Jain Darshan Adhunik Drushti

Author(s): Narendra Bhanavat
Publisher: Samyag Gyan Pracharak Mandal
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010213/1

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jaina darzana : Adhunika dRSTi DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata esoziyeTa prophesara, hindI vibhAga rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura prakAzaka. samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura

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* jaina darzana . Adhunika dRSTi * (c) DaoN narendra bhAnAvata prakAzaka samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala bApU bAjAra, dukAna na0182-1830 ke jayapura--302 003 (jayapura) phona 48667 * prathama saMskaraNa : 1984 * mUlya : bIsa rupaye mudraka phreNDsa priNTarsa eNDa sTezanarsa jauharI bAjAra, jayapura

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samarpaNa parama zraddheya prAcArya zrI hastImalajI mahArAja naitika unnayana eva AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa me nirata sAdhanAzIla mahimAmaya vyaktitva ko jo mere jIvana-nirmANa me preraka bnaa|

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anukrama * prakAzakIya * apanI vAta 1 mahAvIra kI krAnti-cetanA 2 svAtantrya bodha 43 janatAntrika sAmAjika cetanA ke tattva xsamatAvAdI samAja-racanA ke Arthika tattva 5. sAskRtika samanvaya aura bhAvanAtmaka ekatA 6 vIra bhAva kA svarUpa 7. dik aura kAla kI avadhAraNA 8 vartamAna yuga kI samasyAo ke pariprekSya me jaina darzana 6 zikSA aura svAdhyAya 10 anuzAsana * svarUpa aura dRSTi 11 dhyAna tattva kA prasAra 12 dharma : zakti aura sImA

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prakAzakIya , mahAn kriyoddhAraka svargIya pUjya AcArya zrI ratnacandrajI ma sA kI svargavAsa zatAbdI (sa 2002) ke punIta prasaga para parama zraddhaya AcArya zrI hastImalajI ma sA ke sadupadezo se prerita-prabhAvita hokara samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala kI sthApanA kI gaI / maNDala dvArA samyagjJAna ke pracAra-prasAra kI vividha pravRttiyAM sacAlita kI jA rahI hai jiname mukhya haiM-'jinavANI' mAsika patrikA kA niyamita prakAzana, sAmAyika va svAdhyAya sagha kA sacAlana tathA jIvanonnAyaka sat sAhitya kA nirmANa eva prakAzana / __ ava taka samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala dvArA prAgamika, AdhyAtmika, dhArmika, aitihAsika, tAttvika, kathAtmaka, stavanAtmaka, pravacanAtmaka, vyAkhyAtmaka Adi vividha viSayaka dharma, darzana, itihAsa va sAhitya mamvandhI 50 se adhika pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI hai| ye pustake satasatiyo, vidvAno, svAdhyAyiyo se lekara sAmAnya stara ke sabhI pAThako ke lie paThanIya, mananIya, cintanIya aura upAdeya rahI haiN| kaI pustakeM punarmudrita bhI karAyI gaI haiM / uccakoTi ke sat sAhitya ke nirmANa eva prakAzana kI vyApaka yojanA bhI taiyAra kI jA rahI hai tAki jIvana aura samAja kI sAhitya sambandhI baDhatI huI mAga pUrI kI jA ske| isI yojanA ke antargata jaina darzana aura sAhitya ke pramukha vidvAna eva samIkSaka tathA 'jinavANI' ke sampAdaka DaoN narendra bhAnAvata kI prastuta pustaka 'jaina darzana : prAdhunika dRSTi' kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai / DaoN bhAnAvata vigata kaI varSoM se 'jinavANI' kA sampAdana kara rahe hai aura maNDala kI vividha sAhityika eva AdhyAtmika pravRttiyo me unakA satata mArgadarzana milatA rahA hai| unake kuzala sampAdana me 'jinavAraNI' ke svAdhyAya, sAmAyika, tapa, sAdhanA, zrAvaka dharma, dhyAna, jaina saskRti aura rAjasthAna Adi vizeSAka prakAzita hue haiM jo bauddhika (7)

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eva AdhyAtmika jagat me vizeSa carcita rahe haiM / AcArya zrI vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra zodha pratiSThAna, jayapura ke mAnada nidezaka ke rUpa me Apane hastalikhita gratho kA dohana kara jaina sAhitya kI ajJAta sampadA ko ujAgara karane va zodha kI nayI dizAe~ udghATita karane me apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai / akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad ke mahAmaMtrI ke rUpa me deza ke vibhinna kSetro me vividha viSayoM para sagoSThiyo kA sayojana - nirdezana kara samAja me eka nayI bauddhika cetanA kI lahara pravAhita kI hai / ApakA adhyayana vyApaka, cintana gahana aura abhivyakti spaSTa va prabhAvazIla hai / prastuta pustaka me DaoN bhAnAvata ke 12 nibandha sakalita haiM jo vividha viSayo para samaya-samaya para Ayojita akhila bhAratIya stara kI sagoSThiyo me prastuta kiye gaye haiM / ina nibandho me DaoN bhAnAvata ne jainadarzana me nihita krAti cetanA, svatatratA, samAnatA, lokakalyANa, sAskRtika samanvaya aura bhAvanAtmaka ekatA, Atma-vijaya, vizva maitrI bhAva, citta zuddhi, dharma- jAgaraNA, dhyAna yoga jaise tattvo kI Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha me vyakti aura samAja ke dharAtala para vyApaka dRSTikoNa se vivecanA - vivRti kI hai / ApakI bhASA prAjala aura pariSkRta hai tathA bhAvAbhivyakti me gAbhIrya hote hue bhI apane Dhaga kA sAralya hai jo kathya ko bojhila va duruha nahI banAtA / DaoN bhAnAvata ne apane nibandho me yathA prasaga Agamika uddharaNo kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| unake vivecana-vizleSaraNa me unakI apanI dRSTi rahI hai / yaha Avazyaka nahI ki samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala kI lekhaka ke vicAro se sahamati ho hI / DaoN bhAnAvata ne apane nivandho ko pustaka rUpa me prakAzita karane kI maNDala ko anumati pradAna kI, etadarthaM hama unake zrAbhArI haiM / AzA hai, yaha pustaka jainadarzana ko Adhunika pariprekSya me samajhaneparakhane meM vizeSa sahAyaka banegI / isI bhAvanA ke sAtha / umarAvamala DhaDDhA adhyakSa TIkamacanda hIrAvata matrI samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura ( 5 )

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- apanI bAta jainadarzana vizva ke prAcInatama darzano me se hai| anya kaI darzanakAla-pravAha me vilIna ho gaye, para jainadarzana kI avicchinna dhArA Aja bhI pravahamAna hai aura usame nihita jIvana mUlyo ke sAdhaka caturvidha saghasAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ke rUpa me vidyamAna haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadarzana me aise tattva haiM jinakI prAsagikatA jJAna-vijJAna ke isa vikasita yuga me bhI varAvara banI huI hai| Adhunika jIvana aura sabhyatA kA jisa taura-tarIke se vikAsa huA hai, usane dharma ke sAtha jur3e hue pratigAmI mUlyo ko jhakajhora diyA hai| usase yaha samajhA jAne lagA hai ki dharma atIta jIvana kA vyAkhyAna aura bhavipya kI svapnadarzI kalpanA mAtra hai, vartamAna jIvana ke sAtha usakA sIdhA sarokAra nahIM hai aura jJAna-vijJAna ke stara para jo Adhunika daSTi vikasita huI hai, dharma ke sAtha usakA tAlamela nahI hai, para aisI soca aura samajha bhrAmaka hai| isa bhrama ke nivAraNa ke liye AdhunikatA aura dharma ke svarUpa ko sahI pariprekSya me samajhanA Avazyaka hai| AdhunikatA ko do rUpo me samajhA jA sakatA hai| eka to samaya sApekSa prakriyA ke rUpa me aura dUsarA vibhinna prabhAvo se utpanna cetanA ke rUpa me| pahale rUpa me AdhunikatA kAlavAcI hai jo parivartana aura vikAsa kI saragiyo ko pAra kara kAla-pravAha ke sAtha Age baDhatI hai| isa sthiti me hara agalA kSaNa apane pUrvavartI kSaNa kI apekSA Adhunika hogA aura isa prakriyA me paramparA AdhunikatA se juDI rahegI, usase kaTakara ekadama alaga nahI hogI / dUsare rUpa me AdhunikatA bhAvavAcI hai, vibhinna prabhAvo se utpanna cetanA rUpa hai| isakA sambandha mUlyavattA se hai| Adhunika kAla-khaNDa me rahate hue bhI kaI vAra vyakti isa mUlyaparaka cetanA ko grahaNa nahIM kara paataa| jainadarzana me yaha cetanA samAnatA, (6)

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svatantratA, zramaniSThA, indriya jaya, Atma saMyama, Antarika vItarAgatA, lokakalyANa, vaicArika audArya, vizvamaitrI, svAvalambana, Atma jAgRti, kartavya parAyaNatA, AtmAnuzAsana, anAsakti jaise mUlyo se juDI huI hai yahI mUlyavattA jainadarzana kI Adhunika dRSTivattA hai / AdhunikatA ke uparyukta sandarbha me dharma mata yA sampradAya vanakara nahI rahatA / vaha AtmajayatA yA Atma svabhAva kA paryAya bana jAtA hai| sabhyatA kA vikAsa indriya-sukha aura viSaya-sevana kI ora adhikAdhika hone se AtmA apane svabhAva me sthita na rahakara vibhAvAbhimukha hotI jA rahI hai / phalasvarUpa Aja sasAra me cahu~ ora hiMsA, tanAva aura viSamatA kA vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai| viSamatA se samatA, duHkha se sukha aura azAnti se zAnti kI ora vaDhane kA rAstA dharmamUlaka hI ho sakatA hai| para Aja kA savase vaDA makaTa yahI hai ki vyakti dharma ko apanA mUla svabhAva na mAnakara, use mukhauTA mAnane lagA hai| dharma mukhauTA taba banatA hai jaba vaha AcaraNa meM pratiphalita nahI hotA / kathanI aura karanI kA vaDhatA huA antara vyakti ko andara hI andara khokhalA banAtA rahatA hai / java dharma kA yaha rUpa adhika ugra aura logo kI sAmAnya anubhUti kA vipaya vana jAtA hai tava dharma ke prati aruci ho jAtI hai| loga use aphImI nazA aura na jAne kyA-kyA kahane laga jAte haiM / yaha sahI hai ki isa dharmonmAda me baDe-baDe atyAcAra hue haiM / vidharmiyo ko jhUThA hI nahI ThaharAyA gayA balki unhe prANAntaka yAtanAeM bhI dI gii| jahA~ dharma ke nAma para aise atyAcAra hote ho, dharma ke nAma para sAmAjika UMca-nIca ke vibhinna stara kAyama kiye jAte ho, dharma ke nAma para bhagavAna ke prAgaNa me jAne na jAne kI, unhe chUne na chune kI prarUpaNA kI jAtI ho, vaha dharma nizcaya hI eka prakAra kI aphIma hai| usake sevana se nazA hI AtA hai| Atma-dazA kI koI pahacAna nahI hotii| dharma ke nAma para panapane vAlI isa vikRti ko dekhakara hI mArksa ne dharma ko aphIma khaa| para saccA dharma nazA nahI hai / vaha to naze ko dUra kara Atma-dazA ko zuddha aura nirmala banAne vAlA hai, supupta cetanA ko jAgRta karane vAlA hai, jJAna aura AcaraNa ke dvaita ko miTAne vAlA hai / (10)

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dharma ke do AdhAra haiM-(1) cirantana aura (2) sAmayika / dono eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM / cirantana AdhAra prAtma-guNo se sambandhita hai aura sAmayika AvAra samasAmayika paristhitiyo kA pariNAma hai / deza aura kAla ke anusAra yaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai| grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra dharma, sagha dharma, sAmayika AdhAra para apanA rUpa khaDA karate hai aura cirantana AdhAra se preraNA va zakti lekara jIvana tathA samAja ko santulita-sayamita karate haiN| dono AdhAro se dharma cakra pravartana hotA hai| jaina darzana ina dono AdhAro ko dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra yathAyogya sthAna aura mahattva detA hai| vyakti ananta zakti aura nissIma kSamatAo kA dhanI hai| dharma kI samyak ArAdhanA usakI zakti aura kSamatA ko zatomukhI banAtI hai javaki dharma kI virAvanA use patita karatI hai| masAra me cAra vAte atyanta durlabha kahI gaI haiM-manuSya janma, zAstra-zravaNa, zraddhA aura sayama me parAkrama / Aja manuSya janasakhyA ke rUpa me tIvragati se vaDhate jA rahe hai para manupyatA ghaTatI jA rahI hai| manuSya janma pAkara bhI loga satsaga aura viveka ke abhAva me hIre se anamola jIvana ko kauDI kI bhAMti naSTa kiye jA rahe haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvana aura samAja me naitika hrAsa aura sAskRtika pradUpaNa vaDhatA jA rahA hai / ise rokane kA upAya hai-samyak jIvana dRSTi kA vikAsa aura viveka pUrvaka dharma-AcaraNa, kartavya pAlana / kisI ko yaha bhrama nahIM honA cAhie ki AdhunikatA aura vaijJAnika yuga dharma ke liye anukala nahI hai yA ve dharma ke virodhI hai| saca to yaha hai ki AdhunikatA hI dharma kI kamoTo hai| dharma andhavizvAsa yA avasaravAditA nahI hai| kaI lokasammata jIvana Adaza milakara hI dharma kA rUpa khaDA karate haiN| usame jo avAchanIya rUDhi tatva praveza kara jAte haiM, AdhunikatA unakA virodha karatI hai| AdhunikatA kA dharma ke kendrIya jIvana-tattvo se koI virodha nahI hai| Aja ke isa ApAdhApI ke yuga me mavase bar3I AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki dharma ke kendrIya jIvana tattva yathA indriya nigraha, maMtrI, karuNA, prema, sevA, sahakAra, svAvalambana, tapa, sayama, paropakAra Adi surakSita rhe| una para andhavizvAsa, sakIrNatA aura rUDhiyo kI jo garda chA gaI hai, use haTAne me hame kiMcita bhI sakoca (11)

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nahI karanA cAhiye aura na apane prayatno me zithilatA lAnI cAhiye / AdhunikatA ke pravAha me dharma ke jo sudRDha AdhAra stambha haiM, ve vicalita ho jAyeM, yaha zubha lakSaNa nahI hai| AdhunikatA yA vijJAna koI carama satya nahI hai / vaha to satya ko prApta karane kI, use khoja nikAlane kI eka pratyakSa prayoga bhUmi aura parIkSaNa prakriyA mAtra hai| isa prakriyA ke dvArA hame apanI dRSTi ko taTastha va pAradarzI banAne ke liye satata sAvadhAna aura tatpara rahanA cAhie / prastuta pustaka me uparyukta vicAra-krama meM samaya-samaya para likhe gaye mere 12 nibandha sakalita haiM / iname se kucha nivandha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500ve parinirvANa mahotsava para udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya va anya sthAno para Ayojita sagoSThiyo me paThita hai| samaya-samaya para likhita hone ke kAraNa ina nivandho me kahI-kahI vicAro kI punarAvRtti honA svAbhAvika hai| AzA hai, pAThaka mere vicAro ko udAratApUrvaka grahaNa kreNge| samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura ke padAdhikAriyo ke prati maiM apanA AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ ki unhone merI isa pustaka ko prakAzita kara mere vicAro ko pAThakoM taka pahuMcAne me sahayoga pradAna kiyA / -narendra bhAnAvata sI-235 e, tilakanagara jayapura-302 004 vijayAdazamI, 1984 (12)

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mahAvIra kI krAnti-cetanA varddha mAna mahAvIra krAntikArI vyaktitva lekara prakaTa hue| uname svastha samAja-nirmANa aura Adarza vyakti-nirmANa kI taDapa thii| yadyapi mvaya unake liye samasta aizvarya aura vailAsika upAdAna prastuta the tathApi unakA mana uname nahI lgaa| ve jisa bindu para vyakti aura samAja ko le jAnA cAhate the, usake anukUla paristhitiyAM usa samaya (I. pU chaThI zatI) nahI thI / dhArmika jaDatA aura andha zraddhA ne sabako puruSArtha rahita banA rakhA thA, Arthika viSamatA apane pUre ubhAra para thii| jAti-bheda aura sAmAjika vaipamya samAja-deha me ghAva bana cuke the| gatAnugatikatA kA chora pakaDa kara hI sabhI cale jA rahe the| isa viSama aura cetanA rahita pariveza me mahAvIra kA dAyitva mahAn thaa| rAjagharAne me janma lekara bhI unhone apane samagna dAyitva ko samajhA / dUsaro ke prati sahAnubhUti aura sadAzayatA ke bhAva uname jage aura eka krAntadarzI vyaktitva ke rUpa me ve sAmane Aye, jisane sabako jAgRta kara diyA, apane-apane kartavyo kA bhAna karA diyA aura vyakti tathA samAja ko bhUlabhulaiyA se bAhara nikAla kara sahI dizA-nirdeza hI nahI diyA varan usa rAste kA mArga bhI prazasta kara diyaa| krAnti kI pRSThabhUmi pariveza ke vibhinna sUtro ko vahI vyakti pakaDa sakatA hai jo sUkSma draSTA ho, jisakI vRtti nirmala, svArtha rahita aura sampUrNa mAnavatA ke hito kI savAhikA ho / mahAvIra ne bhautika aizvarya kI carama sImA ko sparza kiyA thA, para eka vicitra prakAra kI riktatA kA anubhava ve barAbara

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karate rahe, jisakI pUrti kisI bAhya sAdhanA se sambhava na thii| vaha Antarika cetanA aura mAnasika taTasthatA se hI pATI jA sakatI thii| isI riktatA ko pATane ke lie unhone ghara-bAra choDa diyA, rAja-vaibhava ko lAta mAra dI aura bana gaye aTala vairAgI, mahAn tyAgI, ekadama aparigrahI, nispRhii| unake jIvana darzana kI yahI pRSThabhUmi unhe krAnti kI ora le gaI / unhone jIvana ke vibhinna paripAzvoM ko jaDa, gatihIna aura niSkriya dekhA / ve sabame cetanatA, gatizIlatA aura puruSArtha kI bhAvanA bharanA cAhate the| dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika aura bauddhika kSetra me unhone jo krAnti kI, usakA yahI darzana thaa| dhArmika krAnti mahAvIra ne dekhA ki dharma ko loga upAsanA kI nahIM, pradarzana kI vastu samajhane lage hai| usake lie mana ke vikAro aura vibhAvo kA tyAga Avazyaka nahI rahA, Avazyaka rahA-yajJa me bhautika sAmagrI kI Ahati denA, yahA taka ki pazuo kA balidAna karanA / dharma apane svabhAva ko bhUla kara ekadama kriyAkADa bana gayA thaa| usakA sAmAnyIkRta rUpa vikRta hokara vizeSAdhikAra ke kaThaghare me banda ho gayA thaa| Izvara kI upAsanA sabhI mukta hRdaya se nahI kara sakate the / usa para eka varga kA ekAdhipatya sA ho gayA thaa| usakI dRSTi sUkSma se sthUla aura antara se bAhya ho gaI thii| isa viSama sthiti ko cunautI diye binA Age baDhanA duSkara thA / ata bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pracalita vikAragrasta dharma aura upAsanA paddhati kA tIvra zabdo me khaNDana kiyA aura batAyA ki Izvaratva ko prApta karane ke sAdhano para kisI varga vizepa yA vyakti vizeSa kA adhikAra nahI hai / vaha to svaya me svatantra, mukta, nirlepa aura nirvikAra hai / use hara vyakti, cAhe vaha kisI jAti, varga, dharma yA liMga kA homana kI zuddhatA aura AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke bala para prApta kara sakatA hai / isake lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane kaSAyo-krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ko tyAga de| dharma ke kSetra me usa samaya uccha khalatA phaila gaI thii| hara pramukha sAdhaka apane ko tIrtha kara mAna kara cala rahA thaa| upAsaka kI svatantra

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cetanA kA koI mahattva nahI raha gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne Izvara ko itanA vyApaka banA diyA ki koI bhI prAtma-sAdhaka Izvara ko prApta hI nahI kare varan svayaM hI Izvara bana jAya / isa bhAvanA ne asahAya, niSkriya janatA ke hRdaya me zakti, Atma-vizvAsa aura Atma-bala kA teja bhraa| vaha sAre AvaraNo ko bheda kara, ekabAragI uTha khaDI huI / aba use Izvara-prApti ke lie paramukhApekSI bana kara nahI rahanA pddaa| use lagA ki sAdhaka bhI vahI hai aura sAdhya bhI vahI hai| jyo-jyo sAdhaka tapa, sayama aura ahiMsA ko AtmasAta karatA jAyagA tyo-tyo vaha sAdhya ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA jaaygaa| isa prakAra dharma ke kSetra se dalAlo aura madhyastho ko bAhara nikAla kara, mahAvIra ne sahI puruSArthamUlaka upAsanA paddhati kA sUtrapAta kiyA jisakA kendra svaya manuSya thA / sAmAjika krAnti mahAvIra yaha acchI taraha jAnate the ki dhArmika krAnti ke phalasvarUpa jo nayI jIvana-dRSTi milegI usakA kriyAnvayana karane ke lie samAja me pracalita rUDha mUlyo ko bhI badalanA pddegaa| isI sandarma me mahAvIra ne sAmAjika krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| mahAvIra ne dekhA ki samAja me do varga hai-eka kulIna varga jo ki zoSaka hai, dUsarA nimna varga jisakA ki zoSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| ise rokanA hogaa| isake lie unhone aparigraha-darzana kI vicAradhArA rakhI, jisakI bhitti para Age cala kara Arthika krAnti huI / usa samaya samAja me varNa-bheda apane ubhAra para thaa| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zadra kI jo avatAraNA kabhI karma ke AdhAra para sAmAjika sudhAra ke lie, zrama vibhAjana ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI gaI thI, vaha Ate-Ate rUDhigrasta ho gaI aura usakA prAdhAra ava janma raha gayA / janma se hI vyakti brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kahalAne lgaa| phala yaha huA ki zUdro kI sthiti atyanta dayanIya ho gii| nArI jAti kI bhI yahI sthiti thii| zUdro kI aura nArI jAti kI isa dayanIya avasthA ke rahate hue dhArmika-kSetra me pravartita krAnti kA koI mahattva nahI thA / ata. mahAvIra ne baDI dRDhatA aura nizcitatA ke sAtha zadro aura nArI jAti ko apane dharma me dIkSita kiyA aura yaha ghoSaNA kI ki janma se koI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdrAdi nahI hotA, karma se hI saba hotA hai / unhone cADAla (harikezI) ke lie, kumbhakAra

Page #18
saddAla putta ke liye, strI (candanavAlA) ke lie adhyAtma sAdhanA kA rAstA khola diyaa| Adarza samAja kaisA ho, isa para bhI mahAvIra kI dRSTi rhii| isIlie unhone vyakti ke jIvana me vrata-sAdhanA kI bhUmikA prastuta kii| zrAvaka ke bAraha vrato me samAjavAdI samAja-racanA ke anivAya tattva kisI na kisI rUpa me samAviSTa haiN| niraparAdho ko daNDa na denA, asatya na bolanA, corI na karanA, na cora ko kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA denA, svadAra-satoSa ke prakAza me kAma-bhAvanA para niyantraNa rakhanA, AvazyakatA se adhika sagraha na karanA, vyaya-pravRtti ke kSetra kI maryAdA karanA, jIvana me samatA, sayama, tapa aura tyAga vatti ko vikasita karanA-isa vratasAdhanA kA mUla bhAva hai| kahanA na hogA ki isa sAdhanA ko apane jIvana meM utArane vAle vyakti, jisa samAja ke aga hoge, vaha samAja kitanA Adarza, pragatizIla aura caritraniSTha hogA / zakti aura zIla kA, pravatti aura nivRtti kA yaha sundara sAmajasya hI samAjavAdI, samAjaracanA kA mUlAdhAra honA cAhiye / mahAvIra kI yaha sAmAjika krAnti hiMsaka na hokara ahiMsaka hai, sagharSamUlaka na hokara samanvayamUlaka hai / ___ Arthika krAnti mahAvIra svaya rAjapuruSa the| dhana, sattA, sampatti aura bhautika vaibhava ko unhone pratyakSa dekhA thaa| phira bhI unakA nizcita mata thA ki sacce jIvanAnada ke liye AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha ucita nahIM / AvazyakatA se adhika sagraha karane para do samasyAyeM uTha khaDI hotI haiN| pahalI samasyA kA sambandha vyakti se hai, dUsarI kA samAja se| anAvazyaka sagraha karane para vyakti lobha-vRtti kI ora agrasara hotA hai aura samAja kA zeSa aMga usa vastu vizeSa se vacita rahatA hai| phalasvarUpa samAja me do varga ho jAte haiM-eka sampanna, dUsarA vipanna aura dono me saMgharpa prArambha hotA hai| kArla mArksa ne ise varga-sagharSa kI sajJA dI hai, aura isakA hala hiMsaka krAnti me DhaDhA hai| para mahAvIra ne isa Arthika vaiSamya ko miTAne ke lie aparigraha aura parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karane kI vicAradhArA rakhI / isakA sIdhA artha hai-mamatva ko kama karanA, anAvazyaka sagraha na karanA / apanI jitanI AvazyakatA ho, use pUrA karane kI dRSTi se nItipUrvaka AjIvikA claanaa| zrAvaka ke bAraha vrato me

Page #19
ina sabakI bhUmikAeM nihita haiN| mArksa kI Arthika krAnti kA mUla AdhAra bhautika hai, usame cetanA ko nakArA gayA hai jabaki mahAvIra kI yaha Arthika krAnti cetanAmUlaka hai| isakA kendra-vindu koI jaDa padArtha nahIM varan vyakti svaya hai| bauddhika krAnti mahAvIra ne yaha acchI taraha jAna liyA thA ki jIvana tattva apane me pUrNa hote hue bhI vaha kaI azo kI akhaNDa samaSTi hai| isIliye azo ko samajhane ke lie aza kA samajhanA bhI jarUrI hai| yadi hama aza ko nakArate rahe, usakI upekSA karate rahe to hama azI ko usake sarvAga sampUrNa rUpa me nahI samajha skege| sAmAnyata. samAja me jo jhagaDA yA vAda-vivAda hotA hai, vaha durAgraha, vAditA aura eka pakSa para ar3e rahane ke hI kAraNa hotA hai| yadi usake samasta pahalao ko acchI taraha dekha liyA jAya to kahI na kahI satyAMza nikala aayegaa| eka hI vastu yA vicAra ko eka tarapha me na dekhakara use cAro ora se dekha liyA jAya, phira kisI ko etarAja na rahegA / ima vauddhika dRSTikoNa ko ho mahAvIra ne syAdvAda yA anekAta darzana kahA / isa bhUmikA para hI Age cala kara saguNa-nirguNa ke vAda-vivAda ko, jJAna aura bhakti ke jhagar3e ko sulajhAyA gyaa| AcAra me ahiMsA kI aura vicAra me anekAta kI pratipThA kara mahAvIra ne apanI krAntimUlaka dRSTi ko vyApakatA dii| ahiMsaka dRSTi ina vibhinna krAntiyo ke mUla me mahAvIra kA vIra vyaktitva hI sarvatra jhAkatA hai / ve vIra hI nahIM, mahAvIra the| inakI mahAvIratA kA svarUpa Atmagata adhika thA / usame duSTo se pratikAra yA pratizodha lene kI bhAvanA nahIM varan duSTa ke hRdaya ko parivartita kara usame mAnavIya sadguNo-dayA, prema, sahAnubhUti, karuNA Adi ko prasthApita karane kI spRhA adhika hai / dRSTiviSa sarpa caNDakauzika ke vipa ko amRta vanA dene me yahI mUla vRtti rahI hai| mahAvIra ne aisA nahIM kiyA ki caNDakauzika ko hI naSTa kara diyA ho / unakI vIratA me zatru kA damana nahI, zatra ke durbhAvo kA damana hai / ve durAI kA vadalA burAI se nahIM balki bhalAI se dekara bure vyakti ko hI bhalA manuSya banA denA cAhate haiN| yahI ahiMsaka dRSTi mahAvIra kI Anti ko pRSThabhUmi rahI hai|

Page #20
vartamAna sadarbha aura mahAvIra bhagavAn mahAvIra ko hue Aja 2500 varSa se adhika ho gaye haiM para abhI bhI hama una jIvana-mUlyo ko AtmasAt nahIM kara pAye haiM jinakI pratiSThApanA ke lie unhone apane samaya meM sAdhanArata saMgharSa kiyaa| saca to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke tattva cintana kA mahattva unake apane samaya kI apekSA Aja vartamAna sandarbha me kahIM adhika sArthaka aura prAsagika lagane lagA hai / vaijJAnika cintana ne yadyapi dharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhya kriyAkANDo, atyAcAro aura unmAdakArI pravRttiyo ke viruddha jana-mAnasa ko sagharSazIla banA diyA hai, usakI indriyo ke viSayasevana ke kSetra kA vistAra kara diyA hai, audyogikaraNa ke mAdhyama se utpAdana kI prakriyA ko teja kara diyA hai, rASTro kI dUrI paraspara kama karadI hai, tathApi Aja kA mAnava sukhI aura zAnta nahI hai| usakI mana kI dUriyA bar3ha gaI hai| jAtivAda, ragabheda, bhukhamarI, guTaparastI jaise sUkSma sahArI kITANuo se vaha grasta hai| vaha apane paricito ke bIca rahakara bhI aparicita hai, ajanavI hai, parAyA hai| mAnasika ku ThAo, vaiyaktika pIDAyo aura yuga kI kaDavAhaTa se vaha trasta hai, satapta hai| isakA mUla kAraNa hai-Atmagata mUlyo ke prati niSThA kA abhAva / isa prabhAva ko vaijJAnika pragati aura AdhyAtmika sphuraNA ke sAmajasya se hI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| __AdhyAtmika sphuraNa kI pahalI zarta hai-vyakti ke svatantracetA astitva kI mAnyatA, jisa para 'bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sarvAdhika bala diyA aura Aja kI vicAradhArA bhI vyakti me vAchita malyo kI pratiSThA ke lie anukUla paristhiti nirmANa para vizepa bala detI hai| Aja sarakArI aura gaira sarakArI stara para mAnava-kalyANa ke lie nAnAvidha sasthAeM aura ejensiyA kAryarata hai| zaharI sampatti kI sImAbandI, bhUmi kA sIliMga aura Ayakara-paddhati Adi kucha aise kadama haiM jo Arthika viSamatA ko kama karane me sahAyaka siddha ho sakate haiM / dharmanirapekSatA kA siddhAnta bhI, mUlata isa bAta para bala detA hai ki apanI-apanI bhAvanA ke anukUla pratyeka vyakti ko kisI bhI dharma ke anupAlana kI svatantratA hai / ye paristhitiyA mAnava-itihAsa me isa rUpa me itanI sArvajanIna banakara pahale kabhI nahI AI / prakArAntara se bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha va anekAnta-siddhAnta isa cintana ke mUla me preraka ghaTaka rahA hai|

Page #21
vartamAna paristhitiyo ne AdhyAtmikatA ke vikAsa ke lie acchA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kara diyA hai| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tattva-cintana kA upayoga samasAmayika jIvana kI samasyAo ke samAdhAna ke lie bhI prabhAvakArI tarIke se kiyA jAya / vartamAna paristhitiyA itanI jaTila eva bhayAvaha bana gayI haiM ki vyakti apane Avego ko roka nahI pAtA aura vaha vivekahIna hokara AtmaghAta kara baiThatA hai| AtmahatyAgro ke prAkaDe dila-dahalAne vAle haiM, aisI paristhitiyoM se bacAva tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki vyakti kA dRSTikoNa AtmonmukhI bane / isake lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha jaDa tattva se pare cetana tattva kI mattA meM vizvAsa kara, yaha cintana kare ki maiM kauna hai ? kahA~ se AyA hU~ ? kisase banA hU~, ' mujhe kahA~ jAnA hai ? yaha cintana-ma usake mAnamika tanAva ko kama karane ke mAya-sAtha usame AtmavizvAsa, sthiratA, dhairya, ekAgratA jaise sadbhAvo kA vikAsa kregaa|

Page #22
svAtantrya bodha dArzaniko, rAjanItijJo aura samAjazAstriyo me svatantratA kA artha bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNo se gRhIta huA hai / yahA~ do paribhASAyeM denA paryApta hai / moTigaraM je. eDalara ke anusAra yadi kisI vyakti me aisI kSamatA athavA zakti hai, jisase vaha apane kiye gaye kArya ko apanA svaya kA kArya banA sake tathA jo prApta kare use apanI sampatti ke rUpa me apanA sake to vaha vyakti svatantra kahalAyegA / " isa paribhASA me svatantratA ke do Avazyaka ghaTaka batAye gaye haiM kArya kSamatA aura apekSita ko upalabdha karane kI zakti / astitvavAdI vicAraka jyA pAla sArca ke zabdo me svatantratA mUlata mAnavIya svabhAva hai aura manuSya kI paribhASA ke rUpa me dUsaro para Azrita nahI hai| kintu jaise hI maiM kArya meM gUthatA hU maiM apanI svatantratA ko kAmanA karane ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaro kI svatantratA kA sAmanA karane ke liye pratizruta huuN| isa paribhASA ke mukhya vindu hai-Atma nirbharatA aura dUsaro ke astitva va svatantratA kI sviikRti| ___kahanA na hogA ki ukta dono paribhASAo ke Avazyaka tattva jaina Xdarzana ko svatantratA viSayaka avadhAraNA meM nihita haiM / ye tattva usI avasthA me mAnya ho sakate haiM jaba manuSya ko hI apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA athavA bhAgya kA niyatA svIkAra kiyA jAye aura Izvara ko sRSTi ke kartA, bhartA aura hartA ke rUpa me svIkRti na dI jAye / jaina darzana me 1 da AiDiyA oNpha phrIDama, pR0 586 2 Existentialism, pR0 54

Page #23
Izvara ko sRSTikartA aura sRSTi niyAmaka ke rUpa me svIkAra nahI kiyA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se jaina darzana kA svAtantrya-bodha Adhunika cintanA ke adhika nikaTa hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jagat me jaDa aura cetana do padArtha haiN| saSTi kA vikAsa inhI para AdhArita hai / jaDa aura cetana me aneka kAraNo se vividha prakAra ke rUpAntara hote rahate haiM / ise paryAya kahA gayA hai / paryAya kI dRSTi se vastupro kA utpAda aura vinAza avazya hotA hai parantu isake liye deva, brahma, Izvara Adi kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, ataeva jagat kA na to kabhI sarjana hI hotA hai na pralaya hii| vaha anAdi, ananta aura zAzvata hai / prANizAstra ke vizeSajJa zrI je bI esa hAlDena kA mata hai ki "mere vicAra me jagat ko koI Adi nahI hai|" maSTi viSayaka yaha siddhAnta akATya hai aura vijJAna kA carama vikAsa bhI kabhI isakA virodha nahI kara sakatA / para smaraNIya hai ki guNa kabhI naSTa nahIM hote aura na apane svabhAva ko badalate haiM / ve paryAyo ke dvArA avasthA se avasthAntara hote hue sadaiva sthira bane rahate hai| isa dRSTi se jaina darzana me cetana ke sAtha-sAtha jaDa padArthoM kI svatantratA bhI mAnya kI gaI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva athavA AtmA svatantra astitva vAlAdravya hai| apane astitva ke lie na to yaha kisI dUsare dravya para Azrita hai aura na isa para Azrita koI anya dravya hai / isa dRSTi se jIva ko prabhu kahA gayA hai jisakA abhiprAya hai jIva svaya hI apane utthAna yA patana kA uttaradAyI hai / vahI apanA zatru hai aura vahI apanA mitra / bandhana aura mukti usI ke Azrita hai / jaina darzana me jIvo kA vargIkaraNa do dRSTikoNa se kiyA gayA hai-sAsArika aura AdhyAtmika / sAsArika dRSTikoNa se jIvo kA vargIkaraNa indriyo kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai| sabase nimna cetanA stara para eka Indriya jIva hai jisake kevala eka sparzandriya hI hotI hai / vanaspati varga isakA udAharaNa hai| isame cetanA sabase kama vikasita hotI hai / isase uccatara cetanA ke jIvo me kramaza rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa indriyo kA vikAsa hotA hai| manuSya iname sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai /

Page #24
AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se jIva tIna prakAra ke mAne gaye hai| bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / bahirAtmA zarIra ko hI prAtmA samajhatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa hone para apane ko naSTa huA samajhatA hai / vaha aindriya sukha ko hI sukha mAnatA hai / antarAtmA apanI AtmA ko apane zarIra se bhinna samajhatA hai| usakI sAsArika padArthoM me ruci nahI hotI / paramAtmA vaha hai jisane samasta karma bandhano ko naSTa kara janma-maraNa ke cakra se sadA ke lie chuTakArA pA liyA hai| suvidhA kI dRSTi se bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA se sambaddha svAtantrya bhAva ko hama tIna prakAra se samajha sakate hai (1) bahirAtmA kI svatantratA eka prakAra se icchA pUrti karane kI kSamatA dhAraNa karane vAlI svatantratA hai kyoki yaha kSamatA sabhI jIvo me nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM nihita hotI hai / bhautika AkAkSAo kI prati sabhI jIva karate hI hai| yaha svatantratA rAjanaitika zAsana praNAlI, sAmAjika saMgaThana aura paristhitiyo ke Azrita hotI hai / svatantratA kA yaha bodha bahuta hI sthUla hai aura dezakAlagata niyamo aura bhAvanAo se badhA rahatA hai| (2) antarAtmA kI svatatratA eka prakAra se AtmapUrNatA kI kSamatA dhAraNa karane kI svatatratA hai / ise hama AtmasAkSAtkAra karane kI svataMtratA athavA Adarza jIvana jIne kI svatatratA bhI kaha sakate hai| graha svatatratA ajita svatatratA hai jo jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa ke samyak paripAlana se sampAdita kI jA sakatI hai / samyak dRSTisampanna sadgRhastha arthAt vratI zrAvaka, muni Adi isa prakAra kI svAtatrya bhAvanA ke bhAvaka hote hai| (3) paramAtmA kI svatatratA janma-maraNa ke cakra se sadA ke lie mukta hokara ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta bala ke prakaTIkaraNa kI svatatratA hai| yaha svatatratA jIvana kA sarvocca mUlya hai jise pAkara aura kucha pAnA zeSa nahI raha jAtA / tIrthakara, aheta kevalI, siddha Adi paramAtmA isa zreNI meM Ate hai| jaina darzana me paramAtmA kI svatatratA hI vAstavika aura pUrNa svatatratA mAnI gaI hai|

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jIva yA AtmA kA lakSaNa upayoga arthAta cetanA mAnA gayA hai| sasArI jIva apane-apane karmAnumAra sukha-dukha kA anubhava karatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sasArI jIva java rAga-dveSa yukta mana, vacana, kAyA ko pravRtti karatA hai tava AtmA me eka spandana hotA hai usase vaha sUkSma pudgala paramANuo ko grahaNa karatA hai aura unake dvArA nAnA prakAra ke Abhyatara samkAro ko utpanna karatA hai / AtmA me cumbaka kI taraha anya pudgala paramANuo ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI tathA una paramANuo me lohe kI taraha AkarSita hone kI zakti hai / yadyapi ye pudgala paramANu bhautika haiM, ajIva haiM tathApi jIva ko rAga dveSAtmaka mAnasika, vAcika eva zArIrika kriyA ke dvArA AkRSTa hokara ve AtmA ke sAtha aise ghulamila jAte haiM jaise dUdha aura pAnI / agni aura lauhapiNDa kI bhAti ve paraspara ekameka ho jAte haiM / jova ke dvArA kRta (kiyA) hone se ye karma kahe jAte haiN| jaina karmazAstra me karma kI ATha mUla prakRtiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM / ye prakRtiyA prANo ko bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke anukUla eva pratikUla phala pradAna karatI hai| ina pATha prakRtiyo ke nAma haiM-jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAya / iname me jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ye cAra ghAtI prakatiyA haiM kyoki inase AtmA ke cAra mUla guNo nAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya (vala) kA ghAta hotA hai / ina ghAtI karmoM ko naSTa kie vinA AtmA sarvajJa kevalajJAnI nahI bana sakatI / zeSa cAra prakRniyA aghAtI haiM kyoki ye AtmA ke kisI guNa kA ghAta nahI krtii| unakA prabhAva kevala zarIra, indriya, Ayu Adi para par3atA hai / ina sabhI karmoM se mukta honA hI vAstavika va pUrNa svatatratA hai| Aja hama svatatratA kA jo artha lete haiM vaha sAmAnyataH rAjanaitika svAdhInatA se hai / yadi vyakti ko apanI zAsana-praNAlI aura zAsanAdhikArI ke cayana kA adhikAra hai to vaha svatatra mAnA jAtA hai, para jaina darzana me svatatratA kA yaha sthUla artha hI nahI liyA gayA, usakI svatatratA kA artha vahuta sUkSma aura gaharA hai / samasta viSaya-vikAro se, rAga-dveSa me, karma-bandhana se mukta honA hI usakI dRSTi me vAstavika svatatratA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne antarmukhI hokara lagabhaga sADhe bAraha varSa kI kaThora sAdhanA kara, yaha cintana diyA ki vyakti apane

