA~ AtmA pUrNa svatantra hai, anAbAdha hai| antata: svayaM mokSa zabda vastutaH karma-bandhanoM se mukti kI ora saMketa karatA hai| AtmA jaba taka karmabandhanoM se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, mokSa prApta nahIM kara sktii| mokSa AtmA kI pUrNa muktAvasthA hai| jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa vastutaH AtmA kA apanA svarUpa hai| yahA~ kalpanA kI gaI hai ki AtmA UrdhvagAmI hai - "uDaDhaM pakkamaI disaM", vaha sadA Urdhva dizA kI ora hI prasthAna karatI hai| durbhAgya se, Asakti ke kAraNa, karma-kaNa usase saMlagna ho gaye haiM aura isa prakAra AtmA ke bhArI ho jAne se vaha adhogati ko prApta hai| kintu karma-bandhana se jaise-jaise vaha mukta hotI jAtI hai, vaha

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40. : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 UrdhvagAmI hotI jAtI hai aura pUrNa-mukti hone para mokSa pA jAtI hai| jaina darzana meM mokSa ko do rUpoM meM varNita kiyA gayA hai - nakArAtmaka aura sviikaaraatmk| jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM neti-neti' sUtra dvArA AtmA ke bAre meM vastuoM aura viSayoM ko iMgita karate hue kathana kiye gae haiM ki AtmA yaha nahIM hai, yaha nahIM hai, ityAdi, usI taraha jaina darzana meM bhI AtmA/mokSa ke svarUpa kA hameM prAyaH nakArAtmaka varNana hI milatA hai| Agamika sAhitya meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha na zabda hai, na rUpa hai, na gandha hai, na rasa hai aura na hI sparza hai| kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ se saba svara lauTa jAte haiN| vacana dvArA use pratipAdya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usakA varNana asambhava hai kyoMki vahA~ zabdoM kI pravRtti nahIM hai, vahA~ tarka-vitarka ke lie bhI koI sthAna nahIM hai| vaha buddhi se pare hai| mati dvArA grAhya nahIM hai| vaha akelA, oja aura prakAza se pUrNa zarIra meM apratiSThita hone ke kAraNa, azarIrI hai| vaha zarIra na hokara AtmA hai, jJAtA hai|.. punaH vaha nirAkAra hai| na bar3A hai, na choTA hai, na vRtta hai, na trikoNa hai aura na hI catuSkoNa hai| vaha parimaNDalAkAra bhI nahIM hai| usakA koI raMga nahIM hai| vaha na kRSNa hai, na nIla hai, na lAla hai, na pIta hai aura na hI zukla hai| vaha gandhahIna hai| vaha na sugandha hai aura na hI durgandha hai| vaha rasarahita hai| na tikta hai, na kaTu hai, na kaSAya hai, na amla hai aura na hI madhura hai| vaha sparza se pare hai| na kar3A hai, na mulAyama hai, na bhArI hai, na halkA hai, na ThaMDA hai, na garama, na cikanA hai aura na hI rUkhA hai| vaha azarIrI, ajanmA aura asaMga hai| vaha liMgAtIta hai| na puruSa hai, na strI hai aura na hI napuMsaka hai|82 vaha anupama, atIta aura sabhI padoM se pare hai|83 _ itanA hI nahIM, mokSAvasthA eka aisI avasthA hai jahA~ na duHkha hai, na sukha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na maraNa hai, na janma hai| jahA~ na indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vismaya hai, na nidrA hai, na tRSNA hai, na bhUkha hai, jahA~ na karma hai, na nokarma (zarIra) hai| na cintA hai, na kisI bhI prakAra kA dhyAna hai| mokSa/AtmA ke uparyukta nakArAtmaka varNana se jaina darzana meM yaha rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai ki mokSa kA vAstavika vivaraNa, indriyAnubhava se pare hone ke kAraNa, zabdoM meM sambhava nahIM hai| sAtha hI manuSya kI saMvegAtmaka anubhUtiyA~ (jaise, du:khasukha ityAdi) kI koTi meM bhI ise nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| vastutaH mokSAnubhUti zArIrika-bhautika anubhavoM se pare haiM, anubhavAtIta hai| prazna uThatA hai, phira use kaise, kisa prakAra, samajhA-samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ? jaina darzana mokSa ko anubhavAtIta aura zabdAtIta kahakara cupa nahIM baiTha jAtA

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 41 balki usakA bhAvAtmaka (paoNz2iTiva) vivaraNa bhI prastuta karatA hai| bezaka, mokSa indriyAnubhUti nahIM hai, lekina yaha eka azarIrI AdhyAtmika anabhUti to hai hI, jisako pUrI sAvadhAnI baratate hue, bhASA meM prastuta to, samajhAne kI dRSTi se, karanA hI hogA aura isa prastutIkaraNa meM jaina darzana hindU darzana kI apekSA kahIM adhika samRddha hai| hindU darzana meM to AtmA ko anirvacanIya kahakara usake sambandha meM koI nizcita bAta nahIM kahI gayI, kintu jaina darzana meM mokSa ke sambandha meM nizcita taura para kAphI kucha kahA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie eka gAthA ke anusAra, mokSAvasthA eka aisI avasthA hai jahA~ kevala jJAna, kevala darzana, kevala sukha, kevala vIrya, amUrtatA, astitva aura sapradezatva ke guNa hote haiN| kevalajJAna se tAtparya yahA~ usa jJAna se hai jo indriya Adi se nirapekSa tathA sarvagrAhI AtmajJAna hai| yaha ekAnta rUpa se pratyakSa jJAna hai| yaha loka aura aloka ko sarvataH paripUrNa rUpa se jAnatA hai| bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise kevala jJAna nahIM jaantaa|6 isI prakAra kevalasukha kevala jJAnavat indriyAdi se nirapekSa anantasukha yA nirAkula Ananda hai| kevaladarzana bhI kevalajJAna ke samAna hI sarvagrAhI darzana hai| kevalavIrya jAnane-dekhane Adi kI ananta zakti hai aura yaha bhI indriya Adi se nirapekSa aura sarvagrAhI hai| amartatA se artha hai ki mokSa/AtmA svabhAvata: indriyoM dvArA grAhya nahIM hai| vaha nitya hai, sAtha hI Antarika rAgAdi bhAvoM se mukta hai|8 astitva to AtmA kA bezaka hai| mokSAvasthA meM bhI usakA astitva banA rahatA hai| lekina yaha zarIrI-bhautika astitva na hokara binA kisI vizeSaNa ke (mAtra) astitva hai| isake atirikta mukta-jIvoM kA nivAsa muktAkAza meM hotA hai| isI ko AtmA kA sapradezatva guNa kahA gayA hai| mukta-AtmA ke uparyukta sabhI guNa, yadi hama dhyAna se dekheM, to zarIranirapekSa haiN| spaSTa hI AtmA kA svabhAva zArIrika-bhautika na hokara AdhyAtmika hai| kyA mokSAvasthA kevala duHkhAbhAva hai athavA bhAvAtmaka rUpa se sukha-bhAva hai ? yaha prazna dArzanikoM ko kAphI parezAna karatA rahA hai| hindU darzana meM sukha aura Ananda meM antara karake mokSAvasthA ko Anandamaya mAnA gyaa| isakA kAraNa mukhyataH yaha thA ki sukha sadaiva duHkha kI apekSA se hI sukha hai| isI prakAra duHkha bhI sukha kI apekSA se hI sambhava hai| sukha-duHkha eka dUsare se apRthaka haiM aura donoM hI indriyAnubhUti ke viSaya haiN| Ananda AtmA kA viSaya nahIM hai| AtmA svayaM AnandasvarUpa hai| jaina darzana Ananda aura sukha meM isa taraha kA koI bheda nahIM karatA lekina vaha sukha meM eka guNAtmaka antara avazya karatA hai| eka prakAra kA sukha indriyAnubhavika sukha hai jo niHsandeha duHkha-sApekSa hai aura isIlie kSaNika hai kintu eka

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42 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 sukha aisA bhI sambhava hai jo duHkha sApekSa na ho| jo vastutaH ananta aura atIndriya ho| gAthA ke anusAra karmamala se vimukta jIva Upara lokAnta taka jAtA hai aura vahA~ vaha sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI ke rUpa meM atIndriya ananta sukha bhogatA hai| mokSAvasthA isa prakAra kevala duHkhAbhAva hI nahIM hai| vaha atIndriya aura ananta sukha kI avasthA saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana meM mokSa kA artha kevala nakArAtmaka rUpa se hI nahIM samajhA gayA hai| bezaka mokSa karma-bandhanoM se, janma maraNa ke cakra se, duHkha se mukti hai| yaha isa prakAra eka duHkhAbhAva kI sthiti hai kintu sAtha hI yaha ananta sukha kI eka nitya sthiti bhI hai| AtmA isa sthiti meM amUrta hote hue bhI astitvavAna hai, vaiyaktikatA se pare sarvajJa hai| muktAkAza meM sthita vaha kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, kevalavIrya, kevalasukha ke guNoM se paripUrNa hai| sandarbha 1. dharmazcArthazcakAmazca mokSazceti maharSibhiH / puruSArtho'yamuddiSTazcaturbhedaH purAtanaiH / / jJAnArNava, 3/4 zubhacandra, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, 1978 2. vahI, 3/3. 4.5 3. paramAtmaprakAza, yogindudeva, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, vi0 saM0 2029, 2.3 4. dekheM, Ananda prakAza tripAThI kA Alekha, "jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM puruSArtha catuSTaya", tulasI prajJA, lADanUM, khaMDa 20, aMka 1-2, pR0 42 5. dekheM, pro0 sAgaramala jaina kA Alekha, "mUlya aura mUlya-bodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta", zramaNa, vArANasI, janavarI-mArca 1992, pR0 10-11 6. dekheM, yogazAstra (AcArya hemacandra), pR0 1-52 7. asaMjame niyattiM ca, saMjame ya pavattaNaM athavA 'asaMyamAnivRttiM ca, saMyame ca prvrtnm| samaNasuttaM, sarva sevA saMgha prakAzana, rAjaghATa, vArANasI, 1989, zloka 129 AyAro, saMpA0 muni nathamala, jainavizvabhAratI, lADanUM, vi0 saM0 2031 meM bhI (2. 27, pR0 76) yahI bAta kahI gaI hai - 'araiM AuTTe se mehAvI' arthAt jo arati kA nivartana karatA hai, vaha medhAvI hotA hai| 'arati' se yahA~ tAtparya spaSTa hI udvegoM se hai| dekheM, hiriyanA, ema0 : AuTalAinsa oNva iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, laMdana, pR0 170 8.

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 43 9. vahIM, pR0 171 10. AyAro, pR0 88 (2. 95) 11. dekheM, mImAMsAsUtra (1. 1) jisameM dharma kI paribhASA, 'codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharmaH' dI gaI hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dharma kA artha usake preraNA dene ke lakSaNa meM nihita hai| 12. AyAro, pR0 238 (6. 2. 48) 13. dekheM, samaNI sthitaprajJA kA nibandha, 'saMbodhi ke Agamika srota', tulasI prajJA, pUrNAMka 90, pR0 135 / / 14. svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA, svAmI kArtikeya, saMpA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, vi0 saM0 2034, gAthA 478 15. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/9 16. AyAro, pR0 274 (8. 31) 17. dekheM, udayacaMda jaina kA nibandha, samatA, akTUbara 93 meM, pR0 37 18. cArittaM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so sago tti NiTThio / mohakkhohavihINo pariNAmo appaNo hu samo / / samaNasuttaM, gAthA 274 19. lAbhAlAbhe suhe dukkhe jIvie maraNe thaa| samo niMdApasaMsAsu tahA mANAvamANao // uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 20. 37 20. jo samo savvabhUdesu tasesu thAvare supaM / tasya samAhayaM hoI iha kevali bhAsiyaM / / samaNasuttaM, gAthA 426 21. uttamakhamamaddavajjava saccasauccaM ca saMjamaM ceva / tavacAgamakiMcaNhaM, bamha idi dasaviho dhammo / / samaNasuttaM, gAthA 84 uttamaH kSamAmArdavArjavazaucasatyasaMyamatapastyAgAkiJcanya brahmacaryANi dhrmH| tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, vivecaka sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, saMzodhita saMskaraNa, 1993, 1.7 / yahA~ para dhyAtavya hai hindU darzana meM bhI yAjJavalkyasmRti meM nau tathA manusmRti meM dasa sAmAnya dharmoM yA dharma-lakSaNoM kA ullekha huA hai| manu ke anusAra ve nimralikhita haiM - dhRti, kSamA, dama, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha, ghI, vidyA, satya, akrodh| 22. samaNasuttaM, 85 23. vahI, 86 24. vahI, 88

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44 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 25. vahI, 91 26. vahI, 100 27. vahI, 92 28. vahI, 102 29. vahI, 104 30. vahI, 109 31. vahI, 111-112 32. sthAnAGgasUtra, 2. 1 33. vahI, 2. 15 34. svAmI samantabhadra, ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa, vArANasI, 1972, 1. 2 35. dekheM, paM0 pannAlAla 'basaMta' dvArA sampAdita ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, vArANasI, 72, pR0 6 36. sukhitasya duHkhitasya ca saMsAre dharma eva tavakAryaH / sukhitasya tadabhivRddhyai duHkhabhujastadapaghAtapaM / / AtmAnuzAsana, 18 37. vahI, 19 38. vahI, 20 39. vahI, 21 40. jJAnArNava, 10. 8-9 41. vahI, 10. 16 42. yato'bhyudaya-niHzreyasa siddhi sa dhrmH| vaizeSika sUtra, 1. 1. 2 43. pannAlAla 'basaMta' (saM0) ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, pR0 7-8 44. dekheM pro0 sAgaramala jaina kA Alekha, "mUlya aura mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta", zramaNa, janavarI-mArca, aMka 1-3 45. dazavaikAlika niyukti, 262-264 46. 'anyonyA pratibaMdhena trivargamati saadhyn'| yogazAstra, 1. 52 47. dekheM, upAdhyAya amara muni kA lekha - 'dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa', zrI amara bhAratI, jUna 1995, vIrAyatana, rAjagiri 48. kSetravAstuhiraNyasuvarNadhanadhAnyadAsIdAsakupya prmaannaatikrmaaH|| tattvArthasUtra, 7. 24 49. vittaM soyariyA c| sUtrakRtAGga, 1. 1.5 50. kAmasUtra 9, parizIlana, vAcaspati gairolA, saMvartikA prakAzana, ilAhAbAda,

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jaina darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya : 45 1967 51. maraNasamAdhi, 603 52. vittaM soyariyA ceva savvametaM na tANae / saMkhAe jIviyaM ceva kammaNAutiuTTati // sUtrakRtAGga, 1. 1. 5 53. vittaM pasavo ya NAiyo taM bAle saraNaM ti maNNati / ete mama tesiM vA ahaM, no tANaM saraNaM va vijjai / / samaNasuttaM, 509 54. 'saMga eva mataH sUtre ni:zeSAnartha maMdiraM', jJAnArNava, 16. 13 55. 'saMgAtkAmastataH', vahI, 16. 13 56. 'mUpirigrahaH', tattvArtha-sUtra, 7. 12 57. dekheM AyAro 5. 39 kI vyAkhyA, pR0 184 58. vahI, 9 59. mokkhapasAhaNahetuM NANAdI tappasahaNe deho / dehaTThA AhAro teNa tu kAlo aNuNNAto / / nizIthabhASya, 47. 91 60. AyAro - kAmakAmI khalu purise| 2. 123 61. vahI, 5. 2, pR0 176 62. na zayAno jeyanidrAM, na bhuMjAno jayet kSudhAm / na kAmamAnaH kAmAnAM, lAbhaneha prazAmyati // AyAro, TippaNI 15, pR0 147 63. 'aNegacitte khalu ayaM purise, se keyaNaM arihae puuritte|' AyAro 3. 42 64. "kAmesu, giddhA NicayaM kreNti"| AyAro, 3. 31 65. 'sNgaatkaamsttH'| jJAnArNava, 16. 12 66. na kAmabhogA samayaM uveMti, na yAti bhogA vigaI uti / je tappaosI ya pariggahI ya, so tesu mohA vigaI uvei / / samaNasuttaM, 230 67. khaNamittasukkhA bahukAladukkhA, pagAmadukkhA, annigaamsukkhaa"| samaNasuttaM, 46 68. vahI, 183 69. vahI, 49 70. 'AyAro, 5. 11-13 71. "je guNe se AvaTTe, je AvaTTe se gunne|" vahI, 1. 93 72. vahI, 5. 6 tathA 2. 151 73. samaNasuttaM, 227 74. vahI, 229 75. vahI, 192

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46 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 76. jaina darzana meM dharma ko kaI taraha se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki vAstava meM cAritra hI dharma hai aura yaha dharma samatva hai| samatva, moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kA nirmala pariNAma hai| itanA hI nahIM, samatA, mAdhyasthabhAva, zuddhabhAva, vItarAgatA, cAritra, dharma aura svabhAva-ArAdhanA - ye sabhI zabda ekArthaka haiN| vahI, 274-275 77. vahI, 621 78. AyAro, 5. 140 79. vahI, 5. 123-126 80. vahI, 5. 127-131 81. vahI, 5. 132-134 82. vahI, 5. 135 83. vahI, 5. 137-139 84. samaNasuttaM, 617-619 85. vahI, 620 86. vahI, 684 87. vahI, pR0 266 (pAribhASika zabdakoza) 88. vahI, 595 89. vahI, 614

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zramaNa vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna dhyAna eka divya sAdhanA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke manISI cAhe ve vaidika paramparA ke hoM athavA zramaNa paramparA ke, sabane dhyAna-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM paryApta UhApoha kI hai| donoM hI paramparA meM dhyAna ko eka anuSThAna (karmakANDa) na mAnakara Antarika sAdhanA mAnA gayA hai, jisakI sahAyatA se manuSya ke vyAkula hRdaya, asthira citta yA udvigra mana ko zAnta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mokSa mukti, kaivalya, vizuddhi jaise sarvocca AdhyAtmika mUlya ko dhyAnA bhyAsa ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM takanIkI vikAsa ke dvArA prApta gatizIlatA ne mAnava kI cittavRtti ko jo asthiratA dI hai, aura jisake kAraNa vaha tanAvagrasta hotA jA rahA hai usa vRtti ko sthiratA aura santulana dene kA kAma bhI dhyAna kara sakatA hai| - DaoN0 rajjana kumAra dhyAna kA svarUpa mAnava kA parama puruSArtha sacce sukha aura zAnti ko prApta karanA hai| parama zAnti dvandva ke miTane se hI prApta hotI hai aura rAga-dveSarUpa kAmanA ke visarjana hone para hI dvandva miTate haiN| rAga-dveSa, kAmanAdi dvandva manuSya kI vibhinna vRttiyoM ke paricAyaka mAne gaye haiN| manuSya kI cittavRttiyA~ inhIM ke kAraNa samatva bhAva meM nahIM raha pAtI haiM aura vaha anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM se vicalita hotA rahatA hai| jaba vyakti Atma-darzana yA svadarzana kI sAdhanA karatA hai, apane bhItara ke doSoM ko jhA~kakara dekhatA hai aura una doSoM ke parimArjana kI vidhi para vicAra karatA hai, taba vaha pragati patha para Age bar3hatA hai| apane bhItara ke doSa ko dekhanA evaM cintana-manana karanA evaM unase mukta hone kA prayatna karanA hI dhyAna hai / yahI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hai, kyoMki isa sAdhanA kA pramukha lakSya hai apane antara ko prakAzita karanA aura isa prakAza ke Aloka se apane antara meM chipI huI vAsanAoM ko nirmUla kara supta par3e hue, siddhatva ke bIja ko vikasita krnaa| isa bIja ko vikasita karane kI sAdhanA dhyAna hai| mAnava jIvana AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM se utpanna samasyAoM kA

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48 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 mahAsAgara hai| ina samasyA-sAgaroM ke kAraNa hI vyakti apane mUla uddezya se bhaTaka jAtA hai aura vRttiyoM ke vibhinna rUpoM se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai, samasyAoM kA nidAna nahIM kara pAne ke kAraNa vikSipta hokara nAnA prakAra ke duHkhoM se pIr3ita hotA rahatA hai| dhyAna ke abhyAsa se vyakti samasyAoM ke mUla kAraNa ko khojane kA prayatna karatA hai| isase citta dhIre-dhIre zAnta va nirmala hotA hai, buddhi aura viveka jAgRta hote haiM, jisase vaha kisI bhI bAta ko gaharAI se evaM spaSTatA se pakar3ane lagatA hai| ataH dhyAnI ke samakSa jaba bhI koI samasyA upasthita hotI hai to usakA citta turanta samasyA ke vAstavika kAraNa taka pahu~ca jAtA hai aura vAstavika mUla kAraNa ke prApta ho jAne para samasyA kA nivAraNa sugama ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA kama se kama vikSepoM ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki maharSi pataJjali' ne sAdhakoM ko vRttiyoM athavA vikalpoM se mukta hone kA nirdeza diyA hai, kyoMki vikalparahita avasthA hI dhyAna sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| AtmA ko pUrvakRta karmoM se utpanna saMskAroM se mukta karane ke lie citta ko vizuddha kiyA jAtA hai| pUrvakRta karmoM yA saMskAroM ke kAraNa vyakti pramAdI bana jAtA hai, nirantara isI dizA meM cintana karatA rahatA hai ki kaise use bhautika sukhasAdhana ke sAre upakrama prApta ho jaaeN| eka sAdhana kI upalabdhi hone para dUsare ke lie prayatna prArambha kara detA hai| kintu isa taraha usake prayatna anantakAla taka calate raheM taba bhI usakI AkAMkSAoM yA icchAoM kI pUrti sambhava nahIM hai| eka icchA yA vikalpa upasthita huA usakA abhI samAdhAna bhI nahIM huA ki dUsarA vikalpa uTha khar3A huaa| kabhI-kabhI paraspara virodhI vikalpoM yA icchAoM se vyakti ke mana meM saMgharSa kA aisA vAtAvaraNa upasthita ho jAtA hai ki manuSya svayaM se bhAgane lagatA hai, yaha eka atyanta duHkhada sthiti hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se vyakti apramatta cetA ho jAtA hai| sAMsArika upalabdhiyoM kI nazvaratA ko jAnakara unake prati usakA lagAva kama hone lagatA hai| vyakti kI viveka zakti jaga jAtI hai| vaha niyaMtrita evaM saMyamita jIvana jIne meM vizvAsa karane laga jAtA hai| usakA mana vikalpoM ke dvandva meM bhaTakanA banda kara detA hai| usakI yaha avasthA dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie upayukta bhUmikA prastuta kara detI hai, kyoMki vaha apane mana ko eka vicArabindu para sthira kara sakatA hai| jaba kisI vyakti kA mana kisI eka vastu para kendrita ho jAtA hai to vaha dhyAna kahalAtA hai| AcArya umAsvAti tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki mana ke cintana kA eka hI vastu para avasthAna yA kendrita karanA dhyAna hai| mAnava mana bahuta adhikaM caMcala hai| vaha kabhI bhI eka sthAna para nahIM Tika

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 49 pAtA hai| mAnava-mana kI yaha caMcalatA hI manuSya ke duHkhoM kA kAraNa banatI hai| vyakti sadaiva yahI vicAra karatA rahatA hai ki sArI duniyA~ usI ke cAroM tarapha AkarSita ho, sabhI usI ke manonukUla AcaraNa kreN| sabhI paristhitiyA~ usake mana ke anusAra ghaTita hoN| lekina yaha sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti isa dizA meM aura adhika prayatna karanA prArambha kara detA hai| usake usa prayatna ke pariNAma usakI tRSNA ko nirantara bar3hAte rahate haiM, jo usake duHkha kA kAraNa banate haiN| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se vyakti apanI isa bhUla ko samajhatA hai| vaha yaha vicAra karatA hai ki jaba maiM svayaM aisA cAhatA hU~, merA svayaM kA mana aisA cAhatA hai, to dUsarA aisA kyoM nahIM caahegaa| jaise hI usake mana meM yaha bhAva jagatA hai, vaha tRSNArUpI vikalpoM ke mithyAtva se avagata ho jAtA hai| aba usake mana meM eka hI bAta kauMdhatI hai, vaha hai svayaM ko sudhArane kii| jaba vaha isa avasthA meM A jAtA hai to usake mana meM calane vAlI bahumukhI cintana kI dhArA eka ora pravAhita hone lagatI hai| isa kAraNa vyakti aneka cittatA se dUra haTakara eka citta meM sthita ho jAtA hai aura yahI dhyAna hai| bauddha-paramparA meM dhyAna ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kisI viSaya para citta ko sthira kara cintana karanA hI dhyAna hai|' bhAratIya saMskRti meM dhyAna aisI sAdhanA hai jo vyakti ke antara kA zodhana karatI hai| isake abhyAsa se vyakti vRttiyoM, vikalpoM se mukta hokara eka-cittatA kI sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| vyakti apane kSudra svArthoM aura rAga-dveSa kI pravRtti ko kama karake samAja meM eka suvyavasthA kI nIMva DAla sakatA hai| usakI yaha pravRtti use to sukha aura zAnti kA vAtAvaraNa upalabdha karAtI hI hai sAtha hI sAtha samAja ke sabhI prANiyoM ko bhI isa dizA meM vikAsa karane kA avasara pradAna karAtI hai| dhyAna se vyakti vinamra ho jAtA hai, usameM svArtha, abhimAna evaM dInatA kA dhIre-dhIre abhAva hotA jAtA hai aura maitrI, svAbhimAna, sahRdayatA jhalakane lagatI hai| dhyAna kI niyamita sAdhanA cintana aura vyavahAra kI dUrI sadA ke lie samApta kara detI hai| Aja AcaraNa evaM AsthA ke bIca jo khAI bana gaI hai usakA sahI nidAna dhyAna hai| dhyAna evaM vaidika paramparA vaidika vAGmaya meM veda aura upaniSad ati prAcIna haiN| inameM yoga, dhyAna, sAdhanA, viSayaka vicAra sthAna-sthAna para milate haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM dhyAnaviSayaka sAdhanA kA ullekha yoga ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki yoga praNAlI hI sarvAdhika pracalita praNAlI thii| yoga-sAdhanA maMtrayoga, layayoga, haThayoga, rAjayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga Adi apane vividha rUpoM meM pracalita rahI haiN| vaidika

