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VINAYA TEXTS FROM THE PÂLI.
ated
It may be convenient to make some reference here to the question whether the literature above discussed was handed down by memory only, or by writing. We are justified in expecting to find, in texts dealing in such minute detail with the daily life of the members of the Buddhist Order, some distinct evidence-and it will be equally distinct whether it consists in actual statement, or in silenceas to writing, and the use of written books. And this expectation is not disappointed.
In the first place, there are several passages which confirm in an indisputable manner the existence of the art of writing at the time when the Vinaya texts were put into their present shape.
'A certain man, who had committed a theft, ran away, and got ordained among the Bhikkhus. Now he was written up in the king's palace with an injunction that he should be slain wheresoever he should be found?'
But there occurred to the parents of Upâli this consideration : “If Upali should learn writing?, Upâli might thus after our decease live at ease, and not be troubled.")
And in the Vibhanga we find an interesting explanation of the Third Pârâgika Rule, which lays down that whosoever wilfully kills a man, or brings about his death, must be expelled from the Order.
In the Notes on this Rule the Sutta-vibhanga discusses the case of some one causing the death of another by persuading him that suicide is glorious, or that it results in salvation.. And in this connection the possibility is considered of these representations being made to the proposed victim, not by word of mouth, and not by a messenger, but by writing.
'He engraves a writing to this effect: “Who so dies, he acquires wealth, or acquires fame, or goes to heaven." By that writing he is guilty of a Dukkata offence. The other sees the writing, and, determining to die, is filled
1 Aññataro puriso korikam katvâ palâyitva bhikkhûsu pabbagito hoti. So ka raíño antepure likhito hoti yattha passitabbo tattha hantabbo 'ti (Mahâ. vagga I, 43).
Sake kho Upâli lekham sikkheyya (Mahâvagga I, 49, 1).
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