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karma aura puruSArtha se svatatra hai| unhone kahA-yaha AtmA na to kisI paramAtma zakti kI kRpA para nirbhara hai aura na usase bhinna hai| jaba vaha yaha mahasUsa karatI hai ki merA sukha-dukha kisI ke adhIna hai kisI kI kapA aura krodha para vaha avalamvita hai, tava cAhe vaha kisI bhI gaNarAjya me, kisI bhI svAdhIna zAsana praNAlI me thicaraNa kare, . vaha paratatra hai| yaha paratatratA prAtmA se pare kisI anya ko apane bhAgya kA niyatA mAna lene para banI rahatI hai / ata mahAvIra ne kahA-Izvara AtmA se pare koI alaga zakti nahI hai| AtmA jaba jAgarUka hokara apane karmaphala ko sarvathA naSTa kara detI hai, apane meM nihita ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta cAritra aura ananta bala kA sAkSAtkAra kara letI hai, taba vaha svaya paramAtmA bana jAtI hai| paramAtma dazA prApta kara lene para bhI baha kisI parama zakti me mila nahI jAtI varan apanA svatatra astitva alaga banAye rakhatI hai / isa prakAra astitva kI daSTi se jaina darzana me eka paramAtmA ke sthAna para aneka va ananta paramAtmA kI mAnyatA hai para guNa kI dRSTi se sabhI paramAtmA ananta catuSTaya kI samAna zakti se sampanna haiM / uccatama AdhyAtmika sthiti meM vyakti svAtantrya aura samUhagata guNAtmakI kA yaha sAmaMjasya jaina darzana kI eka viziSTa aura maulika dena hai| paramAtmA banane kI isa prakriyA meM usakI apanI sAdhanA aura usakA puruSArtha hI mUlataH kAma AtA hai| isa prakAra Izvara nirbharatA se mukta kara jaina darzana ne logo ko Atma-nirbharatA kI zikSA aura preraNA dI hai| __ kucha logo kA kahanA hai ki jaina darzana dvArA prasthApita AtmanirbharatA kA siddhAnta svatatratA kA pUrI taraha se anubhava nahI karAtA, kyoki vaha eka prakAra se AtmA ko karmAdhIna banA detA hai / para jaina darzana kI yaha karmAdhInatA bhAgya dvArA niyantrita na hokara puruSArtha dvArA sacAlita hai / mahAvIra spaSTa kahate haiM-he Atmana! tU svaya hI apanA nigraha kara / aisA karane se tU dukho se mukta ho jaaygaa|' yaha sahI hai 1 purisA / attANameva abhinigijjha, eva dukkhA pamokkhasi AcArAga 3/3/119

Page #27
ki AtmA apane kRta karmoM ko bhogane ke lie vAdhya hai para vaha utanI vAdhya nahIM ki usame parivartana na lA sake / mahAvIra kI dRSTi me AtmA ko karma ca me jitanI svataMtratA hai, utanI hI svataMtratA ume karmaphala ke bhIgane kI bhI hai| AtmA apane puruSArtha ke bala para karmaphala me parivartana lA sakatI hai / isa sambandha me bhagavAn mahAvIra ke karma-parivartana ke nimnalikhita cAra siddhAnta vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM (?) udIraNA : niyata avadhi se pahale karma kA udaya me AnA / (2) udvartana karma kI avadhi aura phala dene kI zakti me abhivRddhi honA / (3) apavartana. karma kI zravavi aura phala dene kI zakti meM kamI honA / (4) saMkramaraNa - eka karma prakRti kA dUsarI karma prakRti me sakramaNa honA / ukta middhAnta ke prAvAra para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pratipAdita kiyA ki manuSya apane puruSArtha ke vala se vave hue karmo kI avadhi ko ghaTA-baDhA sakatA hai aura karmaphala kI zakti ko manda grathavA tIvra kara sakatA hai / isa prakAra niyata avadhi se pahale karma bhoge jA sakate haiM aura tIvra phala vAlA karma manda phala vAle karma ke rUpa me tathA manda phala vAlA karma tIvra phala vAle karma ke rUpa me vadalA jA sakatA hai| yahI nahI, puNya karma ke paramANu ko pApa ke rUpa me aura pApa karma ke paramANu ko puNya ke rUpa me saMkrAnta karane kI kSamatA bhI manuSya ke svayaM ke puruSArtha me hai / niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra manuSya ko isa vAta kI svataMtratA dete haiM ki yadi vaha jAgarUka hai, grapane puruSArtha ke prati sajaga hai aura viveka pUrvaka grapramatta bhAva se apane kArya sampAdita karatA hai, to vaha karma kI adhInatA se mukta ho sakatA hai, paramAtma dazA arthAt pUrNa svataMtratA ko prApta kara sakatA hai / mahAvIra ne apane isa grAtma svAtaMtrya ko mAtra manuSya taka sImita nahI rakkhA / unhoMne prANI mAtra ko yaha svataMtratA pradAna kI / apane hiMsA siddhAnta ke nirUpaNa me unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki pramatta yoga dvArA kimI ke prAraNo ko kSati pahucAnA yA usa para pratibaMdha lagAnA hiMsA hai / iname se yadi kisI eka bhI prAraNa kI svataMtratA me bAdhA pahucAI 13

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jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA hai| svataMtratA kA yaha ahiMsaka AdhAra atyanta vyApaka aura loka mAgalika hai / jaba hama kisI dUsare ke calane-phiste para roka lagAte haiM to yaha kArya jIva ke zarIrabala prAraNa kI hiMsA hai / jaba hama kisI prANI ke bolane para pratibaMdha lagAte hai to yaha vacanabala prANa kI aura jaba hama hama kisI ke svataMtra cintana para pratibaMdha lagAte haiM to yaha usake manobala prANa kI hiMsA hai| isI prakAra kisI ke dekhane, sunane Adi para pratibaMdha lagAnA vibhinna prANo kI hiMsA hai / kahanA nahI hogA ki bhAratIya savidhAna me mUla adhikAro ke antargata likhane, bolane, gamanAgamana karane Adi ke jo svataMtratA ke adhikAra diye gae haiM, unake sUtra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke isa svAtaMtrya bodha se joDe jA sakate haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne zrAvaka dharma ke sandarbha se jisa vrata-sAdhanA kI vyavasthA dI hai, sAmAjika jIvana paddhati se usakA gaharA juDAva hai / ahisA ke sAtha-sAtha satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, icchA parimAraNa Adi vrata vyakti ko sayamita aura anuzAsita banAne ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaro ke adhikAro kI rakSA aura unake prati Adara bhAva ko baDhAvA dete hai / acaurya aura icchA parimANa vrato kI Aja ke yuga me baDI sArthakatA hai / acaurya vrata vyavahAra-zuddhi para vizeSa bala detA hai / isa vrata me vyApAra karate samaya acchI vastu dikhA kara ghaTiyA de denA, kisI prakAra kI milAvaTa karanA, jhUThA nApa tola tathA rAjya vyavasthA ke viruddha AcaraNa karanA niSiddha hai | yahA kisI prakAra kI corI karanA to varjita hai hI, kintu cora ko kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA denA yA curAI gaI vastu ko kharIdanA bhI varjita hai / Aja kI baDhatI huI taskara vRtti, corabAjArI, rizvatakhorI, Taiksa corI Adi saba mahAvIra kI dRSTi se vyakti ko pApa kI ora le jAte haiM, use mUcchita aura parAdhIna banAte haiM / ina saba kI roka se hI vyakti svataMtratA kA sahI anubhava kara sakatA hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi me rAjanaitika svataMtratA hI mukhya nahI hai / unhone sAmAjika va Arthika svataMtratA para bhI bala diyA / unhone kisI bhI stara para sAmAjika viSamatA ko mahattva nahI diyA / unakI dRSTi me koI janma se U~cA - nIcA nahI hotA, vyakti ko usake karma hI U~cAnIcA banAte haiM / unhone paramAtma-dazA taka pahucane ke lie saba logoM 14

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aura saba prakAra ke sAdhanAmAgiyo ke lie mukti ke dvAra khola die / unhone pandraha prakAra se siddha honA batalAyA-tIrtha siddha, atIrtha siddha, tIrthaGkara siddha, atIrthaGkara siddha, svayabuddha siddha, pratyeka buddha siddha, buddhabodhita siddha, strIliMga siddha, puruSaliMga siddha, napu sakaliMga siddha, svaliMga siddha, anyaliMga siddha, gRhasthaliMga siddha, eka siddha, aneka siddha (pannavaNA pada 1, jIva prajJApana prakaraNa) paramAtma-siddhi ke liye vizeSa liMga, vizeSa veza, vizeSa guru Adi kI vyavasthA ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ne cunautI dii| unhone kahA dUsare ke upadeza ke binA svayameva bodha prApta kara (svayabuddha siddha) paramAtmA banA jA sakatA hai / strI aura napu saka bhI (strIliga siddha, napu saka liMga siddha) siddhi prApta kara sakate haiN| liMga yA AkRti kI siddhi prApti me koI bAdhA nahI hai / gRhastha ke veza me rahA huA aura mahAvIra dvArA dIkSita na hone vAlA anya parivrAjaka bhI siddhi prApta kara sakatA hai| unake dharma sagha me kumhAra, mAlI, cANDAla Adi sabhI varga ke loga the / unhone candanabAlA sAdhvI (strI) ko apane sagha ko pramukha banAkara nArI jAti ko sAmAjika stara para hI nahI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke stara para bhI pUrNa svatatratA kA bhAna kraayaa| yahI nahI, jaina zvetAmbara paramparA me sarva prathama mokSa jAne vAlI bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI mAtA marudevI (strI) mAnI gaI hai| isase bhI Age 19ve tIrthaGkara mallinAtha strI mAne gaye hai / tIrthakara viziSTa kevalajJAnI hote hai jo na kevala paramAtma dazA prApta karate haiM varan loka kalyANa ke lie sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA rUpa tIrtha kI bhI sthApanA karate haiN| gRhastho ke lie mahAvIra ne AvazyakatAno kA niSedha nahI kiyaa| unakA bala isa bAta para thA ki koI AvazyakatA se adhika sacaya-sagraha na kare / kyoki jahA sagraha hai, AvazyakatA se adhika hai, vahA isa bAta se inkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA ki kahI AvazyakatA bhI pUrI nahIM ho rahI hai / loga duHkhI aura abhAvagrasta hai / ata saba svatatratApUrvaka jIvanayApana kara sakeM isake lie icchAo kA sayama Avazyaka hai / yaha sayamana vyakti stara para bhI ho, sAmAjika stara para bhI ho aura rASTra va vizva stara para bhI ho| ise unhone parigraha kI maryAdA yA icchA kA

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parimANa kahA / isase Avazyaka rUpa se dhana kamAne kI pravRtti para akuza lagegA aura rASTro kI Arthika pratidvandvitA rukegI / zopaNa aura upanivezavAda kI pravRtti para prativadha lgegaa| mahAvIra ne kahA-jaise sampatti Adi parigraha haiM vaise hI haThavAditA, vicAro kA durAgraha Adi bhI parigraha haiM / isase vyakti kA dila choTA aura dRSTi anudAra banatI hai| isa udAratA ke abhAya me na vyakti svaya svatatratA kI anubhUti kara pAtA hai aura na dUsaro ko vaha svataMtra vAtAvaraNa de pAtA hai| ata unhone kahA-pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hotI hai / use apekSA se dekhane para hI, sApekSa dRSTi se hI, usakA saccA va samagra jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha socakara vyakti ko anAgrahI honA cAhie / ume yaha socanA cAhie ki vaha jo kaha rahA hai vaha satya hai, para dUsare jo kahate haiM usame bhI satyAMza hai / aisA samajha kara dRSTi ko nirmala, vicAro ko udAra aura dila ko vizAla banAnA caahie| hamAre savidhAna me dharma nirapekSatA kA jo tattva samAviSTa huA hai, vaha isI vaicArika mApekSa cintana kA pariNAma pratIta hotA hai| kula milAkara kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina darzana kA svAtatrya / vodha yadyapi AtmavAdI cintana para AdhArita hai para vaha jIvana ke sabhI pakSo-Arthika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika Adi ko sateja aura prabhAvI vanAtA hai| svatatratA ke 37 varSoM bAda bhI hama vibhinna staro para svatatratA ko sahI anubhUti nahIM kara pA rahe hai / isakA mUla kAraNa svatatratA ko adhikAra prApti taka hI sImita rakha kara samajhanA hai / para vastutaH svatatratA mAtra adhikAra nahI hai| vaha eka aisA bhAva hai, jo vyakti ko apane sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke lie ucita avasara, mAdhanA aura karma karane kI zakti pradAna karatA hai / yaha bhAva apane kartavya ke prati sajaga aura sakriya bane rahane se hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| parantu duHkha isa bAta kA hai ki Aja hama apanA kartavya kie binA hI adhikAra kA sukha, bhoganA cAhate haiM / isI kA pariNAma hai-- Aja kA yaha satrAsa, yaha sakaTa /

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isa satrAsa aura sakaTa se nipaTane ke lie hame bAhara nahI, bhItara kI ora dekhanA hogA / bAhara se hama bhale hI svatatra aura svAdhIna lage para bhItara se hama choTe-choTe svArthoM, sakIrNatAo aura adhavizvAso se jakaDe hue haiM / zarIra se hama svatatra lagate hai para hamArA mana svAdhIna nahI hai / jaba taka mana svAdhIna nahI hotA, vyakti kI karma zakti sahI mAne me jAgRta nahIM hotI aura vaha apane kartavya patha para niSThA pUrvaka baDha nahI paataa| mana ko svAdhInatA ke lie Avazyaka hai-viSayavikAro para vijaya pAnA aura yaha taba taka sambhava nahI jaba taka ki vyakti AtmonmukhI na bne| Aja kI hamArI sArI kArya praNAlI kA kendra kartavya na hokara, adhikAra banA huA hai, zakti kA srota sevA na hokara, sattA hai| pratiSThA kA AdhAra guNa na hokara, paisA aura parigraha hai, jaba taka yaha vyavasthA rahegI taba taka hama svatatratA kA sahI AsvAdana nahI kara sakate / hame isa vyavasthA ko badalanA hogA aura isake lie cAhie, tapa, tyAga, balidAna, kartavya ke prati agAdha niSThA aura prAtmonmukhI dRSTi / 17

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janatAMtrika sAmAjika cetanA ke tattva jana mAnyatA ke anusAra sabhyatA kI prArambhika avasthA me vartamAna avasarpiNI ke prathama tIno kAlo me jIvana atyanta sarala eva prAkRtika thA / tathAkathita kalpa vRkSo se AvazyakatAo kI pUrti ho jAyA karatI thii| yaha akarma bhUmi bhoga bhUmi kA kAla thA / para tIsare kAla ke antima pAda me kAla cakra ke prabhAva se isa avasthA meM parivartana AyA aura manuSya karma bhUmi kI ora agrasara huaa| usame mAnava sambandhaparakatA kA bhAva jagA aura pArivArika vyavasthA-kula vyavasthA-sAmane AI / isake vyavasthApaka kulakara yA manu kahalAye jo vikAsa krama me caudaha hue / kulakara vyavasthA kA vikAsa Age calakara samAja sagaThana ke rUpa me huA aura isake pramukha netA hue 24 tIrthaGkara tathA gauNa netA 36 anya mahApuruSa (12 cakravartI, 6 valadeva, 6 vAsudeva, 6 prativAsudeva) hue jo saba mila kara triSaSThizlAkA purupa kahe jAte hai| uparyukta pRSThabhUmi me yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dRSTi se dharma kevala vaiyaktika AcaraNa hI nahI hai, vaha sAmAjika AvazyakatA aura samAja vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka bhI hai| jahA vaiyaktika AcaraNa ko pavitra aura manuSya kI Atarika zakti ko jAgRta karane kI dRSTi se kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, satya, sayama, tapa, tyAga, brahmacarya jaise manobhAvAdhArita dharmoM kI vyavasthA hai, vahA sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita aura sAmAjika saMgaThana ko sudRDha tathA svastha banAne kI dRSTi se grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra dharma, kula dharma, gaNa dharma, sagha dharma jaise samAjonmukhI 18

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dharmoM tathA grAma sthavira, nagara sthavira, rASTra sthavira, prazAstA sthavira, kula sthavira, gaNa sthavira, sagha sthavira jaise dharmanAyako kI bhI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| ____isa vindu para Akara "jana" aura "samAja" paraspara juDate haiM aura dharma me nivRtti-pravRtti, tyAga-sevA aura jJAna-kriyA kA samAveza hotA hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki dharma kA mUla kendra vyakti hotA hai kyoki dharma AcaraNa se prakaTa hotA hai para usakA prabhAva samUha yA samAja me pratiphalita hotA hai aura isI pariprekSya me janatAtrika sAmAjika cetanA ke tattvo ko pahacAnA jA sakatA hai / kucha logo kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki janatAtrika sAmAjika cetanA kI avadhAraNA pazcimI janatantra-yUnAna ke prAcIna nagara rAjya aura kAlAntara me phAsa kI rAjya krAti kI dena hai| para sarvathA aisA mAnanA ThIka nahI / prAcIna bhAratIya rAjatatra vyavasthA meM Adhunika iMgalaiNDa kI bhAti sImita va vaidhAnika rAjatatra se yukta prajAtatrAtmaka zAsana ke vIja vidyamAna the / jana sabhAo aura viziSTa AdhyAtmika RSiyo dvArA rAjatatra sImita thaa| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra licchivI gaNarAjya se sambandhita the / yaha avazya hai ki pazcimI janatatra aura bhAratIya janatatra kI vikAsa-prakriyA aura uddezyo me antara rahA hai, use isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai :1 pazcima me sthAnIya zAsana kI utpatti kendrIya zakti se huI hai jabaki bhArata me isakI utpatti jana samudAya se huI hai 1/ 2. pAzcAtya janatAtrika rAjya pUjIvAda, upanivezavAda aura sAmrAjya vAda ke vala para phale phUle haiM / ve apanI svatantratA ke lie to mara miTate hai para dUsare dezo ko rAjanaitika dAsatA kA zikAra banA kara unhe svazAsana ke adhikAra se vacita rakhane kI sAjiza karate hai / para bhAratIya janatatra kA rAstA isase bhinna hai / usane Arthika zoSaNa aura rAjanaitika prabhatva ke uddezya se kabhI bAharI dezo para aAkramaNa nahI kiyA / usakI nIti zAtipUrNa sahaastitva aura antarrASTrIya sahayoga kI rahI hai| 1 yAnAMga sUtra, dasavA ThANA /

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3. pazcimI dezo ne pUMjIvAdI aura sAmyavAdI dono prakAra ke janatatro ko sthApita karane me raktapAta, hatyAkANDa aura hiMsaka krAnti kA sahArA liyA hai para bhAratIya janatantra kA vikAsa lokazakti aura sAmUhika cetanA kA phala hai / ahiMsaka pratirodha aura satyAgraha usake mUla AdhAra rahe haiN| sakSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya samAja-vyavasthA me janatantra kevala rAjanaitika sandarbha hI nahIM hai| yaha eka vyApaka jIvana paddhati hai, eka mAnasika dRSTikoNa hai jisakA sambandha jIvana ke dhArmika, naitika, Arthika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika sabhI pakSo se hai| isa gharAtala para jaba hama cintana karate haiM to mukhyata jaina darzana meM aura adhikAzata. anya bhAratIya darzano me bhI janatAtrika sAmAjika cetanA ke nimnalikhita mukhya tattva rekhAkita kiye jA sakate haiM : 1. svatantratA / 2 samAnatA / 3 lokakalyANa 4 dharma nirapekSatA 1. svatantratA:-svatantratA janatantra kI AtmA hai aura jaina darzana kI mala bhIti bhii| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jIva athavA AtmA svatantra astitva vAlA dravya hai / apane astitva ke lie na to yaha kisI dUsare dravya para Azrita hai aura na isa para Azrita koI anya dravya hai / isa dRSTi se jIva ko prabhu kahA gayA hai jisakA abhiprAya hai 'jIva svayaM hI apane utthAna yA patana kA uttaradAyI hai| sad pravRtta AtmA hI usakA mitra hai aura duSpravRtta AtmA hI usakA zatru hai / svAdhInatA aura parAdhInatA usake karmo ke adhIna hai| vaha apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA ghAtI-aghAtI sabhI prakAra ke karmo ko naSTa kara pUrNa mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| svayaM paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| jaina darzana me yahI jIva kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai / yahA svatantratA ke sthAna para mukti zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isa mukti prApti meM jIva kI sAdhanA aura usakA puruSArtha ho mukhya sAdhana hai / guru Adi se mArgadarzana to mila sakatA hai para unako pUjane-ArAdhane se kti

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nahI mila sakatI / mukti-prApti ke lie svaya ke Atma ko hI puruSArtha me lagAnA hogaa| isa prakAra jIva mAtra kI garimA, mahattA aura icchA zakti ko jaina darzana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai / isIlie yahA mukta jIva arthAta paramAtmA ko guNAtmaka ekatA ke sAtha-sAtha mAtrAtmaka anekatA hai / kyoki pratyeka jIva Izvara ke sAnnidhya sAmIpya-lAbha hI prApta karane kA adhikArI nahIM hai balki svaya paramAtmA banane ke lie kSamatAvAna hai / phalata jaina dRSTi me AtmA hI paramAtma dazA prApta karatI hai, para koI paramAtmA AtmadazA prApta kara puna avatarita nahI hotA / isa prakAra vyakti ke astitva ke dharAtala para jIva ko IzvarAdhInatA aura karmAdhInatA dono se mukti dilAkara usakI pUrNa svatantratA kI rakSA kI gayI hai| jaina darzana kI svatantratA nirakuza yA ekAdhikAravAditA kI upaja nahI hai| isame dUsaro ke astitva kI svatantratA kI bhI pUrNa rkssaa| hai| isI bindu se ahiMsA kA siddhAnta ubharatA hai jisame jana ke prati hI nahI prANI mAtra ke prati mitratA aura vandhutva kA bhAva hai| yahA jana arthAta manuSya hI prANI nahI hai aura mAtra usakI hatyA hI hiMsA nahI hai / jaina zAstro me prAraNa arthAt jIvanI zakti ke daza bheda batAe gae haiM-sunane kI zakti, dekhane kI zakti, sU ghane ko zakti, svAda lene kI zakti, cha ne kI zakti, vicArane kI zakti, bolane kI zakti, gamanAgamana kI zakti, zvAsa lene va choDane kI zakti aura jIvita rahane kI zakti / iname se pramatta yoga dvArA kisI prANa ko kSati pahucAnA, usa para prativandha lagAnA, usakI svatantratA me bAdhA pahu cAnA, hiMsA hai / jaba hama kisI ke svatantra cintana ko bAdhita karate haiM, usake bolane para pratibandha lagAte hai aura gamanAgamana para roka lagAte haiM to prakArAntara se kramaza usake mana, vacana aura kAyA rUpa prANa kI hiMsA karate hai / isI prakAra kisI ke dekhane, sunane, sU ghane, cakhane, cha ne Adi para pratibandha lagAnA bhI vibhinna prANo kI hiMsA hai / yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI ki svatantratA kA yaha sUkSma udAtta cintana hamAre savidhAna ke svatantratA sambandhI maulika adhikAro kA utsa rahA hai| vicAra-jagata me svatantratA kA bar3A mahattva haiM / AtmanirNaya aura matAdhikAra isI ke pariNAma haiM / kaI sAmyavAdI dezo me

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sAmAjika aura Arthika svatantratA hote hue bhI icchA svAtantrya kA yaha adhikAra nahI hai| para jaina darzana me aura hamAre saMvidhAna me bhI vicAra svAtantra ko sarvopari mahattva diyA gayA hai / mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA ki pratyeka jIva kA svatantra astitva hai, isalie usakI svatatra vicAracetanA bhI hai / ataH jaisA tuma socate ho ekamAtra vahI satya nahI hai| dUsare jo socate haiM usame bhI satyAza nihita hai / ataH pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie itara logo ke soce hue, anubhava kiye hue satyAzo ko bhI mahattva do / unhe samajho, parakho aura usake pAloka me apane satya kA parIkSaNa kro| isase na kevala tumhe usa satya kA sAkSAtkAra hogA varan apanI bhUlo ke prati sudhAra karane kA tumhe avasara bhI milegA / prakArAntara se mahAvIra kA cintana janatAtrika zAsana-vyavasthA meM svastha virodhI pakSa kI AvazyakatA aura mahattA pratipAdita karatA hai tathA isa bAta kI preraNA detA hai ki kisI bhI tathya ko bhalI prakAra samajhane ke lie apane ko virodha pakSa kI sthiti meM rakha kara usa para cintana kro| taba jo satya nikharegA vaha nirmala, nirvikAra aura niSpakSa hogaa| mahAvIra kA yaha vaicArika audArya aura sApekSa cintana svatatratA kA rakSA kavaca hai / yaha dRSTikoNa anekAnta siddhAnta ke rUpa me pratipAdita hai / 2 samAnatA :-svatantratA kI anubhUti vAtAvaraNa aura avasara ko samAnatA para nirbhara hai / yadi samAja me jAtigata vaiSamya aura Arthika asamAnatA hai to svatantratA ke pradatta adhikAro kA bhI koI vizeSa upayoga nahI / isalie mahAvIra ne svatantratA para jitanA vala diyA utanA hI vala samAnatA para diyA / unhe jo virakti huI vaha kevala jIvana kI nazvaratA yA sAsArika asAratA ko dekhakara nahI huI varan manuSya dvArA manupya kA zoSaNa dekha kara ve tilamilA uThe / aura usa zoSaNa ko miTAne ke lie, jIvana ke hara stara para samatA sthApita karane ke lie unhone kAti kI, tIrthapravartana kiyA / bhakta aura bhagavAna ke bIca panape dharma dalAlo ko anAvazyaka batAkara bhakta aura bhagavAna ke bIca guraNAtmaka sambandha johA / janma ke sthAna para karma ko pratiSThita kara garIbo, dalito aura asahAyo ko ucca AdhyAtmika sthiti prApta karane kI kalA sikhaayii| apane sAdhanA kAla me kaThora abhigraha dhAraNa kara dAsI banI, hathakaDI aura ver3iyo me jakaDI, tIna dina se bhUkhI,

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muNDitakeza rAjakumArI candanA se AhAra grahaNa kara, ucca kSatriya rAjakula kI mahArAniyo ke mukAvale samAja me nikRSTa samajhI jAne vAlI nArI zakti kI AdhyAtmika garimA aura mahimA pratiSThApita kii| jAtivAda aura varNa-vAda ke khilApha cheDI gayI yaha sAmAjika krAnti bhAratIya janatatra kI sAmAjika samAnatA kA mukhya AdhAra banI hai / yaha tathya pazcima ke sabhya kahalAne vAle tathAkathita janatAtrika dezo kI raMgabheda nIti ke viruddha eka cunautI hai| mahAvIra dUradraSTA vicAraka aura anantajJAnI sAthaka the / unhone anubhava kiyA ki Arthika samAnatA ke binA sAmAjika samAnatA adhika samaya taka kAyama nahI raha sakatI aura rAjanaitika svAdhInatA bhI Arthika svAdhInatA ke abhAva me kalyANakArI nahI bntii| isalie mahAvIra kA sArA bala aparigraha bhAvanA para rahA / eka ora unhone eka aisI sAdhu sasthA khaDI kI jisake pAsa rahane ko apanA koI AgAra nhii| kala ke khAne kI Aja koI nizcita vyavasthA nahI, surakSA ke lie jisake pAsa koI sAdhana sagraha nahI, jo anagAra hai, bhikSuka hai, pAdavihArI hai, nirgrantha hai, zramaNa hai, apanI zrama sAdhanA para jItA hai aura dUsaro ke kalyANa ke lie samarpita hai usakA sArA jIvana / jise samAja se kucha lenA nahI, denA hI denA hai / dUsarI ora unhone upAsaka sasthAzrAvaka sasthA khaDo ko jimake parigraha kI maryAdA hai, jo aNuvratI hai / ___ zrAvaka ke bAraha vrato para jaba hama cintana karate haiM to lagatA hai ki ahiMsA ke samAnAntara hI parigraha kI maryAdA aura niyamana kA vicAra calA hai / gRhastha ke lie mahAvIra yaha nahIM kahate ki tuma sagraha na kro| unakA vala isa bAta para hai ki AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha mata kro| aura jo sagraha karo usa para svAmitva kI bhAvanA mata rakho / pAzcAtya janatAtrika dezo me svAmitva ko nakArA nahI gayA hai / vahA sampatti ko eka svAmI se chIna kara dUsare ko svAmI vanA dene para bala hai / isa vyavasthA me mamatA TUTatI nahI, svAmitva banA rahatA hai aura jaba taka svAmitva kA bhAva hai- sagharpa hai, varga bheda hai / varga vihIna samAja racanA ke lie svAmitva kA visarjana jarUrI hai / mahAvIra ne isalie parigraha ko sampatti nahI kahA, use murchA yA mamatva bhAva kahA hai| sAdhu to nitAta aparigrahI hotA hI hai, gRhastha bhI dhIre-dhIre usa ora baDhe, yaha apekSA

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hai / isIlie mahAvIra ne zrAvaka ke bAraha vrato me jo vyavasthA dI hai vaha eka prakAra se svaicchika svAmitva visarjana aura parigraha maryAdA, sIliMga kI vyavasthA hai / Arthika viSamatA ke unmUlana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ke upArjana ke srota aura upabhoga ke lakSya maryAdita aura nizcita ho / bAraha vrato me tIsarA asteya vrata isa bAta para bala detA hai ki corI karanA ho varjita nahI hai balki cora dvArA curAI gaI vastu ko lenA, cora ko preraNA karanA, use kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA karanA, rAjya niyamo ke viruddha pravRtti karanA, jhUThA nApa-tola karanA, jhUThA dastAveja likhanA, jhUThI sAkSI denA, vastugro me milAvaTa karanA, acchI vastu dikhAkara ghaTiyA de denA Adi saba pApa hai / Aja kI baDhatI huI cora bAjArI, Taiksa coro, khAdya padArthoM me milAvaTa ko pravRtti Adi saba mahAvIra kI dRSTi se vyakti ko pApa kI ora le jAte haiM aura samAja me prArthika viSamatA ke kAraNa banate hai / isa pravRtti ko rokane ke lie pAcave vrata me unhone kheta, makAna, sonA-cAdI Adi jevarAta, dhana-dhAnya, pazu-pakSI, jamIna-jAyadAda Adi ko maryAdita, Aja kI zabdAvalI meM inakA sIliMga karane para jora diyA hai aura icchAo ko uttarottara niyatrita karane kI bAta kahI hai / chaThe vrata me vyApAra karane ke kSetra sImita karane kA vidhAna hai / kSetra aura dizA kA parimANa karane se na to taskara vRtti ko panapane kA avasara milatA hai aura na upanivezavAdI vRtti ko baDhAvA milatA hai| sAtave vrata me apane upayoga me Ane vAlI vastuo kI maryAdA karane kI vyavasthA hai / yaha eka prakAra kA svaicchika rAzaniMga sisTama hai / isase vyakti anAvazyaka saMgraha, se bacatA hai aura saMyamita rahane se sAdhanA kI ora pravRtti baDhatI hai / isI vrata me arthArjana ke aise sroto se bacate rahane kI bAta kahI gayI hai jinase hiMsA baDhatI hai, kRSi utpAdana ko hAni pahucatI hai aura asAmAjika tattvo ko protsAhana milatA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aise vyavasAyo ko karmAdAna kI sajJA dI hai aura unakI sakhyA pandraha batalAyI hai / Aja ke sandarbha me igAlakamme - jaMgala me Aga lagAnA, varaNakamme - jagala zrAdi kaTavA kara becanA, asaIjaNaposaNayA - asayati jano kA poSaNa karanA arthAt asAmAjika tattvo ko poSaNa denA, Adi para roka kA vizeSa mahattva hai / 1 24

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3 loka kalyANa :- jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai ki mahAvIra ne saMgraha kA niSedha nahI kiyA hai valki AvazyakatA se adhika sagraha na karane ko kahA hai / isake do phalitArtha haiM - eka to yaha ki vyakti apane liye jitanA Avazyaka ho utanA ho utpAdana kare aura niSkriya vana jAya / dUsarA yaha ki apane lie jitanA Avazyaka ho utanA to utpAdana kare hI zrIra dUsaro ke liye jo Avazyaka ho usakA bhI utpAdana kare / yaha dUsarA artha hI abhISTa hai / jaina dharma puruSArtha pradhAna dharma hai prata vaha vyakti ko niSkriya va akarmaNya vanAne kI zikSA nahI detA / rASTrIya utpAdana me vyakti kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ko jaina darzana svIkAra karatA hai para vaha utpAdana zoSaNa, jamAkhorI aura zrArthika viSamatA kA kAraNa na bane, isakA viveka rakhanA zrAvazyaka hai / sarakArI kAnUna - kAyade to isa dRSTi se samaya-samaya para banate hI rahate haiM para jaina mAdhanA me vrataniyama, tapa-tyAga aura dAna-dayA ke mAdhyama se isa para niyantraNa rakhane kA vidhAna hai / tapo me vaiyAvRtya arthAt sevA ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai / isI sevA-bhAva se dharma kA sAmAjika pakSa ubharatA hai / jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne zikSA, cikitsA, chAtravRtti, vidhavA sahAyatA Adi ke rUpa me aneka TrasTa khaDe kara rASTra kI sevA kI hai / jaina zAstro me paisA arthAt rupayo ke dAna kA vizeSa mahattva nahI hai | yahA vizeSa mahattva rahA hai - AhAra dAna, jJAna dAna, aupadha dAna aura abhaya dAna kA / svaya bhUkhe raha kara dUsaro ko bhojana karAnA puNya kA kArya mAnA gayA hai / anazana arthAt bhUkhA rahanA, apane prANo ke prati moha choDanA prathama tapa kahA gayA hai para dUsaro ko bhojana, sthAna, vastra Adi denA, unake prati mana se zubha pravRtti karanA, vANI se hita vacana bolanA aura zarIra me zubha vyApAra karanA tathA samAja seviyo va loka sevako kA grAdara-satkAra karanA bhI puNya mAnA gayA hai / isake viparIta kisI kA bhojana - pAnI se viccheda karAnA - bhattapANavucchae, aticAra, pApa mAnA gayA hai / mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA hai- jaise jIvita rahane kA hame adhikAra hai vaise hI anya prANiyo ko bhI / jIvana kA vikAsa sagharSa para nahI sahayoga para hI AdhArita hai / jo prANI jitanA adhika unnata aura prabuddha hai, usame usI anupAta me sahayoga aura tyAgavRtti kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai / manuSya sabhI prANiyo me zreSTha hai / iga nAte dUsaro ke 25

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prati sahayogI bananA usakA mUla svabhAva hai / anta karaNa me sevA-bhAva kA udreka tabhI hotA hai jaba Atmavat sarvabhUtepu jaisA udAtta vicAra zepa sRSTi ke sAtha prAtmIya sambandha joDa pAtA hai / isa sthiti me jo sevA kI jAtI hai vaha eka prakAra se sahaja sphUrta sAmAjika dAyitva hI hotA hai / loka-kalyANa ke lie apanI sampatti visarjita kara denA eka vAta hai aura svaya sakriya ghaTaka bana kara sevA kAryoM meM juTa jAnA dUsarI bAta hai / pahalA sevA kA nakArAtmaka rUpa hai jabaki dUsarA sakArAtmaka rUpa / isame sevAvratI "slIpiMga pArTanara" vana kara nahI raha sakatA, use sajaga praharI bana kara rahanA hotA hai| zrAvaka ke bAraha vrato me pAMcavA parigraha parimANa vrata sevA ke nakArAtmaka pahala ko sUcita karatA hai jabaki gyArahavA pauSadha vrata aura bArahavA atithi savibhAga vrata sevA ke sakArAtmaka pahalU ko ujAgara karatA hai| loka sevaka me saralatA, sahRdayatA aura savedanazIlatA kA guNa honA Avazyaka hai| sevAvratI ko kisI prakAra kA aham na chU pAe aura vaha sattAlipsu na bana jAe, isa bAta kI satarkatA pada-pada para baratanI jarUrI hai / vinaya ko jo dharma kA mUla kahA gayA hai, usakI arthavattA isa sandarma me vaDI gaharI hai / lokasevA ke nAma para apanA svArtha sAdhane vAlo ko mahAvIra ne isa prakAra cetAvanI dI hai . asavibhAgI asagaharUI appamANabhoI, se tArisae nArAhae vayamiNa / arthAt jo asaMvibhAgI hai-jovana sAdhano para vyaktigata svAmitva kI sattA sthApita kara dUsaro ke prakRti pradatta savibhAga ko nakAratA hai, asagraha ruci-jo apane lie hI sagraha karake rakhatA hai aura dUsaro ke lie kucha bhI nahI rakhatA, apramANa bhojI-maryAdA se adhika bhojana eva jIvana-sAdhano kA svaya upabhoga karatA hai, vaha ArAdhaka nahI virAdhaka hai| 4. dharmanirapekSatA :-svatantratA, samAnatA aura loka-kalyANa kA bhAva dharma-nirapekSatA kI bhUmi me hI phala-phUla sakatA hai / dharma nirapekSatA kA artha dharma vimukhatA yA dharma rahitatA na hokara asAmpradAyika bhAvanA 26

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nyapaharaNa aura sArvajanIna samabhAva se hai / hamAre deza me vividha dharma aura dhAka nuyAyI hai| ina vividha dharmoM ke anuyAyiyo me pArasparika sauhArda, sammAna aura aikya kI bhAvanA banI rahe, sabako apane-apane Dhaga se upAsanA karane aura apane-apane dharma kA vikAsa karane kA pUrNa avasara mile, tathA dharma ke AdhAra para kisI ke sAtha bheda bhAva yA pakSapAta na ho isI dRSTi se dharma nirapekSatA kA bhAva hamAre savidhAna kA mahattvapUrNa aga vanA hai / dharma nirapekSatA kI isa prArthabhUmi ke abhAva me na svatantratA Tika sakatI hai aura na samAnatA aura na loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA panapa sakatI hai| jaina tIrthaDro ne sabhyatA ke prArambha me hI zAyada yaha tathya hRdayagama kara liyA thA isIlie unakA sArA cintana dharma nirapekSatA arthAt sArvajanIna samabhAva ke rUpa me hI calA / isa sambandha me nimnalikhita tathya vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM - (1) jaina tIrthaDro ne apane nAma para dharma kA nAmakaraNa nahI kiyA / jaina zabda bAda kA zabda hai / ise samaNa (zramaNa), arhata aura nirgrantha dharma kahA gayA hai / zramaNa zabda samabhAva, zramazIlatA aura vRttiyo ke upazamana kA paricAyaka hai / arhat zabda bhI guraNa vAcaka hai jisane pUrNa yogyatA-pUrNatA prApta karalI hai vaha hai-arhat / jisane saba prakAra kI granthiyo se chuTakArA pA liyA hai vaha hai nirgrantha jinhone rAga-dveSa rUpa-zatru Antarika vikAro ko jIta liyA hai ve jina kahe gaye haiM aura unake anuyAyI jaina / isa prakAra jaina dharma kisI vizeSa vyakti, sampradAya yA jAti kA paricAyaka na hokara una udAtta jIvana AdarzoM aura sArvajanIna bhAvo kA pratIka hai jiname sasAra ke sabhI prANiyo ke prati chAtmopampa maitrI bhAva nihita hai| (2) jaina dharma me jo namaskAra mantra hai, usame kisI tIrthaGkara, prAcArya yA guru kA nAma lekara vandanA nahIM kI gaI hai| usame paca parameSThiyo ko namana kiyA gayA hai-Namo arihatANa, Namo siddhAraNa, Namo pAyariyAraNa, Namo uvajjhAyANa, Namo loe santrasANa / arthAt jinhone apane zatruo para vijaya prApta karalI hai, una arihanto ko namaskAra ho, jo sasAra ke janma-maraNa ke cakra se chUTakara zuddha paramAtmA bana gaye haiM una siddho ko namaskAra ho, jo darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa Adi prAcAro kA svaya pAlana karate haiM aura dUsaro se karavAte hai una AcAryoM ko