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50 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 vAGmaya meM vedoM ko bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai| yajurveda meM yoga ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki mokSa kI icchA rakhane vAle hama (yogI) loga zuddha mana (zuddhAntaHkaraNa) se yogaphala ke dvArA prakAzamaya AnandasvarUpa ananta aizvarya meM sthita hote haiN| yahA~ yoga sAdhanA yogI kI AdhyAtmika vRtti kA pariNAma hai| yogIjana yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA mukti yA mokSa-patha para agrasara hote haiM aura paramasukha ko prApta karate haiN| yaha yoga athavA dhyAna sAdhanA kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| bAda meM aupaniSadika sAhitya meM dhyAna para vistRta cintana huA aura yoga kA Atmaparaka athavA adhyAtmaparaka vivecana bhI kiyA gyaa| ise Atma-jyoti, brahma-svarUpa, Atma-darzana ko prApta karAne vAlA kAraka mAnA gyaa| viSNu-purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki Atma-jyoti ke darzana ke lie sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jaba sAdhanA samAdhi kI ora agrasara hotI hai taba dhyAna anivArya ho jAtA hai| samAdhi kI prApti meM dhyAna pramukha hai| dhyAna kI anubhUti se hI Atma-svarUpa pragaTa hotA hai aura dhyAna sAdhanA indriyoM kI bAhya pravRttiyoM se nahIM hotI varan antarmukhI vRtti se hotI hai| antarmukhI vRtti vyakti ko rAgAdi pravRttiyoM se mukta karatI hai, phalataH sAdhaka bhAvarahita hokara apane sAdhanA patha para Age bar3hatA jAtA hai aura anta meM brahmasvarUpa ho jAtA hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yoga-vidyA kA pAlana karake hI naciketA rAgAdi se alipta hokara tathA mRtyu ke bhaya se rahita hokara brahma ko prApta huaa| upaniSad-yuga meM Atma-sattA kI dhvani adhika guMjarita rhii| AtmA jJeya hai, karma-bandhanoM ke tor3ane kA kArya jJAna karatA hai, janma-mRtyu cakra, saMkalpavikalpoM ko kSINa karanA manuSya kA dhyeya banA jAtA hai| lekina sampUrNa traikAlika jJAna kI prApti dhyAna karane se hotI hai| dhyAna se prApta phalazruti zArIrika svasthatA kA prathama sopAna hai| kyoMki svastha tana meM hI svastha mana rahatA hai| dhyAna se zarIra niroga rahatA hai| vaha halakA, vikAra, vAsanAoM se anAsakta, saurabhayukta, prakAzavAn ho jAtA hai| mana kI malinatA dUra hone lagatI hai| vyakti madhura vANI kA prayoga karane lagatA hai aura madhuratA kI anubhUti bhI karatA hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se manuSya kI smRti kA vikAsa hotA hai| yaha vyakti meM zubhavRttiyoM ko jagAtI hai jisase sAdhaka Asakti, kAmanA, krodha jaisI duSpravRttiyoM se apane ko bacAkara rakhatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai - viSayoM kA cintana karane vAle puruSa kI una viSayoM meM Asakti ho jAtI hai aura Asakti se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai aura kAmanA se krodha utpanna hotA hai, krodha se sammoha utpanna hotA hai, sammoha se smRti bhramita ho jAtI hai aura smRti-bhrama se buddhi kA nAza ho jAtA hai| buddhihIna vyakti ko sabhI taraha ke

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 51 anarthoM kI jar3a mAnA gayA hai| ataH buddhi evaM saMyama kI rakSA ke lie vyakti ko dhyAna kI sAdhanA avazya karanI caahie| vaidika-paramparA meM yoga-viSayaka avadhAraNA kA vikAsa aura vistAra dArzanika yuga meM adhika huaa| isa yuga meM yoga athavA dhyAna mAtra adhyAtma vidyA na rahakara eka vyAvahArika siddhAnta ke rUpa meM jAnA jAne lgaa| yoga sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bahupracArita karane kA pramukha zreya maharSi pataJjali ko jAtA hai| inhoMne ise siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava jIvana ke vyAvahArika upayoga kI eka vidhA banA diyaa| unhoMne citta aura vRtti ke antara ko spaSTa kiyA aura cittavRttinirodha ko dhyeya siddha kiyaa| citta meM asaMkhya vRttiyoM kA udaya hotA rahatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ina vRttiyoM kA nirodha yA zamana nahIM karatA hai taba taka vaha apane svasvarUpa meM sthita nahIM ho pAtA hai| jaise hI ina vRttiyoM kA nirodha hotA hai vaha apane sva-svarUpa meM sthita ho jAtA hai| unhoMne yogazAstra meM kriyAyoga (aSTAGga yoga) kA mArga spaSTa kiyaa| kriyAyoga ke antargata tapa, svAdhyAya aura Izvara-praNidhAna kA samAveza kiyaa| svadharma pAlana hetu zArIrika-mAnasika kaSToM ko saharSa svIkAra karanA, karttavya-akarttavya bodha karAne vAle sAhitya kA paThana-pAThana evaM svayaM ko Izvara ke adhIna samarpita kara denA yoga ke kriyApakSa kA vyAvahArika mArganirdeza hai| pAtaJjala-yoga-darzana meM aSTAGga yoga kA vahI sthAna hai jo zarIra meM AtmA kaa| isake binA pAtaJjala-yoga-darzana kI parikalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| pataJjali kA sampUrNa darzana isI aSTAGga yoga meM nihita hai| usake bahiraMga aura antaraMga ye do bheda kie gae haiN| antaraMga yoga meM dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi kA samAveza hai| jabaki bahiraMga ke antargata yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma evaM IzvarapraNidhAna ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| ina bahiraMga aura antaraMga sAdhanoM ko apanAkara sAdhaka klezoM ko sarvathA nAza karake samasta prakAra kI cittavRttiyoM se mukta ho sakatA hai| isake lie sAdhaka ko vairAgyavRtti evaM abhyAsa kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| kyoMki vairAgya ke kAraNa sAdhaka ke mana meM saMyamavRtti-utpanna hotI hai| phalasvasthapa usakA mana saMsAra meM bhramaNa nahIM karatA hai tathA abhyAsa se AdhyAtmika pravRtti vikasita hotI hai aura sAdhaka antaraMga meM praveza karatA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai mana ko aneka bAra sthira karanA abhyAsa hai aura sAMsArika mAyA-moha ke viSayoM meM pravRtta na honA vairAgya hai| yoga-sAdhanA meM dhyAtA jaba ramaNa karatA hai, taba mana kI samasta prakriyA upazamita hone lagatI hai| abhyAsa aura vairAgya se mana zAnta aura upazAnta ho jAtA hai| viSayoM se virakti hone lagatI hai aura nirviSayoM meM pravRtti ho jAtI hai| vastutaH

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zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 dhyAna kA yahI parama dhyeya hai| maharSi kapila dhyAna ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki jaba vyakti kA mana nirviSayoM meM pravRtta ho jAya, to vahI dhyAna hai| mana ko nirviSayoM meM pravRtta karAne meM dhyAna kA bahuta adhika yogadAna mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki sAdhaka ke mana meM ananta kAla se par3I huI sthUla vRttiyoM ko jaba taka sUkSma nahIM kiyA jAyagA taba taka nirbIja samAdhi kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se sthUla vRttiyoM ko sUkSma banAyA jAtA hai, taba unakA nAza kiyA jAtA hai / 14 jaba ye vRttiyA~ naSTa ho jAtI haiM taba nirbIja samAdhi jo ki sAdhanA kA parama dhyeya hai prApta kara liyA jAtA hai| 52 : dhyAna evaM jaina- paramparA jaina dharmadarzana kI sAdhanA kA kendrabindu hai AtmA / Atmatattva kI anubhUti AtmajJAna va AtmalInatA, yahI isa sAdhanA kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| isa lakSya kI ora gatimAna hone ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti zarIra va mana se apanA tAdAtmya nyUna karate hue antataH AtmA meM hI pratiSThita ho jaae| isake lie dhyAna kI sAdhanA paramAvazyaka hai kyoMki yahI dhyAna manuSya ko karmAvaraNa se mukta karatA hai aura karmAvaraNa se mukta hue binA AtmA meM pratiSThita ho pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra parama tapasvI the| apanI kaThora dhyAna sAdhanA ke bala para hI unhoMne granthiyoM kA bhedana kiyA, vItarAgatA kI avasthA ko prApta kara kaivalya jJAna se mukta hue| jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna ko bahuta adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / dravya saMgraha meM isakI upayogitA para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai ki niyamapUrvaka dhyAna se muni nizcaya va vyavahAra donoM prakAra ke mokSa mArga ko pAtA hai| isalie ekAgracitta se dhyAna karanA caahie| dhyAna ke dvArA AtmA kI anubhUti ho sakatI hai| 15 ataH dhyAna AtmAnubhUti meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai bazarte isakI nirantara evaM niyamapUrvaka sAdhanA kI jaae| - AtmAnubhUti ke lie cAritrazuddhi Avazyaka hai aura cAritrazuddhi ke lie saMyama anivArya hai| ina donoM kI prApti dhyAnAbhyAsa ke dvArA sambhava hai / rAga-dveSa, viSayAsakti manuSya ko apane patha se skhalita karAte haiN| lekina dhyAna-sAdhanA meM ta sAdhaka iSTa-aniSTa viSayoM ke rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita ho jAtA hai, isalie usake jahA~ navIna karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha hai vahA~ usa dhyAna se uddIpta tapa ke prabhAva se pUrva saMcita karmoM kA bhI kSaya hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki saMvara aura nirjarArUpI karmakSaya kI prakriyA dhyAna-sAdhanA ke kAraNa pravAhamAna rahatI hai| isa prakAra sAdhaka mokSarUpI mArga para nirantara bar3hatA jAtA hai aura anta meM ise prApta bhI kara letA hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se sAdhaka aisA kyoM kara letA hai isa sambandha meM

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 53 AcArya umAsvAti kA kahanA hai ki mana ko anya viSayoM se haTAkara kisI eka hI vastu meM niyantrita karanA dhyAna hai / " mana kI caMcalatA hI vyakti ko apane uddezya se bhaTakAtI rahatI hai| jaba usakI caMcalatA ko samApta kara use usake uddezya kI tarapha mor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai to yaha vikalpoM se rahita hokara apane lakSya ko prApta kara lenA cAhatA hai| jahA~ taka, jaina sAdhanA ke lakSya kI bAta hai to vaha AtmAnubhUti hI hai| prAyaH cintana karane kI vidhi ko dhyAna karanA samajha liyA jAtA hai, parantu dhyAna aura cintana meM antara hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna kA artha cintana nahIM, balki cintana kA ekAgrIkaraNa karanA mAnA hai| Avazyaka niyukti meM citta ko kisI eka lakSya para sthira karanA yA usakA nirodha karanA hI dhyAna mAnA gayA hai / 17 vastutaH cintana kI prakriyA meM mana kisI eka sthAna para sthira nahIM rahatA hai, jabaki dhyAna kI prakriyA meM mana kI bahumukhI cintanadhArA ko eka hI dizA meM pravAhita hone diyA jAtA hai| isa kAraNa sAdhaka anekacittatA se mukta hokara eka citta meM sthira hotA hai / tattvAnuzAsana meM kahA bhI gayA hai ki citta ko viSaya vizeSa para kendrita kara lenA hI dhyAna hai|" eka citta meM sthira rahane vAlA vyakti karmoM kA alpa saMgraha karatA hai, bAda meM jaba vaha susthira citta vAlA bana jAtA hai to karmoM kA kSaya karane lagatA hai| karmoM kA kSaya karane se vaha malina vRttiyoM ko kramazaH nAza karate jAtA hai aura antataH AtmAnubhUti kI avasthA meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| yogasAra prAbhRta meM AcArya amitagati dhyAna ke lakSaNa para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM AtmasvarUpa kA prarUpaka ratnatrayamaya dhyAna kisI eka hI vastu meM citta ko sthira karane vAle sAdhu ko hotA hai, jo usake karmoM ko kSaya karatA hai| 19 - 0 jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kI prakRti ke anusAra isake do bheda kie gae haiM - (ka) prazasta dhyAna aura (kha) aprazasta dhyAna / jo zubha pariNAmoM ke lie tathA vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa- cintana se utpanna hotA hai vaha prazasta dhyAna kahalAtA hai| yaha dhyAna puNyarUpa Azaya ke vaza se tathA zubhalezyA ke Alambana se utpanna hotA hai| azubha pariNAmoM kI pUrti hetu, moha- mithyAtvakaSAya aura tattvoM ke ayathArtha rUpa vibhrama se utpanna dhyAna aprazasta kI koTi meM AtA hai| prazasta dhyAna mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka mAnA jAtA hai| isakI sAdhanA se manuSya AtmAnubhUti ke rahasya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| yaha manuSya ke mana meM utpanna hone vAlI kaSAyika vRtti ko naSTa karatI hai aura vyakti ko rAga-dveSa rUpI mithyAtva ke bandhana se mukta karatI hai| yahI dhyAna kA utsa mAnA gayA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA meM dhyAna ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai "rAga-dveSa tathA mithyAtva se rahita www

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54 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 hokara padArtha kI yathArthatA ko grahaNa karane vAlA jo viSayAntara ke saMcAra se rahita jJAna hotA hai vahI dhyAna hai / isIlie mumukSu avasthA kI prApti hetu sAdhakoM ke lie prazasta dhyAna kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| prazasta aura aprazasta donoM dhyAnoM ke do-do upavibhAga kiye gae haiN| prazasta ke do upabheda - dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna tathA aprazasta ke do upabheda - - Arta aura raudradhyAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN|22 ArttadhyAna duHkha ke nimitta se hotA hai jabaki raudradhyAna kaTila bhAvoM ke cintana se prArambha hotA hai| ye donoM hI bhAva rAga-dveSa ko bar3hAne vAle mAne gae haiN| ataH inheM dhyAna kI zreNI meM na rakhakara kudhyAna ke antargata sthAna diyA gayA hai, kyoMki dhyAna kI sAdhanA rAga-dveSa se mukti pAne ke lie kI jAtI hai| ataH mokSAbhilASI sAdhaka ko ina donoM dhyAnoM se virata rahanA caahie| prazasta kI sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka sAMsArika viSaya vAsanAoM se apane Apako mukta rakhatA hai, kyoMki isa dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie jo Alambana grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usakA svarUpa hI aisA hotA hai ki ve vyakti ke mana meM utpanna hone vAlI dUSita vRttiyoM ko naSTa karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa - dharmadhyAna zruta, cAritra evaM dharma se yukta dhyAna hai23 jabaki zukladhyAna niSkriya, indriyAtIta aura dhyAna kI dhAraNA se rahita avasthA hai| vastutaH dhyAna kI sAdhanA kA prayojana hI yahI hai ki sAdhaka samasta prakAra kI vRttiyoM se mukta hokara darzana, jJAna, cAritra rUpI mArga kA Azraya le, jo use mokSa yA nirvANa prApta karA ske| yaha avasthA Agamokta vidhi se vacana, kAya aura citta nirodha ke dvArA hI prApta kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki yahI dhyAna hai| isa avasthA kI prApti dharma evaM zukla dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke dvArA sambhava hai| dhyAna evaM bauddha paramparA bauddha paramparA meM dhyAna kA eka vyavasthita svarUpa milatA hai| isakI sahAyatA se vyakti apane citta ko zuddha karatA hai tathA kuzala dharma ko bar3hAtA hai| vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki bauddha dhyAna - sAdhanA, vaidika evaM jaina-paramparA kI taraha kaThora nahIM hai, parantu vaha yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki mahAtmA buddha eka mahAn sAdhaka the| unakA jIvana kaThinatama sAdhanAoM ke abhyAsa kA jvalanta udAharaNa hai jisakA sAkSI bauddha sAhitya meM varNita buddha kI tapazcaryA kA vivaraNa hai| yadyapi bhagavAn buddha svayaM mahAn sAdhaka the, parantu ve kaThora aura ugra sAdhanA arthAt dehadaNDana kI prakriyA ko nirvANa-prApti meM upayogI nahIM mAnate the| isake pIche unakI yaha dhAraNA thI ki manuSya ajJAnamUlaka deha-daNDana kI apekSA jJAna-yukta dhyAnasAdhanA ke abhyAsa se hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai jo apekSAkRta kama kaThora

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 55 aura ugra hotI hai / bauddha dhyAna sAdhanA ke sambandha meM DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai "yadyapi buddha ne kaThora tapazcaryA kI AlocanA kI, phira bhI yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki bauddha zramaNoM kA anuzAsana kisI bhI brAhmaNa grantha meM varNita anuzAsana (tapazcaryA) se kama kaThora nahIM hai| yadyapi buddha saiddhAntika dRSTi se tapazcaryA ke abhAva meM bhI nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnate haiM, tathApi vyavahAra meM tapa unake anusAra Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / " 26 DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana kA yaha kathana bauddha sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna ke mahattva kA paricAyaka hai| -- jahA~ taka bauddha sAdhanA ke digdarzana kA prazna hai to yaha zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ina trividha sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| inhIM trividha sAdhanA mArga meM sampUrNa bauddha sAdhanA ko samAhita mAnA gayA hai| zIla, dhyAnAbhyAsa kA AdhAra hai kyoMki zIla meM pratiSThita hone para hI samAdhi kI bhAvanA sambhava hai / 27 isakI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zIla meM pratiSThA ke binA kulaputroM kA bauddha zAsana meM praveza nahIM ho sakatA hai| 28 bauddha zAsana meM praviSTa hone ke lie zIla kA AcaraNa paramAvazyaka hai, kyoMki usake binA samAdhi kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai aura samAdhi kuzalacitta kI ekAgratA hai| 29 kAma evaM akuzala dharmoM kA parityAga kie binA dhyAna athavA samAdhi ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAma ke parityAga se kAma-viveka evaM akuzala ke parityAga se citta - viveka kI utpatti hotI hai| isa kAraNa se hama apanI tRSNA evaM kleza ko samajha pAte haiN| hama yaha jAna lete haiM ki samasta anarthoM kI jar3a yahI tRSNA evaM kleza hai| hama jitanA adhika apanI tRSNA aura klezoM ke pIche bhAgeMge vaha utanI hI adhika tIvratA se apane saMhAraka rUpa meM hamAre samakSa upasthita hotI rhegii| yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki hama tRSNA ke saMhAraka rUpa ko nahIM samajha pAte haiM, phalataH hama nirantara unakI pUrti ke lie prayatnazIla rahate haiM aura sAMsArika duHkha sAgara meM DUbate-utarAte rahate haiN| sAdhaka apanI tRSNA aura kleza se mukta hone para samAdhi kI sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isake lie kAma - viveka evaM citta-viveka Avazyaka hai| kAma - vibreka kI sahAyatA se tRSNA ko tathA citta-viveka se akuzala karma ke tyAga kI pravRtti kA vikAsa hotA hai| yaha akuzala parityAga kleza ko naSTa karatA hai| jaba vyakti kI tRSNA evaM kleza naSTa ho jAte haiM to vyakti apane capala - bhAva evaM avidyA kA vinAza karatA hai| vyakti ke capala bhAva evaM avidyA kA mUla kAraNa usakI rAga-dveSAtmaka pravRtti ko mAnA gayA hai| akuzala parityAga kI sahAyatA se vyakti rAga-dveSa ko alpatama kara letA hai aura moha kI avasthA se virata hokara jIvana jInA prArambha karatA hai| mohavirata vyakti apane capala - bhAva ko saMyamapUrvaka kama

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56 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 karatA jAtA hai, ekAgracitta se kuzala karmoM kA Azraya lekara samAdhi bhAva ko prApta karatA hai| paJcaskandhoM (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra evaM vijJAna) kA kSaNa-kSaNa utpAdana evaM vinAza hotA rahatA hai| utpAdana aura vinAza kI yaha prakriyA manuSya ke duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai| yahI kleza ko utpanna karate haiM aura ye kleza dUSita santati paramparA ke janaka mAne gae haiN| isa dUSita santati paramparA ke avaguNoM ko jAnanA evaM unase bacane ke upAyoM kA cintana karanA hI prajJA hai, yahI vipazyanA hai| ise jAna lene para sAdhaka yaha samajha letA hai ki yaha sAsrava dharma duHkha hai| vaha klezarUpa santati paramparA ke doSoM se mukta hone ke lie prayatnazIla ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha nirantara samyak jJAna kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura antataH arhat pada ko prApta kara letA hai| arhat pada hI bauddha paramparA meM parama dhyeya hai aura vastutaH dhyAna sAdhanA kA yahI pUrNa AdhyAtmika lakSya mAnA jA sakatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi, vimukti, zamatha, bhAvanA, vizuddhi, vipazyanA, adhicitta, yoga, kammaTThANa, pradhAna, nimitta, Arambha lakkhaNa jaise zabda dhyAna ke liye prayukta kiye gae haiN| yahA~ hama pAte haiM ki samAdhi aura dhyAna donoM hI paryAyavAcI zabda haiM, yaha satya bhI lagatA hai / lekina bauddha paramparA meM donoM meM ghaniSTha sambandha hote hue bhI inameM sUkSma antara pAyA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki dhyAna kA parikSetra samAdhi kI apekSA kucha adhika vistRta hai| kAraNa samAdhi jahA~ mAtra kuzala karmoM se sambaddha hai, vahIM dhyAna kuzala evaM akuzala donoM prakAra ke bhAvoM ko grahaNa karatA hai|32 kSetra vistAra ke isa antara ke bAda bhI inheM pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki arhat pada kI prApti ke lie kuzala aura akuzala karmoM ke vibheda ko jAnakara karma paramparA se mukta huA jAtA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke karmoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie tathA inase mukta hone ke lie dhyAna evaM samAdhi donoM kA abhyAsa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM dhyAna ke mUlataH do bheda haiM.2 - (ka) Arambha upanijjhANa aura (kha) lakkhaNa upnijjhaann| Arambha-upanijjhANa Alambana para cintana karane vAlA dhyAna hai, jabaki lakkhaNa upanijjhANa meM lakSaNoM para cintana kiyA jAtA hai| Arambha upanijjhANa ATha prakAra kA hai - cAra rUpAvacara aura cAra aruupaavcr| ye sabhI laukika dhyAna ke antargata samAviSTa hote haiM, jisake mArga ko zamathayAna kahate haiN| lakkhaNa upanijjhANa lokottara dhyAna hai aura usakA mArga vipazyanAyAna ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| prathama ATha dhyAnoM se abhyAsa karake sAdhaka karma-saMskAroM ko nirjarita karatA hai, rAga-dveSa ko kSINa karatA hai phira bhI ati gahare karma-saMskAra ke bIja naSTa nahIM ho pAte haiN| ye kabhI bhI ubhara sakate haiM aura sAdhaka