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prati / ho, jo AgamAdi jJAna ke viziSTa vyAkhyAtA haiM, aura jinake sAnnidhya me rahakara dUsare adhyayana karate hai, una upAdhyAyo ko namaskAra ho, loka me jitane bhI satpuruSa haiM una sabhI sAdhutro ko namaskAra ho, cAhe ve kisI jAti, dharma, mata yA tIrtha se sambandhita ho / kahanA na hogA ki namaskAra mantra kA yaha guganiSTha AdhAra jaina darzana kI udAra - cetA sArvajanIna bhAvanA kA merudaNDa hai / 1 (3) jaina darzana me Atma-vikAsa arthAt mukti ko sampradAya ke sAtha nahI balki sadAcaraNa va dharma ke sAtha joDA gayA hai / mahAvIra ne kahA ki kisI bhI paramparA yA sampradAya me dIkSita, kisI bhI liMga me strI ho yA puruSa, kisI bhI veza me sAdhu ho yA gRhastha, vyakti apanA pUrNa vikAsa kara sakatA hai / usake lie yaha Avazyaka nahI ki vaha mahAvIra dvArA sthApita dharma sagha me ho dIkSita ho / mahAvIra ne azrutvA kevalI ko - jisane kabhI bhI dharma ko sunA bhI nahI, parantu citta kI nirmalatA ke kAraNa, kevala- jJAna kI kakSA taka pahucAyA hai / pandraha prakAra ke siddho me jo kisI sampradAya yA dhArmika paramparA se prerita hokara nahI, balki apane jJAna se prabuddha hote haiM, sammilita kara mahAvIra ne sAmpradAyikatA kI nissAratA siddha karadI hai / AcArya haribhadra ne spaSTa kahA hai --- pakSapAto na me vIre, na dveSa kapilAdiSu / yuktimad vacana yasya, tasya kArya parigrahaH / / arthAt mahAvIra ke prati merA pakSapAta nahI hai aura kapila Adi ke prati merA dveSa nahI hai / maiM usI vANI ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra hU jo yukti yukta hai / vastuta: dharma nirapekSatA kA artha dharma ke satya se sAkSAtkAra karane kI taTastha vRtti se hai / nirapekSatA arthAt apane lagAva aura dUsaro ke dveSa bhAva se pare rahane kI sthiti / isI artha me jaina darzana meM dharma kI 'vivecanA karate hue vastu ke svabhAva ko dharma kahA hai / jaba mahAvIra se pUchA gayA ki Apa jise nitya, dhruva aura zAzvata dharma kahate hai vaha kaunasA hai - taba unhoMne kahA -- kisI prANI ko mata mAro, upadrava mata 28

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karo, kisI ko paritApa na do aura kisI kI svatantratA kA apaharaNa na karo / isa dRSTi se jo dharma ke tattva hai prakArAntara se ve hI janatAntrika sAmAjika cetanA ke tatva haiM / uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina darzana janatAntrika sAmAjika cetanA se prArambha se hI apane tatkAlIna sandarbhoM me sampRkta rahA hai / usakI dRSTi janatantrAtmaka pariveza me rAjanaitika kSitija taka hI sImita nahI rahI hai| usane svatantratA aura samAnatA jaise janatAntrika mUlyoM ko lokabhUmi me pratiSThita karane kI dRSTi se ahisA anekAnta aura aparigraha jaise mUlyavAna sUtra diye hai aura vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika dharAtala para dharma-siddhAnto kI manovijJAna aura samAjavijJAna sammata vyavasthA dI hai / isase nizcaya hI sAmAjika aura Arthika kSetra me sAskRtika svarAjya sthApita karane kI dizA milatI hai / 1 26

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samatAvAdI samAja-racanA ke Adhika tatva jIvana ke cAra putpArtha mAne gaye haiN| varma, artha, kAma aura mokSa / varma ke sAtha artha rakhane kA phalitArtha yaha hai ki artha kA upagega varma dvArA niyantrita ho aura dharma artha dvArA pravRtyAtmaka bne| ina dRSTi se varmaarya kA yaha sambandha saMtulita artha vyavasNa aura sAmAjika samAnatA sthApita karane meM sahAyaka banatA hai| dharma antara bI suSapta zakti ko jAgRta karane ke sAtha-sAtha zarIra-nakSaNa ke liye Avazyaka vyavasthA bhI detA hai / inI varAtala para dharma Arthika tatvoM se jur3anA hai| jaina dharma kevala nivRnivAdI darzana nahIM hai| isame pravRttimUlaka dharma ke neka tatva vidyamAna haiN| vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke ucita samanvaya se hI dharma kA lokopakArI rUpa prakaTa hotA hai| pahanA to yaha cAhiye ki dharma kA pravRtti rUpa ho usakI AntarisattA ko, usakI amartatA ko ujAgara karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie ahiMsA vama kI AntariktA kisI ko nahIM mArane tara hI nImita nahIM hai| vaha dUsaroM ko apane tulya namabhne, unase prema karane jaise vizvAtma bhAva meM pratiphalita hotI hai / isa dRSTi se jaina dharma me jhA eka lora saMsAra tyAgI, aparigrahI, paMca mahAnta vArI sAdhu (bhramaNa) haiM vahAM dUsarI ora sasAra meM rahate hue maryAdita pravRttigaM karane vAle aNuvatagarI zrAvaka (sadgRhatya) bhI haiM / jaina dharmAvalambI mAtra sAdhu ho nahIM hai, bar3e-bar3e rAnAnahArAjA, dIvAna aura kopAdhyakSa, senApati aura kleidAra tathA seThasAhUkAra bhI isake mutya upAsaka rahe haiN| yahI nahIM, vaibhava sampannatA,

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dAnazIlatA, dhanADhyatA aura vyAvasAyika kuzalatA me jaina dharmAvalambI sadA agraNI rahe haiM / ImAnadArI, vizvastatA aura prAmANikatA ke kSetra me bhI ye pratiSThita rahe haiN| isa pRSThabhUmi me yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma ke AcAra-vicAro ne unakI vyAvasAyikatA, pravandhakuzalatA aura Arthika gatividhiyo ko prerita-prabhAvita kiyA hai| Adhunika yuga meM mahAtmA gAdhI ne rAjanIti aura arthanIti ke dharAtala para ahiMsAtmaka savedanA se prerita hokara jo prayoga kiye, uname jaina-darzana ke prabhAvo ko sugamatA se rekhAkita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arthika kSetra me TrasTIzipa kA siddhAnta, AvazyakatA se adhika vastuo kA sacaya na karanA, zarIra-zrama, go-pAlana, svAda-vijaya, upavAsa Adi para bala isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai / jaina darzana kA mUla lakSya vItarAga bhAva arthAt rAga-dveSa se rahita samabhAva kI sthiti, prApta karanA hai| jaba taka hRdaya me yA samAja me vipama bhAva bane rahate hai, taba taka yaha sthiti prApta nahI kI jA sktii| isa viSamatA ke kaI stara haiM, jaise sAmAjika viSamatA, vaicArika matabheda Adi, para iname pramukha hai-Arthika viSamatA Arthika vaipamya kI jaDa svArtha hai, aura svArtha ke kAraNa hI mana me kaSAya bhAva jAgRta hote haiM aura pravRttiyA~ pAponmukha banatI hai| lobha aura moha pApo ke mUla kahe gaye haiN| isa yuga ke prasiddha arthavettA aura cintaka kArla mArksa ne bhI sabhI magharSoM kA mUla artha-moha batAyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ise parigraha kahA hai| yaha artha moha yA parigraha kaise TUTe, isake liye jaina dharma meM mukhyata, bAraha vrato ko vyavasthA kI gaI hai| samatAvAdI samAjaracanA ke liye Avazyaka hai ki na mana me viSama bhAva rahe aura na samAja me asamAnatA rhe| isake liye dhArmika aura Arthika dono staro para prayatna apekSita hai / jaina darzana me dhArmika preraNA se jo arthatantra ubharA hai, vaha isa dizA me hamArA mArga-darzana kara sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se nimnalikhita mukhya tattvo ko rekhAkita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1 zrama kI pratiSThA / 2 AvazyakatAo kA svaicchika parisImana / 3 sAdhana-zuddhi para vl|| 4 arjana kA visarjana /

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1. zrama kI pratiSThA 4 jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra sabhyatA kI prArambhika avasthA me jaba prAkRtika kalpavRkSAdi sAdhano se AvazyakatAo kI pUrti honA sabhava na rahA, taba RSabhadeva ne asi, masi aura kRSi rUpa jIvikopArjana kI kalA vikasita kI aura samAja ko prakRti nirbharatA se zramajanya grAtmanirbharatA kI ora unmukha kiyA / jaina-darzana me AtmA ke puruSArtha aura zrama kI vizeSa pratiSThA hai / vyakti apane puruSArtha ke bala para hI AtmasAdhanA kara paramAtma- dazA prApta kara sakatA hai / isa dazA ko prApta karane ke liye kisI anya kA puruSArtha usake liye mArgadarzaka aura preraka to bana sakatA hai, para sahAyaka nahI / isI dRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane sAdhanAkAla me indra kI sahAyatA nahI svIkAra kI aura svaya ke puruSArtha parAkrama ke bala para hI upasargoM kA samabhAva pUrvaka sAmanA kiyA / ' upAsaka dazAga' sUtra me bhagavAn mahAvIra aura kumbhakAra saddAlaputra kA jo prasaga varNita hai, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki gozAlaka kA AjIvaka mata niyativAda kA vizvAsI hai jabaki mahAvIra kA mata Atma puruSArtha aura Atma parAkrama ko hI apanI unnati kA kendra mAnatA hai / jaina sAdhu ko 'zramaNa' aura jaina zrAvaka ko 'zramaNopAsaka' kahA jAnA bhI isa dRSTi se arthavAna banatA hai / tapa ke bAraha bhedo me 'bhikSAcarI' aura 'kAyakleza' tathA dainandina pratilekhana aura parimArjana kA krama bhI prakArAntara se sAdhanA ke kSetra me zArIrika zrama kI mahattA pratiSThApita karate haiM / - sAdhanA ke kSetra me pratiSThita zrama kI yaha bhAvanA sAmAjika stara para bhI samAdRta huI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne janma ke AdhAra para mAnya varNa vyavasthA ko cunautI dI aura use karma prarthAt zrama ke AdhAra para pratiSThApita kiyaa| unakA spaSTa udghoSa thA - karma se hI vyakti brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra banatA hai / dUsare zabdo meM unhone 'janmanA' jAti ke sthAna para 'karmaNA samUha' ko mAnyatA dI aura isa prakAra sAmAjika pratiSThA kA AdhAra karma zakti ko banAyA / isI bindu se zrama artha vyavasthA se juDA aura kRSi, gopAlana, vANijya Adi kI pratiSThA baDhI / 14 33

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2. AvazyakatAo kA svaicchika parisImana jIvana me zrama kI pratiSThA hone para jIvana nirvAha kI Avazyaka vastu ko sabhI paidA karane lage aura AvazyakatAnusAra uname vinimaya hone lagA / dhIre-dhIre vinimaya ke lAbha ne anAvazyaka utpAdana kSamatA baDhAI aura taba artha-lobha ne mudrA ko mAnyatA dI / mudrA ke pracalana ne samAja me U~ca-nIca ke kaI stara kAyama kara diye / samAja me zrama kI apekSA pUjI kI pratiSThA vaDhI aura nAnA prakAra se zoSaNa hone lagA / praudyogIkaraNa, yantravAda aura yAtAyAta tathA sacAra ke drutagAmI sAdhano ke vikAsa se utpAdana aura vitaraNa me asantulana paidA ho gayA / eka varga aisA banA jisake pAsa zrAvazyakatA se adhika pU jI aura vastu - sAmagrI jamA ho gayI aura dUsarA varga aisA banA jo jIvana-nirvAha kI Avazyaka vastuo se bhI vacita rhaa| pahalA varga dUsare varga ke zrama kA zoSaNa kara utpAdana meM sakriya bhAgIdAra na banane para bhI adhikAdhika pUjI sacita karane lagA / phalasvarUpa varga sagharSa baDhA / yaha sagharSa pradeza vizeSa taka sImita na rahakara, antarrASTrIya samasyA bana gayA / , isa samasyA ko hala karane ke lie Adhunika yuga me samAjavAda, sAmyavAda jaisI kaI vicAradhArAeM sAmane AI / sabakI apanI-apanI sImAe~ haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva isa samasyA para cintana kiyA aura kucha sUtra diye jo Aja bhI hamAre lie samAdhAna kAraka hai 1 1 unakA pahalA sUtra yaha hai ki zrAvazyakatA se adhika vastuo kA sacaya na karo / manuSya kI icchAe AkAza kI taraha ananta haiM aura jyojyo lAbha hotA hai, lobha kI pravRtti vaDhato jAtI hai / yadi cAdIsone ke kailAza parvata bhI vyakti ko prApta ho jAe, taba bhI usakI icchA pUrI nahI ho sakatI, ata icchA kA niyamana Avazyaka hai / isa dRSTi se zrAvako ke lie parigraha - parimANa yA icchA-parimANa vrata kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai / isake anusAra sAsArika padArthoM se sambandha rakhane vAlI icchA ko sImita kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ki maiM itane padArthoM se adhika kI icchA nahI karUgA / zAstrakAro ne aise padArtho ko nau bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA hai - 1 kSetra (kheta Adi bhUmi ) 2 vastu ( nivAsa yogya sthAna ) 3 hiraNya ( cAdI) 4 suvarNa (sonA) 33

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5 dhana (sonA-cAdI ke Dhale hue sikke athavA ghI, guDa, zakkara Adi mUlyavAna padArtha) 6 dhAnya (gehU, cAvala, tila Adi) 7. dvipada (jisake do paoNva ho, jaise manuSya aura pakSI) 8 caupada (jisake cAra pAva ho, jaise hAthI, ghoDe, gAya, baila, bhaisa, bakarI Adi) aura 6. kupya (vastra, pAtra, auSadha, bAsana aadi)| isa prakAra kI maryAdA se vyakti anAvazvaka saMgraha aura zoSaNa kI pravRtti se bacatA hai| 2 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA dUsarA sUtra yaha hai ki vibhinna dizAo ' me Ane-jAne ke sambandha me maryAdA kara yaha nizcaya kiyA jAye ki maiM amuka sthAna se amuka dizA me athavA sava dizAo me itanI dUra se adhika nahI jAUgA / isa maryAdA yA nizcaya ko dikaparimANa vrata kahA jAtA hai / isa maryAdA se vattiyo kA sakoca hotA hai, mana kI cacalatA miTatI hai aura anAvazyaka lAbha yA sagraha ke avasaro para svaicchika roka lagatI hai| prakArAntara se dUsaro ke adhikAra-kSetra me upaniveza vasA kara lAbha kamAne kI athavA zoSaNa karane kI vatti se bacAva hotA hai| Adhunika yuga me prAdezika sImA, antarrASTrIya sImA, nAkebadI Adi kI vyavasthA isI vrata ke phalitArtha haiN| kSetra sImA kA atikramaNa karanA Aja bhI antarrASTrIya kAnUna kI nigAha me aparAdha mAnA jAtA hai / taskara vRtti isakA udAharaNa hai| 3 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tIsarA sUtra yaha diyA ki maryAdita kSetra me rahe hue padArthoM ke upabhoga-paribhoga kI maryAdA bhI nizcita kI jaae| dikaparimANa vrata ke dvArA maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara kA kSetra eva vahA ke padArthAdi se to nivatti ho jAtI hai para yadi maryAdita kSetra ke padArtho ke upabhoga kI maryAdA nizcita nahIM kI jAtI to usase bhI anAvazka saMgraha kA avasara banA rahatA hai| ata upabhoga-paribhoga parimAraNa vrata ko vizeSa vyavasthA ko gayI hai| jo eka vAra bhogA jA cukane ke pazcAt phira na bhogA jA sake, usa padArtha ko bhoganA, kAma me lenA, upabhoga hai, jaise bhojana, pAnI Adi; aura jo vastu bAra-bAra bhogI jA sake, use bhoganA paribhoga hai, jaise vastra, vistara Adi / upabhoga-vastuo me ve vastue AtI hai jinakA honA zarIra rakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai| arthazAstriyo ne aisI vastuo

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ko Avazyaka vastue yA Necessity kahA hai| paribhoga vastuo me una padArthoM kI gaNanA hai jo zarIra ko sundara aura alakRta banAte haiM athavA jo zarIra ke lie AnandadAyI mAne jAte haiM / arthazAstriyo ne ina vastuo ko ArAmadAyaka (Comforts) aura vailAsika (Luxuries) vastuo kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| zAstrakAro ne upabhogya paribhogya vastuo ko 27 bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA hai| isa prakAra kI maryAdA kA uddezya yahI hai ki vyakti kA jIvana sAdagIpUrNa ho aura vaha svaya jIvita rahane ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaro ko bhI jIvita rahane kA avasara aura sAdhana pradAna kara ske| (4) bhagavAn mahAvIra ne cauthA sUtra yaha diyA ki vyakti pratidina apane upabhoga-paribhoga me Ane vAlI vastuo kI maryAdA nizcita kare aura apane ko itanA sayamazIla banAye ki vaha dUsaro ke lie kisI bhI prakAra bAdhaka na bane / dikaparimANa aura upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata jIvana bhara ke lie svIkAra kiye jAte haiN| ataH iname AvAgamana kA jo kSetra nizcita kiyA jAtA hai tathA upabhoga-paribhoga ke lie jo padArtha maryAdita kiye jAte hai, una sabakA upayoga vaha pratidina nahI karatA hai| isIlie eka dina-rAta ke lie usa maryAdA ko bhI ghaTA denA, AvAgamana ke kSetra aura bhogyopabhogya padArthoM kI maryAdA ko aura kama kara denA, dezAvakAzika vrata hai / arthAt ukta vrato me jo avakAza rakhA hai, usako bhI pratidina sakSipta karate jaanaa| zrAvaka ke lie pratidina caudaha niyama cintana karane kI jo prathA hai vaha isa dezAvakAzika vrata kA hI rUpa hai| zAstro me ve niyama isa prakAra kahe gaye haiM - sacitta davva viggaI, pannI tAmbula vattha kusumeSu / vAhaNa sayaNa vilevaNa, bambha disi nAharaNa bhatteSu / / arthAt-1 sacitta vastu, 2 dravya. 3 vigaya, 4 jUte-khaDAU, 5 pAna, 6 vastra, 7 puSpa, 8 vAhana, 9 zayana, 10 vilepana, 11 brahmacarya, 12. dizA, 13 snAna aura 14 bhojana / ina niyamo se vrata viSayaka jo maryAdA rakhI jAtI hai, usakA sakoca hotA hai aura AvazyakatAyeM uttarottara sImita hotI haiN| --

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uparyukta cAro sUtro me jina maryAdAzro kI bAta kahI gayI hai ve vyakti kI apanI icchA aura zakti para nirbhara haiN| mahAvIra ne yaha nahI kahA ki AvazyakatAyeM itanI-itanI sImita ho| unakA saketa itanA bhara hai ki vyakti svecchApUrvaka apanI zakti aura sAmarthya ke anusAra AvazyakatAye sImita kare, icchAye niyatrita kare kyoki yahI parama zAnti aura Ananda kA rAstA hai| Aja kI jo rAjanaitika cintana dhArA hai usame bhI svAmitva aura AvazyakatAo ko niyatrita karane kI bAta hai| yaha niyamana, niyatraNa aura somAkana vividha kara paddhatiyo ke mAdhyama se kAnUna ke tahata kiyA jA rahA hai / yathA-Ayakara, sampattikara, bhUmi aura bhavana kara, mRtyu kara aura nAgarIya bhUmi sImAkana evaM viniyamana adhiniyama (aravana laiNDa sIliMga eNDa regyulezana) ekTa / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane samaya me, jabaki janasakhyA itanI nahI thI, jIvana me jaTilatAye bhI kama thI, taba yaha vyavasthA dI thii| usake bAda to janasakhyA me visphoTaka vRddhi huI hai, jIvana paddhati jaTila banI hai, Athika davAva baDhA hai, Arthika asamAnatA kI khAI vistata haI hai, phira bhI lagatA hai ki mahAvIra dvArA diyA gayA samAdhAna Aja bhI adhika vyAvahArika aura upayogI hai kyoki kAnUna ke dabAva se vyakti bacane kA prayatna karatA hai, para svecchA se jo AtmAnuzAsana AtA hai, vaha adhika prabhAvI banatA hai| 3. sAdhana-zuddhi para bala-bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AvazyakatAo ko somita karane ke sAtha-sAtha jo AvazyakatAye zeSa rahatI haiM, unakI pUrti ke lie bhI sAdhana zuddhi para vizepa,bala diyA hai| mahAtmA gAdhI bhI sAdhya kI pavitratA ke sAtha-sAtha sAdhana kI pavitratA ko mahattva dete the / ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi vrata, sAdhana kI pavitratA ke hI preraka aura rakSaka hai| ina vrato ke pAlana aura inake AticAro se bacane kA jo vidhAna hai, vaha bhAva-zuddhi kA sUcaka hai| apanI AvazyakatAo kI pUrti ke lie vyakti ko sthUla hiMsA se bacanA caahiye| use aise niyama nahI banAne cAhie jo anyAya yukta ho na aisI sAmAjika rUDhiyo ke bandhana svIkAra karane cAhie jinase garIbo kA ahita ho| 'ahibhAra' (ati bhAra) aticAra isa bAta para bala detA hai ki apane adhInastha karmacAriyo se nizcita samaya se adhika kAma na liyA jAya, na pazuo, majadUro Adi para adhika vojha lAdA jAe aura na bAla-vivAha, anamela vivAha aura rUDhiyo ko

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apanAkara jIvana ko bhArabhUta banAyA jaae| 'bhatta-pANa-viccheda' aticAra se yaha tathya gRhIta hotA hai ki vyakti apanA vyApAra isa prakAra kare ki usase kisI kA bhojana va pAnI na chInA jaae| satyAraNuvrata me satya ke rakSaNa aura asatya se bacAva para bala diyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svArtha ke lie kannAliye arthAt kanyA ke viSaya me, gavAlie arthAt dharohara ke viSaya me, bhomAlie arthAt bhUmi ke viSaya me, NAsAvahAre arthAt dharohara ke viSaya me jhUTha na bole kUDaesakkhije arthAt jhUThI sAkSI na de| isI prakAra satyavrata ke aticAro se bacane ke lie kahA gayA hai ki binA vicAre ekadama kisI para dopAropaNa na kare, dUsaro ko jhUThA upadeza na de, jhUThe lekha, jhUThe dastAveja na likhe, na jhUThe samAcAra yA vijJApana Adi prakAzita karAyeM aura na jhUThe hisAba Adi rkhe| asteya vrata kI paripAlanA kA, sAdhana zuddhatA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai| mana, vacana aura kAya dvArA dUsare ke hako ko svaya haraNa karanA aura dUsaro se haraNa karavAnA corI hai| Aja corI ke sAdhana sthUla se sUkSma vanate jA rahe hai / seva lagAne, DAkA DAlane, Thagane, jeba kATane vAle hI cora nahI haiM balki khAdya vastuo me milAvaTa karane vAle, eka vastu batAkara dUsarI lene-dene vAle, kama tolane aura kama nApane vAle, coro dvArA haraNa kI huI vastu kharIdane vAle, coro ko corI kI preraNA karane vAle. jhUThA jamA kharca karane vAle, jamAkhorI karake bAjAro me ekadama se vastu kA bhAva ghaTA yA baDhA dene vAle, jhUThe vijJApana karane vAle, avaidha rUpa se adhika sUda para rupayA dene vAle bhI cora haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne asteya vrata ke aticAro me ina sabakA samAveza kiyA hai| ina sUkSma tarIko kI caurya vRtti ke kAraNa hI Aja mudrA-sphIti kA prasAra hai aura vizva kI arthavyavasthA caramarA rahI hai| eka ora kAlA dhana baDhatA jA rahA hai to dUsarI ora garIva adhika garIba banatA jA rahA hai| arthavyavasthA ke santulana ke lie AjIvikA ke jitane bhI sAdhana haiM, pUjI ke jitane bhI srota hai unakA zuddha aura pavitra honA Avazyaka hai| isI sandarbha me bhagavAn mahAvIra ne aise kAryoM ke dvArA AjIvikA ke upArjana kA niSedha kiyA hai jinase pApa kA bhAra baDhatA hai aura samAja

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ke lie jo ahita kara ho / aise kAryo kI sakhyA zAstro me pandraha ginAI gayI hai aura inhe 'karmAdAna' kahA gayA hai| iname se kucha karmAdAna to aise hai jo loka me niMdya mAne jAte haiM aura jinake karane se sAmAjika pratiSThA naSTa hotI hai| udAharaNa ke liye jagala ko jalAnA (igAlakamme), jagala se lakaDI Adi kATakara becanA (vaNakamme) zarAba Adi mAdaka padArthoM kA vyApAra karanA (rasavANijje), aphIma, saMkhiNa Adi jIvananAzaka padArthoM ko becanA (visavANijje) sundara keza vAlI striyo kA kraya-vikraya karanA (kaisavANijje), vanadahana karanA (davAgidAvaNiyA kamme), asatajano arthAt asAmAjika tatvo kA popaNa karanA (asaIjaNaposaNiyA kamme) Adi kAryoM ko liyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhana-zuddhi me viveka, sAvadhAnI aura jAgarukatA kA mahattva hai| gRhastha ko apanI AjIvikA ke lie prArambhaja hisA zrAdi karanI paDatI hai / yaha eka prakAra kA arthadaNDa hai jo prayojana vizeSa se hotA hai para vinA kisI prayojana ke niSkAraNa hI kevala hAsya, kautUhala, aviveka yA pramAda vaza jIvo ko kaSTa denA, satAnA anarthadaNDa hai / 'isa pravRtti se vyakti ko vacanA cAhiye aura vivekapUrvaka apanA kArya-vyApAra sampAdita karanA caahiye| jaina darzana me sAdhana zuddhi para vizeSa bala isaliye bhI diyA gayA hai ki usase vyakti kA caritra prabhAvita hotA hai| jaisA khAve anna vaisA hove mana' sUkti isa prasaga me vizeSa artha rakhatI hai| bure sAdhano se ekatra kiyA huA dhana antata vyakti ko durvyasano kI ora DhakelatA hai aura usake patana kA kAraNa banatA hai| zAstrakAro ne isaliye khAdya zuddhi aura khAdya sayama para vizeSa bala diyA hai / tapa ke bAraha prakAro me prathama cAra tapa-anazana, upodarI, bhikSAcaryA aura rasa-parityAga prakArAntara se bhojana se hI sambandhita hai| sAdhu kI bhikSAcaryA ke sambandha me jo niyama banAye gaye hai ve bhI kisI na kisI rUpa me gRhastha kI sAdhana zuddhi aura pavitra bhAvanA para hI bala dete hai| 4 arjana kA visarjana :-uparyukta vivecana se yaha nahI samajhA jAnA cAhiye ki jaina dharmAvalambI Arthika dRSTi se sampanna nahIM hote| isake viparIta aise udAharaNa 'paryApta haiM jo unakI vaibhava sampannatA aura zrImantatA ko sUcita karate haiM / 'upAsaka dazAga' sUtra me bhagavAn mahAvIra

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ke dasa Adarza zrAvako kA varNana AyA hai| vahA~ ullekha hai ki Ananda, nandinIpitA aura solihipitA ke pAsa 12-12 karoDa monayo kI sampatti thI / cAra-cAra karoDa sonayA nidhAna rUpa arthAt khajAne me thA, cAra-cAra karoDa sonayo kA vistAra (dvipada, catuppada, dhana-dhAnya Adi kI sampatti) thA aura cAra-cAra sonayo se vyApAra calatA thaa| isake alAvA unake pAsa gAyo ke cAra-cAra gokula the (eka gokula me dasahajAra gAye hotI thI) / isI prakAra kAmadeva, cullazataka, kuNDakolika ke pAsa 18-18 karoDa sonaye the aura gAyo ke 6 gokula the| culanIpitA, surAdeva, mahAzataka ke pAsa 24-24 karoDa sonayo kI sampatti aura gAyo ke 8 gokula the / sahAlaputta jo jAti kA kumbhakAra thA, usake pAsa tIna karoDa sonayo kI sampatti thI aura dasa hajAra gAyo kA eka gokula thaa| madhyayuga me vastupAla-tejapAla aura bhAmAzAha jaise zreNThi the / Adhunika yuga me bhI zreSThiyo kI kamI nahI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra garIvI kA samarthana nahIM krte| unakA prahAra dhana ke prati rahI huI mUrchAvRtti para hai / ve vyakti ko niSkriya yA akarmaNya banAne ko nahI kahate, para unakA vala ajita sampatti ko dUsaro me bA~Tane para hai| unakA spaSTa udghoSa hai-'asavibhAgI Na hu tassa mokkho' arthAt jo apane prApya ko dUsaro me bA~TatA nahI, usakI mukti nahIM hotii| arjana ke visarjana kA yaha bhAva udAra aura savedanazIla vyakti ke hRdaya me hI jAgata ho sakatA hai aura aisA vyakti krUra, hiMsaka yA pApAcArI nahIM ho sktaa| nizcaya hI aisA vyakti miSTabhApI, mitavyayI, sayamI aura sAdagIpUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane vAlA hogA aura ina sabake sammilita prabhAva se usakI sampatti bhI uttarottara vRddhimAna hogaa| arjana kA visarjana niyamita rUpa se hotA rahe aura maryAdA se adhika sampatti sacita na ho, isake lie atithi savibhAga vrata aura dAna kA vidhAna hai / bhagavatI sUtra me tu giyA nagarI ke aise zrAvako kA varNana AtA hai jinake gharo ke dvAra atithiyo ke lie sadA khule rahate the| atithiyo me sAdhugro ke atirikta jarUratamanda logo kA bhI samAveza hai| pUNya tattva ke prasaga me puNya bandha ke nau kAraNa batAye gaye haiN| isa dRSTi se ve ullekhanIya haiM / unake nAma isa prakAra haiM - 39

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(1) bhUkhe ko bhojana denA (anna puNya), (2) pyAse ko pAnI (peya padArtha) pilAnA, (pAna puNya), (3) jarUratamanda ko makAna Adi denA (sthAna puNya), (4) pATa, vistara Adi denA (zayana puNya), (5) vastra Adi denA (vastra puNya), (6) mana, (7) vacana aura (8) zarIra kI zubha pravRtti se samAja sevA karanA (mana puNya, vacana puNya aura kAya puNya) tathA (6) pUjya puruSo aura samAja seviyo ke prati vinamra bhAva prakaTa karate hae unakA sammAna-satkAra karanA (namaskAra punny)| Aja bhI vibhinna vyaktiyo aura sasthAno-dvArA garIbo, vidhavAo aura asahAyo ke liye kaI pAramArthika kArya TrasTo dvArA sampanna hote haiM 1 AvazyakatA se adhika sacaya na karanA aura maryAdA se adhika prApya sampatti ko jarUratamanda logo me vitarita kara dene kI bhAvanA hI jana kalyANa ke kArya ko Age baDhAtI hai / dAna yA tyAga kA yaha rUpa kevala rUDhi pAlana nahIM hai| samAja ke prati dAyitva bodha bhI hai| dAna kA uddezya samAja me U~ca-nIca kA stara kAyama karanA nahI, varan jIvana rakSA ke liye Avazyaka vastuo kA samavitaraNa karanA hai| dharma zAsana isa pravRtti para jitanA bala detA hai utanA hI vala janatAtrika samAjavAdI zAsana vyavasthA bhI detI hai| jaina darzana me dAna kA yaha pakSa kevala artha dAna taka hI sImita nahI hai / yahA~ arthadAna se adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai AhAra dAna, auSadha dAna, jJAna dAna aura abhaya dAna ko / uttama dAna ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki jo dAna de rahA hai vaha niSkAma bhAvanA se de aura jo dAna le rahA hai usame kisI prakAra kI dIna yA hIna bhAvanA paidA na ho / dAna dete samaya dAnadAtA ko mAna sammAna kI bhUkha nahI honI cAhiye / nirlobha aura nirabhimAna bhAva se kiyA gayA dAna hI saccA dAna hai / dAtA ke mana me kisI prakAra kA mamatva bhAva na rahe, isI daSTi se zAstro me guptadAna kI mahimA batAyI gaI hai| dAna kI hoDa me yena-kena prakAreNa dhana baTorane kI pravRtti AtmalakSI vyakti ke liye hitakara nahI ho sktii| dAna meM mAtrA kA nahI, guNAtmaktA kA mahattva hai / nIti aura nyAya se ajita sampadA kA dAna hI vAstavika dAna hai| AvazyakatA se adhika vastu kA sacaya na

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kara, dUsaro ko de denA loka dharma hai, para apanI Avazyaka vastupro me se kamI karake, dUsaro ke liye denA Atma dharma hai| isa dUsare rUpa me hI vyakti apanI pravRttiyo kA vizeSa niyamana kara pAtA hai / ___ uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jaina darzana meM jina Arthika tattvo kA sagumphana hai, unakI Aja ke sandarbha me baDI prAsagikatA hai aura dharma tathA artha kI cetanA paraspara virodhI na hokara eka dUsare ko pUraka hai|

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sAMskRtika samanvaya aura bhAvanAtmaka ekatA dharma aura saMskRti saskRti jana kA mastiSka hai aura dharma jana kA hRdaya / jaba-jaba saskRti ne kaThora rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, hiMsA kA patha apanAyA, apane rUpa ko bhayAvaha va vikRta banAyA, taba-taba dharma ne use hRdaya kA pyAra luTA kara, maitrI aura karuNA kI barasAta kara, usake raktAnuraMjita patha ko zItala aura amRtamaya bnaayaa| sayama, tapa aura sadAcAra se usake jIvana ko saundarya aura zakti kA varadAna diyaa| manuSya kI mUla samasyA hai-Ananda kI khoja / yaha Ananda taba taka nahI mila sakatA jaba taka ki manuSya bhaya-mukta na ho, Ataka-mukta na ho| isa bhaya-mukti ke liye do zarte Avazyaka hai| prathama to yaha ki manuSya apane jIvana ko itanA zIlavAna, sadAcArI aura nirmala banAye ki koI usase na Dare / dvitIya yaha ki vaha apane me itanA puruSArtha, sAmarthya aura bala sacita kare ki koI use DarA-dhamakA na sake / prathama zarta ko dharma pUrNa karatA hai to dUsarI ko saskRti / jaina dharma aura mAnava-saMskRti jaina dharma ne mAnava saskRti ko navIna rUpa hI nahI diyA, usake amUrta bhAva tattva ko prakaTa karane ke lie sabhyatA kA vistAra bhI kiyaa| prathama tIrthaMkara-RSabhadeva isa mAnava-saskRti ke sUtradhAra bane / unake pUrva yugaliyo kA jIvana thA, bhogamUlaka dRSTi kI pradhAnatA thI, kalpavRkSo ke AdhAra para jIvana calatA thaa| karma aura kartavya kI bhAvanA suSupta thii|

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loga na khetI karate the na vyavasAya / uname sAmAjika cetanA aura loka dAyitva kI bhAvanA ke akura nahI phUTe the| RSabhadeva ne Adarza rAjA ke rUpa me bhogamUlaka saskRti ke sthAna para karmamUlaka saskRti kI pratiSThA kii| peDa-paudho para nirbhara rahane vAle logo ko khetI karanA btaayaa| Atma-zakti se anabhijJa rahane vAle logo ko akSara aura lipi kA jJAna dekara purupArthI banAyA / devavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI mAnyatA ko sampuSTa kiyA / anyAya aura atyAcAra ke viruddha laDane ke liye hAtho me bala diyA / jaDa saskRti ko karma ko gati dI, cetanAzUnya jIvana ko sAmAjikatA kA vodha aura sAmUhikatA kA svara diyA / pArivArika jIvana ko majabUta banAyA, vivAha, prathA kA samArambha kiyaa| kalAkauzala aura udyoga-dhandho kI vyavasthA kara niSkriya jIvana-yApana kI praNAlI ko sakriya aura sakSama bnaayaa| saMskRti kA pariSkAra aura mahAvIra antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka Ate-Ate isa saskRti me kaI parivartana hue / saskRti ke vizAla sAgara me vibhinna vicAra-dhArAo kA milana huaa| para mahAvIra ke samaya isa sAskRtika milana kA kutsita aura vIbhatsa rUpa hI sAmane paayaa| saskRti kA jo nirmala aura lokakalyANakArI rUpa thA, vaha ava vikAragrasta hokara canda vyaktiyo kI hI sampatti bana gayA / dharma ke nAma para kriyAkANDa kA pracAra vaDhA / yajJa ke nAma para mUka pazupro kI bali dI jAne lagI / azvamedha hI nahI naramedha bhI hone lage / varNAzrama vyavasthA me kaI vikRtiyA~ A giiN| strI aura zUdra adhama tathA nimna samajhe jAne lge| unako Atma-cintana aura sAmAjika-pratiSThA kA koI adhikAra na rahA / tyAgI-tapasvI samajhe jAne vAle loga ava lAkho-karoDo kI sampatti ke mAlika bana baitthe| sayama kA galA ghoTakara bhoga aura aizvarya kilakAriyA~ mArane lgaa| eka prakAra kA sAskRtika sakaTa upasthita ho gayA / isase mAnavatA ko uvAranA Avazyaka thaa| varddhamAna mahAvIra ne savedanazIla vyakti kI bhAMti isa gambhIra sthiti kA anuzIlana aura parIkSaNa kiyA / sADhe bAraha varSoM kI kaThora sAdhanA ke bAda ve mAnavatA ko isa sakaTa se ubArane ke lie amRta le Aye / unhone ghoSaNA kI-sabhI jIva jInA cAhate hai, maranA koI nahI 43

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caahtaa|' sabhI ko apanA AyuSya priya hai / sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai / vadha sabhI ko apriya lagatA hai aura jInA sabako priya lagatA hai / prANI mAtra jIvita rahane kI kAmanA karatA hai / yajJa ke nAma para kI gaI hiMsA adharma hai / saccA yajJa AtmA ko pavitra banAne me hai / isake liye krodha kI bali dIjiye, mAna ko mAriye, mAyA ko kATiye aura lobha kA unmUlana kIjiye / mahAvIra ne prANI mAtra kI rakSA karane kA udbodhana diyaa| dharma ke isa ahiMsAmaya rUpa ne saskRti ko atyanta sUkSma aura vistRta banA diyA / use janarakSA (mAnava-samudAya) taka sImita na rakha kara samasta prANiyo kI surakSA kA bhAra bhI sambhalavA diyaa| yaha janatatra se bhI Age prAraNatantra kI vyavasthA kA sundara udAharaNa hai| jaina dharma ne sAskRtika viSamatA ke viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI / varNAzrama vyavasthA kI vikRti kA zuddhikaraNa kiyaa| janma ke AdhAra para uccatA aura nIcatA kA nirNaya karane vAle ThekedAro ko muhatoDa javAba diyA / karma ke AdhAra para hI vyaktitva kI pahacAna kii| harikezI cANDAla aura saddAlaputta kumbhakAra ko bhI AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke kAraNa Atma-sAdhako me gauravapUrNa sthAna diyaa| apamAnita aura acala sampattivat mAnI jAne vAlI nArI ke prati Atma-sammAna aura gaurava kI bhAvanA jgaaii| use dharma graMtho ko paDhane kA hI adhikAra nahI diyA varan AtmA ke carama-vikAsa mokSa kI bhI adhikAriNI mAnA / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra isa yuga me sarvaprathama mokSa jAne vAlI RSabhadeva kI mAtA marudevI hI thii| nArI ko avalA aura zaktihIna nahI samajhA gyaa| usakI AtmA me bhI utanI hI zakti sabhAvya mAnI gaI jitano puruSa me 1 mahAvIra ne candanavAlA kI isI zakti ko pahacAna kara use 'chattIsa hajAra sAdhviyoM kA netRtva pradAna kiyA / nAro ko dabbU, prAtmabhIru aura sAdhanA kSetra me bAdhaka nahI mAnA gyaa| use sAdhanA me patita puruSa ko upadeza dekara sayama-patha para lAne vAlI preraka zakti ke rUpa meM dekhA gyaa| rAjula ne sayama se patita rathanemi 1 savve jIvA vi icchati jIviu na marijjiu -dazavakAlika 6/10 2 sance pANA piyAuyA suhasAyA, dukkha paDikUlA, appiyavahA / piyajIviNo, jIviukAmA, savvesi, jIviya piya // -pAcArAga 2/2/3

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ko udbodhana dekara' apanI Atmazakti kA hI paricaya nahI diyA, varan tattvajJAna kA vAstavika svarUpa bhI smjhaayaa| sAskRtika samanvaya aura bhAvanAtmaka ekatA jaina dharma ne sAskRtika samanvaya aura ekatA kI bhAvanA ko bhI . balavatI banAyA / yaha samanvaya vicAra aura AcAra dono kSetro me dekhane ko milatA hai| vicAra-samanvaya ke lie anekAnta darzana kI dena atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa darzana kI mUla bhAvanA kA vizlepaNa karate hue sAsArika prANiyo ko vodha diyA-kisI vAta ko, siddhAta ko eka tarapha se mata dekho, eka hI taraha usa para vicAra mata kro| tuma jo kahate ho vaha saca hogA, para dUsare jo kahate haiM, vaha bhI saca ho sakatA hai / isaliye sunate ho bhar3ako mata, vaktA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra kro|| Aja samAra me jo tanAva aura dvandva hai vaha dUsaro ke dRSTikoNa ko na mamajhane yA viparyaya rUpa se samajhane ke kAraNa haiN| agara anekAntavAda ke Aloka me sabhI vyakti aura rASTra cintana karane laga jAyeM to jhagaDe kI jaDa hI na rahe / saskRti ke rakSaNa aura savardhana me jainadharma kI yaha dena atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| AcAra-samanvaya kI dizA me muni-dharma aura gRhastha dharma kI vyavasthA dI hai| pravRtti aura nivatti kA sAmajasya kiyA gayA hai / jJAna aura kriyA kA, svAdhyAya aura sAmAyika kA santulana isIliye Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / munidharma ke liye mahAvrato ke paripAlana kA vidhAna hai / vahA~ sarvathA-prakAreNa tIna karaNa tIna yoga (mana, vacana aura karma se na karanA, na karAnA aura na karate hue kA anumodana karanA) se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna aura parigraha ke tyAga ko bAta kahI gaI hai / gRhastha dharma me aNuvrato kI vyavasthA dI gaI hai. jahA~ yathAzakya ina AcAra niyamo kA pAlana abhipreta hai| pratimAghArI zrAvaka vAnaprasthAzramI kI taraha aura sAdhu sanyAsAzramI kI taraha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 3 viratyu te jasokAmI, jo ta jiiviykaarnnaa| vanta icchami Aveu, seya te maraNa bhave // -uttarAdhyayana 22/43 he yaza kAmin / dhikkAra hai tujhe ki tU bhogI jIvana ke lie vamana kiye hue bhogo ko puna bhogane kI icchA karatA hai / isase to terA maranA zreyaskara hai| 45

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sAskRtika ekatA kI dRSTi se jainadharma kA mUlyAkana karate samayU yaha spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai ki usane sampradAyavAda, jAtivAda, prAtIyatAvAda, Adi sabhI matabhedo ko bhulA kara rASTra-devatA ko bddii| udAra aura Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai / pratyeka dharma ke vikasita hone ke, kucha viziSTa kSetra hote haiM / unhI dAyaro me vaha dharma baMdhA rahatA hai para jaina dharma isa dRSTi se kisI janapada yA prAnta vizeSa me hI vandhA huA nahI, rhaa| usane bhArata ke kisI eka bhAga vizeSa ko hI apanI zraddhA kA, sAdhanA kA aura cintanA kA kSetra nahIM banAyA / vaha sampUrNa rASTra ko apanA mAnakara calA / dharma kA pracAra karane vAle vibhinna tIrthaMkaro kI janmabhUmi, dIkSAsthalI, tapobhUmi, nirvANasthalI, Adi alaga-alaga rahI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra videha (uttara bihAra) meM utpanna hue to unakA sAdhanA kSetra va nirvANa sthala magadha (dakSiNa vihAra) rahA / teisaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA janma to vArANasI me huA para unakA nirvANasthala banA sammedazikhara / prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ayodhyA meM janme, para unakI tapobhUmi rahI kailAza parvata aura bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA karma va dharma kSetra rahA saurASTra-gujarAta / bhUmigata sImA kI dRSTi se jainadharma sampUrNa rASTra meM phailA / deza kI cappA-cappA bhUmi isa dharma kI zraddhA aura zakti kA AdhAra bnii| dakSiNa bhArata ke zravaNavelagolA va kArakala Adi sthAno para sthita bAhuvalI ke pratIka Aja bhI isa rASTrIya cetanA ke pratIka haiN| jaina dharma kI yaha sAskRtika ekatA bhUmigata ho nahI rahI / bhASA aura sAhitya me bhI usane samanvaya kA yaha praudArya prakaTa kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne saskRta ko hI nahI anya sabhI pracalita janapadIya bhASAo ko apanA kara unhe samucita sammAna diyA / jahA~-jahA~ bhI ve gaye, vahA~-vahA~ kI bhASAo ko, cAhe ve Arya parivAra kI ho, cAhe draviDa parivAra kIapane upadeza aura sAhitya kA mAdhyama banAyA / isI udAra pravRtti ke kAraNa madhyayugIna vibhinna janapadIya bhASAmo ke mUla rUpa surakSita raha sake haiN| Aja jaba bhASA ke nAma para vivAda aura matabheda haiM, tava aise samaya me jaina dharma kI yaha udAra dRSTi stutya hI nahI, anukaraNIya bhI hai| sAhityika samanvaya kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkaro ke atirikta rAma aura kRSNa jaise lokapriya caritra nAyako ko jaina sAhityakAro ne sammAna kA , sthAna diyaa| jo pAtra anyatra ghRNita aura vIbhatsa dRSTi se citrita kiye gaye

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haiM, ve jaina sAhitya me ucita sammAna ke adhikArI vane haiM / isakA kAraNa zAyada yaha rahA ki jaina sAhityakAra anArya bhAvanAo ko kisI prakAra ko Thesa nahI pahu~cAnA cAhate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki vAsudeva ke zatruo ko bhI prati- vAsudeva kA ucca pada diyA gayA hai / nAga, yakSa Adi ko bhI anArya na mAna kara tIrthaMkaro kA rakSaka mAnA hai aura unhe devAlayo me sthAna diyA hai | kathA - prabandho me jo vibhinna chanda aura rAga-rAganiyA~ prayukta huI haiM unakI tarje vaiSNava sAhitya ke sAmajasya ko sUcita karatI haiM / kaI jainetara saMskRta aura DiMgala graMtho kI lokabhApAtro me TIkAe~ likha kara bhI jaina vidvAno ne isa sAskRtika vinimaya ko protsAhana diyA hai / jaina dharma apanI samanvaya bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI saguraNa bhakti ke jhagar3e meM nahI paDA / gosvAmI tulasIdAma ke samaya ina dono bhakti dhArAzro me jo namanvaya dikhAI paDatA hai, usake vIja jaina bhaktikAvya me Arambha me milate haiM / jaina darzana me nirAkAra AtmA ( siddha) aura vItarAga sAkAra bhagavAn (arihanta ) ke svarUpa me ekatA ke darzana hote haiM / paca parameSThI namaskAra mahAmaMtra ( Namo arihatAraNa, Namo siddhANa Namo AyariyANa, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savva sAhUNa) me saguNa aura nirguNa bhakti kA kitanA mundara mela biThAyA hai / arihanta sakala paramAtmA saguNa, sAkAra haiM / siddha niSkala paramAtmA nirguNa nirAkAra haiM / eka hI maMgalAcaraNa me isa prakAra kA samabhAva anyatra dekhane ko nahI milatA / } } yaha samanvaya bhAvanA anupama udAratA kI phalazruti hai | namaskAra mahAmaMtra kisI vaiyaktika niSThA kA pratipAdaka na hokara guNaniSThA kA jIvanta pratIka hai | iname jainadharma ke sarvAdhika pUjanIya, vandanIya, mahanIya 24 tIrthaMkaro me se kisI kA nAma nirdeza nahI hai / vyakti vizeSa ko nama - skAra na karake guNo ko namana kiyA gayA hai / jo krodha, ahaMkAra Adi vikAro se mukta ho gaye haiM una arihanto ko namaskAra hai, jinhoMne sAdhanA kA lakSya prApta kara liyA hai una siddhoM ko namaskAra hai, jo zuddha grAcAra me Adarza haiM una AcAryoM ko namaskAra hai, jo svaya jJAnI banakara vidyA dAna karane me kuzala haiM una upAdhyAyo ko namaskAra hai aura jo sAdhanA ke zuddha mArga para gatizIla haiM, vizva ke una sabhI sAdhuo ko namaskAra hai / ve

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jisakI prAtmA sabhI prakAra ke vikAro se mukta ho gaI hai jo zuddha, buddha, nirmala aura prakhaNDa AnandadhAma hai vahI hamAre lie parama ArAdhya hai / mahAn AdhyAtmayogI Anandaghana ne kahA hai-usa parama tattva ko cAhe rAma ke nAma se koI sambodhita kare, cAhe rahamAna ke nAma se, cAhe kRSNa ke nAma se yA mahAdeva ke nAma se, cAhe pArzvanAtha ke nAma se, cAhe brahmA ke nAma se, kintu vaha mahA caitanya svaya brahma svarUpa hI hai rAma kahI rahamAna kahI kou, kAnha kahau mahAdeva rii| pArasanAtha kahI kou brahmA, sakala brahma svameva rii|| miTTI kA rUpa to eka hI hai kintu pAtra bheda se aneka nAma kahe jAte haiM tathA-yaha ghar3A hai, yaha kuDA hai Adi, usI prakAra isa parama tatva ke pRthak-pRthak bhAga kalpanA me kiye gaye hai, kintu vAstava me vaha to akhaNDa svarUpa hI hai bhAjana meda kahAvata nAnA, eka mRttikA rUpa rii| taise khaNDa kalpanAropita, Apa akhaNDa sarUpa rI / / jo nija svarUpa me ramaraNa kare use rAma kahanA cAhie, jo prANI mAtra para rahama (dayA) kare use rahamAna / jo jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ko kRza arthAt naSTa kare use kRSNa kahanA cAhie aura jo nirvANa prApta kare use mahAdeva / apane prAtma svarUpa ko jo sparza kare use pArzvanAtha kahanA cAhiye aura jo caitanya Atma-zuddha rUpa sattA ko pahacAne, vaha brahmA hai| yaha parama tatva niSkarma karma upAdhi se rahita), jJAtA, draSTA aura caitanyamaya hai nija pada rama rAma so kahiye, rahama karai rahamAna rii| karaNe karama kAnha so kahiye, mahAdeva niravANa rii|| parase rUpa so pArasa kahiye, brahma cinhai so brahma rii| - iha vidha sAdhyo Apa 'pAnadaghana', cetanamaya niSkarma rI / / . isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainadarzana meM kisI vyakti, varNa, jAti, mata yA sampradAya ke liye koI sthAna nahIM hai / yahA~ mahattva hai kevala AtmaguNo kaa| jaina kaviyo ne kAvya-rUpo ke kSetra meM bhI kaI naye prayoga kiye| use sakIrNa paridhi se bAhara nikAla kara vyApakatA kA mukta kSetra diyaa| sAhityazAstriyo dvArA pratipAdita prabandha-muktaka ko calI AtI huI

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kAvya-paramparA ko ina kaviyo ne vibhinna rUpo me vikasita kara kAvyazAstrIya jagata me eka krAti sI macA dI / dUsare zabdo me yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prabandha aura muktaka ke bIca kAvya-rUpo me kaI naye stara ina kaviyo ne nirmita kiye| jaina kaviyo ne navIna kAvya-rUpo ke nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha pracalita kAvya-rUpo ko naI bhAva-bhUmi aura maulika arthavattA pradAna kii| ina sabame unakI vyApaka, udAra dRSTi hI kAma karatI rahI / udAharaNa ke lie veli, bAharamAsA, vivAhalo, rAso, caupAI, sadhi Adi kAvya rUpo ke svarUpa kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'veli' sajJaka kAvya DiMgala zailI me sAmAnyata veliyo chada me hI likhA gayA hai para jaina kaviyo ne 'veli' kAvya ko chanda vizepa kI sImA se bAhara nikAla kara vastu aura zilpa dono daSTi se vyApakatA pradAna kii| 'bArahamAsA' kAvya Rtu kAvya rahA hai jisame nAyikA eka-eka mAha ke krama se apanA viraha, prakRti ke vibhinna upAdAno ke mAdhyama se vyakta karatI hai / jaina kaviyo ne vAraha mAsA kI isa viraha-nivedana-praNAlI ko prAdhyAtmika rUpa dekara ise zRgAra kSetra se bAhara nikAlakara bhakti aura vairAgya ke kSetra taka Age bddhaayaa| 'vivAhalo' saMjJaka kAvya me sAmAnyata nAyaka-nAyikA ke vivAha kA varNana rahatA hai, jise 'vyAhalo' bhI kahA jAtA hai / jaina kaviyo ne isame nAyaka kA kisI strI se pariNaya na dikhA kara sayama aura dIkSA kumArI jaisI amUrta bhAvanAo ko pariNaya ke badhana me bAdhA / rAso, madhi aura caupAI jaise kAvya rUpo ko bhI isI prakAra nayA bhAva-bodha diyaa| 'rAso' yahA~ kevala yuddhaparaka vIra kAvya kA vyajaka na raha kara premaparaka geya kAvya kA pratIka bana gayA / 'sadhi' zabda apabhra za mahAkAvya ke sarga kA vAcaka na raha kara viziSTa kAvya vidhA kA hI pratIka bana gyaa| 'caupAI sajJaka kAvya caupAI chanda me hI vandhA na rahA, vaha jIvana kI vyApaka citraNa kSamatA kA pratIka banakara chanda kI rUDha kArA se mukta ho gyaa| uparyukta udAharaNo se spaSTa hai ki jaina kaviyo ne eka ora kAvya rUpo kI paramparA ke dharAtala ko vyApakatA dI to dUsarI ora usako vahiraga se antaraga kI ora tathA sthUla se sUkSma kI ora bhI khiicaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki jaina kaviyo ne kevala padya ke kSetra me hI navIna kAvyarUpa nahI khaDe kiye varan gadya ke kSetra me bhI kaI navIna kAvya

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rUpo gurvAvalI, paTTAvalI, utpattigratha, daphtarabahI, aitihAsika TippaNa, atha prazasti, vavanikA, davAvaita, silokA, bAlAvavodha, bAta Adi kI sRSTi kI / yaha sRSTi isalie aura bhI mahattvapUrNa hai kyoki usake dvArA hindI gadya kA prAcIna aitihAsika vikAsa spaSTa hotA hai / hindI ke - prAcIna aitihAsika aura kalAtmaka gadya me ina kAvya rUpo kI dena mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina-dharma kA loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa dharma kA AvirbhAva jaba kabhI huA viSamatA me samatA, avyavasthA me vyavasthA aura apUrNatA me sampUrNatA sthApita karane ke lie hI huA / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki isake mUla me vaiyaktika abhikrama avazya rahA para usakA lakSya samaSTimUlaka hita hI rahA hai, usakA cintana loka hita kI bhUmikA para hI agrasara huA hai| para sAmAnyataH jaba kabhI jaina dharma yA zramaNa dharma ke loka sagrAhaka rUpa kI carcA calatI hai taba loga cuppI sAdha lete hai| isakA kAraNa zAyada yaha rahA hai ki jaina darzana me vaiyaktika mokSa kI bAta kahI gaI hai, sAmahika nirvANa kI bAta nahI / para jaba hama jaina darzana kA sampUrNa sandarbho me . adhyayana karate hai to usake loka sagrAhaka rUpa kA mUla upAdAna prApta ho jAtA hai| loka sagrAhaka rUpa kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai lokanAyako ke jIvana krama kI pavitratA, unake kArya-vyApAro kI paridhi aura jIvana-lakSya kI vyApakatA / jaina dharma ke prAcIna gratho me aise kaI ullekha pAte hai ki rAjA zrAvaka dharma agIkAra kara, apanI sImAo me rahate hue, loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyo kA sacAlana eva prasAraNa karatA hai / para kAla-pravAha ke sAtha usakA cintana baDhatA calatA hai aura vaha deza virati zrAvaka se sarvavirati zramaNa bana jAtA hai| sAsArika mAyAmoha, pArivArika prapaca, deha-Asakti se virakta hokara vaha sAdhu zramaNa, tapasvI aura loka-sevaka bana jAtA hai| isa rUpa yA sthiti ko apanAte hI usakI dRSTi atyanta vyApaka aura usakA hRdaya atyanta udAra bana jAtA hai| loka-kalyANa me vyavadhAna paidA karane vAle sAre tattva aba pIche chaTa jAte haiM aura vaha jisa sAdhanA para baDhatA hai, usame na kisI ke prati rAga hai na dveSa / vaha sacce arthoM me zramaNa hai|

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'zramaNa' ke lie zamana, samana, samaNa Adi zabdo kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| unake mUla me bhI loka sagrAhaka vRtti kAma karatI rahI hai / loka sagrAhaka vRtti kA dhAraka sAmAnya puruSa ho hI nahIM sktaa| use apanI sAdhanA se viziSTa guNo ko prApta karanA paDatA hai / krodhAdi kaSAyo kA zamana karanA paDatA haiM, pA~ca indriyo aura mana ko vazavartI banAnA paDatA hai, zatru-mitra tathA svajana-parijana ko bheda bhAvanA ko dUra haTAkara sabame samAna mana ko niyojita karanA paDatA hai / samasta prANiyo ke prati samabhAva kI dhAraNA karanI par3atI hai / tabhI usame sacce zramaNa-bhAva kA rUpa ubharane lagatA hai| vaha viziSTa sAdhanA ke kAraNa tIthaMkara taka bana jAtA hai / ye tIrthakara to lokopadezaka hI hote hai / ye sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa cAra tIrthoM kI sthApanA karate haiN| inhe caturvidha sagha kahA gayA hai / sagha eka prakAra kA dhArmika-sAmAjika saMgaThana hai jo prAtmasAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha loka-kalyANa kA patha prazasta karatA hai| 'nandIsUtra' kI pIThikA me sagha ko nagara, cakra, ratha, kamala, candra, sUrya, samudra aura parvata ina pATha upamAo se upamita karate hae namana kiyA gayA hai| sagha aisA nagara hai jisame sadguNa aura tapa rUpa aneka bhavana haiM, vizuddha zraddhA kI saDakeM haiM / aimA cakra hai jisakI dhurA sayama hai aura samyaktva jisakI paridhi hai / aisA ratha hai jisa para zIla kI patAkAe~ phaharA rahI haiM aura tapa-sayama rUpa ghoDe jute hue haiM / aisA kamala hai jo sAsArikatA se utpanna hokara bhI usase Upara uThA huA hai / aisA candra hai jo tapa-sayama rUpa mRga ke lAchana se yukta hokara samyaktva rUpI cAdanI se suzobhita hai / aisA sUrya hai jisakA jJAna ho prakAza hai / aisA samudra hai jo upasarga aura parIpaha se akSubdha aura dhairya Adi guNo se maDita-maryAdita hai / aisA parvata hai jo samyagdarzana rUpa vajrapITha para sthita hai aura zubha bhAvo kI sugandha se prAplAvita hai| caturvidha saMgha ke pramukha aga 'zramaNa' ko bhI bAraha upamAo se upamita kiyA gayA hai uraga giri jalaNa sAgara mahatala tarugaNa samAya jo hoi / bhramara miya dharaNi jalaruha, ravi pavaraNa samAya so samaNo / /

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arthAt zramaNa sarpa, parvata, agni, sAgara, AkAza, vRkSapakti, bhramara, mRga, pRthvI, kamala, sUrya aura pavana ke samAna hotA hai| . . .. ye saba upamAe~ sAbhiprAya dI gaI hai| sarpa kI bhAMti zramaNa bhI apanA koI ghara (bila) nahI bnaate| parvata kI bhAMti ye parISaho aura upasargoM kI AdhI se DolAyamAna nahIM hote / agni kI bhAti jJAna rUpI indhana se ye tRpta nahIM hote / samudra kI bhAti athAha jJAna ko prApta kara bhI ye maryAdA kA atikramaNa nahI krte| AkAza kI bhAti ye svAzrayI, svAvalambI hote haiM, kisI ke avalambana para nahIM Tikate / vRkSa kI bhAti samabhAvapUrvaka dukha-sukha ko sahana karate haiN| bhramara kI bhAti kisI ko binA pIDA pahu~cAye zarIra-rakSaNa ke lie AhAra grahaNa karate haiM / mRga kI bhAti pApakArI pravRttiyo ke siMha se dUra rahate hai| pRthvI kI bhAti zIta, tApa, chedana, bhedana Adi kaSTo ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karate haiN| kamala kI bhaoNti vAsanA ke kIcaDa aura vaibhava ke jala se alipta rahate hai| sUrya kI bhA~ti svasAdhanA eva lokopadezanA ke dvArA ajJAnAnandhakAra ko naSTa karate hai| pavana kI bhA~ti sarvatra apratibaddha rUpa se vicaraNa karate hai / aise, zramaNo kA vaiyaktika svArtha ho hI kyA sakatA hai ? ye zramaNa pUrNa ahiMsaka hote haiN| SaTkAya (pRthvIkAya, apakAya, teukAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya aura' trasakAya) jIvo kI rakSA karate hai| na kisI ko mArane kI preraNA dete hai aura na jo prANiyo kA vadha karate hai, unakI anumodanA karate haiM / inakA yaha ahiMsA prema atyanta sUkSma aura gabhIra hotA hai / ye ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke upAsaka hote hai| kisI kI vastu binA pUche nahI uThAte / kAminI aura kacana ke sarvathA tyAgI hote hai| AvazyakatA se bhI kama vastuo kI sevanA karate haiM / sagraha karanA to inhone sIkhA hI nahI / ye manasA, vAcA, karmaNA kisI kA vadha nahI karate, hathiyAra uThAkara kisI atyAcArIanyAyI rAjA kA nAza nahIM krte| lekina isase unase loka sagrahI rUpa me koI kamI nahI aatii| bhAvanA kI dRSTi se to usame aura vaiziSTya AtA / hai / ye zramaNa pApiyo ko naSTa kara unako mauta ke ghATa nahI utArate varan unhe Atmabodha aura upadeza dekara sahI mArga para lAte hai| ye pApI ko mArane me nahI, use sudhArane me vizvAsa karate hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki 52

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mahAvIra ne viSadRSTi sarpa caNDakauzika ko mArA nahI varan apane prANo ko khatare me DAlakara, use usake AtmavizvAsa se paricita kraayaa| basa phira kyA thA? vaha viSa se amRta bana gyaa| loka kalyANa kI yaha prakriyA atyanta sUkSma aura gaharI hai| isakA loka sagrAhaka rUpa mAnava sampradAya taka hI sImita nahI hai| ye mAnava ke hita ke liye anya prANiyo kA balidAna karanA vyartha hI nahI, dharma ke viruddha samajhate hai| inakI yaha loka-sagraha kI bhAvanA isIliye janatatra-se-Age bar3hakara prANatatra taka pahuMcI hai| yadi ayatanA se kisI jIva kA vadha ho jAtA hai yA pramA vaza kisI ko kaSTa pahuMcatA hai to ye una pApo se dUra haTane ke lie prAta -sAya pratikramaNa (prAyazcita) karate haiM / ye nage paira paidala calate hai| gAva-gAva aura nagara-nagara me vicaraNa kara sAmAjika cetanA aura suSupta puruSArtha ko jAgRta karate haiN| cAturmAsa ke alAvA kisI bhI sthAna para niyata vAsa nahI krte| apane pAsa kevala itanI vastue~ rakhate haiM jinhe ye apane Apa uThAkara bhramaNa kara skeN| bhojana ke liye gRhastho ke yahA se bhikSA lAte haiM / ise gocarI yA madhukarI kahate hai| bhikSA itanI hI lete haiM ki gahastha ko phira apane lie na banAnA paDe / dUsare samaya ke liye bhojana kA sacaya nahIM karate / rAtri me na pAnI pIte hai na kucha khAte hai / inakI dainika caryA bhI baDI pavitra hotI hai| dina-rAta ye svAdhyAya manana-cintana-lekhana aura pravacana Adi me lage rahate hai| sAmAnyataH ye pratidina sasAra ke prANiyo ko dharma bodha dekara kalyANa ke mArga para agrasara karate hai| isakA samUcA jIvana loka kalyANa me hI lagA rahatA hai / isa loka-sevA ke lie ye kisI se kucha nahI lete| zramaNa dharma kI yaha AcAraniSTha dainandinacaryA isa bAta kA prabala pramANa hai ki ye zramaNa samUce arthoM me loka-rakSaka aura lokasevI hai / yadi ApadakAla me apanI maryAdAno se tanika bhI idhara-udhara honA par3atA hai to usake liye ye daNDa lete haiM, vrata pratyAkhyAna karate haiN| itanA hI nahI, java kabhI apanI sAdhanA me koI vAdhA AtI hai to usakI nivatti ke liye parISaha aura upasarga Adi kI sevanA karate hai / nahI kahA jA sakatA ki isase adhika AcaraNa kI pavitratA, jIvana kI nirmalatA aura lakSya kI sArvajanInatA aura kisa loka sagrAhaka kI hogI?

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isa saMsAra me prANiyo ke lie cAra aga parama durlabha kahe gaye hai-manuSyatva, zruti ( dharma-zravaNa ) zraddhA aura sayama me puruSArtha / devatA jIvanasAdhanA ke patha para baDha nahI sakate / karmakSetra me baDhane kI zakti to mAnava ke pAsa hI hai / isalie jaina dharma me bhAgyavAda ko sthAna nahI hai / vahA karma ko ho pradhAnatA hai / vaidika dharma me jo sthAna stuti prArthanA zraura upAsanA ko kiyA gayA hai, vahI sthAna jaina dharma me samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcaritra ko milA hai / zramaNa dharma ke loka sagrAhaka rUpa para kucha loga isa kAraNa praznacihna lagAte pratIta hote haiM ki usame sAdhanA kA phala mukti mAnA haiaisI mukti jo vaiyaktika utkarSa kI carama sImA hai / bauddha dharma kA nirvAraNa bhI vaiyaktika hai / bAda me calakara vauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA mahAyAna ne sAmUhika nirvANa kI carcA kI / para socane kI bAta yaha hai ki jaina darzana kI vaiyaktika mukti kI kalpanA sAmAjikatA kI virodhinI nahI hai / kyoki zramaNa dharma ne mukti para kisI kA ekAdhikAra nahI mAnA hai / jo apane Atma- guNo kA carama vikAsa kara sakatA hai, vaha isa parama pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura AtmaguNo ke vikAsa ke lie samAna avasara dilAne ke lie jaina dharma hamezA sagharSazIla rahA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Izvara ke rUpa ko ekAdhikAra ke kSetra se bAhara nikAla kara samasta prANiyo kI AtmA me utArA / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki prANI sAdhanA patha para baDha sake / sAdhanA ke patha para jo bandhana aura bAdhA thI, use mahAvIra ne toDa girAyA jisa parama pada kI prApti ke liye ve sAdhanA kara rahe the, jisa sthAna ko unhone amara sukha kA ghara aura ananta Ananda kA zrAvAsa mAnA, usake dvAra sabake liye khola diye / dvAra hI nahI khole, vahA~ taka pahu~cane kA rAstA bhI batalAyA / / jaina darzana me mAnava zarIra zraura deva - zarIra ke sabadha me jo cintana calA hai, usase bhI loka-sagrAhaka vRtti kA patA calatA hai / parama zakti aura paramapada kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA aura puruSArtha kI jarUrata paDatI hai / yaha puruSArtha, karttavya kI pukAra aura balidAna kI bhAvanA mAnava ko hI prApta hai, deva ko nahI / deva-zarIra me vaibhava-vilAsa ko bhogane kI zakti to hai para naye puNyo saMcaya kA puruSArtha nahI / isalie mAnavajIvana kI prApti ko durlabha batAyA gayA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ke "' -: 54

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cattAri paramagANi, dullahANIha jatuNo / mANusatta suI saddhA, sajamammi ya vIrIya / / -uttarAdhyayana 3/1 samagra rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma kA lokasagrAhaka rUpa sthala kI apekSA sUkSma adhika hai, vAhya kI apekSA Antarika adhika hai / usame devatA banane ke lie jitanI taDapa nahI, utanI taDapa sasAra ko kapAya Adi pApa karmo se mukta karAne kI hai| isa mukti ke lie vaiyaktika abhikrama kI upekSA nahI kI jA sakatI jo jaina sAdhanA ke loka sagrAhaka rUpa kI nIva hai| jaina dharma-jIvana-sampUrNatA kI himAyatI sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma ne sasAra ko dukhamalaka batAkara nirAzA kI bhAvanA phailAI hai, jIvana me mayama aura virAga kI adhikatA para bala dekara usakI anurAga bhAvanA aura kalA prema ko kuMThita kiyA hai / para yaha kathana sAdhAra nahIM hai, bhrAtimUlaka hai / yaha ThIka hai ki jaina dharma ne sasAra ko duHkhamUlaka mAnA, para kisalie? akhaNDa Ananda kI prApti ke lie, zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi ke lie| yadi jaina dharma sasAra ko dukhapUrNa mAnakara hI ruka jAtA, mukha-prApti kI khoja nahI karatA, usake lie sAdhanA-mArga kI vyavasthA nahI detA to hama use nirAzAvAdI kaha sakate the, para usame to mAnava ko mahAtmA banAne kI, nara ko nArAyaNa vanAne kI, AtmA ko paramAtmA banAne kI AsthA kA vIja chipA huA hai / devavAda ke nAma para apane ko asahAya aura nirvala samajhI jAne vAlI janatA ko kisane Atma-jAgRti kA sandeza diyA ? kisane usake hRdaya me chipe hue puruSArtha ko jagAyA ? kisane use apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA bnaayaa| jaina dharma kI yaha vicAra-dhArA yugo vAda Aja bhI buddhijIviyo kI dharohara bana rahI hai, saskRti ko vaijJAnika dRSTi pradAna kara rahI hai| yaha kahanA bhI ki jaina dharma nirA nivRttimUlaka hai, ThIka nahI hai / jIvana ke vidhAna pakSa ko bhI usane mahattva diyA hai| isa dharma ke upadezaka tIrthakara laukika-alaukika vaibhava ke pratIka haiN| daihika dRSTi se ve ananta bala, ananta saundarya aura ananta parAkrama ke dhanI hote haiM / indrAdi milakara

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unake pacakalyANaka mahotsavo kA Ayojana karate haiN| upadeza dene kA unakA sthAna (samavasaraNa) kalAkRtiyo se alakRta hotA hai| jaina dharma ne jo nivRttimUlaka bAteM kahI hai, ve kevala ucchR khalatA aura asayama ko rokane ke liye hI haiN| jaina dharma kI kalAtmaka dena apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa aura alaga se adhyayana kI apekSA rakhatI hai| vAstukalA ke kSetra me vizAlakAya kalAtmaka madira, meruparvata kI racanA, nadIzvara dvIpa va samavasaraNa kI racanA mAnastambha, caitya, stUpa Adi ullekhanIya hai / mUrtikalA me vibhinna tIrthaMkaro kI mUrtiyo ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| citrakalA me bhitticitra, tAr3apatrIya citra, kASTha citra, lipicitra, vastra para citra Azcarya me DAlane vAle hai| isa prakAra nivRtti aura pravRtti kA samanvaya kara jaina dharma ne saskRti ko lacIlA banAyA hai| usakI kaThoratA ko kalA kI bAha dI hai to usakI komalatA ko sayama kI zakti / isaliye vaha Aja bhI jItIjAgatI hai| Adhunika bhArata ke navanirmANa me yogadAna Adhunika bhArata ke navanirmANa kI sAmAjika, dhArmika, zaikSaNika, rAjanaitika aura Arthika pravRttiyo me jaina dharmAvalambiyo kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| adhikAza sampanna jaina zrAvaka apanI Aya kA eka nizcita bhAga binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sarva janahitakArI lokopakArI pravRttiyo me vyaya karane ke vratI rahe haiM / jIvadayA, pazubali niSedha, pazu krUratA-nivAraNa, vikalAga-kalyANa, svadharmI vAtsalya phaDa, vidhavAzrama, vRddhAzrama, anAthAzrama jaisI aneka pravRttiyo ke mAdhyama se asahAya logo ko sahAyatA milatI hai| samAja me nimna aura aspRzya samajhe jAne vAle khaTIka, balAI Adi jAti ke logo me pracalita kuvyasano ko miTAkara unhe sAttvika jIvana jIne kI preraNA dene vAle racanAtmaka kAryakrama ahiMsaka samAja-racanA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai / laukika zikSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha naitika zikSaNa ke liye deza ke vibhinna kSetro me kaI jaina zikSaNa sasthAye, svAdhyAya-sagha, chAtrAvAsa Adi kAryarata haiM / nirdhana aura medhAvI chAtro ko apane zikSaNa me sahAyatA pahuMcAne ke liye vyaktigata aura sAmAjika stara para bane kaI dhArmika aura paramArthika TrasTa haiM jo chAtravRttiyA aura RNa dete hai|

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jana svAsthya ke sudhAra kI dizA me bhI jainiyo dvArA vibhinna kSetro me kaI aspatAla, auSadhAlaya, aupadha vaika Adi khole gaye haiM, jahA rogiyo ko ni zulka tathA riyAyatI daro para cikitsA suvidhA pradAna kI jAtI hai| samaya-samaya para netra cikitsA, roga-parIkSaNa, rogopacAra Adi ke zivira sthAna-sthAna para lagAye jAte haiM jahAM sabhI prakAra kI ni zulka suvidhAe~ vinA kisI bhedabhAva ke mAnava mAtra ko pradAna kI jAtI haiN| pazu eva pakSI cikitsAlayo me rugNa eva asahAya pazu-pakSiyo kI paricaryA kI jAtI hai| sthAna-sthAna para vRddha, asahAya eva lAvArisa pazuo ke cAre-pAnI Adi kI vyavasthA ke lie piMjarApola Adi khole gaye haiM / jaina sAdhu aura sAdhviyAM varSA Rtu ke cAra mahino me padayAtrA nahI krte| ve eka hI sthAna para Thaharate haiM jise cAturmAsa karanA kahate haiM / isa kAla me jaina loga tapa, tyAga, pratyAkhyAna, sagha-yAtrA, tIrtha yAtrA, muni-darzana, upavAsa, Ayamvila, mAsakhamaNa, savatsarI, kSamAparva jaise vividha upAsanA-prakAro dvArA AdhyAtmika jAgati ke vividha kAryakrama vizepa rUpa se banAte haiN| isase vyaktigata jIvana nirmala, svastha aura udAra banatA hai tathA sAmAjika jIvana me vadhutva, maitrI, vAtsalya jaise bhAvo kI vRddhi hotI hai| adhikAMza jaina dharmAvalambI kRSi, vANijya aura udyoga para nirbhara haiN| deza ke vibhinna kSetro me ye phaile hue haiN| vagAla, vihAra, tamilanADu, karnATaka, mahArASTra, rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, gujarAta Adi pradezo me inake vaDe-baDe udyoga-pratiSThAna haiM / apane Arthika sagaThano dvArA inhone rASTrIya utpAdana to vaDhAyA hI hai, deza ke liye videzI mudrA arjana karane me bhI inako vizeSa bhUmikA rahI hai| jaina saskAro ke kAraNa maryAdA se adhika Aya kA upayoga ve mArvajanika stara ke kalyANa kAryoM meM karate rahe haiN| rAjanItika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bhI jainiyo kA sakriya yogadAna rahA hai| bhAmAzAha kI paramparA ko nibhAte hue kaiyo ne rASTrIya rakSAkoSa me puSkala rAzi samarpita kI hai| svatantratA se pUrva dezI riyAsato ke zAsana pravandha me kaI jaina zrAvaka rAjyo ke pradhAna, dIvAna, phaujavakzI, kiledAra, musaddI Adi mahattvapUrNa pado para kArya karate rahe haiM / svatatratA sagrAma me kSetrIya Andolana kA netRtva bhI unhone sabhAlA hai / ahiMsA, satyAgraha, bhUmidAna, sampattidAna, bhUmi sImAvadI, Ayakara praNAlI, dharma

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nirapekSatA jaise siddhAnto aura kAryakramo me jaina-darzana kI bhAvadhArA nyUnAdhika rUpa se preraka kAraNa rahI hai| prAcIna sAhitya ke sarakSaka ke rUpa me jaina dharma kI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI hai / jaina sAdhuno ne na kevala maulika sAhitya kI sarjanA kI varan jIrNazIrNa durlabha pratho kA pratilekhana kara unakI rakSA kI aura sthAnasthAna para jJAna bhaDAro kI sthApanA kara, isa amUlya nidhi ko surakSita rakkhA / gratho ke sarakSaNa, pratilekhana Adi me inakI dRSTi bar3I udAra rahI / jaina gratho ke sAtha-sAtha jainetara gratho ke sarakSaNa evaM pratilekhana kA kArya inhone samAna Adara eva sevA bhAva se kiyaa| rAjasthAna aura gujarAta ke jJAna bhaDAra isa dRSTi se rASTra kI amUlya nidhi haiN| mahattvapUrNa gratho ke prakAzana kA kArya bhI jaina zodha saMsthAno dvArA huA hai| jaina patra-patrikAo dvArA bhI vaiyaktika, pArivArika, sAmAjika, aura rASTrIya jIvana ko svastha aura sadAcArayukta banAne kI dizA me bar3I preraNA aura zakti milatI rahI hai| kula milAkara kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma kI dRSTi rASTra ke sarvAgINa vikAsa para rahI hai| usane mAnava-jIvana kI saphalatA ko hI mukhya nahI mAnA, usakA vala rahA usakI sArthakatA aura zuddhatA para /

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vIra bhAva kA svarUpa jaina darzana ahiMsA pradhAna darzana hai| ahiMsA ko na mArane taka sImita karake logo ne use niSkriyatA aura kAyaratA samajhane kI bhrAmaka kalpanAeM kI haiN| tathAkathita Alocako ne ahiMsA dharma ko parAdhInatA ke lie jimmedAra bhI tthhraayaa| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne vartamAna yuga me ahiMsA kI tejasvitA ko prakaTa kara yaha middha kara diyA hai ki ahiMsA vIro kA varma hai, kAyaro kA nahIM / isa saMdarbha meM socane para sacamuca lagatA hai ki ahiMsA dharma ke mUla me vIratA kA bhAva rahA huA hai| vIra bhAva kA svarUpa kAvya-zAstriyo ne nava raso kI vivecanA karate hue usameM vIra rasa ko eka pramukha rasa mAnA hai| vIra rasa kA sthAyI bhAva uttama prAkRtika utsAha kahA gayA hai| kisI kArya ko sampanna karane ke hetu hamAre mAnasa me eka vizeSa prakAra kI satvara kriyA sajaga rahatI hai, vahI utsAha hai| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne utsAha me prayatna aura Ananda kI milIjulI vRtti ko mahattva diyA hai / unake zabdo me- "sAhasapUrNa Ananda kI umaga kA nAma utsAha hai|" manovijJAna kI dRSTi se vIra bhAva eka sthAyI bhAva (Sentiment) hai jo sneha, karuNA, dhairya, gauravAnubhUti, tapa, tyAga, rakSA, AtmavizvAsa, Akroza, prabhutA Adi savego (Emotions) ke sammilita prabhAva kA pratiphala hai| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'vora' zabda me mUla dhAtu 'vR' hai jisakA artha hai chA~TanA, cayana karanA, varaNa karanA, arthAt jo varaNa karatA hai, vaha vIra hai| isI artha me vara kA artha dUlhA hotA hai 56

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kyoki vaha vadhU kA varaNa karatA hai, varaNa kara lene para hI vara vIra banatA hai / isame zreSThatA kA bhAva bhI anusyUta hai| isa dRSTi se vIra bhAva eka Adarza bhAva hai jisame zreSTha samajhe jAne vAle mAnavIya bhAvo kA samuccaya rahatA hai| vIra bhAva aura Atma svAtantrya vIra bhAvanA ke mUla me jisa utsAha kI sthiti hai vaha puruSArtha pradhAna hai / puruSArtha kI pradhAnatA vyakti ko svatatra aura Atma-nirbhara banAtI hai| vaha apane mukha-dukha, hAni-lAbha, nindA-prazaMsA, jIvana-maraNa Adi meM kisI dUsare para nirbhara nahI rahatA / Atma kartRtva kA yaha bhAva jaina darzana kA mUla AdhAra hai appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamitta ca, dupaThina suppaTThio / ' arthAt AtmA hI sukha-duHkha dene vAlI tathA unakA nAza karane vAlI hai / sat pravRtti me lagI huI AtmA hI mitra rUpa hai javaki duSpravRtti me lagI huI AtmA hI zatru rUpa hai| isa vIra bhAvanA kA AtmasvAMtatrya se gaharA sambandha hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jIva athavA AtmA svatatra astitva vAlA dravya hai| apane astitva ke lie na to yaha kisI dUsare dravya para Azrita hai aura na isa para Azrita koI anya dravya hai| isa dRSTi se jIva ko apanA svAmI svaya kahA gayA hai / usakI svAdhInatA aura parAdhInatA usake svaya ke karmoM ke adhIna hai| rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa jaba usakI Atmika zaktiyA~ zrAvRtta ho jAtI hai tava vaha parAdhIna ho jAtI hai| apane samyajJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa dvArA jaba vaha jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya karmo kA nAza kara detA hai taba usakI Atma zaktiyA~ pUrNa rUpa se vikasita ho jAtI haiM aura vaha jIvana mukta arthAt arihaMta bana jAtA hai / apanI zaktiyo ko prasphuTita karane me kisI kI kRpA yA dayA kAraNabhUta nahI bntii| svaya usakA puruSArtha yA vIratva hI sahAyaka vanatA hai / apane vIratva aura puruSArtha ke valapara sAdhaka apane karma-phala me 1-uttarAdhyayana 20/37 - -

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parivartana lA sakatA hai / karma-parivartana ke nimnalikhita cAra siddhAnta isa dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM (1) udIraNA-niyata avadhi se pahale karma kA udaya me aanaa| (2) udvartana-karma kI avadhi aura phala dene kI zakti me abhivRddhi honaa| (3) apavartana-karma kI avadhi aura phala dene kI zakti me kamI honaa| (4) saMkramaNa-eka karma prakRti kA dUsarI karma prakRti me sakramaNa honA / ukta siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sAdhaka apane puruSArtha ke vala se vadhe hue karmoM kI avadhi ko ghaTA-baDhA sakatA hai aura karmaphala kI zakti manda athavA tIvra kara sakatA hai| yahI nahI, niyata avadhi se pahale karma ko bhogA jA sakatA hai aura unakI prakRti ko badalA jA sakatA hai| vIratA ke prakAra vIra bhAvanA kA svAtatrya bhAva se gaharA sambandha hai| vIra apane para kisI kA niyatraNa aura zAsana nahI caahtaa| mAnava sabhyatA kA itihAsa svatatra bhAvanA kI rakSA ke liye laDe jAne vAle yaddho kA itihAsa hai / ina yuddho ke mUla me sAmrAjya-vistAra, sattA-vistAra, yazolipsA aura laukika samRddhi kI prApti hI mukhya kAraNa rahe haiM / ina bAharI bhautika padArtho aura rAjyo para vijaya prApta karane vAle vIro ke lie hI kahA gayA hai-'vIra bhogyA vsundhraa|' ye vIra zArIrika aura sAmpattika bala me advitIya hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra cakravartI aura vAsudeva isa kSetra me Adarza vIra mAne gaye haiN| cakravartI caudaha ratno ke dhAraka aura chaha khaNDa pRthvI ke svAmI hote haiM / vAsudeva bharata kSetra ke tIna khaNDo aura sAta ratno ke svAmI hote hai| inakA atizaya batalAte hue kahA gayA hai ki vAsudeva atula valI hotA hai| kue ke taTa para baiThe hue vAsudeva ko, jajIra se bAMdhakara hAthI, ghoDe, ratha aura padAti rUpa caturagiNI senA sahita solaha hajAra rAjA bhI khIcane lage to ve use nahI khIca makate / kintu usI jajIra ko bA~ye hAtha se pakaDakara vAsudeva apanI tarapha vaDI AsAnI se khIca sakatA hai| vAsudeva kA jo bala batalAyA