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 57 ko usake sAdhanA mArga se girA sakate haiN| ataH inakA samUla nAza honA Avazyaka hai aura usake lie lokottara dhyAna kA abhyAsa Avazyaka hai| kyoMki inakA samUla rUpa se vinAza isI kI sAdhanA se sambhava hai| jaba sAdhaka ke sampUrNa karma-saMskAra naSTa ho jAte haiM, rAga-dveSa kI sampUrNa vRtti samApta ho jAtI hai taba vaha nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| bauddha mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI avasthA ko duHkhoM ke atyanta nirodha kI avasthA mAnA gayA hai| isa nirvANa ke lie prajJA meM pratiSThita honA Avazyaka hai aura prajA meM pratiSThita hone ke lie samAdhi, samyak samAdhi kA paripuSTa honA anivArya hai| inakI paripuSTi hetu zIla sampanna honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha paramparA meM dhyAna sAdhanA krama-baddha, vyavasthita evaM saMyojita hai / sAdhaka nirantara sthUla se sUkSma kI ora gati karatA hai aura anta meM lokottara dhyAna meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai| tathAgata dvArA pravartita yaha kathana dhyAna kI parAkASThA ko citrita karatA hai jo anukaraNIya evaM draSTavya hai| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika, jaina aura bauddha ina tInoM paramparAoM meM dhyAna ke sandarbha meM samucita cintana milatA hai| tInoM ne hI eka svara se isakI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai tathA ise nirvANa, mokSa, kaivalya prApti kA eka sabala sAdhana mAnA hai| yadyapi ina tInoM paramparAoM kI AdhyAtmika cintanadhArA meM tIna tattvoM ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai phira bhI dhyAna ko eka viziSTa sthAna diyA gayA hai| jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM karma, jJAna evaM bhakti kI tripuTI para bala diyA gayA hai, vahIM jainoM ne samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, evaM samyagcAritra ko pramukhatA dI hai evaM bauddhoM ne isa hetu zIla, samAdhi evaM prajJA ko mahattva diyA hai| vastutaH ye tInoM tattva hI mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana mAne gae, lekina ina trividha sAdhanA mArga meM vahI sAdhaka saphala ho pAtA hai jo dhyAna kI samyak sAdhanA karatA hai| sandarbha 1. yogshcittvRttinirodhH| yogasUtra (pataJjali kRta), TIkA harikRSNadAsa goyanakA, gItApresa, gorakhapura, dvitIya saMskaraNa, saMvat 2011, 1/2 2. ekaagrcintaanirodhodhyaanm| tattvArthasUtra, vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976, 9/27 3. samantapAsAdikA, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, 1964, khaNDa 1, pR0 145-146 4. yuktena manasA vayaM devasya savituH ste| svAya shktyaa|| yajurveda, dayAnaMda saMsthAna, naI dillI, 34/44

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58 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 5. tasyaiva kalpanAhInasvarUpaM grahaNaM hi yat / manasAdhyAnaniSpAdyaM samAdhi: so'bhidhIyate / / viSNu purANa, 6/7/92, anu0 zrI munilAla gupta, gItApresa, gorakhapura, saMvat 2024 6. na tatra ckssurgcchti| kenopaniSad, aSTAdaza upaniSad, vaidika saMzodhana maMDala pUnA, 1958, 1/3 7. mRtyuproktAM naciketo'yaM labdhvA vidyAmetAM yogavidhiM ca kRtsnam / brahmaprApto virajo'bhUdvimRyyuM ranyo'pyevaM yo vidadhAtmameva / / kaThopaniSad, saccidAnaMda sarasvatI, adhyAtma prakAzana kAryAlaya, narasIpura (maisUra), 2/3/18 8. hRdA manISA manasA'bhiklapto... ... / zvetAzvatara upaniSada, uddhRta aSTAdaza upaniSada, 2/13 gItA, zrI vidyAnaMda graMthamAlA, kAzI, 2/62-63 10. tadA draSTuH svruupe'vsthaanm| pAtaJjala yogadarzana - goyanakA, 1/3 11. abhyAsa-vairAgyAbhyAM tnnirodhH| vahI, 1/19 12. abhyAsena tu kaunteya vairAgyeNa ca gRhyte| gItA, 6/35 13. dhyAne nirviSayaM mnH| sAMkhyadarzana, saMpA0 paM0 janArdana zAstrI pANDeya, bhAratamanISA, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2021, 6/23 14. dhyaanheyaastvRttyH| pAtaMjala yogadarzana, goyanakA, 2/11 15. duvihaM pi mokkhaheuM jjhANe pAuNadi jaM muNI NiyAmA / tamhA payattacittA jUyaM jhANaM samabbhasaha / / dravyasaMgraha, anu0 paM0 manoharalAla zAstrI, paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa, 1919, 47 16. tattvArthasUtra, saMghavI, 1/27 17. jIvasya egagge jogAbhinivesso jhaannN...| Avazyaka niyukti, RSabhadeva jI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929, 81 18. ekAgra-cintA-rodho yaH parispanadena vrjitH| tddhyaanN...|| tattvAnuzAsana, vIrasevA mandira TrasTa prakAzana, dillI, 1963,56 19. ratnatrayamayaM dhyAnamAtmarUpa prarUpakam / ananyagata-cittasya vidyatte karma-saMkSayam // yogasAraprAbhRta, vItarAga sat sAhitya prakAzana TrasTa, bhAvanagara, saMvat 2034, 6/7 20. ...dhyAnamaprazasta-prazastabhedena dvividhN| cAritrasAra, uddhRta jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 2, pR0 495, 167/2

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna : 59 22. 21. rAgadveSamithyAtvAsaMzliSTajJAnaM dhyaanmityucyte| bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, anu0 paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1978, 21, pR0 44 cattAri jhANA paNNattA, taM jahA aTTejhANe, roddajhANe, dhammejhANe, sukkejhaanne| sthAnAGgasUtra, pradhAna saMpA0 muni zrI madhukara, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1981, 21, pR0 44 aartraudrdhrmshuklaani| tattvArthasUtra, 9/29 23. sthAnAGgasUtra, sampAdaka madhukara muni, 4/247 24. niSkriya karuNAtItaM dhyaandhaarnnvrjitm| jJAnArNava, anu0 bAlacanda zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1977, 39/41 25. tattvArthasUtra bhASya (haribhadrasUri), RSabhadeva jI kezarImala jI, jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1936, adhyAya 9, pR0 487 26. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, bhAga-1, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, jaoNrja ailena aiNDa anvina, landana, pR0 436 27. visuddhimaggo, prathama bhAga, saMpAdaka paM0 badrInAtha zukla, pAli granthamAlA, vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, 1961, 1/36 28. sAsane kulaputtAnaM patiTThAnitya yaM binaa| vahI, 1/23 29. cittaikAgatA lakSaNa: smaadhiH| bodhicaryAvatAra, prakA0 zrI parazurAma vaidya, bauddha saMskRta grantha, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1960, 8/4 paMjikA para 30. vipazyanA tathAbhUtaparijJAnasvabhAvA prjnyaa| vahI, 8/4 31. vipazyanA da buddhisTa ve, saMpA0 DaoN0 haracaraNa siMha sovaTI, IsTarna buka liMkarsa dillI, 1912, pR0 1-2 32. bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, le0 DaoN0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara', Aloka prakAzana, nAgapura, 1912, pR0 281 33. visuddhimagga (khandaniddeza), bhAga-2, saMpA0 dharmAnaMda kosAmbI, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha (banArasa), 1943, pR0 104-111 34. te jhAyino sAtatikA niccaM daladha pakhakamA / phusanti dhIrA nibbANaM yogakkhemaM anuttaraM / / dhammapada, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, 1937, 2/3 * pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI la

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zramaNa dhUmAvalI-prakaraNam anuvAda kI : sAdhvI atulaprabhA AcArya haribhadra dvArA racita vipula sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA bhI hai jo vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai kintu unakA yaha anupalabdha sAhitya pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gayA yaha kahanA samucita nahIM hogaa| abhI aneka graMtha-bhaNDAroM kA sarvekSaNa nahIM ho pAyA hai aura yaha sambhAvanAe~ banI huI haiM ki ina graMtha-bhaNDAroM ke sarvekSaNa se unakA kucha anupalabdha sAhitya upalabdha ho jaae| haribhadra kA dhUmAvalI prakaraNa bhI eka aisA hI graMtha hai jo abhI taka ajJAta hI thaa| AcArya haribhadra ne jinabhavana nirmANa, jinamUrti pratiSThA aura jinamUrti pUjA ke sambandha meM bhI aneka graMthoM yathA - aSTakoM, SoDazakoM, viMzikAoM aura paMcAzakoM meM vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| prastuta dhUmAvalI-prakaraNa bhI jinapUjA se sambandhita hai| isameM jina pratimAoM kI kRti dhUpa ko samarpita karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kre| grantha ke anta meM bhavaviraha kA honA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki yaha yAkinIsUna AcArya haribhadra kI hI racanA hai, kyoMki unhoMne apanI racanAoM ke anta meM pahacAna ke lie bhavaviraha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki haribhadra kA eka nAma 'bhavaviraha svAmI bhI ho gayA thA kyoMki ve apane bhaktoM ko AzIrvAda ke rUpa meM 'bhavaviraha prApta ho' aisA kahate the| prastuta racanA ke aMta meM bhI bhavaviraha zabda kA prayoga hai| isase mAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha racanA AcArya haribhadra kI hI hai| prastuta kRti ke prArambha meM arhantoM, siddhoM aura muniyoM ko samarpita 'yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kare' yaha bhAvanA vyakta kI gayI hai| isake sAtha hI isameM triloka meM sthita zAzvata jina pratimAoM kA ullekha huA hai| kRti kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdhu, tapasvI evaM sevA-bhAvI vyaktiyoM ko bhI dhUpa samarpaNa karate hue yahI kahA gayA hai ki 'yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kreN| arhanta evaM siddha ke atirikta inheM bhI dhUpa samarpita karane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki inheM bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| kRti ke anta meM AcArya ne bhAvasugandharUpa paramadhUpa ke dvArA abhisaMstuta tIrthaGkara aura siddha-pramukhoM se bhavaviraha arthAt mukti pradAna karane kI kAmanA kii|

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= dhUmAvalI prakaraNa : 61 asuriMdasuriMdANaM vijjAhariyasurANaM muNiyaparamatthavitthara - vigiTThavivihatavasosiyaMgANaM / siddhivahunibbharukkaMThiyANa jogIsarANaM ca / / 2 / / je pujjA bhagavaMto titthayarA rAgadosatamarahiyA / viNayapaNaeNa tesiM samuddhao me imo dhUo // 3 // = asuriMdasuriMdANaM = asurendra surendra ko; kinnaragaMdhavvacaMdasUrANaM = kinnara, gaMdharva, candra, sUrya ko; vijjAhariyasurANaM = vidyAdhara deva ko; sajogasiddhANa sayogI kevalI; siddhANaM siddha bhagavantoM ko; muNiyaparamatthavitthara = vistRta paramArtha ke jJAtA; vigiTTha vikRSTa, utkRSTa, vivihatava vividha tapa; sosiyaMgANaM zoSita aMgoM vAle; ca = aura siddhivahu siddha vadhu; nibbharu = bharapUra; ukkaMThiyANa = utkaMThita hRdaya vAle; jogIsarANaM = yogIzvaroM ko; je pujjA bhagavaMto titthayarA jo pUjya tIrthaGkara bhagavaMta haiM; rAgadosatamarahiyA rAga-dveSa rUpI aMdhakAra se rahita; tesiM = unako; viNayapaNaeNa = vinayayukta hokara namaskAra karatA hU~; imo samuddhuo me dhUo = yaha dhUpa merA uddhAra kare / 'dhUmAvalI' - prakaraNam kinnaragaMdhavvacaMdasUrANaM / sajogasiddhANa siddhANaM / / 1 / / == anuvAda : asurendra, surendra, kinnara, gaMdharva, candra, sUrya, vidyAdhara deva sayogI kevalI tathA siddha bhagavaMtoM ko isI prakAra vistRta paramArtha ke jJAtA, utkRSTa vividha tapoM se zoSita aMgoM vAle, siddhi rUpI vadhu ko prApta karane meM bhakti se bharapUra utkaMThita hRdaya vAle muni yogIzvaroM ko tathA rAgadveSarUpI andhakAra se rahita jo pUjya tIrthaGkara bhagavaMta haiM, unako maiM vinayayukta hokara namaskAra karatA huuN| yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kare / / 1-3 / / titthaMkarapaDimANaM kaMcaNamaNirayaNaviddumamayANaM / tihuaNavibhUsagANaM sAsaya- suravarakayANaM ca // 4 // camarabalippamuhANaM bhavaNavaINaM vicittabhavaNesu / jAo ya aholoe jiNiMdacaMdANa paDimAo / / 5 / / jAo ya tiriyaloe kinnarakiMpurisabhUminayaresu / gaMdhavvamahoragajakkhabhUya taha (ya) rakkhasANaM ca / / 6 / / jAo ya dIvapavvaya - vijjAharapavarasiddhabhavaNesu / caMdasUragaharikkha-tAragANaM taha vimA / / 7 / / =

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62 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 titthaMkarapaDimANaM = tIrthaGkara pratimAoM ko; kaMcaNamaNirayaNaviddumamayANaM = kaMcanamaya, maNimaya, ratnamaya, mUMgAmaya; suravarakayANaM = zreSTha devoM dvArA racita (kRta); tihuaNavibhUsagANaM = tIna loka meM vibhUSita; sAsaya = zAzvata; vicittabhavaNesu = vicitra bhavanoM meM; camarabalippamuhANaM = camarendrabali pramukha; bhavaNavaINaM = bhavanapati deva ko; jAo = jAnanA; ya = aura; aholoe = adholoka meM; jiNiMdacaMdANa paDimAo = candra ke samAna kAntimaya jinendra pratimAoM ko, jAo ya tiriyaloe = tiryak loka meM jo bhI; kinnarakiMpurisabhUminayaresu = kinnara kiMpuruSa bhUminagaroM meM; gaMdhavvamahoragajakkhabhUya = gaMdharva, mahoraga, yakSa, bhUta; taha = tathA; rakkhANaM ca = rAkSasoM ko; jAo ya = aura jAnanA; dIvapavvaya = dIpa parvata; vijjAharapavara = vidyAdhara parvata ke siddhabhavaNesu = zreSTha siddha bhavanoM meM; taha = tathA; caMdasaragaharikkhatAragANaM = candra, sUrya, graha, nakSatra, tAroM ke vimANesu = vimAnoM meN| anuvAda : Urdhvaloka meM zreSTha devatAoM dvArA nirmita tIna loka meM vibhUSita kaMcanamaya, maNimaya, ratnamaya, mUMgAmaya zAzvata jinapratimAoM ko, adholoka meM camarendrabalipramukha bhavanapati devoM ke vicitra bhavanoM meM sthita candra ke samAna kAntimaya jinendra pratimAoM ko tiryagloka meM kinnara, kiMpuruSa, gaMdharva, mahoraga, yakSa, bhUta, rAkSasa Adi vyantara devoM ke bhUmigata nagaroM meM aura isI prakAra dvIpa, parvata evaM vidyAdharoM ke zreSTha siddha-bhavanoM meM tathA candra, sUrya, graha, nakSatra, tAroM ke vimAnoM meM jo bhI jinapratimAe~ haiM - unheM samarpita yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kare / / 4-7 / / jAo ya uDDaloe sohammIsANavaravimANesu / jAo maNoharasaNaMkumAramAhiMdakappesu / / 8 / / jAo ya baMbhaloe-laMtayasukke tahA sahassAre / ANayapANayaAraNa-accuyakappesu jAo ya / / 9 / / jAo gevijjesuM jAo varajiyavejayaMtesu / taha ya jayaMtaparAji (yavimA) NasavvaTThasiddhesu / / 10 / / jAo ya uDDaloe = yAvat Urdhvaloka meM; sohammIsANavaravimANesu = saudharma, IzAna zreSTha vimAnoM meM; jAo = jAnA; manohara = sundara; saNaMkumAramAhiMdakappesu = sanatkumAra mAhendra kalpoM meM; jAo ya = yAvat; baMbhaloe-laMtayasukke = brahmadevaloka, lAtaMka devaloka, mahAzukradevaloka; tahA = tathA; sahassAre = sahasradevaloka; ANayapANayaAraNa = Anata devaloka, prAnata devaloka; accuyakappesu = acyuta devaloka ke kalpoM meM; jAo ya = yAvataH jAo = yAvataH gevijjesuM = graiveyakoM meM; jAo = jAnanA; varavijayavejayaMtesu = zreSTha vijaya

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dhUmAvalI-prakaraNa : 63 vaijayaMta meM; taha = tathA; jayaMtaparAjiya = jayaMta, aparAjita; vimANasavvaTThasiddhesu = sarvArthasiddha vimAnoM meN| anuvAda : Urdhvaloka meM saudharma devaloka, IzAna devaloka, sanatkumAra devaloka, mAhendra devaloka ke sundara zreSTha kalpoM meM tathA brahmaloka, lAtaMka devaloka, mahAzukra devaloka, sahasra devaloka, Anata devaloka, prAnata devaloka, acyuta devaloka ke kalpoM meM nava graiveyakoM meM tathA zreSTha vijaya, vaijayaMta, jayaMta, aparAjita tathA sarvArthasiddha nAmaka pA~ca anuttara vimAnoM meM jo bhI jina pratimAe~ haiM unheM samarpita yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kare / / 8-10 // siddhANa ya siyaghaNakamma-baMdhamukkANa paramanANINaM / AyariyA (Na taheva ya paM) cavihAyAranirayANaM / / 11 / / taha ya uvajjhAyANaM, sAhUNaM jhANajoganirayANaM / tavaso(su)siyasarIrANaM siddhivahUsaMgamaparANaM / / 12 / / suyadevayA vi paMkaya-puttha(ya) maNirayaNabhUsiyakarAe / veyAvaccagarANaM ya samuddhao me imo dhUo / / 13 / / siddhANa = siddha; siyaghaNakammabaMdhamukkANa = samasta ghanaghAtI karmoM ke bandhana se mukta; paramanANINaM = kevalajJAnI ko taheva = usI taraha; paMcavihAyAranirayANaM = paMcavidha AcAra ke pAlana meM nirata; Ayariya = AcArya bhagavaMtoM ko, taha ya = tathA aura; uvajjhAyANaM = upAdhyAya bhagavaMtoM ko; sAhUNaM = sAdhu bhagavaMtoM ko; jhANajoganirayANaM = dhyAna evaM yoga meM nirata; tavaso susiyasarIrANaM = tapa se zoSita zarIra vAle; siddhivahUsaMgamaparANaM = siddhavadhu ko prApta karane meM udyamazIla hai, suyadevayA vi = zrutadevatA bhI; paMkaya = paMkaja; putthama = pustaka; maNirayaNa bhUsiya karAe = maNiratnoM se bhUSita hAtha; veyAvaccagarANaM = sevA zuzrUSA karane vAle vaiyAvRtya deva bhI; me imo dhUo = yaha dhUpa merA; samuddhao = samuddhAra kre| anuvAda : samasta ghanaghAtI karmoM ke bandhana se mukta kevalajJAnI bhagavaMtoM ko, usI taraha paMcavidha AcAra ke pAlana meM nirata (tatpara) AcAryoM ko tathA upAdhyAyoM ko, dhyAna aura yoga meM jo sadaiva tallIna (nirata) haiM, tapa se jinakA zarIra sUkha gayA hai tathA siddha-vadhu ko prApta karane meM jo sadA udyamazIla haiM aise sAdhuoM ko maNiratnoM se vibhUSita komala kamaloM para sthita pustaka yukta zrutadevatA ko evaM jinazAsana kI sevA meM nirata zAsana devatA ko samarpita yaha dhUpa merA samuddhAra kare / / 11-13 //

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64 : zramaNa / janavarI-mArca/1996 evaM abhityA mo (me) bhAvasugaMdheNa paramadhUveNa / titthayarasiddha muhA savve vi kuNantu bhavavirahaM / / 14 / / evaM abhitthuyA = isa prakAra stuti; mo = mere dvArA; bhAva sugaMdheNa = bhAva sugaMdha se; paramadhUveNa = parama dhUpa se; titthayarasiddhapamuhA savve vi = tIrthaGkara siddha pramukha sabhI; me = mujhe; bhavavirahaM = bhava se virata; kuNantu = kare / anuvAda : isa prakAra mere dvArA tIrthaGkara, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdhu pramukha sabhI devI-devatAoM ko bhAvarUpI sugaMdhita dhUpa se kI gaI yaha stuti mujhe bhava (saMsAra) se mukta kare / / 14 / / (1) jAnavara mAratA hai jAnavara ko peTa kI khAtira / AdamI mAratA hai jAnavara ko jIbha kI khAtira / tIna kavitAyeM ( 3 ) per3a se tor3a liye (2) khela samajhakara cIMTI eka masala diyA hai tumane; niSkaruNA se jIvana eka miTA diyA hai tumane / gur3ahala ke phUla unhoMne; muskAte aura harSAta sundara jIvana kara diye samApta unhoMne / DaoN0 rameza kumAra tripAThI AcArya evaM adhyakSa, darzanazAstra-vibhAga, mahAtmA gA~dhI kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI

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zramaNa pustaka samIkSA pustaka : zabda-zabda vidyA kA sAgara, lekhaka : digambara jainAcArya 108 zrI vidyAsAgarajI mahArAja, mudraka : iNDiyana ArTa presa, naI dillI, pRSTha : 403, AkAra : DimAI (hArDa bAuNDa), mUlya : cintn-mn| digambara jainAcArya zrI vidyAsAgarajI mahArAja kI buddhi aura mana jahA~ eka ora tapa aura dArzanikatA se ota-prota hai, vahIM unakA hRdaya eka sahaja kavi-hRdaya hai| ve jaba bhI avasara milatA hai apane AdhyAtmika vicAroM aura anubhUtiyoM ko kAvyAtmaka abhivyakti pradAna karate haiN| "zabda-zabda vidyA kA sAgara" meM AcArya zrI kI pUrva prakAzita tIna kAvya racanAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| ye haiM - 'narmadA ke narama kaMkara', 'DUbo mata lagAo DubakI' aura 'totA kyoM rotaa| pahalI aura tIsarI kRtiyA~ ajamera se kramazaH varSa 1980 aura 1988 meM sarvaprathama prakAzita huI thIM aura dUsarI kRti kA prakAzana jabalapura se 1984 meM huA thA / aba ye tInoM kRtiyA~ eka hI jilda meM zabda-zabda vidyA kA sAgara meM saMgRhIta kara dI gaI haiM aura ise AcArya zrI kI parama ziSyA dRr3hamati mAtA jI ne 1915 meM dillI se mudrita karAyA hai| AcArya zrI kI sabhI kavitAe~ unakI sAdhanA aura AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyoM ko vANI pradAna karatI haiM aura unheM isI rUpa meM grahaNa bhI kiyA jAnA caahie| ve jahA~ eka ora jIvana kI gahanatama saccAiyoM ko citrita karatI haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora unake darzana aura vicAroM ko bhI udghATita karatI haiN| AcArya zrI eka tapasvI haiM aura eka pratibaddha tapasvI ke atirikta bhalA aura kauna mana ke vicalana ko samajha sakatA hai ? isIlie to ve kaha pAte haiM ki 'mana ko chor3o / binA matalaba / use / mata mAro ... mana kA zoSaNa / ulTA tanAva utpanna karatA hai kintu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zoSaNa kI bajAya mana kA anAvazyaka poSaNa kiyA jaae| poSaNa se to pramAda hotA hai aura usase - bujhatA hai AtmA kA / zivapatha sahAyaka ! ataH ve nirdeza dete haiM ki

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66 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 vINA kA tAra itanA mata kaso / ki / TUTa jAe saMgIta saMvedanA kI dhAra / chUTa jAya ! yaha 'narmadA ke narama kaMkara' meM se kevala eka udAharaNa hai jisameM AcArya zrI ne vaha AdhyAtmika jJAna diyA hai jise hama saba apane vyavahAra meM amala meM lA sakate haiN| ___ 'DUbo mata lagAo DubakI' ke antargata saMgRhIta kavitAoM meM isI zIrSaka se eka svatantra kavitA bhI hai| isameM AcArya zrI ne jIvana aura mRtyu ke bheda ko 'DubakI lagAne' aura 'DUbane' ke bIca jo antara hai, use spaSTa kiyA hai| aneka kavitAoM meM unhoMne isI prakAra ke na jAne kitane dArzanika vicAroM ko kAvyakaNoM meM piroyA hai| 'bhIge paMkha' zIrSaka kavitA meM unhoMne rAgAdi se utpanna manuSya kI vivazatA ko jo usake AdhyAtmika svatantratA ke lie bAdhaka hotI hai, bhIge paMkha vAlI eka makSikA kI taraha prastuta kiyA hai| yaha makSikA bhIge paMkha hone se ur3ane kI icchA rakhatI hai / para ur3a nA pAtI hai dharatI ke Upara uTha na pAtI / yaha satya hai ki rAgAdi kI cikanAhaTa / aura para kA saMparka parataMtratA kA prArUpa hai 'totA kyoM rotA' zIrSaka meM bhI isI prakAra anekAneka vicAra-kaNa anubhUtiyoM meM page haiM aura kAvyAtmaka bhASA meM race-base haiN| isameM eka kavitA apane kAvyAtmaka sauSThava ke lie vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai - 'narama meM na rama' - are mana / tU ramanA hI cAhatA hai / zramaNa meM rama carama camana meM rama / sadA sadA ke lie / parama namana meM rama / na rama narama meM / na...rama ! na...rama ! - pro0 surendra varmA pustaka : cetanA ke gaharAva, lekhaka : digambara jainAcArya 108 zrI vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja, mudraka : iNDiyana ArTa presa, naI dillI, pRSTha : 94 ,AkAra : krAuna, prathama saMskaraNa : 1995, mUlya : cintn-mnn| cetanA ke gaharAva' meM santa kavi AcArya zrI vidyAnaMda jI kI lagabhaga 80 kavitAe~ saMgRhIta haiN| inheM pA~ca khaNDoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ye haiM - 'prakRti kI goda meM' (14 kavitAe~), 'laharAtI lahareM' (6 kavitAe~), 'cetanA ke gaharAva meM' (27 kavitAe~), 'cehare para Alekha' (15 kavitAe~) aura 'jIne kI vidhA' (15 kvitaaeN)|

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pustaka samIkSA : 67 khaNDa, 'prakRti kI goda meM' mukhyataH prakRti aura manuSya ke bIca riztoM ko paribhASita karatI kavitAe~ haiM / 'chuana meM kahA gayA hai - prakRti pramadA / prema vaza / puruSa se lipaTI / haritAbha ha~sa par3I / praNaya kalI / mahakI gaMdha bharI / khula khila par3I raktAbha lasa rhii| kiMtu / puruSa saceta hai... isI prakAra 'so jAne do' kavitA meM ve kahate haiM - orI / lalita lIlAvatI / calita zIlAvatI / bhramita cetanA jaba se terA / krIr3Asthala / bAhara se bhItara A banA hai| taba se puruSa kI pIr3A / aura ghanIbhUta huI hai... aba puruSa ko / sAnaMda anaMta kAla taka / so jAne do ! 'laharAtI lahareM khaNDa meM saMgRhIta kAvya lahariyA~ bhI muni ke mAnasa se uThakara AdhyAtmika U~cAiyA~ sparza karatI haiN| yahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke gahana rizte kI hI gaveSaNA kI gaI hai - prakRti ko mata pakar3o / para parakho use ye to kSaNikAe~ haiM | pakar3a meM nahIM AtI bhrama-vibhrama kI janikAe~ haiM tuma puruSa ho, puruSArtha karo... 'cetanA ke gaharAva' khaNDa ke antargata pAThaka ke lie saMketa hai ki vaha usa AdhyAtmika gaharAI ko, jo use bhaTakane se mukta kara sakatI hai, samajhe aura jaane| puruSa se Agraha kiyA gayA hai ki cetana ho tuma / pahacAna karo... samatA ko nita / anupAna karo ! ('patA tU batA') samatA kyA hai ? muni bhI kahate haiM, yaha tAmasa kA viloma hai| isIlie ve kAmanA karate haiM ki 'aMga aMga meM, raga raga meM, vizva kA tAmasa A bhara jAya, kintu viloma bhAva se ! tA... ma...sa- sa... ma... tA! ve kavitAe~ hI kyA jo par3hane vAle ke cehare para apanA Arekha aMkita na kara pAe~ ! cehare ke Alekha' khaNDa meM aisI hI kavitAe~ haiN| unameM jahA~ AdhyAtmika prakAza hai, vahIM vyaMgya kA halakA puTa bhI hai / 'dharmayuga' zIrSaka kavitA meM ve kahate haiM ki 'yaha yuga, apratyAzita, Age bar3ha cukA hai bahuta dUra; aura dharma... bahuta dUra pIche raha cukA hai| anyathA, patrikA kA nAma - 'dharmayuga' kyoM par3A hai ? isI prakAra jIvana kI sarvottama vidhA ko paribhASita karate hue, AcArya zrI kahate haiM -

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68 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 pratikUlatA kA / pratikAra nahIM karanA / yaha kAyaratA nahIM hai / puruSArtha hInatA nahIM hai / apitu puruSa kA parama - puruSArtha isI patha para... (pRSTha 76) . - pro0 surendra varmA pustaka : muktaka zataka, lekhaka : digambara jainAcArya 108 zrI vidyAsAgarajI mahArAja, mudraka : iNDiyana ArTa presa, naI dillI, pRSTha : 38, AkAra : DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa : 1995, mUlya : cintn-mnn| 'muktaka zataka' meM digambara jainAcArya zrI vidyAsAgarajI mahArAja ke cAra-cAra paMktiyoM ke 100 muktaka saMgRhIta haiM / inameM jaina-darzana ko eka kAvyAtmaka paddhati se abhivyakti dI gaI hai / 'ziva-sadana' taka pahu~cane ke lie 'ziva-patha' batAyA gayA hai jo spaSTa hI nivRtti-mArga hI hai| isI nivRtti mArga kA pAlana karate hue, vyakti 'ziva-sukha' prApta kara sakatA hai| muni zrI kahate haiM - sukha duHkha meM samAna mukha rahe, taba mile ziva sukha anyathA basa dussaha duHkha Urdhva, adho, pArzva, sanmukha ! muktaka zataka ke muktaka darzana aura AdhyAtmikatA se paripUrNa haiN| inheM dhArmika vRtti ke loga ruci se par3heMge aura manana kareMge / AcArya zrI vidyAnaMda ke uparyukta tInoM hI kAvya saMgrahoM kA prakAzana aura mudraNa surucipUrNa hI nahIM balki sabhI dRSTiyoM se uttama utpAda hai| cikane AvaraNa aura puSTa-pIle kAgaja para mudrita ye kRtiyA~ saMgrahaNIya haiM / sabhI pustakeM iNDiyana ArTa presa meM chapI haiM aura unakI ziSyA dRr3hamati mAtAjI ke AzIrvAda se prakAzita huI haiN| -pro0 surendra varmA pustaka : sacitra-siddhasarasvatI sindhu, sampAdaka : muni kulacandravijaya, prakAzaka : zrI zaMkhezvara pArzvanAtha jaina mandira, rAndera roDa, zvetAmbara mUrti tathA jaina zrIsaMgha, ar3AjaNa pATiyA, sUrata - 1 (gujarAta), pRSTha : 141, mUlya : 65 rupaye, prakAzana varSa : 1994 / isa pustaka meM vAgdevI sarasvatI kI 68 stutiyoM kA bhavya saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| yaha tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - prathama bhAga meM jaina kaviyoM kI dvitIya bhAga meM jainetara kaviyoM kI tathA tRtIya meM gujarAtI kaviyoM kI stutiyoM kA saMgraha hai| ___

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pustaka samIkSA : 69 adhikAMza stutiyA~ saMskRta bhASA meM upanibaddha haiN| prArambha ke do stotroM kI bhASA prAkRta hai tathA cAlIsa stotra saMskRta bhASA meM tathA antima 24 stotra gujarAtI meM haiN| stotrakAroM meM mukhyarUpa se siripaumasUri, cirantanAcArya, bappabhaTTisUri, munisundarasUri, sAdhvI zivAryA, jinaprabhasUri, malayakIrti, muktivimalagaNi, sumatisAgaramuni, dharmasaMghasUri, muniratnavardhana, dAnavijayamuni, kavi kAlidAsa tathA aneka ajJAtanAmA kavi haiN| stotrakAvya saMskRta vAGmaya kA madhuratama navanIta hai| sabhI stotroM meM bhaktakaviyoM ne sahaja guNAlaMkAra maNDita chandomayI sulalita bhASA meM bhaktirasa kI dhArA pravAhita kI hai| saMskRta ke prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM bhI stuti ke koI na koI prasaMga khoja kara devastutiyA~ kI haiN| yaha unakI Astikya buddhi kA hI uttama vilAsa hai / stutikAvyoM ke par3hane se aisA pratIta hotA hai mAnoM stutikAroM ke samakSa alaMkArazAstra hAtha jor3e khar3A rahatA hai| sabhI stutiyA~ zabdAlaMkAroM kI chaTA se paripUrNa haiN| untIsavA~ stotra ( sarasvatIzatanAmastava) 'sa' varNa ke anuprAsa se alaMkRta hai| sarasvatI ke sabhI 100 nAma 'sa' yA 'za' varNa se prArambha hote haiN| isI prakAra kahIM yamaka alaMkAra, kahIM vRttyanuprAsa tathA kahIM antyAnuprAsa rasa kA upakAraka banakara rasika janoM ko bhAvavihvala kara dene vAlA hai| aneka stotra bIjamantragarbhita hone ke kAraNa tantravidyA ke vidvAnoM ke lie upayogI haiN| saMkalanakartA ne sarasvatIviSayaka lagabhaga sabhI stotroM kA isameM saMgraha kiyA hai| aneka stotra pANDulipiyoM se prathama bAra prakAza meM Ae haiN| sampAdaka kA parizrama, ruci aura manoyoga zlAghanIya hai| pustaka kA eka anya AkarSaNa bhI hai| isameM sarasvatI kI aneka durlabha pratimAoM ke citra bhI diye gae haiM, jinakI saMkhyA lagabhaga 52 hai / mUrtikalAvid purAtattvavettAoM ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai| pustaka kAvyarasika, tAntrika, purAtattvavid zrIvidyApremI tathA zrutadevI ke bhaktajanoM, vidvAnoM ke lie upayogI hai, saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA uttama hai yadyapi kucha mudraNa doSa raha gaye haiM / katipaya pramAdajanya azuddhiyA~ bhI dikhAyI detI haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM pRSTha saM0 27 pRSTha saM0 27 - pRSTha saM0 57 pRSTha saM058 zaktiraSTabIjAnirAkRtiH ) pRSTha saM0 65 pRSTha saM0 65 - samIritaM (samIritam) caturthakaM / / (caturthakam / / ) dhISaNA ( dhiSaNA) klIMkArahRdayAzaktiH raSTabIjAnirAkRtiH (klIMkArahRdayA OM yasya zrI sarasvatI (OM asya zrIsara0 ) mArkaNDeyAzvalAyanA RSiH (mArkaNDeyAzvalAyanA RSI)

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70 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 pRSTha saM0 68 pRSTha saM0 69 - -- vAgparimliSTapaMka: (vAkparimliSTapaGkaH) hRjjADyaM vilayaM yAMti (hRjjADyaM vilayaM yAti ) * pro0 sureza candra pANDe --- grantha : paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI, granthakAra : DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra, prakAzana : prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaNDa, ahamadAbAda, 1995, AkAra : DimAI, mUlya : 50 rupaye, pRSTha : 152 / isa grantha meM prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA UhApohapUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne sabhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa granthoM kA tathA prAkRta vyAkaraNa para bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi se zodha karane vAle bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI vaiduSyapUrNa mImAMsA kI hai / grantha meM 1 15 adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM madhyavartI 'ta' ke 'da' meM parivartana kI pravRtti kA aitihAsika krama se pratipAdana hai| isI prakAra tRtIya adhyAya meM madhyavartI 'pa' kA 'va' honA, caturtha meM madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaJjanoM kA lopa, paJcama meM madhyavartI udvRtta svara ke sthAna meM 'ya' zruti kI yathArthatA, SaSTha meM 'G' aura 'J' kA anusvAra meM parivartana, saptama meM nakAra kA kAra meM pariNata honA, aSTama meM madhyavartI nakAra kI sthiti, navama meM 'jJa' kA 'na' yA 'Na' meM parivartana, dazama meM Nya, na, nya, rNa kA 'na' yA 'NNa' honA, ekAdaza meM saptamI ekavacana ke 'smiM' pratyaya para vivecana, dvAdaza meM kucha anya vibhakti pratyaya, trayodaza meM 'La' vyaJjana para vicAra, caturdaza tathA paJcadaza adhyAyoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa para vicAra - ina vividha viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| - vidvAn lekhaka ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI una sabhI sUkSma samasyAoM para gambhIratA se vivecanA kI hai jo prAyaH prAkRta bhASA premiyoM ke samakSa upasthita rahatI haiN| sabhI viSayoM kA vizada pratipAdana lekhaka ke gambhIra evaM vyApaka adhyayana tathA vistRta anubhava kA paricAyaka hai| samasyAoM ko aitihAsika pariprekSya meM samajha kara unake nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| aneka maulika tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka kI bhASA vaijJAnika tathA aitihAsika dRSTi aura navonmeSazAlinI prajJA samagra grantha meM pratibimbita hai| pustaka ke prArambha meM hI lekhaka ne prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra ke prakRtiH saMskRtam para vicAra karate hue kahA hai ki hemacandrAcArya dvArA prayukta 'prakRti' zabda kA artha yahI hotA hai ki prAkRta bhASA ko samajhane ke lie saMskRta kA Azraya liyA jAtA rahA hai| use AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA jA rahA hai, isase

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pustaka samIkSA : 71 alaga aisA artha nahIM ki saMskRta prAkRta kI jananI hai yA usameM se usakI utpatti huI hai| lekhaka kA yaha mantavya maulika nahIM hai kyoMki pahale zabdAnuzAsana ke vyAkhyAkAra jJAnamuni bhI apanI bhUmikA ( pR0 kha, ga, dillI, 1974) meM yahI bAta kaha cuke haiN| lekhaka ne eka sthAna para kahA hai - "iha meM se idha huA ho yaha bhI sahI nahIM hai| mUla to idha hI thA, usameM se hI saMskRta meM iha banA hai / " isa mAnyatA ko pramANita karane ke liye koI puSTa tarka nahIM diyA gyaa| pustaka ke "G aura j vyaJjana kA anusvAra meM parivartana" zIrSaka chaTheM adhyAya meM lekhaka ne ukta do vyaJjanoM ke sambandha meM vividha vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAnyatAoM kA mahattvapUrNa vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne pRSTha 38 meM J G ke anusvArIkaraNa ke prasaMga meM hemacandra kI eka visaMgati kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karAyA hai| lekhaka kA kahanA hai ki hemacandra ne 'atha prAkRtam' sUtra kI vRtti meM 'G Jau svavargya saMyuktau bhavata eva' kahA hai tathA 'G J Namo vyaJjane' sUtra meM unake anusvAra ho jAne kI bAta kahI hai, arthAt jaba G J vyaJjana kA anusvAra ho jAnA kahA gayA to unakA vyaJjana rUpa meM prayukta honA kyoM kahA gyaa| vastutaH yahA~ visaMgati nahIM hai, kyoMki hemacandra ke mantavya ko TIkAkara samIcIna rUpa meM samajhA dete haiN| ve kahate haiM - " yadyapi prAkRtavarNasamAmnAye G J ityetayoH varNayoH pratiSedhaH kRto'sti parantu yadImau varNau svavargyasaMyuktau syAtAm tarhi anayoH prayogo yathAyathaM bhavati" / arthAt prAkRta bhASA meM G aura j kA svavargIya vyaJjana se saMyoga se bhinna sthala meM svatantra rUpa se prayoga nahIM hotA jaba bhI ve dekhe jAte haiM svavargyasaMyuktarUpa meM hI dekhe jAte haiN| jaise parAGmukha kA paraMmuho hI banegA paraGho nahIM bnegaa| -- pustaka ke gyArahaveM adhyAya meM saptamI vibhakti ke pratyayoM para kiyA gayA samIkSAtmaka tathA tulanAtmaka vivecana bhASAzAstrIya vidvAnoM ke liye parama upayogI hai, ina pratyayoM ke bhASika vikAsakrama kA pratipAdana manogrAhI, vidvattApUrNa tathA parizramasAdhya hai| lekhaka kI sUkSma vizleSaNa buddhi kA prasAda hai| lekhaka ne 'mmi' pratyaya kI utpatti 'mha' se mAnI hai aura lekhakoM, pAThakoM tathA lipikoM ke pramAda se sa aura ma ke bIca bhrama ho jAne se 'msi' kA 'mmi' yA 'si' yA 'mi' meM parivartana ho gayA hogA, lekhaka kI yaha udbhAvanA sarvathA samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| caturdaza adhyAya meM lekhaka ne eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa tathya kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karAyA hai, vaha yaha ki Agama granthoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM prAcIna tathA uttaravartI donoM hI prakAra ke pATha milate haiN| * jaise bhagiNI, bhaiNI, egadA, egayA, pAdANi,

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72 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 pAyANi ityaadi| kabhI-kabhI eka hI padya meM dvividha pAThAntara milate haiN| isa prakAra kI visaMgati kA mUla kAraNa pAThaka aura lekhaka hI rahe haiN| isa sandarbha meM lekhaka kA nivedana hai ki prAcIna pATha ko mUla pATha mAnakara use prAthamikatA dI jAya jisase mUla prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kA saMrakSaNa ho ske| lekhaka kA yaha nivedana samasta Agama adhyetAoM ke liye tathA vizeSarUpa se pAThAlocakoM ke liye atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura parama upayogI hai| isI prakAra madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke lopa ke viSaya meM bhI lekhaka kA niSkarSa dhyAtavya hai, sarAhanIya hai| pustaka ko samagra rUpa se par3hakara yahI dhAraNA banatI hai ki yaha prAkRta ke adhyayana ke kSetra meM naI dizA kA unmIlana karane vAlI hai| grantha lekhaka kI nitAnta zodhavRtti tathA bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| prAkRtabhASA meM ruci rakhane vAloM ke liye tathA vizeSarUpa se AgamoM para zodha karane vAle vidvajjanoM ke liye avazya paThanIya hai, saMgrahaNIya hai| aisA vizvAsa hotA hai ise par3hakara unakI aneka bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA nirAkaraNa hogaa| - pro0 sureza candra pANDe pustaka : dravya saMgraha, lekhaka : AcArya zrI nemicaMdra, hindI padyAnuvAda : AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja, saMkalanakartA : parimala kizora bhAI khaMdhAra, prakAzaka : zrImatI samatAbahena khaMdhAra ceriTebala TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, prathama saMskaraNa : 1994, pRSTha : 76, mUlya : svAdhyAya, AkAra : DimAI peprbaik| AcArya nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI kRta dravyasaMgraha eka anUThI prAkRta kAvya racanA hai| isameM gAthAkAra ne mAtra eka-eka gAthA meM virATa artha sa~jokara gAgara meM sAgara bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama gAthA meM jinezvara vRSabhadeva kA maMgalagAna karane ke uparAnta gAthA 2-14 taka jIva ke vibhinna pakSa-nava adhikAra, upayoga, amUrtatva, kartRttva, bhoktRttva, svadeha pariNAma, jIvoM ke bheda, siddhatva aura Urdhvagamana ko eka gAthA meM vizleSita kara spaSTataH abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra vibhinna ajIva dravyoM -pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla kI bhI usI krama meM gAthA 15-26 meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| Age sapta padArthoM kA aMkana gAthA 27 se 37 tathA mokSa ke kAraNa yA upAya kI dRSTi se ratnatraya kA paricaya bhI bar3A sUkSma hai| dhyAna kI vizeSa upalabdhi ke lie dhyAna kA vizleSaNa aura parameSThI vandana bhI upAdeya hai, jo gAthA 47 se 57 meM samAhita hai| AcArya zrI vidyAsAgarajI ne bhI usI krama se eka-eka gAthA ko eka-eka padya dvArA bar3e hI sarasa aura sUkSma DhaMga se hindI meM anuvAda kara pustaka ko jana-jana

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pustaka samIkSA : 73 saMvedya banA diyA hai| ataeva pustaka saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka kA mudraNa kArya nirdoSa evaM sundara hai| pustaka kA bAhya AvaraNa bhI AkarSaka hai| - DaoN0 brajanArAyaNa zarmA pustaka : Atma samIkSaNa, racayitA : AcArya nAneza, sampAdaka : zAnticandra mehatA, prakAzaka : zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, samatA bhavana, bIkAnera, (rAja.), pRSTha : 463, mUlya: 60 rupaye maatr| prastuta racanA gyAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| pahalA adhyAya hai - AtmasamIkSaNa jisakA prArambha antaryAtrA se hotA hai| AtmA Antarika tattva hai isaliye isakI yAtrA bAhara se na kI jA sakatI hai aura na dekhI jA sakatI hai| yaha yAtrA AtmaramaNa kI sthiti hotI hai jo binA Atma-cetanA kI jAgarukatA ke sambhava nahIM hotI hai| isalie dUsare adhyAya meM apanI cetanA kA AhvAna kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya tIna meM cetanA kI prabuddhatama evaM jAgRti para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| Atma-jAgRti kA artha hai samyaktva bhaav| adhyAya cAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo AtmA ko jAnatA hai vaha satya ko jAnatA hai| satya bhagavAna hotA hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne kahA hai ki satya Izvara hai aura usa satyezvara ko ahiMsA ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi satya ko Izvara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA gA~dhI mata ke samAna hai, kintu jaina cintana se kucha alaga jJAta hotA hai, kyoMki usameM ahiMsA ko hI sAdhya rUpa meM svIkAra karake satya Adi ko sAdhana ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| adhyAya pA~ca meM karma siddhAnta vizleSita hai| adhyAya chaH meM Atmazuddhi, bhAvazuddhi, samadarzitA Adi ke vivecana haiN| adhyAya sAta meM jJeya, heya tathA upAdeya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki inake bodha hone se hI svAbhAvika guNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai, mAnava kA sahI rUpa meM nirmANa hotA hai| adhyAya ATha se jJAta hotA hai ki vinaya dharma kA mUla hai / adhyAya nau meM ratnatraya kI sAdhanA para bala diyA gayA hai, kyoMki ye to jaina dharma-darzana ke AdhAra stambha haiN| adhyAya dasa meM 'maiM' ke vividha rUpoM ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| 'maiM' Atmabodha karatA hai, apane svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| 'maiM' ratnatraya ko dhAraNa karake muni banatA hai| 'maiM' jJAna kI sAdhanA karake upAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai| 'maiM' anuzAsana karane ke kAraNa AcArya hotA hai| maiM jaba vItarAga ko apanAtA hai to vaha arihanta kahA jAtA hai; jaba 'maiM' zuddha buddha ho jAtA hai taba use siddha kahate haiM; 'maiM' anazvara o'm hai / Atmatatva ke vikAsa ke vividha sAroM kA vizleSaNa isa racanA kI vizeSatA hai| abhyAsa-gyAraha meM samatA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, kyoMki mAnava jIvana meM vijayI banane ke lie samatA hI mUla maMtra hai, kintu samatA ko sirpha dArzanika yA saiddhAntika rUpa taka hI sImita rakhanA apane ko 'vijaya' se dUra rakhanA hai| isalie ise vyavahAra meM lAkara sabakA kalyANa aura sAtha hI apanA

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74 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 kalyANa bhI sambhava hai| adhyAyoM ke anta meM AcArya zrI ne apanA saMkalpa prastuta karake dharma, AcAra aura samAja ke prati apanI niSThA vyakta kI hai jo unakI lokahitakAriNI dRSTi kA paricaya detI hai| vizvAsa hai isa pustaka se santa, vidvAn evaM sAmAnyajana bhI lAbhAnvita hoNge| pustaka kI chapAI sApha aura sundara hai tathA bAhya rUpa AkarSaka hai| isa racanA ke lie lekhaka, sampAdaka anya sambandhita loga badhAI ke pAtra haiN| - DaoN0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA pustaka : jJAna kA vidyA-sAgara, bheMTakartA : zrImatI ramA jaina, purAnAgaMja, sikaMdarAbAda, bulaMdazahara (u0 pra0), prakAzana varSa : 1983 I0, pRSTha : 392, mUlya : sdupyog| jJAna kA vidyA-sAgara nAmaka pustaka meM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI kI racanAe~ saMkalita haiN| vidyAsAgarajI AcArya jJAnasAgarajI ke suziSya haiN| sambhavataH isIlie pustaka kA nAmakaraNa isa rUpa meM huA hai, kintu zrI vidyAsAgara jI kA nAma to racayitA ke rUpa meM AnA cAhie thaa| yadi nAmakaraNa meM koI anya uddezya chipA hai to vaha pAThakoM ke lie aura durUha hai| pustaka adhyAyagata nahIM balki viSayagata vibhAjita hai jisameM stuti, zataka Adi haiN| guru kI mahAnatA ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki ziSya andhA baharA ke samAna hotA hai, ajJa hotA hai use ve A~kha aura kAna se yukta banA dete haiM, vijJa banA dete haiN| isakA matalaba yaha hai ki guru ziSya ko jJAna kA srota pradAna karane se use jJAnI banA dete haiN| maMgalAcaraNa meM samyaktva tathA karma kI carcA hai, jahA~ kahA gayA hai ki karma ke udaya se pApa AtA hai to samyaktva se use dUra karanA cAhie anyathA samyaktva se kyA lAbha? yadi pApa dUra nahIM hogA to mukti lalanA kabhI varane ko taiyAra nahIM hogii| mukti jo eka AdhyAtmika viSaya hai, ke mahattva ko sAmAnya bhASA meM samajhAkara kavi ne apanI dArzanika evaM sAhityika donoM hI sUjhabUjha kA paricaya diyA hai| bhAvanAzataka meM kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra sAgara jo asAra hai, apAra hai tathA kharA bhI hai use pAra karAne vAlA dharma ke sivA aura koI nahIM hai| jJAnodaya meM duHkha-sukha azubha-zubha meM samabhAva rakhane vAle zucitama cetana ko praNamya kahA gayA hai| jo buddhimAna hai usake lie pramAda karanA yogya nahIM hai| rayaNamaMjUSA to AcArya samantabhadrakRta ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra kA padyAnuvAda hai| ataH isakA to kahanA hI kyA ? nAmAnusAra isameM zrAvakoM ke sabhI AcAra vivecita haiN| nijAmRtapAna meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kI upayogitA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vizuddha naya ke Azraya meM hI svAnubhUti hotI hai jo nirmala aura pUrva prakAzita hotI hai| guNodaya meM AtmAnuzAsana kA vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sukha evaM duHkha donoM hI sthitiyoM meM dharma kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| rAga-dveSa pravRtti