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gayA hai usase dugunA bala cakravartI me hotA hai| tIrthakara cakravartI se bhI adhika balazAlI hote haiN| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki vIratA ke do prakAra hai-eka bahimukhI vIratA aura dUsarI antarmukhI viirtaa| bahirmukhI vIratA kI apanI sImA hai / jaina darzana me usake kIrtimAna mAne gaye hai cakravartI jo bharata kSetra ke chaha khaNDo para vijaya prApta karate hai / laukika mahAkAvyo me-rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, pRthvIrAja rAso-me bahirmukhI vIro ke atirajanApUrNa yazogAna bhare paDe haiN| jaina sAhitya me bhI aise vIro kA ullekha aura varNana AtA hai, para unakI yaha vIratA jIvana kA dhyeya yA Adarza nahI mAnI gayI hai| jaina itihAsa meM aise saikaDo vIra rAjA ho gaye haiM, para ve vandanIya, pUjanIya nahIM haiN| ve vandanIya pUjanIya taba banate haiM jaba unakI bahirmukhI vIratA antamukhI banatI hai| ina antamUkhI vIro me tIrthakara, kevalI, zramaNa, zramaNiyA~ Adi Ate hai / bahimukhI vIratA ke antarmukhI vIratA me rUpAntarita hone kA Adarza udAharaNa bharata-bAhubalI kA hai / bharata-cakravartI bAhubalI para vijaya prApta karane ke lie virAT senA lekara kUca karate haiN| dono senAo me paraspara yuddha hotA hai| antata bhayakara jana-sahAra se bacane ke lie dono bhAI milakara nirNAyaka dvandva-yuddha karane ke lie sahamata hote haiN| dono me dRSTi-yuddha, vAk-yuddha, bAhu-yuddha hotA hai aura ina saba me bharata parAjita ho jAte haiM / taba bharata socate haiM kyA bAhubalI cakravartI hai jisase ki maiM kamajora paDa rahA hU~? isa vicAra ke sAtha hI ve Aveza me Akara bAhubalI ke siracchedana ke lie cakraratna se usa para vAra karate haiN| bAhubalI pratikriyA svarUpa kruddha ho cakra ko pakaDane kA prayatna karate hue muSTi uThAkara socate hai-mujhe dharma choDakara bhrAtRvadha kA duSkarma nahI karanA caahie| RSabha ko santAno kI paramparA hiMsA kI nahIM, apitu ahisA ko hai| prema hI merI kula-paramparA hai| kintu uThA huA hAtha khAlI kaise jAye? unhone viveka se kAma liyA, apane uThe hue hAtha ko apane hI sira para de mArA aura bAlo kA lu cana karake ve zramaNa bana gye| unhone RSabha deva ke caraNo me vahI se bhAvapUrvaka namana kiyA, kRta aparAdha ke lie kSamA prArthanA kI aura ugra tapasyA kara aha kA visarjana kara, mukti.rUpI vadhU . kA varaNa kiyaa| bhagavAn RSabha, ariSTanemi, mahAvIra Adi tIrthaMkara antarmukhI

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vIratA ke sarvopari Adarza haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya me varNa vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI / brAhmaNo aura kSatriyo kA Adarza atyanta sakIrNa ho gayA thA / brAhmaNa yajJa ke nAma para pazu-bali ko mahattva de rahe the to kSatriya deza-rakSA ke nAma para yuddhajanita hiMsA aura sattA lipsA ko baDhAvA de rahe the| mahAvIra svaya kSatriya kula me paidA hue the| unhoMne kSatriyatva ke mUla Adarza rakSA-bhAva ko pahacAnA aura vicAra kiyA ki rakSA ke nAma para kitanI hiMsA ho rahI hai, poDA-mukti ke nAma para kitanI pIDA dI jA rahI hai| saccA kSatriyatva dUsare ko jItane me nahI, svaya apane ko jItane me hai, para-niyatraNa nahI sva-niyatraNa hI saccI vijaya hai| unhone sampUrNa rAjya-vaibhava aura zAsana sattA kA parityAga kara Atma-vijaya ke lie prayANa kiyA / ve sanyamta hokara kaThora dhyAna-sAdhanA aura ugra tapasyA me lIna ho gaye / sADhe bAraha varSoM taka ve Antarika vikAro-zatruo para vijaya prApta karane ke liye sagharpa karate rahe / antata ve Atma-vijayI vane aura apane mahAvIra nAma ko sArthaka kiyaa| sacce kSatriyatva aura sacce vora ko paribhASita karate hae unhone kahA-"esa vIre pasasie je vaddha pddimoye|" arthAt vaha vIra prazasanIya hai jo svaya vadhana-mukta to hai hI, dUsaro ko bhI vadhana mukta karatA hai| vIra hai vaha, jo svaya to pUrNata svatatra hai hI, dUsaro ko bhI svatatra karatA hai / vIra hai vaha, jo dUsaro ko bhayabhIta nahI karatA apanI sattA se, balki unako sattA ke bhaya se hI sadA ke liye mukta kara detA hai, cAhe vaha sattA kisI kI bhI ho, kaisI bhI ho| vIra kA vyavahAra aura mana sthiti vIratA ke svarUpa para ho vIra kA vyavahAra aura usakI manaHsthiti nirbhara hai / vahirmukhI vIra kI vRtti AkrAmaka aura dUsaro ko parAsta kara pUna apane adhIna banAne kI rahatI hai| dUsaro para prabhUtva kAyama karane aura laukika samaddhi prApta karane kI icchA kA koI anta nahI / jyo-jyo isa ora indriyA~ aura mana pravRtta hote haiM tyo-tyo inakI lAlasA baDhatI jAtI hai, hiMsA prati hiMsA me vadalatI hai, krodha vaira kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai aura yuddha para yuddha hote calate hai| yuddha aura sattA meM vizvAsa karane vAlA vIra pratikriyAzIla hotA hai, krUra aura bhayakara hotA hai| dUsaro ko dukha, pIDA aura yatraNA dene me use Ananda AtA hai| bAharI sAdhanosenA, astra-zastra, rAja-daravAra, rAjakoSa Adi ko baDhAne me vaha apanI zauryavRtti kA pradarzana karatA hai| usakI vIratA kA mApa-daNDa rahatA hai

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dUsaro ko mAranA na ki bacAnA, dUsaro ko gulAma banAnA na ki gulAmI' se mukta karanA, dUsaro ko dabAnA na ki ubAranA / aisA vIra AvegazIla hone ke kAraNa adhIra aura vyAkula hotA hai / vaha apane para kisI kriyA ke prabhAva ko jhela nahIM pAtA aura bhItara hI bhItara satapta aura trasta banA rahatA hai / manovijJAna kI dRSTi se aisA vIra sacamuca kAyara hotA hai, kAtara hotA hai, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI Aga me niratara dagdha banA rahatA hai| bAharI vaibhava aura vilAsa me jIvita rahate hue bhI Antarika cetanA aura savedanA kI dRSTi se vaha mRtaprAya hotA hai| usake citta ke saskAra ku Thita aura savedanA rahita bana jAte hai / jaina darzana me bahirmukhI vIra-bhAva ko AtmA kA svabhAva na mAnakara, mana kA vikAra aura vibhAva mAnA hai| antama khI vIra hI usakI dRSTi me saccA vIra hai| yaha vIra bAharI uttejanAo ke prati pratikriyAzIla nahIM hotA / viSama paristhitiyo ke bIca bhI vaha prasannacitta banA rahatA hai / vaha sakaTo kA sAmanA dUsaro ko dabAkara nahI karatA / usakI dRSTi me sukha-dukha, sampatti-vipatti kA kAraNa kahI bAhara nahI, usake bhItara hai / vaha zarIra se sambandhita upasargoM-parISaho ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karatA hai| usake mana me kisI ke prati ghRNA, dveSa aura pratihiMsA kA bhAva nahI hotA / vaha dUsaro kA damana karane ke bajAya Atmadamana karane lagatA hai / yaha Atma-damana aura Atma-sayama hI saccA vIratva hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-- appANameva jujjhahi, ki te jujhaNa bajjho / appANameva appANa, jaittA suhamehae / ' AtmA ke sAtha hI yuddha kara, bAharI duzmano ke sAtha yuddha karane se tujhe kyA lAbha ? AtmA ko AtmA ke dvArA hI jItakara manuSya saccA sukha prApta kara sakatA hai| , jina vIro ne mAnavIya rakta bahAkara vijaya yAtrA Arambha kI, anta me unhe milA kyA ? sikandara jaise mahAna yoddhA bhI khAlI hAtha cale gaye / vastutaH koI kisI kA svAmI yA nAtha nahIM hai / 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra' ke' 'mahAnirgranthIya' nAmaka 20veM adhyayana me anAthI muni aura rAjA 1-uttarAdhyayana.. 6/35

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zreNika ke bIca hue vArtAlAta me anAthatA kA preraka varNana kiyA gayA hai / gajA zreNika muni se kahate haiM mere pAsa hAthI, ghor3e, manuSya, nagara, anta pura tathA paryApta dravyAdi samRddhi hai| saba prakAra ke kAma bhogo ko maiM bhogatA hU~ aura sava para merI AjJA calatI hai, phira maiM anAtha kaise ? isa para muni uttara dete haiM saba prakAra kI vAhya bhautika sAmagrI, manuSya ko rogoM aura dukho se nahI bacA sktii| kSamAvAna aura indriya nigrahI vyakti hI duHkho aura rogo se mukta ho sakatA hai| AtmajayI vyakti hI apanA aura dUsaro kA nAtha hai jo sahassa sahassANa, sagAme dujjae jinne| ega jiNejja appANaM, esa se paramo jo|' eka puruSa durjaya sagrAma me dasa lAkha subhaTo para vijaya prApta karatA hai aura eka mahAtmA apanI AtmA ko jItatA hai| ina donoM me usa mahAtmA kI vijaya hI zreSTha vijaya hai| Adarza vIratA kA udAharaNa kSamAvIra hai| kSamA pRthvI ko bhI kahate hai / jisa prakAra pRthvI bAharI hala cala aura bhItarI udvega ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karatI hai, usI prakAra saccA vIra zarIra aura AtmA ko alaga-alaga samajhatA huA saba prakAra ke dukho aura kaSToM ko mamabhAva pUrvaka sahana karatA hai| saca to yaha hai ki usakI cetanA kA stara itanA adhika unnata ho jAtA hai ki usake lie vastu, vyakti aura ghaTanA kA pratyakSIkaraNa hI badala jAtA hai| taba use du.la, du.kha nahI lagatA, mukha, sukha nahIM lgtaa| vaha sukha-dukha se pare akSaya, avyAvAgha ananta Ananda me ramaNa karane lagatA hai| vaha krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko madatA se, mAyA ko saralatA se aura lobha ko saMtopa se jIta letA hai usameNa haNe koha, mAraNa maddavayA jiNe / mAya cajjabhAveNa, lobha satosao jiNe // 2 yaha kapAya-vijaya hI zreSTha vijaya hai / kSamAvIra nirbhIka aura ahiMsaka hotA hai / pratizodha lene kI kSamatA hote hue bhI vaha kisI se 1-uttarAdhyayana 6/34 2-dazavakAlika 8/26 65

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pratizodha nahI letA / kSamA dhAraNa karane se hI ahiMsA vIro kA dharma vanatI hai| uttarAvyayana' sUtra ke 26ve 'samyaktva parAkrama' adhyayana meM gautama svAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate hai-khamAvaNyAe Na bhate ! jIve ki jaNayai ? he bhagavan / apane aparAdha kI kSamA mAgane se jIva ko kina guNo kI prApti hotI hai ? uttara meM bhagavAn pharamAte haiM-samAvaNayAe NaM palhAyaNabhAvaM jaNayai, palhAyaNa bhAvamuvagae ya savvapANabhUya jIva sattesu mittIbhAvamuppAei, mittI bhAvamuvagae yAvi jIve bhAvavisohi kAUNa Nibhae bhavaI // 17 // arthAt kSamA mAgane se citta me AtlAda bhAva kA saMcAra hotA hai, arthAta mana prasanna hotA hai| prasanna citta vAlA jIva sava prANI, bhUta, jIva aura satvo ke sAtha maitrIbhAva sthApita karatA hai, samasta prANiyo ke sAtha maitrIbhAva ko prApta huA jIva apane bhAvo ko vizuddha vanAkara nirbhaya ho jAtA hai| nirbhIkatA kA yaha bhAva vIratA kI kasauTI hai| bAharI vIratA me zatru se hamezA bhaya banA rahatA hai, usake prati zAsaka aura zAsita, jIta aura hAra, svAmI aura sevaka kA bhAva rahane se mana me saMkalpa-vikalpa uThate rahate haiN| isa bAta kA bhaya aura AzaMkA varAvara banI rahatI haiM ki kava zAsita aura sevaka vidroha kara baitthe| jaba taka yaha bhaya banA rahatA hai taba taka mana vecainI aura vyAkulatA se ghirA rahatA hai| para saccA vIra nirAkula aura nirvaira hotA hai| use na kisI para vijaya prApta karanA zeSa rahatA hai aura na usa para koI vijaya prApta kara sakatA hai / vaha sadA samatAbhAva-vItarAgabhAva me vicaraNa karatA hai| use apanI vIratA ko prakaTa karane ke lie kinhI bAharI sAdhano kA Azraya nahIM lenA pdd'taa| apane tapa aura saMyama dvArA hI vaha vIratva kA varaNa karatA hai / jainadharma vIroM kA dharma jainadharma ke lie Agama grantho me jo nAma Aye haiM, uname mukhya haiMjinadharma, arhat dharma, nirgrantha dharma aura zramaNa vrm| ye sabhI nAma vIra bhAvanA ke paricAyaka hai / 'jina' vaha hai jisane apane Antarika vikAro

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para vijaya prApta karalI hai / 'jina' ke anuyAyI jaina kahalAte haiN| 'arhat' dharma pUrNa yogyatA ko prApta karane kA dharma hai| apanI yogyatA ko prakaTAne ke lie prAtmA para lage hue karma pudgalo ko naSTa karanA paDatA hai jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI sAdhanA dvaaraa| 'nirgrantha' dharma vaha dharma hai jisame kaSAya bhAvo se badhI gA~Tho ko kholane-naSTa karane ke lie AtmA ke kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, tyAga, sayama, brahmacarya jaise guNo ko jAgRta karanA hotA hai / 'zramaraNa' dharma vaha dharma hai jisame apane hI puruSArtha ko jAgRta kara, viSama bhAvo ko naSTa kara, citta kI vikRtiyo ko upazAta kara samatA bhAva me AnA hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki ina sabhI sAdhanAo kI prakriyA me sAdhaka kA Antarika parAkrama hI mukhya AdhAra hai / AtmA se pare kisI anya parokSa zakti kI kRpA para yaha vijaya-Atmajaya AdhArita nahI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mahAvIratA bAharI yuddho kI vijaya para nahI, apane Antarika vikAro kI vijaya para hI nirbhara hai ata. yaha vIratA yuddha vIra kI vIratA nahI, kSamAvIra kI vIratA hai| 67

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dika aura kAla kI avadhAraNA 7 jaina darzana me vizva anAdi, ananta mAnA gayA hai / ke rUpa meM Izvara kI prarUpaNA nahI kI gayI hai| vizva ke me 'loka' zabda prayukta hutrA hai / jo dekhA jAtA hai vaha loka hai - 'jo lokkai se loe / " loka kI vyAkhyAtmaka paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai jisameM 6 prakAra ke dravya haiM, vaha loka hai-- ina 6 dravyoM ke nAma hai dhammo dhammo AgAsa, kAlo puggala -jantavo / esa logotti pannatto, jirohi varadasihi // (1) dharmAstikAya (gati - sahAyaka dravya ) (2) adharmAstikAye ( sthiti - sahAyaka dravya ) (3) AkAzAstikAya (Azraya dene vAlA dravya ) (4) kAla (samaya) (5) pudgalAstikAya ( mUrta jar3a padArtha ) (6) jIvAstikAya ( caitanyazIla AtmA ) 1- bhagavatI sUtra 5-6-225 2 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28 /7 yahA~ sRSTikartA lie jaina darzana ina dravyo kI saha-avasthiti loka hai / ina 6 dravyo me se kAla ko chor3akara zeSa 5 dravya astikAya kahe gaye haiM / asti kA artha hotA hai pradeza 66

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aura kAya kA artha hai rAzi yA samUha / astikAya kA artha huA pradezo kA samUha / jaina darzana me pradeza pAribhASika zabda hai / eka paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai, use pradeza kahate haiN| prakArAntara se space-point pradeza hai| jisakA dUsarA hissA nahI ho sakatA AkAza ke aise niraza avayava ko pradeza kahate haiM / kAla dravya ke pradeza nahIM hote| bItA samaya naSTa ho gayA aura bhaviSya asat hai| vartamAna kSaNa hI sadbhUta kAla hai / muhUrta, dina, rAta, mAha, varpa Adi vibhAga asadbhuta kSaraNo ko buddhi me ekatra kara kiye gaye haiM / ata kSaNa mAtra astitva hone ke kAraNa use pradezasamUhAtmaka zabda astikAya se sUcita nahIM kiyA gayA hai / guNa aura paryAyo ke Azraya ko dravya kahate hai| pratyeka dravya me do prakAra ke dharma rahate haiN| eka to sahabhAvI dharma jo dravya me nitya rUpa se rahatA hai, ise guNa kahate haiN| guNa do prakAra ke haiM sAmAnya guNa aura vizeSa guNa / sAmAnya guNa ve haiM, jo kisI bhI dravya me nitya rUpa se hote haiN| pratyeka dravya ke 6 sAmAnya guNa haiM(1) astitva-jisa guNa ke kAraNa dravya kA kabhI vinAza na ho| (2) vastUtva-jisa gaNa ke kAraNa dravya anya padArthoM ke kriyA pratikriyAtmaka sambadho me bhI apanepana ko nahI choddtaa| (3) dravyatva-jisa guNa ke kAraNa dravya guNa aura paryAyo ko dhAraNa karatA hai| prameyatva-jisa guNa ke kAraNa dravya yathArtha jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| pradezatva-jisa guNa ke kAraNa dravya ke pradezo kA mApa hotA hai| (6) agurulaghutva-jisa guNa ke kAraNa dravya me ananta dharma ekI bhUta hokara rahate haiM-vikhara kara alaga-alaga nahI ho jaate| vizeSa guNa pratyeka dravya ke apane-apane hote hai|

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dravya kA dUsarA dharma kramabhAvI dharma hai jise paryAya kahate haiM / yaha parivartanazIla hotA hai| 6 dravyo me se jIvAstikAya ko choDakara zeSa 5 dravya ajIva haiM aura pudgala ko choDakara zeSa dravya arUpI haiM / yahA~ AkAza aura kAla dravya ke sambandha me kucha vicAra prakaTa kiye jA rahe haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra AkAza svatantra dravya hai| dik usI kA vibhAga hai / AkAza kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai-vaha dravya jo anya saba dravyo ko avagAha, AkAza sthAna arthAt Azraya detA hai| vaha AkAza hai-'avagAha lakkharaNeNa AgAsAtthikAe' indrabhUti gautama bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM-bhagavan / AkAza tattva se jIvo aura ajIvo ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ? mahAvIra uttara dete hai-he gautama / AkAzAstikAya jIva aura ajIva dravyo ke lie bhAjanabhUta hai arthAt AkAza nahI hotA to ye jIva kahA~ hote ? dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya kahA~ vyApta hote ? kAla kahA~ baratatA? pudgala kA ragamaca kahA~ banatA ? yaha vizva nirAdhAra hI hotaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra AkAza vAstavika dravya hai ata dravya me batAye gaye 6 sAmAnya guNa usame nihita hai| dravya kI dRSTi se AkAza eka aura akhaNDa dravya hai arthAt usakI racanA me sAtatya hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se AkAza ananta aura asIma mAnA gayA hai / yaha sarvavyApI hai aura isake pradezo kI sakhyA ananta hai / kAla kI dRSTi se AkAza anAdiananta arthAt zAzvata hai / svarUpa kI dRSTi se AkAza amUrta hai-varNa, gadha, rasa, sparza Adi guNo se rahita hai / gati rahita hone se agatizIla hai| ___AkAza ke do bhAga kiye gaye hai| (1) lokAkAza aura (2) alokAkAza / AkAza kA vaha bhAga jo dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, kAla, pudgalAstikAya aura jIvAstikAya, ina pA~ca dravyo ko Azraya detA hai vaha lokAkAza hai / zeSa bhAga jahA~ AkAza ke alAvA anya koI dravya nahI hai, vaha alokAkAza hai / lokAkAza ke pradezoM kI saMkhyA asakhyAtmaka hai parantu alokAkAza ke pradezoM kI sakhyA ananta hai / lokAkAza sAnta va sasIma hai jabaki alokAkAza ananta va asIma hai| sasIma loka cAro 1-bhagavatI sUtra 13-4-481 70

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ora se ananta aloka se ghirA huA hai / aloka kA AkAra batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha khAlI gole me rahI huI polAI ke samAna hai| dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kA astitva lokAkAza me hI mAnA gayA hai / alokAkAza me inakI sthiti nahI mAnI gayI hai| isa dRSTi se ina dono dravyo ke mAdhyama se hI lokAkAza aura alokAkAza kI vibhAjana-rekhA spaSTa hotI hai| AtmA mukta hone ke pazcAt Urdhvagamana karatI hai aura dharmAstikAya kI sahAyatA se samaya mAtra me lokAkAza kI sImA ke agrabhAga para pahu~ca kara siddha zilA para virAjamAna ho jAtI hai aura puna lauTakara sasAra-cakra me nahI paatii| kAla dravya jaina darzana me kAla ke sambandha me do dRSTiyo se vicAra kiyA gayA hai-naizcayika kAla aura vyAvahArika kAla / naizcayika kAla kA svarUpa jaina darzana kI maulika vizeSatA hai| isakI vivecanA karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha se kI gayI hai| kAla kA mukhya lakSaNa vartanA mAnate hue kahA gayA hai-'vataNA lakkharaNo kaalo|" 'tattvArtha sUtra meM kahA hai vartanA pariNAma kriyA paratvAparatve ca kAlasya / / arthAt vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA paratva aura aparatva kAla dravya ke upakAra haiN| vartanA zabda yuca pratyaya pUrvaka 'vRtu' dhAtu se banA hai| jisakA artha hai jo vartanazIla ho / utpatti, apacyuti aura vidyamAnatA rUpa vRtti arthAt kriyA vartanA kahalAtI hai| vartanA rUpa kArya kI utpatti jisa dravya kA upakAra hai, vahI kAla hai| __pariNAma, pariNamana kA hI rUpa hai / pariNamana aura kriyA sahabhAvI hai / kriyA me gati Adi kA samAveza hotA hai| gati kA artha hai AkAzapradezo me kramaza sthAna parivartana krnaa| kisI bhI padArtha kI gati me sthAna parivartana kA vicAra usame lagane vAle kAla ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| paratva aura aparatva arthAt pahale honA aura bAda meM honA athavA purAnA aura nayA ye vicAra bhI kAla ke vinA nahI samajhAye jA skte| 1-uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28/10 2-tattvArtha sUtra 5/22 -

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dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki jaina darzana me pratyeka dravya ko svatantra mAnA gayA hai ata pariNamana me kAla ko preraka kAraNa na mAnakara sahakArI nimitta udAsIna kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / jisa prakAra dravyo kI gati va sthiti rUpa kriyA me dharmAstikAya eva adharmAstikAya upAdAna va preraka nimitta kAraNa na hokara udAsIna va sahakArI nimitta kAraNa hai va dravya apanI hI yogyatA se gati va sthiti rUpa kriyA karate haiM, usI prakAra padArthoM ke pariNamana me kAla, udAsIna sahakArI nimitta kAraNa hai / isake nimitta se padArtha me prati kSaNa nava nirmANa va vidhvaMsa satata hotA rahatA hai| nirmANa va vidhvasa kI yahI kriyA ghaTanAo ko janma detI hai| isa prakAra kAla hI padArthoM ke samasta pariNamano, kriyAo va ghaTanAo kA sahakArI kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdo me kAla padArthoM ke pariNamana, kriyAzIlatA va ghaTanAo ke nirmANa me bhAga letA hai| Adhunika vijJAna bhI jaina darzana me kathita uparyukta tathya ko svIkAra karatA hai yathA-AinsTIna ne deza aura kAla se unakI taTasthatA chIna lI hai aura yaha siddha kara dikhAyA hai ki ye bhI ghaTanAyo me bhAga lete hai tathA prasiddha vaijJAnika jinsa kA kathana hai ki "hamAre dRzya jagata kI sArI kriyAe~ mAtra phoTona aura dravya athavA bhUta kI kriyAe~ haiM tathA ina kriyAo kA eka mAtra maca deza aura kAla hai| isI deza aura kAla ne dIvAra bana kara hame ghera rakhA hai|" ataH yaha phalita hotA hai ki jaina darzana meM varNita yaha tathya ki pariNamana aura kriyA kAla ke upakAra haiM,. vijJAna jagata me mAnya ho gayA hai / ___ kAla ke paratva-aparatva lakSaNa ko kucha AcAryoM ne vyakti, vastu, paristhiti, kSetra Adi ke do mAdhyama sthApita kara ' unake sApekSa me samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai parantu vicAraNIya yaha hai ki jaba kAla ke vartanA, pariNAma aura kriyA lakSaNa svaya usI padArtha me prakaTa hote haiM to paratva-aparatva lakSaNa bhI usI padArtha me prakaTa hone caahiye| inake liye bhI eka sApekSya kI AvazyakatA nahI honI cAhiye / isa viSaya para vistArapUrvaka likhanA prastuta lekha kA viSaya nahI hai| lagatA aisA hai ki usa samaya ke vyAkhyAkAra AcAryoM ke samakSa koI aisA udAharaNa yA vidhi vidyamAna nahI thI, jisase ve kAla ke pariNAma-kriyA Adi anya lakSaNo ke samAna paratva-aparatva ko bhI svaya padArtha me hI pramANita kara skte| vijJAna jagat me bhI ise Aja bhI kevala gaNita ke jaTila samIkaraNo se

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hI samajhA jA sakatA hai, vyAvahArika prayogo dvArA nhiiN| padArtha kI Ayu kI dIrghatA kA alpatA me, alpatA kA dIrghatA meM pariNata ho jAnA paratvaaparatva hai / dUsare zabdo me padArtha kI apanI hI Ayu kA vistAra aura sakucana paratva-aparatva hai| vizva me coTI ke vaijJAnika, AinsTIna va loranTana ne samIkaraNo se siddha kiyA hai ki gati tAratamya se padArtha kI Ayu me sakoca-vistAra hotA hai| 9. 24.0000 1 7 ' ' ' udAharaNa ke liye eka nakSatra ko leM jo pRthvI se 40 prakAza varSa dUra hai arthAt pRthvI se vahA~ taka prakAza jAne me 40 varSa lagate haiN| yahA~ se vahA~ taka pahu~cane ke liye yadi eka rAkeTa 24,0000 kilomITara prati saikiNDa kI gati se cale to sAdhAraNa gaNita kI dRSTi se use 50 varSa lgeNge| kAraNa ki prakAza kI gati prati saikiNDa 30,0000 kilomITara 30.0000/40.. "=50 varSa lage / parantu phiTajagerAlDa ke sakucana ke niyamo ke anusAra kAla me sakucana ho jAyegA aura yaha sakoca 106 ke anupAta me hogA arthAt 60450/10-30 varSa lgeNge| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kAla padArtha ke pariNamana va kriyA ko prabhAvita karatA huA usakI Ayu para bhI prabhAva DAlatA hai| padArtha kI prAyU kI dIrghatA-alpatA, paurvApoM me kAla bhAga letA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana me pratipAdita kAla ke paratva-aparatva lakSaNa ko Adhunika vijJAna gaNita ke samIkaraNo se svIkAra karatA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina darzana meM varNita kAla ke vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva eva aparatva lakSaNo ko vartamAna vijJAna satya pramANita karatA hai| kAla ke svarUpa ke vipaya me zvetAmvara aura digambara AcAryo me kucha mAnyatA bheda bhI hai| zvetAmvara paramparA ke anusAra kAla aupacArika dravya hai tathA jIva aura ajIva kI paryAya hai yathA.-kimaya bhate / kAloti pandhuccaI ? goyamA ! jIvA ceva ajIvA ceva / tathA anyatra 6 dravyo ko ginAte samaya 'addhAsamaya' rUpa me kAla dravya ko svatatra dravya mAnA hai| digamvara paramparA me kAla ko spaSTa, vAstavika va mUla dravya mAnA hai| yathA 73

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logAgAsapade se ekke ekke ekke jehiyA hu aikkekke / gyaraNAraNa sasIiva te kAlANu asakha davariNa / 588 / / egapadezo aNussahate / 585 / / logapadesappamA kaalo|587|| -gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa arthAt kAla ke aNu ratna rAzi ke samAna lokAkAza ke eka-eka pradeza me eka-eka sthita haiN| pudgala dravya kA eka aNu eka hI pradeza me rahatA hai / lokAkAza ke jitane pradeza haiM, utane hI kAla dravya haiN| dono hI paramparAgo dvArA pratipAdita kAla viSayaka vivecana me jo matabheda dikhAI detA hai, vaha apekSAkRta hI hai / vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva-aparatva kAla ke lakSaNa bhI haiM aura padArtha kI paryAye bhI haiM aura yaha niyama hai ki paryAya padArtha rUpa hI hotI haiM, padArtha se bhinna nahI / ata. isa dRSTi se kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara aupacArika dravya mAnanA hI ucita hai| ___kAlANu bhinna-bhinna haiM / pratyeka padArtha paramANu va vastu se kAlANu AyAma rUpa se sapRkta hai tathA padArtha kI paryAya-parivartana me arthAt pariNamana va ghaTanAo ke nirmANa me sahakArI nimitta kArya ke rUpa meM bhAga letA hai / yaha niyama hai ki nimitta upAdAna se bhinna hotA hai| ataH isa dRSTi se kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA ucita hI hai| uparyukta dono paramparAyoM kI mAnyatAo ke samanvaya se yaha phalitArtha nikalatA hai ki kAla eka svatantra sattAvAna dravya hai| pratyeka padArtha se sapRkta hai / padArtha me kI kriyAmAtra me usakA yoga hai| aAdhunika vijJAna bhI kAla ke viSaya me inhI tathyo ko pratipAdita karatA hai / isa zatAbdI ke mahAn vaijJAnika AinsaTIna ne siddha kiyA hai ki "deza aura kAla milakara eka haiM" aura ve cAra DAyamezano (lamvAI, cauDAI, moTAI va kAla) me apanA kAma karate haiN| vizva ke caturAyAma gaharaNa me dikkAla kI svAbhAvika ativyApti se gujarane ke prayatna lAghava kA phala hI madhyAkarSaNa hotA hai| deza aura kAla paraspara svatantra sattAe~ haiM / rimaina kI jyotimiti aura AinsaTIna ke sApekSyavAda ne jisa vizva kI kalpanA ko janma diyA hai, usame deza aura kAla paraspara saMpRkta hai / do 74

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sayogo (ivenTasa) ke bIca kA antarAla (inTaravala) hI bhautika padArtha kI racanA karane vAle tattvAzo kA sambandha siddha karatA hai / jise deza aura kAla ke tattvo se anvita yA vizlipTa kara samajhA jA sakatA hai| vaijJAniko dvArA pratipAdita kAla viSayaka uparyukta uddharaNo aura jaina darzana me pratipAdita kAla ke svarUpa meM Azcaryajanaka samAnatA to hai hI sAtha hI inameM AyA huA dik vipayaka varNana jaina darzana me variNata AkAza dravya ke svarUpa ko bhI puSTa karatA hai| vyAvahArika kAla ThANAga sUtra (4/134) me kAla ke 4 prakAra batAye gaye hai.pramANa kAla, yathAyanivatti kAla, maraNa kAla aura addhA-kAla / kAla ke dvArA padArtha mApe jAte haiM, isalie use pramANa kAla kahA jAtA hai / jIvana aura mRtyu bhI kAla-sApekSa haiM, isalie jIvana ke avasthAna ko yathAyunivRtti kAla aura usake anta ko maraNa-kAla kahA jAtA hai| sUryacandra Adi kI gati se sambandha rakhane vAlA addhA-kAla kahalAtA hai / kAla kA pradhAna rUpa addhA kAla hI hai| zeSa tIno isI ke viziSTa rUpa hai| addhAkAla vyAvahArika kAla hai| yaha manuSya loka me hI hotA hai| isIlie manupya loka ko 'samaya-kSetra' kahA gayA hai| samaya-kSetra me valayAkAra se eka dUsare ko pariveSThita karane vAle asakhya dvIpa samudra haiN| iname jambU dvIpa, lavaNa samudra, vAtakI khaNDa, kAlodadhi samudra aura arddha puSkara dvIpa ye pA~ca tiryaga loka ke madhya meM sthita haiN| nizcaya kAla jIva ajIva kA paryAya hai| vaha loka-aloka vyApI hai| usake vibhAga nahI hote, para zraddhAkAla mUrya-candra Adi kI gati se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| isakA sarvasUkSma bhAga 'samaya' kahalAtA hai| AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza me paramANu gamana karatA hai, itane kAla kA nAma 'samaya' hai / samaya avibhAjya hai / imakI prarUpaNA vastra phADane kI prakriyA dvArA kI jAtI hai| eka darjI kisI jIrNazIrNa vastra ko eka hI bAra me eka hAtha pramANa phADa DAlatA hai| umake phADane me jitanA kAla vyatIta hotA hai usame asakhyAta samaya vyatIta ho jAte hai| kyoki vastra tantuo kA vanA hai| pratyeka tantu me aneka rue~ hote hai| uname bhI Upara kA rutrAM pahale chidatA 75

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hai, tava kahI usake nIce kA rumA~ chidatA hai| anantaH paramANuno ke milana kA nAma saghAta hai / ananta saghAto kA eka samudaya aura ananta samudayo kI eka samiti hotI hai| aisI ananta samitiyo ke saMgaThana se tantu ke Upara kA eka ruA~ banatA hai| ina sabakA chedana kramazaH hotA hai| tantu ke pahale rue~ ke chedana me jitanA samaya lagatA hai usakA atyanta sUkSma aza yAnI asakhyAta kAla-bhAga samaya kahalAtA hai| samaya se lekara eka pUrva taka ke sakhyAta kAlamAna ko isa prakAra darzAyA jA sakatA hai avibhAjya kAla eka samaya (eka saikiMDa ke 5700ve bhAga se bhI kama) asakhyAta samaya . eka prAvalikA (sabase choTI Ayu) / 256 AvalikA , . eka kSullaka bhava 17 kSullaka bhava athavA 3773 zrAvalikA * eka ucchavAsa 17 kSullaka bhava athavA 3773 zrAvalikA : eka nizvAsa eka ucchavAsanizvAsa athavA 7546 prAvalikA. eka prANa (pANu) 7 prANa : eka stoka (thoka) 7 stoka . eka lava 38 1/2 lava * eka ghaDI (24 minaTa) 77 lava yA 3773 zvAsocchavAsa eka muhUrta (48 minaTa) yA 16777216 AvalikA 30 muhUrta : eka ahorAtri 15 ahorAtri eka pakSa 2 pakSa / . eka mAsa 1-bhagavatI, sUtra zataka 6, u07, sUtra 4

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2 mAsa eka Rtu 3 Rtu eka ayana 2 ayana eka varSa 5 varSa eka yuga 84 lAkha varSa eka pUrvAga 84 lAkha pUrvAga eka pUrva samaya kA itanA sUkSma parimANa sAdhAraNata: vuddhi grAhya nahI hai aura na vyavahAra me isakA akana hI sambhava hai| ata eka kalpanA mAtra lagatA hai, parantu vartamAna meM vijJAna ne samaya nApane ke lie jina ANavika ghaDiyo kA AviSkAra kiyA hai, usase anumAna lagAnA sambhava ho gayA hai, yathA: 1964 me ANavika kAlamAna kA prayoga prArambha huaa| ava eka saikiNDa kI lambAI kI vyavarathA eka sIsiyama aNU ke 8, 19, 26, 31, 770 spadano ke liye Avazyaka antali ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| ANavika ghaDI dvArA samaya kA nirdhAraNa itanI bArIkI aura vizuddhatA se kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usase truTi kI sambhAvanA 30 hajAra varSoM me eka saikiNDa se bhI kama hogii| vaijJAnika Ajakala hAiDrojana ghaDI vikasita kara rahe haiM jisakI zuddhatA me truTi kI sambhAvanA 3 karoDa varSoM ke bhItara eka saikiNDa se bhI kama hogii| isa prakAra Aja vijJAna jagat me prayukta hone vAlI ANavika ghaDI saikiNDa ke nau arava unnIsa karoDa chabbIsa lAkha ikattIsa hajAra sAta sau sattarave bhAga taka kA samaya sahI prakaTa karatI hai| bhautika tattvo se nirmita ghaDI hI java eka saikiNDa kA dasa aravavA bhAga taka sahI nApane me samartha hai aura bhaviSya meM isase bhI sUkSma samaya nApane vAlI ghaDiyo ke nirmANa kI sambhAvanA hai ata eka prAlikA me asakhyAta samaya hotA hai, aba isame Azcarya jaisI koI bAta nahI raha gaI hai| ___samaya kI sUkSmatA kA kucha anumAna gati va lambAI ke udAharaNa se bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai / lambAI kA pratimAna mITara hai parantu san 1960 me lambAI ke pratimAna mITara kA sthAna kripTana-86 nAmaka durlabha gaisa se 77

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nikalane vAlI nAragI raMga ke prakAza ke taraMga - zrAyAmo kI nirdiSTa sakhyAo ne le liyA hai / ata aba eka mITara, kripTana ke 1650,763 73 tara AyAmoM ke barAbara hotA hai / prakAza kiraNa kI gati eka saikiNDa me 3,00000 kilomITara hai / eka kilomITara me 1000 mITara hote haiM ata. prakAza kiraNa eka saikiNDa me 300000 x 1000 x 165077373= 46522611600000000 kripTana AyAmo ke barAbara calatA hai / ata use eka AyAma ko pAra karane me lagabhaga eka saikiNDa kA dasavAM bhAga lagatA hai aura TelIpaithI vizeSajJo kA kathana hai ki mana kI tarago kI gata prakAza kI gati se kitanA hI gunA adhika hai / ata. mana kI taraga ko kripTana ke eka AyAma ko pAra karane me to zakhave bhAga se bhI kitane hI gunA adhika kama samaya lagatA hai / isa prakAra eka saikiNDa me asakhyAta samaya hote hai, yaha kathana vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yuktiyukta pramANita hotA hai / samaya kI sUkSmatA kA kucha anumAna vyAvahArika udAharaNa TelIphona se lagAyA jA sakatA hai / kalpanA kIjiye ki zrApa do hajAra mIla dUra baiThe hue kisI vyakti se TelIphona se bAta kara rahe hai / ApakI dhvani vidyuta tarago me pariraNata ho tAra ke sahAre cala kara dUrastha vyakti taka pahucatI hai aura usakI dhvani dyApa taka / isame jo samaya lagA, vaha itanA kama hai ki Apako usakA anubhava taka nahI ho rahA hai aura aisA lagatA hai mAno kucha bhI samaya na lagA ho aura Apa usa vyakti se samakSa hI baiThe bAtacIta kara rahe ho / cAra hajAra mIla tAra ko pAra karane me taraga ko lagA samaya bhale hI Apako pratIta na ho rahA ho phira bhI samaya to lagA hI hai / kAraNa taraga vahA~ eka dama hI nahI pahu~cI hai balki eka-eka mITara aura eka-eka milImITara ko pAra karane me jitanA samaya lagA, usakI sUkSmatA kA anumAna lagAiye / Apa cAhe anumAna lagA sake yA na lagA sakeM, parantu taraga ko eka milImITara tAra pAra karane me samaya to lagA hI hai / jaina darzana me varNita samaya isase bhI asakhyAta gunA adhika sUkSma hai / " 'samaya' nApane kI vidhi me bhI jaina darzana va vijJAna jagat me Azcaryajanaka samAnatA hai / dono hI gati kriyA rUpa spadana ke mAdhyama se samaya kA parimANa nizcita karate haiM, yathA 78

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avarA pajjAya didi khaNamettaM hodi taM ca samamoti / doNhamaNUNamadikkamakAla pamANu have so du / 572 / / ' sarva dravyo ke paryAya kI jaghanya sthiti Thaharane kA samaya eka kSaNa mAtra hotA hai, isI ko 'samaya' kahate haiN| do paramANupro ko atikramaNa karane ke kAla kA jitanA pramANa hai, usako samaya kahate haiM athavA aAkAza ke eka pradeza para sthita eka paramANu maMdagati dvArA samIpa ke pradeza para jitane kAla me prApta ho, utane kAla ko eka samaya kahate hai| ____ asakhyAta kAlamAno kI gaNanA upamA ke dvArA kI gayI hai / isake mukhya do bheda haiM-palyopama va sAgaropama / velanAkAra khaDDe yA kue ko palya kahA jAtA hai / eka cAra kosa lambe, cauDe va gahare kue me navajAta yaugalika zizu ke kezoM ko jo manuSya ke keza ke 2401 hisse jitane sUkSma haiM, asalya khaNDa kara ThUsa-ThUsa kara bharA jAye / prati 100 varSa ke antara se eka-eka keza khaNDa nikAlate-nikAlate jitane kAla me vaha kutrA khAlI ho, utane kAla ko eka palya kahA gayA hai| dasa kroDAkoDa (eka karoDa ko eka kroDa se guNA karane para jo guNanaphala AtA hai, use kroDAkoDa kahA gayA hai) palyopama ko eka sAgaropama va 20 kroDAphoDI sAgara ko eka kAlacakra tathA ananta kAla cakra ko eka pudgala parAvartana kahate haiN| samA kAla ke vibhAga ko kahate haiM tathA 'su' aura 'Tu' upasarga samA ke sAtha lagane se samA ke do rUpa ho jAte haiM-susamA aura dusamA / sa kA kha yA pa hone se sukhamA aura dukhamA ho jAte haiN| sukhamA kA artha hai acchA kAla aura dukhamA kA artha hai burA kAla / kAla ko sarpa se upamita kiyA gayA hai / sarpa kA vyutpatti labhya artha hai gati / kAla kI gati ke vikAsa aura hAsa ko dhyAna me rakhakara kAla ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM - utsarpiNI va avapiNI / jima kAla me Ayu, zarIra, bala Adi kI uttarottara vRddhi hotI jAya vaha utsarpiNI aura jisa kAla me Ayu. zarIra, vala Adi kI uttarottara hAni hotI jAya, vaha avasarpiNI kAla hai| utsarpiNI kAla cakrAddhaM me samaya kSetra kI prakRtijanya sabhI pratikriyAeM kramaza nirmANa aura vikAsa kI ora agrasara hotI huI pragati kI carama sImA ko prApta hotI haiM / usake bAda avasarpiNI kAla cakrArddha ke prArambha hone para prakRti1-gommaTamAra, jIvakANDa 73

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janya sabhI prakriyAe~ punaH dhvasa aura hrAsa kI ora calatI hai aura anta me vinAza kI carama sImA ko chUtI hai| pratyeka kAla cakrArddha ke 6 khaNDa hote haiM jinhe 'bhArA' kahate hai| kAlacakra ke Aro ke nAma aura kAlAvadhi isa prakAra hai utsapiraNI kAla nAma avadhi avasarpiNI kAla avadhi nAma 1 dukhamadukhamA 21,000 varSa 1 sukhamasukhamA 4 koDAkoDa sAgaropama 2 sukhamA 3 ko sA. 3 sukhama dukhamA '2 ko sA. 2 dukhamA 3. dukhamasukhamA 21,000 varSa 1 kroDAkoDa sAgaropama42,000 varpa 2 kro. sA 4. sukhamadukhamA 4 dukhamasukhamA 1 ko sA 42,000 varSa 21,000 varSa 21,000 varSa 5. sukhamA 6 sukhamasukhamA 3 kro. sA 4 kro. sA. 5. dukhamA 6 dukhamadukhamA vartamAna me jo ArA cala rahA hai vaha avasarpiNI kAla kA 5vA ArA 'dukhamA' hai / isa Are kA prArambha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 3 varSa 8 mAsa pazcAta haA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa IsA pUrva 527 meM huA thaa| ataH IsvI pUrva 524 se 5ve Are kA prArambha hotA hai / IsvI san 20476 me isa pAre kA anta hogA aura chaThe Are kA Arambha hogaa| chaThe Are ke prArambha me hone vAlI sthiti kA vistRta vivaraNa 'bhagavatI sUtra' va 'jambU dvIpa prajJapti' me milatA hai| eka udAharaNa isa prakAra hai usa samaya du.kha se logo me hAhAkAra hogaa| atyanta kaThora sparza vAlA malina, dhUli-yukta pavana clegaa| vaha duHsaha va bhaya utpanna karane vAlA hogaa| vartulAkAra vAyu calegI, jisase dhUli Adi ekatrita hogii| puna -puna ur3ane se dazo dizAe~ raja sahita ho jaaegii| dhUli se malina to

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andhakAra samUha ke ho jAne se prakAza kA AvirbhAva bahuta kaThinatA se hogaa| samaya kI rUkSatA se candramA adhika zIta hogA aura sUrya bhI adhika tapegA / usa kSetra me bAra-bAra bahuta arasa, virasa megha, kSAra megha, vidyunmegha, amanojJa megha, pracaNDa vAyu vAle megha brseNge| usa samaya bhUmi agnibhUta, murmarabhUta, bhasmabhUta ho jaaegii| pRthvI para calane vAle jIvo ko vahata kaSTa hogaa| usa kSetra ke manuSya vikRta varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza vAle hoge tathA ve U~Ta kI taraha vakra cAla calane vAle, zarIra ke viSama sandhi-kandha ko dhAraNa karane vAle, U~cI-nIcI viSama pasaliyo tathA haDiyo vAle aura kurUpa hoge| utkRSTa eka hAtha kI avagAhanA (U~cAI) aura 20 varSa kI Ayu hogii| baDI-baDI nadiyo kA vistAra ratha mArga jitanA hogA / nadiyo me pAnI bahuta thoDA rhegaa| manuSya bhI kevala vIja rUpa hI bceNge| ve una nadiyo ke kinAre bilo me rhege| sUryodaya se eka muhUrta pahale aura sUryAsta se eka muhUrta pazcAt vilo se vAhara nikaleMge aura matsya Adi ko uSNa retI me pakAkara khaayeNgeN| ' chaThe pAre ke anta hone para yaha hrAsa apanI carama sImA para pahuMcegA / isake bAda puna utsarpiNI kAla-cakrArddha prArambha hogA jisase prakRti kA vAtAvaraNa puna sudharane lgegaa| zuddha havAye cleNgii| snigdha megha baraseMge aura anukUla tApamAna hogaa| sRSTi bddhegii| gAva va nagaro kA puna nirmANa hogaa| yaha kramika vikAsa utsapiNI ke anta kAla me apanI carama sImA para phuNcegaa| isa prakAra eka kAla-cakra sampanna hotA hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anumAra avasapiraNI kAla ke tIsare Are 'sukhamAdukhamA' ke samApta hone me 84,00,000 pUrva, tIna varSa va sADhe pATha mahIne zepa rahane para antima kulakara se prathama tIrthaGkara kA janma hotA hai| prathama tIrthaDara ke samaya hI prathama cakravartI kA bhI janma hotA hai / cauthe Are 'dukhamA sukhamA' me 23 tIrthaGkara, 11 cakravartI, 6 baladeva, 6 vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva janma lete haiN| isI prakAra utsapiNI kAla ke tIsare Are 'dukhamA-sukhamA' ke tIna varSa aura sADhe ATha mahIne vyatIta hone para prathama tIrthaGkara kA janma hotA hai / isa pAre me 23 tIrthaGkara, 11 cakravartI 6 valadeva, 6 vAsudeva aura 6 prativAsudeva hote haiN| cauthe Are 'sukhamAdukhamA' ke 84 lAkha pUrva, tIna varSa sADhe ATha mahIne bAda 24ve tIrthaGkara mokSa cale jAte hai aura 12veM cakravartI kI Ayu pUrNa ho jAtI hai|

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isa prakAra 10 kroDAkaDI sAgaropama kA avasapiNIkAla va 10 kroDAphoDI sAgaropama kA utsarpiNI kAla mila kara eka kAlacakra banatA hai| samaya kSetra me yaha kAlacakra anAdi se ghUma rahA hai aura ananta kAla taka ghUmatA rhegaa| jaisA ki prArambha me saketa kiyA gayA thA, jaina darzana me kAla kA cintana mukhyatayA karmabandha aura usase mukti kI prakriyA ko lekara calA hai| yoga aura kaSAya ke nimitta se jova ke sAtha karma pudgalo kA bandha hotA hai| karma bandha kI mandatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para citta vRttiyo me utthAna-patana kA krama calatA hai| citta vRttiyo kA yaha utAra-caDhAva Rmika rUpa se hotA rahatA hai, ata vRttiyo ke utthAna-patana ke krama ko 'samaya' kahA jA sakatA hai| isI artha me sambhavataH jaina darzana meM 'samaya' zabda AtmA ke lie prayukta huA hai / kaSAyo kI AvRtti ko 'pAvalikA' ke rUpa meM bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai| yoga aura kaSAya ke vazavartI hokara jIva ananta sasAra me bhramaNa karatA rahatA hai / viSaya-vAsanA ke guNanaphala kI sthiti ko asakhyAta aura ananta nAma denA samIcIna ho sakatA hai| yoga kI pravRtti ko asakhyAta aura citta kI pravRtti ko ananta kahA jA sakatA hai / jIva ke guNasthAna ke krama-vikAsa ke sandarbha meM kAlamAno ke vividha rUpo kA adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kiyA jAnA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai|

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vartamAna yuga kI samasyAoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina darzana vartamAna yuga bauddhika kolAhala aura tarkajAla kA yuga hai| vaha zraddhA aura AsthA ke AdhAra para Tike huye zAzvata AdarzoM ko mahattva na dekara una malyo tathA tathyoM ko mahattva detA hai jo prayoga aura parIkSaNa kI kasauTI para khare utarate haiN| vaha atItajIvI vizvAso aura anAgata Adarza kalpanAo me na vicara kara, vartamAna jIvana kI kaThoratApro aura vidrUpatAo se saMgharSa karane me apane puruSArtha kA jauhara dikhAtA hai / vaha indriyo aura mana dvArA pratyakSIkRta satya tathA bhautika jagat kI sthiti va avagAhanA meM vizvAsa karatA hai / trikAlavAhI satyanirUpaNa, paraloka sambandhI rahasyAtmakatA va IzvaravAditA ko nakAratA hai| samagrata kahA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna yuga bhautika vijJAna kA yuga hai / usakI dRSTi me dharma aura AdhyAtmikatA kA vizeSa mahattva nahIM hai| dharma aura vijJAna kA saMgharSa gaharAI se socane para patA calatA hai ki vartamAna vaijJAnika ciMtana me dharma ko nakArane kI jo pravRtti baDhI, usake mUla meM dharmasAdhanA ke irda-girda Izvara aura paraloka ye do tattva mukhya rUpa se rahe haiM / vijJAna kA cintana Izvara jaisI kisI aisI alaukika zakti me vizvAsa nahI karatA jo vyakti ke sukha-dukha kI niyAmaka ho aura na aise chAyAloka me vizvAsa karatA hai jo isa pRthvI loka se pare anata sukho ko krIDA bhUmi hai| dUsare zabdo me vijJAna yaha svIkAra nahIM karatA ki mAnava ko koI dUsarI zakti 53

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sukhI yA dukhI banAtI hai aura cU ki tathAkathita dhArmika paramparAeM manuSya ke sukha-dukha ke liye svaya manuSya ko nahI, varan Izvara nAma kI kisI anya zakti ko uttaradAyI ThaharAtI rahI haiM isaliye vijJAna ne dharma kA virodha karanA zurU kiyaa| madhyayuga ke uttaravartIkAla me dharma aura vijJAna kA yaha sagharSa ugra banakara prakaTa huA / kaThorahRdayI dhArmiko dvArA kaI vaijJAnika mauta ke ghATa utAra diye gaye aura dharma kI ADa me sampradAyavAda, svArthavAda kA berahamI se poSaNa hone lagA / phalata dharma kalyANa kA sAdhana na rahakara zopaNa kA vAhaka bana gayA jisake khilApha sabase una jihAda cheDA kArla mArksa ne| usane dharma ko eka prakAra kA nazA-aphIma khaa| . ___dharma aura vijJAna kI pUrakatA jaba hamAre deza me jana jAgaraNa kI lahara uThI taba deza kI sAMskRtika thAtI kA punarmUlyAkana hone lgaa| dharmazAstro me nihita tathyo aura AdarzoM kI samasAmayika sandarbho me vyAkhyA hone lgii| dhArmika paramparAo ko aitihAsika pariprekSya meM dekhA-parakhA jAne lgaa| jarmanI ke prAcyavidyA vizArado kI dRSTi bhArata kI isa mUlyavAna dhArmika sAskRtika, AdhyAtmika nidhi kI ora gii| maiksamUlara aura haramana jaikobI jaise vidvAno ke nAma isa dizA me vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| jaba bhAratIya darzana, vizeSakara jaina darzana se vidvAno kA samparka huA aura unhone apane adhyayana se yaha jAnA ki Izvara aura paraloka ko pare rakhakara bhI dharma-sAdhanA kA citana aura abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai to unhe dhArmika siddhAnta tathyapUrNa lge| jaina darzana kI isa mAnyatA meM unakI vizeSa dilacaspI paidA huI ki Izvara saSTi kA kartA nahI hai / Sadravyo ke mela se sRSTi kI racanA svataH hotI calatI hai| yaha eka gatizIla prakriyA hai| isa dRSTi se sRSTi kA na Adi hai na anta / yaha anAdi ananta hai| isI prakAra jIva ko sukha-duHkha koI parokSa sattA nahIM detii| sukha-dukha milate hai jIva ke dvArA kiye gaye apane karmoM se / duSpravRtta AtmA jIva kI zatru hai aura sadpravRtta AtmA jIva kI mitra hai|' jIva 1. appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamitta ca, dupaTThi a supaTThio / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 20/37 84

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kisI anya zakti athavA Izvara para nirbhara nahI hai / vaha nirbhara hai svakRta karmoM para / isa prakAra jaina darzana me AtmanirbharatA para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| sRSTi-racanA aura Izvaratva ke rUpa meM apane puruSArtha-parAkrama ke vala para mAnava cetanA ke carama vikAsa (cetanA ke UrvIkaraNa) ke siddhAnta ne dharma aura vijJAna ke antara ko kama kara diyaa| aba vicAraka isa dizA me socane lage hai ki dharma aura vijJAna eka dUsare ke virodhI nahI varan pUraka hai / dono kI paddhati aura prakriyA me antara hote huye bho dono kA uddezya kalyANa hai, magala hai / dharma kA saccA svarUpa Aja kA buddhijIvI dharma kA nAma lete hI caukane lagatA hai kyoki dharma kA jo aitihAsika svarUpa usake sAmane rakhA gayA hai, vaha sampradAyavAda, jAtivAda aura bAhya ADambaro se yukta hai| dharma ke sAtha jo dhAraNA baddhamUla hai vaha atIta aura bhaviSya kI hai| usame vartamAna jIvana kA spandana na hokara atIta kA gaurava aura anAgata kA svapna-sukha hai| jIvana-sagharSa se palAyana kA bhAva hai| pravRtti kI upekSA aura nivRtti kA prAdhAnya hai| devI-devatAo kA prAvalya aura mAnava-puruSArtha ke prati heya bhAva hai| dharma ke isa svarUpa ko bhalA kauna buddhizIla svIkAra karegA ? bhagavAn mahAvIra, gautama buddha aura anya krAntipuruSo ne dharma ke nAma para pracalita Dhoga aura vikRtiyo kA khulakara virodha kiyA aura apane cintana va anubhava se dharma ke svarUpa ko sahI rUpa me prastuta kiyaa| vaha svarUpa Aja bhI eka mAnya Adarza hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma ko kisI mata yA sampradAya se na joDakara manuSya kI vattiyo se joDA aura kSamA, saralatA, vinamratA, satya, nirlobhatA, tyAga, sayama, tapa, brahmacarya Adi kI paripAlanA ko dharma kahA / jo vyakti dharma ke isa rUpa kI sAdhanA karatA hai vaha devatA se bhI mahAn hai / vaha devatA ko namana nahI karatA varan devatA use namana karate haiM dhammo magalamukkiTTha, ahiMsA sajamo tavo / devAvi ta namasanti, jassa dhamme sayAmaNo / ' 1 dazavakAlika 1/1 85

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isa prakAra mahAvIra ne dharma kI sAdhanA ke kendra me manuSya ko pratiSThita kiyA / manuSya apane puruSArtha dvArA apanI vikRtiyo para vijaya prApta kara apanI cetanA kA sarvopari vikAsa kara sakatA hai / manuSya kI vikRtiyA~ hai-- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / inhe kaSAya kahA gayA hai / ina kaSAyo ke mUla me icchA kI pradhAnatA hai / icchA yA kAma bhAvanA kaSAyoM meM rUpAntarita hotI rahatI hai jisase cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahI ho pAtA aura jJAna, darzana, cAritra va sukha ko zaktiyA~ davI paDI rahatI hai / sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA dvArA icchA para niyantraNa kara zrAtmaanuzAsana dvArA apanI Atmazaktiyo ko pUrNa rUpa se jAgRta aura vikasita kara sakatA hai | cetanA kI isa pUrNa vikasita avasthA ko mokSa yA mukti kahA gayA hai / yahI vAstavika svatantratA hai / isa svatantratA kI prApti me manuSya kisI alaukika sattA yA zakti para nirbhara nahI hai / vaha isa avasthA ko prApta karane meM sakSama aura svatantra hai / jaina darzana me isa prakriyA ko jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI samyak zrArAdhanA dvArA AtmA ke sAtha lage huye karmoM ko kSaya karane kI sAdhanA kahA hai / kamoM ko kSaya karane kI yaha sAdhanA paddhati kisI kI bapautI nahI hai / yaha saba ke liye khulI hai| kisI bhI jAti, varNa, mata, sampradAya, liMga, deza, kAla kA vyakti isa sAdhanA dvArA mokSa prApta karane kA adhikArI hai / isIliye mahAvIra ne apanI vicAradhArA yA mata kA nAmaapane nAma para nahI rkhaa| unhone apane vicAra ko Arhat, nirgrantha, zramaNa aura jina kahA / 'Arhat' kA artha hai jisane apanI sAdhanA dvArA Atmazaktiyo kA vikAsa kara pUrNa yogyatA prApta kara lI hai| sabhI prakAra kI vikRtiyo - prAntarika zatru para vijaya prApta karalI hai / 'nirgrantha' kA artha hai - jisake mana me koi gATha nahI hai, jisane kaSAya rUpI vikAro kI gATha kA unmUlana - ucchedana kara liyA hai / jo gATha rahita, kuThA rahita, nirdvandva ho gayA hai / 'zramaNa' zabda me nihita zrama ke tIna rUpa hai - zrama, sama, zama / 'zrama' kA artha hai - puruSArtha arthAt zramaNa vaha hai jo apanI sAdhanA me puruSArthazIla hai, kisI para nirbhara nahI hai, Atmanirbhara hai / 'sama' kA artha hai - samabhAva - samatA arthAt jisakI dRSTi me kisI ke prati rAgadveSa kI bhAvanA nahI hai / jo prANimAtra ko samatA bhAva se dekhatA hai, jo sukha-dukha me, hAni-lAbha me, jIvana-maraNa me samabhAva rakhatA hai / 'zAma' kA artha hai - zAnta, svaniyantraraNa arthAt jisane apanI 86

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uttajanAo ko upazAta kara liyA hai, jo sukha-duHkha me uttejita nahI hotA, unake prati pratikriyA nahIM karatA, jo prazAta banA rahatA hai / 'jina' kA artha hai-vijetA / vAharI vastu yA pradeza kA vijetA nahI, varan Atma vijetaa| jisane rAga aura dveSa ko jIta liyA hai, vaha hai 'jina' aura usake anuyAyI, upAsaka hai 'jain'| isa prakAra jaina dharma kisI sampradAya, varNa, yA varga vizepa kA dharma na hokara AtmanirbharatA, puruSArtha aura vikRtiyo para vijaya yA niyantraNa prApta karane kA dharma hai| sakSepa me apane puruSArtha dvArA Atma se paramAtma banane kA dharma hai-jaina dharma / aAja ke cintana me sikyalerijma (secularism) ke jo tattva ubhare hai ve jaina dharma ke vicAra se paryApta mela khAte haiN| sikyulerijma kA hindI me anuvAda dharma-nirapekSatA kiyA gayA hai, jo bhrAmaka hai| dharmanirapekSatA kA artha hotA hai-dharma ke prati udAsIna rahanA, usase apanA sambandha na joDanA, dharma se vimukha yA rahita honA jabaki sikyulerijma kI bhAvanA hai sabhI dharmoM ke prati Adara aura sammAna, dharma ke nAma para kisI ko U~cA-nIcA na smjhnaa| dUsare zabdo me sampradAyAtIta honaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai vaha sampradAyAtIta vyAkhyA hai| isa dRSTi se unakA dharmaciMtana, sArvajanIna, sarvajanopayogI aura sarvodayI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dharma ke do bheda kiye haiM-anagAra dharma arthAt muni dharma aura AgAra dharma arthAt gRhastha dharma / munidharma vaha dharma hai jisame sAdhaka tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna aura parigraha kA AjIvana tyAga karatA hai, arthAt muni ina pApakarmoM ko manavacana aura kAyA se na karatA hai na dUsaro se karavAtA hai aura na jo karate hai unakI anumodanA karatA hai| vaha paca mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha) dhArI hotA hai / gRhastha dharma vaha dharma hai jisame sAdhaka mahAvrato kI bajAya aNuvrato ko dhAraNa karatA hai / vaha apanI zakti aura sAmarthya ke anusAra sthUla rUpa se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha kA tyAga karatA hai| vaha sakalpapUrvaka hiMsA na karane kI pratijJA letA hai / gRhastha dharma kI Age kI sIDhI hai-muni dharma / gRhastha dharma ke niyama arthAt bAraha vrata eka prakAra se kisI bhI deza ke Adarza nAgarika kI AcAra sahitA hai| 87

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bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane sagha me dono prakAra ke dharmAnuyAyiyo ko sammilita kiyaa| unhone apanI krAntikArI vicAradhArA dvArA dharma kI Ar3a me yajJo meM dI jAne vAlI pazubali kA sakhta virodha kiyA aura kahA-"savve jIvA vi icchati, jIviu na marijiu / ' arthAt sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| unhoMne zUdro aura striyo ko bhI saba prakAra ke dhArmika adhikAra diye aura apane sagha me unhe dIkSita kiyA / dAsa prathA ke khilApha unhone jihAda cheDA / manuSya dvArA manuSya ke zoSaNa ko dekhakara ve pasIja uThe aura unhone kaThora abhigraha dhAraNa kara, dAsI banI huI rAjakumArI candanA ke hAtho labI tapasyA ke bAda prathama bAra AhAra grahaNa kara use sammAnita kiyA / vauddhika kolAhala ke usa yuga me unhone anekAntavAda ke rUpa me satya ko parakhane aura samajhane kA nayA rAstA batAkara saba prakAra ke vivAdo ko zAnta karane me pahala kii| baDhatI huI bhogavRtti aura sacayavRtti ko unhone duHkha kA kAraNa batAte hue icchAo ko sImita karane kA upadeza diyA aura kahA ki Asakti hI parigraha kA mala hai| unhone jAtivAda para tIvra prahAra kiyA aura kahA ki janma se koI U~cA-nIcA nahI hotaa| vyakti ko U~cA-nIcA banAte hai usake karma kammuNA babharaNo hoI, kammuNA hoI khattio / vaiso kammuNA hoI, suddo havai kammuNA // 2 brAhmaNa kula me janma lekara cANDAla jaise karma karane vAlA kabhI brAhmaNa nahI ho sakatA aura zUdra kula me janmA huA puruSa brAhmaNa jaise kArya karake brAhmaNa ho sakatA hai| mahAvIra ne mAnavIya mUlyo aura Atmika sadguNo ko mahattva dete hue kahA- / , , samayAe samaNo hoI, babhacereNa babhaNo / NAraNeNa ya muNi hoI, taveraNa hoI tAvaso // 3 arthAt samatAbhAva dhAraNa karane se koI zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna kI ArAdhanA karane se muni hotA hai aura tapasyA karane se tapasvI hotA hai| 1, dazavakAlika 6/10 2 uttarAdhyayana 25/33 3 uttarAdhyayana 25/32

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bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma kA jo svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA vaha DhAI hajAra varSoM ke bAda Aja bhI upayogI aura prAsagika lagatA hai / mahAvIra ke bAda sabhyatA kA ratha tejI se Age baDhA hai| hiMsA, corI, jhUTha, asayama aura parigraha kI samasyA pahale se kahI adhika jaTila aura sUkSma vanI hai / mAnava-zopaNa ke naye-naye tarIke AviSkRta huye haiM, jIvana adhika azAta, satrasta aura ku Thita vanA hai| bahirjagata kI andhadauDa aura bhautika upakaraNo kI pragati ne adhika bhaya aura asurakSA kA bhAva paidA kiyA hai / pariNAmata hRdaya choTA aura kamajora bana gayA hai| samaya aura sthAna kI dUrI para vijaya pAkara bhI manuSya apane ApasI sambandho me pahale se adhika dUrI aura tanAva mahasUsa karane lagA hai| Aja usake cAro ora vibhinna prakAra kI samasyAe~ muha vAye khaDI haiM / vibhinna Arthika aura rAjanaitika cintako ne jo vicAra diye hai, usase laukika samRddhi kA kSitija to vistRta huA hai para Atmika zAti sikuDa gayI hai / aisI sthiti me manuSya ko zAta, sukhI aura satuSTa banAne kI dizA ava bhI kahI dikhAI de sakatI hai to mahAvIra ke vicAra-cintana me| isa dRSTi se vartamAna yuga kI samasyAno para yahA vicAra karanA aprAsagika na hogaa| ___ vartamAna yuga kI pramukha samasyAeM aura jaina darzana vartamAna yuga kI pramukha samasyAo ko nimnalikhita rUpo me dekhA jA sakatA hai 1. yuddha aura hiMsA kI samasyA sasAra do vizva mahAyuddho kA vinAza dekha cukA hai| tIsare mahAyuddha kI talavAra kSaNapratikSaNa mAnavatA ke sira para laTakI huI anubhUta hotI hai| isakA kAraNa hai sAmrAjya-vistAra kI bhAvanA, pUjI kI lAlasA aura ysholipsaa| pratyeka rASTra dUsare rASTra para adhikAra kara apanA Arthika aura rAjanaitika prabhutva sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| isIliye astra-zastro kI hoDa lagI huI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya me dharma ke nAma para jo hiMsA hotI thI, vaha aba artha-sagraha ke nAma para adhika ugra vanakara sAmane A rahI hai / prANavika aura rAsAyanika parIkSaNo ke nAma para nirIha pazu-pakSiyo kI hiMsA ke dRzya rogaTe khaDA kara dene vAle haiM / saundarya-prasAdhano ke nAma para kharagoza, hvela machalI, siveTa, bheDa, 88

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memanA, mRga Adi ko hisA ke krUra prasaga dila ko dahalAne vAle hai / tIvra audyogikaraNa se Arthika vipamatA baDhane ke sAtha-sAtha pradUSaNa kI vikaTa samasyA khaDI ho gaI hai jo sampUrNa mAnavatA ke vinAza kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai / pradUSaNa se hiMsA kA khatarA bhI adhika bar3ha gayA hai / kArakhAno se nikalane vAlI viSailI gaiso, viSAkta eva hAnikara tarala padArthoM ke kAraNa jala-pradUSaNa eva vAyu pradUSaNa itanA adhika huA hai ki samudra kI lAkho machaliyA~ naSTa ho gayI hai| aura mAnava-svAsthya ke liye gambhIra khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai| aNu parIkSaNa kI reDiyodharmitA aura kITANunAzaka davAiyo ke prayoga se thala pradUSaNa kI samasyA bhI ubhara kara sAmane A rahI hai nirantara calane vAle zItayuddho kI lahara ne manuSya ko bhayabhIta aura asurakSita banA diyA hai| baDhatI huI krUratA, yuddha kI AzakA aura hiMsA se bacane kA eka hI rAstA hai aura vaha hai ahiMsA kA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane anubhava se kahA savve pAraNA piyAuyA, suhasAyA, dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA / piyajIviNo, jIviukAmA, sanvesi jIviya piya // ' arthAt sabhI jIvo ko apanA AyuSya priya hai / sukha anukUla hai, du kha pratikUla hai / vadha sabhI ko apriya lagatA hai aura jInA sabako priya lagatA hai / prANImAtra jIvita rahane kI kAmanA vAle haiN| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne pazu-pakSI, kITa-patage, pAnI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi me bhI jIvana dekhA aura unake prati ahiMsaka bhAva, dayAbhAva, rakSAbhAva, banAye rakhane kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra ne bAharI vijaya ke sthAna para Atarika vijaya, Atmavijaya, indriyanigraha ko mahattva diyA / unhone aise kArya-vyApAra aura udyoga-dhandhe karane kA niSedha kiyA jiname adhika hiMsA hotI ho / aise kAryoM kI saMkhyA zAstro me '15 ginAI gayI hai aura inhe 'karmAdAna' kahA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke liye 'jagala ko jalAnA (igAlakamme), zarAba Adi mAdaka padArthoM kA vyApAra karanA (rasa vANijje), aphIma, sakhiyA Adi mAdaka padArthoM ko becanA (visavANijje), sundara keza vAlI strI kA kraya-vikraya karanA (kezavANijje), vanadahana karanA (davaggidAvaNiyAkamme) asayatI arthAt asAmAjika 1 AcArAga 2/2/3

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tattvo kA poSaNa karanA (asaIjaNaposaNiyAkamme) Adi kAryoM ko isame liyA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna yuga me yuddha aura hiMsA kA eka pramukha kAraNa vaicArika sagharSa hai / isake samAdhAna ke liye bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vaicArika sahiSNutA ke rUpa me anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA upadeza diyaa| unhone kahAjagat me jIva ananta hai aura unameM prAtmagata samAnatA hote hue bhI saskAra, karma aura bAhya paristhitiyo Adi aneka kAraNo se unake vicAro me vibhinnatA honA svAbhAvika hai| alaga-alaga jIvo kI bAta choDiye, eka hI manuSya me dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra alaga-alaga vicAra utpanna hote rahate haiN| isa vicAragata viSamatA me samatA sthApita karane kI dRSTi se mahAvIra ne kahA-"pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai / vaha utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta hai| dravya me utpAda aura vyaya hone vAlI avasthApro ko paryAya kahA gayA hai / guNa kabhI naSTa nahIM hote aura na apane svabhAva ko vadalate hai, kintu paryAyo ke dvArA avasthA se avasthAntara hote huye sadaiva sthira bane rahate hai| aisI sthiti meM kisI vastu kI eka avasthA ko dekhakara use hI satya mAna lenA aura usa para aDe rahanA haThavAditA yA durAgraha hai| ekAnta dRSTi se kisI vastu vizepa kA samagna jJAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sApekSa dRSTi se, apekSA vizepa se dekhane para hI usakA sahI va sampUrNa jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jIva, ajIva, loka, dravya Adi kI nityatA-anityatA, dvaita-advaita, astitva-nAstitva jaisI vikaTa dArzanika paheliyo ko saralatApUrvaka suljhaayaa| mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA ki pratyeka jIva kA svatantra astitva hai, isaliye usakI svatantra vicAra cetanA bhI hai / ata jaisA tuma socate ho, eka mAtra vahI satya nahIM hai / dUsare jo socate hai usame bhI satya kA aza nihita hai / ataH pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke liye itara logo ke soce huye, anubhava kiye huye, satyAzo ko bhI mahattva do| unako samajho, parakho aura usake Aloka me apane satya kA parIkSaNa kro| isase na kevala tumhe usa satya kA sAkSAtkAra hogA varan apanI bhUlo ke prati sudhAra karane kA avasara bhI milegA / isa dRSTikoNa se vartamAna yuga kI pUjIvAdI-sAmyavAdI, janatatravAdI-adhinAyakavAdI, vyaktivAdI-samAjavAdI vicAradhArAno ko

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samajhakara uname samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAkara Atyatika virodha miTAyA jA sakatA hai| 2. 'prabhAva aura vighaTana kI samasyA yuddha aura hiMsA kA pariNAma hai vipamatA aura vighaTana / sasAra me Aja do taraha ke loga haiN| eka jinakA pU jI aura sattA para adhikAra hai / dUsare ve jo garIbI aura dAsatA kA jIvana bitA rahe hai / eka ora ve loga hai jinake pAsa apAra vaibhava aura bhautika sampadA hai, AvazyakatA se adhika itanA sagraha hai ki vaha unake svaya ke jIvana ke liye nahI varan Ane vAlI kaI pIDhiyo ke liye paryApta hai / dUsarI ora ve loga hai jinake pAsa do jUna khAne ko roTI nahIM, apane zarIra ko Dhakane ke liye moTA kapaDA nahI, aura rahane ke liye TUTI-phUTI jhopaDI nhii| isa viSama sthiti se nipaTane ke liye samAjavAdI-sAmyavAdI baDI-baDI yojanAeM banAI jAtI haiN| vaijJAnika upakaraNo kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / audyogika utpAdano me tIvratA lAyI jAtI hai| para phira bhI abhAva vaisA kA vaisA banA rahatA hai / isakA mukhya kAraNa hai kRtrima abhAva kA paidA honA / vAstavika abhAva kI sthiti ko to utpAdana kI prakriyA teja karake, janasakhyA ko niyantrita karake miTAyA jA sakatA hai para arthalobha ke kAraNa, adhikAdhika lAbha prApti ke kAraNa bAjAra me jo kRtrima abhAva paidA kiyA jAtA hai usakA samAdhAna rAjanaitika vyavasthA se sabhava nhii| isakA upacAra vyakti ke svabhAva aura dRSTikoNa ko badalane me, nihita hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isakA samAdhAna batAte hue kahA-icchAe~ / AkAza ke samAna ananta haiN|' icchAo kI pUrti karane me sukha nahI hai| sukha hai icchAo ko choDane me| icchAo ko choDanA AvazyakatAno ko| kama karane para nirbhara hai| isaliye unhone gRhastho ko upadeza diyA ki apanI AvazyakatAo ko sImita kro| AvazyakatAe~ sImita hone se adhika lAbha prApta karane aura pUMjI kendrita karane kI bhAvanA na rhegii| sadgRhastha nizcaya kare ki vaha itane padArthoM se adhika kI icchA nahIM kregaa| na inakI prApti ke liye amuka dizAo ke atirikta anyatra 1 icchA hu AgAsa samA aNatiyA-uttarAdhyayana 6/48 62

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AyegA-jAyegA / isa prakAra icchA-niyamo aura AvazyakatAo ke parisImana se upabhoga para svaicchika niyantraNa lagegA jisase vastu kA anAvazyaka sagraha nahI hogaa| mahAvIra ke icchA-parimANa aura parigrahaparimANa kI bhAvanA Aja ke Ayakara, sampatti kara, bhUmi aura bhavana kara, mRtyukara Adi se mela khAtI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AvazyakatAo ko sImita karane ke sAtha-sAtha jo AvazyakatAe~ zeSa rahatI hai unakI pUrti ke liye AjIvikA ko zuddhi para vizepa bala diyaa| yuddha, hisA aura abhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa Aja cAro ora ghuTana aura vighaTana kA vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai| vyakti, parivAra aura samAja paraspara sagharparata hai / sahabhAgitA, sahayoga aura prema kA abhAva hai| napharata, IrSyA aura avizvAsa kI bhAvanA se na vyaktitva kA nirmANa ho pA rahA hai na sAmAjika saMgaThana vana pA rahA hai| isa sthiti se nipaTane ke liye bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Atmadharma ke samAnAntara hI grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma, saghadharma kI mahattA pratipAdita karate hue unakI samyakaparipAlanA para bala diyA aura kahA-sevAdharma mahAn dharma hai| jo dukhI, asahAya aura pIr3ita hai unakI sevA karanA apanI Atma zaktiyo ko jAgrata karane ke barAbara hai / sevA ko tapa kahA gayA hai jisase karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| dUsaro ko bhojana, sthAna, vastra Adi denA, unake prati mana se zubha pravRtti karanA, vANI se hita vacana volanA aura zarIra se zabha kArya karanA tathA samAjaseviyo va lokasevako kA Adara satkAra karanA pUNya hai| sevAvratI ko kisI prakAra kA aham na cha pAye aura vaha sattAlipsu na bana jAye, isa bAta ko satarkatA padapada para baratanI jarUrI hai| loka sevA ke nAma para apanA svArtha sAdhane vAlo ko mahAvIra ne isa prakAra cetAvanI dI hai asavibhAgI asagaharuI appamANabhoI / se tArisae nArAhae vayamiNa / / arthAt jo asavibhAgI jIvana sAdhano para vyaktigata svAmitva kI sattA sthApita kara, dUsaro ke prakRti pradatta savibhAga ko nakAratA hai, asagraharuci-jo apane liye hI sagraha karake rakhatA hai jo dUsaro ke liye kucha bhI nahI rakhatA, apramANabhojI-maryAdA se adhika bhojana eva jIvana sAdhano kA svaya upabhoga karatA hai vaha ArAdhaka nahI, virAdhaka hai|

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3. anyAya aura atyAcAra kI samasyA prabhAva aura vighaTana kI taraha Aja anyAya aura atyAcAra kI samasyA bhI ugna banI huI hai| isa samasyA ke mUla me bhI adhikAdhika arthalAbha prApta karane va apane aha ko tuSTa karane kI bhAvanA mukhya hai| 'jIvana saMgharSa me jo yogyatama hai vahI jIvita rahatA hai' yaha bhAvanA anyAya aura atyAcAra ko bar3hAvA detI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saMgharSa ko nahI,, sahayoga ko jIvana kA mUla AdhAra mAnA aura kahA-"parasparopanaho.... jIvAnAm" arthAt parpara upakAra karate hue jInA hI vAstavika jIvana hai| jaba yaha samajha A jAtI hai taba samAja me anyAya aura atyAcAra miTa jAte hai| para Aja isa samajha kI baDI kamI hai| jaba vyakti apane adhikAra kA atikramaNa karatA hai taba anyAya kI zuruAta hotI hai| anyAya ke mukhya do prakAra hai-vyakti dvArA vyakti ke prati anyAya aura zAsana dvArA vyakti ke prati anyAya / mahAvIra ne dono ke khilApha jihAda cheDA / zAsana ke anyAya ko miTAne ke liye kaI rAjya krAntiyA~ huI para phira bhI anyAya miTA nahI kyoki anyAya kI mUla jaDa vyakti ke ciMtana me hai| jaba taka ciMtana nahI badalatA, anyAya nahI ruktaa| jaba hamAre mana me yaha bhAva paidA hotA hai ki jaise hama svatantra hai, vaise dUsare bhI svatantra hai, jaise hama sukha se rahanA cAhate hai vaise dUsare bhI sukha se rahanA cAhate hai taba ahiMsA, AtmIyatA aura maitrI kA bhAva paidA hotA hai| ___ . bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anyAya ko rokane ke liye jo niyama banAe ve unake samaya kI apekSA Aja adhika upayogI aura prabhAvI pratIta hote hai| unhone kahA-apanI AvazyakatAo kI pati ke liye vyakti ko sakalpapUrvaka kI jAne vAlI hiMsA se bacanA cAhiye / use aise niyama nahI banAne cAhiye jo anyAya yukta ho, na aisI sAmAjika rUDhiyo ke badhana svIkAra karane cAhiye jinase garIbo kA ahita ho / aibhAra (atibhAra) aticAra isa bAta para bala detA hai ki apane adhinastha karmacAriyo se nizcita samaya se adhika kAma na liyA jAya / na pazuo, majadUro Adi para adhika bojhA lAdA jAya / vyakti apanA vyApAra isa prakAra kare ki usase kisI kA bhojana va pAnI na chInA jaay| satyAraNuvrata me satya ke rakSaNa aura asatya ke bacAva para bala diyA gayA hai / kahA gayA hai ki vyakti jhUThI sAkSI na de, jhUThe lekha, jhUThe dastAveja 64

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na likhe, jhUThe samAcAra aura vijJApana prakAzita na karAve aura na bhUThe jhiAva Adi rakhe / asteya ata kI paripAlanA kA AjIvikA kI zuddhatA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai| Aja corI ke sAdhana sthUla se sUkSma vanate jA rahe hai| seMdha lagAne, DAkA DAlana, Thagane aura jeva kATane vAle hI cora nahIM hai balki khAdya vastupro me milAvaTa karane vAle, eka vastu vatAkara dUsarI lene-dene vAle, kama tolane va kama nApane vAle, coro dvArA lI huI vastu kharIdane vAle, coro ko corI karane kI preraNA dene vAle, jhUThA jamAkharca karane vAle, adhika sUda para rupayA dene vAle bhI cora haiN| ina sUkSma tarIko kI cauryavRtti ke kAraNa Aja anyAya aura atyAcAra kA kSetra atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| sAmAnyajana zopaNa ke cakra ke nIce pisatA jA rahA hai / artha vyavasthA ke asatulana se utpanna anyAya aura atyAcAra ko rokane ke liye bhagavAna mahAvIra ne arjana ke visarjana aura zaddha sAdhano para jo bala diyA hai, usakI Aja ke yuga me vizepa mahattA hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki vartamAna yuga yuddha, hiMsA, abhAva, vighaTana, anyAya aura atyAcAra jaisI jaTila samasyAoM se grasta hai| Aja vyakti tanAvo meM jI rahA hai| AtmaghAta aura AtmahatyAo ke AkaDe dila dahalAne vAle haiN| ina samasyAo se bacAva tabhI ho sakatA hai javaki vyakti kA dRSTikoNa AtmonmukhI bane / tabhI usame prAtmavizvAsa, sthiratA, varya, prema, sahAnubhUti, jaise sadbhAvo kA vikAsa sambhava hai| 65