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pustaka samIkSA : 75 hai tathA usakA nigraha karanA nivRtti| samantabhadra kI bhadratA meM samantabhadra kI mahAnatA varNita hai / dravya saMgraha meM jIva ke lakSaNa, yoga, parameSThI Adi kA varNana hai / samaNasuttaM kA hindI padyAnuvAda sabase jyAdA mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki samatva ko jaina gItA kahA gayA hai aura isakA saMkalana vibhinna sampradAyagata bhedabhAvoM ko chor3akara kiyA gayA hai| yaha saMkalana jaina evaM jainetara sabhI pAThakoM ke lie hitakArI hai| isa prakAra yaha saMkalana 'jJAna kA vidyAsAgara' dArzanika, dhArmika evaM naitika dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| isakI bhASA sarala aura surucipUrNa hai| ataH isake saMkalanakartA sAdhuvAdAha haiN| -DaoN0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA pustaka : darzana-vaMdana-sAmAjika vidhi, sampAdaka : gaNivarya mahodaya sAgara, prakAzaka : zrI acala gaccha jaina saMgha, ahamadAbAda, prathama saMskaraNa : 1995, pRSTha : 77, AkAra : DimAI, mUlya : 10 rupye| zrI acala jaina saMgha, ahamadAbAda dvArA prakAzita 'darzana-vaMdana-sAmAjika vidhi', jaina dainika AcAra para likhI eka utkRSTa racanA hai| pustaka tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama bhAga meM guruvaMdana' vidhi sUtra kA varNana hai jisameM icchAmi khamAsamaNa sUtra, zrI icchakAra sUtra aura zrI abbhuTThiyo sUtra kA samAveza hai / 'caityavaMdana vidhi sUtra' nAmaka dvitIya bhAga meM stuti, caityavaMdana sUtra, zrI jaM kiM cI sUtra, zrI namotthuNaM sUtra Adi gyAraha sUtroM evaM zrI stuti kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA bhAga sAmAyika sUtra kA hai jisameM paMcindriya sUtra, iriyAvadiya sUtra, zrI tassauttarI sUtra, zrI anattha sUtra Adi gyAraha sUtroM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta navakAra mahAmantra, caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma evaM lAMchana varNana Adi pustaka meM cAra cA~da lagA dete haiN| dainika AcAra kI dRSTi se zrAvaka evaM zramaNa donoM ke lie yaha kRti atyanta upayogI hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA acchI evaM kRti saMgrahaNIya hai| - DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya Book : Miracles of Mahamantra Navakara, Author : Ganivarya Mahodaya Sagar, Published by Kastur Prakashan Trust, Worli, Bombay, First Edition : 1995, Pages : 351, Price : Rs. 50.00. This book is an English version of the title 'Jene Haiye Sri Navakara tene karse suna sansara' presented by the same author, which has been very popular in the readers. This book, apart from the introduction of Navakara Mantra contains some stories and instances of Miracles of Mahamantra Navakara. Indeed for English readers this book will be very useful as it tells about the nature and importance of

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zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 the Navakara, which is undoubtedly, a great inspiration for the people who has determined to cross the worldly ocean and attain salvation. Navakara is the very essence of the Jaina order. It is said that just one letter of the Mantra destroyes the sin equalling the seven seas and the whole Mantra annihilates all the sins. Navakara inspires the people in every walk of life. The book is fine in the printing and binding and worth collection. Dr. S. P. Pandey 76 : Book Rangouda Patil of Village Bedkihal Life and Sanlekhana, Author : T. R. Patil, Publisher : Sanmati Prakashan, Bahubali, Kolhapura, First Edition: 1995 Pages 45, Price: Rs. 40.00 This is a small but interesting and enlightening book written on practical aspects of Sanlekhana. The book provides sufficient information about the personality of Ramgouda Patil, the father of the author. It contains the objective and first hand detailed account of the events during the critical period of Sanlekhana. The book will be very useful for the students of Sociology, Social Anthropology and Social History as well as the people interested in knowing the practical aspects of Sanlekhana. Dr. S. P. Pandey pustaka / upanyAsa : anAzritA, lekhaka : ailaka samyaktva sAgara, prakAzaka : anudiza prakAzana, 146, paravArAna, jhA~sI, pRSTha: 89, mUlya : 15 rupae, prathama saMskaraNa : navambara 1995, AkAra : DimAI / anAzritA upanyAsa ailaka samyaktva sAgara kI eka aisI racanA hai jisameM eka ora nArI ke pAtivrata dharma kI gAthA kA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI tarapha manuSya ke vAsanAtmaka Avega kA citraNa karate hue 'satya kI vijaya hotI hai', isa kahAvata ko bhI siddha kiyA gayA hai| manoramA vaijanta nagara ke prasiddha zreSThI mahIMdatta kI putravadhU aura sukhAnanda kI dharmapatnI hai| yahI isa upanyAsa kI nAyikA hai aura satI dharma ke pratIka ke rUpa meM sabhI taraha kI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA sAhasapUrvaka karatI hai| dUsarI tarapha vaijanta ke samrATa vijayasena ke putra rAjakumAra kAmasena, haMsadvIpa ke samrATa jujhAra siMha kI patnI madana- maMjarI aura ballabhapura ke rAjakumAra gandharvasena ke vAsanArUpI caritra para prakAza DAlate hue usake duHkhada aMta kA varNana bhI isameM milatA hai| usameM mukhya rUpa se mAnava mana meM utpanna hone vAlI kamajoriyoM aura manuSya kI dRr3hatA kA citraNa

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pustaka samIkSA : 77 kiyA gayA hai| isa rUpa meM yaha eka sandezaparaka grantha ho sakatA hai, jisake adhyayana se sAmAnya jana kAmarUpI vAsanA kI burAiyoM se bacane kA prayAsa kara sakatA hai| mudraNa sundara hai aura sAjasajjA AkarSaka hai| pustaka paThanIya hai| -DaoN0 rajjana kumAra pustaka : sAgara bUMda samAya, saMkalana / saMpAdaka : muni samatA sAgara, prApti-sthAna : kailAzacanda nirmalacanda sarrApha, mahAvIra mArga, satanA, AkAra : DimAI, pRSTha : 167, mUlya : 10 rupaye maatr| bhAratavarSa meM samaya-samaya para aneka RSi-muni hue haiM jo apane manobala, tapobala, yogabala evaM caritrabala se mahAna hue haiM / samprati isI kar3I meM jaina paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja bhI haiN| kintu unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve AtmasAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha jana-jana meM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM evaM sadguNoM kI pratiSThA ke lie bhI prayatnazIla haiN| unhoMne samAja ko udbodhita karane ke lie jo amRta vacana kahe unhIM vicAra-sUtroM ke saMkalana ke rUpa meM 'sAgara bUMda samAya' nAmaka isa pustaka kA AvirbhAva huaa| pustaka viSayakrama kI dRSTi se saMstuti, svAdhyAya, sAdhanA, dharma, saMskRti aura satya-ziva-sundara aise pA~ca khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| isameM jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA samyak rUpa se kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kara mokSa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura apane janma-janmAntaroM ke pApoM ko kisa prakAra prakSAlita kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa bAta ko atyanta sarala va subodha zabdoM meM samajhAyA gayA hai| AcArya zrI ke vicAra jahA~ vyakti ke utthAna kI preraNA dete haiM vahIM samAja evaM jIvana ke prati kartavya bodha bhI jagAte haiN| unake amRta vacanoM ke saMkalanakartA evaM sampAdaka vidvatpravara muni zrI samatAsAgara jI mahArAja haiM jo svayaM eka vilakSaNa pratibhA sampanna muni haiN| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka hai, mudraNa kArya nirdoSa hai evaM pustaka saMgrahaNIya hai| - DaoN. jayakRSNa tripAThI pustaka : terI mahimA mere gIta, lekhaka : ailaka udAra sAgara, gadyAnuvAda : paM0 pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, paM0 hIrAlAla kauzala, prakAzaka : mahilA maMDala evaM ahiMsA mahilA maMDala, jhA~sI, prathama saMskaraNa : 1995, pR0 108, mUlya : 15 rupaye, AkAra : DimAI peprbaik| prastuta pustaka paM0 bhAgacandra jI kRta 'mahAvIrASTakaMstotram' AcArya zrI kumudacandra viracita 'kalyANamaMdira stotram', zrI mAnatuMgAcArya viracita 'bhaktAmara stotram' kA saMgraha hai / isa saMgraha graMtha kA padyAnuvAda evaM gadyAnuvAda paM0 pannAlAla sAhityAcArya va paM0 hIrAlAla kauzala ne atyanta sarala evaM sarasa bhASA meM kiyA hai|

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zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 sAmAnya rUpa se saMskRta bhASA meM likhe zlokoM kA artha lagA pAnA saMskRta na jAnane vAloM ke lie kaSTadAyI hotA hai| ataeva unake hita ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI vidvAnoM ne isakA hindI anuvAda kiyA hai| jisa prakAra sAgara ko pAra karane ke icchuka kisI bhI vyakti ko naukA kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai usI prakAra bhavasAgara se pAra utarane ke abhilASI vyakti ko bhakti rUpI naukA kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| 'terI mahimA mere gIta' nAmaka pustaka kA vividhata pATha hI mAno vaha (bhaktirUpI) naukA hai jo mAyAjAla meM pha~se vyaktiyoM ko bhavasAgara se pAra karA sakatI hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka evaM mudraNa kArya nirdoSa hai| pustaka paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| 78 : DaoN0 jayakRSNa tripAThI pustaka : vIrana viharamAna jina stavana, lekhaka : zrImad devacandra jI upAdhyAya, vivecikA: sAdhvI divyadarzanAzrI, sampAdaka : pukharAja bhaNDArI, prakAzaka : zrI jaina zvetAmbara zrAvikA saMgha, bAgarA, jilA : jAlora (rAjasthAna), prathama saMskaraNa : 1994, AkAra : DimAI, mUlya : sATha rupaye mAtra / satrahavIM aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke AdhyAtmika jaina kaviyoM meM Anandaghana aura yazovijaya ke pazcAt yadi kisI kA krama AtA hai to ve zrImad devacandra haiM / jisa prakAra Anandaghana jI ne vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke bharatakSetra ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti meM stavana likhe usI taraha zrImad devacandra jI ne mahAvideha kSetra ke bIsa viharamAna jina ke stavana likhe / unake stavanoM meM eka viziSTa prakAra kI AdhyAtmika anubhUti samAhita hai| jaina paramparA meM bhakti ke aise uccakoTi ke stavana virala hI haiN| zrImad devacandra ne usameM bhakti ke sAtha-sAtha adhyAtma, anubhUti aura Atmadarzana kA adbhuta mizraNa kiyA hai / sAdhvI zrIdivyadarzanAzrI jI ne stavanoM ke hArda kA jisa sarasa DhaMga se vizleSaNa kiyA hai vaha jana-jana ko zrImad devacandra ke ina stavanoM kA rasapAna karAne meM sahAyaka hogaa| kRti kA mudraNa nirdoSa aura sAja-sajjA AkarSaka hai| kRti ke anta meM pariziSTa ke rUpa meM guNasthAna, saptanaya, paJcaanuSThAna, aSTayoga dRSTiyoM Adi kA jo bhI vivecana hai, vaha kRti ke mahattva ko aura bar3hA detA hai / kRti paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| DaoN0 jayakRSNa tripAThI pustaka : cetanA kA vikAsa, lekhaka : muni zrI candraprabha sAgara, sampAdana : zrImatI latA bhaMDArI mIrA, prakAzaka : zrI jitayazA phAuNDezana, sI, esplaneDa ro IsTa, kalakattA - 69, prathama saMskaraNa : janavarI 1994, mUlya : bAraha rupaye mAtra, AkAra : DimAI |

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pustaka samIkSA : cetanA, dhyAna evaM AcAra-vicAra se sambandhita pustakoM kA prakAzana prAyaH samaya-samaya para hotA rahatA hai kintu muni zrI candraprabha sAgara dvArA racita cetanA kA vikAsa nAmaka pustaka meM praznottarItyA anubhUta evaM saiddhAntika ubhayavidha rUpa se udAharaNa prastuta kara jaTila praznoM kA sahaja rUpa meM samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka ke pA~ca vibhAga haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM -amRta kI abhIpsA, manuSya kA antaraMga, cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa, paramAtmA, cetanA kI parAkASThA aura caleM sAgara ke pAra / ukta pA~ca vibhAgoM meM muni ne apanI sazakta lekhana zakti se jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM para prakAza DAlA hai| pustaka kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM adhikAMza udAharaNa vyAvahArika jagat se hI liye gae haiM jisase janasAmAnya ko kaThina se kaThina praznoM kA uttara saralatA se samajha meM A sakatA hai| ataeva pustaka paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| mudraNa kArya nirdoSa hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka hai| 79 pustaka : nAgaphanI dvAre dvAre, lekhaka : ailaka samyaktva sAgara, prakAzaka : Aloka jaina, jhA~sI, pRSTha : 61, prathama saMskaraNa : 1995, AkAra : DimAI pepara baika, mUlya : gyAraha rupaye / --- - DaoN0 jayakRSNa tripAThI muniyoM evaM AcAryoM kA jIvana AcAra se paripUrNa hotA hai| ve jisa AcAra kA upadeza dete haiM vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai / ailaka zrI samyaktva sAgara jI mahArAja ne samAja meM vyApta burAiyoM kI ora saMketa karate hue karaguvAM varSAvAsa meM jo upadeza diye unhIM upadezoM kA saMkalana karake isa 'nAgaphanI dvAre dvAre' pustaka kA AvirbhAva huA hai| isa varSAvAsa meM ailaka zrI ne samAja meM vyApta burAiyoM ke unmUlana hetu vibhinna kahAniyoM kA Azraya lekara janajAgaraNa kA abhiyAna claayaa| unake upadezoM se asaMkhya loga lAbhAnvita hue / unake upadezoM ko sunane se vaMcita hue logoM ke liye yaha pustaka nizcita rUpa se lAbhadAyI hogI / pustaka kA mudraNa kArya nirdoSa evaM sAja-sajjA AkarSaka hai| mAyArUpI bhavasAgara ke bha~vara meM pha~se vyaktiyoM ke lie yaha pustaka paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka evaM mudraNa kArya nirdoSa hai| - DaoN0 jayakRSNa tripAThI

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zramaNa jaina jagat sva0 AcArya zrI jayamala jI mahArAja kI 288vIM jayantI samAroha sampanna indaura, 3 - 10 sitambara, 1995 : sva0 AcArya zrI jayamalajI mahArAja kI 288vIM jayantI ke avasara para zrI vardhamAna zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina zrAvakasaMgha ke tattvAvadhAna meM tIna se dasa sitambara taka sthAnIya parasarAmapuriyA vidyAlaya, javAharamArga, rAjamohallA, indaura meM vividha kAryakramoM kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| dinAMka dasa sitambara ko Ayojita virATa kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina ne kii| isa samAroha meM mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM madhyapradeza zAsana ke niyojana maMtrI zrI narendra nAhaTA tathA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina viziSTa atithi ke rUpa meM Amantrita the| isa avasara para bar3I saMkhyA meM jaina samAja ke prabhAvazAlI vyakti upasthita the| sarvadharma samabhAva aura bhagavAn buddha vArANasI, 16 sitambara, 1995 : zramaNa vidyA saMkAya, sampUrNAnaMda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya dvArA paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya kI smRti meM sarvadharma samabhAva aura bhagavAn buddha nAmaka viSaya para eka saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA, jisameM mukhya vaktA ke rUpa meM upasthita pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne atyanta sAragarbhita vyAkhyAna prastuta kiyaa| isa saMgoSThI meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke viziSTa vidvAn pro0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI, viziSTa atithi ke rUpa meM AmaMtrita the| vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 vI0 veMkaTAcalam ne isa saMgoSThI kI adhyakSatA kii| isameM bar3I saMkhyA meM vizvavidyAlaya ke adhyApaka aura zodhachAtra upasthita the| sarvadharma sammelana sampanna bhopAla, 4 navambara, 1995 : paraspara prema, bhAI-cArA, sadbhAva, manuSyatva aura samatva kA nAma hI dharma hai| durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki Aja hama bhArata ke mUlatattva ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kara rahe haiN| jisase samAja meM zAnti, samarasatA aura bandhutva kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa na ho, use dharma nahIM kahA jA sakatA, ye vicAra 'mahAtmA gA~dhI - eka sau paccIsavA~ janma varSa samAroha samiti ke tattvAvadhAna meM

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jaina jagat : 81 Ayojita sarvadharma sammelana ke tIsare dina vibhinna dharmoM ke mAnane vAle vibhinna vaktAoM ne vyakta kiye| 'jaina dharma meM sarvadharma samabhAva : gA~dhI dRSTi' viSaya para bolate hue pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne kahA ki Aja hama dharma ke viSaya meM bahuta adhika bAteM karate haiM, parantu hameM usake mUlatattva ke viSaya meM jAnakArI bahuta kama hai| jo AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3e, samatA kI bhAvanA vikasita kare aura sadbhAvanA kI sthApanA kare, use hI dharma kahA jA sakatA hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne inhIM tatvoM kA anuzIlana karate hue sarvadharma samabhAva kA maMtra diyA thaa| gA~dhI jI ne apanA pUrA jIvana samatA aura mAnavatA ke lie arpita kara diyA thaa| DaoN0 jaina ne kahA ki samyak darzana, samyaka dRSTi aura samyak jJAna jainadharma ke AdhArabhUta tattva haiN| unhoMne salAha dI ki Aja AvazyakatA hai dharma kI samIkSA viveka se kara dharma ke mUla svarUpa ko samajhane kii| isake atirikta IsAI dharma para DaoN0 ToTano ne tathA hindU dharma para alIgar3ha vizvavidyAlaya ke zodhachAtra maulAnA zamasI teharAnI ne apane vicAra vyakta kiye| pro0 kamala candra sogAnI sammAnita jayapura, 18 navambara, 1995 : darzanazAstra ke prasiddha vidvAn DaoN0 'kamalacanda sogANI ko jayapura nagara nigama dvArA Ayojita jayapura samAroha 95 meM zramaNa saMskRti ke kSetra meM unakI ullekhanIya loka sevA ke lie di0 18 navambara 95, ko eka bhavya samAroha meM sammAnita kiyA gyaa| DaoN0 sogAnI ne digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIra jI kI prabandhakAriNI kameTI ke sadasya banane ke pazcAt kSetra kameTI dvArA saMcAlita jainavidyA saMsthAna tathA usake antargata apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI sthApanA kara zramaNa saMskRti ke kSetra meM loka sevA kAryoM ko karanA prArambha kiyA evaM Aja bhI usake vikAsa meM satata rUpa se sannaddha haiN| mAnava zAnti zodha saMsthAna kA vizAla niHzulka cikitsA zivira ke sAtha hI zubhArambha 10 disambara, 1995 ko udayapura meM mAnava zAnti zodha-saMsthAna kA vizAla niHzulka cikitsA zivira ke sAtha hI udghATana sampanna huaa| saMsthAna evaM zivira kA udghATana meDikala kaoNleja ke prAcArya DaoN0 bI0 bhaNDArI ne kiyA evaM samAroha kI adhyakSatA pramukha vyavasAyI evaM samAjasevI zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI mehatA kii| atithiyoM ne saMsthAna ke zubhArambha ko eka aitihAsika evaM dUradarzI kadama manAte hue ise bulandiyoM kI UMcAI para dekhane kI zubhAkAMkSA vyakta kii| . darolI gA~va meM ukta zivira meM bAla roga, strI roga, sAmAnya cikitsA, TI0 bI0 Adi ke 362 rogiyoM ko upacAra evaM 25000.00 rupae mUlya kI davAoM kA

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82 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 niHzulka vitaraNa kiyA gyaa| isI samaya saMsthAna evaM samatA yuvA saMgha ke saujanya se 500 vyaktiyoM ko vastra vitarita kiye gye| zivira meM udayapura evaM darolI ke gaNamAnya vyaktiyoM, samatA yuvA saMgha ke sadasyoM ke sAtha cikitsakoM meM sarvazrI DaoN0 bI0 bhaNDArI, DaoN0 bI0 ela0 asAvA, DaoN0 bI0 Ara0 caudharI, DaoN0 e0 esa0 dhAkar3a, DaoN. vinita siMghala, DaoN. vimalA dhAkar3a, kamANDara zrI himmata siMha jI mehatA evaM yazodA solaMkI upasthita the| samAroha ke prArambha meM saMsthAna ke adhyakSa zrI kanaka mehatA ne Agantuka atithiyoM kA svAgata kiyaa| maMtrI zrI dineza kaMThAliyA ne saMsthAna kA paricaya evaM uddezyoM para prakAza DAlate hue kahA ki AcArya nAneza ke suziSya paM0 ratna zrI zAntimuni jI ma. sA. ke udayapura varSAvAsa ke pravacanoM se prerita hokara hamane isa gAMsthAna kA zubhArambha kiyA hai| hama saba sampradAyavAda se Upara uThakara mAnava sevA evaM maha vIra vANI kA pracAra prasAra kara sakeM, yahI bhAvanA isameM nihita hai| . samAroha kA saMcAlana saMsthAna ke upAdhyakSa zrIsavAI lAla jI bayA ne kiyA / -subhASa koThAra jaina iNTaranezanala dvArA Ayojita chaThA~ vizva jaina sammelana sampanna ___ ahiMsA iNTaranezanala, naI dillI dvArA Ayojita chaThauM vizva jaina sammelana dinAMka 24 disambara 1995 se 26 disambara 1995 ke bIca phikkI prekSAgRha, bAraha khambhA roDa, naI dillI meM sampanna huaa| isa sammelana meM deza-videza ke aneka vidvAnoM evaM mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ne bhAga liyaa| sampUrNa sammelana pA~ca satroM meM sampanna huaa| 'ikkIsavIM sadI meM jaina' nAmaka prathama satra kI satrAdhyakSA thIM, antarrASTrIya jaina vidyA adhyayana kendra, gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda kI nidezaka pro0 madhu sen| dharma, ahiMsA, zAnti aura sAhitya nAmaka dvitIya satra ke satrAdhyakSa rahe - jaina dharma darzana ke bahuzruta vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii| pro0 jaina kI adhyakSatA meM DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN0 bhAgacanda jaina, DaoN. gopIlAla amara Adi vidvAnoM ne apane vicAra vyakta kiye| 'parivAra, samAja aura rASTra ke vikAsa meM striyoM ke avadAna' nAmaka tRtIya satra kI satrAdhyakSA thIM - zrImatI vidyAbena zAha, adhyakSA - kendrIya samAja kalyANa prissd| poSaNa / zAkAhAra, vAtAvaraNa aura pracAratantra nAmaka cauthe satra kI satrAdhyakSatA zrI bharatabhAI zAha; ahamadAbAda ne kii| antima samApana samAroha ke mukhya atithi zrI madanalAla khurAnA the| isa prakAra yaha sammelana Ayojana evaM viSayavastu kI dRSTi se pUrNa saphala rhaa|

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jaina jagat : 83 zrI tArAcaMda jaina bakhzI abhinandana samAroha sampanna prakhyAta samAjasevI zrI tArAcanda jaina bakhzI kA unake 75 varSa pUrNa hone para vigata dinoM jayapura meM amRta-mahotsava evaM abhinandana samAroha kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para vibhinna saMsthAoM ke pratinidhiyoM ne zrI bakhzI ko mAlyArpaNa kiyA, sAtha hI unake vyaktitva evaM kRtitva para prakAza DAlate hue unake dIrghAyu hone kI kAmanA kii| samAroha kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha thI ki isameM zAkAhAra-pradarzanI kA bhI Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| jaina darzana aura kabIra meraTha, 18 disambara, 1995 : jaina sthAnaka, jaina nagara meraTha meM parama viduSI pUjanIyA mahAsatI DaoN. maMjuzrI jI ma0, mahAsatI akSayazrI 'AranA' Adi ThANA 6 ke sAnidhya meM evaM esa0 esa0 jaina sabhA, meraTha ke tatvAvadhAna meM 18 disambara 1995 ke dina, meraTha vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 ke0 sI0 pANDeya jI kI adhyakSatA meM 'jaina darzana aura kabIra' viSaya para eka vidvat-goSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| goSThI ke viSaya kA pratipAdana karate hue DaoN0 viSNuzaraNa 'indu' ne kahA ki kabIra kA rUr3hivAda evaM unakA mithyA mAnyatAoM ke prati virodha kA svara jaina darzana se milatA hai| nAnaka canda kaoNleja ke DaoN0 dhana prakAza mizra ne zrAvaka va zrAvakAcAra ke mahattva ko bahuta hI vidvattApUrNa DhaMga se pratipAdita kiyaa| isI kaoNleja ke hindI vibhAga ke pUrva adhyakSa DaoN0 rAmezvara dayAla agravAla ne bhakti ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlate hue kahA ki bhagavAn kI bhakti ke binA bhagavatkRpA nahIM mila sktii| bhakti para mahAvIra va kabIra ne bahuta bala diyA thaa| apane adhyakSIya bhASaNa meM vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 ke0 sI0 pANDeya ne ghoSaNA kI ki isI varSa se ema0 e0 ke pAThyakrama meM zAkAhAra evaM paryAvaraNa viSaya kA pAThyakrama lAgU kiyA jAegA tathA ema0 e0 saMskRta vibhAga ke praznapatroM se jaina prAkRta ke jisa pAThyakrama kA samApana ho gayA hai, usakI punaH sthApanA ke prastAva para sahAnubhUtipUrvaka vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| isa goSThI meM aneka vidvAnoM, buddhajIviyoM patrakAroM sahita bar3I saMkhyA meM mahilAeM bhI upasthita thiiN| akSaya tRtIyA kI pAraNA dillI meM , jainadharma divAkara AcArya samrATa 1008 zrI devendra muni jI mahArAja Adi saMta pAnIpata hariyANA kA aitihAsika cAturmAsa sampanna kara hariyANA aura uttara pradeza ke kSetroM ko pAvana kara rahe haiN| 24 janavarI 96 ko bhivAnI (hariyANA) meM 4 vairAgana bahanoM ko AcArya samrATa ne dIkSA pradAna kii| vartamAna meM AcArya samrATa

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zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 uttara pradeza ke kSetroM ko pAvana kara rahe haiM / yahA~ se AcArya zrI kA vihAra dillI kI ora hone kI sambhAvanA hai| AcArya samrAT ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM varSI tapa karane vAle bhAI-bahanoM se vinamra nivedana hai ki ve pAraNe ke lie dillI avazya pahu~ceM aura AcArya zrI ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM pAraNA karane kA saubhAgya prApta kreN| vizeSa jAnakArI zrI Ara0 DI0 jaina, upAdhyakSa jaina kaoNnphrensa, se nimna pate para prApta kI jA sakatI hai 84 : -- zrI Ara0 DI0 jaina, sI-13, viveka vihAra, dillI 95 -- puraskAra hetu kRtiyA~ AmaMtrita akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina zAstripariSada dvArA varSa 1995 I0 ke puraskAroM ke lie praviSTiyA~ dinAMka 15 pharavarI 1996 taka AmaMtrita haiN| pratyeka puraskAra kI rAzi 2500.00 rupae hai, kintu inake bar3hane kI sambhAvanA hai| yaha puraskAra jaina sAhitya ke maulika sRjana ko vikasita karane hetu kisI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA svIkRta pI-eca0 DI0 athavA DI0 liT0 upAdhi hetu, sampAdana, patrakAritA Adi ke kSetra meM zreSTha avadAna tathA utkRSTa dhArmika pravacanoM evaM dharmaprabhAvanA Adi ke lie diyA jaaegaa| puraskAroM hetu mudrita grantha kI tIna pratiyA~, TaMkita yA hastalikhita grantha kI eka prati 15 pharavarI 1996 taka DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina, mahAmaMtrI a0 bhA0 di0 jaina zAstripariSada, 261/3 paTelanagara, naI maNDI, mujaphpharanagara 251 001 (u0 pra0) ke pate para pahu~ca jAnA caahie| prApta kRtiyA~ zAstripariSada kI sampatti hoMgI, kintu TaMkita yA hastalikhita prati DAkavyaya prApta hone para puraskAra hetu svIkRta na hone kI dazA meM lauTAI jA sakatI hai| ! paM0 mahendra kumAra jaina smRtigrantha kA prakAzana sva0 paM0 mahendra kumAra jaina ke pUrva prakAzita mahattvapUrNa lekhoM kA 600 pRSThoM kA eka saMkalana paM0 mahendra kumAra jaina smRtigrantha ke nAma se zIghra prakAzita ho rahA hai| isa mahattvapUrNa grantha kA agrima mUlya 201.00 rupayA nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM smRtigrantha prakAzana samiti, kabIra bhavana, hAusiMga borDa, damoha se samparka kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAmahima rASTrapati dvArA maho0 lalitaprabha sAgara jI ke grantha kA vimocana jodhapura, 2 pharavarI / mahAmahima rASTrapati DaoN. zaMkaradayAla zarmA ke karakamaloM se mahopAdhyAya lalitaprabha sAgara jI dvArA sampAdita 'vizva prasiddha jaina tIrtha :

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jaina jagat : 85 zraddhA evaM kalA' grantha kA mahAvIra zikSaNa saMsthAna dvArA Ayojita 'bAlacanda sugana kavara caurar3iyA vidyAlaya ke udghATana ke avasara para lokArpaNa kiyA gyaa| zakarada va A OHRA R - - mahAmahima rASTrapati jI grantha kA vimocana kara zrI lalitaprabhajI ko pradAna karate hue / mahAmahima rASTrapati ne jaina dharma ke isa anUThe aura bhavyatama grantha ko dekhakara prasannatA jAhira kI aura jana-samudAya ne karatala dhvani se grantha-vimocana para apanI khuziyA~ abhivyakta kii| mahAmahima rASTrapati jI ne apanI hastAkSarita prati mahopAdhyAyazrI ko pradAna kii| 'vizva prasiddha jaina tIrtha : zraddhA evaM kalA' vAstava meM eka aisA grantha hai jisameM jaina mandiroM meM utkIrNa bhAratIya zilpa ko usakI bArIkI ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| delavAr3A, rANakapura, jaisalamera, pAlItAnA Adi tIrthoM meM zilpakAroM ne jisa bArIkI se pASANoM para nakkAzI kI hai, prastuta grantha meM unakA khUbasUrata raMgIna chAyAMkana hai| vidyAlaya ke udghATana samAroha meM santapravartaka zrI rUpamuni jI ma. sA. evaM gaNivara zrI mahimAprabha sAgara jI ma0 sA0 kA vizeSa sAnidhya rhaa| zrI rUpamuni jI ma0 'rajata' kI preraNA se jodhapura meM eka nayA apolo haoNspiTala banAne kI ghoSaNA kI gyii| zrI DI0 Ara0 mehatA ko 'marudhara kesarI vizva ahiMsA puraskAra' se alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| grantha prakAzana samiti ke adhyakSa evaM zrI nAkor3A tIrtha ke ceyaramaina zrI pArasamala bhaMsAlI evaM prakAzaka zrI jitayazA phAuNDezana ke saciva zrI prakAzacaMda daphtarI ne rAjasthAna ke rAjyapAla zrI balirAma bhagata, zikSAmantrI zrI gulAbacaMda kaTAriyA, briTena ke uccAyukta zrI lakSmImala siMghavI, sebI ke adhyakSa zrI DI0 Ara0 mehatA,

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86 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 mahArAjA gajasiMha, kA~gresa ( I ) ke upanetA zrI nAthUrAma mirdhA evaM osavAlasiMha sabhA ke adhyakSa zrI ghevaracaMda kAnUMgo ko grantha kI prati bheMTa kii| __mahAvIra zikSaNa saMsthAna ke saciva zrI kailAza bhaMsAlI ne AbhAra vyakta kiyaa| jainAcArya zrI hemendrasUrIzvarajI ma0 rASTra santa ziromaNi / pada se vibhUSita mumbii| samagra jaina samAja kI samanvaya, ekatA, sevA kI bhAvanA se samarpita saMsthA bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala kA aitihAsika 48vA~ adhivezana 21 janavarI 96, ko bambaI ke AjAda maidAna meM sampanna huaa| kAryakrama meM gacchAdhipati AcArya indradina sUrIzvarajI mahArAja, AcArya vimalabhadrasUrijI, AcArya jagatacandasUrijI, vimala gacchAdhipati zrI pradyumnavimalajI ma0, gaNivarya panyAsa zrI ravindravijayajI ma0, jainadharma divAkara zrI narendravijayajI ma0, panyAsa lokendravijayajI ma0, jyotisamrATa RSabhacandra vijayajI ma0, sAdhvI caMdanAjI ma0, akSaya jyotijI, sAdhvI kanakaprabhAjI ma0, jaina saMta somakIrtijI ma0 Adi jainAcAryoM ke sAnidhya evaM zrI kizoracandra ema0 vardhana kI adhyakSatA tathA bhAjapA ke rASTrIya adhyakSa lAlakRSNa ADavANI, mahArASTra ke upamukhyamaMtrI gopInAtha muNDe, bhAjapA pradeza adhyakSa kirITa somayyA, vidhAyaka rAja0 ke0 purohita, maMgalaprabhAta lor3hA, mohana rAyacurA, pUrva sAMsada zrImatI jayavanti bahana mehatA, pUrva adhyakSa rameza candra jaina, vizva ahiMsA saMgha ke adhyakSa mulkharAja jaina, naI dillI, mahArASTra ke zikSA maMtrI dattA rANe, vedaprakAza goyala, jaina sozala grupa ke saMsthApaka sI0 ena0 saMghavI, svAgatAdhyakSa DaoN0 Ara sI0 bhaMsAlI tathA samagra jaina samAja ke deza bhara se Aye pratinidhiyoM kI upasthiti meM maNDala dvArA gacchAdhipati AcArya zrI hemendrasUrIzvarajI ma0 ko rASTra saMta ziromaNi pada se vibhUSita kara abhinandana kiyA gyaa| kAryakrama kA zubhArambha pArzva gAyaka manahara udhAsa ke saMgIta evaM bhajana se prArambha huA tathA upasthita jainAcAryoM, sAdhu, sAdhvIjI ma0 ke maMgala pravacana hue| vizeSa atithi ke rUpa meM samAjasevI zrI bharata esa0 sAha zrI mophatalAla muNota ke Atithya meM kAryakrama meM Aye atithiyoM kA abhinandana kara unheM momeNTo pradAna kiyA gyaa| nivRttamAna adhyakSa zrI ramezacandra jaina, kAryAdhyakSa subhASa rUnavAla, mahAmantrI zAnti prasAda jaina ne maNDala kI gatividhiyoM aura samasyAoM para vicAra vyakta kiyaa| isa avasara para ratalAma, ma0pra0 se prakAzita sA. divAkara dIpti samAcAra patra ke bahuraMgI vizeSAMka kA vimocana mukhya atithi lAlakRSNa ADavANI evaM maNDala adhyakSa zrI kizora vardhana ne kiyaa| isI prakAra jaina ekatA saMdeza vizeSAMka kA vimocana upamakhya maMtrI gopInAtha muNDe ne kiyaa|

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jaina jagat : 87 adhyakSa pada grahaNa karane ke pazcAt zrI kizoracandra ema0 vardhana ne kahA, "maiM apane pada ke anurUpa asAmpradAyika dRSTi se jaina samAja kI sevA, samanvaya-saMgaThana ke sUtra meM saMjokara prANI mAtra ke prati udAra dRSTi, vyApaka cintana evaM niHsvArtha bhAvanA se karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa|" mukhya atithi zrI lAlakRSNa ADavANI ne kahA, "Aja deza meM rASTIya caritra kA saMkaTa hai| mujhe khuzI hai ki maiM jaina samAja ke bhinna-bhinna vargoM ke isa saMgaThana ke adhivezana meM bhAga lekara vibhinna RSiyoM-muniyoM evaM sAdhvIjI mahA0 ke AzIrvAda kA bhAgI bnaa| jaina samAja ne tapasyA aura ahiMsA ko pramukhatA se mAnA hai|" upamukhyamaMtrI gopInAtha muNDe ne kahA ki "hamArI bhAjapA zivasenA sarakAra ne abhI mumbaI ke aitihAsika zrI zAntinAtha jaina mandira ke nirmANa kI bAdhA ko adhyAdeza ke mAdhyama se dUrakara nirmANa kArya hetu majabUtI pradAna kii| hama mandira nirmANa meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM tor3ane meM nhiiN| jaina bhavana hetu bhI mahArASTra sarakAra se maNDala ko niHzulka jamIna dilavAne kA pUrA prayAsa kruuNgaa|" isa avasara para maNDala ke sarvAdhika sadasya banAne vAle zrI ke0 sI0 jaina, munnAlAla mAlU evaM 211 upavAsa karane vAle bandhu kA abhinandana kiyA gyaa| jainadharma divAkara narendra vijayajI mahA0 ne kahA, "samAja kI ekatA ke lie svaccha mana se niHsvArtha pravRttipUrvaka prayatna kreN|" sau varSa ke itihAsa meM prathama bAra samagra jaina samAja dvArA kisI AcArya ko rASTra santa ziromaNi pada se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| svAmI akhileza mahA0 (bihAra) ne vartamAna samaya meM deza, samAja evaM dharma meM phaila rahe pradUSaNa ke prati cintA vyakta kii| adhivezana ko saphala banAne meM samAjasevI vidhAyaka rAja ke0 purohita, rAjendra jaina, prazAnta jhaverI, motIlAla bAphanA, ratalAma, sunIla jaina, pAThaka, mukAdama, Adi maNDala ke padAdhikAriyoM kA sakriya sahayoga milaa| isa avasara para khule adhivezana meM sarvAnumati se saMvatsarI ekIkaraNa aura jaina ekatA sambandhI prastAva pAsa kiyA gyaa| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana sAhityakAra zekharacandra jaina, ahamadAbAda evaM AbhAra pradarzana maNDala ke mantrI zrI esa0 pI0 jaina ne kiyaa| arhat vacana puraskAra, varSa-7 (1995) vijJapti vigata varSa kI bhA~ti varSa-7 (1995) meM prakAzita arhat vacana ke 4 aMkoM meM prakAzita samasta AlekhoM ke mUlyAMkana hetu eka trisadasyIya nirNAyaka maNDala kA gaThana nimravata kiyA gayA thA -

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88 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 1. DaoN0 gokula candra jaina, prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii| 2. DaoN0 Ara0 ela0 pATanI, prAcArya mahAvidyAlaya, indaura | 3. DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina, rIDara vanaspati adhyayanazAlA, jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara / -- prAkRta evaM jainAgama pa0 ma0 ba0 gujarAtI vANijya nirNAyakoM dvArA pradatta prAptAMkoM ke AdhAra para nimnAMkita AlekhoM ko kramazaH prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya puraskAra hetu cunA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pUjya munirAjoM / AryikAoM, arhat vacana sampAdaka maNDala ke sadasyoM, vigata 5 varSoM meM isa puraskAra se sammAnita lekhakoM evaM kundakunda jJAnapITha ke kAryAlayIya sahayogiyoM tathA gRhastha jIvana tyAga cuke zrAvakoM dvArA likhita lekha pratiyogitA meM sammilita nahIM haiN| devakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla adhyakSa : kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura puraskRta lekha ke lekhakoM ko kramazaH 5001.00, 3001.00, 2001.00 kI nagada rAzi, prazasti patra, smRti cihna, zAla evaM zrIphala bheMTa kara AgAmI jaina vidyA saMgoSThI (12 - 13 mArca, 96 ) ke avasara para sammAnita kiyA jaayegaa| prathama puraskAra - AcArya rAjakumAra jaina, nibandhaka evaM saciva, bhAratIya cikitsA kendrIya pariSada, I/ 6, svAmI rAmatIrtha nagara, naI dillI, 'zruta paramparA meM Ayurveda', varSa-7, aMka-3, julAI 95, pRSTha 7 - 15 / dvitIya puraskAra - DaoN0 ajita kumAra jaina, prAdhyApaka rasAyana zAstra, esa0 esa0 ela0 jaina kaoNleja, vidizA (ma0 pra0), 'paudgalika skandhoM kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa', varSa-7, aMka-4, akTUbara 95, pRSTha 9 - 23 / tRtIya puraskAra - Prof. A. Sundara, Director, Karnataka University Post Graduate Center, Sholapur Road, Bijapur - 586103, "Some Aspects of Jaina Art in Karnataka : Architecture & Sculpture", Vol.-7, Issue-2 April- 95, pp. 67-82. DaoN0 anupama jaina saciva : kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra - 95 vijJapti di0 jaina udAsIna Azrama TrasTa ke antargata sthApita kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura dvArA 1992 meM kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| isa puraskAra ke antargata nirdhArita viSaya para nizcita samayAvadhi meM likhI zreSTha pustaka ke

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lekhaka ko 25,000.00 ru0 nagada, prazasti patra, zAla evaM zrIphala bheMTa kara sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| 1993 kA puraskAra saMhitAsUri paM0 nAthUlAlajI zAstrI, indaura ko unakI kRti pratiSThA pradIpa para evaM 1994 kA puraskAra pro0 lakSmIcandra jaina, jabalapura ko unakI kRti The Tao of Jaina Sciences para pradAna kiyA jA cukA hai| 1995 kA puraskAra jaina itihAsa evaM purAtatva para 1990 - 1995 kI avadhi meM prakAzita athavA aprakAzita maulika ekala kRti para denA ghoSita kiyA gayA / 30. 6. 95 taka prApta 9 praviSTiyoM kA mUlyAMkana eka trisadasyIya nirNAyaka maMDala dvArA kiyA gyaa| nirNAyaka maMDala nimnavat hai jaina jagat : -- 89 1. pro0 e0 e0 abbAsI, kulapati - de0 a0 vi0 vi0, indaura | 2. pro0 sI0 ke0 tivArI, prAcArya - holkara vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya, indaur| devakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla adhyakSa 3. DaoN0 ena0 pI0 jaina, pUrva rAjadUta bhArata, I 50, sAketa, indaur| nirNAyaka maNDala ke nirNayAnusAra pro0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara' adhyakSa pAlI prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nAgapura ko unakI kRti jaina itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva (aprakAzita) para pradAna karane kA nirNaya kiyA gyaa| - , puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha parama pUjya, gaNinI AryikAziromaNi zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ke maMgala sAnnidhya meM 12 - 13 mArca, 96 ke madhya Ayojita kiyA jAnA hai| DaoN0 anupama jaina saciva

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zramaNa Vidyapeeth in the Eyes of Distinguished Visitors who visited the Vidyapeeth during ( 1st Jan. 1995 to 31 Dec. 1995 ) Kenneth J. Jisk Professor University of New York, New York, U. S. A. Upon my first step into the ground of the Jaina Vidyapeeth, accompanied by Dr. A. K. Narayan, I was impressed and pleased with the beauty and order of the grounds. They begged me to come in and make myself feel at home. The staff and Director were most helpful and interested in my work on Ayurveda, especially in the Jaina context. I definitely plan to visit the Vidyapeeth in the future when I will have more time to spend and deeper study as soon as possible. I much appreciate the welcome I received and the help that was given. sItArAma kesarI kalyANa maMtrI, bhArata sarakAra candrajIta yAdava sAMsada pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM Akara dekhane kA avasara milA / parama prasannatA ke sAtha isakI sarAhanA karatA hU~ / Wang Shuying, Ge Wijing Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing, China 30-1-95 5-3-95 yaha saMsthAna rASTrIya mahattva ke viSayoM para zodha bhI kara rahA hai aura gambhIra carcAeM bhI karAtA hai| isakA yogadAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| vizvAsa hai ki bhaviSya meM isakA yogadAna bar3hatA hI jAyegA / 5-3-95 I am very happy to visit this institute. The excellent collec

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Opinions of the Visitors Who Visited the Vidyapeeth : 91 tion of the books in the library is very useful, particularly for me. I hope the friendship of India and China will go longer. pro0 zera siMha pUrva zikSA rAjya maMtrI, bhArata sarakAra pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dekhane kA saubhAgya prApta huA aura saMsthAna ke nidezaka se thor3I carcA huii| nidezaka mahodaya ne apane prakAzanoM kA byorA diyA tathA kucha sAhitya bhii| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki zodha kA mahattvapUrNa kArya yaha saMsthAna kara rahA hai| usakA Adara karate hue bhArata sarakAra ise vizvadyiAlaya kA darjA dekara protsAhita kregii| omaprakAza ambAla jaina ( mahAnidezaka ) 17-4-95 ___evaM uSA agravAla ( nidezikA, progrAma ) bhAratIya saMrakSaNa saMsthAna, lakhanaU isa saMsthAna meM Akara aura yahA~ kA kArya dekhakara ati prasannatA huii| yahA~ ke nidezaka tathA kAryakartA badhAI ke pAtra haiN| bahuta acchA kAma huA hai aura jaina sAhitya, jaina kalA aura jaina dharma kI bahuta bar3I sevA ho rahI hai| kAma bahuta bar3A aura mahattvapUrNa hai| isa prakAra ke saMsthAna deza meM kama hI haiM aura isalie bhI isakA adhika mahattva hai| AzA hai aura acchA aura upayogI kAma hogaa| merI zubhakAmanAe~ saMsthAna ke sAtha haiN| Pia. Kelohonker, Venla Varis 19th April 1995 Hameenlina College of Health Professions Finland Thank you very much for a short talk on basic ideas of Jainism. We will try to order our mind and not be angry for things that is past. Hira Lal 27 April 1995 New Delhi I am happy to have spent a couple of days at the Institute and meet Prof. Sagarmal Jain and other members of the faculty. I

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92 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 have acquainted myself with the broad features of the work done at the Institute and its structure. I have very hope it will become a major university of Jaina studies. Kisher Mento 9th July, 1995 Leawood, Kansas, U. S. A. It was a pleasure visiting the Vidyapeeth. I had read about it in Jaina study circular. We are really thankful to Dr. Surendra Verma and Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh for showing us around the Institute after hours. I now can talk about the Institute to my other Jaina and Hindu friends and enforce them to visit here. Please keep up your excellent work as usual. Cihustian Buisek 26-9-95 Austrian Broadcasting Corporation Department of Religions Argentiniekstr - 30 A A. 1170 Vienna, Austria I found that all the Professors, Teachers and Students of the Jaina Institute not only preach to be co-operative but in fact they are in the best of all ways. The information and techniques of Jaina religion I received here, deeply impressed me and of high relevance to our time. I will make every effort to convey them to my countrymen. I will leave Varanasi with a good conviction that there are people who live to their faith. With many thanks for your kind help and all the best wishes. Reeta Manson 9-11-95 Director of International Education Pites, U. S. A Thanks a lot for your worm hospitality and kind introduction to your Institute and to the students, sisters and staff. It was very fascinating to visit this institute. s , states , 7497915 ta, sitapea ta, 28-88-84 jagadIza kumAra jaina, subhASacandra, rAkeza kumAra jaina dillI isa saMsthAna ko dekhane kA saubhAgya milA jo ki hamAre lie bahata hI

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Opinions of the Visitors who visited the Vidyapeeth : 53 prasannatA kI bAta hai, bhagavAn zrI jI se yahI prArthanA hai ki aise saMsthAna deza ke kone-kone meM sthApita hoM jo ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kI taraha mAnava jAti ke Atmonnati meM sArthaka bana skeN| Prof. Jagadish Dua Department of Psychology University of New England Armidale, Australia Very pleased to see that your institute is studying, ( investigating ) the appreciations of Indian Philosophies to human problems. Best Wishes D. M. Pestanji Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad - 380 015 It was a fascinating experience. May be more researches on modern scientific lines, specially with clinical orientations added to the curricula. I wish all the success. Christina Ceoerborg Sveag, 3d 65222 Karistad, Sweden We would like to thank every body for their help and hospitality. Especially Prof. Sagarmal Jain for his advise and literature. We also find the institute very beautiful and peaceful. Thank You.