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- zikSA aura svAdhyAya akarma bhUmi se karma bhUmi me praveza kara manuSya ne asi, masi, kRpi jaise zilpa aura udyoga kA sahArA lekara jIvana yApana prArambha kiyA, isase prakRti nirbharatA chUTI aura AtmanirbharatA pAyI / yaha AtmanirbharatA bahirmukhI thI, zarIra aura indriyo taka sImita thii| ise antarmukhI banAne ke liye ahiMsA, sayama aura tapa rUpa dharma kI dezanA dI gii| kahanA cAhiye, yahI se zikSA kA saccA svarUpa ubhraa| pazu aura manuSya kI kucha sahajAta vRttiyA hai, jinhe 'sajJA' kahA gayA hai / yathA-AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha / jyo-jyo ina sajJAno se pare hokara cetanA UrdhvamukhI hotI hai, tyo-tyo manuSyatA kA vikAsa hotA hai / manuSyatA ke vikAsa karane kI prakriyA kA nAma hI zikSA hai / isI dRSTi se 'sA vidyA yA vimuccae' kahA gayA hai| vidyA vaha hai jo vyakti ko badhano se mukta kare / vyakti ke badhana usakI vikRtiyA aura kamajoriyA haiM, jinhe kaSAya kahA gayA hai| rAga aura dvaSa mala kaSAya hai jinake udaya se AtmA kI maulika zaktiyA~ naSTa yA AvRtta ho jAtI hai / saccI zikSA ina AvaraNo ko haTAkara maulika prAtmazaktiyo ko prasphuTita karatI hai / isa artha me zikSA caritra kI sajJA dhAraNa karatI hai / moTe taura se zikSA ke do svarUpa hai-eka jIvana-nirvAhakArI zikSA aura dUsarI jIvana nirmANakArI zikSA / vijJAna aura takanIkI ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha jJAna ke kSetra me mudraNa Adi ke jo AviSkAra hue hai, unase jIvana nirvAhakArI zikSA atyanta vyApaka aura sulabha banI hai / isase jJAna-vijJAna kI vividha zAkhAo kA adhyayana aura jagat ke rahasyo ko jAnane kI kSamatA-lAlasA baDhI hai / indriyo ke viSaya-sevana ke kSetro 66

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me vaDhotarI huI hai aura bhogavRtti ke naye-naye AyAma khule haiM / skUlo, kaoNlejo aura vizvavidyAlayo me zikSAthiyo kI apAra bhIDa vaDhI hai aura jIvana tathA samAja me eka vizeSa prakAra kI tArkikatA, jaTilatA, vauddhikatA kA vikAsa hayA hai| isa tathAkathita jIvana nirvAhakArI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha jIvananirmANakArI zikSA para vala na diye jAne ke kAraNa jIvana aura samAja me aniyantrita asatulana aura vikharAva paidA ho gayA hai, jisase zikSA vikAro kI mukti aura Atmazaktiyo ke prasphuTana kI prakriyA na vanakara sagharpa, hiMsA, ghuTana, TUTana, vighaTana, sakleza aura AtmaghAta kA kAraNa bana gayI hai| ata prAja kI zikSaNa vyavasthA aura dRSTikoNa me krAntikArI parivartana ' apekSita hai| manuSya kevala zarIra nahIM hai, usake mastiSka aura citta bhI hai| mastiSka ke vikAsa kI pUrI suvidhAe juTA kara bhI hama zAta aura sukhI nahI ho sakate kyoki kevala zuSka ciMtana se sahRdayatA nahI paidA ho sktii| sahRdayatA kA vAsa citta ke saskAro me hai| Aja kI zikSA me citta ke saskAro kA koI vizepa mahattva nahI hai, vahA mahattva hai vitta ke arjana kA / java taka zikSA kA kendra vitta kA arjana rahegA, vaha mukti ke vajAya vadhana kA kAraNa adhika bnegii| zikSA mukti kA sAdhana tabhI bana sakatI hai jaba vaha apane kendra me citta kI zuddhi ko pratiSThita kare / jaba zikSA ke kendra me citta-zuddhi kA lakSya rahegA, tava jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa paraspara juddeNge| ina cAge ko joDane kA kAma adhyayana se sambhava nahIM hai| yaha sambhava hai svAdhyAya se / svAdhyAya kA artha haiapane ApakA adhyayana, apane dvArA apanA adhyayana / isame vyakti yAtrika nahI, hArdika banatA hai, isame vikharAva nahI bharAva hotA hai, isame vyakti uttejita nahI, savedanazIla banatA hai| mudraNa ke AviSkAra aura jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa se Aja adhyayana kA kSetra kAphI vikasita-vistRta ho gayA hai| pratidina hajAro, lAkho pustakeM chapatI aura vikatI hai tathA karoDo vyakti unhe paDhate hai / para eka samaya aisA bhI thA jaba chApekhAno ke abhAva me adhyayana-adhyApana kA mUla AdhAra katipaya hastalikhita pratiyAM aura upadeza va pravacana-zravaNa hI thaa| Aja to zikSaNa sasthAgro ke alAvA pustakAlaya, patra-patrikAe, philma, reDiyo, TelIvijana, Tepa-rekArDara grAdi jJAna ke kaI naye-naye sAdhana vikasita ho gaye haiN| 67

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adhyayana-kauzala kA itanA vikAsa hone para bhI Aja vyakti kI jJAna-cetanA maulikatA aura sajagatA ke rUpa me vizeSa vikasita nahI ho pA rahI hai / zabda aura viSaya kA jJAna to vaDha rahA hai para artha-grahaNa aura usakI nAnAvidha bhagimAno taka pahuMcane kI kSamatA vikasita nahI ho pA rahI hai / vAhya indriyo kI kSamatA baDhane se raga, rUpa, zabda, sparza, Adi kI pahacAna aura pratIti me to vikAsa huA hai, vizva kI ghaTanApro me ruci baDhI hai, sAmAnya jJAna kA kSitija vistRta huA hai aura nitya navIna tathya jAnane kI jijJAsA jagI hai, yaha saba zubha lakSaNa hai para isake samAnAntara apane prAtma caitanya ko jAnane kI jijJAsA aura usakI zakti ko prakaTa karane kI kSamatA nahI baDhI hai / phalasvarUpa jJAna kI ArAdhanA AtmA ke liye hitakAraka, vizva ke liye kalyANaka aura vRtti-parikAraka nahI bana pA rahI hai| jJAna ke mathana se amata ke bajAya viSa adhika nikala rahA hai aura usa vipa ko pacAne ke liye jisa ziva-zakti kA udaya honA cAhiye, vaha nahIM ho pA rahI hai| saca bAta to yaha hai ki kevala adhyayana se zakti ke kSetra meM saMgharSa ko bala milatA hai aura usase prAga ho paidA hotI hai| jaba taka svAdhyAya kI vRtti nahI banatI taba taka jJAna kA mathana, navanIta-amRta nahI de paataa| svAdhyAya kA artha hai-AtmA kA AtmA dvArA AtmA ke liye adhyayana, aisA adhyayana jisase AtmA kA hita ho, loka kA kalyANa ho / aisA svAdhyAya antarmukha hue vinA nahI ho sktaa| vItarAga mahApuruSoM dvArA kathita sadzAstro ke vAcana, manana, cintana, bhAvana aura AsvAdana me jaba svAdhyAyI ekAgracitta hotA hai taba usakI pAco indriyo kA savara svataH ho jAtA hai aura vaha bhItara kI gaharAI me avagAhana kara nijatA se jur3ane lagatA hai, apane Apako bunane lagatA hai| usakI pramAda kI avasthA miTa jAtI hai, usakI cetanA ekAgra ho kara bhI jAgarUka banI rahatI hai| usakA jJAna kevala A~kha dvArA vAcanA yA buddhi dvArA pRcchanA taka sImita nahIM rahatA, vaha parivartanA aura anuprekSA dvArA sthira zraddhA aura nirmala bhAva ke rUpa me pariNata ho jAtA hai tathA usake AcaraNa me Dhalakara apane me aise zaktikaNa samAhita kara letA hai ki vaha prANimAtra ke liye magala rUpa vana jAtA hai| Aja ke yuga kI yaha vaDI dukhAnta ghaTanA hai ki jJAna-vijJAna kA itanA vyApaka prasAra aura adhyayana-adhyApana kI itanI suvidhAe prApta hone para bhI vyakti kA mana svAdhyAya kI ora pravRtta nahI ho pA rahA hai| 68

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Aja kI zikSA paddhati me adhyayana-kauzala ne svAdhyAya-kalA ko nirvAsita kara diyA hai / phalasvarUpa hamArI pravRtti parIkSonmukhI banakara raha gayI hai| bhItara utarane kI bajAya vaha bAharI sAvano kA hI sahArA letI hai| usase vyAvasAyikatA kA phalaka to vistRta huA hai, para zrAvyAtmikatA kI savedanA sikuDa gayI hai, manorajana kA kSetra to vaDhA hai para Atma-ramaNa kI sambhAvanA samApta ho gayI hai, vRttiyo ko ubharane kA to avasara milA hai, para AtmAnuzAsana kA svAda vismRta ho gayA hai / ata AvazyakatA hai ki hama svAdhyAya kI ora pravRtta ho tAki prAtma-hanana aura Atma-damana ke sthAna para Atma-vizvAsa aura AtmollAsa vaDhe / jIvana-nirmANakArI zikSA meM Age bar3hane ke liye kauna sakSama-akSama hai, isakI zAstro me vaDI carcA AyI hai / bha mahAvIra ne kahA hai aha pahiM ThANehiM, jehiM sikkhA na labhaI / thambhA, kohA, pamAeNa, rogeNAlassaeNa ya / / ' arthAt ahakAra, krodha, pramAda, roga aura Alasya ina pAca kAraNo se zikSA prApta nahIM hotii| yogya zikSArthI ke guNo kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo hAsya na kare, jo sadA indriya va mana kA damana kare, jo marma prakAza na kare, jo caritra se hIna na ho, jo raso me prati lolupa na ho, jo kapaTI na ho, asatyabhApI na ho, avinIta na ho, vahI zikSAzIla hai| vinaya ko zikSA kA mUla kahA gayA hai| guru kI AjJA na mAnane vAlA, guru ke samIpa na rahane vAlA, unake pratikUla kArya karane vAlA tathA tattvajJAna rahita avivekI, avinIta, kahA gayA hai / jo vidyAvAna hote huye bhI abhimAnI hai. ajitendriya hai, vAra-vAra asambaddha bhASaNa karatA hai, vaha avahazruta hai, avinIta hai| aise zikSArthI ko zikSaNazAlA se vahirgamita (vAhara nikAlanA) karane kA vidhAna hai| zAstro me aise avinIta ziSya ko saDekAno vAlI kutiyA aura suara se upamita kiyA gayA hai| - or 1 2 3 4 uttarAvyayana 113 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 103 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1112 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 114-5 " s

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jJAna-prApti me vinaya guNa bahata baDA sAdhaka hai| vinIta ko sampatti va avinIta ko vipatti kahA gayA hai| jJAna ke avarodhaka kAraNo kI vivecanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo jJAnI kA avarNavAda karatA hai, jJAnI kI niMdA karatA hai aura usakA upakAra nahIM mAnatA hai, jJAna me antarAya DAlatA hai, jJAna va jJAnI kI pAzAtanA karatA hai, jJAnI se dvapa karatA hai aura jJAnI ke sAtha khoTA visamvAda karatA hai, use saccA jJAna prApta nahI hotA aura jise samyak jJAna nahI hotA vaha badhano se mukta nahI hotaa| jJAna sampanna honA mAnava jIvana kI sArthakatA kI pahalI zarta hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' sUtra ke 26ve adhyayana 'samyaktva parAkrama' me gautama svAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate hai-bhagavan / jJAna sampanna hone se jIvAtmA ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ? uttara me bhagavAn pharamAte hai-jJAna sampanna hone se jIvAtmA saba padArthoM ke yathArtha bhAva ko jAna sakatA aura caturgati rUpa sasAra-aTavI me dukhI nahI hotA / jaise sUtra (sUta-DorA) sahita sUI guma nahI hotI, usI prakAra sUtra (Agama jJAna-AtmajJAna) se yukta jJAnI puruSa sasAra me bhramatA nahIM hai aura jJAna, cAritra, tapa tathA vinaya ke yogo ko prApta karatA hai / sAtha hI apane siddhAnta aura dUsaro ke siddhAnta ko bhalI prakAra jAnakara asatya mArga me nahI phasatA hai| ukta kathana se spaSTa hai ki jJAna AtmA kA tAraka hotA hai / jJAnI kaThinAiyo me kabhI parAjita nahIM hotA / vaha 'sva' aura 'para' ke kalyANa meM samartha hotA hai| Aja jo zikSA dI jAtI hai, usakA mukhya uddezya mastiSka kI aisI taiyArI hai jo jIvana kI bhautika AvazyakatAo kI pUrti ke liye adhika se adhika dhanopArjana karane meM sakSama ho / usako cetanA ke vikAsa athavA hRdaya kI sadvRttiyo ko udAtta aura unnata banAne kI cAritrasAdhanA va sevA-bhAvanA se sIdhA sambandha nahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvana-nirmANa me usakI bhUmikA prabhAvI rUpa se sAmane nahI pA pA rahI 1 nANasapannayAe Na bhatte / jIve ki jaNayai ? 2 nANasapannayAe Na jIve sanvabhAvAhigama jaNayai / / - nAraNa sapanne raNa jIve cAurante saMsArakantAre na vinnssi|| . 3 jahA sUI sasuttA, paDiyA vi na viNassai / / tahA jIve sasutte, sasAre na viNassai // uttarA 2956 - 100

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hai / sarvekSaNo se patA calatA hai ki vartamAna zikSA praNAlI aura zikSaNa bhUmikA me samAja me anuzAsanahInatA, ucche khalato, tor3a-phoDa, durvyasana, aparAdhavRtti aura sAmAjika vighaTana ko vaDhA~vA milA' haiM / ata. Avazyaka hai ki zikSA ko caritra-nirmANa me sIdhA joDA jAya / cAritra kA artha hai azubha karmoM se nivRtta honA aura zubha karmo me pravRtta honaa| jIvana aura samAja me aise kArya nahIM karanA jisase tanAva vaDhatA ho, azAnti paidA hotI ho, aura Uca-nIca kA bhAva Azraya pAtA ho / himA, jhUTha, corI, asayama aura sacayavRtti aise kArya haiM jinase hara vyakti ko vacanA cAhiye / prArambha se hI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra dono dharAtalo para aisA zikSaNa-prazikSaNa diyA jAnA cAhiye ki zikSArthI me dUsaro ke prati prema, mahyoga aura vandhutva kA bhAva paidA ho, satya ke prati niSThA jage, AtmAnuzAsana Aye, jIvana me mAdagI va saralatA kA bhAva vaDhe / __ bhAvo kI vizuddhi hone se hI sabhI prANiyo ke prati maitrI bhAva paidA hotA hai, dUsaro ke gaNo ke prati prasannatA kA udreka hotA hai, dukhiyo ke prati karuNA umaDatI hai, aura mukha-dukha me, hAni-lAbha me, nindA-prazasA me, mamatAbhAva rakhane kA abhyAsa hotA hai| isa prakAra kI bhAvanAyo kA cintana pIra abhyAsa vyakti kI vattiyo me pariSkAra lAtA hai jisase jJAna, pranA me rUpAntarita hone lagatA hai| jJAna kA prajJA athavA viveka me rUpAntaraNa hI samyakacAritra hai / java jJAna cAritra kA rUpa letA hai tava kapAya bhAva upazamita hone lagate hai| AtmA vibhAva se haTakara svabhAva me A jAtI hai / grAtmA ke vibhAva haiM--krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha / krodha kA kSamA me, mAna kA mArdava me, mAyA kA Arjava me, lobha kA satopa me rUpAntarita honA AtmA kA apane svabhAva me AnA hai / Aja kI hamArI zikSA svabhAva me nahI hai| vaha vibhAva me hai| vibhAva atikramaNa karatA hai, vane-banAye niyamo ko toDatA hai| jIvana aura mamAja me vipatti aura vighaTana paidA karatA hai / saccI zikSA kA kArya hai vibhAva ko svabhAva me lAnA, atikramaNa kA pratikramaNa karanA / isake liye tapa, sayama, zraddhA, sevA aura jAgarukatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| jAgarukatA kI bhAvanA ke abhyAsa ke liphensAmAsiMka kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| mAmAyika kA artha hai samaya sambandhI aura samaya kA artha hai-mamatA kI Aya, samabhAva kI prApti, AtmA kI taTastha vRtti, jJAna java sAmAyika me hotA hai-arthAt jIvana me sadbhAva lAtA hai taba vaha 101

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vijJAna bana jAtA hai / vijJAna, tyAga va pratyAkhyAna kI ora le jAtA hai / tyAga se sayama bhAva arthAt apane para niyatraNa kI pravRtti vikasita hotI hai, jisase duSpravRttiyA~ rukatI haiM aura sapravRttiyAM vRddhimAna hotI haiM / isa prakAra jIvana-nirmANa kA krama satata vikAsa ko prApta hotA rahatA hai / isI dRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai __nANeNa viNA na huti caraNaguNA / ' arthAt jJAna ke abhAva me caritra-sayama nahI hotaa| 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28 / 30

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anuzAsana : svarUpa aura dRSTi sAmAnyataH yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa ke sAthasAtha zAsana aura anuzAsana me adhika nikhAra, juDAva aura bharAva AnA cAhiye / para vartamAna sthiti kI ora dRSTipAta karane se lagatA hai ki Aja jJAna-vijJAna ke nAnAvidha kSetro me drutagAmI vikAsa karane para bhI jIvana aura samAja me anuzAsana kI niSThA parilakSita nahI hotI / jIvana yAtrA ko sarala, sugama aura nirApada banAne ke naye-naye sAdhana juTAne para bhI yAtrA adhikAdhika vakra, durgama aura bhayAvaha banatI jA rahI hai| prAja kA jIvana vaiyaktika, pArivArika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, naitika aura Arthika sabhI kSetro me vividha prakAra kI durghaTanAmo se grasta hai / kSaNapratikSaNa bAharI aura bhItarI gharAtalo para 'eksIDeNTas' ho rahe haiM / zakti kA aparimita sacaya karake bhI Aja kA mAnava sukhI aura zAnta nahIM hai| vaha tanAva, vigraha, parigraha, avizvAsa, asurakSA, asatoSa, kuThA, satrAsa, bhaya, vyAkulatA jaise manorogo se ghirA huA hai / java zakti ke sAtha sayama kA mela nahIM hotA, jJAna ke sAtha kriyA kA sambandha nahI juDatA, taba aisI sthiti kA vananA asvAbhAvika nhii| Aja hama meM se adhikAza loga asvAbhAvika dazA meM jI rahe hai| AtmA kA mUla svabhAva samatA, saralatA, komalatA aura nirlobha dazA me ramaNa karanA hai| yaha dazA mana kI ekAgratA aura AtmavAdI citana kA pariNAma hai / Aja hamArA mana ekAgra nahIM hai| vaha asthira aura cacala hai| mana kI asthiratA aura cacalatA, bhogavRtti aura Asakti kA pariNAma hai / aisA vyakti na apane zAsana me rahatA hai aura na kisI anya 103

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ke / 'AcArAga' sUtra me aise vyakti kI mAnasikatA kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai- 'aNega citte khalu maya purise se keyaNa ariha i pUraittae / se aNNavahAe aNNapariyAvAe, aNNapariggahAe jaNavayavahAe jaNavayapariyAvAe jaNavayapariggahAe / "" arthAt aisA vyakti aneka citta vAlA hotA hai / vaha apanI aparimita icchAo ko pUrA karane ke liye dUsare prANiyo kA vadha karatA hai, unako zArIrika aura mAnasika kaSTa pahu~cAtA hai, padArthoM kA sacaya karatA hai aura janapada ke vadha ke liye sakriya banatA hai / vastuta: isa mAnasikatA vAlA vyakti asayamI aura anuzAsanahIna kahA gayA hai / zAstro me anuzAsana ko bAharI niyamo kI paripAlanA taka hI sImita nahI rakhA gayA hai / vahA~ anuzAsana ko vinaya aura sayama ke rUpa me pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / 'uttarAdhyayana' sUtra me vinIta use kahA gayA hai jo guru AjJA ko svIkAra karatA hai, guru ke samIpa rahatA hai aura mana, vacana tathA kAyA para niyatraNa rakhatA hai / jo aisA nahI karatA vaha vinIta hai, anuzAsanahIna hai aura sAkSAt vipatti hai / aise anuzAsanahIna kI bhartsanA karate hue use sar3e kAno vAlI kutiyA se upamita kiyA gayA hai aura kahA hai ki jaise sar3e kAno vAlI kutiyA saba jagaha se nikAlI jAtI hai, usI taraha duSTa svabhAva vAlA, gurujano ke viruddha AcaraNa karane vAlA, vAcAla vyakti sagha arthAt samAja se nikAlA jAtA hai / aisA samajhakara apanA hita cAhane vAlA vyakti apanI AtmA ko vinaya (anuzAsana) me sthApita kare - viNae Thavijja appANa, icchato hiyamappaNo / 7 Aja kA vyakti anuzAsana ko Atmakendrita na samajhakara parakendrita samajhatA hai / jo kAnUna banAne vAlA yA pAlana karAne vAlA hai, vaha apane ko kAnUna se Upara samajhakara usake prati AcAravAna nahI rahatA / dUsare zabdo me vaha anyo se anuzAsana kA pAlana karavAnA cAhatA hai, para svayaM anuzAsita nahI honA cAhatA hai, jabaki saccA anuzAsana apane Apako niyantrita karanA hI hai / 'anuzAsana' zabda 'nu' + 'zAsana' se milakara banA hai / 'zAsana' mukhya zabda hai jo 'zAs' dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai - zAsana karanA / 1 - AcArAga, tRtIya adhyayana, dvitIya uddezaka, sUtra 118 2 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1 / 6 104

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'zAsana' zabda kA prayoga prAjJA, zikSA, sIkha aura upadeza ke artha me kaI jagaha huA hai / AjJA, sIkha yA upadeza dene kA adhikArI vahI mAnA gayA hai, jisane apane para niyantraNa kara liyA hai / 'zAsana' ke pUrva 'anu' upasarga lagane se 'anuzAsana' zabda vanA hai| 'anu' ke kaI artha hai| eka artha hai, pIche yA vAda me, arthAt jo svaya zAsana me rahakara vAda me dUsare ko usa para calAye / 'anu' kA dUsarA artha hai-sAtha me lagA huA yA nikaTa, arthAt vaha AcaraNa yA kriyA jo prAtma-niyantraNa se sambaddha ho / 'anu' kA tIsarA artha hai-kaI vAra yA bAra-bAra arthAt jo zAsanA yA prAjJA hai, use vAra-vAra smaraNa kara usa para calA jaay| 'anu' kA cauthA artha hai- tulya yA samAna, arthAt jo AcaraNa prAtmazAsana ke samAna ho / 'anu' kA pAMcavA artha hai-ThIka, niyamita, anukUla arthAt jo AtmasvabhAva ke anukUla ho| ina vibhinna arthoM se anuzAsana kA jo svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai, vaha dUsare ko niyantrita karane kI bajAya 'sva' ko niyantrita karane kA hai| dUsare ko davAne kI vajAya apane mAnasika cAcalya ko davAne kA hai| para yaha davAva pAropita na hokara svata sphUta honA cAhiye / dRSTi kI nirmalatA ke vinA yaha sabhava nhii| dRSTi nirmala tava vanatI hai jaba vaha para padArthoM ke prati Asakta na hokara svasammukha hotI hai| jaba taka yaha dapTikoNa banA rahatA hai ki sukha bAharI padArthoM, zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza para Azrita hai athavA kAmanAyo kI pUrti me nihita hai, taba taka vyakti sva-sammukha nahI ho sktaa| indriya-sukha kI bhogavRtti aura vipayAsakti use Atmakendra se pare haTA kara bhautika jIvana kI paridhi para hI vetahAzA dauDAtI rahatI hai| manojJa ke prati rAga aura amanojJa ke prati dvapa vRtti use pAkula aura dvandvamaya banAye rakhatI hai / phalasvarUpa vaha anuzAsana-bAharI-bhItarI-ko toDane kA bharasaka prayatna karatA rahatA hai| Aja jIvana ke vividha kSetro me toDaphoDa, raktapAta, lUTakhasoTa, AgajanI, balAtkAra, taskarI, kara-corI, ghUsakhorI Adi rUpo me anuzAsanahInatA ke jo ghinaune kRtya hamAre sAmane ubhara rahe hai, unake mUla me indriyabhoga, kApAyika bhAva aura mana-vacana-kAyA kI cacalatA hI hai| vibhinna prakAra ke kAnUna banAkara anuzAsanahInatA ke ukta rUpo ko jaDa se dUra nahI kiyA jA sakatA, kyoki una rUpo kI jaDa vAharI padArthoM me nahI vyakti kI cetanA (manovikAra) me hai / aisI cetanA me jise bhagavAna 105

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mahAvIra ne hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, brahmacarya aura parigraha, sunane, dekhane, sU ghane, cakhane aura chUne kI bhoga zakti, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI bhAvanA tathA mana, vacana aura kAyA kI apavitratA kahA hai / ina manovikAro para niyantraNa karake hI vartamAna yuga me vyApta hiMsA, corI aura nAnAvidha aparAdha vRttiyo para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai, kyoki jo durjeya sagrAma me hajAro hajAra yoddhAo ko jItatA hai, usakI apekSA jo eka apane ko jItatA hai, usakI vijaya hI parama vijaya hai jo sahassa sahastANaM, sagAme dujjae jiNe / ega jiNejja prappANa, esa se paramo jayo || 1 Atmavijaya kI yaha dRSTi tabhI vikasita ho sakatI hai, jaba vyakti yaha anubhava kare ki jaisA merA astitva hai, vaisA dUsare kA bhI hai, jaise sukha mujhe priya hai, vaise dUsare ko bhI hai, jaisA maiM apane sAtha dUsaro se vyavahAra cAhatA hU~ vaisA vyavahAra dUsarA bhI apane sAtha cAhatA hai / yaha dRSTi sasAra ke sabhI prANiyo ko apane samAna samajhane jaisI maitrI bhAvanA kA vikAsa kiye vinA nahI grA sakatI / yaha maitrI bhAva ahiMsA aura prema bhAva kA pariNAma hai aura hai anuzAsana kA mUla utsa / jaba vyakti dUsare prANiyo ko apane samAna samajhane lagatA hai taba vaha una kAryoM aura pravRttiyo se vacane kA prayatna karatA hai, jinase samAja me ucchU khalatA phailatI hai, tanAva baDhatA hai aura hiMsA bhaDakatI hai| jaba-jaba mana me dUsaro ke prati krUra bhAva paidA hotA hai, parAyepana kA bhAva jAgatA hai, taba-taba vyakti asAmAjika aura anaitika kArya karatA hai, apanI zakti kA durupayoga karatA hai, rAga-dva eSa ke sakalpo- vikalpo me tairatA utarAtA hai, aura isa prakAra naye-naye mAnasika tanAvo ko AmaMtrita karatA hai, naI-naI grathiyo ko janma detA hai aura phalataH dukhI va satapta hotA hai / isa dukha se mukta hone ke liye bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vAra-bAra kahA hai ki he Atman tU dUsaro ko na dekha, apane ko dekha, kyoki apane sukha-dukha kA kartA tU svaya hI hai / satpravRtta AtmA hI terA mitra hai aura duSpravRtta AtmA terA zatru, ata. tU dUsaro ko niyantrita aura anuzAsita karane kI vajAya pahale apane ko niyantrita aura anuzAsita kara / yaha niyantraNa aura anuzAsana, sayama aura tapa ke dvArA sabhava hai / 'sayama kA artha hai - apanI 1 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 9 / 34 7 106

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vavittiyo ko antarmukhI banAnA, apane manovego para niyantraNa karanA, mana ko azubha pravRtti se haTAkara zubha pravRtti me lIna karanA, vANI para akuza lagAnA aura yatanA (viveka) pUrvaka kArya krnaa| isa prakAra saMyamI aura anuzAsita banane ke pariNAma se sAdhaka anAzravI vanatA hai, arthAt Ate hue usake karmoM kA nirodha hotA hai| tapa kA artha hai-Atma zuddhi, vaha sAdhanA hai jisake dvArA sacita karma napTa ho jaayeN| vividha prakAra ke vAhya aura Abhyatara tapo se vyakti me sahanazIlatA, kSamA, samatA aura anAsakta bhAvanA kA vikAsa hotA hai| phalasvaspa vyakti antarmukhI vanakara karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai| jo vyakti sayama aura tapa ke dvArA AtmAnuzAsana nahI karatA use rAga aura dvepa ke vazIbhUta hokara aneka prakAra ke kaSTa uThAne par3ate haiN| asAmAjika, anaitika aura anya aparAdho ke kAraNa use kAnUna ke tahata daNDa bhoganA paDatA hai / yaha daNDa kArAgRha se lekara phAsI taka ho sakatA hai / isIliye sasAra ke prANiyo ko mAvaceta karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai vara me appA dato, sajameNa taveNa ya / mAha parehiM dammato, vadhaNehi vahehi ya / / ' anuzAsana kA zikSA ke sAtha gaharA sambandha hai| zikSA vyakti ko saskAra sampanna banAkara usakI vikRttiyo ko dUra karatI hai| para Aja zikSA kA sambandha jIvana-nirmANa se kaTa kara jIvana-nirvAha se jur3a gayA hai / ata zikSA ke kendra me citta zuddhi na rahakara vitta kI upalabdhi pratiSThita ho gaI hai / jaba-jaba vitta kI ora dhyAna rahegA, tava-tava citta cacala aura asthira hogaa| citta kI cacalatA aura asthiratA me anazAsana kAyama nahI raha sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki grAja ke zikSA kendra vizvavidyAlaya aura mahAvidyAlaya racanAtmaka zaktiyo ke vikAsa kI vajAya vidhvasAtmaka zaktiyo ke kendra bane hue hai| java zikSA ke kendra me citta-zuddhi kA lakSya rahegA tava jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa paraspara juDeMge / ina cAro ko joDane kA kAma adhyayana se sabhava nahI hai, yaha sambhava hai-svAdhyAya me / svAdhyAya kA artha hai-apane ApakA adhyayana, apane dvArA apanA adhyayana / isame vyakti yAtrika nahI, hArdika banatA 1-uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1/16 107

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hai, isame vikharAva nahI, bharAva hotA hai, isase vyakti uttejita nahI, savedanazIla banatA hai / 'uttarAdhyayana' sUtra meM kahA gayA hai aha pahiM gaNehi, jehi sikkhA na lanbhaI / thammA, kohA, pamAeNaM, rogaragAlassaeNa ya // 13 // baryAt ahaMkAra, jodha, pramAda, roga aura Alasya ina pA~ca kAraNo se zikSA prApta nahIM hotI aura jo zikSita nahIM hotA, vaha anuzAsita bhI nahI ho sktaa| isIliye vinaya ko zikSA, dharma aura anuzAsana kA mUla kahA gayA hai| anuzAsana vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bar3A sahAyaka hotA hai| vyaktitva ke vikAsa kA eka pramukha tattva hai-Atma nirIkSaNa, arthAt apane dopoM ke prati sajagatA aura dUsaroM ke gurago ke prati pramoda bhAva / jaba vyakti apane zAsana ko yA samAja kI vyavasthA ko athavA rAjya ke kAnUna ko tor3atA hai to usake vyaktitva meM jagaha-jagaha chidra bana jAte haiM, una chidroM ko rokane kA mArga hai-apane doSoM kI AlocanA karanA aura bhaviSya meM unakI punarAvRtti na ho, isakA saMkalpa krnaa| isa prakAra prAyazcita arthAta pApo kI zuddhi karane se vyaktitva nikharatA hai aura Atmavala kA vikAsa hotA hai / yaha saba anuzAsanavaddhatA kA hI pariNAma hai / ata. kahA jA sakatA hai ki anuzAsana kA pAlana vahI vyakti kara sakatA hai, jisameM bhogoM ke prati virati ke sAtha Antarika vIratva kA samvala ho| isa prAntarika vIratva ko jAgrata karane ke liye vyakti kA apramAdI honA pahalI zarta hai| sAdhaka ko saceta karate hue kahA gayA hai-unkie raNopamAyae-uTho pramAda mata kro| jahAM-jahA~ pramAda hai vahA~-vahA~ vivAda aura mUrchA hai| Atma-jAgaraNa dvArA isa mUrchA ko tor3A nA saktA hai| saMkSepa me anuzAsanavaddha hone kA artha hai, apane Antarika vIratva se jur3anA, cetanA ke stara ko UdhvamukhI banAnA aura prANimAtra ke prati maitrI-sambandha sthApita karanA / 1-vamnanta viNo mUla-dazavakAlina 6/2/2 00. 108

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11 dhyAna tattva kA prasAra Aja kA yuga vijJAna aura takanIkI pragati kA yuga hai, gatizIlatA zrIra jaTilatA kA yuga hai, prata yaha prazna sahaja uTha sakatA hai ki aise drutajIvI yuga me dhyAna-sAdhanA kI kyA sArthakatA aura upayogitA ho sakatI hai / dhyAna kA bodha hame kahI pragati kI dauDa me roka to nahI legA, hamArI kriyAzIlatA ko kuThita to nahI kara degA, hamAre saskAro ko jaDa aura vicAro ko sthitizIla to nahI banA degA ? ye khatare Upara se ThIka laga sakate haiM para vastuta ye satahI haiM aura dhyAna-sAdhanA se inakA koI sIdhA samvandha nahI hai / vastutaH dhyAna sAdhanA niSkriyatA yA jaDatA kA vodha nahI hai / yaha samatA, kSamatA aura akhaNDa zakti va zAMti kA vidhAyaka tattva hai | eka samaya thA, jaba mumukSujano ke lie dhyAna kA lakSya nirvANaprApti thA / ve mukti ke lie dhyAna-sAdhanA me tallIna rahate the / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se yaha lakSya aba bhI vanA huA hai / para vaijJAnika pragati aura mAnasika bodha ke jaTila vikAsa ne dhyAna-sAdhanA kI sAmAjika aura vyAvahArika upayogitA bhI spaSTa prakaTa kara dI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki grAja videza me dhyAna bhautika vaibhava se sampanna logo kA AkarSaNa kendra banatA calA jA rahA hai / dhyAna aura cetanA dhyAna kA sambandha cetanA ke kSetra se hai / manovaijJAniko ne cetanA mukhyata. tIna prakAra batalAye hai ke (1) jAnanA arthAt jJAna (Cognition) / 106

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(2) anubhava karanA arthAt anubhUti (Feeling) aura (3) ceSTA karanA arthAt mAnasika sakriyatA (Conation) | ye tIno mana ke vikAsa me paraspara sambaddha-salagna haiM / dhyAna eka prakAra kI mAnasika ceSTA hai| yaha mana ko kisI vastu yA savedanA para kendrita karane me sakriya rahatI hai| para AdhyAtmika puruSo ne dhyAna ko isase Age cittavRtti ke nirodha ke rUpa me svIkAra kara Atma-svarUpa me ramaNa karane kI prakriyA batalAyA hai| dhyAna kA artha hai ekAgratA / usakI viparIta sthiti hai vygrtaa| vyagratA se ekAgratA kI ora jAnA dhyAna kA lakSya hai / vyagratA para padArthoM ke prati Asakti kA pariNAma hai / isa Asakti ko kama karate hue, viSayavimukha hote hue sva-sammukha honA dhyAna hai / dhyAna ke prakAra dhyAna ke kaI aga-upAga hai / jaina darzana me ' isakA kaI prakAra se vargIkaraNa milatA hai / dhyAna ke mukhya cAra prakAra haiM 1. ArtadhyAna, 2. raudra dhyAna, 3. dharma dhyAna aura 4 zukla dhyAna / Arta kA artha hai pIDA, dukha, cItkAra / isa dhyAna me cittavRtti bAhya viSayo kI ora unmukhaM rahatI hai / kabhI apriya vastu ke milane para aura kabhI priya vastu ke alaga hone para AkulatA banI rahatI hai / isa AkulatA kA mUla kAraNa hai rAga / raudra kA artha hai-bhayakara, DarAvanA / isa dhyAna me hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, viSayAdi sevana kI pUrti me salagtA rahatI hai aura inake bAdhaka tattvo ke prati dveSa ke kAraNa kaThora-krUra bhAvanA vanI rahatI hai / Arta dhyAna aura raudra dhyAna, dono tyAjya haiM / Arta dhyAna vyakti ko rAga me bAdhatA hai aura raudra dhyAna dveSa me / manovaijJAnika dRSTi se ye dono dhyAna anaicchika dhyAna kI zreNI me pAte hai / inake dhyAne me icchA zakti ko koI prayatna nahI karanA pddtaa| ye mAnava kI paza-pravRtti ko saMtRpti dene me hI lIna rahate haiM / inakA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se koI mahattva 110

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nahIM hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se inhe 'dhyAna' nahI kahA jA sktaa| ye azubha ghyAna haiN| dharma dhyAna aura zukla dhyAna zubha dhyAna haiM / inakA cintana rAgadveSa ko kama karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / ye pAbhyatara tapa kahe gaye haiN| dharma dhyAna ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye hai 1 AjJA vicaya-Agama sUtro me pratipAdita tattvo ko dhyeya banAkara unakA cintana karanA, arthAt mukti-mArga para vicAra krnaa| 2 apAya vicaya-rAgadve pAdi dopo ke kAraNa va nivAraNa para vicAra krnaa| 3 vipAka vicaya-karma vadha se lekara unake nirjarita hone taka kI prakriyA para vicAra karanA / 4 sasthAna vicaya-sasAra ke svarUpa va usakI sacaraNa-praNAlI para vicAra krnaa| dharma dhyAna ke uparyukta prakAra ke vicAro kA satata pravAha dharmadhyAna hai / jinadeva aura sAdhu ke guNo kA kIrtana karanA, vinaya karanA, dAna sampannatA, zruta, zIla aura sayama me rata honA dharmadhyAna hai / ' Age kI avasthA zukla dhyAna hai / yaha zuddha dhyAna mAnA gayA hai / isake bhI cAra prakAra haiM 1 pRthakatva vitarka savicAra-isame artha, vyajana aura yoga kA sakramaNa rUpa se-eka padArtha ko vicAra kara use choDa dUsare padArtha me vicAra jAnA-vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| 2 ekatva vitarka avicAra-isame eka hI padArtha para aTala rahakara abheda vRddhi dvArA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| isame sakramaNa kA abhAva rahatA hai| 3 sUkSma kriyA apratipAti-isame mana-vacana-kAyA sambandhI sthUla yogo ko sUkSma yoga dvArA roka diyA jAtA hai aura mAtra zvAsa-uccha vAsa kI sUkSma kriyA hI raha jAtI hai / isakA patana nahI hotA / sayogI kevalI ko yaha dhyAna hotA hai| 1 jiNa sAhu guNakkittaNa-pasasaNA, viNaya-dANa sapaNNA / sUTa-sIla-sajamaradA, dhammajjhANe muaiyavvA / / -paTakhaNDAgama 5-4-26 dhavalATIkA 111

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4 samucchinna kriyA anivRtti - jaba zarIra kI zvAsa-prazvAsa kriyA bhI banda ho jAtI hai aura prAtma- pradeza sarvathA niSkampa ho jAte hai / ' isame sthUla yA sUkSma kisI prakAra kI mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika kriyA nahI rahatI / yahI mukta dazA kI sthiti hai / zukla dhpAna ke prArambhika do dhyAno me zruta jJAna kA avalamva lenA hotA hai jabaki antima do me zruta jJAna kA Alambana bhI nahI rahatA / ataH ye dono dhyAna anAlambana kahalAte hai / bauddha dharma me dhyAna para sarvAdhika jora diyA gayA hai / vahA~ dhyAna (jhAna) kA eka artha cittavRttiyo ko jalAnA bhI kiyA hai / yahA~ dhyAna ke do mukhya prakAra mAne gaye haiM 1 ArabhaNa upanijjhAna -- jisame citta ke viSayabhUta vastu (Alambana) para cintana kiyA jAtA hai / 2 lakkhaNa upanijjhAna - jisame dhyeya vastu ke lakSaNo para cintana kiyA jAtA hai / dhyAna-tattva kA prasAra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha dono baDe dhyAna-yogI the / dhyAnAvasthA me hI dono mukta hue / mahAvIra kI dhyAna- paramparA madhya yuga me Akara manda paDa gaI / isake kaI sAmAjika aura prAkRtika kAraNa rahe haiM / jaina zramaNo ke nagara samparka ne bhI usame bAdhA DAlI / ' para buddha kI dhyAnaparamparA ne dhyAna-sampradAya kA eka svatantra rUpa hI dhAraNa kara liyA aura cIna-jApAna me usakA vyApaka pracAra huaa| vaha paramparA Aja bhI vahA~ jIvita hai | 1 para vartamAna me jaina zrAcAryoM, muniyo va sAdhako dvArA jaina dhyAna- paramparA ko phira se punarjIvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| isa dizA me vividha prayoga ho rahe hai, yathA- prekSA dhyAna, samIkSaNa dhyAna, anuprekSA dhyAna Adi / a 2 buddha kI dhyAna-paramparA, brahmA, lakA, malaya prAyadvIpa, thAIlaiNDa zrAdi dezo me bhI gaI, jo vahA~ vividha rUpo me Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / unhI me se eka vidhi 'viyazyanA' dhyAna nAma se prasiddha hai / bhArata me zrI satyanArAyaNa goyanakA dvArA isakA punarjAgaraNa gata kucha varSoM me kiyA gayA hai jisake tIna mukhya kendra haiM - igatapurI (mahArASTra), haidarAvAda aura jayapura / 112