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zramaNa 'zramaNa' pAThakoM kI naz2ara meM - zramaNa kA akTUbara-disambara, 1995 kA aMka milaa| dhnyvaad| pahale ke aMkoM se isameM jo saMzodhana (zIrSaka Adi ke bAre meM) kiyA gayA hai vaha ati prazaMsanIya hai| -ke0 Ara0 candra bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, prAkRta vibhAga gujarAta vizvavidyAlaya, ahamadAbAda zramaNa kA aMka milaa| isake pUrva bhI tIna aMka prApta hue haiN| tadartha dhnyvaad| zodha-patrikAoM meM 'zramaNa' agragaNya hai| navavarSa kI shubhkaamnaaeN| - bhAgacanda jaina AcArya nAgapura vizvadyiAlaya, nAgapura (mahArASTra) 'zramaNa', varSa 46, aMka 10-12 milaa| utkRSTa lekhoM ke saMkalana hetu Apake prayAsa ke lie bdhaaii| mujhe sarvadA devardhigaNi kA lokottara Atma ninhava 'jJAnAya, dAnAya ca rakSaNAya' yAda AtA hai aura tathokta Adhunika zodhakoM kI 'anuprAsasyalobhenabhUpaH kUpe nipAtataH' vRtti, kyoMki ve bahudhA maulikatA ke lie 'vivAdAya' meM rasa lete haiM aura 'sthitasya gatiH' mUla para vicAraNIyA ko bhUlakara mula para bhI AghAta hone dete haiM, jaba ki yaha avasarpiNI hai, kA dhyAna 'AjJApAya vicayI' sahaja karatA hai| - khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA vArANasI sampAdaka 'zramaNa', ___ 'zramaNa', akTUbara-disambara, 95 kA aMka prApta huaa| patrikA meM mere dvArA sampAdita, anuvAdita aura likhita pustakoM kI samIkSA tathA campAlAla sA~Da smRti sAhitya puraskAra se mujhe puraskRta kiye jAne ke jo samAcAra prakAzita huye haiM, usase mujhe pramoda huA hai| isa hetu aabhaar|

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pAThakoM kI naz2ara meM : 95 'zramaNa' patrikA kA hara aMka samaya para prApta karane aura par3hane kI hamezA utkaNThA banI rahatI hai| jaina dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM jisa asAmpradAyika dRSTi aura utkRSTa zodhapUrNa AlekhoM ke sAtha yaha patrikA prakAzita hotI hai vaha prazaMsanIya hai| pUrNataH sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se niyamita prakAzita yaha patrikA bhale hI bahuraMgI pRSThoM se susajjita na ho, kintu jaina jagat ke samAcAroM, zodha lekhoM Adi kA jo satata prakAzana isameM ho rahA hai, usake lie pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina anya sampAdakoM DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, DaoN0 zivaprasAda tathA DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya hArdika badhAI ke pAtra haiN| pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke nirdezana meM uccastarIya vidvAnoM ke sampAdakatva evaM zrI bI0 ena0 jaina ( mantrI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) kI sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se prakAzita 'zramaNa' patrikA jaina jagat meM Aja bhI sarvotkRSTa patrikAoM meM se eka hai aura vizvAsa hai bhaviSya meM bhI isakA ucca stara banA rhegaa| isakA pratyeka aMka jainavidyA premiyoM ke lie saMgrahaNIya aMka bane, aisI abhilASA evaM maMgalakAmanA karatA huuN| Thank you very much for my complimentary copy of your revered research quarterly (Oct.-Dec. 1995). It is indeed, very kind of you to give largest-coverage to this insignificant scrub's long awaited article Sri Hanumana in Padma purana. I feel enthrilled, God bless - - DaoN. sureza sisodiyA zodha adhikArI Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura our dear - 'SRAMANA' and long live our Jaina Religion. - Truly speaking, it was a jungle to roam about and only your discerning staff could manage to wade through various jaded arguments, a host of tedious Samskrta quotations. A very honest composing & proof-reading have added excellent charm to the whole gamut of theme. Thanking You. - Surendra Kumar Garga Lecturer in English Muzaffar Nagar

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kavitA tattva kI Aja maiMne sunI bA~surI tattva kI Aja maiMne sunI bA~surI / to viSaya bhoga mAyA tajI AsurI / / deha pulakita huI gIta samyaktva suna / gUMjatI karNa meM jJAna AsAvarI // 1 // tattva kI Aja maiMne ye anantAnubandhI sahaja ur3a gayI / dekha kumatA pizAcina are kur3ha gii| merI sumatA sakhI mujhase hI jur3a gii| hAtha jor3e khar3I hai, banA AMjurI / / 3 / tattva kI Aja maiMne ina kaSAyoM ke bAdala bikhara saba gye| nija svabhAvoM ke parvata nikhara aba gaye || moha mithyAtva ke gira zikhara aba gye| jJAna kI khila gaI ika ika paMkhurI / / 2 / / tattva kI Aja maiMne maiM to paripUrNa hU~ sukha kA bhaMDAra hU~ / maiM cidAnanda, caitanya, avikAra hU~ / / bala atula kA dhanI saukhya AgAra huuN| merI Atama svayaM jJAna kI nirjharI / / 5 // tattva kI Aja maiMne sunI bA~surI rAjamala pavaiyA* maiMne jAnA hai Atama kA saccA dharama | maiM harU~gA vibhAvoM se AThoM karama / / parabhAvoM se haTane kI khAI ksm| merA yaha bhava hai nizcita hI aba AkhirI / / 4 / / tattva kI Aja maiMne *****.......... * * 44, ibrAhimapurA, bhopAla (ma0 pra0)

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SRAMANA Third Monthly Research Journal of Parsvanatha Vi Volume 1-3] [ January - March, 1996 General Editor Prof. Sagarmal Jain Editors Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Dr. Shriprakash Pandey For Publishing Articles, News, Advertisement and Membership, Contact General Editor sramana Parsvanatha Vidyapitha 1. T. I. Road, Karaundi P. O. : B. H. U., Varanasi - 221 005 Phone-311462 Fax-0542-311462 Annual Subscription For Instituitions : Rs. 60.00 For Individual : Rs. 50.00 Single Issue : Rs. 15.00 Life Membership For Institutions : Rs. 1000.00 For Individual : Rs. 500.00

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SRAMANA English Section Articles of this Volume Pages 99-114 1. Yapaniya Sect : An Introduction Prof. S. M. Jain Trans. : Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh 115-119 2. Jain Archaeology and Epigraphy Prof. K. D. Bajpai

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zramaNa Premi Yapaniya Sect : An Introduction Prof. Sagarmal Jain Trans. : Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh In Jainism, two sects namely Svetambara and Digambara are known but in past, there also flourished one other prominent sect Yapaniya. This sect had a long and continued existence, spreading as it did over a period of 11 hundred years from c. fifth century A. D. to 15th century. This sect, significantly, contributed, by founding temples, producing a number of literary works in Jaina Sauraseni. Till 50 years ago Jaina community as well as scholars were totally in dark about this sect. Thanks to researches, since then, which brought to light some epigraphs and texts, pertaining to Yapaniya Sangh. Yet todate, no literature worth the name, on this sect, except a few articles and monographs has been brought out. Prof. A. N. Upadhye and Pt. Nathuram i paved the way for future researches by their articles. But there has been no commendable follow up to their effort except the work of Kusum Patoria - Yapaniya Aur Unaka Sahitya.? I came across this work, when I was going through the proofs of the first chapter of my work entitled "Jainadharma Ka Yapaniya Sampradaya". I made full use of her work in my final writing of other chapters at various places, though our conculsions vary about the different facets of Yapaniya sect. The knowledge of this sect because of its being capable of bridging the differences between Svetambaras and Digambaras, may be beneficial in integrating the Jaina community. However, it is surprising that nearly 600 years ago, having survived for more than one thousand years, it went into oblivion and virtually became part of history, with no followers left. Only shrines, images and literature left by it, are its memoirs. In the forthcoming discussion, my object is to present a systematic account, corroborated by evidences, of this prominent sect, inheriting compromising tendency, to draw the attention and to generate interest among scholars towards this sect. Meaning of the Word Yapaniya Owing to variations in dialects and pronunciations, various

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100 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 forms of the terms Yapaniya became prevalant such as Yapaniya, Japaniya, Yapani, Apaniya, Yapuliya, Apuliya, Japuliya, Javuliya, Javiliya, Javaliya, Javaligeya etc. The term, almost simultaneously, occurred in Jaina canonical and Pali Tripitakas, exclusively for greeting, that enquires about the well being of a person -how is Yapaniya ( life )? In Vyakhyaprajnapti, a Jaina canon, its Prakrta form is mentioned as Javanijja. Therein, a Brahmin Somila, greeted Lord Mahavira by inquiring as to how was his Yapaniya, health and travel. In the context of preceding dialogue, two types of Yapaniyas, namely -- sense-organs and quasi-sense organs, occurred in Bhagavati and Jnatadharmakatha.* Elaborating the former ( sense-organ Yapaniya), Lord Mahavira remarked that his ear etc. five sense-organs are free from disease and are in his control. Similarly, regarding the latter, he claimed that his anger, pride, deceit and greed have been eliminated. Thus in Vyakhyaprajnapti, the term stands for controlled and sub-sided state of the cravings of sense organs and mind. In point of fact, it denotes the physical as well well being of a person. 'Kim javanijja' here means how is your mood, that is, Yapaniya indicates mood or mental state. Thus, this word was used in Jaina canons for enquiring physical and mental well being or happiness of a person. Liberally speaking, it connotes similar meaning in Buddhist literature also. At the arrival of Buddha at the native place ( village ) of Bhrgu, he asked, O Monk ! How is your ksamabhava ? How is your Yapaniya? Have you any difficulty in receiving alms ? To this Buddha replied that his ksamabhava and Yapaniya were well and he had no difficulty in receiving food etc. Here also, the word Yapaniya expressed the same sense of physical well-being of the person. Thus, generally 'Kacci Yapaniya'in Buddhist literature means enquiring about the well being of one's livelyhood. We find that the word Yapaniya denotes slightly different meaning in Pali and Prakrta literature. Unlike general livelyhood in Pali, it denotes, in Jaina literature, the tendency of control over sense-organs, and tranquility of mind. Explaining Yapaniya as that of sense-organs and quasi-sense organs, both Bhagavati and Jnatadharmakatha, explicitly mention that one whose sense-organs are sound as well as control e mind is not agitated with passions and is peaceful, his Yapaniya is well. Inspite of the term being used in the sense of control over sense-organs and mind, its derivative or original meaning is journey

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Yapaniya Sect: An Introduction : 808 of life. By asking about one's Yapaniya, his journey of life was inquired ? Buddhists used the term in literary sense, but Jainas conferred spiritual meaning to it. In Bhagavati-sutra and Jnatadharmakatha, Mahavira associated this journey with one's rightness of knowledge, faith and conduct, while Yapaniya with one's control over one's mind and sense-organs. In this way the term assumed a new meaning in Nirgrantha tradition. Prof. A. N. Upadhye held that the term Javanijja, as figured in Jnatadharmakatha, stood for Yamaniya, derived from root 'Yam'(in the sense of control) and not for Yapaniya. He compared it with Thavanijje, the Prakata form of Sthapaniya. To him the correct Samskrta form of Javanijja'is not Yapaniya and Javanijja'monks were those, leading a self controlled and restrained life, i. e., of Yama-Yama and in this context, Yama-Yamamay be compared with caujjama or caturyama religion, that is the religion of four-fold self control of Parsvanatha.? But it is difficult to agree with Prof. Upadhye's version -- Javanijjais Yamaniya. Had he gone through this reference of Vinayapitaka wherein the term Yapaniya is found in the sense ofinquiring one's well being of his life-journey, he would have certainly refrained from this observation. In case, Javanijja meant Yamaniya in that era, the term Yamaniya would have certainly occurred in Pali literature, in place of Yapaniya. Hence, original word is Yapaniya and not Yamaniya. Nevertheless, in spiritual sense, the term suggested controlled or restrained state of mind or sense-organs. In addition to the above explanations, the scholars have putforth other explanations also. Muni Kalyanavijaya differing with the above explanations, writes, "The meaning of Yapaniya as 'leading life' as maintained by some scholars, is not justified. Rather it is due to the term 'Javanijje'occurring in their salutation to their teacher (guru) that they were called 'Yapaniya'."Jaina monks, while saluting their elders recited thus - "Icchami Khamasamanoi vandium Javanijjae nisihiae, Anujanaha Me mi Uggaham Nisihi", that is, I wish, O venerable, to salute (you) with the might and main and deter my attention from other activities, allow me to come. On account of the frequent occurrence of the term Javanijja, i.e., 'Yapaniya'occurred in salutation axiom, they became famous among people as Yapaniya. It sounds not unusual, as yatis of Maravada also

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102 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 assumed Matthena (by head ) nomenclature in the analogous manner. They used to salute, ai the time of receiving or departing, by saying 'Matthaena Vandami'. As aresult they were conferred on the title 'Matthena'by people. That is what exactly happend in the case of Yapaniyas.S In my opinion, the account of Muni Kalyanavijaya, pertaining to the nomenclature of Yapaniya is appropriate, but his opposition to the meaning of the term as life journey or leading life is not correct. According to Prof. Tailang, the word Yapaniya may mean those who are to go away, i.e., mendicants who are going about and not stationary. Probably, when the tendency of caitya-vasa ( dwelling in temple) that is to reside in erected monastries within temples, held firm root among monks, those opposed to 'caitya-vasa'kept travelling, hence were called Yapaniya. But there is difficulty in accepting this explanation, as it lacked any authentic evidence to support it. The only factor, in the favour of Prof. Tailang is that the concept of caitya-vasa also developed certainly at the same time, i.e., 4th or 5th century A.D. as that of Yapaniya. Prof. M. A. Dhaky opined that the word Yapaniya stems from Yavanika. His assertion is based on the possibility of some Yavanas converting as Jaina monks at Mathura during the realm of Sakas and Kusanas, and their tradition being called Yavanika. In the due course, Yapaniya replaced Yavanika. Despite the fact that the intrusion of Sakas and Hunas in India, coincided the development of Yapaniyatradition at Mathura, as their centre, yet to derive Yapaniya from Yavanika is grammatically not convincing. In Samskrta as well as in Hindi dictionaries, 'to renounce or to exclude' is given as the meaning of word Yapana.". According to Apte, the word Yapya also means expelled or rejected. On this account, Yapaniyaalso meant degraded or expelled. Most probably, this class of monks, was considered disregarded, debarred or abandoned, hence called Yapaniya. Virtually, in Ancient Jaina canons and Pali Tripitakas, the word Yapaniya stood for life-journey 'How is your Yapaniya' meant how one's life journey or well being was going on. Therefore, those monks, inclined to easy way oflife in comparison to Digambara monks, were called Yapaniyaby the Digambaras of Southern India in utter disdain, while the Svetambaras in Northern India, owing to their sectarian

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Yapaniya Sect : An Introduction : P03 prejudices called them Botikas, i. e. corrupt or expelled. Thus, I have attempted to present an account of the different possible explanations of term Yapaniya, but it is difficult to arrive at the exact explanation as well as ground, which is the most convincing one, in designating the sect as Yapaniya. Yapaniya Botika Upto the 8th century A. D., the term Botika was used for Yapaniyas.13 Probably, Haribhadra, for the first time used the term Yapaniya, in svetambara tradition, yet the explicit mention that Yapaniyas and Botikas were identical, is missing. Often Acarya Haribhadra explained these two terms separately but nowhere indicated that the two were synonym, though the evidences in Svetambara tradition, clearly hint that they refer to the same tradition. We must also be aware that Svetambara acaryas were misled in their assumption that Botikas were Digambaras. This fact has been established emphatically by Padmabhusana Pt. Dalsukha Malvania in his article "Kya Botika Digambara Hain" ? His article appeard in "Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III", Pt. Bechardas Doshi Commemoration Volume, P. V. Research Institute, Varanasi, 1987. Herein he writes, "In the elaborate description of Visesavasyaka Bhasya, the points of controversy are clothes and utensils, negation of women liberation is missing there. In Digambara tradition clothes and utensils along with women liberation have been prohibited." Till, Jinabhadra's period, Botikas were not considered to be Digambaras. The account, pertaining to Botikas in published edition of Avasyaka-curni, has been bracketed as "The Origin of Digambara' but the editor, appears to be misled here. There is no reference to women liberation in the context of Botikas in Curni. So the two must be discriminated from each other. It is also remarkable that Hemacandra commenting on the gatha 2609 of Visesavasyaka Bhasya in which the description of Botikas has been concluded, the commentator has advised to see the commentary of 36th chapter of Uttaradhyayana for women liberation. According to Pt. Malvania this is also due to their wrong identification of Digambaras with Botikas. It is clear from the above discussion that Botikas were not Digambaras and in addition, two other conclusions also may be drawn. The first, that the sect referred to in Svetambara texts as Botikas is not a Digambara onerather it is known as

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808 : $40/ R-/888EUR Yapaniya. Secondly, Digambara sect, prohibiting women-liberation was unknown to Svetambara acaryas before 7th century A. D.15 According to the Botika, Jinakalpa was not extinct, while Svetambaras believed that it was extinct. Botikas regarded clothes as possession and advocated nakedness for monks. The episode of Sivabhuti, granting permission to wear clothes to his sister Uttara, a Jaina nun, indicated that nuns of this sect had clothes. The question of (Acelaka) nakedness and possessing clothes( Sacelaka) of monks, was the main point of difference between the sects. They have no dispute as to the question of women liberation and intake of gross food by Kevali. In other words, till then these questions have not arisen. In Visesavasyaka Bhasya they ( Botikas ) have been depicted as adopting the Acararga etc. canons.16 The Botikas unlike Digambaras neither prohibited women-liberation nor regarded Jaina canons as wholly extinct. They maintained that the references of clothes, utensiles, occurred among canons, are exceptions. In short, Botikas differed from Digambaras, who prohibited women liberation, intake of gross food by omniscients ( Kevali) and considered Acaranga etc. canons as extinct. Botikas and Yapaniyas, with regard to the above postulates have conform views. On the basis of available literature, regarded as those of Yapaniyas, it is clear that Yapaniya monks, emphasising nakedness of monks, advocated women-liberation, liberation to heretics and intake of gross food by omniscients. They also owned Acarariga, Uttaradhyayana, Dasavaikalika, Kalpa Vyavahara, Maranavibhakti, Pratyakhyana, etc. The idea of almost total extinct of canons, on the line of Digambaras, was alien to Yapaniyas. Hundreds of Gathas (verses) and extracts from Ardhamagadhi Jaina canons occurred in texts and canonical commentaries such as Niryukti, produced in the Yapaniya tradition. The point, I want to prove is that all the evidences tend to establish that Botikas and Yapaniyas are identical sect. In short Yapanuya and Botika, accepting Acarariga, Uttaradhyayana etc. canons as extant and believing in women-liberation, are suggestive of the same tradition, hence Botika, occurred in Svetambara literature, is the synonym of Yapaniya. Interpretation of the term Botika Botika is Samsksta rendering of Praksta Bodiya. Santyacarya, in his commentary on Uttaradhyayana, explains the term Botika as - "Botikascasau Caritravikalataya Mundamatratvena"7 called Botikas

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Yapaniya Sect: An Introduction : 105 because being infirm conduct they are only shaven headed. But this explanation failed to throw any light on Botika, rather, indicated their conduct only. In my opinion the Prakrta term would have been Vadiya, instead of Bodiya, its Samskrta form being Vatika i. e. one residing in enclousers or gardens. It is evident from Sivabhuti episode, occurred in Visesavasyaka Bhasya that Botikas were nude mendicants and they scarcely entered the village or town for begging alms etc. They, as a rule, dwelled in the enclosures or gardens in outskirts of town.18 In all probability, their nomenclature would have been Vadiya or Badiya and in due course Vadiya became Bodiya. Vesavadiya (Vaisyavatika), Uduvadiya (Rtuvatika) etc." Ganas figured in Kalpasutra. As Svetapata (Samskrta) transformed into Prakrta as Setapata> Seapada Seaado, in the same way Vatika ( Samskrta) changed as Vadiya > Badiya > Bodiya. Today also, in Malava region garden is called badi. There is a term boda in Malavi and Gujarati dialect, meaning shaven headed. In the light of this, it can be inferred that Botikas also with plucked hair, were called Bodiya. However, the preceding description of transformation of word are my own and scholars and linguistics are expected to throw light on the above discussion. Prof. M. A. Dhaky offers a different explanation of the term Botika. He pointed out that 'botaum' is current in Gujarati for corrupt or defiled.20 Probably, this term of regional dialect would have retained its old meaning. It seems, due to sectarian bias, Svetambaras called them Bodiya, in the sense of corrupt or defiled, because Svetambaras used several disdainful words, viz., Mithyadrsti, Prabhutatara Visamvadi, Sarvavisam vadi and Sarvapalapi for Botikas." In Bhojapuri and Avadhi dialect the term Borana or Budana is current for drowning. Its suggestive meaning may be degraded or deteriorated. Gou In this regard, the explanation of Prof. Dhaky is more appropriate as it proves the word Yapaniya and Botika as synonym. To put it more clearly, Yapaniya means disdained or expelled and Botika means corrupt or degraded, thus both are naturally synonyms. But the fact that they were branded Botikas or Yapaniyas, owing to sectarian bias, should not be overlooked. They were called Bodiya (Botika -corrupt ) and Yapaniya (disregarded or expelled), respectively by Svetambara and Digambaras. The term Botika occurred exclusively in the canonical com

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80EUR : 4077047pt-Href/288EUR mentaries of Svetambara tradition. In the course of time, as the word Yapaniyaread in commendable sense also, it was adopted by Yapaniyas for themselves. They got inscribed themselves as Yapaniyas in inscriptions etc. But it is startling that the term "Yapaniya' is not traceable, in only work ascribed to them, at all. Perhaps Digambaras after adopting Yapaniya works, intentionally and deliberately omitted the term Yapaniya, from these texts. Orgin of Yapaniya Sect To comprehend the question of the date of origin of Yapaniya sect, to present a brief account of the history of the division of the sects in the order of Mahavira, is in order. The earliest references pertaining to this division figure in Sthaviravalis ( hagiological lists ), Kalpasutral and Nandi-sutra. Sthaviravalis give information about the division of Mahavira's order into Gana, Ganas into branches, branches into Kulas and Kula into Sambhogas, but therein the facts regarding the division of Sangha or confedration into different sects such as Svetambara, Digambara, Yapaniya etc. is missing. Out of these two Kalpasutra, Sthaviravali, dated earlier is annexed twice. The last annexture being effected in Vira Nirvana S. 980, that is, during 5th century of Christian era. Nandi-sutra Sthaviravali also is dated to this s period. Lineage of descipils of Sthulabhadra, onward differ in both Sthaviravalis. The Sthaviravalis of Kalpa-sutra and Nandi-sutra deal with Ganadharas and Vacakas respectively.24 List of Ganadharas threw light on the administrative lineage of Sangha while that of latter informs about tradition of Upadhyayas or Vidyagurus ( teachers ). These Sthaviravalis, contain the name of only illustrious acaryas, hence can not be considered as making a complete and exhaustive list of Jaina acaryas. The time and date of these acaryas, figured in the list of these Sthaviravalis extended upto a span of 1000 years, i. e., from the beginning of 5th century B. C. to 5th century A. D. The last acarya mentioned is Devardhi Gani Ksamasramana. The absence of reference to the division of sects is striking. On this basis, one can conclude that prior to 5th century A. D., the division of Sangha into Digambara, Svetambara and Yapaniya as such, has not taken place. In Sthananga and Avasyaka-niryuktas, seven Nihnavas namely: Jamali, Tisyagupta, Asadha, Asvamitra, Ganga, Rohagupta and Gosthamahila figure. The first two, Jamali and Tisyagupta were contemporary of Mahavira while the remaining five, dated ( that is

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Yapaniya Sect: An Introduction : fol after his emancipation ) between 214 to 584 V. N. S. The origin of *Trairasikamata' ( Theory of three categories : Jiva, Ajiva, Nojiva ), by Rohagupta, is also mentioned in Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali. Nihnavas have uniform conduct and dresses but different doctrinal or philosophical postulates as far as main stream is concerned. Botikas, mistaken as Digambaras, but virtually Yapaniyas, are not included among seven Nihnavas. This sect, occurred for the first time in Avasyaka Mulabhasyz (Verses 145-148). These gathas are compiled after Niryuktigatha 783 in Avasyaka-Niryukti's commentary of Haribhadra. Thus, it may be inferred erred that prior to Avasyaka Mulabhasya, no other Svetambara text has any reference to the traditions of Botika, Yapaniya and Digambara traditions. The most striking fact is that Digambara tradition, opposed to women-liberation and intake of gross-food by omniscients, is no where mentioned in any work of Svetambara tradition, composed before 8th century V.S. Epigraphical evidences, pertaining to the Yapaniya tradition, on the contrary, belong to 5th century A. D. or onwards, hence its origin is certainly prior to that. The Ganas, sakhas, Kulas and Sambhogas referred to in Jaina inscriptions of Mathura, dated Ist and Ilnd century, are quite in conformity with those in Kalpasutra Sthaviravali.27 Digambara literature on the other hand has no clue at all about these Ganas, Sakhas and Kulas. In all the idols and votive slabs ( Ayagapattas ) wherein the inscription have been craved, the Tirtharikaras have been delineated naked. However, in the inscriptions of corresponding period, the episode of transfer of embryo of Mahavira, as depicted in Acaranga, Srutaskandha IInd and Kalpa-sutra,28 has also been drawn. The resemblance of Ganas, Kulas, Sakhas and Sambhogas of inscriptions with those found in Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali, indicates that donors of these inscriptions and idols belong to Digambara tradition.29 The depiction in the ancient sculptures of Mathura, of a monk, holding a piece of cloth in his hand alongwith wollen blanket, to cover his nudity, and begging bowls in that of Aihole, proves beyond doubt that it is not a Digambara one. But the Jaina sculpture of Mathura may not also be ascribed to Yapaniya sect, having positively, a later origin. The name of Ajjakanha (Aryakrsna), has been inscribed on this sculpture. According to Pt. Kailashchandra Shastri 30, the teacher of Sivabhuti, the founder of Yapaniya sect, it belonged to Ardhasphalaka sect. How

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foc : $74071/HR-47/388EUR ever, Pt. Nathuram Premi} categorically denied the existence of any such sect. This epigraph, according to him, belonged to pre-division period of Sargha. In fact, in opposition to the holding of piece of cloth by Aryakrsna, Yapaniyas or Botikas attempted to take recourse to Acelaka tradition. In the course of time, hostility to the changes in Jaina Sangha, led to the origin of Yapaniya or Botikas as schism Both literary and epigraphic evidences confirm that though Mahaviras religious order was divided into ganas etc. yet not clearly into Svetambara, Digambara and Yapaniya sects as such, upto thirdfourth century. Therefore, Jaina sects: namely, Svetambara, Digambara and Yapaniya might have originated during 4th-5th century A.D., even though, the roots of dissension have striked deeply, prior to this date. However, the term Bodiya, for the first time figured in Avasyaka Mulabhasya?, according to which the tradition of Botikas originated in Rathavirapur, in a garden in 609 V. N. S. by Sivabhuti, a desciple of Ajjakanha. The date of composition of Avasyaka Mulabhasya is, between Avasyaka Niryukti and Visesavasyaka Bhasya. Referring to the events of 584 V. N. S., i. e., Ist century A. D., Avasyaka Niryukti" was naturally composed at a latter date. Visesavasyaka Bhasya?4 is generally ascribed to the closing of 6th century A. D. Thus, the Botika or Yapaniya came into existence between Ist and 6th century A. D. and the date of the dispute about clothes mentioned in Avasyaka Mulabhasya as V. N. S. 609, may be taken to be true. Here we must be aware of the fact that actual division did not take place at the time of Sivabhuti, i. e., V. N. S. 609, but certainly at a later date, at the time of Kodinna and Kottavira, as Avasyaka Mulabhasya mentions.35 Except Darsanasara of Devasena36 ( 942 A. D. or 999 V. S.), no other work of Digambara tradition, deals with this division of Jaina religious order. According to it, Svetambara sect, originated 136 years after Vikrama's demise at Valabhi of Saurastra. It also informed that Yapaniya Sangha was founded by Svetambara monk Srikalasa in Vikram Samvat 205, in Kalyana.Darsanasara is posterior to Avasyaka Mulabhasya, hence, its facts should be scrutinised carefully. However, both Avasvaka Mulabhasva and Darsanasara mention V. S. 136 (V. N. S. 606 ) and V. S. 139 ( V. N. S. 609 ) respectively, as dates of the division of the Sarigha.Both corroborating each other, it can not be ruled out entirely, as unauthentic. But it indicates only that the disputation in Jaina Sarigha, started by the beginning of the second century. Darsanasara

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Yapaniya Sect: An Introduction : 808 relates the origin of Yapaniya sect, to a period, 70 years later than the Sarigha division. According to Avasyaka Molabhasya also, this tradition came into existence through Kautinya and Kottavira, the desciples of Sivabhuti. It is possible that these two were not the direct desciples of Sivabhuti, but were in his lineage. Therefore, it may be easily propounded that the Botika sect mentioned in Mulabhasya, developed as an independent sect, approximately during third-fourth century A. D. But, the point of time, when they were given name as Yapaniya, remains to be ascertained. We find that the term Yapaniya occurred for the first time in the inscription of king Mrgesa Verman of Southern India, of 5th century A. D. But we had authentic evidences that prior to Sth centruy A. D. this sect had struck its roots deeply in Northern India. It is in the Lalitavistara of Acarya Haribhadra ( first half of the 8th century A. D. ) that the term Yapaniya occurred for the first time in Northern India. Prior to it, neither in epigraphs nor in literary works of Northern India, this word was traceable. In fact, in the early centuries, Svetambaras called them Botikas, but how they addressed themselves, is not known. We can only gesticulate through the clues received in this regard, but can not say anything with certainty. Though Ganas etc. figured in Sthananga, Kalpa-sutra, etc. as well as in inscriptions of Mathura, may be regarded as descendants of Svetambara and Yapaniya, yet it is difficult to pinpoint the salient mark, adopted by Yapaniyas, as their individual identity. The analysis of some stray references, found in the inscriptions of Pabhosa, Vidisa and Pahadapura, pertaining to ganas etc. is expected to throw some light on the matter. Coming to the identity of Kasyapiya Arhatas, depicted in Pabhosa inscription"0, we find that there is a reference to Kasyapiya Sakha in Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali. It is certain, desciples of a religious acarya of Kasyapa clan would have been called Kasyapiya Arhat. There may be three possibilities with regard to nomenclature Kasyapiya Anhat : 1. The lineage of Lord Mahavira might be called with this name, as he belonged to Kasyapa clan ( gotra). 2. Also the lineage of Godasa, desciple of Acarya Bhadrabahu might have designated itself as "Kasyapiya Arhat'. He is mentioned as belonging to Kasyapa clan in Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali. 3. Kalpa-sutra also states Kasyapika sakha, as a branch of

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zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 Manava Gana, emanating from Rsigupta of Vasistha clan, the desciple of Suhasti. However, the founder of Kasyapika branch is still unknown. But it is sure that he belonged to Kasyapa clan. 110 : As three acaryas -Aryabhadra, Aryanaksatra and Aryaraksa (probably Aryaraksita), posterior to Arya Sivabhuti and Arya Krsna, between whom the dispute about nudity or using of clothes and utensils, occurred, have been listed as Kasyapagotriyain Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali, hence their lineage would have known as Kasyapiya Arhat. On the basis of its script, Pabhosa inscription is considered as that of Sunga age, that is, of about Ist century B. C. On the basis of the date of Pabhosa inscription, it is clear that Yapaniyas, may not be called as Kasyapiya Arhat, because the date of their origin is later than this inscription. In Udaigiri Inscription ( Gupta Sam. 106, V. S. 406 ) of Vidisa,42 the acarya consecrating the idol of Lord Parsvanatha, is depicted as the disciple of Acarya Gosarma of Aryakula and Bhadranvaya. This Bhadranvaya may be taken to be the previous name of Yapaniya tradition. In Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali, Aryabhadra figures after Arya Sivabhuti and Aryakrsna, the two who had a dialogue regarding dress and utensils. In my opinion, Aryakula and Bhadranvaya were related to this Aryabhadra. Perhaps Aryabhadra of Kasyapa clan, was a leading adherent of Arya Sivabhuti, hence this tradition called itself as Aryakula and Bhadranvaya. This acela tradition of Northern India, known as Botika or Yapaniya had considerable influence from Mathura to Sanchi. Thus, evidently, Yapaniya, tradition in the beginning was known as Aryakula and Bhadranvaya. Another idol, of the age of the great king (Maharajadhiraja) Ramagupta of Vidisa, bore the name of Acarya Sarpasena (Nagasena) Ksamana, the disciple of Celu Ksamana and the grand disciple of Arya Candra Ksamana Sramana ( Khamana-Samana), the hand bowled ( panipatrika) monk, i. e., receiving in and eating food from their folded palms. The titles hand-bowled, and Ksamana Sramana separated these acaryas from Svetambara and Digambara tradition, respectively. As regards the latter title, it has been alien to Digambara tradition. But Svetambara acaryas, positively, bore this title, at least from 4th-5th century A. D., is evident from the instance of Devardhigani Ksamasramana, traditionally the last compiler of the Jaina canons. Accord

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Yapaniya Sect : An Introduction : 388 ing to Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali, other anterior Svetambara acaryas also bore this title. In all probability the Botika or Yapaniya schism descending through this Northern Indian tradition, would have adopted this title Ksamasramana. Late Prof. U. P. Shah also held these Vidisa inscriptions to be Yapaniya. He wrote, "Aryacandra, infact, was non-clothed (Acelaka ) and perhaps was related to the Yapaniya sect. Prof. Shah identified Sarpasena of this inscription with Nagasena. But Aryanaga, figured in Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali in the lineage of Aryakrsna and Sivabhuti as posterior to Aryabhadra, Aryanaksatra and Aryaraksa, can in no way be indentified with Sarpasena of Vidisa inscriptions because lineage of this ( Sarpasena ) teacher has no direct linkage with that figured in Kalpa-sutra. Nevertheless we can inter from the foregoing discussion that Aryakula, Bhadranvaya and Sarpasena were related with Yapaniya tradition. Paharapura ( Bengal ) inscription refers to Pancastupanvaya of Kasi. Epigraphic evidences as well as architects notice that dome ( Stupa ) worship was prevalent in Jaina-tradition at Mathura. It is a fact that division between white cloth ( Sacela ) and non-clothed (Acela) monks in Jaina tradition, materialised in Northern India, near Mathura. Therefore, probably, after division at Mathura, non-clothed (Acela ) branch which arrived Vidisa and Sanci via Gwalior and Deogarh, became known as Aryakula and Bhadranvaya and similarly, the branch which reached from Mathura, to Bengal via Kasi introduced itself as Pancastupanvaya. Perhaps, in the beginning Yapaniya tradition named itself as Aryakula, Bhadranvaya and Pancastupanvaya in North India, addressed as Botikas by Svetambara's denigrately, and they assumed this nomenclature Yapaniya in Northern India. References 1. (a) Indian Antiquary, Swati Publications, Delhi, 1984, Vol. VII, p. 34. (b) H. Luders, Epigraphica Indica, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1979, Vol. IV, pp. 338-339, p. 349. (c) Nathuram Premi, Jaina Hitaisi, XII, pp. 250-275. (d) A. N. Upadhye, Journal of the University of Bombay, 1956, VI, p. 224 ff. (e) Nathuram Premi, Jaina Sahitya Aur Itihasa, Bombay, Ed. IInd, 1956, p. 56f, 1551, 521f.

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887 : 301/7777-7/388EUR (f)P. B. Desai, Jainism in South India, Sholapur, 1957, pp. 163166. (g) A. N. Upadhye, Jaina Sampradaya ke Yapaniya Sangha Para Kucha Aur Prakasa - Anekanta, No. 28, Kirana ( Issue ) 1, 1975, pp. 244-253. 2. Dr. Kusum Patoria, Yapaniya Aur Unaka Sahitya, Vira Seva Mandira Trust Prakashana, Naria, Varanasi, Ist. Ed., 1988. 3. A. N. Upadhye, Anekanta, 1975, p. 246. 4. Jatta te Bhante ? Javanijjar ( te Bhante ?) avvabaham ( te Bhante) Phasuyaviharam (te Bhante) ? Somila! jatta vi me, Javanijjani pi me, avvabham pi me, phasuyaviharam pi me. Bhagavati, Ed. Acarya Mahaprajna, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun, Ist Edition, 1974, Sataka 18/206. Kim te Bhante! Javanijjam. Somila! Javanijje divihe pannatte, tam jaha indiyajavanijje yajnoindiya javanijje yan se kim te indiyajavanijje ? Indiyajavanijje-jam me soindiya cakkhindiya hammadiya jibbhindiya phasimdiyaim niruvahayaim vase vattamti, settam indiyajavanijje ! No-indiyajavanijje jam me koha-mana-maya lobha vocchinna no diremt, setam noindiyajavanijje setam javanijja. Bhagavati, Ladnun, 18/208-210. Ayasmantam Bhaguni bhagava etadavoca-kassi, Bhikkhu, khamaniyani kacci Yapaniyani kacci pindakena na kilamasi ti? khamaniyam, bhagava Yapaniyam, bhagava, na caham bhante pinda akena kilamami...it. Mahavaggo (Ed.) Bhikkhu J. Kashyap, Pali Publication Board, Bihar, Govt. (Nalanda-Devanagari-Pali Series, First Edition, 1956, 10-4-16) 7. A. N. Upadhye, Anekanta, 1975, p. 246. 8. Pattavaliparagasarigraha, Muni Kalyanavijaya Gani, K. V. Shastra sangraha Samiti, Jalore, First Edition, 1966, p. 91. 9. A. N. Upadhye, Anekanta (1975), p. 246. 10. On the Basis of Dialogue with Prof. M. A. Dhaky. 11. (a) Bshat Hindi Kosa, Jnanamandala Ltd., Varanasi, 1952, p. 1068. (b) Samskrta-Hindi Kosa, Apte, M. L. B. D. Delhi, First Edition, 1948, p. 834.

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Yapaniya Sect: An Introduction : 883 12. Ibid, p. 834. 13. Chavvasasayaim navuttaraim taiya siddhim gayassa Virassa to Bodiyana ditthi Rahavirapure Samuppanna. (45) Rahavirapuram nayaram divagamujjane Ajjakanhe ya Sivabhuissuvahimmi ya puccha therana kahana ya. ( 46 ) Avasyaka Niryukti, B. K. Kothari Religious Trust, Bombay, Rep. Ed. IInd, 1981, pp. 215-216. 14. "Strigrahanam tasamapi tadbhava iva samsaraksayo bhavati iti jnapanartha vacah yathoktam Yapaniya tantre". Lalitavistara, Haribhadra, R. K. Kesarimala Svetambara Sanstha, Ratlam, pp. 57-58. 15. Uttaradhyayana, Santyacarya sika. 16. Visesavasyaka-Bhasya ( two parts ), Jinabhadra Gani, Agamodya Samiti, Bombay, First Edition, 1927, V. 3054. 17. Uttaradhyayana, santyacarya Tika, D. L. J. P. Fujd ( S. No. 33). 18. Avasyaka Niryukti, Haribhadriya Vitti, Bombay (Rep. Ed. Ilnd), p. 423. 19. (a) Therehimto Bhaddajasehisto Bharaddayagottehimto ettha nam uluvadiyagane namam game niggae. Kalpasutra, Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur, Ist Ed., Para 213. (b) Therehimto nam kamiddhihimto kundalisagottehisto etthanam vesavaliyagane namari gane niggaye. Kalpasutra ( Jaipur ), Para 124. 20. Vide Bodum, Hindi-Gujrati Kosa, Ahmedabad, 1961, p. 348. 21. Prof. Dhaky, Dialogue. 22. Kalpa-sutra Sthaviravali, Jaipur, Para 207-224. 23. Nandi-sutra, Ed. Madhukar Muni, Byavara, S. No. 12, Ed. 1982, W. 25-50. 24. Patlavali-paraga-sangraha, Kalyanavijaya, Jalore, See Ist chapter. 25. ( a ) Sthanarga, Ed. Madhukar Muni, Byavara, S. No. 7, 1981, Thana 7, Para 140-142, pp. 753-754. (b) Avasyaka Niryukti, Haribhadriyavrtti, Bombay, V. 779-783. 26. Avasyaka Mulabhasya, See Avasyaka Niryukti, Havorth Bombay, pp. 145-148.

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114 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 27. Pattavali-paraga-sangraha, Muni Kalyanavijaya, Jalore, pp. 34-35. 28. Jaina Stupas and Other Antiquities of India, V. A. Smith, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1969, Plate No. 10, 15, 17, pp. 24-25. 29. Ibid, pp. 24-25. 30. Jaina Sahitya Ka Itihasa ( Purvapithika), Pt. Kailashacandra Shastri, G. P. Varni Text S. No. 11, Varanasi, 1962, p. 385 31. (a) Ibid, p. 381. (b) Jaina Hitaisi, Part 13, Issue 9-10. 32. Avasyaka Mulabhasya, V. 945-948. 33. Avasyaka Niryukti, Haribhadriya Vrtti, V. 779-783. 34. Jaina Sahitya Ka Itihasa ( Purvapithika), p. 372. 35. Ibid, p. 372. 36. Ibid, p. 372. 37. Ibid, p. 372. 38. Avasyaka Mulabhasya, V. 145-148. 39. Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, Part 2, No. 102-103. 40. Ibid, No. 6-7. 41. Kalpa-sutra ( Jaipur), Para 215. 42. Acarya Bhadranvaya Bhusanasya Sisyo Hayasa Varyyakubjodgatasya, Acarya Gosarma, Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, Rep. IInd, p. 57.

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zramaNa Jain Archaeology and Epigraphy* Prof. K. D. Bajpai** The archaeological and historical studies during the last 150 years have brought to light the importance of Jaina architecture, sculpture, painting and epigraphs. These studies have in a large measure, corroborated the evidences known from the literary and other sources. The significance of the variegated Jaina source material for the study of Indian History & Culture, is now widely acknowledged. The stone Age tools and the pre-historic rock paintings, have been discoverd in different regions of the country. Painted rock shelters are largely known from the valleys of rivers Betwa, Narmada and Chambal. They have thrown interesting light on the archaic culture of India. Some of the rock paintings represent the earliest activity in the field of pictorial art in the country. Several representation of symbols were adopted from the archaic rock paintings by the artists of the historical times. Indian art of the historical period bears several of these symbols. The relices of the Harappan culture and various chaleothic cultures in other parts of the contry have clearly indicated that both the plastic and pictorial art developed during the protohistoric times. The history of Indian art from the Maurya period onwards represents a harmonious blend of the religious and secular trends Religion undoubtedly began to play a leading role in almost all the spheres of life and thought. The field of fine arts could not remain an exception. From the beginning of the 2nd century B. C., Bhakti movement made a mark in the socio-religious life of the country. It is discernible not only in the Vedic-Puranic religion, but also in Jainism and Buddhism. It was largely responsible for a brisk activity in art and * A paper presented by the author at the occassion of the Golden Jubilee of the Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, in the First Conference of All India Association of Prakrta and Jaina Studies.

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116 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 literature during the Sunga-Satavahana period. In the Saka-Kusana age, more impetus was given to sculpture and architecture. Even foreign rulers, the Kusanas and the Ksatrapas, were influenced by the new devotional trends in Indian society. They patronized Indian art to such an extent that a large number of temples, Stupas, Viharas and statues were made in several parts of the country. The relics of these found at Mathura, Kausambi, Vidisa Ahichatra, Bharahuta, Sanchi, Amaravati and other places bear testimony to this. During the Gupta period, the plastic, pictorial and performing arts had an all round growth, both in the north and south India. Activities in these fields continued during the early medieval period. The contribution of Jainism to Indian philosophical and material culture is considerable indeed. The inscriptional and literary evidence proves the existence of Jaina stupas and of Tirtharikara images before the Christian era. The Hathigumpha inscription and other sites have thrown light on this. The Jaina works, like Kalpasutra, Rayapaseniya, Argavijja, Nisitha and several others, furnish valuable accounts pertaining to art of sculpture, architecture, painting, music and dramaturgy. When we study this literature along with the art form extant in several parts of the country (e. g. Mathura, Vidisa, Kausambi, Ahichatra, Rajagrha and other art centres ) we find that several of the art forms tally very well with their descriptions in scriptures. The Jaina literature on iconography and architecture is sumptuous and is extremely valuable for the study of artistic development in different parts of the country. The Jaina inscriptions are extremly valuable for the study of Indain art. They contain a good number of technical terms which are otherwise unknown to us. In the inscriptions of the Saka-Kusana period from interesting terms like Ayagapatta, Thupa torana, Kubha, Mandavika Siladevi, Gramadevi, Pratimasarvatobhadrika have been found. Words such as Puskarini, Arama, Vihara, Punyasala, etc. also occur in Jaina inscriptions. On the pedestal of the Jaina image of goddess Sarasvati dated in the Saka year 54 (i. e. 132 A. D.) the inscription states that the imgae was installed in a dance-hall. This and other records furnish an interesting evidence to the popularity of the performing arts during the Kusana period. The presiding diety of these arts was Sarasvati. In the inscriptions the donor is mentioned as Gopa, a lohika-Karuka ( i.e. and artists who was by profession an ironsmith).

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Jaina Archaeology and Epigraphy : 889 Artists working on gold, precious and semi-precious stones are also mentioned in several early inscriptions as manikaras and hiranyakaras. On the famous Mathura Ayagapatta ( No. Q. 2), referring to the courtesan Lavanasobhika and her daughter, there is a miniature representation of a complete Jaina stupa of the early. Saka-Kusana period. It has a decorated toranadvara and vedikas around. The Sarvatobhadra Tirtharkara statues from Mathura, Kausambi and several other sites represent on a single stone-slab the four main Jaina deities, viz., Adinatha, Neminatha, Parsvanatha and Mahavira. These Tirtharikaras are shown either in the Padmasana or in the Khadgasana. The term Pratimasarvatobhadrika for the first time occurs in the Mathura Jaina inscriptions of the Kusana period. It was a new iconographic form, which was later on adopted in the VedicPuranic and the Buddhist pantheons. Examples of Jaina stupas, temples, monasteries and statues, of various forms, are known in different parts of the country. They furnish a glaring testimony to the development of various art-forms. The canonical injunctions of the Jaina lierature and the loacal faiths and social traits were adequately adhered to by the artists, who created various art-forms. From the very early times Jainism gave a fillip to the aesthetic norms in art. The compositions and decorative patterns adopted in the Jaina art of the Saka-Kusana and the Gupta period are remarkable for their simplicity and grace. The construction of Vedikas around the Jaina stupas during the period Ist to 3rd centuries A. D. reached a high water mark in the history of Indian art. The human figures, popular stories and a plethora of nature carved on the railing pillars of Mathura represent a degree of excellence unsurpassed in the entire range of Indian plastic art. This art of abiding beauty had an everlasting impact on the later plastic art of India and the contiguous regions of the north-west. The ivory art of Beram in Afghanistan and the art of the extensive Udyana-Gandhara regions prove this. A blending of the aesthetic excellence with the iconic norms became a feature of the Jaina concept in regard to fine arts. This continued to develop in the country up to the late medievaltimes. As in other fields so also in the field of fine arts, the Jaina principle of Sila was adhered to along with the traits of beauty and utility. It was due to certain essential restraints that the Jaina art did not suffer from the

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118 : zramaNa/janavarI-mArca/1996 extrme sensuous characteristics which are seen in a section of early medieval Brahmanical and Buddhist Art. After the fifth century A. D. Jainism established several centres in North India where Jaina religion, philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture had a continuous growth up to the 13th century A. D. This was possible due to the congenial political atmosphere, economic stability and the broad-based Jaina philosophy on truth, non-violence and mutual co-existence. Eeven after the Muslim occupation Jianism continued to flourish in the north in various forms. The regions of western U. P., Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat contributed considerably to sculptural art and iconography during the early medieval period (7th to 13th century A.D.). this can be corroborated by a large number monuments and art relics preserved in these areas. The iconographic froms of quite a large number of deities and semidivine figures in the Jaina pantheon had already been thoroughly worked out by them, both in the Digambara and in the Svetambara sects. Apart from the statues of the twenty-four Tirtharikaras, those of the sixteen Vidya-devis, twenty-four Sasana-devas (both Yaksas and Yaksis ), the Ksetrapalas, eight Matrikas, ten Dikpalas and nine Grahas were made in the prescribed forms. Some of the medieval Jaina texts mention sixty-four Yoginis, eighty-four Siddhas and fiftytwo Viras, who had assumed the forms of popular divinities. The theological complex of the Jaina religion had gained ground in several parts of the country. The profuse development of temples and images gave an impetus to this complex during the late medieval period. The business-community of the medieval period was largely Jaina. A peaceful atmosphere for an undisturbed progress of trade and commerce was essential. Hence the Jainas strove hard to help the rulers of their respective regions in maintaining a congenial atmosphere and, as far as possible, strived to avoid warring tendencies. Even in the earlier period, several Jaina sacred places, the siddhaksetras and atisaya-ksetras, had assumed considerable importance. In central India a number of them were located on hillocks or on the banks of rivers and lakes, some with pleasant natural surroundings. Druing this period places like Sonagiri, Dronagiri, Naiagiri, Pavagiri, etc. became famous. At these and other sites in Malwa, Gwalior and Bundelkhand temples were crected and statues of various types made.

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Jaina Archaeology and Epigraphy : 388 The sculptural art of the medieval period is marked by a profusion and a peculiar liking for the colossus. Carving of huge stone images of Tirtharikaras became a fashion. The rise of the Gommata cult was largely responsible for this, notable example at Sravanabelagola perhaps providing the inspiration. At Gwalior, Ahar, Banpur, Barhata, Deogarha, Bahuriband and several other places in central India huge image were carved. In Rajasthan and Gujarat, several Jaina centres were developed during this period. Besides the Tirtharikara images, a large number of statues of Sasana-devas, Nagas, Nava-grahas, Ksetrapalas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras, etc. are still preserved. To the number of the early goddesses ( Sarasvati, Ambika, Padmavati & Cakresvari ), numerous other Devis were added. Depiction of the Jaina Puranic stories and of folk-life in general was also favourite with the contemporary artists. Natural scenes are met with here and there some of them representing regional geographical features. The Jaina business communities contributed considerably to the economic stability of the country. Their carvans passed through plains, forests and hills. The Sarthavahas took care to study problems of the various classes of people whome they met during their travels. They tried to ameliorate the difficulties of the common people. At their halting places they built up shrines, wells, markets, etc. for public use. The relics of buildings found at several isolated sites represent the work of the Jaina business communities in different parts of the country, the inscriptional and numismatic evidence confirms this. Ladies played significant roles in the progress of learning and development of socio-religious order. Names of a large number of such lady-donors are preserved in ancient and medieval inscriptions. ** Retd. Tagore Professor, University of Sagar (M.P.)

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OBITUARY Johari Malji Parekh, a great Jaina scholar who dedicated his whole life for the development of Jaina literature passed away suddenly on 5th February, 1996. He was an institution by himself devoting every bit of his time to religious piety and learning. A Gold Medalist Chartered Accountant by profession, he renounced his position and comforts and adopted austere life. He devoted nearly thirty years of his life fruitfully to the cause of Jaina community, especially, preservation of Jaina literature. He established a modest institute Sevamandir at Ravati (Jodhpur) and continued his crusade for restoring the Jaina studies in their proper place on the academic scenario. He was associated with almost all the Jaina organisations / institutions and was equally honoured by all the sects. He appealed to the entire Jaina community to come forward and contribute for preserving its rich spiritual heritage. An outstanding contribution of Johari Malji was the publication of catalogues of manuscripts contained in the Jaina Bhandaras of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. Apart from his unparalleled dedication to the Jaina literature as well as Jaina education he was a great Sadhaka himself, who lived an extremely plain and simple life. The Jaina community will suffer an irreparable loss by the sad demise of this living legend of self control. He will be remembered not only by the Jaina community but by the entire society. Parshvanath Vidyapeeth mourns the death of this great ; its personal loss. May his soul rest in peace.

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