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buddha ke bAda hue 28veM dharmAcArya' bodhidharma ne san 520 yA 526 I0 me cIna jAkara vahAM dhyAna-sampradAya (cAn-tyu ga) kI sthApanA kI / bodhidharma kI mRtyu ke bAda bhI cIna me unakI paramparA calatI rahI / unake uttarAdhikArI isa prakAra hue 1. huI ke (san 406-563 I0) 2 sega-tsan (mRtyu san 606 I0) 3 tAro hasina (san 580-651 I0) 4 huga-jaina (san 601-674 I0) 5 hui-neg (san 638-713 I0) hui-neMga ne apanA koI uttarAdhikArI niyukta nahI kiyA para yaha paramparA vahA~ calatI rhii| isakA carama vikAsa tam (san 616-605 I0) sug (san 660-1278 I0) aura yUAn (san 1206-1314 I0) rAjavazo ke zAsana kAla meM huaa| 13-14vI zatI ke bAda mahAyAna vauddha-dharma kA eka anya sampradAya jo abhitAbha kI bhakti aura unake nAma japa para jora detA hai, adhika prabhAvazAlI ho gayA / isakA nAma jodozayA sukhAvatI sampradAya hai / samprati cIna-jApAna me yaha sarvAdhika prabhAvazIla hai| cIna se yaha tattva jApAna gayA / yeha-sAi (san 1141-121 I0) nAmaka jApAnI bhikSu ne cIna me jAkara isakA adhyayana kiyA aura 1-vodhidharma ke pahale jo 27 dharmAcArya hue, unake nAma isa prakAra hai--1 mahA kAzyapa, 2 prAnanda, 3 zANavAsa, 4 upagupta, 5 ghRtaka, 6. micchaka, 7 vamumitra, 8 vuddhanandI, 6 vuddhamitra, 10 bhikSu pArzva, 11 puNyayazas, 12 azvaghoSa, 13 bhikSu kapimAla, 14. nAgArjuna 15 kAraNadeva, 16 Arya rAhulata, 17 saghanadI, 18 saghayazas, 16 kumArata, 20 jayata, 21 vasuvandhu, 22 manura, 23 havalenayazas, 24 bhikSusiMha, 25 vAzasit, 26 puNyamitra, 27 prjnyaatr|| -dhyAna sampradAya DaoN0 bhagatasiMha upAdhyAya, pR0 31-14 / 2-ye dakSiNa bhArata ke kAcIpuram ke kSatriya (eka anya paramparA ke anusAra brAhmaNa) rAjA sugandha ke tRtIya putra the / inhoMne apane guru prajJAtara se cAlIsa varSa taka bauddha dharma kI zikSA prApta kI / guru kI mRtyu ke bAda ye unake Adeza kA anusaraNa kara cIna gye| -dhyAna sampradAya, pR 1 113

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phira jApAna me isakA pracAra kiyA / jApAna meM isa tattva kI tIna pradhAna zAkhAe~ hai 1 rijaI zAkhA-isake mUla pravartaka cInI mahAtmA rijaI the| isa zAkhA me yeisADa, dAe-o (san 1235-1308 I0), deto (san 1282-1336), kvajana (san 1277-1360 I0), hekumin (san 1685-1768 I0) jaise vicAraka dhyAna-yogI hue| 2. soto zAkhA-isakI sthApanA yei-sAi ke bAda unake ziSya do-gen (san 1200-1253 I0) ne kI / isakA sambandha cInI mahAtmA hui-naMga ke ziSya ciMgayUmAn aura unake ziSya zid-tAu (san 700760 I0) se rahA hai| 3. ovAku zAkhA-isakI sthApanA ijena (san 1562-1673 I0) ne kI / mUla rUpa me isake pravartaka cInI mahAtmA huAGa-po the| jinakA samaya havI zatI hai aura jo hui-neMga kI zipya paramparA kI tIsarA pIDhI me the| uparyukta vivaraNa se sUcita hotA hai ki dhyAna tattva kA vIja bhArata se cIna-jApAna gayA, vahA~ vaha akurita hI nahI huA, pallavita, puSpita aura phalita bhI huaa| vahA~ ke jana-jIvana me (vizepata. jApAna me) yaha tattva ghulamila gayA hai| vaha kevala adhyAtma taka sImita nahI rahA, usane pUre jIvana-pravAha me apanA oja aura teja bikherA hai / yei-sAi kI eka pustaka 'kojana-gokoku-rona' (dhyAna ke pracAra ke rUpa me rASTra kI surakSA) ne dhyAna ko vIratva aura rASTra-surakSA se bhI jor3a diyA hai / jApAna ke sipAhiyo me dhyAnAbhyAsa kA vyApaka pracAra hai / manovala, anuzAsana, dAyitva-bodha aura antanirIkSaNa ke lie vahA~ yaha Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai / jApAna ne svAvalambI aura svAzrayI vanakara jo pragati kI hai, usake mUla me dhyAna kI yaha UrjA pravAhita hai| lagatA hai, pazcimI rASTro me jo dhyAna kA AkarSaNa vaDhA hai, vaha usI dhyAna tattva kA prasAra hai, cAhe yaha preraNA unhe sIdhI bhArata se milI ho, cAhe cIna-jApAna ke mAdhyama se / yaha itihAsa kA kaTu satya hai ki vartamAna bhAratIya jana-mAnasa apanI paramparAgata nidhi ko gaurava ke sAtha AtmasAt nahI kara pA rahA 114

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hai| jaba pazcimI gapTa kA mAnama ume apanA letA hai yA usakI mahattAupayogitA prakaTa kara detA hai taba kahI jAkara hama use apanAne kA prayatna karate haiM pIra apane hI ghara me 'pravAmI' meM lagate hai / 'vyAna' bhI isa madarbha meM kaTA huyA nahI hai / pazcima meM jaba 'hare rAma hare kRSNa' kI dhuna lagI nava kahI jAkara hame apane 'dhyAna-yoga' kI garimA aura AvazyaktA kA bodha huaa| dhyAna ke prati pazcimI prAkarSaNa yaha bodha svAgata yogya hai kyoMki isake dvArA hame vilupta hotI haI dhyAna-mAdhanA kI yanta malilA kI phira meM punarjIvita karane kA yavamara milA hai| para jina mAdhyama se yaha 'bodha' huA hai, umake kaI khatare bhI haiM / pahalA patarA to yaha ki hama dhyAna kI mUla cetanA ko bhUlakara kahI ime phaizana ke rUpa me hI na grahaNa karaleM / TUmarA yaha ki hama ise kevala nda manovijJAna ke ghagatala para hI svIkAra karake na raha jAya aura isa vastu yA vicAra ko mana ke mamAyojana (Adjustment) taka hI sImita karadeM aura tImaga yaha ki hama vaijJAnika cintA-dhAga ko choDakara kahIM madhyayugIna saskAge me phira na vandha jAya / Upara jina pataroM kI carcA kI gaI hai ve nirAdhAra nahIM haiN| unake pIche AdhAra hai / 'dhyAna' ke sambandha meM jo pazcima kI havA calI hai vaha mAMga ke atireka kI pratikriyA kI pariNati hai, AtmA ke svabhAva meM ramaNa karane kI mahaja vRtti nahI / bhautika aizvarya me ive pazcima ke mAnava ke lie vaha bhautika yantraNAmo me mukti kA mAdhana hai, indriyabhoga ke atireka kI thakAna kI vidhAnti hai, mAnasika tanAva aura dainandina jIvana kI yApAvApI meM bacane kA rAstA hai / dhyAna ke prati usakI lalaka bhautika padArthoM kI carama satRpti (matrAsa) kA pariNAma hai, usakA lakSya paramAnada yA nirvANa prApti nahIM hai / ume vaha NArIrika aura mAnasika stara taka hI mamajha pA rahA hai| usake prAge Atmika stara taka abhI usakI pahu~ca nahIM hai| para hamAre yahA~ dhyAna yoga kI sAdhanA bhoga kI pratikriyA kA - phala nahIM hai / vaha carasa, gAjA kA vikalpa nahIM hai aura na hai korA mana kA bailAmika upakaraNa / umake dvArA prAtmA ke svabhAva ko pahacAna kara usame ramaNa karane kI cAha jAgRta kI jAtI hai, cittavRtti kA nirodha

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kiyA jAtA hai-isa prakAra ki vaha jaDa nahI bane varan sUkSma hotI huI zUnya ho jAya / riktatA na Aye varan ananta zakti aura prAnanda, se bhara jaay| dhyAna . zakti aura zAnti kA srota Aja kI pramukha samasyA zAnti kI khoja kI hai / zAnti AtmA kA svabhAva hai| vaha sthiratA aura ekAgratA kA pariNAma hai| Aja kA mAnasa asthira aura cacala hai / zAnti kI prApti ke lie mana kI ekAgratA anivArya hai para mana Aja calAyamAna hai / 'yogazAstra' me mana kI cAra dazAo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai 1. vikSipta dazA-Aja vizva kA adhikAza mana isI dazA ko prApta hai / mastiSka ke atyadhika vikAsa ne mana ko vikSipta banA diyA hai / vaha lakSyahIna, dizAhIna hokara idhara-udhara bhaTaka rahA hai| vaha atyanta cacala, asthira aura nirbala bana gayA hai / use indriya-bhogo ne satRpti ke badale diyA hai-satrAsa, tanAva aura tRSNA kA aladhya kSetra / kuThA aura atyadhika nirAzA tathA thakAna ke kAraNa vaha vikSipta ho niruddezya bhaTakatA hai| 2. yAtAyAta dazA-vijJAna ne yAtAyAta aura sacAra ke sAdhana itane tIvra aura drutagAmI banA diye haiM ki isa dazA vAlA mana gati to kara letA hai para dizA nahI jaantaa| vaha kabhI bhItara jAtA hai, kabhI bAhara AtA hai / kisI eka viSaya para Tikakara raha nahI sktaa| vaha avasaravAdI aura dalabadalU bana gayA hai| vaha kisI ke prati vaphAdAra nahI, pratibaddha nahI, prAtmIya nhii| vaha apane hI logo ke bIca parAyA hai| Aja ke yuga kI yaha sabase baDI dardanAka mAnava trAsadI hai| isa asthiratA aura cacalatA ke kAraNa vaha sabako nakAratA calatA hai, kisI kA apanA banakara raha nahI paataa| 3. zliSTa dazA-isa dazA kA mana kahI sthira hone kA prayatna to karatA hai, para usakI sthiratA prAya. kSaNika hI hotI hai| dUsare vaha apavitra, azubha va bAhya viSayo me hI sthira rahane kA prayatna karatA hai / zAstrIya dRSTi se Arta eva raudra dhyAna kI sthiti vAlA hai yaha mana / jahA~ zubhabhAvanA aura pavitratA nahI, vahA~ zAnti kaise Tika sakatI hai ? pazcima kA vaibhavasampanna mAnasa isI dazA me hai / 116

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4. sulIna dazA-isa dazA kA mana zubha eva pavitra bhAvanAo me sthita rahakara ekAgratA va dRDhatA prApta karatA hai| dhyAna-sAdhanA kA musya lakSya mana ko sulIna dazA me avasthita karanA hai| - Aja kA mAnasa cacala, asthira, anuzAsanahIna aura uccha khala hai / dhyAna usame sthiratA aura santulana kI sthiti paidA karatA hai| Aja kA vyakti gairajimmedAra banatA jA rahA hai| usame kArya ke prati lagana, tallInatA aura utsAha nahIM hai / vaha apane hI kartavyo ke prati udAsIna bana gayA hai / isakA mukhya kAraNa hai citta kI ekAgratA kA abhAva / isa ekAgratA ko lAne ke lie dhyAnAbhyAsa Avazyaka hai / para yaha dhyAnAbhyAsa Asana aura prANAyAma taka hI sImita na raha jAya / ise yama-niyamAdi se tejasvI banAnA hogaa| cittavRtti ko pavitra aura sayamita karanA hogaa| mana kI gati ko moDanA hogaa| use svasthatA pradAna karanA hogaa| ekAgratA ko nirmalatA kI zakti se sayukta karanA hogaa| dhyAna kI bhUmikA taiyAra karane ke lie ucita AhAra-vihAra, satsaga aura sthAna kI anukUlatA para bhI dRSTi kendrita karanI hogI anyathA dhyAna kI proTa me hama chale jAyeMge aura hamArA prayatna Atma-pravacanA bana kara raha jaayegaa| Aja kI pramukha samasyA tIna aura gatizIla jIvana me bhI sthira aura dRDha bane rahane kI hai / dhyAna sAdhanA isake lie bhUmi taiyAra karatI hai / vaha mAnasika sakriyatA ko jaDa nahI banAtI, cetanA ke vibhinna staro para use vikasita karatI calatI hai / Antarika UrjA ko jAgarUka banAtI calatI hai| usase prAtmazakti kI baiTarI cArja hotI rahatI hai, vaha nisteja nahI hotI / yaha dhyAtA para nirbhara hai ki vaha usa zakti kA upayoga kisa dizA me karatA hai / yahA~ ke manopI usakA upayoga prAtma-svarUpa ko pahacAnane me karate rahe / jaba Atma-zakti vikasita aura jAgRta ho jAtI hai, hama usI tulanA me vighno para vijaya prApta karate calate hai| prArambha me hama bhautika aura bAharI vighno para vijaya prApta karate haiM para java zakti bahuta adhika bar3ha jAtI hai taba hama Antarika zatro, vAsanAo para bhI vijaya prApta kara lete hai| Aja Antarika khatare adhika 117

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sUkSma aura valazAlI bana gaye haiM, unheM vazavartI banAne ke lie dhyAnAbhyAsa Avazyaka hai| dhyAna-sAdhanA AdhyAtmika UrjA kA akhaNDa strota hai| vaha zakti ke sacaya, saMvardhana eva rakSaNa me sahAyaka hai / bhautika vijJAna meM UrjA kA bar3A mahattva hai / vajana ko nIce se Upara uThAne me jisa zakti kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha UrjA hai| kisI nikAya me parivartana lAkara UrjA utpanna kI jA sakatI hai| parivartana lAne ke lie bhI karjA kA upayoga jarUrI hai / udAharaNa ke lie pAnI ko le / pAnI hAiDrojana aura oNksIjana se milakara banA hai / java ina dono ko alaga-alaga kara diyA jAtA hai to unase UrjA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| UrjA kA yaha siddhAnta AdhyAtmika kSetra me bhI lAgU hotA hai / yahA~ UrjA eka prakAra kI jIvanI zakti hai| jaba taka vyakti zarIra aura AtmA ke nikAya ko alaga-alaga karake dekhane kI dRSTi aura anubhUti vikasita nahIM kara pAtA taba taka usame vAstavika UrjA-jIvanI-zakti sphurita nahIM ho pAtI, aisI UrjA jo usakI cetanA ko adhomukhI se UrdhvamukhI banA de| UrjA kA mUla kendra nAbhi hai| nAbhi sthita cetanA adhomukhI bhI ho sakatI hai aura UrdhvamukhI bhI / UrjA kA kArya nAbhi sthita cetanA ko Upara uThAnA hai / isa kArya me jo UrjA upayoga kI jAtI hai usakI prApti grathi-bhedana aura dhyAna-sAdhanA se hI sambhava hai| bhautika jagat me Aja UrjA kA sakaTa banA huA hai| UrjA ke jo sAdhana-koyalA, tela, yUreniyama Adi haiM, ve tejI se kama hote jA rahe haiM / lAkho varSo kI rAsAyanika prakriyA ke phalasvarUpa jo yaha nidhi pRthvI ke garbha me sacita huI hai, vigata varSoM me vaha tejI se upayoga me AtI jA rahI hai / vaijJAniko kA anumAna hai ki yadi isI gati se isa UrjA kA upayoga hotA rahA to Ane vAle 200 varSoM me yaha UrjA-nidhi samApta ho jAvegI aura tava mAnava sabhyatA kA bhaviSya kyA hogA, yaha cintanIya hai| isalie vaijJAnika UrjA ke naye-naye strota DhUMDhane me cepTArata haiN| AdhyAtmika kSetra me bhI UrjA prApta karane ke naye-naye prayoga Avazyaka hai| hamAre vibhinna dhArmika anuSThAna, tapa, tyAga, vrata, pratyAkhyAna, svAdhyAya, dhyAna Adi ke vidhAna isI nimitta haiN| Aja kaThinAI yaha hai

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ki vyakti inakA upayoga UrjA prApta karane ke lie na kara kevala rUDhipAlana yA pradarzana-prazasA prApta karane ke lie hI adhika karane lagA hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki prApta UrjA kA upayoga indriyo ke viSayasevana ke kSetro ko baDhAne me na kara Atma-cetanA ko jAgRta va unnata karane me kiyA jAya / dhyAna-sAdhanA AdhyAtmika UrjA kA prAthamika srota to hai hI, sAmAjika zAlInatA aura vizva-bandhutva kI bhAvanA vRddhi me bhI usase sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| yaha jIvana se palAyana nahI, varan jIvana ko ImAnadAra, sadAcAraniSTha, kalAtmaka aura anuzAsanavaddha banAye rakhane kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| yaha eka aisI sagama-sthalI hai jahA~ vibhinna dharmoM, jAtiyo aura saMskRtiyo ke loga eka sAtha mila-baiThakara parama satya se sAkSAtkAra kara sakate hai, apane Apako pahacAna sakate haiM / 116

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12 dharma : sImA aura zakti sAmAnyataH yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki dharma bujurgoM ke lie hai| yuvA varga kA usase kyA sambandha ? para yaha dhAraNA bhrAmaka hai / dharma sasAra se palAyana, karttavya se udAsInatA yA sevA nivRtti kA pariNAma nahI hai / vastuta. dharma karttavyapAlana, sevAparAyaNatA aura karma kSetra me pUre utmAha va parAkrama ke sAtha juTe rahane me hai / isa dRSTi se hI dharma ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai / 'dazavaikAlika' sUtra me kahA gayA hai jarA jAva na pIDeI, vAhI jAva na vaDDhaI 1 jAviMdiyA na hAyanti, tAva dhamma samAyare ||8||36|| arthAt jaba taka buDhApA zarIra ko kamajora nahI banAtA, jaba taka vyAdhi zarIra ko ghera nahI letI, aura jaba taka indriyA~ zaktihIna hokara zithila nahI ho jAtI isase pahale dharma kA prAcaraNa kara lenA cAhiye, kyoki uparyukta ago me se kisI bhI praga kI zakti kSINa ho jAne para phira yathAvat dharma kA AcaraNa nahI ho sakatA hai / isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki dharma ke lie svastha aura sudRDha tana-mana kI zrAvazyakatA hai aura yaha yuvAvasthA me hI vizeSa rUpa se sambhava hai / dUsare zabdo me yuvAvasthA hI dharmAcaraNa ke lie vizeSa upayukta aura anukUla hai / jo loga yuvAvasthA ko dharmAcaraNa ke lie upayukta nahI mAnate, ve loga yuvAvasthA kI upAdeyatA aura sArthakatA ko zAyada nahI samajhate / yuvAvasthA zakti aura sAmarthya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama tathA umaga aura utsAha kI avasthA hai / yadi isakA upayoga satkAryoM aura sahI dizA me 120 t

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hotA hai to mAnava jIvana sArthaka aura magalamaya bana jAtA hai / isake viparIta yadi yuvAvasthA asat pravRtti kI ora agrasara ho jAtI hai to sampUrNa jIvana hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| mahAkavi vihArI ne yuvAvasthA kI upamA uphanatI nadI se dete hue kahA hai ki hajAro vyakti isame DUba jAte haiM, isake kIcaDa me phaMsa jAte haiN| yaha vayarUpI nadI uphAna para AtI hai tava kitane avaguNa nahIM karatI ? ika bhI cahale parai, vaDe, vahai hajAra / kite na auguna jaga karai, vai-nai caDhatI bAra / / yuvAvasthA ko durgati se vacAne kI kSamatA samyak dharmAcaraNa me hai / kintu du kha isa bAta kA hai ki Aja kA yuvA varga dharma se vimukha hotA jA rahA hai| isake mukhyata nimnalikhita aitihAsika, sAmAjika aura manovaijJAnika kAraNa haiM 1 sAmAnyata yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki dharma kA sambandha atIta yA bhaviSya se hai| vartamAna hamAre bhUtakAlIna karmoM kA pariNAma hai, aura bhaviSya bhI isI para AdhArita hai| isa mAnyatA ke phalasvarUpa dharma vartamAna jIvana se kaTa jAtA hai aura vaha atItajIvI yA svapnadarzI vicAra vana kara raha jAtA hai| 2 dhArmika upAsanA ke kendra me manuSya ke sthAna para devatA ko pratiSThita kara dene se yuvAvarga kI dharma ke prati AsthA kama ho gaI hai| vaha manuSyatva ko hI vikAsa kI sampUrNa sambhAvanAo arthAt Izvaratva ke rUpa me dekhanA cAhatA hai / dharma kA pAramparika rUpa isame bAdhaka banatA hai| 3. dharma jJAna kA viSaya hone ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa kA viSaya bhI hai| para yuvA varga java apane irda-girda tathAkathita dhArmiko ko dekhatA hai to unake jIvana me kathanI aura karanI kA Atyatika antara pAtA hai| vyaktitva kI yaha dvaita sthiti yuvAvarga me dharma ke prati vitRSNA paidA karatI aura vaha dharma ko Dhoga, pAkhaNDa va thothA pradarzana samajhakara usase dUra bhAgatA hai| 4 dharma ko pradhAnataH prAtmA-paramAtmA ke sambandho taka hI sImita rakhA gayA hai aura jitane bhI dhArmika mahApuruSa hue haiM unhe AdhyAtmika dharAtala para hI pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| phalasvarUpa dharma kA sAmAjika, 121

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Arthika aura rAjanaitika pakSa ubharakara sAmane nahI A pAyA hai| dUsare zabdo me dharma Atma-pariSkAra taka hI sImita rahA hai aura samAja-sudhAra tathA dezoddhAra me usakI prabhAvakArI bhUmikA ko rekhAkita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 5. dharma ko zraddhA aura vizvAsa ke rUpa meM hI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| tarka, prayoga aura parIkSaNa kI sthitiyo se usakA sambandha joDa kara usakI bauddhika, tAkika aura vaijJAnika paddhati se vivecanA nahI kI gaI hai| pramukhata uparyukta pA~ca kAraNo se yuvA varga dharma ke prati asahiSNu aura anAsthAvAna banA dIkhatA hai| para yadi dharma ko sahI pariprekSya meM usake sammukha prastuta kiyA jAya to vaha dharma kI tejasvitA aura prANazakti kA sarvAdhika lAbha uThA sakatA hai| isa sthiti ko lAne ke liye hame yuvA varga ke samakSa dharma ko nimnalikhita binduo ke rUpa me prastuta karanA hogA 1 dharma paramparA se prApta zraddhA yA vizvAsa mAtra nahI hai| dharma apane me zAzvata siddhAnto ko sameTe hue bhI samasAmayika sandarbho se jIvanI zakti grahaNa karatA hai aura isa artha me vaha andhavizvAso tathA rUDha mAnyatAo ke prati vidroha prakaTa karatA hai / isa dRSTi se dharma jIvana mUlya ke rUpa meM ubharatA hai| vaha bhoga ke sthAna para tyAga ko, sacaya ke sthAna para sayama ko aura sagharpa ke sthAna para sahayoga va sevAbhAva ko mahattva detA hai| 2 dharma kisI devatA ko prasanna karane ke lie nahI varan apane me chipe devatva ko (AtmagaNo ko) prakaTa karane kI sAdhanAtmaka prakriyA hai| ahiMsA, sayama aura tapa kI ArAdhanA se, prAtmazakti ko AcchAdita yA bAdhita karane vAle tattvo ko haTAyA yA naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3 dharma ke do stara hai-vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika / vaiyaktika stara para dharma vyakti ke sadguNo ko jAgRta aura vikasita karane ke avasara pradAna karatA hai| krodha ko kSamA se, ahakAra ko vinaya se, mAyA-kapaTa ko saralatA se aura lobha ko santoSa se jItane kI bhUmikA prastuta karatA hai / sAmAjika stara para grAma dharma, nagara dharma aura rASTra dharma kI paripAlanA karate hue lokakalyANa ke lie jIvana samarpita karane kI preraNA detA hai| 122

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4 dharma paraspara maitrI bhAva sthApita karatA hai| vaha manuSya aura manuSya kI samAnatA hI nahI dekhatA varan prANImAtra ko apane samAna dekhatA hai aura unake kalyANa kI kAmanA karatA hai / AtmIya bhAvo kA yaha vistAra vyakti ko sava ke prati sahiSNu aura sahAnubhUti pravaNa vanAtA hai| usakI dRSTi me mata, sampradAya, varNa jAti, liga Adi kisI prakAra kA bhedabhAva nahI rhtaa| saba dharmoM, jIvo aura sava jAtiyo ke prati usakI samadRSTi rahatI hai| 5 dharma prAtmA kA svabhAva hai / vaha vyavahAra dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai| jaba kabhI vyavahAra me vikRti AtI hai to vaha dharma nahI, adharma hai| usa vikRti ko dUra karane ke prayatno me hI dharma kI rakSA hai| dharma ke nAma para jo hiMsA, zoSaNa, pradarzana aura atyAcAra hue haiM yA ho rahe haiM ve sava dharma ke nAma para kalaka haiN| inake khilApha sagaThita rUpa se khaDA honA, sacce dhAmika kA kartavya hai| 6 dharma kA vijJAna se virodha nahI hai / vijJAna kI pahu~ca abhI taka prayoga, nirIkSaNa aura parIkSaNa taka hI sImita hai| isaliye usakA satya antima satya nahI hai / jyo-jyo prayoga kA kSetra vistRta hogA tyo-tyo vijJAna kA satya uttarottara nikhregaa| dharma kI pahuMca anubhati taka hai| isakA prAsvAdana AcaraNa aura sAdhanA se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki vijJAna anubhUti ke stara taka pahuMce aura dharma prayoga aura parIkSaNa kI prakriyA se gujre| ava taka vijJAna bAhya dRSTi se vizva ko sagaThita karane meM hI apanI zakti kA upayoga karatA rahA hai aura dharma antara kI bhItarI zaktiyo ko hI jAgRta karane me lagA rahA hai / ava AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki dharma aura vijJAna dono eka dUsare ke mahayogI aura pUraka bne| yuvAvarga isa dizA me mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kara sakatA hai| 7 yuvA varga ko yaha dhyAna me lenA cAhiye ki use apane pUrvajo se jo kucha virAsata meM milA hai, vaha kevala zarIra ke rUpa, guNa, AkAra, sattA, vala aura bhautika sampatti taka hI sImita nahI hai| isase bhI adhika mUlyavAna aura mAgalika virAsata milI hai-dharma kI, jIvana malyo kI aura naitika niSThAo kii| zarIra aura sampatti kI virAsata to naSTa hone vAlI hai aura kevala isI jIvana taka sImita hai para sacce dharma ke rUpa 123

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me use jo virAsata milI hai vaha janmajanmAntara taka prabhAvita-prakAzitaH karane vAlI hai| isa virAsata ko samajhane kI baDI AvazyakatA hai| parasthUla indriyo aura bAharI jJAna se ise samajhA nahI jA sktaa| isake lie prajJA va savedanA ke sUkSma staro ko jAgRta karane kI AvazyakatA hai| jo eka bAra prajJA jAgRta ho gaI to vaha deharI ke dIpaka kI bhAMti antarabAhara ko eka sAtha prakAzita kara degii| yuvA varga ke lie. isase bar3hakara aura koI dharma nahI ho sktaa| vartamAna paristhitiyAM aura AdhyAtmikatA kA vikAsa ' maiM isa bAta para vizeSa bala denA cAhatA hU~ ki Aja kI paristhitiyAM dhArmikatA-AdhyAtmikatA kI pratigAmI hokara bhI usake vikAsa me adhika sahayogI bana sakatI haiN| Aja kA yuga vijJAna kA yuga hai| yaha pratyakSa pramANa, prayoga, parIkSaraNa, tAkikatA aura nirIkSaNa para adhika bala detA hai| anubhava aura buddhi kI kasauTI para jo tattva kharA utara AtA hai use kyA bhautika kyA Atmika, kyA pUrva, kyA pazcima,, sabhI apanA lete haiM aura vaha kisI kSetra vizeSa yA vyakti vizeSa kI chApa banakara nahIM rahe, jaataa| yadi dhArmikatA-yAdhyAmikatA kisI prakAra-vijJAna se jur3a jAya to vaha hamAre lie mAtra pAralaukika upalabdhi na rahakara isa jIvana kI AvazyakatA bana jaayegaa| isa dizA me kucha prayAsa vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM hote dikhAI dene lage haiN| dharma aba taka paramparAvAdiyo aura dharmAcAryoM yA maThAdhIzo kI. rUDha vastu banakara usI meM lambe samaya taka jakar3A rhaa| madhya yuga me dharma ke nAma para amAnuSika atyAcAra bhI hue| vaha kisI vizeSa jAti, kula yA saskAra se hI badhA rhaa| kabIra, nAnaka Adi santoM ne ise sakucita paramparA kahakara isake viruddha AvAja bulanda kI, usakA kucha tAtkAlika prabhAva bhI paDA, para kucha milAkara cintana kI dizA meM koI AmUlacUla. parivartana nahI huA / para Adhunika yuga ke vaijJAnika cintana aura parIkSaNa ne dharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhya kriyAkANDoM, atyAcAro aura unmAdakArI pravRttiyo ke viruddha janamAnasa ko sagharSazIla.banA diyA hai| jaina darzana ke isa tathya ko Aja ke vaijJAnika mAnavane (cAhe hama use pAribhASika artha meM AdhyAtmika mAnava na mAneM)mAnyatA de dI hai ki manuSya svAdhIna hai, kisI devI-devatA ke adhIna nhii| vahIM apane aMti'

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uttaradAyI hai / sRSTi kA kartA Izvara nhii| vaha anAdi ananta hai / parA manovijJAna pUrva-janma ke saskAro aura usake sandarbha se karma-siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra (prayoga-parIkSaNa vidhi se) dene meM saphala hotA dikhAI de rahA hai| AdhyAtmikatA kI pahalI zarta hai-vyakti ke svatatracetA astitva kI maanytaa| Aja kI vicAradhArA isa tathya para sarvAdhika bala dekara vyakti me vAchita mUlyo ke lie Avazyaka paristhitiyo ke nirmANa kI ora agrasara hai| Aja sarakArI aura gaira sarakArI stara para mAnava-kalyANa ke lie nAnAvidha sasthAe~ aura ejensiyA kAryarata hai| bhautika samaddhi aura utpAdana kI zakti baDhAne ke pIche bhI janasAdhAraNa ke abhAvo ko dUra kara use khuzahAla banAne kI bhAvanA nihita hai| cikitsA ke kSetra me jo krAntikArI parivartana AyA, usane roga mukti me abhUtapUrva sahAyatA dii| sAmAjika jAgaraNa ne achUto, pada dalito, pichaDe hae vargoM aura nArI jAti ko Upara uThane ke avasara diye| uname sAhasa aura svAdhIna cetanA ke bhAva bhare / unhe apane me nihita zakti se avagata kraayaa| Arthika krAnti ne saba kI mUla AvazyakatAeM-khAnA, kapaDA aura AvAsa pUrI karane kA lakSya rakhA aura isa ora tejI se bar3hane ke lie audyogIkaraNa kI prakriyA tIvra karane kA samArambha kiyaa| zaharI sampatti kI sImA bandI, bhUmi kA sIliMga aura Ayakara paddhati ye kucha aise kadama hai jo Arthika viSamatA ko kama karane meM sahAyaka siddha ho sakate hai| dharma nirapekSatA kA siddhAnta mUlata isa bAta para bala detA hai ki dharmAcaraNa me sabhI svatatra hai, sabhI dharma AdaraNIya hai, sagrAhya hai| apanI-apanI bhAvanA ke anukUla pratyeka vyakti ko kisI mata yA dharma ke anupAlana kI svatatratA hai| ye paristhitiyA itihAsa me isa rUpa me itanI sArvajanIna banakara pahale kabhI nahIM dekhI gii| mero dRSTi meM ye paristhitiyAM nizcaya hI dharma yA AdhyAtmikatA ke sAmAjika svarUpa ko rUpAyita karane meM sahAyaka ho rahI hai| aba dharma AdhyAtmikatA ko hama vaiyaktika sAdhanA taka hI sImita banAkara nahIM rakha sakate / eka samaya thA jaba AdhyAtmika dharma sAdhanA kA nivRttiparaka rUpa hI adhika vyAvahArika aura AkarSaka lagatA thA, kyoki usa samaya taka sabhyatA kA vikAsa choTe paimAne para huA thaa| yAtAyAta aura sacAra ke sAdhano kA vartamAna rUpa kalpanA kI vastu samajhA jAtA thaa| para aba 125

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jIvana-paddhati aura rahana-sahana me krAntikArI parivartana hae hai| ataH sAmAjika-Arthika parivartana ke pariprekSya me hame dharma ke vikAsa kI gati aura usakA rUpa nirdhArita karanA hogaa| aba dharma kA sAmAjika rUpa adhika nikharegA / hame vaiyaktika AdhyAtma sAdhanA ke bala para use tejasvI banAnA hogaa| merI dRSTi se Aja kI samasyA yaha nahIM hai ki hama dharma yA prAdhyAtmikatA ke bala para kinhI abhAvoM yA ajJAta rahasyo me bhaTake, varan hamArA cintana aura lakSya yaha honA cAhiye ki hama parivartanazIla samAja kI gati ko samajhate hue usake ghaTako ko kisa prakAra prAdhyAtmika UrjA se sayukta kre| mujhe lagatA hai ki nikaTa bhaviSya me Ane vAlA yuga dharma yA AdhyAtmikatA kA virodhI nahI hogA varan dharma vijJAna dvArA puSTa hogaa| yadi vyakti kevala roTI ke bala para jIvita nahIM raha sakatA, yadi saba prakAra kI bhautika suvidhAo kA lAbha lete hue vaha riktatA kI anubhUti karatA hai, yadi bAhya indriyo ke viSayo kA sevana karate hue bhI satrasta hai, to samajha lojiye ki AdhyAtmikatA ke prati usakI bhUkha hai / Aja ko bhautika pragati bAhya indriyo ke viSaya-sevana ke baDe mohaka sAdhana prastuta kara die hai / vaijJAnika mAnava unhe bhoga rahA hai phira bhI vaha atRpta hai| yaha atRpti kI sthiti jitanI bhayAvaha hogo, usI anupAta se vaha AdhyAtmika parIkSaNo kI ora agrasara hogA / videzo me dhyAna ke prati AkarSaNa isakA pramANa mAnA jA sakatA hai| sudUra atIta ke arja namAlI Adi ke udAharaNa choDa bhI deM to nikaTa vartamAna me ghaTita DAkumo Adi ke sAmahika Atma samarpaNa ke prasaga isa bAta ke saketa haiM ki krUra se krUra vyakti meM bhI koI aisI savedanazIla cetanA hotI hai jo usake bhAvo ko badalakara zubha ke prati, sad ke prati prerita karatI hai| ise AdhyAtmika bhAva-sphuraNA kI sajJA dI jA sakatI hai| vartamAna paristhitiyo ne AdhyAtmikatA ke vikAsa ke lie acchA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kara diyA hai, vizeSakara pazcimI dezo me / adhyAtma premI cintako aura dharma sAdhako ko usakA lAbha uThAnA caahiye| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki jaina tattva vicAra kA (jise vaijJAnika adhyAtma-cintana kI sajJA dI jA sakatI hai) videzo me unakI apanI 126

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bhASA me phailAva kiyA jAya / kama-saddhAnta, vrata-sAdhanA, dhyAna-yoga, SaT dravya Adi aise vindu haiM, jinakA Aja kI vaijJAnika-manovaijJAnika cintana dhArA se paryApta mela hai| yadi vaijJAnika aura manovaijJAnika apanI khoja ke lie inakA AdhAra prApta kara sakeM to mAnavatA ko bar3I rAhata milane kI AzA kI jA sakatI hai| darzana ko prAyogika dharAtala para utArane tathA kevalI prarUpita anubhavagamya cintana ko Adhunika jJAnavijJAna ke tarIko dvArA adhikAdhika pratyakSIbhUta karane kI dizA me prayatna kiye jAne caahiye| vartamAna paristhitiyA~ itanI jaTila, zIghra parivartanagAmI aura bhayAvaha bana gayI hai ki satrasta vyakti apane Avego ko roka nahI pAtA aura vivekahIna hokara AtmaghAta taka kara baiThatA hai| AtmahatyAo ke ye AkaDe dila dahalAne vAle hai| aisI paristhitiyo se bacAva tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki vyakti kA dRSTikoNa tanAva rahita va AdhyAtmika bne| isake liye Avazyaka hai ki vaha jaDa tattva se pare cetana tattva kI sattA me vizvAsa kara yaha cintana kare ki maiM kauna hU~, kahA~ se AyA hU~, kisase banA hU~, mujhe kahA~ jAnA hai ? yaha cintana-krama usake mAnasika tanAva ko kama karane ke sAtha sAtha usame AtmavizvAsa, sthiratA, dhairya, ekAgratA jaise sadbhAvo kA vikAsa kregaa| '' 127

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anupama lekhaka kI anya pramukha kRtiyA~ (ka) maulika kRtiyA~ zodha-samIkSA 1 rAjasthAnI veli sAhitya * rAjasthAna sAhitya akAdamI, udayapura 2 rAjasthAnI sAhitya kucha pravRttiyA~ rozanalAla jaina eNDa sansa, jayapura 3 sAhitya ke vikoNa ' anupama prakAzana, cauDA rAstA, jayapura 4 hindI sAhitya ko pramukha kRtiyA~ aura kRtikAra : anupama prakAzana, jayapura 5 rAjasthAnI vIra kAvya aura sUryamalla mizraNa iNDiyA vuka hAUsa, jayapura 6 jaina darzana tathA sAhitya kA bhAratIya saskRti eva vicAradhArA para prabhAva : zrI jinadatta sUri maDala, ajamera kAvya-saMgraha 7 AdamI : mohara aura kursI anupama prakAzana, jayapura 8 'mATI-ku kuma muktaka prakAzana, zrIkRSNapurA udayapura 6 jAmaNa jAyA siddhazrI prakAzana, tilaka nagara, jayapura kahAnI-saMgraha 10. kucha mariNayA~ kucha patthara pUjya zrI kAzIrAma smRti grathamAlA. ambAlA ekAMkI- saMgraha 11 viSa se amRta kI ora pUjya zrI kAzIrAma smRti grathamAlA, ambAlA (kha) sampAdita kRtiyAM 1 rAjasthAnI gadya vikAsa aura prakAza zrIrAma meharA eNDa kampanI, AgarA 2 jaina saskRti aura rAjasthAna samyagjJAna pracAraka maDala, jayapura 3. rAjasthAna kA jaina sAhitya prAkRta bhAratI, jypur| 4 bhagavAn mahAvIra Adhunika sadarbha me / a. bhA sAdhumArgI jaina sagha, bIkAnera 5. dhyAna yoga rUpa aura darzana samyagjJAna pracAraka maDala, jayapura 6 sAmAyika darzana samyagjJAna pracAraka maDala, jayapura 7. tapa darzana samyagjJAna pracAraka maDala, jayapura 8 AcArya vinayacanda jJAna bhaDAra natha sUcI vinayacanda jJAna bhaDAra, jayapura

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samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala anya mahattvapUrNa prakAzana - 0 0 0 " 1 zrI praznavyAkaraNa sUtra (saTIka) 1 zrI vRhatakalpa sUta (saTIka) 3 uttarAdhyayana sUta 4 dazavakAlika sUtra 5 gajendra vyAkhyAnamAlA bhAga 1 se 7 6 jaina saskRti aura rAjasthAna 7 prArthanA pravacana Concept of Prayer E dhyAnayoga rUpa oNra darzana 10 AdhyAtmika sAdhanA 11 AdhyAtmika Aloka 11 nirgrantha bhajanAvalI 13 sthAdhyAya stavanamAlA 14 gajendra sUkti-sudhA 15 gaNagharavAda 16 dIkSAkumArI kA pravAsa 17 zrI ratnacandra pada muktAvalI 18 sujAna pada sumana vATikA 16 parva sandeza 20 jaina tattva praznottarI 21 'jinavANI' (pAsika patrikA)